MANUAL ON RICE CULTIVATION - JICA

Republic of Mozambique Ministry of Agriculture

National Directorate of Agricultural Extension

August 2014

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

August 2014 - First Edition -

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PROMPAC The project for Rice Productivity Improvement

in Chokwe Irrigation Scheme

Preface

This manual has been prepared based on a project implementation in Chokwe irrigation

scheme in Gaza province. The project for “Rice Productivity Improvement in Chokwe

Irrigation Scheme (PROMPAC)” has been implemented from February 2011 to October

2014 as project phase 2 after the project phase 1 named “Integrated Agricultural

Development Project for Small Scale Farmers in Chokwe Irrigation Scheme” from 2007 to

2010.

The improved techniques are developed through experiments and verifications at project

sites in Chokwe irrigation scheme by considering their environment and economical

conditions. Therefore the techniques are very much suitable for Chokwe farmers and the

difference from Chokwe should be considered if you would like to disseminate it to other

areas. The significant differences of improved techniques from conventional techniques are

(1) Spacing of transplanting method, (2) Water management techniques in the first 30 days

of direct sowing techniques and (3) Fertilizer application methods in rice cultivation

techniques. The farmers’ group management including revolving fund activities and

participatory water management and maintenance of irrigation facilities by farmers are

included in this manual to develop integrated rice cultivation in Chokwe irrigation scheme.

This manual is developed for extension agents, researchers and advanced farmers.

Furthermore, more detail information is available in project progress report and work

completion report, and also the poster material is available for more concrete information.

We hope this manual helps you to understand the techniques and promote better rice

cultivation.

Mr. Kiyoshi Masubuchi Chief advisor of PROMPAC

August 2014

Acknowledgement

I would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to JICA and DNEA, Ministry of

Agriculture as well as DPA Gaza who gave us the opportunity to execute this project, which

also helped us in doing experiment of techniques and we received so many information

about new techniques and experiences. Secondly I would also like to thank farmers and

extension agents who helped a lot in investigation and actual implementation within the

limited time. Thank you again to all who helped us to implement the project and create this

manual. Mr. Inacio Mateus Mugabe

Director of SDAE Chokwe / Project manager of PROMPAC August, 2014

Messages

The cooperation in the Chokwe Irrigation Scheme between two countries through JICA

and MINAG for almost a decade has brought the development and improvement

techniques for irrigated rice cultivation among the specialists, community people and

related organizations for increasing rice production and productivity.

This manual is prepared and edited covering the techniques of broader areas related to

rice cultivation with both methodologies of transplanting and direct-seeding. Although

we JICA are planning to provide all necessary support in developing new project in the

area of rice cultivation, we hope that the knowledge gained from this project will

continue to expand for more people and to whole Gaza province and Mozambique in a

sustainable manner.

We appreciate a lot for the cooperation provided by the Mozambican counterpart and

we hope that a continuous and lasting harmonious relationship between two countries

will contribute to the poverty reduction for the benefit of the people of Mozambique.

Mr. Katsuyoshi SUDO Representante residente de JICA Mozambique office

August 2014

INDEX Preface Acknowledgement Messages

CHAPTER 1 Rice Cultivation Techniques 1. Rice Cultivation in Chokwe ····························································· 1

1.1. Rice Production in Mozambique and Chokwe ············································· 11.2. Weather conditions and suitable season for rice cultivation in Chokwe ············ 21.3. Traditional rice cultivation techniques of Chokwe irrigation scheme ················· 3

1.3.1. Rice production of small scale farmer 1.3.2. Traditional rice cultivation techniques

1.4. Productivity of varieties widely cultivated in Chokwe ···································· 4

2. Basic knowledge of grain yield ························································ 6

3. Rice Cultivation Techniques of transplanting ······································ 73.1. Seed bed preparation method of semi-wet type nursery bed ·························· 7

3.1.1. Seed bed style and preparation method 3.1.2. Seed requirement and purity 3.1.3. Pre-treatment of seed 3.1.4. Seed bed preparation method and sowing

3.2. Seed bed preparation method and sowing of dry seed bed style···················· 11 3.2.1. Seed bed area, seed requirement and seed selection. 3.2.2. Seed bed preparation, sowing and irrigation method. 3.2.3. Irrigation Method 3.2.4. Seed bed management and nursery period

3.3. Main paddy field preparation ·································································· 14 3.3.1. Plowing and clod crushing 3.3.2. Internal irrigation canal and plotting the field 3.3.3. Puddling and leveling by power tiller

3.4. Transplanting ······················································································ 19 3.4.1. Planting density 3.4.2. Number of seedlings per hill. 3.4.3. Transplanting depth

3.5. Fertilizer application ············································································· 21 3.6. Paddy field management ······································································· 23

3.6.1. Weeding 3.6.2. Water management

4. Dry direct sowing cultivation method ··············································· 254.1. Seed preparation and pretreatment ························································· 25

4.1.1. Seed procurement 4.1.2. Removing awn and impurities from seeds 4.1.3. Floating seed selection / drying the seeds

4.2. Applicable seed volume ········································································ 25 4.3. Main Paddy Field Preparation ································································ 26

4.3.1. Weeding, removing residues of previous crop, rough plowing 4.3.2 Internal irrigation / drainage canals and plotting to the longer side of the field 4.3.3 Clod crushing by chisel plow as well as rotary

4.4. Seeding ····························································································· 28

4.4.1. Seeding by manual row seeder 4.4.2. Establishing small plots parallel to the shorter side of the field

4.5. Irrigation ···························································································· 30 4.5.1. Method of the first irrigation soon after the seeding 4.5.2. Method of the second irrigation and onwards

4.6. Weeding ···························································································· 30 4.6.1. Optimum weeding time 4.6.2. Use of herbicide

4.7. Flood Irrigation ···················································································· 31 4.8. Fertilizer Application ············································································· 31

4.8.1. Applicable volume of fertilizer 4.8.2. Application of nitrogenous fertilizer

5. Harvesting ················································································· 335.1. Optimum harvesting time is very important for ensuring good quality of rice. ···· 335.2. Threshing and drying ············································································ 335.3. Rice milling ························································································· 33

6. Self-seed production ···································································· 34

CHAPTER 2 The management of Farmers’ group 1. Establishment of Farming Support Groups : FSG ····························· 36

1.1. What are Farming Support Groups? ························································ 361.2. FSG Establishment Procedures ······························································ 36

2. Establishment and Management of Demonstration Fields ···················· 402.1. What are demonstration fields? ······························································ 40

2.1.1. Selection of Demonstration Field Location 2.1.2. Tractor procurement for plowing 2.1.3. Procurement of seeds 2.1.4. Procurement of fertilizer 2.1.5. Procurement of herbicide

3. Management of the Farming Revolving Fund ···································· 443.1. What is the farming revolving fund? ························································· 44

3.1.1. Preparation of the farming revolving fund 3.1.2. Calculation of Expenditures 3.1.3. Calculation of the repayment amount 3.1.4. Collect the farming revolving fund 3.1.5. Creating bank accounts for managing the fund

4. Book Keeping ············································································ 484.1. Management of Accounting Books ·························································· 484.2. Why is it necessary? ············································································ 48

5. The purpose of the Farmers' management group for rice milling machine 505.1. What is the Farmers’ management group for rice milling machine? ················ 53

6. Members and their roles played by the members of the Farmers’ Management

Group for Rice Milling Machine ·························································· 54 6.1. President ··························································································· 54 6.2. Accountant ························································································· 54 6.3. Assistant Administrator ·········································································· 54 6.4. Operator ···························································································· 55 6.5. Assistant operator ················································································ 55

6.6. Auditor (appointed by the IA) ·································································· 55 6.7. Extension staff as technical supervisor of the group ···································· 55

7. Responsibility of the farmers’ management group for rice milling machine567.1. The group offers the service of rice milling to members as well as non-members ofIrrigation Association. ················································································· 56

7.1.1. Users 7.1.2. Milling procedures 7.1.3. Fees 7.1.4. Check and record the payment 7.1.5. Manage the money

7.2. Operation of the milling machine and its maintenance ································· 57 7.2.1. Maintenance of the milling machine

7.3. Reserve fund for maintenance cost ························································· 58 7.3.1. Maintenance Cost

7.4. Holding Regular Meeting ······································································· 58 7.4.1. Regular meeting

7.5. Report the activities of the farmers’ management group for rice milling machine at the IA general meeting ················································································ 58

7.5.1. Report at the IA general assembly

8. The right of farmers' management group for rice milling machine ·········· 608.1. Salary ································································································ 608.2. Setting up a working office and a meeting space ········································ 60

9. Management of the Accounting Books ············································· 619.1. What is book keeping? ·········································································· 619.2. Why is it necessary? ············································································ 61

CHAPTER 3 Participatory water management and maintenance of irrigation facilities 1. Present Conditions ······································································ 63

1.1. Chokwe Irrigation Scheme ····································································· 631.1.1. Target area in the Manual 1.1.2. Target user of the Manual

2. Maintenance of Irrigation and Drainage Facility for Improved Water

Management ················································································· 66 2.1. Tertiary Irrigation Canal ········································································· 66 2.2. Water distribution in field block or field lot ················································· 67 2.3. Tertiary Drainage Canal········································································· 68

2.3.1. Difference between rice field level and tertiary drainage canal bed level 2.3.2. Profile of tertiary drainage canal

2.4. Drainage in field block or field lot ····························································· 71

3. Simple Leveling ·········································································· 733.1. Purpose ····························································································· 733.2. Tool and cost ······················································································ 743.3. Basic consideration ·············································································· 75

3.3.1. Temporary Bench Mark (TBM) 3.3.2. Plan, profile and cross section

3.4. Measurement and record ······································································ 77 3.4.1. Measurement 3.4.2. Basic cares

3.4.3. Recording 3.4.4. Calculation

3.5. Results ······························································································ 82 3.5.1. D5 Area 3.5.2. D6 area 3.5.3. D11 area 3.5.4. D12 area 3.5.5. R1 area 3.5.6. R3 area

3.6. Countermeasures ················································································ 87

Appendix

1. Fabrication of Manual seeder2. The management of farmers’ group (Examples of book keeping)

The project member Contact

CHAPTER 1 Rice Cultivation Techniques

CHAPTER1 : Rice Cultivation Techniques

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1. Rice Cultivation in Chokwe

1.1. Rice Production in Mozambique and Chokwe

In the past five years in Mozambique the area planted to rice was 170,000 ha/year and production was 120,000 t/yr (average yield of paddy is 0.8-1.6 t/ha). With the increase in demand for rice (25 kg/capita/year) the rice self sufficiency percentage dropped drastically (24.7% in 2004) and more than 300,000 tons of rice was imported to compensate. Rice is the second staple food next to maize. From the food security standpoint, self-sufficiency should be achieved immediately.

The Chokwe Irrigation Scheme (CIS), situated along the Limpopo River in Chokwe District, Gaza Province, is the largest irrigation scheme in the country. Irrigated area is 26,000 ha. The CIS used to be the country’s granary, which at its highest capacity; it produced more than 50,000 tons of rice. Today, rice production in the CIS is only about one tenth of the above mentioned production due to many factors: civil war in the 80’s, change of the economic system after independence, and the flood of the Limpopo River in year 2000. The change of cultivation area of major crops in CIS from 2001 to 2007 is shown in figure1.1.

Soil and weather conditions of the region causes difficulties for the establishment of dry field direct sowing rice cultivation in Chokwe irrigation scheme. The soil condition of the project area is characterized by small soil particles of alluvial soil from Limpopo River and special irrigation method “bleeding irrigation” is indispensable in order to ensure a safe germination and seedling establishment. The improvement of irrigation will not be enough to ensure seedling establishment and improvement of land preparation, field layout, sowing method and bird scaring are required.

Weather condition and high solar radiation in Chokwe are favorable factors for high production of rice once improved cultivation techniques are introduced. However, the average yield of transplanting rice cultivation ranges from 3 to 4 t/ha and that of direct sowing is around 2 to 3 t/ha. In upper stream of Chokwe irrigation scheme, transplanting is widely practiced and direct sowing in the middle and lower stream.

Technical components of traditional transplanting are; transplanting old aged single seedling per hill, no fertilizer application, no weeding and harvesting at over matured stage which are main causes of low productivity.

In case of direct sowing cultivation, broadcasting is commonly practiced and poor germination and poor seedling establishment cause low production of panicle per unit area. Poor germination and poor seedling establishment are mainly because of soil condition, alluvial soil of Limpopo River, land preparation of paddy field, seed sowing method and irrigation after sowing seed.


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Figure 1.1: Rive cultivation in Chokwe irrigation scheme 2001/02 to 2006/07. Source: SDAE, Chokwe District, Extension Department.

1.2. Weather conditions and suitable season for ric e cultivation in Chokwe

The weather conditions of Chokwe are extremely excellent for paddy cultivation compared with those in Asian countries. The dominant position point of weather in rice cultivation season is: very abundant amount of solar-radiation; big daily temperature range; small precipitation; low relative humidity through the whole growth period.

Figure 1.2: Weather conditions (1997/2006) and crop cultivation in Chokwe Source: Chokwe Agricultural Experimental Station

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1.3. Traditional rice cultivation techniques of Cho kwe irrigation scheme

1.3.1. Rice production of small scale farmer

Results of the survey on rice production of transplanting cultivation indicates that company/contact farmer and research station obtain 4.7 and 4.9 t/ha of grain yield respectively, but small scale farmer can produce only 3.4 t/ha. The biggest cause of low yield in farmers’ field is small panicle number per unit area and low spikelet number per panicle. On the other hand, there is no big difference in filled spikelet percentage and weight of 1,000 grains between small scale farmers and company/contact farmers and research station. Respect to direct sowing rice cultivation, the average yield of farmers was 2.9 t/ha while yield obtained in EAC experimental field was 4.7 t/ha. Analysis of yield components indicates that significant difference of filled spikelet percentage and 1000 grain weight between farmer’s traditional technique and improved technique. The causes of low yield of farmer’s practice are outbreak of weak tillerings due to delay in nitrogen application, low light receiving intensity due to mutual shading by excessive seed rate (150 kg/ha), delay in nitrogen top dressing and weeding, and poor water management at late growth stage.

1.3.2. Traditional rice cultivation techniques

Traditional farmer’s cultivation techniques are not adequate for higher yield production. This is due to the many problems and defects inherent to the current rice cultivation technique. Those problems and defects are summarized as follows; [Seeds] � Use of many varietal mixture; no pure seed is used. � Many weed seeds are mixed with paddy seeds. � Many empty and imperfectly ripened grains are mixed. [Seed pre-treatment, Seed bed and nursing of transp lanting cultivation] � No seed pre-treatment, such as seed selection, soaking and incubation, is carried

out. � Absence of sufficient seed bed area for healthy seedling nursing. � Nursery bed style is not suitable for bringing up quality seedlings. � Nursery period is too long. � Many weeds in the seed bed. � Germination percentage is low due to seeding with dry seed bed style. � Too much bird attack due to imperfect covering after seed sowing. � Water management during nursing period is not good. � Nursery bed preparation is very rough. [Main paddy field preparation] Transplanting � In case previous crops stay in the field, 1st plowing can’t start at proper time. � Plowing by tractor is very sloppy and there remain many un-plowed spots.


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� Insufficient weed control due to tillering stage of rice plant. � Puddling and leveling work are not done. Direct sowing Uneven plowing depth (difference reaches up 30cm) Inadequate soil clos crushing due to uneven plowing depth and crop residue left in the field Soil movement of field surface Uneven leveling of field [Transplanting/sowing] Transplanting � Old age seedlings are used. � Low planting density. � Single seedling transplanting per hill. � Deep transplanting (5-7 cm). Direct sowing � Mixture of different varieties � Excessive amount seed (100 to 150kg/ha: 61% of farmer, 150 to 200kg/ha: 36% of

farmer) � Deep placement of seed (more than 5 cm depth) due to uneven plowing by disk plow � Seed picking by bird (poor coverage of seed) [Fertilization] � Most of farmers do not apply any kind of fertilizer. � Even in case of fertilizer applied, application timing is not appropriate. [Field management] � No proper weeding practiced � Inadequate timing of herbicide application in direct sowing due to poor seedling

establishment

[Water control] � There is no water control in accordance with growth period. � Inadequate first irrigation after direct sowing causing poor germination due to water

standing in the field. [Harvesting and post-harvest] � No optimum harvesting time and a lot of harvest losses

1.4. Productivity of varieties widely cultivated in Chokwe

Productivity of three widely cultivated varieties in Chokwe was examined in 2008/09 and the maximum yield obtained was 9.4 t/ha in Limpopo variety, followed by 7.7 t/ha in IR 64 and the lowest yield was 6.8 t/ha in ITA 312. Some new varieties were evaluated in 2013 and 2014 and results obtained are summarized as follow.


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� No significant difference in yield of five varieties except Vembe � Alvorada and ITA312 high tillering capacity � IRGA409 high number of spikelet per panicle and low number in Vembe � Heavy grain weight in Macassane and Vembe � High thresh ability in Alvorada and Macassane and low thresh ability in Vembe � Early maturity in Vembe and about 2 weeks difference among 5 varieties

VarietyYield

(ton/ha)Panicle per

hillSpikelet per

panicleFilled spikelet

(%)1000 grainweight (g)

Shattering(%)

Number ofdays toheading

Alvorada 6.1 17.1 94.6 76.7 25.3 24.6 108Farox 5.1 14.6 99.9 88.3 25.8 19.6 93IRGA 409 5.3 14.6 104.9 90.9 23.6 19.4 99ITA 312 6.3 17.2 100.8 87.8 22.7 21.0 104Macassane 6.1 14.8 98.4 89.1 28.0 22.1 100Vembe 2.8 15.4 72.9 78.2 26.6 6.0 73


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2. Basic knowledge of grain yield

The paddy yield is constituted by four yield components, namely (a) Panicle number per unit area, (b) Grain number per panicle, (c) Ripening percentage, and (d) 1,000 grains weight as shown below; To increase the paddy yield, these four yield components need to be “lifted up”; but each component is determined at a different stage/period during the total rice growth stage. On the other hand, some components are influenced by the varietal characteristics strongly, such as 1,000 grains weight and grain number per panicle. The easiest component for effective lifting up” in order to increase yield is the panicle number per unit area. Determination time of each component is shown in figure 1.3. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Days after seeding Figure 1.3: Time of determination of each yield component.

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3. Rice Cultivation Techniques of transplanting

The most important factors in rice cultivation are a) cultivation season, b) main land preparation, c) nursing healthy seedling, d) transplanting and fertilizer application and e) main field management including water control. It is conceivable that obtaining 10 t/ha paddy yield in farmer’s field is not a dream if new cultivation techniques and practices are introduced. Now, let us express the improved technology of rice cultivation in accordance with cultivation order.

3.1. Seed bed preparation method of semi-wet type n ursery bed

3.1.1. Seed bed style and preparation method

The raising of seedling is the first step in rice cultivation. Japanese farmer says that the quality of seedlings is generally responsible for 50% of rice yield. 1) Seed bed style A rectangular shaped and semi-wetted seed bed is recommendable. According to experiment results, high quality and heavy dry matter seedlings are obtained in a “Semi-wet type seed bed”. Heavier seedling will have shorter setting period after transplanting, and more number of tillers during tillering period than seedling from wet and/or dry seed bed. 2) Seed bed area. A seed bed area of 400 m2 to 500 m2 is necessary for each 1 ha of paddy field (The seed bed area includes ditch.)

Figure 1.4: Optimum seed bed area per 1ha of main paddy field. According to experiment results, the seedlings become shorter and smaller if seed bed area narrows to less than 400 m2 against 1 ha of main paddy field.

3.1.2. Seed requirement and purity

1) Seed requirement for 1 ha of main paddy field. Seed required for 1 ha of main filed is 55 kg to 60 kg. However, seed requirement vary with germination percentage. If germination percentage is less than 90% add 10% of seed i.e. 80% of germination percentage, seed required for 1 ha will be 60 kg to 65 kg.

1 ha of main paddy field

10,000 ㎡㎡㎡㎡

150 m

66.6 m

20 m

20 m 400m2

25 m

20 m 500m2


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2) Seed germination test Place wet cloth to a shallow and large dish and put 100 selected seed. After placing seed cover seed by wet cloth and wait for 3-4 days. The number of germinated seed is the germination rate. Cloth must be wet during the process of seed germination test.

Figure 1.5: Seed germination test

3.1.3. Pre-treatment of seed

The procedure of the seed pre-treatment is as follows: 1) Specific gravity selection. The specific gravity selection of seed by water must be done before soaking. The specific gravity selection of seed by water must be done before soaking. Figure 1.6: Method of specific gravity selections by flash water. 2) Seed soaking and incubation. Soaking the seed into water for about 24-30 hours, and Seed incubation is about 12-18 hours. During incubation process there is need for careful checking of the germination condition.

No germinated seed

Steps in pre-treatment of seed are; (1) First of all, prepare bucket, fill it with water. (2) Put the seed into water. Fully mature seeds sink and immature or not fully mature seed float. Use only the soaked grains for seed. (3) Afterwards these seeds are put into water for about 24-30 hours for sufficient water absorption. (4) After soaking, take the seed to incubation spot for about 12 to 18 hours. Seed incubation will need careful checking for germination.

Use only depressed grains for seed

Floating grain is discarded


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Figure 1.7: Method of seed soaking and incubation, and good germination condition.

3.1.4. Seed bed preparation method and sowing

1) Preparation method of seed bed Procedure of nursery bed preparation is shown below; Figure 1.8: Process of seed bed preparation.

①①①① ②②②② ③③③③ ①①①① Not well germinated yet.

②②②② Good condition for sowing.

③③③③ Over germinated and not good.

Seed soaking 24-30 hours

Seed incubation 12-18 hours

Cover by plastic sheet

◎◎◎◎ ×××× ××××

30 cm

② Plowing

①①①① Measure necessary area. 400～500m2/1 ha

③ Harrowing

④ Bed preparation

120 cm

⑤Clod crashing, leveling and removing grass are carr ied out

under dry condition

⑥Put water and carry out final leveling very carefully

⑦⑦⑦⑦ Ready for seed sowing!

* The ditch soi l must be placed on the beds and the beds must be fla t and leveled.


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Measuring the seed bed area Making seed bed and ditch

Leveling under dry condition Final leveling after putting water. Photos 1.1: Seed bed preparation work

2) Seed sowing The seed sowing process is shown below;

Figure 1.9: Process of sowing seed to nursery bed and covering method

Sowing uniformly Seed into bed soil by lightly holding down with the palm as shown in photo. below

Cover 2-3 mm with soft and muddy soil from ditch.

Muddy soil Then, you can get good ger mination!

* Give water every morning for up to 1 week for securing smooth germination.


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Sowing seed Tapping and covering work by hand.

Photos 1.2: Seeding and covering work.

3.2. Seed bed preparation method and sowing of dry seed bed style

According to the dry seed bed style method, a large volume of seed (approximately 100kg) are scattered in a relatively small size of field (1/50-1/100 for paddy field). Unfortunately, there is inadequate protective covering for the seeds. This allows for a significant level of seed consumption by birds. The bed preparation is also inadequate. There are many cases where soil clods larger than 10cm diameter still remain in bed at the time of seeding. Under these circumstances, seeds will drop in between such clods and would not be able to germinate. Moreover, a destruction of aggregated structure occurs after the first irrigation as the bed is completely covered with water. The germination rate becomes even lower accordingly. Therefore, the improved semi-dry seed bed style method is suggested along with the semi-irrigated bed method. Here, the size of the paddy is to be 1ha. So the sufficient volume of seed and the appropriate size for the nursery bed are indicated.

3.2.1. Seed bed area, seed requirement and seed sel ection

3.2.2. Seed bed preparation, sowing and irrigation method

1) Measurement for the appropriate size of the bed The bed area should be measured appropriately and marked using a rope, after the plowing. It is ideal to have the bed area of 1/30 of the paddy, which is 330 ㎡ , in order to provide an agreeable growing condition.

Figure 1.10: Seed bed area

Nursery area and seed requirement

Main paddy field 1 ha (10,000 m2)

Nursery area 330 to 200 m2 (1/30 to 1/50 of main field)

Seed rate 60 kg

200～～～～330m2 10ｍｍｍｍ

20ｍ～ｍ～ｍ～ｍ～33m


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2) Establishment of the outer ridge The ridge is made by the soil scooped just inside and to outside of the roped boundary. This scooped area will be the furrow and the irrigation canal.

Figure 1.11: Boundary preparation 3) Next, the furrow irrigation as well as drainage canals will be established inside the bed, 30cm wide and 20cm deep at the center.

Figure 1.12: Irrigation furrow 4) Clod crushing Clods of the bed should be crushed as finely as possible and the surface to be leveled.

Figure 1.13: Soil clod crushing 5) Seeding Pre-treated seeds should be scaled and the designated volume of such seeds should be sown equally spread.

Figure 1.14: Seed sowing

Boundary

Drainage Water intake

Irr igation furrow

Water intake

Drainage

Soil clod of sur face area for seed bed should be less than 4cm of diameter and seed bed must be well leveled

Soil clod of irrigation furrow is also well crushed for covering seeds

Seed sown


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6) Top-dressing After seeding, seeds should be covered by top soil by using a rake and mixed with the soil to the depth of 2 to 3 cm. After mixing, the entire bed should be covered by another layer of fine soil, since approximately 20% of seeds are exposed. This is to help prevent birds eating exposed seeds.

Figure 1.15: Covering seed

3.2.3. Irrigation Method

1) First irrigation The first irrigation shortly after seeding is a very important factor to determine the rate of germination. Irrigation water should be maintained within the irrigation canals and should not cover the bed completely. This irrigation method is referred to as “seeping irrigation method.” This method maintains the soil aggregation structure relatively well while making seeds’ respiration easier. The rate of germination increases accordingly. On the other hand, if the bed is completely flooded, the soil aggregation structure becomes fragile, thus, causing the germination rate be lower.

Figure 1.16: The first irrigation of seed bed

2) Method of the second irrigation and onwards The application of the seeping irrigation method should be continued until approximately 60 to 70% of seeds germinate.

Figure 1.17: The second irrigation of seed bed 3) Irrigation method after germination When approximately 60 to 70% of seeds germinate, the irrigation water should be lowered to the bottom of the bed. The irrigation water should be drained every two to three hours as well. The next step, transplanting, should take place as soon as the main paddy field is prepared, since the bed holds so many seedlings in limited space. The nursing period should be between twenty and thirty days and no more. It is very important to keep this

Seeping irr igation


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duration time in mind.

Figure 1.18: Seed bed irrigation after germination of seed 3.2.4. Seed bed management and nursery period 1) Seed bed weeding Weeding work is needed from time to time during nursery period if weed comes out. If no weeding is practiced, many grass come out, seedling becomes small and tiny and establishment period after transplanting takes too long which finally results in reduced number of tiller number and panicle. 2) Urea top-dressing to seed bed If leaf color becomes yellow at middle stage, apply urea 3-5 g per m2 (400m2=2 kg, 500 m2=2.5 kg). But, don’t apply urea later than after half of nursing period.

Figure 1.19: Optimum time for urea top-dressing to seed bed.

3) Water management of seed bed � Just after seeding up to 7 days: Every morning, give water at about 1-2 cm height

from the bed surface � 7-14days: Give water every 2-3 days using the same method as above. � 15days-transplanting time: Give water every 4-5 days, and give sufficient water 1

or 2 days before seedling uprooting work start. 4) Nursery period Nursery period is very important for ensuring large and healthy tillers as well as big panicle size and large panicle number per unit area. Nursing duration must be between 21days and 30 days. Nursing duration of more than 30 days will usually cause un-seasonal sprouting of panicles just after transplanting, small panicle size and less panicle number per unit area.

3.3. Main paddy field preparation

The main paddy field for this project begins with the rough plowing process at the field where there is no previous crop. It is usually done in the rain in October and November. The rough plowing is done by the large scale tractor (75-120hp) along with a disc plow.

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

0 1 2 3 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Days after seeding

Seeding Germination Apply 3-5 g of urea per m2 .

Transplant ing time.


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Nevertheless, the field was not evenly plowed everywhere, leaving some parts unplowed. Furthermore, in the fields, where vegetables or maize were previously produced, the harvesting of these crops usually means a delay in the plowing for rice cultivation. Preparation cannot start until the middle to the end of November. The seed bed is established from the mid-October to the beginning of November at a corner of the main paddy field or of the previously cultivated field, near to the access to the irrigation water. Still, an excessive volume of seeds are applied to a very limited space (1/70 to 1/100 to the main field) under dry conditions. As has been already pointed out after the first phase, the field preparation is a very important factor to determine the growing environment for rice seedlings. The quality of the field has a direct influence to the quality of the plants and their yield. This paper is an addition to the method of main field preparation with the use of a cultivator (a power tiller and a rotary) and a tractor (a tractor and chisel plow, a rotary), which were both donated during the second phase.

3.3.1. Plowing and clod crushing

There were a few beneficial facts recognized in plowing using a disc plow, a chisel plow and a rotary. ・Soil clods are better crushed and easily done with the use a chisel plow followed by a rotary. ・This decreased the efficiency of plowing by about 30%. ・The chisel plow maintains the even depth of plowing. ・By using both a chisel plow and a rotary, the horizontal soil movement is reduced. ・The work efficiency of a disc plow and a chisel plow is about the same. (It is 2.0-2.5hr/ha

for a disc plow and 3.0hr/ha for a chisel plow.) ・For the crushing performance, it is better to use a rotary than a disc harrow, even though

the working efficiency of using a rotary is 2.0-2.5hr/ha and is not as good as that of using a disc harrow of 1.0-1.5hr/ha.

Plowing field (previous crop of maize) Plowing filed (no previous crop)


- 16 -

Traditional puddling and leveling Well prepared field

Photos 1.3: Land preparation

Plowing by chisel plow Plowing by rotary (crashing soil clod)

Photos 1.4: Land preparation by chisel plow and rotary

3.3.2. Internal irrigation canal and plotting the f ield

After establishing the irrigation furrow canals, the next task is to divide the field and make

Soil condition after single rotary plowing and soil clod of 4 cm

Soil condition after double rotary plowing and soil clod of less than4 cm


- 17 -

small plots. Here, the shorter side of the field is dealt with first. Considering inclination of the field, one plot should not be higher or lower more than 5cm from the plot next to it. Say, for example the longer side of this field is 100m, a method of plotting water intake and drain outlet should be done by using the table below as a reference.

Having the field divided into small plots helps to manage the field, such as weed control and fertilizer application. It is generally very effective to minimize the weed when the field is completely covered by irrigation water soon after the completion of the transplanting process. The difference in the level position of each plot, where irrigation water would not suffocate the plants by completely flooding them, should be less than 3cm, no more than 5cm. Please keep in mind that it is highly recommended to use hands to finish the plotting process by moving soil from the lower plot to the higher plot, as it is usually the case that plowing by a tractor with a disc plow is not good enough.

Figure 1.20: Well plotted field

3.3.3. Puddling and leveling by power tiller

The purposes of puddling and leveling the field are to eliminate the nitrogenous fertilizer caused by the decreased water requirement rate, to increase the effects of fertilizer application, to promote the growth roots and to minimize the growth of weed at the beginning of the plant growth stage through flooding the field, etc. One of the most serious issues to be concerned with is the extremely large water requirement rate

Difference of level in water intake and drain outlet

Number of small plots Difference of level in the small plot

25 cm 5 to 8 5 cm to 3.1 cm

50cm 10 to 15 5 cm to 3.3 cm

75 cm 15 to 20 5 cm to 3.8 cm

120

41.6

Irrigation canal

Internal irrigation canal


- 18 -

(approximately 40mm/day) often occurs between the transplanting and the beginning of the tillering stage. The change of the underground water level of the target region shows that the underground water level is the lowest during the time of land preparation to the beginning of the transplanting period. The level would gradually increase. By February, in lowland area, the field will be completely covered by water. This flooded condition will remain until April/May. The water requirement rate is the largest at the time of transplanting lasting to the effective tillering period, which is presumed to be the cause of draining of the added nitrogenous fertilizer. Unfortunately, this phenomenon is making it very difficult to obtain sufficient number of panicles per unit area, resulting in having the unfavorable yield. This proves the importance of the adequate “puddling and leveling” to minimize the drain of nitrogenous fertilizer and to secure the sufficient number of panicle per unit area. What makes it easier to do the puddling and leveling is the power tiller. A performance test result proved its favorable performance and work efficiency. It was found to be possible to complete puddling a 0.1ha of field by the power tiller within about two hours average, after plowing, clod crushing and introducing the water. The duration of the leveling process may be influenced by the field inclination.

Figure 1.21: Annual precipitation and change of presumptive underground water level.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月

Pre

cip

itatio

n（

mm）

Presumption underground water

Local rice cultivation season

Growth duration of Limpopo variety

Field →

level

July Aug. Sept. Oct . Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apli l May June


- 19 -

3.4. Transplanting

3.4.1. Planting density

The recommended planting density should be of 30 hills per m2 (hill to hill’s space: about 18cm between two neighbor hills). To obtain more grain yield, increasing seedling population per unit area is very effective and quick.

Figure 1.22: Image of 30 hills per m2.

Figure 1.23: Effect of planting density on grain yield

The following technique can be pointed out for increasing panicle number per unit area; Related technique for increasing the “panicle number per unit area”

Leveling of paddy field: Perform Puddling and leveling well. � Planting density: 30 hills/m2. � Urea application: Apply urea 2 - 3 bags (100 – 150 kg) /ha. � Urea split application: 2 times top-dressing 7-10 and 15-20 days after

18cm

18cm

18cm

18cm

1 m

1 m

0

2

4

6

8

10

D 10 D 20 D 30 D 40

3 .7 t / ha

5 .7 t / ha

7 .2 t / ha

8 .3 t / ha

5 25 25 25 2 %%%%

2 .0 t .2 .0 t .2 .0 t .2 .0 t .

2 62 62 62 6 %%%%

1.5 t .1.5 t .1.5 t .1.5 t .

16161616 %%%%

1.1 t .1.1 t .1.1 t .1.1 t .

Gra

in

Gra

in

Gra

in

Gra

in Y

ield

Yie

ldY

ield

Yie

ld (

t/

ha

)(t/

ha

)(t/

ha

)(t/

ha

)

10 hills/m2 20 hills/m2 30 hills/m 2 40 hills/m2

Number of hills per m2

I nc r ea sedIncr ea sedIncr ea sedIncr ea sed

i nc r eai nc r eai nc r eai nc r ea sedsedsedsed

I nc r ea sedInc r ea sedInc r ea sedInc r ea sed


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transplanting. � Use young seedlings: Strict observance of nursing duration of 21 – 28 days. � Puddling and leveling: Strict enforcement of puddling and leveling.

Related technique for obtaining the optimum “grain number per panicle” � Top-dressing just before the Reduction Division Stage.: 20-18 days before

heading (see cultivation calendar). � Use young seedling.

3.4.2. Number of seedlings per hill

The effect of number of seedling per hill was examined at Experimental Field in Research Station during 2007/08. The highest yield was obtained in 6seedlings/hill but there was no significant difference among 3 seedlings/hill, 6 seedlings/hill and 9 seedlings/hill and yield of 1 seedling/hill was significantly lower than other seedling density. It can be concluded that optimum seedling number per hill is 4 to 6 seedlings per hill. Figure 1.24: Difference of paddy yield by different seedling number per hill treatments.

3.4.3. Transplanting depth

Shallow transplanting is also an important factor for improving tiller outbreak during the effective tillering period. If transplanting has been correctly executed, i.e. in shallow depth, tiller outbreak is smooth from the rooting (setting) period (about 7 days after transplanting). By the contrary, if transplanting is carried out as deeply as 8-10 cm into soil, first few roots will come out from the bottom, then other roots will come out from upper node near soil surface. If this occurs, rooting period will take more than 2 weeks, and tiller outbreak will also delay and tiller number will be smaller.

01

234

567

89

1 2 3 4

01

234

567

89

1 2 3 4

４.5 t / ha

Gra

in y

ield

(t/

ha

)

７.８ t / ha

８.７ t / ha ８.６ t / ha

75%

11%

1 seedling 3 seedlings 6 seedlings 9 seedlings per hill per hill per hill per hill


- 21 -

Figure 1.25: Comparison of shallow and deep transplanting. In shallowly transplanted hill, new roots come out just after transplanting. But, deeply transplanted hill needs more days to complete the setting period, because in deeply transplanted seedlings secondary rooting occurs from upper node. This means that effective tillering period becomes shorter which eventually reduces tiller (panicle) number per unit area.

3.5. Fertilizer application

Today, high yielding rice variety has been widely introduced in this area. In case of cultivation of high yielding variety such as IT 312, IR 64 or Limpopo, nitrogenous fertilizer application is indispensable. Indeed, some times paddy yield is lower in high yielding variety compared with local variety if no fertilizer is applied. Fertilizer application is a crucial practice that allows for full appearance of the varietal characteristics. The minimum quantity of urea needed is 2 to 3 bags per ha, if one expects to get high effect, 1 bag of urea cannot be expected to provide high nitrogen effect.

Figure 1.26: Effect of nitrogen application on grain yield

Shallow transplanting About 2～～～～ 3 cm depth

Deep transplanting About 8～～～～ 10 cm depth

Secondary rooting

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

N 0 N 30 N 60 N 90 No Urea Urea 70 kg Urea 130 kg Urea 200 kg applied /ha /ha /ha

5 .6 t / ha

3 .8 t / ha

8 .7 t / ha

7 .4 t / ha

114%

32%

17%

Gra

in y

ield

(t/

ha

)


- 22 -

Finally, since urea application is crucial for obtaining higher paddy yield, we can recommend that 2 to 3 bags per ha be applied. Related technique to increase grain yield are as follows; � Good puddling and leveling of main paddy field = Good land preparation, � Seeding and transplanting at optimum time, � Using young and healthy seedlings of 21 to 28 days. � Planting density with 30 hills per m2, � 4-6 seedlings per hill, � Shallow transplanting, � Perform the weeding during the tillering stage, � Optimum quantity fertilizer application of Apply urea 2 to 3 bags (100 – 150 kg)

/ha. � Optimum fertilizer split application of 3 times top-dressing;

1st: 7 to 10 days after transplanting: 2nd: 15 to 20 days after transplanting: 3rd: 20 to 18 days before heading:

Split application method of nitrogen is the best way to minimize the loss of applied Urea due to vertical movement of water in paddy field. Instead of apply basal nitrogen; total amount of Urea (100 kg to 150 kg) is split in 3 times to assure high yielding. Following are recommended method of split application of Urea.

Note: SA1: SA1 (Basal 50% + 1st Topdressing 25% + 3rd Topdressing 25%), SA2: SA 2 (1st Topdressing 50% + 2nd Topdressing 25% + 3rd Topdressing 25%) SA3: SA 3 (1st Topdressing 70% + 3rd topdressing 30%).

Figure 1.27: Effect of split application of Urea on grain yield

Split application Kg of urea/ha Time of application

1st top dressing 40 – 50 7 to 10 days after transplanting

2nd top dressing 25 - 30 14 to 20 days after transplanting

3rd top dressing 20 - 25 18 to 20 days before heading

5

6

7

SA 1 SA 2 SA 3SA 1 SA 2 SA 3 Treatment

5 .9 t / ha5 .9 t / ha5 .9 t / ha5 .9 t / ha

7 .3 t / ha7 .3 t / ha7 .3 t / ha7 .3 t / ha

6666 ....1111 t / hat / hat / hat / ha

P

ad

dy

yie

ld (

t/h

a)


- 23 -

Note: SA1: SA1 (Basal 50% + 1st Topdressing 25% + 3rd Topdressing 25%), SA2: SA 2 (1st Topdressing 50% + 2nd Topdressing 25% + 3rd Topdressing 25%) SA3: SA 3 (1st Topdressing 70% + 3rd topdressing 30%).

Figure 1.28: Split application of Urea

3.6. Paddy field management

3.6.1. Weeding Weeding work is very important especially up to Maximum Tiller Number Stage about 30 to 40 days after transplanting. During this period, the panicle number per unit area is determined which has strong effect on paddy yield. Therefore, weeding during tillering stage is very important work. If there are many weeds during tillering stage, absorption of nitrogen by rice plant is hindered and photosynthesis is also reduced, and finally panicle number per unit area is lower. 3.6.2. Water management It is important that deep water (4-6 cm) be maintained during the whole rooting stage, i.e., up to 7 to 10 days after transplanting. Deep water will also be needed during the last half of the growth stage, i.e. from the end of the Reduction Division Stage to the Milky Stage, which, in case of Limpopo variety is around 25th of Feb.-15th of March. From maximum tiller number stage to the beginning of the Reduction Division Stage intermittent irrigation can be recommended

▲ ▲ ▲ Ba s a l 1s t To p d r es s i ng 2 nd To p d r es s i ng 3 r d -5 - 4 - 3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 +10 +11 +12 +13 +14 +15 +16 +17 +18 +19 +20 +21

Days before and after transplanting RDS SASASASA 1111 ▲ ▲ ● SA 2SA 2SA 2SA 2 ▲ ▲ ● SA 3SA 3SA 3SA 3 ▲ ●

Note. ▲ shows time of urea application. RDS: Reduction Division Stage (18-20 days before heading) .

Land p

rep

aratio

n

Transpla

ntin

g

←←←←Rooting per iod →←→←→←→← Effect ive t i llering period →→→→


- 24 -

Figure 1.29: Water control method in total growth period.

T

ran

spla

nti

ng

E

nd

of

sett

ing

per

iod

M

axim

um

til

ler

nu

mb

er s

tag

e N

eck

-no

de

dif

fere

nti

atio

n s

tag

e

Hea

din

g s

tag

e

Har

ves

tin

g s

tag

e

Beg

inn

ing

of

Red

uct

ion

D

ivis

ion

sta

ge

D

ee

p w

ate

r 1

0 c

m

Shallow water 2-3cm Intermittent irrigation

Deep water then drain at middle ofRipening Stage

Tillering Stage

Effective t i l lering

Non ef fec t ive t i l ler ing per iod.

10 cm 2-3 cm


- 25 -

4. Dry direct sowing cultivation method

4.1. Seed preparation and pretreatment

4.1.1. Seed procurement Pure seeds can be purchased through the experimental station or local shops which deal with seeds. However, seeds bought at local shops may have a considerable amount of impurities among pure seeds, while the experimental station should offer pure seeds only. Of course the seeds collected by farmers’ own fields are also fine for use (See “Rice Transplanting Cultivation Manual” for seed collection procedures). Approximately 130 to 140kg of seeds before selection process should be secured for every one ha of field. 4.1.2. Removing awn and impurities from seeds Since it is often the case to find impurities among purchased seeds, seeds should be selected by the wind selection method, after awn of seeds are removed by an awner or being treaded within a tightly sealed bag. This process should be done properly in order to maximize the performance of the manual seeder. 4.1.3. Floating seed selection / drying the seeds The paddy without awn should be selected by the gravity selection method (figure 1.30). After the selection, seeds should be dried in shades and be made ready for use as selected seeds. The gravity selection is to select fully matured seeds, which would sink to the bottom of a container. Those selected seed now needs to be dried in shades for twenty-four hours, spreading on a clean cloth, etc. It is important to mix them from time to time during the drying stage, in order to dry them evenly. Dried seed should be kept in a bag etc. until the seeding time.

Figure 1.30: Seed selection by specific gravity of tap water

4.2. Applicable seed volume

(1) Volume of selected seed per ha of field After removing awn, wind/gravity selected and dried seed should be weighed. The appropriate volume of selected (purchased, wind/gravity selected) seed for 1ha of field is between 100 and 120kg. (2) Determining the appropriate volume of seed The recommended volume of selected seed per ha of field is between 100 and 120kg. However, the final volume to be applied should be determined with a consideration of their germination test result.

Empty grain

Filled grain (used for seed)

Fresh water

Seed (befor selection)


- 26 -

Germination percentage 100% ： 120kg/ha 〃 90% ： 132kg/ha 〃 80% ： 144kg/ha 〃 70% ： 156kg/ha 〃 60% ： 168kg/ha At least 150 germinated as well as established seedlings are indispensable for a field of 1m2, in order to practice the direct sowing method. If possible, it is even better to have 200. When various field management procedures, such as fertilizer application, water management, weeding etc., are practiced, if 200 selected seeds are available, a good yield like 6 to 8t/ha may become a reality. Indeed, the most important technical factor when practicing the direct sowing method is to secure a good number of germinated and established seedlings per unit area. For a case of transplanting, the number of hills per unit area is almost guaranteed by using established seedlings. Therefore, it can be said that the yield of direct sowing depends on the result of germinating and establishing the rice plants.

4.3. Main Paddy Field Preparation

4.3.1. Weeding, removing residues of previous crop, rough plowing

The rough plowing of the field, where maize or other vegetables were cultivated previously, begins by the mid-October, after harvesting previous crops. The residues of previous crops and/or weed will tangle to the furrow cut of the manual seeder, preventing the seeder to cover the seeds with soil well enough. If such residues and weeds remain in the field, they would reduce the effect of nitrogenous fertilizer as they themselves would adsorb the nitrogen until they are completely rotten. Rice seedling require nitrogen especially during the tillering stage, so the first and second nitrogen application are crucial for guaranteeing enough panicle numbers per unit area. Applied nitrogen would dissolved into soil (at the time of the mid- to final growing stage of rice plants), after the residues are completely decomposed, and would be adsorbed by rice plants. Therefore, the residues of previous crops and weeds should definitely be removed from the main field.

Figure 1.31: Extraction of weed and crop residues and plowing

4.3.2 Internal irrigation / drainage canals and plo tting to the longer side of the field

After the rough plowing and unt i l or at the t ime of clod crushing by disc harrow takes place, the internal irr igation as well as drainage canals should be establ ished, being plotted paral lel to the longer side of the f ield.

Weed and crop residue are taken out of the field

Water intake

Drain outlet


- 27 -

Figure 1.32: Furrow irr igation canal and ridge making in f ield 4.3.3 Clod crushing by chisel plow as well as rotar y The dry season cultivation (maize and other vegetables) should be managed so that their harvest can be started by the beginning of or middle of October. Then, the first rough plowing can take place by the middle of October. Clod crushing should be proceeded by disc harrow after a couple of rainy occasions. Clod crushing is most effective if practiced by fast revolving rotary after a couple of raining and drying occasions. One of the indications that the field is ready for seeding by manual seeder is the size of clod becomes less than 4 to 5 cm diameter (figure 1.33. and Photos 1.6). Clod crushing should be done thoroughly twice by tractor and rotary, then seeding can be done by manual seeder. After two times of plowing by tractor and rotary cultivation, seed sowing by manual seeder

Figure 1.33: After harrowing soil clod crushing (clod size less than 4cm)

Photos 1.5: Soil clod crushing by rotary Photos 1.6: Crushed soil clod after two times by

rotary cultivation (no soil clod of more than 4 cm)

Water intake

Drain outlet

Boundary

Internal furrow for irrigation and drainage

Internal furrows are prepared depending on the degree of gradient of short side of the field

Drain outlet

Water intake

Internal furrow for irrigation and drainage


- 28 -

4.4. Seeding

4.4.1. Seeding by manual row seeder Selected seeds of 100 to 120kg are sown by the seeder. The seeder can also cover the seed with soil; nevertheless, it is recommended to have one person walking behind the seeder to cover any exposed seeds casually by foot.

Seeding by farmers Seeding by farmers

Modification to the curresnt coverage Seed replacement

At 20 days after seeding by manual Harvest stage (Verification field in D12) seeder (Verification field in D12)

Photos 1.7: Seeding by manual seeder


- 29 -

4.4.2. Establishing small plots parallel to the sho rter side of the field After sowing, the field should be plotted, first parallel to the shorter side of the field. The difference in plot levels should be kept within 10cm, by considering the inclination of the land. Say the longer side of the field stretches 50m, a plotting method of water intake and drainage outlet is; Level difference of water intake and drainage outlet : # of plots : level difference of plots

Level difference 25cm： 5～ 8 plots： level difference 5～3.1cm 〃 50cm：10～15 plots：〃 5～3.3cm 〃 75cm：15～20 plots：〃 5～3.8cm To plot the field is quite influential to the percentage of germination and plant establishment as well as weed occurrence and the effect of fertilizer. After the end of plant establishment stage (3 to 3.5 leaf stage, approximately 5 to 7cm of plant height), it is effective to minimize weed occurrence by flooding the field. The level difference between small plots should be kept within 10cm so that the plant would not be under the water. Those small plots can be made manually by removing soil from lower level to higher level of the field, after the sowing. The furrow made by this process would serve as canals for seeping irrigation.

Figure 1.34: Plot demarcation and furrow irrigation canal after sowing seed

Water intake

Drain

Ridges along with short side

After sowing seed, r idges of short s ide is prepared to spl i t demarcated plot and in i t iate i r r igat ion

Demarcated

Soil is lifted up from lower plot to higher plot. Furrow created is used for irrigation

Furrow for irrigation

Demarcated


- 30 -

4.5. Irrigation

4.5.1. Method of the first irrigation soon after th e seeding

The first irrigation soon after the sowing is so important that it can influence the germination. The “seeping irrigation” makes it possible to have high germination percentage. Just enough irrigation water can be introduced to small plots, where close attention can be paid, so that the field are not going to be flooded. The irrigation channel should be moved to the next plot when 90% of the soil of the previous plot become blackish with seeped water. The aggregation structure can be maintained relatively well in this way where germination can be encouraged.

Figure 1.35: Irrigation of field by furrow irrigation canal

4.5.2. Method of the second irrigation and onwards The second irr igation should be dealt with by paying close attention to the soil condit ion. I t is optimum timing to apply the second irr igation when soil clod is whit ish, dried and possibly even cracked. The seeping irr igation should be continued unti l the completion of germination and plant establ ishment.

4.6. Weeding

4.6.1. Optimum weeding time

Weeding should be done twice during the f irst half of the t i l ler ing stage and three more t imes in 70 to 80 days after sowing. The f i rst weeding is spraying herbicide but the second and third weeding should be done manually. The weeding by applying herbicide may be very effective i f done twice: once soon after sowing as well as the f irst i rr igation and at the t ime of the end of plant establ ishment stage, and another one at the t ime of approximately twenty to twenty-f ive days after sowing (please refer the cult ivat ion calendar). 4.6.2. Use of herbicide Weeding is one of the most important technical aspects of the direct sowing method, along with land preparation and irr igat ion. Weed growth would cause the competit ion with rice seedlings, result ing a small number of panicles per unit area. At the mid-growing stage, the effect of weeds can overshadow the plant photosynthesis process and reduce the maturity percentage as well as the weight of a thousand grains. In recent years, herbicide has become available and more possible to obtain also in Chokwe. They have been applied widely.

Furrow irrigation canal


- 31 -

Currently four types of herbicide are available in Chokwe: MCPA, Propanil, Basagran and Ronster. Those herbicide should be di luted by water and be made as a solution: 3 l i ters of herbicide to 200 l i ters of water, per ha of f ield. This solution should be sprayed to the f ield soon after the f irst i rr igation ( just before rice germination). The second weeding solution is a mixture of twelve l i ters of propani l and three l i ters of MCPA (or the same amount of basagran) with two hundred l i ters of water. This second solution should be sprayed to the f ield at t ime of 20 to 25 days after the germination. The effect is maximized when those solutions are sprayed at the recommended t iming and evenly across the f ield.

4.7. Flood Irrigation

After the plant establishment, the growing process would proceed to the 3.5 to 4 leaf stage. The flood irrigation should be applied when the plant height reaches to 5 to 7cm. If the field is not sufficiently covered with water, weed will grow. So it is important to cover the field with water at an early stage of the end of plant establishment stage.

4.8. Fertilizer Application

4.8.1. Applicable volume of fertilizer

The optimum fertilizer dose is two to three bags of urea (100 to 150kg) per ha of field. 4.8.2. Application of nitrogenous fertilizer There are two crucial factors to raise the yield. One is the number of panicles per hill and another is the number of paddies per panicle. The nitrogenous fertilizer should be applied at the beginning of the growing stage, in order to increase the number of panicle per hill. It is highly recommended to apply the fertilizer three times at different stages.

First application：35％ of the entire dose (52.5kg of urea), 4 to 5 leaf stage（about

20 to 25 days after sowing） Second application：35％ of the entire dose (52.5kg of urea), 30 to 35 days after sowing (10 days after the first fertilizer application) Third application：remaining 30％ (45kg of urea), 65 to 70 days after sowing (30 to

35 days after the second fertilizer application)

＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋

Propanil 12 little

MCPA 3 little (same quantity of Basagran can be used)

Water 200 lit. of water

Mix

Spray evenly


- 32 -

Figure 1.36: Time of Urea application

| | |||| | | | | |||| | | | | |||| | | | | |||| | | | | |||| | | | | |||| | | | | |||| | | | | |||| | | | | |||| | |

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

1st urea top-dressing

See

ding

1st

irri

gatio

n

Days after sowing Ending stage of seedling

establishment

2nd urea top-dressing

Germination


- 33 -

5. Harvesting

5.1. Optimum harvesting time is very important for ensuring good quality of rice.

It is internationally recognized that optimum harvesting stage is when grain panicles are 80% fully mature as shown below. When harvest occurs at this stage, high quality rice is produced with minimum harvesting loss. Passed the optimum harvesting stage, harvesting loss due mainly to rice grain cracking will increase day after day. Moreover, if harvesting work waits until all grains become yellowish, rice quality will rapidly decrease and harvesting losses will be higher. If after the optimum harvesting time, rice is kept long time in fields in standing condition, grain cracking (upper half of panicle) even in high quality rice producing grains will occur. Rice cracking and cracked rice percentage will become higher and milling ratio will also be substantially reduced. 5.2. Threshing and drying

If harvesting and threshing are carried out under rainy condition, water content in paddy grain may be more than 15 % as moisture ; There is need for quickly drying it in the sunshine up to less than 15%. If it is kept in a bag with high moisture, rice quality decreases as rice color changes to yellow, mold outbreaks may occur and some time germination, depending on variety (on variety dormancy). 5.3. Rice milling

The rice milling percentage and rice quality are strongly related with moisture contents of paddy grain. Milling testing result with different grain moisture contents and husking and milling ratio indicated that best milling ratio is obtained between 15 to 13 % of grain moisture content.


- 34 -

6. Self-seed production

The farmer is doing home seed production mainly in rice producing countries, and never buys seeds so frequently. Rice varietal characteristics do not change under normal cultivation condition in several years. So, home seed production can be recommended in this area with following procedure: Step 1: Seed and seed pre-treatment � Use pure variety seeds at first. � Strict enforcement of seed pre-treatment, seed selection work is especially

important. Step 2: Nursing � Nursing by improved semi-dry bed style method. � Nursing technique should follow improved method as above. � During nursing period, extract the different shaped and taller seedlings � Nursing duration must be respected: 21 to 30 days

Step 3: Transplanting � Transplanting with normal cultivation method with 4-6 seedlings per hill, 30 hills per

m2 and shallow transplanting. Step 4: Field management and fertilizer doses � Weeding must be done from time to time and mixing weed and seed must be

avoided. � Fertilizer doses and water management are the same as for normal cultivation.

Step 5: Extraction of the different mixed varieties � This extraction work of different mixed varieties is crucial for seed production.

Extraction work needs to be performed at least 4 times during the total rice growth period as shown below (figure 1.37): during nursery stage, during tillering stage, during panicle initiation stage, and during ripening stage. The point of identification of different varieties at each extraction is that 1st and 2nd is height and leaf color of rice plant, 3rd is mainly height of rice plant, and 4th is maturity condition.


- 35 -

In case of Limpopo Variety: Total growth duration: 125 days

Figure 1.37: The extraction timing in total growth stage of rice.

� How to identify the mixed different varieties?� Plant height.� Leaf blade width and color.� Timing of ripening.

Step 6: Time of seed collection and method

The best period for practicing seed collection is when 80% of panicle is fully ripened. The big head (panicle)-selection method is used to collect only big and healthy panicles as shown below. The quantity of seed needed per ha is 80-90 kg at panicle collection time under condition of 18% of grain moisture.

Step 7: Drying and threshing

� The grain moisture percentage just after panicles collection is around 18% or above,and there is need for fast drying in the sunshine in order to decrease grain moisturedown to 13% or even lower. Then, thresh, and keep it in a cool and well ventilatedplace.

| | | | | | | | | | | | | |

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Nursing stage

Tillering stage

1st extraction 2nd extraction 3rd extraction

4th extraction

CHAPTER 2 The management of Farmers’ group

CHAPTER 2: The management of Farmers’ Group

- 36 -

1. Establishment of Farming Support Groups : FSG1.1. What are Farming Support Groups?

PROMPAC has adopted a “Farmer to Farmer” method to disseminate the rice cultivation techniques. The key player in realizing this dissemination among local farmers is the FSG. � PROMPAC had organized a few training programs for FSG and loaned financial resources for

them to manage their revolving fund.� FSGs are to establish demonstration fields and participate in those training programs. Their

revolving fund would be used for establishing and managing those fields.

Figure 2.1: Objectives of PROMPAC and FSGs

1.2. FSG Establishment Procedures

1) SDAE/PROPAC Discussion� SDAE explains the purpose and function of the FSG.

2) Member Selection� Ideal number of members is between 10 and 15.� Members will play leading roles to extend rice cultivation techniques.

PROMPAC 1. Organizing Training Programs

2. Financial Assistance to the FarmingRevolving Fund

3. Overall Assistance for FSG

FSGs 1. Demonstration Field Establishment

2. Operation and Management of theFarming Revolving Fund

Ripple Effect of the Farmer to Farmer Extension of Rice Cultivation Techniques

Training Programs by SDAE/PROMPAC

F S G Revolving Fund Establishment of Demonstration Field

Local Farmers

Revolving Fund Management

Irrigation Facility Maintenance and Water

Management

Improved Rice Cultivation Techniques


- 37 -

� Members must be enthusiastic and participate proactively in rice cultivation.

3) Appointment of Executive Members � President, vice-president and accountant should be appointed among members.

� FSG is responsible for the personnel appointment. � Executive members must be literate.

①President � Chief Executive of FSG

� Represents FSG � Holds and presides meetings � Acts as a signatory to checks and accounting papers, along with the accountant � Acts as a liaison between SDAE and extension officers, etc.

②Vice-president � Assistant to the President

� Acts as a proxy in the President’s absence � Executes missions instructed by the President

③Accountant � Manager of the farming revolving fund

� Collects farming revolving finance � Prepares cash at time of payment � Keep books � Deposits / withdraws money (deals with the bank) � Acts as a signatory to checks and accounting papers, along with the President � Prepares monthly reports

④Chief of Production (Additional) 4） Preparation of the Member List � Makes the Member List including information such as (1) Full Name, (2) Residential Address,

(3) Irrigation Area and (4) Contact Telephone Number.

5) Sign to the Agreement Between SDAE/PROMPAC and FSG � Exchanges the Agreement between SDAE and FSG

� Execution of training programs as well as loans for the farming revolving fund should proceed under this agreement.


- 38 -

An Example of Agreement Agreement between the Project for Rice Productivity Improvement in Chokwe irrigation scheme (PROMPAC) and selected group of farmers in D5 of irrigators associations in season 2011/12. Objective of Agreement The purpose of this memorandum is for the PROMPAC and the group of farmers selected from D5, in relation to the activities that will be implemented by the PROMPAC to achieve the following results : A) Disseminating improved transplanting rice cultivation technology, focused to small scale farmers; B) Strengthen the activities of the Farming Support Groups (FSGs) in the area of the demonstration fields; increased the annual income of rice farmers in the region targeted by the Chokwe Irrigation System Content of the agreement 1. The PROMPAC drew up the general plan of activities based on the Record of Discussion (R / D) and Project Design Matrix (PDM) , the results of the baseline survey (baseline survey) analysis and technical studies of the Chokwe irrigation system. Technology transfer from farmer to farmer will be maximized with the dissemination of transplanting rice cultivation techniques to the target area of D5. In the plan, the PROMPAC decided to provide technical and financial assistance to establish demonstration farms by selected farmer groups, known as Farming Support Group (FSG) under the supervision of the area extension agent. The plan contains the activities as described below: 1) Assist in organizing and conducting training for FSG on rice production, and support the activities of FSG. a) Establishment of FSG in Water Users Association in the area of establishment of demonstration fields, b) Conduct training related to agricultural activities c) Support the activities of the Farming Support Groups 2) Assist in the establishment of demonstration field on rice transplantation techniques with the initiative of the leaders of extension, extension agent and farmer leaders. For implementation: (A) Finance The PROMPAC, through FSG, will provide a source of credit costs by 1 ha mentioned below. Cost of land preparation (plowing) 2.200 Mt / ha (Harrowing: Mt 1.100 x 2) 2.200 Mt / ha Sub total: 4.400 Mt / ha Cost of fertilizer (2 bags of urea / ha) Mt 1.550 x 2t=Mt.3.100 / ha


- 39 -

Cost seed Mt 60kg/ha, x Mt. 17/kg / ha= Mt1.020/ha Total cost per hectare is 8.520 Mt / ha (B) Technical Support: The extension agent will be responsible for technical support related to the establishment and monitoring of demonstration field following the recommendations of "Manual of Rice Cultivation and transplantation of rice" developed by the previous project. (C) Repayments of loans by farmers The farmers / members who received credit would reimburse to the FSG with 10% interest per season at the end of the rice cultivation season. (D) Supply of Credit Administration Refunds will be administered by the FSG as a source of credit for the following season. The extension agent will oversee and assist in the administration of the fund, but the members of FSG have at the end a common responsibility over the administration of credit. 3) Assistance and training of farmers on improved transplanting rice cultivation techniques with initiative extension leaders (Training of farmers by extension workers and leaders extension, technology transplant rice) 4) Assistance and training of farmers on maintenance of irrigation facility and management of irrigation water use. (Training for farmers on maintenance and management of irrigation facilities, and water management at the farm level.) 2. In the above aforementioned assistance assumes that members of FSG, once FSG understand the contents of this agreement, accept and agree to work hard. Still, it is expected that members of FSG agree to implement the recommendations or proposals to be made by PROMPAC for the smooth implementation of the activities. 3. In case of any problem arising between FSG and PROMPAC during the execution of this Agreement, there shall be mutual consultations between PROMPAC and FSG in finding solutions to solving the problem 4. In case of problems remain between PROMPAC and FSG in the execution of the agreement, SDAE, EAC and HICEP will be requested to arbitrate and help solve the conflict. 5th. Regardless of consultations and arbitration referred to in paragraphs 3 and 4, if the FSG does not accept or show interest in implementing the recommendations given by PROMPAC, the project could unilaterally take action to tell FSG rupture of this Agreement. Chokwe, November 22, 2011


- 40 -

2. Establishment and Management of Demonstration Fields2.1. What are demonstration fields?

The demonstration fields will be established with the cooperation of PROMPAC and FSGs. � The purpose of these fields is to demonstrate and extend the rice cultivation techniques.

� PROMPAC organizes training programs for the purpose of improving rice cultivationtechniques.

� FSG members play a proactive role to extend those techniques to local farmers.

Figure 2.2: Functions of demonstration fields

2.1.1. Selection of Demonstration Field Location Reasonable Fields � Fields good for irrigation intake and drainage outlet

� Check the condition of the tertiary irrigation and drainage canals� Accessible Fields� Fields without salt damage

� Check the saline condition of the soil

Size of demonstration field per one farm household � Transplanting farm: smaller than 0.5ha� Direct Sowing farm : smaller than 2ha

� The larger the fields become, the harder the management becomes.

Recommended Size for demonstration fields per one FSG � 1 Ramal (13-16 ha)

2.1.2. Tractor procurement for plowing � PROMPAC has assisted the plowing, harrowing and plotting

� Plowing: 1 time� Harrowing: 2 times� Plotting: 1 time

� FSG procures a tractor(s) for plowing, harrowing and plotting.

Conducting of trainings and OJT

� Transplanting Techniques

� Direct Sowing Techniques

� Water Management

� Maintenance and

Management of Irrigation

Facilities

Local Farmers

Demonstration Fields

• participation• observation

Extension


- 41 -

� It is easier for a group to procure a tractor(s) than an individual. � This is a benefit to form a group.

� It is necessary for FSG to make a clear agreement in advance with the operator, regarding the following points. � Price, payment method � Location of the fields � Duration of working time

� FSG members need to check the degree of surface level of the field, before paying for it. The fields must be leveled with clod adequately crushed and generally in a good condition. 2.1.3. Procurement of seeds � PROMPAC provided the following.

� Transplanting : 1ha: 60kg � Direct Sowing : 1ha: 150kg

� Above is the indicated sufficient seed amount. Calculation of necessary seed amount � Transplanting

� Necessary seed amount for a field of 0.5ha is: 60kg×0.5ha=30kg

� Direct Sowing

� Necessary seed amount for a field of 2.5ha is: 150kg×2.5ha=375kg

2.1.4. Procurement of fertilizer � PROMPAC provided 100kg/ha of fertilizer for target fields.

Calculation of Necessary seed amount

� Necessary amount of fertilizer for a field of 0.5ha is:

100kg×0.5ha=50kg � Necessary amount of fertilizer for a field of 2.5ha is:

100kg×2.5ha=250kg

60kg Necessary

seed amount Field Area

150kg Necessary

seed amount Field Area

100kg Necessary seed

amount Field Area


- 42 -

� PROMPAC recommends to apply fertilizer on three separate occasions.

2.1.5. Procurement of herbicide � PROMPAC recommends to spray herbicide to those fields sown by direct sowing.

� PROMANIL : 1ha: 10L � MCPA: 1ha: 3L � Water: 1ha: 200L

� Herbicide application should be applied at the time of the 4 to 5 leaf stage.

First applicat ion Timing

• At 4 to 5 leaf stage time Amount

• 35kg/ha or 1/3 of total

Second application Timing

• 15 to 20 days after first Amount


Third application Timing

• 30 to 35 days after second Amount


Fertilizer can be divided into three to apply, if it is difficult to scale exactly.

PROPANIL 10L

MCPA 3L

Water 200L


- 43 -

Calculation of necessary herbicide amount � PROPANIL

� Necessary PROPANIL amount for a field of 2ha is: 10L×2ha=20L

� MCPA

� Necessary MCPA amount for a field of 2ha is: 3L×2ha=6L

� Water

� Necessary amount of water for a field of 2ha is: 200L×2ha=400L

10L Necessary PROPANIL

amount Field Area

3L Necessary MCPA

amount Field Area

200L Necessary Water

amount Field Area


- 44 -

3. Management of the Farming Revolving Fund3.1. What is the farming revolving fund?

� PROMPAC offers financial assistance to members to do plowing, harrowing, and buy seed,fertilizer and herbicide (herbicide is only for direct sowing) so that FSG members would beable to establish demonstration fields relatively easely.� The financial assistance from PROMPAC is only given once, at the beginning.

� Members are required to repay the borrowed amount to FSG with interest.� FSG deposits the farming revolving fund to the bank account for the next cropping year.� Members return the money not for PROMPAC but for themselves.

Figure 2.3: Functions of revolving funds

3.1.1. Preparation of the farming revolving fund (1) FSG holds a meeting(s) to confirm the following points.

� Cash balance and account balance � Members status of repayment (who finished the payment and who has not)

(2) FSG should discuss how to deal with members who have not completed the repayment of the farming revolving fund. For example:

� FSG would not offer another loan until the repayment is completed. � Other members pay off the amount on behalf of the member in question.

� Necessary expenditures should be agreed.� Plowing

The accountant should bring the book and explain all accounting related information to the members.

Revolving Fund • Plow• Harrow• Seeds• Herbicide• Fertilizer

Refund revolving fund

FSG keeps in bank accountRice

Cultivation


- 45 -

� Harrowing � Plotting � Seeds � Fertilizer � Herbicide

� Necessary repayment amounts should be agreed.

� Repayment should include the interest specified on the agreement. � Any discussions and decision making processes should be done in the presence of all the

members. 3.1.2. Calculation of Expenditures Necessary expenditures should be calculated as follows. The amount of expenditures per 1ha is specified on the agreement. The expenditure for a field of 1.5ha is as follows. Expenditures per 1ha

� Plowing: 2,300Mt � Harrowing: 2,300Mt � Plotting : 750Mt � Seeds: 150kg/ha×17Mt=2,550Mt � Fertilizer: 2bags/ha×1,550Mt=3,100Mt � Herbicide: 2,320Mt

Necessary expenditures are as follows. � Plowing 2,300Mt×1.5ha=3,450Mt � Harrowing 2,300Mt×1.5ha=3,450Mt � Plotting 750Mt×1.5ha=1,125Mt � Seeds 2,550Mt×1.5ha=3,825Mt � Fertilizer 3,100Mt×1.5ha=4,650Mt

Expenditure per 1ha

Necessary expenditure

amount

Field Area


- 46 -

� Herbicide2,320Mt×1.5ha=3,480Mt

� Total3,450+3,450+1,125+3,825+4,650+3,480=19,980Mt

Any time the farming revolving fund is used, the accountant should record the amount spent in the book.

3.1.3. Calculation of the repayment amount (1) Calculation of the interest � Members must pay the repayment amount with the interest at agreed percentage.The interest should be calculated as follows.

If the rate of interest is 10%: The 10% of the received amount would be the amount of interest.

� So, 10% = 1/10� The 1/10 of the received amount would be the interest.

If the rate of interest is 20%: The 20% of the received amount would be the amount of interest.

� So, 20% = 1/5� The 1/5 of the received amount would be the amount of interest.

� For a field of 1.5ha, one would receive 19,980Mt from the farming revolving fund. Its 10%(=1/10 of the received amount) would be the amount of interest. The interest amount shouldbe as follows.

Rate of interest

10%

100% 1/10

Rate of interest

20%

100% 1/5

The amount of the fund

Amount of interest

Rate of interest

19,980 1

10

19,980 1,998 10


- 47 -

(2) Calculation of the total amount of repayment The amount of payment is calculated as follows.

Therefore, the amount of repayment should be as follows. 19,980Mt+1,998Mt=21,978Mt

3.1.4. Collect the farming revolving fund � FSG is to hold a meeting after harvest to confirm any matters concerned with repayment of

the fund.� Amount of repayment� Term of repayment

� The accountant is the responsible personnel to manage the revolving fund.� The accountant should record the received amount in the book immediately after

receiving any money. � FSG should hold meetings even during the payout period, in order to share among the

members the state of fund repayments.

3.1.5. Creating bank accounts for managing the fund � Each FSG should make its own bank account to manage the farming revolving fund.� Bank checks should be made to have a double signatory: the president and the accountant

� The collected money should be deposited into bank as soon as possible.Cash should not be kept in one’s hands too long. There is always a possibility of losing or using this money.

The amount of the fund received

Total amount of repayment

Amount of interest

� President and the accountant must agree on payment� This is to prevent abuse of funds, which may be possible if only one person is in charge of

the fund.


- 48 -

4. Book Keeping Year: Month:

Date Purpose Cash account Bank account

Remarks Received Paid Balance Received Paid Balance

4.1. Management of Accounting Books � It is to record the handlings of the farming revolving fund.

� Record every instance of money coming in and out. 4.2. Why is it necessary? � To clearly understand who has and who has not completed the repayment to the fund. � To clearly note the purpose and the amount that the fund was used for. � To avoid building doubts among members by making the books transparent. Therefore, it is necessary to record the following points. � Dates � Purpose of the money, from whom, to whom � Received amount, paid amount � Number of receipt, signature of person who paid the money, etc. The book has three sections: cash account, bank account and individual farmer’s account.

Cash account This section is to keep track of cash flow. Receiving Cash 1. Recovery of the revolving fund 2. Cash withdrawn from the bank account Cash Expenditure 1. Expenditures of plowing, seeds, fertilizer and herbicide.


- 49 -

Bank account This section is to keep track of deposits to and withdrawals from bank accounts. Deposit 1. Deposit cash into the bank account Withdrawal 1. Withdraw cash from the bank account

Individual farmer’s account This section is to keep track of each member’s revolving fund. Farming Revolving Fund 1. The spent amount 2. The amount of repayment 3. The amount repaid


- 50 -

5. The purpose of the Farmers' management group for rice milling machine

� PROMPAC supported the group to draw up a set of internal rules of the farmers’

management group for rice milling machine. This manual explains matters related to their activities and provides rules to be uesed as a reference by the group.

Internal rules (examples)

INTERNAL REGULATION OF FARMERS’ MANEGEMENT GROUP FO R RICE MILLING MACHINE OF D11

1. OBJECTIVES The management of rice milling machine was entrusted with the Water Users’ Association (WUA) of D11 by SDAE through a contract agreed to June 27, 2012, between the Director of SDAE (District Service for Economic Activities, Chókwe) and the president of IA of D11. However, this rice milling machine is run by a farmers’ management group of rice milling machine selected from WUA of D11. This regulation not only defines the functions and roles of the farmers’ management group of rice milling machine regarding the operation and maintenance of the rice milling machine but also clarifies on the management of funds generated from rice milling activities. II. FORM OF ORGANIZATION 1. Functions and roles of farmers' management group of rice milling machine (1) Member As a rule, members will play the roles referenced below and are selected once a year in the General Assembly and its terms of subscriptions are renewable. 1. President 2. Accountant 3. Assistant Administrator 4. Operator 5. Assistant Operator 6. Auditor (Appointed by WUA) (2) Farmers' management group of rice milling machine The group is entrusted by the WUA to operate the rice milling machine to help members of the WUA of D11. (3) Roles of farmers' management group of rice milling machine Through the effective operations of the milling machine and management of funds, the group will provide milling service for the members of WUA.


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2. Role of members of the farmers’ management group of rice milling machine 1) President � Plans, directs and controls the activities through consultation with other members and

extension staff. 2) Accountant � Record all revenue and expenditures to the account book related to the operation of the rice

milling machine. � Deposit and withdraw cash with approval of the president. 3) Assistant Administrator � Record daily operation and maintenance of the rice milling machine. � Manage daily activities such as revenues, expenditures in relation to the daily operation of the

machine. � Keep record of meetings 4) Operator � Operate and maintain the rice milling machine. � Weigh paddy rice brought by customer � Clean paddy rice before starting milling 5) Assistant Operator � Support Operator � 6) Auditor (appointed by the WUA) � The auditor is appointed by the WUA and � Attend regular meetings to verify and audit the accounts of the farmers’ management group of

rice milling machine. � Verify and approve the annual accounts prepared for the general assembly. 7) Extension staff as technical supervisor of the group � Extension staff is not member of the group. � Participate in any meetings of the farmers’ management group for rice milling machine and

provides necessary technical advice to the group in relation to operation, maintenance management and financial affairs.

� 3. Terms of the members The terms of the members of the farmers’ management group for rice milling machine is one year. All members should be approved by the General Assembly of WUA of D11. ⅢⅢⅢⅢ Obligations of farmers’ management group for rice milling machine 1. Provide milling services for both members and no n-members of WUA of D11. 1. Users (customer) Users need to request milling to the Assistant Administrator. Assistant Administrator and Operator will check the condition of paddy and remove unnecessary object such as stones, metals, and


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grass seeds together with the user and if it is acceptable conditions, the operator will start milling. The users must comply with the payment of the amount stipulated for milling before starting milling. Only cash will be accepted. 2. Price 1) Rice Milling Members of IA: xxMt/kg Non-member of IA: xxMt/kg 2) Rice bran (for sale) Members of IA: xxMt/kg Non-member of IA: xxMt/kg 3. Control and record of the payment The assistant Administrator must keep daily records of the operation of the rice milling machine based on the hours of operation, amount of milling, money received and expenses such as fuel, oil, salary and so on. The Assistant Administrator is entrusted with the control of daily work and passes all receipts to accountant every two working days. 4. Control money on accountant of the association to avoid risks The Assistant Administrator must maintain daily activities of revenues and expenditures in the register while the accountant must verify and control the income and expenditure every week. Accountant is also deposit money into the bank account of the farmers’ management group for rice milling machine once a week or twice to avoid the risk of theft. 2. Operate and maintain milling machine 1. Daily and periodic maintenance of the rice milling machine The Operator as well as the Assistant Operator must make a daily inspection of the rice milling machine before starting the operation. The amount of oil, diesel and water remaining, condition of oil and diesel and condition of the straps etc. are to be inspected based on inspection sheet attached to the machine. Any defects or failures occurring during the inspection should be reported to the extension staff through the President. If these defects or failures are difficult to manage, the president or extension staff should report immediately to the Director of SDAE for taking necessary measures. 3. Saving maintenance cost Farmers` management group must save 2,000 Mt every month for the purpose of maintenance of the rice milling machine. 4. Hold Regular Meetings The Farmers’ Management Group of Rice Milling Machine will hold a meeting every month in order to review the milling activities (milling amount), to check account book (income, expenditure, balance) with auditor and to discuss any problems to be solved. 5. Report activities of the Farmers’ Management Group for Rice Milling Machine to Genera l Assembly of IA of D11 and get approval.


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Items to be reported and approved are as described below; 1. Submit milling amount, income, expenditure and balance to be approved. 2. Milling price 3. Remuneration to members 4. Approve members of Farmers’ Management Group for Rice Milling Machine. 5. Discuss any problems to be solved ⅣⅣⅣⅣ. Rights of Farmers’ management group for rice mil ling machine 1. Remuneration The members of the farmers’ management group for rice milling machine will perform their duties with a symbolic compensation based on the amount which is approved by the general assembly of IA D11 as indicated below: Manager ................................................. .................................... xxx MT/month Accountant ................................................. ............................ xxx MT/month Assistant administrative ................................................ ......... xxx MT/month Operator ................................................. ............................. xxx MT/month Operator Assistant ................................................ ................. xxx MT/month 2. Allocation of office and meeting place The office for the farmers’ management group for rice milling machine can be allocated where the machine is installed and all meetings are held in that place 5.1. What is the Farmers’ management group for rice milling machine? � IA commissions the group with the rice milling operation, as the group members are also

members of IA. � The group provides the rice milling service and manages the operation of the rice milling

machine and its finance efficiently.

Figure 2.4: Functions of farmers’ management group for rice milling machine

Irrigation Association

Member

Member

Member

Member

Member

Farmers’

Management

Group for Rice

Milling Machine

Milling Service

Fee

Commission


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6. Members and their roles played by the members of the Farmers’ Management Group for Rice Milling Machine

Figure 2.5: structure of farmers’ management group for rice milling machine 6.1. President

� The president draws plans up, directs and supervises activities of the group, in cooperation with other members as well as extension staff. � The president has the responsibility of activities done by the group in general. � The president must be literate.

6.2. Accountant

� The accountant records all of the revenues as well as expenditure related to the operation of the milling machine. � The accountant must be able to calculate.

� It is necessary to have the president’s agreement for any deposits to and withdrawals from the bank account. � The group needs to open its own bank account(s). � The president and the accountant should be co-signatory to the bank cheques.

6.3. Assistant Administrator

� The assistant administrator records daily operations and manages the maintenance of the milling machine(s). � The assistant administrator should be literate and able to calculate.

� The assistant administrator manages daily revenue and expenditure of the milling services. � Operation time, milled rice amount, revenue amount, expenses for fuel and oil, etc. are to

be maintained in a written record every day. � The assistant administrator is to be responsible for daily operations. � Any receipts should be handed to the accountant every other day.

� The assistant administrator takes the minutes of meetings. � The following information should be noted.


Farmers’ Management Group for Rice Milling Machine

Appointment

President

Accountant

Assistant Administrator

Assistant Operator

Operator Auditor

Advice

Extension Staff


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� Date, meeting place � Names of attendees � Agenda � Discussion details � Discussion results (what were agreed/decided)

6.4. Operator

� The operator operates the milling machine and takes care of its maintenance. � The operator should be mechanically competent.

� The operator weighs the paddy brought in by members. � The operator washes the paddy before milling. Any impurities, such as gravel or metal bits,

should be removed before milling, since they may cause a malfunction in the machine. 6.5. Assistant operator

� The assistant operator assists the operator. � The assistant operator should also be technically competent.

6.6. Auditor (appointed by the IA)

� The auditor should be appointed by the IA. � The auditor attends all the meetings of the farmers’ management group for rice milling

machine, checks the book and audits the accounting of the group. � Checks the accounting report made ready for general meetings. 6.7. Extension staff as technical supervisor of the group

� Extension staffs are not the members of the group. � Extension staff attends all the meetings of the group and offers advice on a number of their

activities including the operation, management and maintenance of the milling machine, as well as the accounting issues.


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7. Responsibility of the farmers’ management group for rice milling machine 7.1. The group offers the service of rice milling t o members as well as non-members of Irrigation Association.

7.1.1. Users � Not only IA members but also non-members can receive the service.

� The group is set up for IA members to get the benefits from the activity, but non-members are also able to receive the service.

7.1.2. Milling procedures 1. Anyone who wishes to have the service needs to apply to the assistant administrator. 2. The assistant administrator and the operator together check the paddy that is brought in, prior

to the operation. � Any impurities such as stones and metal objects should be removed, as they may cause

possible damage to the milling machine. Users remove impurities with the operator. 3. After removing impurities, the assistant administrator will weigh the paddy and calculate the

fee. 4. Users will need to pay the fee to the assistant administrator, before the milling begins. Only

cash is accepted. 5. After paying the fee, the operator begins the milling. 7.1.3. Fees � Milling

� IA members: xxMt/kg � Non-members: xxMt/kg

� Paddy (sales)

� IA members: xxMt/kg � Non-members: xxt/kg

7.1.4. Check and record the payment

The assistant administrator � Is responsible for managing daily work and operations. � Records the milling machine operation on daily basis.

� All of the necessary information, such as operation hour, paddy amount, receiving money, paying money for fuel or salary, etc., should be noted and recorded.

� Hands over all of the receipts to the accountant every other day. 7.1.5. Manage the money The assistant administrator � Records revenue and expenditure on daily basis. The accountant � Checks revenue and expenditure on weekly basis. � Makes the deposit to the group’s bank every week. It is to avoid losing money and also money

being stolen.

� If fees for the IA members are low.

� This is one of the merits that the group is made within IA.


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7.2. Operation of the milling machine and its maint enance

7.2.1. Maintenance of the milling machine � It is necessary for the operator together with the assistant operator to check the milling

machine before operating it every day. The following points must be checked every time.

Daily Check � Engine

� Fuel level � Engine oil level � Cooling water level � Water and/or engine oil leakage � V-belt tension check and adjustment � Tightening of nuts and bolts

� Rice milling machine � V-belt tension check and adjustment � Tightening of nuts and bolts

Every 50 hours � Rice milling machine

� Grease � Gear oil

Every 100 hours

� Engine � Change engine oil � Clean engine oil strainer � Clean air cleaner element � Change air cleaner oil

Every 300 hours � Engine

� Clean fuel filter element � Rice milling machine

� Refill gear oil Every 600 hours � Engine

(ア) Change fuel filter element

� The operator needs to record operation hours. This would be helpful to predict the timing for the maintenance works, such as changing the oil.

� The president should report to extension staff any problems and issues that arise during the maintenance.

� If the above mentioned problems and issues are too difficult to solve among members of the group, either the president or extension staff should report to SDAE director promptly.


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7.3. Reserve fund for maintenance cost

7.3.1. Maintenance Cost � The farmers’ management group for rice milling machine should have a reserve fund of 2,000

Mt for monthly maintenance cost. � The milling machine(s) will most definitely require maintenance repairs in the future. � An estimated maintenance cost should be considered as essential.

7.4. Holding Regular Meeting

7.4.1. Regular meeting � A periodic meeting should be held every month.

� To check milling business (milled rice amount) � To check the book with the auditor (revenue, expenditure and balance)

� Assistant administrator takes the minutes of the regular meetings. � It is preferable for extension staff to attend those meetings. 7.5. Report the activities of the farmers’ manageme nt group for rice milling machine at the IA general meeting

7.5.1. Report at the IA general assembly � The group was established as an affiliated organization of the Irrigation Association (IA).

� The group is responsible to explain IA about their activities. Merit of being accountable to IA � Explanation about the group activities will earn trust of IA members, while increasing its

transparency. � IA members would become to acknowledge the activities of the group well.

� Everyone would become acknowledged about the group and its activities. � It is well expected that accountability will reinforce the activities of the group.

If not being accountable… � It may be possible for IA members to have a misguided belief or misunderstanding that only

the management group members should be merited from their activities. � IA would not be able to acknowledge the merit of having the group within IA.

Items to be reported and approved at the General Meeting � Milling operation reports

� Amount of milled rice, income, expenditure, balance � Salary amount for the group members � Milling fees � Members of the group � Other problems and concerns to be solved


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Figure 2.6: Relationships between General Assmbly and farmers’ managemenrt group for rice milling mashine


General Meeting

The Farmers’ Management Group for Rice Milling Machine

Report

Approval

Items to be reported

• Rice milling operation

• Amount of milled rice, revenues,

expenditures and balance

• Salary details to management

group members

• Milling fees

• Members of the farmers’

management group for rice milling

machine

• Other problems and issues

Earn trust and increase the transparency

IA would acknowledge


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8. The right of farmers' management group for rice milling machine 8.1. Salary

� The farmers’ management group for rice milling machine approves its members or who becomes a member at the general meeting, and approved members should pursue their tasks and receive modest remuneration. � President: xxMt/month � Accountant: xxMt/month � Assistant Administrative: xxMt/month � Operator: xxMt/month � Assistant Operator: xxMt/month � Auditor: xxMt/month

� The following matters are the most important. � If IA members fully see and understand the merits of the farmers’ management group for

rice milling machine, they will show respect towards the activities of the group and appreciate to receive the remuneration.

� Showing the accountability will make IA members understand about the merits of the group.

� If the group fails to earn the understanding of IA members, the group may not be able to continue its activities.

8.2. Setting up a working office and a meeting spac e

� The working office should be located at where the milling machine is installed. Meetings and other gatherings should take place at this working office.


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9. Management of the Accounting Books

Year: Month:


Remarks Received Paid Balance Received Paid Balance

9.1. What is book keeping? � It is to record the entire cash flow. 9.2. Why is it necessary? � To clarify how much money came in. � To clarify the purposes of the money spent. � To clarify whether or not any profits are made. � To eradicate any doubts by making the book open to members. Therefore, the following items should be recorded. � Date � Purpose, from whom, to whom � Amount received as well as amount paid � Number of the receipts and signature of the person who paid.


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The book has two parts: cash account and bank account.

Cash account It is to record the entire cash flow. Receiving Cash (4 items) 1. Milling fees 2. Paddy sales revenue 3. Cash withdrawn from the account 4. Others Spending Cash (4 items) 1. Milling machine operation

� Fuel, oil, filters, etc. 2. Maintenance of the milling machine

� Spare parts � Repairs

3. Labor costs � Remuneration/Salary

4. Others � Travel expenses, etc.

Bank account It is to record deposits to and withdrawals from the bank account. Deposit (1 item) 1. Deposit cash to the bank account Withdrawal (1 item) 1. Withdraw cash from the bank account

CHAPTER 3 Participatory water management and maintenance of irrigation facilities

CHAPTER 3: Participatory water management and maintenance of irrigation facilities

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1. Present Conditions

1.1. Chokwe Irrigation Scheme

In the Basic Design Study in 2001 by JICA, command area of Chokwe Irrigation Scheme (CIS) was 26,030 ha. Sowed area in recent 10 years from 2004/05 to 2013/14 is 7,150 ha or 28% in average. Harvested areas from 2008/09 to 2011/12 were more than 90 % of sowed area (93% of sowed area), but was 35% in 2012/13 due to damage by large flood. The lowest rate of sowed area in the period was 8% in 2005/06 due to drought.

Figure 3.1: Command area of Chokwe Irrigation Scheme (CIS)

In Figure 4.2 of the Base Line Survey in 2011 by JICA, farmers ranked bad or poor drainage as the most serious problem of the irrigation system. It is confirmed again in the Project area through interview to farmers from 2012 to 2014. It is noted that problem of insufficient irrigation water may increase as irrigation area increase from now on. An example of relation between drainage condition and rice yield is presented in figures below.


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Paddy Yield (t/ha)

Paddy Yield

2.5

Road

Tertiary Drain

Note: Above field block is simplified from Figure 4.1.5

0 500 1000 m

Approximate distance from Secondary Drain V43S (m)

Seco

ndar

y D

rain

V43

S

Ass

ocia

tion

plo

t

Ver

ific

atio

n pl

ot

1.6 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.2 1.8 3.3 2.7 3.1 2.7 3.3

Road

Figure 3.2: Rice yield by distance in D11 Demonstration Field of 2012/13


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Figure 3.3: Profile of tertiary drainage canal between R16 & R18 in D11 area

In above case, drainage condition was worse near southern end due to high water level of the secondary drainage canal V43S in 2012/13.

1.1.1. Target area in the Manual

In the Manual, maintenance and water management in the on-farm level irrigation and drainage systems are topics, including tertiary irrigation canal, tertiary drainage canal and water management in farm lot.

1.1.2. Target user of the Manual

Farmers are expected users as well as extension members and cantoneiros. So, expression in the Manual is easy and simple using sketches, figures and photographs.


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2. Maintenance of Irrigation and Drainage Facility for Improved Water Management

2.1. Tertiary Irrigation Canal

Tertiary irrigation canals were originally constructed as reinforced concrte flume called caleira. A part of the caleiras are utilized at present and earth canals are also widely used. One of the serious interruption of the system is fall or missing of caleira and its support particularly at drain crossing. Replacement of caleira may need that of support.

Photos 3.1: Caleira and support rehabilitation (R14 TC in D11 in 2013)


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Photos 3.2: Replacement by PVC pipes for 2 spans (R12 in D11 area in 2013)

Photos 3.3: Minor repair by cement mortar

2.2. Water distribution in field block or field lot (Ramal or cantera)

According to observation by the consultant team in the rainy season, lot (cantera, approx. 250m2) to lot water distribution method is usually selected, but water supply shifting is often not smoothly performed particularly after farmers leave from field. On farm water management is observed rather extensive and excess water remains sometimes in the field. Cantera to cantera water supply may be adjusted automatically to certain extent using temporary low and small weir made by soil, wooden plate, or something like these. Farmers are expected to


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learn better way through experiences for each case. Rotational water supply seems selected widely to each field lot in a ramal.

2.3. Tertiary Drainage Canal

There found several poor drainage areas due to improper tertiary drainage canal. These cases are common in CIS. Problems and countermeasures are discussed hereunder.

2.3.1. Difference between rice field level and tertiary drainage canal bed level

Figure 3.4: Profile of tertiary drain along R3TC in R1 area

Middle reach of above profile shows FL ≦ CBL. In this case, smooth drainage of excess water from field to drainage canal is quite difficult. In case that farm road exists between rice fields and tertiary drainage canal, road crossing pipe culvert is often useful. Several examples are presented below.


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Tertiary Cross Drain Field

Drain PVCP φ160 Drain

L = 6,000 mm Box

1.00

0.40 0.39

0.60 0.45 0.55

0.52 0.70

0.62

Figure Profile of Proposed Cross Drain in OJT in 2013

0.30

Figure 3.5: Road crossing pipe culvert

Photos 3.4 (1) Drainage improvement works including pipe culverts


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Photos 3.4 (2): Drainage improvement works including pipe culverts

2.3.2. Profile of tertiary drainage canal

In the same profile in Figure 3.4, upper or northern part of the drainage canal has reverse slope, namely downstream bed level is higher than upstream one. Complete drainage is difficult from the northern depressed fields. The following profiles suggest issues and countermeasures.


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Figure 3.6: Profile of tertiary drainage canal along Ramal 7 in D12 area

Figure 3.7: Profile of Tertiary Drain and its candidate route in D5B area

2.4. Drainage in field block or field lot (Ramal or cantera) Quaternary drainage canal or temporary field drain may be effective in many field blocks. In figure below, difference of the highest and lowest ground levels is 0.40 m. The ramal are divided


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into canteras for rice cropping in such condition. In R3 area some parts are eroded and lowered, and other parts are filled with sediment and heighted by the flood in 2013. To improve this undulation, move of soil is desirable.

3.83 3.81 3.83 3.83 3.86 3.82 3.68 3.69 3.66 3.67 3.65 3.68 3.60

3.83 3.88 3.88 3.86 3.85 3.81 3.73 3.71 3.68 3.65 3.64 3.60 3.71

3.91 3.95 4.00 3.97 3.96 3.88 3.81 3.82 3.78 3.74 3.71 3.73 3.78

3.90 3.85 3.90 3.89 3.94 3.86 3.81 3.81 3.80 3.71 3.69 3.74 3.78

3.91 3.90 3.98 3.88 3.95 3.87 3.80 3.81 3.74 3.72 3.66 3.77 3.82

3.90 3.95 3.96 3.83 3.96 3.90 3.85 3.80 3.80 3.78 3.71 3.82 3.88

3.9

3.9

3.83.7

3.6

3.7

4.0

Average 3.81

Figure 3.8: R3 area contour map

Max.

4.00 m

Min.

3.60 m

Ave.

3.81 m


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3. Simple Leveling

3.1. Purpose

Simple leveling is usable to know elevation difference ( ∆) or ground level gap in rice field and between rice field and drainage canal bed. It can also be applied to prepare profile or longitudinal section of canal.

（1）

DrainRice Field

Rice Field Surface

Drain Bed

Water Surface

Figure 3.9: Main target of Simple Leveling


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3.2. Tool and cost

(a) Flexible tube D=6mm L=5m (b) Visible bottle (used)

(c) Simple scale L=2.5 m (d) Water, tape, stake, etc.

Photos 3.5: Simple and low cost tools for simple leveling

Tools were prepared in Chokwe, using available materials in Chokwe. (a) Flexible tube Transparent plastic tube of 6 mm diameter was used. The tube of D=10 mm is also available, but the former was found better with less air mixture. Gas pipe was purchased and tried, but was not selected, because inside water and air cannot be seen, it is heavier to hold, and it is more expensive. (b) Visible bottle Used PET bottles of 0.5 liter were selected. Those of 1.5 liter were tried and found larger and heavier with water to carry. They were corrugated bottles, but plain bottles may be easier to see water level. (c) Simple scale Plastic light bars were used as simple scale with manually marked every 1 cm readings by oily ink pens (for example, red: 10cm, blue: 5cm and black:1cm). They are not strong and required to be treated carefully. Any other similar bars are usable. (d) Water, tape, stake, etc. Water can be contained and transported in the PET bottles.


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Measurement tape or rope with a fixed length was employed for the profile survey of tertiary drainage canal and spot survey with mesh on rice field. Both 50m measurement tape and a 10 (ten) m rope were prepared. Combination of 10 m rope and 5 m convex is useful, practical and cheaper. Stakes were used for spot survey on rice field to show mesh lines. To connect two tubes, short tube with a little larger or smaller diameter was used as a joint. The joint was protected by vinyl tape for water tightness. To connect tube and PET bottle, a hole was made in the center of cap of the bottle. The tube end was inserted through the hole, and then it was fixed with glue for water tightness. (e) Cost estimate Required cost for a set in Chokwe is estimated as follows.

Table 3.1: Cost estimate for a set of simple leveling

Material item Spec./size Quantity Unit Unit Price

(MT)

Amount

(MT)

Flexible transparent

plastic tube

D 6mm, L=5m 3 piece 180 540

PET bottle 0.5 liter, used 2 bottle 0 0

Bar for scale L=2.5 m 3 bar 100 300

Oily color pen Red, blue & black 1 set-hour 5 5

PET bottle 1.5 liter, used 3 bottle 0 0

convex 5 m 1 no. 100 100

rope 10 m 1 no. 5 5

wooden stake 50 cm long 10 no. 5 50

Vinyl tape, glue &

others

L.S. 50 50

Total 1050

(PROMPAC, Consultant Team)

Estimated total cost of 1,050 MT is not small amount for the farmers, but is much lower than the topographic survey equipment. To measure drainage canal bed elevation at 10 m pitch, length of the flexible tube was decided at 15 m. If shorter tube length is sufficient, the tube cost can be reduced. If simple staff is made using abandoned wooden bar, the cost may be 0.

3.3. Basic consideration

3.3.1. Temporary Bench Mark (TBM)

Elevation (EL) difference is measured by simple leveling. However, absolute elevation based on some authorized datum such as mean sea level, is not measured when there is no authorized bench mark (BM).


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In CIS, on farm level simple leveling is usually conducted without BM near the site. In this case, temporary BM (TBM) is selected to get relative elevation. Roughly speaking, ground elevation in CIS is mostly from 20 to 40 meters above mean sea level (mamsl) according to information from Google Earth.

BMBMBMBM

EL= dEL= dEL= dEL= d

LandLandLandLand

SeaSeaSeaSea

dddd

EL=0EL=0EL=0EL=0 Mean Sea LevelMean Sea LevelMean Sea LevelMean Sea Level High TideHigh TideHigh TideHigh Tide

Low TideLow TideLow TideLow Tide

Figure 3.10: Elevation (EL) in “masl” and bench mark (BM) example

TBM is usually placed at stable and easily recognized position, such as concrete structure, metal surface and so on. Some of the TBMs selected in OJT simple leveling in 2014 in PROMPAC can be seen in photographs below. Temporary elevation of TBM is set 5.00 m in OJT leveling in 2014.

Photos 3.6: Examples of TBM

3.3.2. Plan, profile and cross section

Measurement results are expressed as plan (Figure 3.8), profile (Figures 3.3, 4, 6 and 7) and

cross section to understand the condition easily.

TBM TBM


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3.4. Measurement and record

3.4.1. Measurement

Measurement can be done as photos below.

Photos 3.7: Simple Leveling as OJT in June 2014


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Difference of elevation (∆) is measured as illustrated below.

= ?

0.5 m

0.5 m

1.5 m

1.0 m

2.0 m

1.0 m

2.5 m

1.5 m

2.5 m

2.0 m

Level

1.5 m

1.0 m

1.5 m = 1.0 m + Δ

Δ = 0.5 m

Simple Staff

0.5 m

0.5 m

1.5 m

1.0 m

2.0 m

1.0 m

2.5 m

1.5 m

2.5 m

2.0 m

Level

Figure 3.11: Simple Leveling in use of simple level and simple staff

In above case, ∆= difference of staff readings = 1.50 – 1.00 = 0.50 m.


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Through trial and error method, it is decided that one bottle should be fixed at constant height for quicker measurement. For profile leveling, water level is kept at1.50 m in general at base point. The base point is such point that already EL can be known by calculation. Next point is such point of which EL is to be measured based on the base point EL. Distance between the points are decided 10 m in the OJT. It needs certain time before water levels of two bottles become equal. Adjustment of height of the bottles is required at the both points for time saving.

Figure 3.12: Adjustment of the bottle heights for water to be leveled

3.4.2. Basic cares

Before measurement - Check should be done whether all the necessary tools and recording sheets are prepared

or not. If not, lack of tool should be supplemented. Treatment of the tools - The tools should be treated gently, since they are fragile. - The tube should not be trampled. Water filling to the tube - Water should be supplied gently from one of the bottles to avoid air mixture in the tube as

much as possible. - Air bubbles in the tube should be removed as much as possible. Water supply from

another bottle may be effective to send out air bubbles. - Before measurement, it should be confirmed that water level in both bottles move up or

down according to the difference of water levels. Simple staff setting


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- Location of next point should be appropriately selected, namely at representative height in the rice field, bottom of tertiary drainage canal, and so on.

- After placed, the staff must keep the same level, even though it is turned. - The staff must be kept without receiving outer pressure. Staff holder must not lean

against the staff not to sink it down to soft soil. - The staff should stand straight and vertical. - The staff should stand properly but not upside-down. Reading water level - Next point bottle should start at expected height to save time. The expected height can

be obtained by checking by eye, trend, and so on. - Water level should be read from horizontal direction, but not upward nor downward. - Before reading, water level stability must be carefully monitored. Observers must wait at

least 20-30 seconds to judge WL is stable or not. - In water level reading, careless mistakes must be avoided. Two or more observers

should read the same water level. After the measurement - Contained water in tube should be drained slowly and gently through one of the bottles.

Flow direction should be constant to avoid remaining water in fragments in tube as much as possible.

- The tube should be circularized smoothly without tube twist.

3.4.3. Recording

Table 3.2 is selected and employed sheet after trial and error. A top dark shaded cell is for tentative elevation of TBM. Shaded cells are filled with measured values at site. Blank cells are filled through calculation. In the column of remarks, notes should be written. The notes include TBM with its structure, drain filled with straw, undulating field just after ploughing with point location, unseen drain, soil bund, and so on.


- 81 -

Table 3.2: Simple Leveling Record Sheet

Simple Leveling Record Sheet

Place: Recorder:

Date/Time: Recorder:

Accumulated 　　　Base Point 　　　Next Point 　　　Next Point

No. Distance 　　　on drain bed 　　　on drain bed 　　　on field Remarks

(m) H (m) WL (m) H (m) EL (m) H (m) EL (m)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50prepared by PROMPAC Consultant Team


- 82 -

Table 3.3: Sample recorded and calculated sheet for simple leveling

Simple Leveling Record Sheet

Place: R1, along and east of R3TC Recorder: Calvin

Date/Time: June 12-16, 2014 Recorder: Kurauchi

Accumulated 　　　Base Point 　　　Next Point 　　　Next Point

No. Distance 　　　on drain bed 　　　on drain bed 　　　on field Remarks

(m) H (m) WL (m) H (m) EL (m) H (m) EL (m)

0 0 0.50 5.50 5.005.005.005.00 TBMTBMTBMTBM

1 10 1.00 4.80 1.70 3.80 Irrigation C.

2 10 1.50 4.85 1.45 3.35 1.65 3.15

3 20 1.50 4.66 1.69 3.16 1.39 3.27

4 30 1.50 4.77 1.39 3.27 1.49 3.28

5 40 1.50 4.78 1.49 3.28 1.35 3.43

6 50 1.50 4.77 1.51 3.27 1.41 3.36

7 60 1.50 4.88 1.39 3.38 1.56 3.32

8 70 1.50 4.89 1.49 3.39 1.48 3.41

9 80 1.50 4.79 1.60 3.29 1.36 3.43

10 90 1.50 4.87 1.42 3.37 1.37 3.50

11 100 1.50 5.02 1.35 3.52 1.60 3.42

12

13

①

⑤④③②

⑦⑥

<a>

<d>

<c><b><e>

⑨⑬ ⑧⑫ ⑪⑩

⑭ ⑱⑰⑯ ⑮ ⑲

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

3.4.4. Calculation

A cycle of the calculation is as shown below. <a> Firstly, known ELa is the starting point as base point, either EL of TBM or drainage canal bed level. (3.27 m in Table 3.3) <b> Water level is kept at 1.50 m or some other constant height. <c> WL = ELa +1.50 at base point (3.27 + 1.50 =4.77) <d> At next point with usual distance of 10 m, water level is adjusted to stable condition and staff height is read Hd. (1.39 m) <e> WL – Hd = ELe (4.77 – 1.39 = 3.38 m)

3.5. Results

3.5.1. D5 Area

Simple leveling was carried out along R20 of D5 Secondary Irrigation Canal (SC) and along rectangular route to D5B-SC as shown in Figure 3.13. Profile of former case is illustrated in Figure 3.14. Difference of west side field level and bed level of tertiary drainage canal (partly filled with soil or cannot be seen) or its route is little and insufficient. For drainage improvement, three options may be considered. One is construction and deepening of tertiary drain. Another is construction of road crossing pipe culverts from field to the secondary drain. The third is combination of the first and second methods. Anyway, it is necessary to study drainage system in the area up to Primary Drainage Canal No.2 (Vala II) for study of the countermeasures.


- 83 -

Figure 3.13: Simple Leveling and drainage improvement works in D5 area in 2014

Figure 3.14: Profile of Route of Tertiary Drainage Canal along R20 TC in D5 area


- 84 -

On the latter case in D5B area, profile is presented in Figure 3.7 in above 2 (3) (b). As seen in following photos, drainage condition is poor at place to place. Based on exchange of ideas with farmers’ group, the tertiary drainage canal (actually used as dual purpose canal) was ploughed by a tractor as illustrated in Figure 3.13. In addition, three pipe culverts were constructed for easy irrigation and drainage water flows.

WL field ≒ WL drain (May 15) No water on field : Water in drain (June 20)

Photos 3.8: Drainage condition before and after harvest in D5B area

If farmers wish to drain stagnant water after harvest, tertiary drainage canal should be dug by tractor to northern direction in parallel with original tertiary irrigation canal of caleiras. By that, drainage condition during rice cropping also expected to be better. If farmers sometimes want to store water in the drainage canal, simple gate should be provided or farmers may control by soil or sand bags.

3.5.2. D6 area

Selected alignment is along R13 tertiary irrigation canal as in Figure 3.15. The tertiary drain is intermittent. Difference of field and drain bed is little or nearly zero. Since land slope is rather steep at around 1/250 as can be seen in Figure 3.16, drainage can be effective, if tertiary drainage canal be dug properly. The drainage canal was one of the six tertiary drainage canals cleared and cleaned in 2012. At the downstream end, pipe culvert was constructed in 2012 to connect Main Drainage Canal No.2 (Vala II).


- 85 -

Figure 3.15: Simple Leveling in D6 area in 2014

Figure 3.16: Profile of tertiary drainage canal route along R13 TC from D6 SC


- 86 -

3.5.3. D11 area Simple leveling was performed along the tertiary drainage canal located east side of demonstration farms in 2012. The drain is between R16 and R18 tertiary irrigation canals as presented in figure below. Profile of the tertiary drainage canal is in Figure 3.3.

Figure 3.17: Simple Leveling as OJT in 2014 in D11, D12 and R1 areas

3.5.4. D12 area

Location of simple leveling is as shown in Figure 3.17. The profile is seen in Figure 3.6. As farmers talk, there is a slight but clear peak in the middle.

3.5.5. R1 area

Location is illustrated in Figure 3.17. The profile is presented in Figure 3.4. Tertiary drainage canals were constructed recently as a portion of rehabilitation project. The drainage canal does not function well and sometimes flood water comes from downstream. Causes of such problems can be understood by the profile.

3.5.6. R3 area

It is informed that tertiary drainage canal is well functional but flood in 2013 eroded a part of field and sedimented on another part. In a field lot, level gap is large and undulation occurred. Therefore, profile of the drain is made only for short distance and spot leveling was conducted in a field lot. The contour map is in Figure 3.8.

R1 area

D11 area

D12 area


- 87 -

3.6. Countermeasures

Recommendable countermeasures for each area are summarized below.

Table 3.4: Problem and countermeasure

Area Problem Countermeasure

D5 R20 Poor drainage Survey of secondary drain and check of the system

D5B Poor drainage/irrigation water Dig tertiary drain by tractor and manpower

D6 Poor drainage against heavy rainfall

Dig tertiary drain by livestock and manpower

D11 Stagnant water ponding Prepare profile of secondary drain and try to lower its water level

D12 Depression in the middle of ramal

Excavate drain bed downstream of the depressed portion

R1 Poor drainage and back water intrusion from downstream secondary drain

Survey of SD and its system Excavate drain bed Change depressed field to fish pond Heighten low field by excavated soil

R3 Large level gap in ramal Cut soil in higher part and move it to lower part

Appendix

1. Fabrication of Manual seeder

2. The management of farmers’ group (Examples of book keeping)

No. Item Page

Overview of Row Seeder

List of Parts

List of Required Tools

1

Wheel

2

Axle

3

Cylinder (seed drum)

4

Seed Flow Control Plate

5

Lid (seed inlet)

6

Side Plate for the Cylinder (seed drum)

7

Chassis

8

Handle

9

Frame

10

Soil Covering Chain

11

Painting, Adjustment for Seed Outlet

Fabrication Manual for Man-Power Drawn 4-Row Paddy Seeder(Bran)

Contents

Appendix1: Fabrication of Manual Seeder

Appendeix1-1

【Overview of Row Seeder】

※　The "4. Seed Flow Control Plate" is installed inside of the "3.Cylinder(Seed drum)," so it is not shown this image.


Appendeix1-2

No. Name

Specification

（mm）

Unit Price

(Mt.)

Q'ty

（1 seeder）

Price

（Mt./seeder）

Required for

1 Round Steel Pipe internal diameter 17、external diameter 675 1250mm 141 2. Axle

2

Round Steel Pipe internal diameter 22、external

diameter 26、length 6000 900 3570mm 536

1. Wheel (Hub), 7. Chassis、

8. Handle

3

Square Steel Pipe 20 X 20、length 6000

275 3000mm 138 8. Handle

4

Round PVC Pipe internal diameter 22、external diameter

195 240mm 8 2. Axle

5

Reinforcing Bar external diameter 6、length 6000

100 200mm 3 7. Chassis

6

Reinforcing Bar external diameter 10, 6000

long

152 14586mm 370

1. Wheel, 9. Frame

7

Metal Sheet 1000 X 2000, 0.4 thick

968 1.03　sq m 499 3. Cylinder (seed drum)

8

Metal Sheet 1000 X 2000, 1.5 thick

1000 0.15　sq m 75

3. Cylinder (seed drum) 9. Frame

(furrow cutting plate)

9

Hose Band around φ30

40 12 480

7. Chassis & 9. Frame attachment,

2. Axle & 3. Cylinder (seed drum)

attachment

10

Aluminum Rivet φ3.2 X 13 （50/bag）

75 About 100 150 3. Cylinder (seed drum)

11

Hinge There should be a distance of around 40mm between rivet holes.

30 4 120 3. Cylinder (seed drum)

12

Hexagonal Bolt M6X30

100 2 200 8. Handle

13

Hexagonal Nut M6

30 2 60 8. Handle

14

Hexagonal Bolt M8X50

100 1 100 7. Chassis

15

Hexagonal Nut M8　

30 2 60 7. Chassis

16

Steel Chain φ8

150/m 4000mm 600 10. Soil Covering Chain

17

Wire around Φ2.0

10/mApproximately 3m 30 10. Soil Covering Chain

18

Paint (Oil Base) White（500ml/can）

280 1 280 7. Chassis, 8. Handle, 9. Frame, etc.

19

Paint (Oil Base) Brown（500ml/can）

280 1 280 3. Cylinder (seed drum)

20

Paint Thinner 500ml/can

200 1 200 For painting

21

Paint Brush Large


22

Paint Brush Small


4768

approximately 3000

7768

【List of Parts for Man-power Drawn 4-Row Paddy Seeder】

Total (costs of parts)

Welding Fees

Grand Total


Appendeix1- 3

No. Photo Image Name Remarks

1

11

1

Long-nose Pliers

For precision work, such as piercing a hole for the

axle on the side of the seed drum as well as to

connect the soil covering chain to other parts.

2

22

2

Vice-grip Pliers

For fixing together parts, when determining the

bending places on the metal sheet of the seed drum

as well as holding parts for welding, etc.

3

33

3

Water-pump Pliers

For holding large parts. The jaws of these pliers are

adjustable.

4

44

4

Side cutting Pliers

For working on metal sheet. Used also to cut wires.

5

55

5

Metal Shears

For cutting the 0.4mm thick metal sheet of the seed

drum.

6

66

6

Pipe Wrench

For holding round and square steel pipes, and used

when bending.

【List of Required Tools】

7

77

7

Hacksaw

For cutting metal pipes as well as chain links. Be

careful of the sharp blade.

8

88

8

Flat-head

Screwdriver

For tightening a hose band, etc.

9

99

9

File (flat, round,

square)

For filing rough edges of metal sheet, metal pipes and

PVC pipes. Handle with care, it is easy to break or

blunt the file.

10

1010

10

Hammer

For hammering metal sheet of the seed drum or

flattening the head of rivets etc.

11

1111

11

Chisel

For marking the bending points when making the seed

flow controle plate, handles, etc.

12

1212

12

Centerpunch

For punching metal sheet to decide drill position.

13

1313

13

Riveter

Aluminum Rivet＝

φ3.2 X 13

For riveting metal sheet to fix each side. Use the

appropriate size of nose piece for the rivet size.


Appendeix1-4



14

1414

14

Tape Measure

For measuring length.

15

1515

15

Ruler

For measuring the length and drawing the plan for

rivet, etc.

16

1616

16

Vernier Calipers

For measuring the length in minutes (inner or outer

diameter of round steel pipes and thickness of the

metal sheet).

17

1717

17

Protractor

For measuring bending angles.

18

1818

18

Marker

For drawing cutting lines as well as bending lines and

marking other places.

19

1919

19

Bench vice

For holding materials such as when making the furrow

sheet as well as when bending the materials to make

the frame, etc.

20

2020

20

Reamer

（size here is Φ4～

22㎜）

For expanding the diameter of a hole, when no larger

diameter of a drill is available.

21

2121

21

Electric Drill &

Drill bit for metal=

3,4,7,9㎜

For drilling to pierce a hole. Unplug the drill when the

drill bit is being changed. Be careful not to lose or

misplace the chuck for the drill. (This is the part

indicated by the yellow box in the picture on the left.)

22

2222

22

Electric Grinder

Cutting Disk

Grinding Disk

For cutting or grinding. Unplug the grinder when the

disc is being changed. Be careful not to lose or

misplace the wheel nut spanner. (This is the part

indicated by the yellow box in the picture on the left.)


Appendeix1-5



23

2323

23

Extention cable drum

（50m）

For use with the electric drill and grinder. Uncoil

completely when using as there is a fire hazard

caused by the heated coil of the electric wire.

24

2424

24

Paint & Brush

Shake the paint can well before use. Mix through the

paint from the bottom of the can with a clean stick,

after opening the lid. Avoid using tree branches since

it may contaminate the color of the paint.

Used brushes should be washed thoroughly, using the

paint thinner and dried.

25

2525

25

Paint Thinner

For diluting the paint as well as washing off the paint

from the paint brush. Keep fire sources away, since it

is highly flammable. Tighten the cap firmly after use.

Empty PET Bottle

For rinsing paint brushes after use.

26

2626

26

27

2727

27

Lubricant

For lubricating frictional parts, such as axle, etc.

28

2828

28

Scales

(approximately 1kg

Mx.)

For weighing the appropriate volume of seed for the

row seeder.

29

2929

29

Bowl, plate, etc.

For containing and weighing the appropriate volume of

seed for the row seeder.

30

3030

30

Bluesheet

For spreading to catch seeds when weighing the

appropriate volume of seed for the row seeder.


Appendeix1-6

No

NoNo

No Picture

PicturePicture

Picture Description

DescriptionDescription

Description Size (mm)

Size (mm)Size (mm)

Size (mm) Tools

ToolsTools

Tools Q'ty of Products

Q'ty of ProductsQ'ty of Products

Q'ty of Products

1111

above cut sheet metal

above cut sheet metalabove cut sheet metal


●Manufacturing process for

the wheel

①Cut the reinforced steel

bars.

②Mark the points where the

reinforced bars should be

bent. There should be a

distance of 50mm between

these marked points.

●Reinforcing bars

length=1885

diameter=10

●Electric grinder

(cutting disk), or

hacksaw

●Marker pen

●2

2222




①Reinforcing bars should

go into the holes of the jig

and be bent at each of the

marks, in order to make a

circle of 600mm diameter.

※The ridges on the

reinforcing bars should be

facing upward and

downward while each bend

is made.（Otherwise, the

accuracy of overall form

may be impaired.)

●Diameter=600 ●Jig (The coupling

mechanism of a

tractor that is no

longer in use can be

utilized for this

purpose.)

●2

1. Wheel

3333




①Draw a circle (600mm

radius) on a plywood sheet.

※Refer to "6. Cylinder

(seed drum) Side -1."

②Place the bent circular

form on to the drawing, and

adjust using the pipe

wrench, until the circular

form matches exactly with

the drawing and everything

lies flat on the plywood

sheet.

●Diameter=600 ●Pipe wrench

●Marker pen

●Wire

●Nail

●2


Appendeix1-7

No

NoNo

No Picture

PicturePicture

Picture Description



Size (mm)Size (mm)

Size (mm) Tools

ToolsTools



Q'ty of Products

1. Wheel

4444

ハブ切断とタップ写真

ハブ切断とタップ写真ハブ切断とタップ写真


①Weld the ends of the

reinforcing bars together to

complete the circle.

●Diameter=600 ●Arc welder ●2

5555

●Manufacturing process of

the hub

①Cut the steel pipe.

②The holes used to

connect the hub to the

wheels should be made by

drilling all way through the

pipe on two occasions. The

holes should be made in the

center of the pipe and be

perpendicular. (See

picture)

●Round steel pipe

length=50

internal

diameter=22

external

diameter=26

diameter of hole=3

●Electric grinder

(cutting disk), or

hacksaw

●Drill

●Drill bit for steel

φ3mm

●2

picture)

6666


ハブ切断とタップ写真ハブ切断とタップ写真



the spokes

①Cut the reinforcing bar.

②Looking directly from the

above, place the hub at the

center of the circle. Place

the four spokes at 90

degrees to each other.

(See the top picture)

※The hub connection pin

holes （φ3） should be

positioned in line with the

spokes. (See the top

picture)

③The outer end of each

spoke should protrude

30mm beyond the

circumfrence of the

reinforced bar circle. (See

the bottom picture)

④Weld ② and ③ togehter.

●Steel bar

length=317

diameter=10

●Marker pen

●Electric grinder

(cutting disk), or

hacksaw

●Arc welder

●8 bars （4 bars /

wheel）


Appendeix1-8

No

NoNo

No Picture

PicturePicture

Picture Description



Size (mm)Size (mm)

Size (mm) Tools

ToolsTools



Q'ty of Products

1. Wheel

7777

7

77

7


the spikes

①Cut the reinforcing bars.

②Place two spikes

equidistantly between each

of the spokes. (interval

angle should be 30

degrees)

③Weld spikes to the wheel.

●Steel bar

length=30

diameter=10

●Marker pen

●Electric grinder

(cutting disk), or

hacksawa

●Arc welder

●16 bars （8 bars /

wheel）

8888

Completed wheel ●Diameter=600 ●2


Appendeix1-9

No

NoNo

No Picture

PicturePicture

Picture Description



Size (mm)Size (mm)

Size (mm) Tools

ToolsTools



Q'ty of Products

1




2

①Cut one round steel pipe.

②Cut four PVC pipes.

③Slide the PVC pipe（②)

sections over the length of

the round steel pipe. (see

the figure 1)

④Make a 3mm hole, 80mm

from each end of the round

steel pipe.

●Ruler

●Electric grinder

(cutting disk), or

hacksaw

●Flat file

●Hammer

●Centerpunch

●Drill

●Drill bit for steelφ

●1

2. Axle

steel pipe. ●Drill bit for steelφ

3mm


Appendeix1-10

No

NoNo

No Picture

PicturePicture

Picture Description



Size (mm)Size (mm)

Size (mm) Tools

ToolsTools



Q'ty of Products

1

A

＜

＜＜

＜See 1B.

See 1B.See 1B.

See 1B.＞

＞＞

＞

●The black dots （・） are the

precise points to be centerpunched

and then drilled.

●The 140mm diagnal line is the

position for the "4. Seed flow

control plate."

・The positions of the holes for the

seed flow control plate should be

approximately as shown on the

diagram 1B. (It does not have to be

absolutely exact, as this will not

adversely affect the flow of the

seed.)

・The fin should be positioned

towards the side of the dotted line.

①It is possible to duplicate

the positioning of all holes in

the second sheet by placing

the first sheet on top of the

second sheet, and using the

centerpunch to mark the

holes on the second sheet.

●Steel plate

350 X 815

thickness=0.4

●Ruler (approx.

500ｍｍ)

●Marker pen

●Tape measure (3

ｍ)

●Metal shears

●Centerpunch

●Hammer

●2

1

B

3. Cylinder (seed drum)

2222

●Cut a section away for the

doorway for the seed inlet.

①Mark eight points to

create two rectangular

areas, one inside (yellow

part) the other, using either

a centerpunch or a nail.

These points should be

positioned as according to

the diagram. (The eight

points are shown in the

diagram on the left.)

②Drill a 4mm hole at each

of these eight

centerpunched positions.

(Those eight points are the

red points shown in the

diagram on the left.)

③Cut the yellow rectangular

section away (as shown on

the left) by using a chisel

●Metal shears


φ4mm

●Chisel

●Metal undersheet

or thick steel plate

●Centerpunch or

nail

●2 sections to be

cut away (1 setion /

sheet)


Appendeix1-11

No

NoNo

No Picture

PicturePicture

Picture Description



Size (mm)Size (mm)

Size (mm) Tools

ToolsTools



Q'ty of Products


3333

①The sections between

internal and external

rectangles should be bent

back 180 degrees (as in

the diagram on the left).

※The four sections are

marked in the yellow in the

diagram on the left.

●Pliers ●8 positions ｛4

positions/cylinder

（seed drum）｝

4444

①After bending 180

degrees, the rim of the

rectangle should be

hammered flat all around.

●Hammer

●Metal undersheet,


●8 positions｛4

positions/cylinder

（seed drum）｝

5555

●Bending the sheet into the

cylinderical form.

①In order to create a

cylinder, a folded lip should

be created at each end of

the rectangler plate. The lip

is made by folding over a

narrow strip at the shorter

ends of the rectangle.

Please refer to the pictures

on the left.

●Hammer

●Bench vice

●L-shaped angle

bar

（approx. 1inch X

1inch）

●4 positions｛2

positions/cylinder

（seed drum）｝


Appendeix1-12

No

NoNo

No Picture

PicturePicture

Picture Description



Size (mm)Size (mm)

Size (mm) Tools

ToolsTools



Q'ty of Products


6666

①The two folded ends of

the rectangle should be

connected accordingly and

hammered together to

secure the join. A round bar

should be placed underneath

the connecting section when

hammering together.

●Hammer

●Round bar

(approx. φ100)

●2

7777

①Centerpunch the points

where holes should be

drilled. ※Please refer to the

picture 8.

②Drill the holes.

●Centerpunch

●Drill


φ4mm

●8 positions｛4

positions/cylinder

（seed drum）｝

8888

①Place the nose of the

riveter against the cylinder,

place a hand right

underneath the pisition of

the riveter, make sure there

is no gap between the nose

of the riveter and the metal

plate and rivet at four

indicated positions.

The locations and

the distances

between reveting

points are as

shown in the

picture on the left.

●Rivet=

φ3.2 X 13

●Riveter ●8 rivets｛4

rivets/cylinder（seed

drum）｝

9999

●Installation of the hinges

for the seed inlet door.

①Centerpunch the positions

for the holes.

②Drill the holes at the

centerpunched positions.

●Hammer

●Centerpunch

●Drill


φ4mm

●Wooden block

●8 holes｛（4

holes/cylinder （seed

drum）｝


Appendeix1-13

No

NoNo

No Picture

PicturePicture

Picture Description



Size (mm)Size (mm)

Size (mm) Tools

ToolsTools



Q'ty of Products


10101010

①Fix the hinge to the

cylinder by rivetting.

●4 hinges（2

hinges/cylinder）

●Rivet=

φ3.2 X 13

●Riveter ●8 rivets｛（4

rivets/cylinder （seed

drum）｝）

11111111 Refer to 「5.Lid (for seed outlet)」

12121212

①Fix the lid by rivetting. ●Rivet=

φ3.2 X 13

●Riveter ●8 rivets｛4

rivets/lid（for seed

outlet）｝

13131313

①Hammer flat any

protruding part of the rivet

on the backside of the lid, to

enable the lid to close

completely.

●Hammer



●8 rivets｛4

rivets/lid（for seed

outlet）｝


Appendeix1-14

No

NoNo

No Picture

PicturePicture

Picture Description



Size (mm)Size (mm)

Size (mm) Tools

ToolsTools



Q'ty of Products

1111

※ This part is rather small,

so some cut away sections,

like the ones leftover from

the making of the cylinder,

should be used to maximize

the limited materials.

●Metal sheet=70

X 200

　 thickness=0.4

●Ruler

●Metal Shears

●8 sheets

｛4sheet/cylinder

(seed drum) ｝

2222

①Nine incisions are to be

made to make ten fins on

the seed flow control plate.

② Centerpunch two

positions on the sheet of the

seed flow control plate.

③ Drill two 4mm hinge

holes.

●Size of a fin=

35 X 20

●Metal Shears

●Centerpunch

●Drill

●Drill bit for metals

φ4mm

●8 sheets ｛4

sheets/cylinder

(seed drum) ｝

3333

① Chisel the "seed flow

control plate" gently on the

extension line of incision to

make it flexible and to fit the

inner surface of the cylinder

(seed drum).

※Pay attention not to cut

off the fins by chiseling too

hard.

●Size of bend =

35 X 20

●Chisel

●Hammer

●Metal undersheet


●8 sheets ｛4

sheet/cylinder

(seed drum) ｝

①Bend the "seed flow

control plate" at an angle of

90 degrees between fins

●Marker

●Drill


●8 sheets ｛4

sheet/cylinder

(seed drum) ｝

4. Seed Flow Control Plate

4444

90 degrees between fins

and the face of the holes

(L-shaped yellow arrows).

②Apply the "seed flow

control plate" to the inner

side of the "cylinder (seed

drum)" and determine the

bend of the plate. Make two

marks for the rivets. Drill two

4mm rivet holes.


φ4mm

●Hammer

●Vice-grip pliers

●Same length and

L-shaped metal

sheet

（approx. 1 inch X

approx. 1 inch）

(seed drum) ｝

5555

①Rivet the "seed flow

control plate" to the inside

of the cylinder (seed drum).

※The rivet direction should

be referred to "3. Cylinder

(seed drum) 1A, 1B."

●Rivet=

φ3.2 X 13

●Riveter

●Rivet

●8 sheets ｛4

sheet/cylinder

(seed drum）｝


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1111

①Seed outlet（refer to 3－

3）Likewise, a 5mm rim

should be bent around the

four sides of the lid using

the pliers.

② Bent sides should be

flattened completely (180

degrees bend) by using the

hammer.

● Metal sheet =

140 X 160

thickness =0.4

●Ruler

●Metal shears

●Pliers

●Hammer

●Anvil or thick steel

plate

●2 metal sheets

2222

① The lid material should

be pressed tightly against

the column by both hands,

creating a curved surface,

so that the lid will be

shaped to fit to the cylinder

tightly when being attached.

※Mark the rivet hole

positions with a marker pen.

● Marker pen

● Column, used in

the "3. Cylinder

(seed drum) -6"

●2 sheets

① Centerpunch four points,

two for each hinge

(hinge/Rivet holes =

40mm).

●Ruler

●Marker pen

●Centerpunch

●Hammer

●2 sheets

5.Lid (seed inlet)

3333

40mm).

② Drill 4mm holes where

the centerpunch points are

made.

※ Drill holes on a wooden

block.

●Hammer

●Drill

●Drill bits for steel

φ4mm

●Wooden block


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5.Lid (seed inlet)

4444


● Manufacturing process

for the lock of the lid

① Measure and draw to

size, lines on the metal

sheet.

② Centerpunch rivet hole

points (six in total).

③ Drill 4mm holes at each

centerpunched position.

※Drilling should be done on

a wooden block.

●Metal sheet =

20 X 50

thickness =1.5

●Ruler

●Marker pen

●Centerpunch

●Hammer

●Drill


φ4mm

●Metal shears

●6 sheets｛3

sheets/lid（seed

outlet）｝

5555


● Manufacturing process

for the lock of the lid

④ Cut out strips for the lid

lock using the metal shears.

⑤ Cut along the yellow line

to make six strips of metal.

⑥Hammer flat those six

strips.

⑦Attach these to the

cylinder (seed drum).

● metal sheet =

20 X 50

thickness =1.5

●Metal shears

●Hammer

●Metal undersheet


●6 sheets ｛3

sheets / lid (seed

outlet) ｝

6666


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1


①Bend and shape the wire

at the both ends. One end

should be looped to

accommodate a nail. The

other end should be bent to

the appropriate length and

to accommodate the marker

pen. Adjust the length of the

wire in order to draw a

circle with a radius of

155mm (the outer circle)

and then readjust the length

to draw a circle with a

radius of 125mm.

②In order to create the

above mentioned circles, a

nail should be placed and

lightly hammered into

position on the metal sheet.

※The nail should be placed

through the looped end of

the wire, held in position

and kept vertical. The

marker pen should be

placed at the other end of

the wire.

③Draw four sets (one

innder and another outer)

●Metal sheet=

0.4 thickness

●Radius of the

inner circle =125

●radius of the

outer circle =155

●Marker pen

●Wire (approx.

200mm long)

●Long-nose pliers

●Nail

●Hammer

●4 sheets｛2

sheets / cylinder

（seed drum）｝

2


①Cut away four outer

circles (the ones with a

radius of 155mm) using the

metal shears.

②Make sure that the

diameter of each cut away

circle is 310mm.

●Radius=155 ●Metal shears ●4 sheets｛2

sheets / cylinder

（seed drum）｝

6. Side Plates of Cylinder Drum (seed drum)

2

3


①Draw one diameter line

using the marker pen.

②Mark one dot at the

intersection between the

diameter line and the inner

circle circumference line.

This dot should be repeated

every 15mm around the

circumference of the inner

circle.

③Position the ruler between

the center of the circle and

any one of the dots marked

on the circumference of the

inner circle, score a line,

using the nail, from the dot

on the inner circumference

all way to the circumference

of the outer circle.。

④As illustrated on the left,

draw a 10mm line

(indicated in blue)

positioned centrally on the

outer circumference

between each of the scored

lines.

●Ruler

●Marker pen

●Nail

●4 sheets ｛2

sheets / cylinder

（seed drum）｝


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4

①As illustrated on the left,

draw a straight line

connecting the ends of the

10mm line, marked on the

outer circumference, with

the dots, marked on the

inner circumference.

②As illustrated on the left,

cut away the black parts

using the metal shears.

③Imagine this is the face of

a clock, drill one hole at the

center of each of twelve

fins positioned as in the

face of a clock.

●Ruler

●Metal shears

●Centerpunch or

nail

●Drill


φ4mm

●4 sheets｛2

sheets / cylinder

（seed drum）｝

5

①The fins of the disk of the

metal should be bent at the

line of the inner

circumference (r125mm) to

an angle of 90 degrees.

This could be done by using

anything circular and having

a 90 degree angle, such as

an air cleaner element. (See

●Any cylinderical

shaped object such

as a used air

clearner element, a

metal cylinder etc. to

help the fins to be

bent.

●Hammer

●4 sheets｛2

sheets / cylinder

（seed drum）｝

an air cleaner element. (See

the picture on the left.)

6

●Making a hole through

which the axle can be

placed

①Draw a circle of 15mm

radius positioned around the

same center point as the

two previous circles (inner

and outer circles). The

method of drawing is the

same as that of the inner

and outer circles.

②Divide and mark the circle

drawn in ① into twelve

equal segments. (See the

illustration on the left)

Diameter=30 ●Wire

(approx. １00mm

long)

●Marker pen

●Nail

●4 sheets｛2

sheets / cylinder

（seed drum）｝


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7

①Cut along the marked

lines of each of the twelve

divided segments. (Picture)

※Use a metal undersheet

as when used for the seed

inlet preparation.

Diameter=30 ●Chisel

●Hammer

●Metal undersheet


●4 sheets｛2

sheets / cylinder

（seed drum）｝

8

①Prise open the cut

sections, using the long-

nose pliers, so that each of

the sections are pointing

upwards. (See the picture

on the left.)

②This is the completed

hole for the axle. (See the

picture on the left.)

Diameter=30 ●Long-nose pliers ●4 sheets ｛2

sheets / cylinder

（seed drum）｝

9


①Place the side plates onto

the cylinder ends and rivet

at the twelve drilled points,

as shown on the left.

●Aluminum rivet

φ3.2 X 13

●Centerpunch

●Drill


φ4mm

●Riveter

●4 sheets｛2

sheets / cylinder

（seed drum）｝


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10

<Refer to the picture 11 shown

below.>

①The axles, made in 「2.

Axle」, should be placed

within the two cylinder

drums.

②Decide or determine the

distance between the two

cylinder drums. See a

picture「2.Axle-1」.

③Stablize them by using

four hose bands.

●Hose band

approx.φ30

●Tape measure

●Screw driver

(minus)

●4 sheets｛2

sheets / cylinder

（seed drum）｝

11



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1

①Cut the round steel pipe

for the main chassis section.

②Mark ten bending points

between 450mm and

550mm from the both ends

of the bar. (two locations)

●length =2120

●internal diameter

=22

●external

diameter =26

●Marker pen

●Tape measure

●Electric grinder

(cutting disk), or

hacksaw

●1

2

①Put the round steel pipe

into the hole of the bending

jig.

②Place one of the marks

against the edge of the hole

of the bending jig.

③Use the pipe wrench to

bend the bar at the mark.

Bend by increments at each

mark until an arch of 90

degree has been created.

●length of bent

arch =100

●Jig (The coupling

mechanism of a

tractor that is no


utilized for this

purpose.)

●Pipe Wrench

●2 locations / steel

pipe

3

①The length of the bent

arch is 100mm.


pipe

7. Chassis

4

●Manufacturing of the

secondary chassis section

①Cut the secondary chassis

section length that will hold

the bolt. This bolt will allow

the handle height to be

adjusted.

②Mark a line for a bending

point at the center of the

bar, 340mm from the both

ends.

●length =680

●external

diameter =26

●external

diameter =22

●Maker pen

●Tape measure

●Electric grinder

(cutting disk), or

hacksaw

●1 / steel pipe

5

①Put the secondary chassis

section into the hole of the

bending jig.

②Bend the bar at the

marked point to the angle of

90 degrees.


mechanism of a

tractor that is no


utilized for this

purpose.)

●Pipe Wrench

●1 location / steel

pipe


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7. Chassis

6

①Grind down both ends of

the bent bar to create a

horizontal line between both

ends when placed flat

against something.

●Electric grinder

(cutting disk), or

hacksaw

●Flat file


pipe

7

①Weld the height adjustable

bolt at the mid point of the

secondary chassis section.

●Hexagonal bolt

M8X50

●Hexagonal nut

M8

●Arc welder ●Hexagonal bolt：

1 / chassis

●Hexagonal nut ：

2 / chassis

8

①Place both chassis

sections on the flat working

surface.

②Weld both chassis

sections together.

●Refer to the


●Arc welder ●2 locations /

chassis

9

①Cut the round steel pipe

sections to be connected to

the axle (the axle receiver).

●length =50

●internal diameter

=22

●external

diameter =26

●Electric grinder

(cutting disk), or

hacksaw

●File

●2 locations /

chassis

10

①Fix two axle receivers

temporarily at each end of

the chassis.

②Weld the center point of

the axle receiver to the ends

of the main chassis section.

●Vice grip pliers

●Arc welder

●2 locations /

chassis


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7. Chassis

11

①Cut the reinforcing steel

bar to be used as a hook for

the handle.

②Bend at the center of the

bar to create a 90 degree

angle.

＜Reinforcing bar

＞

●length =100

●external

diameter =6

●Bench vice

●Hammer

●Electric grinder

(cutting disk),or

hacksaw

●2 locations /

chassis

12

①To connect the reinforcing

steel bar and the chassis

section, weld all around the

end point of the reinforcing

steel bar. The reinforcing

steel bar should stand 90

degrees from the main

chassis section, with the top

bent part pisitioned parallel

to the main chassis section.

●Arc welder ●2 locations /

chassis


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1


●1

2


①Cut the square steel pipe

(The material for the

handle).

②Process two locations in

order to create two 90

degree bends. Arc distance

= 100mm/ (See the picture

on the left.)

※Hammer and imprinted

＜Square steel

pipe＞

20 X 20

length =3000

●Electric grinder

(cutting disk), or

hacksaw

●Hammer

●Hexagonal steel

bar (such as the

handle of the cold

chisel)

●two 90 degree

arcs / handle

8.　Handle

2 ※Hammer and imprinted

dent using the hexagonal

steel bar. Make five dents

for one arc.

3


①The process of bending

the handle should be done

using the jig and the pipe

wrench.

※In order to create an even

bend, the third dent, as

shown on the picture above,

should be dealt with first.


mechanism of a

tractor that is no


utilized for this

purpose.)

●Pipe wrench

●two 90 degree

arcs / handle


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8.　Handle

4

①Bend the square steel

pipe at each end by 10

degrees, to create an angle

of 170 degrees, by using

the jig. (Bend along the face

of the steel pipe)


mechanism of a

tractor that is no


utilized for this

purpose.)

●Protractor

●two 170 degree

angle bends /

handle

5


①Drill a hole at each end of

the square steel pipe, 30mm

from the end, in order to

create a hole to connect a

handle to the chassis.

(There should be a total of

four holes, two at each

end.)

②In the event that the drill

holes are not large enough,

use the reamer to widen the

holes. (see picture below)

●Electric drill


φ7, or reamer

●4 holes / handle

6

●Processing the reinforcing

material for the handle.

①Cut the round steel pipe.

(This is used as the

reinforcing material for the

handle.)

length =560

external diameter

=26

●Electric grinder

(cutting disk), or

hacksaw

●1


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8.　Handle

7


①Flatten the ends of the

round steel pipe using the

bench vice.

※Flatten both ends so that

they are horizontal to each

other.

②Hammer both ends flat,

while placed on the metal

undersheet of thick steel

plate.

③Drill a hole at the center

of each flattened end.

④Round the edges of the

flattened ends.

※Use an electric grinder or

a flat file.

＜Round steel pipe

＞

length =570

external diameter

=26

●Bench vice



●Hammer

●Centerpunch

●Electric drill


φ7mm

●Flat file

●2 holes / handle

reinforcement

8

①Create a hole to allow the

hexagonal bolt to be welded

to the handle, to connect the

round steel pipe (the

reinforcing material for the

handle) to the handle.

②Weld the bolt to the

handle. (Picture on the left.)

＜Hexagonal bolt＞

M6X30

●Centerpunch

●Hammer

●Drill


φ7mm

●２ holes / handle

reinforcement

9

e

●＜Refer to "7.Chassis-7"

＞

①Drill a hole at the center

of the reinforcing bar to

allow the bolt (M8X50),

that adjust the height of the

handle, to be placed through

the reinforcing bar.

②Position the bolt through

the hole of the reinforcing

bar.

●Centerpunch

●Hammer

●Drill


φ9mm, or reamer

●2 holes / handle

reinforcement


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1

①Mark the cutting points

on the reinforcing bars.

②Mark the bending points

on the reinforcing bars.

③Cut the reinforcing bars

at the marked points.

＜Reinforcing bar

A＞

●length =1950

●external

diameter =10

＜Reinforcing bar

B＞

●length =820

●external

diameter =10

●Tape measure

●Marker pen

●Electric griner

(cutting disk), or

hacksaw

●Reinforcing bar A

＝2/ row seeder

●Reinforcing bar B

＝4/ row seeder

●Reinforcing bar C

＝2/ row seeder

2

2

①Bend the reinforcing bars


●Reinforcing bar

A= refer to the

picture on the left

●Bench vice ●six bending points

/ reinforcing bar A

3

3

①Bend the reinforcing bars


●Reinforcing bar

B= refer to the

picture on the left

●Bench vice ●Two bending

points / reinforcing

bar B

9. Frame

4

●Process of manufacturing

of the furrow cutting

stabilization sheet

①Cut the steel sheet.

②Use the file to file down

any burrs.

③Place the central ridge

line of the reinforcing bar B

on the yellow dotted line as

shown in the illustration on

the left. The distance

＜Furrow cutting

stabilization plate

＞

●50X110、

thickness 1.5

●Grinder (cutting

disk, grinding disk)

●File

●Vice grip pliers

●Hammer

●4 sheets / row

seeder

5

①Position four reinforcing

bar B as shown in the


②Weld the plate to the

reinforcing bars. (Weld at

four points on the front and

the back, as indicated by

yellow arrows.)

＜Furrow cutting

stabilization sheet

＞

●50X1１0、

thickness 1.5

●Vice grip pliers

●Arc welder

●4 sheets / row

seeder

6


①Weld the reinforcing bar

C (Weld at four points as

indicated by the yellow

arrows.)

●Reinforcing bar

C= refer to the

picture on the left

●Arc welder ●2 sheets / row

seeder


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9. Frame

7

●Process of manufacturing

the furrow cutter

①Draw the shape of the

furrow cutter.

②Cut the sheet.

③Smooth the edges of the

sheet.

＜Furrow cutter＞

●200X150、

thickness 1.5

●Ruler

●Protractor

●Centerpunch

●Hammer

●Electric grinder

（cutting disk）

●File

●4 sheets / row

seeder

8

①Fold in half the cut sheet

at the center line.

※Refer to "3. Cylinder

(seed drum)-5" for how to

bend

②Partially cut the folded

sheet to a depth of 36mm,

using the cutting disk,to

allow the furrow cutting

stabilization sheet to be

connected.

③Unfold the furrow cutter

as far as is　necessary in

order that the partial cut

can fit into the central

space between the furrow

cutting stabilization sheet

and the reinforcing bar

frame.（See the picture

No.9）

＜Furrow cutter＞

●200X150、

thickness 1.5

●Hammer

●Vice-grip pliers

●Same length and

L-shaped metal

sheet

（approx. 1 inch X

approx. 1 inch)

●Metal undersheet


●Bench vice

●Electric grinder

(cutting disk), or

hacksaw

●File

●4 sheets / row

seeder

9

①Weld together the

connected sections. (The

furrow cutter should be

welded to the furrow cutting

stabilization sheet and the

reinforcing bar frame.)

(Weld inside as indicated

by the arrow and outside at

the points indicated in the

picture on the left.)

＜Furrow cutter＞

●200X150、

thickness 1.5

●Hammer

●Arc welder

●4 sheets / row

seeder


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9. Frame

10

●Hose band

（approx. φ30,

eight necessary）

※Connect「7．

Chassis」and「8．

Frame」by the hose

band.

●Flat headed screw

driver

●２ sets / row

seeder


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1


●Cutting the chain

①Cut both ends of the

chain as shown in the

pictures on the left. (Four

chains will be created out of

eight chain lengths.)

※These are the four chains

to be welded to the main

body of the raw seeder.

●length =500 ●Marker pen

●Electric grinder

(cutting disk), or

hacksaw

●8 chains / raw

seeder


①As shown in the picture

on the left, wire together

two chains by connecting

the end of one chain to the

third link of the other chain

that will be welded to the

main body of the raw

seeder.

②Weld the chains that were

＜Wire＞

length = approx.

3000

diameter = approx.

2.0

●Pliers

●Long-nose pliers

●Arc welder

●8 chains / raw

seeder

10. Soil Covering Chain

2

②Weld the chains that were

complereted in　① to the 9.

「Frame」.


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10. Soil Covering Chain

3


①Connect together 「Soil

Covering Chain」 and 9.

「Frame」.

●2 soil covering

chains /　frame

●2 frames / raw

seeder


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1

●Painting

①Shake the paint can

before opening. After

opening the can, use a

clean stick to stir the paint,

ensuring to scrape any

settled paint. It is preferable

not to use a wooden stick

as this may contaminate the

paint.

②Dilute the paint with the

paint thinner.

③Use the paint thinner to

clean the paint brush after

use, and leave to dry.

④The paint will require a

few days to dry. (two to

three days)

●Paint

●Paint thinner

●Paint brush

●Empty pet bottle

●1

2

●Seed outlet adjustment

（to be done on a wind free

day）

①Spread a blue sheet on a

level piece of ground.

②Introduce the seed rice

into both seed drums, filling

the seed drums to just

below the level of the axle

of the seed drum.

③Estimate the volume of

seed required for a 1ha

field by drawing the row

seeder over the top of the

blue sheet for a distance of

10m.

Make sure all four rows are

dispersing seeds

consistantly. Collect and

●Blue sheet

（approx. 5m X 12m）

●Vernier calipers

●Scale (1kg)

●Bowl, plate, etc.

●24 holes / row

seeder {12 holes /

cylinder (seed

drum)}

11. Painting, Adjustment for Seed Outlet

consistantly. Collect and

weigh all the dispersed

seeds from each row.

※In the event that any of

the seed rows have not

been dispersed consistantly,

the 4. 「seed row control

plate」 of that row should be

adjusted. Note the size of

the seed discharge holes

3

3

①The initial seed discharge

hole has a 12.0mm

diameter. The holes can be

enlarge up to 13.5mm.

※Do not enlarge the hole

beyond 13.5mm diameter,

as it is difficult to undo this

adjustment.

②Use the round file to file

down any burrs created

during the hole enlargement

process.

●Hole diameter

=13.5

●Vernier calipers

●Reamer

●Round file

●24 holes / row

seeder {12 holes /

cylinder (seed

drum)}


Appendeix1-33

Appendix 2: The management of farmers’ group (Examples of Book keeping)

Appendix 2-1

1. Book Keeping on daily basis (FSG) This section explains how to keep the book.

Example 1 : Receiving Cash

Say there are 2,000M in cash and 5,000Mt in a bank account. Today (15th May), the accountant

received 3,000Mt from Mugabe.

Step What to do Remarks

1 Record the date

Date

15-May.

2 Record the purpose � Received from who?

� Why was it received? (ie. Fund recovery)

Date Purpose

○○○ ○○○○

15-May. From Mr. Mugabe for

refunding revolving fund

3 Record the received

amount

� The received amount should be recorded under “Received”

of the “Cash account” section.

Cash account

Received Paid Balance

2,000

3,000

4 Calculate the balance � The present balance can be calculated to add the previous

balance and the received amount. Because there is cash

received, this cash should be added.

Cash account


2,000

3,000 5,000

Previous

balance 2,000

Present

balance 5,000

Received

amount 3,000


Appendix 2-2

5 Write “Remarks“ � Ask the person who made the payment (Mugabe) to sign

under “Remarks.”

� This proves that Mugabe paid 3,000Mt, so it is very

important to do this.

Remarks

6 Write the balance of the

“Bank account”

There is no change for the balance of the “Bank account.” So

5,000 should be written under the balance.

The book should look like this after the accountant received 3,000Mt from Mugabe.


Remarks Received Paid Balance Deposit Withdraw Balance

1-May

2,000 5,000 Balance from

previous month

15-May

From Mr. Mugabe for

refunding revolving

fund

3,000 5,000 5,000

Example 2 : Cash withdrawal from the bank

Next day (16th May), the accountant withdrew 2,200Mt from the bank account.

� In this case, it is required that the accountant record under two sections of the book: first

under the “Bank account” then under the “Cash account.”

First: Record the withdrawal amount of 2,200Mt unde r the “bank account.”


1 Record the date

Date

16-May.

2 Record the purpose Write “bank withdrawal”

Date Purpose

16-May. Bank withdrawal

3 Record the amount of

withdrawal

� The amount should be written under the “Withdraw” of the

“Bank account.”


Appendix 2-3

Bank account

Deposit Withdraw Balance

5,000

2,200

4 Calculate the balance � The balance is the remaining amount of the previous

balance subtracted by the amount of withdrawal.

� Because cash was withdrawn, the balance should be less

than before. In this case, subtraction should be done.

Bank account


5,000

2,200 2,800

5 Write “Remarks” � If cash was withdrawn, the number of used bank check

should be noted.

Remarks

Check no: 223569


“Cash account”

� There is no change to the “cash account.” So, 5,000 should

be written under the balance.

Second : Record 2,200Mt withdrawn from the bank und er the “cash account.”


1 Record the date � Write the date of the withdrawal from the bank.

Date

16-May

2 Record the purpose � Write “Cash withdraw from bank.”

Date Purpose

16-May. Cash withdraw from bank

3 Record the amount of

the withdrawal

� Write the amount of withdrawal under the “Received” of the

“Cash account.”

Previous

balance

5,000

Present

balance

2,800

Amount

withdrawn

2,200


Appendix 2-4

Cash account Bank account

Received paid Balance Deposit Withdraw Balance

3,000 5,000 5,000

5,000 2,200 2,800

2,200

� The cash withdrawn from the bank is now written to the “cash

account.”

4 Calculate the balance � The present balance is the sum of the previous balance and

the amount received, so it should be added. It is the same

case as with the occasion when members repay to the fund.

�



3,000 5,000 5,000

5,000 2,200 2,800

2,200 7,200

5 Write the balance to the

“Bank account”

� There is no change to the “bank account.” So 2,800 should

be written under the balance.

The book would look like this when cash of 2,200Mt is withdrawn.



1-May


previous month

15-May

From Mr. Mugabe for

refunding revolving

fund

3,000 5,000 5,000

16-May

Cash withdrawal

from bank

5,000 2,200 2,800 Check no: 223569

16-May

Cash withdrawal

from bank

2,200 7,200 2,800

Previous

balance

5,000

Present

amount

7,200

Amount

received

2,200


Appendix 2-5

Example 3 : Cash payment

Say someone has 7,200Mt of cash now and 2,800Mt of deposit in his bank. He purchased paddy

seeds on May 17th. He paid 1,000Mt for six bags of seeds each.


1 Record the date

Date

17-May

2 Record the purpose � It is necessary to clearly write the following points.

� Purchased item ⇒ paddy seeds

� Unit price ⇒ 1,000Mt/bag

� Number of units ⇒6 bags

Date Purpose

17-May. 6 bags of paddy seeds,

1,000Mt/bag

3 Record the amount paid � Write the amount under the “paid” of the “Cash account.”

Cash account


7,200

6,000

4 Calculate the balance � The present balance is the remaining amount after

subtracting the paid amount from the previous balance.

� Because money is paid, the balance of the cash account

would be less. So the subtraction should be done here.

Cash account


7,200

6,000 1,200

5 Write “Remarks” � It is important to get receipts at any and every time and keep

Previous

balance

7,200

Present

amount

1,200

Paid amount

6,000


Appendix 2-6

those receipts. Those receipts provide proof of the

purchase.

� All of the receipts should be numbered in numerical order,

so that they can be recognizable, and should be kept safely.

Remarks

Reference No.: 001


“Bank account”

� There is no change to the bank account, so 2,800 should be

written under the balance.

The book would look like this after paddy seeds are purchased.



1-May


previous month

15-May

From Mr. Mugabe for

refunding revolving

fund

3,000 5,000 5,000

16-May

Cash withdrawal

from bank

5,000 2,200 2,800 Check no: 223569

16-May

Cash withdrawal

from bank

2,200 7,200 2,800

17-May

Bought 6 sacks of

rice seed,

1,000Mt/sack

6,000 1,200 2,800 Reference No.: 001

Example 4 : Deposit to the bank account

Say, someone has 1,200Mt in cash now and 2,800Mt in his bank account. He deposits 1,000Mt on

May 18.

� In this case, book keeping requires a record to be shown under the two sections: first under

the “Cash account” and second under the “Bank account.”

� Book keeping procedures for depositing cash is the reverse equivalent of cash withdrawal.


Appendix 2-7

First : Record 1,000Mt under the “cash account”


1 Record the date

Date

18-May.

2 Record the purpose � Write “Deposit to the bank account”

Date Purpose

18-May. Deposit to the bank account

3 Record the deposit

amount

� Write the amount under the “Paid” column of the “Cash

account.”

Cash account


1,200

1,000

4 Calculate the balance � The present balance would then be the remaining amount

after subtracting the paid amount from the previous balance.

� This calculation is the same when dealing with a cash

payment.

Cash account


1,200

1,000 200


“Bank account”

� There is no change to the bank account, so 2,800 should be

written under the balance.

Second : Write the deposited amount, 1,000Mt, to th e bank account.


1 Record the date � Write the date of depositing cash to the bank

Date

18-May

2 Record the purpose � Write “Deposit to the bank account”

Previous

balance

1,200

Present

amount

200

Paid amount

1,000


Appendix 2-8

Date Purpose

18-May. Deposit to the bank account

3 Record the deposited

amount

� Write the deposited amount under the “Deposit” column of

the “Bank account.” The amount is the same with the one

written under the “Paid” of the “Cash account.”


Received Paid Balance Deposit Withdraw Balance

6,000 1,200 2,800

1,000 200 2,800

1,000

4 Calculate the balance � The present balance is the added amount of the previous

balance and the deposited amount. Because cash is

received, it should be added.

� This is the same handling when cash is received.



6,000 1,200 2,800

1,000 200 2,800

1,000 3,800

5 Write “Remarks” � The bank will issue a deposit slip when cash is deposited.

These slips should be numbered in numerical order and kept

safely.

Remarks

Reference No.: 002


“Cash account”

� There is no change to the balance of the cash account, so

200 should be written under the balance.

The book would look like this, after depositing 1,000Mt. to the bank.

Previous

balance

2,800

Present

balance

3,800

Deposited

amount

1,000


Appendix 2-9



1-May

2,000 5,000

Balance from

previous month

15-May

From Mr. Mugabe for

refunding revolving

fund

3,000 5,000 5,000

16-May Cash withdrawal

from bank 5,000 2,200 2,800 Check no: 223569


from bank 2,200 7,200 2,800

17-May

Bought 6 sacks of

rice seed,

1,000Mt/sack

6,000 1,200 2,800 Reference No,: 001

18-May Depositing money to

bank account 1,000 200 2,800


bank account 200 1,000 3,800 Reference No: 002

Example5. Monthly record

Year

Month

Item Cash account Bank Account

Income

(1) Balance from previous

month Mt


month Mt

(2) Amount received Mt (2) Amount Deposited Mt

(3) Total Mt (3) Total Mt

Expenditure (4) Amount of paid Mt (4) Amount of withdrew Mt

Balance (5) Balance Mt (5) Balance Mt

Balance of this month

MT.

Prepared by Approved by

Accountant President


Appendix 2-10

It is necessary to make a monthly report at the end of every month. This monthly report should be

approved by the President (and the auditor). Moreover, the information in this monthly report should be

given to all of the members.

The purpose of making such monthly reports are as follows.

This section explains the way to make such monthly reports, having the following book as an example.



1-May


previous month

15-May

From Mr. Mugabe for

refunding revolving

fund

3,000 5,000 5,000

16-May

Cash withdrawal

from bank

5,000 2,200 2,800 Check no: 223569

16-May

Cash withdrawal

from bank

2,200 7,200 2,800

17-May

Bought 6 sacks of

rice seed,

1,000Mt/sack

6,000 1,200 2,800 Reference No.: 001


bank account 1,000 200 2,800


bank account 200 1,000 3,800 Reference No: 002

� To summarize monthly activities.

� To calculate all the income, the expenditures and the balance.

� To share the information among members.


Appendix 2-11


1 Record to the ”(1)

Balance from previous

month”

� Every month, the first line should show the balance brought

forward from the previous month.



1-May

2,000

5,000 Balance from

previous month

Year: 2013

Month: May


Income

(1) Balance from

previous month Mt 2,000


month Mt 5,000

(2) Amount received Mt (2) Amount Deposited Mt





Appendix 2-12


2 Write “(2) Amount

received” in the Cash

Account and “(2)

Amount Deposited” in

the Bank Account

� Write all of the received amounts of the cash account

� 3,000+2,200=5,200

� Add all of deposited amounts of the bank account

� 1,000



2,000 5,000

3,000 5,000 5,000

5,000 2,200 2,800

2,200 7,200 2,800

6,000 1,200 2,800

1,000 200 2,800

200 1,000 3,800

Year: 2013

Month: May


Income

(1) Balance from



month Mt 5,000

(2) Amount received Mt5,200 (2) Amount Deposited Mt1,000





Appendix 2-13


3 Calculate the “(3) Total”

of the Cash account and

the bank account

� Add together and write the amount of “(1) Balance from

previous month “ and “(2) Amount received” of the Cash

Account

� 2,000+5,200=7,200

� Add together the amount of “(1) Balance from previous

month” and “(2) Amount Deposited” of the Bank Account.

� 5,000+1,000=6,000

� These would be the total incomes of the cash account and

bank account.

Year: 2013

Month: May


Income

(1) Balance from


(1) Balance from


(2) Amount

received Mt5,200 (2) Amount Deposited Mt1,000

(3) Total Mt7,200 (3) Total Mt6,000

Expenditure (4) Amount of paid Mt (4) Amount of

withdrew Mt



Appendix 2-14


4 Calculate the

expenditure

� All the amounts under the “Paid” column of the “Cash

account” should be added.

� 6,000+1,000=7,000

� Add all the amounts under the “Withdraw” column of the

“Bank account.”

� 2,200



2,000 5,000

3,000 5,000 5,000

5,000 2,200 2,800

2,200 7,200 2,800

6,000 1,200 2,800

1,000 200 2,800

200 1,000 3,800

Year: 2013

Month: May


Income

(1) Balance from



month Mt 5,000

(2) Amount



Expenditure (4) Amount of paid Mt7,000 (4) Amount of withdrew Mt2,200



Appendix 2-15

Step. What to do Remarks

5 Calculate the balance of

the cash account and

the bank account

� The balance will be: Total income – Expenditure.

� Cash account: 7,200-7,000=200

� Bank account: 6,000-2,200=3,800

Year: 2013

Month: May


Income

(1) Balance from


(1) Balance from


(2) Amount



Expenditure (4) Amount of paid

Mt7,000 (4) Amount of

withdrew

Mt2,200

Balance (5) Balance

Mt200 (5) Balance

Mt3,800

Subtraction


Appendix 2-16


6 Calculate the balance

for the month

� The balance for the month would be: the balance of cash

account + the balance of bank account.

Year

Month


Income


month Mt2,000


month Mt5,000

(2) Amount received Mt5,200 (2) Amount Deposited Mt1,000


Expenditure (4) Amount of paid

Mt7,000 (4) Amount of withdrew Mt2,200

Balance (5) Balance Mt200 (5) Balance Mt3,800


MT. 4,000



� Both the President and the Accountant should sign off the monthly report. These monthly

reports must be given to all of the members.


Appendix 2-17

2. Manage the accounting book on a daily basis (Mil ling machine management group)

This section explains how to manage the book.

Example 1: Receiving Cash

There are 2,000Mt in cash and 5,000Mt in the bank account. Today, May 15, Mr. Mugabe brought

120kg of paddy to be milled.

Step Item Remarks

1 Write the date

Date

15-May.

2 Write the purpose � Name of the user who pays the fee

� Purpose for the fee (ie. milling fee for 120kg of paddy)

Date Purpose

○○○ ○○○○

15-May. From Mr. Mugabe for milling

120kg of paddy

3 Write the amount

received

� The received amount should be written under the “Received”

column of the “Cash account.”

� 2.5Mt/kg×120kg=300Mt

Cash account


2,000

300

4 Calculate the balance � The present balance is the sum of the previous balance and

the received amount. Cash is received, so it should be

added.

Cash account


2,000

300 5,000

5 Write “Remarks” � Request for the payer (Mr. Mugabe in this case) to sign

under the “Remarks.”

� This step is very important as this signature proves that Mr.

Mugabe has paid 300Mt.

Previous

balance

2,000

Present

balance

2,300

Received

amount

300


Appendix 2-18

Remarks


“Bank account”

(a) There is no change to the “Bank account,” so write 5,000

under the balance.

The book would look like this after receiving 300Mt from Mr. Mugabe.



1-May


previous month

15-May

From Mr. Mugabe

for milling 120kg of

paddy

300 2,300 5,000

Example 2: Withdrawal of cash from the bank account

Next day, May 16, cash worth of 2,200Mt was withdrawn.

� In this case, there is a need to deal with two accounts: the “Bank account” and the “Cash

account.”

First account: Record 2,200Mt withdrawal to the “ba nk account.”


1 Write the date

Date

16-May.

2 Write the purpose Write “Cash withdrawal” under “Purpose.”

Date Purpose

16-May. Cash withdrawal

3 Write the amount

withdrawn

� The withdrawn amount should be written under the

“Withdraw” column of the “Bank account.”

Bank account


5,000

2,200


Appendix 2-19

4 Calculate the balance � The balance is the previous balance subtracted by the

withdrawn amount.

� Because cash is withdrawn, the balance will be less. So in

this case, subtraction should be done.

Bank account


5,000

2,200 2,800

5 Write “Remarks” � When cash is withdrawn, write a numerical number on the

check slip for a sorting purpose.

Remarks

Check no: 223569


“Cash account”

� There is no change to the cash account, so the balance

remains as 300. Write 300 under the balance.

Second account: The amount of cash, 2,200Mt, withdr awn from the bank account should be

recorded to the “cash account.”


1 Write the date � Write the date when the withdrawal was made.

Date

16-May.

2 Write the purpose � Write “Cash withdrawal from bank” under “Purpose.”

Date Purpose

16-May. Cash withdrawal from bank

3 Write the amount

withdrawn

� Write the amount withdrawn under the “Received” column of

the “Cash account.”

Previous

balance

5,000

Present

balance

2,800

Withdrawn

amount

2,200


Appendix 2-20



300 2,300 5,000

2,300 2,200 2,800

2,200

� So this records the cash amount of withdrawal to the “cash

account.”

4 Calculate the balance � The present balance is a sum of the previous balance and

the received amount. Money is received, so it should be

added.



300 2,300 5,000

2,300 2,200 2,800

2,200 4,500


“Bank account”

� There is no change to the “bank account.” So write 2,800

under the balance.

The book would look like this, after 2,200Mt is withdrawn.



1-May


previous month

15-May

From Mr. Mugabe


paddy

300 2,300 5,000

16-May

Cash withdrawal

from bank

2,300 2,200 2,800 Check no: 223569

16-May

Cash withdrawal

from bank

2,200 4,500 2,800

Previous

balance

2,300

Present

balance

4,500

Received

amount

2,200


Appendix 2-21

Example 3: Paying Cash

Now, there are 4,500Mt cash and 2,800Mt in the bank. A purchase was made on May 17 to get 20L of

diesel.


1 Write the date

Date

17-May.

2 Write the purpose � It is necessary to clearly write the following information.

� Purchased item ⇒ diesel

� Unit price ⇒ 37.9Mt/L

� Purchased number of unit ⇒ 20L

Date Purpose

17-May. Bought 20L of diesel

(37.9Mt/L)

3 Write the amount paid � The paid amount should be written under “paid” column of

the “Cash account.”

� 37.9Mt/L×20L=758Mt

Cash account


4,500

758

4 Calculate the balance � The present balance is the difference between the previous

balance and the paid amount. So it should be: the “previous

balance” – the “paid amount.”

� Because money is paid, the balance of the cash account will

be less. Here, a subtraction should be done.

Cash account


4,500

758 3,742

Previous

balance

4,500

Present

balance

3,742

Paid amount

758


Appendix 2-22

5 Write “Remarks” � The receipts should be issued every time under every

circumstance and keep safely. Those receipts will provide

proof of the purchase.

� Those receipts should be numbered numerically and kept

safely.

Remarks

Reference No.: 001


“Bank account”

� There is no change to the bank account. So write 2,800

under the balance.

The book will look like this after buying the diesel.



1-May

2,000 5,000

Balance from

previous month

15-May

From Mr. Mugabe


paddy

300 2,300 5,000




from bank 2,200 4,500 2,800

17-May Bought 20L of diesel

(37.9Mt/L) 758 3,742 2,800 Reference No.: 001

Example 4: Deposit to the bank account

There are 3,742Mt in cash and 2,800Mt deposit in the bank account now. On May 18, 1,000Mt was

also deposited into the bank account.

� In this case, there is a need to deal with two accounts: first, the “Cash account” and second,

the “Bank account.”

� The procedure of recording deposits should be reverse for that of withdrawals.

The first account: Record 1,000Mt deposit to the ca sh account.


1 Write the date

Date

18-May.


Appendix 2-23

2 Write the purpose � Write “deposit to the bank account” under the “Purpose.”

Date Purpose

18-May. Depositing money to bank

account

3 Write the amount

deposited

� Write the amount deposited under “Paid” column of the

“Cash account.”

Cash account


758 3,742

1,000

4 Calculate the balance � The present balance is the previous balance minus the paid

amount.

� It is the same calculation as when cash is paid.

Cash account


758 3,742

1,000 2,742

5 Write the balance of

the “Bank account”

� There is no change to the bank account. So the balance

remains as 2,800.

The second account: Record 1,000Mt deposit to the b ank account.


1 Write the date � Write the date that the deposit was made.

Date

18-May.

2 Write the purpose � Write “deposit to the bank account” under purpose.

Date Purpose

18-May. Depositing money to bank

account

Previous

balance

3,742

Present

balance

2,742

Paid amount

1,000


Appendix 2-24

3 Write the amount

deposited

� Write the amount deposited under “Deposit” column of the

“Bank account.” The amount should be the same with the

one written under “Paid” column of the “Cash account.”



758 3,742 2,800

1,000 2,742 2,800

1,000

4 Calculate the balance � The present balance should be the sum of the previous

balance and the deposited amount. Cash is received, so it

should be added.

� This is the same case when cash is received.



758 3,742 2,800

1,000 2,742 2,800

1,000 3,800

5 Write “Remarks” � When cash is deposited to a bank, the bank will issue a

deposit slip. This slip should be numbered numerically and

kept safely.

Remarks

Reference No.: 002


“Cash account”

� There is no change for the cash account. So write 2,742

under the balance.

After depositing 1,000Mt into the bank account, the book will look like this.



1-May

2,000 5,000

Balance from

previous month

15-May

From Mr. Mugabe


paddy

300 2,300 5,000

16-May Cash withdrawal 2,300 2,200 2,800 Check no: 223569

Previous

balance

2,800

Present

balance

3,800

Deposited

amount

1,000


Appendix 2-25

from bank


from bank 2,200 4,500 2,800


(37.9Mt/L) 758 3,742 2,800 Reference No.: 001


bank account 1,000 2,742 2,800


bank account 2,742 1,000 3,800 Reference No: 002

Example 5: Writing Monthly Report

Year Month


Income

(1) Balance from previous month Mt (1) Balance from previous month Mt

(2) Milling Mt (2) Amount Deposited Mt

(3) Selling bran Mt (3) Total Mt

(4) Cash withdrawal Mt

(5) Others Mt

(6) Total Mt

Expenditure

(7) Diesel Mt (4) Amount withdrawn Mt

(8) Oil Mt

(9) Sapir parts/ Repairs Mt

(10) Salary Mt

(11) Deposit to bank Mt

(12) Other Mt

(13) Total Mt



MT .



It is necessary to write a monthly report at the end of every month. The monthly report should have

approval from the President (and the auditor) and should be shared with all the other members.


Appendix 2-26

The purposes of such a monthly report is as follows.

This chapter explains the method of writing the monthly report, having the following book keeping as a

reference. The following is an example of book keeping of the month of May.



1-May

2,000 5,000

Balance from

previous month

15-May

From Mr. Mugabe


paddy

300 2,300 5,000




from bank 2,200 4,500 2,800


(37.9Mt/L) 758 3,742 2,800 Reference No.: 001


bank account 1,000 2,742 2,800


bank account 2,742 1,000 3,800 Reference No: 002

19-May

From Mr. Mabunda


paddy

375 3,117 3,800

19-May

From Mr. Sitoe for

milling 125kg of

paddy

312.50 3,429.50 3,800

22-May Bought 10L of Oil 1,200 2,229.5 3,800 Reference No: 003

22-May Bought spare parts 1,500 729.50 3,800 Reference No: 004

24-May

From Ms. Palmera


paddy

325 1,054.50 3,800


from bank 1,054.50 1,500 2,300 Check no: 223570


from bank 1,500 2,554.50 2,300

26-May Sold 100kg of bran to 150 2,704.50 2,300

• It is to summarize the monthly activities.

• All of revenues, expenditures and balance of the month should be calculated.

• All the information are shared among all of the members.


Appendix 2-27

Mr. Chambal

31-May Paid salary

(operator) 1,000 1,704.50 2,300

31-May Paid salary

(President) 1,000 704,50 2,300


1 Write the ”(1) Balance

from previous month”

Every month, the previous balance should be carried forward

and be written in the first row of the book of the next month.



1-May

2,000 5,000

Balance from

previous month

Year: 2013

Month: May


Income


month Mt 2,000


month Mt 5,000

(2) Milling Mt (2) Amount Deposited Mt

(3) Selling bran Mt (3) Total Mt

(4) Cash withdrawal Mt

(5) Others Mt

(6) Total Mt


Appendix 2-28


2 Calculate the revenues

from the cash account

and the bank account.

Cash Account

� Add all of the revenues and write the result into the ”(2)

Milling.”

� 300+375+312.50+325=1,312.50

� Add all of the money earned by selling bran and write the

result into the “(3) Selling bran.”

� 150

� Add the amount of all of the withdrawals and write the result

into the ”(4) Cash withdrawal.”

� 2,200+1,500=3,700

� If there are other revenues, write that into the “(5) Others.”

� Add the figures from (1) to (5), and write the sum into the “(6)

Total.”

� 2,000+1,312.50+150+3,700

Bank Account

� Add all of the amount deposited to the bank, and write the

result into the ”(2) Amount of deposited.”

� 1,000

� Add (1) and (2), and writhe the sum into the “(3) Total.”

� 5,000+1,000=6,000

Year: 2013

Month: May


Income

(1) Balance from


(1) Balance from


(2) Milling Mt 1,312.50 (2) Amount

Deposited Mt1,000

(3) Selling bran Mt 150 (3) Total Mt6,000

(4) Cash withdrawal Mt 3,700

(5) Others Mt 0

(6) Total Mt 7,162.50


Appendix 2-29


3 Calculate the

expenditures of the cash

account as well as the

bank account.

Cash account

� Add all the payments for diesel and write the sum under the

“(7) Diesel.”

� 758

� Add all the payments for buying oil and write the sum under

the “(8) Oil.”

� 1,200

� Add all the payments for spare parts and write the sum

under the “(8) Spare Parts.”

� 1,500

� Add all the remuneration and write the sum under the “(9)

Salary.”

� 1,000+1,000=2,000

� Add all the deposited amounts and write the sum under the

“(10) Deposit to bank.”

� 1,000

� If there are other expenditures, write that under the “(11)

Other.”

� Add amounts from (7) to (12) and write the sum under the

“(13) Total.”

Bank Account

• Add all of withdrawn amount and write the sum under the

“(4) Amount withdrawn.”

• 2,200+1,500=3,700

Expenditure

(7) Diesel Mt 758 (4) Amount

withdrawn Mt 3,700

(8) Oil Mt 1,200

(9) Spare parts/

Repairs Mt 1,500

(10) Salary Mt 2,000

(11) Deposit to bank Mt 1,000

(12) Other Mt 0

(13) Total Mt 6,458


Appendix 2-30


4 Calculate balance for

both the “Cash account”

and the “Bank account”

Total Revenues – Total Expenditures = Balance

• Cash Account

� 7,162.50 – 6,458 = 704.50

� Bank Account

� 6,000 – 3,700 = 2,300


Income


month Mt 2,000


month Mt 5,000

(2) Milling Mt 1,312.50 (2) Amount Deposited Mt 1,000

(3) Selling bran Mt 150 (3) Total Mt 6,000


(5) Others Mt 0

(6) Total Mt 7,162.50

Expenditure

(7) Diesel Mt 758 (4) Amount withdrawn Mt 3,700

(8) Oil Mt 1,200

(9) Spare parts/ Repairs Mt 1,500



(12) Other Mt 0

(13) Total Mt 6,458

Balance (14) Balance Mt 704.50

(5) Balance Mt 2,300


Appendix 2-31


5 Calculate the balance

for the month

� The balance of the present month can be calculated by

addition: balance of the cash account + balance of the bank

account.


Income


month Mt 2,000


month Mt 5,000

(2) Milling Mt 1,312.50 (2) Amount Deposited Mt 1,000

(3) Selling bran Mt 150 (3) Total Mt 6,000


(5) Others Mt 0

(6) Total Mt 7,162.50

Expenditure

(7) Diesel Mt 758 (4) Amount withdrawn Mt 3,700

(8) Oil Mt 1,200

(9) Spare parts/ Repairs Mt 1,500



(12) Other Mt 0

(13) Total Mt 6,458

Balance (14) Balance Mt 704.50 (5) Balance Mt 2,300


MT. 3,004.50



• Both the President and the Accountant must sign off the monthly reports. Those monthly

reports must be shared among all of the members at general meetings.

The project implementation team

Name Organization / Role in PROMPAC

Inácio Mateus MUGABE (Mr.) SDAE / Project manager

Kiyoshi MASUBUCHI (Mr.) JICA / Chief Advisor & Rice Cultivation

Masahiro OTAKE (Mr.) JICA / Extension & Farmers Organization

Asako RIERA (Ms.) JICA / Coordination / Training

Jorge Junior de ALMEIDA (Mr.) SDAE / Extension

Arseino Fransisco LHAMINE (Mr.) SDAE / Extension

Jerinho Zacarias CUMBE (Mr.) SDAE / Extension

Baptista Acacio MACUACUA (Mr.) SDAE / Extension

Vania Dulce MACULA (Ms.) SDAE / Extension

Naoyoshi KAWANO (Mr.) JICA / Social Economic & marketing

Teruhisa NAMBA (Mr.) JICA / Agronomy (rice)

Olga Mario CHAGUALA (Ms.) EAC / Agronomy

Tomas Antonio MASSINGUE (Mr.) EAC / Agronomy

Toru HAMANAKA (Mr.) JICA / Agricultural Machinery and Equipment

Naftal Tristelio MACHAVA (Mr.) EAC / Agricultural Machinery and Equipment

Takashi KURAUCHI (Mr.) JICA / Irrigation & Water Management

Eduardo Cesar MULUANA (Mr.) HICEP / Irrigation & Water Management

Raul Abel CHAMBAL (Mr.) HICEP / Irrigation & Water Management

Calvino Andre CHANQUE (Mr.) EAC / Assistant

Avelino Samuel SITOE (Mr.) PROMPAC / Driver& Assistant

Sergio Amosse CUINICA (Mr.) PROMPAC / Driver & Assistant

Copy right National Directorate of Agricultural Extension, Ministry of Agriculture; DNEA,MINAG Provincial Directorate of Agriculture, Gaza; DPA Gaza District Services for Economic Activities; SDAE Chokwe Agricultural Research Station: EAC Chokwe Hydraulic Public Corporation; HICEP JICA Mozambique Office ********************************************************************************************************

Contact � District Services for Economic Activities; SDAEAddress: Av. of Trabalho C.P. No.5, Chokwe, Gaza province TEL: (258-28) 120166 � JICA Mozambique OfficeAddress: Av. 24 de Julho No. 7, 11 andar, Maputo, MOZAMBIQUE TEL:（258-21） 486357, 486358 FAX:（258-21） 486356 ********************************************************************************************************

MANUAL ON RICE CULTIVATION - JICA

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