ECO- Research Forum 2015

Why urban Street Networks ?

Reham A. Abdel wahab , [email protected]

Open spaces

BuildingsTransit way

Street

courtStreet path

Service access

Source : Marshall S., Streets And Patterns

• Transportation consumption around 40% * from whole the world Fuels .•In Egypt transportation consumption 20% from total Africa fuels consumptions .• In Addition that excepted in 2050 that 70%** from the world will live in the cities. .•What if we can reduce consumption of fuels in transportation sector by urban design ?•What if can reduces electricity consumption for heating or cooling in residential buildings? •What if we can reduces energy for both in the same time and makes a social equality for services?

It starts from designing street networks in urban context

*THE U.S. ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION (EIA).**UNITED NATIONS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS/POPULATION DIVISION, 2011,WORLD URBANIZATION PROSPECTS: THE 2011 REVISIONP: 20–24


History of Design Urban Street Network

, New York, Spon Pres. Source : Marshall S., 2005 , Streets And Patterns


Traditional urban Street Networks

•Buildings can takes any Form , orientation ,..•Streets only connecting between the Buildings.• Friendly , Walkable , intimate scale

1940



•Inventing the vapour engines motors , Cars ,...•Various of Transportation moods .




Mo

der

nis

m

19501940



Post modern urban Streets

•Streets takes the 1st priority in urban context .• Building takes the remains .• Dangerous , Un Walkable , dirty environment.




1960


19501940


Mo

der

nis

m




Post modern urban Streets

•Streets takes the 1st priority in urban context .• Building takes the remains .• Dangerous , Un Walkable , dirty environment.



1960 Now

•First use of street traffic light .•First use of pedestrian street.•Separated historical area from traffic .•Complex street patterns

19501940


Mo

der

nis

m


Why we need a new methodology for urban Street Networks design ?


Urban heat Island effect

Source : http://www.monument-info-search.co.uk/urban-heat-island/Source:http://climatecommission.gov.au/causes/greenhouse

-effect/

• The traditional urban street network design causes many negative effects on the environment such as : -Urban heat Island effect .- Green house effect.


What’s Sustainable / Green urban communities ?


1. Walkability2. Connectivity 3. Mixed-Use & Diversity4. Mixed Housing5. Quality Architecture & Urban Design6. Increased Density7. Green Transportation8. Sustainability9. Quality of Life


Sustainable street network factors :


TypesElectric energy

consumption (kWh/yr)Area(m2) (kWh/yr/m2)

Single unit 24093 138 181

Attached units

15375 113 136

Multi Stories 10634 90 118

Source : Office of Energy Efficiency of Canada




Relation between the building density and energy consumption for

transport

Source : Millennium Cities Database for Sustainable Transport




Attached units

15375 113 136






Average of Walkers accident in cities

Source : Marshall W., Garrickm N., 2009, Street Network Types and

Road Safety: A Study of 24 California Cities

More

safe

Less

safe

Density of

intersectionsRatio of intersection to

street length

More

safe

Less

safe

Relation between the building density and energy consumption for

transport

Source : Millennium Cities Database for Sustainable Transport




Attached units

15375 113 136




Algorithms & Optimizations for Alternative Solutions


Algorithm


Workflow of Solving Algorithm

Feed Back

Outputs

•Built Area Density

•Residential Density

•Average of Solar

loads on Street

networks

•Street Network Area

•Average of walk

distance .

•Network

Characteristics values

Service Locations

Building Heights

Streets Network

Land Use Area

No. Building

Blocks

Inputs

No. Building

Floors

No. Service

Building

Finishing

Materials

Processes

Network Characteristics

measurements

Generate Networks

Generate Street width

Solar loads

measurements

Distance between

Services & Residential

Blocks

Genetic Algorithm

Source : The researcher



Algorithm Procedures / Methodology :


Decoding space (plug in) helping tool

Step1:

ECO- Research Forum 2015 Reham A. Abdel wahab , [email protected]

Step2:

Diva (plug in ) helping tool



Step 3:



Step 3&4:



Testing the Methodology :


Workability of El Sadat City

Test landuseBase Case

Case study location

A- Case Study Location




B- Case Study Climatic Analysis :

Average dray bulb

temperature

Wind Rose psychrometric chart

Ratio of the Relative

Humidity

The weather file refer that the climatic region for el sadat city is hot humid .




C- Generating the Alternatives:

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

A7

A8

A9

A10

A11

A12

A13

A14

A15

A




D- Comparative Analysis :

Building Area Density for Street Network Alternatives

0

10

20

30

40

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 A

1- Building Density





Street network Area % from total land use Area for Alternatives

2- Street Network Area %

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45






Alternatives Solar loads on Street Network Area

3- Solar Loads (KW/m2)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000






Alternatives Street networks walk distance to reach services

4- Distance between service & Residential blocks (m)

يوضح متوسط البعد بين الخدمة و المباني السكنية داخل شبكات الحركة للبدائل المحتملة( 17-5)شكل

0

400

800






Optimization Measurements

•Maximize Building density for economic , Social benefits prefer 25-35 units in one acre.

•Street Network surface Area must be not larger than 30% according to Egyptian standards for planning new neighbourhoods , 20% for LEED Neighbourhood .

•Connectivity for street networks must be larger than 2.2*.

•Minimize Solar loads on Street network surfaces for more walkable .

•Minimize the walk distance Between Services location & Building Blocks .

Source : Marshall W., Garrickm N., 2009, Street Network Types and Road Safety: A Study of 24 California Cities *





0

1

2

3

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9

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0123456789101112131415

Rel

ativ

e va

lues

fo

r re

sult

s

Altranitve No.

B.Density N.Density Walk Distance Solar Loads





Comparative

measurements Base case (A)

Alternative Case

(A10)Achieves

Building Density 30% 36% + 6%

Street Network

Connectivity 2 3.9 More safe

Average of solar loads

on street networks

surface

1885 kw/m2 678 kw/m2 - 64%

Average of distance

between services

locations & Buildings

1000 m 182 m - 81%




D- Alternative A 10 :

Pedestrian Local Access LaneAvenueBoulevard

N

Landscape

Services Locations

Building Clusters with Courtyard

Alternative street network




E- Preventing Intersections Problems :

“ Multi-Optimized Sustainable Urban

Street Networks Design Using

Algorithms”

Reham Ahmed Abdel wahab ,MSc in Architectural engineering ,Environmental Design & planning Cairo University.

EC

O-R

esea

rch

Fo

ru

m 2015

Multi-optimized sustainable street Network Design

Documents

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