•

h'.ECi fONAL DEVELOPMENT AND INDIGENOU!:.-; PEOPL.f:i:S

1 L'l TH1-:i.: c-:::.Uh.'.L>I I:...,L..ERA,. NORTHERN LUZON- PH 1 L .. ! Pl. • 1 N J(::

t-1.~:.1 _ B:lena. H _ Regpa.:la '1on t.r-lh()S~-1 R,ec-le.-:t..rc.:;·h . .-::t.nd Deve lo:.r;.'nlent Center- ( t·1h' fH ~

:; ''i g ~-~. d H ~ J:-1 cn .. urt~ a. i. n. P r.- cy vi n. c e

Jn F<owf"'!Tlr::t..

vn i' c; ·j ·t-.·y < ) r

•

and

Heyes-- Boc:n.:t i. re:n. tht,..~ Ph .i 1 t Pr:.•:tnes College

'n.ii;"l.enous Minorities and Regional Development ( IMRD> Research Network Final Meeting Kota Kinabalu. Sabah. Malayeia

,J u l y l c - 12 • 19 9 2

.. A B ;) T R A C T

'!'hi.: l'hilit•toine ~-:~Jf.if~ hiphlights th~=: incornr••'ltibilltv ')f national goals. strategies and structures -- in terms cf r•rr.owth--cl'mtPred. fjtatF:- in i t.l a t.ed and foreign aid·-de r·•:r:der: t duvel.uJmw•rJI. with the con<:r·etf.': reelltlee. int;eru::t.L: t111<1

aspirations of indigenbus peoples.

Since the ·7os • the Philippine government has been purnuing the strategy of large-scale. capital-intenstve. irrn.•rH·t dependent .<:md expcJrt-oriented development, with lnt·or-

- intensive agro-industrial programs as indispensable featurR towards improving productivity levels. Key features of the national plan include directing energy and infrastructure e:upport to be geared for agriculture under the Balanced Agro­r'ndu:::tr·lfd Llr::Vf~.lupment Strategy (BAlDS) supportive of th'is str·ateg~;; Integrated Area Development (lAD) as strategy for t:' lann 1 ng: and the Regional Development Investment Program !RDIPI ~s bHsie for public resource allocation.·

11 ; .. -r-,lLicmr:~lization of the Marcof) development pr<!f!r·'lln '"-'TL-: ;>~::-·.::·>~'1 thr·ough government-controlled and gove!·nme':lt. E:pons::·r·wl i ..-;rony) enterprises within a developmental is:., ;:11Jtl'vn·it~n·io.n politi-cal regime for 14 years (1972-1Sl~6L In Ut•; r.•(J:::•-.-- · 86 per-iod. under the Aquino leadership. th~~ .~.r-tr::.:· d·~~._,eJc~IA~:c·~:t. rrw··lr~l persir:ited, but this time. through pr·iv~tlz~~i~n. decentralization be~ause of a heavy debt r·,:~d:H_:tl•.·r. ::o;l-:r·vicinc~l pr-ogram. Both regimes failed tc r.·r·inc u,f, t'·()J;r:tr-:,r t.o t.rte road towards genuine development.

t_:;_-1::;(:: :=;tudjes on the impact of ODA projects in selected Cor-dill•~r;J r_;ornrnuntties indicate the following trends :

1 _ r:,rnphAE:is on commercial crop production. to a ~r-cJSf;

neglect of the subsistence sector:

~trPAR on high-input. import-dependent. and i u.-·r-f':i'JS i ngly inten~-::ive cropping, which doe:;; not lr~;t<J

!.:. Hu::-:to.inable production;

·3_ 1':::-:pansion of area devoted to commercial vegetable .-.!;1t.ivrttion. resulting in wanton disregard r;f :=;up;tainable management of the ecosystem as r-F:flw:·tod in uninformed land use conversion pr·actices. ma.ssive erosion. forest fire~:, and r·,,dw:·t'Lon i.r: bi.odiversity;

-·1. ,.,·-~r,f i i r~tn ·be~tween go\7ernment ·:policy and actual land 1: .' :"~ p r· :1 c: t. i , .. _. r: .s ;

6. undermin in~ of indigenous ¥)eoples • rights., mode of !if~. Find institutlons

7. conflicts between and amana institutional for·ces r:nmpetint?. for resource control, use and management lthe farming householde, government a,;;encies/programs, state laws and policies)

B. segmentation, lack of coordination, and dup1 i C:':l ~ ~: •·:: of r.~rograms. services and functions of line agenr.: l(:[;

wh1ch sponsor pro,iects in the local communitie~;

9. Encouragement of patronage politic&as well as graft and corruption.

H~' way of recorrunenda t ion. this study suggests a rever·sa.l ot thrusts and approaches to facilitate the realization of empowerment and suatainability as goals of development : rural strategies must shift ft"om state-centered bases 0f political and economic power, to new and alternative power c8nters based with the people.

In practical terms, we are recommending the following

((1) Government must seriously review, develop guidelines, a.nd lru:;ti tute enforcement mechanisme for more efficient and responsive ODA utilization.

lb) Hoat countries must set conditions in ODA utilization that is not detrimental to the interest of indigenous peoples.

(c) Private. international, national and local agencies and orgCt.n i ;;;aticms must- contribute towarde a more reeponaiv~ policy development and enforcement. through timely moni r..oring of development program implementation an,d processes.

( d J Fr ... r-r--: i gn-assisted projects must be supported on a selective basis. according to the principles of sustainable and empowering development.

f (:) WP rr:L!::-:t. be skeptical of projects (such ae those i:idvor .i.t Ling watershed protection) which violate the indigenous people·a right to ancestral domain.

r f) Cippr; r· t,uni ty being opened by ODA projects must be used to pr"'•' ide peorJle • s organizations and non-government urgun1zation, towards strengthening the!~ organization and advancing popular education.

(g) Independent. people-participatory monitoring syeteme muet be set up for ODA projects.

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A C K N 0 WL EDd·t MEN T

Th tu finF.Jl report on the 1DlPf!Ot of Official Dt;velopmf.mt.. Assistance on the indigenous peoples of the Cordillera region. in northern Luzon, Philippines, focuses on selected case studies undertaken over a two-year period based on field data collection and review of and institutional records. documents. performance reports.

The authors deeply acknowledge tne assistance of the International Development and Reeearc)Jf'Centre of Canada, and the members of the Indigenous Minoritlee.and Regional Development ( IMRD) Research Network ir{'S0Utheast Asia for this ende.:tvor.

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... :.:' ... :?_-:rf~:: .. :.'-;rl/:.~r We thank our respective inetitu~ionaftthe MRDC and the

UP College Baguio. for supportina off~O,i.tl:~t~:.th1e rare opportunity for collaborative work betweert:iia ~development NGO (non-governmental organization) and the academe.

We are indebted to the staff of th~ Oenter for Developmc:nt Programs in the Cordillera, Inc. (CDPC) who worked with us all throughout the data aatherina. proceefJlng. analysis and report preparation tasks in order to come u~i with the final report.

Our· .:tppreciation goes a long way for the all-out support extended by Prof. Richard Dorall of the University of t1alF.1yF:I. who gave us and the CDPC staff, extensive technic,lil training and advice on the geographical as well as conceptual aspect~ of the study. _

. We keep full responsibility for the viewer and positions t!.iken in this report, as we attempt to ehar-e ·and articul'ate th'.: .sentiments of the indigenous peoples of the Cordillera in pointing out policy issues from our unfortunate experiences wi.th Official Development Assistance. It is our hope that utilization of ODA assistance, as with the rest of external support coming to the Philippines, shall irtthe future give full consideration of the principles of a just and uusta.inable development which indigenous peQplee uphold.

Ha. Elena R. Regpala Hontafiosa Research and

Development Center (MRDC) Sagada, Mountain Province

. iV

! . .

Rowena Reyes-Boquiren Univer-sitvof the Philippines

Colieae, SaaJJio. · Baauio · 01~l- ·· · ·

,:)::· '·

RlGIONAL DBVILOPMENT AND. .. . IN THE CORDILLERA, NORTHIRtf 'WZON.; P!tlttPP%NIS ':·"' .. / ......... ,

C 0 N T E N T

I. INTRODUCTION

Page No.

1 .. /j

A. Background and Ob,jectives of the·study 1-2

fl. Development Modef.s and the Pliabt.of Indigenous Peoples ,, 3-8

II. DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY THROUGH THE '70S : 9 - 18 THE PHILIPPINE CASE

A. Large-scale, Capital-intensive Development The Experience During the Marcoe Period 9-11

Bt Micro-level Development The 'A~uirio Period 11-13

C. The Pursuit of Regional Development in the Cordillera 13-14

D. Types and Distribution of ODA,.PtfJ~ots in the Cordillera ' · · 14-H3

LII. IMPACT OF FOREIGN-ASSISTED PROJECTS ON :-)ELEG'TED CORDILLERA COMMUNITIES 19 - :3?

/\. Development Context of Indigenous Peoples in the Cordillera Region · 19-22

H. c~~P. Study Sites and Highlights. of ODA Pro.iect Experiences 23-111

IV. ANALYSIS OF THE CORDILLERA ODA EXPJRIENCE .112-124

V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 124-126

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

I. Distribution of Minority Grupe in the Philippines II. Indigenous.Peoples in the Region

III. Distribution of OPA Projects in Provinces"With Indigenous Minorities

IV. Ma.ior Mining and Logging Opera:'tione Affecting National Minorities

V. Existing anq Proposed Hydro-l}:lectric Dams Affecting Philippine Minorities · '

VI. Distributipn of ODA Projects in the Cordillera VII. Selected Development Indicators . ... . " .

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I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background and_Objectives of the Study

The research was undertaken as part of a two-year regional research program funded by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada to investigate the effect of development projects on local indigenous populations of· the Philippines, Malaysia, and Thailand.

The Philippine component focused on the Cordillera region in Northern LuzonA home to seven major ethno­linguistic groupings indigenous to the area, and whose historical experience has distinguished them from the rest of the Philippine population on account of the mode of life they have largely retained up to the present.

Inasmpch as development thusts, programs and strategies in the region have depended largely on bilateral and multilateral sources of assistance, the study o~ development impact concentrated on projects funded by.Official Development Assistance (ODA), comparatively for the period under the Marcos (1965-1986) and Aquino (1986-present) administration. ·

Three major objectives are addressed by the research :

(a) to provide an improved understanding of the impact of regional development on the socio-economic condition of indigenous communities

(b) to make recommendations towards the review of national and regional p6licies which bear on indigenous communities, and

(c) to disseminate research findings to communities, concerned institutions and organizations, as well as development planners at the local and national level, towards generating long-term interest and support for monitoring development processes in communities of indigenous peoples.

The study includes a review of development thrusts, policies, programs and strategies of the Philippine government, particularly at the local level; an in-depth investigation of the impact of such development policies and strategies·, through case studies of selected indigenous communities; and an inventory and data base mapping of . foreign-assisted projects since the period of the Marcos administration.

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Two (2) Cordillera provinces were selected for the study. Choice of ODA projects and communities was determined by the need to ensure commparability in terms of the following :

1. source of development initiatives 2. development strategies and processes 3. types of community responses.

Using the case study method, different types of information sources were utilized and compared, such as secondary or agency data, interviewing_key informants, individual and focused group interviews, and observation.

From a social resource management approach, individual and group interviews were conducted with respondents from varied sectors, agencies, and groups, such as big, medium­scale, and small farmers; present and past employees of line agency implementing the project; past and present local officials; entrepreneurs in commercial, transport and construction services; professionals and non-professionals; old and young respondents; men and women; project beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries; and the like. This approach was used throughout gatherinS and pr6cessing of data at the household, community and project l~vel.

The.data collection was guided by a tack on providing historical contextualization of the projects for different periods withih which the impacts to be evaluated were supposedly created.

Partidular emphasis was placed on quality of life measures and indicators. In addition, detailing of. development processes and evaluation of the impact of developm~nt projects and strategies also covered the aspects implementation.

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B .. Development Models and the Plight of Indigenous Peoples '

Development, largely state-sponsored and traceable to the post-World .War II efforts at recoDstruction and rehabil~tation, has more than 70% percent. of the world population - the rural poor - as priority target, whether "agricuJ..tural," "peripheral," "marginalized," "non­industrial," or "cultural minority." Since the Second Word. War, three main generations of development models have evolved. : the growth-centered or 'stages of economic growth' models of the '50s and '60s; the 'structuralist­internationalist models of the late'60s and the'70s; and, in the '80s, the so-called models of empowerment and sustainable development.

Reflecting dominant development paradigms for their r~spective periods, each of these models was translated in international and inter-regional trade, financial, industrial, and even cultural programs which resulted in

. incremental improvements in the quality of life, ironically, for a minority of develop~d countries who should have been last in the development agenda.

International models of development · vie~ from the top

The thinking of the'50s and '60s saw development as proceeding from stages of economic growth. Investment, foreign aid and the right amount of saving were considered as ali that could propel an underdeveloped country to the path of development. Development had in fact become synonymous with rapid economic growth in the national and regional planning process because of the influence of growth-centered theories.· This has been translated into the export-oriented, foreign­investment-led growth strategy of the past 15 years in the Philippines, which assumed a trickle-down income distribution effect.Growth, however, was measured in economic terms such as gross national product. Equity was not at all the concern, ~either the·soundness of growth.

In the late'60s and the '70s, this view was supplanted by the more internationalist and str~cturalist theories, based largely on experiments in Latin America and the rest of the Third World. The dependency model focused on the neo­colonial and exploitative relationship between the center and periphery -- or rich country-poor country -- as explanation to Third World underdevelopment, Another model, the so-called 'false paradigm' model; attributes underdevelopment not so much to the unequal relationship between the developed and underdeveloped countries, as to the often inappropriate (because of institutional and structural factors like unequal Land ownership) policies pursued by developin~ countries based on prescriptions of the 'uninformed' experts of multinational donor agencies like .the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, ILO, UNDP and the like.

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Yet, neither of these two major theories or generations of development had really gone beyond a primarily economic focus. A May 1982 UN-sponsored Conference, for instance, declared -that the "economic growth as the central objective of development must give way to an integrated package of objectives, comprising growth, equity in distribution, popular· participation as . . fundamental human right . self re 1 iance and· ecological balance." In actual terms, however, subsequent development strategies, continued to follow a rapid development path through economic growth.

. '

Ironically, the imperative for modern-day development that is initiated by governments, largely by outsiders, has often neglected that same significant segment of the population for whom develoment is supposedly intended. As actual experiences based on these models have proven, most of development has been top-down, centrally planned and directed, has worked more and more for the "developed," rather than the "underdeveloped" or "developing,". who are assumed by planners to be "traditional," "backward," or "illiterate."

The search for alternative models and the indigenous peoples : view fro• below

The treatment given to indigenous peoples characterizes an even worse version of centralized, top-down development planning, where their settlements are ignored in big development projects. This was experienced by the Kalingas and Bontocs of northern Luzon whose centuries-dld settlements were to be inundated with the construction of big hydro­electric dams in the Philippine energy development program in the '70s, and the Tinggians whose still forested ancestral domain then was exploited by a Marcos- crony logging corpo~ation.. A recent improvement of this development approach by the state, through the so-called Integrated Protected Area Strategy (!PAS) of the government in the '90s, now considers indigenous peoples as integral to the utilization and management of ·resources but, unfortunately, and as the indigenous peoples themselves have read the fi~st drafts of the IPAS documents, merely as part of the flaura and fauna of the natural resource base which highe~ government bodies must manage.

It is therefore not surprising that in the Cordillera and southern Philippines, the Igorot people and Islamized communities have been clamoring for autonomy, in view of the incompatibility of national goals with their respective ways of life.

I~ recognition of the weaknesses of first and second generation development models, more recent definitions of development measure progress beyond mere economic· standards, stress improvement of quality of life and empowerment as

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equally important as economic gtowth, and pay attention to implications for stability, sustainability, and equity.

The Declaration of the Right to Development adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in December 1986 (and to which the Philippines is a signatory) defines development as "a co11prehensive social. cultural and political process, which ai11s at the constant i11prove11ent of the well-being of the entire population and of all individuals on the basis of their active, free and meaningful participation in develop11ent, and in the fair distribution of benefits resulting therefro11." The Declaration affirms the right to development as ail inalienable hu11an right, and one which "illplies the full realization of the right of peoples to self-deterllination, which includes . . . the exercise of their inalienable right to full sovereignty over all their natural wealth and resources" (Article 1). It also recognizes that·"the hu11an person is the central subject of develop11ent and should be the active participant and beneficiary of the right to develop11ent" (Article 2).

Among the indigenous ~eoples in the Philippines and elsewhere, these assumptions and principles of the Declaration require "development" to be consistent with the local cbmmunity's status, interests and aspirations as a people. Essential as it is to their integrity and survival as indigenous communities, the struggle for genuine development among so-calleti "cultural minorities" is no'w increasingly and militantly beirig articulated locally and internationally.

It is widely believed that development, to be true to its goals, must be sustainable as well. Sustainability is a magic word that has become inextricably attached to development, having become a fad just as the word "development" became fashionable in the '50s. Governments, agencies, and entities of all political pe~•uassion and ideological leanings have joined this bandwagon for "sustainab·le development" almost in a frenz.y. That the essence of sustainability may be lost in its bandwagon effect, should be a serious concern,

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The Brundtland Report defines sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present with.out c01npromising the ability of future generations to meet the'tr·· · own needs." The Report of the United Nations' World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), so named after Gro Harlem Brundtland who chaired the Commission, stressed the link between poverty and the environmental problem as the main development concern, a link recognized by the Club of Rome (Limits t..a. Growth) even as early as 1972. Subsequent art:j.culations of the concept of "sustainable development' cite its six principles:

1. The principle of cultural and social integrity of developaent. ·

Developaent aust gro~ fro• ~ithin, not slapped on fro• the outside.

2. The ecological principle.

Developaent aust be coapatible ~ith and restore diversity and rely on sustainable foras of resource use.

3. The solidarity principle.

Developaent aust provide the basic necessities of life and.secure living conditions for all peoples, proaote equity, and avoid unequal exchange.

4. The eaancipation principle.

Developaent aust foster self~reliance, local control over resources, eapo~eraent and participation by the underprivileged and •arginalized, and opportunites for action people can feel is fulfilling.

5. The non-violence.principle.

Developaent •ust be peaceful, both in the direct sense (the non-use of physical violence) and in the structural sense (violence as eabodied in the institutions of society).

6. The principle of error friendliness.

Developaent •ust allo~ for 11istakes ~ithout endangering the integrity of the i••ediate ecosyste11 and resource base.

(Thijs De La Court, 1990).

6

Among indigenous peoples, "sustainable development" may be a novel expression, but its essential features are as established as their centuries-old cultural system. Nevertheless, on account of the impact of the modern state system and capitalist forc~s. aspects of the econoic, social, cultural, ·and political system have persisted through outright resistance to change; eroded where local institutions proved weaker; or transformed where the community has been able to evolve new ways to respond creatively. In the light of the stresses on local community systems,. "sustainable development" is translated in ways that safeguard the rights of indigenous peoples.

Tothe "tr.ibals," the key element of sustainable development is the right to ancest~al domain. To Philippine indigenous peoples and tribals, land and all the resources attached to it, is life. It is the source of sustenance, as well as the basis of evolved institutions which form the core of the cultural system which sets indigenous·communities distinctively from the rest of the colonized majority. Recognition of the right to ancestral domain also implies an acceptance of the indigenous peoples· sustainable use and control of natural resources within the domain. The maintenance of a harmonious balance within the ecosystem is an important principle observed by indigenous peoples, who use and control the natural resources at a s~ale and in a manner that ensures the stability of the environment. While environmental knowledge is only now forming among the rest of the world population, to the indigenous peoples, development has always meant 'the preservation and enhancement of the ecosystem which'is their natural habitat. The right to ancestral. domain is the basic political principle which ensures the ecological principle.

Another element of sustainable .development for indigenous peoples and tribals is the respect for the integrity of their institutions. Development must give utmost understanding and optimum utilization of existing structures and institutions, which the local community prefers over those introduced from the o~tside. Accordingly, development must be participatory, involving established structures and processes, and covering the entire cycle from planning to implem~ntation, monitoring and evaluation.

The same historically evolved institutions guide the democratized access to and control of resources for public and private types of access within the ancestral domain. Proponents of sustainable development require this principle as a safeguard to equity considerations. Ironically, as a result of state formation (and intervention), the established modes of governance are threatened by government impositions. Among many tribals, traditional institutions have been wiped out, as to alienate members of the indigenous population from their own cultural heritage,· particularly through the formal school system and the capitalist market forces .

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In view of this tradition, modern-day development among indigenous communities includes in definitions of sustainability the gaining of access to economic, political, social and cultural opportunities, including those located beyond the local community, to enable the p~ople to rise from less human to more human conditions. Essentially, since the collective interest of the community is safeguarded by indigenous institutions, opportunities for progress must be with the control of the majority of the people. Only then can development genuinely become a process towards social justice.

Vis-a-vis modern structures and processes of the larger national and international systems which have encroached on the "peripheral" world of indigenous· peoples, development must include a sustained effort to nurture the people's potentials toward self-governance. By impinging on the entire socio-cultural system of indigenous communities, the modern state system has rendered such communities poweriess. Along with the marginalization of· indigenous p~oples, the state and capitalist forces pursue development from the fram~work of paternalism and dependence.

Among the indigenous peoples, t"her·efore, self-reliance is both an important criterion and goal of development. Any form of external support should be aimed at supporting this goal.

Decidedly, any assessment of development impact among indigenous communities should· proceed from a recognition of the basic hunan rights for dignity, cultural integrity. and solidarity, alongside the improvement of quality of life in terms of higher gross national product or per capita income. Economic goals do not weigh more than the respect .for democratic institutions and modes of governance which the local people have evolved and maintained for 6enturies.

Hence, to be truly developmental what is warranted is a reversal of thrusts and approaches : rural strategies must shift from state-centered bases of politic~l and economic power, to new and alternative power centers -- the communities at the grassroots level, who in the past have· been denied the pr~rogatives of direct and meaningful participation in development planning and action.

People, who have always been treated last in the development process, ·must now be the first.

8

IL PHILIPPINE STRATEGY FOR DEVELOPKBNT THROUGH THE '70S

The Phil~ppine case is a very clear illustration of how growth-centere~ development persists to dominate development planning to thi;s day, and continues to fail ,1 acbordingly.

Since th~ post-war period, the Philippine crisis has been characterized by demand inflation carried into an acute balance of payments imbalance. As a way out, prescriptions of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank have been followed religiously : stabili~ation, ex6hange rates adjustments, an open-arms foreign investments program,. decentralization, and austerity. Under different regimes, IMF-prescribed development strategy have been characterized by the following

* 14 years (1949-1962) of rigorous import and exchange controls under state direction

* decontrol and import substitution phas~ to encourage free and private enterprise for the next ten years (1962-l972)

* state ~nterprises and state-sponsored (but) private enterprises during a developmentalist, authoritarian politidal regime for 14 years (1972t1986)

*privatization, decentralization and'a heavy debt reduction (servicing) program in the post-'86 period

A. Large-scale. Capital-intensive Development· The Philippine Experience During the Marcos Period

Development thrusts of the Philippine government in the '70s, reiterated .in subsequent decades, put emphasis on an import-dependent, export-oriented direction, with labor­intensive agro~industrial programs as indispensable feature towards improving productivity levels particularly in rural areas. ·Fundamental goals cited by the Development Plan at the national level are

a) increased productivity for sustainable economic growth,

b) more equitable distribution of the fruits of develppment, and

c) total human development (Updated Philippine Development Pl~. 1984-1987) .

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Key features of the national plan include Balanced Agro-Industrial Development Strategy (BAIDS) for agriculture, requiring energy and infrastructure support to be geared supportive of this strategy; Integrated Area Development (IAD) as strategy for planning; and the Regional Development Investment Program (RDIP) as basis for pUblic resource allocation.

In the '70a, broad regional strategies according to the national development plan consisted of the following

1. Industrialization for higher employment, income, and productivy levels

2. Social development for an equitable distribution of income

3. Self-sufficiency in food

4. Infrastructqre for social and economic development

5. Ecological balance and environmental quality safeguards

6. Effective regional development mechanism (!locos [Region I] Five Year Development Plan 1978-1987, NEDA).

Particularly during the Marcos period, the dominant regional development strategy was the Integrated Area Development. Presidential Decree 1376 in 1978 created the National Council for Integrated Area Development (NACIAD) tasked with implementation of the pro~ram. As a concept, IAD is defined by its former Chairman Lichauco as having no set blueprint, a result of the failure of traditional approaches, and using many approaches, being a mixture of traditional app+oaches, community development, comprehensive planning and others (Lichauco, 1984). The country's main economic planning body,the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) defined IAD as : ·

·· ... strategic intervention in'a sub-regional system seeking to enhance the integration of programs and projects in an area by considering the functional linkages, resource utilization, access to basic services and local participation in the planning and implementation process in a manner consistent with national and regional goals and objectives... (La was, 1981).

\

Other terms used for lAD are : comprehensive developmeht ~preach, ititegrated ruial development project, river basin development project, and others.

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The aii.ms· of lAD are a) to accelerate growth in depressed areas, b) increase local participation, and c) distribute economic gains equitably. Essentially, the features of IAD 1ncludethe following:

1. It:operates in defined geographical uriits : river basin, watershed, coastal region, island.

2. It is multi-sectoral in operation, in·order to produce complementary effort. ·

3. It is spatial, to link rural to urban centers, utilizing trickle-down effect.

4. It involves grassroots participation. 5. It requires political commitment, because the

political will of the leadership essential to make IAD work.

B. Micro-level Development Since 1986 : The Aquino Period

The same thrusts and strategies of the Marcos administration are substantively carried over during the Aquino period, which is highly. indicative of the low level of achievement of development targets in the 70s. 'Under the term of President AQuino, these thrusts were similarly defined in · terms of : (a) alleviation of poverty, (b) generation of more productive employment, (c) promotion of equity and social justice, and (d) attainment of sustainable economic growth (Medium-Tera Philippine Developaent Plan 1987-1992). Key regional and physical development policies and programs of the Aquino government put stress on the follow~ng:

1. rural development" and rural employment promotion 2. assistance to low income communities · 3. pursuit of desirable regional population

distrl.bution 4. promotion of peace and security 5. strengthening decentralization efforts 6. better management of local resources 7. dispersal of industries to the region~ 8. support to Integrated Area Development: Planning 9. implementation of the Regional Development

In~estment Program and development of region-wide pro~jects

10. public investment supportive to rural development

To provide facilities and serv1ces that would increase employment and livelihood opportunities to induce countryside development the Aquino plan proposed the construction of rural-based projects particularly infrastructur~ support for priorities ip Qrop production. In the main, Aquino's development ~n~ailed programs and strategies initiated since the Marcos p~riod : the BAlDS, IAD and RDIP.

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The Aquino administration inherited from the former leadership aplundered economy. Moreover, it obliged itself to commit to a debt servicing program using 46% of the national budget. It is understand~ble why the government would pursue development through micro-projects instead of the large­scale, capital intensive type. Decentralization and privatization are also mere logical conseqriences of the pathetic situation of the country since '86.

Another new trend which the Aquino administration has established refers to the Philippine Assistance Program (PAP) as it is known inthe country, or Multilateral Assistance Initiative (MAI) as its authors refer t~ it in the US. While it takes off from the traditional approach to foreign aid, what is new in the PAP is the attemt to bring private development assistance into the· old aid paradigm, and the tapping of sources other than the US ostensibly to ea~e the burden on the US economy. The Philippine Assistance Program (PAP) is a miniature version of the Ma~shall Plan in Europe (or the MacArthur Plan for Japan and China) at the end·of World War II.

At the start, grand expectations of volume of aid to come in estimated some US$10.0 billion to come in the 1988-1992; later this estimate was scaled down to $1.4 billion, and then further reduced to $1.0 bilion for 1989-1990. In the end, only $600 to $750 million seemed forthcoming in 1990.

The Aquino administration believed that an increased aidflow would spur economic development, yet, the programs focus mainly on production and trade. In effect, the singlemost imp6rtant goal as laid out in the programs is to increase the export standing to enable the government to repay its international obligations. This view is clear in the three main programs durigng Aquino's term : the 1989-1992 Medium Term Economic Plan, the Memorandum on Economic Policy and the Letter of Intent (MEP/LOI) submitted to the IMF, and "The Philippine Agenda for Sustained Growth and Development" presented to the Tokyo meeting of donors in 1989.

Interestingly, the key PAP projects are lAD projec~: the Samar Island Development Project, Panay-Negros Agro­Industrial Development Project, Gene~al, Santos Agro­Industrial Special Development Project, Cagayana de Oro Special Development Project, and the CALABAR, now CALABRZON project, covering five provinces.

While it is clear that the government thinks it can borrow its way to progress, the trend, nonetheless, is towards debt-driven growth. The debt. servicing required 34 percent of foreign exohange receipts. Particularly for 1988-1992, the expected net resource out·flow was 16.3 billion. Hence, the expected $2.0 billion annual aid would not even be enough to co~er debt servicing on government debts alone at some $2.5 billion :a year.

12

....

Thus, beyond mere continuance of the direction by the authoritarian leadership of Marcos, a new direction in development!using ODA during the Aquino administration has been the ris+ of micro-level projects aimed ~~t improving i~sfrastructure support servic~s. anij supportive of the policy of d~centralization and privatization.

i At th~ level of implementation) it would appear that

most of these articulations have remained largely at the rhetorical level, or that development needs and problems are too serious.and widespread such that the process is bound to take a painstakingly long peri6d. In large measure, development projects" and programs aimed at rural development remained particularly at the level of survival) whether in terms of me~ting food sufficiency levels or generating cash income in a highly competitive market, to ~ neglect of the subsistence'sector.

Henceforth, foreign assistance coursed through Official Development Aid has largely been utilized for providing infrastructure support services to meet ba~ic needs as much as to impro~e very low productivity levels, particularly in agriculture. As the Updated Philippine Developa~nt Plan 19Q4-1987 put~ it, international cooperation must be supportive of national efforts at self-reliance, "taking into consideration policies and programs with respect to productivity improvement and balanced agro~industrial development (NBDA : 1987).

C. The Pursuit of Regional Development in the Cordillera

In the region, the interest in pursuing large-scale development projects through Official Development Assistance, is close!'y fSsociated w:iJth fo_rmer president Ferdinand Marcos in the '70s; Particularly within the Integrated Area Development strategy of the Philippine government then, ODA projects in the region first caught the-attention of the general public because of the furor created over the Chico River Basin'·Development Project and the operations of the C~llophil Resources Corporation.

Big hydro-electric dams constituted the major type of ODA projects during the Marcos period, consistent with the identification of the Cordillera region as resource base for Luzon. Whil~ infrastructure projects such as the construction of roads, bridges, irrigation systems have remained crucial needs to this day on account of the neglected situation of the region, the thrust of the previous regime had been for large-scale; high-impact projects, usually confined to a few selected-sites, and managed unilaterally by single government agencies/corporatiQns. Such projects were then heavily assisted by:loans from the IMF and IBRD. Other physical infrastructural support was virtually absent, and neither

• • ; > ', I I ~ • t f 1 • ' '~ ' ....... .

13

were agriculture, education, and health included as part Gf considerations for deciding on how foreign assistance was to be allocated.

The overwhelming response of indigenous communities residing within the affected areas of the Chico dam and Cellophil Resources Corporation (in Mountain province, Kalinga and Abra) an4 the less publicized Abulog dam (in Apayao) cau~ed the eventual suspension· of these two projects as these became a source of widespread embarassment on the part of the government. Subsequent official initiatives thenceforth veered away for sometime from big, high-profile, infrastructural projects which have caused great losses in financial resources and credibility for the government .

. Towards the latter ·part of the '80s, however, ·and even more aggressively under the Aquino administration, the Cordillera has once again become a catch basin for foreign­assisted development programs. Crucially timed when the central government had to intensify its efforts at gaining credibility locally and internationally, it is not surprising that foreign funding extended to. such big programs is associated with the strategy and techniques of Low Intensity Conflict (LIC). Not only is the level of foreign assistance in socio-economic programs highly political in character, being very selective as these are of local partners. More significant than this is the fact that most of the foreign­assisted programs put strong emphasis on high impact (because of the amount of.fuhding and geographic spread of project sites) and institutional capacity building, while at the same time destructively competitive with local. NGO efforts in terms of building up meaningful partnerships with the local population.

D. Types and Distribution of ODA Project$

Beginning with the Aquino government, the previous trend in foreign-assisted projebts has virtually been carried over : lar.ge-scale, high- impact projects based on loans. A m~rked change may be 6bserved, however, in that more projects addressing the socio-economic rieeds of the local population are now bei~g pursued. Furthermore, country sources have also become more diverse. There have been continuous attempts to rely on inter-agency cooperation for the management of foreign-assisted programs, th~ requirement for which is supposedly being met by the inclusion of local capability building as.usual program or project component. The encouragement for people's participation (and empowerment) has also now become part of the language of government agency workers, to the point that community-based programs, approaches and techniques developed by non-government organizations are also being adopted .. These trends are very evident in almost all of the Cordillera provinces since the mid-'80s.

. ·~ • • t . . , ..

14

i .

. ..

..

Project types have ranged -from infrastructure to -education, health and livelihood projects, as sumi'lart~z~d tn·

Tables 1 and 2. Particularly since the start of the Cory 'Aquino government, foreign-assisted projects in the Cordillera have devoted a significantly in~reased attention on concerns which· were not. highlighted during the ~arcos regime.

These include the following :

(1) construction of farmer-to-market roads, foot bridges, irrigation and water supply systems in all the provinces;

(2) experimentation for seed/stock improvement and dispersal;. and.

(3) community organizing and literacy programs. . .

Infrastructure projects have been pursued in almost all the ·provinces, ·with Benguet'; -Pfc:mntain -pr-'ifvrrn~·i:r and Ifuii"ao as major beneficiaries. The entry of such projects in these areas is •ssociated heavily with two big and very recent (compared with the almost US-dependent character of ODA of the Marcos period) funding sources : the European Communities' Cental Cordillera Agricultural Program (CBCAP) and the Asian Development Bank's Highland Agricultural Development Program (HADP).

In Benguet most of the projects are directed towards improving the produc.tion of temperate vegetables and the introduction of fruit-trees, both for the larger d6mestic market and for export. The ADB (for HADP) and GTZ (for the RP-German Fruit Trees Project and the RP-Germa~ Seed Potato Project) ~re predomin~nt sources of fundin~ for projects pursuing this objective.

Mountain Province is also now fast shifting to commercial vegetable production with the introduction of both agricultural projects by the two sources. The RP-German Fruit Trees Project, in fact, has been conducting activities in all the Cordillera provinces, although the efforts are concentrated in Benguet and Mountain Province. In addition to agricultural projects, for both these pro~irices, infrastructure projects are being assisted by ADB, OECF and USAID .

15

Meanwhile, ODA projects in Ifugao, Ahra,. and Kalinga­Apayao have been limited to infrastructure projects (construction/repair of roads, bridges, irrigation and water supply, health centers and school buildings). These types of projects are pursued at a much smaller and! localized scale (a few barrios in selected municipalities).'The IBRD, OECF. and ADB are the predominant sources of funds for these project types. Particularly in Ifugao, the EEC and UNICEF are aiso major funding sources.

Reforestation projects seem to be very few in the region,· considering the seriousness of environmental destruction particularly in Benguet, Mountain Province and Ifugao.

In the main, the involvement of several agencies in the planning and implementation of the various components of the major rural progra~s (such as the HADP, CECAP and ABCSD Program).constitutes th~ general character of these foreign assisted undertakings.

16

AGE NO

ADB

EEC

GTZ

tBRD

!FAD

JICA

OECF

!abll.' l. eiSiRJBI;lljQII Of '!~GR JDII !'ilCJ£ClS Ill THE CORDillERA BY IYFEAfC SOUR{E

?HYSICAL lMFRASTRutlURE

lrrig- Rds Bra~s Ldr.g 5trag! DrUCJI! plat facil

I I I l

l l

l

1

l

1

H2fi Coat no\p Sch Pbllc supply center erkt

I

I I 1 I

SOClAI. SERviCES

iHth Eouc-

AGRICULiuiiE

Seed Fert iaevaent/ distri~ dsperul

l

I

I

ii'.ihE1 tqtt

Aiiilu-FORESi I\ANA6EI\ENT Tiaber Refore5t Fire tgat contra~/

protection

I

i~CHNICAL

ASSIST ANtE Reseircli ·tnst.

devt.

1

l

--- ......... --- ·-- ... -- ... --·- ------ _,; __ ------------..,---- ... -- ----·------~ -- -~~------------------------------------- .. -- ------------------ --._ ... --------- .. - .. --------------------USAIDI

ESF 1 I I l

-------------------~----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~ UtliCH L _J- - _I I

con .. ·no ,., J, -"''

(:42: ;(:

T3~!~ :. ~!STRIBUTIO~I 8f ODA PROJECTS in the CORDILLERA bv AMOUNT and SOURCE

---------------------------------------------------------------------------Source

ADS (HADP) (DENRl

EC

GTZ.

!FAD

IBRD

JICA

JUMBO

KFI>J

OPEC

OECF

UNDP

.

Total No. of Pr-ojs.

249 210 39

125

15

210

c

17

7

18

18

24

19

USAIDlESF 27

No. of Projs. with Undeter-mined

Amount

81 ?9

2

12::-

15

79

2

0

2

-.: ·-

"'=

14

?:

5

Deter-mined Amount

168 131

37

0

0

131

1

1'

r:: -· 15

1 ~.

10

16

15

Amount ( f4i)

Par-tial Total Loan' (used for- Gr-ant

some projs.)

77.596,575.93 448, 338, s<?C• 24,757,685.93 395,500,000

- 52.838,890

not iden. 400 ~ ooo, ooc•

not iden. not iden.

24,757,685.93 96,050,000

576,384,578.88 -not iden.

- 26~248,000

25,310,000.00 not iden.

7,032,960.00 not iden.

7,032,960.00 not iden.

13,910.00 not iden.

991.112.80 not iden.

12.951,474.06 not iden. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------Te>tal 610 207 4')(1 7 56, 7 78,943.53 970,636.8°0

III. IMPACT OF FOREIGM•ASSISTBD PROJECTS ON CORDILLERA COHHUN!TIES

A. Development Conte~t of Indigenous Peoples in the Region

Two main features characterize the Cordillera peoples. The first one is the evolution and persistence of anci~nt m~des of governance which set them apart from any of the o~her regions in the country. Generally kinship-baaed, strong family ties constitute the ba.ses of community solidarity, dlrect people's democracy practiced through the local council of leaders, and settlement of disputes through peace pacts of v~r ious forms. Rituals and ceremon.ies dominate the people· s l~ves, arid among the most i~portant (and persistent) ones ·a~e those connected to produ6tion, particularly rice agriculture.

The sedond feature pertains to a complex of problems Cbnfronting'the people-~ ~hich concern not only their development, but even survival, as a people. This c~mp lex of

. ~

problems include : violation of ancestral land rights, econom~c underdevelopment accruing from sta~e control over the resource base, neglect of basic se~vicesr political misrepresenta~ion, cultural aggression, and increasing militarization. ·

The Cordillera region is home to a total population of a little more than 1 million as of 1985, _growing at an annual average rate of about 1.9% to 2.0% in the 1980-1985 period.

The land area is 1,838,951.20 hebtar~s. encompassing 31.56% of the northern section of Luzon, and consisting of theprovince~ of Abra, Benguet, Ifugao, Maountain P~ovince and Kalinga-Apayao (Figure 1). Generally described as mountainous and hiliy, the highland elevation ranges from 5 meters in Abra to more than 2000 meters abo.ve sea level, reaching up to 2j922 M626rs above sea level at Mount Pulog in Benguet, the second highest mountain the the country. Deep and narrow valleys characterize the terrain, ~ith steep .slopes often between 35 and 45 degrees. The regi:on experiences a wet and dfy s~ason; varying across provinces from· type B (humid), type C (moist) to type D (dry) (MAF, 1983). In view of the t~~rain and elevation,· ther~ is great variation in climatic r6nditi~ns between 'the ea~tern side~ which t~nds to have a s~orter dry season, and the western ~ide, which is in a rain s~adow. Fog is frequent at elevation,pqints above 1.200 m~ters from D~cember to Februar~ and during the rainy months rforn July t'o October.

Hore than 60% of the Cordillera mountains is dipterocarp, mossy and pine forest. This forest cover c~nstitutes 10% of the Philippine forest. More importantly, the tegion is considered a rich resource area because of its h~drologic and mineral resources. It:s~rves as origin of five

19

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Figure 1

! i I· i

The Cordillera area, Philippines

major river systems : the Amburayan, Abra basin, Agno, Choco River, and the Ahin. Its nine river systems, if dammed, can supply a little over 50% of the energy nee~s of the entire country. Meanwhile, five big corporate mines operate in the area, owned mostly by Philippine corporations but controlled by multinational interests.

Essentially rural in character, the region's indi~enous population is generally referred to as lgorot, a derivation from the old Tagalog word which means "people from the mountains" (Jenks : 1905). Up to a time the term applied only to the Kankanays, Inibalois and Ifugaos, as well as to the mountain settlements in !locos Sur and Pangasinan (Scott : 1962). Today, the term is used to refer to all the Cor.dillera provinces, excluding Abr~ f9r which the term Tinggian for its major ethnolinguistic group means the same thing as the word lgorot.

The seven major ethnolinguistic groups indigenous to the Cordillera a~e : the Isneg in the sub-province of Apayao, Tinggian or Itneg in Abra, Kalinga in the sub-~rovince of Kalinga, Bontoc in central Mountain Province,.-Kankana-ey in western Mountain Province and northern Benguet, lbaloi in southern Benguet, and I fugao in ·I fug.ao province ..

Several smaller linguistic groupings are found within each of the Cord{lera provinces. The spread of each of the· indigenous groups does not necessarily follow the pattern of definite administrative bounda~ies, these. being conveniences of modern society. (A description of the various linguistic groupings and their location are both presented in Appendices I anp I I to illustrate the extent ·to which ethnic plural ism is a characteristic feature of the Cordillera area.)

For instance, Kalinga is a grouping of as many as 36 linguistic variations, while the Tinggians are further distributed in 11. distinct ethnolinguistic subgroups spread over some 801. of Abra"s total land area (Oorral 1979 and i987).The Kankanays distinguish a northe~n and southern group; the Ifugaos, into the Ayangan, Tuwali, Yat-tukan and Kalai-e.

Amidst such linguistic variation, Cordilera communities are characterized by varying modes of economic life some are slash-and~burn agriculturists, others are paddy rice c~ltivators, still .others are producers of cash crops like mid-latitude vegetables, fruits, and coffee. There are also communities whose majority population are engaged in small­scale mining, as well as those in non-agricultural, urban­based livelihood activities.

The communities of these groups may be categorized conceptually as belonging to any of the six general geographic-ecological zones : the highly inaccessible subsistence farming areas in the interior; rice and vegetable

21

p~oducing plains and foothills; the comme~cial vegetable­p~oducing belt; mining a~eas la~gely unde~ the cont~ol of p~ivate co~po~ations; logging zones, also la~gely being tapped by p~ivate co~po~ations; and the urban cente~s where wage employment is highest.

In these zones, a wide ~ange of va~iability exists in te~ms of access to t~an~po~t facilities and othe~ physical inf~ast~uctu~e, c~edit sou~ces, physical and institutional const~aints on ~esou~ce us~ (including land), cont~ol and owne~ship of p~oduction, objective of p~oduction, and scale of capitalization. Fo~ instance, economic opportunities fo~ wage employment a~e concent~ated in u~ban cente~s and ~ajo~ towns where, ironically, the demand for labo~ is low because of high in-migration rates. Hence, unemployment and underemployment rates a~e high ~n u~ban centers, while entrep~eneurial activities ~emain limited in ~u~al a~eas. As it is, only 38% of households depend on wage employment. Meanwhile, •g~icultu~e, the liveli~ood source fo~ as many as 36% of the population, is cha~acte~ized by low levels of p~oductivity; excessive middlemen cont~ol in financing and marketing, weak gove~nment suppo~t mechanisms fo~ inf~ast~ucture and c~edit assistance, and high dependence on comme~cial inputs.

Acco~dingly, the quality of life in most communities is low. Not only is the~e a high incidence of poverty, with more than 65% of households conside~ed ~oo~ as of 1987. The~e is, furthe~mo~e, a wide dispa~ity in development within the ~egion, as development tends to concent~ate in the majo~ urban centers. If health and nut~ition indicato~s a~e used to asce~t~in the level of· gove~nment suppo~t fo~ publ~c welfare, data woul~ show that the Cordille~a p~ovinces are among the most neglected and disadvantaged a~eas, pa~ticularly Ifugao, Kalinga-Apayao, Ab~a and Mountain Province. Infant death ~ates range f~om 40.8 to 90.21 pe~ thousand live bi~ths in these p~ovinces. As of 1987, malnutrition ~anged f~om 48.7% (Benguet) t6 69.2% (Ab~a).

Co~dille~a communities, except in u~ban cente~s and major towns, are also cha~acterized by low lite~acy rates, lack of te~tiary level and secondary level _schools, g~eat inaccessibility of schools, and lack of teache~s. (Summary tables of selected indicato~s a~e appended in this report.)

22

•

B. Case Study Sites and Highlights of ODA Project Experiences

The Case Study Sites =====================~

Foreign-assisted projects studied intensively in the case studies include 3 in irrigation, 3 in water system improvement, 1 in cropping (seed dispersal), and 1 in education. The features of these ODA projects are summarized in Table 3. These projects, implemented during the Marcos and Aquino administrations, are located in the municipality of Bauko in Mountain Province and Kiangan in Ifugao (please refer to Figure 2 for location map of ODA projects and study sites).

BAUKO, MOUNTAIN PROVINCE

Bauko is a Kankana-ey area engaged primarily in farming. The municipality lies on the southwestern section of Mountain Province, approximately 30 kilometers away from Bontoc, the provincial center, and about 123 kilometers from Baguio City. It is informally classified into two districts : Lower Bauko, characterized by rice agriculture; and Upper Bauko, by forests and commercial vegetable production. There are 22 barangays. The elevation ranges from 1,000 meters to 2,305 meters above sea level, with a slope range of 15 to 30Y. gradients and characterized as steepy, sloping, rolling•and undulating land. The total land area is 17,487.79 hectares. Forest (56/. ) and agriculture (33Y.) are the dominant land use types. Almost 90Y. of the area is classified as public forest. Not surprisingly, the tenurial and land clas•ification status of land overlaps for uses such as for homelot, paddy.culture, swiddening, and forest.

The river systems of the municipality serve as a headwater of Chico River; three river systems. run through the area. There are two watersheds : Ampo in Guinzadan, and Kanap in Leseb. Fresh, non-sulfuric water is abundant for agricultural production; potable water is limited.

Mo~t households (85/. of total population) depend on rice farming, supplemented by fruit growing, both for local consumption. The first crop is planted in January, the second in July. Production of mid-latitude vegetables for commercial purposes is a recent phenomenon. Towards the higher elevation zones of the municipality, the shift from rice to vegetable cropping has been slowly gaining ground for the last ten years. Other sources of livelihood are livestock-raising and wage employment (see Figure 3 and 4 for transect of agroecological zones and livelihood calendar).

23

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45

22

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34

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NUEVA VIZCAYA

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Figure 2

LOCATION OF CASE STUDY SITES

LEGE~-[)

PROJECT SITES Hjttf 0 Kiangan, Ifugao

0 Bauko, Mountain Prov.

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Fig. 4. livtlihood C~lendu of Baulo, llounlain Province, 1990

livelihood Aclivi lin

Croppinq Rice

First p

Second h

Veget~blts

Cabbage

J F II

cc cc

I S

·Carrot cc :cc/h h

Chinese pechay

Pohto

Fruits

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yur-round

h

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pl

lEGEND

h - harvest cc - crop carl:' p - planting s - sowing pt- pottery lp- land preparation

Within this municipality, foreign assistance funded the following : the Inkadang-Bago Community Irrigation Project (completed 1988) in Bila, a barangay which has largely retained subsistence production (rice); the Cada Communal Irrigatio~ Project (1989) and RP-German Seed Potato Project (1984) -- both in Sadsadan, the site which has been transformed to commercial vegetable farming; and the School Building Project in Poblacion, another predominantly rice producing barangay.

KIANGAN, IFUGAO

In Ifugao, the selected ODA projects include : the Water System Projects in Duit, Nagacadan (both completed in 1986) and Poblacion (1987), and the Pindongan Communal Irrigation Project (completed in 1989).

The province of .!fugae is a l~nd lock~d area located at 120 40'17" at the foot of the Cordillera Central. It is bounded on the north by Mountain Province, 6n the west by Benguet, on the east by Isabela and on the south by Nueva Vizcaya. Municipalities towards Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela on the eastern side have a warmer temperature. The dry season ia from January to April, while the wet months are from May to December.

The total land area is.261,361 hectares, the largest municipality being Mayoyao (19~ of total land area), and the smallest, Hingyon (5.28%). A total of 173 barangays are distributed among ten municipalities composing the province; these are mostly not reached by land transportation, and are therefore accessbile only by travelling on foot.

Total population is 149,161 as of 1990, growing at an average of 2.96% annually for a period of ten years.

Kiangan, the site of reviewed ODA proj~cts, has the second largest number of smaller po~itico-administrative unit?, at 23 barangays. It also has the second largest population representing 14.30% of the provincial population. The land area is 22,358 has., out of which 20,855 is classified as forest land, and 1,503 as alienable and disposable. Out of a total of 3,137 households constituting the municipality, some 2,604 (83 'l.) derive their livelihood from farming (see Figure 5 and 6 for summary description of agroecological zones and livelihood calendar).

Nagacadan is predominantly a rice producing area although its shift to commercial vegetable farming has begun

"in the '80s. Duit and Pindongan· are primarily commercial vegetable farming areas now (these used to produce rice traditionally), while majority of households are engaged in wage employment and entrepreneurial activities and the services in Poblacion, being the town center for Kiangan.

28

Fig. 5. TRANSECT OF AGP.O·ECO ZOIIE OF SELECTED BARANGAYS OF t!ANGAN, IFUGAO, 1990

ELE'IATION 1,482 •.

DUJT IIAGACAOAN PINDONGAN POBlACION

livrlihood : Far,ing : Farling : Faraing : Farling Actlvitirs : GardPning : 6ardPning : GardPnlnq : Gardtninq ·

: ll~P!Iocl livt~locl ~ llvtsloc• : Livrstocl : Wag~ Elploy,Pnt: Waqt E1ployarnt: Waqt E•ploy•ent: Wagr £aploy•Pnt

: Fishing

land USP

Crops

: Ht~~tPiot

: Paddy : Uu : Forts!

: P.icto Fruit~

Co If~·

land UsE' lnt~nslty :

!nfra. . Road. Support root~ri~qP'

AvailablE' Ja~~rwor•~

Proble~s in: typhoons Agr i. A Piophysical: EnvironMMt:

: Houlot : Paddy : U11a : Forpst

: F!icP \'t>gE' I a~ Irs

: Ro~!l,irrig. Foot~ridgt~

Watprworh ElPclricity

: lfol'ltlot : Paddy : Un : Forrst : Fish pond

I Ric! : Habiturln : Ca~~aqt : Coffrr : Papaya

: Honlot : Paddy : Uu : Forts!

l P.itP· Fruits

2

1 Road, school : Road, PHC 1 Day Cart Center: Day Carr CrntPr 1 Irrigation : Jrriqation : WatPrwor~ Footbridgr 1 Eltc!ricity : Natrrworts

: Eltctricity

!yphot~ns typhoons typh!.'ons rro~i1ms

infE'rtiiP land

Fig • 6 livelihood Calendar of (hnqan, lfugao, 1990

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------livelihood Aetivi tirs

J F " A " . J Jl A s 0 N D :

------"·-------------~----~---------------------------------------~-----------------Croppinq Ricr

First

Src011d s

: . :

II I CC cc cc

I· ·l

ec I h h

:lp /s:Jp /s:

rip I s:lp/u li p I

.'I

: p :p /eel cc :ec/h.l h . :

Habiturlas: yrar-round lpl•ntinq is 31 a yr.;can br harvestrd aftrr 45 days)

Cabbaqr : )p/p cc I CC I cc h . .. Coffrt h h h

.. 9anana yur-round

Papaya h h h

livntocl lltlq,qoat,r I I

ch'ithn, 1 yur-round dtttl,qoosr -1 tttrtry)r

J I

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llf1adt:lfvtng It It I • II

bJ ltl Sfi (hi'ft9 II I 'f) b b 1

r • tt ltrC'flf t r 1 r : r r broo11dfll'9 I b I b

bU1fnru · ytar·rourid

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

lEGEND

h - harvest cc - crop cur p - phnting

lp - land prrp1ration s - sowinQ b • brooaealing/

bhclseHhinQ r - rlttan••linq w - 11oodcarving

The ODA Projects

CASK 1

SITE

lnkadana-BBao Community Irriaation Project (Also known as Bila Irriaation Project.)

Bila. Bauko, Mountain Province

I. COMMUNITY-LEVEL DATA

A. Physical Profile

Bila reate at the base of mountains. It occupies 818.4 has. or 4.60 % of the municipal land area. It is composed of 7 sitios, namely, Mokgo, Laglaean, Gawaan, Sasaan. Napakey. Kabugnay and Kalkalinat. The community center called "Timbulan" is located in Kabugnay.

The site is 27 kme. away from Bontoc and approximately 125 kms. from Baguio. It is accessible throueh two public transportation lines with daily t~ip at 6:00 A.M. going out from the community, and comina in at·around 3:00 in th~ afternoon.

B. Socio-demoeraphic and literacy level

The 1989 population survey ahowed a total of 1,040 persona distributed among the . 221 households or 229 families. The community has a relatively hieh literacy level compared to other barangays in the: municipality as evidenced by the large number of professionals, although only few work in the community.

A public elementary school offerine grades one to six serves the barangay. Secondary education is availed either in Otucan or Poblacion. Approximately 85% of the population are literates.

Indigenous and modern socio-cultural practices arA observeable in the community. As in the rest of Bauko. religion has become a major part of their daily living due to the influence of Roman Catholic and Anglican churches. Notably the former has greater influence over the later. Other sects are also penetrating. On the other hand. indigenous socio-cultural practices like begnas. lumdang., house rituals, death rituals, and some indigenous practices in healing the sick are still observeable.

31

Bila is a predominantly subsistence agricultural community shifting towards the cash economy. Farming has been the first and major livelihood engagement of the residents up to the present. The community presently observes two croppings. Planting for the first cropping starts in January and is harvested in June or July. The second cropping called "Tupeng" starts in August and ~nde in December. Those with insufficient water supply for the second cropping engage in pottery and seasonal job. Others plant legumes, peanuts or camote in place of rice.

Fruits like mango, pears, apples and orange etc. thrive in the community.

Prior to the ·40s, rice and sweet potato used to be the only agricultural crops. Rice was produced in one cropping only. The rest of the year was utilized for pottery making, usually by the women. Sometime in the •40s, the practice of two croppinge was introduced by some people in the community who were then trading and interacting with the lowlanders of Cervantes, !locos Sur. Realizing the feasibility of the idea in areas with sufficient water supply. the suggestion was accepted readily by the community, who named the first and second croppings "ginuaufot" and "tupeng", respectively. Notably, the same period marked the beginning of outmigration to the mining communities.

The decade of the ·eos marked the opening of the first local variety ("sari-sari") store, and the graduatior~ of the the first batch of professionals from·the area, majority of whom were teachers. It was in the latter part of the decad~ when massive outmigration for additional income started. after the planting seasons covering the months of March to May and September to Nove~ber. The practise is called "partikular" by the community. Jobs.engaaed in ranged from carpentry, to riprapping and wage labor on the farm. One respondent recalls that two residents of the place returned with a carabao after several months of work in the lowlands.

Other livelihood engagements evolved in the '80s. Though farming remained as major occupation, income sources were observed to have been increasingly diversified. Statistical estimates show that about 2% of the total households received income from overseas employment. The number of professionals also increased, reaching approximately 25% of the households with at least one professional each. The number of commercial establishments likewise increased from two houeeholda,in the ·eos to eight households at present. Finally, in farming, rice production is being coupled with commercial vegetable production. Carrots, tomatoes, chinese pechay, pepper are being planted

32

to v·:tc:l·:~'1':i.<-:-~ld!;• w:i.th m:inimc:.l :i.rr·ir,Jcl\t.j.r.m ,;,r;d to nP~A.•lY op+::·r·r·,c·<l q;;,,··dt:,~rn:i.. Tf·H::: ~H:·mplf.·~ c>hs>e.•rVfi~ 'tha't Clll:l t.e:• '" nt.llnb£·~r· of yt:.•l'!' h

prefer to plant commercial ve1etablee than to work in the mines.

Notably, however, Bila remains ae a subsistence farmini area despite its rapid assimilation into the cash economy.

D. Access roads and other economic infrastructures

Government infrastructure projects in the community started in the #60s with the Otucan Proper-Bila road as the first. The road, however, has served more like a widened foot trail considering the limited number of vehicles which used the Mountain Province national road then. In addition, a foot bridge linking the community (residential area) with the ricefields and "umas" was constructed in the latter part of the decade. The ricefields are separated by a river.

Other infr~etructure projects were implemented from 1980 onwards. From 1980 to 1986, Otucan Sur-Bila road. three footbridges, two foot trails and two waiting sheds were constructed aside from three baran1ay pathways ·which were cemented and required maintenance. Since 1987 to the present. one irrigation project has eo far been completed while two are under construction.

D. Facilities for educ4tion, health and recreation

Prior to 1950, the only existing educational institutions were the churches. Gradee one and two were first offered by the Episcopal Church; subsequently, the Roman Catholic Church opened a primary school. The construction of the first public school in the *50s for grades one to four brought about the closure of these institutions. Intermediate pupils were then educated at either Poblacion or Otucan until the opening of intermediate classes towards the later part of the decade.

In 1985, a 3-room ESF school building was constructed. There has never been a secondary school in the barangay. students attended school at Cervantes !locos Sur th~n. prior to the opening of Otucan-Bila Barangay High School and Bauko Catholic School.

The barangay health unit has not yet been established. Health services were first extended by ACAP, a non-government health organization which intiated the formation of barangay health workers. It was in the 80s when a midwife started to conduct regular visits once a week. Usually, health services were sought either in the private health clinic in Poblacion

33

tor m1no~ cases. or ~t the Luis Hor~ Memori~l Hosp1t~1 tor major illnesses.

Recreation facilities were non-existent before. It was only in the later part of the ·aoe when a betamax player which served as a bia screen was introduced in the community. Other than this, young men while their time away playng billiard. The common form for ependina leisure time is by casual conversation around the store and at-ato.

E. Credit availability , sources and usee

Traditional borrowing in kind is common in the community for basic commodities during emergencies and in times of rituals. Stores are also sources of basic things which were paid back in cash or in kind. Such forme of credit do not require interet charges.

Cash credit was first sought for house construction, and lately to finance education. Some avail of credit to finance small business operations and overseas employment. Usually, the latter is paid back with 5% interest at the most. Storeowners and profeesionals are the most common sources of credit in the community.

Recently, credit is reported to have been availed of to finance gardening inputs. Terms of payment are very similar with the "pa-eupply.system" (a financing arrangement in vegetable production/marketine) in Benauet where all expenses were deducted from the erose income and the rest was shared equally between financier and farmer-debtor.

Outside credit source is also availed of by almost half of the total households, particularly from the Saint Paul Credit Cooperative in Otucan.

F. Extension of other services by GOe and NGOs

Implementation of extention services started in the ·aoa through the day care program of the Department of Social Welfare and Development and which was originally handled by the Episcopal church. The same agency had sponsored a nutrition seminar. Swine dispersal program was another program implemented by the Department of Agriculture, for which 2-3 households were beneficiaries. Also, a consumers· cooperative was set-up in 1987 with a j5,000.00 capital provided by the same agency. The cooperative, however, ceased to operate since 1988 because of low repayment rate.

Last year, the Department of Trade and Industry started assisting the pot industry in coordination with Igorota · Foundation, a private agency whose primary concern is women.

34

0 ·l:.h+:·:·v· t h.:Hl thf.·~ Iqon:>'t.i:' Fm.tnt:l.:' t ion~ ~:wme t)U ·h::. :i. rl<-:·:·r·· q ,··u•. 'l"""· and non-government agencies have also been operating in the barangay. Among the first was the Peace Corps Volunteer Program which started its activities in the community in 1982. Three volunteers were reported to have been residing in place, each of whom had been supervising separate projects. Among these is loomweaving for the handicapped, based in Poblacion, the repair of waterwork pipes and lastly, the formation of the Bila Farmers Association with the construction of the BIFA building.

Just after the expiration of term of the last batch of Peace Corpse volunteers in 1988, the Development Agency of Tribes in the Cordillera, a non-aovernment agency, has responded to the waterworks problem of the community.

Presently, aovernment and non-aovernment projects being implemeted range from waterwork, irriaation to livelihood . projects.

II. PROJECT BACKGROUND, COVERAGE AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS

Ingkadang and Bago are the moat accessible farming areas in Bila. It is in these areas where two croppings of rice was possible then. An irrigation system constructed much earlier through the initiative of community members provided water abundantly to ricefields, until 20 years ago when farmers were confronted for the first time with shortages. Such shortages became very pronounced during the dry season. This problem was relayed in 1985 to the Mt. Province National Irrigation Administration Office, the government agency ~esponsible for irrigation projects.

Initial steps to address the problem of water shortage were taken in 1984 but were shelved due to unavailability of funds to meet the requirements. Finally, in 1987. after 12 years since the problem was reported to the appropriate government agency, the proposal was incorporated into the workplan of the Highland Agriculture Development Project (HADP) of the Department of Agriculture.

The Inkadang-Bago Community Irrigation Project, as it came to be called, was the first government irrigation project implemented in the barangay. It is aimed at improving the old irrigation canal which used to supply 12 hectares during wet season, but which eventually was able to irrigate only 42 per cent during the dry season, from January to May. Ultimately, as intended by the NIA project, there would be an increase in production in the community.

35

BAGUIO

·--~~----

10 BONTOC 26.5 KH

LEGEND

[.::·.::::·.·J LIMIT OF IRRIGABLE

t !AREA PRESENTLY _...c.. ...~a. •- IRRIGABLE

·~AREA TO BE ~ REHABILITATED

f · · ·J SETTLEMENT AREA

I ~ :== )EXISTING CANAL TO BE REHABIL1TATEO

BILA) BAUKOJ: MP IPRIGA TION SYSTEM<

One hundred seven potential farmer-beneficiaries we~e :1. fiE•J"r t :l·f' :U:~<:I ~ c:rf' WhC:)ffl J.()() bt?.C::ci\tnt~> ci' c:tt.tcil l bt:mt~>·f' :l <:: :i. c\1 1r·j, E•!;;. (Jf '1. h!·.' actual beneficiaries, 92~ were residents of Bila, 7% from Otucan and 1% from Guinzadan (see map of project area).

Project construction proceeded in a etaaaered manner, throuah the leadership of the elected sets of officers and board of directors of the or1anization set up for the project. In turn, personnel from the NIA constantly guided these officers. One NIA staff handled:the technical aspects of· the project, the other tacltledconnunity oraanizina to encouraae people participation frompl'oject plannina to implementation. Local residents partio'lpated durina the construction phase in terms of pravidina labor, for which they were paid.

III. PROJECT IMPACT ON SELECTED HOUSEHOLDS

The following are household cases of various types of farmer-beneficiaries immediately prior to and after project implementation. Respondents~include a veaetable producer (with cash orientedproduction), rice producer and a rice producer who had shifted to veaetable production. Cases specifically focussed on chanaee of the level of production.

* Respondent A : Veaetable producer

The farm land was purposely prepared in the 1960s for rice production. However, because of insufficient water supply, it was converted into a aarden planted with beans. sweet potato, and peanuts for varied months in a year. It was in 1987 when the farmer planted the land to veaetables when he rceived his inheritance from in-laws. By then the farmer had already harvested the first batch of potatoes prior to the irriaation project, and to• which hie farming· tecniquee were acquired from Mountain Trail• At the start, he planted varied crops: potatoes, carrots, wombok and lettuce.

Production coste and income:fieures are shown in the followina summaries. One noticeable chanae was that while the farmer had to water the crops everyday prior to irriaation, this was reduced to SX a week, after the irriaation.

36

Area: 300 sq. m.

1. Prior to project construction

Crop: Potato

Production inputs:

Inputs

seed line

Fertilizere: Triple 14 Urea

Unit

150 kge.

2 eacke 1 sack

Insecticide: Funeicide I Manzate Thiodan Transportation

4 baas 1 bottle .50 /ltilo

Amount

P1,000.00

460.00 110.00

45.60 150.00

1,200.00

Total expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . .. 2, 204. 00 · I ,

Grose income (1,200 kilos x P7.00) .•. 8,400.00

Net income ......................•...... P5, 396. 00

2. During project construction

crop: Carrots

Inputs Unit Amount

Seeds 10 spoons P75.00

Fertilizer: Triple 14 1 sack 230.00 Urea 1 sack 110.00

Funeicide: Manzate 1 bae 114.00 Transportation P1.00 I Kilo 2,000.00

---------------Total expenses ......•..••...•.•••....•.. P2,529.00

Grose income (2,000 kilos X P5.00),... 10,000.00

Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . .. . . P7,471.00

37

J. After project construction

Inputs Unit

Seeds 10 spoons

Fertilizer: Triple 14 1 sack

Insecticide I Funaicide: Thiodan 2 bottles Vetigran Blue 2 cartoons

Amount

J50.00

250.00

300.00 350.00

Transportation loOO X 500 Klso 500.00 -------------.----

J1,450o00

Gross income (J5.00 X 500 kle.)... 12,500.00

Net income ................... 0...... 11,050.00

* Respondent B : Rice producer before and after project construction

Area: 750 sq. m.

crop: palay 1. Before project construction

Inputs: Unit Amount

Ammonia 12 kle. II 60.00 Triple 14 10 kl~o II 60.00

Harvest 250 bundles = 2 cavane II 640.00

Net income ........................ J 520.00

2. After the project

Inputs Unit Amount

Ammonia 12 kls. J 60.00 Triple 14 10 kls. J 60.00

Harvest (250 bundles= 2 cavane) J 640.00

Net income .................... o ... 2 ~20.00

D;:d.iil r·~:rf'h·•c:t+:~d t':\bm1p. is 11\pplic:mble only to t.he !!>+:·H~ond

cropping and does not show production for the first harvest which is usually greater in volume.

There have been no significant changes in the harvest as reported by the benefiary, except for the time release that was made possible when, because of the irrigation, the farmers did not have to manually lead the water into the farm parcels, or even to clean the weed very often if water had to be directed.

The use of fertilizers usually depends on the availability of money, in which caee organic fertilizers (pie manures) were resorted to instead.

* Respondent C : rice producer to vegetable producer

The case shows a shift from eubeietenoe to cash crop production. The family used to plantPf,lav and later ohan1ed to carrots and wombok after the irri1ation had been cemented. The shift of product took place after the family realized that vegetable production was more productive than palay as observed from other farmers in the community. The farm had been planted to rice since early days until· 1989 when vegetables were grown instead. ·

Shown below is a comparison of dila on palay and vegetable production. Vegetable production was noted to be more capital intensive than rice farminJ. In this particular case, hauling expenses was not reflected since the products were bought by a middleman directly from the community

Area: 700 sq. m.

a. Rice yield prior to project construction

1. First cropping (January-June)

Inputs

Fertilizers: compost and animal manure Seeds 2-3 bundles

Harvest

400 bundles = 3 cavane 1 P 1q5o.oo (350.00/cavan)

39

Inputs

Fertilizer: compost and animal manure Seeds :. 2-3 bundles

Harvest 400 bundles = 2-2 1/2 cavane.P?00-875.00

Total annual income: P1,750.00-P1,920.00

b. Yield after project construction

1. Chinese Pechay (2 months)

Inputs Unit Amount

Seeds 1 spoon ' 42.00 Fertilizers

Triple 14 1 sack 230.00 Urea 1 sack 180i-OO

Insecticidee Thiodan 1 liter 190.00 Manzate 1/2 box 50.00

Total expenses ...................... P692.00

Total harvest: 800 kes.X P2.00/ke .. P1,600.00

Total income: P1,600-P692.00 ...••. P 908.00

2. Carrots (3 months)

Inputs Unit Amount

Seeds 1 1/2 cane P 180.00 Fertilizer

Vrea 1 sack 180.00 Insecticides

Vstieran Blue 1 box 150.00 Thiodan 1 liter 100.00

-----------Total expenses .........•........•........ P 610. 00

Total harvest:{P3.00 X 1,000 kle.) ... ~3,000.00

Total income:(P3,000.00-P610.00) .... P2,390.00

Income for 5 mos.P908.00 + P2,390.00 = P3,298.00

40

5

CASE 2 SITE

Cada Coaaunal Irriaation Sadeadan, Bauko Mountain Province

I. COMMUNITY-LEVEL PROFILE

The total population in Sadeadan as of 1989 is 1,859 composed of 275 households or 300 families which are distributed in 13 eitioe.

Primarily a forested area before the ~50s, the barangay has presently been transformed into a commercial vegetable producer.

Before and during 195o·s, the place was a. thick pine forest with patches of swidden (kainfin). The major crops in the kaingins were sweet camote and different varieties of leaumee like pigeon pea, lima beans, snap beans. Commercial gardening was not yet known, after.the plantina activity,the head of the family (father) would leave the place to look for a job in the minina communities or to other places like Baauio,Bontoc,La Trinidad, and even to the lowlands. The mother and the children were the ones responsible to take care their plants in the kainain. Camote was the major food of the family until the father would return. From the savings of the father, the family can purchase their basic needs ..

The introduction ~f modern aarioulture in Sadsadan came in the late part of 1960s, althouah native potatoes .had been planted since the 1950s althouah this was limited to a few farmers. Gardening started by converting the swidden farms to garden plots and slowly began to expand by cutting the trees around the kaingine. Riprapping of eloping places was done to flatten the area to make it suitable for gardening. The major vegetables that they plant in the 196o·s were beans. pechay, potato, and cabbage but minimal in 'quantity. Population then was increasing, eo tax declaration of gardens was started to ensure righte towards their lands.It was in 1970s when commercial gardenina became popular, almost all the residents were cultivatina their lands, It was thie period when aardenina became the main source of livelihood of the people in Sadsadan althouah business beaun also to rise. However,planting of veaetablee was done durin& wet season (May-October)thus,one to two croppinas per year. Camote planting was not totally abandoned because their income for gardening was not enouah to finance their daily needs. Remnants of the thick pine forest were the loge used in the construction of the reeidents• houses. Vegetable dealer vehicles were limited to larae ecale farmers only, most of the farmers relied to local and Chinese middlemen to buy their harvest . if not,they will rely to buses to transport their harvest to sell them in the market (Baauio City and La Trinidad). Capital sources before were store owners from the city or from their neighbors, loan to the some banks was also

41

I:'IVii•tJ.,;·d::.:l.t:·~ but IM'InY Wf:·W<V~ tu:.;.m:l.tc'ilnt tf.) ci\Vc1\j,l br.~C:c'ill.l!!tf.·~ o·f' too lltt.tl::h paper works and the need of collateral. The uee of commercial inputs for gardening were limited because soil fertility was not a problem and peste ware not also observable. Total population of Sadsadan in was 493 composed of 95 households.

It was in the 1980s when massive gardening started. Major crops were potato, cabbage, sweetpeas, and carrots. Vegetables like wonabok, lettuce ~d beans were minimal. Construction of personal irr11ation started but limited to few, only large scale farmers were theonee who can put· up irri1ation. Hiring of workers to do aarden tasks outside the locality was observable, oriain ·of lU.Md workers are from Ifugao,. BeniUet and from other municipalities of Mt. Province. Crop rotation and the use of commercial fertilizers were observed to augment the loet fertility of t~e soil because of constant land use. Some farmere·etarted to flock to the community to 1arden by rentinl land. Payment of rent may be in terms of money or produce. If on cash. basie. average payment for one hectare for one crop is P2,000. Cleaning and maintenance of the aarden for a certain period can be a means of paying rent.

The creeks in the place be1an to dry up during summer because trees are minimal and concentrated ·only to some places where gardening was not suitable. During the tate 80s, disease such as bacterial wilt for potatoes and black lee for cabbage were obeerved. It was also 4urina thie period when farmers began to acquire private vehicles (1986) to transport their harvest to the market outlets. Gardeners cold now afford to have the capital for 1arden1na dependinl on the prices of veaetablee that they eell and if no natural calamity like typhoons and· lona droUiht would happen so ae to destroy their plants. Other sources ot.; income are their neighbors, storeownere, and middleme* fre• other places.

It was in 1988 when, with the communal irrigation, plots not irrigated before could be reached for the first time, thus increasing croppina intensity from once to twice per year, to ae often ae thrice.

Farmers before must have to prepare cabbage seedlings in places where wate~ is available. They sow the seeds near the creeks to · have constant supply of water. Sowing is usually done during summer to make it ready to be planted when the rainy days come (May).When the irrigation project became functional, farmers need not prepare seedlings of cabbage near the creeks or sprinas. they can prepare it in their garden vicinity.

42

I

I :t:. F'I:W,'.JECT F.•ACKGFWUNl>tt COVf.::RAGE AND !MF'1 l.EI"'f::I'ITATIOi'l Pf~Dcc:;~:;

The project is a communal irriaation located in Sadsadan,Bauko. It was undertaken under the Highland Aariculture Development Project thru the National Irrigation Administration. •

Beneficiaries of the project are residents of Sadeadan, Bauko. Farmers whose garden is located in the eix sitioe (Sadsadan Proper, Cuba, and Lonaen for;- Phase I,and Bato, Ngaya-an, and Sumey-ana for Phase II) are potential beneficiaries of the irriaation eyatem. An irriaatore association was formed ( Cuba-Sadaadan Irriptore Aaeociation) composed of all potential beneficiaries with the help of a NIA organizational worker before the project was started. There are 62 families who are actual beneficiaries and 45 families as firm-up members from the 108 potential beneficiaries. Potential benefeciaries are farmers whoee 1arden was surveyed by NIA to be irriaated. Those who helped in the construction of the project are the actual benefic1arlee and those who did not are called the firm-up members. Pirm•Up members are potential beneficiaries who were not able to joined in the construction of the project while labor counterpart waa oneoing, eo they were not given the priority to avail of the project. These firm-up members can avail of the irriaation upon payment to the irrigators association (term of payment still to be studied and determine by the actual benefici.ries). Firm~up members were not able to extend their labor counterpart because they may have their own irrigation sources. ' or had been busy with other eneaaements at the time of the construction.

The labor counterpart of the beneficiaries during the construction of the irrieation system constituted the associations· 30% equity to the total project coat for which funding was made available throueh the NIA. All actual beneficiaries are farmers in which eardening is the main source of their livelihood. The ennalleet garden area · of actual · beneficiaries ie 1/4 hectare and the largest is 3 hectares, the averaae is 1/2 to 2/3 hectare.

Out of the total population in Sadeadan as of 1989 which are distributed in 13 eitioe, only 3 are presently serviced by the irrigation system (Sadeadan Proper, Loneen, Cuba, Bato, Ngaya-an, and Sumey-ana). However, not all the residents of these eitios are actual beneficiaries either because some do not have 1ardens located in the area, or because others have their own irriaation •vstem. More or lees 15 actual beneficiaries are not reai~enta of Sadeadan.

43

The mumm~ry distribution presented below shows the number of farminl households served by the irriaation system:

--------------------------------------------------------Sitios covered by the

irrieation Nos. of Households

-------------------------------~---~--------------------Sadsadan Proper 56 Langen 12 Cuba 5 Bate 35 Ngaya-an 3 Sumey-ang • 49

Total number of Households in BaranaaY Sadsadan ......... 275

Number of Households in sitios covered by the project ... 160

Number of total potential beneficiaries ................. l08

Number of actual beneficiaries .......................... 61

Number of actual beneficiaies from other ai tics ......... 15

Number of actual beneficiaries in Sitios covered by the project •..........•............. 46

Phase I construction started in the later months of 1987 and was completed after 10 months (see map of project area). Phase I covered 3 sitios (Sadsadan Proper, Cuba. and Langen). The source of the water for the irrigation is a spring, the headwater of Cuba Creek in which a mother tank was made to supply 6 intake tanke(lOxlO feet) that supply the gardens with water throueh pipes. The mother tank is located more than one kilometers away from the garden beine irrigated.

For Phase II, construction started in 1988 and was partially completed in 1989, some portion was not yet finish due to lack of pipes. It has 4 tanks, the source of the water is a creek. Phase II has more water supply than Phase! because the place is lower than the water source unlike in Phase I that the irrieated area has almost the eame elevation with the water source; therefore,the flow of water is not as strong with Phase II. The Cada Communal Irrigation was inaugurated last May 28, 1989 with the presence of top provincial and local leaders invited to erace the occasion.

The irrigation supplies water. to vegetable lots. actual irrigated area for Phase I is more or lese 24 hectares with 33 families as actual beneficiaries, compared to the supposed irrigable area of 84 hectares. For Phase II, actual irriaated area is more or lese 18 hectares with 29 actual beneficiaries, the supposed irrigable area is 63 hectares.

44

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.Otw:i.nq f:H.HrttrJPI'' ~ th+:~ Wfd.€~1 .. !!i.t.IPPl y :i.n Ph,"<;:.(:· T ., "' nnl .. enough because the level of water from the aource,·a spring, decreases. For Phase II, no problema in water supply are experienced. At first, a misunderstanding among the beneficiaries in Phase I was very evident be~auee of insufficient water supply; farmers near the tanks are the ones who can avail of the irrigation. To solve this problem, beneficiaries agreed to have a schedule of water use on a rotation basis. Each members can u~e the irrilation for a day and night in a week. Since there are 6 tanke,6 members can avail of the water service at the same time. With this kind of schedule, the misunderstanding was solved among the members because everybody would have to strictly follow their schedules.

As specified in the NIA-IA Policies and Systems for Construction, all manpower and labor for the project construction were to be shouldered by the actual beneficiaries, with free labor as their counterpart to NIA. Beneficiaries were the ones who constructed the water tanks and connected the pipes from the water source to the gardena of each members. Every member should render the same working hours until the project was finished,except for those who have wider aardens who must render labor which corresponds to the target cost of equity per hectare (i8,604) in order to pay their equity, 2 laborers for a day from the family member will go to work to be able to pay their labor equity. For beneficiaries who have smaller size of gardens. they may stop working after they have rendered their corresponding equity labor. Project construction for Phase I started October 1987 and completed after 10 months. Phase II started in 1988 and partially finished in 1989 although some portion was not yet done due to lack of materials. During the construction of the project, some members neglected their farm works. To solve this problem of the laborer8, rotation was adopted in order not to interrupt their performance of daily tasks. Other family members will do the farm works when a family member will go to work in the irrigation. Water source for Phase I was donated by one farmer beneficiary.

III. PROJECT IMPACT O» THE COMMUNITY AND SELECTED HOUSEHOLDS

Since the irrigation became functional, actual beneficiaries are assured of 2 to 3 croppines in a year. They can plant during summer and wet season, harvest durine theee periods is the same in quality and in quantity, the only disparity is on the used of farm chemicals. For potatoes, during rainy days sprayine of funeicidee ranges from 5 to 7 days because of leaf blight. Durinl dry season (use of irrigation), spraying of funaicidee ie done at 15 days interval.

45

For cabbaqe" during r~iny measonm mpray1nq of insecticides is done at 15 days interval compared to 5 to7 days during the dry season. Almost all the actual beneficiaries are now practicina mono-cropping all throughoput the year, which results in constant land use, bigger capital reqirements for more farm inputs, and additional volume of production.

More specific chanaes on the biophysical environment have repercussions on the croppina eyetem to be maintained. For isntance :

a. The presence of irriaation that supplies water to the gardens induced the people to work more which results to additional croppina in each year. All garden lots during summer are beina cultivated. This condition showe constant use of lands. '

b. Due to continuous planting, chemical usage increased which contributes to air pollution. Farmers related instances that continuous spraying of.chemicals makes them feel dizzy and weak after spraying.

c. The beneficiaries need to protect the vicinity of the water source from cuttina trees to prevent erosion and drought in order to have continuous water supply. At present, the irrigators are requesting the DENR to provide . them tree seedlings to be planted around the vicinity of the water source.

46

In ·t.f:.~nnffi. c:rf' t1~·f·fc.i~c:'t!:l on hr.>LI!'J.f:·~hc)lrJ~ !:~omv.·~ tlltu::,tnd.:t.vP case~ are pre~ented in the followina paaee

* Respondent A : Mel Mordero

Size of land planted and supplied by the irrieation: 1.3 hae.

Crops: Potato and Cabbaae

Period: Before the irrieation (1986)

Table Chanee in Net Incomes Before and After the Construction of the Irrigation

Farm Inputs Quantity Unit Price: Total Cost

Chicken dune 1 truck load 50/sack ,10,000 Tripple 14 15 sacks 255/sack 3,825 Urea 7 sacks 240/sack 1,890 Thoricide 6 bottles 280/bottle 1,560 Tamaron 7 bottles . 180/bottle 1,260 . Atabron 4 bottles 450/bottle 1,800 Curzate 24 bags 175/baa 4,200 De thane 6 bags 200/baa :' 1,200 Hoietic 10 bags 87/baa

., 870 : ·,

Vetigran Blue 1o cartoons 150/ctn. 1,500

Potato Seeds Personal

Cabbage Seeds a cane !55/can 1,250

Hired Workers Haulers regular worker: 10,000

. . ' ............................................................

Total Expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,000

Harvest/Output: Cabbaae ..•.......... a loads ( 20,000 kilos ) Potato .............• 2 loads ( 6,000 kilos )

Total Harveet .••••.. 26,000 kilos

I

47

Cabbage

Quantity 5,000 kiloe 7,500 kilos 5,000 kiloe 2,500.kilos

Cost J4/kilo J4.50/kilo J5/kilo J5.50/kilo

Total Cost J20,000 J37,500 J25,000 J13,750

Potato

3,000 kilos 3,000 kilos

JS/kilo JB/kilo

J16,000 J24.000

Gross Sales ............................. J137.000

Transportation Expenses:( J.75/kilo x 26,000 kilos ) = J19,500

Net Sales ............................•.. J 117, 000

Net Income: (Net Sales - Farm Inputs Expenses) illl7,000- J40,000 = J77,000

Period: After Irrigation Construction (1989) Crops: Potato,Cabbage, and Sweet Peas

Farm· Inputs Quantity : Unit Price : Total Cost

Chicken dung 250 eacke J55/eaok J13,750 Tripple 14 18 sacks J270/eack J4,860 Urea 10 sacks J220/eack J2,200 Thoricide 6 bottles J265/bottle J1,590 Tamaron 7 bottles J160/bottle . Jl. 260 . Atabron 5 bottlee J450/b0ttle J2.250 Curzate 30 packs JlBO/paok J5,400 De thane 8 bage J210/baa J1,680 Hoistic 10 bottles J67/bottle J870 Vetigran Blue: 10 cartoons J150/otn. Jl. 500 Hosthation 8 bottlee J220/bottle Jl t 760 Thiodan 4 bottles il200/bottle J800

.. Seed Potato

(tubers) Personal Cabbage 5 cans »180/can P900

Seeds Sweet Peas 3 cans J80/can P250

Seeds Hired Workers: Haulers & :il13.000

:regular worker

Total Expenses ........ J53,000

48

5

Harvest/Output: Cabbage ...... 5 loads (12,500 kilos)' Potato ....... 4 loads ( 11.000 Kilos) Sweet Peas ... 20 sacks (800 kilos)

Total Harvest ..........•..... 24,300 kilos

Sales: Cabbage

Quantity 5,000 kilos 7,500 kilos

Potato 2,500 kilos 6,000 kilos 2,500 kilos

Sweet Peas

300 kilos 300 kilos 200 kilos

Unit Price i7 /kilo iS/kilo

J9/kilo i7.50/kilo iS/kilo

Jl8/kilo i15/kilo i20/kilo

Total Cost J35,000 i45,000

1122.500 J45.000 J15.000

J5.400 J4,500 J4,000

Gross Sales ..........................••.. J176,000

Transportation Expenses: il/kilo x 24,300 kilos =J24,300

Net Sales: Total sales - Transportation Expenses

J176,000-P24,300 = P151,700

Net Income: Net sales - Farm Inputs Expenses

i151.700- 1153,000 = 1197,300

Expenditure Pattern of the Familv/Respondent:

The family·s expenses before and after the construction of the irrigation had no significant changes. Their major expenses were focused on basic needs, food, clothing and education of the children. Budget for medicine is always allotted every year because the children (9) are always attacked by minor health problems such as fever, colds, and diarrhea.

49

(.:, m~i1mb<·:~r· crt' thf:·~ ·f'.Mn:i.ly we•nt to the M:i.d<:llf.\' E<:1!:>t :i.n :J.9B~i'

!::.o ti·H,·:·y h<:H:l t.o ~:>p+:md 1:15,000. The capital for gardening inputs are always prioritized in order that they can proceed planting for the following vear.

If the budget of the family for capital in the garden for the next year is not enouah, the family borrows inputs from neighbors at rates higher than the price of inputs sold by agricultural farm supplies in the city or in other firma selling inputs.

* Respondent B : Mr. Reynato Tahap Land area being eupplied by the irriaation: 3/4 ha. Crops: Cabbage and Potato Period: Before Irrieation Conetruction (1987)

Farm Inputs Chicken dung Tripple 14 Urea Tama.ron Curzate

Quantity 180 sacks

13 sacks 10 sacks

4 bottles 18 bags 6 baas 6 cartoons 4 bottles 5 bottles 8 bags 6 bags 8 bags 6 bottles

De thane Vetigran Blue Thiodan Selecron Hoistic Manzate Daconil Sumiciden Potato Seede Cabbage Seeds Hired Worker & Haulers

1,200 kilos (personal) 1& cans

Total Farm Inputs Expenses .•..........••...... t45,000

Harvest/Output:

Ca.bbage ........... 8,000 kilos Potao ............ 12,000 kilos

Total Harvest .............. 20,000 kilos

50

Cabbage Quantity 2,500 kilos 1. 500 kilos 3,500 kilos

500 kilos

Potato 5,000 kilos 2,500 kilos 3,000 kilos 1,500 kilos

Cost ~3/kilo P4/kilo P4.50/k1lo P3.50/k1lo

P4/k1lo P5/k1lo P7/kilo P5.50/kilo

Total Cost ~7. 500. P6.000

lt18.750 P1,750•

,20,000 lt12,500 lt14,000

lt8,250

Grose Salee ..................................... P88,750

Transportation Expenses: P.75 x 20,000 kilos= lt15,000

Net Sales: Grose Sales - Transportation Expenses lt88,750 - J15,000 = lt73,000

Net Income: Net Sales - Farm Inputs Expenses lt73,000 - lt45,000 . =

Period: After Irrigation Construction (1989) Crops: Potato and Cabbaae

Farm Inputs

Chicken dune Tripple 14 Urea Tamaron Curzate De thane Vetigran Blue Thiodan Selecron Hoietic Manzate Daconil Sherpa Dec is Potato Seeds Cabbage Seeds Hired Worker & Haulers

Total Farm Inputs Expenses ...

51

Quantity

200 sacks 15 sacks 10 sacks

6 bottles 20 packs 8 packs 8 cartoons 6 bottles 5 bottles 8 bottles 6 baas

10 packs 4 bottl.,s 4 bottlee

1,500 kilos 20.cane

lt28.000

P52,000

H<•"'"Vf:~!!!· t../Du t put~ Cabbaee ......•......•.•.. 9,500 kilos Potato ................... 14,500 kilos

Total Harvest ....... 24,000 kilos

Sa lee: Quantity Cost Total Cost

Cabbage 3,500 kilos P4/k1lo 1114,000 2,500 kilos 5'6/kilo J15,000 1,700 kilos 115.50/kilo P9,000 1,800 kilos 117/kilo 1112,000

Potato 2,500 kilos P4/k1lo 1110,000 6,000 kilos 116/kilo P36,000 3,000 kilos 115/kilo 1115,000 3,000 kilos 117/kilo P21,000

Grose sales ............................. Pl32, 000

Transportation Expenses: Ill/kilo x 24,000 kilos = P24,000

Net Sales: Gross sales - Transportation Expenses

11132,000 - P24,000 - 11108,000

Net Income: Net sales - Farm Inputs Expenses

P108.000 - 1152,000 = 1156,000

Expenditure patterns of family :

A large share of the budget is used as capital for gardening. Other items in the budeet are expenses ·for food and clothings and other basic needs; education of the 3 children; mediqal expenses; and acquisition of new garden tools.

If income is enough only for basic needs expenses for the family, capital for farm inputs is borrowed from suppliers or neighbors. Averaee food allowance of the family for 1 month is 112,000 ( L cavan of rice, 1 cavan flour, 5 kilos sugar, 2 and 1/2 kilos lard, coffee, milk, etc.)

Last May 9,1990 the community, especially the garden lots planted to vegetables were destroyed by a hailstone which caused the farmers to lose thousands - worth of vegetables. Vegetables planted durin& the summer which were irrigated were the ones destroyed by the hailstone. Mr. Tahap himself lost 1150,000 worth of inputs because all hie plants were totally destroyed.

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Respond~nt C = Mr. Emilio B~l~o (Non-bene·r1r10~v) Land Area Planted with Vegetables: 1 Hectare Crops: Potato and Cabbage Period: 1989

Farm Inp'l.}ts

Chicken dune Complete T-14. Urea Insecticides

Sherpa Penant Selecron Thoricide Thiodan

Fungicides Garvox Curzate Daconil Vetiaran Blue

Sticker Potato Seeds Cabbage seeds Haulers Others

Quantity

180 sacks 20 sacks 10 eaoke

4- bottles 4. bottles 6 bottles 6 bottles 6 bottles

10 cartoons 18 cartoons 6 packs

10 packs .·10 packs 1,300 kilos 18 cane

Total Farm Inputs Expenses .... P68.000

Harvest/Output: Cabbage ................. 15,000 kilos Potato .................. lO,OOO kilos

Total harvest ........ 25,000 kilos

Sales: Quantity

Cabbage 5,000.kiloe

1,000 kilos 3,000 kilos 1,700 kilos 2,500 kilos 1,800 kilos

Potato

Cost

J5/kilo J6/kilo J4.50/kilo 114/kilo JB/kllo J6.50/kilo

1,800 kilos J5/kilo 1,800 kilos i6/kilo 3,600 kilos P7/kilo 2,400 kilos J6.50/kilo

500 kiios PB/kilo

Total Cost

P25,000 te.ooo

P13,500 P6,800

i20,000 i5,200

J9,000 P10,800 t25.200 P15,600

Gross Sa lea ...................... · .......... . 113.500 i139,000

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Transportation Expenses=

The respondent has his own vehicle to transport his products, however he spent PlO,OOO for aaeoline expenses, registration, and repair for,~he car (Ford).

Net Sales: P129,000

Net Income: Net sales - Farm Inputs Expenses P129,000 - PBB.OOO J61,000

* Respondent D: Angela Langaato (Non-beneficiary) Land area planted with vegetables: l/2 ha. Period: 1986 Crope:Potato and Cabbage

Farm Inputs

Chicken manure Tripple 14 Urea Tamaron Sumiciden Thiodan Vetigran Blue De thane Manzate Hoistic Potato Seeds Cabbage seeds Haulers

Quantity

110 sacks 12 sacks 8 sacks 4 bottles 6 bottles 4 bottles 6 packs

16 packs 6 cartoons

8 bottles 700 kilos

6 cans

Total Expenses ...•.. P38,000

Harvest/Output: . Cabbage ................ a,ooo kilos Potato ....... ~·-·······9,500 kilos

Sales: Quantity

Cabbage 2,500 kilos 1,700 kilos 1,700 kilos 1,000 kilos 1,100 kilos

Total harveet ..... 17,000 kilos

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Coat

J4.50/kilo J5/k1lo" P6/kilo J7/k1lo J4/kilo

Total Cost

P11,200 J8,500 J10,200 P7,000 P4.400

•

Po·t;:1t0

1, 700 kilos 1.700 kilos 3,400 kilos 2,700 kilos

t4/kilo J6/k1lo il5/kilo ll4.50/kilo

f6,800 J10.200 t17.000 ll12.000

Gross Sales ...... J87.000

Transportation Expenses:

Net Sales:

Hired Vehicle ...... ll.75/kilo x 12,000 kilos t9,000

Bus ................ f.50 x 5,500 kilos t2,700

Total Expenses ....•.. Jl1,750

Net Sales - Transportation Bxpenses t87,000- P11,750 J75,300

Net Income: Net Sales - Farm Inputs Expenses t75,300 - P38.000 ll37,300

* Respondent E : Bobby Ommo (Beneficiary) Land area supplied by the irrigation: 1.7 Hectares Period: 1989 Crops: Potato and Cabbage

Farm Inputs Quantity

Chicken Dung Tripple 14 Urea Pesticides Fungicides Vetieran Blue Hoistic Garvox Potato Tubers Cabbage Seeds Hired Workers Haulers Others

280 sacks 26 sacks 15 sacks 24 bottles 46 packs· 15 cartoons 13 bottles 6 cartoons personal

16 cans 4 regular workers

Total Farm Inputs Expenses ..... t75,000

Harvest/Output: t Cabbage ................. 18,000 kilos Potato .................. 20,000 kilos

Total Harvest ........ 38,000 kilos

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~; <·=·, 1 e~ r:; ::

Quantity Cost Total Cost Cabbage

5,000 kilos i7/kilo ·J35,000 1,700 kilos iS/kilo JlO,OOO 3,400 kilos P5/kilo J17,000 1,700 kilos i8/kilo 1!13,000 2,500 kilos i6.50/kilo i17,000 2,500 kilos i9/kilo i22.000 1,200 kilos i8.50/kilo JlO,OOO

Potato 8,000 kilos iS/kilo J48.000 1,700 kilos ll5/kilo J8,500 2,500 kilos i7/kilo J17.000 3,500 kilos iS/kilo J28,000 3,500 kilos ll6.50/kilo J21.000 1,700 kilos ll9/kilo Jl6,000

Gross Salee ....... ll280,000

Transportation Expenses:

The respondent delivered his harvest through the use of hie private vehicle, however he spent a P40,000 for gasoline, reaietration, and repair.

Net Sales: Grose sales - Transportation Expenses i280,000 - J40,000 Jl40,000

Net Income: Net Sales - Farm Inputs Expenses J140,000 - J75,000 ll65,000

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\.

SITE RP-German Seed Potato Progr81D Sadsadan, Bauko, Mt. Province

I. PROJECT BACKGROUND, COVERAGE AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS

A. Project Backeround and Components

The RP-German Seed Potato Proeram under the Bureau of Plant Industry aims to distribute seed potatoes to its cooperators for seed multiplication.

The Buguiae Experiment Station was established in 1978, primarily to serve as the research station and seed farm for the Philippine-German Seed Potato Proeram, subsequently referred to as the Philippine Seed Potato Proeram. Inteeral components of the proeram are the followine:

a. Bueuias Seed Farm

b. Laboratories (Serum, Invitro Rapid Multiplication and Nematoloey) and areen houses in Baeuio City

c. Seed sto~age houses located at different ac.cesible areas within the places where the program is implemented

d. Cold storaee for seed potato ( 40 tons capacity) at Baeuio City.

The Buguias Seed farm itself is located at Barangay Calagan, Buguiae, Benguet with an elevation of 2,100 meters above sea level·. The total land area of the seed farm ie 36.04 hectares. Seven hectares are fully developed and utilized for research and production of basic seed ,pieces in rotation with other crops.

The proeram provides seeds to farmer cooperators. After harvest, cooperators are expected to return the exact quantity of seeds they borrowed (tubers ready to be planted), and a 10% additional if the tuber is newly harvested. The additional 10% is used to cover the lose in weieht when the seeds will be stored for aermination.

Extension activities include farmers~ trainini pro1ram and field demonstrations. Technical assistance is also eiven to seed erower cooperatives, farm$rs and other individuals interested in seed potato production.

After 3 years of operation, the RP-German SPP constructed a seed potato etoraee (50 tons capacity) to store potato tubers. Only farmer cooperators and implementors can avail to use the storage. The land where the storage stands

57

w0s don~t~d by ~ f~rmer benefici~ry but~ must b~ returned to the owner after 25 years from the date of construction.

The program started with 20 households as major beneficiaries. Five percent of this number (4) out of the 20 members attended a seminar in Sayangan, Atok, Beneuet for one week together with other farmers from different places who were identified as ben~ficiaries. The seminar aimed to impart to the farmers the proper ways and techniques on potato production. Beneficiaries of the project were farmers with an average land area ranging from 1 to 1.5 hectares. To them, the project provided from 500 to 1,000 kg. of tubers on loan basis, payable with 10% additional tubers.

At first, some farmers were hesitant to avail of the project because they suspected that the program was like the FACOMA which resulted in ma~y farmers being indebted for several years. Each benefio'lary can only avail of loaned potato tubers once a year, loaned tubers range from 500 to 1,000 kilos. Beneficiaries were selected from the members of the Mount Data Marketing Coop which wae at the point of organizing when the project wae introduced in the community. Beneficiaries formed an oraanization (Mount Data Seed Potato Growers Association) to hays a systematic and better agreement among members and between the project implementors.

When the marketing cooperative was pursued in 1980, the RP-German Seed Potato Program aave a counterpart of f5,000. The marketing cooperative was independent of the program, as it was conceived and implemented solely through the initiative of the members.

The seed farm is envisioned to become the major· source of basic needs for distribution to qualified contract growers who in turn will produce commercial certified seeds for the Region and other potato growing areas of the .country. Commercial production and marketing will be done by seed growers cooperatives. The program implementore will certify the seed produced by the farmers.

Research activities deal with germplasm collection and maintenance, seed technology improvement, screening of varieties for pest resistance and other desirable characteristics, crop protection, soil nutrients relationships, potato-based croppina system, and post harvest.

Production of Quality eeede starts at the in-vivo and in-vitro rapid multiplication laboratory and greenhouses located at Baauio City. It is then carried to the Seed Farm and to selected farm cooperators.

58

r hi• pn:H:fur.:t:i.on <:r1' Prf.·~· .. ·b,\\!il:l.<:: ~"'nd bti\!5i<:: !!H:·:•f·>d<;:. ;;\~''(.':• rlonr··

using the Rapid Multiplication Techniques ( stem-cutting, einele-node cuttines ) and sprout cuttinas in elaes house, and in-vitro multiplication of nodal cuttinas.

On the other hand, the production of certified seeds ~nd subsequent eeneration of seed crops are done with selected contract &rowers.

Seed certification is done to ensure standards of seeds produce. Field and certification programs are implemented.

the health laboratory

In field certification, seed potatoes are inspected three times durin& the crop season (30 ,40 and 50,days after planting) to determine the percentaae of virus and potato cyst nematode incidence in the field.

Under laboratory certification tuber randomly selected from each contract arower and to enzyme-linked-immuno-eolvent-aeeay, a serological teet for p~et harvest certification.

samples are subjected

sensitive

Seed potato varieties which have so far been distributed by the RP-GSPP include the followine:

1. Cosima 6. Conchita 2. Granola 7. Fina 3. Be lor ina 8. Greta 4. Marion 9 Isola 5. Monea

After 3 years of operation, the RP-German SPP constructed a seed potato etoraae (50 tone capacity) to store potato tubers. Only farmer cooperators and implementors can avail to use the etoraae. The land where the storaae stands was donated by a farmer benrficiary, but to be returned to the owner after 25 years from the date of the construction.

B. Project Coverage

The total population of Sadeadan in 1975 was 493 distributed into 95 households. Por 1980, the total poulation was 1,087 composed of 200 households. The program started in 1978 with 20 households as major beneficiaries. 4 out of the 20 members attended a seminar in Sayanean,Atok, Benauet one week together with other farmers from different areas who were identified as beneficiaries. The seminar aimed to impart to the farmers the proper ways and techniques on potato production. Beneficiaries of the project were farmers with an average land area of 1 and 1/2 has. (see map of project coverage).

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Ben~fici~riem in S•dm~d•n wereselected b~sed on the 1' o ll n• .... :i. n c:.t IIHi.' t <:r1' c: r· :i. 'b~\ t'' ion 11

a. Farmers whose aarden is located in Cada and Sadeadan Proper in order to meet the prescribed elevation required by the proaram. (1,004 meters above sea level or not lees than 5,000 feet above sea level);

b. Favorable soil condition - must be free from any soil diseases;

c. Interest and capacity to plant potato.

I I . PROJECT IMPACT ON SELECTED HOUSEHOLDS

Several effects were reported or respondents in the course of the case study

1. Potato seeds accounted as defective

* Respondent A : Hr. Al Beta1

identified by

The respondent is a restdent of Sadeadan, Bauko since birth , and is a contract arower bf potato seeds. He is married with 7 children (1 married,2 out of school who both finished hieh school and 3 are still studyina). He is a plain aardener, cultivatina a land area of 1 and 1/2 hectares (tax decla~ed since 19eo·s). The family at present usee their own capital for aardeninl unlike in the 1970 4 e when they needed to borrow capital from fellow farmer·s who are well to do or to some middlemen comina to the place for business. When the project was not yet implemented, he acquired potato seeds from fellow f-rmers from the nearby places like Sinto and Monamon, aside from the self-produced potato tubers. Potato varieties arown before project implementation were the Pontiac and Michiaan varieties.

The respondent related that when he started planting potato seeds comina from the RP-German SPP in 1978 there was no observable seed defect until 1979 when he planted Granola and Belorina and bacterial wilt became observable. "Cuyos", local term for Bacterial wilt is a potato disease that causes the plant to wither after more than one month from plantina. To prevent cuyos, the respondent used lime or ashes mixed with the soil before plantina the .infected seed potato. The respondent was not able to return the loaned seed immediately when hie plant was attacked by bacterial wilt, however he still manaaed to borrow seeds from the RP-German and was able to pay hie loan. He was able to sell potato tubers to non-beneficiaries for i5.00 a kilo after plantinl the second 1eneration of hie seed stock.

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At prement~ b~cteri~l wilt im mtill observable in all seed potato varieties planted in the place but not to the extent that every seedline is affected.

* Respondent B : Mr. Reynaldo Tahap

He is a resident of the place throuah marriaee (1970s), orieinally from Loo,Bueuias,Benauet. He has 4 children ( 1 high school,2 elementary and 1 pre-$chool ). The family was a beneficiary of the project, in fact, Hr.Tahap joined in the trainina that the proeram provided before the project was established in their place. The family cultivates a garden lot of more than a hectares (1.3 has) since 1978.

Before the proaram, the respondent planted Michigan varieties of potato tubers, self- produced from hie stock (old stock), and ueina capital of hie own. When the project started, he beaan to acquire seeds. In 1980, when he planted Granola ( he planted this variety before but no observable defect was noticed) he observed that hie plant was affected by bacterial wilt, so he suspected that the seeds that he planted were defective or not certified as a foundation seeds.

Until then, whenever he plants potato of any variety, some sedlinas are affected by the disease specially durina rainy season. To check this;diseaee,the respondent must have to check and seereeate tubers that are affected for these not to be planted amymore. Tubers that are affected can be determined by a whiti~h thina appearina in the nodes and skin of the tubers or the whole tuber becomes soft after a few days from harvest. Even hie old eeedetock (Michiaan Variety) was affected aradually but not ae bad as ~ith Granola. The respondent still prefers to plant Granola because it can be harvested after 2 and a half months from plantina, unlike the other potato varieties which take 4 to 5 months before they can be harvested.

2. Other sources of potato diseases

a. Before a contract &rower can borrow potato tubers he should apply first, statin& the quantity that he wants to loan. After harvest he should return the seeds immediately and if he want to avail aaain for the next year, he should re-apply. The seeds returned by the cooperators will be accumulated and stored in the etoraae for aermination. When the tubers are ready to be planted, they will be transported to other baranaays like Sinto to be planted there and the seeds from Sinto will be the ones to be planted by the cooperators in Sadeadan. Constant traneportine and mixing

62

of seeds coming from different places and cooperators can be a cauee for the spread of seed dieeaee because defective seeds will be mixed with the good seeds and eventually contaminated. The purpose of exhanging seeds according to a BPI worker is to upgrade the seeds. Usually potato seeds that are planted on the same soil will produce less harvest because the seeds are immune to the· soil nutrients so it will bear lees rootcrops.

b. Soil defects can also cause potato diseaae,although agriculture technicians will examine first the soil before the seeds are planted, soil disease may arise after the examination or after planting.

3. Spread of seed potato in the communnity

After harvest, the cooperators will return the exact quantity of the seeds that they loaned. The excess will serve as personal seed stock and even sold to fellow farmers who can not avail of the proaram. Since not all can borrow seeds personally, they can buy from farmers availina of the project for J5 to 10 per kilo. Since then, the seeds have spread throughout the community. At present,almost all farmers in the place are planting potatoes whose origin is from the RP-German SPP.

All the farmers who joined in the training sponsored by the RP-German SPP shared their knowledge on the proper care and techniques on potato production that they learned in the training.

4. Experimenting on p~tato variety suitability

a. Michigan variety-original seed planted' by the farmers when the program was not yet operating in the place. Farmers related that this variety can endure and survive any season. Farmers in the place prefer to plant this variety because it can stand even without so much water and even extreme cold. This variety was existing since gardeninl started in Sadsadan (1960.s), oriain can not be traced because farmers acquired the seeds from their fellow farmers and the local aaricultural farm supply store.

b. Granola-introduced by the RP-German SPP. The farmers also prefer this1 variety because it can bear rootcrope eventhouah it will not complete the maturity date. This variety can be harvested after 2 and a half months from planting time. Althouah easily etriken by bacterial wilt, farmers prefer this for it can be planted on short term as compared to other varieties that take 4 to 5 months to mature.

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5. Project supervision

Airiculturiet~ will have to eee that the 1ardena where the seeds be planted must be in accordance with the prescribed elevation (1,004 meter above sea level) as required by the project. Throuahout the cropping period, the technicians will supervise and assist the cooperatoree for 3 times (30, 40, and 60 days after planting). It is the responsibility of the cooperator to return the loaned seeds after harvest. Farmers whose crops were destroyed by natural calamities who can not return th' loaned seeds can change the seeds on the next croppinl.

6.Practices/beliefs corrected when the program was introduced in the place

6.1.Slicing of seed potatoes before planting

Agricultural technicians from the RP-German SPP taught the farmers that it is better to plant seed potatoes when not sliced even though there are many sprouts around the potato tuber. It is safer for the seed from the attack and infection of any worms or diseases during aermination on the soil. More roots are developed and better harvest ensured in terms of quality and quantity compared to sliced seeds.

6.2.Sprayina in a fully opened faucet of sprayer

Farmers believed and practiced that sprayine planted vegetables in a fully open faucet is appropriate artd better in controlling any diseases or bacteria. When the program was int~oduced in the place agricultural technicians taught the farmers to cont'rol the flow of the faucet moderately and to properly and evenly distributed eo that the spread of chemicals from the faucet will reach all the parte of the plants. Spraying in a fully open faucet is wasteful and not effective.

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7. Conditions before the program was implemented

When the proeram was not yet operating in the Sadsadan,farmers got their potato seedstock from fellow farmers in nearby places like Sinto and Monamon aside from their old seedstocks. Others bought to aaricultural farm supply in La Trinidad. Seed potato variety was very limited. the only existing potato variety was Michiaan and Pontiac.

Farmers were not very aware about the new techniques and skills in eardenine. The use of commercial inputs was very limited as compared to the quantity of inputs used by farmers at present. However ae the proaram operated in the place, the farmers were able to improve their aardenina practices throueh the help of aaricultural technicians. Before the 1970s, eardenina was limited to a few farmers and yet on a small scale. It was in 1970s when aardenina became popular in the place.

' ' ' ' Gardening inputs with referrenoe to the RP-GSPP are usually characterized by the followina standards :

Sample Land Size: 0.5 Hectare

Seedstock: 1,000 kilos

Farm Inputs:

a. Fertilizers -chicken dune (120 sacks) i35.00/eack

-commercial (Tripple 14 and Urea) 7 sacks for i250.00/sack

b. Insecticides -Thiodan (2 bottles) il90/bottle

c. Funeicidee -16 packs i150/pack

Production/Harvest:

-8,000 to 9,000 kilos (Bia,Medium, XL,Extra)

65

•

V~ried ve~ctions and views were &licited from proiec1 benP-ficiaries and other residents in the community.

1. Municipal Mayor

When the RP-German SPP started to distribute seeds to·us, potato production became very popular. A great help for us because we need not to allot a budget for seeds, all we have to do is to apply and request for seeds. It enable us to acquire new seed varieties of potatoes and we learned the new techniques in gardening procedures. Everybody were interested in gardening to the extent that that those who want to avail of the program rented garden lots to·met the ~rescribed elevation of place where the seeds are to be planted as required by the project. Payment for renting before was in kind, some do not pay i.n cash, they will just clean and maintain the garden properly, then after a few years they will return it to the owner. The average rent before was i500.00 per cropping for 1,12 hectare.

2.0ther Members

With the new techniques in gardening that we acquired duringthe seminar, we were a~e to increase our harvest in terms of quality and quantity. Although some seeds were defective, we were able. to acquire new varieties of potatoes in which we are still using at present.

3.Non-Members

Even though we were not able to directly get seeds from the RP-German SPP, we were able to acquired seedstocks by buying to those who were recepients to the program. We were just late in getting the seeds because we have to wait that our fellow farmers can propagate the seeds for at least two croppings. The only problem is that the eeede that we acquired were the third generation, we never planted the first generation or the new seedstocks.

4. Project Inspector

The problem on some contract growers was that they return seeds which were defective or infected with bacterial wilt. So, the spread of bacterial wilt was never controlled .

. . 66

(H:Jd :i. '1:. 1 C:•l"' ;;1 1 d ,:·1 t i:'l Ob 'ti:'l :i. l"tf.·~cJ '1' I'' Dill :i. l"t 'tf:-:•1'''·" :i. ~::ov,1~:;. Con P l''<:)j (·:·:• C: t

effects and impact reveal that almost all the beneficiaries are categorized ashmedium and large scale farmers at present. They are cultivati g a land area of between 1 hectare to 6 hectares,

The loaned seeds from the RP-German SPP was not enough to the beneficiaries at the beginning of the program so, they have to get seeds by buying to some fellow farmers in nearby places like Sinto,bauko and Buguiae, Benauet. Farmers bought seedstocks for P5.00 to P7.00 per kilo. Aside from buying, they also produce their own seedstocks.

Before the program, farmer beneficiaries usually sell their products to Chinese middlemen and lowland middlemen although some delivered their harvest personally to the city market (Baguio) and La Trinidad Trading Post. It was in 1985 when these middlemen were gradually eradicated because farmers had est.ablish contact buyers in the market and local middlemen arises to buy their harvest.

Some beneficiaries were supplied by middlemen and storeowners from the city market, eo, they were expected to sell their products to these suppliers. The suppliers provided all farm inputs, the farmers counterpart wae the labor. After the harvest, the supplier would deduct all the expenses for farm inputs from the gross sales. The balance will be the net income of the farmer and the supplier. and is divided between the farmer and the supplier.

67

CASE 1 School Building Projects SITE Poblacion, Bauko, Mountain Province

I. COMMUNITY LEVEL CONTEXT

A. Physical features and location

Poblacion is bounded on the north by barangay Bila, Otucan on the east, Abatan on the southwest and Guinzadan on the south east. It has 17 puroks namely: Domog., Lilicden, Cotcot, Mangga, Dalep-ey, Tudey, Tablaan, Tikitik, Dagyo, Malubban, Anunana, Palas-an (Plaza), Tanaadan, Dagdagupan, Otto, Amdekkan and Maeedey.

It can be reached through the Haleema National Highway in two entry pointe, either in Mabaay, Bauko when'coming from Baguio, or Nakagang, Sabangan when coming from Bontoc. It is approximately 30 kilometers from Bontoc, the provincial capital and 130 kilometers from Baguio City.

The barangay has a total land area of 454.4 has. or 2.55% of the municipal area (neither the smallest nor largest). Of the total land area, 39.96% is open grassland, 29.4% agricultural, 27.51% forest land and 3.13% residential.

The climate is generally temperate, milder than Baguio. Two pronounced seasons are obeerveable throughout the year. The dry season starts from January until June and the wet season covers July to December.

The area is steepy, sloping, rolling and undulating with slopes ranging from 15 to 25% gradients. Terraces with irregular shapes are the dominant land forms.

Three creeks from the Piedo River, which runs 1.75 kms., provide irrigation for the fields. This river originates from Upper Bauko and extends to Bila through the Kipkip River, and to Otucan through the Andanum River. The river is subdivided into five small rivers, namely Pcsposok, Sayot, Wanga. Tina and Pikaw. The domestic water supply for the population comes from two natural springs within the barangay namely Tudey and Tikitik together with a river (Kulbong) originating from the forest near Tadian.

B. Socio-cultural Profile

Bauko is dominantly a Roman Catholic community. Religious practices have largely been influencing the indigenous culture of the people since 1925 with the entry of the CICM (Congregation of the Immaculate Conception of Mary)

68

missionaries, followed by the nuns of the ICM {Immaculate Conception of Mary) in 1935. Presently, however, the indigenous socio-political structures and practices are still maintained.

Two Dap:::JlY et.ructures are preeent in the community; these are located in Mangga and Tablaan. The dap-ay serves as community hall where meetings and some indigenous practices are observed. It is here people hold the "Begnas", a traditional thanksgiving celebration before harvest time.Other beliefs and practices in times of death, house construction and sickness are likewise practised by almost 75% of the households.

C. Economic profile

Poblacion is dominantly · a subsistence upland rice producer but has potential in fruit and veaetable production. The latter has just started a few years aao and is still thriving at a small scale. Modern aaricultural technology has been gradually penetrating the community since 1989 through the nursery project of the Highland Aaricultural Development Project (HADP), in collaboration with the Department of Agriculture and the seedling dispersal project of the RP­German Fruit Tree Program, an undertakina of the Bureau of Plant Industry,also of the Department of Agriculture. Use of commercial and imported inputs {seedlings and fertilizers) is observeable. Notably, cash crop production of vegetables particularly carrots and chinese pechay is newly practised by 4% families which begun sometime in 1988.

Although largely agricultural, the people have some livelihood engagements other than farming. 3% of· the total families are into business mostly of the buy and s~ll type. About the same percentage of families earn additional income from relatives working abroad. A large percentage ·of the population who were confronted with the limi-ted agricultural production migrated in the mining communities.

D. Demographic Profile

As of 1989 as per Rural Health Unit data, Poblacion has a total population of 1,149 almost equally divided between males and females. There are 232 households with 234 families.

Birth records from the past four years show that birth rate increased in 1987 reachini 31.33 % but gradually decreased from 29.92 % and 25.23 % . Death rates. on the other hand, had been increasing for the last three years but there had been an eventual decrease in 1988. Records from 1986 to 1989 are as follows, 8.05, 8.95, 5.28, and 9.57.

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E. Political profile

Community decision-making is largely dependent on the barangay officials guided by municipal and barangay ordinances. This is applicable to situations involving minor conflicts in the comm~nity. However, in cases wherein decision is beyond the capability of the barangay officials, other people in the community maybe involve or consulted in the person of community elders, past officials and other respected personalities.

/

II. PROJECT BACKGROUND, COVERAGE AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS

A. General Project Background and Context

The first pre-fabrioeted school building was constructed prior to world war two during the Japanese occupation in Mt. Province. Children had to be forced by the patrolling soldiers to enter school . During the American occupation, children were persuaded to enter school with the clothes and food given by the soldier-teachers. In the 1950s, at the time of President Magsaysay, Filipino teachers from the lowlands ran the school. The structure then was the Gabaldon building serving pupils from grades one to seven. Pupils came from all over the municipality which was then composed of three barrios then and those from Tadian. Later. other structures were set-up in the succeeding period.

There used to be six school buildings. There was a separate edifice purposely as practical arts room for boys and girls; a 9-room Gabaldon type utilized for classrooms. administrative office and a library; and two one-room buildings as classrooms. These school structures have been serving Poblacion and other nearby barangays particularly Bila and Abatan for years until new educational facilities had been installed in the said barangays. Presently. it has four functional school buildings serving solely the pupils in Poblacion. Added to it are one teachers· quarters and a dilapidated school building now used as shed.

Pupils who graduated from Bauko Central School either pursue their secondary education in the available private school in the community or to other public schools in nearby barangays and mining communities. After high school, some enrol in college, others seek employment elsewhere. while others stay in the community and farm. Outmigration is very evident at this point.

70

B. Fo~eign-Funded P~ojects

1. RP-US Bayanihan Building

The RP-US Bayanihan building was constructed in 1974. Originally, it was a 3-room building, two of which are classrooms and one serves as practical arts room for boys. With the launching of Decentralized Learning and Resource Center (DLRC) in 1979, a library proiram initiated by the Department of Education CUQture and sports ,the two classrooms were converted into a library while the practical arts room has remained. Originally, the buiiding was intended to be used as additional classrooms.

The building occupies an area of approximately 150 sq. m. on a public lot declared as school compound since 1946. It is an elongated bungalow type made up of cement with galvanized iron roofings.

The building was constructed in 1974 funded by USAID as part of the US bases rental agreement. It was contracted by a certain Anton Vergara from Otucan, northeast barangay from Poblacion. About 15 carpenters and laborers from Poblacion and nearby barangay were hired to finish the project within three to four months.

2. Educational Support Fund (ESF) Building

It is 3-room building presently used by grades 3. 4 and 5 since its construction in 1987. Each room occupies an area of 12~ X 14.- Like the RP-US Bayanihan buildin~. it is bungalow type with cemented flooring, wooden windows and galvanized iron roofing. It was constructed upon a 150 sq. m. lot declared as school compound just after World War II.

With the fund released in 1985, construction commenced in 1987 under two contractors, together with ten laborers and carpenters majority of whom are townmates (from Balaoa, Tadian) of the contractors.

III. PROJECT IMPACT

1. Physical changes in the school set~up

Just after the two schoool buildings were constructed. changes in the physical set-up of the school had taken place. The Gabaldon type school building became a hall where graduation rites and programs are being held. During regular school days, one corner of the hall is being used as classroom. The administrative office which was originally occupying one room at. the left-wing corner was expanded. now occupying three rooms in all. One room is being used as table

71

"\.(·:·:•nn:i.•::. c:ot'TH:·:·v· "fot'" t~:-:•,:\<::h:i.nq .:HH:I non"··t.f:·:•;,~c:tdnq pc-:·r·~::-onn(·:-~1 cd' th~::·

school. Three rrf the oriqinal 8 classrooms rem01n 0s classrooms.

The RP-US Bayanihan buildin& serves as an· addition~} structure for a wider library which was originally occupying a corner in one of the classroom corners in the Gabaldon building.

The ESF building replaced a 3-room building originally used as classrooms for grades.2. 3 and 4 presently use as shed.

2. School participation and performance indicators

A politician, teacher, and farmer who served as respondeNts believe that the constructed school buidings have been was very useful in providing more spacious rooms for the pupils. However secondary data reveal. a decrease in annual enrolment due to construction of school bui~dings in nearby barangays from where some of the pupils came, as reflected in school participation data.

All elementary teachers are residents of the community except the principal and the district supervisor who come from Bila and Baenen, respectively, two adjacent barangays.

The schools in the municipality were divided into two districts in 1989. District one covers the schools in upper Bauko while district two covers lower Bauko.

An alumnus of the school of class 1984-85 and whose parents are both teachers observed during his two years of stay in the community that pupils nowadays are dismisssed earlier than the prescribed class hours. As witnessed by the researchers, classes are dismissed very early in the absence of the principal or district supervisor.

Moreover, pupils are observed to be less disciplined and less knowledgeable, according to a respondent who has been teaching for almost 20 years. Records show that before 1980, the number of those who failed and repeated was very minimal, but this gradually increased in the recent years.

Enrolment record shows a decreasing trend from 1972-1975. A slight increase was observe in CY 1876-1977 and decrease again in the succeeding two years. The latest school year shows an increase from the enrolment rate in 1980 (please refer to Table 1).

Municipal wide, however, Table 2 shows an increasing trend in enrolment from 1983 to 1989. It is also noted that the municipal rating is higher compared to provincial rating (see Table 4).

72

Drop-out rate shows that CY 198J-198q ~nd

have the highest record. CY 1989-190 recorded (refer to Table 5).

J ·)H'.'', .. ·J ··,,:::::.:::.

the least

Even tables 9 and 10 indicate that school ~articipation and performance indicators for the provincial level are higher than those for Bauko.

73

•

Nuaber of Enrolaent by School Year

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Grade Len l & . School Year Section :'11-'72 :'72-'73 :'73-'74 :'74-'75 :'76-'71 :'77-'78:'79-'80:'80-'81:'89-'90: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

61 60 60 60 60 60 35 38 4l A 31 30 30 30 30 30 8 30 30 30 30 30 30

II 63 63 66 60 61 60 48 42 35 A 33 33 35 30 31 30 25 27 8 30 30 31 30 30 30 23 28

lll 35 54 54 61 60 48 32 32 43 A 26 26 28 30 24 8 29 28 26 31 30 24

IV 51 51 53 51 50 44 37 32 30 A 25 25 25 31 30 30 8 26 28 21 20 20 14

:. v 50 50 40 40 40 41 44 50 38 A 25 25 30 30 28 22 25 B 25 25 10 10 13 22 25

VI 28 28 37 34 40 37 37 35 29 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: TOTAL . 268 306 310 307 311 290 233 229 236 . ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

74

lable 2

Reasons For Dropping-out Among Bauko Central School Pupils

Reasons

:Transfer of residence :Poverty :Illness :Truancy :Opening of new school

8 0 0 0 0

Table 3

7 2 4 0 0

3 0 1 0 8

3 0 3 0 0

9 3 5 2 0

Municipal and Provincial Participation Rate

: Schoo 1 Year Bauko : Mt. Province :

1983-1984 89.35 % 73.32 % 1984-1985 93.35 % 1985-1988 94.08 % 93.68 % 1988-1987 95.72% 88.59 % 1987-1988 127.78% 82.58 % 1988-1989 129.81 % 1989-1990 103.00 %

Table 4

Actual Enrolment And Goine-to-school Age Population (Bauko)

: School Year : Goine-to-school Age : No. of Enrolled : :Population (7-12 yrs.): Pupils

1983-1984 3,720 3,324 1984-1985 3,645 3,406 1985-1986 3,650 3,434 1986-1987 3, 768 3,607 1987-1988 2,810 3,588 1988-1989 • 2,823 3,669 1989-1990 2,184 2,252

75

Table 5

Public Elementary School Enrolment for the Last Five Years

: School Year

1983-1984 1984-1985 1985-1986 1986-1987 1987-1988 1988-1989

76

Bauko

3,406 3,405 3,609 3,506 3,691 3,806

: Mountain Province :

17,458 17,408 18,447 18,469 19,255 19,255

Table 6

Municipal and Provincial Completion Rate

School Year Bauko • : Mt. Province :

1983-1984 1984-1985 1986-1987 1988-1989 1989-1990

Table 7

64.10 % 53.66 % 44.00 I 61.92 I 39.44 I

Municipal and Provincial Repeater Rate

55.19 %

: School Year Bauko : Mt. Province:

1983-1984 1985-1986 1986-1987 1987-1988 1988-1989

4.08 % 2.34 %

27.71 % 3.67 %

.66 %

3.24 % 6.96 %

Table 8

Municipal and Provincial Drop-out Rate

School Year Bauko : Mt. Province: -------------------------------------------

1983-1984 1984-1985 1985-1986 1986-1987 1987-1988 1988-1989 1989-1990

77

.93 %

.23 %

.90 %

.13 %

.43 %

.57 %

.09 %

.74% !53 %

•

Table 9

Municipal ·and Provincial Survival Rate

: School Year : Bauko : Mt. Province:

: 55.49 % : . : 54.73 % :

1983-1984 1984-1985 1985-1986 1986-1987 1987-1988 1988-1989

: 89.20 X : 65.02 I ·· . : 72.87 % : 63.37 % ·: 67.37 % : : 68.50 % :

Table 10

Municipal and PrOvincial Retention Rate

School Year : Ba.uko : Mt. Province:

1984-1985 1985-1986 1986-1987 1989-1990

: 99.44 % : : 87.82 % : 91.88 %

. : 96."27%: . 95.70% : 68.50 % : .

. .

-------------------------------------------

Table 11

Municipal and Provincial Transition Rate

------------------------------------------: School Year Bauko : Mt. Province: ------------------------------------------

1983-1984 : 1985-1986 : 1986-1987 : 1988-1989 : 1989-1990

: 99.02 % : : 91.25 % : 91.68 % : 96.27% : 95.70% : 97.00% : :101.00 % :

-------------------------------------------

78

5

CASE Nagacadan Spring Development

SITE Kiangan. Ifugao

I. COMMUNITY LEVEL DATA

A. Livelihood-mix of the community

Farming is the major livelihood source in for most households in Nagacadan, a barangay in Kiangan, ifugao. Rice has always been the main crop. The construction of the road in the 1980s gave rise to a diversification of crops, as to include products into temperate veeetables, particularly green beans and cabbage. Small retail stores have also started to proliferate at the roadside, along with the emergence of middlemen particularly in vegetable dealing. From among the residents, though, the number of middlemen had decreased because they lack capital and they face strong competition with middlemen from Poblacion.

About 5 % of the total population rely on white collar jobs; majority xprefer to reside in the capital towns though they still maintain some properties in the community. The earliest batch of professionals had out-migrated as early as 1960s.

Presently, other sources of income include overseas employment and seasonal labor from government as well as private projects. Majority of young adults have enlisted themselves in the CAFGU to augment their income.

B. Infrastructure Facilities Available

It used to be that Nagacadan could be reached through the old Japanese foot trail connecting Poblacion and Hungduan. The first passable road ever constructed is the Kiangan-Tinoc road then being constructed in the early '80s. This provides the only means of access to the community, on a passenger jeepney which goes every Saturday. During regular days tricycles can be hired at three times the price of the fare on a reaular passenger jeepney. To provide an alternative road, a second class barangay road connecting Ambabag and Lower Nagacadan was started in 1987 but it is incomplete as yet.

Seven concrete bailey footbridges linking the community and ricefields were constructed one after the other through the local funds either from the provincial or municipal budget. It was observed that the barangay has the most number of footbridges.

79

1n terms of waterworks~ six sitios have either level one or two waterworks, among them are Cabunglahan, Paniki, Luhong, Balicongcong, Pa-u and Ollaaon, all of which were simultaneously constructed between the mid-·aos and th present. A level two waterwork will soon be constructed in Lower Bayninan with the use of municipal funds.

There are two main irrigation systems in the community. Numbongngog commumity irriaation system supplies nearby barangays namely Nungawa, Julonaan, Poblacion, Ambabag, Pindongan and Nagacadan. Another is the Pawid irrigation system supplying the northern portion of the barangay.

C. Facilities for education, health and recreation

There are two elementary schools in the barangay: one primary school and a complete elementary school in Lower and Upper Nagacadan respectively. These were simultaneously constructed in the ·5os and were structurally improved during the Marcos administration. The absence of schools for higher education has forced young kids to be weaned from the family at an early age. In fact, some are enrolled in another barangay, Poblacion, as early as arade four. Secondary and tertiary education are souaht at either Poblacion or Lamut and Manila or Baguio, respectively.

Health service is extended by the barangay midwife who pays a regular visit three times 'a week. Hoever, the service is limited to minor health problema depending on the available resources of the clinic. More often than not, patients are referred to Saint Joseph Clinic at Poblacion.

Recreation facilities are not visible in the area despite the presence of electricity. Moat of the people however take a day-off in a week, usually Saturday~. during which time people from nearby barangaya find time to market their produce and buy some commodities at the same time. Among the males, Saturday is a day for drinking liquor.

D. Credit availability, sources and uses

Credit sources are availed of either in cash or in kind from the sources in Poblacion, particularly those of KAISA store, Nawotwot Multi-purpose Cooperative, and middlemen in vegetables trading. Credit availment became common upon intensification of vegetable farming in 1980s. Usually, credit from any of the cited sources are taken at interest rates ranging from three 3% to 10%. Other sources are those from the extension services of government and non-government organizations.

80

Nagacadan is a community reached by social services not only from the government but also from no.n-government organizations. Four government offices have implemented projects since the ~70s. Among the first was the Presidential Assistance for Community Development through the local government offices. PACD was noted to have provided materials for socio-economic projects such as footbridaee and waterworks. Moreover, DSWD provided a J30,000.00 loan in 1989, distributed among ten farmers with 10% interest payable within the fifth quarter from the borrowing date. The loan was granted purposely to help finance the erowing vegetable industry in the municipality. A eupportine project to this was initiated in 1988 by the Department of Agriculture in coordination with the farmers oreanization in the community through the construction of a storaae facility which should also function as a multi-purpose building. To date the structure is not being used as intended because of its distance from the road; it is instead being used as residence of a teacher who owns the lot on which the structure was set up. In the early part of 1990, the Office of Northern Cultural Communities, together with a Peace Corps Volunteer. proposed an income generating project through livestock raising amounting to ~200.000.00 but was temporarily suspended due to the untimely pull-out of Peace Corps Volunteer program in the country. The project was to be undertaken with the same farmers organization with which the Department of Agriculture had coordinated their projects.

On the other hand, non-governmental organizations, particularly Plan International, provides educational scholarship to selected beneficiaries.

Despite the relatively big number of social services in the community Nagacadan remains backward in terms.of the health and socio-economic conditions. Ironically, however. quite a number of professionals originate from the place. In fact, the present mayor comes from the barangay.

II. PROJECT BACKGROUND, COVERAGE AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS

The water system in Nagacadan has long been neglected, until the 1980s when the government started to respond to the health and sanitation problem in the community through waterworks projects, complemented by health services rendered by the barangay health station. For drinking purposes, the people used to rely on freely flowing-water along creeks or rivers which are usually used for irrigation and open springe. Not all of Lower Nagacadan has a developed water system. Four sitios rely on a nearby creek. The only water source of Lapiddik, Muy-yang, Tang-il and Dayuccong was a creek located north of the said sitios. In 1983, an intake

81

t~nk w~s const~ucted ~lonq the creek purpcaely to p~ovide ~ better sedimentation facility for drinking water.

In 1986, the Department of Public Works and Highways released j37,600.00 through the First Rural Water System and Sanitation Program for a level one water system. Specifically, an intake tank with dimension 1 m. X 1 m. X 1 m. and three faucets were installed to serve eighteen households in four sitios. Eight households in Tang-il and two in Dayuccong, or a total of ten households, share a common faucet, the pipeline of which was connected from an intake constructed in 1983. On the other hand, a separate intake tank with dimensions 1 m. X 1 m. X 1 m. supplies two sitios, namely Lapiddik and Muy-yang. In Lapiddik, six households share one faucet, while a separate one is used by the owner of the land on which the intake tank was set up. In Muy-yang, only one household uses a faucet, but this owner provided some pipelines and a faucet (see map of project coverage).

The construction took about two weeks though this was programmed for one month. Trenching, installation of pipelines, backfilling and construction of intake tank were done through collective effort of the people. Each household had at least one representative to render labor for a day. However, one day free labor was not enough to complete all the work. Hence, the son of the barangay captain, a ouncilman, and the municipal plumber, did the rest of the job. These people reportedly received compensation. As per project specification, however, seven people were supposed to work for the intake tank in three to five days, and another person in seven days to do trenching, installation of water pipeline and backfilling, for which an allocation has been made to cover labor costs.

It was reported that 37 pipes were taken from unused stocks of PACD from their previous projects in the community. The construction took about two weeks though it was programmed for one month. Trenching, installation of pipelines, backfilling and construction of intake tank was done through collective effort of the people. Each household had at least one representative for a day. However, one day free labor was not enough to complete all the work hence the son of the barangay captain, a councilman and.the municipal plumber completed the work. These people were reported to have received a compensation. As per project specification, however,seven people were supposed to work for the intake tank in three to five days and five manpower in seven days to do trenching, installation of water pipeline and backfilling.

82

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Among the observed changes brought about by the project were the following:

The children in the community are usually the ones tasked to fetch water from the old water source which is about 15 meters from Tang-il, 20 meters from Dayuccong, 15 meters from Lapiddik and 17 meters from Muy-yang. Interviews revealed that many children usually encounter accidents during rainy season when the water level along the creek rises and pathways are slippery. N~wadays. children are more or lees spared from such accidents. Moreover, the people no longer have to spend much time in fetching water although they still have to waeh clothes along the creek during dry season.

The project was favorably received by the people who perceive it as having been granted on account of the political influence of former Congressman Lumauig. The people believe that the project was granted through the power of Lumauig who exerted a considerable influence in determining project areas, considering that heads of the Department of Public works and Highways were known to the people as appointed into office by said politician.

At the local level, various sectosrs in the community have varying perceptions of the barangay captain. For instance, some members of the barangay council reacted against the failure of the barangay captain in holding consultations with the community prior to implementation or even planning of the project. Consultations could have allowed a seemingly democratic process within the barangay council, e.g. clarification of priority project sites within the community and persons to take charge of the project. It was observed that the past baraneay captain had undertaken numerous projects without the knowledge of the people. The people would know about the project only when it is already being implemented.

84

CASE 1986 Water System Project

SITE Duit. Kianaan~ Ifugao

I. COMMUNITY LEVEL DATA

A. Livelihood mix

Farmine has been the dominant livelihood of the Tualis in Duit. About 100 % of the ~opulation depended on farming until the ·7os althoueh a small percentage of the populace were professionals then. Others had migrated to the mining ·communities in Beneuet.

The decade of the ·8os marked the shift to vegetable eardenine by almost all of the farmers in the barangay. At the same time, it was durine this period when the community had ita first record of overseas employment which gradually increased at mid-·8oe. The business sector grew. The number

· of storsownere increased from three to six, one vegetable dealer (middleman) and one tricycle owner and driver emerged. However, reear4leee of the trend in livelihood diveraificatiozll, Duit remains a farmine community with rice and green beans as major crops.

B. Access roads and other economic infrastructure ' I

Amone the several infrastructure facilities are the following : Dinapugan-Antipolo Road (1988) ; 3 bailey concrete footbridaee (1980s); and 8 water system (level 1) (1980s). As noted above, the provision of services by government and private services were marked in the ·aoa, in contrast with the preceding period when the community was virtually left on ita own.

C. Facilities for education, health and r·ecreation

Duit is one among the barangaya with the least number of educational facilities, havina only one primary school (grades 1-3) and three teachers serving 135 households or 727 persona. Intermediate and secondary education ie pursued in Lagawe or Kianean whi~e tertiary education, which only few can afford, is eouaht in Lamut or Baeuio.

In relation to health, a barangay health unit servicing three baranaaye is located right in Duit. It is manned by a midwife who visits three times a week. In moat cases, however, patients are advised to eo to the center due insufficient medicine and medical equlpments.

85

F~<-::•r.: n:~iil i: :i. c:m ·1' iii r~ :ll it i«·~n• are 1 j,mi tt~cl" On J. y CHH:~ p .1. .:·1 y 1 nq pool and billiard hall are available althoueh a few households have their own video caeeette recorder.

D. Credit availability, sources and uses

Financial assistance is availed of either from private individuals or agencies from within and outside of the community, mostly to finance vegetable production. Vegetable buyers (middleman) are usually the ones who grant loans, other than lending institutions like the Kiangan Multi­purpose Cooperative and Kiangan Farmers Cooperative.

E. Extension of other services by GOa and NGOs

Extension services are undertaken by government and I

non-government organizations. The Department of Agriculture had its agricultural dispersal in 1989 while Plan International repaired an irrigation system.

II. PROJECT BACKGROUND, COVERAGE AND IMPLEMENTATION P~OCESS

Duit has a very poor water euppply. Residents basically rely on dug out springs for which there is ueu·ally one in each barangay. In 1986, the Department of Public Works and Highways granted tl2,000 from the Economic Support Fund for spring development. ·

Such amount was targetted for spring boxes in three aitios namely, Pal-iyon, Hieib and Baeuinge {see map of project coverage). Each sprine box measures 1 X 1. X 1m. with an appropriated fund of i4,000 each. Each barangay councilman in charge of the sitios headed the construction of the project.

Project specifics of the project{per sitio' include the following.

a. Pal-iyon

Pal-iyon is a newly created eitio. Most of the residents originally came from Baneawan (a settlement north of Pal-iyon) for easier access to the road.

There are eighteen households in this sitio. All of which depended on the only sprina for drinking and laundering. At times, some residents of Bangawan preferred to fetch potable water from the sprina. It is-about 3 meters away from the nearest household and-about 500 meters from Bangawan. The people used to dip their containers into the dug-out well. In 1986, the springbox was constructed. The

86

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res1dents in P&l-iycn ware encouraged to render ccunterp~rt labor depending on their availability. Some residents voluntarily rendered a half day or whole day of work as contribution. However, only a few actually gave their labor freely for two days. Furthermore, four councilmen and the eon of the barangay captain also worked on the construction. but each of them was paid P20.00 daily.

Interviews with residents and barangay officials revealed that not much change was observed long after the project was constructed. The eprina box simply prevents snakes and other insects from contaminating the drinking water.

b. Higib

Higib has three households and all these three are beneficiaries of the sprinebox. The riprapped spring was cemented for the purpose of preventing snakes from getting into the containment. No steel bare were used, only sand reportedly of very low quality, accoraing to a councilman. The project was constructed collectively by the residents together with some barangay officials for 3 days. However, only 4 persons received compensation from out of the f2,000.00 budget for labor and materials.

Changes brought about by the project was limited to what was programmed, the reduction in contamination from snakes and insects.

c. Baguinge

The springbox was constructed from out of an existing well. It was constructed by 7 residents of Baguinge for 3 days. The barangay officials received J2.000.00 for the project.

Out of the 16 households in the eitio only 6 households were beneficiaries. The 10 households prefer to fetch water from another source which is nearer to them.

During summer, the springbox is opened so that water containers can be dipped into it. The land upon which the springbox was constructed was donated by one of the beneficiaries.

88

CASE SITE

Pindongan Communal Irrigation Pindongan. Kianaan. Ifueao

I. COMMUNITY LEVEL DATA

A. Socio-demographic features

Moving into the interior of Poblacion is a dominantly farming community called Pindonean. It is very adjacent to Poblacion such that it can only be distinguished in terms of the visibility of farms. small dwelling unite and a lesser number of commercial establishments. It used to be part of Poblacion but later became a separate barangay in with the continuous influx of people from other places.

' Barangay Pindongan is a farming community of rice and vegetables. Most of the residents are engaged in farming throughout the year. At present. there are 840 total residents distributed to 149 households. Most of the houses are made up of GI sheets for walls and roofs. and wood for posts and floorings. Other houses are made up of bamboo and cement.

Every family in this barangay leads a simple life. They work in the fields during day time and rest atthe end ofthe day. There are no available recreational facilities. The residents rely on radio and simple conversation from their neighbors as their past time aside from eome affluent families who can afford to have TV sets or Beta player.

Rice produced by each family ie for home consumption only while vegetable is for sale.

Based on interviews. the average family size in the barangay is 6.

B. Livelihood/Sources of Income

Rice and vegetable farming is dominant in the community. Animal raising is also observable for almost every family. Livestock present in the community are native and cross-bred pigs. poultry, goat. duck and turkey.

Other sources of income for some families include fruits and coffee production. Seasonal outmigration is practiced by male residents particularly after planting period. They may work as helpers in busJness establishments, laborers in construction firms or in vegetable producing places in Benguet and Mt. Province.

. 89

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agriculturists in the community. Store keeping is one source of income for a few families.

Farming has been the major livelihood in the community. Families can be classified as landowner. tenant or a combination of both. Other than farming, livestock raising. woodcarving, rattancraft and fishing were likewise practised. Production was purely for-household consumption.

In the ·7os the people started to engage in commercial vegetable farming particularly bean (habituelas) production. At this point the first sari-sari store was established. A small number of the population were professionals then.

In the ·aos, vegetable farming was intensified. A growing number of the population shifted to vegetable production. Number of sari-sari stores increased from one to five. Overseas employment became noticeable.

At present, the community produces both for household and market. Habituelae, coffee and cabbaee (very limited) are traded to local middlemen who sell the eoods to other middlemen in Bambane Nueva Vizcaya. Palay, papaya, rattanfruit and other vegetables are for household consumption.

C. Access roads and other economic infrastructures

The community was one among the barangays t~aversed by the old national road constructed after the WW II through which the Transit bus used to paae. Improvement of the road was done in the ·aoa through stoning and gravelling by the local government. In the ·7os, an alternative barangay road connecting Poblacion (St. Joseph Compound) and Pindongan was constructed.

An irrigation constructed through ·traditional technology has long been existing in the community. It was improved in 1989 through the construction of a dam from the water source and riprapping of the irrigation canal.

·ather than irrigation, five footbridges were constructed by the people themselves. The first was recorded to have been constructed in the ·5os. These footbridges were later on improved by the government.

D. Facilities for education, health and recreation

Pindongan has the same educational institution with Poblacion. Kiangan Central School offers elementary education and both Saint Joseph School and Ifugao Academy

90

h~s second~ry educ~ticm. For pre-schooler&p the Dep~rtment of Social Welfare and Development set-up a day care center in 1988. College education ie commonly eouaht in Nueva Ecija. San Jose or Bayombong. A few man&IEl to go as far as Manila or­Baguio.

Health service is sought from either the Saint Joseph Clinic or the rural'health unit. Minor diseases however are treated within the family through traditonal healing practices.

Recreation before the ·7os was not much as compared in the ·sos. In the ·7os the people can not recall of a recreation unlike in the last decade when different forms of recreation like majyona and other forms of gambling, betamax showing and pool table became very evident.

E. Credit

Before the ·7os, food for daily sustenance and: animals for rituals were borrowed from neighbors in times of necessity and paid back in the same or other forms.depending on the agreement of parties involved. Usually it is paid in the quantity. Cash credit mostly for education purposes started to be observed in the ·7os. In the ·aos, farm inputs in cash or in kind were likewise credited from retail stores, cooperatives or private individuals in Poblacion. Credit taken from private individuals is being lend out with or without interest. Borrowed money to capitalize vegetable production maybe lend out without interest provided the lendee has to sell hie produce to the lender.

F. Extension of other services

Among the other services extepded to the community are those from non-government organizations. Plan International grants scholarships to a few selected students in· high school and college. Loans are likewise extended through the Nawotwot Multi-purpose Cooperative. Moreover, the Catholic mission had provided loans for gardening to two families in 1987. And, recently Project Initiating Bario Based Alternatives coordinated an irrigation'project with,CECAP.

On the other hand, PANAMIN provided agricultural assistance by introducing the eo ·called high yielding varieties of rice. Moreover, ONCC provided farming capital to 20 families in 1987. The Department of Agriculture likewise had its carabao and goat dispersal in the same year.

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A. Background on the irrigated community

Before 1970

The community was purely rice paddies constructed by the early residents as early as before the Second World War. As the rice terraces were made an irrigation was also constructed (Repaired by CECAP in 1989). During this period, there was sufficient water supply from the irrigation.

Previously, the old folks would plant rice once a year. They planted the eo called traditional variety which can be harvested after 7 months from plantins. They planted in the months of December to January and start harvesting in the month of June. As the years passed, the farm lands were inherited by the descendants. Traditionally, the first born child of the family would have a laraer share of the land.

THe established way of farming was likewise passed on to the heirs, and they never used any commercial fertilizers and chemicals. Thepopulation depended on natural/organic fertilizers by utilizing decomposed weeds that grew in the rice fielda.Farmers controlled rats or any pest attacking the palay by cleaning the sorroundinae of the ricefields. Harvests were all intended for home consumption only.

1970-1980

During this period, rice production was still the dominant livelihood of the community although some land owners were not cultivating their lands because they were working elsewhere. Tenants from other barangays of Kiangan and original residents of Pindongan started to come in. Harvests were equally divided between the tenant and the land owner. Farmers still followed the one cropping pattern in a year.

It was in 1975 when innovations in the cropping system came in, as a result of the entry of the PANAMIN. This program introduced high yielding varieties of rice which can be harvested after 3 and 1/2 months. Some farmers can harvest two times in a year, from December to July they plant the traditional variety and HY variety from August to November. •

Some rice paddies were also converted into vegetable garden plots. The people started to.plant beans. Those who converted their rice paddies into gardena were mostly the ones who migrated to vegetable producing municipalities of Benguet and Mt. Province as a hired workers. In gardening they used commercial fertilizers but in leas quantity

92 ••

!::o!·:·~Ci:"IU!::.~:·:· thf:~ f.-}D:i.l. 14.1e\1:> st:i.:J.J. very fert:i.lf:·~. F~iC:€·:•. pn:H:h.l!:::i.nq farmers started to use insecticides to plants. Almost all of the harvested beans were for sale while rice was for home consumption.

Only during the first croppina was the irrigation system used because there was abundant rain during the second croppina. In gardenine, irriaation was not needed because beans do not require too much water; ocassional rain is good enouah for eardening. Moreover, during summer a few farmers would plant beans because it was observed that i.t was durin& this season when market price is very low brought about by too much supply. Farmers used the irrigat,ion during summer (January to May) for first crop. All the farmers whose lands were supplied by the irriaation assembled for a day to fix and clean the canal ("UB-UBBO") beginning from the source.

1980-Present

Since 1980 up to the present, aardening has become very popular in the commmunity. Almost 50% of the rice paddies have been converted to veaetable aarden plots. Some farmers alternately plant rice and beans. Palay is planted during the months of December to July and veaetable· for the remainina months. Some farmers divided their lands into rice paddies and vegetable aardens.

. . The use of commercial fertilizers is very observable

at present. Insecticides, funlicides and commercial fertilizers are both used in aardenina and rice farming. Pure palay producers can have two croppings. During the first cropping either the native or the lowland variety is planted and only HYV for the second croppina.

Farmers use the irrieation system durin& first croping. The farmers maintain the irrieation throueh collective work or "Ub-ubbo" in the local dialect. They clean and repair any damaged portion of the irrigation. In the later part of 1986 the farmers observed that the supply of water is not enough for all the ricefields. Ricefields not irrigated are those in sitios of Bacwawan and Tanibona which are far from the water source. Thus, the farmers in these eitios either convert their rice paddies to veeetable eardens or have to use the other irrigation comine from Poblacion aside from the water coming from the old irrigation. The irrigation from Poblacion however is not enoueh to solve the shortage of water from the old irrieation during summer.

Shortage of water from the irrieation became a problem of the farmers for the past years such that the farmers themselves agreed to rehabilitate ·the old irrigation. Through their barangay officials and Project-IBBA, the farmers asked for funds from CECAP. The project started in the later part of 1988 and was completed in 1989.

93

Jn l''f::•!::.pcm!::.f:·~ to th:i.!:; n~:1f.·~cf the pr·ojE·ct ,'"\ccor·dtnqJy

entailed the rehabilitation of an old irrigation system Farming constraints related to irrigation consisted of being limited to use of the existing source only during eummer, and eventual decrease in the supply from it since 1986. As a result, some sitios could no longer be supplied, resulting in the conversion of rice paddies to vegetable gardens.

To address the problem, the farmers organized themselves into the Pindongan Farmers Association, and sought the assistance of a European Community-funded program, the Central Cordillera Agricultural Programme.

During project implementation, a non-governmental organization, the Initiating Barrio Baaed Approach (IBBA) served as adminstrator. CECAP provided all the required materials and equipments, while the farmers gave 218 man-days of labor as counterpart. Each target beneficiary rendered labor according to their time availability. Allotment of work for the rehabilitation was divided per sitio where a group was formed to clean and widen the irrigation canal. The project was completed in 1969.

B. Project construction and description

The rehabilitation of the old irrigation was c~nceived and planned by the farmer beneficiaries themselves. The farmers· organization called Pindongan Farmers Association organized in 1975 was reactivated for the purpose of seeking assistance from CECAP. This farmers·organization through the help of the barangay officials and Prooject-IBBA (Initiating Barrio Based Alternatives), coordinated with CECAP for the funding. As a result. CECAP considered the rehabilitat1ion of the irrigation as one of their pilot project. ·

During project implementation IBBA served as the administrator by making an assessment of expenses and presented this to CECAP which approved and helped in the supervision of the said project. The construction of the project started in December 1966, and was completed with a total of 218 mandays contributed by the farmer beneficiaries. CECAP provided all the materials needed while labor was shouldered by the farmers. Each beneficiary rendered hie labor counterpart based on hie .availability. All beneficiaries rendered free labor with an individual maximum manday of 14, a minimum of 1 and an average of 3 days.

Allotment of work for the rehabilitation of the irrigation was divided per sitio of the barangay supplied by the project· (6 sitios-Tanibong,Bacwawan,Pindongan Proper, Amudjong, Lubbi and Bubak). Beneficiaries of each sitio formed a group. Each group was responsible for their

94

~espective are~ of the irrigation. Al,l in all 6 groups were fcrmed for the project When all the canals were fixed by widening and riprappina, all the aroupe helped each other in improving the water source in Baeuinge (more than one kilometer away from the ricefields) by cementing and making a dam along the river.

• C. Condition after rehabilitation of the irrigation

The irrigation system supplies mostly the rice fields and some vegetable gardena of around 30 hectares with 50 families as beneficiaries. The irrigation is functional during summer or first cropping (January to May) wherein there is no rain unlike in the second cropping that the ricefields are rainfed. Before planting for the first crop, the irrigation is in use. Farmers near the source are the ones who get the water and then the other farmers are responsible in fixing and seeing to it that water goes to their respective farms.

To ensure that everybody will have enough supply of water, the beneficiaries arranged a schedule for the use of said irrigation. For 3 days only 3 sitios used the irrigation and the remainina 3 days were alooted for the other sitios. This schedule was in effect during the months of March and April when water availability becomes a problem.

Although the irrigation was repaired there was no observable change on the plantin& pattern or crop rotation among the farmer beneficiaries. Farm inputs and harvests are still the same, the only observable change was the abundant water supply of all the farms supplied by the irrigation.

C. Beneficiaries

There are 50 families as beneficiaries of the· project, mostly rice and vegetable producing farmers (see map of project coverage). Beneficiaries are tenants and landowners or both owner-tiller, around 60% of the beneficiaries are owner-tiller and the remaining are tenants. During the repair of the irrigation on the case of tenant and landowner, the tenants are the ones who render their labor counterpart while the landowners help by giving contribution either in cash or in kind for the meals and snacks of the laborers. The beneficiaries worked with no payment because their labor is their counterpart to CECAP.

In 1988, when the project was completed, the total population was 820 ; eneficiaries in Barangay Pindongan consisted of 149 families.

95

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III. PROJECT IMPACT

Selected farming household casee illustrate the effects of the propject.

* Respondent A

The respondent is originally from Pangasinan, he became a resident of Pindongan by marrying a native of the place in the early 194o·s. The respondent has 8 children, all of them have finished their college education and are presently employed in different government offices. The respondent·s source of livelihood then was his salary when he was still active in the military service. When he retired in 1975. he personally tilled their 2 parce~s of land, both located in Pindongan (one parcel is supplied by the irrigation). He started with rice farming, then converted his rice paddies to vegetable garden plots in 1983. He rendered his labor counterpart during the project construction for 4 days.

The respondent produces beans for almost 8 years now with an average intensity of 3 croppings anually. Usually when the irrigation was not yet repaired, rice paddies were the ones that are being irrigated becauee wat~r supply was good enough for the rice fields. Rain ie good enough for beans but when the irrigation was repaired the respondent started to water hie plants (beans) during summer through flooding the in-between canals of the plots. ·

Summarized respondent from project.

below is the recent harvest his 1/4 hectare lot. used the

of the irrigation

Farm Inputs

Bean seeds Inorganic Fertilizer Pesticides Fungicides

Harvest/Product:

Quantity

1 ganta 2 sacks 1 liter 3 packs

Amount

Jl50.00/gant'a P250.00/sack P210.00/liter Pl95.00/kilo

The respondent was able to harvest 6 times, the total harvest from the 6 cuts was 700 kilos which he was able to sell for as high as il3.00 per kilo_ and as low as i3.00 to local middlemen in Poblacion,Kianean. The average selling price of all hie harvest is P6.00.

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[.o.JhE·n ti·H-::• t··~:::·!::.pond~:n 't w.:1s; f."IS;k+::>d "tc) c:omp,;·~···p h:i. !:!· 1<:1'1.:<-::•!::.t harvest to his past harvests, result is that there was no significant change in quantity and quality. The only observed change waes the increaese of the "cuts" or the number of times that he can harvest. In the past summers, he was able to have 4 to 5 cute. Although during rainy season he could reach up to 8 cuts.

During summer, the respondent ueed lese chemicals compared during rainy seasons. The spraying interval of insecticides and fungicides for dry season is every two weeks while 7 to 9 days for rainy seasons.

* Respondent B:

The respondent is a native of Pindongan. She has two parcels of land, one is a garden lot supplied by the irrigation while the other parcerl located in Lagawe. is planted to palay. Aside from rice farming and vegetable gardening, the respondent maintains a small store.

She is the treasurer of the farmers association and an active mother in the community. She has 4 children. one in the primary grade and the three still pre-school. The respondent used to plant her land to palay since she acquired it through inheritance. in 1986 she converted it into a vegetable garden.

As of now, the respondent has not yet planted any of her parcels. Data on her usual croppina.inputs and harvest, covering 1/2 hectare land, is summarized below :

Farm Inputs

Bean Seeds Fertilizers

a.14-14-14/16-20-0 b.Urea

Chemicals a.Selecron b.Dethane c.Agrowel

Harvest/Produce:

Quantity

3 gantas

2 sacks 1 1/2 sacks

1 liter 3 kilos 1 liter

Amount

il50.00/ganta

i265.00/sack J240.00/sack

i265.00/liter Jl65.00/kilo i!65.00/liter

The respondent maintains the abo~e-mentioned farm inputs for every cropping whether during wet or dry season. She can afford to have 3 crops per year. The average harvest from the three gantas of bean seeds is 3,000 kilos, with the

98

n1qhest ~t 3.500 kilos and the lpwest so f~r at 2.700 kilos. Usually, it is during rainy season when the highest harvest is achieved because of the continuou rains that make the plant to live longer as compared during dry season when, after 4 or 5 cuts the plant starts to wither.

* Respondent C:

The respondent is the president of the Farmers Association in Pindongan. She is a tenant of a rice farm supplied by the irrigation. Rice farming has been the source of livelihood of the family. The land that the respondent cultivates is owned by a wealthy family in Poblacion, Kiangan. Yield per cropping is divided between the tenant and the landowner under any of two arran1ements, that is, 1/2 goes to the landowner provided that he produces all farm inputs or he gets 1/3 of the total yield if the tenant will be the one who will provide the said inputs. The respondent gets an average of 29 cavane of palay per year. Yield per cropping has been constant throu1htout the past years. The family observes 2 crops per year, for first crop {Dec.­July), using the indigenous variety with an average harvest of 16 cavans of palay from 1/2 sack seeds sowed. During the second crop, the average harvest is 13 cavans ,of palay using the lowland variety. All harvests from the 2 croppings are for home consumption only.

Other sources of income for the family can be derived from seasonal labor ("por dia" or daily contract labor) with a maximum pay of j50.

* Respondent D:

The resondent is a tenant, he is a rice and vegetable producing farmer. One parcel of the land that the respondent cultivates is planted to palay, and ie located in Tanibong. one of the eitios of Pindon1an supplied by the irrigation. When the irrigat~on was not yet repaired by CECAP in 1989, the respondent observed that durin& the past 2 summers water supply from irrigation sometimes did not not reach the canal leading to hie ricefields, or there was no continuous flow of water. Because of the irreaular supply of water. the respondent had to use the other ir.riaation coming from Poblacion inorder to augment the insufficient water supply. Previously, he used only the old irrigation.

The respondent worked for 4 days during the rehabilitation of the old irrigation. His harvest from the land supplied by the irrigation has been constant over the years. His usual share from.his harvest is 38 cavans of

99

palay for the first cropping and 23 cavans for the second cropping from a 3/4 sack seeds sown. Sharing of harvest between the tenant and the landowner is 50:50, the tenant will provide all inputs and labor. The landowner will only provide for the foods of the workers during harvest time.

* Respondent E:

The respondent maintains 2 parcels of land planted to vegetable and palay, one is supplied by the irrigation which is located in Pindongan Proper. From the past years to the present, there was no problem on water supply for his rice paddies because it is located near the water source, so there is a continuou supply of water.

He worked for 3 days during the rehabilitation of the old irrigation. Yield from his field has been constant over the past years, the average harvest for the first cropping is 57 cavans of palay while 45 for the second cropping. There is a disparity of harvest between the two croppings because the varsity of seeds sown is not the same : indigenous variety for the first crop, and the lowland or high yielding variety for the second crop .

•

100

5

CASE SITE

1987 Water Supply Development Poblacion, lianaan, lfUMao

I. COMMUNITY LEVEL DATA

A. Livelihood mix in the community

Poblacion Kiangan has dominantly been a farming community since before the 1940s. Wet farming and kaingin characterized the agricultural practice. Main crops were rice, sweet potato, corn, and legumes for household consumption. Woodcarving and basketry were observed'but the products were only for household use.

In the late #50s, small commercial establishments began to flourish with the opening of the national road network connecting Nueva Vizcaya and Bontoc. Farming gradually became concentrated more alone the outskirts of the community as portions of aericultural land were converted to residential use. Being the municipal district, the community eventually became the commercial center in Ifuaao until Lagawe became the new provincial capital. Consequently, business enterprises gradually declined ina ctivity. However. Poblacion has remained as center of business.transactions, being the seat of government still and the base of private offices.

In the #70s, outmiaration towards the provinces of Quirino and Nueva Vizcaya was observed amona the western and northern barangays and other m~nicipa~ities in the province. Better agricultural conditione and accessibility to the market and other social services attracted the Ifugaos to moveout. The same reason triaaered.some residents to move out toward Aparri, further north, recently. Inmieration from Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Cagayan and Mountain Province came at various periods. Inter-marriaaes brouaht in thi~ inmigration.

Presently, majority of the people are either businessmen or professionals and farmers at the same time. Their agricultural lands can be found at the outskirts of the community, in adjacent baraneays and in other provinces. Notably, commercial vegetable production has been practised since 1986 through some Ifugaos who migrated in Benguet as workers in Jacks· Restaurant. Reportedly, a small percentage of the population are overseas workers.

101

I

Being the seat of the old muni~ipal district, Poblacion was one among the two barangays traversed by the old national highway constructed in the ·sos. It served as passageway of traders from Nueva Vizcaya and Mountain Province. An old irrigation canal was cemented by National Irrigation Administration in the early part of the ·aos. These are the only notable infrastructues in the community.

C. Facilities for education, health and recreation

Poblacion used to be the center of education in the province immediately after the Second World War. Kiangan Central School, the first learning institution in the community, was established from out of the old American garrison. First secondary school was constructed by the church missionaries particularly the United Church of Christ in the Philippines and Roman Catholic churches, respectively. Ifugao Academy was the first secondary school constructed in 1945. Two years later, Saint Joseph School wae set up. It originally offered elementary and secondary education but the former wae phased out in 1987. Inmigration of students from nearby barangays was. very evident but this gradually declined with the opening of public schools in the province.

Health service has long been. rendered by the church clinic put up the Catholic Church through its priest. presently, it is manned by a doctor, midw1fe and a nurse. The government Kiangan rural health unit works hand in hand with the aforementioned clinic in-othe~ barangays.

Residents spent their leisire in the past with simple conversation. However, with the entry of electricity in 1981. a few were able to buy betamax players. One of the residents runs a mini-theater and collects a fee from every watcher. Added to this are tourist spots, such as the site of Yamashita·s surrender to the American soldiers. A shrine and museum are among the peculiar spots attracting ~ourists into the barangay.

D. Credit

Credit availment in the community was known to exist even in the past in the form of basic commodities like rice. It was only in the ·7os when cash credits evolved considering the growing need for money primarily for education. Initially, credit sources were individuals in the community. In the ·sos cooperatives started to form .

102

c:eon!!~WI'I€\'J''H~~ cn:·:•d:l t iilr'td ll'lll\r·ke'tinQ c:opp.:.'t''tid::ivt·:·~~ ~A.•~:n·~x·

initiated by non-governmental oraanizations. Presently, there are three functional cooperatives of different types. Among them is the Kiangan Consumers Cooperative established in 1972 by few professionals and businessmen. From 5 founding members. it expanded into 500 includina residents from nearby barangays. In 1988 it expanded to credit cooperative. It provides a maximum loan of P3,000.00 to individual members at monthly interest of one percent.

The Credit and Savinae Cooperative in 1987 spearheaded by the Knights of Columbus. supplements the need for credit in the community.

Lastly, Nawotwot Multi-Purpose Cooperative sponsored by Plan International was formed in 1987 with 256 general membership from seven barangays namely Tuplac, Duit, Nagacadan, Baguinge, Poblacion, Ambabag and Pindongan. A cash loan of P3,000.00 was granted to its members for capital, aside from the P1,500.00 granted as health or emergency loan with one percent interest and payable within six months. It has both marketina and credit components.

Individual credit in cash or kind can also be availed from individuals with or without interest charges. One individual was known to have been lendina money at 10% monthly interest regardless of whether it is used for business or for basic needs in the family particularly for education and health-related emergencies.

E. Extension of other services by GOe, NGOe and other ·groups

Poblacion has been an area for extension services both from the government and non-government organizations as early as the ·7os. Among the first which took off was the Masagana 99 program through the introduction of so-called high yielding rice varieties (HYVe). Presently, the indigenous variety is planted alternately with HYV but some residents plant only the indigenous variety. It was in the "80s when several extension services reached the commnity. Among these were health services through immunization and "Operation Timbang" (which used weighing to ascertain nutirition levels), a day care center and experimental farms for citrus and banana production.

Notably, Poblacion is the base of operations of non­government organizations whose area of implementation include the remote barangays of the municipality. For one, Project Initiating Barrio Based Alternatives, an NGO founded in 1986 which coordinated with Social Action Center, holds its office in Poblacion but implements livelihood projects in southern barangays particularly Amduntog, Munggawa, Antipolo,

103

F:· lndonq,·:{n ,;'lnd Ht':1C)t':'lk .• :·1d <":1n.. t•fc;.r·f.,•O'·I<·:-:.,, .. , Pl i'•n T n tc-:·r··n<:1 '1:.1 (::<1"!•:• J :i. •:: likewise base in Poblacion but covers Ambabag, Tuplac, Poblacion, Baauinge, Duit, Pindongan and Nagakadan. Lastly. RDC-KADUAMI is assisting a livelihood pro,iect in coordination with Ifugao Academy.

II. PROJECT BACKGROUND, COVERAGE, IMPLEMENTATION

A. Background of the water system

1. Municipal Water System

The municipal water system became operational since 1946 with the NAWASA as the administrator. In 1952. it was turned over to the supervision of the municipal government.

The source of the water is in Linda, a sitio of Poblacion, Kiangan. There are two big tanks to which a big pipe is connected leading to the houses in Poblacion. This waterworks system operates 3 times a day : in the morning, by midday and in the evening for 2 hours each time. Every beneficiary shall pay hie wat·er bill of i8. 00 per faucet and ~5.00 for every additional faucet. Each connection costs i50.00.

The municipal water system supplies the whole barangay of Poblacion but not all the houses. This waterworks is not enough to supply all the residents so other rely on some available springs in the area.

2. 24-Hour waterworks system

This water system was constructed in 1983 purposely for the Kiangan Youth Hostel only. As the water syetem was

being made. 2 houses were able to have a connection (the mayor and the contractor). As the shortage of water continued from the municipal water system. more houses connected pipes from the main pipe of the 24-hours water system with the permission of the mayor or from the administrator of the hostel. Usually, those who managed to tap were government officials and prominent businessmen aside from the municipal hall, Ifugao Academy and the Kiangan Central School.

The source of this water system is also in Linda. as with the municipal water system, but there is a separate intake tank. From the source to the hostel, the connection measures more than 1 kilometer.

In 1987. a reservior was constructed before the hostel (project financed by KFW for i24.000) whi~h measures 8 x 8 feet. The tank was made to allow storage of water not used by

104

·r.l·,(·:·:· hc:o<::.t.<-:·:·1 ,, ·t'ot·· thi·:·~ CDJ"r!:;wnp·U.<:m crt' m.wnt:·:· !!;~;)1<·:·~<::t<·:·)c! h<::tt..'.~H:·:·!::. rH·:·t~t··

the hostel. It wa·s observed that most of the houses near the hostel were not beneficiaries of the municipal water system (see map of p~oject coveraae). ·

During this-year (1990), the office of Philipine Tourism Authority (the administrator of the hostel) leased the hostel to DSWD in the hope of making up for the financial losses of the past years.

Under the DSWD, all individuals who benefitt~d in this water system shall personally produce the pipes. The municipal plumbers shall be responsible for the installation. Each connection shall cost P50.00 and a monthly bill of j8.00 per main faucet. An additional P'5.00 shall be charged for every additional faucet from the main pipe.

3.Project Description and Construction

This water development project in the form of a water tank financed by KWF was constructed in 1987. There were 6 laborers hired by the contractor who finished the project for less than 2 weeks on a contractual basis.

Based on the list of priority projects of the municipal government prepared by the Municipal Planning and Deveiopment Officer, the project was selected by the Department of Public Works and Highways as one of the immediate needs of the people in Poblacion,Kiangan so they prioritized the construction of the said water tank.

The land where the tank stands was donated by one of the beneficiaries on cndition that his house have a water connection, which connection shall not pass through the gate valve, and all these without coat .. The tank was made primarily to store excess water not beine used by the hostel. Thus, a gate valve was set up which shall be turned-on when water is needed.

Since the tank was constructed, the beneficiaries have had regular water supply. The water was intended for house use only. Last December 1989. the beneficiaries were worried because the supply of water decreased until there was no water was coming out of the faucet since last summer until today. In view ofthe water shortage. the beneficiaries have had to fetch water from their neighbors who are connected to the municipal water system, or from some springs in nearby places like Pice (a sitio of barangay Tuplac).

105

l·'1m nb~:;er~vf:·:•cl by th~:·~ i'.h~:·:• b+:·:·n+:)·f').c::i.;,,,,.:i.f::•m. 1, th<-:-:· ··!'olJo,.:,I:J.nq ''·'·'.:

the possible reasons why there has been water shortage;

a. The increase in number of private individuals who are connected to the main pipe~ From 1987 to November 1989 there were around 5 connections made alona the main pipe eo water supply is diverted to these new connections.

b. Some beneficiaries who had connections before the tank are using electric water pump.

c. There is insufficient water supply from the water source durine dry season.

4. Beneficiaries

Target beneficiaries of the water tank are composed of 10 families whose houses are located near the hostel who do not have any connection from the municipal water sy·stem.

In 1987, when the project was implemented there are 236 households in Poblacion,Kianaan, lfuaao.

The purpose of the project is to supply water to those houses near the hostel. Persons benefitted were selected individuals whose houses are located along the barracks and near the hostel. These individuals are so selected because there was no available water supply system in the place. These residents asked the municipal office for the project. As a result , the reservior was constructed to respond to the needs of their constituents.

The water supply of the target beneficiaries was sufficient immediately after the. water reservoir was constructed. However due to some water pipes installed before the tank, the water supply in the hostel decreased enough from January to June' 1990, such that the tank was never filled with water. Water connections before the tank started in 1987. Along this point;. individuals who were disadvantaged by the project are the target beneficiaries themselves. For the past monthe,they have to fetch from their neighbors who were supplied by the municipal water system and to nearby sprine in Pico.

107

Sketch Map- of POBLACION, KIANGAN .FbQ/"\,

IFUGAO --- EfY' ,"\, . / ~- AM/ ,

I ~, y ' rt]J-· POBLACION....._

Ac!} @LINDA . Gt-\, AY N~

I • I ® PATUKAN

TO NAGACAOAN

""'- KIANGAN CENTRAL SCHOOL ""- - _ COMPOUND --LEi .... ..-f·~O: -- -

....;c ---- ------------• I --------- --------~ .. -- -1- ____:,;:>] WAIC•n CIA.lOIUN'IT

I = I HUIICIP AL R0<\0 TLJPLAC I <;> 1 smo

I I I .. PI~O.:JECT J:!Yif!'ACT

Several household oases illustrate the impact of the project.

* Respondent A : I

Location of Water Connection: Before the tank/along the main pipe

Year of Connection to the Water System: 1987

The house.is about 50 feet away from the reservior and situated a little bit higher in elevation with the hostel. The house used to have a groc~ry in the late ·7os to early ·aos but was transformed to a snack house and a small sari­sari store recently. Business and waae employment has been the dominant livelihood source of the family.

The family was a beneficiary of the municipal water system until 1987 when the head of the family, who happens to be the school supervisor, asked permission from the provincial director of DSWD in Laaawe and one of the municipal councilors granted permission just after the local election in 1987. Since then, the municipal water system installed to their house was disconnected. There was no installation fee asked by the municipal treasury. only the monthly water bill of J8.00 was paid reaularly by this family. There are two more houses ueina the installed faucet of the respondent, without any charaee.

According to the respondent, the water supply was continuous since the pipe was installed. Water shortage was, only noticed last May to June 1990 such that water has to be fetch from a sprina about 50 meters away from their house. However, from July to the present there is enough water supply for washina, cookina, drinkina and other household usee.

* Respondent B:

The hostel was constructed in 1983 as a part 9f the continuing program oi the Philippine Tourism Authority in the municipality of Kiangan. To ensure 24 hours water supply for the said hostel. a reservior and a corresponding pipe separates from the municipal water work, but the water comes from the same source.

In 1987,the supervision of the hostel was turned-over to DSWD for it to maximize utilization because the hostel was seldom used. DSWD manaaed the hostel from 1987 to the present as a training center of DSWD personnel: It was also used to house rebel returnees but only for a short,time because of its far location from the military camp.

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F ,.·,::·o·· ·.1 '?iJ:··:; +:::. :.1. <:;iiJ'~i •• ''·'''I t!·:'·l'· ~:;u ppJ y ,,_~,·:~ !::. ,·:~ bunc1.::1n ·t:. :: 1 +. ,,,,,,.1''' ;::ti""dY di.IJ'"]I""IU l:.h•·:·:· mu ... ,l:.lt!::- cd' F<-:·~bi'"\.I<:"II'"Y to I"'L:"IY o"f thl<:' ·~-":·:•<:"!!"" +.loco"!·

water shortaqe was observed. F~om the t1me water w~s ~

p~oblem of the hostel~ DSWD had to reject tl'·aininqs temporarily. Water shortaqe is being blamed on several :i.nd:i.v:ic.lti<:,J~::. who t,:·~ppl·:·:·d on t.hr? m.:·1:i.n p:i.pl·:·:· th,':i-1:. t··un!:; l:•r:··fuvL·

the hostel. The officer-in-charge of the hostel said that these connections were installed to the discretion of the provincial director of DSWD or the incumbent municipal mayo~.

At least one family was reported to have sought the permission of the DSWD provincial director while the rest of the connections were with the approval or permission of the mayor#s office. Some connections were made without the permission of either the two authorities. One case which is questionable was the case of the Saint Joseph School. a high school,theRoman Catholic Church, the priest cottage and the clinic which were able to connect from the main pipe last

·November 1989. The parish priest asked the permission of the mayor for a temporary connection due to the ordination of a new priest in that same month and which required hosting of many guests. The connection become permanent at present so the hostel is questioning the said institution.

The absense of a clear policy on water connection has resulted in many illegal connections from the water system. according to the DSWD personnel.

* Respondent C :

Originally, their house was being supplied from the municipal water system since 1962. As the reservior was constructed on their land. a concession was made that they could have a connection before the tank free of charge except for the monthly bill. Supply of water coming from the tank was abundant before, and this was used for cooking. drinking, washing. and other household use.

From the time the 24-hour waterworks system was installed their house, they were disconnected from the municipal water system. Water shortage became a problem from January to June of this year. Not a single drop of water flow from the faucet such that they have had to fetch from their neighbors supplied by the municipal water system. or from nearby spring.

* Respondent D :

Previously. the clinic was connected to water coming from the hostel. but which had to pass the residential house of another resident. In November 1989. during the ordination

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if they could directly connect from the main pipe to have continous water supply for the especial occassion only, for which reason the mayor gave his permission. But as of the present. the connection is still in use. DSWD wants the connection removed because water is diverted to the school due to its lower elevation. but the priest is also claiming that they spent around F8.000 for the pipes and was made permanently so it would be a big loss on their part if they will disconnect it. The institution needs regular water supply because of the needs of the patients in the clinic and the students of the high school. _

Aside from the 24-hours water system. the school has a connection to the municipal water system.

* Respondent E:

Location: After the tank

The respondent is a beneficiary of the reservior constructed in 1987. for which they were a priority because their house has no connection from the municipal water system. They had water supply from 1987 to Decemder 1989. and none thereafter. The reservior has not been in use since then because there was no more excess water from the hostel.

The respondent has had to fetch water from their neighbors who have continuous water supply from the municipal waterwork for drinking and cooking. Water for other uses they obtain from stored rain water.

The respondent used to pay ~8.00 water bill monthly to the municipal treasurer but stopped doing so since their water supply ceased. When they still had regular supply. they used to raise pigs. Thepiggery has since then been transferred to a sitio of barangay Tuplac (Pice) where a spring is accessible.

* Respondent F:

Location: After the tank

The respondent is ~nether beneficiary of said reservior. As the water tank was constructed. the respondent paid ~50.00 for the installation of pipes. Supply of water just after the connection was regular although sometimes when there were many visitors in the hostel. water supply decreased. although this would be limited to a few hours.

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·.:;)om<·:~t:i.m~:~!::. j.n th1;.~ J.,;·lt~-:~v· p.;,r·t cr1' :J.'?i:!'?,, th<-:-:· r·(·:·::,:por"::!'·:·:·n·t:

observed that there was a constant decrease in the water supply that flowed to their faucet, until not a single dr·op would come out by July 1990.

When the supply of water became irregular, the respondent disconnected the pipes and transferred these to the municipal water system after payine another 1'50.00 for installation fee.

* Respondent G:

Location: Before the tank

The respondent is one of the few private individuals who have an orieinal connection to the 24-hours waterwork because he served as contractor to the project~ He was able to connect because it is a part of the contract that he could freely connect to the water system, free of charge.

In 1987, he started payine to the Municipal treasurer a monthly bill of 5!32.00. They use the water in their residential house and business establishment , a big grocery and a hardware. The respondent has two sources ofwater. that is, aside from the 24-hours water system he has still a connection to the municipal waterworks. When there was shortage in the 24-hours water system during the past summer, they used the other water system. Besides, t~ey use an electric water pump in times whenever the water supply decreases.

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IV. ANAI.YSIS OF THE CORDILLERA ODA EXPElUENCES

The Phili~pine experience with state-initiated devr-:JCJpment, particularly from Official Development Assistance, proves the incompatibility of national goals. strategies and structures, with the concrete realities. lntnrosts and aspirations of indigenous peoples.

The strategy of large-scale, capital-intensive, import­de:pendent and export-oriented development failed during the Marcos period. The plan to construct bie hYdroelectric power plants by dAmming the major river"ayeteme of Bontoc and Kalinga communities in the early :zoe backfired onthe govt:~rnment when the tribals responded with unexpectedly rnU i tant resolve to defend the ane~etr~l domain.

~ ·~-·~: {~,_,:<r! ·:~· .• ". ~~~..:?.;~:

The growth center model-·of:•.fO!l~lc development concocted by Marcoe planners and!'oret .. advisers assumed the rich resource areas of indigenC.)ue p'eoP:l~e and tribals to be open land for plunder, in the name of '"national interest.· The top-down approach of the government program. whr.:n expor:::ed by the tribals themselves· as violat.ive of their br:tsic hwnr:tn rights, was subsequntly buttressed by institutionnlizeri ~ggrRssion, in3tead of subjecting it to review. With the help of th':': mi 1 i tan'. the government thus reduced the moral :i ty and legitim~cy of the cultural and ecological issues posed by the J;..•e<.•r-·IP.. as a case of political insurgency .. That the model was rejected even radically so by the "backward" peoples. and thr.1t the broadef:t sources of support and solidarity were readily and willingly given by organized groups, the media, and academics, nationally and interne.tionally, also showed hnw isolated the national government had become. despite the hopeful promises of its New Societ·y developmentalist formula.

Onder the Aq~ino administration; not.only was there ttothing novel in :the reaional developjerit..'·'policy that was. pursued, but the political and financial: condition of th.e nation was serious enough as to requ~re austerity~ privatization, decentralization, even ~wlntensity Conflict tactics in the countryside, and the da.naaling of the Philippine Assistance Plan -- all of which failed to deliver the expected targets.

The government~ s own PhiliPRin.: D,aVeloRmemt Report t<;u:: l.9.9.Q (NEDA. 1990) cites the diemal failure of development programs and strategies in the Cordillera Administrative Region in terms of the following ar~a• : .

- 55% drop in total volume of production of the region· s ma,j or crops. compared· to the 1989 leveL cJstensibly because of maeeive eroeion brought on by the earthquake

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hi~her coste of agricultural i.nputs. which affected the agricultural support logistics such aaroads and post-harvest facilities. and attributable to the fuel crisis

inability to attain self-sufficiency in rice

- foregone export earnings amounting to some $45.4 million, because of the drop in mettalic mineral production (NEDA. 1990).

At the level of the indige~ous communittes which :ow·~·ved as sitee: of ODA projects -· based otll.the case studief:: -­lessons are indicated in the foll!owi~l aspects of tht=! experience in development and impact of development thrusts. programs and strategies. ' ·

QUALITY OF LIFE

There were clearly marked chansees in access to improvf':d water f.lOUrces both for ~rrigation and·:domeetic USeS as a result of small-scale irrigation and water supply development projects. Such changes have had the fol.lowng impacts :

1. IncreaEa;.: in productivity as a result of more

intensive croppings and expansion of cultivated

area.

Changes in productivity of farming households have been evident particularly (a) ,in communities where a second cropping of rice is constrained by lack of irrigation during the dry season, and (b) where expansion of cultivable land i~-: d.ict.ated upon by water availability. In the Cada irrigation · project, for instance, actual beneficiaries were assured of 2 to 3 croppings annually starting from when the project become functional. The presence of irrigation that supplies water to the eardens hae encouraged the people to work at additional croppinge. Still in Bauko. e. gradual wideninf?: of ar:t.r·icul tural land area was observed at the end of the irr·igation canal. About one hectare was noted to have been newLy planted with cash crops, so selected because they req1.1i re lesser volume of water than irrigated rice . As a general assessment by the local community, though, only a port ion of the targetted irrigable area could F!ctnallv br-: planted to two or more croppings, an observation thl"it ic indicative of the limited spread of benefits.

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. ,..

~:. Increased efficiency in time and .labor allocation --------------·-------------~-~-------------~-----and utilization

The accessibility of water source to production ~ites m8ximized time and labor allocation among farming communities, and reduced the seasonal character of production. While farmers before have had to prepare cabbage seedlings alongside creeks (far from farm plots) where water· is available. or do this task only during summer to allow lead time for planting when the rai\'1$:Will come in May, improved access to a water source. nowea.ve farmers the benefit of beihg able to prepare the<.'eeedlings right in the v i.e in ity of the garden and througf.i~~t;:,:~~-agricul t.ural year. Whil~ iL rnay be difficult to quantiffttU;:,_direct impact on income tncr·ements of this increase in time and labor efficiAncy, the marked change is report~ct ~onunonly by f~trmers .

3. Shifts from subsistence to commercial production.

The reported improvements in productivity levels have also been accompanierl by an inteneificaton of -- or even shift. inc~ towar·de -··commerc i.tll vegetable product tnn. A~cordingly. this mean8 not only change~ in crop and obje~tive of production. but also the increased use cf more e::-:pensi vP. jnor·ganic fer·ti 1 izers and other chemical oi.nr.mtE~. even l.n rice production. Hence. any incremental increase in farrnf';r·s · incomes is ·associated with more expenses on comrnF~r-,·:ially prepared fertilizers and pesticides. Among thof:;l:! who maintained their pre-project productivity leve 1 s, net income even tended to fall as expenses on inorganic inputs increased. A risk taking strategy of most vegetable growerF; interviewed is, therefore. to, increase the number c..f croppings or· cuttings. whi.ch the presence of improved irrigation facilities allows.

4. In~rease in net incomes, but with corresponding

increase in production costs.

An increase by as much as 30% in net income is observed among a few farmers benefitted by irrigation projects in Mountain Province. Most farmers, however. claim to have been ahl~ to at least maintain their pre-project productivity levels. 1'18 is similarly the case among farmers in Ifugao.

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WU.h the use of inorae.nic fai'm~]:'llputs. however, inn·ense in productivity limits '·~the irtetoeaee in farrners·income. This is illustrated m&~e.clearly in the seed potato dispersal project. Yields of farmer cooperators increased in absolute values. but returns to production wer·e much below the expected levels. Other than additional ~·:-:pr:ndituruu ut1 tfJl'Lilizer-s lnd peettioidee, farmers also cite the spread of diseases in the varieties being dispersed. an is:=;ue which has impUcations on d.ietribution mechanisms of sa .i.d pro,iect.

5. Reduction in genetic diversit~ ---------------------------------The shift to monocropping, particularly of mid-latitude

vege~bble crops and fruits. has reduced the practice oi multi -(;f'r)r:;•ped swidden farms and home lots. aside from dec:rel:l~~ i.ng the number of households engaged in the cultivation of indigenous rice varieties. This trend has beer" illustrated by the case of upper Bauko, just as the process is now happening in Bauko --a largely self-sufficient.rice producing municipality before the ·7os. The trend is also happenl.ng in the reviewed Ifugao communities.

Particularly in relation to mono-cropping. the associated use of inorganic fertilize:rs. persticides. herbicides and weedicides. have transformed the indigenous pest management and control system'• a& new pests and diseases have evolved. In the case of potato.~~ted.dispersal, bacterial wilt is commonly cited as a widespre-&d, disease. The cropping r:·eriod from Januar.y to May is plaaued by crab root. funfus and lenf worm. On the other hand, bliaht ·~ie a common potato growing problem in the June to September':r>eriod.

6. Reduction in hazards related to 'Water access.

Th~:· health-related; effects of water supply development r~r·o.i ("' ~ :::. meanwhile. are neither indicated on account of poor· deE;il?n ond maintenance mechanisms for projects set up in I fupAc.>. 'J'he water supply pro,jects in D11i t. i.e .. conr::Lc•;·.·:t i un/irnprovement of spring boxes, were intended to prcte~t th~ water source from contamination from insecta and :::nab~::. but there is no assurance that such contamination is corre~t0d because the technical design for the spring boxes 1s w~':J.:. At the most. what these small pro.iects have minimized is the occurence of accidents ambng children who used to fetch water from another eourc~. ·

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'(. NP~I :i gih l e improvements in educat i.onal ~e:ervi r·•o·:~: _

The impact of school building projects on guality 0~ life seemed negligible. if not totally absent. School p~rticipation dHta, for instance. do not show any remarkable in<:r·•HH:ii'! despi Lr.· imprnvt?ment of l'il~honJ fac:i 1 i tir•r; ( Ai~·hc.-, 1 partricipation and survival data even show a decrease). Hence. any possible influence of this type of infrastructure pr·n.iF!r:t. is not. reflr"lCted in any i.ndtcatora for imr.·rovementr-; in social and occupational mobility. Based on school pn~~lation data and actual utilization of space for school­r-elated activities. the construction of more buildings in <:F!ntri5Jlly located communities does not seem to have generated ].rmn~r:li.Ate J y tangible effects towards the improvement of thE~ ·-r1alit~' nf ~ducation in the area.

B. Destructive land use conversion practices. resulting

in deterioration of water supply, increase in

temperature in micro-climate, increase hazards in

rord conditions because of flooding and erosion.

An outr:ome of the intensive land use for continuous ':r·cro;:•inrJ. and intenc:::i fice.tion of commercial vegetablt~ grm..,i.ng, i::; the degradation of the environment. The expansion of area dc:voterl to commercial vegetable cultivation. requ:i res the r; l enr·i nf! rJf fr:rest reserves lind the eventual lmvering of thr:· wAter level. This phenomenon has had serious implications for tttf.'! ~mstrd nab i l i ty of farming systems. Most communities in Rr:mkn and I fu1!,a0, for instance. especially in areas wher.e: land conversion patterns have shown an increase in the level r.md scale of shift from traditionaL subsistence agpicul ture to commercial vegetable gardeninl~ The reduction in water· holding capacity of soil is evident in erosion, reportedly a common problem in ~;uch areas, other than flooding. Widesprr~ad cutting and burning of trees, in tfhe course of clearing forests to give way to terraced vel&table gardens, is most r;ornmon in the Bauko area since the c1"'1<)e.

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9. Marked chan.eW''·. . ~Jlii!tftr'trid living conditions. ------------... ~tr~#:tr+f~tif~.;.'t.;~--------------·-----­inter-communitth'iriti'e:r•provinoial mobility, arid --~---- --.. ------~~~·--~~,-...:-~-~------------- --- -·-- -~··---t.rading.

The over-all patterns in chanees along this line showed thnt. up until'the mid-·7os. moat households obtained their basic needs from what was naturally beihe provided by the lor:al ecosystem : rice, fruita, loos:l materials for housing, ;simple community gatherings for leisure. Very few ttems wer;_: bcu[.;ht from outside : sugar. salt. 'co!fee. The desir·e for i~~ms originating from outside started to become felt :-;tAf'tjng in the '80s, and particularly in the '90s : cannP.d C:::Jd. Doft drinks and liquor; concrete and galvanized ir,;:l ::hf:i: Li'; for· housi.ng materials; transistor radios. t.~ lev i.E: ion ::-::r:L, He tamax machine and tapes for leisure; refrigerator.

No direct link is being made by this analysis between these marked changes in lifeatyleeand ODA projects. Within thA context of capitalist markt:~t reJations, hoever, it is net difficult to see the connection between. on onP. hand, certain infr·asture support pro,iects --like ·~~d impr-cvcments, trading ff1c il i ties, seed storage and di;spe~M.l.<~ facilities/services -­·'Jtrd changes in production systems (Diltrket-oriented production nf vegetable croPs and crafts), and'·'tt•ansformation in living conditions. Increased int$r-provincial and inter-regional ( hf:tween the lowlands and uplands, as well) trading is a ven' w i despr·ead feature now in Cordillera communi ties.

Especially among the'medium-scale and big farmers r .,eeP.table growers) covere~ in the cases studies, the l·:minant trend in change in lifestyles and living conditions i.nclude the following for the period after the introduction o:f ODA_-funded projects : 'increase 'in number of acquired hntme appliances; ability to purchaee a vehicle for crop and inputs transport, or purchase of one or' two additional vehicles if there alwady was prior to project cooperation r·eriod; ability to send children to school in urban Baguio City or even Manila: ability; cap~city to invest in supplementary livestock raising. this time for· sa~~ insLead r;( h(Jusehold consumption.

RRSPONSIVRNESS OF PROJECTS

Development projects may have good intentions. but limitaUrms on the knowledge about poor communities· needs and 3n~ial realities tend to constrain project effecti~ity. The s:r·r·ead and focus of benefits to be generated are often over·· looked during the planning and implementation phases.

117

Ar: t,hF: case studies in Bauko ahow, only big and medium­r:;c:-J.lr~ farmers from Ingkadang ,_an~ Bago were the beneficiaries o:f the irrigation project. The poorer· sectors of the (:·~)rnrrllJni t~l benefitted only from having been hired for a few d0yG Juring ~onstruction.

It was noted that 8% of the listed beneficiaries are residents from nearby barangays -Otucan and Guinzadan and 9 n; come from Bila. Comparing these da£a with the total household p!Jpulation at the time of construction• only F.·1~~ wer·e far·mer-benefic iaries from the community.

A barangay captain commented that the pro.iect. F1E: it i 13. is a good one because the number of ricefie lc!f:; pl.t:mted twice a year increased. Only a small portion of the community W?.f~ bei.ng planted in the previous periods. However, the official explained that not all ricefields are owned by residents of Bila, but by residents of another barangay. Th~~se absentee landowners hold some of the large ricefields .i.n the cornmnni ty.

In Duit in Ifugao, all ei1hteen households it1 the s~_tic) liE-:r~d to depend on the only exietina e:pring for their drinking and laundering needs before the p~oject. This source is only about 3 meter·i:.:i away from the nearest household and about 500 rt:f.:lters from the center of the eitio, where the spring box was t) be constructed in 1986. Interviews with residents and bat·angay officials revealed that not much change was observed long after the pro.iect was constructed.- At the most. the pro,iect simply prevents snakes and other insects from contamimtU.ng the drinkini water~J .. .. ·:

In another site for the water supply development pco;iec:t, only 37.5% ( 6) out. of 18 hou.eholds are be ins;. benefitted. The remaining lt> households prefer to fetch water from another source which is nearer to them.

Thr~ cAse_ of the public school building pro.iects !:';irrd l ar·ly iJ lustrat.es the inappropriate utilizati.on of r·r~::xmr·cF.H': for soci.rd dt.:::velopment. Considering the migration trRnrl whi~h moves towArds urban centers and other locations w~~r.-r·r:! opprJt·~~~mitir~E: f:n· ea.rning cash exist. it if: to be P:·:~~t=:·ctE:d that_ many :-';cb,~Jols in rur-al areas will even have :je'.:reas ing populBt i rJY'!.

LOCAL PARTICIPATION

Among the projects examined, local participation which rF.inged from thF.- stages of planning to"implementation. monitoring and evaluation, are limited to irrigation pr·ojects. This is because the government agency tasked to initiate irrigation projects have adopted since the time of MF.J.rcos in the early 80s an experimental strategy based on fHr·mer part,icipation through community organizing as crucial

118

component. Hence. farmers associations conceived. ini t,iated ;md followed up these projects with government agencies such as the NIA. There are instances where the NIA organized the fArmers into farmers associations or irrigators assbci~tions. In these cases the objectives of the a~sociation are: to see to it that the irrigation construction is in accordance with the progr·am of the government and the recommP-ndat ions of the NT A; that the member·s should be the ones to construct the irrigation; represent the rights of the members who shall benefit from the project: and to see to it that the implementation plan stipulated in the government program is followed.

In the implementation of the project. the beneficiaries r~nrlAded free and/or paid labor. and/or materials as the communities· counterpart to the project.

Other areas of local participation are in relRtion to

a. canvas, bidding and procurement b. inspection of delivered and released mAterials c. monitoring of equiptment and its use d. monitoring of phyeical and financial a.ccompJie;hmentf~

of the project e. cost reconciliation sessions

In pro.iects such as the construction of school house:-~. springboxes and water tanks. people"s participation is limited to the rendering of free and/ nr pai~ labor during the construction phase.

In the case of the conetruction of a water tank. the b~neficiary participation is'through the paym8n~ of mcrithly fAA~ nf PB./ fau6et and P5 for an additional f~~cet to the municipality. Other beneficiaries"participation in the pro,iect is in the form of a donation. Land v..·here a water tank was constructed was donated to the community b:,r the family owner in exchange for piped in water.

There are instances were the projects are awarded to contractors who may not even make use of paid lc•cal labor.

Beyond project design and implementation. local participation seems to have been weak in relation to maintenance. This is true particiular;ly .for water supph' development projects where no mecbariisme or structures for· such are provided for.

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COMMUNITY SOLIDARITY

There are pro.iects that enhanced community solidarity, f;uch ~JD those which cite the formal org.-:tni?.ation of. l']~r:;nr:ir1ill!n;-: As a requirement. One such pro,iect's c:-:•.;<:··~:··.:.vr·

for the farmer·s organization is to have a systematic and better agreement among members and between the pro;iect implemer: Lcn:·s.

Upon d•::~:n:·er examination. however, all' of the membeu:: 11t

said association are medium and large scale: far-mers. The project strengthened their economi:Q position since they were encouraged to pr·oduce more potatoes in a year.

There are projects where misunder:etanding among beneficiaries arose as a result of, i~bsjft ':•pt water sum)ly from an irrigation project. A reoout-e.J:j~ .,.. h£8 situation is for all beneficiaries to a~ree to hav&,;a~~.,ti~uled water· service through rotation. , Conflicts a!l~"'01tJ;..;""derstandinas also arise when a newl;y built water tarik ir-i-''c:n~t of water· supply during the dry season .• and the·clitii••!:a due to numerous pipes connected from the· mai'rl pi);lief b$-(Qre 'water· reaches the tF.t.nk; and .eome beneficiaries uainl, electric water· pumps. Thi.r-:: situation is aggravated wh!en a .. number of familes r·efuse to pay their water fees during the dry season because of water shortages. The absence of prbject · mechanismR for resolving these conflicts may eventually weaken community solidarity. The fact that indiscriminate tapping on the main pipe, or diversioniof waterflow for selective hcuseho ld ;md institutional usee. were resorted to after project completion, as in the case of Poblacion in Kianghn, is indi~atjve of the limitations in project pr·epf:lr:.1 i'. -J,}n. wh j ch hr.1Ve f_;erious implications fer consolidating or dividing the community. Whether intended or unintE~ncled. fore i.gn-as~::L:: ted projects which get implemented fHr:;t wi thr:mt p.:rJ ing thr·r:lH4h t,h£~ nt:~cessary preparatory pr-ocedtn·~:~f;. unly creatP. r:oniu:::;ion and division among the people.

t1 i :;,mdere;tr.mdings alE;n arise among beneficiaries in a community, particularly where free labor is given as counter·par·t bv many while n se lectecl few 1. e. the barangay captain and councilmen are paid for their labor in the implemantation of the project. As a reaction, the people who rendered free service become jealous of others who were paid.

There are projects i.e. the c~menting of irrigation canals where mutual labor exchange or collective work. ug­ubbo in the cleaning and repair of damag~d -portions of the irrigation is no longer practised. While local irrigation systems built through traditional coope~ative labor are usually maintained collectively as well. this is no longer obsecved. This may be on account of the perception that the pr·o.if.:r;t: is a funded and initiated one, by an exernal agency. which even paid ~ages during the construction.

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MECHANISM FOR SUSTAINABILITY

The organization of an active farmer.·e or~u:mi::.::;! ·!rm i:o: one mechanism that ensures the sustainability of a r-·r'::.iAc:T .. The operation and maintanance of an irrigation is carried ·~:.-~"t:. for instAnrP hy the irri~ator~ or farmers aesooi~tjon who IH·(~ bl··r,rdll·iil('lf!c: nf the [.>rn.jF~('t .. ~VhPre r~roblf>me.; ,')rif1F• ,:11•'1:

as the case of insufficient water supply of an irrigatio~ canal. th€! farmers association can meet to solve the problem bv aP.r-ee 1 m-1. to have a schedu} erl wAter service thrm1e:h rot~tion. Inasmuch as· only NIA in its ir~igation projects 1s

e:: ingJ Hd out as having an impc1ct on .local participation, it would seem that any project. to opt for eucceesful self­management by corrununities and sustainabilitv. should provide mechrml~ms for aneuring a people-first ap~roach. Ae one 1ocF.tl offJci~:tl putr; it. " The people learned the participatory approach in handling the pro.iect (irrigation). which i.s much bet t.e:r· than the usual contract type ...

In the case of a seed potato program whose aim :i.::: to pr·ov i <lf! em loan "quality.. 'seed potatoee::. the pr(.•ff.Y"Ftm nr-gr:mi.u.Jd its beneficiaries 'into a seed potatc.. tJ.rnWF.Jl'

hSF:HW iat:i on. Each b~neficiary can avail of borr-oWF"l ;:•ntnto eeerir: once a year from 500 to 1000 ki.los~ The Het~rl.~=: c:r·e· then r-eturned to the seed storage after harvest. If avc::fc w'in ts to borrow again for the next year he must re-ar.•r-o L .,,. . 'i'he:-::P fanner-s. in turn. ;-,;ell their extra potatc seedc: •-,:,. · 1 ::,·:-

farmers at P5-P10 p~r kilo. But the seeds acquired fc ... ,, beneficiaries are 3rd generatidn seeds.

It can be said as well that, as it is, the stress u;r, high-input. import-dependent. and increasingly intensive crrn::ping, wh.i.ch ie: encour·aged by existing support serv:i.c:.::;: • -farrnerr,; (or lack of the same 1 breeds a ei tuation which d,:·e::: not lead to sustainable production.

GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT OF PROJECTS

These projects beini eovernment undertakings funded from official sources, it must be pointed out that .certain. weaknesses which persisted in the 70s tend to be carried over under the present administration. These weaknesses are in terms of : · · ·

l. Segmentation. lack of coordination. and even ·----------------------------~--~------------. I

duplication of programs, services; and functions I

----------------------------~----~-------------of line agencies which sponsor projects in the -------------------------------·---------------local communities

Thi8 is manifested in competing programs of such gover·nrnent offices as the Department of EnvircJnwen t, ' .... :i -1 Nr1tur·f:t 1 RP.sotJrcea. Departnaent of .L\grictll.tllr·t:·.. ·~\.ll.-;h .L :·~rJV~:r·r;rrJerlt un.its,. Llepartment of f 1ublic WorkE~ ,:tnd H·Lr~.hwa\r~:· .. i'ind :--:t.her multi-agency programs. One result of thL:: L:; LE-< ·:.

o:f (' lari.tv in lines of authority and accountabil i tv, , .. ,~,~~-; f:nf• .. r-cernent mechanisms for respective lines of wc·d:. a:: : weak mon u:.oring. For instance, the encoura.gement t.."' r:omrne c··· i al vegetable growing provided by improv•~·!

infrastructure support, without consideration of concern~ beyond mere technicai efficiency and delivery of service 1:.0 limited targetted sectors of the ecosystem has accordingly encouraged clearing of crucial watershed areae. Withl.n the Cc1rdi llera region, conflic·ts between government pol ic.:y and actual land use practices t'emain unre13olved, in the same way that conflicts persists between and among institutional fr-_.r-·F·.::: r:ompeting for resourc~ control, use and management ; Lh<' 1 .:n·ming households, government thruete, programs and ;::t rf:l L<"J 1 "':S}.

Encouragement of patronage politics, as in the case ·--···-- ·- ··-----------------------.... ---::..-.---~--------------of lfugao projects.

'~'~1 i :.: r)hf:ervation is expressed by local communi ties who feel t:l:"tt. pr·o,jects introduced in their areas do not necPs~;n:"1 1 v Rddress the:i.:r real needs, but were implemented ,juF;t t:.rl(: ~":<:J.nl'::· bf.::c:ause formal leaders had access to re:=iour·cee from high-placed officials.

122

3. Unfair dealing with the people.

!n infrastructure projects, this was mani.fested in the --:·on:ox·r:ii·tion of local labor, unr,ier th~---~~ee of countert:•art contri.bution, even while project fundlf"<.jvtded for labor · costs. Similarly, this happens when,d~~~e or counterpart lA.bor· do not pay righful, wages. · ·

4. Lack of sensitivity to the cul~utal set·tlng of ------------------------------l-.--~·----------------· indiq.enous communities

P:r·o,ject concepts which tend to overlook., ignor·e, and weaken the valuef'J. views, Pl'lactices and institutions of indtw.:rl(JIJ£:\ communi.ties eventually undermine and are therefore disadvantageous to the people. This is 8>:-;::·erienced. for· iw:;tance. when an introduced infrastructure l>f'(:~j.:;.r:-t <n.>eratJes n·rl ".Nage labor. to a total rH sregard • •! .-:(:uperat i.vP. for·rw:.: (!'t lt:~.bor observed by t.he ;.·e<:Jpl.e. and whi.d, iB v,:duabJ.e tor· s·Lrengt}fening cornmutlity solidarity. At Lhe worst. introduced projects t~nd to develop a dependent c1t t. i todA among the r.•ec:I-·le. which .runs counter tc· the rnocle -~) 1 ~ ·:. fe of indigenuw:.: communities.

IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

ln the absence of a systematic and thorough i.nst i tutiona.l framework for the utilization of offici.-9.1 develo~nent assistance, case studies an the 1mpact of ODA r:·ro:ir .. cts in r1elected communities indicat~ the· following t.r·ends in the re17don

1. emphasis on commercial crop production, to a gross neglect of the subsistence· sector;

stress on high-input, import-dependent, and incr·easingly intensive croppinl~ which does not lead to sustainable production;

''!. P.xpansion of area devoted to commercial vegetablE; cultivation. resulting in wanton a1sregard for sustainable management of the .ecqsystem as reflected in uninfor·med land use conversion r·r·acticefl, maBFJ:lvf:'. er·cosion. forest fires. and reduction in biodiversity;

4. conflicts between government policy and actual land use practices;

~- violation of basic principle of right to ancestral domain;

r') 1mdermining of indigEmou::: peop1.:?s· r·i~(hk:. mr,de rd Life. and institution~

7. conflicts betweeh and am6hg institutional forces competing for resource control, use and management (the farm~ng households, government agencies/programs. state laws and policies)

1.3. segmentation, 'lack of coordination. and duplication of programs. services and functions of line agencies which sponsor projects in the local communities

~- Encoura-ement of patronage politics as well as graft and cor:li'uption.

Between the Marcos and Aquino administration, the tbr·usts, strategies · and programs for development have remfl.ined· largely the same. A slicht difference is observed only in termt;~ of the Aquino administration's greater stress on socio-eoondmic projects in the poorer sections of the countrv.' i.e:, in are;S.e of indiaenoue communities •. and the atterm,.•t towards having more diverse sources of ·oDA. in contrast with. the ~·lmost US-dependent ODA agenda of the M.''H'<.~!I'-: periJJd. An increasingly more purposeful inclusion <: f :...:~11 pax~ tic iJ:.•I'i tion and GO--NGO ( gover·nment 1:1nrl. non-s-:·. ·vP.rnment organi;::ations) collaboration are also rnor-~ e'.ri_dP.nt in the Aquino period, although this is logically tra2eable more to th~ chanracter of the finsncial situation inhf"rited by the Aquino government which committed ]t.self to r·r·:i<_.f'it.Lzin? debt :-:c:er·vicing.

::::evF:r/1.1 re('nmmendat.ions are forwarded based on these r 1 nd l! lf,!Ll

1. At the level of policy. there is a need

1.1. for the government to seriously review. develop guidelines, and institute enforcement mechanisms in relation to a more rationale allocation of resources from ODA for development 'of ·disadvantaged communities;

1.2~ ;for host countries to set conditions in

124

OD~ utilization which wl.ll not be dl'!tdrnentr1l to the interest of indigenous peor-·l~s;

1. 3: for private international. national and .looai agencies and organizations to c:ontr·ibute towards a more responsive policy development and enforcement. through a t. ime ly mont tor ina. of devplopment program implementation and processes in the marginalized communities of indigenous peoples.

2. At the level of action and advocacy,

2.1. support only foreign-assisted pruJ~~ts which enhance :peopls~s participation, equitable distribtition of access and opportunities: develop self-relianpe; promote indigenous p~ople~s ~ight to Melt-determination; are sustainable, ecologically sound, and responsive to women's needs and issues .

. ~r:Qject~ which are harmful to the people's ;.dev~lopment should be opposed.

' . '·-· ·' ..... · .• ·. :: ,· .

. 2 •. 2, •. There i~ a need to be wary of projects (such ae .ttloi:J.e a~vocating watershed protection) which

.· :')"{Q,1·~~·e; the indigenous people· s right to . , , .. lnfl~eetr~l· dOmain. ' .

2. a~ •. :j:,qj-~::~h$: opportunity being opened by ODA · :p~oj.¢ot.S for providing people~ s organizationf;

and n'on.;.;aovernment organizations with the ,\~ .,~x~r-~jnc~- in dealing with such programs ·~;·'"·::and:,P~,ttfecte, towards strengthening their :£~;;[· o~iahi'Z:a-tion and advancing popular education.

--·' ~~ ;;::-~: . . · ... ' ,--: · . .' . _: . · ... : .

·•· ... _: /·1<:-:. \". •• ... .:- .... ···: .,

. 2-.,~_.,P.etr•·\lP -independent .;f:: · · ·· . '''~~~cl1deotth which •. '!"' ,rtlcipatory at the

'

'. ~ ' ... . :- ··.:~

125

monitoring systems are preferably

community level.

for

REFERENCES ·1

( Exc: lud ing sources for individual oase studies) 1:

Anti-Slavery Society 1981

BoqPiren. Nettleton. 1

Regp~la and Torres 1988

Center for Development Programs in the Cordillera (QDPC)

1989

Lawas, Jose M. 1981

National Economic DevEJlopment Authority (NEfJA)

THJ ,J:::i DE LA COURT. 199:)

Tr·ansnat ional Institute

19~10

United Nations W0rld Commission on Env i r·cmr;110>:: t and LIF:Vf:' J nprr~''''n t f WCED}

188'/

United Nations Gener·al J\esemb ly

19Hti

I

!he PhifiPPines. Authoritarisn Go~r~= men~. mult1natiQnala~ ~ ~~~-al land=· London : Anti-Slavery Society. 189p. . .

A Situationi§AA:r::te Jm ~ Cordill..er.a •. Ba(IUio City. . •.. : ..

.... ·.c ~- •

,. . ·. ·. :···i~i~i!i~l:)',,, .,. Integrated hlt~~--nt .:. A ~tl JZaper. . :·::.::·.·r;zr· · ·

·.1··

: ...

I.loo.cu;~ LBeaiQI\ r·, .·-~ .. ···liAr D.e.Y.clcJmQu.t fun 1.9_76-196!4. ~ ·'

!.11?-dAt.IZ!~ Phi.li.I2~ Deyelgpment E:ir.J.G llt6A::Ulll ·- .

Medium-Term £h,ilippinc Development El.an l~B7-t9az ..

Seyong Brundtland. Green Q~yelop~nl in :the 1f390e •. London: Zed Books. Ltd .• 139p. Trans.; by Bd Bavena and Nigel Harle. Trans. copyr:f4ht by'BijBEN 1990.

Pra!DQting Suat0.1na'bl)f Development in :the. Philippintus. lbA &Ue Q.f Eu.r.QP.~~n G.Qv.ernm.ent.a .analiG.O..fL. Amsterdam. 89:r.

Qm: Qo.mmrm .Future .

~ ' ,!. ,_ •

~-Peclaration.Q.f thsJlU.sb~ :t.Q Oitv_e.l~.D.:tt....

1

0

• '-··

•

•

Appendix I

. 'butiun ur MuplD•.stn. Oroupsinthc , Mmunty Philippines

"'.· Muslims!'' . ·~., . ~·~. •• . Traditional (" ·;

Tribal Territories •••

'\

K~y to M:apJ Distributien of Minority Groups in the Philippines .\f- Muslins, IR - Indigenous Religions, C- Christians

Luzon I lsneg /RIC 2 ltneg 0/R J Kalinga 0/R 4 Balangaw /RIC 5 Bontok /RIC 6 Kankanai /RIC 7 lfupo /RIC 8 lbaloy /RIC 9 Kallahan/Kalanguya/1-wak

/RIC 10 Gaddang - highland, lowland

/RIC .-11 lllongol IR ll AILIIActa/Aita!Damc.gat IR

BisaJR islaHs IJ Sulod IR l-1 Bu~idnoo o(Negros :R i5 Maphat /R 16 Kocolanos IR 17 Ali /RIC 18 Ala /RIC

&liHero 19 ......... ~ =.1-tailpwan IR BUiaid /R tlanunoo IR Ra~apon /RIC

Palawan :0 Tagbanwa IR .:'1 a) Palawan /RIC ~I · bl Palawan AI :~ ~lalbog M :; hma Mapun ,\/ :J lbtaL. IR

Mindanao and Sulu 25 • Mamanwa IR 26 Manobo

Sub!{roups: A&usan-Surigao /RIC Uanwaon /RIC Higaonon IR Umayamnon /RIC

27 Manobo Rajah Kabungsuan IR

21 Manobo 28 Manobo

S.b groups: Dibabawon /RIC ~n&guangan /RIC Ala IR TI&Wll /R. Matigsalug - (Matig Salu&) IR

29 Manobo s.•rroups: Butidnon (Binukid) /RIC llentungen - /R-­(Westem Bukidnon) Kiriyenteken - IR {Western Bukidnon) Pulangiyen (\V. Butidnon) IR llianen IR Pulcniyan IR Uvunganen IR

30 Manobo .. S•bsnmps: Kulamanen IR Manuvu iR

J I Monobo - Tagabawa (Bagobo) /RIC . _ Bap>bo - Giangaa. (Jangan) /RIC 32 Mandaya /RIC

Mansaka /RIC 33 Karaga M )4 Kalagan (TagakaoloJ IR 35 Manobo - S;1ran~am - Dav;so

del Sur 0/R 36 Sangil!Sangir 'Maron: l .\I!C

37 Maranao AI Jl llanun/lranon /of 39 Mqindanao (Magindanon) M 40 Tuuray /RIC 41 Manobo

Sttbpoups: Colabalo IR Kalamansig to Kiamba IR Blil IR

42 Manoboffasaday - Sanduka. aad Tasa&ng (?) IR

4J 'rBoi (fapbili) IR Ubo IR

« Blala (Bilaan) Koronadal - Saangani IRIC

4S Subanon s.. •• fiiiPS: Siomn /RIC LlpuJan /RIC

"Sidmpn · /RIC TuboJ IR Slllla IR

'46 Yaba II 47 ........ /RIC .. s..-. :~ ·_ ,...,.,, s4 .'.,U ...

":'At' :r. il" '· .. :; ~-ir~ . II ·

. ll .,........ Iii

ll 8i1L1i (Si'butu) M Lulanpn M a.uan· •M

49 · 8ajau (Badjaw) /RI.\1 Sfliltltovps: Sama Oilaut /RIM Sama Jengeng /RIM

50 Tausug • M

Sou~ The National Mus.:um of the Philippines.

"

APPEND I X Il

INDIGENOUS PEOPLES JN ~E CORDJLERA REGION

The Cordillera region has a total population of a little more than 1 milion (1,019,707) as of 1985, growing at an annual av•raoe rate of about 1.9Y. to 2.0Y. in the 1980-1985 period. Ea&ent·ially rural in character, the re;ion's · indiljlenO\.IS population is ;enerally referred to as Igorot, a derivation from the old Tagalog word which means "people from the mountainl~. (Jenks a 190~). Up to a time the term applied only to the,KI,okanays, Inibalois and.Ifu;aos, as well as to the mountalt:t·••ttl•m•nts in Ilocos·Sur and Pan;asinan (Scott : 1962). T-c;~;..y.j th• t•rm is used· to r•f•r toallthe Cordillera provinc•.••· .• acc:ludin; Abra .for which th• t•rm Tinggian for its major ttthno1;4,n;uistic ;roup means th• sam• thin9 as the word I;orot. .

. Withi,n::.-ch of th• Cordil•ra provinc•• are found several lint~~:~Jttc gro\.lpin;s whos.e spread do not necessari 1 y follow the pattern of definite administrative boundaries. This description of various lin;ustic ;roupin;s underlies the extent to khich •thnic pluralism is a characteristic feature of the Co~dSll•r• area.

The t.ltVe~ major ethnolinguistic ;roups indigenous to the Cordi }lera are : the Isne; in thlt sub-province of Apayao, Tinggian or Itn•o in Abra, Kalin;a in the sub-province of Kalinga, BOf'\tOC in central Mountain Province, Kankana-ay in western Mo~ntain Province and northern Sen;uet, Ibaloi in southern Ben;uet, and IfuQao in Ifugao province.

ISNI:tBS ~

The I•n•;• are slash an~ burn agriculturists who inhabit tb'e .. ,~Pf'!,ibr mour,"tain ranges of Apayao, the eastern portion o1 A~•.'·•rut 14,ocos Nort•, and th• w••t•rn portion of Kalin;a. Wi,tt\1.,, '~his area, Isne; settlements are usually compoa.-d o.f' •fi~Wh•r• from 10 to 100 hous•s, which are either c luster•~ C>r ..•• ~ .... ,..d. Th••• settl•ments are commonly 1 ocated •-h:IJ",O:d.,"~a,.t-.rways and small river systems •

. ::·:~i". {·?<,~·."~/)·:··;;':"''J ·. ·.

Th•Li'~~•:·Jlrtt. al•o known by th.t ·fo11owin; names a Isned, Vap,.?~-~~p.yaQ, Mandaya, and Qalanaaan. lane; comes from the llo]:}~no' ~ltrm I.-T• n•v or "of th•;, Tin•o Rive-r," whi 1 e Mandaya mean• :'iup•tr•am" in the Isn•; lan;ua;e.

Th• ~~~· comprise th• pr•dominant •~hnic groups in the Apayao towns of l<abu;ao, Calanaaart, Conn•,., JDudtol, Luna, Flora and Santa Marcela. Dumalneg·, and Adams in Ilocos Norte also have •:da~.tnantly Isne; population. Still in Ilocos · Norte, .admit t•n•Q 1am11ies also occupy ar•as like Pa;udpud, Solsona, PiddiQ and Nueva Era. Sanches Mira, Santa PraMedes and Claveria. in Ca;·ayan also have Ianito segments in their population (~iao~oy : 1997).

The language <Isneg) spoken by the inhabitants of the sub-province of Apayao is further cateoorized into three variants : Balon and Nabwangan, for Conner, and Pudtol Flora and Luna (K"alinga-~payao Provincial Development Staff 198~) •

tcALINGA

Among the moat numerous Cordillera Oroup is the Kalinga. They are dominant in the Kalino••AQ•Y,tO towns of Balbalan, Pasil, Lubuagan, Pinukpuk, Tin;laya(\~ Rizal, Tabuk and Tanudan.

The Kalin;a language itself, or Kinalin;oa~ is an aggroupment of thirty-si~ (3~) petty dialects spoken by smaller groupings within, formed historically as a result of varying patterns of adjustment to the natural environment characterized by the presence of many rivers and a rugged mountainous terrain. Some of these smaller groups are the Lube and Mangali in Tanudan and Lubuagan, the Butbut,and Basao in Tinglayan and Pasil. Despite such diversity, however, the Kinalinga language is understood by all of the smaller groupings.

Settlements in the northern section of Kalinga are traditionally engaged in swidden cultivation, until the introduction of paddy iields in the 1930s. Settlements are scaterred in small hamlets, usually consistift; of less than a dozen each.

In contrast, those in the south cons~st of compact villages of up to 1,000 houses. These settlements have a long tradition of wet rice cultivation.

TINGGIAN

Meanwhile, the .Tinggians inhabit most o1 Ab~a and are the majority (over 667.) in 16 out of Abra's 27 municipalities. These are the towns of Licuan, Lacub, Lagayan, Danglas, Tine;, Malibcon;, Langiden, San Quintin,

. Boliney, Bucloc, Da;uioman, Tube, Villavicioaa, Luba, and Sal-lapadan. They are also predominant (from '0 to 667.) in Pe~arrubia1 and to a lesser extent (33to 50%) in'San Juan and Manabo. (Other ethnolinguistic groups in Abra are the Kankana-ey, Ibontok, Ibagos and Ilocanos on the west coast.) In Marcela in Apayao, Ting;ian immigrants comprise a community more commonly known as the Abra Village.

Altogether, Tinggians constitute more than 35% of Abra's provincial population (Corral : 1979).

The Tinggians are further distributed in 11 distinct ethnolinQuistic subgroups spread over some SO~ of Abra's total land area. These include the Adasen, Mabaka, Gubang, banaw, Binongan, Danak, Masadiit, Moyadan, Maeng and Illaud Qr Itneg (Oorral 1 1979and 1987).

As a general pattern, lowland Tinggians live off wet rice cultivati·on, in villages with larg•r: c:ctnc:ltntrations of population compared with upland Tinggians whose settlements are dispersed. The latter group is also known to-practice dry cultivation in the northern and eastern sections of the province.

BONTOI(

The Bontoks include the indigenous gtt,ople in the towns of Bontoc, Barlig, Natonin, Paracelis and s_-ci.n;a in the central and eastern section of Mountain p~ovi.ru:e. From these places there are also. those who, indiv~~':l·JJy>or; as family groups, have migrated to Baguio City, tH•:IJ·ij!l:~lll/ communities of Benguet and other provinces in the Cor-cU.li•r•'•

To distinguish themselves from centel Bontoc, eastern settlements refer to themselves as the Ba1•noao, the Barlig and Sakki.

Other than the Bontoks in the ar•as like Natonin and Parac:elis, there are those in Mountain Province who consider themselves as belonging to other ethnolinguistic groups like Kalinga.

I(ANI(ANA-EY

The Kankana-eys are generally divided into two.sections: the northern group which covers several municipalities of western Mountain Province and eastern !locos Sur, and the southern section composed of almost half of the province of Benguet.

Among the northern Kanana-ey, large and compact settlements constitute the predominant pattern. Their villages are characterized by the presence of wet rice terraces. Kankana-ey settlements are found in Tadian, Bauko, Sabangan, Besao and to some eMtent in Sagada. These northern Kankana-ey settlements are referred .to as Applai. It also includes thos~ who h~d miorated to other places. Applai is a term used to distinguish the ;roup from those of Bontoc or the I-lagod, those from the mountain slopes and living on the boundaries of Mountain Province of Abra, or the I-Meng, and other ethnic groups. Amon; th• Applai•• those on the southern part which include Sauko and Tadian ar'e caUifd 1-aba;atan. Tho•• who inhabit the western side, alon; the Balasiyan River, are called 1-balas-iyan.

The southern Kankana-eys inhabit the municipalities of Bakun, Mankayan, Buguias, Kibungan and portions of Kapangan and Atok, all in the northern and down to the central sections of Benguet province. EMcept for the central section of Mankayan (including Lepanto) and Abatan in Buguias, settlements are generally smaller and scaterred, compared with the nor~hern group.

I BALDI

The Ibalois occupy most of Benguet Province. They are predominant in the southern two-thirds of the province, particularly the towns of Kabayan, Bokod, Sablan, Tublay, La Tfinidad, Tuba, Itogon and the southern portions of Kapangan and Atok.

IFUGAO

Ifugao is often characteri~ed as being predominantly peopled by Ifugaos. However, linguistic groupings in the province are further categorized into the Ayangan, Tuwali, Vat-tukan and Kalai-e. Kanakan-eys, Kalinga and Ilocanos are alae numeraus. Next to the Ilokano in number is the Gaddan«;~ located at ~he province's borders.

The Ayangan group is predominant in the municipalities of Mayaoyao, Aguinaldo, Lagawe, Hingyon and parts of Lamut and Kianoan. Meanwhile,the Tuwali are found in Banaue, Hungduan, as well as parts of Lamut, Hingyon and Kiangan. The Yat-tukan and Kalai-e are mostly in Kiangan and Tinoc. Potia, meanwhile, h.s a mixed population of Ayangan, Ilongot, Gaddano and Balangao.

Settlements of these Ifugaos are scattered, usually along the river banks or plateaus. The province is generally sparsely populated.

OTHER ETHNIC GROUPS

I 1 ocano

Beyond the more commonly known linguistic categories, most of the provinces have considerably largw populations of llokano families intermingled with the indigenous groupings. Ilokanos generally share common linguistic .elements with some Cordillera groups, but trace their roots t6 the lowlands until colonial times when they began moving into the mountainous region. Presently, the Ilokanos constitute as many as 70~ in the Abra towns of Sangued, La Paz, Dolores, Tayum, Bu~•y, San Isidro, Pidigan and Pilar. In Kalinga­Apayao, m~lti-ethnic towns with Ilocano inhabitants are Conner, Tabuk, Flora, .Pudtol, Pinukpok and Rizal.

Ilokanos also occupy some areas of Benguet, significantly in the western municipalities. Saguio City has as many as 40X of its population composed of Ilocanos (ARTC: 1987). The western neighbor of Benuget is the llocano province of La Union. Their common boundary is ihhabited by the Sago.

In Ifugao, next in number to what may be called Jfugao linguistic groups are the Ilocanos who comprise the majority in the towns of Lamut, Lagawe and Potia.

1-kallahan or Kalangoya

The 1-kallahan ethnic group inhabits the eastern side of the Cordillera mountain range, the Caraballo mountu1n range connecting the southwrn tip of the Cordillera and the Sierra Madre mountains in the east in the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija and Quirino.

Kallahan speakers are specifically found in Southern' Ifugao as wall as northwest Nueva Vizcaya. I-kallahans can also be found in Benguet particularly in the municipalities of Buguias, Kabayan, Bokod and Itogon, along Itogon's boundary with Ifugao and Vizcaya and its borders with Baguio City.

The Kallahans are also called Kalangoya. Among the group, those who reside in Tinoc (in Ifugao) and Buguias (in Benguet) call themselves Kalangoya. In the Nueva Yizcaya and Ouirino areas, they prefer to be called lkalahans.

Baddang, Ibanag, Itawe

The Gaddangs can be located on the eastern fringes of the Cordillera provinces of Kalinga and Ifugao, along the boundaries with western Isabela down to northern Nueva Vizcaya. They are known to have a considerable presence in the Kalinga-Apayao municipality of Tabuk.

Ibanag and Itawa families are intermingled with either predominantly Isneg or Kalinga populations of Conner, Flora, Pudtol, Santa Marcela and Rizalin Kalinga-Apayao.

Bago

The Ba;o can be found at the borders of Benguet and Abra. They inhabit eastern Ilocos Sur and eastern La Union. The name Sago com•s from th• phrase bagong kristiyano which means "new Christians," The Bago is generally the result of inter-marriages among the Kankana-ey, Itneg and Ilokano. In the interior ~~••• of Ilocos Sur, the Bago can be found in the municipalities of Allilem, Banayoyo, Galimuyod, Gregorio del pilar, Lidlidd~, San Emilio, and Sugpon.

Agay, Pugot

Agta (atta) or Negrito groups are located in several boundary areas within tne Cordillera, particularly on the border between Apayao and Cagayan. In the sub-province of Apayao, they constitute the second majority grouping, ~articularly in Pudtol and FLora. They are known inthe area as Agay or Pugot. Hunters and gatherers traditionally, some of them have now s•ttled in villages in the forests, engaging in slash-and-burn agriculture (Fiag-oy: 1987).

Other than the local Cordillera groupings and the Ilokanos ar• still much smaller ethnolinguistic groupings. In eastern Sen;u•t, for instance, are also found the Mandek-ey in Buguias and ~arao in Bokod.

Appendix lii

!'J[l/\ Project A in the Indigenous Communi ties of the Phi 11 ppi.nes

···-··-~ .... -···-··------...... ----------......-..---------------£ndir~:·'?nOUfJ Community.·::~ Minority Group : . Project Type : Source of Funds ··-·-···-·· ___ . ____ .....,....,__ ____________________ _ LUZON

A bra ,, '·.

. ' , . . .. .. Tinaaian Iofrag;tx:u.c.t.u.I:§. School Bldg:.:g Road-9 Bridge-1

SociAl Secri~ Telecom Dev·t. Electrification

A£ro-Foreo.t Mam~: Tree Plantation 0~ Ex:ojects

Mini-Hydro

ESF ESF ,Jumbo Lo.:~r.

USAIL' USAID

£JSAID

USAID ----···------....._ _____ ...... __________________ _ K.:lnko.n.:1i Iofras.tx:ucture Benguet

l fue.no

. ' ..

.. , ..•..

.~.

·~·· .. . ·, .. . ..•.. ; .... •

~·· . •· ... • .. .

.. r.

-Inibll.loi Road··31 Isino.i ··sc:hool-22

Bridge-3 Irriaa.tion-16 Market Bldg. Drainage Seed Potato Strg: Loading Platform:

A&:z:icultux:e. Nursery Seed Dispersal

:.tech. Auistaoc.a Train ina Research

Aaro-Fox:eat ~emt.: Fruit Tree Pros.:

Infro•tx:uctl.l:ca Sohool Blda. ··38 Roa.d-16 Irrigll.tion7 Hospital Bldg. Water Work-140

Bridi~-3 Hoa.lth CGntar-3 :

A&:x:o-Fox:e~ ~: : Reforestation :· AQx:iculturs

B1o- Intoni!livo Gardening

Social Seryicea ·Health· Ed7•

Liter~cy : lncome aen~~n~:

ESF, JI.DB, ,J!. ESF Jumbo Loaz; JI.DB ESF ESF ADB, Gerrn.:.t.n:; /\DB

JI.DB Germany,ADB

ADB.German:,· ADB, German:;

Gl!rm.:lny

ESF ESF. EEC, 'I'.::.n::.~.r. EEC,Horld B.:..nl: OECF OECF. KF"1J, UNICEF. IBIW JL,EEC IBRD

ADB

IJNJCI·~P

UNICEF UNICEF EEC

--------···------~-------·-----------

1

-·······-···---------K -,I i nga /\payao

----------------------.. --·- ·-

~:u'linsa Y~tPuY3tJ

lnfr.am..I::uc.t:u.I:a St;hool Bldg.-21 Road-14 Public M.:~.rltet Bridge

Social Sa..r.:ll.i~s Telecom Dev·t.

ESF ESF/OECF ESF ESF /,Jumbo Lo.:.tn

f. DB

------·----~--------~--._ ___________ ~~--------------------Mountain Province Bontocs Infrastructure

~· •

Bridsa-30

Road-43

Irri&:lltion-50 Storage F.:~.cility-14 Loadini Platform-12 School Blda. -·10 Market Bldg.-8

A~ricilture Nursory Seed Multipliclltion

Sa.c.i...:l.l .SLtr'lic"~ Health Ed. Elactrification-14 Hospital Equipmant3 Logistic Support3 Ina~ Ganerotin' U.t:~~u.:a.a.t M;;:mt. Reforeatlltion Fruit Tree Progr.:~.m

.T.a.chni~al SIU:.ll.i.c..e..a Trllininga Reaellrch

: .Qthex: Pro1ec.t. : Impounding Dam-a

:JL/EEC/ADB IFI\D

:OECF/IBP.D/EEC ESF

: ADB/I FJ\D/EE· .. ~ :ADB :ADB :ESF :f.DB

: ADB/Gorm.:my : 1\DB/Gcr·rn.:wy

:f.ur::tr.:~.li.:; :1\DB/USAID :.ncr. :.JIC/\ :USAIL'/EEC

:OECF/f.DB :Germ.::my

: GF.: r·in.:m:• / /1.[1!?. : Germ.:my

:ADB ---.. -·----·--------:--:----------------------·--- ..... tluevo::~ \' i.sc~1Y.l l:dnai l.a..fl:.a.l.tructu.c:.e. .

~. - -- .

-- ., ~· ~-; .. ~ \: .-~-~~ ;-

. :.-:.,

IkaL,.h.:~.n Waten1orka :EEC :ESF

f)umt~l&t llonfa:ot

2

Scho'ol Bldg.- 3 Rotld-2 Irri1a.tion

~ro·· Forca..t.o: KEFFruit Tree

lnfu.a.t.xuc..tur~ :3chool Blds.- 19

: ESF'/EEC : E~:c

:EEq

:ESF Rolld- 9 : ESF

t,ricultura :EEC .Sa.c.i.Al Sarvic..ll~ He.:~.l th Prog. : EEC Community Dov · t. : EEC

.. . . . Ae~i~ulr.uJ:.a Upland Productivity :KWF

~~ro~Eor.~r.~ :F.F.C ________ ........ _______________________ ····---·- -· -'.:'.:1~-:lY-'ln Ibo.n.o.t:.. ln£ t • r..~ ~- t:~.Ul r.a.

Puaot School Blds.- 34 Ro.'l.·1- 14 Mo.rlt.ot Bld,.

: E:::F : E:~F

-----....,...-----------------· ___________________ .. _ .. Z~mb~lo~ : Neerito lnf~~tt:u~r.

School Bldc.-4:3 Road-13 Cornrrnmity C~Jntl!lr Wntor Work:! Drnln.':l~e Hoopit..:~l Bld~.

: r-:SI.;' : E:::tr : E:::1,. : E:~;F : F::?. F : E!~l!'

---------:------------------------·----------·--Is~bola

VISA 'lAS Nagros Occidental

Nosros OrientAl ..

Cam.:lrines Sur

... . Ga.dda.ns: Dumagnt

Remontado

; Remontado

Ati Negro3

Ati Negros

3

ln~3.tt.U~t.u.r:e. School Blda:. Ro.'ld

luf cue.t :::ur.:.t.u.:::e. Sc.:lu:.IIJl Bld!!;;. -70 Ro.:11.1- l. o t·k1rl~tH !3ldl.;.

lnc.Qmc Gt-.n.aulin.: t. ,;.c.lc.u l.t..u!:!l.

Corn/Rice Prod"n. ~ E.t;u:.az.t~ lAch ..... A3a.i..!al:.o.nce

ln.fJ:~.JJctura School Blda.-41 Road-7 Ho.rkot Bld,.

lnf.r.a.atructua School Bld~.-53 Road-10 Spillwas-2 Irrigu.tion Drainu.ge Wo.ter S~·atem

A£r..ic..ulture £.cl.c.l.:>.l S.C.O:.icD.:3 O.ther. r.r...o..i.c.c..t.

L.:md Heform

:ESF : E~:F

: E::::F : E~:F

: c '.111/.l d .') : CF.tnHd.::;

: Ce1nrldr., : c.:l nllllr:t

: r~~; I·~ :ES·:F : l~SF

: E~:.:F : r~~~ (i' : r~~::F : qS/\ r!.J :u~:Arv : Uf:/\ ID :tWA r Jl : U~·:/\ l I I

: u:-:t'.!. r• ___ .. ________ .. ______ _

lnf ::D..-3 .tr~ .tuz:.c. Irrh:u.tu.ion Dr:-..t i.nrJIJi:C Ro.':Jd

: u~:l'. [ !) : u::f'. r!, :u::l'. 1 t•.'t·:::F

Orien'tal & Oooidcmta.l: Mindoro

Pola.wo.n

Soreogon

Al:l.:m

Co pi~

Iloilo

MINDANAO Surisao Del Sur

. .

. •

• ... .

Ira.yll . hlanga.n

RD.tainon Bant;on Hanunuo Ta.u Bultid

Kala.mianee Ta.abanw.:~. Bo.tllk Cuyunin Kcn-uy

hsta

Ati NoGros

Ati ""Negroa

Hanobo

,4

'ilater Vlorks A:gz:icult.urc. S.oc..i a l S.an:.i.c.as O.tb.e..c r~ct. ·Land Roforrn

S.ctCit~l S.e.u::~dcil:l· Ho.!!lth Proc;.

1nfr.r:l:;; tr.u.c.t.ur.a School & WCLtarworl~;::

lnfr.Ll~:tr.ua!c.ur.a. ·sohonl Bld&, . .-..9 Ro.:.d··f.1

Ast:o:_lli. r..a.a.t.r. :r:

1 n.fz:>:~ ;:; .t 1:.u.c.tu r:l:L School Dlc!.e;.-26 ROllf)- .14 Irrigation Wlltorv!orks

Ai:ricu.l.tu.r.a .S.o~.l~l :~fl..c:..:i.c.aa O.th.c.l: tr.a.iac:.t.

Lllnd Hoform

lnf.C~ .,_t r.uc.t.u r a School Bld~.-19 Ro.:td-24

ln£1: . .:. :!l.t r.u.c..t.u r.a SchrJol Bldt;:. -67 RonrJ-10

ln.fr ... ~s.t.x:w:.tau:a SchrJol Bld~. -68 Rol.lrl-14 Brid~o

:()~~.'\I D :US.'\ID : US1\I D

:US/'. I D

: rt.:d '/ :Itt1l::

: E:·~I•' : I~:SF

:ESF

:US/\ID :US/\ I D :USJ\ID :USAJD . : IJ:-~1\ l D

: E:S l~ . : E:-:;r ..

: I!;::;[ .. : E:~F

:ESF ------------··-----'

In fr. ·~ fl.t.L:uc...t.ux:a St~ltt:lO 1. Bldg. •17 Be· .~d~•:J

\, 1 t· t· I ~:.11:. ion Ro.:td-10 1\irport Runway

Farrn Equiprnente

: J,:l f'.'HI : !II•H :ESF' :US/\

:Joprtn

.S.o.c..iAl Sacvloeft Health ProgrD.m

.E.i.sh.eo: Coral Protection Shore Protection

O.thc~ ~..tl.io.c.t Impounding Dnm-2 Purnp Bo,:J.t

:US/'.

: 1'

: .J :1 p.:m

---:--=-~------------------------------·-------··· Aguoan Del Sur Manobo

Surigao Del Norte

Ubo Hiaa.onon Dumna.:1t

Mamanwa

lni.ra atz:uc..t.uu Rood-17 School Bld!;:.-17 Irrigcttion

SQ.Ci.illl Siu'..!Li~c SottlemontPro,;:.

D..th.ar: £ro1act. Oil Pla.ntation

Inf~aetructu.c.e. -Road-School Bldg.­

.5.c.da.l Seryicu

:ESF' : E!·~l~ :1\DR

: IHIW

:UY.

. . : E~;F : E~;F :UN

.. --~--------------------------------·-.····-· -·· Aguzan Del Norte Mamanwa lnfJ:A4tructu~a

Sulu

Irrig.stion School Blds.-17 Roo.d-11 Port Dav·t. River Prott:Jction

Aero-Forest M~ Q.tJuu: Pr:oject

Quiclt Action Employment

lnf~.3..t.cU.C.t...lwi Rou.d--18 School Bldi:.-19

:!\DB :ESF :ESF :I f!RD : J .:1 Pflrl

:UN

:UN

:ESF :J!:SF

-----------------------------------------------.. ----Yak.:t.n lnf..t:A.a.tntc.t.u~.e.

Rond-7 :ESF School Bldg.-5 :ESF

Social Servicefi Child Survival :UN

Other: Project Land Reform :UN

Ta.chniCAl Aaaistan.cQ :Italy ----~-------~-----~~--------------- ----·--·

D.~v.::~o Del Norta M.undayc. lnfua.t.x:uc..t.uu Ouma.Ja.t Drr:.dn.nse Ata Irrigation-10

Bridge School Bkdg.-31 Road-27 · Mc.rlt, t Bldg.

. : .Jop.~1n : Jap::m/ I t.J.l :; : ,Jap.:m :ESF : ESft'/ It.~ b·

[to· .. ao Oriental

Zambc.:::mg.:1 Dol ~torte

T .::nd ·- T .:1'o~d.

I o

.. . . •

Ko.laia.n Hando.ya

Badja.o Subnnon

Holboi

Ba.eobo Taaaka.olo Ko.la.io.n

North Cot.:tbato B~eobo

· : Dibaba.won

' :

. . .

Communi.ty Canter 'llo.ter Vlorks-75

~~:.Ear:e.a_t M.:rnt ....

illam.e G.!!ne..I:.U..ti.n ~ ~ti.c.u l.t. u r: c. S.c.c..ial S e rs..i.c..o ~

Community Dev·t. L,:J.trir~c::: Heo.lth !~ducat ion

ln.fr.a3.t r:.uc..t.w::a School 13lds.-15 Ror.td-7 Community Canter Irrigntion-2 Bridge ~m.a Gcnorat1ni: SQcial Scc~icca Hao.lth

h.c.hn.ic.a.l l\.a;si:ltaoce Tr.niningm

Infroat.J:uc.t.u~ Road School Bld&:.

o.th.e.z: P.r ..a.i.A.c.t. Navigntiono.l Facili.tle13

lnf CA.at. .r.uc...t..u .t:C. Ro.!ld School

1n.f.c.al3.t..r..u.c.tuu Ro.o.cl School lrrig.:ttlon-4.

.!la:.t:.e.:.Ec.r.flat.O: lncom!l G.Qll.Q.t.;U.~ SQcial Sc.cvicaa ·Community Dev·t. Health

Infca;struc.t.uca School Bldg.-16 Road-14 Ma.rk,t Bldi.

:Ita:tr : It:lly :Italy/ :.Jap.:Jn : Jap<tn :Italr

: ,J,J.pnn : I t.:J.J :,· :I t.:d y

-·· ...... --·

:ESF :ESF : USJI. :J\DB :JapT.Jn :Japan

:USA

:US/\

-------···

:ESF :ESF ': :.J.-:J.p/!111

·--· ·-·· ·-····· ···-··

:ESF :ESF

·------···-·--· .

:ESF :ESF :/\DB/ I Bf\!) :US/\ :Japan

:USA :US/\/ : Luthct·.:~n :World R13l i r:f

-----.. ·-· .... -:ESF :ESF :ESF

ln.f:caatx::uct:u:ca ····-·-·--.--~~~------....... ...._-----~~------------Irnnun L.:~nno Del Sur Haranaw Community Canter :Asi.:~

: Founrl.:& t inn

6

L.:mno De 1 Norte Maranaw

.: P.nhool Bld1. 20 Road·6

: · luucJWPJ Gaue.c~iua SLU.LLJJ.l Ss.u:..cl.ua~

Child S•1rviv.:1l rutt.c.:..F..u .c:ao~

In.f.r.ll::tt.r:uc.t..ur.a SohorJ l Bldg. -18 Roa.d-8'7

: Ji;SF : l~SF :USA

:UN :US/\

:ESF :ESF

------~----------~----------------------------------Z.'lmbo.:mg.'l Del Sur Muttlim lnfz:.a.-:tt..r..uc.t.uz:a.

:;ultan Kudara.t MaiUindo.nao T"boli

School. TJld&:. Roo.d

E..c.c.1Al Zflo:ic.ac Heo.lth Services

Aer i cult.u.z:a ~~ A~~i~nca o..t.b.az: r..z:.c..iac.:t.

Fiahr:.:ry Air 1-lf.lviio.tional Fo.oilitifJcs

ln.fuatz:.u.a..t..u.I:A School Bldc.-16 Road-2

:ESF : E~3F

:UN : It<:dy : F.SF/IJ~~A

: j ap~tn :.] o.pta n

:ESF

------------------------------------------------------------------------Haguindano.o lnfz:aatructura :·· • . .

. ·• . T"boli MaiUindanao Tirur.o.y

Road-9 School Bldg. -17 ·

Al:.t:.ic_ul..t..uz:.a Sc.cial Service.a

Educ.:ltion Prog. Community Dev"t. Hoo.lth Prog. Child Survival

Iech. aaai.:l.tll~

:ESF :ESF/Ford :Found::..t.ion : US/\/1 tt:.ly

: 1\ ll ~:11. r- .·t 1 i r1 : /\n i :a (o'r,tmd · n

:UN :UN :ESF/US/\ ______ ....._......,. ........ --:--~-----:-~----------··-·---·--·-···

$~nail InfraZJ.t.c.udura :;outh Cot.:1b.o.to . • .. &.waon School Bld".-15

Dibabo.won Road-10

7

Grain Cc:nter Water Worke Bricli!a Community Canter

lncQma GenerAtio~ AC':.Q Eorestry Social .Services Heo.lth Community Dov"t. Education Prog.

Cthu. £ro1ect Lo.nd Rl)form

:ESF :ESF : .J a t?·~ln : IBTW -:ESF :US/\ :Japan :US/\/ADB/Italy

;OS/\

:!Jt-1

Rnkidnon Bukidnon Lumad Hi"aonon·

Coaatctl Marine Sane t u~1 rl'

lnfz~.al!l.l:..x:u.c.t..ur.a Ro:Ju-9 School Bldg.-20 II·rig,'l t ion

SQ.cl.al Servicea

: Can:.1da

:ESF :ESF : ADR/ /\a i.'l :Found at i r;n

Health cara :Luthar~n WR Community Dev"t. :IBRD

AJ:.t.Q.:..Ear.a~ : Ne• ... • Zenl and .a.thJ.U:~ rr.a.ie.c..t~

A1rarian Roform :It~ly Indu~t.rial Pla.ntat · n: US/\

------------------.------------··--·-·-----· Mi::..:tmis Oriental ·: Iofro.fl.tr:uctu.z:..a

Misamio Occidental

. . .

. ..

l3)Jkidnon Lum.:~.d H'ill!l.Onon

'Suba.non

. School· Bld,.-23 Roa.d-u "Poa.ce Conter Health Center Prooeoein~ Plant

Socio.l .ScrvicaQ Litor.o.cy Peace and Reconcln. Pop. Ed.

!i.ch~ P~sistance Dev·t. Workehop L11oturo/Tra.inint;:

Alriculture

.Inf.x:a.at..ructyra School Bld£.-12 Roa.d-21

.o.thar r...t:cject Air novisational

Foe i lit ioB

:ESF :ESF :ABi::t Found"n :US/'. :USA

: Aeir.1 Found· n. : It.:dy :UN

:USA :·Phil·· Am :Italy

:ESF :ESF

: Japon

•."Q (]

s:l

LUZON

~

~,p {i>

()• . oe ~.•

0 ,.,.-;':~

-:." -. .... 00 ~~... .. &··· . . ..

•v "

i\lat• -1 1\.I:IJUI Muun~ :uull.u!!pllj:. Op • .:r:ttiuns Arrc~..·ung Nalinn:al Mim>rilic!o

•f'

FO.IS r L ANOS

:1· . .:. ··:·:.: :~·

(. J:' ~ ;.," _.

a.OGGMIO OHit.at,.,s

~~,,..

:. -~

~0

;..;:n:•er. a J. ,: 1 v

.,_t'Y lu 1\ l:tJI .J

Major Mining and Logging Operations Affecting National Minorities

Major Mining Companies in Luzon and Mindanao Affecting National Minorities

ltu.ina l.u;zoa

"Beacuet

Kalinga

Abra

Mindanao

Surigao del Norte

Agus.an del Norte

No. of Componia

8

4

Noma of Componi~s

Benguet Corporation Lepanto Consolidated

Mining Co. Philt:JC Mining Co. Benguet Exploration Inc. Black Mountain Inc. Western Minolco

Corporation Baguio Gold Mining Co. Atok Big Wedge

Batong-Buhay Mines lnco Mines Lepanto Asia Mountain Mines

Abra Mining and Industrial Corporation

Marinduque Mining and Industrial Corp.

Pacific Cement Corporation

Atlas Consolidated Mining Development

Corporation

Atlas Consolidated 1'-lining and Devclopm~:-Jt Corporation

Continued

Companies in Da-."-:J del Norte

Zamboanga del Sur

_ __:_~--~-- ~>-... ::._,tv_.:...

Aoro Cement Plunt lligen Cement

Corpomtion Mindanao Portland

Cement

MOOI Mining

Leuinc and Wooti-B ... :&~~-tn Luua ailfifln.tanao Affecting National t.linorities · -

~

No. of Prrnince Compo11ies Not11n of Com/JOllies

Luzoa . Katinga 2 Araneaa Institute of

Agriculture Eastern Paper Mills Co.

· Bcnguet-Mountain Province BCI industries Heald Lumber Com1>any

(80 subsidiary) Lepanto ConsOlidated

Mining Co. Kairuz Lumber Company

r\bra 2 Cellophil Resources Corporation

Cellulose l1roccssing Corporation

lfugao

I sa bela 14 . :-\cu\'3 Vizcaya 8

Q'Jinno 5

~lind:mao

Sun~o del Sur I)ICOP Gcorg.i;1 P;~~:ilit· Corporal1m1

( tillltlltlt'd

Agusan del Sur

Agusan del Norte·

4

•

•

Puyat and Sons, Inc AR Timber Corporatron Anchor.Jgc Wood Stor~· Ams-asan Timber

Company. Inc. Kalinan limber

Con>oraliol_l

Aras-a~ Timber Co.,lni ..

Butuan ~,Inc. National Lumber D.O. Blu.a lumber Dongallo Lumber · Del Rosario. Inc..

Liberty-Forest. Inc. Wood Builders Republic limber

Corpora lion De Jesus Logging and

Sawmill Gonzalo Puy-ctt and Sons.

Inc. Sta. lnes Mciale Forest

Products Corp. Nasipit Lumber Co .• Inc. Standard Plywood

Corporation Agusan Wood. lndustnes Mahogany Products

Philippines. Inc.

JCA Timber and Plywood Compan~

Ayala Plywood Plant Surig.ao Development

Corporation Agpawan Timber Co Greenhills Timber. in, i'-l<~layan T1rnbcr Co.

Co111i11ued

Davao dd None

BukiJnon

L.:mao del Norte

LanaoddSur

Mis:tsis Occidental

l3mboansa del Sur

l...arnboonga del Norte

B.uibn

--

Oaw;ao Timber Corpor.llion

Rusl;m (PICOI)I Mcnzi. Inc. RCA Timber ami

Plywood Company Timber Industries of

the l)hilippines P.E. Enterprises Co., Inc. Talacag Lumber Naredico Logging, Inc. Valderama and Sons Inc. Almendras Logging

COrpora lion Veda Tunber Co. Vcloso Enterprises Caison Timber

Corporation Elias Dacidau Logging

PI COP AJ:t~olay Lumber

Madine Corporation

NATCa Loging

MCQ•Miaiftc. z ......... Wood .,.,....~

Sa Claa Lumber eo .• Inc. .

Cabasada LOgging Production

The Findlay Millar Timber Company

Weyherhaeuser Corporation

'

tUZOtl

~-­~-

~

(J .. ~ •• ... ~ . ••

' .. sutu '• ~, .. ~·

IJ '

..

Tt\IILE I}

t:xistin.: and 1'ro1Kisc:cl llydro-Eic:clric l>:unl'r;;~cls ,\ITcdin~: l'hilip1•inc:

~linorilic:s

_Mcxas•·afl AJ/i-cuJ Propl~s Approx. Population

Rim Nam~!Sit~ Compldioll Ctlpadty To M subtnnK~II of Affect~d Wot~rsh~ Dntt' of Dam Withifl Wot~rsht'tl Total/Minority

!..uzon 600 _lsneg )

Abulog 1. Abulos I (Gened) 1919 400 lsneg ) 14,000/14.000

2. AbUloc II (Agbulu) """".- 100 ·- BontociXanlr:anai )

Chico 3. Chico r (BQntoc) N.S. 250 BontodKanbnai )

4. Olico II (Sadanga) 1991 100 Kalinia/Bontoc. Kanbnai )

5. Olico UJ {basao) 1991 360 Kalinp/Bontoc. Kankanai )

(i. Olico IV (Toniangan) 1988 100 Kalinp )85,000185,000

l'uil 7. N.S. 1997 140 Ka1inga/Bontoc ) 10,000/10,000

Tanud.Jn 8. Tanudan - -~~ 1992 55 Gaddang/Kalinga _ )

XJI!g 9. 1997 60 Gaddand/Bontoc ) 16,00011"4,000

10. 1996 13!) linggian/Kankaooi )

Abn ll. Abra I (N.S.) 1994 225 linggian/Kankanai )

12. Abra II (Supo) 1991 '150 Kankanai )1 05,000/J 05,000

Amburayan 13. 1994 15 ' lbal6i/Kantana4 lfugao )

4'10 14. AmbukJao + 1956 : 100 lbaloi/Kant.anai, lfugao )76,000/76,000

lS. Bin&&+ 1960 110 lba1oi/Kantanai, lfugao )

16. Tabu 1996 360 Jfug.ao, Gaddang, Other Filipinos/ )

)IJ:pl 17. Magal I - IV and 1983 180 Kalahan, Kalanguya ) " V-vt 1986 140 /lllongot, Kalahan, Other Filipinds x )

u~n 18. (Cabini-11an) 1992 135 llllongol, Kalahan. Olher Filipinos x )

19. (Gadeng) 1996 115 /lllongot. Kalahan, Other Filipinos x )

20. (Dakgan) 1997 -WU lllongol. Kala han, Other Filipinos x )384,000/150,000

().!u>oo 21. 1991 IOU Dumagat. lllongol ?

~ 22. l'antabangan 1977 212 Durnagat ?

23. Angal + 1967 100 Dumagat ?

'-iurnr 24. 1996 115 Duma gat ?

V-~ 1'-N-'l 2~0 Dumagat ? 25. Kaliwa and fli,l..:zonl Kanan 11}90

Crmtimu•1/ ~·

Mi~

t\gUS I. A&us I (Marawa) 1982 2. Acus II (Sagul:aran) 1979 J.Acuslll~ngan) 1914 .C. Acus IV -«'fatampay) 1913 s. Aaus (Maiampay) ·-6. Aps VI + (Di~Jacutan) 1917 1. Acus VII (Dituculan) 1981

Capyan 8. Capyan J (Talakac. Bukidnon) 1988 9. Capyan II (Bauncon. Butidnon) 1991 10. Capyan Ul (N.S.) 1919

..,.·_:,

TJcokwl II. Ta,oloan I N.S. 12. Tacoloan II N.S. 13. TaiC)Ioan Ill (M. Forlich) 1990 14. Tagoloan IV 1919

f'vbnp 15. Pulanci I (N.S.) 1986 16. Pulanci II (N.S.) 198S 11. "Pulanci IR (Valencia.. Bukidnon) . 19i5 11. Pulangi IV {Narama~o Bukidnon) 1984 19. Pulanci V (Balakuran. N. Cotab3to) 1987 20. Pulangi VI (N.S .• N. Cotabato) 1988 21. Maganoy (Maguiodanaol 1991

Ltle Scbu• N.S.

--• - l=t t>;'er:ttion & - ~~resettled lfugao. 13ontoc. Klnkanai anJ lthlioi •-~ in-iudcd in the Ten Year Encno· Procramn1.: i 979 - 1988.

The l..ll.e Sebu project is one of m;~y more L!;un~ ~"ftC\Irrimarily on the basis of !heir irn!!al•l'!l ;,_,tcnti:.L

80 Mar3nao/M:aguandanao ) 180 Mar••-· .tJMaplindanao ) 225 ~indanao ) ISO ~ ) 480.000/470.000 ss ~indanao ) 200 IMalaalo. Maprindanao ) 54 -~ Macuindanao )

100 IBukidnon. Manobo. Other Filipinos ) _ 100 IButidnon. Manobo. Other Fdipinos ) 100 /Butidnon. Manobo. other Fdipin~ )

IJIUi:idnoa. Manobo. Other Filipinos ) /Bukidnon. Manobo. Other Filipinos )

90 /Bukidnon, Manobo. Other Filipinos ) 105 /Bukidnon, Manobo. Other Filipinos )

69 /Bulcidnon, Manobo ' 343 /Bukidnon, Manobo ) 130 Manobo 255 M:anobo ) 500.000/1 os.ooo 348 M:anobo. maguindanao ? 70 · IC1anobo. Maguindanao ?

330 MaguindanaoiTiruray. Manobo ?

30 :rboli ')

•

Sources: Tru >car Ent'f'!..'l- Pragramm,· I.,. -v - fl/88: Ministry of Energy. Manila. 1979. pp_ 52-61 R~lising the \isions of .1 i"ew Societ~·. Sational Multi~,·ear Serrlttment Plan. 19.,S-20CIO. Ministry L'f Human Seltlernents. Manila. Septemb.:r 1979. pp_ 7:.-~)_ Proceeuings of the Da;11 Consuhation. Davao City. Octob~r i"-·

ApPf-.md ix X 1

Distribution of ODA Pro,iects in the Cordi I ler·a

•

LEGEND

* I x = project cost not specified + = funding agency not indicated @ = no specific project description 0 = on-going P = plan C = continuing

* Listing covers programs from 1980 onwards

ftmhin Provlm

Bnko

Po~hciOI,IIIlt, It, '"'im , .. "•bm, Jnko, ftt. Provhcr NU Jnko JrUtt Jriltt ltctutmU• JrtJrct ~~~~• Lon hritaiiOI IJmta

'M~t tiP, llt1 Ct•s- IIUP APB,IFAP

trtetiOI) •rot. m. Ctmttt1, a .. kt1 t•••••••• II' ""' Ctrmtn, luko, • Po•hciu, J1iko,ftP JA

S1ht911 Cerfillrra Fttltr loafs ICF ,., .. ,., ,..,., IIAtP UI,JfAD m•.m

0 htlit, Ac~,,lta .. tt, Rt ... ,. IPIII c lolim•o, C•4•, lnko tA

hqtio·Ac.,-ftt, t•h Rt, PrOYiiCf Stt• Pthtt Sttr•t• me,m Roid $Til rnt Anhttl "•"•r Pre;. IIRt

m1,m 0 Ahlu,J,llko t[lll!

ltfomhliDI omtm ldikl·•··•••t• "" Cmlmlion of D£CF 0 hh·•r,Jnko PEIIR

liltr StfPh m,ooo lrfomhlio• OHf/APB

lmt·la,m,laah '"" 0 T .,il,ilft, Juko )£111!

Rrhhlihlion of II ~,ritt) em lrfomhlio• OWIAPB

l•hr Smlr '50,000 Jili, ha~o. "1. Provim ~~A

~~ •• , ...... k. "' tPIH lrrit•tioa ( Ilk•· Rthl'ili!itiOft of (I sprin•l OECF ,._, •••• m, HAPP m,rm hhr Supply m,ooo Rrhbilihlio•l "IO,JO{.ql

G•o·tn,luko II' '"" c Slfu4u, lnko, ftP NU Rthdilihtlon of (I ,,,;.,, OECf lrrif«lita fllf• Atl, !FAD

llttr Smlr J30.00f m. ,.,., 1, "'' MAJP 'l' 770 Coutrwctiotl

toutmliot of ,arUJ,IHkt If .,.. "m101 Str, Jnko, ftP NIA htrr s.,,lr u .,, .. ,, ..,

JrritatiOI '"•li•t m, IFO CIP, IIH Cnstm- RAtp ,J,m

tiltk., ... , • ., '"" If tal Cotstnctioa of (I '''fttl "' liltr S1pph JJH,Oft I JaJicmo, to~l•, So~l~illo~n, PA

lotltt Rack ...... " API, !FAD U•ha,l••kt IP ... HAIP PU?,m.n

Rth,ilihtio• of llf "u•ichd au,. mv.ott 0 Sds•l•~. Jnko, "' Ill~

lrritatin IIIIa API, IFAP loutoa S.r, l11kt1 • IIA CIP Phn II, lit•

lrrit•tioa !Pntn- Contmti•l MAtP ,1,830.00

Pitpihft CIP 1Ph1t I, RAIP Ati,IFAI Nn Constrvctio•l mo,ooo.

ftnam llorlt,Jnko . NIA

lrrit•lloa IS•ro m, JFAP Jaatao ClP P~m

ftomo• Norte,Jnko NU 0 S•dudu, Salin, huko, RP PA

lrrit•tion (PIIfiO AJI, !FAt Sttd Polito Slmt• HAPP ADB,IFAD

PI tpi tu CIP P•m ms.~9~

II, Ntw Cons.) MtP ,1,661.00 0 Shto. htko, "' PA

lltutOI Str I lfiU I • lilA Stt• Pohtt Stm•• HAJP m.rm lrrltttloa II•••• m,rm 'l08 1180 CJP t fltt COIIo) .... ",056.00

0 S•lh, Cd1, Jnko, "' tA

c Sdu•u, luke, • lilA Sttl Pohlt Stm,t HUP UI~IFU

· lrritttitl II••• m~.H

m ,. ... 11 MIP m,rm ,l,fiY,300 0 "O~iiiO~ Str, l ill"ii7U, htkol RP PA

Sttl Pohto 51 orttr MAJP m,JFAt

0 lltltlll Str I lttkt, ... , .. , lilA ma.m lrrltttion (Roll•t tiP I .. ., .an,Jm D Lo•fu, SdldU PA

Srtl Pohle Stmtr Jnko1 M AU,JFU ......... k. t£CS HUP ma,m

lncm Gtm•H•t UIIIC£F Proitct mo.ooo 0 "t. hlil Cliff, .... o PA

Sttl Pohlt Slmtr JIA, m~ !FAD lrm• £S (UI tECS 'l07,800

Sapplmatm ftth·•r ES (2tl Autr•li• Fttdint hdtlfit £S (201 Z76 mh • P•clil,lnto fA Pro9ru Rl .flit £S (141 of •• .,, su• Pohlo AU/I FAt

P~ttil ES (14 Stmtt •m.n Sdulta ES (W J•t•tt Orintt £5 Ill 0 Stl·u~Jnko DA .. ,.,. ,,.,, ($ 120) Sttl Pohlt ADJ/Jf AD

llh ES UIJ Sltutt PJBl. ~" Otma £S Uti hm11 rs m1 A hhthm,hako JA ..... £1 ,., Sttl Poblt MAIP AJJIJFAJ fttiiiH fS (l) Stou,r ml.m hpy•,u ES 121

0 Jowsunr• Jrtr Rod, lih ES,Into t£CS Into, Rt. Proviact tPVH

Coutmtion nAil Fm to .. rktl rotd1 ofS ,787,,.. flirt hntmtiP) HAJP m.JrAJ Clmrm '11.869

c ktb Clltr~l JEtS • Rt.tth·hctil PI• lr., • Cmtmtioa Sc.Htl nAif Rotl,lt~to,RP tPIM of3 J212,)00 hrt to lit trt rolls Clmroot ll••••i l i I at i ••) NAPP AJJ,JFAJ

s •• ,,. •• ruu, lt~u, • JA • lt. ttt•·Ti••m·Pi !pi tu lullat Phtfort .. ., m,rm lrtr luf, Into I RP tPIH

Fm to mtrt rod! c himh• Str, kdo, liP N IR•••'ilit.liotl HAtP Ati,IFU

lo.di•t Phtfort II AlP Atl, rm m,m.44

0 ftt. tltt•TIJUti·Plt,l ftn 0 Ahlin, Jnko DA

.,.,, ••••• lilkt, liP IPIH JmttiY ftarktt HUP ADI 1 !FAD Fm to mltl loafs 'PL 156.1 1•

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0 ••••·wntht.Pn'l ae~f ...... " tPIH Fare to mht Rods , r,,.,, a,uu, Utoru, Jnko NIA th••Ulihlttl . .., AJJ, Jm •• ,.,, .,..,. tlP HAJP m.Im

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m,m , '•~hi Sil~lilt1P1 llou•P~ llortr lilA

0 SdiUII·IItt•Sutrttt· Pn•ul Snlu' tiP Jnh AU, HAD

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, •. m. .,., .... tiP HOP AJI, !fAD 0 llttn·leJhllooCt.,·Jakt

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,7,m.

0 SJat..ca•m•, lilb, • ""' , lottr Jam, h1ko MIA

Fm to atrlrt ,.., . m. Jm lottr Ja~u m ... , m,Jru

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0 ftt. tltt.Pntll·'••• Into IPIH r.uto•t m ""' ADI1IFU Fm to 8.,ktt Ro•~ NAIP Atl, IFAt

0 lo•t••· lulo NIA 0 ltntt ••~•o, lttkt W '"" ltoft• R•ch • HUP Ul1 lfAO

Foot lri,qts IIAIP Ati,IfAt Rmuht Pll81087.QQ mer

p hum S~r, lnh lilA 0 lit·kh Into, • '"'" ltofn l•ckt I NAIP Atl1 !FAD

foot lrUttt UJP m,rm ltmaht m71m I

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p "'''·•••k• NlA Jrritltiot ,..., m huh•••· S•hnq1n, Brnqut1 PA

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lm t•t••, S•l••t••, IP '* mor lm•t•r Nvrmr IIAIP m, rm

m,m 0 Sih~,~~ Jll LOOiwtiYht US Ai4

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0 SIPUf,SihlfU JEIIR,C£1110 0 ..... , .. , s. ... , •• , Ill' MIA lltmrr Atl

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llttltu,S•h•t•n. . DENR,CENRO Ill. D•l•, Bonloc, liP, hnqutl DPVH

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0 Adatttt, Sahttll HII,C£118 Jmo, Jt~loc,ftt. Pmim lilA hpOitlilt ht m lrrit•lin IHA J;w

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"""'' ""' m, rm Jj(C,78)

p RtlitCOAf 1 lottoc NU c Rmhin Provincr NEA RllittOR9 CIP HAtP m,Im Hom' Come tl Dftl Eltclriflca\ion USAUHFW/OP

,2,014,HO for Elrrlricitr

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'7.167,000 3 Clmrttt mf,OOO

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Parto '"" , .... i r.., •• t, ••••i MIA

Foonridtt CECAP EEC lrritatioa (ltplir) CECAP EEC S2 t. 30 ln. mo,ooo

lmo ES tECS p lttplku ltcud, ltHo lfst NIA

em tm lion of IUU lrri,ltioa IRtp•iri CECAP EEC l Clmroot mt~OOO 10 •u. muoo

0 lakt tam U,C£110 , lt~lili, lmo Ent NIA

lepmfiat tu lmo Ati/I£CF lrrltltltt (Rtpllr) CECAP EEC IS •n. mo1009

Ially ,ltm 1£11,CEIII , lottn 1 Atm MIA

Rtfornhtioa AIIIIECF lrritatit. lltJalr) CECAP EEC Zt .... mo,ooo

ltuo "' , L•••t••, l••••il•• MIA

ltofworh uc lrrltaHH (ltpdrl CEtAP m ,,.~ .... . .....

8 ..... Ul) tm c laWai ltttllh•, h•tailu It lA s.,ltttlbrr IHU ($ ti7J hslnlh 111 Jrritalin (ltpair) cttAP m Fttlht ltsu Cutnl (171 II •u. ,4001000 ,,.,,.. c., .. , .. (II) m mtt ef

Juttitll (1) ••tat , Afm·6n••7 tPIH , ...... , .. Ill) ltd (m) CHAP m Tau .. , m Ht . ...... " (%) s .... , m , Jrut Pt.hcio•·lJIHII Crrrl tPIH

hatiH•• ,,, lttl lml tEtAP m HI.

.,

• ,., ... 0 '•••••· at. '"''m All 0 Aehtl..-a.,,., lr•r· h•d

Rutaltr Statio• •• ,, .. 11 ftltctl. "''t, ,.,, IlEA S•t•••· WI. Provlm tm Fm to mktt rodt rNPt Cmlrurlion) HAOP m.lfAr•

Anqtilfft,, h••••· Nt. Provim NU E.dPrt! ion of ElPctrification USA! D/lfi!OPEC l;lmllm~ m4.~oo Ath•s 1 r,o f'; Hfj

Jacoae Gttmtiaf Slfld~ UN!C£f p Tmloq, SlaM. ft. frQ,iact IIA Project '-5,000

llteutoa of ll~rifica\tot ISllD/1111/0PIC L4tml Liaea ,195,000 c Aatadao HS VICS

Coutl'lldloa of S.cada US Aid c Suo, s.&Ua, IP D6 3 Clwroo~ rm.5oo

kriiCIJ hrHl'J WP ADB. lr&D mun 0 Suyo,Sacada DID,CIIIO

ltforeataUoa AI/OICF c lup·a, Sa&*, liP D6 1

kruru lluut IUP ADB, lfAD Jnt,20UO 0 A a tadao, Sarada DDK.CIJRO

lapoiiHlaa Du ADB/OICP 0 Te\ftoa, s.a. I II&

Irrlaatloa !Data &II, lfl) 0 Albulac.Sacada I lA

Culloa ClP, IIADP H20,000 bat-Pat11 ClP ADB leubUUaUoal J606,000

c Pobltcioa, ka*. I fiA c 8uaw BS DICS Loadlu PlaUora llaDP ADII,Ir&D Cou1rteUot of us Aid

~.730 3 Clatii'OOI Saaada n32.000

0 CuJapo,Paliu,St&Ua. liP DM c Apid (16) DICS foot Bridles BADP ADI,UAD S;pple~e~hry Aabaaiag (20) Auatrdh Aid

1 ffJedtu A~~tk ileu ( 22 l Proaru Au\4dltl (16) 136 mie tJf

0 APtt-klqaq,. Stpda, IP DPIIII BdQ~aa (141 vhul foot Bridlea BADP ADI,If&D Buaau (18)

'1.311 Taauloar (110) Tetep-u (17)

0 I~CUG&, la&tdl, I DM Ttkkou (31 root lrideea u &DII,UAD

NfO,OOO Struca

0 ............ I c ChlltlttJ Qa.W.I, let~acaa IIA luem BADP •.na lrr1aatloa (ltl) .CI~P nc

f120.987 30 .... P600,000

0 Albutll .... UDP 0 Poaou Sillo, W.bel IIA Load1ac PlaUora &DII, lr&D lrrlat\1"' (aev) CICAP nc

Nt,500.00 30w. P'IOO.OOO

0 Stpd&,l DA p Sokok Tet~leJ, le\IIPI m lluicipal lltrtet u &I, lf&D lrrtpUot (lepairl CICAP IIC

,t,m.37t.67 12w.

p Bwo Pllcto. kcl~\ 116 p Ta·ob DPIIII

lrrtra\101 llrtalrl CICAP 'IIC rootwldlt CICAP IIC 11 .... I eo •· I

p llkllt. Slcuaea Ill p Tdb DPIIII lrrtaaUoa llrtairl CIW IIC roo\ bridle CICAP rrc 22 .... ,450,000 4h.

p Clkcolla. CUacelpa ItA IrrlcaUoa llertlrl - DC p Betlla&a• Wtlll t3w. ,400,000 Footbrl4ce CICAP nc

80 •• p Po\t~~\o, Mlacia llA

lrrlaatloa llepalrl CICAP DC p wa~al DPIIII 15 .... noo.ooo rootbrldce CJCAP nc

50 •• p Sadula .Po~lteiot IIA

lrricatioa !Repair) CICAP DC p Alpa11!loa DYIIII 10 has. I rootbridce CICAP nc

80 •• p AWel·le\ttlll DPIIII

load !ae~~l CICAP IIC c Cntrol !231 DICS 5 kl. I S.pplntlkrT Alabel l5l Auetral!o Aid

feedlll Procru Belrru& 161 39 mkl of p Sac ......... 11M Be\ucu !51 wbe~t

load raul - IIC 3 u. I krlie

p ........ lt\ Ill p Liu lulvu Ill load tanl - IIC lni&aUOI (Mil CICAP nc 2 b. I 14 .... f400.001l

p Saoutoa MI.IMlo\. ... p Liu Sillllll IU load flertirl - IIC Irrlp\101 laevl CICAP IIC 1.5 u. 24 .... 1

p lalp-lalilll...., Ill p Ll\ul II& load flepair l - IIC ltriP\101 , ... , CICAP IIC 0.3 b. l 14 MI. f400.000

p AWel • p llm0101, Lou II& load bridce CICAP IIC ltriP\101 (Mil CIC4P IIC 140 •• I 12 Us. f400.000

p Du&adat DM p Lou. Cku1'4& IIA footbridae CICAP IIC lnipUoa (Mill CICAP IIC 801. 1 10 u.. f400.000

p Pator. 01001 II& p ..... Mil Inip\101 fan) CICAP IIC

footbridle CICAP IIC 14 w. f4~.0f)Q 701. 1 p fillli. Liuoy m

lrrip\ioa fleftirl CICAP IIC 10 w. mo.ooo

p Gmt, 6&kalaau m 0 Centra I IS ( 221 orcs lrricetio• llepa1r1 CICAP IIC Suppleuntarr bdac lan IS ( 181 Auetr~lh

12 w. ,450,000 JttdlDC Llu 15 (3J Aid Procru 43 each

p •folll,Lil&tJ Ill of vhut Irri&ltloa (leptirl CIC&P IIC 32 ea. fiOO,OOO latoaht

p bot, 1M JJA p lladucaru, Toadm• llA Irrlaatloa llePtlrl em DC lrrlaaUoa lhtl CICAP IIC 16 .... N~.ooo zow. ,~00,000

p ..... llA p ktaoc, Bw.vd m IrrlcaUoa (lepdrl CDP IIC lrrlptloa (HI) CICAP IIC 24 w. ,4~.000 %Uu.

p fllrodl, lalH IJA p llaiHed lloabfar I roa&}ayaa m lrrlcatloa fltltllrl - DC lrrlaaUoa lltPtlrl CICAP nc 10 .... N~.ooo 1~ ....

p su-o,_ laleo ,IU p Porac, Buanl m lrrlcatloa llt"lrl - nc lrrlcaUoa lltpalrl CICAP IIC 13 baa. I 2Uu. ,f\00' 000

p lc\. Prqy. load-Llu lalvu Dflllll p Bt&bacu Patou, Touluaa IIA load (Dew! - nc lrriltUflt fiepdr l CICAP uc 2kl. . 1 25 ....

p le\. Pm ......... OM p Opt\ Tdiklad IIA load IDetl - IIC IrripUot (lepdrl CICAP IIC 3 u. 1 30 w. P300,000

p I

LiiiOJ-Qa\ol DPIIR p Bdool, &luiJtaa m load (lepdrl - IIC lrrii&Uot (IQttrl CICAP llC 7 u. I 3Uu. t300.~o()!)

p rorckld DM p Jet. k\ioaal load·Toulayu DPIIII rootbridce CICAP nc load (HI) CICAP uc 641. I 3 ...

p , ... • p Je\. la\loulload-Sta. lube! OPIIII rootbridle - IIC lotd (Mt) CICAP IIC 4h. 1 3 ... 1

p Qalloe Dfll p Je\. htioul load-llwb DPIIII roo\bridce CIQP IIC lotd (Mt) CICAP liC 40.. I 4 ... 1

p Bua~e 1-lllduee.yu DPIIII + c laW., lllaiac II& load (Hill CICAP IIC lrriae.Uon CICaP IIC 2 ... l

I p Sdiot-lladaee.yu DM 0 krlta D!l loU (Mt) CICAP rrc

Butetrr IS Ud lHa. 1

rto,soo

p ldlU• II rootbridae - IIC 50 •• I

p ....... • foot bridle ., rrc 40.. l

c S\t, leUtl IIA Natenorb caw IIC

f34.209.00

Pmcelil

c BoUcue IS DICS eoamucuoa of US A14 3 ClUII'OOI me.ooo

c IoUpe IIA IrriaaU01 llorld luk

CIDP ".m.tn c PtltW.tu.otlta IU

Irrip\101 CliP World luk run.ooo

•

Ifug{lo

1989-0 Coamity CoAtmt Refms tation

1988-C l:n! Ertmion

t~aH.

El?mior• &f Trade ~OUSP

tm-c Comn.;l l•,Jqalion

1990·0 Re~ahl i tatioft of Comnal lrriqilion

J99H Couml lrrigatioa

HBH fonr.!mlio~ of

~ ·~!·c•1 P' J,,.

! ~~q.o U~splt~l fqu1pmts

li~m Regional TtltcOI. &tv't, Proiecl

Po•tniot t Ct4of lltRf' m1¥u.J

Po•hcttt'ltJftg · ~i4ut

t~tJar tLM~

... . , .

' . . .

l.., thtrict

Pot!tcioa1 \iffft

tENR m m,,OO/Has.

NEA A8J

DTl u~ Ai~

NIA World hnk ,t,224,054.

HIA lorld Juk

NU lorld hak ,. .. , .. 0

ms m

POH

UNICEF

1988·( Loqi~lic Supports

!98H ~oad Cmtmtion

1986-f ·· Con~tructio~ of

6ewal Ho!~it~!

lqSH

W;!Pr Smlt }mlopttrl

l98H httr SuJply Drv't.

1985-C Construction of hmQiY Ru4

!98H Rephcuen t of School Building

Fu~r·a~ ,l<HWf ~r·:~

'•>:<

~~r, .nu.

TJ~dap,L;qm jt w~

~pw·:~r ,, '.' •. ' I

"onlibio~g,Laqm Pm f 3f W•,O~O

flj,, ; ~ : ~ il ~ !, • ' -~ ._I " : ;'-·n ~s:

tt~s. ~.cro

•

I '

1986-C llhllttf,l .. .,. 198H Potil ms

llltr s •• ,h hv't. F- CoutnttiH of US Aid

(Sprl•• h1t ,., ... 1Sc~111 tl•t•·

1986-C lalala, ytM trill 200o-P Potia tPIH/NACIU

httr Santy hv't, flWSSP Coutrutio• of (Spriaq h1l ,4,MO lil,hy tHtrr ul m

Et,trill

1?16-C Plln.,LitiH tPWII 1989-0 Cosi li ,Po til Dm Viler SIPJir ttv't, FRISSP lrU9t toastmtion Ju~o lm

(Spriaq tor) ,4,100 ~~. 720,000

19tH toli•nt, LttiO '"" 1985-C Nuilluqu,Potli DPVH

Vattr s•pply ltv't, FRISSP lattr Supply Jtv't. OECF •to,ooo '38,466

lfiH JiUtit 1~iflll IPIH Rtbhlihtio• of FRISSP 1m-c Nuillu,aa,Poti• tm l1ttr lorkt ,u,, •• llltr sa,ly ttv't. FRISSP

.l' ~00 tm-c ~··tt• IPIII

httr Svnlr hv' t. IUF lfl5-t ll4ilt~,Potia DPVH

m.4tt '''" s.,17 ttv't, ESF m.2oo

1711-t JutiU /• ....... ! ·trn llttr s..,t, hv't, ,1£Cf 198H Su Nmos-hlin tPIK

m,,.. .. ,..,., .... PDtio~ ESF Cnstnctm PbO,OOO

IJ87·t trill lthtilihtin of tnl1Ci••,_.., · l£tf 1986-t liltlt ldii~,Polh tm ltttr hrb ....... l&ttr sa,ly ttv't, FRMSSP

m,ooo

1981-C Pnl•d•,w.• .,.. 1986-C PoUHioa,Potia DPVH ln••Uitltiu of ,...,

Al,~lltit' of ESF httr hrks m,sOtt hlid,al •••• mo,ooo

tfH-C PHtbl,btM trill 1986-C PoUAcioa,Potu Dm littr ia,ply ttv 't. OECF Coutmtioa of ESF

m,ooo ScMol l•il•>• m~.ooo

1981-C IHtaUttt Lltllt IPIH 1987-C lilliR~,Potii DPIH 11trr S.nl7 tn't, O£CF llltr s.,ly om

,,,,~0 lmlDfltlt J9' ~00

Po til 1987-C Nmlh•••,Potu DPIH Rt•aUlihtioB of om httr lorks m,mo

tf89~o Ptti• 1£. ~•••uity tntmt UHIK) PI 1917-£ Su UaiRtiR,hth tnH ttfornhtlll '14,000/llu. W•ttr sa,ly hv't. om

•21, ~•o

.;·

' ! ·.

·.··:···>-·.'

lf87-C ••t• .......... .,.. lfiH 6•itli,hmr DPMH

S,riat tt¥tlo,...t Dltf RtfiJCHtlt of ESF m,765 moot laillilt m,ooo

1988-C car..-"Ptl1t ' . tPIII 198H ldm,,hnm tm,

hriat Jtvtlt,ttlt OICF l1trr SIJPiy ttY' t. FRWSSP

m,tto ,4, 900

1991--C PoUaciot MIA 1786-t 0-oaq,hom DPVH

Co~tnil Jrritatin Piltt lorld Jut littr· su,ly Jtv't, mm ~4,600

lmu 1916-t ham Proptr tm httr Slnlr Jtv't, FRVSSP

m,oot 1989-C ...... IlEA

.. TtliCDt.Jtv't, AJJ 1986-t tmu Proptr tm (ttptattr Shtitt! Coestnctio• of ESf

latr!u m.OO(•

lllttc INtUit tPIH Nation! Road om 1986-C Bocos,hnat ~m

l1trr Sapply Drv't, ow m,

1988-t Yl!'flttt,,._tu CftAP at•a~ilihtiot of EEt 1917-C A•••dal ,tum tm Irritltioa m.121.tt rattr Supply tn't. om

m,ooo

1919-t r ...... ..,. cmr 1987-C Ohj,Jmtr JPIH Contmtin t1 nc Vattr s.,ly Jn't, mm ltlt1tic lattr lysttl ms,Mt.tt Pi2.000

l99H Ad f ... HCS 1987·C Vinpoiftt, htm JPMH lfE-llttmy tlfnfl IIIUF llttr s.,l, Jty'l. mm

tnH ...::~ IUS lf88-C

,,250

Sa• ftruado,Jmn tPIH Coutractiet of ,..:-, IS Ai. llttr se,ly Jty' t. OECF

l sc•etl J•Hftlt m.~oo . ;:,/:' .....

198H hfiMiJ.w tPIII 1988-C hytim,l&am fPWH tu• Coutrtctiet

......... m httr s.,ly trv't, om mt,m m,ooo

l98H kitfl,tam ""' 1988-C CU.tJt,.iUU tPIH httr SvJplr tt¥'t. ESF lattr S•nlr ttv · t. OECF

m.•oo m,926 lfiH tdiku,tnau trill 1989-t hhm,tunt tm

Vittr StJPly trv't. £SF Vatfr SaPJIY hv' t. +·

m,ooo 19tH ...... hltl tPIH 1989-C luyo,hmr PPVH

Rtplmfnt of ESF Wattr S1ppl y Ptv · t. · sc•ool Jlildilt m,tto m,ooo

1989-C ' 1989-0 Palm ,Maltu,Laya ms Foot Trail tocc~·hitlt tl&/UAP lfE-Litmcy thsm UNICEF

US Ail m7,376

1919-0 ftayoy ao JEIIR

Raymo Cttaaity toatmt m hfomtatioa OOHu) PI4,000/Ha .

,, ... ......... ,.i .. CECAP .. ,.. .. , .... m 191l~C hlt\t1ftayoylD tPVH

Colltr•clitt Contractiu of URD hnl ham Cttltr m,ooo

1985-C Jih•••u•,ftayoyao tm Coutrectioa of £Sf 3 tlmrooas ~m.ooo

l916-t ao., •• ,a.yoyao DPVH lattr St,ly It¥· t. FRISSP

'4.800

1916-C fta,away ,hyoyao tPIH Wattr St,ly tn't, fRVSSP

,4,100

1986-t ftayoyao Pro'tr DPIM Vater Su,1y ltv'\, FRISSP

m,ooo

lf8H ftayoyao DPWH

Coastnctioa of m ftuicipd ltiUiaq m,ooo

1987-C Ept••, ftayoyao DPIH Vattt Sa,ly ttv't. ow

m,2)v

1987-t ftonqol ,Rayoyao tPIH lltrr Su,ply ln't. om

m,m

lft7-t A4uyo.,u ,hyoyao tPIH lattr sa,ly hv't, FRISSP

'14,000

1987-C aoa,u ,ftayoyao DPIH Vattr S~ppl y tev' t. mm

m.ooo

naa-c llvo,ftayorao IPIH Vattr s.,ly trv't, om

m,ooo

1988-C hl~ ... ,., .. ' tUH · · 1987-C Liwon,li;oqu DPIH t.ttr Stp,ly hv't, DECF later St,ly ltv't, FnSSP

,11,939 m,ooo

1988-C .. ,., .. ,,.,., tPVH 1918-C hquiRqt,liiRfU tPVH lt\tr SIPflY ttt't, om SJriDt hvtlopmt mm

m,ooo m,ooo

198hC Pt.ladtt111Jt1U tpg 1988-C fti lukoat, liu•an tPVH Rotd Cm~rectiow £SF s,rht tmlDpn•t DECF

I ,39),~40 m, ~oo

1916-C u .. , .. ,., .. tpft 1918-C tokima,lun,u DPIH httr S1pply It¥'\, ESF httr s.,t, tn · t. OECF

m,too p). 800

1916·C Iati&ltt-lfllt n 1911-C Tuphc,lua,u tm hter Stnlr m't, £Sf llttr Sunly ttv't. OECF

m,ott '4 ,000 191t-C RllfiYUt,liiltU IFIH

191H ... ..,... .•. tpltl llttr St,ly ttv't, OECF

tmtmtitt ef £SF '4' ~00 St .. o1 llil4itt neo,oeo

1911-C llml,Uutn tPVH 198$-C Pitt.&teq• '"" later s.,ly hv't, OECF

httr S•nly tt¥'t, FmSP m,m P3,7tt

1917-C PoUHioa,liutu JPIH lHH hi.t,Qjjli'.' .,. httr St,ly tn't, llf

littr s.,l, hv't. ...... ,_

24,000 m,ttt

lfU·C l!utn thtrict tEeS 1916-t lilatll ,,.,., IPIR Coutmtio• of US Ai4

l•ttr Smb ltv't, FRIISP l Sc~ool IIi lliAt m,tto

1990-P PoUuion tm 1916-C Po•ladot,lin•u IPIH Coastmtioe of

AsphltiRQ ef ESf lispliy Ctattr n4 m Nuici,~l Rotl ,330,000 hporiu

...... ~lfttftt' 1389·0 lm I hloq tENR

1917-t ., .. flaily a,mc• ADi llttr s.,Jy .... ,. --'lo•

8£Cf Rtfomhtioa P14,000/~i. ,.,,.. .. ,,.,._,,, tm-c Pia4oa.u,li n•i• CECAP

1917-t .,. lrritatiot SyJtu EEC libf k"l' l£tF P68,636.00 ltvtle,...t m,Ht

19tH tolo~,W••u CECAP 1987-C tlhk .. kt.liMtll .,. httr StJPlr Proj. EEC

RtH~ilibtiDI If I£Cf llttr lorts m,ttt

1988-0 Mtiflltlll .... tll lf87·C NmUitu tPIM

loll C•ltmtioa TRIP llttr s.,., .... t. OECF

n1,m ,11,m

1985-t l11tr lfttJCNu, n 1987-t Kinno• Proptr DPIH

S.ritt kvtltfltlt Elf lattr 11,.ly ttv' t, OECF

m,ttt m,m lfii·C Noapoli• tPIH

1916-C !Ntmfu IPIH l1ttr StJJlY ltv't, FRISSP

s,riat lmle,tnt FRISSP ,6, 940 m,, ..

I fiS-C Uul~ont tm 1985-t ••• i .. , ... ,., ... IPIII liter s.,ly tn · t. mm

s,riat ltvtlo,...t lilltlt I '11 ,063 ,4, 500

1981-C Auo DPVH

Hit trot httr St,Jy tfy 't. ow ,J,0~4

m~-c l&llllitu, litt1IJ DPIH 1988-C hi·U tm Contnctiet tf £Sf httr S1ppl r Ptv · t. om Schol ltil4itt ,290,000 m,m

191H llutllitll IPIH 1988-C lahhkso tPVH l.ttr smtr m·t. 8£CF httr St.,ly trv't, OECF

J%38,516 m,m

tnH .......... ., .. 1918-C Clf4•••• tPIM s,ritt ,,.,. • .,...,

; :~:. IECF ••ttr senlr ttv't, - IWF

JU,I42 ,17,m

lf86-t ........ .,. tm-c ~nUitu DECS httr .. ,., ht't. ftiSSP teutrutiot of ESF ,.,.,. ., ... , •• u ... ,

ltiH •n• IPIII W•ttr StJJIY ltY't, FIISSP ........

1916-C lttl tnll lfi5·C

"···· tm

••trr s-.,ly tn't. FIISSP toutmtin of ESF m,ooo Sckol lviUi•t m9,ooo

1986-C .... ,.. ,... IPH 198H &tmtu »PVH 11ttr StPJlr hv't, FUSSP Coastmtioa of ESF

m,ooo Scheol l•iUi•• ~m.oo~

1987-C kule•k•• tPIH 198H Jctn .Nit'l.~Oid PPVH lattr 5~Ul7 trv'l. om Rod Cmtmlloft fSf

m,~ooo '244,737

jm-c ..... , IPIH 198H Hi,io,Hua,4m DPWH l•ttr 's•.,lr ttv' t. Otcf ••ttr s.,., tfy't, mm

'24,*0 ,l,~OO

191H A NtH tPWII 1988-C Li~liht,Hn,,m mH lattr s.,;Jy ttv't, FRISIP ~ittr St .. ly hY't, FRVSSP

m,ott m,ooo

196S·C ....... ,,.,., trVH 1f88-C Noepoli•,Ha•9dm DPVH

RthiU it•ioR tf FIISIP httr smly )rv't. FRVSSP

httr 10r:b n7,370 ,,,m 198H •• , .. £S tPWH 1911-C Util~oe,,H .. ,4m tm

lDiltt Contmti11 ESF labtr StHIJ ltv't, mssr m,m '11.068

lfi7-C ll.ill VIII 19H-t hyu4i,Htaf4m DPIH latrr SnplJ ht't, HCF httr Stnly ttv't, f)£Cf

m,5tt ",000

lHN liWtq n 1981-C lm,fe,Huatfm tm ~attr s.,ly m:t. IEtF bttr Stnlr hv't, om

m,ttt Pll, ~00

191H ... tPitl 1911-C 6111h,M••••m &m

lattr St,ly tn't, . em httr S1"ly ttv' t. ow fSO,Ott m, ~oo

1987-C Pat,.t ., .. 1919-C tokum,Ku•••m tPWH

lattr smlr ttv' t. FIISSP V.ttr s•uly trv't. Jl8,5t0 m,ooo

1917-C .......... trill lfH-t c11m a Cotfi1 ftu. Other

llttr s.,Jy tn't, UISSP s,ri•• ltm Hut4dm UIIJCEf ,,,100 m,ooo

1987-t PiHol tm 1988-C Clhlo,Hintdun ftua. Officr htrr Suply ttv · t. mm S,ria' tmhpttlt UNJCH

'~ 1 800 ,6,000

IU7-t hkitu IPIH 1911-C 6o4t 1 ht~h•9 ftur,, Offw

littr iiHlY ltv't, fRISSP s,ritt tmlofltlt H•••dm UNICEF tl214H J6,000

1917-t ., .... IPIH 1988-t h•••••t,HI•tdm ftu. OffiCr

ltttr s.,,lyltv't. ~ ;" ·' ' FhSSP 6 lfriat tom UNICEF m,ott m,ooo

lfiH •ut~ ............ IPIII 1!88-t Hapao,R••t4m ftlft. Ofhct

l•ter Stjtlr ltv't. FIISSP 6 Spri•• tom nNICEF JH,5tt m,no

1911-C Jtku.u,M••••m ftu.OtfHt 1911-C MiRll,hq4taa JPIII lattr s.,lyltv't, UNICU

l1ttr Sap.,ly tn't, fiiSSP J6,0ot 1918-t kkiam ES ft1n.Offi cr

190·£ TaU•D,IIItftu mil l1trim UNICEF

l•ttr IIHlY ht't, FRIIIP .14.~00

mo,Mt

198N , ......... lit rim

1989·0 ttallfD-111, 11omr Clnm ,.._

1919-1 ,.,,,t ....... •• h•il• Clams

. l988·C Al·ir~~tt,ld" • hUlt tlum Polof,llt•t••••

1J88-C . . ... , ... , ,llllt4lil Chi 14 ftidi*' Ct11ttr

1911-:( ltklUAitl&piO l

JiD·httnitt IHfNtt,lutftll &udtmt I Tr1i1itt

I

i

Utl-t lattr Su"l' hY't,

l981·C latrius

198f-t Spril• JmltJHit

·1919-C Spria9 dtYtlt,.,.t

tm-c SpriAQ Jmlepttat

178H Spriag Dmlo,aeat

mH S~ri.~g PmloJmt

I

mo-P Spr hq tmlo,atat

...............

............

JktU:~at

...............

PolhciH,IIutfua

ltbo·oat.Po•hctoa

at,..,irutou

-.. '

llla.Offitt UllltEF JU,5ot

tECS UNICEF

IECS UNICEF

tECS UNICEF

DSU UNICEF

DAf UNit£F

ft11.0ffitt UNtUF

•••·Dtfitt DNJtEf

fth.lffitt UNICEF ,24, ...

ht.01fiet Ulll&Ef m,ttt

. ftoa.Ofhtt UNICEF P2l,567

ftan .8f1iet UNICEF m,m

"un.&ffict UNICEF m,215 ctCAP m

1989-1 -K•,u,Hn•~m DElli! tHtnitr tntmt m ltftrntiUOD (lO Kas.) P!4,00/Ha.

1977-t Hipao,Hu~dm tPWH Coutmtioa of mt lml Hram Ctattr m,ooo

ltiH H1194m tistricl DECS Ceastmhot of !Sf

sc•Hl til ldil'

un-c Huqdm ms nut hstriktion US Atd

1988-C Hapao·Nuequlum CEW Foot ,rid~t m

mo,nu·

1919-D tokum,Ntn9uhm • ms lf£-Litmcy thms Po~lmoa 'l~ICEf

mo-o Entm RP·htaiu tnt. Road Cmtmhon Via Hat9dua OEDF-1 ill j I

1)0

1986-C h•at,RipiO DPMH

httr s.,11 ttv't, £Sf m,ooo

lf&f·C Ahtan,Mut4m C£CAP lmtt &tmttint ftC (Pitltt hisiatl m,asc

lf89-C Ahho,htt4m CtW Iacott &nmtiat m (Punt Pro4actioft} ,JO,j8~

1989-C Hi pio·IIIDtU hm rmr hUny EE£

i~MOO.O<·

1990·0 Kipao,HuAt4m ;,r r.A~ lAcon &tamling ~ t!-

(Swiu Fatteniaq) ;:~c~~oo

Atululdo

!98H Uhao,Aqtiul6o Di'~H

CoftStructioo of m School »iuldia4 mo,ooo

Lmt

lfU·C ••bbtu,LI•t DPIII 1987-C Pim,luut DPVH Coastnchoa of £SF lattr sa,ly tt¥'1' OECf School Jtillil• mo,ott '31 ,006

tm-c R&bte·hte,Lmt DPIH lihr s.,ly ttv't, FRWSSP 1987-C Uaihq,lml IPVH

n,eoo lattr St,Jy Jtv'l, om

I~IS·C Wul.LHit m,ooo

" teutrucU01 ef ESF Sckel ttilliat '"· ... 1917-C PuoploJu,lmt tPIH

htrr S•,lr ttv't. mm •

191H L111t "'lie ltrktt .,." m,ooo lattr S.HlF kf't, ESF

·m,sttt 1987-C lnl,,lml tm 'l.attr s.,ly ttv'l, FkiSSP

19tH ... ft.U.t i trill ,9' 200

••tn st,lr ttn. ll

•Elf :m,m 1988·t DJiha,lmt tm

ltltr s.,ly tt¥. t. om 1915-C .. M.atlt,LMit trill W,600

later s.ntr t"'t. ESF

'"·* 1911-t PaHu,lmt JPIM lattr SIPfiY trv't, om

198H. ltayii,LIRt trill '~MOO Coutmtiu et Elf 3 ClmrDDI ml,sttt lfii·C lmahi,Lml JPVK

httr •• ,., ttv't, m 1916-C lttu,ttnt trill m,ooo

littr St,ly ttv't. FilliP m.ooo 1911·C Uh,lmt tPIH

llttr ,,,,ly tfy' t. UF 19tH Puladll tnt trill m,aoo

l&ttr Slpply tn' t. rum· m,ooo 1985-t lml ms

Cnstmtioa of us ~~· 1!84-C ltapti,Litllt IPIH I SeNti tuilliaq

lattr s..,ly hv' t. fRISSP

m.~•• lflf-C laquloft,Pim I NIA Cotttul lrrititioft Utiht,Lmt Vorl4 tuk

lfiH U.t, .. am ,,730,107 liltr S.pply ht't. FIISSP

m,tto 1f77·C Hipii,Lmt fPIK CtutmUn of un

19tH PHI.td•. JPIII hrd lltam Cttttr m,ooo As,•tt tilt If ESF 198f-t Hapi4,Lml tUff lltaicital loaf mo,oot Htm fuily AU

Cot,.fltiYt ltftmhtiOI '14,000/Hi. lfiH lftit, .. ., .. (IH!Iu.l Jmll t£.

CttJtfiCUII" (Sf lftt-0 .... t•-••t• Atl sc••t llillilf J534,Ht fllilF A"r1ac• Jutiat m,OOO/h

Benguet

Jaguio, City

0 tatlit tflr, .. f'ltt JPII! lmon Road, ftmos Hiqhw;y,

liguio City Pu•lic Halsm High•ar om ftilrktt ESF Ro1• lltt•ork Dlmter PremtioR Projte\

t 1reo /·0(•

,,..,. au•, ,,.,.,t JPJR lmon Ro•d Red ltkUUt•till ul timttr 0 B;guw8uqui;s ~sp. Co1pl~1 ~~I

Pm"U• Preted Ptrfomm trial of ,oaisi•! varieties

u IPI, hilil~ Jltlit tity JPI of apples RP Germ Fruit Tm OHP[/f.fl

Pw Pmfl CroppiAq RP &trtaa Fttit Tnt IA-IPI

.. Tubi p , .. , .. t JPJN

ft;abu I o Br id•• lriltt ltt~t~tr•ctill Projtet J11•o lm 0 S\o Tom, luba Iuque\ HI

• Avoudo hstd croppi-. P.P 6erm Fru1! Tree Dl,!f;: l , ltttltt IPIII

Aasulo•q ''idtt lriltt ltcniirtdioa Preject · ~~~" lm 0 Sto. Tom, Tuba Benqurt P;q-S~q ft;,

• Gtnphsa collection, eshUil••••t ud

0 Jatti ....... Elf· Ctlfltl .. , ••• , tip. mlutita of Citrus Appl•·•md cteppi•t

·I hlUvu RP 6trm Frail Tm PPJ/G!l sys tea ., ..,.. hijt ,,., tA·IPII&TZ

• 0 Slo Toeas, Tuh IPnqurt ao I Avocdo hst4

0 ht•ir~Ml~ *'t ~111 ···-··· ,., croppiat RP Germ Frai\ Tree tA/STZ Ci tm hstd croppia, IP ltru• Fmt:-.; fit tA·JPI/8TZ

• 0 Taloy Nortt, !ubi, hn9. »H Irri,atioe (hymin m,:m

JPI 1 ki¥.r hilil City IPI ·hytdjea, CIP, Ntt HADP ~2,m.u

Pm am• Croppint IP ltnaHrlit .Trtt IA·IPI Contractioa l . • 0 ht~io-hf•ias·•·•· t01pJtr IPI 0 lurm of Plant hdus try PP!

Evalution of Fruit Slopin' Atricul !ural Crops . IP &trua Ulit Trtt IA·IPI/&TZ hnl tec••oloqy RP Gman Fruit lm ~A/~T:

t larong, San Puml, lub;, ~rnq. DA

Battit·h .. ~l flp. tDtJltl •••••• , tip. hmqay Nllmry KADP m,:m Gum bmd Croppift4 IP &trtMII fnit Trtt DA·I1'1/GTZ m4,a5o

t hpio•htlias [Jp. tuple• ht·l•• tiP 0 Tiloy Nortt, h~a, 8~nqurl NU

Gmplm colltttion lrrit&tion (hymu-6 mlv•hoa of Wm- laya4jtl' CIP) HAIP An. !FAD doai& u• chestttt IP lttlll fAH Trtt tA/&TZ .173,488

t 0 httio-hpiJS lifo CNf}tl JPI 0 Sto. Tom, Tuba len,utl 9P1

Ptrfomm tri&l of &tnplm Colltction, citm it th u,,. stltctioa u• mlu-l&IIS IP IIi• tnn trtl H/IPII&TZ tioa of ••ci4ms fruits

for toll. production RP 6man fruit lm DA/f.17

•

' 0 tor.Ultr• PrttlteH JPI C•ttubo, Alok, Brftqurt NIA

It of ujor iRstcl Irriq•tin (Tulu4•n pnt a diStm of If• mJ HAJP m,IFAD

ltctt• fruit m•s IP hr• fftit ltll . JPIIITZ ", ~.oc, ooo

• 0 KmwSihHooka•• Brn. DPVH

A tot Roid, Alok, Btnqul Fm to urlrt Roids

c llltttJ, Atilt lfttltt JA (20 1 Rod lri•t•l HADP AU,I>AD

loidiat Phtfort .. ., AU,IFAJ •n,m

0 Amss RuHulodin CIP DPWH 0 Tt .. K, C•ftal, ltllt S.tut ,tA Ftrt te urktt Rods

lodht Pl&tfOfl· ..., AJJ,IFtJ (ltbtilibtill) HAtP AWl fAD ;JS2,752

D .......... l ...... ,lr.,. 0 N•quy- Pokko•t·Pndon• ..... ata,~· · tPD Jrn. hd, Alok, Btn9ut PPWH

F m to mtrttms fm to mkrt mds I

(Nn tonstmtioa) IAJP :m,Im I

(60 a Road lridqu) HADP ADP.IH~

! PU,l97

ltHttlfl.,,., ,,.,, ·.,o 0 TopdoH, Alok, hnquPI D'

Roi4, ··t·•· hltttt hmtar Numry HADP m.rm Fm to mktl Rods li!3UOC r20 1 Roa~ Jrid••l "'" AJI,JFAJ

• 0 Paoay, Atok, Benqut! Biq. ~'P· 'l' VHirhl hsishnct RP 6rrm SrPd Polito Proqru arl/6ll

~ AcctH 1111-ftiHII CIP IPIH Fm to mkrt Roils fbhbi lihtionJ MJP UJ<Im libun9u

• 0 hho9an·Pahna Jrqy. Rd.

p Ita . .,.....,..,... tlf1 . libuq•n, Jtn~urt. DPWH

JrtyfNI, - ._,t IPIH fm to tarttt Roads Fm to earbt Rod1 (lt~a•ilibtion) HADP m.IW !Ntt cmtructiat) . .., m,rm m.m

t *"····~ .. D mua•n-Pa!iu lrn. Rd. hl4i .. PhtfDrt •. , ..• •;<·.-. ttt,IFAt mut.an, luq8fl DPVH

m,,o Fan ta auht rods 0 Pleay, tttl, .....,t l•t· "'' Shtiat (54.6 I %.18 I Rod

Yuittal bsistun RP ltrHI tHf Petite Protm IPIIITZ lridttl KADP m.rm

0 Ttllfaa, tttt. hit. ., .. Accm road All, IFAt 0 ftadaym-Amluq b;4y

HAJP * Roid, lil•aqaA, Jenqurt DPVH Fm to mbt Road

0 Pa_~ai, jttt, Jll(ut MIA (Rrh,ilibtioa) HADP ADUFAP lrriqalioA IS•,lat AU,IFAJ ~IU/7

CIP, Ntw Cons.) HAir mo.oo 0 fibUft!ift·Palina 1 libUR9iD 1 Jrn~. DPVH Fan to urktl road m, !FAD

HADP l

D M tt IHI?Ifl, .m .. ,u, ••••· JPIK 0 Balili, hnkmn, hnquet NlA

Fm to mktt ml AJJ, JFAJ trri!itioe (Pmm m.Im

Kt, • m I "" Cons.) HADP ~/12.30

0 ld.,..a....,.ti .. ''". hlili Proper, ",;n~ayan, Ber.q. DA

Real, llHitn, .,..,,t JVIH lodinq Plitfm HAJP m.1m Fm to nrkrl hi~ ~·.~,.~/?.~

(!0 a ~oad bridqrJ MUP m,tm Cibiten, "lnhtan, hnque! ~H

Po.llcioa, matf1R 1 ~ltlft .. lrriq•lion !Cabi \pn I

hmqay llurmr .. , m,rm tiP) HADP m.!w ,134,000 ~?P.I.,W· , Sau•t, m .. ,., ltttut JA

loo1din4 Phtfera ,, .. , m,tm hlili, ftankayan, hn_qurt NIA

m,7oo lrri.ation fPmm m. ::H CIP, Nu Cons.) HADP mi.}~

c bf&JHtt ~~~ ..... MIA Irri4itiOI <TtAfll1 All, IFAJ c Taho, ftankmn, Benguei DA

CIS Ettmi0111 lltw .,.

m2.~o lm19iY Nurmy Hm m,!fAr

Coas lmtiDA I ~~:~.90~

c • .,...; lttlqat, ..... NJA c Buhlmo, ftankiyan, ~tn~ur' DA

lrriqalioo {Rmh All, IFAI lodia4 Plitfm HAJP m,IW

CIP, Nn toutm· - , •• 2.00 ·~~ i! ~~~ lion)

lihyu 0 ... ,...;fl .... Jntttt Nit

IrritltiOI ITIItiiJ '' ... ~\

~~· c Tua-oi, hbiyu, trnqutt DA

CIPI . ..., AIJ11FAI Lu4iat Phl1ora HAtP m.rm •m,m '~·2, ]~,;

, PHJ,tdtl,.lihltu, ltltnt NlA 0 JNR hllay·Pmo Brqy. Road

lrriq•tioa llihsw AtJ, IFAJ hhyan •~nqul Pm Abas Cif, Ht1 ton.) u I Fm to mk~l mds

{Rthi)ilihtion) HADP m.:r~:

ftinkayan JNR Ball;y-Pmo ~rqy. Ro~rl

p JMI ...,)ru blili· lihyaa, Bu~utl Dm ca•acan{tt ~. llluru Fm to urkrl mds ...... .. .. ( 47 1 ro.ad ~ril9r) KAIP ml!c~r

frrt to mht roa4t I

{«thbili bUtt) .. ., AII,JFAJ 0 JNR· lihyaHihD9 Brn. "'m ~d., hhyan hnqurt DPVH

Fm to mktt Roids 8 .... t~Jrt,. (Rfh.iJi htiDI) HAJP An,IFAt ........ ,., ...... n I

Fm to mbt roils IRth.ilitltin) .. AtJ1IFAt 0 JIIR-hhyan-li bin' Jr.,.

• Rd., hhyan •~•!uti tm Fm to urht mds

0 ltttMt, ltlbtu, .Jnt• tA (Mew toas tm lion I HAJP m.lf~r

Lodilf Phtfort ., All, IFAt

m,120.3~

0 J•·bba1u-i.ihlt Jrt1• L• lriaidiid

·~·' ~~~., .... lntttt JPIIf Fm to mktt m•s Prv'l. Ciipitol-Bim~ Pn·'l

(SO t red •rilttl .. ., m,tm Roid, lii lriud•d, Jtnqutl D~VH

• Fm tt mktt rods 0 • tlllltfactl .,., ..... IRthUlihtioa) MADP m.•m

.... , ........ t tPIII F m to mbt roth 0 Li lrmdad. Btnquet ~m

(lthbi U ht io1) .. , AtJ,IFAt lii Triaidiid Drilinilqf m,m totpomt of thr Tradinq

Post Projrct ESF

0 ,. ..., • ., ...... ,ilil' .,.,, loaf, kNyat, ltltttt tm

Fm to urktt Rods Shilu, La lrinid;d, B~nqu~\ n? (Rtba'i I itatii!n) HAW Att,IFAt Jm•t•Y Numry HAPP m,Im

' mu~.c

n Amu RotNiltao CJP Juquiu Uhyu Jtqut JPIH

Fm to mktt loads Cotcot, Buquiils, Btr.qutl D~

lhhii.ilihtitt) . ., AtJ,JFW Sttd Pohlo Storilqt HADP m.rm

• ms,m

0 Accm ...,....c..,it tiP 0 blitily, Jut•iu, Btaqurt NIA / ,., ...... t ,.. Jrritdioa (Toatlo m, !fAD

fm to hrttt hds CIP 1 IIH Cons, l KADP 'L08t06

(Rthbili litioa) . • m,rua

0 -·-·tftt IIA 0 hatiiD1 ••••i u, Jtntul NIA

lrritdiol lAiftt· • •::··•, o' •• ~ •., •••• ;.:

011 IFAI lrritatio• INahm· m! :H: ' ~·~:' ~:

ok tiP I tna•. J •• ,t,Jls.ll htpttlm CJP, ~~ 0 Pllltdil, fik?~, httut NlA Cm tmtioal HADP ~~~?.J?

lrritattoa (Pt•l•· Att, tm tiDt (ltctty) CJP 1 Upptr Pitkiilo, h•uiu, Btnqupt D~

Rtba•ili tdioa) HAW muo Sttl Pohto Stmqt HADP m.1m t2~·3,}~0

flhJII Prlptr 1 ll.IFil ltlflt l lA Bamqay Numry IIAJP AJJ,IFAI c loo, 8uquias~ PPnquet ~A

mc,ooo Jmtqily Numry HADP m.l~~r.

t!3'·.00C c T .. -tt, l&NFil1 lfltttt DA

loadiat Phtfora ., Ati,JFAI 0 Cotcot, JuguiH, Prnquel DA

m,m loodtn Rilck HADP m. !Hi ~14?,~9·:.

0 Gum~, llkru, Jnt~tt MIA 0 UppH Pathao l, N~tubltnq, ~~

lrriqatioft !Soy- m, Im loolu Ro~ck Buquias, 9Pnque! m,!W smn tiP, Rthi~.) HADP ,1,001.87 HADP 11~9,084.'

0 Upprr P•HldO II, N•lubltn9, Dl:

PoUuioa, la•arae, Jntnt MIA loe4ta R.ck h.UiH 1 JPA9UPI m,rm lmqation (Pobh- m, 1m MADP "4U~4: cion !hetty) CIP1 & hyoyo, ru,uiu, Btaqut tA Rthah 1i t1tioa l BAtt '658.90 Weodta Ruk m,!m

KADP ~14U1t

...

' 0 htaia·hlfi•• hp. coa,lt• ....... tip. JNR Nalublenq Kabuquimr,-I Applr·hst' croppi•~ , Pacso Prv,l Road, Pugtd;s syslet IP ltrw fnit T rtt h-JPII&TZ 8enquet ~PVH

• ~~ Fm to mkrt road~ (15 1 rod brid4rl HADP m,!fAt

0 kttiD"ItttiH Elf. Cu,ltl ht-114 •• , ' Ci tru •md croniat lP ltrua frtit ·lm tA·tmGTI

• p Atcm Rd.·ManHonql~ m, 8uquHs, Stnquet ~m

lDo, la"lllt. lltt• tA Fm to mbt roads hmt•r Nmery .. ., All, IFAJ (lltt COftstraction) HADP m,If~i

m~,ooo ~1. j?j

' 0 lnt•lll• lapin, -~t lA Srtd Pohto Stmt• . ., AJJ,IfAJ D JNR Siaipsip-Ui~i Prty.

ma,m Rd .. Buquiil~, Benguet DPVH

Fm to urbt roads lplfr Patllit 11 (lthhlihtio•l HADP m.1r~r

D Nata•ltat1 latliu, lntttt ! lA m.~:'

Setf Pohto SlDratt .., atJ,IFAI 0 JNR Sinips~p-"Hiad Brgy. . P%08,295 Road~ Puguias, Benque~ r,~v•

Fm to ur~rl roa~1 p Jtynttll, llftiu, to,nt. lA (Rtbahlitati~n) Mm m.!:r:

Seed Poh b Storaqt KIIP m,Im ms.m ~r~m ~~<Hndolor CJP

hfDYD, .k91b.; Jta,. JA ~Pnoupl HWH

See~ Po!at~ S!mq@ m,IFU Fm to mktt road! IIA&P me.m (Rfh~i 1i htion l »ADP ~D~. !fl.'

0 Cttcet, JltliH, hatttt lA 0 hquiHuquiB up. Coaplr1 m Str6 P~hto Stm•• AIJ,IFAJ Ev•lutioa of Fruit

lim mt,oo& Crops RP Gtrun Fruit 1m DH?!·r·

0 ~..-•iu, htaiu, lttt••t lA • Sed Pohto Ston,e ! UJ, IFAI 0 h••io·J•••in m. COt,lu m ..., ,, .. , ... Perfomm trial of

i proaisht mitlirs 0 peliliu, hltat1h,tiu11en,. tA of a,les RP &trm Fruit Tm DHP!''

Sud Potato Stora•• 1 m,Im ltAIP P4291725 0 Bureau of Phnt ln6ustry m

Slopht Atricaltml 0 :l•ll1...,..._.1nur Jill ltt.IDlDty RP Gum Fruit Tm DAISE

!Pun Pn'lhMt llt•il~ · .llltttt l DPIH I Corlillm Provinces BPI

F ift It Mrktt lidS . It of ador imtt IRtbUUtaUoa) .., Ati,IFAI '"t I limn of se·

m,m ltctd fr~i I crops RP Germ FrM!t frtt ~PI!Cll

0 • Ml.._.ltlt ld ... iaua-Pmo ,,..1 ltad, htaiu 0 ht•io-Juttiu hp. Co1plu P.g-&::, ...... t IPIH &mplm collection

F m to aarltt ro1ls l mluhoD of ftm-(lin tustraction} - m,Im loti• ud cbstaat RP &rrm Fruit Tm W6TZ

•

0 litRio·lttlitlS (J,, Cn,ltJ ht·l•t liP !D • Variety trial of "' non·tr;di tioul mi-\etp~ralf fruit crops IP &trut.frtii Trtt &TZ

totctl, ltpin, httlft lA Snd Pohlo Stmtt HAW ut,IFAJ

me,m

c LH,IIpiu, ...... t JA hmt•r llmtry .. AtJ,IFAt

ms,ooo

0 lllfu, Jlpbs, lttfnt H Sud Pot•to Stoute - AtJ,IfAI

,2 .. ,375

0 ~tHJIIf, httiu, Jtatltt lA Sud Pohto Stontt • Ati,IFAJ

,~01,295

Jwrmta, hteiu, ltttttt lA Sud Potato Stmtt ·~" AJJ,JFAI

me,m

Ito~ on

0 . ttlt-rfh·J·, Jntttt IPIH Foot Jriltn ..... AtJ,JFU

• n •• , ... , u.,.., .,., .. t JPWH

Foot Bridqes ..., AIJ,IfAt

• titttt••• 'Jtit•; ..... lA Bmnqay Nursery .., AJJ, IFAI

Jl34,986

0 Uli'tf!!AJiYit . JPIH 9r~bo~ Prii!t Jriltt·ltnts1mtin Prrt}ttt Jntbo LeaR

t

hlitWAptyao ~PWH

~mto Pridq? Bridqr hmstracton Proiect Jub Loan

P h!aga·Amu &m Pu! d~~HebuHm Cor4illm frtftr RD•ds OHF

•

»kt, ~ttr; ~littHJifiO tPIP w.,!-~rmr Etr.lUtn F. ttds om

•

p c....,.,..., .. u ..... ,.,u Jrvtl ·-~~'Pr·C•bu~~~ Ctrfil~ f1!tJw tws DECF

•

1

Abra

c Tm Plithtioa

t

600 Lim Lou! EJChuqt

11om SurfAbr; blry,

AliiOttlt" .. UBt& liai -l;frt Prt)lct ·

Upper Jultc, ~lfliUI, A•n Niai ·ly4rll Prtjttt

a.a,ltd 1 A•n R"iual ltltcoa. Jn't, Proj,

Iloces Sit, Llf••til••t, a•n,

IlEA IISAJI/IFIIDPEC J4.39N

lEA USAIJ/IFI/8PEt m,m T

m MEA t

Jlry. tPIII

l~qantiltft! Corlllltfl FIHtr lolls OECF

c Hom Comctioas for Eltctricity

. .,. Jriltf ..... tnctt• Prtitct

nn Eltctrlfic&~•

tpiM J11k Lm

'$.04 " t

IIA USAit/IFI/OPEC

'

Appendix VIi

Demoaraphic Indicators

!.Population Density (pereon/eq.km)

-------------------------------~----~~-~-----~~--------------:Abra : Benrt:uet : Ifuaao :Kalinat.·A...-: -Ht .• Prov : CAR

Year" 1975 1980 1985 1988 1990

----------------------------------~--~--~-~ .. ~-~------------. . . - . ~· ·, . ;

37 78 : 40 90

44 : 164 44.8: 110 49 118

. . . • . . . .

2.Population Growth Rate

1975 1980 1985 1988

2.06: 1.73:

17.41: 1.18:

2.71 2.87 2.58 2.32

42 43

. • . . . • 49

52.2 : 54

2.51 1.24 1.18 1.9'

2J 2& ;:-30 !

:_.~ ·' 46

• •· 32.3 \ . l

4.9 e2 68 56 34

3.88 2.&4 2.7~ 2.41

, ..... . .

.. •, ...

: 2.1 1.83 1.76 1.45

3.Cl•udeBirth Rate (pur 1,000 Population)

1975 1980 198.'3 1985 1987 1988 1990

2.9 34. 40: 2. 6 23.10: 25.24 23.59; 12.5 24.10: 25.02 23.22: 25.24 17.51: 22.2'7

21.3 lB.66 28.4 18.76 20.86 22.7

16.1 21.7 18.26 15.88 17.8& 16.98 20.08

4.Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 Popul~tion)

1980 1983 : 1985 1987 1988 t990

29.6 : 35.8 : 29.8 : 35.23: 37.93: 14,67:

20.47 18.14 18.18 18.70 8.94

11.8 . : . 40.7

28.4 28.52 25.92 15.56

2~.7 as.e 49.0& 25.46 28.64 9.21

6.65 15.83 27.34 20.42 21.86 24.07

s~.ae : •~:e1 : 49.02 : 27.22

28.43

!:I.Maternal Mortality Rate (per 1,000 Popul•tion.)

1975 1980 1983 1987 1988 1989 J990

1.3 0 2.26 1.38 1.87

o.a .82 0 73 .54 .52

2.1 .92

1.24 1.46

.72

1.5 .54

1.27 .78 .74

'

: : 1.7 : .57.

0 2.40

: l.-45

44 50 56 59 6:3

2. 1 2.4~ 2.32 2.04

33.64: 22.8~!·: 20.66: 23.53: 23.£1:3: ::!:! . 78:

30.4 28. ~!S: 26 .t)f}:

23.2!=1: 1~3. 9(1:

1.08: . S15: .e.t: . ~JSI:

?.Male-Female -Ratio (Malee/100 Females) •

: Abra : S.nauet : Ifuaao : Kal-Ap Mt.Prov : CAR ____ ... ____ _,_. _______________ .. _______________ ---------- ·--- ·- .. ~- ......

1975 1980 1985 1990

103 101.4 102

• . 103.3

; . 1'06 .. 1

100.7 100.5 101.7

104.4 105

: 99.7 : 100.

1()1 • (It-:::

: 1(12. ~-' :

8. Pox:•ulatlon DiJ~~r1'but1on by Aae Group(Percentase) ===========·=··~~=·=·========================================= = = = = =:: :: . :. '117& '1980 1985 1988 1990 Province ~--~---------------------------------------------- --· ' ABRA

0-14 . 40·l1 38.84 37.47 36.99 •· 15-64 ": e~.~e . 55.35 58.42 58.68 • eo+ ~.Q3 • 5.81 4.11 4.33 •

-· . 8ENGtJET

0-14 . : 42:.17" 40.29 37.68 36.76 15-64 • 61.26 57.46 59.51 60.31 65+ '1.97 1.38 2.81 2.93 . .

IF!JGAO 0-14 .. 4&.24 43.81 39.43 37.70 •

15-64 • :ro1.:$.e 53.21 57.85 59.29 . . 65+ . , .. 4: .

2.78 • -~< -.:ao ·• 2.71 3.1 .. • .. . . ~-'~;;{t: ; . :· . KALINGA-APA't•9 . '·

..

0-14 :·: -~4.81 43.13 38.90 37.53 15-64 . . &2.6e 54.18 58.29 59.53 . . 65+ I ! 2~43 2.70 2.81 2.93 . .

MOUNTAIN PROVINOI 0-14 41.71 40.07 38.30 37.60

15-64 54.21 55.32 ~7.81 58.19 65+ 4.08 4.61 3.89 4.21

CAR 0-14 4&3.15 . 41.02 38.18 37.16 .

15-64 ·&4. 01 • 55.69 58.69 59.53 • 65+ 2.64 3.29 3.13 3.31

' I

Health Statue I!ldicator

1.Nutrition Statue

Nutrition Statue of the Cordillera Adminietrative Rea1on

----------~-~-~~---------------------------------------A bra BeniUet Ifuaao : Kal-Ap : Ht Prov : CJ\R Yc•r --·---------~------------------------------------------l.fl$::1 ~3r·(:~ Vearee 4.0 1.6 : 3.2 2nd Degree 24.4 15.2 :20.3 1st Degree 41.4 38~3 :40.3 N·Jrmal/OW 30.2 44.9 :36.2

1984 ------1980-----.';rd Degree 4.8 1.3 5.2 . 2.0 . 3.3 . . :::!nd Degree 22.0 13.9 22.7 :19.6 :19.4 let Degree 4o.e 39.1 40.7 :43.7 :41.3 Normal/OW 32 •. 4 4&.7 31.4 . :34.7 :38.0 1.985 .3rd Dearee : . 5.4 .97 2 . 2nd Dearee 22.3 9.3 16 lat Dearee . 39.3 33.6 40 • Nor·mal . .. ~'IV(!l'Weight ~990 . . :)t·d Dearee e.ee:: .78 2.50 4. 18 2.se : ~~ .fW 2nd Dearee 21.?4 : 10.9 17.75 18.72 13.58 : H,l, 8? l~t. Dearee 4o;a1: : 37.29 ~. 40.55 39.1~1 41.29 : ~i9. H~ Not'mal 28.~)~·· : 48.09 31.97 33.54 37.25 : 3€i. 13~) Overweight 5~88· ,: 4.90 9.88 ~1. 42 18.01 5. 4~! :: = = ==========~=~~t•========================:== = = === ===== === = = === = =-= = =

10RO Ph~'sicians: Nurses Midwives 18A4 F'hyeici~ns: Nurses Mirlwivee 199() Phy::::1c1ans

FHS

1:4,225 1:2.$25 1:2,198

1:12.168

1:6,423 1:4,.323 ·: 1:3,066

. . 1:11,137: 1:2,856 1:2,784

1: 5,298: 1:11,530: 1:2,450

1:2,131 1:3,548 1:4,210

1:21,928: 1:19,411: 1:18,293: 1:10.630: 1: I b, ~·~·( 1

H:~ 1,: 7,~11;: 1: 8,771: 1: 5,662: l.; 5,060: 1: 3,3 111: 1.: '1,.'37f.~

Nur-ses

FilS HS

Midwives FHS HS

1: 5. 2t32: 1: 4,232:

1: 2,346: 1:97,347:

1:12,791: 1: 1: 6;019: 1:

l: 3,373: 1:

9,059: 1:10 ,81(~: 1:5 .(J84: l : .'_1 • ! {!' 2,518: 1: 2'818: ,, .. 1:1,519: 1 : ~~, t;b .l

3,088: 1:·2~885 : 1 : 1 • 695 : 1 : :.:! ' f.1fll. 1:2,719 . : 1 : l(l , f:~.~-. .

•l.RHU-Population Ratio (No. of RHU to Total P~lation) 1975 1980 1: t5,910' 1:1S,Q?8 : 1985 1:6,416 1:20,286 :1:10,867: 1987 1:6,806 1:23,755 1:12,894 :' 1:15,087 :1:11.286:1:12.8/i~· 1990 1:7,211 : 1:25,582 : 1:13,588 5.Pip~ Water Supply-Nos. of Population

:' _1:&~.9J)7 :1:11,693: .t: 14.~~:·,;;:' s.,,.a:_ .

.·

Nurses

l''HS HS

Midwives FHS HS

: 1: ,.&,26~: : 1:' ~.232:

1! . ,,346': 1:$7.347:

1:12,791: 1: 1: 6,019: 1:

1: 3,373: 1:

9,059: 1:10,810: 1:5,084: l : ~.1 • ! (I 2.516: 1: 2,613: 1:1,519: 1:::. f·!' l

3,088: 1:2,865 1 : 1 , 695 : J : 2 , fl,C:I :

1:2.719 : : 1: tr•, ... :~.:

4.RHU-Populat,1on )W'tio (No. of RHU to Total Po~;•ult1tion) 1975 : 1980 : i~15,910 : 1.985 1:8,-tat. ;·. 1:20,288 : 1987 1 :.e,aot: ~r tt~$;'J&6 = 1: 12,es-t 1990 1:7 ,21J ':}.;; .. 1;!~1·682 : 1:13,588 5.Pipe Wat••·--l~Moe. of Population

• . l\ •' ~ " . .

...

1:15,078 :1:10,867:

1:15,087 :1:11,286: l:l::.'i:j~· : l: 16,987 : 1 : 1 L 6Et3: 1 : J 4. ~~: ''·· Served

I

'•

WATER SUPPLY BY PROVINCE,CAR 1990

------------------------------------------------------------------ __ ... -··----------------------------------- --------------- .. ··-· .. - ··~ ......

P1·ov ince : Total Household : LF.:vel I Level II: Lc:vr:J J r i Served P E R C E N T A G R

·- -- _ ..... ------------------------------------·----- ----------- -·- ·-- -· ·- --A bra 31,228 4D.95 19.113 :31). !:·1 r..r1nguet: 43.201 35.99 30.53 31. '1-·1 1 fug."1o 27,639 7:3.22 21.20 5. ~;n ~:,~ l . Ap 36,389 1.4.7 14.11) 5. o:: ~1t .. Prov 19.099 34.37 37.4'1 l G.:·:'/ C:AR 157,556 41.64 24.51 17. u:~ ========================~=========================~===========~====~

Ho.usehold with Potable Water(Percent)

lnB8 J.OO S8.33 31.35. 32.12 73.132 : 13(). :_1."!:

'3. lncidenoe of Low Birth:Wei1ht

'7. Immu.ni.zation Rate

Expanded Proat-am on Immunizlltion Accomplishment By Province

Cordillera Administrative· Region

Eligible Population Percentat~e-1990 -- ------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------··--

A bra. Beneuet lfugao K~l-A Ht. Pr'OV ,-.,, r.· ._,, ,,.

!'TP2 77.52 97.75 90.79 88 .8!) £.!5. 19 f.l? . 1 ~~ npv;:t 72.90 97.31 91.60 £1·1 . 3? 87. E15 f)('· . .l '/ RCG Infants 81.58 110.55 88.36 ~,2. 43 101. ~\2 8f-.:. !J(I

~ert~31P.rt 75.37 92.58 34.36 74.53 80 .Ei8 elf::. :: J

Pu J J ~· r mmnn i .c:ed 58.81 85.14 82.52 56.63 62.03 7f 1 .~17

!~CG St::hool 92.32 52.36 73.64 84.25 9~!. 34 9(: . l'i Entrants T'l'':-. '-· 2E3.q7 40.43 31.35 31.77 35.02 35. 5~1

All tJ.!.l.al Averact Familv InoQme-1985

Provint:'e 1975 1985 1990 A br-a J4,642 23,170 30,438 Br;:nguet 6,818 48,239 52,057 Ifugao 5,141 21,358 30,358 l·:a linga-Ap 5,670 31,632 38,073 !1P 23,885 34,658 1'AR 34,558 41,116

Averaae Income Province Beneuet Ifuaao MP KA

per Hh Per Hh

Jl6,673 5,697 4,486 5,182

e.nd per

· . ..)

Capita 1975 Per Capita 1,111 1,169

859 858

Case Study Sites Pemocx:aDhic lndlcatQt

Mountain Province Ifugao

: .Bauko : Mount. Prov = Kingan :!fugae Year .

1. Crude Death Rate 1 9FI~~ 4.17* 1983 3.80* 4.95 = 3.41

.1 !1A4 3.44* 5.12 .. t985 5.04* 6.33 = 1986 5.02* 5.21 = 1.987 6.61* 6.39 .. 3.76 1988 6.69* 6.26 = 3.-17 1989 7.31 :: 2. 8~~ 1990 = 2.Crude Birth Rate 1975 ," •" ',;I' = 1980 8.65 = ~!1. 3 1981 15.64 :: 1982 17.07* 16.71 1983 16.6* 15.83 1984 . 16.31* 16.17 . . 1985 . 17. 3:t:, 20.49 = 26.4 , . 1986 18.9* 19.36 = 1!187 23.49* . 20.42 = 18.76 . 198FI 25.19* 21.86 = 20. flEi 198~1 31.42 :: :::o. 39 1.990 24.07 -· 22.7

3. Infant 1 .

Mortality Rate. 1975 ::

1.980 . 35.38 = ll.fl . 1982 31.88* 1983 .. 38.93* 35.36 = . 1984 53.88* 54.09 = 1985 48.0* 43.81 = 2t3. 1\ 1.966 47.68* 36.92 = 1987 59.43* 49.02 = 1988 38.9* 27.22 = 25.92 1989 26.58 = 16.4 1.990 . 28.,43 = 8. ~).'] .

Bauko bununizatlon Statue-1989

BCG School Entrante ... <-··70% I

Tetanus Toxoid .•....•.. ; ..• 27%

r.TPA . ...... · ..... " .......... 427 Po-s:,ula.t ion l!lr:.•rved

Operation Timbana Results: Bauko,Mountain Province 1989

No .... g_f Gbildron Woighed

Under lYr 7

1-4 Yrs ~) 1.111 :k·r·

Severely Und•rweisht Mocterately'Und•rw•iaht Hi ldly Underweiaht Not•rna 1 Overweisht

84 166 240 66

25 309 1 ,04~1 6fl8 42

1987* 1988:t 2.1 ::!~2

r.' Fi6 177 1 " ~~ ! ., ...

~Centacj 1989 Severely Ynd•twei&ht •.••...• 1. 2 Hodoratelt Underweiaht .•.... 14.8 Mildly Unc!erweiaht .••.••.... 45 ·

13 lA. 7

Normal . ... ,- ................. 35.2 Overweisht ••.•..•........... 3. 7 Malnutrition----~--~------16%

Mountain ~' of Pre-schoolers 1988 weighed with Third Dearee 3.0 ~~t:.:cond Dearee 14.4 First Dearee 40.1 Normal 38.1 Ovel·weieht 4.4

43 114

Province 1989 1990

2.7 2.6 12.8 12.5 38.4 35.7 42.8 45.6 3.1 3.4

COMPARATIVE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF 0-6 YIARS OLD BY DBGREI· OF MALNUTRITION

. MOUNTAIN PROVINCE

'i

==========·~.~-~~=========================================== == :-:: = =- ·~' Degree of .f : 1903 1984 : 1985 : 1986 : 1987 Malnutriti.. .~ P E R C E N T A Ci E ==========•=:=======~:=~=================================== =-= ::-.:: ~ -:-:::--3rd Dearee . 3.2 3.41 2 2.46 2.2 . . 2nd Dearee, ... 20 .• 34 . 19.85 : 16 : 17.75 . 15.38: . . . let De a~• .. '40.27 . 42.36 : 40 : 41.66 : 40.19: . . Normal . 32.61 . 33.24 : 37 . 34.58 : 37.97: • . . Ovex•we iaht • 3.55 . 1.13 5 3.82 : 4.18: • . ========~=======e=========================================~~:=~=~~

Nutrition Status of Kiangan,Ifugao ae of 1989

Classification by WT. No. of. Children Weighed ----------------------~----- ------- .. Under 1 1-4.yrs. 5 under 7 Nn.

:::eve rely Unde~eiaht 17 42 11 70 2 ~ ·1 'I

Moderately Underweiaht 57 315 129 501 l?. ?(l

Mildly Underweight 118 824 304 1,246 4 •I . 0~·!

Normal 184 404 200 708 27 .IJ·1 .. .. ·4-··--

OvtJrweieht 67 71 87 22e~ 'i. D~·

Nutrit~on Status of !fugao-1989 -----------~~-~~-~---~~--------------M-----------------------Cla.e.eif~cation. by WT. No. of Childt·en Welshed

Under 1 1-4 yrs. 5 under 7 No. •I .....

-·--------~---------------------------------------------------Severely l~nderweisht !67 357 ~J5 6HJ 3.fJ6

t1oderatel!( rJnderwel1ht 558 2,219 706 3,483 21. f,f:J

Mildly Underwe'iaht l,l34 4,114 1,709 6,957 ~13. ;-n

Nr:-rmal 8138 2,292 963 4' 1~:::1 25.f.fi

O•n'! rwe i gh t 322 358 213 8f-J3 5. !"113

STATUS OF MALNUTRITION Ifu.ao-1987

:-iP.v~rely Unde«'Weilht 158 407 144 707 6.20 Moderately Underwe!•ht 387 1.709 606 2' 70~~ /~3. [11)

Mildly 'Jnderweilht 557 2.088 1,104 3,749 33. lU Normal 869 1,899 1,235 4,003 35.30 Overweight 49 89 24 162 1. ·~0

5.Population Growth Rate 1975 2.1 = 1980 = 1.94 1. 24 1SI89 2.86 = 1990 . . - 2.01 2. ~!6 . -

6.Maternal Mortality Rate

1 ~)[1() 198~! 1983 198:1 1985 1.986 t~Hrr

l.9B8 1990

?.Per-centaae t!=J75 1880. 198!) 1990

8.Population 1.970 1.9·n .. 1980 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990

= 1.22*

: 1.45* .57 = Q:t: .55 = 0* .43 = 0:+: 1.82 = ()'t. • ~15 -·

1.17* -=

of Children to Adult Pqpulation = = = =

. ; by Sex Ratici,(Males/100 Females)

\: I = =

99.88 ' . . 99.72 = . : r' l

:100.00 .I = 101.48

.. = .. I : 99.95 = :109.89 =

.:111.11 = 100.6

:~. I

I . :!4

I . :) ~· I. :!:I

. 'I::

100.7 100.5 102. 58

101 . fjtj

SQciq-Ecqrtomic Statue Indicator

r~;, 1 nr i r.• T nt.l\k&

Social.Am~nitiea Telegraphic Stations

Postal Stations

Kiangan 1 1

Electrification (Houses Served)

Ifugao 8 12

887 5,514 Electrification Coverage (Percent of Barangays

Covered /Tot.al Barangay-1 !:.'87)

·Mt. Prov. 28

'

I fugao 16.34

Municfpalitiea w/ T~legraph Service3 0' to Tot-9.1 Por·ulfl 1.1011

of Mtmicii?ali ty) '

'rr1 1 F!'phone Mountain Prov~nce ....... ;!.2 (Bontoc and Sagadhl Tfuaao ... ;. ......... · ... 1 (11nnnue Onl:v)

'

f'•·r·u l ation-poct~r Ratio.

lf..lflfi lS187 1989

.. 1:4' 960- . 1:4,858:

PoJ;•ula:tion'' -RHU Ratio 1986 1989 : 1~19,161

ro,~lation-BHS Ratio 18Rg : 1:2.129

= 1:7. 83.'3

= = 3:19,243 =

= 1:19,243 1:12,532

= =

Mountain Province ........ 1985 .. . P21,359/Annum ~!1, 3.3:1/AtllPJIIl ~!3, 885/1\nnurn 27, 3fl 11/l\nnwn

1988 .. . I fugao ................... 198f, .. .

1988 .. .

Educatl&n s;a.tye

Enrolment Rate Primar·y Secondary

P~rticipation Rate 1D'713-lS79

.' Ifugao

Elementary 1 ••••••••••••••••• SHcondary .. ~ ...•...... , .•.....

90.1

Participation Rate= Enrolled Student 7-12 yre.old (Elementary) -----------------------------(Secondary)

.,

i

Total Population 7-12 vre old =Enrolled Student 13-16 yre old

-----------------------------13-16 yre Ifujjtao

old MP

138

90. ~~ 2f.i. I)

Total Population

Li ter·acy ra~e ••• ~ . • • • . • . . . . . . . ( tf179) (1989) (1~90)

51 59.10 61.02

137 . 1313 . 139.58

Adult ·Literacy R4te

*Tadian Inclu~iv$ of Bauko Fieuree