Le "Traité de fabricomologie ou ergastice du point"

19

Transcript of Le "Traité de fabricomologie ou ergastice du point"

!"#$%&'()*"#$+"$,)-./,)-01&"#$+)2#$3�.0#-%0("!"#$"%&'()*+$"

Le Traité de fabricomologie ou ergastice du point

Pierre AGERON IREM de Basse-Normandie

& Laboratoire de mathématiques Nicolas Oresme, Université de Caen

,-" ./0/1-234-5360" 78" 2&39#1398138" 80" :;16#8" <" 2-" =30" 7;" >?8"43@A28" 08" 43.03=3-" #-4" 2-" =30" 7;" 23B18" 9-0;4A135$" ,&-A53B35/" /A606(93C;8" A604345-05" <" A6#381" 784" 9-0;4A1354" 48" 516;B-" A81584"

1-#3789805" 9-1.30-234/8!" 9-34" 60" 48" 5169#81-35" .1-0789805" 80"

#804-05"C;8"2&39#139/"78B305"28"B/D3A;28";03C;8"78"2-"#804/8$"E-04"28" A-4" 784" 6;B1-.84" 4#/A3-234/4" 6;" /1;7354!" F380" 784" 6F45-A284"

G58AD03C;84!" =30-0A3814!" #62353C;84!" #4HAD626.3C;84!" 85A$I" #6;B-3805"

4&6##6481" <" 28;1" 39#1844360" 85" 28;1" A31A;2-5360" A60530;-" 51@4"46;B805" <" #-4481" #-1" 28" 9-0;4A135$" :0" 5/963.0805" 284" 51@4" 069(

F18;J" 9-0;4A1354" 4-B-054" 7&/#6C;8" 9678108" C;8" A60481B805"-;K6;17&D;3"284"F3F2365D@C;84"284"#2;4"96784584$",-"#16B80-0A8"78"A84" 4%+04"#!" 2&3780535/" 78" 28;14" 4A13#58;14!" 284" A607353604" 78" 28;1"A6#38"85"284"967-235/4"78"28;1";53234-5360"A604535;805"28"#2;4"46;B805"

784"/03.984$"L;443"2-"C;845360"7;".8018"78"2&6;B1-.8"85"A8228"78"484"784530-5-3184" 48" 516;B805(82284" #64/84" 7&;08" 9-03@18" #2;4" -3.;M"80A618"C;8"7-04"28"A-4"784"23B184"39#139/4$"

N8" #1/48058" 3A3" ;0" /#-34" 85" -9F3538;J" 51-35/" 78" A60451;A5360"

./69/513C;8" /A135" 80" =1-0O-34!" C;8" K&-3" 30353-289805" 8JD;9/" <" 2-"F3F2365D@C;8"78"P-80$"Q2"0&-"K-9-34"/5/"39#139/!"9-34"K&80"-3"#-1"2-"4;358" 18#/1/" 78;J" -;5184" A6#384" 9-0;4A13584!" A60481B/84" <" R8S"

T61U"85"<"V-134$"?63A3"284"#0*3)"#-1"284C;824"K8"284"7/43.081-3"3A3"W"P"W"P-80!"X3F2365D@C;8"78"P-80!"94$"Y)Y"G6;"02567$%&I"R"W"R8S"T61U!"P62;9F3-"Z03B81435H"23F1-1H!"94$"V239#560"%)["

V"W"V-134!"X3F2365D@C;8"0-5360-28"78"\1-0A8!"94$"\1-0O-34"Y]*[%"

V38118"L^:_`R"

%&&"

,84"9-0;4A1354"P"85"R"4605"30535;2/4"8()0-/$+"$6)9(04%,%3%*0"$%&$"(*)#-04"$ +&$ :%024-$" a" 9-" A600-344-0A8!" 03" 2&;0!" 03" 2&-;518" 0&-"K-9-34"/5/"98053600/"#-1"-;A;0"AD81AD8;1"6;"/1;735$",8"9-0;4A135"

V" 845" 30535;2/" 8()04-/$ +"$ 6)9(04%,/-(0"$ +&$ :%024-$" Q2" -" /5/" 51@4"F13@B89805"7/A135" 80" Y]Y["#-1" 2&-FF/"L2F815"L05D3-;98Y!" #;34" 80"Y])%"#-1"P6108234"78"b--17%"W"K&-3"#;"-3043"4;4#8A581!"#;34"B/13=381"C;8"P"85"R"A6053800805!"46;4";0"53518"73==/1805!"28"9c98"58J58"C;8"

V$"`1" V" 845" 2-" 48;28" A6#38" <" 80" 3073C;81" 2&-;58;1"W" ^;3228998",8"?-448;1!";0"9-5D/9-53A380"85"DH716.1-#D8"-A53="80"R619-0738"-;"

7/F;5"7;"73J(48#53@98"43@A28$"

Essai de biographie de Guillemme Le Vasseur d3" 460" 069" -" 56;58" AD-0A8" 78" 08" #-4" c518" A600;" 7;" 28A58;1!"

9c98" =/1;" 7&D3456318" 784"9-5D/9-53C;84!" ^;3228998",8"?-448;1"0&845" #-4" 565-289805" 6;F23/$" :0" 8==85!" 60" 28" 980536008" 1/.;23@(189805" A6998"-;58;1"7&;08" A-158(#615;2-0"78" 2&6A/-0"L52-053C;8$"Q2"0&8J3458"<"9-"A600-344-0A8" -;A;08"0653A8"F36.1-#D3C;8" 4;1" 2;3!"85";08"F6008"#-1538"784"180483.0898054"C;&60"#8;5".2-081"3A3"6;"2<"4605"=-;J!"#-1"4;358"78"A60=;43604"-B8A"73B814"D6960H984!"065-9(

9805"460"=324"^;322-;98",8"?-448;1"78"X8-;#2-0!" 2;3"-;443"A-156(

.1-#D8"85"./69@518$"

^;3228998" G6;" ^;322-;98I" ,8" ?-448;1" 0-C;35" <" E38##8" B814"

Ye[+" 7-04" ;08" =-93228" #165845-058)$" L#1@4" -B631" 51-B-322/" A6998"

f"534481-07"80"460"F-4"g.8"h+!"32"-##135"<"#326581"284"F-58-;J$"`0"08"

4-35"4&32"=35"484"D;9-035/4!"9-34"4-"A-#-A35/";25/138;18"<"2318!"B6318"/A1318" 28" 2-530" 08" =-35" .;@18" 78" 76;58$" ,&30451;A5360" C;&32" 18O;5" 78"N8-0"P64430!"#32658"78"F-58-;J"85"f"8JA822805"=-348;1"78"A-1584"9-13(

084"he!" 4;4A35-" 460" 305/1c5" #6;1" 2&DH716.1-#D38" 85" 2-" A-156.1-#D38!"4A380A84"7605"2-"B3228"78"E38##8"4&/5-35"=-35";08"4#/A3-235/$"Q2"/5;73-"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Y"L2F815" LRijQLZk:!";)(-"#$,)(02"#<$ 4%2#-(&4-0%2#$ 2)')3"#<$ '%=)*"#$ +"$

+/4%&'"(-"$ 4.">$ 3"#$ ?%(,)2+#<$ @ABB5@CAB<" B62$"Q!" V-134!" :10845" E;9605!"Y]Y[!"#$"Y&+$"

%";%(("#:%2+)24"$ +&$ :D("$ E)(02$ E"(#"22"!" #;F23/8" #-1" k98" V-;2"iLRR:_T!" /735/8" 85" -0065/8" #-1" P6108234" E:" bLL_E!" B62$"Q!" V-134!"

X8-;AD8408!"Y])%!"#$"%+%$")"_6F815"_QPjL_E"85"E8034"?LiQR:,!"f",8"A6043456318"78"2&/.2348"1/=619/8"

7;" j-B18" -;" >?QQ8" 43@A28"W" 284" 2-lA4"h!"F&33"-02$ +"$ 3)$ G%40/-/$ +�.0#-%0("$ +&$:(%-"#-)2-0#,"$6()2H)0#!"Y%&!"Y]&%!"#$"%]e!"0$")*)$"+"P8" 7/5-32!" A6998" 2-" #2;#-15" 78" A8;J" 78" A8" #-1-.1-#D8!" #16B3805" 78"W"

^861.84"\`Z_RQ:_!"I=+(%*():.0"!"V-134!"k3AD82"d62H!"Y[+)!"#$"[+'$"e"!)"90930%-.D1&"$+&$#0"&($+"$!)$;(%0J$+&$E)02"!"V-134!"LF82",&L0.82381!$

Ye&+!"B62$"Q!"#$"%Y&$""

!""i1-35/"78"=-F13A69626.38"6;"81.-453A8"7;"#630A5"

"%&]"

-;443" 284"9/963184"78"78;J" 18#1/4805-054"734#-1;4"78" A8558" /A628"

738##6348"W" 28" =-98;J"V38118"E84A823814" 85";0" A815-30"X18560!" 56;4"

78;J" #1c5184" <" L1C;84m(2-(X-5-3228n$" P84" 8J89#284" 85" ;0" 2-F8;1"

-AD-10/" 2;3" #81931805" 7&8J/A;581" 4-" A-158" 78" 2&6A/-0" L52-053C;8!"-;K6;17&D;3" A60437/1/8" A6998" 189-1C;-F28" 5-05" #-1" 2-" 58AD03C;8"78"#16K8A5360";53234/8"G#16K8A5360"78"k81A-561!"#6;1"2-"#1893@18"=634"

80" \1-0A8I" C;8" #-1" 2-" C;-235/" 85" 2-" 13AD8448" 78" 460" 30=619-5360"

56#60H93C;8"G065-99805"4;1" 284"Ao584"7;"P-0-7-I[$",-"B-28;1"78"

A8" 51-B-32" A-156.1-#D3C;8!" -AD8B/" 80" Y[*Y!" 489F28" -B631" /5/"

-;4435o5"18A600;8$"

?814" Y[*e!" ^;3228998" ,8" ?-448;1" C;355-" E38##8" #6;1" _6;80$"

d84" -A53B35/4" H" =;1805"9;253#284"W" ;0" -A58" 78" Y[%e" 28" 7/43.08" <" 2-"

=634"A6998"f"-1AD358A58!"#16=8448;1"78"9-5D/9-53C;84!"30./038;1"85"

#32658"80"2-"981"`A8-08"h'$"E8"484"B6H-.84"80"981!"60"08"4-35"1380"W"

-(5(32" A60530;/" <" 0-B3.;81" -#1@4" -B631" C;355/"E38##8"p" Q2" -##-1-q5"

7-04";0"/5-5"78" 46278"78" 2-"9-1308!" /5-F23" 80"Y[%]!" 80" 5c58"7&;08"23458"78"43J"f"B38;J"#326584"C;3"-#1@4";08"260.;8"8J#/1380A8!"=81605"

784"784A13#53604"784"A64584"85"D-;58;14"784" 34284"h!"#-193" 284C;824"

4-" C;-235/" 7&f"DH716.1-#D8"h" 2;3" B-;5" 2&-##630589805" #2;4" /28B/&$"d;1"484"=60A53604"7&-1AD358A58"85"30./038;1!"60"845"938;J"180483.0/".1gA8" <" 784" 76A;98054" A60481B/4" -;J" -1AD3B84" 9;03A3#-284" 78"

_6;80!" B3228" 6r" 32" #-44-35" A6998" 8J#815" 80" 9-53@18" 78" 51-B-;J"

#;F23A4$":0"Y[Y'!" 32" =;5"A604;25/!"80" 5-05"C;8"f"9-34518"9-5D/9-(

53A380"h!"4;1"284"51-B-;J"7&;1.80A8"C;&32"A60B80-35"78"=-318"#6;1"C;8",6;34">QQQ"85"4-"4;358"#;44805"805181"73.089805"<"_6;80]$"a"2-"4;358"

78"A85"/#34678!" 32" =;5"AD-1./"78"7184481"784"#2-04"85"78B34"#6;1" 2-"

A60451;A5360" 7&;0" #605" 4;1" 2-" d8308!" 784530/" <" 189#2-A81" 28" #605"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""["P8558" A-158"9-0;4A1358" 4;1" B/230!" 78" 7398043604" *!'e" 4;1" Y!*)"9!" 845"

A60481B/8"-;"7/#-1589805"P-1584"85"#2-04"78"2-"X0\"G^8"dj"L1AD"eI$"`0"H"

235"W"f"Y[*Y"L"738##8"V-1"^;3228998",8B-448;1",8"Y%"78"K;32285"h$"?631";08"

18#167;A5360"<"2&/AD8228"Y"85"784"8J#23A-53604"9-5D/9-53C;84"7-04"E-03@28"XL?:_:,!" V-4A-28" ^`ZiL^RT!" N648558" ksLdd`R!" !"#$ 4)(-%*():."#$ "-$ 3"#$2%&'")&J$,%2+"#$�$&2"$(":(/#"2-)-0%2$2%(,)2+"$+"#$*()2+"#$+/4%&'"(-"#!"X6048A6;14!"V6305"78"B;84!"%*YY!"#$"Ye]"85"#11$"'"PD-1284" E:"X:LZ_:VLQ_:!" N;284"E:dR`T:_d!" f"_-##615" 4;1" 784" 2855184"

30/73584" 78"d-26960"78"P-;4" A60481B/84" 7-04" 284" -1AD3B84" 78" 2-" B3228" 78"

_6;80"h!$K"'&"$+"#$#%40/-/#$#)')2-"#$+"#$+/:)(-","2-#!"e8"4/138!"5$"QQ!"Y&'*!"#$"%Y](%++"GB631"#$"%))!"0$"YI$"&"L1AD3B84"7;"930345@18"78"2-"k-1308!"#81460082"A3B32"85"93235-318!"/5-5"78"

46278" 7;" %e" 6A56F18" Y[%]!" 7-04" E37381" R:Z?Q,,:!" !"#$ /-)930##","2-#$#40"2-0601&"#$+"$3�)240"22"$E)(02"!"V-134!"X81.81(,8B1-;25!"Y&&%!"5$"Q!"#$"&'$""]"PD-1284"E:"X:LZ_:VLQ_:!"N;284"E:dR`T:_d!"f"������!"h!"%:L$40-L"

V38118"L^:_`R"

%]*"

169-0"7605"284"-1AD84"4&8==6071-3805"2&;08"-#1@4"2&-;518Y*$"P&845"#-1"460"805189348"C;&;0"-;518"#165845-05"738##634!"28"=-98;J"30./038;1"d-26960"78"P-;4"GB$"Ye'[(Y[%[I"-2614"-;"481B3A8"7;"#130A8(/28A58;1"

#-2-530" <" j83782F81.!" #16#64-" 484" 481B3A84" #6;1" 2&/73=3A-5360" 7&;0"06;B8-;"#605"78"#38118YY$"k-34"284"/AD8B304"6#5@1805"#6;1";0"#605"

78"F-58-;J!"58AD03C;8"#2;4"/A60693C;8"<"2-C;8228"d-26960"78"P-;4"

/5-35" 6##64/$"^;3228998",8"?-448;1" =;5" A69934!" 80"Y[%&!" A6998"

f"A6051o28;1" 784" 6;B1-.84"h" 78" A8" #605" C;3" 8;5" 284" D6008;14" 78"

2&M24=43%:/+0"Y%"85"4;F4345-"K;4C;&80"Y&)[$"P699805" A69#180718" 284" 535184" 78" f"#16=8448;1" 78" 9-5D/9-(

53C;84"h" 85" f"9-34518" 9-5D/9-53A380"h" 7600/4" <" ^;3228998" ,8"

?-448;1"p"Q2"08"1845-35"-;">?QQ8"43@A28"C;&;0"48;2"[email protected]"#165845-05"80" R619-0738!" -;" ^1-07(t;8B322H$" `0" H" 80483.0-35!" #-1-q5(32!"

f"56;584" 461584" 78" 4A380A84"hY)$" ,8" ?-448;1" H" -(5(32" #16=844/" 284"

9-5D/9-53C;84"p"Q2"#-1-q5"#2;4"#16F-F28"C;&32"-35"#16#64/"784"28O604"#-153A;23@184" -##16=607384" -;J" K8;084" .804" 78" =-932284" 06F284" 6;"

-34/84" 7/4318;J" 78" A69#2/581" 28;1" =619-5360$" ,84" 9-0;4A1354"

A60481B/4"#819855805"7&80"378053=381"A815-304$",8"#2;4"A/2@F18!" =;5!"B814"Y[%)(%+!"d-9;82"X6AD-15!"=324"7&;0"#-458;1"78"E38##8"804;358"0699/"<"_6;80!" C;3"78B-35" 8J81A81" 28"9c98"930345@18"<"P-80"85"

4&-==31981"A6998"/1;735"#-193"284"#2;4"1/#;5/4"7;"43@A28Y+$",8"#2;4"=37@28" =;5"_6F815"78" 2-"j6;448!" 18A8B8;1"784" 5-32284!"C;3" A6#3-!" 4;1"

;08" #/13678" 4&/5807-05" -;"96304" 80518" Y[*'" 85" Y[Y'!" D;35" 51-35/4"4A38053=3C;84"A69#64/4"#-1",8"?-448;1$"

:0" Y[%e!"k-130"k8148008" GYe&&(Y[+&I!" 1823.38;J"930398" 7605"

2&3998048"A;136435/"4A38053=3C;8"85"2&-9#28"1/48-;"4-B-05"4605"F380"A600;4!"4/K6;10-"<"_6;80!"6r"32"180A6051-",8"?-448;1$",8;1"80518(

5380"56;10-"4;1"2-"./69/5138"W",8"?-448;1"2;3"8J#64-"28"#130A3#8"7;"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Y*"PD-1284" E:" X:LZ_:VLQ_:!" !%&0#$ NOOO$ "-$ 3�)##",93/"$ +"#$ 2%-)93"#$ P$

K%&"2<$"2$@C@Q!"_6;80!":$"P-.03-17!"Y&&)!"#$")%$"YY",85518" 78" d-26960" 78" P-;4" -;J" A6048322814" 78" 2-" B3228" 78" _6;80"

G["7/A89F18" Y[Y&I!" 7-04" PD-1284" E:" X:LZ_:VLQ_:!" N;284" E:dR`T:_d!" %:L$40-L!"#$"%))$"

Y%" K"4&"03$ +"$ :3)24."#$ #&($ 3"#$ #40"24"#<$ 3"#$ )(-#$ 309/()&J<$ "-$ 3"#$ )(-#$,/4.)201&"#!"B62$"%!"AD-1#8058138!"#2-0AD84">>?Q"85">>?QQ!"V-134!"X13-4460!"E-B37!",8"X18560!"E;1-07!"Y'[)$"

Y)"k-138(k-7828308"P`kVs_:!" E69303C;8"NZ,QL!" !"#$ 4%33D*"#$ 6()2H)0#$NRO"5NROOO"$ #0D43"#<" V-134!" QR_V!" PR_d!" 5$"QQ!" Y]&&!" #$"e)&"u" L9-F28"\,`tZ:i!"I0#-%0("$ +&$ S)(3","2-$ +"$ ?%(,)2+0"!" _6;80!" s76;-17" =1@184!"Y&+%!"B62$"[!"#$"%]$"

Y+",-"F3F2365D@C;8"78"P-80"A60481B8" G94$"%)'"6;" 02567$%'I";0"9-0;4A135"78"2-"9-30"78"d-9;82"X6AD-15!"6r"K&-3"18A600;"78;J"51-35/4"78",8"?-448;1$"

!""i1-35/"78"=-F13A69626.38"6;"81.-453A8"7;"#630A5"

"%]Y"

f"A69#-4" #6;1" 784A1318" 58228" #615360" 78" A81A28" C;8" 2&60" B6;271-"hYe"582"C;8"28"7/A135"P2-B3;4$"Q24"A60=/1@1805"-;443"784"5;H-;J"7&61.;84!"4;K85" 4;1" 28C;82" ,8" ?-448;1" 2;3" f"584963.0-" -B631" ;08" 6#30360"

A6051-318" <" A8" C;8" 73A5" md-26960n" 78" P-;J"hY[$" V-1" 2-" 4;358!"

k8148008" 805185305" ;08" A61184#607-0A8" 1/.;23@18" -B8A" _6F815"

P610381!"9-.3451-5"16;800-34"C;3"4;3B-35"-558053B89805"284"51-B-;J"

4A38053=3C;84" 78" ,8" ?-448;1" 85" 80" 30=619-" 1/.;23@189805" 28"

930398Y'$"P8#807-05",8"?-448;1"18AD3.0-35"<"2;3"80"A699;03C;81"

28"7/5-32$"P&845"-3043"C;8"P610381"2;3"-5513F;-"4;AA8443B89805!"9-34"4-04"#6;B631" 80" 1-##61581" C;63" C;8" A8" 4635" 78" #1/A34" <"k8148008!"

;08"9/5D678"#6;1"f"73B3481";08"23.08"-B8A"28"48;2"A699;0"A69#-4"

80"5-05"78"#-15384"C;8"2&60"B6;271-"h!";0"96H80"78"A60451;A5360"78"2-" #-1-F628" f"51@4" A815-30" C;3" 845" #-1" 284" 430;4"h!" ;08"9/5D678"78"

73B34360"7;"A81A28"85$f";08".1-078"C;-0535/"7&;53235/4"h"7;"A69#-4"78"#16#615360Y&$" P610381" /5-35" -;443" 784530-5-318" 784" C;8453604" C;8"

k8148008"46;D-35-35"#6481"<",8"?-448;1Y]$"

_/53A805" <" A699;03C;81" 484" f"30B8053604"h!" ,8" ?-448;1" 28" =;5"

-;443"<"180718"#;F23A4"484"6;B1-.84$",614"78"460"4/K6;1"16;800-34!"

k8148008" 2&-B-35" 80A6;1-./"<" 284" =-318" 39#13981!" 80A6;1-.898054"260.589#4" #6;14;3B34" #-1" 2&305819/73-318" 784" 2855184" -71844/84" <"P610381$" P82;3(A3" -==319-" =-318" 56;5" 460" #6443F28" #6;1" #6;4481" ,8"

?-448;1"<"760081"484"23B184"<"2&39#1398;1!"1-##82-05"A8#807-05"-;"930398"W" f"32" 51-B-3228!" A6998" B6;4" 4A-B/4!" #6;1" 4-" B38$" ?632<"

#6;1C;6H" 32" 08" 48" =-;25" #-4" 84560081" 43" 32" 0&-" #-4" 96380" 78" 5-05"-7B-0A81" #6;1" A8" C;&32" -" 78" #1845"h%*$" ,84" #18443604" 8;1805" 0/-0(96304" 28;1" 8==85!" #;34C;8" N-AC;84" P-3226;/" 85" N8-0" X815D8230!"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Ye";%(("#:%2+)24"$+&$:D("$E)(02$E"(#"22"!$B62"$"Q!"%:L$ 40-$<$ 285518")%"78"

_6F815"P610381"<"k8148008"G%]"K;32285"Y[%eI$"

Y[";%(("#:%2+)24"$+&$:D("$E)(02$E"(#"22"!$B62"$"Q!"%:L$ 40-L!" 285518"+e"78"_6F815"P610381"<"k8148008"G%'"K-0B381"Y[%[I$""

Y'"X0\!" 9-0;4A1354" RL\" [%*+" v" [%*e$" P84" #3@A84" 4605" #;F23/84" 7-04"

;%(("#:%2+)24"$+&$:D("$E)(02$E"(#"22"!$#;F23/8"#-1"k98"V-;2"iLRR:_T!"/735/8"85"-0065/8"#-1"P6108234"E:"bLL_E!"B62$"Q!"V-134!"X8-;AD8408!"Y])%!"

B62$"QQ!"V-134!"X8-;AD8408!"Y])[!""B62$"QQQ!"V-134!"VZ\!"Y]+[$",8"?-448;1"845"

98053600/"7-04"284"2855184")%!")e!"+*!"+)!"+e!"[+!"&*"GB62$"QI!"&'"GB62$"QQI"85"

%)%"GB62$"QQQI$""Y&";%(("#:%2+)24"$+&$:D("$E)(02$E"(#"22"!$B62"$"Q!"%:L$40-L!"2855184")%"G%]"

K;32285" Y[%eI!" )e" "GY&" -6w5" Y[%eI!" [+" GY81" 48#589F18" Y[%[I" 85" &*"

GYe"06B89F18"Y[%'I$"Y]";%(("#:%2+)24"$ +&$ :D("$ E)(02$ E"(#"22"!$ B62$"Q!" %:L$ 40-L!" 2855184" )e"

GY&"-6w5"Y[%eI"85"+)"GY["K-0B381"Y[%[I$""

%*";%(("#:%2+)24"$ +&$ :D("$ E)(02$ E"(#"22"!$ B62$"Q!" %:L$ 40-L!" 285518" +e"G%'"K-0B381"Y[%[I$"

V38118"L^:_`R"

%]%"

23F1-3184" #165845-054" 16;800-34" -446A3/4" #6;1" 2&6AA-4360!" =31805"#-1-q518"80"Y[%[";0"F(0"6$-()04-/$+"$3)$-(0*%2%,"-(0"$*"%,"-(01&"$"-$)#-(%2%,01&"!"-060H98!"9-34"C;3"7635"c518"-5513F;/"<",8"?-448;1%Y$",&-B81534489805" #1/A348"W" f"N&-H" 260.589#4" A69F-55;" A60518" 984"-934!" -B-05" C;8"98" #6;B631" 1/46;718" <" 58" 1380" #1/480581" 78" 9-"

=-O60$!k-34"80"=30"=61A/"78"28;14"#13@184!!#2;45645"C;8"#814;-7/!"K8"98"4;34"2-344/"A69F281"<"58"=-318"B631"A8"#8535"51-3A5/!"4-04"069"W"<"

=30"C;8"7898;1-05"78113818" 28" 5-F28-;"!A6998"L#82284!" 4-04"84518"B8;!" K8"#;3448"-##180718"#2;4" =3782289805$"h%%!E8;J"-04"#2;4" 5-17!"P610381" 735" #184481" ,8" ?-448;1" f"78" =-318" 39#13981" 4-" 4#D@18" 78"

P6#8103A!" C;3" 845" 28" 98498" C;8" 28" 96;B89805" 78" 2-" i8118" 78"

^-2232-83$"N8" 2;H"-3"73A5"C;8"A845;H"A3" 2-" =-34635" 39#13981"80"Q5-238"

-==30"78"2&-7B-0A81$"Q2"9&-"#16934"7&H"51-B-2281"F3805645"u"K8"08"4A-H"4&32"98" 538071-" #-16228$"h%)" :5" 80" Y[))!" A&845" 2&61.-03458" 16;800-34"N8D-0"i35826;x8"C;3"/A13B-35"<"k8148008"W"f"k$",8"?-448;1"08"=-35"

80A618" 1380"985518" 4;1" 2-" #18448"h%+$" L;" 565-2!" ,8" ?-448;1" 0&-;1-"=-35"39#13981"46;4"460"069"C;&;0"439#28"460085"80"5c58"78"2&"�����78"460"-93"78"E38##8!"28"9/78A30"iD/6#D328"^82/8%e$!:0" Y[))!" 28" K/4;358" ^861.84" \6;10381" GYe]e(Y[e%I" =;5" 0699/"

#16=8448;1"78"9-5D/9-53C;84"-;" [email protected]"C;8" 284" K/4;3584"B80-3805"

7&6;B131"<"E38##8$"P&845"B1-3489F2-F289805"<"A8"969805"C;&60"2;3"#-12-" 78" 2-" =-98;48" A-158" 78" ,8" ?-448;1" 85" C;&32" #;5" 18A;832231"C;82C;84" 180483.0898054" F36.1-#D3C;84!" 304/1/4" #2;4" 5-17" 7-04"

460"I=+(%*():.0"$"k-34"\6;10381"08"489F28"#-4"-B631"8;"28"589#4"78"180A605181"^;3228998",8"?-448;1!"C;3"96;1;5"<"_6;80"80"Y[)+$!N&80"B3804"<" 2-" 23458"784"D;35" 51-35/4"9-5D/9-53C;84"A600;4"78"

^;3228998",8"?-448;1$"E8" AD-A;0"7&8;J!" 2&-FF/"L05D3-;98"-B-35"18#/1/"<"2-"F3F2365D@C;8"0-5360-28";0"8J89#2-318"A6#3/"78"2-"9-30"

78"_6F815"78"2-"j6;448$"N&-3"378053=3/!"065-99805"<"2-"F3F2365D@C;8"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%Y",&8J89#2-318" A60481B/" <" 2-" X0\" G?" %*%*YI" #6158" -;" 53518" ;08" 0658"

9-0;4A1358" 7;" >?QQ8" 43@A28" 3073C;-05"W" f"A69#64/" #-1" k$" 28" ?-448;1" 78"

_6;80" �� ��� �&���� &;08" B814360" /2-F61/8!" 9-34" F380" 18A600-344-F28" 7;"8()0-/$+"#$#02&#<$#-1"-3228;14"A60481B/"80"9-0;4A135$""%%"L#82284!"#830518".18A"7;" Q?8" 43@A28"-B-05"N$(P$!"48"A-AD-35"78113@18"484"

563284"#6;1"K6;31"784"26;-0.84"85"#16=3581"784"A1353C;84$"%)";%(("#:%2+)24"$ +&$ :D("$ E)(02$ E"(#"22"!$ B62$"QQ!" %:L$ 40-L!" 285518" &'"

GY+"K-0B381"Y[%&I$"

%+";%(("#:%2+)24"$ +&$ :D("$E)(02$E"(#"22"!$ B62$"QQQ!" %:L$ 40-L!" 285518" %)%"G'"K-0B381"Y[))I$"

%e"T$E%2#0"&($U"3/"<$ #&($ #%2$V2)-%,0"!" 460085" 43.0/"UL$!"$R)##"&($ +"$W0"::"!" 7-04" iD/6#D328" ^:,s:!" !�)2)-%,0"$ 6()2H%0#"!" E38##8!" R3A62-4"LAD81!"Y[%)!"=62$"&$"

!""i1-35/"78"=-F13A69626.38"6;"81.-453A8"7;"#630A5"

"%])"

78" P-80!" 7&-;5184" A6#384" 78" A815-304" 7&80518" 8;J!" C;3" #1/4805805"#-1=634"784"/5-54"7;"58J58"48043F289805"73==/18054$",8"F32-0!"#16B3(

46318!"4&/5-F235"-3043"W"@X"8()04-/$+�)(0-.,/-01&""W"78;J"9-0;4A1354%["u"YX" 8()04-/$ +"$ 6)9(04%,/-(0"!" 6;" 8()04-/$ +"$ 6)9(04%,%3%*0"$ %&$"(*)#-04"$+&$:%024-"W"51634"9-0;4A1354%'"u"ZX"8()04-/$+"$:()-04%,/-(0"!"6;"S()-041&"$+"$*/%,/-(0""W$51634"9-0;4A1354%&"u"[X"S(",0"($-()04-/$+"$3)$,)-./,)-01&"$W" ;0"9-0;4A135%]"u" AX"8()04-/$ +"#$ #02&#<$ 6;"F(0"6$-()04-/$+"$3)$-(0*%2%,"-(0""W$78;J"9-0;4A1354"85"2-"B814360"39#139/8"80"Y[%[)*$u"CX"8()04-/$+"$3)$6)9(01&"<$:()4-01&"$"-$&#)*"$+&$4%,:)#$+"$ :(%:%(-0%2"W" ;0" 9-0;4A135)Y"u" QX" 8()04-/$ +"#$ 6%(-0604)-0%2#$+/,%2#-(/"#$*/%,/-(01&","2-$"-$(/+&0--"#$"2$)(-"W$;0"9-0;4A135)%"u"\X"8()04-/$+"$3)$*/%+(%*():.0"$%&$)(-$+"$2)'0*&"("W$;0"9-0;4A135))$""

^;3228998" 28"?-448;1" =35" 80A618" -22;4360"<";0" 51-35/" 7&6#53C;8"C;3"18458"<"18516;B81!"-3043"C;&<";0"51-35/"7&-1AD358A5;18"80"#16K85$"

Les trois manuscrits du Traité de fabricomologie !M$ EV?]G;KO8$ WM$ ;VM?$ GPI$" P-1-A5/13453C;84" #DH43C;84"W" )e*"

4;1"%)*"99!"1823;18"46;#28"80"#-1AD8930!"%]Y"#-.84"/A13584!"A6#38"

/2/.-058" -B8A" 78" 069F18;484" 28O604" =-;53B84!" =3.;184" 7-04" 284"

9-1.84"8J5/138;184"7&;08"-;518"9-30" G28;1" 8J/A;5360" 4&845"-11c5/8"#$"Y&[I$" P8" 9-0;4A135" -##-1580-35" -;J" N/4;3584" 78" P-80!" A6998"

2&3073C;8"4-"#1/480A8"7-04" 28";)-)3%*&"$+"#$ 30'("#$ -(%&'/#$+)2#$ 3)$90930%-.D1&"$+"#$4=5+"')2-$^"#&0-"#"71844/"80"Y''*" GF3F2$"78"P-80!"94$"e%'I$" ,-" F3F2365D@C;8" 784" N/4;3584" =;5" 1/;038" <" A8228" 78"

2&;03B81435/"78"P-80"80"Y''e!"7/A2-1/8"#16#13/5/"78"2-"B3228"80"Y&*[$"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%["X3F2365D@C;8"78"P-80"%)'"G=62$"e1(Y*B"<"#-1531"78"2-"=30I"m=1-.9805!"78"

2-"9-30"78"d-9;82"X6AD-15n!"X0\"\1-0O-34"Y]*e]"m30A69#285!"78"2-"9-30"

78"_6F815"78"2-"j6;448n$"

%'"X3F2365D@C;8" 78" P-80" Y)Y!" P62;9F3-" Z03B81435H" V239#560" %)[!" X0\"

\1-0O-34"Y]*[%$"%&"X3F2365D@C;8"78"P-80"%)'"G=62$"+1()'1I"m78"2-"9-30"78"d-9;82"X6AD-15n!"

X0=" \1-0O-34" Y]*[Y" m78" 2-"9-30" 78"_6F815" 78" 2-"j6;448n!" X0\"\1-0O-34"

Y%%&%"m1/7;35"<"2-"#1893@18"#-1538!"-"-##-1580;"<"V38118(E-0382"j;85"C;3"

2&-B-35" #16F-F289805" D/135/" 78" 460" 60A28" #-1" -223-0A8"^32284"k-A/" GYe&[(Y[)'I!"#16=8448;1"78"9-5D/9-53C;84"<"2&;03B81435/"78"P-80$n"%]"X0\"\1-0O-34"Y]*[+"m78"2-"9-30"78"_6F815"78"2-"j6;448n$")*"X3F2365D@C;8"78"P-80"%)'"G=62$")&1(+)1I"m1/7;35"<"2-"#1893@18"#-1538!"78"

2-"9-30"78"d-9;82"X6AD-15n!"X0="\1-0O-34"Y]*[*!"X0\"_84"?"%*%*Y$")Y"X0\"\1-0O-34"Y]*[)"m78"2-"9-30"78"_6F815"78"2-"j6;448n$")%"X0\"\1-0O-34"Y]Y*]"m78"2-"9-30"78"_6F815"78"2-"j6;448n$"))"X0\"\1-0O-34"Y]YY%"m78"2-"9-30"78"_6F815"78"2-"j6;448n$"

V38118"L^:_`R"

%]+"

!M$EV?]G;KO8$ WM$?M_$`aKb$ GRI$" P-1-A5/13453C;84" #DH43C;84"W")**" 4;1" %+*" 99!" 1823;18" <" -34" A6;B8158" 78" 9-16C;30" F1;0!" ))*"

#-.84" /A13584!" A6#38" /2/.-058!" =3.;184" 7-04" 284"9-1.84" 8J5/138;184"

7&;08"-;518"9-30$"P8"9-0;4A135!"7&613.308" 30A600;8!" =-34-35"#-1538"78"2-"A6228A5360"1/;038"#-1"^861.8"L15D;1"V239#560"GY&ee(Y])[I"85"

2/.;/8"C;82C;84"9634"-B-05"4-"9615"<"2&;03B81435/"78"P62;9F3-$"!M$ EV?]G;KO8" WM$ SVKOG" GVI$" P-1-A5/13453C;84" #DH43C;84"W" )e*"

4;1"%)*"99!"1823;18"46;#28"80"#-1AD8930!"%'*"#-.84"/A13584!"A6#38"

A;143B8"-;J"28O604"=3-F284!"=3.;184"80"#2830"58J58$"P8"9-0;4A135"=;5"

A6#3/" 85" =3.;1/" #6;1" 2;3(9c98" #-1" _6F815" 78" 2-"j6;448!" 18A8B8;1"

784"5-32284"80"2&/28A5360"78",H604"G-;K6;17&D;3",H604(2-(\61c5!"7-04"2&:;18!"<")e"U9"<"2&845"78"_6;80I$"Q2"-##-15305"804;358"<"L056308"78",-9-18!" 483.08;1"78"PDc08B-130" G80" =61c5" 78",H604I!" 0/" <"_6;80"

80"Ye]*!"F3F236#D328"85"#6@58!"-;58;1"784"c3%*"#$+"$3)$'033"$+"$K%&"2$GY[['I$"L#1@4"-B631"#8;5(c518"/5/!"#6;1"#8;"78"589#4!"-;"AD-0A82381"

78"\1-0A8"V38118"d/.;381"GYe&&#Y['%I!"32"#-44-"<"460"-113@18(#8535(=324" j8013(PD-1284" 7;" P-9F6;45!" 7;A" 78" P634230!" /BcC;8" 78"k85x"

GY[[e#Y')%I$",-"F3F2365D@C;8"78"P634230"=;5"2/.;/8"<"2&-FF-H8"d-305"^819-30"784"V1/4!" 7605" 284"9-0;4A1354" =;1805" 305/.1/4" 80" 2&-0" QQQ"GY']eI"<"2-"F3F2365D@C;8"78"2-"R-5360$""

Au sujet du titre et du sous-titre de l�ouvrage ,84"581984"6)9(04%,%3%*0""85"6)9(04%,/-(0""4605"784"0/626.34984"

39-.30/4"#-1"^;3228998",8"?-448;1"85"C;3"08"2;3"605"#-4"4;1B/A;$"

Q2"284";53234-35"A6998"4H060H984!"85"460"D/435-5360"80518"284"78;J"-"

2-344/"784"B8453.84"7-04"284"A6#384"78"460"51-35/"W"7-04"28"9-0;4A135"

P!" 7605" 28" 53518" =3.;1-05" 4;1" 2-" #$"Y" 845"8()0-/$ +"$ 6)9(04%,%3%*0"!"2&80(5c58"78"2-"#-.8"%"845"d)9(04%,/-(0""u"30B81489805!"28"9-0;4A135"V"845"30535;2/"8()0-/$+"$6)9(04%,/-(0"$+&$:%024-!"9-34"60"235"-;"=$"eYB"8(%0#0D,"$ :)(-0"$ +"$ 3)$ 6)9(04%,%3%*0"$" V6;1" 516;B81" 2-" 7/=3035360"C;8" ,8" ?-448;1" 7600-35" 78" A8558" 4A380A8!" A&845" <" ;0" -;518" 78" 484"A6;14"#"4-"S()-01&"$+"$*/%,/-(0""#"C;&32"=-;5"48"18#61581"W"

m,-n$6)9(04%,/-(0"$%&$6)9(04%,%3%*0"$�!�"2#"0*2"$3)$#%3&-0%2$+"$-%&#$3"#$ :(%93D,"#<$ -)2-$ 4"&J$ 1&0$ #%2-$ :(0#$ +"#$s2/98054$ +�M&430+"$ 1&"$4"&J$1&�%2$:"&-$ 02'"2-"($2%&'"33","2-L$;�"#-$P$:(%:(","2-$+0("$ "33"$1&0$"2#"0*2"$P$,)20"($3"$4%,:)#$"-$3)$(D*3"<$:)(4"$1&"$3"$,)-./,)5-040"2$ 2"$ :%##D+"$ 1&"$ 4"#$ +"&J$ 02#-(&,"2-#53P<$ -%&-$ 3"$ ("#-"$ /-)2-$,/4)201&")+L$

L;" 4830" 78" 2-" ./69/5138!" 2-" 6)9(04%,%3%*0"" 845" 7&-F617" <"734530.;81"78"2-"-./%(0"!"A-1-A5/134/8"#-1",8"?-448;1"A6998"=619/8""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""")+"^;3228998",:"?Ldd:Z_!"8()04-/$+"$3)$:()-01&"$+"$*/%,/-(0"!"94$"X0\"

\1-0O-34"Y]*[Y"G7-5/"78"Y[*'I!"=62$"%1$"

!""i1-35/"78"=-F13A69626.38"6;"81.-453A8"7;"#630A5"

"%]e"

784"f"5D/61@984"8J51-354"784"c3/,"2-#"7&:;A2378"h$"P&845"#6;1C;63"28"8()0-/$+"$ 6)9(04%,%3%*0"" 18#1807";0".1-07"069F18"784"#16F2@984"51-35/4" 7-04" 284" c3/,"2-#!" 9-34" 3.0618" 284" 5D/61@984$" L2614"C;&:;A2378"-B-35"805189c2/"284"78;J"5H#84"78"#16#64353604!"4-04"284"/53C;8581" 8J#23A3589805" A6998" #16F2@984" 6;" 5D/61@984!" ,8"

?-448;1"A60437/1-35"C;8"2-"F6008"9/5D678"7&80483.089805"A6043458"<" 284" 4/#-181" 85" <" 284" 1/#-1531" 80" 78;J" 6;B1-.84$" Q2" 489F28"

A8#807-05" 0&-B631" K-9-34" 1/73./" 7&6;B1-.8" 78" 5D/6138!" 85" #1/=/1/"180B6H81" 7318A589805" -;J" c3/,"2-#" #6;1" ;5323481" 582" 6;" 582"5D/61@98$" ,8" ?-448;1" 734530.;-35" -;443" 2-" =-F13A69626.38" 78" 2-"

:()-04%,/-(0"" G6;" :()-04%,%3%*0"!" 6;" :()-01&"$ +"$ */%,/-(0"I!"2-C;8228" 4&6AA;#8" 78" 2-" 984;18" 85" 845" #-1" 84480A8" ;08" ./69/5138"$�������%!"C;&8228"4635"30451;9805/8"6;"060$",8"965""(*)#-04"!"C;3"-##-1-q5"7-04"28"46;4(53518"78"P"85"R!"845"

/.-289805" ;0" 0/626.3498" 78" 2&30B805360" 78" ,8" ?-448;1" 85" ;0"&204&,$7-04"2-"2-0.;8"=1-0O-348$"Q2"845"=619/"4;1"2-"1-A308".18AC;8"��� "G/(*%2$e$-A58!"51-B-32I"7605"7/13B8$���������"G/(*)#-04%#$e$-A53=!"51-B-3228;1I!"9-34" K8" 08" A1634" #-4" C;&32" B38008" 7&;0" 58J58" .18A$" ,8"?-448;1" 489F28" -B631" 89#1;05/" G6;" 18A1//I" ;0" 0/626.3498" 2-530"

=61./"-;"?8"43@A28"-#$"N$(P"4;1"A8558"1-A308"#-1"k-153-0;4"P-##822-$"

P82;3(A3!"#-12-05"784"#4.",)-)!"6;"=3.;184"7;"1-3460089805"./69/(513C;8!" 284"73B34-35"80"f""(*)#-04)!$C;3"A6053800805"784" 30451;A53604"#6;1" 1/-23481" C;82C;8" =6198" C;&60" B6;71-"h" 85" f"):%+04-04)!" C;3"-##615805" 784" 7/960451-53604" 78" 2-" AD648" <" #16;B81" C;&324" 605"-==319/8"h)e$" ,84" ):%+04-04)" 4605" B343F289805" 284" 5D/61@984"u" 284""(*)#-04)$ #8;B805" c518" 378053=3/4" -;J" #16F2@984!" 9-34" 4605" #2;4"8J-A589805" 284" A60451;A53604" f"C;3" =605" 28" 51-B-32"h$",&81.-453A8"-;"4804" 78" ,8" ?-448;1" 845" 760A" 2-" A6228A5360" 784" #16F2@984" 78" 2-"

./69/5138$"

Q2"18458"<"A69980581"28"1o28"C;8",8"?-448;1"-443.0-35"-;":%02-$":0"#-12-05"7&81.-453A8"7;"#6305"#2;5o5"C;8"784"=3.;184!"32"48"#2-O-35"7-04" 2-"51-735360"-053C;8"18A;832238"#-1"V16A2;4" G?8"43@A28"-#$"N$(PI"

48260"2-C;8228"28"#6305"845"28"#130A3#8"./0/1-58;1"G���� I"78"56;584"284"=3.;184$"P-1"2-"23.08!"735"V16A2;4!"845"f"28"=2;J"G�����I"7;"#6305"h!"2-"4;1=-A8"845"28"=2;J"78"2-"23.08"85"28"462378"28"=2;J"78"2-"4;1=-A8)[$"

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""")e"kL_iQLRZd" PLVV:,,L!" W"$ ?&:-00#$ S.03%3%*0f$ "-$ E"(4&(00!" /7$"

\1-0A34A;4"?35-234"X673-0;4!"?3A80A8!":013A6"73"P-&y806!"Y+]]$"k83228;184"/7353604" #-1" j;.6" ^1653;4" G,8H78!" `==3A30-" V2-05303-0-!" Ye]]I" 85"

\1-0A34A;4":H4480D-175"G,83#x3.!"i8;F081!"Y&[[I$"?631"23B18"?Q!"z"'Ye$")["V_`P,Zd" E:" ,TPQ:!" !"#$ ;%,,"2-)0("#$ #&($ 3"$ S(",0"($ !0'("$ +"#$

c3/,"2-#$+�M&430+"<$ 51-7;35"7;".18A"#-1"V-;2"?81":8AU8!"X1;.84!"E84A2/8"78"X16;S81!"Y]+&!"#$"''(]Y$"

V38118"L^:_`R"

%]["

,8"?-448;1"0658"-3043"C;8"2-"23.08"f"845"2-"9-1C;8"78"2-"=2;J360"7;"

#6305"h)'!" #;34"W" f"28" #16#18" 7;" #6305" m845n" 78" A1/81" 2-" 23.08!" 85" 2-"

23.08"2-"4;#81=3A38"80"48"96;B-05"2-5/1-289805"80"23.08!"85"28"A61#4"

845" A1//" 7;" 96;B89805" 615D6.608" 78" 2-" 4;#81=3A38" A6998" 43" 60"

/28B-35"4;1"3A8228";08"23.08$$$"h)&$"`0"06581-"2&-443932-5360"7;"=2;J"-;"96;B89805!" A8" C;3!" 4&32" 4&-.344-35" 78" =60781" 2-" ./69/5138!" A1/81-35";08" A31A;2-135/" 26.3C;8"W" ;0" 96;B89805" 7635" 4&8==8A5;81" 7-04" ;0"238;" #1/8J345-05$" ,8" ?-448;1" 48" A6058058" 78" 734530.;81" -B8A" 4630"

51634" 461584" 78" #63054"W" /A-15-05" 28" #6305"9-5D/9-53C;8" 8;A237380!"

-F451-35" 85" 30B343F28!" #;34" 28" f"#6305" 0-5;182"h!" 4;1" 28C;82" 18#648"

f";08" #63058" 7&-3.;3228" 51@4" -3.;M"h" 85" C;3" /AD-##8" -;J" 4804!" 32"#1/A60348"28"18A6;14"-;"43.08"6;"<"2-"9-1C;8"B343F28$"

L�architecture de l�ouvrage : une arithmétique des figures Z08"A-1-A5/13453C;8"305/1844-058"7;"8()0-/$+"$6)9(04%,%3%*0""845"

460" -1AD358A5;18" 613.30-28!" 4;1" ;0" #2-0" 51@4" 4H45/9-53C;8$" :228"

960518" AD8x" ,8" ?-448;1" ;0" 84#135" C;3!" #6;1" c518" /930899805"

#1-53C;8!"08"7/7-3.0-35"#-4"2-"4#/A;2-5360"-F451-358$"

,&6;B1-.8"A69#1807"78;J"23B184$",8"#189381!"C;3"0&-"#-4"78"53518"80" #16#18!" 51-358" 784" 23.084" 85" 4;1=-A84$" ,8" 48A607!" #2;4" F18=" 78"

96353/"80B3160!"845";0"8()04-/$+"#$#%30+"#$%&$6)9(04)#-"("%2$"PD-A;0"784" 78;J" 23B184" 845" 73B34/" 80" 43J" #-15384" 7605" 2-" #1893@18" #-1538!"

4-04" 53518!" -F6178" 2-" =-F13C;8" 6;" A60451;A5360" 784" =3.;184" #16#18(

9805" 7358!" 85" 284" A30C" 4;3B-0584" 4605" A604-A1/84" <" 2-" 1/7;A5360" <"

2&/.-2!"2&-7735360!"2-"46;451-A5360!"2-"9;253#23A-5360"85"2-"73B34360"784"=3.;184$" PD-A;08" A69#1807" ;08" 4;358" 78" #16F2@984" 0;9/165/4"

G28;1" 069F18" B-138" 78" ;0" <" A30C;-058(51634I" 46;B805" -4461534" 78"

#2;438;14"A60451;A53604"6;"7/960451-53604"-3043"C;8"78"A61622-3184"

GK;4C;&<"5183x8I$",-" B34360" C;&3073C;8" ;08" 58228" 61.-034-5360" 845" A2-318"W" 284"

=3.;184" ./69/513C;84" #8;B805" c518" 46;93484" <" ;08" -135D9/53C;8"

-0-26.;8"<"A8228"784"069F184!"18#64-05"4;1";08"065360"7&/.-235/"85"4;1" 284"C;-518"6#/1-53604$",&/.-235/" G7358" 1/7;A5360!" 6;"9/5-.6.38I"4&805807"3A3"80"984;18"85"-AA69#238"#-1";08"A60451;A5360"8==8A53B8!"#-1"8J89#28"6)0("$&2$:)()33/3%*(),,"$/*)3$P$&2$4)((/$+%22/<$+%2-$3)$+066/("24"$ "2-("$ 3"#$+"&J$ 4g-/#$ #%0-$+%22/"" 6;"80A618" (/+&0("$&2$:(0#,"$%&$:"2-)D+("$"2$4&9"$",&-7735360"85"2-"46;451-A5360"4&80580(7805",%+&3%"2-"1/7;A5360"<";08"=6198"#184A1358!"46;B805"D696.@08"<"A8228"784"7600/84"W")++0-0%22"($+"&J$4)((/#$"-$1&"$3"$(/#&3-)-$#%0-$

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""")'"P"W"#$"%"u"V"W"=62$"%B$")&"P"W"#$"Y%e"u"V"W"=62$"e&1$"

!""i1-35/"78"=-F13A69626.38"6;"81.-453A8"7;"#630A5"

"%]'"

&2$4)((/<$#%&#-()0("$&2$-(0)2*3"$/1&03)-/()3$+�&2$)&-("$:3&#$*()2+$"-$1&"$ 3"$ ("#-"$ #%0-$&2$ -(0)2*3"$ /1&03)-/()3$",-"9;253#23A-5360!" A6998"2-" 73B34360!" f"48" A60437@18" 76;F289805"h$" `0" -" 7&;08" #-15" 2-"#6443F3235/"78"9;253#2381";08"23.08"G184#$";08"4;1=-A8I"#-1";08"23.08"

#6;1" 6F58031" ;08" 4;1=-A8" G184#$" ;0" 462378I!" 78" 73B3481" ;08" 4;1=-A8"

G184#$" ;0" 462378I" #-1" ;08" 23.08" #6;1" 6F58031" ;08" 23.08" G184#$" ;08"

4;1=-A8I" 6;" 73B3481" ;0" 462378" #-1" ;08" 4;1=-A8" #6;1" 6F58031" ;08"

23.08$"k-34"60"#8;5"80A618"9;253#2381"6;"73B3481";08"=3.;18"#-1";0"

069F18!"C;&32"4635"805381"#"2-"9;253#23A-5360"845"-2614"-7735360"35/1/8"#!" 169#;!" 311-5360082" 6;" f"311-536082" 169#;"h!" #6;1" 6F58031" 7-04"56;4"A84"A-4";08"=3.;18"489F2-F28$"

,8" ?-448;1" 960518" #-1" 8J89#28" A699805" 73B3481" ;08" 23.08"

716358" #-1" e!" 9;253#2381" ;0" A81A28" #-1" %"+{'!" 73B3481" ;0" 513-0.28"

/C;32-5/1-2" #-1" )"%{)" 6;" ;0" A81A28" #-1" �e"){+$" d3" 28" 069F18" 30581(B3805"3A3!"A8"0&845"#-4"80"5-05"C;8"984;18"A6998"7-04"2-":()4-04%53%*0"!"9-34"80"5-05"C;&6#/1-58;1$":0"7600-05"6#/1-078"85"1/4;25-5"85"80"789-07-05"78"7/58193081"C;82"/5-35" 2&6#/1-58;1"0;9/13C;8!"60" 7/=3035" 2&6#/1-5360" C;8" ,8" ?-448;1" 06998" 4%2'"(#"" 78" 2-"#1/A/78058!" #819855-05" 78" 73B3481" ;08" 23.08" G184#$" ;08" 4;1=-A8!"

184#$" ;0" 462378I" #-1" ;0G8I" -;518"W" 32" #16#648" -3043" ;0" 8J89#28" 78"

73B34360"7&;0"A-11/"#-1";0"-;518!"85"516;B8"#6;1"C;653805"28"069F18"&$" :0=30" 2-" 73B34360" 7&;08" =3.;18" #-1" ;0" 069F18" 805381" G6;" #2;4"./0/1-289805"48260";08"#16#615360"7600/8I"#8;5"-;443"48"=-318"f"80"

#-15384"D/5/16.@084"h!"1/4;25-05"80";08"#-1535360"80"=3.;184"/.-284"

80"984;18!"060"0/A844-3189805"489F2-F284$",8"?-448;1"76008";0"

.1-07" 069F18" 78" #16F2@984" 78" A8" 5H#8!" #-1" 8J89#28" +0'0#"($ &2$-(0)2*3"$"2$+"&J$:)(-0"#$/*)3"#$:)($&2"$30*2"$:)##)2-$:)($&2$:%02-$60J/$6;"+0'0#"($&2$4g2"$"2$-(%0#$:)(-0"#$/*)3"#$:)($+"#$:3)2#$:)()353D3"#$P$3)$9)#"$"

P8558" 5-J306938" 784" #16F2@984" 845" A81584" 2630" 7&c518" 4-534=-354-058"85"-F6;538!"9-34"32"39#6158"7&H"18#/181";0"8==615"5D/613C;8"78"9348"80"#2-A8"7&;08"-135D9/53C;8"93J58"784"6FK854"./69/513C;84"85"784"069F184$"X380"C;8",8"?-448;1"0&H"8w5"A815-3089805"#-4"B;"78"2&-2.@F18!" 60" #8;5" #80481" <" 2&-2.@F18" -1-F8" 7;" Q>8" 43@A28" 6;" <"2&-2.@F18" A-5/.613C;8" 7;" >>8" 43@A28!" -##23A-F284" <" 56;584" 461584"7&6FK854!"#-1"6##6435360!"#-1"8J89#28!"<" 2&-2.@F18"#;189805"0;9/513C;8"7&;0"^;322-;98"^6448230!"28"9-5D/9-53A380"A-800-34"7;">?Q8"43@A28$",8"#6305".-178";08"#2-A8"A8051-28"7-04"2&/73=3A8!"80"5-05"C;8"f"58198"A699;0"7&;08"-7735360"85"9;253#23A-5360"784"23.084!"A6998"-;443"78"2-"46;451-A5360"85"2-"73B34360"7&3A82284"h)]$"

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""")]"P"W"#$"%"u"V"W"=62$"%B$"

V38118"L^:_`R"

%]&"

Problèmes géométriques, naturels et mécaniques d3"2-"=-F13A69626.38"51-358"48;289805!"80"#130A3#8!"784"A60451;A(

53604"./69/513C;84!"<" 2-"[email protected]"85"-;"A69#-4!",8"?-448;1"8J#648"<"

#2;438;14" 18#13484" 784" A60451;A53604" C;3" 1844615344805" -;"9/A-03(

C;8!" 4635" #-1A8" C;&-;A;08" A60451;A5360" ./69/513C;8" 0&845" A600;8!"4635"#6;1"#16#6481";08"48A6078"A60451;A5360"#2;4"439#28$"k-34"32"48"

239358" -2614!" 8J#23C;8(5(32" 7@4" 28" 7/F;5" 7;" 51-35/" 7-04" ;08"

39#615-058" 4AD6238!" <" A8" C;&32" -##8228" 284" f"#16F2@984" 0-5;1824"h"W"A8;J"C;3"f"48"A60451;34805"46;B805"<"5g5604"h!"9-34"f"/5-05"-AD8B/4"

78"A60451;318!"48"7/96051805"=615"F380"h$"Q2"284"734530.;8"784"#16F2@(

984"9/A-03C;84"#16#189805"7354!"784C;824"f"284"6#/1-53604"48"=605"

<"5g5604"85"284"7/960451-53604"08"4&80"#8;B805"=-318"h"+*$"Q2" 960518" A699805" 98081" f"#-1" 28" #16F2@98" 0-5;182"h" ;08"

#-1-22@28"<";08"23.08"716358"7600/8"#-44-05"#-1";0"#6305"7600/"80"

-K;45-05"2&6;B815;18"7;"A69#-4"W"f"E;"#6305"7600/"L!"4635"7/A135";0"�������������������������������!"h"V6;1"73B3481";08"23.08"716358"80";0"069F18" 39#-31"78"#-15384" /.-284!" 85" -B-05"78"#1/480581" 284"

9/5D6784" ./69/513C;84" #-1" #16#6153600-235/!" 32" #16#648" 78" #16A/(

781" #-1" -K;4589805" 78" 2&6;B815;18" 7;" A69#-4!" 9/5D678" f"#-1" 284"2634" 784" #16F2@984" 0-5;1824"h" C;&32" 735" <" 2-" =634" c518" ;08" f"AD648"A699;08"h"85"460"f"30B805360"h$"P8558"A6051-73A5360"845"#8;5(c518"2-"

51-A8"7&;08"1/=28J360"/#345/9626.3C;8"4;1"2-"B-28;1"78"2-"9/5D678!"85" 32" 08" =-;5" 4-04" 76;58" #-4" AD81AD81" #2;4" 2630" 2-" 9H45/138;48"

9/5D678"78"460"30B805360"182-53B8"<"A8"#16F2@98!"C;&32"-B-35"18=;4/"78"A699;03C;81"<"k8148008!"7605"P610381"#-128"7-04"4-"285518"7;"

%]"K;32285"Y[%e$""

Q2"51-358"80A618"A6998"#16F2@984"0-5;1824"W"2-"73B34360"7;"A81A28"

80"A30C"#-15384"/.-284"u"2&304A13#5360"7;"#805-.608"1/.;2381"7-04";0"A81A28"u" 2&304815360"78"78;J"96H80084"#16#615360082284!"51-35/8"<" 2-"=-O60"78"j/160"7&L28J-07138"G06;4"H"18B38071604I"85"4;1"2-C;8228"32"A60A2;5"W"f"N;4C;84"<"9-30580-05"0;2"0&-"80A618"516;B/" 2&30B805360"78"A60451;318"A8"#16F2@98"./69/513C;89805"h+Y"; 2-"A60451;A5360"78"2&D8#5-.608"1/.;2381"78"Ao5/"7600/"<"#-1531"78"51348A53604"7&-0.284!"f"K;4C;84"<"#1/4805"580;8"39#6443F28"<"1/46;718"./69/513C;89805!"

C;63C;8"#2;438;14" 2&-3805" 5805/8"h+%$"V6;1"6F58031" f"2-"B1-38"6B-28"h"#-1";0"51-A/"A60530;!" 32" 43.0-28"C;&32"8J3458"A815-304"A69#-4"f"784(C;824" 06;4" 08" #-12604" #6305" 3A3" A6998" AD648" D614" 78" #16#64"h+)!"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""+*"P"W"#$"["u"V"W"=62$"+1$"+Y"P"W"#$")]"u"V"W"=62$"Y]1$"+%"P"W"#$"[)"u"V"W"=62$"%]B$"+)"P"W"#$"'%"u"V"W"=62$")+1$"

!""i1-35/"78"=-F13A69626.38"6;"81.-453A8"7;"#630A5"

"%]]"

-2614"C;8"#6;1"7/A1318";08"B6w58"80"=6198"78"7893(6B-28!"85"-#1@4"

-B631" #16A/7/" #6305" #-1" #6305" #-1" -==3035/" <" #-1531" 7&;0" A81A28!" 32"8J#23C;8" A699805" 60" #8;5" =-318" f"-;5189805!" 9-34" 9/A-03C;8(

9805"h"-;"96H80"7&;08"=3A8228$"P8" 08" 4605" #-4" 48;289805" 784" A60451;A53604!" 9-34" -;443" 784"

,/-.%+"#$+"$+/,%2#-()-0%2"C;3"#8;B805"c518"4;4#8A584"78"184461531"-;"9/A-03C;8$",8"?-448;1"/B6C;8";08" K;453=3A-5360"78" 2-"9-03@18"

A2-443C;8" 78" 73B3481" ;0" 513-0.28" 80" 78;J" #-15384" /.-284" #-1" ;08"

23.08"716358"#-44-05"#-1";0"#6305"7600/" 4;1";0" Ao5/!" A604345-05"<"

7/A6;#81"85"7/#2-A81"784"#85354" 513-0.284"7-04" 2-" =3.;18$"V6;1" 2;3!"

8228"f"-##16AD8"7;"9/A-03C;8"h"85"0&845"f"#6305"5-05"A815-308"A6998"2-"#1893@18!"2-C;8228"845"#2;4"08558"85"4-04"1/#23C;8"h++$"Q2"=-;5"B631"

3A3";0"/AD6"78"2-"A1353C;8!"-##-1;8"<"2&/#6C;8"9678108!"7;"#130A3#8"78" 4;#81#6435360";53234/"#-1" 51634" =634"#-1":;A2378" Gc3/,"2-#<$ Q!"+"u"Q!"&"u" QQQ!"%+I$"E/#2-A81";08" =3.;18"#6;1" 2&-98081" 4;1";08"-;518"08"A60518735(32"#-4"28"=-35"C;&;08"=3.;18"7600/8"0&-"C;&;08"#6435360"p"85"A699805" 4&-44;181" C;8" 2-" =3.;18" 7/#2-A/8" A6l0A3781-" -B8A" A8228"1845/8"=3J8!"43"A8"0&845"#-1"284"4804"p"P2-B3;4"-"F8-;"-B631"8J#23C;/+e"C;&32" 08" 4&-.35" #-4" 7&;0" 1/82" 96;B89805!" 9-34" 78" 4;#81#6435360"f"#-1" 2-" #804/8" 85" #-1" 2&84#135"h" G4%*0-)-0%2"$ -)2-&,$ )4$ ,"2-"I!" 28"76;58"4;F434581-"80A618"260.589#4"AD8x"069F18"7&-;58;14+[$"

Les sources de l�ouvrage a" 80" A16318" 460" 734A3#28" _6F815" 78" 2-" j6;448!" ,8" ?-448;1" -"

A604;25/"284"f"#2;4"76A584"85"1806998x"k-5D/9-53A3804"h$"Q2"0&80"-"#6;15-05" 98053600/" C;8" 51@4" #8;$" d8;284" 284" 1/=/180A84" -;J"

c3/,"2-#" 7&:;A2378" 4605" -F607-0584"W" 7&-F617" 23935/84" -;J" 43J"#1893814" 23B184!" 82284" 4&/5807805"7-04" 28"d)9(04)#-"("%2" -;J" 23B184">Q" 85" >QQ" -3043" C;&<" 2&-#6A1H#D8" 23B18" >?" 4;1" 284" #62H@7184$" ,-"U"%,"-(0)$:()4-04)$78"P2-B3;4" G_698!"Y[*+I"-"B343F289805" 304#31/",8"?-448;1"4;1"F380"784"4;K854$":228"0&845"A8#807-05"A35/8"C;8"78;J"=634!" 4;1" 2-" A60451;A5360" 7|18138008" 7;" #805-.608" 1/.;2381" 85" 4;1"

784" A60451;A53604" 7&6B-284$" a" #16#64" 7&;08" C;845360" 4;1" 284" 5/51-(@7184!",8"?-448;1"180B638"<"f"_-9;4"%%$,$"Y%$#$"h"W" 32"4&-.35"3A3"784"V(0-.,"-04f$309(0$+&%$"-$U"%,"-(0f$#":-",$"-$'0*02-0"78"V38118"78"2-"_-9/8" GXg28!" Ye[]I$" :0=30!" 2&]2+"(h"=#&2*$ +"($ E"##&2*$7&L2F18AD5"E|181"GR;189F81.!"Ye%eI"6;"#2;5o5"4-"51-7;A5360"2-5308"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""++"P"W"#$"Ye)"u"V"W"=62$"'Y1$"+e"8."%+%#00$ 8(0:%30-f$ G:.f(04%(&,$ 309(0$ OOO!" -B8A" 7/960451-53604" 85"

4AD62384"78"$PD13456#D61;4"P,L?QZd!"_698!"E69303A;4"X-4-!"Ye&[!"#$")+)$"+["V38118(E-0382" jZ:i!" W",%2#-()-0%$ "')2*"304)!" V-134!" d5/#D-08"

k3AD-2285!"Y[']!"#$"%[$$"

V38118"L^:_`R"

)**"

GO2#-0-&-0%2"#$*"%,"-(04f!"V-134!"Ye)%I"489F28"-B631"/5/";08"46;1A8"84480538228"W" 6;518" 284" 9/5D6784" 78" A60451;A5360" 784" #62H.6084"

1/.;23814"85"78"C;-71-5;18"7;"A81A28"73584"f"48260"L2F815"h!"069F18"

78"A60451;A53604"78"A6;1F84!"#6305"#-1"#6305"6;"#-1"1-AA617"7&-1A4"A31A;2-3184!"80"#16B3800805"A815-3089805$"P&845"28"A-4"78"A8228(A3"W"

Wc;KOKM$!V$;OK;a?dcKM?;M$W�]?M$SaOKM+'L$G%0-$:(0#"$&2"$+(%0-"$30*2"$P$'%3%2-/$4%,,"$LX<$3)1&"33"$03$6)&+()$+0'0#"($"2$+0J$:)(-0"#$/*)3"#<$"-$#&($3"$:%02-$+&$,030"&$1&0$"#-$P$"-$3�02-"(')33"$PE$%&$P:<$1&0$#%2-$+"&J$ /*)&J<$ #%0-$ +/4(0-$ 3"$ +",054"(43"$ E\:L$ S&0#$ +&$ 4"2-("$ L<$ +"$3�02-"(')33"$ L:<$ 6)&-$ +/4(0("$ 3�)(4$ :j$ "-$ +&$ 4"2-("$ X<$ +"$ ,i,"$+0#-)24"<$ 6)&-$ +/4(0("$Ej<$ 1&0$ 4%24%&("(%2-$ )&$ :%02-$jL$ V+%24$ 3)$60*&("$jE\:$ #"()$ 3)$ 40(4%26/("24"$ ("1&0#"L$j&"<$ #0$ "33"$ #",93"$ -(%:$)0*&k$"2$j<$#%0-$,"2/"$3)$30*2"$+"$4%2-02*"24"$Q^,<$"-$#%0"2-$+0'0#/#$3"#$1&)(-0"(#$E^$"-$:^$4.)4&2$"2$+"&J$/*)3","2-$)&J$:%02-#$k<$RL$S&0#$#&($3"$4"2-("$R<$+"$3�"#:)4"$RQ<$+/4(0("$3�)(4$QV<$4%,,"$)&##0$+"$k$ +/4(0("$ 3�)(4$,VL$!%(#$ 3)$ 40(4%26/("24"$+"$ 3)$:%0("$ #"()$VQE\:,<$+%24$V$#"()$:3&#$%9-&#$1&"$j[\$$

,-"1-185/"784"1/=/180A84"1807"#-1=634"2&378053=3A-5360"784"46;1A84"78",8"?-448;1"73==3A328$"N8"18458"30513.;/"#-1"28"#16F2@98"4;3B-05"W"

WOROGMK$]?$;l?M$a]$S`KVEOWM$SKaSaGc$M?$8KaOG$SVK8OMG$cUV!MG$SVK$WMG$S!V?G$SVKV!!m!MG$T$!V$FVGM+]L$!"$4g2"$+%22/$#%0-$LXP<$ "-$1&"$:E$#%0-$/*)3$P$&2$+"#$4g-/#$LP$%&$XPL$j&"$E\$%&$:^$#%0-$#%2$-0"(#L$!)$,)n"&("$+"#$+"&J$,%="22"#$ #%0-$\jL$S&0#$ #%0"2-$ 6)0-#$PQ$ "-$P,$4.)4&2$/*)&J$P$\j<$:&0#$,"2/$3"$:3)2$Q,$o$ 3"$4g2"$PQ,$"#-$3)$-0"(4"$:)(-0"$+"$-%&-$3"$4g2"$LXPL$;)($4%,,"$:E$"#-$P$E\$"2$()0#%2$-(0:3"<$)02#0$ LXP$ P$ PQ," mB-13-058" 7-04" V"W$ )02#0$ LXP$ "-$ QP,$ 1&0$ #%2-$.%,%*D2"#$#%2-$"2$()0#%2$-(0:3"<$4%,,"$#%&'"2-$2%&#$)'%2#$,%2-(/n$$G"4%2+","2-<$ 1&"$Ek$ #%0-$ 3"#$+"&J$ -0"(#$+"$:E$ p4�"#-5P5+0("$+"$LP$#%2$/*)3XL$!)$,)n"&("$+"#$+"&J$ mV"W$:(%:%(-0%22"33"#n$,%="22"#$#%0-$kRL$S&0#$03$6)&+()$1&"$PV$q$P_$3&0$#%0"2-$/*)3"#<$"-$4%&:"($3"$4g2"$:)($ 3"$:3)2$_VL$S&0#$ 4%,,"$:E$ "#-$ "2$ ()0#%2$ #"#1&0)3-D("$+"$Ek<$)&##0$3"$4g2"$LXP$"#-$"2$()0#%2$#"#1&0)3-D("$+"$V_P<$+%24$Q,P$"#-$3"$+",0$+"$V_P<$ "-$V_P$ 3"#$ +"&J$ -0"(#$ +"$LXP<$ :)($ 1&%0$ Q,P$ #"()$ 3"$+",0$ +&$ -(%24$ Q,XL$ "-$ 3"$ 4g2"$ Q,P$ /*)3$ )&$ -(%24$,%="2$ Q,_V<$ "-$)&##0$ "#-$ /*)3$ )&$ -(%24$ "J-(i,"$ V_XLL$ ;"$ 1&0$ "#-$ 6)403"$ +"$4%,:("2+("$:%&(1&%0$2%&#$)'%2#$+0'0#/$3"$4g2"$+%22/$LXP$"2$-(%0#$

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""+'"P"W"#$"'["u"V"W"=62$")eB���&�������� ��������&�����������"+&"E|181" -B-35" 7/A135" ;08" ������ ��� ������ &"��"W" L2F18AD5" E}_:_!"

U/%,/-(0"!" 51-7;A5360"85"#1/4805-5360"78"N8-008"V:Q\\:_!"V-134!" 28"d8;32!"Y]]e!"#$"Y[%(Y[)$"E8"4-"A60451;A5360!",8"?-448;1"-"48;289805"4;##139/"28"

7810381"-1A"78"A81A28!"#8;5(c518"#6;1"/B3581"2-"=6198"2353.38;48"78"2&"�������#804-35" 46;B805" 78#;34"E|181" C;&;0" #2-0" 51-B814-05" ;0" Ao08" 78" #-15" 80"#-15"7844308";08"=6198"7&"�����,-"A6;1F8"6F580;8"0&845"#-4"23448"80"O"6;"!$"+]"P"W"#$"%')(%'e"u"V"W"=62$"Y%+1$"N&-3"3A3"96781034/"2&615D6.1-#D8$"

!""i1-35/"78"=-F13A69626.38"6;"81.-453A8"7;"#630A5"

")*Y"

:)(-0"#$/*)3"#<$#)'%0($3"$4g2"$XVP$"-$3"#$+"&J$4g2"#$-(%21&/#$Q,_V$"-$V_XL$:)($+"&J$:3)2#$:)()33D3"#$P$3)$9)#"<$1&0$#%2-$Q,$"-$V_L$j&"$#0$"2$30"&$+�&2$4g2"$%2$"&-$:(%:%#/$&2"$:=(),0+"<$3)$4%2#-(&4-0%2$#"()0-$#",93)93"L$

,-"462;5360"78",8"?-448;1"4&-##;38"4;1";08"9/5D678"9/A-03C;8"#6;1" A60451;318" 284" 78;J" 96H80084" #16#615360082284" 80518" 78;J"

23.084" 7163584" MW" 85" Wd$" :J#64/8" 7-04" 460" #189381" 23B18e*!" 8228"A6043458" <" A60451;318" 28" 18A5-0.28" WMUd$ 85" <" 98081" #-1" ^" ;08"716358"7605"284"#63054"7&3058148A5360"I"85"^"-B8A"284"Ao5/4"Wd"85"MW"#16260./4" 4605" /C;37345-054" 7;" A80518" b"W" 2-" #2;4" .1-078" 784"96H80084"#16#615360082284" 845" -2614"dI!" 2-" #2;4"#85358" 845"M^$" d3"Wd" 845" 28" 53814" 78"MW!" 2-" #2;4" .1-078" 96H8008" B-;5!" 80" 581984"96781084!"

ED 33$"

E8"9c98!"43"WE"845"/.-28"-;J"78;J"53814"78"MW!" 2-"#2;4".1-078"96H8008"80518"MW"85"WE"845"/.-28"<""

ED. 2 33 $"

N8" 0&-3" #;" 18516;B81" 2&613.308" 78" A8" #16F2@98" 78" 2-" 73B34360" 7;"Ao08$" E-04" 28" 23B18" QQQ" 78" 484"E"-(04)!" j/160" 7&L28J-07138" 8J#648"C;-518" #16F2@984" 78" 73B34360" 78" 4623784!" 7605" A8228" 7&;0" Ao08" 6;"7&;08"#H1-9378"#-1";0"#2-0"#-1-22@28"<"2-"F-48"7-04"2-"#16#615360"e"W"+$"P8#807-05!"28"48;2"9-0;4A135"A600;"78"A85"6;B1-.8!"A6#3/"-;"

>8"43@A28!"-"804;358"/5/"#817;"85"0&-"/5/"18516;B/"C;&-;">Q>8"43@A28eY$",-" 73B34360" 7;" Ao08" 489F28" 308J345-058" 7-04" 284" 9-5D/9-53C;84"

9/73/B-284!" 85" K8" 0&80" A600-34" #-4" 7&6AA;1180A8" -05/138;18" -;J";%,,"2-)0("#$#&($ 3)$*/%,/-(0"$+"$EL$W"#4)(-"#$78"_-F;82" GY')*I!"7605"28"C;-513@98"#16F2@98(8J89#28"789-078"W"f"E3B3481"2-"23C;8;1"

A60580;M"7-04";0"B8118"78"=3.;18"A603C;8"80"78;J"#-15384"/.-284"h$"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""e*"P"W" #$")&()]"u" V"W" =62$"Y&B(Y]1$" P&845" 2-" 9/5D678" 78" j/160"W" !"#$

E/4)201&"#$ %&$ 3�c3/')-"&($ +"$ I/(%2$ +�V3"J)2+(0"!$ #;F23/84" #6;1" 2-"#1893@18" =634" 4;1" 2-" B814360" -1-F8" 78" t645g" 3F0" ,wCg" 85" 51-7;3584" 80"

=1-0O-34"#-1"k$"28"X-160"78"PL__L"E:"?LZ>!"^%&(2)3$)#0)-01&"!"Q>(%!"Y&])!"#$"Ye)(Yee$" :228" =;5" 18#1348" 7-04"W" L2F18AD5" E}_:_!" ]2+"(h"=#&2*$ +"($E"##&2*!" R;189F81.!"j38160H9;4" L0718~" \6194AD083781!" Ye%e!" Q?!" eY"G�" U/%,/-(0"<$ %:L$ 40-L!" #$"))%()))I"u" PD13456#D61;4" P,L?QZd!" U"%,"-(0)$S()4-04)!"_698!"L26343;4"y-08553!"Y[*+!"23F$"?Q!"#16F2$"Y*!"#$"%[[(%['$"eY"X810-17" ?Qi_LP!"I/(%2$ +�V3"J)2+(0"$ "-$ 3"$ 4%(:&#$ ,/-(%3%*01&"$o$ /-)-$

+"#$30"&J!"A604;25-F28"80"23.08"������ ������� &����� ��������������������"

V38118"L^:_`R"

)*%"

Conclusion ,8" 8()0-/$ +"$ 6)9(04%,%3%*0"" -##-1-q5" 80" 7/=30353B8" A6998" ;0"

6;B1-.8"#/7-.6.3C;8"-9F3538;J!" 1/481B/"<"784"/2@B84"8J3.8-054"85"

18=2/5-05";08"#804/8"#8146008228$"d60"-;58;1"-"#;34/"<"784"46;1A84"

B-13/84!" 2;3" 7600-05" ;0" A60580;" 13AD8" C;3" 28" 734530.;8" 085589805"

784" 6;B1-.84" A60589#61-304" A69#-1-F284e%$" ,&8J34580A8" 78" 51634"A6#384"4;..@18";08"182-53B8"A31A;2-5360"85";08"1/A8#5360"=-B61-F28$"

L;K6;17&D;3!"A84"9-0;4A1354"48"#1c5805"<"F380"784"8J#2635-53604"#/7-.6.3C;84!"-B8A"784" 26.3A3824"78"./69/5138"7H0-93C;8"6;"7-04"

;08" -##16AD8" #2;13734A3#230-318$" Q24" #8;B805" A607;318" /2@B84" 6;"

/5;73-054!"4;1#134"#-1"784"-##16AD84"304623584!"<"4&3058116.81"4;1"284"80K8;J"85"7/9-1AD84"78"2-"1/462;5360"78"#16F2@984"80"./69/5138$"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""e%"V-1" 8J89#28"W"E8034"j:R_Q`R!"E/,%0("#$,)-./,)-01&"#$ ("4&"0330#$ "-$

+("##">$"2$6)'"&($+"$3)$2%93"##"$6()2H%0#"!$V-134!"80"2&Q428"7;"V-2-34!"Y[Y)"u"N8-0",&j`di:!"c:0:%30,/-(0"!"d-305(k3D382!"\$"7;"X634!"Y[Y]$"

!""i1-35/"78"=-F13A69626.38"6;"81.-453A8"7;"#630A5"

")*)"

"

94$"F3F2365D@C;8"78"P-80"Y)Y!"#$"'["GA23AD/"F3F2$"78"P-80I"W"

W/4(0("$3)$40(4%26/("24"$+�&2"$:%0("$

V38118"L^:_`R"

)*+"

"

94$"X0\"\1-0O-34"Y]*[%!"=62$"Y%+1"GA23AD/"X0\I"W"

W0'0#"($&2"$:=(),0+"$%&$&2$4g2"$:(%:%#/$"2$-(%0#$:)(-0"#$/*)3"#$:)($+"#$:3)2#$:)()33D3"#$P$3)$9)#"L$