Medicinal Herbs for the Biosynthesis of Nano particles to Enhance Cancer Therapeutics

UGC SPONSORED NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CURRENT APPROACHES AND CHALLENGES IN NANOMATERIAL AND NANOMEDICINE (NACNAN-13)29-30th August 2013- ISBN 978-81-9278-804-3

Medicinal Herbs for the Biosynthesis of Nano particles to Enhance Cancer

Therapeutics

S.T.Gopukumar1*, P.K.Praseetha1, V.M.Priya kumari2 and R.Shabi Ruskin2

1Department of Nanotechnology, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education,

Noorul Islam University, Kumaracoil, Tamilnadu, India 2Department of Biotechnology, Noorul Islam College of Arts and Science,

Kumaracoil, Tamilnadu, India

Abstract

Medicinal Herbs are in use for thousands of years and are renowned for their

effectiveness in cancer. Medicinal herbs are having their own anti-cancer properties. Bio-

synthesized nano particles are very effective in cancer therapeutics as they have a controlled

size and modified properties. The medicinally usable herbs were identified and extracted for

biochemical profile and formulated for nano-medical applications with iron nanoparticles.

Compared with other therapeutic drugs, this nanoparticles enables a highly integrated design

that incorporates multiple functions, such as cell targeting, ultra-sensitive imaging and

therapy. This study reveals the detailed study of medicinal herbs and cancer, which enhances

the cancer therapeutics by green nano synthesis. Iron nano particles were synthesized and

characterized by using Ultra Violet Visible Spectroscopy (UV-vis), Transmission Electron

Microscopy (TEM) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR). Anti tumour

effects were clinically experimented via In-vitro techniques.

Keywords: Medicinal Herbs, nanomedicine, iron nano particle, UV-vis, TEM, FTIR,

* Author for correspondence: [email protected]


1. Introduction

Cissus quadrangularis, a traditional

medicinal plant belongs to the family

Vitaceae. It is a perennial plant commonly

known as Veldt Grape or Devil's Back

bone [1]. The geographical distribution of

the C. quadrangularis is spread throughout

India particularly in tropical regions of

Western Ghats [2]. This C.quadrangularis

had some anticancer activity from its shoot

portion [3]. This herb brings a boon

towards traditional Ayurvedic system of

medicine. Cancer is a deadly disease,

which causes the cell arrest i.e.

uncontrolled cell growth to form lumps.

Phytochemical analysis of secondary

metabolites present in the plant extracts

were carried out, screened and identify the

anti-cancer compound and targeted to the

cancerous cell by using nanomedicine [4]

[5] [6]. Nanomedicine plays a vital role in

cancer therapeutics. Nanomedicine acts as

a carrier in cancer therapeutics [7]. For the

production of nanomedicine, Nano

particles should be mandatory. In the

present scenario iron nano particles were

used for synthesis and characterization by

TEM, UV and FTIR. Hence the present

research was to carry out the biosynthesis

of iron nano particles to enhance cancer

therapeutics by In-vitro techniques.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Herbal extract

C.quadrangularis was collected from

Kumaracoil, Kanyakumari district,

Tamilnadu, India during the month of

October- November in the year 2012. The

aerial parts of shoots were separated and

cleaned well. Cleaned shoots were then

dried under shade. The drying process was

continued until all the water molecules

evaporated and shoots became well dried

for grinding. After drying, the shoots were

ground well using mechanical blender into

fine powder and transferred into air tight

container with proper labelling for further

use. The dried and powdered

C.quadrangularis shoots were extracted

sequentially with Methanol, Ethanol,

Chloroform, Ethyl acetate and Acetone

using Soxhlet apparatus. Each 50g of dried

powdered shoots were defatted with

Petroleum ether by immersing the extracts

in Petroleum ether and kept for 24 hours

incubation. After incubation excess

petroleum ether was decanted and kept for

drying. The dried samples were wrapped

in muslin cloth and were kept for soxhlet

extraction in 300ml of solvent at boiling

point of increasing polarity. Solute thus

separated were collected in a centrifuge

tube and used for further studies.


2.2. Green Synthesis of Iron Nano particles

with Herb extracts

For the green synthesis of the herbs

around 8 ml of 0.1 M FeCl3 and 2 ml of

0.2 M FeCl2 was added in a 100 ml beaker.

In addition to that, 10 ml of

C.quadrangularis (Veldt Grape) extract

was added drop by drop. Initially, a brown

precipitate was formed. The reaction

continued for 20 minutes. Then the beaker

was removed from the magnetic stirrer.

The pH was adjusted to 8. After synthesis,

the black precipitate formed was washed

3-4 times with distilled water to avoid

errors due to high optical density of the

solution. The nanoparticles were removed

from the solution by magnetic separation.

The experiment was done in duplicates to

produce reproducibility.

3. Characterization of green synthesis of

Iron nano particles

3.1. UV-vis spectroscopy of iron

nanoparticles

Iron nanoparticles synthesized by

green method were analyzed for UV-Vis

spectroscopy. The UV-Vis spectroscopy

measurements of iron nanoparticles were

recorded on Systronic double beam

spectrophotometer: 2202. The progress of

the reaction between metal ions and the

C.quadrangularis extracts were monitored

by UV-Vis spectra of iron nanoparticles.

Green synthesized iron nanoparticles were

measured in a wavelength ranging from

200-1100 nm.

3.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy

(TEM) of iron nanoparticles

The prepared iron nanoparticles

were analyzed using TEM. The iron

nanoparticles were taken for TEM analysis

on carbon-coated copper TEM grids. The

films on the TEM grids were allowed to

stand for 2 min following which the extra

solution was removed using a blotting

paper and the grid was allowed to dry prior

to measurement.

3.3. Fourier transform infrared

spectrophotometer (FTIR) of iron

nanoparticles

Dried powder of ethanolic extract

of C.quadrangularis was considered for

instrumental analysis. For the FTIR study,

dried powder of ethanolic extract (10mg)

of C.quadrangularis was encapsulated in

100mg of KBr pellet, in order to prepare

translucent sample discs. The powdered

samples were treated for FTIR

spectroscopy.

4. Anti tumour effect – In-vitro

Cancer cell lines were procured

from NCCS Pune and was maintained in

10% heat inactivated FBS (Foetal Bovine

Serum) in carbon dioxide incubator. The

cells may be in confluent stage. So the

cells were trypsinised using 0.025%

trypsin (cell culture grade HIMEDIA)

upon reaching confluency. Then the cells


were subcultured on to microculture plates

and used for further studies. Anticancer

effect of iron nanosynthesised

C.quadrangularis plant extracts such as

acetone, chloroform, Ethanol, Ethyl

acetate and Methanol was determined on

MCF cell lines. A standard concentration

of 500µg/ml was added and incubated.

The anti-proliferative effect was

determined by standard MTT assay. The

cell culture suspension was washed with

1X PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline) and

then added 200µl MTT [3-(4, 5-Dimethyl

thiazole-2yl)-2, 5-diphyhyl tetra-zolium

Bromide] solution to the culture flask

(MTT 5mg/volume dissolved in PBS).

Filtered through a 0.2µm filter before use.

Then incubated at 37ºC for 3 hours,

removed all MTT solution, washed with 1

x PBS and added 300µl DMSO to each

culture flask and incubated at room

temperature for 30 minutes until all cells

get lysed and homogenous colour was

obtained. The solution was then

transferred to centrifuge tube and

centrifuged at top speed for 2 minutes to

precipitate cell debris. Debris was

dissolved using DMSO. OD was measured

at 540 nm using DMSO blank. Then the

percentage viability was calculated

Calculation .u䍀.ොFᄄC. oǴ 猀yᄄ椒y謃yF轿⮀뾐.ᄄො ᄄ椒㨐ou椒ᄄො䍀. oǴ 㨐ᄄᴄ錃謃.뾐.ᄄො ᄄ椒㨐ou椒ᄄො䍀. oǴ 䍀oොFuo謃时↸迷迷

3. Results and Discussion

Qualitative Phytochemical Screening

of Ethanolic Extract of C.quadrangularis

Qualitative phytochemical screening was

used to determine the presence of some of

the secondary metabolites. The results of

screening test revealed the presence of

medically active compounds. From the

Table: (1), it could be seen that Phenol,

Alkaloids, Tannins and Flavanoids were

present in the ethanol extract of

C.quadrangularis, while Saponin and

Carbohydrates were absent. Green

synthesized ethanolic iron nano particles

were attracted towards the magnet is

shown in Fig: (1). UV-Vis spectrum of

green synthesized iron nanoparticles were

measured in a wavelength ranging from

200-1100 nm [8]. Iron nanoparticles

mainly show peaks at 286 nm. This is

shown in Fig: (2). TEM results revealed

that the iron nanoparticles synthesized

using C.quadrangularis extracts were

spherical with sizes ranging from 40 to 63

nm is shown in Fig: (3). The main goal of

FTIR spectroscopic analysis is to

determine the chemical functional groups

in the sample. The fingerprint region of

Fe3O4 occurring mainly at 618 cm–1 and

the strong peak corresponds to Fe–O

stretch of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Broad

absorption above 3320 cm–1 typically

stands for the stretch vibration of O-H


bonds in hydroxyl groups which is

absorbed by Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Small

narrow peak at 2359 cm–1 can be assigned

to surface and bulk O-H groups in

magnetite. This is shown in Fig: (4).The

percentage of viability of MCF cell line for

control is 100%. The values below 50%

show significant anticancer activity. The

percentage of viability for Nano

synthesized ethanolic extract is 41.5%.

The percentage viability of ethanolic plant

extract is 50.38%. %. The percentage

viability of chemotherapy drug is 42.1%.

This was shown in Table: (2) and Fig: (5).

Thus the iron nanosynthesised

C.quadrangularis ethanol plant solvent

extract has lowest percentage of viability

and shows significant anticancer activity

[9]. All the other C.quadrangularis plant

extracts solvent extracts such as Ethanol

and Chemotherapy drugs have cytotoxic

effect but not much that of significant

anticancer activity. On the basis of results

it can be concluded that the iron nano

synthesised C.quadrangularis ethanol

plant solvent extract possess significant

anticancer activity against in vitro studies.

It seems the strong evidence for the use of

C. quadrangularis stem extract to treat

anticancer activity. The activity may be

due to the presence of one or more

phytochemical constituents present in the

extract.

Table: 1 Qualitative Phytochemical Screening of Ethanolic Extract of C. quadrangularis

S. NO PARAMETERS RESULT

1 Carbohydrates -

2 Phenol +

3 Alkaloid +

4 Tannin +

5 Flavonoids +

6 Saponin -

Table: 2 In-vitro Studies (MCF) of Anticancer Activity of C.quadrangularis

EXTRACTS OD % OF VIABILITY

Control 0.772 100

Green Nano ethanolic

extract 0.300 41.5

Ethanol 0.386 50.38

UGC SPONSORED NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CURRENT APPROACHES AND CHALLENGES IN August 2013-

Chemotherapy drugs

Fig: 1 Green synthesized ethanolic iron nanoparticles attracted towards magnet.

Fig: 2 UV absorption spectroscopy of microbially synthesized iron Nanoparticles.

Fig: 3 TEM of green synthesized iron nanoparticles at a magnification of 40,000 x

UGC SPONSORED NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CURRENT APPROACHES AND CHALLENGES IN NANOMATERIAL AND NANOMEDICINE (NACNAN ISBN 978-81-9278-804-3

Chemotherapy drugs 0.367 42.1

Green synthesized ethanolic iron nanoparticles attracted towards magnet.

UV absorption spectroscopy of microbially synthesized iron Nanoparticles.

TEM of green synthesized iron nanoparticles at a magnification of 40,000 x

NANOMATERIAL AND NANOMEDICINE (NACNAN-13)29-30th

Green synthesized ethanolic iron nanoparticles attracted towards magnet.

UV absorption spectroscopy of microbially synthesized iron Nanoparticles.

TEM of green synthesized iron nanoparticles at a magnification of 40,000 x


Fig: 4 the fingerprint region of Fe3O4 occurring mainly at 618 cm–1 and the strong peak

corresponds to Fe–O stretch of the Fe3O4nanoparticles.

Fig: 5 In-vitro studies (MCF) of Anticancer Activity

References

1. Garima Mishra, Saurabh Srivastava, B.P.Nagori, Pharmacological and Therapeutic Activity

of Cissus quadrangularis: An Overview. International Journal of PharmTech Research;

Vol.2, No.2, pp 1298-1310

2. S.Justin Raj, Baby joseph, Pharmacognostic and traditional properties of Cissus

quadrancularis Linn -An overview. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences; Vol.2,

Issue 1, Jan-Mar 2011

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Ethanol extact Green Nano Etanolic extract

Chemo drugs

% OF VIABILITY

OD%of

Via

bilit

y

Extracts


3. Aayush Dwivedi, I. Seethalakshmi and D. Sharmila, Anticancer properties of Cissus

quandrangularis. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2013, 5(5):135-139

4. Balunas MJ, Kinghorn AD. Drug discovery from medicinal plants. Life Sci. 2005; 78: 431-

441.

5. Newman, D.J., Cragg, G.M., Snader, K.M., 2000. The influence of natural products upon

drug discovery. Natural Product Reports 17 (3), 215– 234.

6. Newman, D.J., Cragg, G.M., Snader, K.M., 2003. Natural products as sources of new drugs

over the period 1981–2002. Journal of Natural Products 66(7), 1022–1037.

7. S. M. Moghimi, A. C. Hunter, and J. C. Murray, “Nanomedicine: current status and future

prospects,” The FASEB Journal, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 311–330, Mar. 2005.

8. Sastry, M., Patil, V., Sainkar, S.R. Electrostatically controlled diffusion of carboxylic acid

derivatized silver colloidal particles in thermally evaporated fatty amine films. J. Phys. Chem.

B. 1998.102: 1404.

9. A. Sunitha, et al. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of biosynthesized iron and silver

Nanoparticles using the fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Actinomycetes sp. on human

pathogens. Nano Biomed. Eng. 2013, 5(1),39-45.DOI: 0.5101/nbe.v5i1.p39-45.


POLYMER MEDIATED SYNTHESIS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE

NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR INFLUENCES ON NR/EPDM RUBBER BLENDS

P G Prajith1, K Kurien Thomas1 and T Muraleedharan Nair2 1Research Department of Chemistry, Bishop Moore College, Mavelikara-690110,

Alappuzha, Kerala, India. 2Common Facility Service Centre, Department of Industries and Commerce, Payyanad,

Manjeri, Kerala, India.

Contact email [email protected]

Introduction

Currently, nanostructure materials have

become an interesting field for researchers.

The nanoparticles can be prepared by

several synthetic routes like, sol gel

processing, in situ polymerization,

hydrothermal process, matrix-mediated

control of growth, forced hydrolysis

approach, etc The matrix-mediated control

of growth and morphology has drawn

considerable attention among various

groups of researchers since it offers a new

route to material synthesis. It is well

known that the nanoparticles play an

important role in their application to

polymer nanocomposites. Recent and

ongoing research on polymer/inorganic

nanocomposites has shown significant

improvements in mechanical, physical and

thermal properties of polymers. These

improvements are obtained at a very low

loading of the nanofillers (1-10%) as

compared to the conventional fillers,

which require a high loading (25-40%)1. It

is well known that the particle size,

structure, and surface characteristics are

important parameters that determine the

reinforcing ability of filler; the particle

size is especially important because a

reduction in size provides a greater surface

area.

In the present study we have prepared the

nanoparticles of calcium carbonate by

polymer mediated growth method2 and

were characterized using X-ray diffraction

and microscopic techniques. Further, these

particles were incorporated into

NR/EPDM blends by two roller mill

mixing technique. Various mechanical

properties like tensile strength, Young’s

Modulus and tear strength of the

composites were characterized by standard

methods. The effects of addition of nano

CaCO3 on the various mechanical and

physical properties of the rubber blend

were investigated.


2. Experimental

2.1. Materials

Indian Standard Natural Rubber (ISNR-5

by Rubber Research Institute of India) and

Ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber

(EPDM by Goodyear rubber company,

USA) was used.. Analytical grades of

Calcium chloride, Ammonium carbonate,

and Polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) were

procured from Merck and were used for

the synthesis of nanoparticles of calcium

carbonate. The rubber additives, namely

Stearic acid, Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Sulphur,

and F (Accelerator), were of commercial

grade.

2.2. Synthesis and Characterization of

Nanoparticles

Nano calcium carbonate was synthesized

by polymer mediated technique. CaCl2

(110 g by weight) was placed in 100 mL of

water; 248 g of PEG was diluted in 100

mL of water by mild heating. A complex

of calcium chloride and PEG was prepared

in molar ratio of 1: 20. Another solution of

(NH4)2CO3 was prepared, with 96 g placed

in 100 mL of distilled water. The first

complex was digested for 12 h, and then

the solution of(NH4)2CO3 was added

slowly; the mixture was again kept for

digestion for 12 h ,the precipitate was

filtered, washed with water, The

precipitate was sonicated using a bath

type ultrasonic disintegrator for 45

minutes and dried in a vacuum drier3.

These nanoparticles were characterized

using X-ray diffraction (XRD) Scanning

electron microscopy (SEM), and

transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

2.3. Preparation and Analysis of

NR/EPDM Nanocomposites

Formulation for rubber compounds was as

follows in phr: NR (75 g); EPDM (25g);

ZnO (5 g); Stearic acid (2 g); F (1.5 g);

Sulfur (2 g); and Nano CaCO3 (variable).

NR was initially masticated in the mixer

for 3 minutes and blended with EPDM,

followed by the vulcanization ingredients.

The cure characteristics were analyzed

using Rheometer and was subjected to

compression molding at 150oC4. The cured

sheets were subjected to conditioning for

24 h and the mechanical properties, such

as the tensile strength and tear strength

were measured per ASTM Standards. The

compression-molded specimens were

tested to report hardness data with a Shore

A hardness tester per ASTM D 2240

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Nanoparticle Characterization

The TEM, SEM and XRD images of the

nanoparticles are shown in Fig.1, Fig.2

and Fig.3 respectively. Shape of nano

CaCO3 is observed to be spherical in

TEM, while the particle size is 5-10 nm.

UGC SPONSORED NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CURRENT APPROACHES AND CHALLENGES IN August 2013-

The average particle size of nano CaCO

were calculated from XRD using

Scherrer’s Formula and was recorded to be

Å, θ is the diffraction angle and Δ2θ

Fig.1. TEM image of NanoCaCO3

Fig.3

3.2. Analysis of Mechanical and

Physical properties of Composites

The addition of nano CaCO3 appreciably

increases the mechanical properties of the

composites. Table-1 Shows that the tensile

properties of the nanocomposites increase

upon increasing the nano filler amount to

reach a maximum value of 18.67 MPa at 2

wt % filler loading. Fig-4 indica

NR/EPDM nano composites exhibit a

maximum tensile strength at low filler

Operations: Smooth 0.150 | Background 1.445,1.000 | ImportFile: SAIFXR101026B-03(P3).raw - Step: 0.020 ° - Step time: 29.5 s - WL1: 1.5406 - kA2 Ratio: 0.5 - Generator kV: 40 kV - Generator mA: 35 mA -

Lin

(C

ounts

)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

3 10 20

UGC SPONSORED NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CURRENT APPROACHES AND CHALLENGES IN NANOMATERIAL AND NANOMEDICINE (NACNAN ISBN 978-81-9278-804-3

The average particle size of nano CaCO3

were calculated from XRD using

Scherrer’s Formula and was recorded to be

below 20 nm. Scherrer’s Formula,

=kλ ⁄Δ2θ cos θ. Where‘d’ is the particle

size, ‘k’ is the order of reflection, λ=1.542

θ is the full width at half maximum5.

3 Fig.2. SEM image of Nano CaCO3

Fig.3. XRD pattern for NanoCaCO3

3.2. Analysis of Mechanical and

Physical properties of Composites

appreciably

increases the mechanical properties of the

1 Shows that the tensile

properties of the nanocomposites increase

upon increasing the nano filler amount to

reach a maximum value of 18.67 MPa at 2

4 indicate that

NR/EPDM nano composites exhibit a

maximum tensile strength at low filler

loading (2phr) followed by a decrease.

Generally, filler particle size has

significant effect on the tensile strength of

the composites owing to the interfacial

area per unit volume. The increase in

tensile strength is attributed to the nano

reinforcement of the fillers used

facilitates efficient stress transfer.

However, particle agglomeration tends to

reduce the strength of the material.

Agglomerates may act as strong

O3BMC-P3

Operations: Smooth 0.150 | Background 1.445,1.000 | ImportFile: SAIFXR101026B-03(P3).raw - Step: 0.020 ° - Step time: 29.5 s - WL1: 1.5406 - kA2 Ratio: 0.5 - Generator kV: 40 kV - Generator mA: 35 mA -

2-Theta - Scale

30 40 50 60 70 80

NANOMATERIAL AND NANOMEDICINE (NACNAN-13)29-30th

Scherrer’s Formula, d (Å)

Where‘d’ is the particle

size, ‘k’ is the order of reflection, λ=1.542

3

loading (2phr) followed by a decrease.

Generally, filler particle size has

significant effect on the tensile strength of

the composites owing to the interfacial

volume. The increase in

tensile strength is attributed to the nano

reinforcement of the fillers used6, which

facilitates efficient stress transfer.

However, particle agglomeration tends to

reduce the strength of the material.

Agglomerates may act as strong stress


concentrators; thus at high filler loadings,

the decrease in tensile strength can be

attributed to the agglomeration of

particles.Fig.5 shows the elongation at

break increased with the increase in filler

content and reaches a maximum value of

575.15 % at 2 phr loading and then decreases with further loading indicate filler

agglomeration.

Table-1- Tensile and Tear properties of the various mixes

Fig.4- Tensile Strength of NR/EPDM filled Fig.5-.Elongation at break of NR/EPDM

filled

with Nano CaCO3 at various compositions with Nano CaCO3 at various

compositions

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Te

nsile

str

en

gth

(M

Pa

)

Nano CaCO3content/phr

Tensilestrength

0 2 4 6 8

480

500

520

540

560

580

Elo

ng

atio

n a

t B

rea

k (%

)


Elongationatbreak

Sample

Code

NR/

EPDM

Nano

CaCO3

(phr)

Tensile

Strength

(MPa)

Load at

Break

(N)

Young's

Modulus

(MPa)

%Elong@

Break (%)

Mod@

100%

(MPa)

Mod@

300%

(MPa)

Mod@

200%

(MPa)

Cf0 75/25 0 15.07 73.15 8.91 554.54 0.95 2.36 1.48

Cf1 75/25 2 18.67 102.2 9.125 575.15 0.96 2.52 1.525

Cf2 75/25 4 16.76 87.01 9.01 554.17 1.00 2.58 1.59

Cf3 75/25 6 14.96 75.62 8.785 536.54 1.005 2.545 1.56

Cf4

5/ 25

8 13.52 61.53 8.6 486.73 1.01 2.94 1.635

Sample code NR/EPDM Nano CaCO3

(phr)

Hardness

Shore A

Density

g/cc

Cf0 75/25 0 43.66 0.941

Cf1 75/25 2 44.33 0.952

Cf2 75/25 4 45.0 0.980

Cf3 75/25 6 46.0 0.975


Table -2: Physical properties of NR/EPDM filled with Nano CaCO3 at various compositions

Fig.6- Hardness of NR/ filled with nano CaCO3 at various compositions

3.3 Morphological Analysis of the

Composites

Fig -7 shows the micrographs of the tensile

pieces of first four NR/EPDM nano

composites. It is clear from the Fig 7(a),

that the sample CF1 possess a uniform

dispersion with minimum agglomeration,

results in having better mechanical

properties than the rest.

(a) CF0 (b) CF1

0 2 4 6 8

43.5

44.0

44.5

45.0

45.5

46.0

46.5


Ha

rdn

ess S

ho

re A

Hardness

Cf4 7

5/25

8 46.33 0.987


(c) CF2 (d) CF3

Fig.7-SEM images of NR/EPDM filled with Nano CaCO3 at various compositions


Conclusion.

Ultrasonication assisted polymer mediated

technique is a versatile technique for the

preparation of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles

of calcium carbonate in the range of 5-10

nm were prepared. TEM and XRD

analysis supports the size of the nano

particles. The NR/EPDM- nanoCaCO3

composites showed marked improvement

in physical and mechanical properties at

lower filler loading (2phr).Higher filler

loading results in the reduction of

composite properties due to

agglomeration.

References.

1. Sumita M, Shizuma T, Miyasaka K,

Ishikawa K,.(1983) J. Macromol.Sci. Phys.

B22, 601.

2. Saujanya C, Ashamol, Padalkar S,

Radhakrishnan S.( 2001). Control of nano

particle size of fillers by polymer blend

technique. Polymer, 42: 2255-2258.

3. Mishra S, Patil U D and Shimpi N

G.(2009). Synthesis of Mineral Nanofiller

using Solution Spray Method and its

Influence on Mechanical and Thermal

Properties of EPDM.

4. Alipour A, Naderi G, et al. (2011) Intern.

Polymer Processing XXVI (2011) 1:48-55

5. Selvin P Thomas, Sabu Thomas, and Sri

Bandyopadhyay. (2009). Polystyrene-

Calcium Phosphate Nanocomposites:

Preparation, Morphology, and Mechanical

Behavior. J. Phys.Chem, 113: 97–104.

6. Tshwafo E.Motaung, Adriaan S. Luyt,

Sabu Thomas. (2011).Morphology and

Properties of NR/EPDM Rubber Blends

Filled with Small Amounts of Titania

Nanoparticles. Polymer Composites-

2011:1289-1296.

Medicinal Herbs for the Biosynthesis of Nano particles to Enhance Cancer Therapeutics

Documents

Transcript of Medicinal Herbs for the Biosynthesis of Nano particles to Enhance Cancer Therapeutics