“Sex in the Archives: Finding Aids, Appraisal

Guidelines and Ephemera”

Jennifer Brosnan

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

for the degree of Master of Science in Information

Management and Preservation in the Humanities

Advanced Technology and Information Institute,

University of Glasgow

1

2

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank many people for their help in bringing

this dissertation together. First of all, my parents, Miriam

and James, for their continued support and guidance throughout

my continued education as well as my sister, Eva, who is

always there to provide some light at the end of the tunnel. I

could not have down this without my friends; Shona, Cathy,

Katie, Kristin, Maeve, Cleo, Aisling, Anthony, Sophia, Osman

and Ibrahim. All of you have been a pillar of strength when

things didn’t seem to be going my way. I would like to thank

my supervisor, Professor Michael Moss, for his advice not only

in this work but for my future pursuits in academia. I would

also like to thank the staff at Glasgow Women’s Library for

always making me feel at home on my visits and my colleagues

at the University of Strathclyde Archives. Least of all, I

have to mention my cat, Felix, who was always there to provide

the comfort only a pet can give.

3

Chapter 1: Sex in the Archives

IntroductionSex, in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, was used

to generally refer to what we now would consider to be a

person’s gender. This makes it problematic for research in the

period to know when the physical act of reproduction is being

referred to. Once this stumbling block has been navigated,

there is a loose set of terms, or rather euphemisms used by

society to refer to the physical act of human reproduction.

In using euphemism or societal slang, there is a risk of being

guided by Christian views and morals that governed teachings

on morality during this time period. Elizabeth Blackwell was a

pioneering physician towards the end of the nineteenth

century, not only because she was the first female physician

to graduate but also because of her Christian views which she

declared many times throughout her work. Her books entitled

Counsel to Parents on Moral Education of Their Children in Relation to Sex and The

Human Element in Sex Being a Medical Inquiry Into the Relation of Sexual

Physiology to Christian Morality served as rudimentary measures of

introducing the topic of sex to younger audiences, influenced

by the Christian views and morals of the time. This is an

important aspect of the Victorian mind set when examining

sexual or explicit material housed in archives dating from

this time period.1 1 Blackwell was also heavily involved with the London School of Medicine for Women with Elizabeth Garrett Anderson which will be examined in the next chapter.

4

Yet, there was a solution to this issue of slang and morality

through the use of medical terminology often relied upon by

‘lay’ people at the time who wanted to use the correct term in

order for their work to be considered serious.2 Ancestry.com

has made available a dictionary of medical terminologies,

particularly for people looking at birth and death

certificates that may be of help when searching for key

terms/finding aids.3

The Oxford Dictionary attempts to help define this loaded word

without reference to religion, anatomy or historical virtue.

In this matter there are two definitions:

1. Sexual activity, including specifically sexual

intercourse;

2. Either of the two main categories (male and female) into

which humans and most other living things are divided on

the basis of their reproductive functions.4

The second definition is, as previously determined, linked to

current ideas of gender which the Oxford Dictionary defines

as; “the state of being male or female (typically used with

2 The National Archives podcast by Dr Louise Chambers, “Fictional Obscenities: Lesbianism and Censorship in the Early 20th Century”, 7th February 2011. Found at: http://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/fictional-obscenities-lesbianism-and-censorship-in-the-early-20th-century/ [last accessed 01/07/2013].3 Found at: http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~usgwkidz/oldmedterm.htm [lastaccessed 30/07/2013].4 Oxford English Dictionary “SEX”. http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/sex [last accessed 01/07/2013].

5

reference to social and cultural differences rather than

biological ones)”.5

Within these definitions gives rise to the grey areas of where

sex and gender meet, along with social and personal

constructions of identification. The early twentieth century,

with the emergence of psychoanalysis and sexology, helped to

provide a medical outlet to study this gradual emergence of

personal identification outside of the social norms, and also

with behaviour that was previously considered sexually

deviant.

This year a lecture was given by Professor Leo Bersani as part

of the Tate Liverpool Keywords Lecture series, based on Raymond

Williams’ book of the same name.6 Bersani was invited to speak

about the keyword ‘sex’.7 As part of this talk he investigated

the link between Foucault, Freud and the meaning of sex. In

fact, Michel Foucault discusses at length the issue of whether

sex actually exists; this is particularly true in his The History

of Sexuality series. In volume one; ‘The Will to Knowledge’,

Foucault attempts to define this enigma, beginning in the

period that will be dealt with in later chapters. Indeed,

there is a focus on Victorian values which clashes with the

5 Oxford English Dictionary “GENDER”. http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/gender#gender_11 [last accessed 01/07/2013].6 Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (Oxford University Press, New York, 1976).7 This lecture took place in Liverpool in May 2013.

6

current presumed sexual liberty of modern western

civilisation.8

In identifying a marked difference in moral and sexual values,

it is possible to see an evolving definition of sex, depending

on its historical and societal context. Even today, different

societies have varied attitudes towards sex and sexual

activity thus bestowing a wide range of definitions on it.

This will be reflected in the common history of the society

i.e. in their archives, libraries and museums. Foucault

addresses this phenomenon by labelling it a “censorship of

sex”.9

The sixteenth century is marked as a turning point in the

censorship of sex by both Foucault and Bersani.10 It was at

this time that the tide turned for sexual freedoms and more

prudent ideas about sexuality and the body were exercised.

Religious institutions and reform had a large part to play in

this, particularly in the Victorian era. However, it was also

at this time that a scientific presence was emerging in the

field of sex, in the form of psychoanalysis and sexology,

namely through the figure of Sigmund Freud.

Freud developed many theories on sexuality and published

widely on the topic, often using his patients as case studies.

One prime example of this can be seen in The Wolfman, where 8 Leo Bersani, Tate Liverpool Keywords Series, ‘Sex’, May 2013.9 Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality: The Will to Knowledge (Penguin Books, London, 1976) p. 17.10 Bersani, May 2013.

7

Freud delves into his patient’s childhood in order to diagnose

him.11 In this work, Freud uses clinical, medical language so

as to give it a professional polish. Such words could be used

as a finding aid within the book, as the seventh chapter is

titled ‘Anal Eroticism and the Castration Complex’. There is

no doubt as to what content this chapter contains, and helps

the reader categorize the various issues the patient is

dealing with.

Bersani also made that point that several factors may be

considered when defining sex. Firstly, sex can be defined from

our bodily areas, along with activities that stimulate sexual

awareness and arousal.12 This is particularly true in the case

of Freud and Foucault, who are not confined within the idea of

sex being a reproductive rite of passage. This also ties into

the idea of bodily pleasures defining sex. Secondly, sex may

be defined by the senses. Again this is a somewhat Freudian

view but considers the personal construct of sex i.e. it is

defined by what we make of it through our own experiences.

Thirdly, and most importantly, we must consider the role

science plays in defining sex as an abstract idea.13 This would

apply to medical work and also the science of research

employed by Foucault in researching the history of sexuality.

Sex has many meanings and numerous variations of use in

relation to the individual. It is not just limited to the

physical act but relates a whole host of actions and

11 Sigmund Freud, The Wolfman: Why are Wolves White? (Penguin, London, 1918).12 Bersani, May 2013.13 Bersani, May 2013.

8

activities ranging from the biological difference between a

man and a woman to the act of coitus and everything else in

between.14 This uncertainty is made clear by The Wandsworth

Dictionary of Sex which documents all the various terms associated

with sexual activity, which will be discussed in Chapter 4.15

As mentioned before, Freud’s use of clinical language and

medical terminology is a simple manner of encouraging key word

searches in his material. For example, in The Wolfman, Freud

uses the following terms in his diagnosis:

Gonorrhoeal

Gynaecological

Nakedness

Seduction

Fantasies

Puberty

Sexual Pursuits

Penis

Genitals

Physical Intimacy

Masturbation

Castration

Masochistic

Sexual organ

Anal-Sadistic

Coitus14 Marty Klein, “The Meaning of Sex” Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality, Vol. 4, August 10th, 1998, p. 1. 15 Kenneth Anderson and Robert Goldenson, The Wandsworth Dictionary of Sex (Wandsworth Editions Ltd, 1997).

9

Anal Eroticism

Copulation

Libido

Intercourse

Male Member

Vagina

These words are used in a scientific and medical context so

are acceptable in his case notes for public consumption.16 In

chapter 3, on the Muybridge collection, a similar case study

will be set out on the acceptance of visually sexual material

on the grounds of scientific context.

The topic of sex in the nineteenth and early twentieth century

was reserved mainly for scientific and educated men. They were

often not comfortable addressing the topic head on,

particularly in public discussion, and employed several

euphemisms to mask what they were actually referring to. Words

such as physiology, intimacy, self-abuse/onanism (in relation to

masturbation), social purity and hygiene (regarding menstruation in

women), were used as a rudimentary code, especially in

academic literature in order to keep in line with the general

sentiment of society in relation to sex.17 In Neil McKenna’s

Fanny and Stella¸ this is referred to briefly where Fanny Park

surprises her doctor by knowing what gonorrhoea was something

16 These terms were compiled whilst reading The Wolfman. To the best of this author’s knowledge there is no known published list of these terms for thisbook elsewhere.17 Jennifer Brosnan, The Transmission of Sexual Knowledge in Britain, 1870-1910 (University of Edinburgh, MSc Gender History dissertation, 2012) p. 9.

10

which many people outside of the medical profession would not

have known the symptoms, never mind the medical term for. 18

Methodology How does this relate to the topic of sex in the archives?

Definitions are important in examining complex concepts and

ideas. The concept of the archive and sex are socially

constructed so it is important to lay a concrete foundation

from which to work. If these definitions are clearly outlined

from the beginning then confusion is less likely to arise

later in this work. Sex, here, means content and materials

relating to sexual or explicit content. Of course, sexual does

not have to mean pornographic but that which relates to the

sexual organs and even a person’s sexual orientation. It is an

all encompassing definition of sex in order not to leave any

evidence of sex in the archives untouched when examining the

Royal Free Archives, The Kingston Museum and the Glasgow

Women’s Library.

The aim of this dissertation is to determine whether sex is

kept in the archive or if it has been abandoned in favour of

more conservative and user friendly materials. This has been

true of archives in the past, particularly in the nineteenth

century. Women, too have often been left out of the archive

because of presumed lack of interest by users in previous

generations. With the advent of gender history, however, this

has been somewhat counteracted but is still an issue in many 18 Neil McKenna, Fanny and Stella: The Young Men Who Shocked Victorian England (Faber and Faber Ltd, London, 2013) p. 195.

11

archives today that house mostly male material. Sex in this

dissertation is to encompass both the act of human

reproduction, the gender of a person and also a person’s

sexual orientation. The choice of institutions for analysis in

this dissertation aims to cover all these definitions. The

functions of these archives also aims to cover the various

types of archives in existence, as in this work a medical

archive, a community archive and a museum archive are targeted

to provide a full scope of enquiry.

All of the institutions to be examined in this work will cover

the topics of finding aids, appraisal guidelines and ephemera,

in order to give some structure and uniformity to a topic that

is somewhat problematic. Each chapter will then investigate an

area of its respective archive and a collection that links to

the concept of sex in the archives. Chapter 2 will deal with

the Royal Free Archives and its case notes which hold some

explicit content relating to female patients who had

gynaecological complaints, as well as delving into the

Register of Births held at the archive. The Birth Registers

analysis will hope to investigate an address or place of

residence that occurs frequently for women, both married and

unmarried, as a place of residence at the time of their

child’s birth. Chapter 3 concerns the Muybridge collection

housed at Kingston Museum and the acceptance of his visually

sexual material, as seen in his Animal Locomotion series. A

case study will be employed to uncover how the Victorians felt

about Muybridge and his work photographing both men and women

12

in various states of undress as a means of capturing the human

figure in motion. Finally, Chapter 4 will address the Lesbian

Archives housed by Glasgow Women’s Library. The case study

here will examine the chain of custody that occurred after the

Lesbian Archives was closed and the events leading up to this.

My initial actions for this dissertation were to hazard an

educated guess as to the answers I would find in my research.

For the Royal Free Archives I would expect finding aids to be

related to a medical thesaurus. This is due to the clinical

nature of the records held in the repository. As to appraisal

guidelines, I am unsure of what may be implemented but I

expect a considerable amount of this appraisal to be

attributed to the age of the materials. Ephemera are something

I would expect to be the various objects accumulated by the

archive through institutional and individual deposits. For the

Kingston Museum and the Muybridge Collection, I believe

finding aids to be those of the institution as applied to

other collections in their custody. I would also expect

appraisal guidelines to be linked to Kingston University which

has some stake in the collection through various projects. As

with the Royal Free, I think ephemera in this collection will

be the photographs and prints left to the museum. My final

prediction, for Glasgow Women’s Library and the Lesbian

Archive, is also quite straight forward with finding aids

being that of the archive itself. Appraisal guidelines should

reflect those set down by the archivist and ephemera to be in

line with the two other institutions investigated in this

13

work. I will address these initial thoughts in my conclusion

to determine if these were correct.

There are two major themes in this text; that of the

acceptance of sex in society and the archive, and the

evolution of the definition of sex. This has been addressed to

an extent through abstract definitions outlined at the

beginning of this chapter, but I hope to also show these

themes in the investigations I carry out in the Royal Free

Archives, Kingston Museum and Glasgow Women’s Library.

Primary source material is very important in carrying out the

case studies outlined above as they are the foundation on

which this dissertation is built. The literature consulted to

provide context for the collections is secondary, but has

consulted the same archival materials or those similar to

those examined by myself in my investigations. Online sources

are also used considerably as the impact and presence of the

archives is an underlying theme in this work, particularly in

relation to sexual content; how this is perceived and how it

is received, both past and present.

Chapter 2: Royal Free Archives

The Royal Free and its archive have had a jumbled and exciting

history. Founded as 'London General Institution for the

Gratuitous Cure of Malignant Diseases' in 1828 by William

Marsden, it was the only institution in London that would

treat those infected with cholera in the 1832 epidemic. When

14

it came under royal patronage in 1837, with the accession of

Queen Victoria to the throne, it was renamed The Royal Free

Hospital. 19

There are various other hospitals and services that have been

associated with the Royal Free over the past 185 years. These

include New End Hospital (1800), London Fever Hospital (1802),

North-Western Fever Hospital, originally Hampstead Smallpox

Hospital (1870), Coppetts Wood Hospital (1889), the Royal Free

School of Medicine for Women (1898) which became the Royal

Free School of Medicine (1947), Hampstead General Hospital

(1902),the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital

(1942), and Children’s Hospital Hampstead (1975); many of

which are included in the Royal Free Archives.

This chapter aims to uncover the topic of ‘sex in the

archives’ through the finding aids, appraisal guidelines and

ephemera associated with and housed by the archive. A case

study will be explored as an example of what sex in the

archives means for the Royal Free Archive. This will be

carried out through creating a sample of the women who used

the gynaecological and obstetric facilities provided by the

hospital. The study will determine whether the mothers were

married and what happened to them through analysing both the

1901 and 1911 Censuses respectively.

19 History of The Royal Free Hospital can be found on the NHS Archive website: http://www.royalfree.org.uk/default.aspx?top_nav_id=3&sel_left_nav=34&tab_id=126 [last accessed 27/05/2013].

15

Finding Aids The Royal Free Archives does not apply finding aids to the

catalogue it has. This is mainly due to the archivist’s view

that it is inappropriate to apply a specific finding aid to

the material housed by the archive as it encourages a bias in

the route researchers follow20.

As the catalogue for the collection is housed on the Archives

Hub site, as is the case for many other archival institutions,

a variation of a finding aid has been applied by the site to a

collection. This collection is that of Dame Sheila Sherlock.21

The finding aids surrounding this collection are sparse and

relate only directly to the work of the person, rather than as

a measure of finding other materials within the archive

itself. In this case, Dame Sherlock was heavily involved with

research into liver disease at the Royal Free so the finding

aid applied to her work is Liver Diseases. Interestingly, the other

search term Women Scientists has also been highlighted. This is an

indication that sex and gender are interlinked, particularly

in relation to the work carried out by the Royal Free

Archives.

The NHS Royal Free website also cites the Genesis project and

Access to Archives as a means of finding information relating to

the archive collections.22 Genesis is a direct link to the

Women’s Library in London and University College London, which

20 Conversation with the Archivist 24/06/2013.21 This collection is held at: http://archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb1530-d24 [last accessed 27/05/2013].22 Information can be found here: http://www.royalfree.org.uk/default.aspx?top_nav_id=3&sel_left_nav=34&tab_id=128 [last accessed 27/05/2013].

16

also has its own links to the various hospitals that have been

associated with the Royal Free throughout the years. However,

on searching for anything that may relate to both the Royal

Free and the Women’s Library such as ‘women in medicine’,

there is no link to the Royal Free Archive, rather links to

women who were involved with the School of Medicine such as

Elizabeth Garrett and Elizabeth Blackwell, and their primary

source material. 23

Access to Archives or A2A is a project run by The National Archives

in order to provide access to archive catalogues in England

and Wales dating from the eighth century to the present day.

The Royal Free Archive catalogue in this project runs to 1948

and is a considerably concise gathering of the collection

housed. However, no finding aids have been applied to the A2A

catalogue and only the hierarchy of the collection is

mentioned. In this manner, it is up to the researcher to apply

their own finding aids and search terms to the catalogue in

the hope of finding relevant material.24

Appraisal Guidelines

23 This was found to be true when searching the catalogue for ‘school of medicine for women’ resulting with the link for Elizabeth Blackwell’s pamphlet “The Influence of Women in the Profession of Medicine: Address given at the….London School of Medicine for Women” (1889). This is listed as being located in the Women’s Library Archive and not the Royal Free Archive. This information can be found at: https://catalogue.lse.ac.uk/Search/Results?lookfor=school+of+medicine+for+women&type=AllFields&filter%5B%5D=language%3A%22English%22 [last accessed 27/05/2013].24 The Access to Archives catalogue for the Royal Free can be found at: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/A2A/records.aspx?cat=1530-rfh&cid=-1#-1 [last accessed 27/05/2013].

17

Due to the changing nature of the health system in the United

Kingdom, especially London, through the last two centuries,

there have been many changes of address and name for the

various hospitals that have come to be taken in under the

Royal Free umbrella. This has resulted in a mixed survival of

documents for the organisation.

As the archive was officially set up in the late 1970s by a

group of doctors who wished to preserve the memory of the

organisation, with many documents kept in the morgue of the

current Royal Free Hospital.25 Luckily, the cold conditions of

the morgue helped many of the particularly old documents,

especially those relating to the London Fever Hospital,

survive. Yet, it was a different type of luck that caused this

group of doctors to dispose of records that may have been

considered shocking, or they thought may have damaged the past

reputation of the institution, such as that of the Venereal

Disease clinics that were run in the mid-nineteenth century.

This is an example of sex purposely being left out of the

archive. Whilst this is true of most of the records from VD

clinics from this time period, Lesley Hall identifies the Lock

Hospital as an exception to this rule, along with its

associated Asylum for prostitutes.26 The vast majority of the

records of this the Lock Hospital do survive, surprisingly,

held by the Harrow Branch of the hospital until the emergence

25 Conversation with the archivist on 15/04/2013.26 Lesley Hall “Sex in the Archives” Archives Vol. XXII, No. 93, April 1995 p.2.

18

of the National Health Service, and then moved to the Royal

College of Surgeons.27

It should be noted that the Royal Free Archive is a registered

place of deposit and is unable to accept new materials. This

is largely due to the fact that there is a limited amount of

space in the archive facilities. Much of the material that was

not kept in the archive was given to other repositories that

had similar collections and interests. This has implications

on the scope of investigation, as some of the material has

been scattered and there might not be access to all materials.

EphemeraThe archivist at the Royal Free Archive defines ephemera as

anything that isn’t official documentation. This would

include nursing certificates donated by individuals and

pamphlets from the medical school. The Archivist believes

ephemeron is transitory in nature, meaning it is not meant to

be kept; archives should not have it in their collections in

the first place. It is the archivist’s position for this place

of deposit to try not to have ephemera in the catalogue at

all.28

There are more unique items of interest held in the repository

awarded to and accumulated by the various institutions that

have made up the Royal Free. These include nurses medals,

sporting cups, donation drive slips and bed plates; items that27 Ibid.28 Conversation with the archivist 24/06/2013.

19

are not considered to have long-term value. These are

artefacts that can be considered ephemera by the catalogue or

for want of a better word; miscellaneous.

The archive also houses various articles from the joined

histories of the Royal Free. These include photographs of the

School of Medicine for Women, with young female students in

laboratories, being taught by male doctors and professors.

There are also photographs of the female students socialising

and enjoying extracurricular activities. However, in this

archive photographs are considered ‘evidence’.29 They document

activities carried out by the students and teachers at the

medical school and provide evidentiary value to confirm these

activities occurred.

Photographic examples of ephemera can be found in the

Appendix.30

Case StudyIn order to determine the real scope of sex in the Royal Free

archives a case study must be undertaken. This case study is

to examine a sample of the lives of the women who used the

services of the Royal Free Hospital, in relation to its

obstetric and gynaecological departments. Five women were

29Ibid.30 These are in Appendix G, H, I and LJ

20

chosen for the sample survey. They were to give an overview of

age, occupation, complaint/condition and mortality, which was

still an issue at the turn of the century.

The time period chosen for this sample is between the 1901 and

1911 Census, so these women can be tracked through

governmental documentation as well as medical records.31 As

well as this, other factors such as age at the birth of their

children (if any) and marital status, would give a good

indication of the social and economic background that the

Royal Free worked within and who they provided a service for.

There is also an anomaly in the register of births that needs

to be recorded for the Royal Free, in order to cast a light on

the sometimes precarious situations that women found

themselves in. The address 88 Alexandra Road is often recorded

as a place of residence for women about to give birth.32 This

suggests it may have acted as a service to provide board to

often unmarried women who needed to have a child outside of

the knowledge of their families.

Case Notes

The Case Notes consulted for the initial sample of were those

of Dr. Vaughan- Sawyer and Dr. Willey, two female doctors at

the Royal Free Hospital that specialised in gynaecological

31 The Census comparison may go on to document whether the women went on to have more children, moved location, remarried etc. 32 These references to 88 Alexandra Road can be found at the Royal Free Archives Register of Births 1914- 1928; NEH/3/1/1.

21

cases, and also operated on many of their patients.33 It is

because of this that there are many detailed drawings and

diagrams included in their notes, presumably to help their

students as many of the drawings are to scale.34 These drawings

can be considered explicit, particularly those relating to the

case of Mary Beecham and Louisa Vingoe, where detailed

diagrams of female genitalia are recorded. These are kept in

the record because of their educational and scientific value,

much like the Eadweard Muybridge collection and his Animal

Locomotion photographic plates, as will be discussed in the

next chapter.

The five women were chosen because of their varying situations

and age in order to give as broad as possible an overview of

the services the Royal Free provided for women. The ages of

the women range from 17 to 55, and include both married and

unmarried women, women with and without children, and with a

variety of medical issues. There is also a case of one woman

dying in the care of the hospital after an operation to remove

an ovarian cyst, to give evidence that there were a percentage

of women who did not fully recover from the treatment they

received.

There is a table attached in Appendix A showing the

information given in the case notes, but what is perhaps more

intriguing is where and how these women are recorded in the 33 The Archival references for these materials at the Royal Free Archive are: RFH/4/PN/1/3/1- Lady Barrett (formerly Florence Willey), Women, 1908 and RFH/4/PN/1/32/1, Dr Vaughan-Sawyer, Women, 1904-1908.34 For examples of these drawings consult the Appendix.

22

1901 and 1911 Census. The dates of admission range from 1904

to 1908, which comfortably fall in the interim period between

both censuses. Of course, as one woman dies in care she is not

recorded in the 1911 Census, but her death records are still

accessible.

As each woman is unique, so is the amount of information taken

from her in the case notes. Some notes are incredibly

detailed, particularly in the case of Mary Jane Collins (Woman

2). This is partly due to the fact that her post mortem is

also included and also the number of drawings detailing her

operation, which includes a photo of her either on the

operating table or awaiting post mortem. Louisa Vingoe’s

(Woman 5) notes cover a period of two visits, so are also

quite long.

Here is a list of the women selected and the application of

their details to the 1901 and 1911 Censuses:

Woman 1: May Beecham, aged 29 at time of admission.

Name Age Married Childre

n

Occupat

ion

Addres

s1901 May

Beecham

25 Yes No None London

Isling

tonAt

Admissio

n (1904)

May

Beecham

29 Yes No House See

Append

ix1911 May 36 Yes Yes None 10

23

Beecham Reyten

Road,

LondonNotes: It is clear from looking at the 1911 Census that May

Beecham was able to conceive a child after the procedure she

underwent with Dr. Vaughan-Sawyer. Her daughter, Lillian was

born in 1906, just two years after the operation to remove a

growth in May’s cervix.

Woman 2: Mary Jane Collins, aged 55 at time of admission.

Name Age Married Childre

n

Occupat

ion

Addres

s1901 Mary

Jane ?

50 ? No ? ?

At

Admissio

n

(1908)

Mary

Jane

Collins

55 Yes No House See

Append

ix

1911 - - - - - -

Woman 3: Florence Warren, aged 40 at time of admission.

Name Age Married Childre

n

Occupat

ion

Addres

s1901 Florenc

e

Warren

33 Yes Yes Unknown London

Hollow

ay,

Finchl

ey

24

At

Admissio

n (1908)

Florenc

e

Warren

40 Yes Yes House See

Append

ix1911 Florenc

e

Warren

44 Yes Yes Unknown Poplar

Woman 4: Maud L. Baddes, aged 17 at time of admission.

Name Age Married Childre

n

Occupat

ion

Address

1901 Maud

Baddes

9 No No Juvenil

e

Unknown

At

Admissio

n (1908)

Maud L.

Baddes

17 No No None See

Appendi

x1911 Maud

Louisa

Baddes

19 No No Unknown Edmonto

n

Note: Maud L. Baddes was the only entry on both Censuses.

Woman 5: Louisa Vingoe, aged 29 at time of admission.Name Age Married Childr

en

Occupation Address

1901 Louis

a

Evans

21 No No Arm Carpet

Weaver

Unknown

At

Admissi

on

(1908)

Louis

a

Vingo

e

29 Yes Yes House See Appendix

25

1911 Louis

a

Evans

Vingo

e

35 Yes Yes Unknown Lisle Avenue,

Stourport Road

Notes: The fact that Louisa Vingoe’s ages does not quite match

up on the Census and in the Admission records highlights an

issue with the Census. It was often the head of the household

who filled out the Census, Louisa Vingoe’s husband in this

case. Fortunately, as the surname of the patient is unusual

and does not feature heavily in the Census records, it can be

determined this was the same Louise Vingoe. The fact that her

maiden name is recorded in the 1911 Census helped the search

for her in the 1901 Census. This was an issue in searching for

other women in the Census as their maiden names were not

recorded in the Case Notes. This was eventually overcome with

some investigative work with the 1911 and 1901 censuses.

However, in the case of Mary Jane Collins, it was not possible

to find a maiden name and has been left blank in the above

table.

Register of Births

As part of this case study, the register of births was

consulted in order to determine the activities and use of 88

Alexandra Road by women. The first register of births the

archive holds dates from 1914 to 1928, which means that due to

Data Protection the women who used this address are not able

to be identified in this work. It is in this manner that no

specific information has been used other than statistics about

how often the address was recorded in this register.

26

Examining the Register of Births is also an exercise in

recording the development in record-keeping in this book

alone. These developments include the eventual dropping of the

child’s name from the record as well as their baptisms.

Stillborns and twins were included in the register and in red

ink from 1924, presumably to draw attention to these

particular details. It should also be noted that at the end of

each year, the number of legitimate and illegitimate children

born were totalled up, also in red ink.

This register is not for the Royal Free Hospital, but rather

the Hampstead Union, a medical facility that served a

workhouse. This may also explain why certain details in the

register of births are recorded in red ink. These details

would have impacted on the general running of the workhouse.

While the institute the birth register represents is not an

official Royal Free hospital, it does represent one of the

areas the organisation worked in.

The address 88 Alexandra Road has been a source of speculation

for many researchers at the Royal Free Archives. It was the

address occupied by The Cross Road’s Club, founded in 1919 by

Princess Christian (second daughter of Queen Victoria). No 88

was a place where expectant mothers could go six weeks before

they were due to have their child, then go to the local

Maternity Hospital, have their child and move into No. 90,

next door for another six weeks. It was a small operation run

27

by the club with only four staff, including two nurses. The

housework was expected to be done by the lodgers.35

The number of times this address is recorded in the Register

of Births can be seen below:

1921 8 1926 171922 22 1927 221924 15 1928 251925 25

Of course, these numbers are only for this institution, but do

indicate a high volume of women using the service each year.

It should also be remembered that not all children whose

address is recorded here were illegitimate. The first two

entries for No. 88 show an equal demographic of male and

female, legitimate and illegitimate children. 36

The information recorded for each child in the Register of

Births is as follows:

1. Date of Birth,

2. Sex,

3. Legitimate or Illegitimate,

4. Name of Father OR Mother,

5. Whence Admitted (address),

6. Christian name/names (of child),

35 Information obtained from the archivist at the Royal Free Archives on No.88 Alexandra Road. The records of The Cross Roads Club are held at London Metropolitan Archives.36 Royal Free Archives NEH/3/1/1.

28

7. When and where baptized (left blank),

8. Remarks,

9. Master’s initials and date.

With the development of record-keeping, the 1930-1935 Register

of Births records have more detailed information including the

occupation of one or both the parents as well as filling out

the section dealing with baptism. This may be marked by a

shift in management, and also the abolition of the

workhouses.37

ConclusionThe concept of ‘sex in the archives’ is very much alive in the

Royal Free Archives, through its case notes and register of

births. This is in spite of the previous efforts to remove

such content, like the venereal disease clinic records. The

case notes were a valuable measure in educating students,

mainly female, about the gynaecological problems that were

treated and how they were treated. In this manner it is a

valuable resource, both in its educational and scientific

purpose at the turn of the twentieth century, and for the

present day.

The Register of Births also has its controversies. In

retaining information regarding illegitimate and legitimate

children, it has potential to harm. In this manner it is

explicit content and is now protected by law, like visually

explicit and sexual content. The evidential value of this 37 Examples of the difference in layout of the Register of Births can be found in Appendix K and L.

29

material is clear, which explains why it has been kept, as

with the Case Notes. This may show an acceptance of explicit

material, mostly pertaining to sex, by society if it has

educational, scientific or evidential purpose.

Chapter 3: The Muybridge Collection

Unlike the rest of the collections exhibited in this work, the

Muybridge College, housed by Kingston Museum, has a relatively

30

easy history to document. Eadweard Muybridge bequest his works

to the Museum and Library of his hometown, Kingston upon

Thames in his will in 1904.38 This is partly due to the

friendship he had with Harry Cross, the borough Librarian, who

was in the process of building and developing the library for

the community.39 It is an unusual bequest as Muybridge spent

much of his adult life abroad, particularly in the Americas.

Born in 1830 at Kingston upon Thames as Edward James

Muggeridge, not much else is known about his early life or

education until the early 1850s after emigration to New York,

and a change of name to Eadweard Muybridge.40 It wasn’t until

Muybridge moved to San Francisco in the 1860s that his

interest in and talent for photography blossomed, leading to

the key developments in photographic technology that became

the hallmarks of his career.

Whilst Muybridge’s personal life was marred with dramatic

twists and turns, including killing his wife’s lover, his

professional career was going leaps and bounds. In 1872 he was

charged with discovering if a horse’s hooves all left the

ground while in full gallop by using his new approaches to

photography.41 He was then introduced to the scientific world

by French scientist and photographer Étienne Jules Marey,

38Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry on Eadweard Muybridge; foundat: http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35174 [last accessed 15/06/2013].39 Conversation with Museum curator 3/06/2013.40 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; Muybridge.41 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; Muybridge.

31

helping to establish him in this discipline and gain

recognition for his work.

It can be argued that the Animal Locomotion series is what

invited the most attention to the developments Muybridge

brought to photography and catching motion on film.42 This

series contains over two thousand photographic plates on

moving men, women, children, animals and birds dating 1872 to

1885 and brought him world acclaim, leading Muybridge to

lecture worldwide about his observations in human movement.

This chapter aims to examine the finding aids and appraisal

guidelines applied to the collection as well as examine the

definition of ephemera and how it is applied by Kingston

Museum to Muybridge’s prints. In this section there will also

be a comparison with another institute that houses a Muybridge

collection in order to determine how different organisations

deal with the complexity of the collection. The institute in

question is the University of Pennsylvania where Muybridge was

employed in the 1880s. It is also where he carried out most of

his scientific experiments photographing nude male students at

the University, leading to the eventual publication of Animal

Locomotion. 43

42 A large view of one of these plates can be found in Medicine Man: The Forgotten Museum of Henry Wellcome (The British Museum Press, London, 2011) pp. 202-3.43 More information on Muybridge’s work at this institute can be found in Janine A. Mileaf’s “Poses for the Camera: Eadweard Muybridge’s Studies of the Human Theatre”, American Art, Vol. 16, No. 3 (Autumn, 2002) pp. 30-53.

32

The topic of ‘sex in the archives’ will be uncovered through a

case study on Muybridge’s work and how it was received by late

Victorian society. As much of his Animal Locomotion material

contains explicit nudity, it should have been rejected, but

because of the scientific nature of the work it was observed

and studied by many. The case study will examine the fine line

between perversion and science defined by the Victorian

period, through analysing the Animal Locomotion prints and

exploring their initial reception by both the scientific and

lay communities.

Finding AidsAs is the case with the Royal Free Archives, no finding aids

have been applied to the collection. It is because of this

that when looking through the collection, the researcher needs

to know which part of the collection they are looking in. The

two more famous aspects of the collection being Animal

Locomotion and the Lantern slides do help narrow the fields of

research, but in this manner it is presumed that there is

previous knowledge of the collection and what is contained

within.

The key role of the Curator, in this case, is to help people

navigate the collection, sometimes to avoid the explicit

material held inside. The photograph section of the collection

is the most explicit in this regard, with the images found

33

online at the Kingston Museum site, while the discs have no

nudity.44

Finding aids or keywords are problematic for a catalogue as it

encourages applying our own contemporary ideas on Muybridge’s

work which would not have been the case at the time,

particularly the use of the word ‘explicit’. This would not

have been an issue in his time, as the work he carried out and

recorded was considered art and scientific experimentation.

However, in this century, there is a notion of having a duty

to the public, particularly younger audiences, of material

that may offend or cause concern.

As the museum is not the only institution that houses a

collection containing Muybridge material, it is interesting to

note how other repositories have dealt with cataloguing his

collection.45 The University of Pennsylvania also has a vast

collection of material that it has put online for easier

accessibility.46 The finding aids it has employed are

relatively simple and also require the researcher to have some

44 Found at: http://www.kingston.gov.uk/browse/leisure/museum/collections/muybridge/animal_locomotion/locomotion_prints.htm [last accessed 15/06/2013].45 The University of Kingston led a project in 2010 that created a database of the various Muybridge collections all over the world called ‘Defining Modernities’. The database of the institutions that house Muybridge can be found here: http://www.eadweardmuybridge.co.uk/collection_map_and_database/[last accessed 18/06/2013]. The University of Pennsylvania was chosen as an example comparison as it has specific links to the photographic prints of Muybridge, and also because of the detailed accessibility of its collection on the internet. 46 The University of Pennsylvania Muybridge Collection can be found here: http://www.archives.upenn.edu/primdocs/upt/upt50/upt50m993/upt50m993.html [last accessed 18/06/2013].

34

knowledge of the collection. The finding aids are;

photographic plates, printed materials, correspondence and

photographic equipment- these are listed as contents and link

to other web pages.

It should also be noted that in the collections policy page

relating to Eadweard Muybridge also contains some finding

aids, marked as hyperlinks.47 These include: ‘outdoor studio

for Muybridge’, ‘Muybridge also included students and faculty

from the University of Pennsylvania’, ‘Descriptive

Zoopraxography’, ‘Prospectus and Catalog [sic] of Plates’,

‘Descriptive Zoopraxography or the Science of Animal

Locomotion’, and ‘UPA 9’ (relating to Muybridge’s personal

papers). These links all bring the user directly to sections

of the collection relating to the finding aid.

Appraisal GuidelinesNo official appraisal has been applied to this collection.

However, despite the Kingston museum being in custody of the

collection on Muybridge’s death in 1904, it was not

accessioned until almost twenty years later, with any notes on

the initial collection being very scarce. As the Muybridge

collection is internationally renowned and a key source of

funding for the institution, the museum is reluctant to

dispose of any material. The variety of researchers and

47 The collection policy of the University of Pennsylvania Archives can be found here: http://www.archives.upenn.edu/home/protocols.html [last accessed 18/06/2013].

35

requests for information aimed at the collection is so wide

that it is hard to know what users may be interested in.

Anything relating to appraisal and the Muybridge collection at

the University of Pennsylvania has been recorded as

provenance.48 There is no mention of how the collection was

weeded or appraised, but the collection policy of the

University Archive states that items of historical

significance are brought through inactive and active phases

before appraisal. Presumably this is the equivalent to open

and closed access in UK archives.

EphemeraThe Muybridge Collection is unusual to this dissertation as it

comes under the custody of a Museum, rather than an Archive or

Library. Despite all coming under the heritage wing of the

arts, and having an overall mission of protecting and

preserving the materials, there are discrepancies in

definition and use of the word ‘ephemera’. In Kingston Museum

there is a view that the conservation of the collection is

more important that cataloguing, so the extent and medium of

the ephemera is not clear.

In 2003, the Chartered Institute of Library and Information

Professionals (CILIP) produced a report on the topic of

ephemera and how it is applied to libraries, archives and 48 The provenance section can be found here: http://www.archives.upenn.edu/faids/upt/upt50/muybridgee.html [last accessed 18/06/2013].

36

museums.49 Simply titled “Ephemera: the stuff of history”, the

report explores the emergence and development of the ‘ephemera

collection’ and also the difficulties in defining ephemera.50

This is certainly the case when comparing archive collections

with a museum collection. In an archive, the print collection

would be classed as ephemera in the majority of cases, while

the Muybridge collection is not considered thus by Kingston

Museum. In fact, it is the scrapbooks and various

correspondences, left by Muybridge, that are classed as

ephemera.51

The University of Pennsylvania attempts to define ephemera in

its archive. Again, ephemeron proves to be problematic in its

definition; here, the comparison is being made between a

museum and an archive that house similar collections. Kingston

Museum identifies the scrapbooks and correspondence of

Muybridge as ephemera, instead of becoming an ephemeral

collection as classified by CILIP.52 The archive at the

University of Pennsylvania takes a different stance through

defining ephemera as memorabilia, thus making their Muybridge

collection an ephemeral collection.53

49 Full PDF of the report can be found here: http://www.cilip.org.uk/filedownloadslibrary/policy%20and%20advocacy/ephemera.pdf [last accessed 15/06/2013].50 “Ephemera: the stuff of history” CILIP 5.1 p.12 (2003).51 Conversation with Museum Curator 3/06/2013.52 CILIP, p.12.53 A Guide to the University Memorabilia Collection, 1762-2005, University of Pennsylvania Archives. Can be found at: http://www.archives.upenn.edu/faids/mem/umem_front.pdf [last accessed 18/06/2013].

37

Case StudyThe Victorian era is often classified, through its stringent

middle-class moral values, as a sexually repressed and

constrained period in time. Foucault, seemingly the expert on

sexology, upholds the stereotype of the sex-starved Victorians

with “proper demeanour, avoided contact with other bodies, and

verbal decency sanitized one’s speech”.54 Throughout his

chapter on the Victorians Foucault observes a discourse of

silence55 within society where sex was not openly talked about,

instead replaced with the euphemisms discussed in Chapter 1.

As seen with the records of the venereal disease clinic of the

Royal Free Hospital this can be proven to be true, however,

when it came to culture and scientific development, this is

not necessarily the case.

Something discussed previously in this chapter is that of the

extent of nudity found in Muybridge’s photographic prints.

These prints were widely viewed and published in books for

public consumption and observation. The mystery is how such

seemingly explicit material was allowed to be so widely viewed

and explored. This case study aims to discover why Muybridge’s

work was a socially acceptable topic to discuss and examine.

In the years leading up to Muybridge’s exciting photographic

inventions, or the so-called “lost years”, there was a sudden

surge in interest in the stereoscope, a precursor to

54 Foucault p. 3.55 See Foucault The Will to Knowledge Part One.

38

photography as we know it today.56 This leap in popularity

caught the attention of

Muybridge on his move to San Francisco, undoubtedly

encouraging him to follow this new profession with heated

interest.57

Muybridge was fast gaining support for his work and the medium

he displayed his work with. During the 1880s he was employed

by the University of Pennsylvania to carry out his

photographic experiments in animal and eventually human

movement.58 This was in a bid to bring attention to the

University and its then recent ventures into veterinary

waters. The experiments were to be published in a book meant

for other academic institutions, with the option to buy

negative plates of the pictures as a set.

The leap from animal locomotion to human was through

Muybridge’s interest in the human body, and possibly because

there was more to be shown with the human body.59 This was

justified by Muybridge by classing the human being as an

animal. In this way “the young, athletic male body was taken

as a standard of excellence against which all deviation would

56 Robert Bartlett Haas, Muybridge in Motion (University of California Press, London, 1976) p. 11. The lost years are identified by Haas as 1860-1866. 57 A list of the equipment Muybridge used and also invented can be found in “Eadweard Muybridge and the Kingston Museum Bequest” by Paul Hill & StephenHerbert, Film History, Vol. 10, No. 1, Cinema Pioneers (1998), pp. 98-107.58 Mileaf, p. 34.59 The male models Muybridge chose were students from the University of Pennsylvania.

39

be judged”.60 Their nakedness was intended for the audience to

view the human body as no more than an “anatomical study”.61

There is somewhat of a gender issue with the manner Muybridge

treated his models. The male models were selected because of

their physique while the female models were chosen

“haphazardly”.62 This is also reflected in the way they were

photographed. While the male models were shown to be carrying

out more physical and athletic actions, demonstrating the

motion of movement in the human body, the female models are

shown carrying out domestic chores such as sweeping, dusting,

scrubbing floors and carrying household objects.63 Some of

these women were also photographed in positions akin to

pornographic visuals; naked, kneeling in supplication and also

undressing one another.64

However, through aligning himself with an academic institution

and scientific research, Muybridge gained “endorsement from a

society that otherwise condemned public exposure of nude

figures”65 through legitimising his work in the scientific

sphere. Indeed, Janine Mileaf, in “Poses for the Camera:

Eadweard Muybridge’s Studies of the Human Figure”, suggests

that many of those who viewed Muybridge’s work did so as a

valid means to see essentially pornographic images, without

60 Mileaf, p. 36.61 Ibid.62 Mileaf, p. 37.63 Marta Braun, Eadweard Muybridge (Reaktion Books, London, 2010) p. 211.64 Ibid.65 Mileaf, p. 32.

40

being reprimanded.66 This may have been true for some, but not

all. After all, it was a valuable work that would influence

the development of photography, film and the study of the

animal and human body.

It is a thought that does deserve some investigation, on the

other hand, with the anti-vice crusade led in Philadelphia by

Josiah. W. Leeds. He led a campaign against “immoral

behaviour, prurient images and obscene literature”67 at the

time of the publication of Muybridge’s Animal Locomotion. This

type of crusade demonstrates that the values, and more than

likely religious morals, this society held dear were being

threatened. This threat presumably would come from younger,

more progressive members of society, who no longer wished to

be confined by the generally sexually stifled society.

Yet, in spite of this, Muybridge’s work was almost unopposed.

Marta Braun in Eadweard Muybridge identifies three reasons for

this:

1. The project was carried out with equipment funded for an

objective investigation. As the camera(s) that took the

images are mechanical and objective in nature, they too

possess these qualities.68

2. The University of Pennsylvania brand was included on the

first page of the work, along with a detailed description

66 Mileaf, p. 50.67 Braun, pp.217-218. 68 Braun, p. 218.

41

of the arrangement and methodology of the work carried

out.69

3. The status, both social and professional, of the members

of the University Committee, along with the rising

prestige of the University, helped create a positive

backdrop to the work.70

The only concession made on the publication of the work was

the inclusion of the reference to the model’s state of dress

in the index.71 This rings true to current standards of

parental warnings of explicit content.

ConclusionIt is evident from the above study that Muybridge was

fortunate in the timing of his work. It came at a time when

the Victorians were more willing to accept explicit content in

the name of science. He even managed to avoid a campaign

directly aimed at the type of work he was carrying out, which

could not have been a mean feat. It was also his incredible

inventions that helped to further legitimize his experiments

in human motion.

Finding aids for this collection would be hard to apply due to

the nature of his work. He did not title his images in a

manner that would be useful to a researcher and had a habit of

changing titles. What may be more beneficial in the case of

69 Ibid.70 Braun, p. 219.71 Mileaf, p. 50.

42

this collection would be a more detailed description and

history of each series. The hyperlinks employed by the

University of Pennsylvania are useful in this regard and help

pinpoint definite points in Muybridge’s time stream.

Appraisal guidelines for this collection are almost obsolete

due to the varied nature of its contents. For Kingston Museum

this is clear as any appraisal that has been applied to its

collection has been purely accidental, undocumented or even

carried out by the creator himself. These are not factors the

curator at the museum could have controlled, however,

implementing a collection policy with the Muybridge collection

in mind, will serve as appraisal guidelines for any future

accessions.

As discussed previously, there is an issue with defining

ephemera and what this means for individual institutions. For

the Kingston Museum, this word has come to mean the written

materials of Muybridge along with his equipment. His famous

plates are the centre of the collection so is not considered

ephemera, despite under CILIP being defined an ephemeral

collection. However, this is an unresolved issue within the

information management community and this essay merely strives

to identify the problematic aspects of the collection.

Overall, it has been shown that this work emerged at the

turning point of loosening societal acceptance and serves as a

marker in time for us to see the slow but gradual subsidence

43

of Victorian values. Muybridge also bridges the gap between

photography and moving pictures or primitive film, a huge

achievement, and its results displayed in the name of science.

Chapter 4: The Lesbian Archives

The Lesbian Archive, formerly known as the Lesbian Archive and

Information Centre (LAIC), is currently housed in the Glasgow

Women’s Library repository, along with various collections

like the Josephine Butler Society Collection, the Edinburgh

Women’s Archive and The Scottish Abortion Campaign, all of

which focus on the topic of women and gender. The Library was established in 1991 and is unique in how the

library and the archive come together to showcase the

artefacts and materials held by the organisation. The

materials in the repository are housed both on and off site.72

Glasgow Women’s Library is a registered charity and was

acknowledged in 2010 as an accredited museum by the Museums,

Libraries and Archives Council. The primary focus of the

Library is to provide resources and information for women of

72 More information on the mission and aims of Glasgow Women’s Library can be found on their website: www.womenslibrary.org.uk [last accessed 17/06/2013].

44

all ages, sexual orientation, race and creed both in Glasgow

and elsewhere.

The Lesbian Archive came to Glasgow Women’s Library in the

period 1995-98 under the custodianship of Jackie Forster who

was a member of the LAIC Management Committee until 1998.73 In

1996 an accrual was accepted by the LAIC of the Camden Lesbian

Group and Black Lesbian Group records as a complete

collection. These records, as well as the original LAIC

records and archives are currently housed in the Glasgow

Women’s Library repository.

This chapter aims to uncover what ‘sex in the archives’ means

for the Lesbian Archives, housed at Glasgow Women’s Library,

through finding aids, appraisal guidelines and ephemera, which

have shown to be a somewhat contentious issue throughout this

work. This will involve examining the chain of custody for the

Lesbian Archive and how this has affected the way we view the

collection, what was collected and why it has been kept.

Finding AidsSince the collection has only been box listed since being

accessioned in 1995, there is no catalogue for users to search

key words or phrases. 74 Instead the collection is able to be 73 Archives Hub Administrative History of LAIC. Found at: http://archiveshub.ac.uk/search/summary.html?rsid=174200950&startRecord=1&maximumRecords=20&hitposition=0#rightcol [lastaccessed 08/07/2013].74 This is displayed on the ARCHON directory through the National Archives: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/subjectView.asp?ID=O54504 [last accessed 17/06/2013].

45

accessed through finding aids relating to the various

organisations, individuals and publications that make up the

Lesbian Archives. These include75:

Jackie Forster

The Ladder

Anna Livia

Arena 3

Bath Feminist Archive

Debbie Streets

Onlywomen [sic] Press

Lesbians in London group

Camden Lesbian Centre and Black Lesbian Group

Linda Peterson

A Woman’s Place Collective

Lesbians Past, Present and Future group

Marlene Packwood

Byrony Lavery

Anna Wilson

Lesbian and Gay working party, NALGO

Manchester Lesbian Archive Collective

Generally the archive applies the Thesaurus of European Women

to its catalogue for finding aids and keyword searches.76 The

archivists at the Women’s Library in Glasgow are not deeply

75 This list was compiled through the Glasgow Women’s Library ARCHON entry for the Lesbian Archive and Information Centre: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/subjectView.asp?ID=O54504&tabType=ARCHIVE#top [last accessed 18/06/2013].76 This can be found at: http://www.aletta.nu/aletta/eng/collections/vrouwenthesaurus [last accessed17/06/2013].

46

concerned about applying contemporary terms to their catalogue

as this improves accessibility for users both present and

future. In the gender sphere, meanings of words are ever-

changing to adapt to their contemporary purpose, as well as

the development of new words that were not used previously.77

Obsolete terms, as identified by the Wandsworth Dictionary of Sex,

are recognised in relation to the context of the material.78

Some terms such as ‘dyke’ would have been an identifier in

sexual orientation or personal identity, especially in second

wave feminism. Today, this term can often be used in an

offensive manner and is not socially acceptable amongst the

majority of the Lesbian community.

The Genesis Project, run in conjunction with the London

Women’s Library, has helped to develop and promote access to

the LAIC collection. Its aim is to increase the use of women’s

collection in archives and libraries all over the UK, thus

uncovering a ‘hidden history’.79 The Lesbian Archive, among

others is detailed on the website for users to search through

the content and discover ‘hidden’ histories.

Appraisal GuidelinesAppraisal has not necessarily been applied to this collection

as it has not been catalogued. However, one appraisal report 77 One specific example of this is the word ‘queer’ which would not have been used in connection to sexuality or sexual orientation twenty years ago, but is now a common identifier for many lesbians and gays.78 Anderson and Goldenson, Wandsworth.79 The aims and objectives of the Genesis Project can be found at: http://www.ukad.org/casestudies/genesis.html [last accessed 17/06/2013].

47

does exist for one of the minor collections associated with

and housed within the Lesbian Archives. As with the Royal Free

Archive, the Lesbian Archive has had a complex history and

line of custody which allows for the misplacement of

materials.

As an official Archivist was not available in the Women’s

Library until 2009, no appraisal policy was in place when the

LAIC records came under their custody. A full catalogue of the

materials held in London is available at the Library. However,

the collection as it stands in the repository has not been

catalogued to Glasgow Women’s Library standards and it is not

possible at this point in time to see if the full collection

was transferred successfully. From this point of view it is

possible to say that any appraisal applied without the

custodians’ knowledge has been accidental and unofficial.

Generally appraisal within the archive is applied to items

that do not fit in the collection or if there are numerous

copies of an item. Of course, any and all appraisal decisions

applied to a collection are well-documented and kept on file.

EphemeraAs has been previously discussed, the definition of ephemera

has been problematic depending on the institution or

repository housing the material. In the Glasgow Women’s

Library, ephemeron has come to mean artefacts and objects.

This is in contrast to the Muybridge collection and the

48

definition of ephemera set out by its curator at Kingston

Museum.80

As such, the Women’s Library does not put as much focus on the

definition of ephemera and how it is applied to the collection

as the other institutions. They are more focused on Outreach

projects, providing resources for women and cataloguing the

collections they currently have. Any ephemeron they do have is

not kept separate, as is the case of the Royal Free Archives,

but is used as a means of creating greater context for

collections.

This has been clearly seen in their recent 21 Revolutions

exhibit, celebrating the 21 years of their existence. Artists

were invited to come into the archives and chose an object or

item from any collection that inspired them. These artists

were not limited to textual or physical objects, which reflect

the fluidity of the collections of the Women’s Library

archive. Ephemeron that exists in a collection only adds to

the historical value and context of the wider collection.81 In

fact, it is ephemera kept in the archive that promotes the

most interest, particularly through outreach projects.

Recently the Library held a walk in honour of Suffragettes in

Glasgow. In preparation for this participants of the walk were

invited to come into the Library and make their own 80 Conversation with the archivist at the Glasgow Women’s Library 17/06/2013.81 More information on the 21 Revolutions exhibit can be found on the Glasgow Women’s Library website: http://womenslibrary.org.uk/2012/07/09/two-decades-and-21-revolutions/ [last accessed 17/07/2013].

49

suffragette rosette based on examples kept in the archive.

Ephemera, in this case, were being used to create an

atmosphere similar to that of over a hundred years ago and

promoting a ‘lived history’.

Case Study The Lesbian Archive and Information Centre (LAIC) was set up

in 1984 in London under the Orinda Ltd company. Its

establishment was greatly influenced by grant funding from the

Greater London Council and also donations from the Lesbian

Community in London.82 In its founding document, the LAIC

declares it was set up “as a means of reclaiming Lesbian

history, celebrating our Lesbian lives and ensuring that our

stories are recorded for the future”,83 with the archive

containing material including “books, periodicals, conference

papers, photographs, manuscripts, press cuttings and oral

histories, as well as, badges, posters, music and souvenirs”.84

Again, its founding document lays out directives for its

policy and governing body; the collective. What is most

interesting about the policy of the organisation is that it

did “not seek to collect materials which represent lesbians

and women in negative ways, which are pornographic or sado-

masochistic or which are racist, anti-Semitic, ableist or

ageist.”85 The explicit reference to pornography and sexual

fetish makes it clear that this organisation would not house 82 Archives Hub Administrative History on the LAIC.83 The Lesbian Archives and Information Centre GB1534, 2012-16A.84 Ibid.85 The Lesbian Archives and Information Centre GB1534, 2012-16A.

50

sex in its archive. However, when taking into consideration

the type of material it held, this is not strictly true.

Publications such as; “The Well of Loneliness” (1928) by

Radclyffe Hall; “The Ladder”- one of the first magazines for

lesbians appeared in the United States in the 1950s, billed as

a lesbian review; “Arena 3”- first British magazine to address

the interests of gay and bi-sexual women; “First National Gay

Newspaper” (1972 first issue) 86, would have been considered

highly explicit and packed with sexual content. Many national

newspapers discontinued advertising these publications once

their true meaning and nature were uncovered.87

Despite much of the above listed content being published

decades before the establishment of the LAIC, their message

still remained the same, even if the shock they caused had

worn out in favour of more radical lesbian feminist

literature. Those in the ‘Collective’ may not have regarded it

as pornographic but to the conservative, it may have been

viewed in this way. Yet it was not the policy of the LAIC that

caused the most issues, it was the collective; a group

consisting of twelve lesbians, including two paid workers,

that was the source of grievance in the LAIC’s custody

history.88

86 Information found on the Glasgow Women’s Library website timeline of the LAIC. Found at: http://www.womenslibrary.org.uk/laic/laictimeline/laictimeline.html [last accessed 08/07/2013].87 Conversation with the archivist at Glasgow Women’s Library 08/07/2013.88 The Lesbian Archives and Information Centre GB1534, 2012-16A.

51

The Collective had mandated itself, from the establishment of

the archive; to change the fact that there were no Black

Lesbians, paid or otherwise, involved in the management and

running of the archive. They also felt a Black Lesbian Support

Group was needed to offer assistance. Overall its function was

to act as a management committee and work to ensure the

permanence of the LAIC.89 However, by July 1988 there was no

Black, Jewish or Irish member on the collective. This caused

the sentiment that the archive could not be a valid resource

for all lesbians if it did not reflect this in its management.

Black lesbians, in particular, were increasingly using the

archive’s services and repeatedly raised funds for the

organisation.90

Issues surrounding the job advertisement for a black or ethnic

minority worker within the archive sparked a rift in the

organisation resulting in a High Court Injunction. Papers

relating the dispute, held in the archive, state that some

members of the collective felt a Black/ethnic minority worker

would be less likely to have the ‘right’ politics.91 This led

to a breakdown of the collective, which split into two

factions, one calling themselves the ‘management committee’,

also known as the ‘sacking body’. This committee decided to

take control of the archive, changing the locks and changed

the signatories to the bank account to include only

themselves. It was at this point that a worker, who was not

89 Ibid.90 The Lesbian Archives and Information Centre GB1534, 2012-16A.91 Ibid.

52

part of the new committee, responsible for finance froze the

bank account and along with five other members of the original

collective sought advice as to the legality of the ‘management

committee’. In December of 1988 the directors of Orinda

Company stepped in to take responsibility of the archive.92

After this arrangement was met there are no further records of

the running of the LAIC held by Glasgow Women’s Library. From

1989 to 1998 the LAIC was run by a Management Committee which

made the decision to gradually house the archive with Glasgow

Women’s Library. Jackie Forster appears to have initiated this

move, making contact with the women in charge of the Library

in 1995, finally completing the move in 1998 after the

acceptance of the Camden Lesbian Centre and the Black Lesbian

Group in 1996.93 Glasgow may have been chosen because of its

inclusive outlook and the services it provided, and still

provides to all women. Its mission statement, as mentioned

before, reflects that of the original Collection and this may

also be a contributing factor. The proximity in time for the

establishment of the LAIC and Glasgow Women’s Library also

indicates that the new Management Committee set up in 1989;

felt the Library was ready to take on the custodianship of the

LAIC Archives.

While the custody chain of the LAIC Archives has been somewhat

turbulent, it has not prevented sexually explicit content from

being included in the archive; if anything this material has

92 Ibid.93 Conversation with the archivist at Glasgow Women’s Library 08/07/2013.

53

been encouraged greatly. It is because of the fact that the

archives were started by lesbians for lesbians that anything

considered ‘out there’ or non-conformist, even adding to the

LGBT cause, was considered appropriate for preservation. From

this unique collection policy it is evident that sex is well

and truly alive in the LAIC archives and within the Glasgow

Women’s Library Archives too.

ConclusionGlasgow Women’s Library has a unique take on the working

relationship of an archive and library. They use both these

resources to complement what materials they have and do their

best to bring this to the attention of their current and

future users. It is only fitting that this institution houses

the LAIC archive in the spirit of inclusion, something which

the initial organisation was not able to do.

While the Library has only had an archivist in recent years,

the amount of work carried out since then to bring the archive

to current standards has been incredible with appraisal

guidelines and finding aids in place, as well as a limited

catalogue available on their website. Other resources such as

the Genesis project, ARCHON and the Archives Hub have also

helped significantly improve their online presence.94

94 The Genesis homepage can be found here: http://www.lse.ac.uk/library/newsandinformation/womenslibraryatLSE/home.aspx?recordID=46&dcID=dc.subject&dcData='liberation%252520movements' [last accessed 10/08/2013].The Glasgow Women’s Library entry on ARCHON can be found here: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/archon/searches/locresult_details.asp?LR=1534 [last accessed 10/08/2013].

54

The addition of the LAIC to the archive, as well as other

important collections like the Josephine Butler Society

collection, have helped improve the quality of material in the

archive and also encourages new visitors and users to the

archive. Whilst the chain of custody of the LAIC archive has

had some controversial turns, its transferral to Glasgow

Women’s Library has benefitted both the organisation that was

its custodian and organisations that later added their own

records, as in the case of Camden Lesbian Centre and Black

Lesbian Group. Holding such an important collection in their

custody has brought Glasgow Women’s Library considerable

attention through researchers and also past users of the LAIC.

Conclusion

The Archives Hub entry for Glasgow Women’s Library is here: http://archiveshub.ac.uk/contributors/glasgowwomenslibrary.html [last accessed 10/08/2013].

55

When setting out to examine a concept such as ‘sex in the

archives’, it is important to remember that all the various

definitions of sex that can be applied to archival materials,

particularly with materials that span over a hundred years.

This can be especially true for the case studies in the Royal

Free Archives and Kingston Museum.

Yet, both these institutions have not applied finding aids to

their catalogues. It is up to the user to put their own

definitions onto the materials they are searching or to ask

the archivist for their insight. Rightly enough, the role of

the archivist or curator in their repository or institution is

important as they are the living memory of the archive. They

hold information that may not be available in a catalogue or

on a box list. They may have made links between materials that

cannot be found on a computerised database. This role is

significantly undervalued by those outside of the archival

community.

The case studies investigated in this dissertation would not

have been possible if it were not for the archivist or curator

making themselves available to me and answering my questions.

In most instances they were able to give me further reading

suggestions for context and provenance in this work. They also

provided me with information that has not been previously

recorded for academic purpose in our conversations, which have

been referenced throughout this work. This is particularly

56

true for the Royal Free Archives and Glasgow Women’s Library

which I visited on several occasions. Without an archivist,

much of this work would not have been possible, especially in

relation to the concept of sex in the archives.

This dissertation has found that online catalogues are useful

for researchers and archive users when trying to find the

reference to a specific collection and its contents, but not

for a person who is searching for a particular topic,

especially if it is linked to sex. While Glasgow Women’s

Library is encouraging in advocating the use of contemporary

terms in finding aids, they have not yet had the opportunity

to realise the full potential of this approach. This

contemporary approach may stem from the fact that much of the

material housed by the archive is relatively modern, as can be

seen with the LAIC archive.

There is merit to both sides of this argument in using the

contemporary over the original or vice versa. Medical

terminology, as referred to in Chapter 1, has not changed

considerably in the last century, mainly due to the Latin

roots of the terms. This is important to remember as it is

used extensively in the Royal Free archive case notes that

were examined. It is an ongoing issue that many archives

grapple with.

In Chapter 1 I laid out a few initial thoughts on what I might

find during the course of researching for this dissertation.

57

In Chapter 2 I expected to find that finding aids in a medical

archive would be attributed to a medical thesaurus but instead

found that the archivist was unwilling to impose her own

finding aids in a catalogue that may influence researchers. As

the archivist knows the collections very well she is able to

help users through her own experience of the archive and does

not need to rely on a technological database to create links

in the materials held at the Royal Free Archives. For

appraisal guidelines, I thought that some of the materials in

the archive would have been too worn to use or damaged. Again

this was not the case as the majority of records were stored

in a hospital morgue for several years before being given over

to an archive. It was appraisal by human hands that destroyed

records relating to the venereal disease clinics of the

nineteenth century, proving that on occasion sex can be left

out of the archive. Ephemeron has proven to be a problematic

topic in the archives in terms of definition, scope and

medium. The Birth Registers were not considered to be ephemera

by the archivist, but rather photographs, medals and donation

slips. The archivist determined these to be of little use in

the long-term and should not be in an archive by definition.

In Chapter 3, with the Muybridge Collection, I had expected

finding aids to be derived from the Kingston Museum’s own

catalogue. This was not to be true as prior knowledge of the

collection is to be presumed for use of the online catalogue.

The Muybridge collection is vast and often random, due to the

erratic nature of Muybridge’s work, making it hard to pinpoint

58

a starting point for any researcher unless they already know

what they are looking for. I also had expected that appraisal

guidelines for the collection to be taken from the University

Archives policy due to the strong links between the

institutions. This was not the case as the collection is

internationally renowned and appraisal is very rare. The only

real appraisal that has been carried out was during the twenty

year period where the materials lay unaccessioned, waiting for

cataloguing. Therefore it is hard to know what appraisal, if

any, has taken place. As mentioned many times throughout this

work, ephemeron is difficult to define due to its changing

nature, depending on the institution in which it is housed. I

had thought that ephemera in this case would have included the

photographs and prints taken by Muybridge but was proven

mistaken as shown in Chapter 3. The difficultly comes in

trying to define the meaning and role of ephemera, not only in

the archive but in other preservationally minded institutions.

CILIP has attempted to bridge this gap, but it does not seem

to have made a great deal of difference in the battle to

define the more miscellaneous of materials in archives.

In Chapter 4, in investigating the LAIC archive at Glasgow

Women’s Library, I had thought to find that finding aids would

be those already employed by the archive. In this I was almost

correct. As the LAIC archive has not been catalogued yet no

finding aids have been applied. However, if it were to be

catalogued, and will be in the future, the Thesaurus of

European Women would be used as a finding aid guide, as is the

59

case with the rest of the collections in Glasgow Women’s

Library. My findings for appraisal guidelines appear to be in

the same vein as my findings for finding aids. Any appraisal

that has taken place in the custody of Glasgow Women’s Library

has been documented and recorded to the standards expected of

any other archive. The only issue with appraisal in this case

is the consideration that not all of the LAIC archive was

successfully transferred to the archive in Glasgow. This is

sometimes the case in the transferral of custody, particularly

with such large collections. However, as the collection has

not been catalogued and compared to the catalogue provided by

the LAIC it is not yet possible to know the full extent of

material loss. I also had thought that ephemera would be in

line with my investigations of the Royal Free Archives and

Kingston Museum. This was not to be the case, but the

definition of ephemera that I had held previous to this

dissertation was found to be true in relation to Glasgow

Women’s Library. This means that the archive in Glasgow

Women’s Library is in line with current thinking in relation

to ephemera. This is perhaps due to the installation of an

archivist in recent times.

In the research carried out for this dissertation, it has been

shown that different institutions do not follow the same

practices for bringing their collections to the attention of,

and a standardised system of usability for their users. What

has been made clear, however, is the value of the archivist or

curator and the depth of knowledge they have for their

60

respective collections. Sometimes this information cannot be

captured in a catalogue or online database, including

intricate links and related materials. Oftentimes this can be

consulting another archive or suggesting secondary source

materials that may provide greater context.

As each archive holds its own unique materials and ephemera

perhaps it is only right that each institution has its own

system of administration. What works for the Royal Free

Archive would not suit Glasgow Women’s Library due to the

medical content of its materials, while the Library contains

more social and political materials. This point is made more

evident in comparison with the Kingston Museum and its

renowned Muybridge collection. Even if there was a way of

bringing the Royal Free Archive and Glasgow Women’s Library

into line with one another, Muybridge is another matter

entirely. As the collection is made mostly of prints and

photographs it would be hard to find common ground in all

three instances.

Glasgow Women’s Library is the most progressive of the three

as both the archive and the library have come together to make

the most of all the resources the institution have for users.

Kingston Museum have attempted such a collaboration with the

archive and museum being situated in the vicinity of the

museum, but it is clear that as the Muybridge collection is

housed in the museum more attention is given to its general

administration and appeal to the public. If Kingston Museum

61

were to follow the lead of Pennsylvania University and the

manner it has displayed their Muybridge Collection there would

be some hope of creating a blanket policy in the heritage

sector for all collections; their finding aids, appraisal

guidelines and ephemeral policy.

As discussed in the first chapter, sex is a socially

constructed idea, as are the values society attributes it,

through moral or scientific thought. This dissertation has

striven to prove that the quantity and quality of the material

kept pertaining to sex in archives is motivated by these

values. In the Royal Free Archives, documents relating to a VD

clinic in the mid-nineteenth century were destroyed by doctors

over a hundred years after the event. This goes to show that

the reputation of an institution was deemed greater than the

preservation of historical evidence. Yet, the fact that these

documents survived so long shines a light on the clinical

nature of the Victorian mind. This can also be seen with the

Muybridge collection which was donated by the creator to

Kingston Museum. Society, at this time, must have placed great

scientific value on his work to make it available to the

public. Even at the time of creation, his prints were deemed

worthy of public observation and examination because of their

innovative scientific worth.

Glasgow Women’s Library and the LAIC Archive is a different

story as there is no evident medical or scientific impact from

the materials kept in its collection. There is, however, a

62

societal impact for keeping its materials. It aims to educate

and provide support for the LGBT community and has, somehow-

like the Royal Archives and Muybridge Collection, transcended

time in maintaining its relevance.

Overall, sex in the archives is very much alive and kicking,

bringing in researchers from all corners of the world, with a

variety of interests. This has been shown through a

comparative study of a medical, museum and community archive,

in a variety of locations, both in the UK and abroad. Any

material that has been lost in the past to overzealous and

undocumented appraisal is irreplaceable but what has been left

for users in the present day is a valuable asset to our

archives and shared history.

63

Appendix A- Table of Patients and ComplaintsName Ag

eAddress Condition

and Outcome

Married

Children Doctor Date(s) of Admission

Mary Beecham

29 106 Wymford Road, Calendonian Road.

Carcuiouia[sic] of cervix

CURED

Yes(4 ½ years)

None Dr. Vaughan- Sawyer

7th April 1904 - May24th 1904

Mary Jane Collins

55 26 st.MaryStreet, Dunstable,Bedfordshire

Carcuiouia[sic] of ovary

DEATH

Yes(5 years)

None Dr. Vaughan- Sawyer

2nd September 1908

Florence Warren

40 8 St. Leonards Road, Poplar.

Miscarriage

CURED

Yes(12 years)

Eleven (Ages 17-3)

Dr. Vaughan- Sawyer

30th March 1908 – 16thApril 1908

Maud L. Baddes

17 67 Shubbery Road, West Green, Tottenham.

Endometriosis

CURED

No None Dr. Vaughan- Sawyer

November 28th 1908- 5th December 1908

LouisaVingoe

29 31 Hudson Road, Plumstead.

1. Unknown(with diagrams)2. Prolapse

CURED

Yes(7 years)

Three(Ages 4- 15 months)

Dr. Willey 1.Unknown2.6th

September 1909- Unknown

64

Appendix B- Mary Beecham Cyst Diagram

65

Appendix C- Mary Collins Ovarian Cyst Diagram66

Appendix D- Mary Jane Collins Surgery Diagram and

Photo67

Appendix E- Louisa Vingoe Prolapse Diagram 1

68

Appendix F- Vingoe Prolapse Diagram 2

69

Appendix G- Example of Ephemera (1)

Appendix H- Example of Ephemera (2)

70

Appendix I- Elizabeth Thorn Scalpel Set -Ephemera

Example (3)

71

Appendix J- Photograph of lecture- Ephemera Example

(4)

72

(Back of Photo)

Appendix K- Register of Births c. 1923

73

Appendix L- Register of Births 1930

74

75

Bibliography

Primary Sources

Bersani, Leo. Tate Liverpool Keywords Series, ‘Sex’, May 2013.

1901 Census, The National Archives.

1911, The National Archives.

Glasgow Women’s Library

The Lesbian Archives and Information Centre, GB1534, 2012-16A.

Royal Free Archives

Register of Births 1914-1928, NEH/3/1/1.

Florence Willey (later Lady Barrett) Case Notes, RFH/4/PN/1/3/1

Dr Vaughan-Sawyer Case Notes, RFH/4/PN/1/32/1

Secondary Sources

Anderson, Kenneth and Goldenson, Robert. The Wandsworth Dictionary of Sex, Wandsworth Editions Ltd, 1997.

Bartlett Haas, Robert. Muybridge in Motion, University of California Press, London, 1976.

Braun, Marta. Eadweard Muybridge, Reaktion Books, London, 2010.

76

Brosnan Jennifer. The Transmission of Sexual Knowledge in Britain, 1870-1910, University of Edinburgh, MSc Gender History dissertation,2012.

Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality: The Will to Knowledge, Penguin Books, London, 1976.

Freud, Sigmund. The Wolfman: Why are Wolves White?, Penguin, London, 1918.

Hall, Lesley. “Sex in the Archives”, Archives, Vol. XXII, No. 93. 1995.

Hill, Paul and Herbert, Stephen. “Eadweard Muybridge and the Kingston Museum Bequest”, Film History, Vol. 10, No. 1, Cinema Pioneers, 1998.

Klein, Marty. “The Meaning of Sex” Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality, Vol. 4, August 10th, 1998.

McKenna, Neil. Fanny and Stella: The Young Men Who Shocked Victorian England, Faber and Faber Ltd, London, 2013.

Mileaf, Janine. A. “Poses for the Camera: Eadweard Muybridge’sStudies of the Human Theatre”, American Art, Vol. 16, No. 3, Autumn, 2002.

77

Wellcome Trust, Medicine Man: The Forgotten Museum of Henry Wellcome, The British Museum Press, London, 2011.

Williams, Raymond. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, Oxford University Press, New York, 1976.

Online Sources (chronological order)

Access to Archives catalogue for the Royal Free Archives [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/A2A/records.aspx?cat=1530-rfh&cid=-1#-1, last accessed 27/05/2013].

Dame Sheila Sherlock Collection at the Royal Free Archives, Archives Hub [http://archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb1530-d24, last accessed 27/05/2013].

History of The Royal Free Hospital, NHS Archive website: [http://www.royalfree.org.uk/default.aspx?top_nav_id=3&sel_left_nav=34&tab_id=126, last accessed 27/05/2013].

Information on the Genesis Project and Access to Archives, Royal Free Archives [http://www.royalfree.org.uk/default.aspx?top_nav_id=3&sel_left_nav=34&tab_id=128, last accessed 27/05/2013].

School of Medicine for Women search in relation to the Royal Free Archives, Genesis Project [https://catalogue.lse.ac.uk/Search/Results?lookfor=school+of+medicine+for+women&type=AllFields&filter%5B%5D=language%3A%22English%22 , last accessed 27/05/2013].

78

Animal Locomotion Prints, Kingston Museum [http://www.kingston.gov.uk/browse/leisure/museum/collections/muybridge/animal_locomotion/locomotion_prints.htm, last accessed 15/06/2013].

“Ephemera: the stuff of history”, CILIP, 2003 [http://www.cilip.org.uk/filedownloadslibrary/policy%20and%20advocacy/ephemera.pdf, last accessed 15/06/2013]

Eadweard Muybridge, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35174, last accessed 15/06/2013].

The aims and objectives of the Genesis Project [http://www.ukad.org/casestudies/genesis.html, last accessed 17/06/2013].

ARCHON Directory for Glasgow Women’s Library, The National Archives [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/subjectView.asp?ID=O54504, last accessed 17/06/2013].

Glasgow Women’s Library website [www.womenslibrary.org.uk, last accessed 17/06/2013].

Thesaurus of European Women [http://www.aletta.nu/aletta/eng/collections/vrouwenthesaurus,last accessed 17/06/2013].

Collection Policy of the University of Pennsylvania Archives [http://www.archives.upenn.edu/home/protocols.html, last accessed 18/06/2013].

79

“Defining Modernities”, University of Kingston [http://www.eadweardmuybridge.co.uk/collection_map_and_database/, last accessed 18/06/2013].

Glasgow Women’s Library ARCHON entry for the Lesbian Archive and Information Centre: [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/subjectView.asp?ID=O54504&tabType=ARCHIVE#top, last accessed 18/06/2013].

A Guide to the University Memorabilia Collection, 1762-2005, University of Pennsylvania Archives [http://www.archives.upenn.edu/faids/mem/umem_front.pdf, last accessed 18/06/2013].

Provenance, the University of Pennsylvania Archives [http://www.archives.upenn.edu/faids/upt/upt50/muybridgee.html, last accessed 18/06/2013].

The University of Pennsylvania Muybridge Collection [http://www.archives.upenn.edu/primdocs/upt/upt50/upt50m993/upt50m993.html, last accessed 18/06/2013].

Dr. Louise Chambers, “Fictional Obscenities: Lesbianism and Censorship in the Early Twentieth Century”, The National Archives Podcast, 7th February 2011 [: http://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/fictional-obscenities-lesbianism-and-censorship-in-the-early-20th-century/ ,last accessed 01/07/2013].

“Gender”, Oxford English Dictionary [http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/gender#gender_11, last accessed 01/07/2013].

80

“Sex”, Oxford English Dictionary [http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/sex, last accessed 01/07/2013].

Archives Hub Administrative History of LAIC [http://archiveshub.ac.uk/search/summary.html?rsid=174200950&startRecord=1&maximumRecords=20&hitposition=0#rightcol, last accessed 08/07/2013].

Timeline of the LAIC, Glasgow Women’s Library [http://www.womenslibrary.org.uk/laic/laictimeline/laictimeline.html, last accessed 08/07/2013].

21 Revolutions exhibit, Glasgow Women’s Library [http://womenslibrary.org.uk/2012/07/09/two-decades-and-21-revolutions/, last accessed 17/07/2013].

Dictionary of Medical Terms, Ancestry.com website, [http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~usgwkidz/oldmedterm.htm, last accessed 30/07/2013].

Genesis Homepage, [http://www.lse.ac.uk/library/newsandinformation/womenslibraryatLSE/home.aspx?recordID=46&dcID=dc.subject&dcData='liberation%252520movements' , last accessed 10/08/2013].

81