Index/AZwH$_oUH$m - NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR

Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G .C. Jr. No. 64728)ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 5.1 10 (2017) January T o March 2018, V ol. II 1

Index/AZwH´$_oUH$m

(Science / ndkmZ)

01. Index/ AZwH´$_oUH$m ................................................................................................................ 01

02. Regional Editor Board / Editorial Advisory Board ............................................................... 06/07

03. Referee Board ........................................................................................................................................ 08

04. Spokesperson ............................................................................................................... 10/11

05. Evaluation Of Antidiabetic Activity In V itro S tudies Of Successive Extract Of V inca Rosea ......... 12Root s (Manoj Kumar Gajbhiye, Anun Kakkar , Praveen Koushley)

06. Species As Bio - Indicators Of W ater Pollution In Narmada River At Jabalpur ................................. 16(Dr. Bazgha Athar , Dr. Gohar Hujaifa Khan)

07. A Statistical Approach T o Multivariate Analysis Of Ground W ater Quality (Dr . Neelu Singhai) ....... 19

08. Indole Alkaloids In Catharanthus Roseus (Dr . Sushama Singh Majhi) .............................................. 23

09. The College Campus Biodiversity Of Medicinal Plant s Used In The Cure Of Skin Diseases .......... 26(Dr. Shobha Sharma)

10. Environment al Pollution Causes And It s Effect On Human Health (Deep a Shroti) .......................... 29

11. Fixed Point Theorem In Pseudo Comp act Tichonov S pace (Ganesh Kumar Soni) .......................... 32

12. Ethno-V eterinary Uses Of Grasses In Nimar Region (M.P .)................................................................. 34(Dr. Kiran Surage, Dr . Shwet a Tiwari, Dr . Seema Agrawal)

13. Incidence Of Iron Deficiency Anemia In Pregnant W oman Coming T o Distt. Hospit al, Satna ......... 36(Dr. Rashmi Singh)

14. Effect Of In V ivo Incubation Of Bovine S permatozoa In The Uterus Of Rat s Actively ..................... 38Xenoimmunized W ith Bovine S permatozoa On S perm Motility And V iability .......................................(Jayshree Hardenia, S.K. Jain, Asha Khanna)

15. amgm`oZH$ Cd©aH$mß H$ ÒdÍ$[ Edß H•$of _ß ‡`mJ H$m A‹``Z (N>.J. H$ o]bmg[wa gß mJ H$ odef gßX © _ß) ............ 40(Zm]bVm E∏$m)

16. dm w ‡XyfU Edß dmhZmß g oZÓH$mogV Yw∞Am (AßMb am_Q>H$) .................................................................... 44

17. B©-AdoeÓQ> Edß BgH$ XwÓ‡^md (AoZVm ogßh, amoJZr ogßh) .................................................................. 47

18. Health S tatus Of Girl Child Labourers In Relation T o Their Family Environment ............................. 49(Dr. Nasreen Gazdar , Prof. Usha Kothari)

19. Water - The Prime Resource (Mamt a Goyal) ........................................................................................ 53

20. g_m`mOZ g OyPVr dVZ^mJr _ohbmE± (S>m∞. JrVmbr gZJw·m) .............................................................. 56

21. _hÌda hWH$aKm C⁄o_`mß _ß gm_m›` ÒdmÒœ` gß]ßYr g_Ò`mAmß H$m A‹``Z (S>m∞. _ßOw e_m©, ‡oV>m Xmgm¢Yr) ........... 59

(Home Science / J•h ndkmZ)


22. Equit able Role Of Agricultural Produce Market s In Economic Reforms And Development Of ....... 61Farmers - An Analytical S tudy (S pecial reference to the Farmers of Indore Region in M.P .)(Dr. Rajesh Jain)

23. A Study Of Customer Retention Management In T elecom Sector ...................................................... 65(Amit Garg, Dr. Kamalijeet Bhatia)

24. An Analytical S tudy Of Profit And Loss S tatement Of Sbi And Hdfc Mutual Fund Comp anies ....... 70(Garima Shrivast ava, Dr. Vasudev Mishra, Dr . Ashish Pathak)

25. A Comp arative S tudy Of Job Satisfaction Among Day And Night Shif temployees .......................... 75(Anjali Gupt a, Jeesha Boyat)

26. Maheshwari Sarees - A Story Of Royalty T old In W arps And W efts (Dr. Snigdha Bhatt) .................. 78

27. Mobiling Manufacturing - A Source Of Services (Roshni Siddiqui) .................................................. 81

28. E-Waste Management And It s Effect On Environment al & Human Health A Review ........................ 83(Dr. Shwet a Singh)

29. Impact On Organizational Culture In Government And Private College (Sukrati Rathore) .............. 86

30. _.‡. _ß Am°fYr` \$gbmß H$ CÀ[mXZ H$m EH$ A‹``Z- Zr_M oOb H$ odef gßX © _ß ..................................... 88(AbH$m e_m©, S>m∞. Eb.EZ. e_m©)

31. ^maV H$ odH$mg _ß H$mb Bo S>`m obo_Q>S> H$r yo_H$m (S>m∞. Xr[MßX ^mdaH$a) .............................................. 92

32. ^maV gßMma oZJ_ obo_Q>S> IßS>dm H$m odŒmr` ‡]ßYZ -EH$ A‹``Z (F$oMH$m S>m|Ja, S>m∞. ‡Vm[amd H$X_) .......... 95

33. C⁄moZH$r O°d ododYVm (S>m∞. X`mam_ gmhy) ...................................................................................... 99

34. O°d ododYVm odf` _ß emY H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm (S>m∞. X`mam_ gmhy) ............................................................ 102

35. [nadhZ H$m AmoW©H$ _hÀd (B›Xm°a ogQ>r Q≠>mßg[mQ©> god©g obo_Q>S> H$ gßX © _ß) (S>m∞. YraO e_m©) ..................... 105

36. ZmX©Z H$mb \$rÎS> obo_Q>S> _ß _mZd gßgmYZ H$r dV©_mZ oÒWoV (S>m∞. Xr[MßX ^mdaH$a) ............................... 107

37. _‹`‡Xe H$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg _ß [ ©Q>Z C⁄mJ H$m _hÀd (]∂S>dmZr oOb H$ odef gßX © _ß)(S>m∞. S>r.gr.Hw$_amdV) ...... 109

38. Yma oOb _ß amÓQ≠>r` _bna`m C›_ybZ H$m ©H´$_ H$r oÒWoV EH$ A‹``Z (df© 2002-2011) ........................ 111(S>m∞. ]r. Eg. oggmoX`m)

39. ]MV Edß odoZ`mJ H$m ‡mÀgmohV H$aZ _ß odŒmr` gßÒWmE±: S>mH$Ka Edß ]¢H$ (S>m∞. EZ.Eb.Jw·m, D±$H$ma ogßh amdV) ...... 113

40. ^maV _ß _ohbm C⁄o_`mß H$ odH$mg hVw - gaH$mar ‡`mg (S>m∞. AoZb Vm°hb) ........................................... 115

41. Yma oOb _ß _mV• Edß oeew H$Î`mU H$m ©H´$_ H$r oÒWoV - EH$ A‹``Z (df© 2002-03 g 2010-11) .......... 117(S>m∞. ]r.Eg. oggmoX`m)

42. ^maV _ß _ohbm geo∫$H$aU hVw - gaH$mar ‡`mg (S>m∞. AoZb Vm°hb) .................................................. 119

43. A Comp arative S tudy Of Capit al Adequacy Ratio Of Indian Public And Private Sector Banks ..... 120With S pecial Emphasis On Basel II Norms (Rishi V aidya, Dr. Kamalijeet Bhatia, Dr. N. K. Totala)

(Economics / AW©emÒÃ)

(Commerce & Management / dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY)


44. N>.J. H$ o]bmg[wa gß mJ _ß \$gb MH´$ H$m ‡^md (Zm]bVm E∏$m) ......................................................... 124

45. _ohbmAmß H$ AmoW©H$ geo∫$H$aU H$ odo^fi [hbw - EH$ ogßhmdbmH$Z (S>m∞. bobVm gmbßH$r, ‡m. V[Z Mm°a) ....... 127

46. Jmßdm H$ ]XbV ÒdÍ$[ _ß ^maV oZ_m©U `mOZm (S>m∞. Ama.Eg. _ S>bmB©) .................................................. 130

47. Naxalbari Movemnet In India (Dr. Indira Barman) .............................................................................. 132

48. amÓQ≠>r` ^maV [nadV©Z gßÒWmZ - ZroV Am`mJ (odH$mg H$ [na‡ ` _ß) (S>m∞. H$m›Vm Abmdm) ......................... 134

49. _ohbm geo∫$H$aU MwZm°oV`m∞ Edß gß mdZmE∞ (S>m∞. hfm© MMmZ, S>m∞. amOy a°Xmg) ........................................... 137

50. ardm oObm H$r ‡_wI gam |$ Edß Y_©embmAm| H$m EoVhmogH$ _hÀd (S>m∞. _m. ÒdmbH$rZ ImZ) .......................... 139

51. gßÒH•$oV$ VWm g‰`Vm (S>m∞. gwZrVm ew∑bm) .................................................................................... 142

52. ‡À H$ ^maVr` H$m g_mZVm d Jna_m_` OrdZ OrZ H$m gßd°YmoZH$ AoYH$ma o_bZm MmohE ........................... 144(‡roV amR>m°a, S>m∞. _XZbmb [±dma)

53. 20dt eVm„Xr g [yd© Sy>±Ja[wa am¡` _ß oejm (oZ_e Hw$_ma Mm°]rgm) ....................................................... 146

54. Jm°V_ ]w’ H$ Xme©oZH$ d e°ojH$ odMmamß H$r dV©_mZ gßX © _ß ‡mgßoJH$Vm (gwa›– ‡Vm[ ogßh Ia) ..................... 148

55. _wJbH$mbrZ ^maVr` gmßÒH•$oVH$ [oade H$m OmZZ H$ ÛmV (S>m∞. gwZrVm ew∑bm) ....................................... 150

56. Impact Of Tea Production On The Economic And Geographical Scenario Of Kumaon Mandal ...... 152 (Uttarakhand) ‘A Brief S tudy From Kausani (Bageshwar)’ (Manoj Kumar T amta, Dr. Jyoti Joshi)

57. A Trend Analysis Of Rural Population Dependency In A City Region (Dr. Prabhakar Mishra ) ....... 156

58. Nutritional Iron Deficiency Among W omen In Betul District (Smt. Kaneez Fatima) ....................... 158

59. oS> S>m°ar oOb H$r ]°Jm OZOmVr` H$ gm_moOH$ Edß AmoW©H$ oÒWoV H$m oejm [a ‡^md ................................. 160(EH$Vm _WoZ`m± , S>m∞. E.Eb. _hmo]b`m)

60. ]mbmKmQ> oOb _ß obßJmZw[mV H$m jÃr` A‹``Z (Xro[H$m Xmha , S>m∞.O.Eb.]a_° m) ................................... 164

61. _°∑g d]a H$r Zm°H$aemhr H$r AdYmaUm H$m AmbmMZmÀ_H$ odõfU (_ZmO Hw$_ma MßXmob`m) ........................ 167

62. oeojV _ohbmAm| _| Y_© H$ gmW gm_ßOÒ` (b˙_r _ham) ................................................................... 171

63. oXÏ`mßJVm Edß gm_moOH$ [wZdm©g (geo∫$H$aU H$m _m‹`_)(S>m∞. ¡`moV _hVm).......................................... 173

64. AmVßH$dmX EH$ gm_moOH$ odÌbfU (S>m∞. aoÌ_ Xw]) ........................................................................... 175

(Sociology / g_mOemÛ)

(Geography / yJmb)

(History / BoVhmg)

(Political Seience / amOZroV odkmZ)


65. J›Xr ]ÒVr _ß oÒWV Amdmgmß _ß C[b„Y gwodYmAmß H$m EH$ g_mOemÛr` A‹``Z (hmeßJm]mX oOb H$ gßX © _ß) ..... 178(Hß$MZ$ R>mHw$a)

66. Effect Of Examination Anxiety And Hypnotherapy On S tudent s ...................................................... 180(Dr. Bharti Joshi, Dr. Nitendra Singh Rajput )

67. Study Of Relationship Of Bullying W ith Academic Performance Of Adolescent s .......................... 185(Dr. Saroj Kothari, Richa Mandovra)

68. Hybridity & Alienation in the works of Ruskin Bond ( Dr. Shailendra Kumar Chourasia ) ............... 188

69. The Problem Of Modern W asteland In K.A. Porter's Flowering Judas (Dr. Anit a Trip athi ) ............ 191

70. Socio-Economic Aspect s In The Novels Of Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (Dr . Kehkashan Khan) .......... 193

71. Ï ßΩ` H$m odH$mg Edß [oa^mfm (S>m∞. aoÌ_ ogbma[woa`m) ...................................................................... 195

72. oh›Xr H$ g_H$mbrZ EoVhmogH$ C[›`mgm|$ _| OZMVZm H$ ododY Am`m_ (S>m∞. b˙_r Jm b) ........................ 198

73. oh›Xr H$m AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` ÒdÍ$[ (S>m∞. Ao_V ew∑b) .............................................................................. 201

74. O`‡H$me H$X©_ aoMV "_mha' H$hmZr H$r ‡_wI g_Ò`mE∞ (S>m∞. _OrX Hw$a°er) ........................................... 203

75. H$XmaZmW AJ´dmb H$r H$odVm _ß bmH$ gm°›X © —oÓQ> (S>m∞. Hw$_wX H$bm _hVm) .............................................. 205

76. amÓQ≠>H$od "oXZH$a' H$ H$mÏ` H$m AZwerbZ - amOZroV H$ odef gßX © _ß (S>m∞. Bbm o¤dXr) ........................... 207

77. bmH$ gmohÀ` _ß hmbr JrVmß _ lßJmnaH$Vm (S>m∞. Eg. Eg. amR>m°a) ............................................................ 209

78. AmMm © lram_ e_m© H$ gmohÀ` _ß OrdZ-_yÎ` H$r gmW©H$Vm (S>m∞. dfm© R>mH$a) ............................................ 211

79. Jwbar Or H$r H$hmZr "CgZ H$hm Wm' _ß AmXe© ‡_ - odÌbfU (S>m∞. _OrX Hw$a°er) ..................................... 213

80. aKwdra ghm` H$r H$odVmAmß H$m ^md]mY, ^mfm Am°a oeÎ[ (S>m∞. Hw$_wX H$bm _hVm) ...................................... 215

81. e°be _oQ>`mZr H$m C[›`mg †am_H$br H$ g›X © _ß (_Zrfm Q°>Jma) ........................................................ 217

82. ]mU^≈> H$r AmÀ_H$Wm - gmßÒH•$oVH$ Amª`mZ (S>m∞. aßOZm o_lm) ........................................................... 219

83. d°oXH$ [wamU gmohÀ` _ß ‡oV[moXV F$f^ VWm ^aV H$ MnaÃ (S>m∞. gmodÃr o_lm) ........................................ 220

84. MmU∑`-_moU∑` _ß oejm ZroV (S>m∞. ^mdZm lrdmÒVd) .................................................................... 222

85. AmoX[wamU H$ AmYma [a F$f^ Edß ^aV H$m MnaÃ oMÃU (S>m∞. gmodÃr o_lm) ............................................ 224

(Psychology / _ZmodkmZ)

(Hindi Literature / oh›Xr gmohÀ`)

(English Literature / AßJOr gmohÀ`)

(Sanskrit / gßÒH•$V)


86. Judicial Review - A Study In Indian Perspective ( Dr. Vijay Srivast ava, Devender Goel ) ................ 225

87. Independency And Account ability Of Judiciary - A Study In Indian Perspective ........................... 228(Anjum Parvez, Subhra )

88. Powers of Presiding Officer Under Xth Schedule of the Constitution (Mamta Goswami ) ............. 231

89. The progressive and regressive constitutional arrangement s in Nep ali : A study in ..................... 233the light of constitution of India (Dr. Vijay Srivast ava, Mr. Jivesh Jha )

90. Right s Of Women In India-W ith S pecial Reference T o Workplace ................................................... 236(Dr. Vijay Srivast ava, Divya Priyadarshni)

91. Academic S tress In Relation T o Study Habit Among Higher Secondary S tudent s ......................... 238(Dr. Harendra Kumar , Tabassum )

92. _ohbm oeojH$mAmß H$m gyMZm H$ AoYH$ma H$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m A‹``Z ................................................ 242(S>m∞. H$m°oeH$ dr. [m S>`m, S>m∞. AoZb Hw$_ma lrdmÒVd, g_›Xa ogßh)

93. od⁄mb`mß _ß gmßÒH•$oVH$ d gmohoÀ`H$ Am`mOZmß _ß od⁄moW© mß H$r Í$oM (gwf_m ogßh Mw S>mdV) ....................... 246

94. oejH$ oejm _| _yÎ`m| H$m g_mde - [mRÁH´$_ (S>m∞. gwZrVm e_m©) ......................................................... 248

95. Empowering W omen Economically Through T raditional Craf ts (Dr. Sabra Qureshi) ..................... 250

96. ^maVr` AmYwoZH$ oMÃH$bm H$m BoVhmg d odH$mg (emarnaH$ ^mfm H$ odef gßX © _ß) (S>m∞. goMZ g°Zr) ........... 255

97. XdmÀ_m H$m ‡H•$oV-Xe©Z (S>m∞. Amem Mm°Yar) .................................................................................. 258

98. VwwbgrXmg H$m OrdZ Am°a g_mO gÂ]›Yr —oÓQ>H$mU (H$mo_Zr Xdr) ....................................................... 260

99. odÌd ‡og’ ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV H$ AmYma ÒVß^ñ _hmamOm Xj ‡Om[oV$(S>m∞. B©Ìdabmb ‡Om[oV) ................... 262

( Education / $ oejm)

(Others / A›`)

*************

(Law / odo‹m)


Regional Editor Board - International & National

1. Dr. Manisha Thakur - Fulton College, Arizona S tate University , America .

2. Mr. Ashok Kumar - Employbility Operations Manager , Action T raining Centre Lt d. London, U.K.

3. Ass. Prof. Beciu Silviu - Vice Dean (Management) Agriculture & Rural Development, UASVM,

Bucharest, Romania.

4. Mr. Khgendra Prasad Subedi - Senior Psychologist , Public Service Commission, Central Office,

Anamnagar , Kathmandu, Nep al.

5. Prof. Dr . G.C. Khimesara - Former Princip al, Govt. PG College, Mandsaur (M.P .) India

6. Prof. Dr . Pramod Kr . Raghav - Research Guide, Jyoti V idhyapeeth W omen University , Jaipur (Raj.) India

7. Prof. Dr . N.S. Rao - Director , Janardhanrai Nagar Raj . Vidhyapeeth University , Udiapur (Raj.) India

8. Prof. Dr . Anoop Vyas - Former Dean , Commerce, Devi Ahilya University , Indore (India ) India

9. Prof. Dr . P.P. Pandey - HOD, Commerce(Dean), Avadesh Prat apsingh University , Rewa (M.P.) India

10. Prof. Dr . Sanjay Bhayani - HOD, Business Management Deptt., Saurashtra University , Rajkot (Guj.) India

11. Prof. Dr . Pratap Rao Kadam - HOD, Commerce, Govt. Girls PG College, Khandwa (M.P .) India

12. Prof. Dr . B.S. Jhare - Professor , Commerce Deptt., Shri Shivaji College, Akola (M h.) India

13. Prof. Dr . Sanjay Khare - Prof ., Sociology , Govt. Auto . Girls PG Excellence College, Sagar (M.P .) India

14. Prof. Dr . R.P. Upadhayay - Exam Controller , Govt. Kamlaraje Girls Auto. PG College, Gwalior (M.P .) India

15. Prof. Dr . Pradeep K r. Sharma - Professor , Govt. Hamidia Arts & Commerce College, Bhop al (M.P.) India

16. Prof. Akhilesh Jadhav - Prof., Physics, Govt. J. Yoganandan Chattisgarh College, Raipur (C .G.) India

17. Prof. Dr . Kamal Jain - Prof., Commerce, Govt. PG College, K hargon e (M.P.) India

18. Prof. Dr . D.L. Khadse - Prof., Commerce, Dhanvate National College, Nagpur (Maharastra) India

19. Prof. Dr .Vandna Jain - Prof., Hindi, Govt. Kalidas Girls College, Ujjain (M.P .) India

20. Prof. Dr . Hardayal Ahirwar - Prof., Economics , Govt. PG College, Shahdol (M.P .) India

21. Prof. Dr . Sharda Trivedi - Retd. Professor , Home Science, Indore (M.P .) India

22. Prof. Dr . Usha Shrivast av - HOD, Hindi Deptt., Acharya Institute of Graduate S tudy , Soldevanali,

Bengaluru (Karnat aka) India

23. Prof. Dr . G. P. Dawre - Professor , Commerce, Govt. College, Badwah (M.P .) India

24. Prof. Dr . H.K. Chouarsiya - Prof., Bot any, T.N.V. College, Bhagalpur (Bihar) India

25. Prof. Dr . Vivek Patel - Prof., Commerce, Govt. College, Kotma, Distt ., Anooppur (M.P .) India

26. Prof. Dr . Dinesh Kr . Chaudhary - Prof., Commerce, Rajmat a Sindhiya Govt. Girls College, Chhindwara (M.P .) India

27. Prof. Dr . P.K. Mishra - Prof., Zoological, Govt. PG College, Betul (M.P .) India

28. Prof. Dr . Jitendra K. Sharma - Prof., Commerce, Maharishi Dayanand Uni. Centre, Palwal (Haryana) India

29. Prof. Dr . R. K. Gaut am - Prof ., Govt. Manjkuwar Bai Arts & Commerce College, Jabalpur (M.P.) India

30. Prof. Dr . Gayatri V ajpai - Professor , Hindi, Govt. Maharaja Autonomus College, Chhatt arpur (M.P.) India

31. Prof. Dr . Avinash Shendare - HOD, Pragati Arts & Commerce College, Dombivali, Mumbai (M h.) India

32. Prof. Dr . J.C. Mehta - Fr. HOD, Research Centre, Commerce, Devi Ahilya Uni., Indore (M.P .) India

33. Prof. Dr . B.S. Makkad - HOD, Research Centre Commerce, V ikram University , Ujjain (M.P.) India

34. Prof. Dr . P.P. Mishra - HOD, Maths, Chattrasal Govt. PG College, Panna (M.P .) India

35. Prof. Dr . Sunil Kumar Sikarwar - Professor , Chemistry , Govt. PG College, Jhabua (M.P .) India

36. Prof. Dr . K.L. Sahu - Professor , History , Govt. PG College, Narsinghpur (M.P .) India

37. Prof. Dr . Malini Johnson - Professor , Bot any, Govt. PG College, Mahu (M.P .) India

38. Prof. Dr . Vishal Purohit - M.L.B. Govt. Girls PG College, Kila Miadan, Indore (M.P.) India


Editorial Advisory Board, INDIA

1. Prof. Dr . Narendra Shrivast av - Scientist , ISRO, Bengaluru (Karnat aka) India

2. Prof. Dr . Aditya Lunawat - Director , Swami V ivekanand Career Guidance deptt. M.P . Higher

Education, M.P . Govt., Bhop al (M.P.) India

3. Prof. Dr . Sanjay Jain - Former Controller , Madhya Pradesh Professional Examination Board

Bhop al (M.P.) India

4. Prof. Dr S.K. Joshi - Former Princip al, Govt. Art s & Science College, Ratlam (M.P .) India

5. Prof. Dr . J.P.N. Pandey - Fr. Princip al, Govt. Auto.Girls PG Excellence College, Sagar (M.P .) India

6. Prof. Dr . Sumitra W askel - Princip al, Govt. Girls PG College, Moti T abela, Indore (M.P .) India

7. Prof. Dr . P.R. Chandelkar - Princip al, Govt. Girls PG College, Chhindwara (M.P .) India

8. Prof. Dr . Mangal Mishra - Princip al, Shri Cloth Market, Girls Commerce College, Indore (M.P .) India

9. Prof. Dr . R.K. Bhatt - Former Princip al, Govt. Girls College, Narsinghpur (M.P .) India

10. Prof. Dr . Ashok V erma - Former HOD, Commerce (Dean) Devi Ahilya University , Indore (M.P.) India

11. Prof. Dr . Rakesh Dhand - HOD, Student W elfare Deptt., V ikram University , Ujjain (M.P.) India

12. Prof. Dr . Anil Shivani - HOD, Commerce /Management Deptt. Shri Atal Bihari V ajpai Hindi

University , Bhop al (M.P.) India

13. Prof. Dr . PadamSingh Patel - HOD, Commerce Deptt., Govt. College, Mahid pur (M.P.) India

14. Prof. Dr . Manju Dubey - HOD (Dean), Home Science Deptt. Jiwaji University , Gwalior (M.P .) India

15. Prof. Dr . A.K. Choudhary - Professor , Psychology , Govt. Meera Girls College, Udiapur (Raj.) India

16. Prof. Dr . T. M. Khan - Princip al, Govt. College, Dhamnod, Distt. Dhar (M.P .) India

17. Prof. Dr . Pradeep Singh Rao - Princip al, Govt. College, Sailana, Distt. Ratlam (M.P .) India

18. Prof. Dr . K.K. Shrivast ava - Professor , Eco., V ijaya Raje Govt. Girls PG College, Gwalior (M.P .) India

19. Prof. Dr . Kant a Alawa - Professor , Pol. Sci., S.B.N.Govt. PG College, Badwani (M.P .) India

20. Prof. Dr . S.K. Jain - Professor , Commerce, Govt. PG College, Jhabua (M.P .) India

21. Prof. Dr . Kishan Yadav - Asso. Professor , Research Centre Bundelkhand College, Jhasi (U.P .) India

22. Prof. Dr . B.R. Nalwaya - Chairman,Commerce Deptt.,V ikram University , Ujjain (M.P.) India

23. Prof. Dr . Purshott am Gaut am - Dean, Commerce Deptt.,Devi Ahilya University , Indore (M.P.) India

24. Prof. Dr . Natwarlal Gupt a - HOD, Commerce Deptt.,Devi Ahilya University , Indore (M.P.) India

25. Prof. Dr . S.C. Mehta - Professor/HOD, Govt. Bhagat Singh PG College, Jaora (M.P .) India

26. Prof. Dr . Tapan Chore - HOD,Economics, V ikram University , Ujjain (M.P.) India

*************


Maths - (1) Prof. Dr . V.K. Gupt a, Director V edic Maths - Research Centre, Ujjain (M.P .)

Physics - (1) Prof. Dr . R.C. Dixit, Govt. Holkar Science College, Indore (M.P .)

(2) Prof. Dr . Neeraj Dubey , Govt. Art s & Commerce College, Sagar (M.P .)

Computer Science - (1) Prof. Dr . Umesh Kumar Singh, HOD, Computer S tudy Centre, V ikram University ,

Ujjain (M.P.)

Chemistry - (1) Prof. Dr . Manmeet Kaur Makkad, Govt. Kalidas Girls College,Ujjain (M.P .)

Botany - (1) Prof. Dr . Suchit a Jain, Govt. Girls PG College, Kot a (Raj.)

(2) Prof. Dr . Akhilesh Aayachi, Govt. Adarsh Science College, Jabalpur (M.P .)

Life Science - (1) Prof. Dr . Manjulat a Sharma, M.S.J. Govt. College, Bharatpur (Raj.)

- (2) Prof. Dr . Amrit a Khatri, Mat a Jijabai Govt. Girls PG College, Moti T abela, Indore (M.P .)

Statitics - (1) Prof. Dr . Ramesh Pandya, Govt. Art s - Commerce College, Ratlam (M.P .)

Milit ary Science - (1) Prof. Dr . Kailash T yagi, Govt. Motilal Science College, Bhop al (M.P.)

Biology - (1) Dr. Kanchan Dhingara, Govt. M.H. Home Science College, Jabalpur (M.P .)

Geology - (1) Prof. Dr . R.S. Raghuvanshi, Govt. Motilal Science College, Bhop al (M.P.)

(2) Prof. Dr . Suyesh Kumar , Govt. Adarsh College, Gwalior (M.P .)

Medical Science - (1) Dr.H.G. Varudhkar , R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain (M.P .)

Microbiology Sci. - (1) Anurag D. Zaveri, Biocare Research (I) Pvt. Lt d., Ahmedabad (Gujarat)

***** Commerce *****

Commerece - (1) Prof. Dr . P.K. Jain, Govt. Hamidia College, Bhop al (M.P.)

(2) Prof. Dr . Shailendra Bharal, Govt. Kalidas Girls College, Ujjain (M.P .)

(3) Prof. Dr . Laxman Parwal, Govt. Commerce College, Ratlam (M.P .)

***** Management *****

Management - (1) Prof. Dr . Rameshwar Soni, HOD, Research Centre, V ikram University , Ujjain (M.P.)

(2) Prof. Dr . Anand T iwari, Govt. Autonomus PG Girls Excellence College, Sagar (M.P .)

Human Resources - (1) Prof. Dr . Harwinder Soni, Pacific Business School, Udaipur (Raj.)

Business Administration - (1) Prof. Dr . Kapildev Sharma, Govt. Girls PG College, Kot a (Raj.)

***** Law *****

Law - (1) Prof. Dr . S.N. Sharma, Princip al, Govt. Madhav Law College, Ujjain (M.P .)

(2) Prof. Dr . Narendra Kumar Jain, Princip al, Shri Jawaharlal Nehru PG Law College,

Mandsaur (M.P .)

***** Art s *****

Economics - (1) Prof. Dr . P.C. Ranka, Sri Sit aram Jaju Govt. Girls PG College, Neemuch (M.P .)

(2) Prof. Dr . J.P. Mishra, Govt. Maharaja Autonomus College, Chhatt arpur (M.P.)

(3) Prof. Dr . Anjana Jain, M.L.B. Govt. Girls PG College, Kila Maidan, Indore (M.P .)

Political Science - (1) Prof. Dr . Ravindra Sohoni, Govt. PG College, Mandsaur (M.P .)

(2) Prof. Dr . Anil Jain, Govt. Girls College, Ratlam (M.P .)

(3) Prof. Dr . Sulekha Mishra, Mankuwar Bai Govt. Arts & Commerce College, Jabalpur (M.P .)

Philosophy - (1) Prof. Dr . Hemant Namdev , Govt. Madhav Art s, Commerce & Law College, Ujjain (M.P .)

Sociology - (1) Prof. Dr . Uma Lavania, Govt. Girls College, Bina (M.P .)

(2) Prof. Dr . H.L. Phulvare, Govt. PG College, Dhar (M.P .)

(3) Prof. Dr . Indira Burman, Govt. Home Science College, Hoshangabad (M.P .)

Hindi - (1) Prof. Dr .Vandana Agnihotri, Chairperson, Devi Ahilya University , Indore (M.P.)

Referee Board


(2) Prof. Dr . Kala Joshi , ABV Govt. Arts & Commerce College, Indore (M.P .)

(3) Prof. Dr . Chanda Talera Jain, M.J.B. Govt. Girls P .G. College, Indore (M.P.)

(4) Prof. Dr . Jaya Priyadarshini Shukla, V ansthali V idyapeeth (Raj.)

(5) Prof. Dr . Amit Shukla, Govt. Thakur Ranmat singh College, Rewa (M.P .)

English - (1) Prof. Dr . Ajay Bhargava, Govt. College, Badnagar (M.P .)

(2) Prof. Dr . Manjari Agnihotri, Govt. Girls College, Sehore (M.P .)

Sanskrit - (1) Prof. Dr . Bhawana Srivast ava, Govt. Autonomus Maharani Laxmibai Girls PG College,

Bhop al (M.P.)

(2) Prof. Dr . Balkrishan Prajap ati, Govt. PG College, Ganjbasauda, Distt. V idisha (M.P .)

History - (1) Prof. Dr . Naveen Gidiyan, Govt. Autonomus Girls PG Excellence College, Sagar (M.P .)

Geography - (1) Prof. Dr . Rajendra Srivast ava, Govt. College, Pipliya Mandi, Distt. Mandsaur (M.P .)

(2) Prof. Kajol Moitra, Dr . C.V. Raman University , Bilaspur (C.G .)

Psychology - (1) Prof. Dr . Kamna Verma, Princip al, Govt. Rajmat a Sindhiya Girls PG College,

Chhindwara (M.P .)

(2) Prof. Dr . Saroj Kothari, Govt. Maharani Laxmibai Girls PG College, Indore (M.P .)

Drawing - (1) Prof. Dr . Alp ana Upadhyay , Govt. Madhav Art s-Commerce-Law College. Ujjain (M.P .)

(2) Prof. Dr . Rekha Srivast ava, Maharani Laxmibai Govt. Girls PG College, Bhop al (M.P.)

(3) Prof. Dr . Yatindera Mahobe, Govt. Girls College, Narsinghpur (M.P .)

Music/Dance - (1) Prof. Dr . Bhawana Grover (Kathak),Swami V ivekanand Subharti University , Meerut (U.P.)

(2) Prof. Dr . Srip ad Aronkar , Rajmat a Sindhiya Govt. Girls College, Chhindwara (M.P .)

***** Home Science *****

Diet/Nutrition - (1) Prof.Dr . Pragati Desai, Govt. Maharani Laxmibai Girls PG College, Indore (M.P .)

Science (2) Prof. Madhu Goyal, Swami Keshavanand Home Science College, Bikaner (Raj.)

(3) Prof. Dr . Sandhya V erma, Govt. Art s & Commerce College, Raipur (Chhattisgarh)

Human - (1) Prof. Dr . Meenakshi Mathur , HOD, Jainarayan V yas University , Jodhpur (Raj.)

Development (2) Prof. Dr . Abha T iwari, HOD, Research Centre, Rani Durgawati University , Jabalpur (M.P .)

Family Resource - (1) Prof. Dr . Manju Sharma, Mat a Jijabai Govt. Girls PG College, Moti T abela,

Management Indore (M.P.)

(2) Prof. Dr . Namrat a Arora, V ansthali V idhyapeeth (Raj.)

***** Education *****

Education - (1) Prof. Dr . Manorama Mathur , Mahindra College of Education, Bangluru (Karnat aka)

(2) Prof. Dr . N.M.G. Mathur , Princip al/Dean, Pacific EducationCollege, Udaipur (Raj.)

(3) Prof. Dr . Neena Aneja, Princip al, A.S. College Of Education, Khanna (Punjab)

(4) Prof. Dr . Satish Gill, Shiv College of Education,T igaon, Faridabad (Haryana)

***** Architecture *****

Architecture - (1) Prof. Kiran P . Shindey , Princip al,School of Architecture,IPS Academy , Indore (M.P.)

***** Physical Education *****

Physical Education - (1) Prof. Dr . Joginder Singh, Physical Education, Pacific University , Udaipur (Raj.)

***** Library Science *****

Library Science - (1) Dr. Anil Sirothia, Govt. Maharaja College, Chhatt arpur (M.P.)

*************


1. Prof. Dr . Davendra Rathore - Govt. PG College, Neemuch (M.P .)2. Prof. Smt. V ijaya W adhwa - Govt. Girls PG College, Neemuch (M.P .)3. Dr. Surendra Shakt awat - Gyanodaya Institute of Management - T echnology , Neemuch (M.P.)4. Prof. Dr . Devilal Ahir - Govt. College, Jawad, Distt. Neemuch (M.P .)5. Shri Ashish Dwivedi - Govt. College, Manasa, Distt. Neemuch (M.P .)6. Prof. Manoj Mahajan - Govt. College, Sonkach, Distt. Dewas (M.P .)7. Shri Umesh Sharma - Krishna Education College, Javi, Distt. Neemuch (M.P .)8. Prof. Dr . S.P. Panwar - Govt. PG College, Mandsaur (M.P .)9. Prof. Dr . Puralal Patidar - Govt. Girls College, Mandsaur (M.P .)10. Prof. Dr . Kshitij Purohit - Jain Art s, Commerce & Science College, Mandsaur (M.P .)11. Prof. Dr . N.K. Patidar - Govt. College, Pipliyamandi, Distt. Mandsaur (M.P .)12. Prof. Dr . Y.K. Mishra - Govt. Arts & Commerce College, Ratlam (M.P .)13. Prof. Dr . Suresh Kat aria - Govt. Girls College, Ratlam (M.P .)14. Prof. Dr . Abhay Pathak - Govt. Commerce College, Ratlam (M.P .)15. Prof. Dr . Malsingh Chouhan - Govt. College, Sailana, Distt. Ratlam (M.P .)16. Prof. Dr . Gendalal Chouhan - Govt. V ikram College, Khachrod, Distt. Ujjain (M.P .)17. Prof. Dr . Prabhakar Mishra - Govt. College, Mahid pur , Distt. Ujjain (M.P .)18. Prof. Dr . Prakash Kumar Jain - Govt. Madhav Art s, Commerce & Law College, Ujjain (M.P .)19. Prof. Dr . Kamla Chauhan - Govt. Kalidas Girls College, Ujjain (M.P .)20. Prof. Abha Dixit - Govt. Girls PG College, Ujjain (M.P .)21. Prof. Dr . Pankaj Maheshwari - Govt. College, T arana, Distt. Ujjain (M.P .)22. Prof. Dr . D.C. Rathi - Swami V ivekanand Career Gudiance Deptt., Higher Education Deptt.,

M.P. Govt., Indore (M.P .)23. Prof. Dr . Anit a Gagrade - Govt. Holkar Science College, Indore (M.P .)24. Prof. Dr . Sanjay Pandit - Govt. M.J.B. Girls PG College, Moti T abela, Indore (M.P .)25. Prof.Dr . Rambabu Gupt a - Govt. Arts & Commerce College, Indore (M.P .)26. Prof. Dr . Anjana Saxena - Govt. Maharani Laxmibai Girls PG College, Indore (M.P .)27. Prof. Dr . Sonali Nargunde - Journalism & Mass Comm .Research Centre, D.A.V .V., Indore (M.P.)28. Prof. Dr . Bharti Joshi - Life Education Dep artment, Devi Ahilya University , Indore (M.P.)29. Prof. Dr . M.D. Somani - Govt. M.J.B. Girls PG College, Moti T abela, Indore (M.P .)30. Prof. Dr . Priti Bhatt - Govt. N.S.P. Science College, Indore (M.P .)31. Prof. Dr . Sanjay Prasad - Govt. College, Sanwer , Distt. Indore (M.P .)32. Prof. Dr . Meena Matkar - Suganidevi Girls College, Indore (M.P .)33. Prof. Dr . Mohan W askel - Govt. College, Thandla Distt. Jhabua (M.P .)34. Prof. Dr . Nitin Sahariya - Govt. College, Kotma Distt. Anooppur (M.P .)35. Prof. Dr . Manju Rajoriya - Govt. Girls College, Dewas (M.P .)36. Prof. Dr . Shahjad Qureshi - Govt. New Arts & Science College, Mundi, Distt. Khandwa (M.P .)37. Prof. Dr . Shail Bala Sanghi - Maharani Lakshmibai Govt. Girls PG College, Bhop al (M.P.)38. Prof. Dr . Praveen Ojha - Shri Bhagwat Sahay Govt. PG College, Gwalior (M.P .)39. Prof. Dr . Omprakash Sharma - Govt. PG College, Sheopur (M.P .)40. Prof. Dr . S.K. Shrivast ava - Govt. V ijayaraje Girls PG College, Gwalior (M.P .)41. Prof. Dr . Anoop Moghe - Govt. Kamlaraje Girls PG College, Gwalior (M.P .)42. Prof. Dr . Hemlata Chouhan - Govt. College, Badnagar (M.P .)43. Prof. Dr . Maheshchandra Gupt a - Govt. PG College, Khargone (M.P .)44. Prof. Dr . Mangla Thakur - Govt. PG College, Badhwah, Distt. Khargone (M.P .)45. Prof. Dr . K.R. Kumhekar - Govt College, Sanawad, Distt. Khargone(M.P .)46. Prof. Dr . R.K. Yadav - Govt. Girls College, Khargone (M.P .)

Spokesperson's


47. Prof. Dr . Asha Sakhi Gupt a - Govt. PG College, Badwani (M.P .)48. Prof. Dr . Hemsingh Mandloi - Govt. PG College, Dhar (M.P .)49. Prof. Dr . Prabha Pandey - Govt. PG College, Mehar , Distt. Satna (M.P .)50. Prof. Dr . Rajesh Kumar - Govt. College, Amarp atan, Distt. Satna (M.P .)51. Prof. Dr . Ravendra singh Pate l - Govt. PG College, Satna (M.P .)52. Prof. Dr . Manoharlal Gupt a - Govt. PG College, Rajgarh, Biora (M.P .)53. Prof. Dr . Madhusudan Prakash - Govt. College, Ganjbasauda, Distt. V idisha (M.P .)54. Prof. Dr . Yuwraj Shirvat ava - Dr. C.V. Raman Univeristy , Bilaspur (C.G .)55. Prof. Dr . Sunil V ajpai - Govt. T ilak PG College, Katni (M.P .)56. Prof. Dr . B.S. Sisodiya - Govt. PG College, Dhar (M.P58. Prof. Dr . A. K. Pandey - Govt. Girls College, Satna (M.P .)58. Prof. Dr . Shashi Prabha Jain - Govt. PG College, Agar-Malwa (M.P .)59. Prof. Dr . Niyaz Ansari - Govt. College, Sinhaval, Distt. Sidhi (M.P .)60. Prof. Dr . ArjunSingh Baghel - Govt. College, Harda (M.P .)61. Dr. Suresh Kumar V imal - Govt. College, Bansadehi, Distt. Betul (M.P .)62. Prof. Dr . Amar Chand Jain - Govt. Arts & Commerce College, Sagar (M.P .)63. Prof. Dr . Rashmi Dubey - Govt. Autonomus Girls PG Excellence College, Sagar (M.P .)64. Prof. Dr . A.K. Jain - Govt. PG College, Bina, Distt. Sagar (M.P .)65. Prof. Dr . Sandhya T ikekar - Govt. Girls College, Bina, Distt. Sagar (M.P .)66. Prof. Dr . Rajiv Sharma - Govt. Narmada PG College, Hoshangabad (M.P .)67. Prof. Dr . Rashmi Srivast ava - Govt. Home Science College, Hoshangabad (M.P .)68. Prof. Dr . Laxmikant Chandela - Govt. Autonomus PG College, Chhindwara (M.P .)69. Prof. Dr . Balram Singotiya - Govt. College, Saunsar , Distt. Chhindwara (M.P .)70. Prof. Dr . Vimmi Bahel - Govt. College, Kalapip al, Distt. Shajapur (M.P .)71. Prof. Aprajit a Bhargava - R.D.Public School, Betul (M.P)72. Prof. Dr . Meenu Gajala Khan - Govt. College, Maksi, Distt. Shajap aur (M.P.)73. Prof. Dr . Pallavi Mishra - Govt. College, Mauganj Distt. Rewa (M.P .)74. Prof. Dr . N.P. Sharma - Govt. College, Datia (M.P .)75. Prof. Dr . Jaya Sharma - Govt. Girls College, Sehore (M.P .)76. Prof. Dr . Sunil Somwanshi - Govt. College, Nep anagar , Distt. Burhanpur (M.P .)77. Prof. Dr . Ishrat Khan - Govt. College, Raisen (M.P .)78. Prof. Dr . Kamlesh Singh Negi - Govt. PG College, Sehore (M.P .)79. Prof. Dr . Bhawana Thakur - Govt. College, Rehati, Distt. Sehore (M.P .)80. Prof. Dr . Keshavmani Sharma - Pandit Balkrishan Sharma New Govt. College, Shajapur (M.P .)81. Prof. Dr . Renu Rajesh - Govt. Nehru Leading College ,Ashok Nagar (M.P .)82. Prof. Dr . Avinash Dubey - Govt. PG College, Khandwa (M.P .)83. Prof. Dr . V.K. Dixit - Chhatrasal Govt. PG College, Panna (M.P .)84. Prof. Dr . Ram Awdesh Sharma - M.J.S. Govt. PG College, Bhind (M.P .)85. Prof. Dr . Manoj Kr . Agnihotri - Sarojini Naidu Govt. Girls PG College, Bhop al (M.P.)86. Prof. Dr . Sameer Kr . Shukla - Govt. Chandra V ijay College, Dhindori (M.P .)87. Prof. Dr . Anoop Parsai - Govt. J. Yoganand Chattisgarh PG College, Raipur (Chattisgarh )88. Prof. Dr . Anil Kumar Jain - Vardhaman Mahavir Open University , Kot a (Rajasthan)89. Prof. Dr . Kavit a Bhadiriya - Govt. Girls College, Barwani (M.P .)90. Prof. Dr . Archana V ishith - Govt. Rajrishi College, Alwar (Rajasthan)91. Prof. Dr . Kalpana Parikh - S.S.G. Parikh PG College, Udaipur (Rajasthan)92. Prof. Dr . Gajendra Siroha - Pacific University , Udaipur (Rajasthan)93. Prof. Dr . Krishna Pensia - Harish Anjana College, Chhotisadri, Distt. Prat apgarh (Rajasthan)94. Prof. Dr . Pradeep Singh - Central University Haryana, Mahendragarh (Haryana)95. Prof. Dr . Smriti Agarwal - Research Consult ant, New Delhi


Evaluation Of Antidiabetic Activity In Vitro StudiesOf Successive Extract Of Vinca Rosea Roots

Manoj Kumar Gajbhiye * Anun Kakkar ** Praveen Koushley ***

*Natural Product Lab (Chemistry) Govt. Science College, Jabalpur (M.P .) INDIA**Natural Product Lab (Chemistry) Govt. Science College, Jabalpur (M.P .) INDIA

***Govt. J. S. T. P. G. College, Balaghat (M.P .) INDIA


.Global Journal of biotechnology & biochemistry 4 (3),37-42

11. Biovin M, Zinsmeister AR, GOVL Mayo (1987), ClinProc,; 62: 249-255

12. Mohammed A, Adelaiye AB, Bakari AG, Mabrouk MA,(2009): International journal of Medicine and MedicinalScience, 1 (12)530-535

13. Cheng, A.Y.Y., and I.G. Fantus, (2005), Oralantihyperglycemic therapy for type II diabetes mellituscan Med Assoc. J, 172: 213-226

14. Upadhyay RK, and Ahmad S, (2011), Managementstrategies for control of stored Grain insect pests informer stores and public ware house world Journal ofAgricutural science, 7(5):527-549

15. De Sales PM., PM de Souza, LA Simeoni, PO.Magalhaes and D Silveira (2012), Amylase inhibitors:A review of raw materials and isolated compound fromplant source. J pharma Sci, 15, 141-183

16. Marles, R., Farnsworth, N. (1994), Plant as source of

antidiabetic agents. In: Wagner, H. Farnsworth, N.R.(Eds.), Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, 6 149-187.

17. Buyukbalci, A. and E. Sedef Nehire (2008),Determination of in vitro antidiabetic effects, antioxidantactivities and phenol contents of some herbal teas.Plant food Hum. Nutr. 63, 27-33

18. Wealth of India –Raw materials vol-II, V revised Edition,6, 7.

19. Jung M, Park M, Chul H.L, Kang Y, Seok-kang E, Ki-King S, (2006), Antidiabetic agents from medicinalplants.Curr. Med. Chem., 13(10), 1203-18.

20. Iniyan G.Tamil, B. Dineshkumar, M. Nandhakumar, M.Senthilkumar, and A. Mitra (2010), In vitro study on á-amylase inhibitory activity of an Indian medicinal plantPhyllanthusamarus, Indian J Pharmacol.; 42(5), 280–282.

21. McCue P, Vattem D, Shetty K. (2004), Inhibitory effectof clonal oregano extracts against porcine pancreaticamylase in vitro. Asia Pac J. ClinNutr; 13, 401-8.

*************


Abstract - The purpose of this study is to evaluate the faunal seasonal diversity in the river Narmada at Jabalpur.Jabalpur city is located in the heart of the country. The location of Jabalpur is 23010' North latitude and 79059' Eastlongitude . The city of Jabalpur is the administrative headquarters of the district. The area of the district is 10,160 km2

having population of 2,460,714 (2011 census). Jabalpur District is located in the mahakosal region of Madhya Pradesh,on the divide between the watersheds of Narmada and the Sone. Jabalpur situated at a distance of 309 km, fromAmarkantak. The Total distance covered by the Narmada river in Jabalpur is 35 km, the Narmada river in Jabalpur isbeing polluted from several sources the discharge of sewage, domestic wastes, dairy effluents, washing of cloths,bathing of cattle , ashes remains of bodies after cremation, plastics, flowers, Garlands , oily substance, floatingsuspected matter, organic contamination, oil & grease and various organic and inorganic matter including Polythenebags etc. Annual fairs and festivals increase the pollution load in the river proportionate the number of visitors and ittakes longer time to recover during low water periods. Faunal are good indicators of water quality and they differ intheir sensitivity to water pollution. Some faunal are very sensitive to pollution and cannot survive in polluted water.Others are less sensitive to pollution and can be found even in much polluted water. This study has been carried outfrom March 2009 to Feb 2010 in four monitoring site of Narmada river at Jabalpur at Jabalpur. Surveys of India Topo-sheet no. 55M/16 64 A/8 on the scale of two cm equal to 1 km were used to pinpoint the approachable sites. Twelvewater quality parameters were selected for an analysis of the each site. Water samples from selected sampling siteswere collected in porcelain and sterilized polyethylene bottles of IL capacity in the morning between 8 to 10 a.m. Theentire chemicals used were (AR) grade. The water sample analyzed as per standard methods prescribed by APHA(1985) and Trivedy and Goel (1986). Some parameters as temp, colour, pH, odor , D.O are analyzed at the field itself.The collected samples transported to laboratory in the ice boxes. Analyzed vizh. Hardness , calcium, magnesium,alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, and chloride. All the sampling station shows the bad water quality, unsatisfactory fordrinking purposes. A total 43 taxa were recorded in four sampling site. These taxa divided in four group 1. Intolerant topollution 2. Moderately intolerant to pollution 3. Fairly tolerant to pollution 4. Very tolerant to pollution. Whiletolerance levels can actually vary by species and different species can have varying tolerances levels can actuallyvary by species and different species can have varying tolerances to specific pollutants, the levels given are generalizedfor the family of organism. Water quality and faunal diversity index were calculated (Water quality index and Simpson’sdiversity index)Key - words - Bio - indicator, Faunal diversity, Water quality, Water quality index, Narmada.

Species As Bio - Indicators Of Water Pollution InNarmada River At Jabalpur

Dr. Bazgha Athar * Dr. Gohar Hujaifa Khan **

Introduction - Jabalpur city is located in the heart of thecountry. The city of Jabalpur is the administrativeheadquarters of the district. The area of the district is 10,160km2 having population of 2,167,469 (2001 census).Jabalpur District is located in the Mahakoshal region ofMadhya Pradesh, on the divided between the watershedsof river Narmada and river Sone. Jabalpur is situated at adistance of 309 km from Amarkantak. Jabalpur lies on thebanks of the Narmada River and sprawls over the plains ofits tributaries Hiran, Gaur, ken & Sone. Geographically, thecity is located at 23010' North latitude and 79057' Eastlongitude, at an altitude of 393 meters above mean sea

*Environment al Research Laboratory P .G. Deptt. of Environment al Science Govt. Model Science College,Jabalpur (M.P.) INDIA

**Govt. (Autonomous) P .G. College, Satna (M.P .) INDIA

level. During recent years serious concern has been voicedabout the rapidly deteriorating fresh water bodies ofJabalpur with respect to pollution. But at present, NarmadaRiver is facing a number of serious environmental andecological challenges. The purity and freshness of our riverwater is now lost.

Faunal species owing to their wide variation ofresponse to pollutants have been extensively utilized toevaluate quality of aquatic systems. Seasonal samples ofthe macro invertebrate community can indicate the effectsof pollutant sources which may not have been detected byeither physico-chemical sampling of continuous monitoring


of a restricted range of parameter. Biological monitoring,or bio-monitoring, is the systematic use of living organismsof their responses to determine the quality of the aquaticenvironment (Barbour and Paul, 2010).

Fauna roles in the ecosystem are one of the mostimportant environmental habitats. Species communitiescontain important part of aquatic organisms in riverenvironments. The aquatic organisms are exposed toanthropogenic disturbances as well as natural change intheir habitats which cause them to react in different ways.There fore aquatic organisms have an importantMacrobenthose diversity is closely related to bothenvironmental factors and anthropogenic alteration (Nouriet al.., 2008). Diversity indices are generally scalarecological indicators. Using these indices is common inecological analysis. Species diversity indicates the statusof the ecosystems (Izsak, 2007). Macrobenthicassemblages have been used to indicate stress as theyare sensitive to pollution and are also different due to thesensitivity degree. Based of sensitivity role in bioassessment (Mooraki et al., 2009; Girgin, 2010).Materials And Methods - Monthly water samples of riverNarmada at Jabalpur were collected at Jamtara ghat,Jilaheri ghat Tilwara ghat and Lamhata ghat station duringthe year 2009-2010. Water samples from selected samplingsites were collected in porcelain and sterilized polyethylenebottles of IL capacity in the morning between 8 to 10 a.m.The collected samples transported to laboratory in the iceboxes. Analyzed viz.-Hardness, calcium, magnesium,alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, and chloride. Immediately aftercollection samples at site while other parameters areanalyzed in laboratory within six hours as per the standardmethods. The entire chemicals used were (AR) grade. Thewater sample analyzed as per standard methods prescribedby APHA (1985) and Trivedy and Goel (1986). The aquaticinsects were collected by aquatic insects net (Mesh size40-80/cm2) from water body monthly and the average countswere recorded ; Insects were sorted out order wise andpreserved with 70% alcohol with few drops of glycerin forstudies. they were taken into the laboratory for identification.Result s -Physico - chemical parameter analysis of Narmada riverwater has been conducted during the year 2008 - 2009 atJamtara ghat Jilaheri ghat Tilwara ghat and Lamhata ghatstation. The data from the water analysis are shown in Tableland2. Results given as seasonal mean values, the watertemperatures range between 32.750C to 35.250C in thesummer season. In the Rainy season temperatures rangebetween 270C to 280C In the winter season temperaturesrange between 18.50C to 21.750C (Figure-1) Water pHlevels increased and decreasing in sampling ghats. pHvalues ranged from 8.5 to 8.27 in the summer season. Inthe Rainy season pH range between 9 to 9.2 in the winterseason pH range between 7.8 to 8.1 (Figure-2) Hardnessvalues ranged from 520 to 595 mg/1. In the summerseason. In the Rainy season hardness range between 510

to 560 mg/1 in the Winter season Hardness range between400 to 495. (Figure-3) calcium values ranged from 230 to290 mg/1 in the total 27 species of insect fauna werecollected during the study time. Abundance and diversitywere related mainly to Do concentration The collection ishigher in summer season and lower in winter season. Indexresult shows higher pollution load during the summerseason at Tilwara ghat. The lower pollution load duringwinter season at Jilaheri ghat. stoneflies are oftenconsidered to be clean water benthos. But when thinkingabout worms and midges, water quality professionals oftenview these as indicators of dirty water, especially in riversand streams. There are few photograph given viz. mayfly ,Dragonfly , Damselfly , stonefly, water Strider, Giant waterBug, Water Scorpion , Caddisfly , Predaceous Diving Beetlewas collected at river Narmada. All these species found asa indicator river pollution fig.(11, 12 and 13).Some class I organisms - Pollution intolerant. Theseorganisms are highly sensitive to PollutionSome class II organisms - Pollution intolerant. Theseorganisms will be found in clean and slightly polluted waterSome class III organisms - Pollution intolerant. Theseorganisms will be found in polluted waterDiscussion - There are a great variety of bio-indicatorpresent in Narmada river Some invertebrates are sensitivein pollution of poor water quality while others are able tosurvive more demanding conditions . The presence orabsence of certain types of invertebrates is one indicationof the quality of water in that place. Adverse effects ofinvasive species on ecosystems have been discussed byseveral authors (e.g. Lodge, 1993; Cairns & Bidwell , 1996;Torchin et al., 2003). The advantage of bioindicators overchemical of physical detectors is their ability to supplyextensive both spatially and temporally - rather than limitedand instantaneous data, thus making such information more“representative” . Kumar et al. (2002) similar study reportedthat river Krishni have been studied and results indicate amarked variations in biological characteristics and itsdiversity at the different sampling points. the faunal speciesare highly sensitive to the polluted water. In many instancesthe bio indicator takes samples for us-a service that isundoubtedly valuable even though it must be linked to asound knowledge of the organism’s “ethogram” and biologyso as to arrive at a scientifically legitimate interpretation ofthe data provided (Giorgio Celli 1992)Conclusion - Narmada river is losing its values due to theparticular pollution situation at specific areas as Jamtaraghat, Jilehari ghat, Tilwara ghat and Lamheta ghat atJabalpur. The values goes very high in summer monthsbecause of concentration of various organic wastes andhuman activities. It can, there fore, be concluded from thepresent investigation that the water of the Narmada river ispolluted. Aquatic insects offer and excellent way to examinebiological aspects of water quality and scientists in manycountries are increasingly using water quality criteria basedon insect. This study provides evidence that the Bio-


indicator such as stoneflies is being increasingly used asindicators of water quality.References:-1. APHA (1985)- Standard methods for the examination

of waste water ( 16th ed ). American Public HealthAssociation and Water Pollution Control Federation ,Washington D.C. p.p. 2-1193.

2. Barbour M.T. and Pual M.j. (2010). Adding value towater resource through biological assessment of riverHydrobiologia , 651:17-24.

3. Bhatt, J.P. and Pandit, M.K. (2010). A new macro -invertebrate based new index to monitor river waterquality Current science, 99(2):196-203.

4. Cairns, J. Jr. & J.R. Bidwell, (1996)- Discontinuities intechnological and natural systems caused by exoticspecies Biodiversity and Conservation 5: 1085-1094

5. Giorgio. Celli (1992). Bio - indicators in the monitoringof environmental pollution Aerobiologia volume 8Number 1.

6. Kumar, Neeraj, Sharma R.C.(2002). water quality ofriver krishni (Part-2 Biological Characteristics andbioindicators J Nature conse Vator 14(2):299-333.

7. Lodge, D.M. (1993) Biological invasions - lessons forecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8: 133_137 .

8. Trivedy, R.K. and Goel, P.K. (1990) Chemical andBiological methods for water pollution studiesEnvironmental Publication Post Box 60. Karad415110.

9. Torchin M.E. K.D. Lafferty, A.P. Dobson, V.J. McKenzie& A.M. Kuris,(2003). Introduced species and theirmissing parasites Nature 421:628- 630.

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Abstract - Quality of ground water of M.P. Nagar Zone 1 area, Bhopal, M.P, India has been determined by analyzingits physico chemical Parameters such as Temperature, Turbidity, pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Total DissolvedSolids (TDS), Total Alkalinity (TA), Total Hardness (TH), Calcium Hardness (CaH), Magnesium Hardness (MgH),Chloride (Cl), Sulphate (SO

4) and Nitrate (NO

3). Samples were analyzed for a periods of one year from November

2016 to October 2017.Key Words - Ground water, physico chemical parameters, statistical analysis, correlation, pollutant.

A Statistical Approach To Multivariate AnalysisOf Ground Water Quality

Dr. Neelu Singhai *

Introduction - Water is one of the most importantcompounds to the ecosystem. Better quality of waterdescribed by its physical, chemical and biologicalcharacteristics. But some correlation was possible amongthese parameters and the significant one would be usefulto indicate quality of water. Human and ecological use ofground water depends upon ambient water quality. Humanalteration of the landscape has an extensive influence onwatershed hydrology[1]. Rapidly shrinking surface waterresources due to over-exploitation and resultedcontamination with several chemical and biological agentsall over the globe has shifted tremendous pressure on thegroundwater resources[2]. The health effects of unsafepotable water are most apparent in the developing countries,among the unfortunately communities that suffer fromscarcity of the clean water resources[3]. The natural aquaticresources are causing heavy and varied pollution in aquaticenvironment leading to water quality and depletion of aquaticbiota due to increased human population, use of fertilizersin agriculture and man-made activity. Therefore it isnecessary to check drinking water quality at regular timeinterval. Ground water is ultimate and most suitable freshwater resource. The problem in case of water qualitymonitoring is the complexity associated with analysis of thelarge number of measured variables. In recent years aneasier and simpler approach based on statistical correlation,has been developed using mathematical relationship forcomparison of physico chemical parameters[4]. In presentstudy involves the analysis of ground water quality in termsof physico chemical parameters of M.P. Nagar Zone 1 area,Bhopal, M.P, India.Materials and methods - Samples from tube well werecollected from the outlet after flushing water for 10–15minutes in order to remove the stagnant water. All thesamples collected in tight capped high quality sterilized

*Asst. Professor (Chemistry) Govt. M.V .M., Bhop al (M.P.) INDIA

polyethylene bottles were immediately transported to thelaboratory under low temperature conditions in ice boxes.The samples were stored in the laboratory at 4°C untilprocessed/analyzed. The collected samples were kept inthe refrigerator maintained at 4°C and analyzed for a fewimportant parameters in order to have an idea on the qualityof drinking water. Standard procedures involving AASspectrophotometers, flame photometry, volumetric analysisand other related instruments were used for thedetermination of temperature, turbidity, pH, electricalconductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, totalhardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness,sulphate, chloride and nitrate[5]. All the chemicals used wereof AR grade. SPSS® statistical package was used forcorrelation studies among various Parameters.Result s and discussion - The monthly variation in physicochemical Parameters are presented in Table 1. (See in thelast p age)Temperature - Water temperature plays an important rolein deciding the chemical, Biochemical and Biologicalcharacteristics of water body[6]. In the present study watertemperature varies from 26.2°C to 23.6°C. The maximum(26.2°C) temperature was recorded in the month of May(summer) and minimum (23.6°C) in the month of December(winter). The maximum permitted standard of drinking wateris 25°C.Turbidity - Suspension of particles in water interfering withpassage of light is called turbidity. As per IS: 10500-2012the acceptable and permissible limits of turbidity are 1 and5 NTU respectively. In the present study water turbidityvaries from 1.1 to 3.4 NTU. The maximum (3.4) turbiditywas recorded in the month of June (summer) and minimum(1.1) in the month of January (winter). Ideally drinking watershould have a turbidity of <1 NTU for aesthetic quality aswell as for efficient disinfection.


pH - As per IS: 10500-2012 desirable limit for pH is 6.5-8.5and no relaxation in permissible limit. In the Present Studywater pH varies from 7.25 to 8.95. The maximum pH value(8.95) was recorded in the month of June and minimum(7.25) in the month of December. Corrosion effects maybecome significant at a pH below 6.5 and scaling maybecome a problem at a pH above 8.5.Electrical conductivity - Conductivity is the capacity ofwater to carry an electrical current and varies both withnumber and types of ions the solution contains. In thepresent study water EC varies from 400 to 542 micro mhocm-1. The maximum EC (542) was recorded in the monthof June (summer) and minimum (400) in the month ofJanuary (winter). The conductance of water in the studyarea has values greater than the maximum permissible limit(0.3 mmho cm-1) of USPH and indicates that water ismarkedly polluted with its reference.Total dissolved Solids - High values of TDS in groundwater are generally not harmful to human beings but highconcentration of these may affect persons who are sufferingfrom kidney and heart diseases. TDS values in the studiedarea varied between 183-349 mg/l. As per IS: 10500-2012desirable limit and permissible limit for TDS is 500 and 2000mg/l respectively.Total Alkalinity - Various ionic species that contribute tothe alkalinity include hydroxide, carbonates, bicarbonatesand organic acids. Alkalinity value in the studied domesticarea varied between 157-250 mg/l. As per IS: 10500-2012desirable limit and permissible limit for total alkalinity is 200and 600 mg/l respectively.Hardness - The total hardness is relatively high in allsamples due to the presence of calcium, magnesium,chloride and sulphate ions. Hardness value in the studiedarea varied between 270-396 mg/l. The maximum value ofhardness (396) was recorded in the month of April (summer)and minimum (270) in the month of December. Hujarereported total hardness was high during summer thanmonsoon and winter[7]. High value of hardness duringsummer can be attributed to decrease in water volume andincrease of rate of evaporation of water. As per IS: 10500-2012 desirable limit and permissible limit for hardness liesbetween 200 to 600 mg/l respectively.Calcium Hardness - Calcium hardness value in the studiedarea varied between 116-186 mg/l. If calcium is presentbeyond the maximum acceptable limit, it causes incrustationof pipes, poor lathering and deterioration of the quality ofclothes. As per IS: 10500-2012 desirable and permissiblelimit for calcium is 75 and 200 mg/l respectively.Magnesium Hardness - Magnesium hardness value in thestudied area varied between 112-216 mg/l. Too highmagnesium will adversely affect crop yields as the soilsbecome more alkaline. As per IS: 10500-2012 desirableand permissible limit for Magnesium is 30 and 100 mg/lrespectively.Chloride - Chloride value in the studied area varied between175-278 mg/l. The maximum value (278mg/l) was recorded

in the month of May (summer) and minimum value (175mg/l) in the month of February. Similar results were alsoreported earlier[8]. As per IS: 10500-2012 desirable andpermissible limit for chloride is 250 and 1000 mg/lrespectively. Chloride content above the permissible limitchanges the taste of water which may become objectionableto the consumer.Sulphate - Sulphate occurs naturally in water as a result ofleaching from gypsum and other common minerals.Sulphate value in the studied area varied between 47-95mg/l. Ingestion of water with high sulphates causes laxativeeffect and gastro-intestinal irritation. As per IS: 10500-2012Desirable and permissible limit for Sulphate is 200 and 400mg/l respectively.Nitrate - Ground water contains nitrate due to leaching ofnitrate with the percolating water and by sewage and otherwastes rich in nitrates. Nitrate is produced from chemicaland fertilizer factories, matters of animals, declinevegetables, domestic and industrial discharge Nitrate valuein the studied area varied between 22-49 mg/l. As per IS:10500-2012 desirable limit for nitrate is maximum 45 andno relaxation in permissible limit.Correlation S tudies - Interrelationship studies amongdifferent water quality parameters are very helpful inunderstanding geochemistry of the studied area. Theregression equations for the parameters having significantcorrelation coefficients are useful to estimate theconcentration of other constituents. Values of correlationcoefficient among different parameters are presented inTable2. (See in the last p age)

A positive and significant correlation has been observedamong various parameters. Temperature shows significantcorrelation with turbidity, TDS, TA, Cl and SO

4 indicating

that turbidity TDS, TA, Cl and SO4 increases with rise in

temperature. Turbidity shows significant correlation with EC,TA, Cl and SO

4 indicating that the EC, TA, Cl and SO

4

increases with rise in turbidity. pH shows significantcorrelation with MgH indicating that magnesium hardnessincreases with rise in pH. TDS shows significant correlationwith TA, TH, and Cl indicating that the TDS is due to Caand Mg chloride. Alkalinity shows significant correlationwith magnesium and Cl indicating that the alkaline natureof ground water is mainly due to magnesium chloride.Magnesium shows good correlation with sulphate indicatingthat magnesium is associated with sulphate in water of thestudied area.Conclusion - Water quality is dependent on the type ofthe pollutant added and the nature of mineral found atparticular zone of bore well. Estimation of water quality indexthrough formulation of appropriate using methods andevaluate the quality of tube well water by statistical analysis.According to WHO, nearly 80% of all the diseases in humanbeings are caused by water[9]. Result of water qualityassessment showed that most of the water qualityparameters slightly higher in the summer season than inthe winter season. Interpretation of data through correlation


studies shows that ground water of the area is slightlypolluted and appropriate treatment will be needed for futureuse of water in the region to protect human beings fromadverse health effects. It is, therefore, immediately requiredthat the water source be properly protected from potentialcontaminants. The above analysis is also cost effective andtime saving because statistical equations used forcalculating the value of physicochemical parameters andto measure the extent of pollution in ground water of thestudy area.

References :-1. Claessens L. Hopkinson C. and Rastetter N. (2006):

J. Vallino, Water Resources Research, 42,03426.doi:10.1029/2005WR004131

2. Singh V.K., Sinha. S., Singh, K.P., Malik A. and Mohan,D. (2006): Evaluation of Groundwater Quality inNorthern Indo-Gangetic Alluvium RegionEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment (112: 211–230 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-0357-5 _c 2006)

3. Borah K. K., Bhuyan B. and Sharma H. P. H. P. (2008):

Int. J. Chem. Sci., 6(4), 20-23.4. Chakrabarty S. and Sarma H.P. (2011): A statistical

approach to multivariate analysis of drinkingwaterquality in Kamrup district, Assam, India, Archivesof Applied Sci. Research, 3(5), 258-264.

5. APHA (1996): Standard methods for the examinationof water and waste water, Public Health Association,19th ed., Washington DC.

6. Salve, V. B. and Hiware C. J. (2008): Study on waterquality of Wanparakalpa reservoir Nagpur, J. Aqua.Biol., 21(2), 113-117.

7. Hujare, M. S. (2008): Seasonal variation of physico-chemical parameters in the perennial tank of Talsande,Maharashtra. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit. 18(3): 233-242.

8. Swaranlatha, S. and Narsingrao A. (1998): Ecologicalstudies of Banjara lake with reference to water pollution.J. Envi. Biol., 19(2), 179-186.

9. Dilli Rani G., Suman M., Narasimha Rao C., Reddi RaniP., Prashanth V. G., Prathibha R. and VenkateswarluP. (2011): Current World Environment, 6(1), 191-196.


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Abstract - The natural product compound has some form of biological activity and that compound is known as theactive principle. Many of today’s medicines are obtained directly from a natural source. On the other hand, somemedicines are developed from a lead compound originally obtained from a natural source. This means the leadcompound, Can be produced by total synthesis, or can be a starting point (precursor) for a semi synthetic compound,or can act as a template for a structurally different total synthetic compound. This is because most biologically activenatural product compounds are secondary metabolites with very complex structures. This has an advantage in thatthey are extremely novel compounds but this complexity also makes many lead compounds’ synthesis difficult and thecompound usually has to be extracted from its natural source - a slow, expensive and inefficient process.Key Words - Natural product, biological activity, active principle, medicines, natural source.

Indole Alkaloids In Catharanthus Roseus

Dr. Sushama Singh Majhi *

Introduction - An analog of the didemnins isolated fromthe Mediterranean tunicate has shown activity againstcertain tumor types (medullary thyroid carcinoma, renalcarcinoma, melanoma, and tumors of neuroendocrineorigin). It has also been reported to inhibit the secretion ofvascular, endothelial growth factor related to angiogenesisand to arrest the cell cycle at the Gland. It is one of themost thoroughly investigated plants of Apocynaceae andover 120 alkaloids of different types have been isolatedfrom it. It is also known as the source of chemicalcompounds now used in the treatment of cancer. Theirdiscovery led to one of the most important medicalbreakthroughs of the last century. Whilst researching theanti-diabetic properties of the plant in the 1950s, scientistsdiscovered the presence of several highly toxic alkaloids inits tissues.

These alkaloids are now used in the treatment of anumber of different types of cancer, with one derivedcompound, called vincristine, having been credited withraising the survival rate in childhood leukemia from lessthan 10 % in 1960 to over 90 % today. Originally the namealkaloid, (which means alkali like) was given to all organicbases isolated from plants. The name alkaloid teas firstsuggested by Meitner in 1819. Alkaloids have highlycomplex molecular structures and often manifestsignificant pharmacological activity and play an importantrole in medicine. When administered to animals mostalkaloids produce striking physiological effects which varygreatly from alkaloid to alkaloid, Alkaloids are known tostimulate the central nervous system, cause paralysis,elevate or lower blood pressure, act as pain relievers,tranquilizers and as antibiotics. Most alkaloids are toxic

*Asst. Professor (Chemistry) Govt. Motilal V igyan Mahavidyalaya, Bhop al (M.P.) INDIA

at high, and some at even very loin doses. In spite ofthis, many alkaloids find use in medicine.

The function of alkaloids in plants is not clearlyestablished. Some experiments suggest that alkaloidsare waste products from the nitrogen metabolism ofplants. Other work indicates that the alkaloids are notend products but metabolic intermediates. It has beenproposed that alkaloids may serve to protect plants bydiscouraging animals from eating them because of theirbitter taste or poisonous effects. Certain alkaloids mayserve as metal-ion carriers through chelation. Alkaloidshave been of interest to chemist for al-Most two centuriesand in that time thousands of alkaloids have beenisolated. Most of these have had their structuresdetermined through the application of chemical andphysical methods and in many instances these structureshave been confirmed by independent synthesis. Acomplete account of the chemistry of the alkaloids wouldoccupy volumes. The occurrence of alkaloids is notconfined to any specific plant organ but appears to be-acharacteristic of all organs. The histological distributionsuggests strongly that alkaloids are synthesizedprincipally in young active growing tissues.

Alkaloids have been classified into the followinggroups –1. Phenylethylamine2. Quinoline group3. Pyrrolidine group4. Isoquinoline group5. Pyrrolidine and Pyrideine6. Phenathrene group7. Piperidine group


8. Indole groupIndole Alkaloids - Indole alkaloids are one of the largestgroup of alkaloids. The majority of indole alkaloids areconfined to the dicotyledons, occurring most frequentlyin the Apocynaceae family and to a lesser extent in theAsclepiadaceae. Loganiaceae and Rubiaceae families.The indole alkaloids are complex organic molecules,possessing indole or dihydroindole (indoline) nucleus.Many of these alkaloids possess marked physiologicalproperties. The investigation of Apocynaceae as well asother families resulted the discovery of indole alkaloidssuch as vinblastine (1) and vincristine (2) which are usedfor the treatment of choriocarcinoma and certain formsof leukaemia and Hodgkins disease.(See in the next p age)

Other physiologically active compounds includereserpine (3), which has been used as a hypotensivesedative drug and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (4) apowerful hallucinogen possessing the remarkablephysiological property of inducing symptoms similar toschizophrenia. Many indole alkaloids, particularly of thecorypianthe and yohimbe series contain a 3- carbolinenucleus (5) and some of these are physiologicallyimportant. Thus vincamine (6) is a cereberal vasodilatorwhile ajmaline (7) is used in cardiac arrhythmias. Otherphysiological active compounds include morphine (8),

nicotine (9), quinine (10) and corynantheine (11).

References :-

1. P.Potier, N.Langlois, Y.Langlois and F.Gueritte,Chem.Commu. 670 (1975) .

2. P.Potier, N.Langlois, F.Gueritte and Y.Langlois, J.Amer.Chem. Soc. , 89, 7017 (1976) .

3. A.I. Scott, F.Gueritte and S.L.Lee, J.Amer Chem. Soc.100 6253 (1978).

4. R.L.Baxter, C.A.Dorschel, S.L.Lee and A.I.Scott,Chem. Comm., 257 (1979).

5. P.Potier, N.Langlois, Y.Langlois and F.Gueritte, Chem.Comm, 670 (1975).

6. P.Potier, N.Langlois, F.Gueritte and Y.Langlois, J. Amer.Chem. Soc., 89 7017 (1976)

7. K.L.Stuart, J.P.Kutney and B.R.Worth, Heterocycles,(in press).

8. K.L.Stuart, J.P.Kutney, T.Honda and B.R.Worth,Heterocycles, (submitted for publication).

9. K.L.Stuart, Heterocycles, 9 (10), 1419 (1978).10. R.L.Baxter, C.A.Dorschel, S.L.Lee and A.I.Scott,

Chem. Comm., 257 (1979).11. K.L.Stuart, J.P.Kutney, T.Honda and B.R.Worth,

Heterocycles, 9, 1391 (1978).12. W.T.Stearn, Lloydia 29, 196 (1966).


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Abstract - The skin is a part of body that protects the underlying tissue from exposure to harmful /toxic agents. Socio-economic status, over crowding, un hygienic, malnutrition are the causative factors for skin diseases. Associatedfactors are chemicals for cosmetics, pollution and modern life style particularly by the food habits make the individualsprone to skin diseases.

In India the Ayurvedic system of medicine has been use for over thousands year. The folk and ethno medicinaluses in rural India have been playing a great role in the treatment of diseases. The paper deals with the original ethnobotanical information that are used for various skin diseases. A number of plant species belonging to the familiesuseful in skin diseases have been reported from M.L.B. Govt. Girls P.G. College campus Indore.

The College Campus Biodiversity Of MedicinalPlants Used In The Cure Of Skin Diseases

Dr. Shobha Sharma *

Introduction - There are a number of people in Indiasuffering from common skin problems. These are found inchildren, young and adults as well as in old person. Mostcommon skin problems are dermatitis, eczema, acne,urticaria, psoriasis, etc. which do not get cured completely.It is very difficult to find out the specific allergens responsiblefor common skin problems so the treatment is very complexand it does not yields 100 percent result in such patients.Ultimate way of prevention of such diseases is that “Liveaway from inciting agent of allergy”. Thus there is anincreased need for the development of alternativemedicines. One possible approach is to screen localmedicinal plants in search of suitable antifungal,antibacterial substances. The various preparations ofmedicinal plants in treating diseases such as eczema,scabies, psoriasis etc. In Ayurveda various dermatologicconditions and its treatment of options are elaboratelydescribed. Ayurvedic medicines appear to be a naturalmanage of skin diseases. These medicines are obtainedfrom plant sources, minerals, organic acids, steroides etc.There are diversity of medicinal plants observed in thecollege campus in the form of herbs, shrubs and trees.There plant parts are being used to make medicines in theform of oral drug, ointment, medicinal ghee, oil etc.Traditional Drugs for Ayurvedic T exts - Traditionalmethods employed in treatment of various skin diseasesand locally available medicinal plants in college campusfrom which herbal drugs can be obtained for an effectivetreatment of skin diseases.1. Kustha Diseases: Juice of fresh stem of Guduchi

Tinospora Cordifolia- 10 to 30ml is to be taken twice aday.

2. Paste prepared from the Rhizome of turmericcurcumalonga 10 to 20 gms is to be taken with 50-100

*Associate Professor (Bot any) M.L.B Govt. Girls P .G. College, Kila Bhawan, Indore (M.P.) INDIA

ml of Gomutra (cow’s urine) twice a day.3. Churna of dryed leaves of Azadirachta indica neem 1

to 3 gm is to be taken with water twice a day.4. Oil obtained from seeds of Karanja Pongamia Pinnata

is to be used for massage.5. Mix sulphur 20g m in 50-100 ml of mustard oil exposed

to sun and use for massage.6. Decoction of part of fruitrind of Awala Phyllanthus

officinales and bark of khair Acaciacatechu 10 ml to20 ml to be taken with 10 gm honey twice a day.

7. Bark of Palash Butea Momnosperma 1-5 gm to betaken with juice of sugarcane saccharum officinerum10-15 ml twice a day.

Biodiversity of Angiospermic medicinal plant s - Theangiosperms are the biggest dominating, economicallygroup of plant kingdom in number and structural diversitieson the Earth. These diversities are on the basis of size,shape and habit are found in the plant kingdom. Plants alsoexhibit diversity on the basis of their physiology specially inthe nature and quality of their chemical products. All thechlorophyll containing plants manufacture sugar in theprocess of photosynthesis but they utilize this sugardifferently. Some plants store sugar in the form of fattysubstances in their tissues and some plants store in theform of starch. Some plants are rich in organic acids eg.Citric acid, oxalic acid, are found in large quantities in citrusfruits. Some plants manufacture aromatic oils, some plantshave yellow, green, blue, red pigments in their organs.These chemical compounds are converted in to secondarymetabolites to form complex organic compound in the formof carotenoids, flavinoides, steroides, vitamins, harmones,proteins, amino acids etc. These chemical compounds areto be extracted by the different mechanisms and utilizes toformulation of different kind drugs, medicines to cure various


types diseases. So that those plants having beneficalorganic compounds which are utilized in form of medicinesare generally called medicinal plants. These medicinalplants shows diversities in their morphology, cytology,physiology is known as biodiversities of medicinal plants.There are 50-60 types of medicinal plants are recognizedin the our college campus.List of medicinal plant s observed in college campuscommonly used in skin disease treatment.List of herbs commonly used in skin diseases treatment(Table see in the next p age)Discussion - This is because of secondary metaboliteswhich are not evenly deposited in all parts of the plant. Inusing fresh material, medicinal plants have preventive aswell as curative properties. Different health care systemhave their own way of approach while medicinal plantsremain constant and occupy the central position. Variousparts of the plant have different medicinal properties whilesingle plant having the same efficiency differs in percentagefrom one part to the other.Conclusion - Ayurvedic medicinal plant products are mostconvenient and have greater acceptance amongst the usersdue to their easy availability, easy bio-degradability, easyto handling, economic cost, environment friendly nature and

minimum side effects. The traditional knowledge system inIndia is facing a major problem due to lack of sufficientdocumentation. The information available in the text couldbe helpful to drug designers and research. The traditionalknowledge with its holistic system approach supported byexperimental bare can serve as an innovative for newer,safer and affordable medicine. There is need toconservation of these medicinal plants in college campus.Bio-diversity of medicinal plant conversation can be doneby in-situ conservation in which plants are conserved innatural environment they grow and need to plantation ofmedicinal plants.

References :-1. Gopi Radha A K. Siddha herbs exclusively used in skin

disease. NISCAIR. New Delhi2. Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian

medicinal plants. 3rd, CSIR, New Delhi3. Google Search- Biodiversity4. Taxonomy Medicinal Plants5. Unified Botany by S.B. Agrawal6. National Seminar Research Paper Pubalished by

Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth National Academy ofAyurveda ,New Delhi.

List of medicinal plant s observed in college campus commonly used in skin disease treatment.List of herbs commonly used in skin diseases treatment

Acacia catechu (Leguminosae) Khadira Dried pieces KusthaAcacia nilotica (Leguminosae) Babbula Dried mature Kustha

stem barkAchyranthes aspera (Amaranthaceae) Apamarga Dried whole plant KanduAdhatoda vasica (Acanthaceae) Vasa Fresh, dried, Kustha

mature leaveAdhatoda Zeylanica (Acanthaceae) Vasa root KusthaAllium Sativum (Liliaceae) lasuna Bulb KusthaAlstoniascholaris (Apocynaceae) Saptaparna Stem bark KusthaAlternathera sessilis(Amaranthaceae) Matsyaksi Dried whole plant KusthaArtocarpusheterophyllus (moraceae) Panasa Dried root bark TvakrogaAzadirachta indica (Meliaceae) Nimba Dried leaf KusthaBacopa monnieri Linn. Wettst (Scrophulariaceae) Brahmi Dried whole plant KusthaBrassica compestris (Brassicaceae) sarsapa Dried seed KusthaButea monosperma (Fabaceae) Palasa Seed KusthaCaesalpiniabonduc (Caesalpiniaceae) Latakaranja Seed KusthaCaesalpinia crista (Caesalpiniaceae) Putikaranja Stem bark KusthaCalotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) Arka Dried stem bark KusthaCalotropis procera (Ascepiadacease) Arka Dried Root KanduEuphorbia prostrate (Euphorbiaceae) Dughika Whole plant KusthaFicus Glorumeta (Moraceae) Phalgu Dried fruits KusthaGlorio sasuperba (Liliaceae) Langali Dried tuberous root KusthaGymnema Sylvestre (Asciepiadaceae) Mesasringi Dried Leaf KusthaIndigofera aspalathoides (Fabaceae) Siva-Nili Dries roots and stem KusthaJasminum officianale (Oleasceae) Jati Dried Leaf KusthaJatropha glandulifera (Euphorbiacea) Dravanti Dried seed KusthaLawsonia inermis (Lythraceae) Madayanti Leaf Kustha


Michelia Champaca (Magnoliaceae) Campaka Flower KusthaMimosa Pudica (Fabaceae) Lajjalu Dried whole plant KusthaMomordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) Karavallaka Fresh fruit KusthaMoringa oleifera (Moringaceae) Sigru Root bark KusthaButa monosperma (Fabaceae) Palasa Flower KusthaMurraya koenigii Spreng. (Rutaceae) Saurabhanimba Dried leaves Kustha

SvitraNerium indicum (Apocynaceae) Karavira Dried root KusthaNerium indicum (Apocynaceae) Karavira Dried leaf KusthaOcimum sanctum (Lamiaceae) Tulsi Dried whole plant KusthaOxalis corniculata (Oxalidaceae) Cangeri Dried whole plant KusthaPhyllanthus officinates (Euphorbiaceae) Amalaki Root, stem and leaf KusthaPistia stratiotes (Araceae) Jalakumbhi Dried whole plant KusthaPongamia pinnata (Fabaceae) Karanja Dried root bark Kustha

KandaProsopis cineraria (Mimosaceae) Sami Leaves KusthaPsoralea corylifolia (Leguminosae) Bakuci Dry ripe Fruit KusthaPterocarpus marsupium (Leguminosae) Asana Heart Wood KusthaRaphanus sativus (Brassicaceae) Mulaka Dried seed Kustha

SidhmaRosa centifolia Satapatrika Dried Flower KusthaSalix alba (Salicaceae) Sveta vetasa Dried leaves SavitraSolanum nigrum (Solanaceae) Kakamaci Dried whole plant KusthaTectona grandis (Verbenaceae) Saka Dried heart wood KusthaTinospora cordifolia (menispermaceae) Guduchi Stem KusthaVernonia cineraa (Asteraceae) Sahadevi Dried whole plant SidhmaVitex negundo (Verbanaceae) Nirgundi Root KusthaZiziphus Xylopyrus (Rhamnaceae) Ghonta Fruit KusthaCalamus thwaitesil (Arecaceae) Kumarivetra Rhizome KusthaEuphorbia Prostrate (Euphorbiaceae) Dugdhika Whole Plant KusthaCarica Papaya (Caricaceae) Erandakarkati Dried seed KusthaCassia fistula (Fabaceae) Aragvadha Stem bark KusthaCassia tora (Fabaceae) Prapunnada Dried seed KusthaChrysanchemum indicum (Asteraceae) Guladaudi Dried fruit KusthaCurcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) Haridra Dried rhizomes KusthaCynodon dactylon (Poaceae) Durva Whole Plant KusthaDalbergia sissoo (Fabaceae) Simsapa Dried heart wood KusthaDatura metel (Solanaceae) Dhattura Whole Plant KusthaEuphobia hirta (Euphobiaceae) Brihat Dugdhika Dried Whole plant Kustha

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Abstract - Environmental pollution remains a major source of concern throughout the world. There are numeroussources of environmental pollution and these are a major source of health risk throughout the world, though risks aregenerally higher in developing countries, where poverty, lack of investment in modern technology and weakenvironmental legislation combine to cause high pollution levels. Nevertheless, in recent years, several attempts havebeen made to assess the global burden of disease because of environmental pollution, either in terms of mortality ordisability-adjusted life years. About 8–9% of the total disease burden may be attributed to pollution, but considerablymore in developing countries. Unsafe water, poor sanitation and poor hygiene are seen to be the major sources ofexposure, along with indoor air pollution.

Environmental Pollution Causes And Its EffectOn Human Health

Introduction - Environment is the natural surroundingswhich help life to grow, nourish and destroy on this planetcalled earth. Natural environment plays a significant role inthe existence of life on earth and it helps human beings,animals and other living things to grow and develop. Mostimportant perquisite is that everyone must know how toprotect our environment to keep it safe as well as ensurethe nature’s balance on this planet to continue the existenceof life.

The situation which keeps us from realizing the natureof our problem, is that we are victims of our past. For man’sentire existence on planet Earth, he has been free to do ashe pleases without regard to the consequences. Humankindcould indiscriminately use what was found in nature;transform it into anything desired without noticeableconsequence, and discard anything without concern for theimpact that this would have on our environment.

As recently as fifty years ago, industrial corporate stockcertificates pictured factories with billowing smokestacksbecause a smoking chimney was a sign of wealth andprosperity. The accepted panacea of the day for poisonouswaste was, “dilution is the solution to pollution”. We havecome a long way from those days, but unfortunately, wehave not come far enough. Many people are now sensitizedto the need to keep our environment clean and certainlythere are now many laws in existence to ensure this is thecase, but these laws are a Band Aid on a severed artery.They make us feel better and enable us think we are doingsomething to solve the problem, but are we? The truth ofthe matter is that we still behave like the world will supplyus with an endless flow of raw materials and that it has thecapability to absorb an endless flow of waste and pollutants.Environmental pollution not only include chemicals, but also

Deepa Shroti *

*Associate Professor (Zoology) C.S.A. Govt. P .G. Nodal College, Sehore (M.P.) INDIA

organisms and biological materials, as well as energy in itsvarious forms (e.g. noise, radiation, heat).Mass extinction,mankind is presently causing and witnessing the greatestmass extinction event that has ever occurred in the historyof life on our planet. If established trends continue, onehalf of all the species that presently existed will be gone inthe next several decades. This rate of destruction of life iseven greater than the mass extinction caused by a giantmeteor collision that occurred sixty-five million years agoand wiped out the dinosaurs. Our present mass extinctionis being fueled by human activity which destroys thehabitants of plant and animal life.

Fourteen billion pounds of solid waste and nineteentrillion gallons of liquid waste are dumped in the oceans ofthe world each year. Ocean pollution affects every nationaround the world because water movement dispersespollution to every corner of the globe. Presently, in the centerof the Pacific Ocean, there is a huge area where oceancurrents concentrate solid waste and this area looks like agarbage dump. Industrialization is the prime source of waterpollution and as nations become more industrialized waterpollution increases and has a greater impact on fish stocksand the oceans ability to support life.

The link between pollution and health is both a complexand contingent process. For pollutants to influence health,susceptible individuals must receive doses of the pollutant,or its decomposition products, sufficient to trigger detectablesymptoms. For this to occur, these individuals must havebeen exposed to the pollutant, often over relatively longperiods of time or on repeated occasions. Such exposuresrequire that the susceptible individuals and pollutants sharedthe same environments at the same time. For this tohappen, the pollutants must not only be released into the


environment, but then be dispersed through it in media usedby, or accessible to, humans. Health consequences ofenvironmental pollution are thus far from inevitable, evenfor pollutants that are inherently toxic; they depend on thecoincidence of both the emission and dispersion processesthat determine where and when the pollutant occurs in theenvironment, and the human behaviors that determinewhere and when they occupy those same locations.

Emissions to the atmosphere tend to be more closelymodelled and measured, and more generally reported, thanthose to other media, partly because of their greaterimportance for environmental pollution and health(emissions to the atmosphere tend to be more readilydiscernible and to spread more widely through theenvironment), and partly because of the existence of betterestablished policy and regulation. Emissions from low-levelsources such as road vehicles and low-temperaturecombustion sources such as domestic heating, in contrast,tend to be much less widely dispersed. As a result, theycontribute to local pollution hotspots and create steeppollution gradients in the environment.

These fugitive and local emissions are often overlookedin epidemiological and other studies that use modellingtechniques to estimate exposures, but they can beextremely important, both because they are frequentlyresponsible for the highest concentrations of environmentalpollution, and because—unlike high-level emissions—theyremain close to source and show marked dilution gradientswith distance from source. It also must be recognized thatpollutants rarely occur in isolation; more typically they existin combination. Exposures are therefore not singular. Insteadwe are usually exposed to mixes of pollutants, often derivedfrom different sources, some of which may have additive orsynergistic effects. Unravelling the effects of individualpollutants from this mix is a challenging problem that has yetto be adequately resolved in many areas of epidemiology.

One of the underlying tenets of environmentalepidemiology is that, for the health effects of interest, arelationship exists between the level of exposure (or dose)and the degree of effect. Effects can, in fact, be representedin two different ways: by the type of effect or by its severityor the probability of its occurrence (often termed the‘response’). In either case, these associations are generallyassumed to be broadly linear, such that the effect orresponse increases with each increment of exposure to apollutant. For many pollutants and many health effects, thisassumption seems to hold true at least over a wide rangeof exposures and responses. Some, however, appear tobe characterized by more complex associations. Thresholdsmay exist below which no detectable health effect. At highlevels of exposure, responses may weaken, so that thedose–response relationship is essentially curvilinear-convexor S-shaped. In a few cases, there is some evidence that)”-or, more rarely, U-shaped relationships may exist—forexample, in relation to solar radiation or vitamin intake. Oneof the main purposes of epidemiology is to demonstrate and,

if possible, quantify these relationships, where they exist.For all the reasons outlined above, estimating the

contribution of environmental pollution to the burden ofdisease is far from easy. The difficulties are severe indeveloped countries, where disease surveillance, reportingof mortality, environmental monitoring and population dataare all relatively well established. In most developingcountries they become all but insurmountable, because ofthe generally impoverished state of routine monitoring andreporting. Given that controls on emissions and exposuresin the developing world are often limited, it is in thesecountries that risks from environmental pollution are likelyto be greatest. Such uncertainties thus render any attemptto quantify the environmental burden of disease highlyapproximate at best.

Assessments of the disease burden attributable todifferent forms and sources of pollution are neverthelessworth the effort. They are needed, for example, to raiseawareness about some of the risks associated withenvironmental pollution, and as a basis for advocacy—toensure that those most in need have a voice. They areneeded to help motivate and prioritize action to protecthuman health, and to evaluate and monitor the success ofinterventions. They provide the foundation, therefore, forextremely powerful indicators for policy support, and ameans of pricking the global conscience about inequalitiesin health.

Over recent years, therefore, many attempts have beenmade to assess the health status of the population, bothnationally and globally, and to deduce the contribution madeby pollution and other environmental factors. In Europe, forexample, more than 50 national environmental health actionplans have been developed, following the HelsinkiConference in June 1994, setting out strategies to tackleproblems of environmental health. Although these differsubstantially in terms of their content and scope, many haveinvolved attempts to make formal assessments of thedisease burden attributable to different environmentalhazards, and to rank these in terms of their public healthsignificance. Various methods were used for this purpose,though most relied on some form of expert judgement,informed where available by quantitative data on mortalityor disease rates. Whatever the weaknesses of theseassessments, their practical importance is evident, for theyhave contributed directly to policy prioritization anddevelopment in the countries concerned.

The same need has arisen to support the developmentof environmental health indicators. Since the early 1990s,largely motivated by WHO, increasing attention has beengiven to constructing indicators on environmental health atall levels from the local to the global scale, andseveralindicator sets have been created (and to a lesserextent used). As such they depend upon an understandingof the association between pollution and health, either inthe form of what have been called ‘exposure-side indicators’,which use information on exposures to imply degrees of


health risk, or ‘health-side indicators’, which use informationon health outcome to suggest attributable effects.

Crude estimates of the number and proportion ofdeaths due to different diseases, of this nature, obviouslygive only a distorted picture of the true burden of disease,for they take no account of the age of death or the durationof any preceding illness and disability, nor the amount ofsuffering involved. To redress this, Murray and Lopez alsocomputed estimates of the ‘years of life lost’ (YLL) and‘disability adjusted life years’ (DALYs). Years of life lost areestimated as the difference between age at death and thelife expectancy in the absence of the disease, based on anadvanced developed country (82.5 years for women and80 years for men at that time). DALYs also incorporate anallowance for the number of years lived with a disabilitydue to disease or injury, weighted according to its severity(based on expert assessments of the relative impact of some500 different conditions and disease sequelae). The yearsof disability or life lost are also discounted according to theage of onset (since it is assumed that future years of life lostcontribute less to the burden of disease than current ones).

It is quite evident that because of our uncheckedactions we have disturbed the ecological balance of ourenvironment and hence are facing these issues. There areseveral ways through which we can effectively contributetowards the cause. For instance, we can grow more andmore trees in our living surroundings as well as where wefind an empty piece of land. Or if you have a backyard or apiece of land at your home, then start planting trees. Plants,as we all know, absorb carbon dioxide for the process ofphotosynthesis and release oxygen into the environment.The estimation says that a single tree can soak up to oneton of carbon dioxide till the time it lives. No issues, if youdon’t have much space, you can even keep small tubs ofplants in your balcony, doorway or windows.

We must adapt our process of manufacturing anddomestic product to be in harmony with the environment.More of regenerative, reusable and recyclable techniquesmust be used in manufacturing units, etc. Latesttechnological advancements in the field of science havemade us more empowered, of which I think we are takingundue advantage, by utilizing the environmental resourcesindiscriminately and giving it nothing in return, but harmfulchemicals and pollution.Conclusion - The complexities involved in the link betweenenvironmental pollution and health, and the uncertaintiesinherent in the available data on mortality and morbidity, inexisting knowledge about theetiology of diseases, and inenvironmental information and estimates of exposure, allmean that any attempt to assess the environmentalcontribution to the global burden of disease is fraught withdifficulties. The estimates produced to date must thereforebe regarded as no more than order-of-magnitude estimates.Environmental pollution plays a significant role in severalhealth outcomes, and in several cases, this adds up to aserious public health concern. Water pollution, sanitation

and hygiene, indoor air pollution, and to a lesser extentoutdoor air pollution and exposures to chemicals in boththe indoor and outdoor environment are all important riskfactors in this respect. Ionizing and non-ionizing radiationand noise are also causes for concern in many cases.

The distribution of risks from these factors is not equalacross the world. The global burden of disease may bedifficult to quantify, but stark contrasts in that burden areevident between the developed and the developing world,between rich and poor, and often between children andadults. The developed world is not risk-free, anddevelopment is no panacea for all environmental healthil ls. On occasions, in fact, the opposite is true:developments, such as increased reliance on roadtransport, increased use of chemicals in agriculture, andincreased proportions of time spent in modern, hermiticallysealed buildings surrounded by chemically-based fabricsand furnishings may increase exposures and exacerbatehealth risks. But overall the developing world is far moreseverely affected by pollution, and in many instancesbecoming more so, as pressures from development add totraditional sources of exposure and risk.

References :-1. Sexton K, Adgate JL. Looking at environmental justice

from an environmental health perspective, J ExposAnal Environ Epidemiol, 2000; 9: 3–8.

2. Jarvis KE, Parry SJ, Piper JM. Temporal and spatialstudies of autocatalyst-derived platinum, rhodium,palladium and selected vehicle-derived trace elementin the environment. Environ Sci Technol. 2001; 35:1031–6.

3. Department of Food, Environment and Rural Affairs.The Government’s Strategic Review of Diffuse WaterPollution from Agriculture in England. Agriculture andWater: A Diffuse Pollution Review . London: DEFRA,2001.

4. Fisher A, Matthews L. The social behaviour of sheep.In: Keeling LJ, Gonyou HW (eds) Social Behaviour inFarm Animals. Wallingford: CAB International, 2001.

5. UK Sustainable Development Commission. State ofSustainable Development in the UK. PreparatoryPaper. London: UK Sustainable DevelopmentCommission, 2001.

6. Pirog R, van Pelt T, Enshayan K, Cook E. Food, Fueland Freeways. An Iowa Perspective on how Far FoodTravels, Fuel Usage and Greenhouse Gas Emissions.Ames, IA: Leopold Centre, Iowa State University, 2001.

7. Jones A. Eating Oil: Food Supply in a ChangingClimate . London: Sustain and Elm Farm ResearchCentre, 2001.

8. Bro-Rasmussen F. Contamination by persistentchemicals in food chain and human health. Sci TotalEnviron 1996; 188: S45–S60.

9. McFarland M, Kaye J. Chlorofluorocarbons and ozone.PhotochemPhotobiol 1992; 55: 911–29.


Abstract - In this present paper, we discuss the existence and unique of fixed point theorem in Pseudo CompactTichonov space.Keywords - Fixed point, Pseudo Compact Tichonov Space, Self mapping.

Fixed Point Theorem In Pseudo Compact Tichonov Space

Ganesh Kumar Soni *

Introduction - There are several generalization of BanachContraction mapping principle [1]. During the past few yearsa number of authors like Jain and Dixit[2]Pathak[3] Khanand Sharma [4] worked on Pseudo Compact TichonovSpaces. Preliminaries -Pseudo Compect T ichonov S pace - A topological spaceX is said to be Pseudo compact space if every real valuedcontinous function on X is bounded it may be noted thatevery compact space is Pseudo compact but conversesmay not be true. However in a metric space notationcompact and Pseudo Compact coincide. By Tichonov spacewe means a completely regular Housdorff space.Our Main Result - Theorem :Let P be a Pseudo compactTichonov space and d be a non- negative real valuedcontinuous function over P x P (P x P is Tichonov but neednot be Pseudo compact) satisfy following inequilities;

*Deptt. of Mathematics, Govt. P .G. College, Narsinghpur (M.P .) INDIA

This is a contradiction. So we have z = Tz i.e. z is a fixedpoint of Tin P. This establishes the theorem.


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References :-1. Banach, S. (1922) Surles operation dans ensembles

abstraits etleur application aux equations integrals,fund. Maths 133-18 .

2. Jain R.K. and Dixit, S.P. (1986) “ Some results on fixedpoints in Pseudo compact Tichonov spaces”. Indian J.Pure and appl. Math 5. 455-458 .

3. Pathak, H.K. (1986)”Some theorems on fixed pointsin Pseudo compact Tichonov Spaces” Indian J. Pureand Appl. Math 15; 180-186 .

4. [4]Khan S. and Sharma P.L. (1991) “ Some results onfixed points in Pseudo compact Tichnov Spaces”. ActaCinenia India, 17. 483-488 (1991)


Abstract - The grasses are ethnically and intimately connected with man due to greatest economic and ethno-veterinaryimportance. They play a significant role in the lives of the human being and animals but not much is known about theethno-veterinary importance of this group of plants. The present paper gives an account of the ethno-veterinary usesof 8 grasses found in Nimar region Madhya Pradesh.Key Words - Ethno-Veterinary Grasses, Human and Veterinary, significant role of grasses, animal husbandry healthcare practices are used.

Ethno-Veterinary Uses Of Grasses In Nimar Region (M.P.)

Introduction - Cattle contribute a major source of livelyhood for tribal people. To maintain this live stock, indigenousanimal husbandry health care practices are used. Theseare cheap, safe, time tested and based on local resources.Grasses are valuable for the live stock population of thearea. Grasses are also used in medicine more especiallyin indigenous system of medicine.

The present paper deals with the enlistment of ethno-veterinary important grasses of tribal areas after exploringtheir ethno-veterinary uses among the tribal people viz.Gond, koru, Bhil and Bhilala of Nimar region.

The Nimar is located in the south west part of MadhyaPradesh and lies between 21°35' - 22°> 6' N Latitude and>4°25' - 76°14' E longitude. Topographically the area issituated centrally in Northern part covered with Vindhyanrange and in southern part with Satpura range. It is boundedon the east by Betul and Hoshangabad districts of M.P.and Amrawati districts of Maharashtra. On the south byJalgaon and Buldhana (Maharashtra) districts. On the westby Alirajpur district and in the North by Dewas district. Ithas an area of 22474 sq. km. of which forest cover is 4709sq. km .It is divided into 2 regions.I. East Nimar - Khandwa and Burhanpur districts.II. West Nimar - Khargone and Barwani districts.Materials & Methods - The ethno-veterinary survey wasconducted in different areas of the Nimar. The grasses andtheir products used by the different ethnic groups of peoplewere collected during this study. The local medicine menwere interviewed for getting the first hand information onethno-veterinary uses of grasses.

The grasses collected during the study were identifiedand the specimens were deposited in botany departmentP.M.B. Gujarati Science College Indore. The informationgathered is described in alphabetical order of Latin namesof plants.

Dr. Kiran Surage * Dr. Shweta Tiwari ** Dr. Seema Agrawal ***

Observation - The ethno-veterinary uses of grasses ofNimar region are follows as-1. Apluda mutica L.l Local name- Phuli, Phuler.l Uses-l Poultice of plant is used to cure sores of cattle.l Paste of plant along with small fish is given to cattle intreatment of flatulence.l Roots are crushed in mustard oil to prepare a paste.This is applied on the mouth sores of cattle.2.Arundo donax L.l Local name- Barru.l Use-l Rhizome paste and common salt mixed with fodder isadministered to cure dyspepsia.3. Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camusl Local name- Seroti,Phuli, Phulara, Malhar.l Uses-l 500 gm. flour of grains is fed to animals once a day for5 days in diarrhoea.l Flour is also used in healing of “Nathela” (a wound ofnostrils).4. Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Neesl Local name- Bans.l Use-l 50 ml. infusions of tender shoots or leaves is giventwice a day for 30 days to cure bone fracture of animals.5. Desmot achya binnat a(L.) Stapfl Local name- Kusha, Darba.l Use-l Entire plant is crushed and given to cows asgalactogogues.6. Saccarum spont aneum L.l Local name- Kans.l Uses-

*Head (Horticulture) Shree Jain Diwakar Collage, Indore (M.P .) INDIA** Head (Seed Technology) Shree Jain Diwakar Collage, Indore (M.P .) INDIA

*** Head (Chemistry) Shree Jain Diwakar Collage, Indore (M.P .) INDIA


l Inflorescence ash mixed with mustard oil is applied onthe wounds for 3 days.l Plant is given with normal fodder to cattle asgalactogayl.7. Setaria pumila (Poir) Roem and Schultz.l Local name- Langat.l Use-l Paste of grains with paste of black peppers applied onsores of neck region of bulls.8.Themeda quadrivalvis (L.) Kuntzel Local name- Gundel/Gunhar.l Use-l Small fishes mixed with in grass are given to cureflatulence in cattle, especially buffalos.Result s & Discussion - 8 grass species of ethno-veterinarymedicinal importance have been recorded and enumerated.The data on these grasses such as the botanical name,local name and their traditional methods of drugsadministration in different ailments are given. These plantsare being used by various ethnic group of Nimar region totreat ailments such as animal injuries, wounds, fever,

diarrhea, bone fracture, asthma, cough & cold, mouth sores,dyspepsia, galactogogues by using fresh or dried plantmaterials.References :-1. Anil Kumar & Yadav D. K. 2006. Important

Ethnomedicinal Plants of family Poaceae in GayaDistrict, Bihar. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Vol. 30.

2. Caius. J. F . 1936.The medicinal and poisonousgrasses of India. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 38: 54o-584.

3. Chopra, R.N. I.C. Chopra & B.S. V erma 1969.Supplement to Glossary of Indian medicinal plants.C.S.I.R., New Delhi.

4. Guria, B.D.1997. Ethnobotanical studies on thegrasses of South East Rajasthan, PhD. Thesis, M. L.Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India.

5. Jadhav , Dinesh 2006. Ethnomedicinal plants used byBhil tribe of Bibdod, Madhya Pradesh. Indian Journalof Traditional Knowledge. Vol. 5 (2): 263-267.

6. Pot dar , G. G. Salunkhe, C. B. & Yadav, S.R.2012.Grasses of Maharashtra. Shivaji University,Kolhapur.

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Incidence Of Iron Deficiency Anemia In PregnantWoman Coming To Distt. Hospital, Satna

Dr. Rashmi Singh *

*Deptt. of Zoology , Govt. P.G. College, Satna (M.P.) INDIA

Introduction - According to WHO experts Hb level in bloodbelow 10gm/dl is defined as Anemia, Hb level between 10to 11 gm/dl is defined As early Anemia. Adult human bodycontains 3-4 gm of iron of which 60 to 70% in blood in formof Hb iron rest 1 to 1.5 gm as stored iron. Each grams ofHb contains 3.34 mg of iron. Iron is essential for manyfunctions of body which includes formation of Hb, braindevelopment, regulation of body temperature, muscleactivity, catecholamine’s metabolism, lack of iron directlyaffect the immune system, beside hemoglobin, centralfunction of iron is oxygen transport and cell respiration. Inpregnant woman iron requirement during first half is 0.8mg daily and in second half 3.5 mg daily, 50 to 60% of thewoman of low socioeconomic group are anemic in lasttrimester of pregnancy. Maternal mortality rate (MMR) is1% in 15 to 49 age group, hemorrhage is 38% responsibleof total maternal death due to anemia.

Iron deficiency anemia is traditionally been definedas microcytic hypo chromic anemia secondary to a totalbody iron deficit, in iron deficiency anemia there is negativeiron balance and iron deficient erythropoiesis, there isinbalance between normal physiological demand and levelof dietry iron intake as seen in pregnancy, red blood cellmorphology indicates a negative iron balance and severeanemia stimulate the production of poorly hemoglobinizedcells, these clinical states in any population indicates thecharacter of directly iron supply, the efficiency of ironabsorption and incidence of disease states that result iniron loss in adult female daily intake of balanced diet willgive 10 to 15 mg/dl, only 1-2 mg of iron needs to beabsorbed for desquamation of skin and mucosal cells.Material And Method - This study has been conducted inObstetrics & Gynecology Dept. D.H. Satna from 1st August2017 to 30th September 2017 attending OPD, total PT’swere 4628, new ANC cases were 322, high risk PregnancyCases were 68, age of the cases were between 15 to 49years of age, patients socioeconomic status, literacy, rural& urban background, other associated diseases, primi ormultipara were also considered. Hb level estimations donein OPD & ward as a routine in all ANC casesObservation & Result - It has been observed that totalnumber of high risk pregnancy were 68 out of 322 ANCcases, ratio was 1:4.7 high risk pregnancy were cases

whose Hb level was 8 to 9 gm/dl. Cases found anemic weregenerally of low socio-economic gp their ratio was to wellto-do patient was 3:1, cases belonging to rural areas werefound more Anemic than urban population probably due topoor nutrition, ignorance & illiteracy Ratio was 4:1, Anemiawas more observed in multipara, ratio between primipara& multipara was 1 to 3, maximum number of Anemic caseswere observed between 30 to 40 year of age probably dueto poor nutrition and repeated delivery, in 10% of casesassociated other diseases like Leucorrhoea, dysfunctionaluterine Bleeding, fungal infection of genitala were alsoobserved.Discussion - In our study all the patients having severeanemia clinically presented with fatigue, pallor, mouthsoreness, difficulty in swallowing, softening and curling ofnails called spooning , as our study denotes that irondeficiency anemia was more common in rural areas,illiterate class, low socioeconomic group of patients and inmultiparas, it reflects that inadequate dietry intake of iron,other associated diseases like worm infestationdysfunctional uterine bleeding, poor intestinal absorptiondue to amoebiasis and other associated diseases areresponsible for anemia,Conclusion - Our study denotes that all the antenatal casescoming to our hospital should be investigated routinely theirhemoglobin level should be seen and cases which areanemic, they should be categorized as per their severityand they should be treated properly. Cases who arepreanemic means their Hb level is between 10 to 11 gm/dlshould be given one tablet 3-4 times a day of ferrous sulfatecontaining 325 mg of iron or syrup containing each 5 mlhave 300 mg of iron 3 to 4 times a day. Iron deficient patientswill absorb 40-60 mg of iron per day but as the Hb levelreaches 11 to 12 gm/dl dose of iron should be reduced,this treatment should be continued for at least 6 months tomaintain the reticulo endothelial iron stores.Prevention :1. Govt of India has started a programme in which 100

mg of Iron & 500 mg of Folic acid are distributed dailyto pregnant woman through antenatal clinics, PHC &mini PHC.

2. ANM’S Antenantal visit 1st at 20 Wks, 2nd 32 Wks, 3rd

36 Wks.


3. 3.2 lac village Health guides are appointed in ourcountry to work for 2-3 hrs./ day for welfare of pregnantwoman.

4. Health worker female are appointed at PHC level todistribute iron and folic acid tab to pregnant womanamong 350 to 500 families.

5. Health insurance proposed for pregnant woman.References :-1. World Health Organization. Iron Deficiency Anaemia:

Assessment, Prevention, and Control. A Guide forProgramme Managers. Geneva: World HealthOrganization; 2001. Accessed at http://www .who.int/nutrition/publications/en/ida_assessment_ prevention_control .pdf.

2. Institute of Medicine, Committee on the Prevention,Detection, and Management of Iron Deficiency AnemiaAmong U.S. Children and Women of Childbearing Age.Iron Deficiency Anemia: Recommended Guidelines for

the Prevention, Detection, and Management AmongU.S. Children and Women of Childbearing Age.Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 1993.[PubMed]

3. World Health Organization. Guideline: Daily Iron andFolic Acid Supplementation in Pregnant Women.Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.

4. Healthy People 2010. US Government; 2000. Availableat: http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/default.aspx.Accessed February 17, 2011..

5. Weiss, G., Goodnough, L.T. Anemia of chronic disease.N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1011–1023.

6. Andrews, N.C. Forging a field: the golden age of ironbiology. Blood. 2008;112:219–230.

7. Baker, W.F. Jr. Iron deficiency in pregnancy, obstetrics,and gynecology. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am.2000;14:1061–1077.

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Effect Of In Vivo Incubation Of Bovine Spermatozoa InThe Uterus Of Rats Actively Xenoimmunized With

Bovine Spermatozoa On Sperm Motility And Viability

Jayshree Hardenia * S.K. Jain ** Asha Khanna ***

Introduction - Rapid developments in the field ofimmunology have diverted the attention of manyresearchers to the role of immunological response in thepathogenesis of infertility. Consequently, several cases ofunexplained infertil ity were reported to have animmunological basis of conception failure in cattle (Awasthiet al., 1988 and Bhardwaj, 1992) and buffaloes (Jain, 1985and Jain and Gupta, 1988). In the present investigation,the effect of in vivo incubation of bovine spermatozoa inthe uterus of rats actively xenoimmunized by intramuscularroute with bovine spermatozoa, and non immmunized ratmodel (as control) on the sperm motility and sperm viabilitywas studied.Materials And Methods -Experiment al rat s - Albino rats (n=6) were activelyimmunized with bull semen (0.25 ml intramuscularly).Primary injection - 200 x 106 sperms/ml in Fruend’sComplete Antigen (FCA); Ist booster - 200 x 106 sperms/ml in saline and IInd booster - 200 x 106 sperms/ml in saline.Sperm antibody titre was determined by CapillaryAgglutination Test (Jain, 1985) and Tube Slide AgglutinationTest (Shulman, 1975). Titre of 1:32 to 1:64 was obtained inthe rats were used as experimental animals.Control : Non immunized rats (n=6).Experiment al procedure - Rats in oestrus wereanaesthetized and posterior laparotomy was performedexposing the abdominal cavity. The bifurcation of the uterinehorn was exposed and each uterine horn was ligatedseparately at the base and tip using sterile cotton thread.Freshly collected bovine spermatozoa were given twowashings in normal saline and reconstituted to 500 x 106

sperm cells per ml of saline. Before use, individual motilityand sperm viable count was recorded. This constituted theantigen used for challenge.

A dose of 0.1 ml of the antigen was deposited forincubation in both the horns with the help of a 24 gaugeneedle just anterior to the base ligature. A sterile gaugesoaked with saline was placed over the wound and keptwet by frequent spraying of normal saline over it. The ratswere left for 15 mins and one horn was removed by severingfrom below the ligature near the bifurcation and above the

*Research Scholar , Rani Durgavati V ishwa V idyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P .) INDIA** Deptt. of V eterinary Gynaecology & Obstetrics, College of V eterinary Science & A.H., Jabalpur (M.P .) INDIA

***Govt. (Autonomous) Science College, Jabalpur (M.P .) INDIA

ligature for the apex. The other horn was removed after 30minutes. The uterus was then dissected out from theabdominal cavity, separated into left and right horn andgentle washing of the horns was done with normal salineto remove adhered blood and rolled over a clean blottingpaper to dry it. The tip of the horn was severed and flushedwith 0.1 ml normal saline.Parameters studied -1. Sperm progressive motility (Zemjanis, 1970).2. Sperm viability (Swanson and Bearden, 1951).Result s And Discussion -1. Effect of incubation of bovine spermatozoa inuterus of xenoimmunized and non immunized rat s onsperm motility - The data on the effect of incubation ofbovine spermatozoa in uterus of xenoimmunized and nonimmunized rats on sperm motility are presented in table 1.Table 1. Effect of incubation of bovine sperms in uterus ofactively xenoimmunized and nonimmunized rats on spermmotility expressed as percentage of progressively motilespermatozoa (Mean±S.E.). Percent decline in motility

15 min 30 minImmunized rat 71.94 ± 5.36 91.50 ± 0.55Non-immunized rat 49.17 ± 6.91 39.89 ± 4.21

On introduction of bull spermatozoa in the bovinesperm xenoimmunized uterus, the decline in the spermmotility was 61.94±12.32 per cent as compared to that inthe nonimmunized rats (49.17±6.91 per cent) over 15minutes incubation. This higher decline in the immunizedgroup over the nonimmunized group at 15 minutes wassignificant (P<0.05). Comparing the results obtained at 30mins, it can be observed that in the immunized group theper cent decline in motility was 91.50±0.55 per cent ascompared to 38.89±4.21 per cent in the nonimmunizedgroup which was highly significant (P<0.05). Within theimmunized group, the decline between 15 (71.94±5.36 percent) and 30 (91.±0.55 per cent) minutes was also highlysignificant (P<0.01), whereas, within the non immunizedgroup, the decline was non significant between 15(49.17±6.91 per cent) and 30 (38.89±4.21 per cent)minutes.


The initial reduction in motility in the uterus of nonimmunized rats at 15 mins may be due to the non activationof the sperm motility activating factor. However, by 30 mins,early events of capacitation of the bovine sperm in the uterusof rats might have taken place which enhanced the motility,since, capacitation of spermatozoa of one species has alsobeen shown to occur in the biological fluids of anotherspecies (Yanagimachi, 1969, 1970).1. Effect of incubation of bovine spermatozoa inuterus of xenoimmunized and non immunized rat s onsperm viability - The data on the effect of incubation ofbovine spermatozoa in uterus of xenoimmunized and nonimmunized rats on sperm viability are presented in table 2.Table 2. Effect of incubation of bovine sperms in uterus ofactively xenoimmunized and nonimmunized rats on spermviability expressed as percentage of viable spermatozoa(Mean±S.E.).

Percent decline in sperm viability15 min 30 min

Immunized rat 19.20 ± 5.97 21.21 ±7.47Non-immunized rat 18.28 ±3.96 11.01 ±2.75

On introduction of bull spermatozoa in the bovinesperm xenoimmunized uterus, the per cent decline in theviable spermatozoa was 19.20 ±5.97 per cent as comparedto that in the nonimmunized rats (18.28±3.96 per cent) over15 minutes incubation. This higher per cent decline in theimmunized group over the nonimmunized group at 15minutes was non significant. Comparing the results obtainedat 30 mins, it can be observed that in the immunized groupthe per cent decline in viable spermatozoa was 47.00±4.77per cent as compared to 57.67±2.47 per cent in thenonimmunized group which was also non significant. Withinthe immunized group, the decline between 15 (19.20±5.97per cent) and 30 (21.21±7.47 per cent) minutes was alsonon significant, and within the non immunized group, thedecline was also non significant between 15 (18.28 ±3.96per cent) and 30 (11.01±2.75 per cent) minutes.

It was interesting to note that when the bovinespermatozoa were incubated in the uterus of nonimmunized rats, the per cent decline in viable spermatozoaat 15 minutes (18.28±3.96 per cent) was higher ascompared to that at 30 mins incubation (11.01±2.75 percent). Thus the number of viable sperms at 30 minsincreased in the non immunized group, whereas, in theimmunized group, the per cent decline being higher

indicates a lower number of viable sperms. This increasein viable sperms was non significant. This indicates thatthere is a high disposal of dead spermatozoa as theincubation time increases in the absence of spermantibodies, whereas, in its presence, it continues to disposeoff more spermatozoa.

It was concluded that systemic immunization of therats by intramuscular injection with bovine sperm(xenoimunization) results in an immune response reflectedby presence of antisperm antibodies in serum. Incubationof the bovine sperm in bovine sperm activelyxenoimmunized uterus of rats results in a dramatic loss insperm motility and percentage of viable sperms.

References :-

1. Awasthi M.K.; Kharche K.G. and Jain S.K. (1988).Antisperm antibody titre associated with conceptionfailure in repeat breeder cross bred cows. Cheiron,17: 15-18.

2. Bhardwaj, A.K. (1992). Studies on sperm antigen-antibody interactions in repeat breeder cross bredcows. M.V.Sc. A.H. Thesis, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur.

3. Jain S.K. (1985). Hormonal, biochemical andimmunological studies on conception failure inbuffaloes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Haryana AgriculturalUniversity, Hisar.

4. Jain S.K. and Gupta R.C. (1988). Sperm agglutinatingantibody titres associated with conception failure inbuffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Proceedings of the 11thInternational Congress on Animal Reproduction andArtificial Insemination, June 26-30, 1988, Dublin,Ireland. No.534.

5. Shulman, S. (1975). Sperm antibodies and their relationto infertility. In: Reproduction and Antibody Response,CRC Press Inc., U.S.A. pp 37-92.

6. Swanson E.W. and Bearden H.J. (1951). An eosine-nigrosin stain for differential staining of live and deadbovine sperms. J. Anim. Sci. 10:981-987.

7. Yanagimachi, R. (1969). In vitro acrosome reaction andcapacitation of golden hamster spermatozoa by bovinefollicular fluid and its fractions. J. Exp. Zool. 170: 269.

8. Zemjanis R. (1970). Diagnostic and TherapeuticTechniques in Animal Reproduction. Williams andWilkins Co., Baltimore, U.S.A. pp. 145-152.

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yo_ _ß AoYH$ hmVm h°& AoYH$mße IoZO [XmWm~ O°g- A ´H$, oO`mbmBQ>,H°$Îg[ma,emam, [mQ>oe`_, gÎ\$Q>, ∑bmamB©S> BÀ`moX H$ Í$[ _ß h [`m©·_mÃm _ß [m`mOmVm h°&VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 04 (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)(XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)(XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)(XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)(XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)[mQ>oe`_ Ymar Cd©aH$m ß H$m C[`mJ - [mQ>oe`_ Ymar Cd©aH$m ß H$m C[`mJ - [mQ>oe`_ Ymar Cd©aH$m ß H$m C[`mJ - [mQ>oe`_ Ymar Cd©aH$m ß H$m C[`mJ - [mQ>oe`_ Ymar Cd©aH$m ß H$m C[`mJ - [mQ>me [m°Ymß H$m Yra-Yra ‡m·hmVm h°&AV: BgH$m C[`mJ \$gb ¤mam ‡maß^ g \$gb [H$Z VH$ oH$`mOmVm h°&o_olV Cd©aH$ - o_olV Cd©aH$ - o_olV Cd©aH$ - o_olV Cd©aH$ - o_olV Cd©aH$ - Xm m Xm g AoYH$ gmYmaU Cd©aH$mß H$m o_bmZ [a Cgo_olV Cd©aH$ gßkm Xr OmVr h°& BZH$ ‡MbZ H$m lr JUe 1850 _ßA_naH$m _ß hwAm&ImX H$ ]mamß [a Am[Z VrZ gßª`m`ß obIr XIr hmJr-5-10-15 Bg o_olV Cd©aH$ _ß N, Po, K H$r ‡oVeV _mÃm hmVr h°&_•Xm_ß H$B© ]ma EH$ g AoYH$ VÀdmß H$r H$_r hmVr h°& Bg Xem _ß 2 m3 Cd©aH$mßH$ ÒWmZ [a EH$ o_olV Cd©aH$ hr C[`mJ hm OmVr h°& BgH$m H$mB© oZoÌMVgyÃ Zht h°& B›hß odoeÓQ> _m[X S> g ]Zm`m OmVm h°& Am°a CZg ‡m· VÀdmßH$m ‡oVeV obI oX`m OmVm h°& gy˙_ [mfU VÀdmß H$m BZH$ gmW o_bmH$aoX`m Om gH$Vm h¢& [a›Vw BZH$ C[`mJ g [yd© _•Xm OmßM H$amH$a ghr [VmbJmbZm MmohE oH$ _•Xm _ß oH$g VÀd H$m oH$Z VÀdmß H$r oH$VZr H$_r h°&Cgr H$ AmYma [a BVZr _mÃm XZr MmohE, oX [mfH$ VÀd H$m Am^md h°,Vm Cg oÒWoV_ß o_olV Cd©aH$ H$m C[`mJ Ï`W© h°&

Cd©aH$m ß H$m CÀ[mXZ Edß odVaUCd©aH$m ß H$m CÀ[mXZ Edß odVaUCd©aH$m ß H$m CÀ[mXZ Edß odVaUCd©aH$m ß H$m CÀ[mXZ Edß odVaUCd©aH$m ß H$m CÀ[mXZ Edß odVaU- ^maV _ß amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$mß H$mCÀ[mXZ CZH$r _mßJ g H$_ hmVm h°& AV: _mßJ H$r Bg H$_r H$m [yam H$aZH$ ob` Cd©aH$mß H$m Am`mV oH$`m OmVm h°& ^maV _ß Cd©aH$mß H$ CÀ[mXZ _ßH´$_e: d•o’ hwB© h°& df© 1960-61 _ß ^maV _ß Hw$b Cd©aH$mß H$m CÀ[mXZ150 hOma Q>Z WmOm ]∂T>H$a 2003-04 _ß 14,200 hOma Q>Z hm J`m,[a›Vw [mQ>me `w∫$ amgmòZH$ ImX H$r [yar _mÃm Am`mV H$r OmVr h°&oZÂZ gmaUr _ß maV _ß Cd©aH$mß H$ CÀ[mXZ Edß Am`mV H$r _mÃm H$m ‡Xoe©VoH$`m J`m h°&

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 05^maV _ß Cd©aH$mß H$m CÀ[mXZ Edß Am`mV (hOma _rQ>a Q>Z _ß)

df© EZ. [r. EZ.[r. EZ.[r.H$.1960-61 98 52 150 4191990-91 6993 2052 9045 27582000-01 10962 3743 14705 20902006-07 11382 4230 15620 2305

ÛmV- ^maV gaH$ma H$r ]OQ> [yd© AmoW©H$ g_rjm - 2007-08, [•.165

C[`w©∫$ gmaUr g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ Xe _ß amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$mß H$ CÀ[mXZH$ gmW-gmW Am`mV H$r _mÃm r H´$_e: ]∂T>Vr JB© h°& BgH$m VmÀ[`© hh° oH$ Xe _ß Cd©aH$mß H$r I[V _ß [`m©· ]∂T>mŒmar hmVr Om ahr h°&amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$m ß H$r C[`mJ H$r gr_mE± - amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$m ß H$r C[`mJ H$r gr_mE± - amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$m ß H$r C[`mJ H$r gr_mE± - amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$m ß H$r C[`mJ H$r gr_mE± - amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$m ß H$r C[`mJ H$r gr_mE± - ‡m`: amgmòZH$ ImXAm°a H$rQ>ZmeH$ H$m ]hwV H$_ ohÒgm A[Z dmÒVodH$ C‘Ì` H$ H$m_ AmVmh°& BZH$m EH$ ]∂S>m ohÒgm h_ma odo^fi Ob ÚmVmß _ß [hw±M OmVm h° Am°a y-Ob H$m ‡XyofV H$aVm h°& BgH$ H$maU Jß^ra ÒdmÒœ` g_Ò`mE± Bg [mZrH$m C[`mJ H$aZ dmb ÒWmZr oZdmog`mß Am°a [mbVy [ewAmß XmZmß _ß XIrJB© h¢& ZXr Am°a A›` Ob ÚmVmß H$ ‡XyfU H$m ]wam Aga _N>ob`mß H$m r^wJVZm [∂S>Vm h°& EH$ Im⁄mfi CÀ[mXZ ]∂T>mZ H$ ‡`mg _ß Xyga Im⁄m›ZH$m hm´mg hmVm h°& Vmbm] O°g Ob ÚmV _ß ZmBQ≠>mOZ AoYH$ [hw±MZ ghmoZH$maH$ [m°Ymß H$m VO ‡gma Vmbm] H$r C[`moJVm H$m g_m· H$a gH$Vmh°& o_≈r H$m C[OmD$[Z ]ZmZ dmb AZH$ gy˙_ Ordmß H$ßMwAmß AmoX H$obE ` agm`Z H$ha T>mV h¢& gmW hr oH$gmZmß H$ o_Ã A›` H$rQ> [VßJmß,[oj`mß Am°a A›` Ordmß H$ obE ^r ` agm`Z hmoZH$maH$ hmV h¢&oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© - H•$of _ß amgmòZH$ Cd©amH$mß H$ ‡`mJ g H•$of CÀ[mXH$Vm _ßd•o¤ H$ gmW hr gmW bmJV _ß r H$_r Am`r h° oH$›Vw H•$of yo_ Edß _mZdÒdmÒœ` [a ‡oVHy$b ‡^md ^r [nabo¿N>V hwE h¢&gwPmd - gwPmd - gwPmd - gwPmd - gwPmd - \$gbmß H$m oOZ odo^fi [mfH$ VÀdmß H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°, Hw$N>H$r AoYH$ _mÃm _ß Am°a Hw$N> H$r gy˙_ _mÃm _ß, C›hß C[b„Y H$amdmZ H$obE ‡H•$oV H$r A[Zr Ï`dÒWm h°& O°g- XbhZr \$gbmß _ß dm`w_ S>b gZmBQ≠>mOZ oZewÎH$ ‡m· H$aZ H$r AX≤^wV j_Vm h°& AV: h_ß o_≈r H$rCd©am-eo∫$ H$m ]Zm` aIZ H$ obE \$gb MH´$ garI VarH$mß H$m ‡`mJH$aZm MmohE&

_•Xm [arjU C[am›V hr g›VwobV _mÃm _ß hr amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$mß H$m‡`mJ H$aZm MmohE VmoH$ ZH$mamÀ_H$ [j g ]Mm Om gH$&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. o_l, S>m∞0 O` ‡H$me, H•$of AW©emÛ, gmohÀ` dZ [o„bH$e›g-

AmJam&2. AmoW©H$ gdjU, AmoW©H$ Edß gmßoª`H$r gßMmbZmb`, N>ŒmrgJ∂T>,


am`[wa&3. dmof©H$ na[mQ©>, ^maV gaH$ma, agm`Z Am°a Cd©aH$ _ßÃmb`, Cd©aH$

od^mJ, ZB© XÎhr&

4. oObm gmßoª`H$r` H$m`m©b`, o]bmg[wa, N>.J.&5. http://cg.nic.in/revenue/Table Of Agriculture Statistics

2013-14

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 01\$gbmß H$ ÒdÍ$[ ^yo_ _ß odo^fi VÀdmß H$r hmZ dmbr ›`yZVm

\$gb C[O oH$.J´m. [mfH$ VÀdmß _ß A[Z`Z H$r _mÃm (oH$.J´m. ‡oV h∑Q>`a)‡oV h∑Q≠>mOZ ZmBQ≠>mOZ (N) \$m∞Ò\$mag (P2O5) [mQ>me (K20)

Mmdb 2800 37 13 9Jßhy± 2240 35 22 11Jfim 90317 85 60 190H$[mg (obßQ>) 104 27 20 87[Q>gZ 1120-1680 112-280 112-123 168-224ÚmV- H•$of odÌdod⁄mb`, [ßV ZJa Z°ZrVmb, dmof©H$ ‡oVdXZ 1980-81

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 02ZmBQ≠>mOZ Ymar Cd©aH$mß H$m dJr©H$aU

ZmBQ≠>Q> H$maImZm gm_J´r H$m Zm_ ZmBQ≠>mOZ H$r Vwb`mßH$‡oVeV _mÃm AÂbVm jmaÀd

ZmBQ≠>Q> gmoS>`H$ ZmBQ≠>Q> 16.0 - 29H°$oÎe`_ ZmBQ≠>Q> 15.0 - 21[mQ>oe`_ ZmBQ≠>Q> 13.0 - 29gmS>m [mQ>me H$m ZmBQ≠>Q> 15.0 - 28

A_moZ`_ A_moZ`_ gÎ\$Q> 20.5 110 -oZO©b A_moZ`_ 82.2 148 -A_moZ`_ ∑bmamBS > 25.0 128 -_mZm A_moZ`_ \$mÒ\$Q> 11.0 65 -S>mB© A_moZ`_ \$mÒ\$Q> 21.0 78 -

ZmBQ≠>Q> Am°a A_moZ`m A_moZ`m gÎ\$Q> ZmBQ≠>Q> 26.0 99 -A_moZ`m ZmBQ≠>Q> 23.5 60 -H°$oÎe`_ A_moZ`_ ZmBQ≠>Q> 20.5 - -

E_mBS> H°$oÎe`_ gmBZmBS> 22.0 - 63`yna`m 46.6 80 -

ÚmV - E h S> ]wH$ Am∞\$ EJ´rH$m, Eg Hw$_ma, [•. 59


VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 03\$m∞Ò\$magYmar Cd©aH$mß H$ JwU

Cd©aH$ ‡oVeV \$m∞Ò\$Q> P2O5 Cd©aH$ H$r Am–Vm emofVOb gmBQ≠>Q> Hw$b _mÃm ‡H•$oVodb` odb`

E - Ob odb` Cd©aH$1. ogßJbmgw [a \$m∞Ò\$Q> 16.0 - 16.5 CXmgrZ Am–Vm d emfr2. oQ≠>[b gw[a \$m∞Ò\$Q> 42.5 - 46.0 AÂbr` VX°d]r - gmBQ≠>Q> odb` Cd©aH$1. S>mB© H°$oÎe`_ \$m∞Ò\$Q> - 34.0 34.0 AÂbr` VX°d2. AoÒWr MyU© AgßV•· - 8.0 20.0 jmar` AZmX©´Vm d emfr3. AoÒWr MyU© dmoÓ[V - 26.0 25.0 jmar` VX°d4. ]ogH$ ÒbJ - - 3.0 jmar` VX°d

Am°a 8.0gr - Ob Am°a ZmBQ≠>Q> XmZmß _ßAodb`1. am∞H$ \$mÒ\$Q > - - 20.0- jmar` VX°d

40.0 VH$ÚmV - E h S> ]wH$ Am∞\$ EJ´rH$m, Eg Hw$_ma, [•. 59&

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 04‡_wI [mQ>meYmar Cd©aH$

Cd©aH$ ÛmV Ob odb` [mQ>me(K2O) ‡oVeV[mQ>oe`_ ∑bmamBS> (Â`ynaEQ> Am∞\$ [mQ>me) 60.0[mQ>oe`_ gÎ\$Q> (gÎ\$Q> Am∞\$ [mQ>me) 48.0-52.0[mQ>oe`_ H$m]mZQ> 65.0[mQ>oe`_ _°æroe`_ H$m]mZQ> 20.0[mQ>oe`_ _°æroe`_ gÎ\$Q> 21.0-30.0[mQ>oe`_ ZmBQ≠>Q> 44.0gmoS>`_ [mQ>oe`_ ZmBQ≠>Q> 15.0odQ>Z© [mQ>me 7.0bH$∂S>r H$r amI 0.5-36.0ÚmV- E h S> ]wH$ Am∞\$ EJ´rH$m, Eg Hw$_ma, [•.61&

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dm w ‡XyfU Edß dmhZmß g oZÓH$mogV Yw∞Am

AßMb am_Q>H$ *

emY gmamße - emY gmamße - emY gmamße - emY gmamße - emY gmamße - dm`w ‡XyfU dm`w_ S>br` hdm _ß ]m¯ VÀdmß H$m o_lU h° & dm`w ‡XyfU H$m _wª` H$maU ‡mH•$oVH$ Edß _mZdr` gßgmYZ h¢ & dm`w‡XyfU odo^fi _mZdr` JoVodoY`mß O°g- OrdmÓ_ Bß©YZ H$m ObZm, H$m`bm Am°a Vb H$m ObZm, H$maImZmß Edß dmhZmß H$ Yw∞E H$ H$maU hm ahm h°&odo^fi hmoZH$maH$ J°gß O°g- H$m]©ZS>mB© Am∑gmBS>, gÎ\$a S>mB© Am∑gmBS>, H$m]©Z _mZm Am∑gmBS>, ZmB©Q≠>mOZ Am∑gmBS> AmoX dm`w_ S>b _ßo_olV hm ahr h° Om dm`w ‡XyfU H$m ÒVa ]T>m ahr h° & oOg hdm H$m ‡mUr gm∞g H$ ¤mam ‡oV jU A›Xa b ahm h° dh [yar Vah g ‡XyofV h° VWm \$\$S>mßEdß a∫$ [nagßMaU ¤mam [ya eara _ß \°$b ahm h° VWm odo^fi o]_mna`mß H$m H$maU ]Z ahr h° & O°g-O°g _mZd ‡JoV H$ [W [a ]T> ahm h° odo^fio]_mna`mß CgH$ eara _ß Ka ]Zm ahr h¢ & òX H$mZyZ Edß gm_moOH$ OmJ•oV H$m A[Zm`m Zht J`m VWm [S>mß H$m H$Q>Z g Z ]Mm`m J`m Vm `hg_Ò`m ]T>Vr hr Om`Jr &e„X Hwß$Or ñe„X Hwß$Or ñe„X Hwß$Or ñe„X Hwß$Or ñe„X Hwß$Or ñ dm w ‡XyfU

‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - Am∞∑grOZ H$m ‡mU dm`w H$hm OmVm h° oOgH$ o]Zm OrdZH$r H$Î[Zm ^r Zht H$r Om gH$Vr h° & dV©_mZ g_` _ß ]T>V ‡XyfU H$H$maU ew’ dm`w e„X EH$ H$Î[Zm ]ZVm Om ahm h° & EH$ _ZwÓ` oXZ a _ß20 hOma ]ma gmßg bVm h° VWm dm`w H$ o]Zm 5-6 o_ZQ> g AoYH$ OrodVZht ah gH$Vm h° & ]T>V hw` Am°⁄moJH$aU, `mVm`mV gmYZmß H$m AoYH$C[`mJ d•jmß H$r AßYmYwßY H$Q>mB© H•$N> Eg _mZd H•$À` h¢ oO›hmßZ [`m©da m_ß J°gmß H$m gßVwbZ o]JmS> oX`m h° & dm`w ‡XyfU H$ H$maU AmOmZ [aVH$m bJmVma ZwH$gmZ [hy∞M ahm h° VWm Ωbm]b dmo_™J r Bgr H$m [naUm_h° & odÌd ÒdmÒœ` gßJR>Z H$ gd H$ AZwgma 2014 _ß odÌd _ß 20 bmIbmJmß H$r _•À`w H$m H$aU dm`w ‡XyfU ahm h° & dV©_mZ g_` _ß mVm`mV H$gmYZmß _ß bJmVma d•o’ hm ahm h° VWm dmhZmß H$m YwßAm dmVmdaU H$mVrd´Vm g ‡XyofV H$a ahm h° &emY C‘Ì` - emY C‘Ì` - emY C‘Ì` - emY C‘Ì` - emY C‘Ì` - dm w ‡XyfU H$ ob oOÂ_Xma Edß odo^fi dmhZmß g oZH$bZdmbr J°gmß H$r _mÃm H$m A‹``Z d CZH$m eara d dmVmdaU [a ‡^mdkmV H$aZm &emY odoY - emY odoY - emY odoY - emY odoY - emY odoY - Bg hVw g_mMma [Ã, [oÃH$mAmß Edß BßQ>aZQ> g ‡m· OmZH$marEdß N>mÃmß H$m oX` J` ‡mO∑Q> dH©$ H$ AßVJ©V ‡m· dmhZmß H$ o\$Q>Zg‡_mU [Ã H$ AmH$S>mß H$m o¤Vr`H$ ÛmV H$ Í$[ _ß ‡`mJ oH$`m J`m h° &dmhZmß g oZÓH$mofV Edß dm`w ‡XyfH$ _wª` J°gß d CZH$m eara [admhZmß g oZÓH$mofV Edß dm`w ‡XyfH$ _wª` J°gß d CZH$m eara [admhZmß g oZÓH$mofV Edß dm`w ‡XyfH$ _wª` J°gß d CZH$m eara [admhZmß g oZÓH$mofV Edß dm`w ‡XyfH$ _wª` J°gß d CZH$m eara [admhZmß g oZÓH$mofV Edß dm`w ‡XyfH$ _wª` J°gß d CZH$m eara [a‡^md -‡^md -‡^md -‡^md -‡^md -(1) H$m]©Z _mZm Am∞∑gmBS> (CO) :- H$m]©Z _mZm Am∞∑gmBS> a∫$ H$rodo^fi D$ŒmH$mß Edß AßJmß O°g Edß _oÒVÓH$ AmoX _ß Am∞∑grOZ H$m b OmZH$r j_Vm H$m H$_ H$aVm h° & O] ÌdgZ _ß CO br OmVr h° Vm `hhr_mΩbm]rZ H$ gmW o_bH$a H$m]m∑grhr_mΩbmo]Z ]ZmVm h° & EH$ ]mahr_mΩbmo]Z g OwS>Z H$ [ÌMmV≤ h hr_mΩbm]rb H$r C[b„YVm H$m H$_H$a XVm h°&CoHb (H$m]m∑grhr_mΩbm]rZ) H$r gmß–Vm g gß]ßoYV bjU-H´$.

gmß–Vm bjU1 10% CoHb H$mB© bjU Zht

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (‡moUemÛ) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$ _hmod⁄mb`, Z°Z[wa, oObm _ S>bm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

2 15% CoHb hÎH$m ogaXX©3 25% CoHb AÍ$oM Edß VO ogaXX©&4 45% CoHb ]hmer5 50% CoHb _•À`w

`h EH$ aßJhrZ, JßYhrZ ode°br J°g h°& `h B™YZ O°g ‡mH•$oVH$J°gmß, H$m`bm, AmoX H$ XhZ g CÀ[fi hmVr h°, dmhZmß ¤mam oZÓH$mogVYwAm∞ dmVmdaU _ß Co H$r _mÃm H$ obE oOÂ_Xma h°&(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Co2 H$m]©Z S>mB© Am∑∞gmBS> H$m]©Z S>mB© Am∑∞gmBS> H$m]©Z S>mB© Am∑∞gmBS> H$m]©Z S>mB© Am∑∞gmBS> H$m]©Z S>mB© Am∑∞gmBS> - "Green House Gas" H$ Í$[ _ßBgH$r _wª` ^yo_H$m h° AV: Bg ]wa ‡XwfH$ H$ Í$[ _ß OmZm OmVm h°& Co

2

dmVmdaU H$m _wª` KQ>H$ VWm [m°Ym H$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h°& dZmß H$ H$Q>Z,Am°⁄moJH$rH$aU VWm OrdmÌ_ Bß©YZmß H$ XhZ g dmVmdaU _ß BgH$r _mÃm]∂T>Vr Om ahr h°& Co

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standard Level Petrol CO 3.5% 1.97

HC 4500PPM 0543Co

2% 1.56%

O2

% 18.25%

2. Vehicle Type, 2 Wheeler Fuel Test gas Prescribed Measured


HC 9000PPM 1017Co

2% 1.96

O2

% 16.34



HC 4500PPM 0413Co

2% 11.76

O2

% 2.92



HC 4500PPM 0266Co

2% 4.08

O2

% 15.23



HC 9000PPM 0345

Co2

% 4.23O

2% 14.36



HC 9000PPM 0345Co

2% 4.23

O2

% 14.36



HC 4500PPM 0299Co

2% 2.62

O2

% 16.57



HC 4500PPM 0269Co

2% 3.47

O2

% 16.26



HC 4500PPM 0474Co

2% 2.11

O2

% 17.04



HC 4500PPM 0535Co

2% 0.93

O2

% 18.73



HC 9000PPM 0334Co

2% 4.26

O2

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Link :- EPA So2- effect of Health, Sulfer effect on

visibility, Air quality website.3. dmhZmß H$ o\$Q>Zg ‡_mU [Ã g ‡m· AmßH$S>∂&

*************


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threat to health and environment, hindi.indiawaterportal.org/node) - S>m∞. odZmX Jw·m &

2. Bb∑Q≠>moZH$ H$Mam (B©-dÒQ>) (Electronic waste, hindi.indiawaterportal.org/node) - Xro· ogßh

3. B©-AdoeÓQ> H$m H$m`X g hm ‡]ßYZ - E_.EM. \w$bH$a, ^mdZm[mR>H$ &

*************


Health Status Of Girl Child Labourers In Relation ToTheir Family Environment

Dr. Nasreen Gazdar * Prof. Usha Kothari **

Introduction - Children grow progressively and becomevisible as they move towards adulthood. If they areburdened in their childhood and deprived of basicnecessities, their physical and mental growth is influenced.Children are universally recognized as the most importantasset of any nation. Everyone has the right to anenvironment favourable to his physical, mental, emotionaland intellectual growth and development. The functions ofwork in childhood ought to be psycho social developmentand not just economic, children’s work as social good isdirectly opposite to child labour as a social evil (by fuller1962).

India, the largest democracy in the world also has thehighest child labour population in the world. These arechildren, between 6-14 years, belonging to the mostdeprived sections of the society and are engaged in labourwhen actually they should be studying and playing. Majorityof them are girls. In the recent supreme court judgment onabolishing child labour it was observed that “none of theofficial estimates include child labour in the unorganisedsector and therefore, are obviously gross under estimates.Estimates from various non-governmental sources as tothe actual number of working children range from 44 millionto 100 million.”

Children, more so girl children, are especially renderedvulnerable by the norms and practices of the society at large.Consider, too, social inequality and discrimination, whichare important, but are often overlooked, causes of childlabour. Asian society is generally stratified on the basis ofclass, caste, community, ethnicity and gender. These socialdivisions have various facets that contribute to theperpetuation of child labour. (Kairta Ratna, 1995).

Poverty has an obvious relationship with child labourand studies have “revealed a positive correlation in someinstances a strong one between girl child labour and suchfactors as poverty” (Mehra 1996). The greater the poverty,the more aggravated is the situation of the girl child. Deniededucation, nutrition and health care in many ways furtherrestrict her growth and development. In certaincommunities, the rules of permission and restriction onwomen are much more stringent thus allowing for theirgreater exploitation and discrimination.

*Asst. Professor (Home Science) Shri Mahalaxmi Girls College, Prat ap Nagar , Jodhpur (Raj.) INDIA**Professor & Head (Home Science) Jai Narain V yas University , Jodhpur (Raj.) INDIA

The injustice against girls or gender discrimination hasbecome an acute problem in India. It was only in year (1990),the SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation) provided an opportunity to the countries in theregion to focus their attention on the girl child. In India, girlchild is undesired, uncared for, neglected and treated asan inferior being. She is compelled to accept a second classstatus in the traditional male dominated socio-economicreligious setup.

Girls constitute 50 percent of the child labour force inIndia who are mostly deprived of fair wages and areexploited by the employers. Their employment do not createany skill formation. Compared to male children, the girlchildren are more exploited in the payment of wages andappreciation of work. What is more horrible is that “the cruelmethods adopted to kill the child in the womb if she is a girlis a sad reflection on the womb-to tomb syndrome.”

The problem of child labour is so enormous and theneed for action is urgent, choices must be made aboutwhere to concentrate available human and materialresources. The most humane strategy must therefore beto focus scare resources first on the most intolerable formsof child. Labour such as slavery, debt bondage, childprostitution, work in hazardous occupations and industries,and the very young, especially girls. Most studies howeverdelimit their analysis to the victims of child labour withoutmentioning the girl child labour as separate entity, childlabour among girls is much bigger problem than child labouralone.

Girl child labour harms not only the present generationbut also the posteriori. If one conceives the idea of a girlchild labour it brings before the eyes the picture ofexploitation of little, physically tender, illiterate, underoccupation and unhealthy conditions. The problem of girlchild labour is such that it can hardly be legislated away asits roots lie in object poverty and backwardness of thesociety.Objectives -1. To find out and compare the level of health status

among the different categories of girl child laboure (a)Rag pickers (b) Domestic Servants (c) Factoryworkers.


2. To find out and compare the pattern of familyenvironment among the different categories of childlaborers. (a) Rag pickers (b) Domestic Servants (c)Factory workers.

Hypothesis -1. Level of health status will be lower among rag pickers

and factory workers as compared to domestic servants.2. Positive environment i.e. concerned, committed,

helpful, supportive, open expression, organized andcompetitive environment will lead to better health status

Methodology - A incidental purposive sample of 300 girlchild labour, aged 8-14 years of studied, within the municipallimits of Jodhpur City, Rajasthan. Out of these 300 girl childlabourers were rag pickers, 100 were factory workers and100 were domestic servants.Tools - To investigate the, health status and familyenvironment, these scales and standards were used(a) Family Environment Scale (FES) of MOOS adapted

by Joshi and Vyas (1996) was used.(b) Health Status was measured according to standards

of ICMR (1990) and NCHS, WHO Geneva (1983). Thedimension of the health status were -

Weight for Age -l Gomez et. al (1956)l Indian Academy of Paediatrics (1972)

Height for Agel Vishwaswara Rao’s (19 )l Waterlow’s (1972)

Weight for Heightl Waterlow’s (1972)Procedure - After the selection of the girl child labourerslocalities, the family environment scale, was administeredon the selected sample, anthropometry measurement weretaken individually and in small groups to find out the healthstatus.Analysis of Dat a - The overall analysis of percentage wasattempted from data obtained from all the samples. Thesamples were analyzed into distinguishable categories ineach area and then factor wise mean scores were testedfor the significance difference by ‘t’ test at 0.05 and 0.01level of significance and product moment correlations.Result -Health S tatus - (Graph see in the last p age)

In this present investigation, according to Weight forAge more rag pickers 33% were malnourished as comparedto 30% domestic servants and 29% of factory workers.Comparatively the lowest percentage of normal degree(23.33%) was found in rag pickers where as factory workersand domestic servants have same percentage i.e. 25.33%on normal degree under Height for Age.

Same data when compared according to Weight forHeight. 24% of the rag pickers were malnourished ascompared to 15% of factory workers and 13% of domesticservants. Maximum percentage of domestic servantsdisplayed normal health status.Overall it was observed that the Health Status of Rag pickers

suffer poorer health because they are more exposed tounhealthy surroundings, poverty, lack of food and lack ofvalues attached to girl child. Generally these rag pickersspend most of their time on streets.

Thus the hypothesis on Health Status is accepted asthe level of Health status is lower among the rag pickersand factory workers as compared to domestic servants.Girls child labourers on Family Environment Scale(Table see in the last p age)

Overall data in above table reveals the percentage ofgirls on family environment scale. It can be concluded thatin the present sample rag pickers are below average oncohesion. On control subscale whereas conflict subscale,factory workers are below average. But on achievementorientation both factory workers and rag pickers are belowaverage.

So it can be concluded that the family member ofdomestic servants are concerned and committed to thefamily. They are supportive and helpful to each other. Onthe other hand family members of rag pickers are leastbothered about the members in the family and even theydo not know where about of their children.

Rag pickers feels more frustrated in the home andspend more time involving herself in busy task. As the girldo not want to go home and works all the day there is nocompetitive framework in the family and they are unawareof new activities going around them. The head of the familyis the eldest male. Whenever they are at home, they haveto follow rules and regulation of the head of the family. Insuch circumstances the head of the family controls thefamily. There is lot of conflict in the family of factory workerscausing tension at home which makes them frustrated.

Achievement orientation is below average in ragpickers and factory workers. They are having fewer skillsfor competitive framework because of lack of exposure. Asthey belong to extremely poor family. They are not anxiousto be independent and self-reliant which is necessary forthe development of need on achievement. They are worriedabout their everyday living.

The hypothesis is accepted as positive environmenti.e. concerned, committed, helpful, supportive, openexpression, organized and competitive environment willleads to better health status and less behaviour problems.Recommendation- We shall join hands to promote andensure a child friendly environment a new system and towelcome a NEW DAWN where:-All the girls up to 18 years of age shall be in schools whererelevant and quality education is ensured.l The health status of the girls improved, Infant mortality

rate reduced, early child birth and related problemcontrolled.

l Parents are educated and became responsive forbetter child care.

l Girl child labour is made practically impossible as allthe girls join schools and not available for work.

l Exploitation and discrimination of girls resisted.


l Illiteracy is eradicated.Media can be used very effectively in this regard. E.g.

radio/television etc. apart from the schools can serve asthe best place for educating parents about how to treat andcare for their children. For those parents and people whodo not send their children to schools once again media canserve as an important tool for educating them throughdifferent programs.We should realize that all children are our children andchildren are born to be loved. What we need are stronglaws so that the real offenders are punished. Only then,the abuse of children will stop.

References :-1. Agarwal R. (1987) A Situational analysis of girl

ragpickers (Dissertation), department of childdevelopment, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi.

2. Assessment of Nutritional Status, Department ofHuman Nutrition London School of Hygine and TropicalMedicine, Keppel Street, London (1985).

3. Bagchi, Jasodhara and Guha Java, (1997). Loved &

Unloved : The girl child in the family. Calcutta, stree .212 p.

4. Bamji. Rao, Reddy (1998), Textbook of HumanNutrition Published by Mohan Primlani for Oxford &IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., 66 Janpath, New Delhi.

5. Behind Closed Doors: Child domestic labour. ILO-IPECInternational Labour office. Geneva (2004).

6. Bhima Sangha(2004), “Girl At Work : Situation in Asia”in Asian Regional Meeting on the Worst forms of ChildLabour Phuket, Thailand: ILO

7. Gomez, F, Ramos, GR, Frenk, S, Cravioto, J, Chavez,R, Vazquez, J (1956) Mortality in second and thirddegree malnutrition, J. Trop, Pediatr 2:77-83.

8. Child Labour forms (1997), The State of World’sChildren SACCS - UNICEF Report .

9. Efforts against child labour often overlook domesticworkers (June 11, 2004). UNICEF Press release.

10. FAO on Child Domestic Labour (2004) - ILO London.11. Caroline Hunt (October 1996); Child waste pickers in

India; the occupation and its health risks. Environmentand Urbanization, vol 8, No. 2.

Health S tatus


Girls child labourers on Family Environment ScaleGroup s Subscales Below Average Above Average

AverageDomestic Cohesion 6.0% 40.0% 54.0%Servant s Conflict 13.0% 32.0% 55.0%

Achievement 13.0% 30.0% 57.0%OrientationControl 5.0% 36.0% 59.0%

Rag Cohesion 64.0% 22.0% 14.0%Pickers Conflict 29.0% 50.0% 21.0%


Factory Cohesion 21.0% 54.0% 25.0%Workers Conflict 52.0% 45.0% 3.0%


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Water - The Prime Resource

Mamta Goyal *

Introduction - Of all the resource of the earth, water is themost fundamental to human life. Water is the uniqueessential for all forms of life-vegetative animal and humanlife. It is utilized in various ways e.g. for agriculture, industry,transport and energy as well as for domestic uses likedrinking. Cooking, washing etc.

Water is found in abundance on the earth. Nearly 71per cent of earth’s surface in covered by water. Out of thiswater nearly 97 per cent of water is found in oceans andseas. It is saline and not suitable for human lifeconsumption. 2 per cent of this resource is in the solid fromof ice and in locked in the ice caps and the glaciers. It isalso inaccessible to man. Nearly 0.0001 per cent ins foundis gaseous form in the atmosphere. Remaining only 1 percent of water is found in the form of fresh water which isuseful to mankind.Necessity of water Conservation - Water of usablequantity and quality, present in the right place as the righttime, is exhaustible. No doubt, it is renewable resource butone of which the demand is for greater than the supply inmany areas of the world, water shortages are becominggrave global phenomenon. It is a major problem in most ofAfrica, west Asia, most of south Asia, a large part of thewestern U.S.A. North-west Mexico, Some regions of SouthAmerica and nearly all of Australia. Most of our planet isdrying.1. Increase in Population and More Consumption ofWater Per Head - With ever-growing population of roughly85 million additional people per year, the demand for thefresh water is increasing.

Ten years now, India will have an extra 250 millionpeople. Regions with scarce water have the highest ratesof growth of population. Population grow and waterdemands increase. Global consumption of water is doublingevery 20 years, more than twice the rate of humanpopulation growth. Moreover, the distribution of populationis very uneven. The country sides are losing their peoplewhile cities are becoming over-crowded. Coastal plain ofsouthern California provides an example of unbalanceddistribution of population. In an area one eighth the size ofCalifornia lives more half the population of the state. Thecities like Los Angeles face acute shortage of fresh waterand have to bring it from distant highland areas. Apart for

*Asst. Professor (Home Science) Govt. Girls College, Khargone (M.P.) INDIA

drinking, bathing, cooking, urban centers also require largeamound of water for the disposal of wastes, e.g. in most ofthe urban areas cisterns require about 12.5 liters of waterper flushing.Irrigation and it s Faulty Methods - ln order to feed largenumber of people, large areas has been brought undercultivation. ln areas receiving less rainfall , supply of wateris made through water obtained from rivers, canals, tanksor wells. Lrrigation consumes about 60 to 70 percent of allwater used by humans. Most of the rivers are dammed tocreate reservoirs that are able to provide water for irrigation.After few years , due to silting, the capacity of reservoirs tostore water reduces considerably. If the canals are not lined,some water is lost due to seepage. Many of the farmers donot know how much water is needed to the farm. They justover water it and much of irrigation water is lost throughevaporation. In many countries the nitrates, pesticides andinsecticides are used in the farms. The residues of thesechemicals find their outlet in river water or ground waterand water gets polluted and useless for drinking. It leads todepletion of fresh water reserves.Large scale Use of fresh W ater in Industries and W aterpollution - This is a major cause of diminishing supplies offresh water. Industrial use of water is predicted to doubleby 2025 if current growth trends continue. Apart from usingfresh water on large scale in manufacturing sector,industries produce large amount of water In the U.S. alone,the computer manufacturing industry will soon be using over1500 billion liters of water producing over 300 billion litersof waste water each year. The waste water comprising toxicsubstances, ranging from metallic salts to organic chemicalsand physical pollutant of thermal and radioactive substancesand dumped in rivers, Lakes, streams or enter in groundwater. Nearly 70 percent of river water is polluted and notsuitable for human being. For example, nearly 60 percentof river water in Maharashtra is highly polluted and notsuitable for drinking the problem of water pollution is moreserious in developing countries of the world.

Increasing numbers of people are moving to cities,where dense population place terrible strains on limitedwater supplies with their sanitation services. The sewagewater finds outlet in nearby –rivers or lakes and make freshwater unsuitable for human consumption.


Evaporation take place over the surfaces of reservoirs,rivers and canals, thus large amount of fresh water is lostin the atmosphere deprecating of vegetation cover incatchment areas is also responsible for depletion of freshwater as the rain drops are not absorbed near the surface,they find their outlet and join Rivera. The floods are severein many areas of the word where large scale destruction offorest cover has taken place. The water joins the oceansto become salty, not useful for humansThe above mentioned factors throw light on the followingtruth -I. The entire human race is facing the problem of acute

shortage of water.II. The supply of fresh water will create grave problem in

the future where world population is increasing veryrapidly as compared with the supplies of fresh water.

III. Man is pollution fresh water on a large scale, thusmaking large part of fresh water unsuitable forconsumptionThe following facts throw light on the gravity of scarcityof water: In many developing countries, less than 20percent of the population has access to clean drinkingwater. In India over 60 percent of families do not getwater through pipes. Only 29 percent of the familiesand 65 percent of urban areas get water at home. In1990,243 million urban and 988 million rural peoplewere without access to potable water. This number hasincreased by 2.1 billion people (813 million in citiesand 1.3 billion in countryside) in 2000

we are unable to interfere in the hydrological cycle. We areunable to increase the amount of precipitation. So, waterconservation is the most effective and environmentallysound way to reduce our demand of water, e.g. the city ofLos Angeles has grown by one million since 1970 but stilluses the same amount of waterWhat is Conservation of water? - Water conservationrefers to reducing usa of fresh water, through technologicalor social method. The goals of water conservation effortsinclude:1. Sust ainability - To ensure available of water for future

generation. The withdrawal of fresh water form anecosystem should not exceed its natural replacementrate.

2. Energy Conservation - Water pumping, delivery andwaste water treatment facilities a significant amountof energy . Over 15 percent of total electricityconsumption is devoted to water management , henceit is necessary to conserve the energy.

3. Habit at conservation - Minimizing human water usehelps to presser fresh water habitats, reduces the needto build new dams and other water diversioninfrastructure.Thus more efficient use of water is an obvious responseto supply shortages, this may achieved by reducinglosses in the delivery and application of water or bylimiting the growth of demand.

Let us study the various method of conservation of thisprecious resource.1. Conservation of water used in the Industries - Theindustrial wastes, the residues of the manufacturingprocesses are dumped in rivers and lakes. The wastewaters contain highly toxic chemicals which can render largestreams or river unfit for any further use. The developmentof unclear energy as a new power source brought a newsource of pollution radioactive contamination of water andis far more dangerous and lasting than any type of pollutant.Ground water reserves also get polluted by industrialchemicals, e . g. molasses from the sugar mills .

Thus, the industries have to devise recalculatingsystems whereby the waste water is processed, thechemicals reclaimed for further use and the water renderedpure enough for reuse. Such systems are very expensive,but once they are installed, cut down on the fresh waterrequirement and make it possible to operate where watersupplies are limited. Some paper mills have devised thismethod of water recalculating. In most of the Industrieswater is used for culling purposes. By using the recycledwater over and over again, fresh can be conserved.

The effluent should be treated before disposing them.This measure have achieved

Significant successes in some rivers and lakes whichhave been badly affected by in

Industrial discharges. Water quality in the river Rhinehas improved sharply as a result of any international clean-up programme.2. Conservation of W ater use in Agriculture-Irrigation- A large amount of fresh water is utilized for irrigation farms.Which some of used for small farms. Increasing amount ofwater used for commercial farming, which overuses andwastes water? e.g. sugarcanes cultivation in India requireslarge water supply. Much of irrigation water comes fromopen canals, water runs freely in the fields and there islarge loss of water form evaporation. Thus, water shouldbe planned in such a way to give each plant no more ormore or less then its own needs for best growth and so thatthere is only an unavoidable minimum loss by evaporation.Seepage losses from canals can be minimized by liningthem. Conservative practices like sprinklers are necessaryas Then check the water losses through seepage and rateof evaporation form soil is controlled. Drip or trickle irrigationis the most important

Method of irrigation, especially in areas that receivescanty rainfall. It supplies water to the roots of the plantsthrough underground pipes. It is charactunately, the moreefficient methods of irrigation are very costly and hencethey are more common in developed than the developingcountries,

Multi- purpose dams besides controlling the floodsprovide water for power irrigation and other uses. Asreported by the world commission on dams, by 2000,therewere more than 48000 large dams ( over 15 m high ) in theworld. The most elaborate series of dams are built in the


u.s. along the Tennessee river, the dams constructed atseveral place have converted much of river into a chain offresh-water lakes. Such dams control

Floods the excess amount of water, instead of goingthe oceans of storted in the reservoirs to use it for irrigation.3. Rain water harvesting - for the last thousands ofyears, a technique of rain water harvesting is practiced inmany countries of the word. In the method, sufficient amountof water is collected by creating a small pond in the soilsurface. The water thus following down-hill over a fairlyimpermeable hill-side collects into pond or small reservoirsby building small ditches or rook walls sloping graduallyacross the hill-side contours. Clearing, rocks or compactinghill-side soils in various ways increases the amount ofoverland flow and the amount of rainwater is harvested bythe hill-side ditches.4. Water Recycling - Recycling of cooling and processwater have become common in most developed countriesof the world. | Tokyo has established a water recyclingCentre which takes waste water form sewage treatmentfacilities, chlorinates it and pumps it to multi –storeyedbuildings for use in flushing toilets. Israel is a desert country.She has made recycling an important part of her nationalwater policy. In 2000, the country used 80 percent of herwaste water. Thus, this policy saves fresh water which canbe used for better purposes.5. Conservation of water Through flood Control -During floods, excess amount of water ultimately joins theoceans and this precious fresh water is lost is becomesaline. In order to prevent the floods, upland areas nearthe sources of the rivers and watersheds should havevegetation cover. By planting trees and protecting grasscover in upland areas, control of floods is possible The waterdrops obstructed by the vegetation cover come down tothe earth slowly to enter in the soil. Thus, water is absorbedin the soil due to infiltration and water loss in the run –off isless. Over grazing in such areas should be allowedotherwise land will remain unprotected and rainwater willflow down the slope unchecked instead of entering in thesoil. Thus the best natural managers of water are the trees.The sponge organic soils of well managed forest land area tremendous reservoir for water is the trees. The bulk ofmoisture percolates through it before it has a chance torun –off and starts damaging floods. Trees themselves drink

in gallons of water, to release it slowly to the atmosphereas a water vapor where it may again collect in clouds forfuture rains. Removing this soil‘s natural blanket ofvegetation, particularly on sloping land, gives rise to gulliesthrough which rainwater runs unchecked.6. Contribution of Individuals in W ater Conservation-(I) For individuals, there are many effective ways to

conserve water in and around the home -a. Water your lawn it needs it.b. Fix leaky faucets and plumbing joints. It saves 20

gallons of water per day for every leaks stoppedc. Don‘t run the house while washing your car, use a

bucket of water. Save 150 gallons of water each time.d. Install water-saving shower heads.e. Run only full loads in washing machine and dish water.f. Turn off the water tap while brushing teeth.g. Turn of ht water tap while shaving.h. It you wash dishes by hand, don‘t leave the water

running for rinsing.i. Don‘t defrost frozen foods with running water.(II) Outside the homea. Put a layer of mulch around the trees and plants to

slow down evaporation.b. Water your plants during a cool part of the day.c. Don‘t water the lawn on windy days. There is too much

evaporation.d. Direct the water drain line of air conditioner to a flower

bed or a tree.e. Harvest rainwater.f. Divert water used in the bathroom and in kitchen to

the garden.If people follow these method of conservation of water, thenthe day is not very far when all people will have adequatewater for their consumption.

References :-1. Agrawal Pushpendra (2007), Hydrology and water

Resources of India.2. Aasit K.Vishwas (2009) Water Resource of Indian

subcontinent.3. Garg, Vikash (2006) Development of water resources

in India.4. Zimmer, D. & Renaull, D. (2003) Virtual water in food

production and global trade.

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oÛ`mß ZB©-ZB© ^yo_H$mE∞ J´hU H$a ahr h° &l ^maVr` Zmar H$ —oÓQ>H$mU Edß odMma AmYwoZH$ hm ah h° &l Ï`dgm` gßbæ ]hwgßª`H$ _ohbmE∞ Ï`dgm` H$ AoVna∫$ A›`

^yo_H$mAmß H$m dhZ H$aZ _ß H$oR>ZmB© H$m AZw^d H$aVr h° &‡mH$Î[Zm -‡mH$Î[Zm -‡mH$Î[Zm -‡mH$Î[Zm -‡mH$Î[Zm - dVZ^mJr _ohbmAm ß H$m Ï`dgm` Edß [mnadmnaH$g_m`mOZ H$r Xmhar ^yo_H$m oZ^mZ _ß ¤ßX H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S>Vm h° &g_J´ Edß oZXeZ - g_J´ Edß oZXeZ - g_J´ Edß oZXeZ - g_J´ Edß oZXeZ - g_J´ Edß oZXeZ - A‹``Z hVw I S>dm eha H$r 250 dVZ^mJr_ohbmAmß H$m g‡`mOZ d ÒVarV oZXe©Z H$ AmYma [a MwZmd oH$`mJ`m h° &A‹``Z [’oV - A‹``Z [’oV - A‹``Z [’oV - A‹``Z [’oV - A‹``Z [’oV - dVZ^mJr _ohbmAmß H$r Xmhar ^yo_H$m AWm©VÏ`dgm` Edß [mnadmnaH$ g_m`mOZ H$ _‹` gß]ßY H$ odÌbfU H$ obEg_mO d°kmoZH$ AZwgßYmZ H$r _mZH$ odoY`mß O°g - gmjmÀH$ma AZwgyMr,Agh^mJr AdbmH$Z ‡Umbr VWm gmjmÀH$ma VWm odoY H$m ‡`mJ oH$`mJ`m &Vœ`mß H$m ‡ÒVwVrH$aU - Vœ`mß H$m ‡ÒVwVrH$aU - Vœ`mß H$m ‡ÒVwVrH$aU - Vœ`mß H$m ‡ÒVwVrH$aU - Vœ`mß H$m ‡ÒVwVrH$aU - ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z AmYwoZH$ A›dfUmÀ_H$ EdßodÓbfUmÀ_H$ h° &gmaUr`Z - gmaUr`Z - gmaUr`Z - gmaUr`Z - gmaUr`Z - odo^›Z dJm~ H$ Vœ`mß H$m [ßo∫$`mß Edß g_ÒV ÒVÂ^mß _ßÏ`doÒWV oH$`m J`m h° & Bg ‡H$ma gmaUr H$r Amd•oŒm`mß H$ AmdßQ>Z _ßgm_J´r H$m Ï`doÒWV Í$[ ‡XmZ oH$`m OmVm h° - Ï`mdgmo`H$ oÒWoV Edß[mnadmnaH$ g_m`mOZ H$m Am[g _ß gh-gß]ßY h° XmZmß hr oÒWoV`m∞ EH$-Xyga H$m ‡^modV H$aVr h° & `h oZÂZ VmobH$mAmß H$ _m‹`_ g Ò[ÓQ>[nabojV hmVr h° &

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 1VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 1VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 1VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 1VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 1CŒmaXmoÃ`m ß H$r [nadma _ß oÒWoVCŒmaXmoÃ`m ß H$r [nadma _ß oÒWoVCŒmaXmoÃ`m ß H$r [nadma _ß oÒWoVCŒmaXmoÃ`m ß H$r [nadma _ß oÒWoVCŒmaXmoÃ`m ß H$r [nadma _ß oÒWoV

H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$. oÒWoV`m∞oÒWoV`m∞oÒWoV`m∞oÒWoV`m∞oÒWoV`m∞ Amd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒm ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV1. _woI`m H$r 25 102. OrodH$m[mO©Z H$aZ dmb 40 16

odoeÓQ> gXÒ` H$r3. AYrZÒW AWdm AmolV H$m 178 71.24. H$mB© odef Zht 7 2.8

`mJ 250 100X2 = 101.23 (ÒdVßÃ H$moQ> = = = = = 3 , _mZ 7.815) [naUm_ gmW©H$


H$^r -H$^r ‡oÒWoV, gßKf©erb oÒWoV H$m r CÀ[fi H$aZ _ß ghm`H$ hmOmVr h°& [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ _ß ‡oÒWoV gßKf© H$r oÒWoV Ag_m`mOZ VWmAgßVwbZ H$ obE CŒmaXm`r h° &

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 2VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 2VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 2VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 2VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 2[nadma H$r JoVodoY`m ß_ ß VQ>ÒW Xe©H$ H$r ^yo_H$m[nadma H$r JoVodoY`m ß_ ß VQ>ÒW Xe©H$ H$r ^yo_H$m[nadma H$r JoVodoY`m ß_ ß VQ>ÒW Xe©H$ H$r ^yo_H$m[nadma H$r JoVodoY`m ß_ ß VQ>ÒW Xe©H$ H$r ^yo_H$m[nadma H$r JoVodoY`m ß_ ß VQ>ÒW Xe©H$ H$r ^yo_H$m

H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$. ‡À`wŒma‡À`wŒma‡À`wŒma‡À`wŒma‡À`wŒma Amd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒm ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV1. hm± 55 222. Zht 195 78

`mJ 250 100`h CÑIZr` h° oH$ ^yo_H$m H$m Z oZ^mZm [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ _ß

^yo_H$m ¤›¤ H$r oÒWoV CÀ[fi H$aVm h° Am°a Egr A›V¤©›¤mÀ_H$ Xem[nadma H$m Agß_OZ H$r Ama b OmVr h° O]oH$ g\$b ^yo_H$m oZdm©hgm_moOH$ [mnadmnaH$ g_m`mOZ H$m EH$ eo∫$embr Vœ` h° &

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 3VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 3VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 3VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 3VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 3oÛ`mß H$m Ka g ]mha Zm°H$ar H$aZm CZH$ [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß H$moÛ`mß H$m Ka g ]mha Zm°H$ar H$aZm CZH$ [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß H$moÛ`mß H$m Ka g ]mha Zm°H$ar H$aZm CZH$ [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß H$moÛ`mß H$m Ka g ]mha Zm°H$ar H$aZm CZH$ [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß H$moÛ`mß H$m Ka g ]mha Zm°H$ar H$aZm CZH$ [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß H$m

H°$gm bJVm h°H°$gm bJVm h°H°$gm bJVm h°H°$gm bJVm h°H°$gm bJVm h°H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$. ‡À`wŒma‡À`wŒma‡À`wŒma‡À`wŒma‡À`wŒma Amd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒm ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV1. A¿N>m 218 87.22. ]wam 3 1.23. Hw$N> odef Zht 29 11.6

`mJ 250 100X2 = 331.5 (ÒdVßÃ H$moQ> = = = = = 2 , 5 [a _mZ 5.991 ) [naUm_ gmW©H$AoYH$mße dVZ^mJr _ohbmAmß H$m gH$mamÀ_H$ [j `h og’ H$aVm h° oH$oÛ`mß H$m Ka g ]mha Zm°H$ar H$aZm [mnadmnaH$ —oÓQ>H$mU g A¿N>m h° Am°aAmZßXXm`H$ & `h oÒWoV g_m`mOZ VWm [mnadmnaH$ gßVwbZ H$m gßH$VH$ h°&

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 4VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 4VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 4VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 4VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 4Zm°H$ar H$ ‡oV [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß H$m —oÓQ>H$mUZm°H$ar H$ ‡oV [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß H$m —oÓQ>H$mUZm°H$ar H$ ‡oV [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß H$m —oÓQ>H$mUZm°H$ar H$ ‡oV [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß H$m —oÓQ>H$mUZm°H$ar H$ ‡oV [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß H$m —oÓQ>H$mU

H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$. ‡À`wŒma‡À`wŒma‡À`wŒma‡À`wŒma‡À`wŒma Amd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒm ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV1. gh`mJmÀ_H$ 129 51.62. Í$Im 04 1.63. VQ>ÒW 117 46.8

`mJ 250 100X2 = 114.2 (ÒdVßÃ H$moQ> = = = = = 2 , 5% _mZ 5.991 ) [naUm_ gmW©H$X2 H$ _mZ g ^r Bg H$WZ H$r `Wm©WVm ‡_moUV og’ hmVr h° &

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 5VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 5VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 5VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 5VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 5Zm°H$ar H$m bH$a [nadma _ß g_Ò`m `m oddmXZm°H$ar H$m bH$a [nadma _ß g_Ò`m `m oddmXZm°H$ar H$m bH$a [nadma _ß g_Ò`m `m oddmXZm°H$ar H$m bH$a [nadma _ß g_Ò`m `m oddmXZm°H$ar H$m bH$a [nadma _ß g_Ò`m `m oddmX

H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$. ‡À`wŒma‡À`wŒma‡À`wŒma‡À`wŒma‡À`wŒma Amd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒm ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV1. hm∞ 17 6.82. Zht 233 93.2

`mJ 250 100AoYH$mße CŒmaXmoÃ`mß H$m Í$I ZH$mamÀ_H$ d 6.8 ‡oVeV Z gH$mamÀ_H$‡oVoH´$`m ‡H$Q> H$r &

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 6VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 6VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 6VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 6VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 6Zm°H$ar H$m bH$a [nadma _ß g_Ò`m `m oddmXZm°H$ar H$m bH$a [nadma _ß g_Ò`m `m oddmXZm°H$ar H$m bH$a [nadma _ß g_Ò`m `m oddmXZm°H$ar H$m bH$a [nadma _ß g_Ò`m `m oddmXZm°H$ar H$m bH$a [nadma _ß g_Ò`m `m oddmX

H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$. H$maUH$maUH$maUH$maUH$maU Amd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒm ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV1. Zm°H$ar Edß [nadma H$ Xmo`Àdmß

_ß Vmb_b H$ A^md H$ H$maU 3 17.64

2. gXÒ`mß H$r C[ojV oÒWoV 9 52.94H$ H$maU

3. J•hÒWr H$ ]mP H$ H$maU 5 29.42`mJ 17 100

X2 = 3.29 (ÒdVßÃ H$moQ> = = = = = 2 [a 5% [a _mZ 5.991 ) [naUm_ -gmW©H$ Zht

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 7VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 7VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 7VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 7VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 7Zm°H$ar H$ H$maU [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ ‡^modV hmZ [a Zm°H$arZm°H$ar H$ H$maU [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ ‡^modV hmZ [a Zm°H$arZm°H$ar H$ H$maU [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ ‡^modV hmZ [a Zm°H$arZm°H$ar H$ H$maU [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ ‡^modV hmZ [a Zm°H$arZm°H$ar H$ H$maU [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ ‡^modV hmZ [a Zm°H$ar

N>m ∂S>Z H$m [jN>m ∂S>Z H$m [jN>m ∂S>Z H$m [jN>m ∂S>Z H$m [jN>m ∂S>Z H$m [jH´$.H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$. ‡oVoH´$`m‡oVoH´$`m‡oVoH´$`m‡oVoH´$`m‡oVoH´$`m Amd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒm ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV1. hm± 125 502. Zht 125 50

`mJ 250 100Bg ‡ wŒma _ß 50 ‡oVeV H$m gH$mamÀ_H$ 50 ‡oVeV H$m ZH$mamÀ_H$

‡oVoH´$`m ahr &oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -oZÓH$f© -emY A‹``Z g odo^fi oZÓH$f© C^H$a gm_Z AmE&l AoYH$mße dVZ^mJr _ohbmAmß H$m [nadma _ß _wª` ^yo_H$m ‡XmZ

Zht H$r OmVr& C›hß AYrZÒW VWm AmolV gXÒ` H$ Í$[ _ß hr[hMmZm OmVm h° &

l AoYH$Va _ohbmE∞ [mnadmnaH$ JoVodoY`mß _ß VQ>ÒW Zht ahVr Ao[VwgoH´$` ^yo_H$m oZ^mVr h°& g\$b ^yo_H$m [mnadmnaH$ g_m`mOZ _ßghm`H$ og’ hmVr h°&

l _ohbmAmß H$m Ka g ]mha Zm°H$ar H$aZm [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß H$m A¿N>mVm bJVm h° oH$›Vw C›hß [nadma g [`m©· gh`mJ Zht o_bVm,[naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ g_m`mOZ H$m ‡oH´$`m ‡^modV hmVr h°&

l dVZ^mJr _ohbmAmß H$m Zm°H$ar Edß [mnadmnaH$ Xmo`Àd XmZmß H$moZ^mZm [∂S>Vm h°, AV: Hw$N> dVZ^mJr _ohbmE∞ Zm°H$ar Edß [nadmaH$ Xmo`Àd H$ ]rM R>rH$ Tß>J g Vmb_b ÒWmo[V Zht H$a [mVr h° &

l Om _ohbmE∞ Zm°H$ar H$aZm MmhVr h° CZ [a ]hwV AoYH$ X]md Am°aamH$ bJmB© OmVr h° Vm d hrZVm H$m AZw^d H$aVr h° &

l Zm°H$ar Edß [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ H$m gh-gÂ]›Y EH$-Xyga H$m ‡^modVH$aVm h°&

l Zm°H$ar H$ H$maU `oX [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ ‡^modV hmVm h° Vm Hw$N>_ohbmE∞ Zm°H$ar N>m∂S>Z H$r _mZogH$Vm aIVr h° VWm Zm°H$ar N>m∂S>ZH$ [j _ß Zht h°&

l dVZ^mJr _ohbmE∞ A[Zr Xmhar ^yo_H$m g oZa›Va gßKf© H$aV hwE^r g_m`mOZ H$ ‡oV gH$mamÀ_H$ Í$I aIVr h° &

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. EdaQ> O. EZ. - dy_Z E S> gmÌ`b M›O BZ Bo S>`m, EQ©>O

[o„beg© ZB© oXÑr, 1974 &2. Kmf, Eg. H$ - dm_Z BZ E. MoOßJ gmgmBQ>r, Eoe`m [o„boeßJ

hmCg, ZB© oXÑr , 1984 &3. JwS> odob`_ O. Edß hmQ> [mb H$ - _WS>≤g BZ gmÌ`b nagM© _ß

J´mohV ]wH$ H$m ›`y`mH©$ , 1952 &4. H$[ya ‡o_bm - ^maV _ß oddmh Ama H$m_H$mOr _ohbmE∞ , amOH$_b

‡H$meZ 1974 &5. Ifim oJnaZm Edß _na`Â_m E. ]aJrO - Bo S>`Z od_Z Qw>S>, oXÑr


odH$mg, 1978 &6. b¢oS>g , OyS>gZ Edß b°oSß>g _ar Or - [gZ©b ES>OÒQ>_ßQ>, _aO E S>

\$o_br bodßJ EÂhm dwS>, o∑Î[g, EZ. O. ‡°oQß>g hmb BßH$, 1958 &

7. JrVmbr gZJwflVm - dVZ^mJr _ohbmAmß H$r g_mO _Zmd°kmoZH$g_Ò`mAm ß H$m A‹``Z (I S>dm ZJa H$ gßX^© _ ß) gmJaodÌdod⁄mb`, gmJa ¤mam ÒdrH•$V emY ‡]ßY

*************


_hÌda hWH$aKm C⁄o_`mß _ß gm_m›` ÒdmÒœ` gß]ßYrg_Ò`mAmß H$m A‹``Z

S>m∞. _ßOw e_m© * ‡oV>m Xmgm¢Yr **

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Abstract - For providing better facility and minimum support values of crops to the farmers, government generatedregulated agro markets. Establishment of Agriculture Markets in Indore Region successfully provided better infrastructureand other facilities to the farmers. For getting better prices, farmers carried out bulk quantity of crops in agro markets.In this research paper, I tried to study that foundation of agriculture markets helpful to eco-socio development offarmers. The main objectives of my research to know the contribution of agro markets in financial development offarmers. For this I used different statistical tools like Chi-square test, T-test, Ranking, and Percentage etc. With thehelp of agro markets officers and staff, government follows up rules and regulations strictly which are favorable forfarmers. From this, farmers not only getting better values on crops but also improve their assets and living standard.There is association between strictly follow government rules and regulations in Agro-Markets across reliability growin farmers for the same. There is association between continuously economic developments of farmers across theestablishment of Agro-Markets.Key Words - Region, T-test, association, reliability, crops.

Equitable Role Of Agricultural Produce Markets In EconomicReforms And Development Of Farmers - An Analytical Study

(Special reference to the Farmers of Indore Region in M.P.)

Introduction - Indore region is one of the important areafor produce agro-crops like wheat, pulses, gram etc. inMalwa. For providing better prices of crops and othersuitable facilities to the farmers of state, MP governmentbuild up MP Agriculture Regulation Act. It’s helpful toregulate and control various Agriculture Markets in all overthe state. Agro-Market not only provide better platform tosale crops in better price but also provide various facilitiesto the farmers of Indore Region. Many schemes are runningby state government for the betterment of farmers throughAgriculture Markets.Research Objectives -1. To study about the function and present status of Agri-

culture Markets2. To study regarding impact of Agro-Markets Policy on

farmers3. To study about economic and socio development of

the farmers through Agro-MarketsResearch Methodology - The research is based onprimary and secondary data collection methods and theresearch type is descriptive. A structured questionnaire willbe designed to gather information for primary data and, forsecondary data-internet, books and websites previousdissertations/research papers/marketing journals/magazines/text etc will be used. A five point multi item likert scale (1- strongly agree and 5- strongly disagree.) will beused for the study the research will be conducted in differentDistrict of Indore Region It will involve gathering ofinformation from the farmers who belong from IndoreRegion. Convenience sampling method will be used to get

Dr. Rajesh Jain *

*Asst. Professor (Commerce) IPS Academy , Indore (M.P.) INDIA

the responses from target farmers. Sample size of 500respondents in the age group 18 to 65 year will be takenfor the survey. To do the research following statistical toolswill be used: percentage analysis, Rank analysis, Chi-square analysis, T-test.Hypothesis -1. H1- HA: There is association between strictly follow

government rules and regulations in Agro-Marketsacross reliability grow in farmers for the same.

2. H2- HA: There is association between continuouslyeconomic developments of farmers across the estab-lishment of Agro-Markets.

3. H3- HA: There is no association between strictly fol-low government rules and regulations in Agro-Marketsacross reliability grew in farmers for the same.

4. H4- HA: There is no association between continuouslyeconomic developments of farmers across the estab-lishment of Agro-Markets.

Research Contribution - This research work is multipletasks to study about the contribution of Agro-Markets forthe economic and socio development of farmers in IndoreRegion. Due to burden of loan, over-under rainfall and somany problems are facing by the farmers recently but properoperating of Agro- Markets with regulation its helpful toremove farmers from the circle of loans and othersproblems. This research also helpful for investors, farmers,agro-merchant, agents, finance institutions and public.Review of Literature - According from Bharti, Rajni (1996),Appointment of new forth class workers in agro-marketsit’s helpful to operate regular works easily. After using new


technology by the farmers in agriculture, production andcrops delivery were increase by 11% and 29% respectively.According from Mahajan, Vishal (2003) development ofAgro markets improved crops delivery in market by 34.8%in Barwani and 28.91% in Khargon. Barwani market got84% income from market duty and from other sources 16%.In Khargone its 89% & 11% respectively. Kannode,Rameshchandra (2010) In west Nimarh, utilized betterquality seeds, fertilizers and new technology of farming itsgrew up production of crops by 122% and income of farmersby 116%. It’s always improving farmers fixed assets as wellas living standard.Analysis and Discussion - In the data analysis there isclassification and Frequency of different demographicprofile like as Reliability grow and economic developmentstatement. Chi-square test, T- test, as help to understandthe relation between different demographic factors, farmerseconomic development. from the cross tabulation ofdifferent factors I make the relation then apply the chi-square test on the basis of the test result we come to knowthe Association or No association among different factors.Table 1 - (See in the last p age)SA(1)= Strongly agree, A (2) =Agree, N (3) = Neutral, D(4)Disagree, SD (5) Strongly disagree, St. D = StandarddeviationInterpret ation - From above Table, it is being Interpretedthat the -l Mean value for Government rules and regulations fol-

low strictly in Agro markets 1.37l Mean value for Agro market successfully provide bet-

ter marketing facility to the farmers is 1.81l Mean value for Improve in inward of crops in agro

markets is 1.60l Mean value for the Economic and socio development

of farmers is 1.79(A) Chi-Square T est Role of Agriculture Market in fi-nancial development of farmersHypothesis 1HO - There is no association between strictly follow government rules and regulations in Agro-Markets across reli-ability grow in farmers for the same.HA - There is association between strictly follow government rules and regulations in Agro-Markets across reliabil-ity grow in farmers for the same.Table 2 (See in the last p age)Inference - The above HO : is Rejected (chi-square with 4degree of freedom=13.44, p=.0038). There is associationbetween strictly follow government rules and regulations inAgro-Markets across reliability grow in farmers for the same.Hypothesis 2 -HO - There is association between continuously economicdevelopments of farmers across the establishment of Agro-Markets.HA - There is no association between continuously eco-nomic developments of farmers across the establishmentof Agro-Markets.

Table 3 (See in the last p age)Inference - The above HO : is accepted. (Chi Square with4 degree of freedom=6.88, p= 0.086). There is associationbetween continuously economic developments of farmersacross the establishment of Agro-Markets.(A) Ranking of factor for Role of Agriculture MarketTable 4 (See in the last p age)Inference - The Table 4 gives the distribution of the re-spondent according to the ranking of the factor for prefer-ence towards a particular restaurant…. Financial & SocioDevelopment was ranked 1st, 2nd for Minimum SupportValue, 3rd for Improve Reliability, 4th for Improve in Wealth,5th for Better Infrastructure, 6th for Bank Loan & OtherFacility.(B) T-Test For Analyzing the Role of Agro-Market s forfinancial development of farmersHypothesis 3 -HO - There is association between strictly follow govern-ment rules and regulations in Agro-Markets across reliabil-ity grew in farmers for the same.HA - There is no association between strictly follow gov-ernment rules and regulations in Agro-Markets across reli-ability grew in farmers for the same.Table 5 (See in the last p age)Inference - The above HO : is Accepted, (p=.27 > .04, t=1.29). There is association between strictly follow govern-ment rules and regulations in Agro-Markets across reliabil-ity grew in farmers for the same.Hypothesis 4 -HO - There is association between continuously economicdevelopments of farmers across the establishment of Agro-Markets.HA - There is no association between continuously eco-nomic developments of farmers across the establishmentof Agro-Markets.Table 6 (See in the last p age)Inference - The above HO : is Accepted (p=0.74 p >.05,f=.729). There is association between continuously eco-nomic developments of farmers across the establishmentof Agro-MarketsResult s and Findings -l Out of all the respondent 92% are regular members of

agriculture markets.l Out of all the respondent 97% sold their crops in agri-

culture markets and remain 3% in open markets.l Out of all the respondent 53% are satisfied from the

facility provided by agriculture markets, 27% are in noresponding zone.

l Due to development of Agriculture markets, 85% farm-ers getting better prices for their crops and improvedwealth thereon.

l There is association between strictly follow governmentrules and regulations in Agro-Markets across reliabil-ity grow in farmers for the same.

Conclusion - Finally, establishment of agriculture marketsin Indore region of M.P. not only helpful to farmers on fi


nancial development but also socio improvement. Its pro-vided better infrastructure in agro markets which attractfarmers to sold their crops in that place within bulk quan-tity. Minimum support values also being provided by gov-ernment through agriculture markets. It’s a single platformwhere farmers can sold their different crops in favorablevalues. With the help of agro markets officers and staff,government follow up rules and regulations strictly whichare favorable for farmers. From this, farmers not only get-ting better values on crops but also improve their assetsand living standard.References :-1. Abbas, Muhammad Akhtar., and Tahir Hussain. “Gen-

eral Agriculture.” 1st ed., vol. 2, ser. 4, PublishersEmporium, 2000, pp. 132–179. 4. Retrieved fromhttps://www.amazon.in/General-Agriculture-Examina-tions-Ph-25th/dp/8183601413.

2. Alagh, Yoginder K The Future of Indian Agriculture,2nd ed., vol. 4, ser. 1, National Book Trust, India, 2013,pp. 134–165. 1. Retrieved from https://www.amazon.in/

Table 2Chi-Square T ests Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)Pearson ChiSquare 13.44 2 0.0038Likelihood Ratio 15.47 2 0.0002Linear-by-Linear Association 14.02 1 0.0001N of Valid Cases 83 _ _

Table 3Chi-Square T ests Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)Pearson ChiSquare 6.88 4 0.086Likelihood Ratio 7.46 4 0.077Linear-by-Linear Association 3.83 1 0.091N of Valid Cases 83 _ _

Future-Indian-Agriculture-PB-Alagh/dp/81237673663. Deb, Bimal J., and B. Datta-Ray. Changing Agricul-

tural Scenario in North-East India, 1st ed., vol. 3, ser.1, Concept Pub. Co., 2006, pp. 14–28. 1. Retrievedfrom https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Chang-ing_ Agricultural_Scenario_in_North.html

4. Mamoria, C. B., and Badri Bishal. Tripathi. AgriculturalProblems of India, 2nd ed., vol. 3, Kitab Mahal, 2008,pp. 27–42. Retrieved from https://www.amazon.in/Ag-ricultural-Problems-India-C-B-Mamoria/dp/8122500919

5. Rao, B. Sambasiva. Agriculture in India: Policy andPerformance, 1st ed., vol. 2, Serials Publ., 2003, pp.116–135. Retrieved from http://www.indiaclub.com/Agriculture-in-India—Policy-and-Performance_p_389145.html

6. The Agricultural Economics of the 21st Century, 1sted., vol. 2, Springer Verlag, 2016, pp. 62–89. Retrievedfrom https://books.google.co.in/books/about/The_Agricultural_Economics_of_the_21st_C.htm

Table 1- Mean value among different measuresStatement SA A N D SD M St. DGovernment rules and regulations follow 59 25 3 _ _ 1.37 0.52strictly in Agro marketsAgro market successfully provide better 24 55 5 2 3 1.81 0.71marketing facility to the farmersImprove in inward of crops in agro markets 40 39 6 2 2 1.60 0.69Economic and socio development of 31 40 8 3 1 1.79 0.70farmers


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(A) Ranking of factor for Role of Agriculture MarketTable 4

Serial No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 WAS RankFactor Count Count Count Count Count Count Count Count _ _Improve Reliability 46 10 8 6 11 2 1 5 6.12 3Better Infrastructure 6 26 16 21 9 3 5 3 5.09 5Minimum Support Value 11 6 16 4 9 24 12 16 6.22 2Bank Loan & Other Facility 9 15 21 24 12 7 8 3 4.93 6Financial & Socio Development 13 13 10 19 18 8 6 4 7.19 1Improve in Wealth 19 15 8 10 14 12 9 2 5.25 4

Table 6Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 5.94 18 0.33 0.729 0.74Within Groups 37.97 70 0.54 _ _Total 43.91 88 _ _ _

Table 5Levine’ s Test for Equality of V ariance s t-test for Equality of Means

F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed)Equal variances assumed 5.02 0.04 1.29 87 0.27


Abstract - The Indian telecom sector has grown extremely in last few years. The number of players as well as thelevel of competition is continuously increasing. The regulators are frequently coming up with new regulations andpolicies. Hence, now it has become necessary to understand the expectations of customers and provide the best ofthe services to them. This is not only important for attracting new customers but also helps in retaining them. Theplayers are required to understand the customer retention strategies for mobile telecommunication sector in India.The mobile telecommunication industry being a service oriented industry has to maintain on the quality of customerservice. The survival and growth of a mobile service provider not only depends upon its ability to provide qualitativeservices to its customers on a sustained basis, but also in building long-term mutually beneficial and trust-worthyrelationships with its patrons.Key Words - Customer retention, customer satisfaction, Telecommunication.

A Study Of Customer Retention Management InTelecom Sector

Introduction - Today is the era which is majorly based onthe economy that has customer focus nature. Customerretention is a very important element for maintaining healthyand long term Customer-firm relationship.The importance of customer retention has increased sincea majority of firms started to suffer a noticeable loss ofcustomers, along with the complexity and high costs ofacquiring new customers (Bird, 2005; Goyles and Gokey,2005; Voss and Voss, 2008).

Morgan and Hunt (1994) provide a broad definition ofRM as “all marketing activities directed towards establishing,developing, and maintaining successful relationalexchanges. This highlights the need to change existingattitudes toward marketing from a series of independenttransactions to a dynamic process of establishing,maintaining and enhancing relationships in the long term.It indicates that the relationship between consumer and firmis built upon two parties engaged in a continuous processof exchange whereby both will benefit in the long term. Whilesuch relationships are sometimes available, they are notnecessarily always long-term (Karantinou, 2005). Thus, theprimary relational goal is the long-term continuity ofexchange between two parties. Therefore, the “customerretention” trend has emerged in order to increaseorganizations’ profits and minimize both costs and customerswitching in the long run. This view is confirmed by Farquhar(2003) who explained that, in order to be able to build long-term relationships with customers, institutions must first beable to retain existing customers. Christopher et al. (1991)also assert that the function of RM is “getting and keepingcustomers” which will be the challenge of survival in volatile

Amit Garg * Dr. Kamalijeet Bhatia **

*Research Scholar , Devi Ahilya V ishwavidyalaya, Indore (M.P.) INDIA**Princip al, SDPS Womens College of Commerce and Management, Indore (M.P.) INDIA

markets. Accordingly, customer retention is that part ofrelationship marketing knowledge concerned mainly withmaintaining existing customers by manipulating therelationship in a way that enables parties, the firm and thecustomer, to benefit through long-term, repeat business.Major Telecom Service Providers in India - The marketshares, as on March 31, 2015, of the major wireless telecomservice providers in India are shown in Figure 1.It is evident from the figure, the top seven wireless telecomservice providers are Bharti, Vodafone, Idea, Reliance,BSNL, Aircel and Tata.

Others include Sistema, Videocon, MTNL andQuadrantSource: Adapted from Annual Reports on the TRAI website(www.trai.gov.in).Figure 1 Market Share of W ireless Service Providers(See in the last p age)Literature Review -Frazier, Spekman & O’Neal (1988) - found that total qualitymovement is the force which is driving the adoption of CRM.When companies started embracing Total QualityManagement (TQM) philosophy to improve quality andreduce costs, it became necessary to involve suppliers andcustomers in implementing the program at all levels of thevalue chain. This needed close working relationships withcustomers, suppliers, and other members of the marketinginfrastructure.Gronroos (1995) - finds that the de-intermediation processand consequent occurrence of CRM is also due to thegrowth of the service economy. Since services are typicallyproduced and delivered at the same institutions, it minimizes


the role of the middlemen. A greater emotional bondbetween the service provider and the service users alsodevelops the need for maintaining and enhancing therelationship. It is therefore not difficult to see that CRM isimportant for scholars and practitioners of servicesmarketing.Storbacka (2000) - suggests that the company must becareful in tailoring its program and marketing efforts bysegmenting and selecting suitable customers for individualmarketing programs. In certain cases, it could even lead to“outsourcing of some customers” so that a company canbetter utilize its resources on those customers that it canserve better and create mutual value.Skogland & Siguaw (2004) - identified how the satisfiedcustomers become loyal to any organization. Theyspecifically underpinned that the customer satisfaction isnot suitable for all the industries to become loyal to theorganisations. The research paper quoted the dizzy natureof customer satisfaction in hospitality industry. The studyfurther argues that in hospitality management, an automatedsystem alone will not ensure the customer satisfaction tooptimise the returns from the customers. They identifiedthe repeated purchase cases and the satisfaction in FMCGproducts that create loyalty among the customers withoptimistic dimensions.Rahman, Haque & Ahmad (201 1) - investigated the choicecriteria for a mobile phone operator in the Malaysian mobiletelecom market by the customers. It was found that theprice and service, quality hypothesis are more importantthan the brand image hypothesis. Network quality was oneof the important factors of overall service quality.Alireza et al. (201 1) - proposed an integrative model toexamine the relations among service quality, value, image,satisfaction, and loyalty in Iran. Their study revealed thatservice quality directly influences perceived value, imageperceptions and customer satisfaction that value and imageinfluence satisfaction, that corporate image influencesvalue, and that both customers satisfaction corporate imageare significant determinants of loyalty. Customersatisfactions mediate the impact of service quality, valueand corporate image on customer loyalty. In most aspectsevidence suggests the loyalty model in Iran is similar towhat researchers have found in western countries.Research Methodology -1 Objectives of the S tudyl To study the level of customer satisfaction in telecom

sector for customer retention on management.l To study the current market scenario in telecom sector

for customer retention on management.l To study the factors important for customer retention

on management.2 Hypotheses of the S tudy - On the basis of definedobjectives, the following hypotheses are designed to betested in the research study:H01 - The perceived service quality in mobile telecom sectorhas a significant positive impact on customer retention.

H02 -The customer satisfaction in mobile telecom sectorhas a significant positive impact on customer retention.3 Sample Design and Sample Size - Four majortelecom service providers namely Bharti Airtel Ltd., BharatSanchar Nigam Limited, Idea Cellular Ltd. and RelianceCommunications Ltd. are selected in the research study.Primary data is collected from a sample of 540 mobiletelecom customers residing in Indore city. In order to collectthe necessary data, the researcher administered thequestionnaire personally to the respondents. Therespondents were requested to provide the relevantinformation after sufficiently explaining the nature andpurpose of the study. The quota and judgemental samplingmethod is used in the research study.Data Analysis and Interpret ation -(a) Impact of perceived service quality on customerretention.H

01 - The perceived service quality in mobile telecom sector

has a significant positive impact on customer retention.Figure 2 - Service Quality and Customer Retention (Seein the last p age)Table 1 - Relationship between Service Quality andCustomer Retention (See in the last p age)Table 2 - Model fit index Service Quality and CustomerRetention (See in the last p age)

The results of the above mentioned hypothesis isshown in table 1. The results indicate that the structuredregression rate of the relationship between perceivedservice quality and customer retention is .812 and is foundto be significant (p=.000). Hence, with the 95% confidencelevel the null hypothesis of no cause and effect relationshipcannot be accepted. Hence, it can be concluded that theperceived quality of services in mobile telecom sector havea positive significant impact on customer retention. Thegoodness of fit indicators such as CFI (.945), GFI (.839),NFI (.915), AGFI (.759), RMSEA (.062) indicate that thetested structural equation model is have a significant fit.(b) The customer satisfaction in mobile telecom sectorhas a significant positive imp act on customer retention.H

02: The customer satisfaction in mobile telecom sector

has a significant positive impact on customer retention.Figure 3 - Customer Satisfaction and CustomerRetention (See in the last p age)Table 3 - Relationship between Customer Satisfactionand Customer Retention (See in the last p age)Table 4 - Model fit relationship between CustomerSatisfaction and Customer Retention (See in the lastpage)

The results of the above mentioned hypothesis isshown in table 3. The results indicate that the structuredregression rate of the relationship between customersatisfaction and customer retention is .839 and is found tobe significant (p=.000). Hence, with the 95% confidencelevel the null hypothesis of no cause and effect relationshipcannot be accepted. Hence, it can be concluded that thecustomer satisfaction in mobile telecom sector have a


positive significant impact on customer retention. Thegoodness of fit indicators such as CFI (.998), GFI (.916),NFI (.976), AGFI (.870), RMSEA (.031) indicate that thetested structural equation model is have a significant fit.Conclusion - In the research study an effort is made toanalyse the impact of perceived service quality in mobiletelecom sector on customer retention. Seven dimensionsof service quality namely tangibility, reliability,responsiveness, assurance, empathy, network quality andconvenience are considered in this research study andaccordingly the impact of all these dimensions of servicequality on customer retention has been checked. It isobserved in the research study that the perceived qualityof services in mobile telecom sector have a positivesignificant impact on customer retention. Hence it issuggested that mobile telecom operators should designtheir customer retention strategies by keeping in view theservice quality aspect. Accordingly, it can be concluded thattelecom operator can use service quality as a tool ofcustomer retention strategies in mobile telecom services.Customer satisfaction refers to the assessment of allinteractions with product or service from a provider, relativeto expectations. It seems logical that a highly satisfiedcustomer would be a retained customer. In this researchstudy the effort is made to analyse the impact of customersatisfaction in mobile telecom sector on customer retention.It is found and concluded that the customer satisfaction inmobile telecom sector has positive significant impact on

Figure - 1 Market Share of W ireless Service Providers

customer retention. Hence it is suggested that mobiletelecom operators should strengthen their efforts to satisfythe customer and satisfied customers would lead to retainedcustomers.

References :-1. Alrubaiee. L. and Alkaaida. F. (2011). “The mediating

effect of patient satisfaction in the patients’ perceptionsof healthcare quality – patient trust relationship”,International Journal of Marketing Studies, 3(1), 103-127.

2. Casaló. L. V., Flavián. C. and Guinalíu. M. (2008). “Therole of satisfaction and website usability in developingcustomer loyalty and positive word-of-mouth in the e-banking services”. International Journal of BankMarketing, 26(6), 399-417.

3. Cheung. C.M.K. and Lee, M.K.O. (2005). “ResearchFramework for Consumer Satisfaction with InternetShopping”, Working Papers on Information Systems,5(26), 1-17.

4. Frazier, G., Spekman, R.E., & O’Neal, C.R. (1988).“Just-In-Time Exchange Relationships in IndustrialMarkets”, Journal of Marketing, 52(4), 52-67.

5. Morgan. R. M. and Hunt. S. D. (1994). “The commit-ment-trust theory of relationship marketing”, Journalof Marketing, 58(3), 20-38.

6. Zhou, T. (2011). “An empirical examination of initial trustin mobile banking”, Internet Research, 21(5), 527-540.


Figure 2 - Service Quality and Customer Retention

Figure 3 - Customer Satisfaction and Customer Retention


Table 2 - Model fit index Service Quality and Customer RetentionFitness of CFI NFI RFI RMSEA LO 90 Hi 90Model IndexValue .945 .915 .921 .062 .034 .100

Table 1 - Relationship between Service Quality and Customer RetentionExogenous Endogenous Standardized Unstandardized CR P SquaredConstruct Construct Regression Regression Value multiple

Coefficient Coefficient correlationService Customer 0.812 3.652 5.124 0 0.636Quality Retention

Table 3 - Relationship between Customer Satisfaction and Customer RetentionExogenous Endogenous Standardized Unst andardized CR P Value SquaredConstruct Construct Regression Regression multiple

Coefficient Coefficient correlationCustomer Customer 0.839 1.842 14.44 0 0.748Satisfaction Retention

Table 4 - Model fit relationship between Customer Satisfaction and Customer RetentionFitness of CFI NFI RFI RMSEA LO 90 Hi 90Model IndexValue .998 .976 .969 .031 .037 .077

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An Analytical Study Of Profit And Loss StatementOf Sbi And Hdfc Mutual Fund Companies

Garima Shrivast ava* Dr. Vasudev Mishra ** Dr. Ashish Pathak ***

Introduction - A mutual fund is nothing more than anassembly of stocks and bonds.

A mutual fund as a company brings mutually a groupof persons and invests their valuable money in stocks,bonds, and other securities.

Each depositor own shares, which represents a partof holdings of the fund.

Mutual funds are one of the best opportunities forinvestor’s money to increase. Depending on risk desire, itgives the option to choose stability, insistent growth or both.

In simple words, a mutual fund is a intermediates thatbrings together a group of investors who are normal people;to invest their money in bonds, stocks and other securitiesavailable in market. Each investor purchases his shares,which represent a part of holdings of the fund. Hence, amutual fund is one of the most possible investment optionsfor the common man as it recommends an opportunity toinvest in an expanded, professionally managed box of thesecurities at a comparatively low cost.

Now-a-days, we hear more and more about mutualfund as a means of investment. As we know most of thepublic, investment their money in Banks in saving accountor as fixed deposit when the amount is larger.Meaning Of Profit And Loss S tatement - The profit &loss (P&L) st atement is one of the three major financialstatements used to evaluate a company’s performance andfinancial position and the two others are the balancesheet and the cash flow statement. How It W orks W ith Example - The profit & lossstatement reviews the revenues and expenses producedby the company over the whole reporting period. The profit &loss statement is also known as the income statement,statement of earnings, statement of operations,or statement of income.

The basic equation on which a profit & loss statementis based is Revenues – Expenses = Profit.

All companies need to produce revenue to stay inbusiness. Revenues are used to pay expenses, interestpayments on debt, and taxes owed to the government. Afterthe costs of doing business are paid, the amount left overis called net income. Net income is theoretically available

*Research Scholar , E-84, L.I.G. Colony , Indore (M.P.) INDIA**Prof. and Princip al, Shri Cloth Market Institure of Professional S tudies, Ganesh Ganj, Indore (M.P .) INDIA***Professor (Coomerce) Shri Atal Bihari V ajpayee Govt. Art s and Commerce College, Indore (M.P .) INDIA

to shareholders, though instead of paying out dividends,the firm’s management often chooses to retain earningsfor future investment in the business.Profit & loss statements are all organized the same way,regardless of industry. The basic outline is shown in thefollowing example:

Profit & Loss S tatement for Comp any XYZ, Inc.for the year ended December 31, 2008

Total Revenue $100,000Cost of Goods Sold ($ 20,000)Gross Profit $ 80,000Operating Expenses Salaries $10,000 Rent $10,000 Utilities $ 5,000 Depreciation $ 5,000Total Operating Expenses ($ 30,000)Operating Profit (EBIT) $ 50,000Interest Expense ($ 10,000)Income before taxes (EBT) $ 40,000Taxes ($ 10,000)Net Income $ 30,000Number of Shares Outstanding 30,000Earnings Per Share (EPS) $1.00Why It Matters? - A firm’s ability or inability toproduce earnings over the long term is the key driverof stock and bond prices. Operating profit (EBIT) is thesource of debt repayment, and if a company can’t generateenough EBIT to pay its debt obligations, it will have toenter bankruptcy or sell itself. Net income is the source ofcompensation to shareholders (owners of the company),and if a company cannot generate enough profit tocompensate owners for the risks they’ve taken, the valueof the owners’ shares will plummet. Conversely, if acompany is healthy and growing, higher stock and bondprices will reflect the increased availability of profits.Why Profit and Loss st atement monitoring isimport ant? - Monitoring of P&L by investment policy andinvestor (product) schemes flow is important fororganization in concluding the overall powers and weakpoints of a firm. It is a very important tool for Investment


companies to measure marketing and to attract investors.P&L also helps investors in getting an indication of the sizeof a company’s operations and its competition with othercompanies.Profit and Loss st atement as a Factor for Investment -P&L statement may also be an important reflection for freshfund investors and wealth management services inclusively.Products with higher profit can usually have higher markettrading quantities which positively manipulate the liquidityof a product. In the wealth management industries, someinvestment managers may have obligations based on P&L,and it may conclude if an investor is capable for some typeof investments. An investor’s personal profit can also bean issue in concluding the type of services receiving froma financial advisor , broker or any brokerage company. Insome cases, individual assets under management may aswell match with an individual’s net worth.

On the whole, P&L is only one portion used in evaluatinga company or investment. It is generally also deemed asconjunction with management performance andmanagement practice. While it is simply one aspect usedby investors in investment judgments, generally investorscan believe that higher investment inflows and higher profitindicates as a positive quality.Review Of Literature -

Dr. Sandeep Bansal and Deep ak Garg (2012) , havestudied Impact of Sharpe Ratio & Treynor’s Ratio on someSelected Mutual Fund Schemes. This paper studies theperformance of some selected mutual fund schemes thatthe risk report of the collective mutual fund universe canbe exactly evaluate by a simple market index to offersrelative monthly liquidity, returns, organized & unsystematicrisk.

Dr. K. Veeraiah(Jan 2014) , conducted a research onComparative Performance Analysis of Selected IndianMutual Fund Schemes. This study investigates thepresentation of Indian personal mutual funds and matchup to their performance.

Dr Surender Kumar Gupt a and Dr . Sandeep Bansal(Jul 2012) , have done a Comparative Study on DebtScheme of Mutual Fund of Reliance and Birla Sun life. Thisstudy gives an outline of the performance of debt schemeof mutual fund of Reliance, and Birla Sun life with the helpof Sharpe Index after calculating Net Asset Values andStandard Deviation.

Prof. V. Vanaja and Dr . R. Karrup asamy (2013) havedone a Study on the Performance of selected Indian PrivateSector Balanced Category Mutual Fund Schemes. Thepurpose of the study is to evaluate the performance ofselected Private sector balanced schemes on the basis ofreturns and comparison with their bench marks and also toevaluate the performance of different categories of funds.Objectives Of The S tudy - The objective of study is toanalyze and to know the Profit and Loss Statement of twocompanies. Companies for analysis taken in this paper areSBI and HDFC. The main objectives are:-

1. To know the meaning of Mutual funds and its P&Lstatement.

2. To know calculation of P&L statement of Mutual Fund.3. To know P&L statement of two companies.4. To draw graphs of both the companies.5. To analyses the data taken.Hypothesis Of The S tudy -1. Ho: Investors know P&L statement very well.

Ha: Investors did not know P&L statement very well.2. Ho: Investors invests according to P&L of MF Company.

Ha: Investors did not invest according to P&L of MFcompany.

Research Methodology - While deciding about the methodof data collection to be used for the study, the researchershould keep in mind two types of data, primary andsecondary.Primary dat a - The primary data are those which arecollected afresh or for the first time, and thus happen to beoriginal in character. The primary data were collectedthrough distribution of questionnaire, surveys, observation,personal interviews, through schedules.Secondary dat a - Those data which have already beencollected by someone else and which have already beenpassed through the statistical process. This data may bepublished or unpublished data. The secondary data maybe collected through journals, books, magazines, andnewspapers. Through public record, reports andpublications, historical document etc.Period of study - The research period is taken from 2010to 2017 for study and all the data collected for P&L is takenfrom AMFI.Data source - The data sources for the present researchwork were the Different Government reports in respect offinancial sector of India, Records and Data published byAMFI, Annual reports of leading Mutual Funds companiesof India.Data collection procedure - The present study is basedon secondary data. A thorough search of the publishedrecords and reports of Government as well as organizationsassociated with finance sector of India was made to collectthe information regarding the growth of Mutual Fundsindustry in last 7 years.Calculating Profit and Loss st atement of mutual fundcomp anies - Methods of calculating P&L statement differamong companies. Total firm profit will increase wheninvestment performance increases or when new investorsand new assets are obtained. Factors cause’s decreasesin profit also decreased market value from investmentperformance losses, fund closures and client redemptions.1. State Bank Of India - As an asset managementcompany in the SBI Group, the job of SBI AssetManagement is to work as a planned Business Innovatorto recognize customer needs and generate and giveinnovative investment management products that go withthose needs, and to offer time after time high service quality.Using the home and worldwide networks of the SBI Group,


we repeatedly develop new investment methods andproducts that unite consistently good investmentperformance with access to transparent information.Through our investment trusts, we provide our customerswith opportunities to invest in Japanese emergingcompanies and emerging markets, especially in Asia, byoffering products that combine transparency with low costs.Chart Of Sbi Mutual Fund Asset Management Comp anyProfit And Loss S tatement, From Year 2010 To 2017See in the next p age)Analysis -Revenue from operations is high in the year 2016-2017and in the year 2011-2012.Profit before tax is high in the year 2016-2017 and low lowin the year 2011-2012.Profit after tax is high in the year 2016-2017 and low low inthe year 2011-2012.Net worth is high in the year 2016-2017 and is low in theyearThere is a continuous growth in the investment of MF inSBI which shows the trust of investors in this governmentbody. There is no negative figures that means loss in thisMF company and a growing This mutual fund is commonlypreferred by MF investors.profit year by year.for its customers. This mutual fund is also commonly knownby the Mf investors.Graph Of Sbi Mutual Fund Asset Management Comp anyProfit And Loss S tatement, From Year 2010 To 2017(Seein the next p age)1. HDFC Asset Management Comp any - HDFC AssetManagement Company Ltd. is a privately hold investmentmanager. The firm manages equity, fixed income, andbalanced mutual funds for its customers. It also manageshedge funds for its clients. It also invests in private equitywith a center on real estate. The firm invests in public equityand fixed income markets. It employs fundamental analysisto make its investments. The organization was founded in1999 and is based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. HDFC AssetManagement Company Ltd. operates as a supplementaryof Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited.Profit And Loss S tatement Of Hdfc Mutual FundCompany(See in the last p age)Analysis -

Revenue from operations are high in the year 2017and low in year 2010

Profit before tax is high in the year 2017 and low inyear 2010.

Profit after tax is high in the year 2017 and low in year2010.

Net worth is high in the year 2017 and low in year 2010.It is clear from the above chart that in HDFC Mutual

fund there is a continuous growth in profit and lossstatement.Graph Of Profit And Loss S tatement Of Hdfc MutualFund, From Year 2010 To 2017(See in the last p age)Recommendations -1. The term P&L statement should be easier to be

understood.2. Financial advisor, brokers, agents have sufficient

knowledge, so to explain investors.3. It is very easy to compare and invest in Companies

with their P&L statement for investors, so it should bevery clear.

4. P&L statement gives ranking to Companies and helpsin better investment.

5. Past performance is also seen through P&L statementof Company.

Conclusion - This study shows that P&L statement ofMutual Fund Companies is very important for investors fortheir investment decision. It shows the actual financialcondition of a company. It shows the actual reports of pastyears. It shows the actual status of the companies whichare performing in the market. P&L statement is like a mirrorof the companies that shows the up and down of thecompanies. Companies their selves also come to withcomparing data of past years for their actual position. Theanalysis of the two companies that is SBI and HDFC showsthe Profit and Loss of the mutual fund companies of pastseven years. It helps investors to invest in companies.

References :-1. Mutual fund of Industry, Mutual Fund India, 2015, New

Delhi.2. A comparative study of performance of top five mutual

fund of India,2014.3. One fund Asset Management Companies (AMCs)4. Mutual fund of India, Wikipedia.Books and Newsp apers -1. India today2. Economic times3. Dainik bhaskar Daily News paper4. Raj express Daily News paper5. Times of India Daily News paperWebsites -1. www.investmentnetwork.in2. www.investindia.gov.in3. www.investorwords.com4. www.theguardian.com


Graph Of Sbi Mutual Fund Asset Management Comp anyProfit And Loss S tatement, From Year 2010 To 2017

Chart Of Sbi Mutual Fund Asset Management Comp anyProfit And Loss S tatement, From Year 2010 To 2017

Years Revenue From Profit Before Profit After Net WorthOperations Tax Tax

Year 2010-2011 23976.05 11690.47 7884.76 22757.91Year 2011-2012 22364.75 8378.94 2327.03 25439.37Year 2012-2013 27634.36 12052.99 8568.29 29591.2Year 2013-2014 38516.96 23138 15576 39318.36Year 2014-2015 43397.7 24287 16321 48776.94Year 2015-2016 54155.87 25098 16488 58091.04Year 2016-2017 73634.17 32967 22409 72097.84


Graph Of Profit And Loss S tatement Of Hdfc Mutual Fund, From Year 2010 To 2017

Profit And Loss S tatement Of Hdfc Mutual Fund Comp anyFrom Year 2010 To 2017

Years Revenue From Profit Before Profit After Net WorthOperations Tax Tax

Year 2010 Mar 624.94 316.29 208.36 394.87Year 2011 Mar 680.76 355.78 242.17 478.96Year 2012 Mar 633.32 381.49 269.14 577.13Year 2013 Mar 715.72 446.82 318.75 676.75Year 2014 Mar 858.54 522.45 357.77 876.01Year 2015 Mar 1022.43 622.6 415.5 1094.64Year 2016 Mar 1442.54 708.25 477.88 1126.05Year 2017 Mar 1480.03 799.8 550.25 1397.77

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Abstract - India is a land of emotions feeling belongingness and skilled worker as well, in this technical world morethan 60% of the population working in different sectors of industry as skilled and unskilled, permanent and temporary,employee or as labour people are busy with the machine and they are spending less time with their family membersand with their self so we find difficult to understand with feelings others have, in fact we can say that we are not ableto understand what we feel for our self as we don’t have a time to spend for our self and affecting our personal life. Inthis research we try to find out job satisfaction level on the basis of parameters economical, health and psycho-socialconditions of employees working in day and night shift. This study particularly conducted in Indore city. A structuredquestionnaire was prepared and data were collected from 100 employees which include 50 from day shift and 50 fromnight shift.

A Comparative Study Of Job Satisfaction AmongDay And Night Shiftemployees

Introduction - Job Satisfaction may be defined as thecollection of feelings and beliefs people have about theircurrent jobs. A person with high level of job satisfactionholds a positive attitude towards his/her heir job whilepersons with negative job satisfaction hold a negativeattitude towards their job.According to Vroom “Job satisfaction is generallyconsidered to be an individual perceptual or emotionalreaction to important part of work.”According to Keith Davis “Job satisfaction is a set of thefavourable or unfavourable feelings with which employeesview their work.”

A traditional job requires a employee to work under9am to 5pm schedule. But Shift work is work that takesplace on a schedule outside the traditional 9am to 5pmday. It can involve evening or night shifts, early morningshifts, and rotating shifts. Many industries which requirecontinuous production and timely delivery of their productand services rely heavily on shift work, and millions of peoplework in jobs that require shift schedules.Review Of Literature -BiranchiN.Puhan (1999) - This study result reveal that theemployees of public & private sectors differed significantlyin their job & work involvement. Demographic variablessuch as age, length of service, monthly income & workexperience in the present job also affected their job & workinvolvement. However gender of the employees did notinfluencethese variables.5s were dissatisfied with theirfamily and social life.Fred Luthans (2005) - This review says that, Jobsatisfaction as involving cognitive, effective and evaluative

Anjali Gupt a* Jeesha Boyat **

*Professor , Sanghavi Institute Of Management And Science, Indore (M.P.) INDIA**Professor , Sanghavi Institute Of Management And Science, Indore (M.P.) INDIA

reactionsor attitudes, and satesit is a pleasurable orappraisal of ones job or job experience. Job satisfaction isa result of employee perception of how well their jobprovides those things that are received as important. It isgenerally recognized in the organizational behaviour fieldthat job satisfaction is the most important and frequentlystudied attitude. Some factors influence on job satisfactionex pay, promotion, supervision, working condition etc. whoare promptedon the basis of performance is more satisfiedthen who are prompted on the basis of seniority..Rational of study - Day by day India is becoming a globalmarket. So like other countries Indian industries havestarted to develop 24*7 working culture. So by adoptingthese work culture by Indian industries how criteria of jobsatisfaction among day and night shift employeesischanging and this study provide some insight to industriesthat how would they provide proper job satisfaction toemployees working under different shifts.Objectives -1. To find out satisfaction level of employees working

among day and night Shift.2. To study the impact of economic, health and psycho-

social conditions on employees.Hypothesis -H

1- There is Significant difference occurs on the basis of

shift system in job satisfaction.H

0-No significant difference occurs on the basis of shift

system in job satisfaction.Research Methodology -Research design - The research design will beComparative research because in this study we will be


comparing level of job satisfaction on the basis of shiftsystem.Sample design - Here we are taking random sample designbecause we collect data randomly from day and night shiftemployees.Research T ool - We are using likerd scale (5 point Scaler)in questionnaire for collecting primary data.Research Framework - (Diagram See in the next p age)Sampling for dat a -

No of Respondent sS.No Shif t Number Percent age1 Day 50 502 Night 50 50

Total 100 100Respondent s Demography On The Basis Of Age

S.No Age Night Perce - Morning Perce -ntage ntage

1 20-30 25 25 11 112 31-40 24 24 26 263 41-50 1 1 10 104 51-60 0 0 3 3

Total 50 50 50 50Respondent s Demography On The Basis of GenderS.No Gender Night Perce - Morning Perce -

ntage ntage1 Male 35 35 28 282 Female 15 15 22 22

Total 50 50 50 50Respondent s Demography on the Basis Of experienceS.No Experi- Night Perce - Morning Perce -

ence ntage ntage1 0-3 22 22 15 152 3-7 24 24 13 133 7-15 3 3 15 154 More 1 1 7 7

Than 15Total 50 50 50 50

Respondent s Demography on the Basis of Marit alstatus

S.No Marit al Night Perce - Morning Perce -status ntage ntage

1 Married 7 7 33 332 Unmarried 43 43 17 17

Total 50 50 50 50Result and Discussion -

Health Condition 1.1Health Condition Day Shif t Night Shif tHave you lost much 120 156sleep over worry?Do you think your shift 139 178system negatively affectyour health?Do you think you are not 132 170taking proper care of yourhealth/ yourself? Do you feel you have lost 150 171

or gain too much weightsince you have startedworking in your currentshift?Do you think occurrence 170 180of body pain/ backache/headache has beenstarted/ increased sinceyou have started workingin your current shift?Total 711 855

Table No 1.2Day shift Night shift

Total 711 855Mean 14.22 17.1

Table No 1.2 shows the health condition of theemployees reveals that the Day shift employees obtaineda raw score is 711 with mean of 14.22. The night shiftemployees obtained a raw score is 855 with mean of 17.1.It reveals that day shift employees are well-satisfied thennight shift employees on the basis of health conditions.

Economic Condition 2.1Economic condition Day shif t Night shif tAre you happy .with regard 120 112to economic advantages like salary, allowances,Provided by your company.Are you happy with facility 132 121provided by your companylike medical facility,travelling allowances.In some emergence after 105 102me,my job has provisions tooffer job to my childrenorfamily, ex gratia grants etc.Total 357 335

Table No 2.2Day Shift Night Shift

Total 357 335Mean 7.14 6.7

The table no.2.2 indicates thatthe economic condition(Salary, allowance, medical care) of the day & night shiftemployees. It reveals that the day shift employees obtaineda raw score is 251 with mean of 10.04 and the night shiftemployees obtained a raw score is 239 with mean of 9.56.This result shows that day shift employees are satisfiedthen night shift employees in the area of Economiccondition. But there is no much difference because botharegetting same facilities from the company.

Psycho-social conditions 3.1Psycho-social condition Day Shif t Night shif t Are you able to spend quality 178 150 time with your family/friends/ partner?Do you feel that your social life 155 135 is quite normal as like others?


Psycho-social condition Day Shif t Night shif tAre you able to join family or 172 132social get together or family/friends outing most of thetimes? Are you able to get involved 172 155in important decisions ordiscussions of your family/friends? Are you able to equally 175 146participate in sharing thefamily/ friends work load/distribution?Total 852 718

Table No.3.3Day shift Night shift

Total 852 718Mean 17.04 14.36

Table No 3.3 shows the Psycho-social condition of theemployees reveals that the Day shift employees obtaineda raw score is 852with mean of 17.04. The night shiftemployees obtained a raw score is 718 with mean of 14.36.It reveals that day shift employees are well-satisfied thennight shift employees on the basis of Psycho-socialconditions.Hypothesis T esting - AS from above given tables we findout that day shift employees are more satisfied as compareto night shift employees in terms of health, economical andpsycho-social conditions.so our null hypothesis is rejectedand so that alternate hypothesis (H1) is accepted.Major Findings - According to our study following findingscame into light;1. Youngsters (Age between 20 to 35 Years) prefer night

shift as compared to middle age group employees.2. As compared to female, male prefer more to work in

night shift as only 30% female prefer to work in nightshift.

3. Employees who just started their career prefer moreto work in night shift. In long run people prefer to workin morning shift as only 6% employees choose to workin night shift for more than 10 years.

4. Unmarried people are more comfortable with night shiftjobs as compared to married people as only 14% mar-ried people choose to work in night shift.

Conclusion - Satisfaction is the relative phenomena it ismental, physical, economical, and social state of person. Asatisfied man is an important asset to the society like wisea satisfied employee in an important gift to the organization.The job satisfactioncannot be achieved by single factorThefactors are wages, supervisions, working condition,recognition and scope of advancement etc., determinesthe level of job satisfaction. For achievement of grater orhigher level of job satisfaction the actual needs ofemployees have to be fulfilled. Increase in the level of jobsatisfaction will be beneficial not only to the employee butalso for the organization in which he works.

References :-1. Jadimurthi Hudeda, Sanjay Gandhi, 3Dhruva B Jyothi

(September 2015) “Comparative Study on Job Satis-faction of Day And Night Shift Workers” A Case Studyof Falcon Tyres Ltd., Mysore.

2. Keith Davis (2002) Organizational Behavior (HumanBehavior at Work), 11th edition, Tate McGraw Hill Pub-lishing Company Limited.

3. https://oshwiki.eu/wiki/Job_satisfaction:_ theories_and_definitions.

4. Fred Luthans (2005) Organizational Behavior, TenthEdition,McGraw Hill / Irwin New York.

5. h t tps : / /www. resea rchga te .ne t /pub l i ca t i on /322675588_Comparing_the_effects_of_ Day_and_Night_shift_on_employees_job_satisfaction_ A_case_study_at_Cement_Industry

Research Framework

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Abstract - Witnessing a glamorous wedding ceremony of a beautiful Indian Bride dressed in a bright orange and redsilk saree with golden motifs made me wonder about the rich cultural heritage of India. The case focuses primarily onthe handloom weavers of Madhya Pradesh, the central Province of India famous for its rich Maheshwari and ChanderiHandloom art. It’s a small step to visualize the state of weavers of this rich heritage in terms of financial soundness ,skills development , technological up gradation and efforts by union and state government to motivate them bothfinancially and non financially through specially designed schemes and programs .The Case will try to address thestructural changes that drives the trends in the fashion industry with emphasis on technological and societal perceptionstransformation.Key Words - Handloom, Heritage, Revive, Microfinance, Government Schemes, Marketing.

Maheshwari Sarees - A Story Of RoyaltyTold In Warps And Wefts

Introduction - Handlooms is one of the remarkableportrayal of India’s rich Diversity of Culture that reigns fromnot only the multi-linguistic, multiple religions or culinarybut many sources. The heritage of Indian Handlooms as isold as the Indus valley Civilization that was one of the primeexport items from time immemorial for the Indian Economy.Industrialization changed the functioning of world economicsystem in 19th century and the way forward was themechanization for producing standard quality of output inhuge volumes. The fight against the evils of mechanizationand automation for existence based on the unique skills ofthe weavers that passes from generations to generationsbegan under British colonial period and followed postindependence due to indebtedness of weavers.

The Textile sector of India could be sub divided primarilyinto Handlooms, Power looms and the Mill segment basedon the differentiation of modern technology, capital, andvolume of outputs often competing for the same marketshare. As of the total handlooms work force 76% (29.08lakh weavers) constitute the adult workforce (in theirproductive years) out of which 64% are full time engagedin weaving but nearly two third had no formal education.

However looking at the declining number of weaversthe Government had appraised the sectors withdifferentiated policy schemes to restructure the sectoracknowledging the potential of employment generation andgenerating foreign res reserve apart from fulfilling the fuelleddomestic consumption demand, with the changes indemographics and lifestyle in Indian Subcontinent workingin hands with Government. The dearth of creditindebtedness and strong dominance of the modernizedpower looms on the Indian Textile market has posed a major

Dr. Snigdha Bhatt *

*Asst. Professor , Shri Jain Diwakar Mahavidyalaya, Indore (M.P.) INDIA

threat on sustainability and profitability of the overall IndianHandloom Industry and handlooms of Madhya Pradesh arefacing the brunt of same.

Handloom Production IndiaYear Cloth Production Export s2007-08 6947 NA2008-09 6677 NA2009-10 6806 12522010-11 6907 15752011-12 6901 26242012-13 6952 28122013-14 7104 22332014-15 7203 2246Rehwa Society - Handloom weaving dates the ancienthistory of some 1500 years back. Maharani AhilyabaiHolkarare said to be the one who contributed to a great extent forthe rebirth of this art, she ruled at that time from 1765 to1795, the former state Indore. By the time of India‘s partitionin 1947, the local families who use to promote this elite artwork earlier began declining and as a result quality of workand income of weavers both diminished. To cope up withthe issue Holkar dynasty took initiative to establish RehwaSociety in 1978, the main founders were Richard Holkarand Sally Holkar. Central Welfare Board provided the fundgrants to set up this society. The beginning of this formalsociety had only eight handlooms at that time, but theconcrete objectives of Rehwa made what it is today. Thesociety had their goal to provide sustainability of Handwoventradition of Maheshwar district.Objective Of The S tudy - The aim of the study is forcreating an understanding that has led to declining use ofhandloom textiles. Thus it lays emphasis on : Studying the


Behavioral changes within the consumers of different agegroups and their preference for purchasing handloomproducts.

To analyze the socio economic conditions along withknowledge of awareness level of weavers of variousgovernment schemes at state and central level to supportthe weavers and handlooms industry .It a minuscule stepto ascertain the limitations and opportunities for Handloomsindustry and weavers of Madhya Pradesh. Since both theQuantitative and Qualitative data was used for data analysis.Chi Square test was applied on consumer data whilepercentages were used on data collected from weavers todraw a broad outlook and rational conclusion to suggestrelevant measures.

Loom Mahesahwari Sari - The Maheshwari sari, afavourite among women of all ages, was also designed bya woman. For making fabric for the royalty, queen Ahilyabaibrought weavers from Surat and designed a unique sari,with motifs inspired by the local architecture and a stripedPallav. It was, and remains, an exemplar of gracefulsimplicity, yet refined and sophisticated.

The understated elegance of a Maheshwari sari iscomplemented by the subtle attributes that make it different.The Maheshwari sari has are versible border, so it can beworn on both sides. It also has a unique pallav with fivestripes, two white and three coloured ones, alternating. Thesari is usually plain, or has stripes or checks in its field,with geometric motifs decorating the borders. The motifsare usually fine abstract representations of local elementslike flowers, leaves, and the local architecture. Maheshwarisarees went on to become a huge hit in the royal andaristocratic circle. Today, this beautiful textile is one of thebest sellers in both national and international markets.

Special Features - Besides its understated elegance, thesesarees are loved by women for its glossy finish and lightweight. Though originally done only in silk, Maheshwarisarees are now available in cotton, silk cotton and evenwool. With fine cotton yarns in its weft and silk in the warp,this light and airy fabric has the soft lustre of silk. The lightfabric makes it a perfect choice for women all through theyear, something you can’t do with textiles like Kanjeevaramand Banarasi.Colours - Originally, Maheshwari sarees were woven in

earthy shades like maroon, red, green, purple and black.Weavers used only natural dyes for the yarn. Today,Maheshwari fabrics are woven in many jewel tones whichare derived from chemicals rather than from flowers, rootsand leaves. Popular colours today include shades of blue,mauve, pink, yellow and orange, mixed with gold or silverthread. Subtle colours and textures are created by usingdifferent shades in the warp and weft. Gold thread or zari isalso used in Maheshwari sarees to weave elegant motifson the body, border and pallu.Motifs - Maheshwari sarees are distinguished by theirvibrant colours, unusual combinations and distinctivedesigns that include stripes, checks and floral borders.Authentic Maheshwar is have designs that are inspired bythe grand temples, palaces and forts of Madhya Pradesh.Popular designs include the mat pattern, which is alsoknown as chattai pattern, along with Chamelikaphool - allof which may be traced back to the detailing on the walls ofMaheshwar Fort. Through its evolution, the eent (brick)pattern and the heera (diamond) patterns have survivedthe test of time, and still have a strong presence in thesesarees.

Functional Perspective Of W eaving Art

l Designingl Dyingl Yarn openingl Warpingl Weavingl FinishingInitiatives Of Indian Government - The IndianGovernment had initiated many schemes to uplift weavers(especially after the third census in the year 2009-10) forbringing sustainability and profitability to the sector. Few ofthem are -l Loan Waivers of overdue loans and revival of handloom

cooperative societies for working capital needs / TermLoans at interest rates of 6% for 3 years and marginmoney assistance upto Rs 10,000 per weaver for indi-vidual weavers, Self Help Groups, Joint Liability Groupand Master weavers under Revival Reform Restruc-ture Package.

l State level enforcement wing to monitor the activitiesto safeguard the interest of weavers ensuring infra-structure, technical and managerial aids.

l Block level Cluster development for sustainability inhighly competitive market and formulating developmentschemes for product development, Designing, Market-ing, Credit Assistance, Training and other managerialassistance.

Measures T aken By Madhya Pradesh Government -


The State government is working tirelessly to improve thesocio economic life style of weavers of Madhya Pradeshby various financial and non-financial schemes. Thegovernment collaborated with banks cooperative societiesfor various purposes like technically upgrading the looms,credit/ marketing assistance, ensuring supplies through yarndepots, etc. It tied up with designers (NIFT and others) anddevelopers to gain strong Market presence.

The government is persistently to provide seamlesssupport to weavers through Marketing & distribution, Designintervention and Cluster development that adds thrust tothe knowledge repository for ecological tourism andeconomic independence. It started with exclusivehandlooms showroom “Mrignaynee” in 1961 that marketshandlooms and handicraft Providing a platform to weavers.It show cases their skilled art regularly through Bhopal Haat,Exhibitions, Trade Fairs in prominent cities without any feesfrom weavers.

Crisp an Indo German conglomerate of MPGovernment also organizes periodic training programs ofdesign and development. It started the e procurement andexport oriented units to take care of design development,marketability and documentation. The Rehwa society of theHolkar dynasty is also working persistently since 1978 toprotect the linage of Maheshwari sarees. They noticed thelifestyle changes owing to demographics and suggestaesthetic changes adding modernity bringing handloomsin suits, bags, bed-sheets, home accessories. It’scontinuous efforts of the Rehwa society and the governmenthas made it a global name crossing the borders of MadhyaPradesh to various domestic (Mumbai, Delhi etc) andInternational markets (France, UK, Germany etc).Limit ations - The study is a reflection of a small group ofrespondents of Madhya Pradesh which mirrors the broadproblems generalizing the topic. The limitations faced dueto paucity of time and resources had reserved it to a narrowscope however the scenario may be different for the otherregions giving a different interpretation. Thus it has a largescope of further enrichment in the same region with differentfactors and other regions included.

Suggestions - The Handloom Sector being a major breadearner for the rural economy should take bring innovativemeasures which cater to uneducated and diversified classof people. The major setback for the government measuresis unawareness about majority of the schemes among theweavers and their accessibility. The majority of weaversfind difficulty in loan documentation, managerial works likemarketing etc apart from limited access to modern meansof communication and transportation due to limitedresources .While the sheen of handlooms is decliningamong customers due to lack of promotions, change oftaste and lifestyle.Conclusion - Emerging trends of globalization has shakenup the roots of the traditional heritage of handlooms, that iscompeting with the automation and standard qualityproducts both from domestically and international playerstoo. This had a huge impact on employment and livingstandard of people dependent over it but Indian EconomicGrowth rate and exports too. Government had taken manymeasures to enhance the competitiveness of thehandlooms by ensuring steady supply of raw materials andother resources at subsidized prices along with training,marketing and other assistance. However being the rootsof the sector belongs to rural, uneducated and marginalizedpeople that is still not ventured to find out the grass rootproblems. Thus it will some more time and persistent effortsof government along with social groups to put the things inright frame by working amongst them for them.

References :-1. “Handloom schemes, Cluster Development, Annual

Reports, Budgets”, Office of the Development Com-missioner (Handlooms) Ministry of Textiles, India por-tal file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/handloom%20case/DEVELOPMENT% 20COMMISSIONER %20 (HANDLOOMS), Ministry%20of% 20Textiles. html” Mrignaynee:Textile

2. Emporium of M.P, M.P Laghu Udyog Nigam ltd” file:///C:/Users/Lenovo/Desktop/handloom%20case/MPLUN.html

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Abstract - Media and telecom industry is developing speedily in India and all over the world. Its technology hasaffected the daily life style and change the human activities and being part of human life. Internet mobile are importantneed of human being. It is expected that this industry will create 86 lack job upto 2022 and only in mobile manufacturing38 lack jobs will available. This is increasing 10% annually as per estimate mobile service market will be 37 milliondollar and upto 2019. The number of smart phones will arrive 18 crore. According to data of march 2016 India is thesecond biggest telecom network user in the world with 1005.88 crore and internet user are in india 34.26 crore andthird place of the world.

The job of this manufacturing sector are different types providing better salary and opportunities in future 86 lackin employment will create next six year and only mobile manufacturing sector will provide six lack jobs annually.

Mobiling Manufacturing - A Source Of Services

Introduction - In present era mobile instrument hasinfluenced the each area of life. This magic minor instrumenthas changed the whole life style. This manufacturing sectoris increasing very speedily. It has covered not only urbanareas but far rural areas are also affected with thiscommunication services. In present life internet and mobileare the undivided part of common life. Due to the expansionin all over country, Opportunity of services has alsoexpanded in this area. It is estimated that service conditionand salaries will be provided in better ways. Therefore thecommon life of service men of this sector will be satisfactoryand more acceptable.Research Methodology - Most of the data collection forthis research are optained from secondary collectionsystem. Interview was also organised with service meninvolving this field. Tabulation of data analysis performedin view to search aimed subject.Hypothesis -1. Mobile manufacturing is not in satisfactory stage in

india.2. Specific person may obtained job in this sector.3. Sufficient salary and facilities perhaps will not provide

to workers.4. Employment cannot be solved satisfactory through this

sector.Objective -1. To find out the opportunity of job in mobile

manufacturing sector.2. To find out the future development of mobile

manufacturing to observe a large number ofunemployed persons in this job.

3. The service of this sector may with satisfactory and

Roshni Siddiqui *

* Research Scholar (Commerce) A.P.S.University , Rewa (M.P.) INDIA

sufficient salary be provided.4. Future of this manufacturing sector be bright it will try

to give suggestion.Description - Mobile manufacturing and jobs - Mobilemanufacturing is being a best source of jobs creating. Theyoung educated persons like to survey in this sectorbecause it service is neat and clean and beyond of anyproblem. Now trend professionals are being demanded intelecom sector very speedily.

Therefore telecommunication engineering is a bestoption for student in order to get job smoothly. Designing ofTelecom device operation and manufacturing included intelecommunication education. A telecommunicationengineer maintains network quality control and constructproduct. For getting job in mobile manufacturing (10+2)passed bachelor may inter in telecommunicationengineering. He should pass maths, physics and chemistry.This selection for entrance in BE or B - Tech course haveto score sufficient’s mark in JEE entrance test. Beside thisa student take admission diploma and B.Sc course mostof institution the admission is provided on the base ofentrance exam. For further education ME or M -tech coursein the telecommunication are also available for admission.Engineering graduate have several possibility of servicesin telecom sector. As engineer, test engineer, applicationengineer and installer job can also achieve in telecomengineering telephone and mobile industry. Inspite of thesethey get job in cable and satellites network and broadcastingsector, telecommunication service provides companies.

The salary package is decided of telecommunicationengineer according to industry. Experience and training,help to decide salary. The salary of engineer is more in


private companies in comparison of governmentcompanies. In this sector a fresher can get per month salarypackage all about 15 - 20 thousand rupess and after someyear he can get 35 - 40 thousand rupees salary packageper month.

Table - 1Statement of mobile customer (in crore)

Source - Telecom regulatory authority of India

As above graph the user of mobiles in 2012 were 95.1crore and decreased in 2013 and become 89.8 crore andalso decreased in 2014 and become 84.6 crore then thecustomer used more mobile upto 99.6 crore in 2015 andvery rapidly increased upto 10.58 crore in 2016. The overallprogress of mobile customers are in increasing order andit is more expected upto end of year 2016. The double willbecome in comparison of 2012 and the reason of this growth

is the several kind of services are provided mobile and thereservices and quality is being increased G- 1, G -2, G-3, G-4 and in future perhaps it will cover other services as well.Table - 2 (See in the next p age)

According to above piller graph there were 2.53 croreinternet user in 2012 and it increased very rapidly upto 23.9crore after only year 2013 and in 2014 internet userincreased upto 26.7 crore, 30.2 crore in 2015 and in 2016they are 34.2 crore and at the end of the year the user willalso increased. Therefore the internet user increased 13times in last four years the future of this services is verybright. Expansion of education and awareness in the society.The user will be of every age of life child to senior citizens.Due to the increasing user mobile manufacturing sectorwill develop and it will provide several dimensions of serviceto the mobile user. Technology of mobile and handlingsystem are also improving and it is helpful to increasenumber of users.Sumup - Mobile manufacturing is very developing sector.The user of mobile and internet have covered a big part ofsociety to fillup the demand according user choice mobilemanufacturing is also changing it’s design operating system,durability and outlook, providing different size and shapecolour, handling process etc.

It is expected that this manufacturing sector will ableto provide a large number of job with attractive salarypackage better facilities and promotion process. Thesecurity of services and better promotion with increasingsalary package will helpful to develop this manufacturingfield.References :-1. Bhaskar laksh 21 Nov 2016 page No. 92. Information from telecom regulatary authority of india3. Economic survey 20164. India annual book 2016.

Table - 2 - Statement of internet user ( in crore)

Source - Takesai Research*************


Abstract - Electronic waste or E-Waste refers to unwanted obsolete or unusable electronic and electrical products.Ever increasing usage of electronics and electrical equipments has resulted in piling up of e-waste. Waste of electricaland electronic apparatuses generated in huge amount surround the earth today, and has become a global environmentalissue. The current and the future production of e-waste, the potential environmental problems associated with theirdisposal and management practices are discussed whereas the existing e-waste management. E-wastes are considereddangerous, or certain components of some electronic products contain materials are the harmful, depending on theircondition and density. The harmful contents of these materials pose a threat to human health and environment in Indiaencounters many challenges like the difficulty in inventorization, in effective regulations pathetic and unsafe conditionsof informal recycling, poor awareness of consumers and reluctance on the part of the stakeholders to address theissues. As a result toxic materials enter the waste stream with no special precautions to avoid the known adverseimpacts on the environmental and human healths as well as resources are wasted when economically valuablematerials are dumped. The purpose of this paper is to find out various issues related to e-waste and suggest strategiesfor effective e-waste management in India.

E-Waste Management And Its Effect OnEnvironmental & Human Health A Review

Dr. Shweta Singh *

Introduction - E-waste comprises of waste generated fromused electronic devices and household appliances whichare not fit for their original intended use and are destinedfor recovery, recycling or disposal. Such wastesencompasses wide range of electrical and electronicdevices such as Computers, Hand held cellular phones,personal stereos, including large household appliancessuch as refrigerators, air conditioners etc. E-waste containover 1000 different substances many of which are toxicand potentially hazardous to environment and humanhealth, if these are not handled in an environmentally soundmanner. This is largely due to increasing market penetrationof products in developing countries, development of areplacement market in developed countries and a generallyhigh product obsolescence rate, together with a decreasein price and the growth in internet use.

As per current estimates e-waste is growing almostthree times the rate of municipal solid waste globally. [1] E-waste being one of the largest sources of heavy metalsand the fastest growing waste streams has become aserious problem in china and other developing nations.These countries not only generated tremendous amountof domestic e-waste due to their fast consumption rates ofelectrical and electronic products, but also receiveenormous quantities of used information Technologydevices from overseas. In China e-waste largely recycledby the informal sector, Where numerous waste recycleworkers are hired at extremely low wages applying crude

*Asst. Professor (Commerce) S.S. Memorial Mahavidyalaya Sutiyani Mod T akha, Eawah (U.P.) INDIA

and pollutive recycling methods for separation of reusablecomponents and quick recovery of contained metals. Thesebackyard practices often take place under the waste. E-waste from developed countries finds an easy way intodeveloping countries in the name of free trade. India is adeveloping country from the last decades increase inpopulation & change of lifestyle, the demand of usingelectronic products is increased. In India e-waste generationis growing at 15%& is expected to cross 8,000,000 tonsper year in 2012. A central pollution control board (CPCB)report said 65 cities in India generate more than 60-70% ofthe total e-waste which comes from 10 States that’s arefollowed by Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, UtterPradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, MadhyaPradesh and Punjab in the list of e-waste generating Statesin India. It is an emerging problem as well as a businessopportunity of increasing significance, given the volumesof e-waste being generated and the content of both toxicand valuable material in them. The fraction includes iron,copper, aluminium, gold and other metals in e-waste is over60%, while plastic account for about 30% and the hazardouspollutants comprise only about 2.70%. Today, electrical andelectronic waste is the fastest growing stream. In the lastyears, there is an increasing acknowledgement of ourimpact on the environment due to our lifestyle, while theneed to adopt a more sustainable approach concerning ourconsumption habits emerges as of particular significance.This trend regards industrial sectors affecting the


consumption habits and especially, electronic industrywhere the short life cycles and the rapidly developingtechnology have led to increased e-waste volumes. Themajority of e-waste elements are led to landfills.

However, their partial recyclability due to their materialcomposition along with the unavoidable restrictions inlandfills has led to the development of retrieval techniquesfor their recycling and re-use, highlighting the significanceof e-waste recycling not only from a waste managementaspect but also from a valuable materials retrieval aspect.According to the Basel convention, wastes are substancesor objects, which are disposed of or are intended to bedisposed of, or are intended to be disposed of, or arerequired to be disposed of by the provisions of nationallaws.

Recently a joint inspection report by central pollutionboard (CPCB) union environment ministry and UtterPradesh Pollution Control board (UPPCB) found 27 illegale-waste industries operational in utter Pradesh These unitswere dumping the waste into the Rmgang causingirreparable damage to the river and its surroundingenvironment .

This incident highlight the silent crisis building up inIndia . The country’s burgeoning population on mobilephones has seen stupendous growth in the last decade.From 310 million subscribers in 2001 to 1.1 billion in 2016,the number of mobile phone user in India is nearly 4 timethat of united sates today and it is second only to china inthe world, which has 1.3 billion subscribers .

That is just mobile phone than there are 57 millioncomputers in use and plethora of other gadgets andconsumer electronics. but mass scale use of electronicgoods has a huge flip side .India is now in the global list ofhighest electronic waste generators posing grave threat tothe envirment and public alike .electronic waste or e-wasteas it is popularly known causes toxic emissions and posesseveral health hazards.E-Waste In India - In 2016 India was ranked as the fifthlargest generator of electronic waste in the world .a studyconducted the associated chambers of commerce andindustry of India (ASSOCHAM) and KPMG in 2016 rankedIndia among one of the top five countries in e wastegeneration with an estimated 1.85 million tones generatedannually . Globally the number is an astounding 40to 50million tones annually. India accounts for roughly 4 % of ewaste generated annually. The United States ranked firstin e waste annually. China raked second with 6.1 milliontons of e-waste every years.Effect s Of E-Waste - The effects of improper disposal ofthis e waste on the environment are little known; theseimpacts nonetheless pose very real threats and dangers tothe global environment at large improper disposal of theseelectronic wastes affect the soil, air and water componentsof the environment.Effect on air - One of the most common effect of e –wasteon air is through air pollution . For example a British

documentary about Lagos and its inhabitants, calledwelcome to logos shows a number of land fills scavengerswho go through numerous landfills in logos , looking forimproperly disposed improperly disposed electronics whichincludes wires, blenders, etc., to make some income fromthe recycling of these wastes. These men were shown toburn wires to get the copper (a very valuable commodity)in them by open air burning which can release hydrocarbonsinto the air.Effect s on water - When electronics containing heavymetals such as lead, barium, mercury, lithium (found inmobile phone and computer batteries), etc., are improperlydisposed, these heavy metals leach through the soil to reachgroundwater channels which eventually run to the surfaceas streams or small ponds of water. Local communitiesoften depend on these bodies of water and the groundwater.Apart from these chemicals resulting in the death of someof the plants and animals that exist in the water, intake ofthe contaminated water by humans and land animals resultsin lead poisoning. Some of these heavy metals are alsocarcinogenic.Effect s on soil - In this way, toxic heavy metals andchemicals from e-waste enter the “soil-crop-food pathway,”one of the most significant routes for heavy metals’exposure to humans. These chemicals are notbiodegradable—they persist in the environment for longperiods of time, increasing the risk of exposure.

These dangers posed by improper disposal on theenvironment ultimately have impacts on human beings -human cost; the health effects of these toxins on humansinclude birth defects (irreversible), brain, heart, liver, kidneyand skeletal system damage. They also significantly affectthe nervous and reproductive systems of the human body.When computer monitors and other electronics are burned,they create cancer-producing dioxins which are releasedinto the air we breathe. If electronics are thrown in landfills,these toxins may leach into groundwater and affect localresources. Thus improper disposal of e-waste not only haseffects on the environment, it indirectly and ultimately posesgrave dangers to humans and livestock.Issues Related T o E-Waste In India -1. Volume of E-waste generated - India stands fifth ine-waste generation producing around 1.7 lakhs metrictonnes per annum (Thomas Reuters, 2015)2. Involvement of Child Labor - In India, about 4.5 lakhchild laborers in the age group of 10- 14 are observed tobe engaged in various E-waste activities and that too withoutadequate protection and safeguards in various yards andrecycling workshops.3. Ineffective Legislation - There is absence of anypublic information on most SPCBs/PCC websites. 15 ofthe 35 PCBs/PCC do not have any information related toE-waste on their websites, their key public interface point.Even the basic E-waste Rules and guidelines have not beenuploaded. In absence of any information on their website,specially on details of recycle rs and collectors of E-waste,


citizens and institutional generators of E- waste are totallyat a loss to deal with their waste and do not know how tofulfill their responsibility. (Sinha & Rambha, 2013). So, thereis failure in successful implementation of Ewastemanagement and handling rules, 2012.4. Lack of infrastructure - There is huge gap betweenpresent recycling and collection facilities and quantum ofE-waste that is being generated. No collection and takeback mechanisms are in place. There is lack of recyclingfacilities.5. Health hazards E-waste - Contains over 1,000 toxicmaterials, which contaminate soil and ground water.Exposure can cause headache, irritability, nausea, vomiting,and eye pain. Recyclers may suffer liver, kidney andneurological disorders. Due to lack of awareness, they arerisking their health and the environment as well.6. Lack of incentive schemes - No clear guidelines arethere for the unorganized sector to handle E-waste. Alsono incentives are mentioned to lure people engaged to adoptformal path for handling E-waste. Working conditions inthe informal recycling sector are only slightly worse than inthe formal sector. (Skinner et al., 2010). No incentiveschemes for producers who are doing something to handlee-waste. (Toxicslink, 2015)7. Poor awareness and sensitization - Limited reachout and awareness regarding disposal, after determiningend of useful life. Also Only 2% of individuals think of theimpact on environment while disposing off their old electricaland electronic equipment8. Reluct ance of authorities’ involved - Lack ofcoordination between various authorities responsible for E-waste management and disposal including the non-involvement of municipalities (ASSOCHAM, 2014) 9. High cost of sourcing e-waste - The ELCINAconducted a study in 2009, where a sample calculation ofcapital, operating costs, revenues etc. for an e-wasterecycling project indicates the cost of sourcing e-waste asthe largest portion of the operating cost. (ELCINA, 2009).10. High cost of setting up recycling facility -11. Lack of research -Conclusions And Recommendations - There exist manyhurdles to e-waste management in India. The major one isdominance of informal sector. So the steps should be takento formalize the informal sector by strict implementation ofrules and to levy heavy penalties on defaulters. The majorchallenges are to reduce E-waste through reuse, recycle,recovery and reduced use of toxic substances, to inventlabor intensive intermediate technology to recycle / recoverE-waste safely and to distribute the responsibility ofmanaging E-waste on one or more stakeholders. Level ofawareness should be increased using advertisements ande-waste issues should be included in curriculum. There isurgent need of an effective Reverse supply chainmanagement of E-waste. In the reverse supply chain of E-waste would be collected from all kinds of resources, and itwould be delivered to a processor that can recycle valuable

parts from E-waste and dispose rest hazardous componentsin environmentally sound manner. The producer may buythose recycled valuable parts as raw material from theprocessor; therefore a close loop supply chain would beformed. In the process, companies can become moreenvironmentally efficient through reusing and reducing theamount of materials used. Some guidelines to ensure thesafe and secure recyding of used electronic are as follow :-1. There is urgent need for a detailed assessment of the

E-waste including quantification, characteristics, ex-isting disposal practices, environmental impacts andthe establishment of e-waste collection, exchange andrecycling centers in partnership with private entrepre-neurs and manufacturers.

2. There is need of an effective take-back program pro-viding incentives for producers to design products thatare less wasteful, contain fewer toxic components, andare easier to disassemble, reuse, and recycle may helpin reducing the wastes and deposit/refund schemes toencourage consumers to return electronic devices forcollection and reuse/recycling.

3. There is need of more recycling facilities and devel-opment of infrastructure to handle e-waste effectively.

4. Creat a comprehenhensive zero wasteaction plan5. Increase diversion frome landfill by increaring utiliza-

tion of the SMaRT Station6. Ban – polystyrene take-out food containers7. Educate the public on recyclable material processing

and eco-consious purchasing practices8. Provide accessible recycle bins in public places and

business9. Partner with local school districts to creat waste re-

duction and recycling programs in the school includ-ing a zrero waste lunch program

10. Implement amandatory organics / yard trimming recy-cling ordince and addition of organics materials suchas food waste to the commercial waste collection pro-gram to increase diversionWith all the above said we all can be responsible citi-

zens by being mindful of the dangers posted by e-waste tothe invirnment and do as much as we can to protect ourenvironment because ultimately e-waste does not just af-fect the environment .it ultimately affect us humans too/aswell .

References :-1. Statue report on e waste management in shri lanka.

central environment authority aug 20102. Moef guidelines for management and handling of

hazardous wastes 19913. Vijay et al . international journal of advanced research

in computer science .4. Environmental education – K .K .Shrivastava5. Environmental performance index(2014)6. E-waste status and management in india journal of

informantion engineering and application 41-48


Abstract - This study examined the perception held by administrators of Govt. and Private Colleges with aboveaverage student’s satisfaction about their institutions current and preferred organizational Culture and their ownmanagement competencies. This Study identifies implication for leadership of college culture linked to effectiveperformance. The result build on existing evidence that dominant type, strength and congruence of culture are linkedwith performance effectiveness.

Impact On Organizational Culture In GovernmentAnd Private College

Sukrati Rathore *

Introduction - This Research Paper throws light on workculture and its impact on employee’s affectivity and

Efficiency. It analyzes the importance of healthy workculture, improvement of employees and organizationalefficiency. The Paper proposes various ways of building aninnovative work culture and importance of QWL (Quality ofwork life). The Researcher seeks to undertake acomparative study of the impact of work culture on facultymembers of selected private colleges and governmentcolleges.

The word work culture is made up of two words “Work+ Culture”. Work is defined as the tasks that need to bedone by use of physical strength or mental power in orderto do. Culture is defined as a cumulative crystallized andquasistable shared life style of people as reflected in thepreference of some Cities of life over others (values) in theresponse predisposition towards several significant issuesand phenomena (attitudes) in the certain affairs (rituals)and in the ways of promoting desired, preventingindescribable behavior (sanctions).

Culture is the complex mixture of assumption,behaviors, myths, metaphors and other ideas that fittogether to define what it mean to be a member a particularsociety. Organization may develop their own unique culturethat differentiates them from other organization within theindustry or society.

Organization culture is the set of importantunderstandings, such as norms, values, attitudes andbeliefs shared by organizational members. Culturetherefore, is how an organization learned to deal with itsenvironment.

The study is conducted based on the available datafor the required analysis and interpretation of data toestablish the relationship between organization culture andwork condition, organization culture and leadership style.Objective of the study -

*Research Scholar , AISECT University , Bhop al (M.P.) INDIA

1. To study the organization culture of private collegesand government colleges.

2. To compare the working conditions of faculty membersof private colleges, and government colleges.

3. To study the improvement of employees andorganizational efficiency of private colleges andgovernment colleges.

4. To suggest improvements in organization cultureprivate colleges and government colleges.

Review Of Literature - It is Very Important to do Literaturereview on a topic before we apply research work on thattopic. The Researcher in this matter Presented over viewon Critical study of the topic which is as follows.1. Saharan (1989) in his well-known book on

Organizational Behavior published at New Delhi byJMG, has operationally defined it as the sum total ofhealthy experiences that individuals have in variousfacts of their life.

2. There has been ample evidence, shown amongindustrial workers by Kornhauser as early as in 1965,who had observed a consistent relationship betweendissection and measures of mental health,

3. Warr, P.E. Cook, J.& W all T . – While developingmeasure of working life – refined and developed andpublished it in the journal of Occupational Psychology

4. Hofstede (2006) on the other hand explains theorganizational culture in the form of onion that containsa number of layers and values that make the core ofthe organizational culture.

5. The importance of the organizational culture is alsohighlighted by Schein (2004) who stated that theculture can serve as strength as well as weakness tothe organization.

Methodology - The current study aims at measuring thework culture and its effect on Professors and lecturer, andoffering recommendations for improving the same and thus


deductive methodology would be the appropriate choiceas theory obtained from published works is testedempirically during the research. The inductive methodologyis not chosen for this study because generation of newtheory is not the purpose of this study.Expected outcome of the proposed work - Work Cultureplays an important role to identify and examine the internalenvironment of any organization. Work Culture tellsinformation of the employees working. Work culture istoday’s hot issue to be discussed by various famouscompanies to increase the productivity of employeesbecause work culture is the major player which puts impacton the working style and art of employees.

Work Culture in some of the organization plays therole of mentor or creator but in some organization it playsthe role of demolisher. Work culture has significant influenceon the attitudes and behaviors complied with values on theorganization members.Conclusion - This chapter is designed to familiarize youwith the concept of organizational culture of colleges. Wehave covered methods organizations might use to addressissues related to the way people behave at work, traditions

and environment of college. In addition, you should now befamiliar with the large number of factors, both within agovernment college and within the environment of privatecollege that may influence a person’s behaviors andattitudes. In the coming years, organization culture ofcolleges is likely to see a major shift in the way organizationsfunction, resulting from rapid technological advances, socialawareness, and cultural blending.

References : -1. Biswas U & Nanda Mathew R(2001) Impact of

perceived empowerment on Managerial Effectiveness2. Borg 1(1991) on the relationship between importance

and satisfaction ratings on job aspects.AppliedPsychological International Review vol. 40 pg 93-104

3. Dafftuar C.N.L Nair, Priya(2001)”organizationalculture”vol 57

4. E. H Scein(1995) Organisation culture & LeardshipJossey Bass, San Francisco

5. Iztak, Harpez(1988) variables effecting non financialemployment commitment, applied psychologicalInternational review vol 31 pg 235-248

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emY H$r gr_mE± - emY H$r gr_mE± - emY H$r gr_mE± - emY H$r gr_mE± - emY H$r gr_mE± - Am°fYr` \$gbmß H$m CÀ[mXZ g Ao^‡m` Om \$gbH•$of C[O _ S>r _ß odH´$` hVw bmB© JB© h°& Cg hr CÀ[mXZ H$ Í$[ _ß emY[Ã _ß goÂ_obV oH$`m h°&VmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$m 1 - (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a) 1 - (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a) 1 - (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a) 1 - (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a) 1 - (XI Ao›V_ [•> [a)VmobH$m H$ oZÓH$f© Bg ‡H$ma h° :-VmobH$m H$ oZÓH$f© Bg ‡H$ma h° :-VmobH$m H$ oZÓH$f© Bg ‡H$ma h° :-VmobH$m H$ oZÓH$f© Bg ‡H$ma h° :-VmobH$m H$ oZÓH$f© Bg ‡H$ma h° :-(01)(01)(01)(01)(01) Zr_M oOb _ß df© 2010-11 _ß _°Wr H$m CÀ[mXZ 99631oπ$. hwAm, Om df© 2011-12 _ß KQ>H$a 74773 oπ$ß. hm J`m& Bg ‡H$maJVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 24850 oπ$ß. _°Wr H$m CÀ[mXZ H$_ hwAm Am°a CÀ[mXZXa _ß 24.95 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r hwB© h°& df© 2012-13 _ß _°Wr H$m CÀ[mXZ147533 oπ$ß. hwAm, Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 72760 oπ$ß. AoYH$ ahmVWm 97.30 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa AoYH$ hwAm& df© 2013-14 _ß _°WrH$m CÀ[mXZ 108890 oπ$ß. hwAm Om JVdf© H$r Vwbm _ß 38643 oπ$ß.CÀ[mXZ H$_ hwAm VWm 26.17 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ _ß H$_r hwB©& Bgr ‡H$ma2014-15 _ß _°Wr H$m CÀ[mXZ 130176 oπ$ß. hwAm, Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm_ß 21286 CÀ[mXZ AoYH$ ahm Edß 19.55 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß d•o’hwB© h°&(02)(02)(02)(02)(02) Zr_M oOb _ß df© 2010-11 _ß Abgr H$m CÀ[mXZ 663 oπ$ß.hwAm, Om df© 2011-12 _ß ]∂T>H$a 268 oπ$ß. hm J`m& Bg ‡H$ma JVdf©H$r VwbZm _ß 0.75 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß d•o’ hwB© h°, O]oH$ 2012-13_ß Abgr H$ CÀ[mXZ _ß Am°a d•o’ hwB© Am°a CÀ[mXZ ]∂T>H$a 826 oπ$ß. hmJ`m, Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 158 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZ AoYH$ ahm VWm 23.65‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß d•o’ hwB©& df© 2013-14 _ß Abgr H$m CÀ[mXZ]T>H$a 1201 oπ$ß. hm J`m, Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 375 oπ$ß. Abgr H$mAoYH$ CÀ[mXZ hwAm VWm 45.39 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß d•o’ hwB©& Bgr‡H$ma df© 2014-15 _ß Abgr H$m CÀ[mXZ 7797 oπ$ß. hwAm Om JVdf©H$r VwbZm _ß 6596 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZ AoYH$ ahm VWm 549.20 ‡oVeVCÀ[mXZ Xa _ß d•o’ hwB©&(03)(03)(03)(03)(03) Zr_M oOb _ß df© 2010-11 _ß AOdmZ H$m CÀ[mXZ 13915oπ$ß. H$m hwAm, Om df© 2011-12 _ß KQ>H$a 13324 oπ$ß. _°Wr H$m CÀ[mXZhwAm& Bg ‡H$ma JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 591 oπ$ß. H$_ CÀ[mXZ ahm VWm4.25 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß H$_r hwB©& df© 2012-13 _ß AOdmZ H$mCÀ[mXZ 36019 oπ$ß. hwAm, Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 22695 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZAoYH$ hwAm VWm 170.03 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß d•o’ hwB©& df© 2013-14 _ß AOdmZ H$m CÀ[mXZ 27379 oπ$ß. hwAm, Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß8640 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZ H$_ hwAm VWm 23.98 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZXa _ß H$_rhwB©& Bgr ‡H$ma df© 2014-15 _ß 24122 oπ$ß. AOdmZ H$m CÀ[mXZhwAm, Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 3257 oπ$ß. H$_ CÀ[mXZ hwAm VWm 11.89‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß H$_r hwB© h°&(04)(04)(04)(04)(04) Zr_M oOb _ß df© 2010-11 _ß Bg]Jmb H$m CÀ[mXZ 86167oπ$ß. hwAm, Om df© 2011-12 H$r _ß KQ>H$a 40828 oπ$ß. hm J`m& Bg‡H$ma JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 45339 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZ H$_ hwAm VWm JVdf©H$r VwbZm _ß 52.62 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß H$_r hwB© h°& Bg ‡H$ma df©2012-13 _ß Bg]Jmb H$m 117423 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZ hwAm, Om JVdf© H$rVwbZm _ß 76595 oπ$ß. AoYH$ ahm VWm 187.60 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ßd•o’ hwB© h°& df© 2013-14 _ß Bg]Jmb H$m CÀ[mXZ 77500 oπ$ß. hwAm,Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 39923 oπ$ß. H$_ CÀ[mXZ hwAm VWm 34 ‡oVeVCÀ[mXZ Xa H$_r hwB© h°& df© 2014-15 _ß Bg]Jmb H$m CÀ[mXZ 58273

oπ$ß. hwAm, Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 19227 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZ H$_ hwAm VWm24.81 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß H$_r hwB© h°&(05)(05)(05)(05)(05) Zr_M oOb _ß df© 2010-11 _ß gwdm H$m CÀ[mXZ 432 oπ$ß.hwAm, Om df© 2011-12 _ß KQ>H$a 253 oπ$ß. hm J`m& Bg ‡H$maJVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 179 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZ H$_ hwAm VWm 41.43 ‡oVeVCÀ[mXZ Xa _ß H$_r hwB© h°& df© 2012-13 _ß 117 oπ$ß. gwdm H$m CÀ[mXZhwAm, Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 136 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZ H$_ hwAm VWm 116.24‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß H$_r hwB© h°& df© 2013-14 _ß gwdm H$m CÀ[mXZ629 oπ$ß. hwAm, Om JVdf© H$rVwbZm _ß 512 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZ AoYH$ hwAmVWm 437.61 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß d•o’ hwB© h°& df© 2014-15 _ß 439oπ$ß. gwdm H$m CÀ[mXZ hwAm, Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 190 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZH$_ hwAm VWm 30.21 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß oJamdQ> hwB© h°&(06)(06)(06)(06)(06) Zr_M oOb _ß df© 2010-11 _ß Agmob`m H$m CÀ[mXZ 4761oπ$ß. hwAm VWm df© 2011-12 _ß CÀ[mXZ KQ>H$a 1017 oπ$ß. ah J`m,Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 3744 oπ$ß. H$_ CÀ[mXZ hwAm VWm 7 8 . 6 4‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß H$_r hwB© h°& df© 2012-13 _ß Agmob`m H$m 1630oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZ hwAm, Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 613 oπ$ß. AoYH$ ahm VWm60.27 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß d•o’ hwB©& df© 2013-14 _ß 1144 oπ$ß.Agmob`m H$m CÀ[mXZ hwAm, Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 486 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZH$_ ahm VWm 29.82 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß H$_r hwB©& df© 2014-15 _ßAgmob`m H$m CÀ[mXZ 1892 oπ$ß. hwAm, Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 748oπ$ß. AoYH$ CÀ[mXZ hwAm VWm 65.38 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß d•o’ hwB©h°&(07)(07)(07)(07)(07) Zr_M oOb _ß df© 2010-11 _ß AÌdJßYm H$m CÀ[mXZ 13157oπ$ß. hwAm VWm df© 2011-12 _ß CÀ[mXZ KQ>H$a 11009 oπ$ß. ah J`m,Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 2148 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZ H$_ hwAm VWm 16.32 ‡oVeVCÀ[mXZ Xa _ß H$_r hwB© h°& df© 2012-13 _ß 10436 oπ$ß. AÌdJßYm H$mCÀ[mXZ hwAm, Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 573 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZ H$_ hwAm VWm5.20 ‡oVÌV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß H$_r hwB© h°& df© 2013-14 _ß 12505 oπ$ß.AÌdJßYm H$m CÀ[mXZ hwAm h° VWm JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 2069 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZAoYH$ hwAm VWm 19.82 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß d •o’ hwB © h °& df©2014-15 _ß AÌdJßYm H$m 18514 oπ$ß. H$m CÀ[mXZ hwAm, Om JVdf©H$r VwbZm _ß 6009 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZ AoYH$ hwAm VWm 48.05 ‡oVeVCÀ[mXZ Xa _ß d•o’ hwB© h°&(08)(08)(08)(08)(08) Zr_M oOb _ß df© 2010-11 _ß bhgwZ H$m CÀ[mXZ 517270oπ$ß. hwAm VWm df© 2011-12 _ß CÀ[mXZ ]∂T>H$a 725347 oπ$ ß. hm J`m, Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 208077 oπ$ß. AoYH$ CÀ[mXZ hwAm VWm40.22 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß d•o’ hwB© h°& df© 2012-13 _ß bhgwZ H$mCÀ[mXZ 1175242 oπ$ß. hwAm, Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 449895 oπ$ß.AoYH$ CÀ[mXZ hwAm VWm 62.02 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß d•o’ hwB© h°& df©2013-14 _ß bhgwZ H$m CÀ[mXZ 1164968 oπ$ß. hwAm, Om JVdf© H$rVwbZm _ß 10274 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZ H$_ hwAm VWm 0.87 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa_ß H$_r hwB© h°& df© 2014-15 _ß bhgwZ H$m CÀ[mXZ 1076612 oπ$ß.hwAm, Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 88356 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZ H$_ hwAm h° VWm7.58 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß H$_r hwB© h°&(09)(09)(09)(09)(09) Zr_M oOb _ß df© 2010-11 _ß Vmam_ram H$m CÀ[mXZ 3584oπ$ß. hwAm VWm df© 2011-12 _ß CÀ[mXZ KQ>H$a 2819 oπ$ß. hm J`m&


Bg ‡H$ma JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 765 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZ H$_ hwAm VWm 21.34‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß H$_r hwB©& df© 2012-13 _ß Vmam_ram H$m CÀ[mXZAm°a KQ>H$a 1296 oπ$ß. hr ah J`m& Bg ‡H$ma JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 1523oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZ H$_ hwAm VWm 54.03 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß H$_r hwB© h°&df© 2013-14 _ß Vmam_ram H$m CÀ[mXZ 1375 oπ$ß. hwAm, Om JVdf©H$r VwbZm _ß 79 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZ AoYH$ hwAm VWm 6.10 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZXa _ß d•o’ hwB©& df© 2014-15 _ß Vmam_ram H$m CÀ[mXZ 1419 oπ$ß. hwAm,Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 44 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZ AoYH$ ahm VWm 3.20 ‡oVeVCÀ[mXZ Xa _ß ^r d•o’ hwB© h°&(10)(10)(10)(10)(10) Zr_M oOb _ß df© 2010-11 _ß H$bm¢Or H$m CÀ[mXZ 11835oπ$ß. hwAm VWm df© 2011-12 _ß H$bm¢Or H$m CÀ[mXZ ]∂T>H$a 14898oπ$ß. hm J`m, Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 3060 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZ AoYH$ hwAmVWm 25.88 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß d•o’ hwB© h°& df© 2012-13 _ß H$bm¢OrH$m CÀ[mXZ 46845 oπ$ß. hwAm, Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 31947 oπ$ß.CÀ[mXZ AoYH$ hwAm VWm 214.44 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß d•o’ hwB©& df©2013-14 _ß H$bm¢Or H$m CÀ[mXZ 39477 oπ$ß. hwAm, Om JVdf© H$rVwbZm _ß 7368 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZ H$_ hwAm VWm 15.73 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa_ß H$_r hwB© h°& df© 2014-15 _ß H$bm¢Or H$m CÀ[mXZ 22040 oπ$ß. hwAm,Om JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 17437 oπ$ß. CÀ[mXZ H$_ hwAm VWm 44.17‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß H$_r hwB© h°&(11)(11)(11)(11)(11) Zr_M oOb _ß df© 2011-12 _ß g\$X _wgbr H$m CÀ[mXZ 01oπ$ß. hwAm VWm 2012-13 _ß ^r CÀ[mXZ 01 oπ$ß. hr ahm O]oH$2013-14 _ß g\$X _wgbr H$m CÀ[mXZ ]∂T>H$a 40 oπ$ß. hm J`m& Bg‡H$ma JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß 400 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ ]∂T>m& df© 2014-15 _ßg\$X _wgbr H$m CÀ[mXZ KQ>H$a 08 oπ$ß. ah J`m& Bg ‡H$ma JVdf© H$rVwbZm _ß 80 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ Xa _ß H$_r hwB© h°&Am°fYr` \$gbmß H$ CÀ[mXZ _ß AmZ dmbr g_Ò`mE± :Am°fYr` \$gbmß H$ CÀ[mXZ _ß AmZ dmbr g_Ò`mE± :Am°fYr` \$gbmß H$ CÀ[mXZ _ß AmZ dmbr g_Ò`mE± :Am°fYr` \$gbmß H$ CÀ[mXZ _ß AmZ dmbr g_Ò`mE± :Am°fYr` \$gbmß H$ CÀ[mXZ _ß AmZ dmbr g_Ò`mE± :1. _.‡. _ß AmO r H•$fH$mß _ß AßYodÌdmg, OmJÍ$H$Vm H$r H$_r ‡oejU

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AoYH$mna`m H$r _mogH$ Am` H$r oÒWoVAoYH$mna`m H$r _mogH$ Am` H$r oÒWoVAoYH$mna`m H$r _mogH$ Am` H$r oÒWoVAoYH$mna`m H$r _mogH$ Am` H$r oÒWoVAoYH$mna`m H$r _mogH$ Am` H$r oÒWoVH´$.H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$. AoYH$marAoYH$marAoYH$marAoYH$marAoYH$mar _ogH$ Am`_ogH$ Am`_ogH$ Am`_ogH$ Am`_ogH$ Am`1 T.D.M 80000-900002 D.E 70000-800003 S.D.E 60000-700004 J.T.O 40000-500005 C.A.O 70000-800006 A.O 50000-60000

7 A.A.O 40000-500008 J.A.O 30000-400009 CLERK 20000-30000

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VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1.1Mb Xmo`Àd H$r oÒWoV

Year Current liability2007-08 45288862009-10 74018242011-12 38842712013-14 39747762015-16 4112663

(aIm oMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a)(aIm oMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a)(aIm oMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a)(aIm oMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a)(aIm oMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a)aIm oMÃ g kmV hmVm h oH$ df© 2007-08 _ Mb Xmo`Àd

4528886,Om df© 2009-10 _ ]∂S> H$a 7401824 hm JB© 2011-12_ 3884271 H$_ hm JB© VWm 2013-14 _ 3974776 hm JB©& BgH$m_Vb] 90505 g Mb Xmo`Àd ]∂S> JB© Edß 2015-16 _ ]∂S>H$a4112663 hm JB©&Mb gÂ[oŒm - Mb gÂ[oŒm - Mb gÂ[oŒm - Mb gÂ[oŒm - Mb gÂ[oŒm - AmO h_ odJV dfm H$ oM∆m H$m odõfU H$a Vm h_ Vœ`hmogb hm gH$V h°& odJV [m∞M dfm _ Mb gÂ[oŒm H$r oÒWoV H$m h_ oZÂZ‡H$ma g Xem© gH$V h°&

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1.2Mb gÂ[oŒm H$r oÒWoV

year Current assets2007.08 111806132009.10 112720402011.12 48228022013.14 37654892015.16 3614135

(aIm oMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a)(aIm oMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a)(aIm oMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a)(aIm oMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a)(aIm oMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a)aIm oMÃ _ß Mb gß[oŒm H$m Xem©`m h°& Mb gß[oŒm 2007 g 2016

VH$ bJV KQ>Vr Om ahr h°& Om 2007-08 _ 11180613 g 2009-10 _ KQ>H$a 11272040 hm JB© h VWm 2011-12 _ KQ>H$a 4822802hm JB© h° Edß df© 13-14 _ Mb gß[oŒm 151354 KQ>H$a 3765489 hmJB© o[N>b df© H$r VwbZm _ df© 15-16 _ Mb gß[oŒm KQ>H$a 3614135hm JB©&AMb Xmo`Àd - AMb Xmo`Àd - AMb Xmo`Àd - AMb Xmo`Àd - AMb Xmo`Àd - AmO h_ odJV dfm H$ oM∆m H$m odõfU H$a Vm h_Vœ` hmogb hm gH$V h°& odJV [m∞M dfm _ AMb Xmo`Àd H$r oÒWoV H$mh_ oZÂZ ‡H$ma g Xem© gH$V h°&

VmobH$m H´$´_mßH$ 1.3 - AMb Xmo`Àd H$r oÒWoVyear Non current liability2007.08 11489112009.10 5716222011.12 22865772013.14 23968902015.16 1209595


(aIm oMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a)(aIm oMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a)(aIm oMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a)(aIm oMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a)(aIm oMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a) aIm oMÃ H$ AZwgma 2007-08 _ AMb Xmo`Àd 1148911 Edß

09-10 _ KQ>H$a 571622 hm JB© VWm o\$a df© 11-12 _ ]∂S>H$a2286577 hm J`m& df© 13-14 _ ^r ]∂S>H$a 2396890 hm J`m df©15-16 _ AMb Xmo`Àd KQ>H$a 1209595 hm J`m&AMb gß[oŒm - AMb gß[oŒm - AMb gß[oŒm - AMb gß[oŒm - AMb gß[oŒm - AmO h_ odJV dfm H$ oM∆m H$m odõfU H$a Vm h_Vœ` hmogb hm gH$V h°& odJV [m∞M dfm _ AMb gß[oŒm H$r oÒWoV H$mh_ oZÂZ ‡H$ma g Xem© gH$V h°&

VmobH$m H´$´_mßH$ 1.4AMb gß[oŒm H$r oÒWoV

year Fixed assest2007.08 118334942009.10 139620482011.12 161956592013.14 145345872015.16 10009537

(aIm oMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a)(aIm oMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a)(aIm oMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a)(aIm oMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a)(aIm oMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a) aIm oMÃ AMb gß[oŒm H$m Xem© ahm h°& 2007-08 _ 11833494

_ ]∂S>H$a 13962048 hm JB© 2011-12 _ ^r AMb gß[oŒm ]∂S>r hwB©AmB© VWm 2013-14 _ AMb gß[oŒm 1661072 g KQ> JB© Edß 2015-16 _ 4525050 g AMb gß[oŒm KQ> JB©& odŒm H$m _hÀd dhr h Om_mZd eara _ a∫$ H$m h°& BgH$ H$_ ¡`mXm hmZ [a odŒm ‡]ßYZ J∂S>]S>mOmVm h°& `hr ]r.Eg.EZ.Eb _ß XIZ _ß Am ahm h°&

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S>m∞. X`mam_ gmhy *

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oS>ÒQ≠>r„`yQ>g© O`[wa, amOÒWmZ, (2007)7. ZdmO, Ama.- H•$of dmoZH$r Edß Obdm w [nadV©Z, [mBßQ>a [o„beg©,

O`[wa (2008)

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O`[wa ZB©- oXÑr (2003)2. _wH$Or©, adr›–ZmW- gm_moOH$ emY Edß gmßoª`H$r`, oddH$

‡H$meZ, Odmha ZJa oXÑr (2005)3. e_m©, Xr·r, _h›– Hw$_ma- [`m©daU ‡]ßYZ Edß ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZ,

AOw©Z [o„bofßJ hmCg ‡hbmX Jbr, Aßgmar amS>, Xna`mJßO ZB©oXÑr (2009)

4. gmhZr H$.- [`m©daU, dZ Am°a d›` Ord gßajU, [mBßQ>a [o„beg©,O`[wa (2007)

5. Ã°_mogH$ [oÃH$m - O°d ododYVm ]mS©>, ^m[mb &6. h_mar O°d ododYVm- _.‡. emgZ&7. dZdY©Z H$ og¤mßV - (1982)

8. ^maV H$ Am°fYr` d•j (2008)9. Ord O›VwAmß H$r AZmIr XwoZ`m (2009)10. IVr gßgma - ^maVr` H•$of AZwgßYmZ [nafX H$r dmof©H$ na[mQ©>

^maV H•$fH$ g_mO _‹`‡Xe A[∑g ]¢H$ ^dZ, ^m[mb&11. BßoS>`Z gmgm`Q>r Am°a EJ´rodOZg ‡m\$eZbg m[mb- dZm[Omß

H$m ‡]ßYZ Edß O°d ododYVm gßajU&12. AmAmß OmZ Ord OJV H$m - _‹`‡Xe am¡` O°d ododYVm ]mS©>,

‡W_ Vb oH$gmZ ^dZ, Aaam ohÎg, ^m[mbAnnual Publications :1. Annual reports of Biodiversity Board, M.P., Bhopal2. Times of India Annual Directory and Year Book3. Manorama

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S>m∞. YraO e_m© *

‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - "òX H•$of Am°a C⁄mJ YßY oH$gr Xe H$ AmoW©H$ OrdZ H$meara Am°a ho»`m _mZr OmE Vm [nadhZ H$m Cg AmoW©H$ T>mßM H$r ÒZm`w‡Umbr _mZZm MmohE&' oH$gr Xe H$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$m Am^mg h_H$mdhmß H$ [nadhZ H$ gmYZmß g hm gH$Vm h°& AmYwoZH$ g‰`Vm dmÒVd _AmYwoZH$ [nadhZ H$ gmYZmß H$r oeew h°& \$à Edß odob`Âg H$ e„Xmß _ß"g‰`Vm dhm ‡JQ> hwB© Ohmß [nadhZ Ï`dÒWm ‡^mdembr C[`mJ _ bmB©Om gH$r Wr& `h H$^r ^r N>mQ> Am°a EßH$mßH$r g_mOmß _ ‡JQ> Zht hwB© h°&'

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[nadhZ gmYZ C[b„Y Z hmZm h°&2. MrZ Am°a [mH$ AmH´$_Um Z Bg ]mV [a ‹`mZ oXbm`m oH$ Xe ajm

Am°a Xe H$ odH$mg XmZmß hr —oÓQ>`mß g [nadhZ H$m [yU©V: odH$mghmZm AmdÌ`H$ h°&

3. abmß H$r VwbZm _ß g∂S>H$ [nadhZ H$m ^mJ _mb Edß `mÃr [nadhZ _ßA[jmH•$V ]∂T>m h°°&

4. o¤Vr` Am°a V•Vr` `mOZmAmß _ H$B© ]ma Xe H$m [nadhZ gßH$Q> H$m

[nadhZ H$m AmoW©H$ _hÀd(B›Xm°a ogQ>r Q≠>mßg[mQ©> god©g obo_Q>S> H$ gßX © _ß)

* emYmWu, Xdr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

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¤mam ]ZmB© OmZr MmohE&[nadhZ H$m _hÀd - [nadhZ H$m _hÀd - [nadhZ H$m _hÀd - [nadhZ H$m _hÀd - [nadhZ H$m _hÀd - [nadhZ H$m _hÀd oZÂZ VrZ erf©H$m H$ AßVJ©Vod^∫$ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°&1. AmoW©H$ _hÀd2. gm_moOH$ _hÀd3. amOZ°oVH$ _hÀd[nadhZ H$m AmoW©H$ _hÀd - [nadhZ H$m AmoW©H$ _hÀd - [nadhZ H$m AmoW©H$ _hÀd - [nadhZ H$m AmoW©H$ _hÀd - [nadhZ H$m AmoW©H$ _hÀd - [nadhZ H$ gmYZmß H$m _mZd H$ AmoW©H$OrdZ g ]hwV Jham gß]ßY h°& ‡m. _me©b H$ _VmZwgma "AW©emÛ _mZdH$ OrdZ H$ gmYmaU Ï`dgm` H$m A‹``Z h°, `h Ïò∫$ Edß g_mO H$rCZ oH´$`mAmß H$r [arjm H$aVm h°, Om ^m°oVH$ H$Î`mU H$ gmYZm H$r ‡mo·Edß CZH$ C[`mJ g gß]ßoYV hmVr h°&' [nahdZ H$ AmoW©H$ bm^ Bg ‡H$mah° -1. CÀ[mXZ H$m odoeoÓQ>H$aU2. gÒVr C[^mJ gm_J´r3. H$É _mb H$ [nadhZ H$r gwodYm4. AmYma^yV C⁄mJm H$m odH$mg gß^d5. Am°⁄moJH$rH$aU H$r Vrd´JoV hVw AmdÌ`H$6. gßVwobV odH$mg hVw AmdÌ`H$7. Ïò∫$`mß H$ amOJmaB›Xm°a _ ß [nadhZ - B›Xm°a _ ß [nadhZ - B›Xm°a _ ß [nadhZ - B›Xm°a _ ß [nadhZ - B›Xm°a _ ß [nadhZ - B›Xm°a ‡mMrZH$mb _ EH$ gro_V ZJa Wm oH$›VwYra-Yra AZH$ AmodÓH$mamß Am°a _mZdr` AmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$r [yoV© Am°aOZgßª`m H$r CŒmamŒma d•o’ g B›Xm°a _.‡. H$r Am°⁄moJH$ amOYmZr ]ZJ`m h°& B›Xm°a _ [nadhZ H$ ododY gmYZ h° Om Bg ‡H$ma h°&1. ogQ>r dZ2. VmßJm3. ogQ>r ]g4. Q>mQ>m _°oOH$5. na∑em6. B© - na∑em

C[am∫$ gmYZmß _ na∑em, VmßJm [wamZr Ï`dÒWm _ß g h° ef g^r2005 _ß Am°a ogQ>r Q≠>mg[mQ©> god©g obo_Q>S> H$r ÒWm[Zm Am°a [nadhZH´$mßoV H$r XZ h°& BgH$ [yd© ZJa gdm Am°a Q>Â[m ^r [nadhZ gmYZmß _emo_b W oO›h ]∂T>V ‡XyfU AoYH$ m∂S>m Ag‰`Vm[yd©H$ Ï`dhma AmoXH$maUm g ]ßX H$a oX`m J`m&


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O°g - g∂S>H$, ]r.Ama.Q>r.Eg. AmoXoZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - C[am∫$ g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ _‹`‡Xe H$r Am°⁄moJH$ amOYmZr

B›Xm°a _ [nadhZ H$ ododY gmYZ gßMmobV oH$` Om ah h°, oOZ_ß ogQ>r]g EH$ _hÀd[yU© gmYZ h° oOgg [nadhZ H$r AoYH$moYH$ gwodYm B›Xm°aH$ ZmJnaH$m H$m ‡m· hm ahr h° VWm BgH$ _m‹`_ g [yd©dVr© [nadhZ H$gmYZmß H$ oZÂZ Xmfmß g ]Mm Om gH$Vm h°&1. `moÃ`mß H$ gmW ]wam Ï`dhma2. ‡oVÒ[Ym© H$ H$maU Jmo∂S>`mß H$r VO JoV3. Hß$S>∑Q>a Am°a S≠>m`da H$r _Z_mZr4. AoYH$ ^m∂S>m bZm5. AmoW©H$ ZwH$gmZ6. gaH$mar gßÂ[oŒm`mß H$m ZwH$gmZ

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. _Zma_m B©`a ]wH$ 2007 - 082. H$›–r` g∂S>H$ [nadhZ oZJ_ AoYoZ`_ 19503. amS> Q≠>mßg[mQ©> - S>m∞. E\$.Or. AmoQ>`m4. Urban Transport in India - Dilip Holder (2006)5. X°oZH$ ZB© XwoZ`m, B›Xm°a6. https://indore.nic.in/glance.htm.

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ZmX©Z H$mb \$rÎS> obo_Q>S> _ß _mZd gßgmYZ H$r dV©_mZ oÒWoV

S>m∞. Xr[MßX ^mdaH$a *

emY gmamße - emY gmamße - emY gmamße - emY gmamße - emY gmamße - î^maV EH$ odH$mgerb amÓQ≠> h°, Bg ZmV Xe _ß lo_H$mß H$r yo_H$m _hÀd[yU© h°& gd©‡W_ CÀ[mXZ d•o’ _ß lo_H$mß H$r yo_H$m_hÀd[yU© h°& oH$gr C⁄mJ _ß lo_H$mß H$ gÂ]ßY VWm CÀ[mXZ oH´$`m _ß l_ H$r oÒWoV Edß yo_H$m _hÀd[yU© h°&1 dV©_mZ C⁄mJmß _ß gßJoR>V oeojVlo_H$mß_ß d•o’ hm ahr h°, oOgH$m ‡^md C⁄mJ [a ‡oVHy$b `m AZwHy$b [∂S>Vm h°& H$mb BßoS>`m obo_Q>S> _ß dV©_mZ _ß 50 ‡oVeV lo_H$ oeojVh°& lo_H$gßJR>Zmß _ß r lo_H$ _hÀd[yU© yo_H$m AXm H$aVm h°& lo_H$ gßKmß H$ odH$mg Edß yo_H$m H$ gmW l_ ]mOma H$r odefVmAmß _ß lo_H$mß H$r _hÀd[yU©^yo_H$m h°& C⁄mJ _ß H$m`©aV lo_H$ gßJR>Zmß H$r [yU© oOÂ_Xmar h° oH$ d lo_H$mß H$m C⁄mJ H$ CÀ[mXZ ]∂T>mZ d H$m_ H$ ‡oV oZÓR>mdmZ ahZ H$ obEoeojVH$aß& lo_H$ gßJR>Zmß H$ JbV Edß ÒdmWr© VÀdmß ¤mam ´m_H$ AmÌdmgZ XZ VWm JbV H$m_ H$ obE lo_H$mß H$m ‡mÀgmohV H$aZ g Am°⁄moJH$jÃ H$m dmVmdaU oXZmoXZ XyofV hmV Om ah h°, oOgg lo_H$mß H$m fmfU hmVm h°& dmÒVd _ß C⁄mJmß _ß ÒdÒW lo_H$ gßJR>Z H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h° OmoH$ lo_H$mß H$m CZH$ H$V©Ï` H$m ]mY H$amE dhr C⁄mJmß H$m ]∂T>mZ H$ obE ÒdÒW dmVmdaU [°Xm H$aß& lo_H$mß H$ Í$[ _ß l_ AW©Ï`dÒWm _ß g]gAoYH$ [m`m OmZ dmbm gmYZ h° l_ [y±Or H$r Jß^ra H$_r g CoXV hmVm h°& Am°⁄moJH$ emßoV ÒWmo[V H$aZ H$m VarH$m `h h° oH$ lo_H$ dJ© H$ H$ÓQ>H$ H$maUmß H$m kmV oH$`m Om` Am°a Cg Xya oH$`m Om` Z oH$ Cg g_[©U H$aZ Am°a Mw[ ahZ H$ obE _O]ya H$a oX`m Om`&

‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ZmX©Z H$mb \$rÎS> obo_Q>S> H$r ÒWm[Zm 28 ZdÂ]a 1985H$m hwB©& Bg H$m _wª`mb` ogßJam°br _‹`‡Xe maV _ß h°& h H$mb Bo S>`mobo_Q>S> H$r ghm`H$ Hß$[Zr h°& _‹`‡Xe H$m 50dm∞ oObm Om oH$ grYroOb g AbJ hwAm h°& BoVhmogH$ —oÓQ> g ogßJam°br ardm,]⁄bIßS> na`mgVH$m EH$ jÃ Wm dV©_mZ _ß A⁄m°JrH$aU H$ Í$[ _ß OmZm OmVm h°& Hw$bH$_©Mmar Edß AoYH$mar 15357 H$m`©aV h°& gd©‡W_ 1921 _ß _hmÀ_mJm±Yr Z ‡]ßY _ß lo_H$mß H$m ^mJrXma ]Vm`m& gZ≤ 1956 H$m Am°⁄moJH$ZroV _ß l_ mJrXmar [a ]b oX`m J`m& gZ≤ 1958 _ß oe_bm _ß Am`moOV^maVr` H$_©Mmar H$m›\´$ßg ¤mam oXE JE gwPmdmß H$ AZwÍ$[ lo_H$mß H$r^mJrXmar gÂ]ßYr `mOZm gd©‡W_ gZ≤ 1960 H$ [ydm©’© _ß H$mb _mB©›g_ß bmJy H$r JB©& Bg mOZm H$ AßVJ©V CÀ[mXZ gwajm Edß H$Î`mU H$m`m~_ß lo_H$mß H$r mJrXmar H$m ‡`mJ oH$`m J`m Wm& boH$Z Hw$N> H$oR>ZmB©`mßH$r dOh g lo_H$mß H$r ^mJrXmar gÂ]ßYr `mOZm H$m dmßoN>V JoV Edßfo∫$ ‡XmZ Zht hm gH$r& VWm oH$gr ^r ]∂S> ‡oVÓR>mZ Z Bg `mOZm H$mbmJy H$aZ _ß Í$oM Zht oXImB©& "_mZd H$m ‡]›Y H$aZm' ]hwV hr _hÀd[yU©Edß MwZm°Vr[yU© H$m`© h°& BgH$ A›VJ©V Z H$db EH$ Ïò∫$ H$m ‡]›YH$aZm goÂ_obV h° Ao[Vw EH$ gm_moOH$ ‡Umbr H$m ‡fmgZ H$aZmgoÂ_obV hmVm h°& _mZd H$r ‡H•$oV JoVerb hmZ H$ H$maU CZH$m ‡]›YdV©_mZ _ß MwZm°Vr[yU© hm J`m h°& gßgma _ß H$mB© r Xm Ïò∫$ Eg Zht h° Om`mΩ`Vm, j_Vm, mdZmAmß, Ï`dhma AmoX _ß EH$ g_mZ hm& Egr [naoÒWoV_ß C›hß _erZ H$r ^mßoV ‡`mJ _ß Zht bm`m Om gH$Vm& AV: CZH$ gmWÏ`dhma H$aZ Am°a CZH$m ‡]›Y H$aZ _ß ]hwV hr gmdYmZr ]aVZr [∂S>Vrh°& òX _mZd H$m ‡]›Y Hw$ebVm[yd©H$ H$a ob`m OmVm h° Vm Ohm± EH$Ama ›`yZV_ ‡`mgmß g AoYH$V_ [naUm_mß H$r ‡mo· H$r Om gH$Vr h° dhtXygar Ama oZÓ[moXV H$m`© g Ïò∫$JV Edß gm_yohH$ g›VwoÓQ> r ‡m· H$rOm gH$Vr h°& Bg ‡H$ma _mZd gßgmYZ H$ ‡]›Y H$m AÀòYH$ _hÀd h°&Bg gÂ]›Y _ß gm_moOH$, [eda Edß C[H´$_ H$ —oÓQ>H$mU H$m OmZZm

* AoVoW od¤mZ (dmoU¡`) lr.lr b.Zm.em.g.[ßMÏhbr. [r.Or. _hmod⁄mb`, [amog`m, oObm oNß>Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

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Yma oOb _ ß ÒdmÒœ` H$m`©H´$_H$ AßVJ©V [nadma H$Î`mUH$m`©H´$_, _mV• Edß oeew H$Î`mU H$m`©H´$_, j` amJ oZ`ßÃU H$m`©H´$_‡maß^ oH$` JE h°& A‹`m[Z H$r —oÓQ> g oOb _ß amÓQ≠>r` _bna`mC›_ybZ H$m`©H´$_ H$r oÒWoV H$m Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m J`m h°&

_bna`m EH$ Egm amJ h° oOg_ß amJr H$m gXr© Am°a ogaXX© H$gmW ]ma-]ma ]wIma AmVm h°& Jß^ra _m_bmß _ß amJr H$m_m _ß MbmOmVm h° `m CgH$r _•À`w VH$ hm OmVr h¢

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amÓQ≠>r` _bna`m C›_ybZ H$m`©H´$_ H$m C‘Ì` _bna`m amJ H$ramH$Wm_ Edß Cgg ‡^modV bmJmß H$m C[Mma H$aZm h°& Bg_ß amJ H$m[Vm bJmZ H$ obE gdjU oH$`m OmVm h°& gß^modV amJr H$ IwZ H$rOmßM H$a bjU [m` OmZ [a oMoH$Àgm C[m` oH$` OmV h°& BgH$m`©H´$_ H$m oH´$`m›d`Z oObm _bna`m H$_©Mmna`mß ¤mam oH$`m OmVmh°&A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` - A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` - A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` - A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` - A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` - Yma oOb _ß amÓQ≠>r` _bna`m C›_ybZ H$m`©H´$_H$m oH´$`m›d`Z od^mJ ¤mam oH$g ‡H$ma oH$`m J`m `h XIZm BgemY [Ã H$m _hÀd[yU© ^mJ h°&g_ßH$ gßH$bZ - g_ßH$ gßH$bZ - g_ßH$ gßH$bZ - g_ßH$ gßH$bZ - g_ßH$ gßH$bZ - ‡ÒVwV emY-[Ã Yma oOb _ß amÓQ≠>r` _bna`mC›_ybZ H$m`©H´$_ H$r oÒWoV [a AmYmnaV h°& `h o¤Vr` ÛmVmß g‡m· g_ßH$mß [a AmYmnaV h° C∫$ A‹``Z hVw df© 2002 g 2011 H$g_ßH$mß H$m gßH$bZ H$m`m©b` oObm oMoH$Àgmb` oObm Yma g oH$`mh°&

oOb _ß amÓQ≠>r` _bna`m C›_ybZ H$m`©H´$_ H$r oÒWoV H$m VmobH$m1 _ß ‡Xoe©V oH$`m J`m h°&

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) _hmamOm ^mO emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

VmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$m 1 (XI AJ 1 (XI AJ 1 (XI AJ 1 (XI AJ 1 (XI AJbbbbb [•> [a) [•> [a) [•> [a) [•> [a) [•> [a)odõfU - odõfU - odõfU - odõfU - odõfU - VmobH$m 1 g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ df© 2002 _ß 224797 a∫$[o≈`mß H$ EH$ÃrH$aU H$m b˙` aIm J`m Wm oOgH$ odÍ$’ 278442a∫$ [o≈`mß H$m EH$ÃrH$aU oH$`m J`m Om oH$ b˙` H$m 123.86‡oVeV ahm oOg_ß 515 H$gg [m∞oOQ>rd W& df© 2003, 2004,2005 Edß 2006 _ß H´$_e: 286761 a∫$ [o≈`m±, 354863 a∫$[o≈`m±, 282049 a∫$ [o≈`m± Edß 292945 a∫$ [o≈`m± EH$oÃV H$rJ`r, Om b˙` H$r H´$_e: 124.45 ‡oVeV, 150.25 ‡oVeV,116.57 ‡oVeV Edß 118.05 ‡oVeV ahr& df© 207 _ß 248230a∫$ [o≈`mß H$ EH$ÃrH$aU H$m b˙` aIm J`m Wm, oOgH$ odÍ$’247402 a∫$ [o≈`mß H$m EH$ÃrH$aU oH$`m Om 99.66 ‡oVeV ahm&

df© 2008 _ß 254595 a∫$ [o≈`mß H$ EH$ÃrH$aU H$m b˙` aImJ`m Wm oOgH$ odÍ$’ 239465 a∫$ [o≈`mß H$m EH$ÃrH$aU oH$`mJ`m, Om b˙` H$m 94.05 ‡oVeV ahm& df© 2009 Edß 2010 _ßEH$oÃV H$r J`r a∫$ [o≈`mß _ß [m∞oOQ>rd H$gg H´$_e: 1355 Edß5946 ahß& df© 2011 _ß 274686 a∫$ [o≈`mß H$ EH$rH$aU H$m b˙òZYm©naV oH$`m J`m Wm, oOgH$ odÍ$’ 318866 a∫$ [o≈`m± EH$oÃVH$r J`r oOg_ß 4532 [m∞oOQ>rd H$gg ahß&oZÓH$f © - oZÓH$f © - oZÓH$f © - oZÓH$f © - oZÓH$f © - Bg ‡H$ma df© 2002 g 2011 VH$ H$r AdoY _ ß2489058 a∫$ [o≈`m∞ EH$oÃV H$aZ H$m b˙` oZYm©naV oH$`m J`mWm oOgH$ odÍ$’ 2838150 a∫$ [o≈`mß H$m EH$ÃrH$aU oH$`m J`mOm oH$ b˙` H$m 114.02 ‡oVeV ahm& a∫$ [o≈`mß H$r OmßM H$ Xm°amZ33685 [m∞oOQ>rd H$gg [m` J` oOg_ß 19616 [r.Ïhr. H$ggVWm 14069 [r.E\$. H$gg goÂ_obV h°& od^mJ g ‡m· OmZH$marH$ AZwgma 33630 amoJ`mß H$m _oS>H$b oQ≠>Q>_ßQ> oX`m J`m& Bgg`h og’ hmVm h° oH$ _bna`m oZ`ßÃU H$m`©H´$_ H$ emgH$r` ‡`mgg\$b ah&gßX^© J´ ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ ßW gyMr :-1. S>m∞. dr.Ama. Hw$_ma - OZmßoH$H$r&2. Jw·m, gwae - AmJ AmE bm^ CR>mE (Eb.H$. Omer) Am`w∫$,

OZgß[H©$, ^m[mb (_.‡.)3. H$m`m©b`, oObm oMoH$Àgmb`, Yma (_.‡.)4. X°oZH$ [Ã - [oÃH$mEß


VmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$mVmobH$m 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - Yma oObm amÓQ≠>r` _bna`m C›_ybZ `mOZm H$r oÒWoVYma oObm amÓQ≠>r` _bna`m C›_ybZ `mOZm H$r oÒWoVYma oObm amÓQ≠>r` _bna`m C›_ybZ `mOZm H$r oÒWoVYma oObm amÓQ≠>r` _bna`m C›_ybZ `mOZm H$r oÒWoVYma oObm amÓQ≠>r` _bna`m C›_ybZ `mOZm H$r oÒWoV

df©df©df©df©df© a∫$ [o≈`m ß H$a∫$ [o≈`m ß H$a∫$ [o≈`m ß H$a∫$ [o≈`m ß H$a∫$ [o≈`m ß H$ a∫$ [o≈`m ß H$a∫$ [o≈`m ß H$a∫$ [o≈`m ß H$a∫$ [o≈`m ß H$a∫$ [o≈`m ß H$ C[bo©„YC[bo©„YC[bo©„YC[bo©„YC[bo©„Y a∫$ [o≈`m ßa∫$ [o≈`m ßa∫$ [o≈`m ßa∫$ [o≈`m ßa∫$ [o≈`m ß [m∞oOQ>rd[m∞oOQ>rd[m∞oOQ>rd[m∞oOQ>rd[m∞oOQ>rd [r.dr.[r.dr.[r.dr.[r.dr.[r.dr. [r.E\$.[r.E\$.[r.E\$.[r.E\$.[r.E\$. _oS>H$b_oS>H$b_oS>H$b_oS>H$b_oS>H$b

EH$ÃrH$aUEH$ÃrH$aUEH$ÃrH$aUEH$ÃrH$aUEH$ÃrH$aU EH$ÃrH$aUEH$ÃrH$aUEH$ÃrH$aUEH$ÃrH$aUEH$ÃrH$aU ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV oOZH$r OmßMoOZH$r OmßMoOZH$r OmßMoOZH$r OmßMoOZH$r OmßM H$g gßª`mH$g gßª`mH$g gßª`mH$g gßª`mH$g gßª`m H$ggH$ggH$ggH$ggH$gg gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m oQ≠>Q>_ ßQ>oQ≠ >Q>_ ßQ>oQ≠ >Q>_ ßQ>oQ≠ >Q>_ ßQ>oQ≠ >Q>_ ßQ>

H$m b˙`H$m b˙`H$m b˙`H$m b˙`H$m b˙` H$r C[bo„YH$r C[bo„YH$r C[bo„YH$r C[bo„YH$r C[bo„Y H$r JB©H$r JB©H$r JB©H$r JB©H$r JB© gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m amJramJramJramJramJr

2002 224797 248442 123.86 278442 515 380 135 509

2003 230417 286761 124.45 286761 2107 1385 722 2100

2004 236177 354863 150.25 354863 9739 4680 5059 9725

2005 242081 282049 116.57 282049 3809 2703 1106 3802

2006 248133 292945 118.05 292945 2300 1582 718 2300

2007 248230 247402 99.66 247402 2108 1164 944 2103

2008 254595 239465 94.05 239465 1274 816 458 1270

2009 261123 261444 100.12 261444 155 797 558 1351

2010 268819 275913 103.02 275913 5946 3192 2754 5940

2011 274686 318866 116.88 318866 4532 2917 1615 4530

`mJ 2489058 2838150 114.02 2838150 33685 19616 14069 33630

ÛmV- H$m`m©b` oObm oMoH$Àgmb` Yma (_.‡.)

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]MV Edß odoZ`mJ H$m ‡mÀgmohV H$aZ _ß odŒmr` gßÒWmE±:S>mH$Ka Edß ]¢H$

S>m∞. EZ.Eb.Jw·m * D±$H$ma ogßh amdV **

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Abstract - In India, there is dominance of Government ownership coupled with significant private shareholding in thepublic sector banks, which in turn continue to have a dominant share in the total banking system. Basel II mandatesCapital to Risk Weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR) of 8% and Tier 1 capital of 6%. Further, the Government of India hasstated that public sector banks must have a capital cushion with a CRAR of at least 12%, higher than the threshold of9% prescribed by the RBI. The present study attempts to compare the CRAR of all the 26 public sector banks and 20private sector banks for the period from 2008-09 to 2012-13. The study found that the public sector banks have gonein for further issue of equity shares to enhance their capital adequacy ratio.Key Words - Bassel II, Capital Adequacy Ratio, Public Sector Banks, Private Sector Banks.

A Comparative Study Of Capital Adequacy Ratio OfIndian Public And Private Sector Banks With Special

Emphasis On Basel II Norms

Introduction - Originally named the Committee on BankingRegulations and Supervisory Practices, the BaselCommittee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) was createdin 1974 as a forum for member countries to discuss globalbanking supervision. Its goal is to advance the quality andknow-how of banking supervisors worldwide and to be aglobal standard setter for financial institutions. It aims tofacilitate global economic stability through common bankingstandards. Many of these standards focus on capitaladequacy requirements.Basel II considers that the key element of capital on whichthe main emphasis should be placed is equity capital anddisclosed reserves, as this key element of capital is theonly element common to all countries’ banking systems.As this item is wholly visible in the published accounts, isthe basis on which most market judgments of capitaladequacy are made, it has a crucial bearing on profitmargins and a bank’s ability to compete. (Swamy, 2013).Capital adequacy is an indicator of the financial health ofthe banking system. It is measured by the Capital to RiskWeighted Assets Ratio (CRAR), defined as the ratio of abank’s capital to its total risk weighted Assets. Higher valueof CRAR indicates the lower need of external funding andtherefore higher profitability. CRAR reflects the optimumamount of capital that it would require to ensure theconfidence of all stakeholders, investors, depositors,creditors and regulators.

Two types of capital are measured: tier 1 capital, whichcan absorb losses without a bank being required to ceasetrading, and tier 2 capital, which can absorb losses in theevent of a winding-up and so provides a lesser degree of

Rishi V aidya * Dr. Kamalijeet Bhatia ** Dr. N. K. Totala***

*Research Scholar , Devi Ahilya V ishwavidyalaya, Indore (M.P .) INDIA**Princip al, SDPS Women’ s College of Commerce & Management, Indore (M.P .) INDIA

***Reader, Institute of Management S tudies, Devi Ahilya V ishwavidyalaya, Indore (M.P .) INDIA

protection to depositors. Tier 1 capital is the capital that ispermanently and easily available to cushion losses sufferedby a bank without it being required to stop operating. A goodexample of a bank’s tier one capital is its ordinaryshare capital. Tier 2 capital is the one that cushions lossesin case the bank is winding up, so it provides a lesser degreeof protection to depositors and creditors. It is used to absorblosses if a bank loses all its tier one capital.Literature Review -

Nachane et al. (2000) examined the impact of capitaladequacy requirements on public sector banks in India ona sample of 27 banks for the period 1997 to 1999. Thestudy concluded that Capital remains a useful tool in thehands of policy makers for influencing bank behaviour overand above the influence of the banks’ own internallygenerated capital targets and there is no conclusiveevidence to support a shift from high risk towards to lowrisk asset category by banks. It also found that banksincrease Tier I and Tier II capital to increase the capitalratio.

Nag & Das (2002) studied the impact of imposition ofcapital requirement norms on flow of credit to the businesssector by the Indian public sector banks for the period 1996-2000. The study concluded that in the post reform periodpublic sector banks did shift their portfolio in a way thatreduced their capital requirements and adoption of stricterrisk management practice in respect of bank lending in postreform period and its interplay with minimum capitalrequirements (regulatory pressure) have had a dampeningeffect on overall credit supply.

Kaur & Kapoor (2014) attempted to analyse the


changes in Capital Adequacy Ratio of public and privatesector banks from 2001 to 2013 in the light of Basel Capitaladequacy requirements. The data was analysed usingCompound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) and was foundthat most of the public and private sector banks have shownsign of growth of Capital Adequacy ratio and all of themhave crossed the minimum CAR requirement of 9%stipulated by RBI under Basel II.Objectives of the S tudy -l To examine the various aspects of regulatory capital.l To analyze the trend in CAR values of the Indian pub-

lic and private sector banks as per Basel II norms.Research Methodology - For the purpose of the researchstudy, secondary data has been collected from the variousresearch books, journals, newspapers, periodicals, articles,internet, annual reports of banks, bulletins, RBI circulars.For the collection of secondary data, 26 public sector banksand 20 private sector banks were selected to study the CARvalues of the Indian public and private sector banks.Data Analysis and Interpret ationTable 1 - Capit al to Risk W eighted Asset s Ratio of PublicSector Banks (2008-09 to 2012-13) (See in the last p age)Figure 1 - Capit al to Risk W eighted Asset s Ratio ofPublic Sector Banks (2008-09 to 2012-13) (See in thelast p age)

Table 1 and Figure 1 depicts the CRAR of public sectorbanks for sample period. The result reveals that maximumbanks are working on more than the minimum prescribedlimit of capital adequacy ratio of 9% by RBI. The averagevalue of CRAR for five years reveals that Bank of Barodahas maintained the highest average CRAR of 14.18% whileDena Bank has maintained the least CRAR of 12.16%.Canara Bank, Corporation Bank, Indian Overseas Bank andIndian Bank are ranked 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th rankrespectively in terms of average CRAR.Table 2 - Capit al to Risk W eighted Asset s Ratio ofPrivate Sector Banks (2008-09 to 2012-13) (See in thelast p age)Figure 2 - Capit al to Risk W eighted Asset s Ratio ofPrivate Sector Banks (2008-09 to 2012-13) (See in thelast p age)

Table 2 and Figure 2 exhibits the data for CRAR ofprivate sector banks for five years, i.e., from 2008-09 to2012-13. Bank with the maximum average CRAR areranked first and then subsequent ranks are provided.

Ratnakar Bank has average CRAR of 34.62% in the fiveyears and is ranked first while Catholic Syrian Bank hasaverage CRAR of 11.54% in the five years and is rankedleast.

Kotak Mahindra Bank, ICICI Bank, Yes Bank andFederal Bank are ranked 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th rankrespectively in terms of average CRAR. From the abovedata it can be concluded that the private sector banks havemaintained highest CRAR as compared to the governmentowned banks.Conclusion - The study found that the public sector bankshave gone in for further issue of equity shares to enhancetheir capital adequacy ratio. Several banks running on thebrink of very low or sometimes even negative profitabilityhave been permitted by the government to write-off theirlosses against their paid-up capital. This has furtherworsened their capital adequacy position. Inspite of all thisand some bailout packages by the government, all thebanks today have reached the stipulated ratio of 9% CRARor even more. The main reason for this is also the internallygenerated funds by way of increased profits andaugmentation of their reserves and surplus. In any casesdue to further issue of equity shares capital, theshareholding of the government in the public sector banksalso stands reduced.

References :-1. Kaur, M., & Kapoor, S. (2014). Capital adequacy growth

in banks: An Indian scenario. Amity Business Review,15(1), 31-38.

2. Nachane, D. M., Narain, A., Ghosh, S., & Sahoo, S.(2000). Capital adequacy requirements and thebehaviour of commercial banks in India: An analyticaland empirical study. Development Research GroupStudy No. 22, Department of Economic Analysis andPolicy, Reserve Bank of India: Mumbai.

3. Nag, A. K., & Das, A. (2002). Credit growth and re-sponse to capital requirements: Evidence from Indianpublic sector banks. Economic and Political Weekly,37(32), 3361-3368.

4. Swamy, V. (2013). Basel III: Implications for Indianbanking. Research Report, Indian Institute of Bankingand Finance: Mumbai. Retrieved from www.iibf.org.in/documents/reseach-report/Report-25.pdf, accessedon 15th December 2015.


Table 1 - Capit al to Risk W eighted Asset s Ratio of Public Sector Banks (2008-09 to 2012-13)Data Analysis and Interpret ation

S. No. Banks Capital to Risk W eighted Asset s Ratio (CRAR) Average Rank2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

1 Allahabad Bank 13.11 13.62 12.96 12.83 11.03 12.71 182 Andhra Bank 13.22 13.93 14.38 13.18 11.76 13.29 83 Bank of Baroda 14.05 14.36 14.52 14.67 13.30 14.18 14 Bank of India 13.01 12.94 12.17 11.95 11.02 12.22 245 Bank of Maharashtra 12.05 12.78 13.35 12.43 12.59 12.64 216 Canara Bank 14.10 13.43 15.38 13.76 12.40 13.81 27 Central Bank of India 13.12 12.23 11.64 12.40 11.49 12.18 258 Corporation Bank 13.61 15.37 14.11 13.00 12.33 13.68 39 Dena Bank 12.07 12.77 13.41 11.51 11.03 12.16 2610 IDBI Bank Ltd. 11.57 11.31 13.64 14.58 13.13 12.85 1511 Indian Bank 13.98 12.71 13.56 13.47 13.08 13.36 512 Indian Overseas Bank 13.20 14.78 14.55 13.32 11.85 13.54 413 Oriental Bank of Commerce 12.98 12.54 14.23 12.69 12.04 12.90 1414 Punjab & Sind Bank 14.35 13.10 12.94 13.26 12.91 13.31 715 Punjab National Bank 14.03 14.16 12.42 12.63 12.72 13.19 1016 State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur 14.52 13.30 11.68 13.76 12.16 13.08 1217 State Bank of Hyderabad 11.53 14.90 14.25 13.56 12.36 13.32 618 State Bank of India 14.25 13.39 11.98 13.86 12.92 13.28 919 State Bank of Mysore 13.38 12.42 13.76 12.55 11.79 12.78 1720 State Bank of Patiala 12.60 13.26 13.41 12.30 11.12 12.54 2221 State Bank of Travancore 14.03 13.74 12.54 13.55 11.70 13.11 1122 Syndicate Bank 12.68 12.70 13.04 12.24 12.59 12.65 2023 UCO Bank 11.93 13.21 13.71 12.35 14.15 13.07 1324 Union Bank of India 13.27 12.51 12.95 11.85 11.45 12.41 2325 United Bank of India 13.28 12.80 13.05 12.69 11.66 12.70 1926 Vijaya Bank 13.15 12.50 13.88 13.06 11.32 12.78 16Average Capit al to Risk W eighted 13.20 13.26 13.37 12.98 12.15Asset s Ratio (CRAR)

Figure 1 - Capit al to Risk W eighted Asset s Ratio of Public Sector Banks (2008-09 to 2012-13)


Table 2 - Capit al to Risk W eighted Asset s Ratio of Private Sector Banks (2008-09 to 2012-13)S.No. Banks Capit al to Risk W eighted Asset s Ratio (CRAR) Average Rank

2009 2010 2011 2012 20131 Axis Bank Ltd. 13.69 15.80 12.65 13.66 17.00 14.56 102 City Union Bank Ltd. 12.69 13.46 12.75 12.57 13.98 13.09 163 Development Credit Bank Ltd. 13.30 14.85 13.25 15.41 13.61 14.08 134 Dhanlaxmi Bank Ltd. 15.38 12.99 11.80 9.49 11.06 12.14 195 HDFC Bank Ltd. 15.69 17.44 16.22 16.52 16.80 16.53 66 ICICI Bank Ltd. 15.53 19.41 19.54 18.52 18.74 18.35 37 IndusInd Bank Ltd. 12.55 15.33 15.89 13.85 15.36 14.60 98 ING Vysya Bank Ltd. 11.65 14.91 12.94 14.00 13.24 13.35 159 Kotak Mahindra Bank Ltd. 20.01 18.35 19.92 17.52 16.05 18.37 210 Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Ltd. 16.05 15.54 15.13 14.69 15.01 15.28 711 The Catholic Syrian Bank Ltd. 12.29 10.82 11.22 11.08 12.29 11.54 2012 The Federal Bank Ltd. 20.22 18.36 16.79 16.64 14.73 17.35 513 The Jammu & Kashmir Bank Ltd. 14.48 15.89 13.72 13.36 12.83 14.06 1414 The Karnataka Bank Ltd. 13.48 12.37 13.33 12.84 13.22 13.05 1715 The Karur Vysya Bank Ltd. 14.92 14.49 14.41 14.33 14.41 14.51 1116 The Lakshmi Vilas Bank Ltd. 10.29 14.82 13.19 13.10 12.32 12.74 1817 The Nainital Bank Ltd. 13.10 15.68 16.35 15.09 14.43 14.93 818 The Ratnakar Bank Ltd. 42.30 34.07 56.41 23.20 17.11 34.62 119 The South Indian Bank Ltd. 14.76 15.39 14.01 14.00 13.91 14.41 1220 Yes Bank Ltd. 16.60 20.60 16.50 17.90 18.30 17.98 4Average Capit al to Risk W eighted 15.95 16.53 16.80 14.89 14.72Asset s Ratio (CRAR)

Figure 2 - Capit al to Risk W eighted Asset s Ratio of Private Sector Banks (2008-09 to 2012-13)

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\$gb MH´$ g Ame` - \$gb MH´$ g Ame` - \$gb MH´$ g Ame` - \$gb MH´$ g Ame` - \$gb MH´$ g Ame` - g‰`Vm H$ ‡maß^ g hr oH$gr IV _ß EH$ oZoÌMV\$gb Z CJmH$a \$gbmß H$m AXb-]Xb H$a CJmZ H$r [aß[am Mbr Amahr h°& \$gb CÀ[mXZ H$r Bgr [aÂ[am H$m \$gb MH´$ H$hV h°& AWm©V≤oH$gr oZoÌMV jÃ [a oZoÌMV AdoY H$ obE yo_ H$r Cd©aH$Vm H$m ]Zm aIZ H$ C‘Ì` g \$gbmß H$m AXb-]Xb H$a CJmZ H$r oH´$`m H$m \$gbMH´$ H$hV h¢&\$gb MH´$ g bm^ -\$gb MH´$ g bm^ -\$gb MH´$ g bm^ -\$gb MH´$ g bm^ -\$gb MH´$ g bm^ -A.A.A.A.A. [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$m g_mZ Ï``- [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$m g_mZ Ï``- [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$m g_mZ Ï``- [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$m g_mZ Ï``- [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$m g_mZ Ï``- \$gbmß H$r OS> JhamB© VWm \°$bmd_ß odo^fi ‡H$ma H$r hmVr h°, AV: Jhar VWm CWbr OS> dmbr \$gbmßß H$H´$_e: ]mZ g [mfH$ VÀdmß H$m Ï`` odo^fi JhamB`mß [a g_mZ hmVm h°&O°g Jh±y ,H$[mg&].].].].]. [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$m gßVwbZ - [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$m gßVwbZ - [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$m gßVwbZ - [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$m gßVwbZ - [mfH$ VÀdm ß H$m gßVwbZ - odo^fi [m°Y ZmBQ≠>mOZ, \$mÒ\$mag,[mQ>me VWm A›` [mfH$ VÀd o^fi-o^fi _mÃmAmß _ß bV ahV h°& Bggß[aÒ[a gßVwbZ ]Zm ahVm h°& EH$ hr \$gb oZa›Va ]mZ g AoYH$ ‡`w∫$hmZ dmb [mfH$ VÀdmß H$r ^yo_ _ß ey›`Vm hm OmVr h°&g.g.g.g.g. hmoZH$maH$ H$rQ>mUw amJ VWm Kmg[mV H$r amH$Wm_hmoZH$maH$ H$rQ>mUw amJ VWm Kmg[mV H$r amH$Wm_hmoZH$maH$ H$rQ>mUw amJ VWm Kmg[mV H$r amH$Wm_hmoZH$maH$ H$rQ>mUw amJ VWm Kmg[mV H$r amH$Wm_hmoZH$maH$ H$rQ>mUw amJ VWm Kmg[mV H$r amH$Wm_-EH$ \$gbAWdm Cgr OmoV H$r A›` \$gbß bJmVma ]mZ g CZH$ hmoZH$maH$ H$r∂S>,amJ VWm gmW CJZ dmbr Kmg[mV Cg IV _ß ]Zr ahVr h°&X.X.X.X.X. l_, Am` VWm Ï`` H$m gßVwbZ- l_, Am` VWm Ï`` H$m gßVwbZ- l_, Am` VWm Ï`` H$m gßVwbZ- l_, Am` VWm Ï`` H$m gßVwbZ- l_, Am` VWm Ï`` H$m gßVwbZ- EH$ ]ma oH$gr \$gb H$ obEA¿N>r V°`mar H$aZ [a, Xygar \$gb o]Zm odef V°`mar H$ br Om gH$Vrh° Am°a AoYH$ ImX MmhZ dmbr \$gb H$m [`m©· _mÃm _ß ImX H$m XH$a,ef ImX [a A›` \$gbß bm^ H$ gmW br Om gH$Vr h°, O°g Amby H$[ÌMmV≤ VÂ]mHy$, fl`mO `m H$’y AmoX&H$.H$.H$.H$.H$. ^yo_ _ß H$m]©oZH$ [XmWm~ H$r [yoV© -^yo_ _ß H$m]©oZH$ [XmWm~ H$r [yoV© -^yo_ _ß H$m]©oZH$ [XmWm~ H$r [yoV© -^yo_ _ß H$m]©oZH$ [XmWm~ H$r [yoV© -^yo_ _ß H$m]©oZH$ [XmWm~ H$r [yoV© -oZamB©, Jw∂S>mB© MmhZ dmbr\$gbßß, O°g Amby fl`mO AmoX ]mZ g, ^yo_ _ß O°d [XmWm~ H$r H$_r hmOmVr h°& BZH$r [yoV© XbhZ dJ© H$r \$gbmß VWm har ImX H$ ‡`mJ g hrOmVr h°&I.I.I.I.I. AÎ[H$mobZ \$gbß ]mZm - AÎ[H$mobZ \$gbß ]mZm - AÎ[H$mobZ \$gbß ]mZm - AÎ[H$mobZ \$gbß ]mZm - AÎ[H$mobZ \$gbß ]mZm - _wª` \$gbmß H$ ]rM AÎ[H$mbrZ\$gbß ]mB© Om gH$Vr h¢, O°g _ybr, [mbH$, _y±J AmoX&J.J.J.J.J. ^yo_ _ß ZmBQ≠>mOZ H$r [yoV© - ^yo_ _ß ZmBQ≠>mOZ H$r [yoV© - ^yo_ _ß ZmBQ≠>mOZ H$r [yoV© - ^yo_ _ß ZmBQ≠>mOZ H$r [yoV© - ^yo_ _ß ZmBQ≠>mOZ H$r [yoV© - XbhZ dJ© H$r \$gbmß H$m O°g


gZB©, T>ßMm, _y±J BÀ`moX, ^yo_ _ß VrZ `m Mma df© _ß EH$ ]ma OmV XZ g,Z H$db H$m]©oZH$ [XmW© o_bV h¢ Ao[Vw ZmBQ≠>mOZ ^r o_bVm h°, ∑`mßoH$BZH$r O∂S> H$r N>mQ>r-N>mQ>r Jm±R>mß _ß ZmBQ≠>mOZ ÒWmo[V H$aZ dmmb OrdmUwhmV h¢&K.K.K.K.K. ^yo_ H$r A¿N>r ^m°oVH$ Xem - ^yo_ H$r A¿N>r ^m°oVH$ Xem - ^yo_ H$r A¿N>r ^m°oVH$ Xem - ^yo_ H$r A¿N>r ^m°oVH$ Xem - ^yo_ H$r A¿N>r ^m°oVH$ Xem - Jhar O∂S>dmbr VWm AoYH$ Jw∂S>mB©MmhZ dmbr \$gbmß H$m eÒ`MH´$ _ß goÂ_olV H$aZ g ^yo_ H$r ^m°oVH$Xem A¿N>r ahVr h°&S>.S>.S>.S>.S>. Kmg [mV H$r g\$mB© -Kmg [mV H$r g\$mB© -Kmg [mV H$r g\$mB© -Kmg [mV H$r g\$mB© -Kmg [mV H$r g\$mB© -oZamB©, Jw∂S>mB© MmhZ dmbr \$gbmß H$ ]mZ gKmg [mV H$r g\$mB© Òd`ß hm OmVr h°&M.M.M.M.M. H$Q>md g ]MV - H$Q>md g ]MV - H$Q>md g ]MV - H$Q>md g ]MV - H$Q>md g ]MV - CoMV eÒ`MH´$ g dfm© H$ Ob g ^yo_ H$m H$Q>mdÍ$H$ OmVm h° VWm Im⁄ [XmW© ]hZ g ]M OmV h¢&N>.N>.N>.N>.N>. g_` H$m gXw[`mJ -g_` H$m gXw[`mJ -g_` H$m gXw[`mJ -g_` H$m gXw[`mJ -g_` H$m gXw[`mJ - Bgg H•$of H$m`© CŒm_ Tß>J g hmVm h°& IVEdß oH$gmZ Ï`W© Imbr Zht ahV&O.O.O.O.O. ^yo_ H$ odf°b [XmWm~ g ]Mmd - ^yo_ H$ odf°b [XmWm~ g ]Mmd - ^yo_ H$ odf°b [XmWm~ g ]Mmd - ^yo_ H$ odf°b [XmWm~ g ]Mmd - ^yo_ H$ odf°b [XmWm~ g ]Mmd - \$gb O∂S>mß g Hw$N> odf°bm[XmW© ^yo_ _ß N>m∂S>Vr h¢& EH$ hr \$gb ]mZ g ^yo_ _ß odf°b [XmW© AoYH$_mÃm _ß EH$oÃV hmZ H$ H$maU hmoZ [hw±MmV h¢&P.P.P.P.P. Cd©am eo∫$ H$r ajm- Cd©am eo∫$ H$r ajm- Cd©am eo∫$ H$r ajm- Cd©am eo∫$ H$r ajm- Cd©am eo∫$ H$r ajm- ^yo_ H$r Cd©am eo∫$ o_VÏò`Vm g R>rH$aIr Om gH$Vr h°&\$gb MH´$ oZYm©aU H$ _yb og’m›V - \$gb MH´$ oZYm©aU H$ _yb og’m›V - \$gb MH´$ oZYm©aU H$ _yb og’m›V - \$gb MH´$ oZYm©aU H$ _yb og’m›V - \$gb MH´$ oZYm©aU H$ _yb og’m›V - \$gb MH´$ H$ oZYm©aU _ß Hw$N>_yb^yV og’m›Vmß H$m ‹`mZ _ß aIZm OÍ$ar hmVm h° O°g-1. AoYH$ ImX MmhZ dmbr \$gbmß H$ ]mX H$_ ImX MmhZ dmbr \$gbmß

H$m CÀ[mXZ&2. AoYH$ [mZr dmbr \$gbmß H$ ]mX H$_ [mZr dmbr \$gb bJmZm&3. AoYH$ oZamB©, Jw∂S>mB© dmbr \$gb H$ ]mX H$_ oZamB©, Jw∂S>mB© dmbr

\$gb bJmZm&4. XbhZr \$gbmß H$ ]mX AXbhZr \$gbmß H$m CÀ[mXZ&5. AoYH$ _mÃm _ß [mfH$ VÀd emfU H$aZ dmbr \$gb H$ ]mX IV H$m

[aVr aIZm&6. EH$ hr Zmer Ordmß g ‡^modV hmZ dmbr \$gbmß H$m bJmVma Zht

CJmZm&7. CWbr O∂S> dmbr \$gb H$ ]mX Jhar O∂S> dmbr \$gb H$m CJmmZm&8. \$gbmß H$m g_mde ÒWmZr` ]mOma H$r _m±J H$ AZwÍ$[ aIZm&9. \$gb H$m g_mde Obdm`w VWm oH$gmZ H$r AmoW©H$ j_Vm H$

AZwÍ$[ H$aZm MmohE&Hw$N> C[`mJr \$gb MH´$ -Hw$N> C[`mJr \$gb MH´$ -Hw$N> C[`mJr \$gb MH´$ -Hw$N> C[`mJr \$gb MH´$ -Hw$N> C[`mJr \$gb MH´$ -1.1.1.1.1. XbhZr \$gbmß [a AmYmnaV \$gb MH´$-YmZ-oVdam, XbhZr \$gbmß [a AmYmnaV \$gb MH´$-YmZ-oVdam, XbhZr \$gbmß [a AmYmnaV \$gb MH´$-YmZ-oVdam, XbhZr \$gbmß [a AmYmnaV \$gb MH´$-YmZ-oVdam, XbhZr \$gbmß [a AmYmnaV \$gb MH´$-YmZ-oVdam, YmZ-MZm, _Q>a-Jhy±±, ¡dma-MZm, ]Oam-MZm, YmZ-_Q>a-Jfim, _y±J\$br-Aaha-Jfim, _y±J Jhy±, H$[mg-_Q>a-Jhy±± AmoX&2.2.2.2.2. Afi H$r \$gbmß [a AmYmnaV \$gb MH´$-‹Afi H$r \$gbmß [a AmYmnaV \$gb MH´$-‹Afi H$r \$gbmß [a AmYmnaV \$gb MH´$-‹Afi H$r \$gbmß [a AmYmnaV \$gb MH´$-‹Afi H$r \$gbmß [a AmYmnaV \$gb MH´$-‹mmZ-Jhy±, _∏$m-Jhy±,¡dma-Jhy±, ]mOam-Jhy±, Jfim-Jhy±, YmZ-Jfim, _∏$m-Om°, YmZ-]agr_,_∏$m-Jhy±, MZm-Jhy±, AmoX&3.3.3.3.3. g„Or AmYmnaV \$gb MH´$-g„Or AmYmnaV \$gb MH´$-g„Or AmYmnaV \$gb MH´$-g„Or AmYmnaV \$gb MH´$-g„Or AmYmnaV \$gb MH´$-o^ S>r-_Q>a, [mbH$-Q>_mQ>a,\y$bJm^r-_ybr, ]›XJm^r-_ybr, ]¢JZ-bm°H$r, oQ> S>m-Amby-_ybr,KwB© m±-ebO_-o^ S>r-JmOma, Amby-Q>_mQ>a bhgyZ-o_M©, Amby-bm°H$rAmoX&o]bmg[wa gß^mJ _ß \$gb MH´$ H$m ‡`mJ ( XI AmJ [•> [a)o]bmg[wa gß^mJ _ß \$gb MH´$ H$m ‡`mJ ( XI AmJ [•> [a)o]bmg[wa gß^mJ _ß \$gb MH´$ H$m ‡`mJ ( XI AmJ [•> [a)o]bmg[wa gß^mJ _ß \$gb MH´$ H$m ‡`mJ ( XI AmJ [•> [a)o]bmg[wa gß^mJ _ß \$gb MH´$ H$m ‡`mJ ( XI AmJ [•> [a)gmaUr H´$_mßH$ 01 H$ AZwgma H•$fH$ [nadmamß H$m ^yo_ YmnaVm H$ AmYma

[a 03 ^mJmß _ß ]mßQ> H$a 303 [nadmamß H$m A‹``Z oH$`m J`m& H•$of _ß`ßÃrH$aU Edß amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$mß H$ C[`mJ H$ [yd© 01 g 02 h∑Q>àH•$of ^yo_ YmnaV H$aZ dmb 28.7 ‡oVeV H•$fH$ [nadma \$gb MH´$ H$mC[`mJ H$a ah W& dht 02 g 05 h∑Q>à ^y YmnaV H$aZ dmb 53.5‡oVeV [nadma \$gb MH´$ H$m C[`mJ H$a ah W& 05 h∑Q>à g AoYH$^y YmnaV H$aZ dmb 60.4 ‡oVeV [nadma \$gb MH´$ H$m C[`mJ H$a ahW& Bgg Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h° oH$ N>mQ> H•$fH$ [nadmamß H$r VwbZm _ß _‹`_ Edß ]S>H•$fH$ [nadmamß H$ ¤mam \$gb MH´$ H$m C[`mJ AoYH$ oH$`m Om ahm h°&H•$of ßÃrH$aU Edß amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$mß H$ C[`mJ H$ ]mX N>mQ>, _‹`_ Edß]S>∂ VrZmß ÒVa H$ H•$fH$ [nadmamß Z \$gb MH´$ H$m C[`mJ AoYH$ _mÃm _ßH$aZ bJ& N>mQ> H•$fH$ [nadma Om [yd© _ß 28.7 ‡oVeV \$gb MH´$ H$mC[`mJ H$a ah W d ßÃrH$aU Edß amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$mß H$ ]mX 38.6 ‡oVeV\$gb MH´$ H$m C[`mJ H$aZ bJ& Bg Vah 9.9 ‡oVeV H$r d•o¤ XO© H$rJB©& Cgr Vah _‹`_ H•$fH$ [nadmamß _ß 12.9 ‡oVeV Edß ]S>∂ H•$fH$ [nadmamß_ß 13.9 ‡oVeV H$r d•o¤ XO© H$r JB©& AJa gÂ[yU© H•$fH$ [nadmamß [aodMma H$a Vm `ßÃrH$aU Edß amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$mß H$ C[`mJ H$ [yd© 47.9‡oVeV H•$fH$ [nadma \$gb MH´$ H$m C[`mJ H$a ah W Om oH$ ]mX _ßBZH$r gßª`m 11.9 ‡oVeV d•o¤ H$ gmW 59.7 ‡oVeV H•$fH$ [nadma\$gb MH´$ H$m C[`mJ H$aZ bJ h¢& Bg Vah H•$of ßÃrH$aU Edß amgmòZH$Cd©aH$mß H$ C[`mJ H$m \$gb MH´$ [a gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md [∂S>m h°&


gmaUr H´$_mßH$-02 (XI)(XI)(XI)(XI)(XI)gmaUr H´$_mßH$ 2 _ß \$gb MH´$ H$m C[`mJ Z H$aZ dmb H•$fH$

[nadmamß H$m oXIm`m J`m h°& H•$of `ßÃrH$aU Edß amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$mß H$C[`mJ H$ ]mX ZH$amÀ_H$ ‡^md XIZ H$m o_bVm h°& [yd© _ß 52.1 ‡oVeVH•$fH$ [nadma \$gb MH´$ H$m C[`mJ Zht H$aV W d ]mX _ß KQ>H$a 40.3‡oVeV hm J`m h°& Bg Vah 11.9 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r Am`r h°& _‹`_ dJ©H$ H•$fH$ [nadmamß _ß BgH$m ‡^md AoYH$ oXIm h°& N>mQ> Am°a ]S>∂ H•$fH$9.9 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r O]oH$ _‹`_ H•$fH$mß _ß h H$_r 12.9 ‡oVeV H$rXIr JB© h°& Bgg Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ _‹`_ H•$fH$ [nadmamß _ß bmM AoYH$ h°&oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - H•$of ßÃrH$aU Edß amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$mß H$ C[`mJ H$ \$bÒdÍ$[\$gb MH´$ H$ C[`mJ [a gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md [∂S>Vm h° \$bÒdÍ$[ H•$fH$[nadmamß Z H•$of _ß \$gb MH´$ H$ C[`mJ _ß bJmVma gwYma oH$`m h° Am°aCZH$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV gwX≤•∂T> hwB© h°& AV: ey›` [naH$Î[Zm [arjU C[am›VgÀ` og¤ hwB©&gwPmd- gwPmd- gwPmd- gwPmd- gwPmd- o]bmg[wa gß^mJ _ß OmV H$m AmH$ma N>mQ>m h° Am°a H•$of H$m`© _ßbJr OZgßª`m H$m AmH$ma ]hwV ]∂S>m h°& ^yo_ EH$ Xwb©^ gmYZ h° O]oH$l_ EH$ ‡Mwa gmYZ h°& AV: ^yo_ CÀ[mXH$Vm H$m CfiV H$aZ H$r ZroV`mß

H$m J´m_-OZeo∫$ H$ ‡`mJ H$ gmW gm_›OÒ` H$aZm hmJm& H•$of`›ÃrH$aU H$r ZroV Egr hm Om oH$ l_ odÒWm[Z H$ ‡^md H$m H$_ H$agH$& Bg oXem _ß \$gb MH´$ H$m AoYH$moYH$ C[`mJ H$a ^yo_ H$r Cd©amemo∫$ H$m ‡mH•$oVH$ Í$[ g ]Zm` aIZm m Cg_ß d•o¤ H$aZm CoMV hmJm&\$gb MH´$ H$ C[`mJ g EH$ gmW VrZ bm^ ‡m· hmJm& \$gb CÀ[mXZ _ßd•o¤, bmJV _ß H$_r Am°a ^yo_ H$r Cd©am eo∫$ _ß ‡MyaVm&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-1. o_l, S>m∞0 O` ‡H$me, H•$of AW©emÛ, gmohÀ` dZ [o„bH$e›g:

AmJam&2. AmoW©H$ gdjU, AmoW©H$ Edß gmßoª`H$r gßMmbZmb`, N>ŒmrgJ∂T>,

am`[wa3. dmof©H$ ‡emgH$r` ‡oVdXZ, N>0J0 emgZ, H•$of od^mJ, am`[wa4. N>ŒmrgJ∂T> H•$fH$ gh`mJr [woÒVH$m, H•$of dmVmdaUr` od^mJ-7

Edß 8, maV gaH$ma, H•$of _ßÃmb`, H$›–r` H•$of _erZar ‡oejH$Edß [arjU gßÒWmZ, Q°>≠∑Q>a ZJa, ]wXZr (_0‡0)

5. http://cg.nic.in/revenue/Table Of Agriculture Statistics2013-14

gmaUr H´$_mßH$ - 01gmaUr H´$_mßH$ - 01gmaUr H´$_mßH$ - 01gmaUr H´$_mßH$ - 01gmaUr H´$_mßH$ - 01o]bmg[wa gß^mJ _ß \$gb MH´$ H$m ‡`mJo]bmg[wa gß^mJ _ß \$gb MH´$ H$m ‡`mJo]bmg[wa gß^mJ _ß \$gb MH´$ H$m ‡`mJo]bmg[wa gß^mJ _ß \$gb MH´$ H$m ‡`mJo]bmg[wa gß^mJ _ß \$gb MH´$ H$m ‡`mJ

o]bmg[wa gß^mJ _ß \$gb MH´$ C[`mJ H$aZ dmb H•$fH$ [nadmaH•$fH$mß H$r lUr gdojV H•$fH$ H•$of _ß `ßÃrH$aU Edß H•$of _ß `ßÃrH$aU Edß H$_r /d•o¤

amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$ amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$C[`mJ H$ [yd© C[`mJ H$ ]mX

[nadmamß H$r gßª`m ‡oVeV gßª`m ‡oVeVgßª`m

01 g 02 h∑Q>à 101 29 28.7 39 38.6 9.902 g 05 h∑Q>à 101 54 53.5 67 66.3 12.905 h∑Q>à g AoYH$ 101 61 60.4 75 74.3 13.9`mJ 303 145 47.9 181 59.7 11.9ÚmV- gdjU g ‡m· ‡mWo_H$ AmßH$S>∂&

H´$_mßH$-02H´$_mßH$-02H´$_mßH$-02H´$_mßH$-02H´$_mßH$-02o]bmg[wa gß^mJ _ß \$gb MH´$ C[`mJ Zht H$aZ dmb H•$fH$ [nadma

H•$fH$mß H$r lUr gdojV H•$fH$ H•$of _ß `ßÃrH$aU Edß H•$of _ß `ßÃrH$aU Edß H$_r /d•o¤amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$ amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$C[`mJ H$ [yd© C[`mJ H$ ]mX

[nadmamß H$r gßª`m gßª`m ‡oVeV gßª`m ‡oVeV01 g 02 h∑Q>à 101 72 71.3 60 61.4 -9.902 g 05 h∑Q>à 101 46 46.5 32 33.7 -12.905 h∑Q>à g AoYH$ 101 40 39.6 30 29.7 -9.9`mJ 303 158 52.1 122 40.3 -11.9ÚmV- gdjU g ‡m· ‡mWo_H$ AmßH$S>∂&

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Abstract - The naxalbari movement was a agrarian revolt which began in 1967 and was led by the local tribal peopleand communist leaders of the Siliguri district of West Bengal. It is in the air that the movement got support from Chinaand Nepal. The main leader who pushed the people forward was Charu Majumdar. Charu was inspired by MaoZedong was a very popular leader of China. Mao was an extra ordinary leader with extra ordinary skills which helpedhim gain a lot of success. Charu used the same tactics and strategies in the naxalbari movement. The naxal ideologiesare basically the ideologies which Mao Zedong used and the people of Indian liked the ideologies at once. WhenRajnath Singh was the Union Home Minister he said that 68 districts were under the maoist influence but later in 2009that number rose to 223. The peasant revolt was initiated by using the gorilla tactics against the enemies which helpedthem a lot later the movement was strategized and the people were divided into squads which did undergroundoperations. Tribal people from Bihar had migrated to Darjeeling in search of work and they started working in the teagardens of Darjeeling. They were treated so badly and exploited so much that agitation led to this revolt. In the secondphase, groups were formed where they seized the lands of the rich zamindaars and cultivated on them. They kept theproduce and did not give anything to the landlords. Initially the movement was for the upliftment of the poor peasantsbut later it tuned into an anti-national slant. The Chinese people only wanted to capture the land of India. The exchangeof produce between the landlord and peasant could have been done mutually but greed led the people towardsdestruction.

Naxalbari Movemnet In India

Introduction - The motive of the Naxalbari movement wasstarted off with the well being of the people but as soon asit proceeded forward the motive remained same but the waychanged to ill ways. It was the fight for the right cause withwrong means. A police team was ambushed in thefirst naxal attack on 25th May 1967. A sub- inspector waskilled in the attack led by Jangal Santhal near Naxalbarivillage in West Bengal. The movement began in thebeautiful Darjeeling district which is in West Bengal. Atpresent around 68 districts are influenced by Naxalism.People of the old era understand that naxalism owes itsorigin in a West Bengal village called Naxalbari inSiliguri but the young people join it with terrorism andMaoism. As per the government of India naxalismand maosim is left as it uses extremism and is tackled by aseparate part of the Ministry of Home Affairs. The Maoistcarried out two main attacks in the year 2017 in March andApril. In March, naxals killed 12 CRPF jawans at Sukmaand then again attacked on the paramilitary forces on April24 in the same district killing more than 24 jawans again.The biggest attack on security forces occurred in April 2010in Dantewada of Chattisgarh when 72 CRPF jawans werekilled.

In 1967, the small farmers reached the level of satietyand launched their own meovement. They formedtheir own group and thegroup was led by Eharu Mazumdar,

Dr. Indira Barman *

*Associate Professor , Institute For Excellence In Higher Education, Barkatullah University Bhop al (M.P.) INDIA

Kanu Sanyal, and Jangal Santhal. Their aim was to snatchthe lands from the greedy and big zamindars andredistribute it to the farmers.

Then Jangal Santhal again led a group and attacked ateam of policemen who had come to investigate theprevious matters and they too were attacked by bows andarrows. As the incident happened in Naxalbari thismovement was named as the naxalbari movement.One of the main reason behind this movement is theincomplete agrarian reform. The rich became richer day byday and poor became more poor. The aggression with burntthe people from inside led to this. The farmers wereexploited till they committed suicide. The tribal people andthe dalit people were denied social justice and were treatedlike animals.

Even though the government abolished the zamindarisystem after independence the distribution of land was notproper and again the poor people suffered. In many areasthe poverty level reached as high as ninety five percent.This was socio-economic anger.

After the first attack the movement spread across thewhole state of West Bengal. Many similar groups poppedup in Madhya Pardesh and Andra Pradesh as well. Manyprevious groups reunited and formed the Communist Partyof India.

The government which in power then did not take this


movement seriously and thus lost all control over thenaxalites. Then in 2008, prime minister Manmohan Singhsaid that movements like these are the biggest threat tothe internal security of the country. Since then thegovernment started working actively to reduce the effect ofthe naxalism on India. More than 68 districts are influencedby Maosim and around six by maoist violence.Viewpoint sl The involvement of political parties increased in this

movement as soon as it gained a status.l The movement functioned at both macro and micro

level.l The social structure played a very important role in

this movement.l This agrarian movement was also highly influenced

by the green revolution which helped the people to optfor the contemporary techniques of farming.

Discussion and Findings - This was not only a movementwhich was initiated to fight for the rights of the people butthis later turned into a political movement. The movementhas completed more than fifty years now but still the problemis same. The armed forces is also not able to tackle thisproblem. The areas which are under naxal influence arethe places where the government is least interested in doing

any kind of progressive work. Thirty two percent are belowpoverty line, only sixty four percent people are getting safedrinking water, only forty three percent women get medicalhelp during pregnancy, etc. These results are devastating.The movement has spread widely and has instilled deeplyin the roots of the Indian system,

This problem cannot be solved till the government doesnot understand the nature of the movement and what thesepeople actually want. If the military forces are not able tofind any solution then the government has to step forwardand settle down things with them. If this movement is posingas a threat to the internal security of then it is a seriouschallenge for the authorities of India.The first step towards settlement has to be taken by thegovernment otherwise this will go on like this for ever.

References:-1. Rabindra Ray, The naxalits and their ideology2. Asian centre for human research3. India Today4. BBC, 20105. Walking with the comrade, Arundhati Roy6. Sudeep Chakravarty7. Outlook.com

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11. g‰`Vm gßÒH•$oV H$m hr EH$ AßJ h°&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. S>m∞. amOoH$ema ogßh-^maVr` H$bm Am°a gßÒH•$oV, gßÒH$aU-1971,

[•. -193.2. Society, Page-498.3. Mathew Arnald- Culture and Anarchy, Ed.1950.4. S>m∞. ^JdV eaU C[m‹`m`-gmßÒH•$oVH$ ^maV, [•. 6.5. S>m∞. S>r.[mb. ]Kb-g_mOemÛ H$ og’mßV, gßÒH$aU 1982-83,

erf©H$-g‰`Vm Edß gßÒH•$oV, [•.-2406. S>m∞. AmodX hwg°Z-^maV H$r amÓQ≠>r` gßÒH•$oV, yo_H$m, [•. 6 erf©H$-

gßÒH•$oV, AZwdmX- _h›– MVwdXr.7. S>m∞. ]ÎXd ‡gmX o_l-^maVr` gßÒH•$oV H$m JmÒdm_r Vwbgr H$m

`mJXmZ gßÒH$aU-1953, A‹`m`-1, [•.-3-4, erf©H$-^maVr`gßÒH•$oV H$m AW©

8. o\$ob[ ]ΩJr-H$ÎMa E S> ohÒQ≠>r, [•. 60. gßÒH$aU 1951 A‹`m`-7

9. S>m∞. amOoH$ema ogßh-^maVr` H$bm Am°a gßÒH•$oV, gßÒH$aU-1971[•. 193.

10. S>m∞. ^JdV eaU C[m‹`m`-gmßÒH•$oVH$ ^maV- [•. 6.

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‡roV amR>m°a * S>m∞. _XZbmb [±dma **

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_mZd Òd^md H$r EH$ gÉr odS>Â]Zm `h h° oH$ oOg dÒVw H$r CgAmdÌ`H$Vm hmVr h¢, Cg [mZ H$ obE dh Cg dÒVw H$ oZ_m©Vm H$r Iwem_›XH$aVm h¢& AßJÓm H$ ^maV _ß AmZ g [yd© ^maV H$r bJ^J 40 ‡oVeVAm]mXr o^fi-o^fi ‡H$ma H$ bKw Kabw C⁄mJmß _ß ob· Wr& Am_OZ ¤mamA[Zr AmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$r [yoV© ÒWmZr` H$marH$amß ¤mam oZo_©V dÒVwAmß gH$a br OmVr Wr& MyoHß$ ]mH$r 60 ‡oVeV Am]mXr H$m CZH$ CÀ[mXmß H$rAmdÌ`H$Vm hmVr Wr, BgobE d BZH$ H$marJmamß H$r Iwem_X H$aV W&BZ_ß M_∂S> g ]Zr amO_am© C[`mJ _ß AmZ dmbr dÒVwAmß (OyV, M∂S>g,]mÎQ>r, _ÒH$, XrdS>m, ZmS>r, bJm_, OrZ, H$dM, ∂T>mb, ZH$b, aÒgrBÀ`moX) Am°a H$[∂S>mß ([hZZ, Am∂T>Z, o]N>mZ, oVa[mb, ]mar BÀ`moX)H$m g]g AoYH$ C[`mJ hmVm Wm& BgobE M_©H$mamß Am°a ]wZH$amß H$r AoYH$Iwem_X H$r OmVr Wr&

AßJÓm H$ ^maV _ß AmJ_Z H$ ]mX ^maV _ß ]∂S>-]∂S> C⁄mJ ÒWmo[V

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oH$E JE Am°a yam[ _ß ÒWmo[V C⁄mJm _ß maV g H$Ém _mb OmZ bJm Vm^maV H$r ÒWmZr` Kabw C⁄mJm _ß ob· 30 ‡oVeV Am]mXr ]amOJmar d^wI_ar H$ H$Jma [a [hw∞M JB©& ]mQ>m O°g AZH$ C⁄mJm Z M_∂S> H$m H$m_H$aZ dmb bmJm H$m Am°a _m›MgQ>a (BßΩb° S>) _ß [mdaby_ g ]ZZ dmbdÛm H$ C⁄mJm Z ^maVr` ]wZH$amß H$m ^r Xna–Vm H$r Ama YH$b oX`m&O] AßJÓm ¤mam ÒWmo[V C⁄mJm g CÀ[moXV dÒVwAmß g Am_OZ H$rAmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$r [yoV© hmZm ewÍ$ hwB© Am°a M_©H$mamß d ]wZH$aß H$r gÂ[fiVmg_m· hm JB©, Vm CZH$r Iwem_X ^r ]›X hm JB©& Hw$N> bmJ ]S> C⁄mJ _ßZm°H$ar [a Mb JE, boH$Z AoYßH$me bmJ Jm∞dmß _ß gß^´mßV bmJm H$r X`m[a hr oZ^©a ah JE& Xna–Vm g K•Um H$r ewÍ$AmV hmVr h¢& `hm∞ g hwB©CZH$ XmhZ H$r ewÍ$AmV& [edm gm_ßVemhr Z g^r ey–mß H$m _a OmZdamßH$r Imb CVmaZ d OyVm JmßR>Z H$ H$m_ g OmS> oX`m& C›hmZ ‡Mma-‡gma¤mam `h H$m_ CZ bmJm g ^r O]aZ H$adm`m Om M_S> H$m H$m_ ZhrH$aV W& e„XH$meH$mamß Z ^r M_mamß H$m gm_moOH$ Í$[ g A[_moZVH$aZ H$ obE Hw$N> ZE e„X A›dofV oH$E& C›hmßZ Bg OmoV H$m AoV ZrMd AÒ[•Ó` KmofV H$a oX`m& gßÒH•$V H$ e„X-H$me J´ßWmß _ß "M_©H$ma' H$mZrM OmoV Zhr H$hm J`m Wm, boH$Z oh›Xr e„X-H$memß (oh›Xr e„X-gmJa-1915) _ß "M_ma' e„X H$m AW© oX`m J`m, EH$ ZrM OmoV, OmM_S>ß H$m H$m_ H$aVr h¢°&' Bg OmoV H$m Jmbr H$ Vm°a [a g_Pm OmZ bJmVWm "M_ma' H$hH$a A[_moZV oH$`m OmZ bJm&

gZ≤ 1920 _ß ‡H$moeV o_.Or.S>„Î`y. o]´Ωg Z A[Zr "X M_ma' Zm_H$r [wÒVH$ _ß M_ma, OoQ>`m, Mm_∂S>, Mm_oS>`m, a°hJa, am`Ja, am_Xmgr,aodXmgr, Owbmhm, H$]ra[ßWr, _K, ^JV, H$mbr, H$mar, [mgr, _KdmbAmoX g_H$j 1156 _ßKdßoe` C[OmoV`mß H$m "M_ma' ]Vm`m& oOg Vahg maV _ß EH$ r ey– Z hmV hwE r _ZwdmX H$ VhV≤ maV H$r 85 ‡oVeVOZVm H$m "ew–' KmofV H$a oX`m J`m Wm Am°a oOg Vah _woÒb_ emgH$mZ maV H$r hOmamß J°a-_woÒb_ OmoV`mß H$r MH$]›Xr H$aZ H$ obE \$magre„X "oh›Xy' ‡`w∫$ oH$`m Wm, Cgr ‡H$ma "M_ma' e„X ^r AZOmZ _ß‡`w∫$ hm J`m& AßJÓm ¤mam oXE JE Zm_ H$m "oh›Xy' H$r Vah ‡oVÓR>mgyMH$ g_PH$a g^r _Kdßoe` OmoV`m∞ A[Z H$ "M_ma' H$hZ _ß Jd©_hgyg H$aZ bJr&

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hwAm oH$ Í$o∂T>dmoX`mß ¤mam "M_ma' OmoV H$m gÂ_mZ gyMH$ Zhr, ]oÎH$AoV ey–, K•oUV Am°a ZrM OmoV KmofV H$a oX`m J`m h°& o_.Or.S>„Î`y.o]´Ωg ¤mam Bg gyoM _ß CZ OmoV`mß H$m ^r S>mb oX`m J`m oOZH$m M_S>∂H$ H$m_ g H$mB© bZm-XZm Zhr Wm&

Bg ]mV H$m Am^mg hmV hr gÂ[yU© ^maV _ß OmJaU H$m eßI ]OCR>m& gwYmadmXr Am›XmbZmß _ß `h oZU©` ob`m J`m oH$ `M_ma' e„X gg_mO H$m [J-[J [a A[_mZ PbZm [∂S>Vm h¢, BgobE "M_ma' O°gA[_mZOZH$ OmoV gyMH$ e„X g Nw>Q>H$mam oXbm`m OmE VWm CZ bmJmg r h H$m_ Nw>S>dm`m Omd Om XobVm H$r Am]mXr H$ [m∞M ‡oVeV g rH$_ h° Am°a M_S>∂ H$m J›Xm H$m_ H$aV h¢ VWm oOZH$ H$maU Bg OmoV H$rhrZ —oÓQ> g XIm OmVm h°, VmoH$ OmoV A[Zm oga D∞$Mm CR>mH$a Mb gH$&BZ gwYmadmXr AmßXmbZmß _ß oZÂZ KQ>ZmEß CÑIZr` h¢ -1. XÑr _ß gZ≤ 1922 _ß _ßÃr XdrXmg, OmZH$rXmg, Mm°Yar Q>H$MßX

BÀ`moX H$ ‡`mgmß g OmoV gwYma gÂ_bZ H$ ]°Za Vb [wamZ oH$bH$ _°XmZ _ß EH$ odemb gÂ_bZ Am`moOV hwAm& dhm∞ "]bmB©', "H$mar'`m "_Kdmb' Zm_ bJmH$a A[_moZV Zm_ "M_ma' g [rN>m Nw>S>m`m&

2. [ßOm] (]•hV [ßOm] oOg_ß [moH$ÒVmZ H$m [ßOm] jÃ, ^maV H$mdV©_mZ [ßOm], hna`mUm, oh_mMb ‡Xe emo_b W&) _ß g^mr_ßKdßoe` C[OmoV`mß H$m ]m]y _ßJyam_ _wJmdmob`m Z "AmoXY_©'Zm_ H$ ZrM Om∂S>m Am°a "AmoXY_© _ S>b' H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r& gZ≤ 1928_ß OJ gmB©_Z H$_reZ ^maV Am`m Vm bmhm°a _ß gmB©_Z H$_reZH$ gm_Z ]m]y _ßJyam_ _wJmdmob`m Z bmImß AmoXYo_©`mß H$ gmWH$hm oH$ h_ maV H$ _yboZdmgr h¢& h_mam EH$ AbJ Y©_ "AmoXY_©'h¢& ga ¡`mH$aß 12 A∑Qy>]a, 1929 H$m Omb›Ya ([ßOm]) _ß AmE VmAmoXY_© _ S>b H$ ‡oVoZoY CZg o_b Am°a A[Z AbJ Y_© H$odf` _ß ]mVMrV H$r& [ßOm] VWm maV gaH$ma Z VÀH$mb "AmoXY_©'H$m _m›`Vm ‡XmZ H$a Xr oOgH$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ 1931 _ß g^rAmoXYo_©`mß Z A[Zm Y_© "AmoXY_©' obImH$a A[Z gßJR>Z H$m[naM` oX`m Am°a A[_mZOZH$ Zm_ g [rN>m Nw>S>m`m&

3. CŒma ‡Xe _ß Òdm_r ANy>VmZ›X Or Z ∂S>m∞. _moUH$M›– Am°a gh`moJ`mßg o_bH$a "M_ma' Zm_ g H$bßH$ H$m Xya H$aZ H$ obE OmQ>, `mXdAmoX OmoV`mß H$r VO© [a M_mamß H$m gÂ_mZOZH$ Zm_ XZ H$m odMmaoH$`m VWm CgH$ ÒWmZ [a "OmQ>d' e„X H$m odH$Î[ oX`m& Hw$N>gwYmadmXr ZVmAmß Z Xygam Zm_ "`mXd' gwPm`m& ]mX _ß hr "OmQ>d'H$h OmZ bJß& ∂S>m∞. _moUH$M›– H$r A‹`jm _ß 1920 _ß "^maVdfr©`OmQ>ddra `wdm [nafX' H$m JR>Z hwAm& C›hmZ 26 A∑Qy>]a, 938H$m BßΩb° S> _ß ^maV H$ _m_bm H$ VÀH$mbrH$ _ßÃr bm∞S©> OQ>b° S> H$mEH$ km[Z oX`m Wm, oOg_ß h _m∞J H$r JB© oH$ AmJam H$ M_mamß H$mgaH$mar naH$mS©> _ß "M_ma' H$ ÒWmZ [a "OmQ>d' obIm OmE, ∑`mßoH$"M_ma' A[_mZOZH$ e„X h°& Cg g_` H$r gß`w∫$ ‡mßV gaH$ma Z

bmS©> OQ>b¢S> H$ AmXe [a H$m ©dmhr H$r& gaH$ma H$ oZXe [a OZabES>o_oZÒQ>≠eZ oS>[mQ©>_ßQ>, bIZD$ H$ ES>reZb oS>flQ>r g°H´$Q≠>r Z A[Z[ÃmßH$ gßª`m 78 (3) 3-1938 oXZmßH$ 8 ZdÂ]a, 1939 H$ ¤mamAmXe oX`m oH$ gaH$mar naH$mS©> _ß AmJa H$r "M_ma' OmoV H$m AmOg "OmQ>d' obIm OmEJm& ]hwV g M_mamß Z `h [nadV©Z _mZH$aA[_moZV Zm_ "M_ma' g [rN>m Nw>S>m`m&

4. amOÒWmZ Am°a JwOamV _ß Òdm_r JmHw$bXmg Or "_Kdße' Zm_ gg_mO H$m EH$ gyÃ _ß gßJoR>V H$a ah W& d Sy>_m∂S>m (AO_a) H$ ahZdmb W& B›hmZ 1935 _ß Xm°amB© J´m_ _ß 290 Jm∞dmß H$r Am_ g^m]wbmB© VWm "amOÒWmZ _ßKdße _hmg^m' H$m JR>Z oH$`m& _hmg^mH$m EH$ AoYdeZ 1935 _ß Ah_Xm]mX _ß hwAm& C›hmZ g_mO H$m"_Kdmb' Zm_ XH$a A[_moZV Zm_ "M_ma' g [rN>m Nw>S>m`m&

5. amOÒWmZ Am°a oXÑr _ß AmMm`© Òdm_r Jar]Xmg Or, Om ^mO[wam(O`[wa) H$ ]bmB© W, Z _Kdmb, ]bmB©, ^mß]r AmoX _ybV: H$[S>]ZmZ H$m H$m © H$aZ dmbr OmoV H$m "gyÃH$ma' Zm_ g gßJoR>V oH$`mVWm A[_moZV Zm_ "M_ma' g [rN>m Nw>S>m`m&

6. amOÒWmZ H$ oH$eZJ∂T>-_XZJßO H$ Òdm_r H$Î`mU ^maVr Or ZamOÒWmZ Am°a _‹`‡Xe _ß M_S> H$ H$m`© H$m oVbmßOob XZm AmaÂ^H$am`m Am°a "M_ma' H$hbmZm ]›X H$adm`m Am°a M_ma g_mO H$m"]°adm' Zm_ XH$a A[_moZV Zm_ "M_ma' g [rN>m Nw>S>m`m&

7. CVamßMb (J∂T>dmb) _ß ]m]y hna‡gmX Or Q>_Q>m Z XobVmß _ß oeÎ[H$maAm›XmbZ Mbm`m H$r g_Ò`mAmß g AdJV ahZ dmb lr ]]ZamdKm[b Z g_mO H$ ZV•Àd H$m ^ma gß^mbm& Bgr ‡H$ma gÂ[yU© ^maV_ß A[_moZV Zm_ g [rN>m Nw>S>mZ H$r _whr_ Mbr&

8. Bgr _whr_ H$ AßVJ©V _hmÀ_m JmßYr Z ^r "M_ma' e„X H$mA[_mZOZH$ _mZH$a XobV OmoV`mß H$m gÂ_mZOZH$ Zm_ XZ H$obE "hnaOZ' Zm_ H$m gwPmd oX`m& 19 OwbmB©, 1937 H$m _wÂ]B©‡mßV _ß H$mßJg H$m _ßoÃ_ßS>b ]Zm& _hmÀ_m JmßYr H$ gwPmd H$ AZwgmaEH$ gaH$mar o]b _ß "M_ma' H$ ÒWmZ [a "hnaOZ' e„X ‡`w∫$ oH$EOmZ H$r og\$mnae H$r JB© VWm "hnaOZ' e„X H$m gaH$mar _m›`VmX Xr JB©&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-

1. _Kdße BoVhmg - Òdm_r JmHw$bXmg Or &2. OmoV ^mÒH$a - o_Ã [ß. ¡dmbm‡gmX &3. Ama.[r.ogßh - amOÒWmZ _ßKdmb g_mO O`[xa &4. [oÃH$m - amÓQ≠>r` gd© _Kdmb _hmg^m Bo S>H$m Ò_mnaH$m &5. _mbdm Am°a amOgWmZ BoVhmg - _Zmhaogßh amUmdV H$ &6. H$oV[` [hby lr ZhZmJa, emY gßÒWmZ grVm_D$ 1983 B©. &

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BoVhmg- oh›Xr _m‹`_ H$m`m©›d`Z oZXemb` oXÑr odÌdod⁄mb`2006, [•ÓR> 156

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Abstract - Himalyala region is the very sensitive for the agricultural and land use activities. Increasement of wasteland and degradiation are the biggest problem in these Himalayan region. While the other hand there are muchunemployment and migration of developing hill areas. Natural hazards of Himalayan region also take important placewhere the landforms are having agriculture land as the land use. The some modern technology to rural and hill areadevelopment specifically plantation of commercial crop such as tea, development of cultivable waste land, thegroundwater use etc. after the half of the nineteenth century plantations have been adopted by Indian sub contitantsuch humans as crawling out of the agricultural place. For the reduce of wasteland and unemployment in himalyanregion Tea plantation can be the batter choice. Tea plantation is suitable for the hill state due to its particular climaticconditions. Tea is the most demandable liquid after water. Therefore the tea is known as a national liquid of India.

Impact Of Tea Production On The Economic AndGeographical Scenario Of Kumaon Mandal (Uttarakhand)

‘A Brief Study From Kausani (Bageshwar)’

Introduction - Migration from rural areas (particularly hills)to urban areas inside the country, the rate of migration hasbeen a lot of higher. In Uttarakhand hill state inside thenine hill districts and is growing hastily. Population in PauriGarhwal and Almora districts has declined due to migration.Between 2001 and 2011, the districts registered decadalpopulace boom charges of -1.41 percent and -1.28 percentrespectively (senses 2011). Inadequate education andfitness centers and shortage of employment alternativesto farming. Uttarakhand is commonly an agricultural statealthough its share within the total region and manufacturingmay be very small. Lack of employment opportunities, noinnovation in agriculture, absence of right training andclinical facilities, and developing water shortage haverobbed the mountains in their citizens. Every day, busloadsof human beings lock up their houses inside the Garhwal,Kumaon and Johar regions, in the low hills and the highmountains, and are available to the cities inside the plainssearching for an less complicated lifestyles. According tothe 2011 Census, nearly 1,100 villages in Uttarakhand haveseen a decline in population, a few to a degree that theirinhabitants can be counted on one hand. Waste land inUttarakhand is 16097.46, 30% of total vicinity. More than1,000 villages have been deserted for the seeking of job.Of the 13 districts of Uttarakhand, migration has hit ninehill districts over the last decade. According to latest censusreports, two hill districts, Pauri and Almora, show a negativegrowth in population (In the case of Pauri 6,97,078 in 2001to 6,86,527 in 2011 and in case of Almora 6,32,866 in 2001to 6,21,927 in 2011). This type of terrible condition shownevery hill district.

According to Census 2011, of Uttarakhand’s 16,793

Manoj Kumar T amta* Dr. Jyoti Joshi **

*Research Scholar (Geography) S.S.J. campus Almora, Kumaoun University , Nainit al (Uttarakhand ) INDIA**Asst. Professor (Geography) S.S.J. campus Almora, Kumaoun University , Nainit al (Uttarakhand ) INDIA

villages, 1,053 haven’t any inhabitants and any other 405have a population of much less than 10 faimilies. The rangeof such ghost villages has reportedly raised specially afteraffect the problem of employment, unproductivity of landand hazards. Hills and high mountains are the biggest partof this region. The state government’s Annual Plan showsthat the per capita income in the villages specially in hills ismuch lower than inside the plains. This does not mean thatthe employment generation and production capacity of thehill areas is low, but the production capacity of these areasis very high especially commercial plantation and fruits.Untended land turns barren or is protected with by means ofresilient weeds and shrubs (such as Lantana and Parthenium)which might be very tough to clear. Such factors have triggereda perceptible decline in agriculture, productivity and wasteland.According to the Union Ministry of Agriculture, the net sown inarea in the state has declined by using round 10 percent, from769,944 (ha.) in 2000-01 to 701,030 (ha.) in 2013-14. Expertscite a few different purpose for the decline of farming withinthe region, extremely effective implementation of welfareschemes similar to the Mahatma Gandhi National RuralEmployment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) it works good inHimalayan areas but such works are not enough for thedevelopment of hill state.

In Uttarakhand, agricultural activities are mostly dependson rain, especially in hill areas. Irrigation facilities are veryhard to find in hill and mountain areas. There may be verylittle in terms of irrigation infrastructure within the higheraltitudes. Changing climatic conditions may also accelerategrowing stages of migration. In Himalaya vicinity there arelarge trouble of migration, herbal disaster, waste land andunemployment. Tea production is a better option for the


problem of employment and diversion. Especially for mountainareas such as Uttarakhand.The study area - After the formation of Uttarakhand on 9thNovember 2000, the state is divided into two divisions:Garhwal and Kumaun mandal, 6 districts in Kumaondivision, out of which 3 districts are 100% hilly, 2 districtsNainital and Champawat partly plain and 1 district UdhamSingh Nagar 100% is plain. Kumaun division lies between28° 51’N to 30° 49’N latitude and 77° 43’E to 81° 31’Elongitude. Area of entire Kumaon division is about 21035sq km. In kumaon mandal of uttarakhand Kausani is themost beautiful town, situated at the border of Bageshwarand Almora district, the total area of 5.2 sq. km, its altitudeis 1890 meter above from the mean sea level, located 51km north from Almora district headquarter, Kausani is thebirthplace of famous Hindi poet Sumitra Nandan Pant also. The Latitude and Longitude of Kausani is 29.8431N and79.6033E. (figure in last page, figure 3)Methodology - The study has included both primary andsecondary data collection. Detailed information has beencollected through different sources (govt., non- govt. andpersonal contacts) and detailed field study.Result and Disscussion - Like the other parts of India, thereis a lot of problem of migrating and degradation in Kumaonarea, Consequently, out-migration from Uttarakhand is oneof the highest in the country. It has also been cited byresearchers that almost every household in the villages ofKumaun districts have at least one family member leavingthe state in search of work. Kumaon area is surrounded bythe middle Himalayas and Shivalik ranges. There isimmense potential for employment and production in thisarea. Tea is one of the most famous and lowest value cropinside the world and consumed via a huge variety of people.Owing to its increasing call for, tea is considered to be one ofthe primary additives of global beverage marketplace. Teaplant life are propagated from seed and slicing; it takes about4 to twelve years for a tea plant to bear seed and approximately3 years earlier than a brand new plant is ready for harvesting.Tea vegetation requires as a maximum 127 cm (50 inches) ofrainfall a 12 months and prefer acidic soils (4.5-five.Five ph).Many excessive- pleasant tea plants are cultivated atelevations of up to at least one,500 m (4,900 ft) above seadegree. While at those heights the plants develop greaterslowly, they gather a higher flavour. Today, India is certainlyone of the most important tea manufacturers within the global,even though over 70 in step with cent of its tea is ate up insideIndia itself. In India tea become particularly increasing andtraumatic crop. India is the biggest manufacturer andpurchaser country of the world it will likely be proper to mentionthat tea is the National Drink of this kingdom. India has 11 %mountain of total landmass which has suitable atmosphericconditions to grown tea plants. There are three countries whichcan be producers of a number of the excellent best tea in theglobal. Tea from India, China and Sri Lanka are known worldover for his or her flavour and taste in addition to their liquor.Kumaun Mandal is a very favorable area for the production

of tea. There are immense possibilities of tea production inmany areas like Champawat, Bageshwar, Almora, Nainitaland Pithoragarh districts. The Kumaon division hasimmense potential for tea production. The capacity ofproduction under various programs is given in the followingtables. The first table 1.0 shows that Tea is being producedin different areas of Kumaon through Uttarakhand TeaVikash Board, out of which there is a possibility of moreproduction in Kausani and Garur region. Wherever averageaverage production is 211 quintals per Kausani, its capacitycan be more than 300 quintals. Similarly, there is thepossibility of producing 375 qwintals in Garur. Which is morethan 100% of the actual production. Similarly, Munasari andDhauldevi area also have zero production While there isalso the possibility of production in these areas. Tablenumber 2 shows the features under MNERGA teaproduction where it is clear that the potential production ismuch higher than actual production. Many places likeKapkot, Nainital, dholadevi, Dhari, Ramnagar are 50 to100% less in actual production.

Project under uttarakhand tea development boardRegion Actual Pro. Potaintail Pro

In (kw.) (kw.)Champawat 160 200Ghorakhal 191 200Jaorasi 1.8 200Kausani 211 375Garur 141 375Munsyari 00 100Dhauladevi 00 100Source- Uttarakhand tea Development board AlmoraTable 1

Figure- 1. tea production under Uttarakhand tea boardProject under the Mahatma Gandhai National Ruralemployment guaranty scheme in kumaunRegion Actual Pro. Potaintial ProDhauladevi 32 60Takula 18 60Garur 25 100Didihat 20 60Nainital 6 100Kapkot 0 60Ramgarh 1 60Dhari 1 60Source- Uttarakhand tea development board Table-2


Figure- 2 Production under MNREGAA Study from kausani - kausani is the world famous touristplace not only its natural beauty also in tea production. Inkausani the first plant of tea bring was in 1836, nurserywas established 1993 and plantation was begin 1995. Thepresent day it become speard to 211 hectare. The factorywas established with the help of combined unit of BangloreCo. giriyas Pvt with 89 and 11 % share. Kausani tea stateproduce world level tea with many verities and qualities.Here are many species of tea plant which are veryexpensive, healthy and familiar with ecosystem. Mainspecies are SEAT- 379,449,520, CLONE-AB2,T78,P312,RR144, UPASI9 and UPASI3 (this verityfrom South India), KANGDAJAT (himanchal species).Kausani tea state produce 265000 kg green leaves in ayear. 5 kg green leaves makes one kg tea in winter seasonand 4 kg green leaves makes 1 kg tea in summer seasonso that’s mean in summer season tea production is morethan winter. Tea plantation can gives a large quantity ofemployment 1000 workers are involve in tea production inkausani they are also getting facilities many life insurancepolicy and funding policies. However the tea agriculturegives women employment in mountain regions more than60% women are involve in tea agriculture all over India.Among working staff in kausani tea state,65% are women.

Tea plantation is very useful to environment and it canhelp to reduce wasteland with the of proper plan andgovernment policies. In the time of developing age we cansee that many problems are rapidly increasing likeenvironmental degreadiation,soil pollution (erosion),deforestation they are the cause of increasing wastelandin uttarakhand as well as in india also. In uttarakhand 12790

km² (23.91%) land area is wasteland area in this area only2.67% is plain most of the wasteland area is suitable forthe plantation of tea. There is no way to change this soiland natural process takes many hundred years. The speedof tree destruction is 30 times more than the plantation.Tea production is the ideal plan for soil and moistureconservation in india with the help of biotic fertilizers. Teais a perennial crop grown on sloping terrain and high rainfallareas. Though the soil under a perennial crop like tea isbelieved to be protected adequately by canopy and surfacelitter.

Bright prospect of Indian rural scene forecast in thecourse of Green Revolution’, the progress in the agriculturalproduction is still left behind the population explosion, andunemployment problem remains to be critical. The threemain sources of rural development namely reclamation ofcultivable waste land, utilization of groundwater, andpromotion of intensive agriculture based on ‘modern’technology, have been already exploited and the future ofthe villagers mainly depends on joh opportunities offeredby the economic activist’s outside rural, areas.

Tea plantation can reduce the environmental issueswith the help of reforstration.

Migration to plane area is the emerging problem forthe all hill states m

Tea plantation can appreciate the echo tourism. Overa decade after the state was founded, nine of its 13districts are facing a crisis of migration. In uttarakhandproduction of tea can become the source of employment.Tea is the second most popular drink in the world, afterwater. For a number of developing countries it is animportant commodity in terms of jobs and export earnings.Tea production is labour intensive and the industry providesjobs in remote rural areas. Kausani tea state givesemployment and life security to employee. The amount ofsalary is 108rs per day 3240rs monthly with funding andLIC. Thease type of policies can reduce the migration andgive support to rural peoples.(See in the next p age)References :-1. Haridas P, An ideal plant for soil and moisture

conservation in Tea Plantations In India.2. The hindu, feb 14, 20163. Uttarakhand Tea Development Board.


KausaniKumaun Division

Source- Modified from the Figure-3 Location of Kausani“buransh.com”

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A Trend Analysis Of Rural Population DependencyIn A City Region

Dr. Prabhakar Mishra *

Introduction - Population Dependency is a characteristicof population that introduces and determines the ratiobetween the Working and dependent population. It is animportant factor to represent the salient feature of thepopulation potential of that particular region which comesunder an influence of a City. This trend of population playsvital role among the developmental aspects and potentialof productivity of population. High dependency ratio ofpopulation decreases the pace of development due toliability of nourishing of dependent population. On the otherhand low dependency ratio of population spares morepotential to the developmental works of the region.Therefore, the trend of investment of population potentialprovides the foundation to the specialization of populationstructureand the changes of regional phenomenon.

In the global scenario to achieve High developmentalgrowth rate meant as a sign of progress. Productivity ofpopulationcan play an important role to determine thedimensions for the effective planning and execution ofpolicies.It is obstinate to achieve and maintain the goal ofregional development without high progressive growthrateand increase in population productivity.

Therefore, it is also important to evaluate the populationproductivity in the context of the status of dependency ratioof population. Here is a presentation of trend analysis ofpopulation dependency in accordance with the effect ofdistance from the core region of the city.Study Area - Ujjain and its’ environs is selected as thestudy area to performthe present study. It is an area thatextends between 23004' 44'' to 23017' 43'' north latitudesand 75017' 42'' to 75054' 02'' east longitudes. The studyarea compriseswith the area of 111.32 sq. kilometer of coreregion that is Ujjain city and the area of 406.08 sq. kilometerof its’ rural countryside.

The study area consists of 90 villages around the Ujjaincity up to the peripheral distance of 15km. from the outerboundary of Ujjain municipal corporation service area. It isbecause of the fact that is the intensity of influence of urbanservices decreases as the spatial distance increases andthe impacts of other nearest urban service centers areobserved which influence the accuracy of the researchstudy.Objective of the S tudy - Of all the characteristics of

*Associate Professor (Geography) Govt. College, Mahid pur (M.P.) INDIA

population structure population Dependency ratio is animportant factor to study the qualitative merits of populationof an area. Present study deals with the changes indistribution of Population Dependency Ratio as a structuralcharacteristicsof rural population due to the proximity andthe intensity of the urban services to the villages which arelocated inIntensive zone, and Extensive zone of its cityregion.Methodology - Distance from core to the city region is ageographical factor. It determines the intensity of impact ofurban facilities rendered to the city region. Therefore, thevillages located in the nearest and fartherest zone are takento compare the factors pertaining to the population of studyarea.The villages of Intensive zone and Extensive zone ofcity region are inclusiveto the analysis of statistical data.On the basis of primary and secondary data of samplevillages are collected to analys the Population DependencyRatio. As the values are minor to compare. So, the ratio ofdependency is computed on per thousand person in lieu ofper cent person to better representation of data analysis.Population Dependency Ratio - Population DependencyRatio is depend on the Age Structure and the level ofcontribution of population to the production. It is the ratio ofproducers and consumers sector of population. To evaluatethe total workforce of population or the population potential,Population Dependency Ratio is an important tool to beused as an statistical indicator. High dependency ratioincreases the pressure on the productive population groupsand minimise the workforce to the developmental workswithin the area of occupancy and affects the economy.Ujjain and City Region : Population DependencyRatio(See in the next p age)Data Analysis - Here is a tabular representation of collectionof number of Dependents per thousand persons of samplefamilies of sample villages. Table shows the six groups ofdependents of family members of selected sample families.In this table Lower dependency group represents <400persons and Highest dependency group represents >2000persons per thousand working persons.

Under the closure distance, Intensive zone has 44.12percent families under 800-1200 dependents group perthousand working persons. It is highest dependency rateof this group where as 26.47 percent families have <400


dependents per thousand working persons. It is secondhighest dependency group. 1200-1600 and 1600-2000 bothgroups of dependents reported null. But group of>2000dependents reported 17.65 percent families underthe group. Therefore, it is clear that one fourth of the familiesof this group have less dependency ratio where the lowestdependency ratio falls under the group of 400-800dependents with 11.76 percent families.

Extensive Zone that is the farthest category of distancein study area has the highest percent of families i.e. 47.62percent under <400 dependents that is the lowestdependency ratio group. The highest dependency groupshows the lowest only 01.19percent of families. In this zone, there is a reverse relation between dependency andnumber of family, which is the uniquetrend of dependencyratio of population. In this regard Intensive zone representsthe uneven variance with the aspects.

To evaluate the effect of distance from city on thedependency ratio among ruralpopulation of villages locatedin Intensive zone and Extensive Zone of the study areathe result of Chi square test achieved by the computationof dependency datashows its value 28.65 at level ofsignificance 01 and Degree of freedom 05 where table value15.08 is lesser. Therefore, the result shows the significanceand intimated the fact that the dependency ratio and thedistance from the city are interrelated geographical

variables.Result s - Thus, analysis of the study reflects the fact thatdistance from the city has a remarkable effect on thedependency ratio of rural population of countryside. Thetrend of dependency ratio of population and the location ofrural population are correlated geographical aspects. Butin this regard the other geographical factors are also needto be examined which affect the dependency of populationin a city region.References :-1. Demko G.J:Population Geography : A Reader; Mac

Grow Hill Company, 19702. Bansal S.C.: Town – Country Relationship in

Saharanpur City –Region: A Study in Rural –Urban Interdependence Problems, Sanjeev Pub.

Saharanpur,19753. Chandna R.C.: Introduction to Population Geography,

Kalyani Publisher, New Delhi, 19804. Deshpande C.D., Arunachalam B. and Bhatt L.S. :

Impact of a Metropolitan City on the surroundingRegion, Concept Publishing Co. New Delhi, 1980

5. Lal H. : Population Geography, Radha Publication, NewDelhi, 2000

6. Mishra Prabhakar : Gramin Jansnkhya Sanrachna parnagriya prabhav (in hindi) unpublished Ph.D. thesis,Vikram Univrsity, Ujjain,2006

Ujjain and City Region - Population Dependency RatioNumber of dependent s per thousand working person

<400 400- 800- 1200- 1600- >2000 tot al -800 -1200 -1600 -2000

Intensive Zone 09 04 15 00 00 06 34(26.47) (11.76) (44.12) (0.00) (0.00) (17.65)

Extensive Zone 40 15 13 09 06 01 84(47.62) (17.86) (15.48) (10.71) (07.14) (01.19)

Degree of freedom = 05Level of significance 01percentComputed value of Chi sq = 28.65Source : Based on personal interviews.

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Abstract - Iron Deficiency among women in Betul district have been investigated, anaemic women both rural andurban in Betul were interviewed to participate in this study. The diet survey has been conducted through oral questionnairemethod in rural as well as urban areas of the study region. Information have been collected from women of rural andurban population. In the present survey oral questionnaire method has been adopted. Selected families of differentcommunities were interviewed. To collect the required information a detailed schedule was prepared regarding dietaryhabits. Consumption of nutritional iron in rural women is 16.10 per cent and urban women is 2.35 percent, which isless than the standard requirement.Key Words - Nutrition, Health, Iron, Deficiency, Anaemia.

Nutritional Iron Deficiency AmongWomen In Betul District

Smt. Kaneez Fatima *

Introduction - Iron deficiency, which is the main cause ofanaemia, is the most common nutrition disorder worldwide(WHO 1998). WHO recognized anaemia as a world spreadpublic health problems having major consequences onhealth as well as on social and economical development(WHO, 2001). Anaemia is a condition characterized by areduction in the total circulating haemoglobin. Iron deficiencyanaemia is insufficient production of haemoglobin, whichcontains, iron (Brady. 2007). It is also a major health problemin menstruating women particularly pregnant women aremost frequently affected (Herchberg, 1992). The irondeficiency often co-exist with other conditions such asmalnutrition, Vitamin A deficiency, Folate deficiency andinfections. Limited health care, poor hygiene, sanitation andlow literacy rate are the main problems leading to variousnutritional deficiencies including iron deficiency. Irondeficiency is a major health problem for health professionalsand a challenge for policy makers in India. It is a verycommon and nutritional deficiency and a serioushematological problem in pregnancy. It is a majorcontributing factor to maternal and fatal morbidity andmortality.The Study Area - The Betul district is a study region whichis situated in the mid-southern most part of MadhyaPradesh. The area under study lies between 21º22' northto 22º24' north latitudes and 77º4' east to 78º33' eastlongitudes. For administration, the region is divided into 08tehsils and 10 development blocks. The development blocksand villages are basic units of the present study whichcomprise an area of 10,043 square kilometers and apopulation of 1,575,362 persons. The study area contributes3.25 per cent of total geographical area of the MadhyaPradesh. The sex ratio of the study region as a whole was

*Research Scholar (Geography) Govt. M.G .M. P.G. College, It arsi (M.P.) INDIA

971 females per 1000 males during study period. Theaverage density of population was 157 persons per sq. kms.Agriculture is the main source of food and the majority ofrural people of the area is engaged in agriculture and alliedactivities. The total net sown area of the region is 42.27 percent. Food crops overwhelm the agriculture land use andaccount for nearly 56.34 per cent of the total cropped area.A food habit of the people varies from place to placeaccording to the culture of the inhabitants.Data Collection And Methodology- The diet survey hasbeen conducted through oral questionnaire method in ruralas well as urban areas of the study region. Information havebeen collected from women of rural and urban population.In the present survey oral questionnaire method has beenadopted. Selected families of different communities wereinterviewed. To collect the required information a detailedschedule was prepared regarding dietary habits. Survey ofrural centres were made during October 2014 to March2015, while the survey of urban centres were made fromApril 2015 to September 2015. To conduct the diet surveya schedule was filled in ten selected rural centres and eighturban centres of the region. The total 500 families weresurveyed out of which 260 families were from rural areasand 240 families from urban areas. Diet calculations of eachfamily was carried out on the basis of various guidelinesand recommendations given by ICMR. The average diet ofeach member has to be resolved for different nutrient, thedaily per capita consumption of food stuff has beenconsidered.Data Analysis - Iron is a mineral that works with othersubstances to create haemoglobin, the compound thatcarries oxygen in the blood. Men need around 8 mg of ironin their diet, while women need up to 18 mg (27 mg if


pregnant). Rich sources of iron are cereals, millets, meat,fish, eggs, pulses and green leafy vegetables. Of the cerealsgrains and millets, bajra and ragi are very good source ofiron. Most of the iron in the body is found in the blood, andsome are present in every cells, bound to iron containingenzymes. Iron within metalloprotein, haemoglobin andmyoglobin can bind to oxygen molecules and transport themthrough the blood or store them within muscles. Myoglobinis found only in muscles, where it serves as a reservoir ofoxygen. Iron deficiency is the most common nutrientdeficiency in women. Insufficient iron can lead to anaemia.Common symptoms include tiredness and breathlessness.Iron deficiency in pregnant women increases the risk ofhaving a premature birth or weight baby, which can have anegative impact on the short and long-term health of thebaby.

The average consumption of iron in the rural area is23.49 mg per capita per day against the standardrequirement of 30 mg per capita per day. The all Indiaaverage consumption of iron is 28 mg per capita per day.Thus, in the study area, it is 21.66 per cent and 16.10 percent less than the standard requirement and the all Indiaaverage consumption respectively. Further, in the urbancentres the average consumption of iron is 29.29 mg percapita per day, which is 2.35 per cent less than the standardrequirement and 4.60 per cent more than the all Indiaaverage consumption of iron. The regional averageconsumption of iron is 26.39 mg per capita per day, whichis 12.03 per cent more than the standard requirement and5.75 per cent less than the all India average consumptionof iron.

In the rural centres all the ten villages have recordeddeficit and none of the villages are recorded surplus. Thequantity of iron consumption varies from village to village.It is highest in Umariya 29.61 mg per capita per day, and itis the lowest in Bijadehi 17.15 mg per capita per day. TheNIN recommended 30 mg of iron per capita per day. Ironconsumption of all the ten villages is below thisrecommended level in the Betul district i.e. Bijadehi 17.15mg, Chillore 19.71 mg, Dunava 22.71 mg, Heerapur 25.76

mg, Hidli 23.10 mg, Khandara 20.43 mg, Kothalkund 24.55mg, Malajpur 23.06 mg, Masod 28.83 mg, Umariya 29.61mg per capita per day.

In the urban centres only two centres have recordedsurplus i.e. Betul 44.88 mg and Chicholi 33.15 mg per capitaper day and the other six centres are recorded deficit. Thequantity of iron consumption varies from village to village.It is highest in Betul 44.88 mg per capita per day, and it isthe lowest in Multai 22.07 mg per capita per day. The NINrecommended 30 mg of iron per capita per day. Ironconsumption of six centres is below this recommended levelin the Betul district i.e. Athner 25.08 mg, Multai 22.07 mg,Dhodaramohar 29.04 mg, Bhainsdehi 29.85 mg, Sarni26.28 mg and Amla 24.00 mg per capita per day.Conclusion - Iron deficiency anaemia is found to be acommon problem in women both rural and urban areas ofBetul district. The majority of iron deficient anaemic womenare rural, thus it is concluded that iron deficiency anaemiais much more among rural female than urban especially inthe child bearing age. The risk factors include multiplepregnancies, nutritional inadequacy. Iron deficiencyanaemia is mostly a problem of the poor class as themajority of the women had a very low socio-economicstatus. Thus it can be concluded from this study that irondeficiency anaemia is the most common type anaemiaamong the anaemic women of Betul district.

References :-1. Brady (2007) - Iron Deficiency Anaemia : A Call for

Aggregation Diagnostic Evaluation, Southern MedicalJournal, 100, 966-967.

2. Herchberg. S, et. al. (1992) - Nutritional Anemia’s,Baillier’s Clinical Hematology, 5, 143-168.

3. World Health Organisation (1988) - The World HealthReport 1998- Life in the 21st Century, A Vission for All.,Geneva, Switzerland.

4. World Health Organisation (2001) - Iron DeficiencyAnaemia Assessment Prevention and Control : A Guidefor Programme Managers, WHO/NHD.01.30Ref Type.,Serial (Book, Monograph).

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d]a XjVm Am°a Zm°H$aemhr H$ ]ma _ß ]VmVm h° oH$ - "gmd©^m°o_H$AZw^d h° oH$ odew’Í$[ g Zm°H$aemhr ‡mÍ$[ H$m ‡emgoZH$ gßJR>Z H$mVmZmemhr ‡H$ma h°& boH$Z Zm°H$aemhr VH$ZrH$r —oÓQ> g, CÉV_ XjVm‡m· H$aZ _ß gj_ h° Am°a Bg AW© _ß `h _ZwÓ` [a AmdÌ`H$ oZ`ßÃUaIZ H$ obE kmV, Am°[MmnaH$ Í$[ g g]g VH©$gßJV gmYZ h°, `hoÒWaVm, AZwemgZ Am°a odÌdgZr`Vm _ß oH$gr r A›` ÒdÍ$[ g lÓR>Vah°'(Weber, 1947, 337)&h_ Zm°H$aemhr Ï`dÒWm H$m gßJR>Z H$ Í$[ _ß AmbmMZmÀ_H$ _yÎ`mßH$ZH$a gH$V h°& Foucault,(1975) Z A[Zr [wÒVH$- oS>groflbZ E S>oS>groflbZ E S>oS>groflbZ E S>oS>groflbZ E S>oS>groflbZ E S>[oZe_›Q> - X ]W© Am∞\$ X o‡OZ [oZe_›Q> - X ]W© Am∞\$ X o‡OZ [oZe_›Q> - X ]W© Am∞\$ X o‡OZ [oZe_›Q> - X ]W© Am∞\$ X o‡OZ [oZe_›Q> - X ]W© Am∞\$ X o‡OZ _ß Bgg o_bV OwbV VÀdmß H$rÏ`mª`m H$r h°& ∑`m gmd©OoZH$ gßJR>Zmß H$ H$_©Mmar Hw$N> VarH$mß Am°aoZ`_mß H$m Zhr grIV h° ? ∑`m d odoeÓQ> oZ`_mß, ‡oH´$`mAmß Am°a CZH$H$m`© H$aZ H$ VarH$m H$m [mbZ Zhr H$aV h° ? h_ gm_moOH$ gßÒWmZmß H$rgßaMZm XIV h° Om h_ [Z[Q>rH$m∞Z [Z[Q>rH$m∞Z [Z[Q>rH$m∞Z [Z[Q>rH$m∞Z [Z[Q>rH$m∞Z (Foucault,1975) H$r mX oXbmVh°& H$m`©H$Vm©Am H$m bJmVma oZJamZr, odõfU, [arjU hmVm ahVm h°oOgH$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ H$m`©H$VmAmß H$ OrdZ H$ ha jÃ _ß bmJmß H$mZm°H$aemhr emo_b hm OmVr h°&Zm°H$aemhr, [yßOrdmX Edß bmH$VßÃ - Zm°H$aemhr, [yßOrdmX Edß bmH$VßÃ - Zm°H$aemhr, [yßOrdmX Edß bmH$VßÃ - Zm°H$aemhr, [yßOrdmX Edß bmH$VßÃ - Zm°H$aemhr, [yßOrdmX Edß bmH$VßÃ - d]a H$m _mZZm h° oH$ [yßOrdmXrg_mO _ß ha OJh Zm°H$aemhr _m°OyX h°& d]a H$ [yßOrdmX Edß Zm°H$aemhrH$ AdYmaUmH$aU H$ AZwgma XmZm [maÒ[naH$ ghm`H$ gßaMZmEß h°(Fry,1998, 33)& [yßOrdmX Edß Zm°H$aemhr H$m EH$ hr ‡H$ma H$ Am°[MmnaH$gßMma H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hmVr h°, EH$ Va\$ `h bZ-XZ [a AmYmnaV hmVmh° oOg g\$bVm[yd©H$ H$m`© H$aZ H$ obE H$mZyZr Edß Z°oVH$ AmYma H$rAmdÌ`H$Vm hmVr h° Vm Xygar Ama Zm°H$aemhr Edß bmH$VßÃ H$m EH$ AbJ‡H$ma H$m ßgÂ]›Y h°, `h Egm gß]ßY h° Om d]a H$ gßJR>Z og’mßV H$oZ`_mß H$ EH$rH$aU H$ obE gmd©OoZH$ ‡emgZ H$ jÃ ¤mam ]m°o’H$‡oVoH´$`m _ß _wª` Í$[ g _XX H$aVm h¢& `h Egm gÂ]›Y h° oOg d]a Z‡^mdembr d∫$Ï`mß H$ AmYma [a ]Zm`m h°, oOgH$m od¤mZmß ¤mambmH$‡emgZ H$ jÃ _ß odõfU ^r oH$`m J`m h°& Zm°H$aemhr VmoH©$H$

Í$[ g oZXoeV gm_moOH$ oH´$`m H$m ‡m· H$aZ H$m gmYZ h°& bmH$‡emgH$mß H$ obE ‡ÌZ CR>Vm h° oH$ ∑`m hmJm òX Zm°H$aemhr A[Zrgr_mAmß H$m bmßK X ? g]g [hb h_ Cg ‡ÌZ H$m CŒma XZm MmhJß Om‡ÌZ d]a H$ bmH$VßÃ [a oXE hwE odMmamß _ß [m`m Om gH$Vm bmH$VßÃ [ad]a obIV h°- "bmH$VßÃ _ bmJ Cg ZVm H$m MwZVß h¢ oOg [a d âmgmH$aV h°, boH$Z ZVm MwZ OmZ H$ ]mX ZVm H$hVm h° oH$ A] Mw[ ahm Am°aA] Mw[ ahm Am°aA] Mw[ ahm Am°aA] Mw[ ahm Am°aA] Mw[ ahm Am°a_ar Amkm _mZm ß, _ar Amkm _mZm ß, _ar Amkm _mZm ß, _ar Amkm _mZm ß, _ar Amkm _mZm ß, bmJ, ZVm Edß [mQ>r© H$ H$m`© _ß hÒVj[ H$ obE ÒdVßÃZhr hmV h° boH$Z O] ZVm JbVr H$aV h° Vm ]mX _ bmJ oZU©` bH$a]°R> OmV h° Am°a gOm H$ Vm°a [a CgH$m ]ohÓH$ma H$aV h°( Gerth &Mills, 1946, 6)&

Zm°H$aemhr [a amOZroV H$r gdmÉVm H$ obE EH$ bmH$VmßoÃH$ T>mßM_ß amOZroVH$ ZV•Àd AmdÌ`H$ h°& h H$›–r` _w‘m d]a Am°a bmH$ ‡emgZH$ od¤mZmß H$ obE EH$ ‡_wI oMßVm H$m odf` h°& oZoÓH´$` "bmH$VßÃrH$a m'EH$ Egr ‡oH´$`m oOgH$ [a d]a H$h_ h° h° oH$ Zm°H$aemhr H$m`© [yU©Vm H$moZ`ßoÃV H$aH$ A[Z bmH$VmßoÃH$ ‡oV^moJ`mß H$m oZ`ßoÃV H$aV h°& O]]hwV H$_ oZ`ßÃU [naUm_ hmV h° Vm AoÔmV dJ© H$r oÒWoV `m oZ`ßÃUg_yhmß H$m IVam hm gH$Vm h° oOg hQ>mZm _woÌH$b hm OmVm h°& Thompson(1961) ]VmV h° oH$ Zm°H$aemh H$^r-H$^r A[Z AoYH$mamß H$m C[`mJH$aH$ bmJmß [a oZ`ßÃU aIZ dmb Ï`dhma H$ VarH$ H$m A[ZmZ H$rH$moee H$aV h¢&

emgZ ÒVa [a Am°a H$R>ma d°kmoZH$, VH©$gßJV odMma H$ N>Ã H$ZrM, Zm°H$aemhr bmH$VßÃ H$ gmW gßKf© ∑`m H$aVr h° ? ‡emgZ(Zm°H$aemhr) odoeÓQ> oZ`_mß, ‡oH´$`mAmß Am°a MrOmß H$m [yam H$aZ H$ ]ma_ß h°, O]oH$ bmH$VßÃ B¿N>m, Ao^Ïò∫$, AZwZ` Am°a ‡À`H$ ZmJnaH$ H$rAmdmOmß [a odMmma H$aZ H$ ]ma _ß h°& boH$Z bmH$VmßoÃH$ ‡emgZ H$gmW AmZ H$ obE EH$ AmgmZ o_eZ Zhr h° ∑`mßoH$ Zm°H$aemhr hr dhC[H$aU h° Om ‡emgZ _ß H$m`© H$aZ H$ obE bmJy oH$`m OmVm h°&Zm°H$aemhr hr bmH$VmßoÃH$ Zhr h° ∑`mßoH$ `h [XmZwH´$_ [a AmYmnaV h°&Zm°H$aemhr H$r AVmoH©$H$Vm/gr_mEß - Zm°H$aemhr H$r AVmoH©$H$Vm/gr_mEß - Zm°H$aemhr H$r AVmoH©$H$Vm/gr_mEß - Zm°H$aemhr H$r AVmoH©$H$Vm/gr_mEß - Zm°H$aemhr H$r AVmoH©$H$Vm/gr_mEß - am]Q©> oHß$J _Q©>Z (1952) Zd]a H$r Zm°H$aemhr H$r AmbmMZm H$aV hwE H$hm oH$ Zm°H$aemhr H$rodefVmAmß, oOg d]a Z VH©$gßJVVm Edß XjVm ]∂T>mZ _ß AmdÌ`H$ _mZm,dmÒVd _ß VH©$hrZVm Am°a Aj_Vm H$ gmW Ow∂S>m hm gH$Vm h°& _Q©>Z ZoZÓH$f© oZH$mbm oH$ Zm°H$aemhr _ A[Z Òd`ß H$ odZme H$ ]rO hmV h°&Bg ohÒg _ _°∑g d]a H$ Zm°H$aemhr ‡mÍ$[ H$r EH$ _hÀd[yU© —oÓQ>H$mUg MMm© H$r JB© h°& `h Mma _wª` VH©$hrZ gr_mAmß [a ‹`mZ H$o›–V H$aVmh°, Ohmß Zm°H$aemhr A[Z AmXe© ‡mÍ$[ _ß, AZm°[MmnaH$ gßJR>Z H$r C[jmAm°a BgH$ A_mZdr`H$aU H$ gmW-gmW bmH$VßÃ H$ gmW VZmd H$mgÂ]›Y h°&

odef Í$[ g, d]a H$r Zm°H$aemhr oH$gr ^r _mZdr` gßJR>Zmß _ß_m°OyX AZm°[MmnaH$ gÂ]›Ymß H$r _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m [a odMma Zhr H$aVrh°& BgH$ Abmdm, gmd©OoZH$ ‡emgZ _ß H$B© bmJ VH©$ XV h° oH$ Zm°H$aemhroddH$erbVm dmÒVodH$Vm bmH$VmßoÃH$ _mZX S>mß Am°a ‡WmAmß H$ obEIVam h°&

[hbr gr_m H$ ]ma _ Am°a d]a H$r Zm°H$aemhr H$r gmdYmZr[yd©H$OmßO H$ _m‹`_ g, dJa Zm°H$aemhr H$m EH$ AmXe©dmXr Am°a oZÓH$m_‡mÍ$[ ‡ÒVwV H$aVm h° Om oH$gr r ÒWmZ Am°a oH$gr r g_` gmd©OoZH$Ï`dÒWm H$m oZ`ßoÃV Edß gßMmobV H$a gH$Vm h°&


d]a (1946) Z BgH$ obE "[yU© odH$ogV, ew’ ‡H$ma, gdm©oYH$ odH$ogV`m odew’ odMmamß H$m ‡`mJ H$aV h°, Om Xem©V h° oH$ Zm°H$aemhr H$mCZH$m ‡mÍ$[ ghr Am°a [yU© h° Am°a `h h_em ‡^mdr Am°a Hw$ebVm[yd©H$H$m`© H$aVm h°& gmd©OoZH$ ‡Xe©Z _ß g_Ò`mEß hmZ Am°a oH$gr ^r Xe _ß[ya ZmJnaH$mß H$r gm_moOH$ AmdÌ`H$VmAmß Am°a amOZroVH$ AoYH$mamßH$m [yam H$aZ _ß CgH$r Aj_Vm Bg Xmd H$m ZH$maVr h° oH$ Zm°H$aemhr‡mÍ$[ EH$ AmXe©dmXr Am°a flbmQ>moZH$ ‡Umbr h°& d]a H$r Zm°H$aemhr Z`h Zhr Xem©`m h° oH$ dmÒVodH$Vm _ß oZò_V [naoÒWoV`mß _ß `h "[yarVah g odH$ogV' gßaMZm h°& Blau, and Marshall (1987) H$m VH©$ h°oH$ "MyßoH$ [yU© Zm°H$aemhr [yar Vah g _hgyg Zhr hwB© h°, BgobE H$mB© ^r_m°OyXm gßJR>Z oZoÌMV Í$[ g AmXe© ‡mÍ$[ _ß o\$Q> Zhr hmVm h°.......OmR>mg Zm°H$aemhr gßaMZm H$r g_P ‡XmZ H$aVm h°(25)& Xyga e„Xmß _ßgßJR>Zmß H$ obE EH$ Eg AmXe© ‡mÍ$[ H$m [mbZ H$aZm ghr Zhr bJVmh° Om bmJy hmZ [a H$^r ^r oZYm©naV b˙`mß H$m Zhr [m gH$Vm `mHw$ebVm[yd©H$ H$m`© Zhr H$a gH$Vm hm&

d]a H$ Zm°H$aemhr ‡mÍ$[ H$ gß]›Y _ß H$h gH$V h° oH$ BgH$r Xygargr_m, gßJR>Zmß H$ ‡Xe©Z _ß XjVm H$m ‡^modV H$aZ H$r AZm°[MmnaH$gßJR>Z H$r ^yo_H$m g AZo^kVm h°& d]a Z _wª` Í$[ g Am°[MmnaH$VÀdmß [a ‹`mZ H$o›–V oH$`m h° O°g odefrH$aU, oZ`_, [XmZwH´$_ AmoX&Xygar Ama _mZd naÒVmß, ZV•Àd, gßMma ZQ>dH©$, ‡aUm AmoX AZm°[MmnaH$VÀdm [a ‹`mZ Zhr oX`m J`m h° O]oH$ ` ^r gmd©OoZH$ Am°a oZOrgßJR>Zmß H$ H$m`m _ß ^r CVZm hr _hÀd aIV h¢&

AZm°[MmnaH$ gßJR>Z H$m AoÒVÀd Am°a _hÀd oOg "Ïò∫$JVgÂ[H©$, A›V:oH´$`m Am°a bmJmß H$ gß]’ g_yh H$ Í$[ _ß [na^mofV oH$`mJ`m h°' ‡]›YZ H$ jÃ _ß AÀòYH$ ÒdrH$m`© h°(]aZmS©, 1966, 115)&]aZmS©> (1966) Z [woÓQ> H$r oH$ "Am°[MmnaH$ gßJR>Z _ß AZm°[MmnaH$gÂ]›Y gßJR>Z H$ gßMmbZ H$ obE gßMma H$ EH$ gmYZ, EH$rH$aU Am°aÏò∫$`mß H$r AI S>Vm H$r ajm H$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h°'(123)& AZm°[MmnaH$gÂ]›Ymß H$ Bg _hÀd H$m d]a H$ Zm°H$aemhr ‡mÍ$[ _ß Zhr XIm J`m h°,Om Am°[MmnaH$ ßgßaMZmAmß [a H$o›–V h°& hm∞bmoH$ dh gßJR>Z _ Ïò∫$`mßH$ Hw$N> gm_moOH$, amOZroVH$ `m Ï`dhma gß]ßYr [naoÒWoV`mß H$ ]ma _ß]mV H$aV h°, CZH$ [na‡˙` _wª` Í$[ g Am°[MmnaH$ gßJR>Z H$ Í$[aImg oZH$b OmV h°&

Vrgam Hummel (2007) (2007) (2007) (2007) (2007) A[Zr [wÒVH$ „` y a m H ´ ° $ o Q >H $` y a m H ´ ° $ o Q >H $` y a m H ´ ° $ o Q >H $` y a m H ´ ° $ o Q >H $` y a m H ´ ° $ o Q >H $E∑g[rna`ßg E∑g[rna`ßg E∑g[rna`ßg E∑g[rna`ßg E∑g[rna`ßg _ß VH©$ XV h° oH$ JwUdŒmm ‡]›YZ, H$m∞[maQ> [wZ: Ao^`mßoÃH$rAm°a ZE gmd©OoZH$ og’mßVH$mamß ¤mam CÀ[fi g^r ‡`mgmß H$ ]mdOyXZm°H$aemhr Iam] hm ahr h° ∑`mßoH$ ‡]›YZ A^r ^r Zm°H$na`mß H$ obE"h_em H$r Vah Ï`m[ma' h°& dh ]VmV h° oH$ Zm°H$aemhr H$db EH$ `mßoÃH$VH$Zroe`Z ]Z OmVm h° Om CgH$r _mZdVm, mdZmAmß, g_mO Am°a hmßVH$ oH$ CZH$r Ïò∫$JV gmM g AbJ h°, Om Bg "_mZdVm H$m Y_H$rXZ dmb ]_' H$ Í$[ _ß doU©V H$aVm h°& C›hmßZ H$hm oH$ Zm°H$aemhr gßJR>Z_mZd [hMmZ, MnaÃ Edß Òdm`Œm B¿N>m H$m ]XbVm h°( Bodley, 2002,75)&

BgH$ Abmdm Zm°H$aemhr _mZd H$m CgH$ X°oZH$ H$m`m H$m oZU©`,oZ`_ Am°a CÉ [`©djH$mß ¤mam bJmE JE oZXemß H$ ¤mam ghr Am°aJbV VarH$ g A[Z ‡oVÒWm[Z H$ ÒWmZ [a b OmZ H$ obE _O]yaH$aVm h° Om dmÒVodH$ gm_moOH$ g›X^© Am°a BgH$r OÍ$aVmß g Xya hm

gH$V h¢& hÂ_b H$hV h¢ oH$ Zm°H$aemhr _ZwÓ` H$ _wH$m]b BßgmZmß H$ gmWgm°Xm H$aVr h°& hÂ_b Z KmfUm H$r oH$ g_mO Am°a Zm°H$aemhr H$ ]rM EH$gßKf© h° Am°a "Zm°H$aemhr Am°a g_mO H$ ]rM gß]›Ymß H$m _mZdrH•$V H$aZH$ d g^r ‡`mg AmÀ_KmVH$ Om Zm°H$aemhr H$ ^rVa hr AmV h°&bmH$VmßoÃH$ g_mO _ß Zm°H$aemhr H$ AZw‡`mJ - bmH$VmßoÃH$ g_mO _ß Zm°H$aemhr H$ AZw‡`mJ - bmH$VmßoÃH$ g_mO _ß Zm°H$aemhr H$ AZw‡`mJ - bmH$VmßoÃH$ g_mO _ß Zm°H$aemhr H$ AZw‡`mJ - bmH$VmßoÃH$ g_mO _ß Zm°H$aemhr H$ AZw‡`mJ - waldo (1948)H$r —oÓQ> g dmÒVd _ß amOZroV Edß ‡emgZ H$m AbJ H$aZ H$r Agß mÏ`VmH$ ]ma _ß bmH$ ‡emgZ H$ od¤mZ BgH$m AZw_mZ bJm gH$V h° oH$Zm°H$aemhr Edß bmH$VßÃ H$ _‹` gmohÀ` _ß oH$VZm VZmd h°& Mm°Wr gr_mH$ gß]ßY _ß H$h© od¤mZmß Z A[Zr oßMßVmAmß H$m Ï`∫$ oH$`m h° oH$ dmÒVd _ßoZaßHw$e Zm°H$aemhr, bmH$VmßoÃH$ _mZX S>mß Am°a ‡WmAmß H$ obE IVam h°& „bm∞ Am°a _à Z `h VH©$ oX`m oH$ "Zm°H$aemhr H$r j_Vm H$m bm^ CR>mZH$ Xm°amZ Zm°H$aemhr ‡^wÀd H$ IVa g IwX H$m ]MmZ H$ obE h_ [hb`h g_PmZm MmohE oH$ Zm°H$aemhr H°$g H$m`© H$aVr h°& ( Blau andMeyer quoted in Lane, 1999, 8)

„bm∞ Edß _à Z Ï`mª`m oH$ h° oH$ d]a Z ÒdrH$ma oH$`m h° oH$Zm°H$aemhr H$r ÒWm[Zm bmH$VßÃ H$r oXem _ß Xmha _Zm^md dmbr h°&' EH$Va\$ Zm°H$aemhrH$aU H$r ‡doŒm d•hV [°_mZ [a bmH$VßÃ H$r Ama AJ´gahmVr h° Vm Xygar Ama Zm°H$aemhr OZVm H$r am` H$ ‡oV CŒmaXm`r ZhrhmVr h°&'( Blau and Meyer quoted in Lane, 1999, 12)

Meyer & Tool (2006) Z [m`m oH$ Zm°H$aemh eo∫$embr h° Am°aA[Z Òd`ß H$ _yÎ`mß H$m ‡Xoe©V H$aZ H$ obE amOZroVH$ H$m`©H´$_mß _ß]Xbmmd H$a gH$V h°- d gm_naH$ EOßQ> h¢& Wilson (1989) H$m VH©$ h°oH$ bmH$VmßoÃH$ g_mOm H$r Zm°H$aemhr oZ`_mß g ar h°, h EH$ oZoÌMVgßH$V h° oH$ Zm°H$aemhr bmJmß g AbJ h°, CZH$r oMßVmAmß g Xya h° Am°aZm°H$aemhmß H$r eo∫$ Am°a odefmoYH$mamß H$ gmW Ï`ÒV EH$ Ï`m[H$ [rgZdmbr _erZ Om oH$gr H$m odamY H$aZ Edß ^mdZm H$m Hw$MbZ H$r ohÂ_VH$a gH$Vm h°( Wilson, 1989, quoted in Stillman, 2000, 484)&[émgoZH$ [aÂ[amAmß Am°a Zm°H$aemhr H$ o]Zm EH$ AmYwoZH$ g_mO H$‡]›YZ H$r AgÂ^dVm H$ ]rM AgßVwÓQ> _V^Xmß H$ H$maU, AmÌM`© H$r]mV Zhr h° oH$ od¤mZmß H$m Zm°H$aemhr Am°a ‡oVoZoY gaH$ma H$ ]rM H$gß]›Y H$m g_PZ _ß H$oR>ZmB© hmVr h°, Zm°H$aemhmß H$r g_Ò`mEß h_em[XmZwH´$_ Am°a ‡moYH$aU AmYmnaV gßaMZmAmß _ß o\$Q> Zhr hmVr h°&

Zm°H$aemhr A] EH$ ]ßX ‡Umbr Zhr _mZr OmVr h° ∑`mßoH$ ZmJnaH$-gbmhH$ma ]mS>m, [nafXmß Am°a AmoX A›` _m‹`_m g oZU© bZ H$r ‡oH´$`m_ß ^mJ b gH$V h¢& Bg AmYma [a odÎgZ (1989) H$m VH©$ h° oH$ `h‡Umbr A_m›` Edß Aj_ hm JB© h°&C›hmßZ H$hm oH$ "Bg bmH$o‡`^mJrXmar H$m gm˙` H$ Í$[ _ ob`m OmEJm oH$ ‡emgoZH$ Ï`dÒWmo]ÎHw$b ^r ‡Umbr Zhr h°, ]oÎH$ EH$ K•oUV, ^´ÓQ>mMma Am°a [j[mV H$gmW ‡hma H$aVr h°'( Wilson quoted in Stillman, 2000, 484)&Zm°H$aemhr [a dÒVwoZÓQ> —oÓQ>H$mU - Zm°H$aemhr [a dÒVwoZÓQ> —oÓQ>H$mU - Zm°H$aemhr [a dÒVwoZÓQ> —oÓQ>H$mU - Zm°H$aemhr [a dÒVwoZÓQ> —oÓQ>H$mU - Zm°H$aemhr [a dÒVwoZÓQ> —oÓQ>H$mU - oX oZÓ[j hmH$a H$hm OmE VmZ Vm bmH$VßÃ Z hr g_mO, Zm°H$aemhr H$ o]Zm OrodV ah gH$Vm h° ∑`mßoH$bmH$VßÃ Zm°H$aemhr H$ o]Zm MwZ JE ZVmAmß H$ H$m`©H´$_ gÂ]›Yr dm`XmßH$m [yam H$aZ _ gj_ Zhr hmJm& ( Goodsell, 1994, 152)

Waldo H$ obE Zm°H$aemhr H$m _Vb] ]∂S> [°_mZ [a, Am°[MmnaH$,OoQ>b, odefrH$aU Am°a b˙` C›_wI gßJR>Z g h°& bmH$VßÃ _yÎ`mß Am°aZ°oVH$Vm H$r odefVm h° Am°a `h Zm°H$aemhr H$ gmW [yar Vah g AßgJVZhr h°& EH$ Ama Zm°H$aemhr bmH$VmßoÃH$ _yÎ`mß H$m g_W©Z H$aVr h° Am°a


Xygar Va\$ [XmZwH´$_, AZwemgZ Am°a [`©djU O°gr odamYm^mgrodefVmEß ^r h¢ Om g_mZVm Am°a ÒdVßÃVm H$ gmW gßKf© H$aVr h°& dmÎS>mH$m H$hZm h° oH$ h_ß h ÒdrH$ma H$aZm MmohE oH$ Zm°H$aemhr Am°a bmH$VßÃXmZmß dmßN>Zr` Edß AmdÌ`H$ h° Am°a h_ß XmZmß H$ ]rM BÓQ>V_ o_lU H$rVbme H$aZm MmohE&

AZH$ emYH$Œmm© Bg YmaUm H$r OmßM H$aV h° oH$ bmH$VßÃ Am°aZm°H$aemhr AgßJV h°& hmbmoH$ d `h oZÓH$f© oZH$mbV h° oH$ Zm°H$aemhrMwZmd amOZroV H$m Cg VarH$ g O]md XVr h Om bmH$VmßoÃH$ oZ`ßÃUH$m _O]yV H$aVr h° Edß gwYmaVr h°& ( Scholz & Headrick, 1991,829-850) [maß[naH$ —oÓQ>H$mU `h h° oH$ Zm°H$aemh Om Ï`dgm` H$gXÒ` h°, odefH$a CZH$ odef H$m°eb Am°a gaH$ma H$ ]mha [edag_yhmß H$ gß]›Ymß H$ H$maU ]mhar oZ`ßÃUm H$m XyaH$aZ _ß odef Í$[ gHw$eb h°& hmbmoH$ Zm°H$aemhr [edamß H$m A∑ga H$m°eb m OmZH$mar H$mH$mB© EH$moYH$ma Zhr hmVmh°, H$mB© g_Í$[ _yÎ` Zhr aIVm h° Am°a H$B©OmßMmß H$ AYrZ h°&

BgH$ Abmdm h_ `h `mX aIZm hmJm oH$ Hw$N> od¤mZm VH©$ XV h°oH$ Zm°H$aemhr H$m oZÂZoboIV VH©$gßJV Am°oMÀ`mß H$ AmYma [a emgZH$aZ H$r d°⁄Vm h° -1. d gj_, gwoeojV Am°a ‡oeojV h° Am°a d MrOmß H$m OmZV h°&2. CZH$ [mg XrK©H$mobH$ H$m`©H$mb h°, Om CZ bmJmß H$ obE odoeÓQ>

[rE\$ H$ odefk h° oOZH$ [mg oZoÌMV AdoY h°&3. Zm°H$aemh bmJ h° Am°a d _yÎ`mß H$m AmZ›X bV h° Am°a bmJmß Am°a

g_mO H$r gdm H$aZ H$ obE CZH$r A¿N>r B¿N>m h° BgrobE C›hßemgZ H$aZ H$m _m°H$m oX`m OmZm MmohE Am°a bmJmß H$m oMßVm ZhrH$aZr MmohE&

oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - Zm°H$aemhr H$ ¤mam VH©$gßJVVm Am°a XjVm ‡m· H$r Om gH$Vrh°,d]a H$r Bg ]mV H$m ÒdrH$ma oH$`m OmZm MmohE boH$Z Zm°H$aemhrA[Zr H$o_`mß H$ H$maU "EH$ X_ZH$mar oXZM`m© Om ÒdVßÃVm H$ ‡oVHy$bh°'^r og’ hm OmVr h°( Fry, 1998, 33)& ∑`mßoH$ Zm°H$aemhr Ï`o∫$JVÒdVßÃVm H$m gro_V H$aVr h° Am°a gßJR>Z H$ gÂ]›Y _ß gXÒ`mß H$rJoVodY`mß H$m g_PZ _ß [yar Vah Ag\$b Vm Zhr h°, boH$Z _woÌH$b]Zm XVr h°& ( Fry, 1998, 33)

gßÒWm[H$m ß ¤mam ‡ÒVwV [´emgoZH$ [aÂ[amAmß _ß_V^Xmß EdßZm°H$aemhr H$ o]Zm AmYwoZH$ g_mO H$ ‡]›YZ H$r Agß modVm H$ H$maU`h AmÌM`©OZH$ KQ>Zm Zhr h° oH$ od¤mZ A] gmd©OoZH$ ‡egZ H$jÃ _ß Zm°H$aemhr Am°a ‡oVoZoY gaH$ma H$ ]rM gÂ]›Ymß H$r Ï`mª`m H$obE g°’mo›VH$ AmYmamß H$m g_PZ H$r H$moee H$a ah h°(Warner,2001)

dV©_mZ g_mOmß _ß hwE [nadV©Zmß g h Ò[ÓQ> hm OmVm h° oH$ ‡emgH$mß,OZ‡oVoZoY`mß Edß OZVm H$ _‹` Am[g _ß gßKf© hmVm ahVm [∂S>Vm h°&MyßoH$[XmZwH´$_ Am°a ‡moYH$aU AmYmnaV gßaMZm _m°OyXm gßaMZm _ß AmgmZr go\$Q> Zhr hm [m ahr h° BgobE AoYH$ OoQ>b g_Ò`mAm H$ AZwHy$b hmZH$ obE Zm°H$aemhr H$ [wZJ©R>Z `m gwYma H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Ò[ÓQ> hm OmVrh° Xw^m©Ω` g Bg ]ma _ß H$mB© Am_ gh_oV Zhr h° oH$ [wZJ©R>Z H°$g oH$`mOm gH$Vm h° Am°a `h _w‘m AmZ dmb XeH$mß H$ obE bmH$‡emgZ H$ jÃ_ß J_© ]hg _ß g EH$ ahJm

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ1. Barnard, Chester I. (1966). The Functions of Execu-

tive. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UniversityPress.

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gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. McKinnon, A. (2014). Elementary Forms of the Meta-

phorical Life: Tropes at Work in Durkheim’s Theory ofthe Religious’. Journal of Classical Sociology, vol 14,no. 2, pp. 203-221

2. Arvind Sharma (2002), On Hindu, Hindustân, Hindu-ism and Hindutva. Numen Vol. 49, Fasc. 1 (2002), pp.1-36.

3. A Bhattacharya (2009), Applied Ethics, Center for Ap-plied Ethics and Philosophy, Hokkaido University, ISBN978-4990404611, pages 63-64

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1 1 January 2008 Rampur UP lashkar-e- Taiba Uattar Pradesh2 May 13 2008 Jaipur bombings 9l bomb blasts

along 6 areas in JaIpur Jaipur (Rj.)3 July 25 2008 2008 Bangalore serial blasts 8 low Bangalore

intensity bomb blasts in banglore4 July 26 2008 Ahmedabad Bombings 17 serial bomb Gujrat

blasts in Ahmedabad5 Septamber 13 2008 Delhi bombings 5 bomb blast in Delhi

Delhi markets6 Sep 27 2008 Delhi Bombing : Bombing at mehrauli Delhi

area , 2 bomb blasts in Delhi flowermarket

7 sep 29 2008 Western india bombing: 10 killed and Maharastra80 injured in bombings in maharashtra(Including malegaon and Gujrat bombblasts)

8 Oct 1 2008 Agartala Bombings Agartala9 Oct 21 2008 Imphal bombing Imphal (Madupur)10 Oct 30 2008 Assam bombings Assam11 Nov 26 Mumbai Attacks Mumbai12 January 1 2009 Guwahati Bombings Assam13 6 April 2009 Assam Bombings Assam14 Ferbruary 13 2010 Pune bombing Pune15 7 Dec 2010 Varanasi bombing Varansi16 July 13 2011 Mumbai bombings Mumbai17 Septa 7 2011 Delhi bombing Delhi18 February 13 2012 Attacks on israeli diplomats Delhi19 Feb 21 2013 Hyderabad blasts Hyderabad20 March 13 2013 Shrinagar Attack Jammu and Kasmir21 Oct 27 2013 Patna bombing Patna22 April 25 2014 Blast in jharkhand Jharkhand23 March 20 2015 Jammu attack Jammu and kasmir24 July 27 2015 Gurdaspur attack in dina nagar

gurdaspur district25 January 2 2016 Pathankot attack in pathankot Punjab

air force station pthankot26 Aug 5 2016 Terrorist attack in the market area

Bulajan Tinali of the city of kokrajharby three terrorists suspected to bebodo militants using ak-47 and useda grenude

27 Sep 18 2016 Uri attack Uri J&k28 Oct 3 2016 Baramulla attack Baramulla J&K29 Oct 6 2016 Handwara attack at rashtyriya Handwara J&K

rittles camp30 Nov 29 2016 Nagrota attack Nagrota J&K

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Abstract - Most students are afraid of examinations, but examinations are very important today.They are also very interesting. Examinations are important because they compel students to learn without them moststudents would not learn. So they would know very little about the world. They would teach only subjects in which theyare interested and ignore the other subjects which are thought to be difficult, though they are very important in themodern age. Exam anxiety is a psychological condition in which a person experiences distress before, during, or aftera test or other assessment to such an extent that this anxiety causes poor performance or interferes with normallearning. Hypnosis is a mental state (state theory) or set of attitudes and beliefs (non-state theory) usually induced bya procedure known as a hypnotic induction, which is commonly composed of a series of preliminary instructions andsuggestions.Key Words - Anxiety, Examination, Hypnosis, Learning, Performance.

Effect Of Examination Anxiety AndHypnotherapy On Students

Introduction - The most exciting day in the life of a studentis the day during the final examination for class promotion.He prepares himself well for about a month before theexamination and still he has fears and hopes on the day ofthe examination. Even a student who neglects his lessonssits up to make his eleventh hour preparation. A studentwho studies hard may feel confident once inside theexamination hall for the first paper. Every student is anxiousto know whether the question papers would be difficult ornot, except a few who do not take their question paperswould be difficult or not, except a few who do not take theirlessons seriously. Most of the students eagerly look forwardto the examination day. Unlike the other days, examinationdays are usually quiet. Everyone seems to browse his notesfor the last time before going into the hall. Every minuteseems precious before the bell goes as it provides the lastchance to check the facts properly. Sometimes the lastminute reading may help you to score marks. It is indeed aday of excitement to every child who takes his or her lessonsseriously. Life today has become so complex thatexaminations have come to play an important part in one’seducational career. Examinations are considered soimportant that most students are afraid of them.

An examination, commonly known as exam, is a testto see how good somebody is at something . In its widestsense, to examine somebody or something is to look at itvery carefully, perhaps to find out why something is notworking properly. Someone who is ill may need to go to

Dr. Bharti Joshi * Dr. Nitendra Singh Rajput **

*Associate Professor (Lifelong Learning) Devi Ahilya University , Takshshila Parisar , Kahandwa Road, Indore(M.P.) INDIA

**Corporate T rainer , Pandit V entures PVT Lt d. , 9 th Floor , Sambhav House, Premchand Nagar , Bodakdev ,Ahmadabad (Gujrat) INDIA

a doctor to have a medical examination. In educationexamination is a test to show the ability and knowledge ofa student. In examination there are two important thing firstcandidate and second examiner.

A student who takes an examination is a candidate.The person who decides how well the student hasperformed is the examiner. An examination could be awritten test, an on-screen test or a practical test. Examplesof a practical test may be: playing a musical instrument,driving a car, speaking a language, & doing a scientificexperiment. An on-screen test is a test which uses thecomputer.Examination Anxiety - Terms like anxiety, intelligence, andmotivation are abstract constructs which have been ad-vanced to make various facets of performance, compre-hensible. For example, we may attribute a student’s excel-lent performance in classroom examination to his superiorintelligence or we may interpret their poor performance interms of motivation concept such as anxiety, which inter-feres or facilitates with academic achievement. Exam anxi-ety is a psychological condition in which a person experi-ences distress before, during, or after a test or other as-sessment to such an extent that this anxiety causes poorperformance or interferes with normal learning.Definitions of Examination anxiety - According to Lali(1997), Examination anxiety is a factor that is for more harm-ful than general anxiety, Hence it is ideal that when class-room tests are conducted there must be clear attempt to


minimize this form of anxiety.According to Dickson, ken(2009), Exam anxiety is

excessive worry about upcoming exams, fear of beingevaluated, apprehension about the consequences,experienced by many normal students, not mysterious ordifficult to understand, manageable by following a plan ofhelpful suggestions. There are four main areas which cancontribute to exam anxiety: lifestyle issues, informationneeds, studying styles, psychological Factors . Lifestyleissues that can contribute to exam anxiety are inadequaterest, poor nutrition, too many stimulants, Insufficientexercise, not scheduling available time, not prioritizingcommitments.

Test anxiety has been overwhelmingly identified as atwo-factor construct, consisting of the cognitive (oftenreferred to as “worry”) and emotional (or affective)components (Morris, Davis, & Hutchings 1981, Schwarzer1986). Test anxiety is an important predictor of academicachievements. Sgoutas-Emch , et al. (2007) Symptoms of Examination Anxiety - Some students mayexperience symptoms of test anxiety. They believe that theknowledge they bring to a test (resources) will be inadequateto perform to their desired level. This generates addedstress and anxiety, which may become overwhelming forsome students. When anxiety begins to affect exam per-formance it has become a problem.Prior to, or during anexam, as in any stressful situation, a student may experi-ence any of the following changes -Physiological Emotional CognitivePerspiration Fear of failure Decreased ability

to make decisionsIndigestion, vomiting Helplessness Memory lossHeadache Frustration/ Limited attention

anger spanTrembling/Dizziness Shame/guilt Inability to

concentrateRapid heart beat Doubt/ Mental distraction

hopelessnessTense muscles, tics Anxiety/panic ProcrastinationPoor sleeping habits Tearfulness CatastrophizingCauses of the examination anxiety - Exam anxiety candevelop for a number of reasons. There may be some priornegative experience with test taking that serves as theactivating event. Students who have experienced, or havea fear of, blanking out on tests or the inability to perform intesting situations can develop anticipatory anxiety. Worryingabout how anxiety may affect oneself can be as debilitatingas the anxiety itself. There are many reasons which cantrigger the examination anxiety.l Lack of preparation can contribute to test anxiety. Poor

time management, poor study habits, and lack oforganization can lead to a student feeling overwhelmed.

l Lack of confidence, fear of failure, and other negativethought processes may also contribute to test anxiety.The pressure to perform well on exams is a greatmotivator unless it is so extreme that it becomes

irrational.l Perfectionism, low self-esteem, and feelings of

unworthiness provide unreasonable goals to achievethrough testing situations. When a student’s self-esteem is too closely tied to the outcome of any oneacademic task, the results can be devastating. In thesesituations, students may actually spend more timeworrying about the test than actually studying for it.

l Psychological Factors- Feeling no control over theexam situation (rather than knowing and applying examstrategies), Negative thinking and self-criticism (ratherthan being one’s own best friend), Irrational thinkingabout exams and outcomes, Irrational beliefs “If I don’tpass my (parents/partner/boss) will kill me!” Irrationaldemands “I have to get 100% or I am worthless.”Catastrophic predictions “I’ll fail no matter what I do.”

l Biological Causes of exam anxiety in stressfulsituations, such as before and during an exam, thebody releases a hormone called adrenaline. This helpsprepare the body to deal with what is about to happenand is commonly referred to as the “fight-or-flight”response. Essentially, this response prepares you toeither stay and deal with the stress or escape thesituation entirely. In a lot of cases, this adrenaline rushis actually a good thing. It helps prepare you to dealeffectively with stressful situations, ensuring that youare alert and ready. Symptoms such as nausea,sweating and shaking hands can actually make peoplefeel even more nervous, especially if they becomepreoccupied with test anxiety symptoms.

Hypnotherapy - When a hypnotist use the hypnotism fortherapeutic purposes is referred to as “hypnotherapy”.Induction of hypnosis and its deepening consist of facilitatingan inward focusing of attention, which largely depends uponthe motivation, hypnotisability and emotional state of thesubject himself rather that the ability of hypnotist. The realskill of therapy through hypnosis is in proper understandingof the psychopathology of the patient’s or client’s symptomsand his personality, developing immediate and long terngoals and then presenting proper ideas (suggestions) andimages to achieve therapeutic gains. When used with thetotal management approach to a patient, hypnosisestablishes a climate for the healing precisely becauseHypnotherapy as a Psychotherapy - Hypnotherapy is theuse of hypnosis in psychotherapy. It is used by licensedphysicians, psychologists, and others. Physicians andpsychiatrists may use hypnosis to treat depression, anxiety,eating disorders, sleep disorders, compulsive

Hypnosis has been defined as the altered state ofconsciousness and heightened responsiveness tosuggestions. During the hypnotic sessions positivesuggestions are given to build confidence and eliminatethe exam fear. Through hypnosis they can learn that howthey can relax themselves before or during examinationperiod and how they can increase their self-conceptpositively and emotional strength. These positive changes


will also be helpful to increase their intelligence. The presentstudy is an humble attempt to understand the effectivenessof the hypnotherapy as a method to effectively deal withteenager’s mental health issues. Our sense of self, ourintelligence, and the mental and social health of our nation,suffer when person miss any of the required steps ofemotional experience. Greenspan disagrees with thetheories of Kant and Piaget, but amplifies Freud’s, to showthe overriding importance of emotions (“lived experience”)in the development of intelligence.

Hypnosis is a powerful state for facilitating emotionaland physiological change. Self-hypnosis session can havehealth benefits and an ongoing influence on self-trust andemotional balance, Saltz (2008). A poor self-image is byfar the most damaging set of beliefs that any person canhold. Holding onto a negative self-image can damageperson’s life in immeasurable ways. However it can bechanged through the specific auto suggestions with the helpof hypnotherapy and transform into a positive, strong selfimage like a person is capable, loving, and strong anddestined to succeed, Palan (2003). Person can literallyachieve anything which he set in his mind with the help ofhypnosis. In the present research researcher will findwhether specific designed hypnotherapy session willinfluence the mental health and reduce the level ofexamination anxiety of the students or not.Studies related to Examination Anxiety and Hypnosis -Zhao et al, (2015) studied effect of hypnosis onpsychological stress and anxiety. The study revealed asignificant improvement due to hypnotherapy in anxiety andstress of students. The study utilized a 2 (gender: male vs.female) × 2 (hypnosis mode: AR hypnosis vs. ordinaryhypnosis) between-groups experimental design. Taqavi &Pourasghar, (2015) studied on to assess the effectivenessof hypnotherapy on self concept, self efficacy and examanxiety. Exam anxiety is associated with interferences withthe educational exam, leading to poor results and evenschool abandon. Hypnotherapy could increase the qualityself concept, self efficacy and decrease exam anxiety instudents. Random sampling method was used and a 20subjects sample resulted, which was evenly split into twogroups, experiment (n = 10) and control group (n = 10).The experiment group was placed under hypnotherapytreatment for 6 sessions. The Delavar self-concept,Bandora self-efficacy, and exam anxiety Inventory wereused, in order to obtain data from participants. The post -test results between the experimental and control groupshowed statistically significant differences for self-concept(F = 6.944, P<0.05), self-efficacy (F=11.25, P<0.05) andanxiety (F=23,002, P<0.05), respectively. The resultsindicate that hypnotherapy has positive effects on self-concept, self-efficacy and exam anxiety, in guidance schoolstudents.

Kumar and Jena (2013) studied on effect of ClinicalHypnotherapy on Anxiety Symptoms. Studied aim to useClinical Hypnotherapy as an intervention strategy to help

patients diagnosed with Anxiety symptoms. This study wasconducted with 7 college students, pursuing Ph.D. fromUniversity of Delhi, South Campus of the age group 20 to30 years who scored 14 and above on the Hamilton AnxietyRating Inventory. Clinical hypnosis was used as anintervention strategy. Results were that the t-test score of6.3454 revealed that the pre and post intervention scoresattained by the intervention subjects on the toll weresignificant at 95% level of significance. This studydemonstrated how the use of Clinical hypnotherapy is aneffective intervention strategy to help patients diagnosedwith anxiety symptoms.

Mathur and Khan (2011) found in their study of 10children age 13 and 14, anxiety and scholastic achievementscores were obtained before and after hypnotherapyintervention. Where pre-test anxiety scores ranged from80-92% while post-test anxiety scores dropped to 60-68%.Pre-test academic scores ranged 50-57% while postintervention scores increased by 10-15%.which indicatedthat hypnotherapy as treatment intervention proved to beeffective in reducing exam anxiety and improving scholasticperformance among children.

Hypnotherapy is used to treat a range of anxietydisorders. A systematic review by Baker, Ainsworth,Torgerson and Torgerson (2009) showed that hypnotherapyis effective in reducing exam anxiety; however it was onlyable to locate five small randomized controlled trials. A fullscale randomized trial is therefore needed to assesswhether hypnosis is effective in both reducing exam anxietyand in increasing exam performance. The purpose of thispilot trial was, therefore, to investigate the acceptability ofsuch a trial to both participants and examination providers,and the feasibility of conducting a full scale trial.Participants,all first year nursing students, were randomized to receivehypnotherapy sessions preceding a numeracy test or to acontrol group which did not receive hypnotherapy. Resultswere that two thirds of participants approached to take partin the pilot trial agreed to take part and remained in the trialuntil completion. The two main reasons expressed for nottaking part included not wanting to be hypnotised and notfeeling anxious about the exam. Attendance at thehypnotherapy sessions was high and almost all those whoreceived hypnotherapy reported that they found it helpfuland useful. Olatoye and Afuwape (2003), Hurlock (1972),test anxiety is the psychological state of mind of a candidateabout a test as expressed by the level of worry, fear,uncertainty, concern and helplessness expressed before,during or even after a test.

Although theories of test anxiety provide importantinsights regarding the process like interference model,deficits model, or information processing model by whichtest anxiety affects performance, much of the research ontest anxiety has focused on the differential impact ofemotionality and worry factors of test anxiety onperformance (Cassady, & Johnson, 2002; Hembree, 1988)Gail Brown et al. ( 1997) found that hypnosis is a therapeutic


procedure that is appropriate for some school-age clients.Clinical applications of hypnosis in the school setting includetreatment of test anxiety, problems with studying andconcentration, phobias, sleep disorders, social skillstraining, anxiety, pain, bulimia, enuresis, etc. Through theuse of hypnosis that utilizes metaphors and imagery,children can be empowered to find unique solutions to theirproblems.

A study by Stanton (1993) on effect of hypnotherapysession on examination anxiety revealed similar results. Inthis study, they were seen individually for two, 40-50-minutesessions of hypnotherapeutic training designed to engenderan increased confidence in their ability to overcomeexamination anxiety. Two outcome measures were used:the actual examination result and a face-valid attitude scale,the Examination Anxiety Thermometer. On the first of these,10 of the 11 practitioners recorded passes, whereas on thesecond, 9 indicated an attitude change toward lower levelsof test anxiety. Attention is drawn to the minimal expenditureof time involved in the treatment and the generalizability ofthe hypnotherapeutic technique to other areas of thepractitioners’ lives.

Palan & Chandwani (1987) studied “Coping withExamination Stress through Hypnosis: An ExperimentalStudy”. Fifty-six volunteer medical students participated inthree groups balanced for number of subjects, performanceat last examination, and hypnotizability. The hypnosis andwaking groups attended eight group sessions once a weekwith general ego-strengthening and specific suggestionsfor study habits, with a ninth session of age progressionand mental rehearsal. Subjects in these two groupspracticed self-suggestions (in self-hypnosis or wakingrespectively) daily for the study period of 9 weeks. Thecontrol group experienced sessions of passive relaxationinduced by light reading for the same period of time. Thehypnosis group improved significantly in coping withexamination stress.Recommendation - India has various kind of structure inschool education as private schools and public schools.Hypnotherapy can be compared to other traditional methodsprevalent in the Indian schools, for example counselingmethod is one the prior method which is used to deal withthese kinds of problems. So counseling method can becompare with the hypnotherapy method to see theeffectiveness of the method in school settings.Benefit s for S tudent s - Hypnosis can help to reduce examanxiety in students .Exam anxiety can cause serious ill-ness in students like, high blood pressure, obesity and sleepdisorders. If students have a lot of exam anxiety and pres-sure in their life, then there will be constantly in a high alertstate then one of the benefits of hypnotherapy would belearning some simple relaxation and self hypnosis tech-niques that can reduce this exam anxiety or stress becausehypnosis involves putting you in a deep state of relaxationit gives your mind and body a chance to recuperate, repairand heal itself by experiencing the relaxation that it des-

perately needs in present social context and environment. Benefit s for Parent s - Present time parents also take in-terest in the problems of their children. This kind of researchgives an extra advantage to see the other alternative solu-tions of their children’s problem. Self Hypnosis can helpparents to reduce their worry related to their children’s examperformance, and parents can use the positive affirmationfor their children to improve their performance.Benefit s for Administration and T eachers - School ad-ministration can involve hypnotherapy in their school sched-ule and provide the session to all the students before theexamination so they can get the better performance fromthe students. Generally, teachers in the day to day class-room interaction find many students who are facing mentalhealth problems. Teacher in the light of present researchcan understand the problems of the students and can fur-ther try to guide students and parents to solve their prob-lems. The results of the present study can be guiding linefor teachers who are pillars of a school system.Benefit s for Policy Makers - Hypnotherapy are a part ofalternative therapy which generate harmony in mind, bodyand behavior and there is no side effect of it. When policymaker is considering about the society welfare then theycan involve hypnosis as a very good tool for improving themental health of the society.a. School counselor should learn the hypnotherapy so

they can use it as a therapy tool instead of doing justcounseling.

b. Govt. school should appoint the certified hypnotherapistin the school so they can improve the mental health ofthe students through the hypnosis techniques. It willimprove the job opportunities also in the society.

c. Govt. should open hypnotherapy one year diplomacourses in Govt. Universities so many people can learnand take the benefits from it. It will generate the Govt.source of income from these courses.

d. Govt. should involve hypnosis course in the syllabusof these subjects: Psychology , M.B.B.S, Counseling,MSW ,Child psychology, Clinical Psychology ,M. Philin Clinical Psychology, Social Psychology etc. so soci-ety will get the benefits in all these area through itsservices.

References :-1. Cassady, J. C., & Johnson, R. E. (2002). Cognitive

test anxiety and academic performance. Contempo-rary Educational Psychology,27, 270-295.

2. Gail W. Brown, David Summers, Brent Coffman,Rodney Riddell & Bruce Poulsen (1997 ) . The Use ofHypnotherapy with School-Age Children”: Volume 15,Issue 3, pages 53-65.

3. Hembree, R. (1988). Correlates, causes, effects, andtreatment of test anxiety. Review of Educational Re-search, 58, 47-77

4. Hurlock E.N. (1972). Child Development (5th Ed) NewYork: Hill Book Company.

5. Kumar, Akshay., Jena, SPK. (2013). “Effect of Clinical


Hypnotherapy on Anxiety Symptoms”. Delhi Psychiatry Jour-nal, Vol. 16 No.1

6. Lali, S (1997). “Influence of Anxiety on ScienceAchievement of Secondary School Pupils .” Asian Jour-nal of Psychology and Education, 30 (7-8), 29-32.

7. Mathur, S. and Khan, W. (2011) Impact of Hypno-therapy on Examination Anxiety and Scholastic Per-formance among School Age Children. Delhi Psychia-try Journal, 14(2), 337-342.

8. Morris, L. W., Davis, M. A., & Hutchings, C. H. (1981).Cognitive and emotional components of anxiety: Lit-erature review and a revised worry-emotionality scale.Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 541-555.

9. Olatoye RA, Afuwape MO (2003). Test anxiety as adeterminant of examination misdemeanor amongsome Nigerian Secondary School Students. Ibadan J.Educ. Stud. 3(182): 32-39.

10. Palan,B.M. (2003). A holistic stress management &self-development programme with self-Hypnosis:Transformation.

11. Palan, B.M. & Chandwani, S.(1987). Coping withExamination Stress Through Hypnosis : AnExperimental Study. American Journal of Clinical

Hypnosis, Volume 31-issue 3 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00029157.1989.10402886

12. Saltz, Wendy Lapidus, (2008). Can Hypnosis makeme rich, thin, brilliant and happy? The Hypnosis Alli-ance network.

13. Schwarzer, R. (1986). Self-related cognitions in anxi-ety and motivation: An introduction. In R. Schwarzer(Ed.), Self-related cognitions in anxiety and motivation(pp. 1- 18). Hillsdale, NJ: LEA.

14. Sgoutas-Emch SA, Naget E, Flynn S (2007). Corre-lates of Performance in Biological Psychology: Howcan We Help? J. Instr. Psychol. 34(1): 46-53.

15. Stanton E. Harry, (1993). Using Hypnotherapy to Over-come Examination Anxiety American Journal of Clini-cal Hypnosis , Vol. 35, (3).

16. Taqavi, Somayeh & Poursghar, Mehdi (2015) Interna-tional Journal of Basic Sciences & Applied Research.Vol., 4 (11), 661-666.

17. Zhao Xiaojun, You Xuqun , Shi Changxiu and GanShuoqiu (2015). Hypnosis therapy using augmentedreality technology: treatment for psychological stressand anxiety. Behaviour & Information Technology , Vol.34, (6).

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Abstract - Bullying is a widely prevelant problem that is spreading far and wide and having severe adverse effects onschool children, especially in adolescents. Teachers, parents and other caregivers are faced with many cases ofstudents suffering emotional, physical and mental trauma because of being constantly bullied by classmates or seniorsstudents. The present study aimed to find the relationship, if any, between bullying and academic performance ofadolescents. A sample of 248 students of class 8th from schools of Indore was taken for the study. Illionis Bully Scaledeveloped by Espelage & Holt (2001) was used to measure bullying and Academic performance of students wasmeasured by using the marks obtained by students in Summative Assessment-1(that is equivalent to the half yearlyexamination). The results showed a negative relationship between bullying and Academic Performance that showsthe adverse effect of bullying on the grades of students.Key Words- Bullying, Adolescents, Academic Performance.

Study Of Relationship Of Bullying With AcademicPerformance Of Adolescents

Dr. Saroj Kothari * Richa Mandovra **

Introduction - What is Bullying? - World HealthOrganization defines bullying as a threat or physical use offorce, aiming at the individual, another person, a specificcommunity or group which can result in injury, death,physical damage, some development disorders ordeficiency. A single student who bullies can have far-reaching effects in the school and create a climate of fearand intimidation not only in his or her victims but in fellowstudents as well. Students who bully, their victims, andbystanders are all affected. Despite the commonassumption that bullying is a normal part of childhood andencompasses minor teasing and harassment (Laursen etal, 1998), researchers increasingly find that bullying is aproblem that can be detrimental to students’ well-being(Nansel TR et al, 2003, Kshirsagar VY et al, 2007).

Bullying can be undertaken in several different methods(e.g., face-to-face, group, or cyberbullying). During face-to-face bullying one student directly bullies another student.Group bullying occurs when multiple aggressors engagein bullying a student. Cyberbullying occurs when a studentis bullied through social media, text-message, or othermeans of technologically based communication.Bullies often come from families that use physical forms ofdiscipline(Prod. Debra Chasnof et al.,2003).This somewhatturns the tables on the bully, making them the victim.Unfortunately, this leads to a strategy of bully or bebullied.(Beaty, LA; Alexeyev, EB (2008))School Bullying - School bullying is a type of bullying thatoccurs in an educational setting. School bullying may bemore specifically characterized by:· An intention to harm: intention suggests that the harm

*Professor & Head (Psychology) Government MLB Girls P . G. College, Indore (M.P.) INDIA**Research Scholar (Psychology) Government MLB Girls P . G. College, Indore (M.P.) INDIA

caused by bullying is deliberate, not accidental.l Victimisation distress: bullying causes the victim to

suffer mild to severe psychological, social or physicaltrauma.

l Repetition: bullying is persistent; it happens more thanonce or has the potential to occur multiple times.

l Power inequity: real or perceived imbalance of powerbetween the bully and the victim.

l Provocation: bullying is proposed to be a part ofprogressive aggression: motivated by perceivedbenefits of their aggressive behaviours.

Types of bullying- Direct bullying is a relatively open attackon a victim that is physical and/or verbal in nature. Indirectbullying is more subtle and harder to direct, but involvesone or more forms of relational aggression, including socialisolation, intentional exclusion, rumor-spreading, damagingsomeone’s reputation, making faces or obscene gesturesbehind someone’s back, and manipulating friendships andother relationships.( Hirsch, L. & Lowen, C, 2012)

Another classification of types of bullying is into threecategories:a) Physicalb) Verbalc) Relationship (Langevin, 2000).

Physical bullying is based on anger and assertedthrough physical acts. Verbal bullying uses words to hurtand humiliate victims. Lastly, relationship bullying occurswhen rumors are spread about the victim.

Bullying occurs in and away from schools; however,the majority of bullying takes place in educationalinstitutions. Bullying locations vary by context. For example,


the playground is the most dangerous area on theelementary level, followed by the outdoor recess area,hallways, indoor recess, and classrooms. In middle school,hallways were the most perilous location, followed by thelunchroom, outdoor recess areas, classrooms, indoorrecess, and the front of the school. The commondenominator in almost all of these locations is inadequateor no supervision and unstructured time.Why is bullying harmful? - When bullying pervades aschool, victims are not the only ones to suffer. Bullyingcreates an atmosphere of fear, self-doubt and worry thataffects the instigators, the victims and onlookers. Theemotional turmoil can cause a child to neglect hisacademics, leading to failing grades. Students who arevictims of bullying encounter difficulty with socialdevelopment. Olwues (1993) found bullying victims oftenlack friends in the class and at school. Students exposedto long-term bullying perceive the school environment asunfriendly, frightening, and often experience a major partof their school career feeling anxiety and insecurity.

The obvious physical harm exhibited by physicalbullying is bruises, cuts, or other unexplained injuries ordamaged possessions. The elevated levels of anxiety,stress, and depression exhibited from the other forms ofbullying can lead to physiological responses. A meta-analysis of bullying research found that victims of all typesof bullying are more likely to exhibit bouts of headaches,stomachaches, dizziness, bedwetting, and sleepingproblems (Gini & Pozzoli, 2009).Declining Grades - Low achievement in school and bullyingare frequently linked. It is seen that students who arerepeatedly bullied receive poorer grades and participate lessin class discussions. Some students may get mislabeledas low achievers because they do not want to speak up inclass for fear of getting bullied.Roles kids play - There are some roles in bullying thattake place. “McNamee and Mercurio” have identified thepeople involved in bullying as: the person doing the bullying,the person getting bullied and the bystander as the “bullyingtriangle”. (Dr. Mark Dombeck -2012)l Bully - Students with power (social and/or physical)

who repeatedly picks on another student or group ofstudents with the intent to inflict harm or discomfort.

l Victim - Students who are the target of the bullying.lllll Byst ander - Student who observes bullying – may

ignore bullying, encourage bullying, or take a standagainst bullying.( Miller et al., 2014)

What is Adolescence? - The most longstanding definitionof the onset of adolescence links it to puberty, whenhormone activity produces the development of secondarysex characteristics.

WHO identifies adolescence as the period in humangrowth and development that occurs after childhood andbefore adulthood, from ages 10 to19. The transition fromchildhood to adolescence can cause stress that mightpromote bullying behavior, as students attempt to define

their place in the new social structure. A short-terminvestigation of over 500 middle school students (grades6-8) found an increase in bullying behavior among sixth-graders over a 4-month period (Espelage et al., 2001).Bullying Appears to Affect S tudent s’ AcademicPerformance - When students feel sick, depressed,worried, and/or isolated and alone, it is hard for them toperform to their potential in school (Juvonen, J. et al.,(2000)). Feeling sick and thinking about or anticipatingbullying may interfere with students’ ability to concentrate,which can reduce their ability to learn new material. In turn,students who felt down and sick as a function of bullyingwere absent from school more often and obtained lowergrades.Methodology -Sample - Random Sampling method was used to selectthree schools where both the tools would be administered.The tests were administered on all students of class 8th.The sample consisted of 248 students. The constitution ofthe sample is as follows -

No. of Boys 120No. of Girls 128

*Names of the schools and students cannot bedisclosed because of confidentiality.Tools to be used -l Illionis Bully Scale developed by Espelage & Holt

(2001) was used to measure bullying.l Academic performance of student s was measured

by using the marks obtained by students in SummativeAssessment-1(that is equivalent to the half yearlyexamination).

Findings -Descriptive S tatistics

Mean Std. Deviation NBullying 4.8306 3.54662 248Marks Percentage 43.3940 16.62193 248

The high deviation in bullying can be attributed to thefollowing two reasons:l There is a selected group of students that is being

bullied much more than othersl The survey was conducted in school settings, so a few

students might not have reported the correct level ofbullying.

Pearson Bullying 1.000Correlation Marks Percentage -.207N Bullying 248

Marks Percentage 248The correlation between Bullying and Marks

Percentage is -.207 which is low degree negative correlationwhich indicates that as bullying increases, there is adecrease in academic performance.

This negative correlation is also supported by a meta-analysis of 33 studies which concluded that students whoare bullied are more likely to earn lower grades and scoreson standardized achievement tests (Nakamoto & Schwartz,2009). The few studies that have examined the causal


effects over time indicate that peer victimization increasesthe risk of lower achievement (Schwartzet al., 2005). Theconnection between harassment and low academicachievement has also been observed with school level data,as reported in California Healthy Students Research Project(CHSRP) Brief No. 1. CHKS data show that schools withhigh Academic Performance Index (API) scores hadsignificantly lower rates of harassment than schools withlow API scores, even after adjusting for socioeconomic andother school characteristics. Depending on the grade levelexamined, the number of students reporting rates ofharassment was 22-33 percentage points higher at theschools in the bottom API quintile than it was at schools inthe top API quintile (Hanson et al., 2010). In one study,emotional problems associated with being bulliedcompromised academic performance as early aselementary school (Schwartz et al., 2005).Conclusion - There is a negative correlation betweenbullying and academic performance. Hence as the studentgets increasingly bullied, the academic performance showsa steady decline. Hence when a student shows a decline ingrades, instead of blaming, scolding him, the teacher andparents should talk to him, counsel him and try to ascertainthe reason for this sudden change because it is highlypossible that he /she is getting bullied at school. Bullyingshould be considered a major problem by schools, parentsand authorities so that measures to address it can be taken.Frequent physical complaints may be warning signs that achild is being bullied. Especially when such complaints takeplace during certain classes or activities, it is important tofind out if bullying is happening in these classes or by certainstudents.

Teachers and other adults in children’s lives at schoolcan help by limiting students’ exposure to bullying. Adultinvolvement includes discretely intervening in bullyingincidents both inside and outside (e.g., during lunch, recess,passing period) of the classroom. Public intervention mayalso be warranted when the bullying is public and observedby other students. Teachers and school staff shouldconsistently intervene whenever a bullying incident comesto their attention because the events that adults observeare a fraction of what students encounter on a daily basis.Timely and prompt intervention and punishment for bullieswill give a strong positive message to other students thatbullying is not going to be tolerated.Suggestions for future work -l More schools, including government schools can be

included in the survey to get better sample.l The study can be conducted over longer duration to

assess long term effect of bullying on academic per-formance.

l The role of other factors like gender of the victim, so-cioeconomic status etc can also be assessed.

References :-

1. Beaty, LA; Alexeyev, EB (2008). ”The problem of schoolbullies: What the research tells us”. Adolescence (169):1–11. PMID 18447077.

2. Dr. Mark Dombeck. Mentalhelp.net. Retrieved on 2012-12-30.

3. Espelage, D. L., & Holt, M. K. (2001). BULLYING ANDVICTIMIZATION DURING EARLY ADOLESCENCE:PEER INFLUENCES AND PSYCHOSOCIAL CORRE-LATES (pp. 123-142). Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press

4. Gianluca Gini, PhD, Tiziana Pozzoli, MA, AssociationBetween Bullying and Psychosomatic Problems: AMeta-analysis, PEDIATRICS Vol. 123 No. 3 March 1,2009 pp. 1059 -1065

5. Hanson, T., Austin, G., & Zheng, H. (2010). Academicperformance and school well-being in California. Cali-fornia Healthy Students Research Project ResearchBrief. No. 1. San Francisco: WestEd

6. Hirsch, L. & Lowen, C. Bully. New York: WeinsteinBooks, 2012. Print.

7. Juvonen, J., Nishina, A., & Graham, S. (2000). Peerharassment, psychological adjustment, and schoolfunctioning in early adolescence. Journal of Educa-tional Psychology, 92, 349-359.

8. Kshirsagar VY, Agarmal R, Bavdekar SB. Bullying inSchools: Prevalence and Short-Term Impact.IndianPediatr. 2007;44:25–8.

9. Langevin, M. (2000). Teasing and Bullying: Unaccept-able Behaviour. Available from the Institute for Stutter-ing Treatment & Research, 3rd Floor, 8220 — 114Street, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P4.

10. Laursen, B., Coy, K. C., & Collins, W. A. (1998). Re-considering changes in parent–child conflict acrossadolescence: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 69,817–832.

11. Let’s Get Real. Prod. Debra Chasnof, Helen S. Cohen,and Kate Stilley. New Day Films: Women’s EducationalMedia, 2003. Videocassette

12. Miller, Holly Ventura, and J. Mitchell Miller. “School-Based Bullying Prevention.” Encyclopedia ofVictimology and Crime Prevention. Ed. Bonnie S.Fisher, and Steven P. Lab. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGEPublications, Inc., 2010. 818–20. SAGE knowledge.Web. 20 Feb. 2014.

13. Nakamoto, J. & Schwartz, D. (2009). Is peer victim-ization associated with academic achievement? Ameta-analytic review. Social Development, 19, 221-242.

14. Olweus, D. (1993). BULLYING AT SCHOOL: WHATWE KNOW AND WHAT WE CAN DO. Cambridge,MA: Blackwell. ED 384 437.

15. Schwartz, D. Gorman, A. H., Nakamoto, J. & Toblin,R. L. (2005). Victimization in the peer group andchildren’s academic functioning. Journal of EducationalPsychology, 97, 425-435.

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Abstract - The paper examines how one culture accepts, absorbs, adapts, or resists the onset of hybridity. Thecomparative analysis of culture and society provides a complex picture of contested versions of hybridity. This revealsboth the contradictions that sharpen and the overlap that blurs the distinctions between West and East. The paperrevisits the culture of Ruskin Bond, not in the usual terms of the influence of west on the East, but as a set ofrelationships between both of them. This shift in emphasis provides new insights into how the peoples of differentculture sought to discover new ways to negotiate the problems of cultural difference.

Hybridity & Alienation in the works of Ruskin Bond

Introduction - Hybridity and multiculturalism are the twodifferent forms though both are the products of East Westencounters. The interaction between two cultures gives anoverlapping of ideas and tradition with each other. Hybridityexplores the flexibility of thoughts and multidimensionalapproach to the society. This flexibility trends up into theform of a gradual advancement. Indian culture is supposedto have age long tradition and customs. And this processstill is going on so that is has become the most noteworthyexample of multicultural ocean. The induction of new cultureand its established tradition merged with Indian culture hasgiven acceleration. This acceleration has been turned upinto the form of human comfort. Men have sought their ownways to be identified in the society. And this has grippedthem a sort of separation or what we may call it as alienation.This alienation is also the product of East West encounterthat is plenty in the works of Ruskin Bond. So all theseterms are the reflection of East- West encounters andgradual cultural interaction.

The important point to recognize is that cultures arealways retrospective constructions, meaning that they areconsequences of historical process. Bhabha arguesthroughout The Location of Culture the narrativeconstruction of new mixed race that arise from the ‘hybrid’interaction. What Bhabha states about the hybridization oftwo culture is high standards of two cultures.

It is the emergence of the interstices- the overlap anddisplacement of domains of difference that the inter-subjective and collective experiences of nations, arenegotiated…. Terms of cultural engagement, whetherantagonistic or affinitive are produced per formatively. Therepresentation of difference must not be hastily read as thereflection of pre- given ethnic or cultural traits set in thefixed tablet of tradition. The social articulation of differencefrom the minority perspective is a complex, on- goingnegotiation that seeks to authorize cultural hybridites thatemerge in moments of historical transformation. (LC-2).

Cultural hybridity is a medium through which one

Dr. Shailendra Kumar Chourasia *

*PGT (English) KV No-1, Indore (M.P .) INDIA

culture enacts another. The themes, patters & ideologiesmany a times seem parallel to each other. The writers bornein one country and writing about another inevitably seekpleasance to evoke the universalism of conscious cross-culturalism. Bapshi Shidhwa, Salman Rushide, V.S. Naipul,Amitav Ghose and other eminent writers have elaboratedthe theme of ‘hybridization’ in their works. E.M. Foster’s Apassage to India is a monumental study of the clash andreunion between two cultures. Aziz a representative of upperclass Indian society fails to set an equilibrium betweenthe Indian cultural values and colonized one. Fielding atAziz’s house while encounters Aziz’s wife; Aziz speaks outof his cultural values:“Of course not, but the word exists and is convenient. Allmen are my brother, and as soon as one behaves as suchhe may see my wife” (A Passage to India- 128). And further he speaks in a conversation to Miss Quested,Aziz admits that Eat and West are two “you keep yourreligion I mine” (A passage To India - 156)

Ruskin Bond, an offspring writer with the basic tissuesof hybridity gives a harmonious blending of East and Westin his works. He rejected the superiority of white man andintroduced the permanent nature of writing. The nature trails,wild flowers,trees, birds and other nature’s wonder becamea permanent part of his writing. His Room on the Roofportrays of his new learning and affection of Indian culturewhere he was born. The hybridity of two cultures of Eastand West has been spelled out clearly in The Room of theRoof and nowhere is the resolution so unambiguous andsimple. Here the protagonist, Rusty, borne in India, a productof mixed hybridity repairs his conflict of being a British. Soonhe concentrates his problem which is or regaining his roots,of belongingness. He concludes that I don’t belong to Britishas my upbringing, sense of values, affections all combineto make me Indian. He finds physically nothing common inhim with his countryman. His self-pity arising out of a senseof alienation and rootlessness come out with his character.From the beginning we see the protagonist Rusty learning


about diverse Indian ways through his intimacy with Indiansoil. Bond having British ancestry couldn’t help to keep alonehimself very much close to the Indian rituals. The rituatsembed and accustomed with strangeness, the western andthe acquaintance the, eastern. While he speaks of theEuropean soldiers, the man of colourful fortune, he closelyunderstand the manners morals and values of Europeansand Asians during the period of colonial expansion. Themixed race understanding developed with his senses helpedhim to interpret such unpredicted, unpolished instincts toportray.

The Theme of alienation also depicts the literature ofRuskin Bond. Alienation is a natural instinct present in everyliving creatures on the earth.

In a mystical conception while we go through the twogreat Indian epics, Ramayana by Valmiki and Mahabharataby Ved Vyas, we see a long chain of alienation. The epic inrelation to man present all types of character who sufferfrom alienation. Being drifted from father and wandering insearch of beloved Sita we see a touch of alienation in Rama.Sita being away from Rama herself alienated where .Hanumana waiting for Rama in the dense forest himself isalienated. Laxman younger brother to Rama, alienatedhimself and his wife Urmila. Sabari, Sugriva and his group,Bharat, and Satrugan are alienated themselves in one kind.On the other hand Ravana, Mandodari (Ravana’s wife),Kumbhakarna, all are conflicted of the very purpose of theirexistence. In the Mahabharata charaters like Devabrata,Kunti, Pandvas, Ghatotakachha, Ashwatthama had beenalienated is some way. According to the Oxford EnglishDictionary, alienation means the action of estranging or stateof estrangement in feeling or action”. The EncyclopediaBritannica describes it as:

term used with various meanings in philosophy,theology, psychology, and social sciences, usually withemphasis on personal powerlessness, meaninglessness,normlessness, cultural estrangement, social isolation, orself estrangement.

Thus alienation can be only from other things. It canbe from man’s own self, it can be intense and minute, nomatter what is source or degree, that one fact is thatalienation is man’s inevitable fate.

Ruskin Bond visualizes the problem of alienation withfull aspects in his fiction. He sees this alienation becauseof the conflict in having intimacy with others. According tohim, the meaning of the feeling of loneliness is the loss ofsignificant relations with others and this loss results in socialisolationship. He thinks that the decay in creative meaningfulrelation between man and man and the separation of aman living in the society from the culture of his society causealienation.

Bond’s first novel, The Room on the Roof deals withthe very life of Anglo- Indian boy Rusty and the incidentsthat take around him. Living in the custody of his Englishguardians, Rusty, feels himself alienated. He himself doesnot know about his parents and always searches them into

void. Somi, an Indian Panjabi boy while accompanies him,Rusty finds himself attached with him. Dehra was a placeof curiosity to him. The restrictions imposed by Mr. Harrison,his English guardian and mal description of missionary’swife puts him always around fear. But these all fail to freezehis steps as he himself decides to overcome his alienation.

This community why did not move to England alwayscomes or question in his mind. The community consistedmostly of elderly, people, the others had left soon oftenindependence. These few stayed because they were tooold to start life again in another country, where there wouldbe no servants and very little sunlight and, though theycomplained of their lot and criticized the government, theyknew their money could buy them their comforts: servants,good food, whisky almost anything- except the dignity theycherished most…. (The Room on the Roof. 10).

Being suppressed with loneliness, Rusty determinesto search for the bazaar even after the restriction imposedover him. This shows the quest of being identified he wassuffering from in the tight custody of his guardians.

In the view of Heidegger man lives in this world inauthentic existence; that means existence which isdetermined in the present, only in terms of impersonal socialrequirements. Thus man’s freedom of decision and choiceis interrupted and he feels alienated. In the view of Sartre,a person feels the loss of touch with the inner core of hisbeing and therefore all his actions become empty, flat anddevoid of meaning .This search for inner core enforcesRusty to accept invitation for holi even because of the fearof his guardians. While Rusty thinks about it.

Holi, the Festival of Colours, the Arrival of spring, therebirth of The new year, the awakening of love, what werethese things to him, they did not concern his life, he couldnot start a new life, not for one day….and besides, it allsounded very primitive, this throwing of colour and beatingdrums….(The Room on the Roof-28)

While he escapes from his guardians’ custody, Rusty’salienation feels consolation Kishen, Suri and Somi introducehim the affection, love, family manners he has beendeserted for.

In Delhi is not Far Bond; through the narrator, speaksof his intense desire that shows his suffering and escapeof alienation.

A few things reassure me …the desire to love and tobe loved. The beauty and ugliness of human body, theintricacy of its design….love takes me to distant, happierplaces. (Delhi is not far 26).In the next novel Delhi is not Far Bond; through the narrator,speaks of his intense desire that shows his suffering andescape of alienation.

A few things reassure me …the desire to love and tobe loved. The beauty and ugliness of human body, theintricacy of its design….love takes me to distant, happierplaces. (Delhi is not far 26).

Living alone in his house, the narrator brings an orphanboy Suraj and finds his deep affections with him. Kamla, a


girl whom the narrator loved is left behind in the ups anddowns of life and struggle to become a writer. Finally thenarrator moves to Delhi with Suraj.

Bond’s entire writing is an out product of his closeassociation with the soil of India and its people. The hybridityhas given him a new meaning in this country of diverseand colourful cultures and people. The alienation didn’tput him down in fact he made the everyman of the societyhis family. This is clearly portrayed in the characters andthe incidents of his writing.References :-1. Bhabha, Homi K. “Introduction: Narrating the Nation.”

Nation and Narration.Ed. Bhabha. London and NewYork: Routledge, 1990. 1-7.

2. Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra. New Delhi: Penguin,1991.

3. The Room on the Roof. London: Andre Deutsch, 1956.4. Ruskin Bond’s Treasury of Stories for Children. New

Delhi: Viking, 2000.5. Scenes from a Writer’s Life: A Memoir. New Delhi:

Penguin, 1997.6. Time Stops at Shamli and Other Stories. New Delhi:

Penguin, 1989.

7. E.M.Foster.”A passage To India”,New Delhi,Penguine,1964 Ed.

8. Khorana, Meena. The life and works of Ruskin Bond.Praeger Publishers, Westport. United States.2003

9. Soma Banerjee, “Ruskin Bond,” in Reference Guideto Short Fiction, ed. by Noille Watson (Detroit: St.James Press, 1994),

10. “Delhi Is Not Far.” Delhi Is Not Far: The Best of RuskinBond. New Delhi: Penguin, 1994.

11. The Lamp Is Lit: Leaves from a Journal. New Delhi:Penguin, 1998.

12. Time Stops at Shamli and Other Stories. New Delhi:Penguin, 1989.

13. Our Trees Still Grow in Dehra. New Delhi: Penguin,1991.

14. Scenes from a Writer’s Life: A Memoir. New Delhi:Penguin, 1997.

15. “The Room on the Roof” and “Vagrants in the Valley”:Two Novels of Adolescence. New Delhi: Penguin, 1993.

16. Khorana, Meena. Introduction. The Indian Subcontinentin Literature for Children and Young Adults: AnAnnotated Bibliography of English-Language Books.Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1991.

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The Problem Of Modern Wasteland In K.A. Porter'sFlowering Judas

Introduction - In Flowering Judas, Porter traces astutelythe failure of the revolution through fictional characterization.Porter shows the vestiges of great hopes and dearest faithsthat have nearly run out. She describes to Thompson thegenesis of the story. She walks past a window and seesher friend Mary sitting with a big fat man. She says thatMary was not able “to face her own nature” then but thatshe herself was “more skeptical”. Like Laura, Mary Dohertytaught Indian children in Zochimilco and participated in therevolution. Laura represents the alien why came to Mexico“uninvited” to participate in the revolution. In so doing theostensibly had to abandon her own Catholicism and takeon the “religion” of revolution because the church was anemeny of the revolution in Mexico. Laura has becomedisillusioned like Porter with the hypocrisy of the movement,which has bogged down in petty factionalism and corruptivestruggle for power among the leaders of the various groups.Her idealistic view of the revolution has not been borneout.

Braggioni is the symbol of Laura’s disillusions, for shehad thought of a revolutionist as “lean, animated by heroicfaith, a vessel of abstract virtues” (CS, 91),1 essentially aChrist figure, Braggoni ‘s distance from this standard isimplied in all the descriptions of him. He is a symbol of thatcorruption as is Mr. Hatch in Noon Wine, He is theprofessional revolutionist. He wages war for gain and notfor idealistic commitment. But he acts the part of the idealistwell. When “crafty men” whisper in his ear, “Hungry men...wait for hours outside his office for a word with him”, or“emaciated men with wild faces waylay.. him at the streetgate with a timid, ‘Comrade, let me tell you... “ (CS, 98), heis always seemingly sympathetic. He gives them handfulsof small coins from his own pocket and tells them :

There will be demonstrations, they must join the unionsand attend the meetings, above all they must be on thewatch for spies. They are closer to him than his ownbrothers, without them he can do nothing — untiltomorrow, Comrade ! (CS, 98).

Tomorrow, of course, will never come, for Braggioni isin fact cruel and unsympathetic, and says to Laura : “Theyare stupid, they are lazy, they are treacherous, they wouldcut my throat for nothing.” He says of Eugenio which hastaken all the drugs that Laura brought him because he was

Dr. Anit a Tripathi *

*Associate Prof. (English) Govt. Girls College, Satna (M.P .) INDIA

bored : “He is a fool, and his death is his own business....We are well rid of him” (CS, 100-101). He also tells her thathe himself is rich, “not in money ... but in power, and thispower brings with it the blameless ownership of things andthe right to indulge his love of small luxuries” (CS, 93).Braggioni is so far removed from the original revolutionaryzeal that he cannot understand why Laura is involved inthe revolution at all, “unless she loves some man who is init” (CS, 100). This, then, is the death that was in therevolution. The heroic faith and dedication for the cause ofwelfare of Mexicans is not present in the revolutionarieswho are left to fight. Braggioni does not have idealisticcommitment and is responsible for the failure of therevolution. Laura is equally “corrupt, callous and incomplete,and adds to the betrayal of faith and hope. She must identifyherself with Judas rather than with any liberator of mankind.

Flowering Judas is almost always interpreted as a linkbetween Porters concern with primitivism and her childhoodexperiences that created the Miranda cycle. FloweringJudas leads to a climax of self revelation. Laura’s betrayalis the crux of the story. She draws her strength from denyingeverything. In her dream Laura feels guilty of betrayal. Sheis frustrated because her ideals are shattered. Her mind istroubled, and in her dream she is summoned by Eugeniewho is dead :

Get up, Laura, and follow me. Come out of yoursleep, out of your bad, out of this strange house. What areyou doing in this house ? Without a word, without fear sherose and reached for Eugenie’s hand (CS, 102).

Like a Hemingway hero, she “was afraid to sleep” afterthis dream of self-realization. Laura is firmly grounded inCatholic belief of Christianity. In her dream she gets moralguidance a suggestion of salvation or redemption so that,through right action, self control and realization of the guilt,she may go beyond the sterile, senseless world. She eatsthe flowers of Judas tree with an earnest desire to purifyherself. Deep down her ego, she feels her remorse mightlead her to purgation. Laura “cannot help feeling that shehas been betrayed irreparably by the disunion between herway of living and her feeling what her life should be” (CS,91). Later, Laura betrays the revolution’s ideal by steppinginto a church to pray knowing that the discovery will causescandal, and by rejecting the machine which is sacred to


the movement and “will be the salvation of the workers”(CS, 92). Her “private heresy” is that she refuses to wearlace made on machines. Then, she also betrays her religion,as “she was born Roman Catholic”, which promises spirituallife, by replacing it with the revolution that practices death.Finally, Laura betrays Eugenio by providing excessivenarcotic drugs that make his suicide possible. By doing this,Laura betrays herself too, in a way that includes herresponsibility towards Eugenio.

In Flowering Judas, Porter has achieved more than amere definition of modern man’s condition; she hasembodied an attitude that demonstrated the necessity forthe application of the ancient qualities of love and faith asfructifying elements in any human existence, whether ofthe old order or the new. Without love and faith the world isa wasteland. Laura’s world becomes the symbol wasteland.

Flowering Judas is a “highly figurative composition”, a“mood piece”, the “open ended” story.30 The Judas tree isseen quite simply as “a symbol for the betrayer of Christ”.Laura’s eating the buds is a “sacrament.. of betrayal”.31

Flower is the symbol of love. Without love one cannotsurvive. Laura instinctively feels this when she rationalizesthat it is monstrous to confuse “love with revolution, nightwith day, life with death” (CS, 101). She eats the flowergreedily presumably with the hope that she would be ableto survive as flowers “satisfy both hunger and thirst” (CS,102). Her eating of flowers may be seen in the light of herinstinctive need of love for survival. Porter consistentlythought of machinery as life negating as observed in “TheFlower of Flowers”, “...the world of evil is mechanisticfurnished with the wheel, but not the rose” (DB, 147). 2

The problem of the modern wasteland, as displayed inFlowering Judas, is the pathetic inability of man to liveaccording to his dreams. Porter presents an ironic tension

between two powerful competing forces: Christian faith andrevolutionary hope. Caught between these two is theheroine, Laura, whose predicament is that she cannot freeherself from her religious training and beliefs and so cannotgive herself wholly to the revolutionary cause. Although abeautiful woman, she clothes herself like a nun and canrespond to none of the would-be lovers who woo her. Sherejects Braggioni, the revolutionary general; she outwitsthe young army captain who takes her riding; sheunknowingly teases a young man from the TypographersUnion by throwing him a rose (the symbol of love), whenshe can feel nothing for him. She even fails to react to thechildren whom she teaches, when they bring her flowersand scribble on the blackboard, “We love ar ticher”. Herprincipal contribution to the cause is to carry narcotics tothe prisoners in jail, so that may sleep away theirimprisonment.

The story is one of Laura’s inability to love. She cannotlove erotically as a woman, humanely as a dedicatedrevolutionary, or divinely as a communicant in the church.Without love, the story says, the world is a wasteland. Themoral of the story is as translated into the language ofChristian theology: “Man cannot live by bread alone.” Wemight say the theme is: Man cannot live only by materialisticvalues: but “only in faith and love can man live”.3

References :-1. Collected stories of Katherine Anne Porter.2. The Days Before.3. West-Stallman : The Art of Modern Fiction, New York,

Rinehart, 1949, 287-914. J.E. Hardy : Katherine Anne Porter, New York,

Frederick Ungar, 1973, 63.5. M.G. Krishnamurthi : Katherine Anne Porter : A Study,

Mysore, Rao and Raghvan,1971, 135.

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Socio-Economic Aspects In The Novels OfRuth Prawer Jhabvala

Dr. Kehkashan Khan *

Introduction - “Social life in a country of the size of India,says Srinivasa Iyengar, is so full of vagaries and varietiesthat the novelist with an observant eye and an understandingheart will find the material spread out before him to beliterally inexhaustible.1” When the Indian masses becamemore resentful of the foreign government because of thehumiliation they suffered at their hands, Indian writingbecame more vocal about justice, cruelty & exploitation.Ruth Prawer Jhabvala having chosen to write about peopleof North India, particularly Delhi, could not ignore theinfluence of the British & ill fated partition which they carriedwith them into a free India. Delhi was swarmed by refugeesfrom a partitional Punjab when India attained freedom.Survivors of the holocaust had lost everything and wereengaged in building their fortunes anew in Delhi. The waysand means they adopted provided her an opportunity toassess the prevailing socio-cultural and economicconditions in free India.

Ruth Prawer Jhabvala also brings to bear upon hernovels her own expatriate position in India. Born in onecountry, brought up in another and living in a third, hercosmopolitanism provides her a striking objectivity. In herfirst novel ‘To whom she will’ Mrs. Jhabvala makes fun ofthe young Indian generation, who while thinking themselvesto be modern and westernized try to do things which thetraditional. Hindu society would not accept, i.e. falling inlove with a boy or girl outside one’s own caste, communityand social strata. They face vehement opposition andtradition wins over modernization.

Amrita’s grand father Tarachand prides himself in hispseudo-advanced ideas of female emancipation but hisduality is exposed in the course of the novel. He affects adistaste for arranged marriages and holds forth his respectfor individual preference in matrimony. Yet his liberal outlookfalls short indeed when he is up against Amrita’s preferencefor Hari Sahani, He says, “I have enquired into the youngman’s family.... the result was not satisfactory .... you knowthat I myself am not hidebound in this way; that indeed Ihave allowed two of my own daughters to marry outsidetheir immediate community .... But in your case .... themargin, the discrepancy between the two families, the youngman’s and yours, is too wide.”2 Even Hari, who declareshis love for Amrita, has no courage to face the opposition

*Associate Professor (English) Govt. M.L.B. P .G. Girls College, Fort, Indore (M.P.) INDIA

of his family, for a Bengali girl cannot fit into their Punjabifamily, because the food habits, language and socialcustoms of two communities are very different.

In her novel ‘Esmond in India’, Jhabvala shows howfreedom fighters like Ramnath are out of date and theirplaces are being taken by others like Har Dayal who didnot have to sacrifice much to get the freedom, but areenjoying all the comforts in free India. Har Dayal has stoppedwearing imported suits and wears only Khadi & Jodhpurs.He owns a big bungalow and a fleet of cars and holdscommittee meetings in his house. When Har Dayal’sdaughter Shakuntala praises her father and hisachievements, Amrit, her brother, cuts her short andremarks, “Daddyji’s Committees and all this art and cultureand fuddle .... are very nice to keep old gentleman busybut, why do we pretend they serve any useful purpose.”3

Ruth Jhabvala displays a characteristic sensitivity to thesocial condition of the nameless and faceless domesticservants of India. Har Dayal’s wife Madhuri takesunquestioned possession of the lives of her well trainedservants and her daughter Shakuntala, despite her highidealism, is not above venting her feelings viciously on anoccasion, on her chauffeur.

Esmond still wood, a master of Indian art and culture,husband of an Indian wife is Indian only outwardly. It isironical that he has come to India to teach Indians abouttheir own art and culture. He has furnished his apartmentas a typical European would do. He never develops anytaste for Indian food. He dislikes the Indian ways of bringingup children and Indian customs & traditions.

Mrs. Ruth Prawer Jhabvala has taken the title of hernovel ‘Get Ready for the Battle’ from the advice given bythe Lord Krishna to the heroic prince Arjuna on the field ofKurukshetra; “Treating alike pleasure and pain, gain & loss,victory & defeat, then get ready for battle”. In this scriptureLord Krishna tells Arjuna that a Kshatriya’s duty is to fightagainst all evils. In Jhabvala’s novel it is Sarla Devi whogets herself against evil, mainly social injustice andoppression of the poor. The world revealed in the novel ischaracterized not only by the press of poverty and the socio-cultural gulfs but also existing patterns of living which arechanging fast & drastically.

Ruth Jhabvala has also depicted social workers like


Mrs. Bhatnagar and Mrs. Dass who, though apparentlyselfless are only irrelevant to India’s real problems. Havinguprooted a colony of slum-dwellers and pushed them outfar beyond the city limits, these ladies ironically busythemselves in organizing jeeps which will take them out tonew colony every day for they are engaged in the selflesstask of educating the slum dwellers. Though none of themhas given a thought to the squatters’ problems of commutingto the city and making a living.

In ‘A Backward Place’ Ruth Jhabvala exposes sterilityof cultural Dais and of its endeavours in the sphere of art.This association is supposed to dispense culture to a smallminority of Delhi society. Ironically, the Dais functions onlyas Mrs. Kaul’s compensation for a husband who is too busyto give her any attention and a pattern of life in which herrole has become indistinct. In the public eye the “CulturalDai stands, for social advancement – a place where youcan meet nice and interesting people and be in touch andbe important, also an opportunity perhaps to wangle a tripabroad.4. The difference between the rich and the poor isshown through materialists like Mr. Gupta and Mrs. Kaulon one hand and idealists like Mr. Jaykar and Sudhir on theother. It is through Jaykar that she points out the evils ofIndian Society and government. “What we as a nation wantis not words but deeds, not promises but plans, notsentiments but bread”.5. Sudhir finally decides to quit Delhiand cultural Dais to their empty intellectual and aestheticpretensions to devote his considerable intelligence to assistIndian education at its lowest level in a part of India remotefrom the fashionable capital.

Jhabvala very skillfully and faithfully portrays thechanging society which was, struggling between the oldand the new values, trying to evolve a new way of life.

Delhi, a meeting place of people and their cultures fromall parts of the country and abroad, is the locale of herwriting. This offered a great scope for ironical dissection ofmorals, manners and attitudes of people for a novelist whowas endowed with a keen power of observation andawareness of the subtle nuances of the new aspect of thesocial & cultural life of the city. With her comic and ironicvision, she lays bare the follies, foibles, vanities, frivolitiesand pretences of the sophisticated and not so sophisticatedupper-middle class people of the society. She depicts veryclearly that in India of Independence and freedom, Gandhiis honoured like a god but his ideals are largely ignored. Infree India the young are trying to free themselves notpolitically but in private life, in family life, rebelling againstparents, resenting having their marriages arranged, fallingin love with unsuitable people. She also finds it difficult toaccept the deplorable sights of the sick and the poor withequanimity or as sins of a past life. She does not falsify oridealize life but is human enough to feel the heartache atthe heart of humanity and it is this that finally refines thequality of her engagingly entertaining art as the consummateportrait of socio-economic life in India.

References :-1. K.R. Srinivasaa Iyengar, Indian writing in English (New

Delhi : Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1989), P. 327.2. Ruth Prawer Jhabvala. To whom she will, (London :

Penguin Books, 1985), P. 73. R.P. Jhabvala, Esmond in India, (London : Penguin

Books, 1980), P. 444. R.P. Jhabvala, A Backward Place, (London : Penguin

Books, 1980), P. 475. Ibid; P. 56

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* H´$mBg __mna`b H$mES> hmà gH$ S>ar ÒHy$b, ]°amJ∂T>, ^m[mb (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

"oOg ‡H$ma gm_moOH$ OrdZ _ß hßgm∂S> Ïò∫$ H$ ‡oV gÂ_mZ H$m ^mdH$oR>ZmB© g CÀ[fi hmVm h° Am°a CgH$ JÂ^ra d∫$Ï` r bmJmß ¤mam C[ojVhmZ bJV h¢, Cgr ‡H$ma H$ _mÃ hmÒ` Am°a Ï`ßΩ` H$ bIZ g gmohÀ` _ßDß$Mr ‡oVÓR>m Zht ‡m· H$r Om gH$Vr&'3 Bg ‡H$ma H$r ‡d•oŒm`mß Z Ï`ßΩ`H$r [aÂ[am Edß odH$mg [a AdamY S>mbm h°& oh›Xr gmohÀ` H$ BoVhmg _ßAoYH$mßfV: AÎ[H$mobH$ hmÒ`-Ï`ßΩ`H$mamß H$r aMZmEß XIZ o_bVr h¢&Bg_ß bIZ H$r o∑boÓR>Vm Edß Í$oM Z hmZm hr ahr h°& Ï`ßΩ`, [nahmg,hmÒ` odZmX _ß b∂S>mB©-PJ∂S>, XwÓ_Zr H$ Abmdm CgH$m CÉ ÒVa _hÀdH$m Zht g_Pm J`m&

oh›Xr hmÒ`-Ï`ßΩ` _ß AmoX H$od, draJmWm H$mb Y_m©olV Edßam¡`molV H$od`mß g AmV-‡mV ahm h°& og’mß, ZmWmß H$ Y_m©olV H$m„`mß_ß gah[m O°g og’mß Z d°oXH$ odYmZmß [a Ï`ßΩ` ‡hma oH$E h¢& AmoXH$mbH$ Ao›V_ g_` _ß A_ra Iwgamß Z gß. 1340 H$ Amg[mg R>R> I∂S>r ]mbr_ß OZVm H$ AZwHy$b [hmo∂S>`mß, _wH$na`mß H$r aMZm H$r& Bg AmYma [aA_ra Iwgamß H$m oh›Xr H$m AmoX hmÒ` H$od H$hm Om gH$Vm h°& gamOIfim H$ AZwgma - "AmoXH$mb H$r g›‹`m _ß O] gmohÀ`mH$mf [a A_raIwgam XXrfl`_mZ ZjÃ H$r ^mßoV CoXV hwE, V] oh›Xr H$odVm _ß odZmXAm°a _ZmaßOZ H$r ‡d•oŒm`mß —oÓQ>JmMa hmZ bJr& hmÒ` H$m ÒdVßÃ gŒmm‡XmZ H$aZ dmb A_ra Iwgamß hr oh›Xr H$ ‡W_ H$od h¢&'4

Ï`ßΩ` H$r [na^mfm - Ï`ßΩ` H$r [na^mfm - Ï`ßΩ` H$r [na^mfm - Ï`ßΩ` H$r [na^mfm - Ï`ßΩ` H$r [na^mfm - Ï`ßΩ`-hmÒ` H$ J^© g [°Xm hwAm h°, AV: BghmÒ` H$r OZZr H$hm OmVm h°& H$^r-H$^r AmÓM`©MoH$V KQ>ZmAmß H$mXIH$a h_ß CZ [a hßgr Am OmVr h°&

"Ï`ßΩ` e„X od + AßJ g ]Zm h°, oOgH$m AW© od\$b AWdmodH$bmßJ hmVm h°, dÒVwV: od\$b H$m AW© h° Io S>V AßJmß dmbm& BgobEodH$bmßJ e„X AZw[`w∫$ h°& "odbbmßJ&' e„X Cgr [H$ma Mb [∂S>m, O°ggZbmB©Q> gm]wZ, E.gr. H$a Q>, odß‹`mMb [d©Z BÀ`moX& Bg ‡H$ma Ï ßΩÀßJhrZ AWdm Io S>V AßJmß dmb Ïò∫$, ‡mUr AWdm [XmWm~ H$m ]mY


H$amVm h°& _ybV: oH$gr Ïò∑V `m g_mO ]wamB© `m ›`ydVm H$m grY e„Xmß_ß Z H$hH$a CÎQ> `m Q>∂T> e„Xmß _ß Ï`∫$ H$aZm Ï`ßΩ` h°& gm_m›` ^mfm _ßBg VmZm ]mbr `m MwQ>H$r ^r H$h gH$V h¢& Ï`ßΩ` dh od⁄m h°, oOg_ßdm∑` H$m grYm Z H$hH$a Cg Wm∂S>m Kw_m-o\$amH$a ^r ]mb gH$V h¢&

"Ï ßΩ` e„X AßJÓr H$ Satire H$m oh›Xr [`m© h°& hmag (65 B©.[y.)H$ g_H$mbrZ am_ _ß A_`m©oXV ZmQ>H$mß H$ obE EH$ e„X ‡`w∫$ hmVm Wm-"Saturege'& [adVr©H$mb _ß bmoVZ _ß `h "Sature' ]ZH$a Am`m Am°aAßJÓr _ß "Satire' e„X ]Zm& Bg "Satireî e„X H$ [`m© ÒdÍ$fl oh›Xr_ß Ï`ßΩ`, Ï`ßJ, odH•$oV, C[hmg Mma e„X ‡MobV gßkm h°&'5

Ï`ßΩ` h_em H$∂S>dm VWm [°Zm hmVm h°&boH$Z Bg_ß gwYma h_em hmVm ahVm h°&&

boQ>Z _ß Ï`ßΩ` H$ ‡_wI Ï`mª`mZH$Vm© ah h¢-hmag, [og©`ßg Am°aOw]Zb oOZH$m AZwH$aU `yam[ H$ "naZgm' (oZdmÀWmZ) H$ AßVa Am°aC[amßV oH$`m J`m Wm& BßΩb° S> _ß `ht AmXe© ÒdÍ$[ EobOm]WrZ,AJÒVr` g_` _ß A[Zm`m J`m Wm, H$odVm H$ odoeÓQ>rH$aU H$ obEÏ`ßΩ` H$m ‡`mJ oH$`m J`m& `ht g Ï`ßΩ` H$r Ï`wÀ[oŒm _m›` hwB©&gmohoÀ`H$ ÒdÍ$[ _ß Bg [na^mofV H$aZm hm Vm `h H$h gH$V h¢ oH$gm_moOH$ Xmfmß, Xw]©bVmAmß Am°a o]S>Â]ZmAmß [a VrjU ‡hma H$aZ dmbraMZmEß gmohoÀ`H$ Ï`ßΩ` lUr _ß AmVr h¢&

Ï`ßΩ` H$m gmohÀ` ÒdÍ$[ _ß [na^mofV oH$`m Om`, Vm H$hßJ oH$Bg_ß [`m©· _ZmaßOZ H$r gß^mdZmAmß H$ gmW-gmW oV∑VVm H$r ‡aUm gCŒmoOV OwJwflgm ^r h¢, Bg_ß hmÒ` H$r ‡VroV AbJ ‡H$ma H$r hmVr h°Am°a Co∫$`mß H$m C[`mJ gmohÀ` oeÎ[ H$ Vm°a [a hmVm h°& hmÒ` H$ A^md_ß Ï`ßΩ` Jmbr H$m Í$[ YmaU H$a bVm h° VWm gmohoÀ`H$Vm H$ A^md _ßdh odXyfH$ H$r oR>R>mbr _mÃ ]ZH$a ah OmVm h°&

Ï`ßΩ` - Ï`ßΩ` "Satire' H´$mY H$r Ao^Ïò∫$ H$m EH$ C[H$aU h°&CgH$r g\$bVm Ao^Ïò∫$ H$ gm°ÓR>d [a AmYmnaV h°& Ï ßΩ`H$ma, Ï ßΩ`-[mÃ Am°a AmÒdmX; BZ VrZmß H$m goH´$` `mJ Ï`ßΩ` H$r [yU©Vm H$ obEA[ojV h° Am°a CgH$r [naUoV hmÒ` _ß hmVr h°& Ï`ßΩ` H$m b˙` bmH$ohVh°& _mÃ AmÀ_VwoÓQ> H$ obE ‡`w∫$ g_mO H$r AmZ›[yU© ÒdrH•$oV H$ A^md_ß g\$b Zht hm [mVm&

Ï`ßΩ` H$r ^mfm _ß oV∫$Vm AoYH$ hmVr h°& BgH$ obE VrZ ]mVßAmdÌ`H$ h¢-oZ›Xm, gm_moOH$ ohV, dV©_mZ `m OrodV b˙` H$r gr_m&

Ï`ßΩ` g_PXmar Am°a oddH$[yU© oM›VZ [a AmYmnaV hmZm MmohE&Ï`ßΩ` H$m b˙` gm_moOH$ Hw$aroV`mß, Ï`dhmamß VWm Í$o∂T>_w∫$ [aÂ[amAmßH$m h Am°a hmÒ`mÒ[X Í$[ _ß aIH$a gwYmaZ H$m hmVm h°& Ï ßΩ`H$ma g_mOH$ EH$ AßJ AWdm Ïò∫$ odef [a hr Ï`ßΩ` H$aVm h°, g_oÓQ> [a Zht&∑`mßoH$ dh OmZVm h° oH$ Ï`ßΩ` H$r [yU©Vm H$ obE g_mO H$m AmZ›X[yU©`mJXmZ AmdÌ`H$ h° Am°a h V^r gß^d hm gH$Vm h°, O] AmKmV g_oÓQ>[a Z hm& Ï`ßΩ`H$ma H$m oeH$ma g_W©, `mΩ` Am°a eo∫$embr hmVm h°,[aßVw dh Cg Í$[ _ß ‡ÒVwV Zht oH$`m OmVm, H$db CgH$r Ama gßH$VoH$`m OmVm h°& Ï`ßΩ`H$ma H$m _yb^md AZwXmZ h° Am°a Cgg gß[fi H$_©g•OZmÀ_H$ Z hmH$a ‹dßgmÀ_H$ hmVm h°, BgobE g_mO _ß CgH$r JUZmH$od, H$bmH$ma, _hmÀ_m VWm gßV H$ g—e Zht hmVr&

Ï`ßΩ` dh [⁄_` AWdm J⁄_` aMZm h°, oOg_ß VÀH$mbrZodf_VmAmß VWm od–y[VmAmß H$m _OmH$ CS>≤m`m OmVm h°& BgH$m A^rÓQ>oH$gr Ïò∫$ odef m Ïò∫$`mß H$ g_yh H$m C[hmg H$aZm hmVm h° AWdm

Om EH$ Ïò∫$JV Amj[ bI g_mZ hmVm h°&'6

"Ï`ßΩ`H$ma A[Zr __©_XZr —oÓQ> g g_mO H$ ‡À`H$ [hby [a [°ZrZOa aIVm h° Am°a VÀ[ÌMmV≤ A[Zr aMZm _ß A[Zr VrIr AmbmMZm H$aVmh°&'7 [mR>H$mß H$m JwXJwXmV hwE dh gm_moOH$ odH•$oV`mß H$ ‡oV Z\$aVCÀ[fi H$aVm h°& "Ï ßΩ` aMZm bIH$mß H$r H$Î[Zm H$r A[jm CZH$r ‡oV^mH$r [arjm h°& Ï`ßΩ`H$ma H$r odZmXerb ‡H•$oV H$ ]rM EH$ H´$ya AmbmMH$oN>[m hmVm h°& O] AmbmMZm [a hmÒ` hmdr hmVm h°, V] aMZmH$maodZmXerb H$r, embrZVm H$r ajm H$aV hwE _ZwÓ` H$r Xw]©bVmAmß H$rÒdrH•$oV ‡XmZ H$aVm h°&'8

[oÌM_ H$ Ï`ßΩH$ma ÒdrH$ma H$aV h¢ oH$ Ï`ßΩ` H$m ‡^md EH$ Vra H$r^mßoV hmZm MmohE, Om [bH$ P[H$V hr b˙` X H$aVm hm, BgobE BgH$mAmH$ma oOVZm gßoj· hmJm, ‡^mdmo›doV CVZr hr lÓR> hmJr& odÒV•Vodda m BgH$r ‡ôZÓR>Vm H$m jtU H$a XVm h°& "Ï`ßΩ`H$ma H$ obEgm_moOH$ odH•$oV`mß [r∂S>mXm`H$ hmVr h¢& AmÀ_gßVwoÓQ> H$ obE `h CgH$rVtIr AmbmMZm H$aVm h°& AßJÓr Ï`ßΩ` H$m CÀg am_Z gmohÀ` H$‡^mdÒdÍ$[ ^r ÒdrH$ma oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°&'9 Ow]Zb Am°a hmag am_ZgmohÀ` H$ ‡oVoÓR>V Ï`ßΩ`H$ma h¢, oOZH$m AZwH$aU AßJÓr gmohÀ` H$Ï`ßΩ` H$ ‡maoÂ^H$ MaUmß _ß oH$`m J`m h°& oÒd[a `hmß H$m lÓR> bßJb° S>naMS©> ÒQ>rb, OmZgZ, JmÎS>oÒ_W AmoX _hÀd[yU© Ï`ßΩ`H$ma h°&^maVr` AmbmMH$mß H$r [na^mfmEß oZÂZoboIV h°-1.1.1.1.1. AmMm`© hOmar ‡gmX o¤dXr - AmMm`© hOmar ‡gmX o¤dXr - AmMm`© hOmar ‡gmX o¤dXr - AmMm`© hOmar ‡gmX o¤dXr - AmMm`© hOmar ‡gmX o¤dXr - "Ï`ßΩ` dh h°, Ohmß H$hZ dmbmAYamÓR> _ß hßg ahm hm Am°a gwZZ dmbm oVbo_bm CR>m hm Am°a o\$a ^rH$hZ dmb H$m O]md XZm A[Z H$m Am°a ^r hmÒ`mÒ[X ]Zm bZm AmVmhm&'10

2.2.2.2.2. hnaeßH$a [agmB© - hnaeßH$a [agmB© - hnaeßH$a [agmB© - hnaeßH$a [agmB© - hnaeßH$a [agmB© - "Ï`ßΩ` OrdZ g gmjmÀH$ma H$aVm h°, OrdZH$r AmbmMZm H$aVm h°, odgßJoV`mß, o_œ`mMmamß Am°a [mI S>mß H$m [Xm©\$meH$aVm h° "`h Zmam Zht h°& _¢ h H$a ahm hyß oH$ OrdZ H$ ‡oV Ï`ßΩ`H$ma H$rCVZr hr hr oZÓR>m hmVr h°, oOVZr oH$gr Jß^ra aMZmH$ma H$r, ]oÎH$¡`mXm hr dh OrdZ H$ ‡oV Xmo`Àd H$m AZw^d H$aVm h°& oO›XJr ]hwVOoQ>b MrO h°& Bg_ß Imobg hßgZm m Imobg amZm O°gr MrO Zht hmVr,]hwV gr hmÒ` aMZmAmß _ß H$Í$Um H$r Ymam hmVr h°&"A¿N>m Ï ßΩ` ghmZw yoVH$m g]g CÀH•$ÓQ> Í$[ hmVm h°&'11

3.3.3.3.3. eaX Omer - eaX Omer - eaX Omer - eaX Omer - eaX Omer - "A] òX C›ht _yÎ`mß, odÌdmgmß Am°a AmÒWmAmß gOw∂S>m gmohÀ` gm_m›` oO›XJr g ^r Ow∂S>m h°, Vm dh "gßg Am∞\$ h´my_a'gmohÀ` _ß Am`Jm hr Om A›`m`, AÀ`mMma Am°a oZamfm H$ odÍ$’ hmVÏ`ßΩ` _ß Ao^Ï`∫$ hmJm& Ï`ßΩ` H$r [hMmZ h° oH$ gmohÀ` H$ÓQ> ghVroO›XJr H$ H$ar] h° `m Ow∂S>m hwAm h°, Zht hm gH$Vm Vm H$ht J∂S>]∂S>r h°&'12

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. odMma Am°a oddMZ - S>m∞. ZJ›–, ZB© oXÑr (gßÒH$aU 1949),

‡.gß.74&2. odÌd gmohÀ` _ß am_aoMV - amO]hmXwa b_Jm∂S>m, dmamUgr

(1948), ‡.gß. 152&3. ‡H$roU©H$m - AmMm`© Z›Xwbma dmO[`r, H$mZ[wa (1965) ‡.gß.

152&4. oh›Xr H$odVm _ß hmÒ` ag - agO gfim, Bbmhm]mX (gßÒH$aU

1969), ‡.gß. 50&5. oh›Xr gmohÀ` H$m BoVhmg, AmMm`© am_M›– ew∑b, dmamUgr


(gßÒH$aU 1968), ‡.gß. 57&6. oh›Xr Ï`ßΩ` gmohÀ` - bIH$-S>m∞. E. EZ. M›–eIa a»r, e]ar

gßÒWmZ, ZB© oXÑr (‡W_ gßÒH$aU 1989), [•. gß. 37&7. oh›Xr H$m ÒdmV›Ã`mŒma hmÒ` Am°a Ï ßΩ` - S>m∞. ]mb›Xw eIa oVdmar,

Afi[yUm© ‡H$meZ, H$mZw[a (‡W_ gßÒH$aU 1978), [•. gß. 51&8. H$]ra - hOmar ‡gmX o¤dXr, [•. gß. 164&9. gXmMma H$m Vm]rO - hnaeßH$a [agmB©, maVr` kmZ[rR>, ZB© oXÑr

(Mm°Wm gßÒH$aU 1981), [•. gß. 3,91&10. _ar lÓR> Ï`ßΩ` aMZmEß - eaX Omer, kmZ ^maVr` ‡H$meZ, ZB©

oXÑr (^yo_H$m gZ≤ 1980) &11. ÒdmV›ÃmŒma oh›Xr H$odVm _ß Ï`ßΩ` - S>m∞. eaOßJ JJ©, [•. gß. 27-

28&12. oh›Xr H$m ÒdmV›ÃmŒma hmÒ` Am°a Ï`ßΩ` - S>m∞. ]mb›Xw eIa oVdmar,

Afi[yUm© ‡H$meZ, H$mZ[wa (‡W_ gßÒH$aU 1978), [•. gß. 56&

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S>m∞. b˙_r Jm b *

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1900 amO[wVmß H$m [VZ H$mb g bH$a ÒdVßÃVm Am›XmbZ H$ `wJVH$ ahm h°& hOmar ‡gmX o¤dXr A[Zr Í$oM H$ AZwHy$b Jw·H$mb VH$gro_V ah& A[jV`m ZE C[›`mgH$mamß AmZßX ‡H$me O°Z VWm A_•VbmbZmJa A[Z C[›`mgmß _ß maVr` BoVhmg H$ odo^fi H$mb jÃmß H$m MwZmdhr H$a gH$ h°°& BZ C[›`mgmß _ß d°ò∫$H$ g_Ò`mAmß H$ gmW gm_moOH$Am°a Cgg ^r AoYH$ amÓQ≠>r` g_Ò`mAmß H$m odef odoZ`mJ oH$`m J`mh°& Zmar H$r ÒdVßÃVm Edß gŒmm-_hŒmm H$r ÒWm[Zm, ]hw-oddmh odamY,[Xm©-‡Wm oZdmaU, odoeÓQ> [naoÒWoV`mß _ß VbmH$ H$ g_W©Z, oddmhmß _ßHw$b Edß OmÀ`mo^`mZmß H$r odJh©Um, oddmh _ß Zmar H$r B¿N>m-ÒdrH•$oV H$gÂ_mZ, gmg-]hy-ZZßX H$r J•h-H$bh _ß Zmar H$ A[Z A[amYAZm°oMÀ` H$ AZmdaU VWm odYdm, [oVVm, d°Ì`m, Xmgr, XdXmgr AmoXH$ AmYma [a Zmar H$ [ro∂S>V-emofV, A[_moZV Í$[mß H$ ‡oV gßdXZmOJmZ Am°a oMßVZ ]m‹` H$aZ _ß EoVhmogH$ C[›`mg [rN> Zht ah h°&13

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JßYd©gZ oj‡m H$ XX© H$m odMobV H$aZ dmbr __©H$Wm h°, Bg_ßXygar gXr H$r Zmo`H$m gaÒdVr Am°a C¡Oo`Zr Zae JßYd©gZ H$r Egr‡U`-JmWm h°, oOg_ß Zmar-_Z H$m gÉm gßVm[ Am°a emH$mHw$b e„Xmß_ß obIr CgH$r Ï`Wm AßVg H$m PH$Pma XVr h°&16

Jwbmam ]J_ [Jma Or H$m [hbm EoVhmogH$ C[›`mg h°& `h

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XmÒVmZ-E-Am°aßJO]r _wh„]V H$r BoVhmg H$m Mm¢H$mZ Am°a ÒV„YH$aZ dmbr KQ>Zm h°, ∑`mßoH$ BoVhmg Am°aßJO] H$ OrdZ H$ Jm[ZràhÒ`mß H$m COmJa H$aZ _ß Ag\$b ahm h°& ]°J_ O°Zm]mXr H$ obE CgH$rV∂S>[ Am°a ]H$gr CgH$r eoªg`V H$m Xygam AZNw>Am [hby h°& hram H$r_mh„]V _ß Bg \$H$ra Z Z•À`, JrV gßJrV, eam], e]m] H$m AmZßX CR>m`m&hram CZH$r oOßXJr H$r VdmarI H$m Í$_mZr A‹`m` h°& hram H$r AMmZH$_m°V Z Z H$db Am°aßJO] H$m ]Xbm BoVhmg H$r Ymam ]Xb Xr& H$me!hram]mB© oOßXm hmVr Vm _wJb BoVhmg em`X Xygar Vah g obIm OmVm&17

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AmO h_mam maV Xe gm_´m¡`dmX H$r Egr hr A›`m`[aH$ ZroV`mßH$m oeH$ma hmZ H$r H$Jma [a h°& A_naH$m O°gm A[Z Am[H$m gd© eo∫$gÂ[fi _mZZ dmbm Xe Cg H$^r ^r Am±I oXImZ bJVm h°& MrZ Am°a[moH$ÒVmZ h_mar gr_mAmß H$m AoVH´$_U H$a h_mar yo_ [a A[Zm H$„OmH$aZ H$r OwJV _ß VÀ[a ahV h¢& Xygar Ama BZ oÒWoV`mß _ß odS>Â]Zm h h°oH$ h_ma Xe H$ amOZroVkmß H$m amÓQ≠> H$r VoZH$ ^r [admh Zht h°& dÒdÒW amOZroV Zht H$aV& gŒmmgrZ hmZ H$r _hÀdmH$mßjm _ß d emgZ¤mam oH$` J` A¿N> H$m`m~ H$m ^r JbV gmo]V H$aZ H$ obE E∂S>r-MmQ>rH$m Oma bJmZ g ]mO Zht AmV& Ao[Vw oZ›XZr` f∂S>`›Ã ^r aMV ahVh¢& d EH$ Xyga H$m _mV XZ dmb Am[gr Xm±d-[ßMmß _ß hr CbP ahV h¢&C›hß oM›Vm h° ]g A[Zm IOmZm âZ H$r& d [yar Vah ^´ÓQ> hm MwH$ h°&OZVm H$m Jw_amh H$aV ahV h¢& ]Mmar OZVm ]g o[gVr ahVr h°& BZoÒWoV`mß _ß H$od oXZH$a H$r H$odVm`ß OZVm H$r Am±Iß ImbZ _ß [yU©V`m

amÓQ≠>H$od ‘oXZH$a’ H$ H$mÏ` H$m AZwerbZ -amOZroV H$ odef gßX © _ß

* Egmog`Q> ‡m\$ga (oh›Xr) emgH$r` [r.Or. H$m∞bO, XoV`m (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

g_W© h¢& CXmhaUmW© d obIV h¢ -"`wJmß g h_ AZ` H$m ^ma T>mV Am ah h¢,Z Vy ]mbr _Ja h_ amO o_Q>V Am ah h¢,o[bmZ H$m H$hm± g a∫$ bm`ß XmZdmß H$m,

Zht ∑`m ÒdÀd h° ‡oVemY H$m h_ _mZdmß H$m&' (1)H$od oXZH$a A[Zr H$odVmAmß H$ _m‹`_ g OZ_mZg H$m gX°d C◊w’H$aZ H$m ‡`mg H$aV ah& d Cg A[Zr eo∫$ [hMmZZ H$ obE ‡naV H$aVh¢ Am°a JbV ZroV`mß H$m odamY H$aZ H$m gmhg âV h¢& d obIV h¢ -

"A›Y odf_Vm H$ odÍ$’, gmam gßgma CR>m h°&A[Zm ]b [hMmZ, bhaH$a [mamdma CR>m h°&

oN>fi-o^fi hm aht, _ZwOVm H$ ]›YZ H$r H$o∂S>`m±&Xe-Xe _ß ]ag aht, AmOmXr H$r \w$bPo∂S>`m±&' (2)

oXZH$a Or OZVm H$ gm_Z gßK-eo∫$ H$ _hÀd H$m COmJa H$aV h¢&CZH$m _mZZm h° oH$ EH$ hmH$a ]∂S> g ]∂S> Hy$Q>ZroVkmß H$ ^r [°a CIm∂S> OmgH$V h¢& ]g AmdÌ`H$Vm h° EH$ hmH$a CZH$m odamY H$aZ H$r& d obIVh¢ -

_V Ibm `m ]I]ar _ß, OZ g_w– `h Zht,og›Yw h° `h A_mK ¡dmbm H$m&

oOg_ß [∂S>H$a ]∂S>-]∂S> Hß$Jya o[Kb MwH$ h¢&brb MwH$m h° `h g_w–, OmZ oH$VZ Xemß _ß,amOmAmß H$ _wHw$Q> Am°a g[Z ZVmAmß H$ ^r&

gmdYmZ! OZ^yo_ oH$gr H$m MmamJmh Zht h°,Kmg `hm± H$r [hw±M [°a _ß, H$m±Q>m ]Z OmVr h°& (3)

gßgma _ß amOVßÃ H$r [aÂ[am ]hwV g_` g ‡MobV h°& BgH$ [yd©_mZd OrdZ H$ ha jÃ _ß g_mZVm —oÓQ>JV hmVr h°& H$od oXZH$a ZamOZ°oVH$ —oÓQ> g \°$br Bg Ag_mZVm H$m oMoÃV H$aV hwE gm_m›` OZH$m g_Pm`m h° oH$ `h [•œdr g]H$r h°& Bg [a g]H$m g_mZ AoYH$ma h¢Hw$Í$jÃ _ß ^rÓ_ o[Vm_h Ò[ÓQ> e„Xmß _ß `woYoÓR>a g H$hV h¢ -

Y_©amO! `h ^yo_ oH$gr H$r Zht H´$rV h° Xmgr,h° O›_Zm g_mZ [aÒ[a, BgH$ g^r oZdmgr,Om Hw$N> ‡H•$oV _ß h° dh _ZwO _mÃ H$m YZ h°,

Y_©amO! CgH$ H$U-H$U H$m AoYH$mar OZ-OZ h°& (4)Bg Ag_mZ Edß AZW©H$mar ‡d•oŒm H$m Xya H$aZ H$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h°

oH$ _ZwÓ` Ïò∫$JV gwImß-ÒdmWm~ H$r [yoV© H$r bmbgm N>m∂S> X& g_mO _ßg] Hw$N>, g]H$m g_mZ Í$[ g ‡m· hmZ H$r Ï`dÒWm h°& H$od oXZH$aÒ[ÓQ> Í$[ g H$hV h¢ oH$ O] VH$ `h oÒWoV Zht Am`Jr V] VH$ amÓQ≠> _ß


[yU©Í$[U emo›V Ï`m· Zht hm gH$Vr&"›`m`moMV gwI gwb^ Zht, O] VH$ _mZd-_mZd H$m&

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H$ obE h AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ OZVm ¤mam BZH$m [waOma odamY oH$`m Omd&Ïò∫$JV ÒdmW©[yoV© H$ obE ` bmJ g_mO _ß ›`m`moMV gwI ‡Xm`H$Ï`dÒWm bmJy Zht hmZ XV, AVEd OZVm H$m gßJoR>V hmH$a BZH$ odamY_ß I∂S>m hmZm MmohE& B›hß `h Ahgmg H$amZm hmJm oH$ òX emgZ g_W©h° Vm OZVm ^r H$_Oma Zht h°& dh AoYH$mamß H$m g_PVr ^r h° Am°aCgH$m ‡m· H$aZ H$ obE OyPZ H$m gm_œ © r aIVr h°& oXZH$a Or obIVh¢ oH$ A[Z AoYH$mamß H$ obE H$r JB© OZVm H$r b∂S>mB© H$m amH$Z H$r eo∫$oH$gr _ß ^r Zht hmVr& A›`m`r emgH$ H$m Cg eo∫$ H$ gm_Z KwQ>ZQ>H$Z hr [∂S>V h¢&

"hwßH$mamß g _hbmß H$r Ztd CI∂S> OmVr h°&gm±gmß H$ ]b g VmO hdm _ß C∂S>Vm h°&

OZVm H$r amH$ amh, g_` _ß Vm] H$hm±?dh oOYa MmhVr, H$mb CYa hr _w∂S>Vm h°&' (6)

Bg ‡H$ma oXZH$a Or H$r H•$oV`mß _ß amOZ°oVH$ MVZm A[Z ‡IaV_Í$[ _ß oXImB© XVr h¢& oXZH$a Or amOZroVkmß H$r ]oI`m hr Zht CY∂S>VC›hß AmJmh r H$aV h¢ oH$ OZeo∫$ ]hwV odamQ> hmVr h°& oX EH$ ]ma dhOmJ•V hm JB© Vm ]∂S>-]∂S> Hy$Q>ZroVkmß H$ _wHw$Q> ghO hr CVa OmV h¢& AV:emgH$mß H$m OZVm H$ ohVmß H$m ‹`mZ aIH$a, Xe H$ odH$mg _ß A[ZmgoH´$` `mJXmZ XZm MmohE& C›hß odÌd amOZroV g ^r ]I]a Zht hmZmMmohE ∑`mßoH$ odÌd ÒVa [a ^r C›hß A[Zm ÒWmZ ]Zm` aIZm h°& AV:A[Z Xe A[Z amÓQ≠> H$r gmI oH$gr r H$r_V [a oJaZr Zht MmohE& h‹`mZ aIZm amOZVmAmß H$m ‡W_ H$V©Ï` h°&

oZÓH$f© Í$[ _ß dV©_mZ amÓQ≠>r` [na‡˙` H$m —oÓQ>JV aIV hwE òXCZH$r H$odVmAmß H$m AZwerbZ oH$`m Om` Vm CZH$r H$mÏ`-H•$oV`m±H$mbO`r h¢& d ha H$mb _ß bmH$ H$m ajU H$aZ dmbr h¢& AmO amÓQ≠>r`,gmßÒH•$oVH$, Y_©, A‹`mÀ_, AW©, g_mO, gmohÀ` Am°a odef Í$[ gamOZ°oVH$ ÒVa [a Om odgßJoV`m± Am MwH$r h¢, oXZH$a Or H$m H$mÏ` CZ‡ÌZmß H$m CR>mVm ^r h° Am°a CZH$ ‡Ia VWm gQ>rH$ g_mYmZ ^r ‡ÒVwVH$aVm h°& `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ oXZH$a Or H$r H$odVm g_mO H$ hagwI-XwI H$m ]hwV H$ar] g [hMmZVr h°& bmJmß H$m odde H$aVr h° CgoXem _ß gmMZ H$ obE& dmÒVd _ß EH$ gmohÀ`H$ma H$m `hr Vm Xmo`ÀdhmVm h°& ]mßΩbm H$od lr AÍ$U o_Ã H$ e„Xmß _ß -"Om ˆX` H$m Ò[e© _mÃZ H$a, ^rVa CWb-[wWb ^r _Mm X& _Z H$m _w∫$ H$a X& Hw$N> D$[a CR>mX& Om _ZwÓ` H$m _wo∫$ H$m _mJ© oXIm`& H$odVm h_em ha Vah H$ _ZwÓ`H$r [r∂S>m, CgH$ XwI H$m ImÀ_m MmhVr h°& Om _ZwÓ` H$ AoÒVÀd d `WmW©H$r C[jm H$aVm h°, dh ]∂S>m H$od Zht hm gH$Vm& Xygar H$bmAmß H$r VahH$odVm H$m ^r _hÀd ]hwV H$_ hmVm h°, O] dh _ZwÓ`, CgH$ OrdZ,CgH$ XwI-gwI Am°a CgH$r _Z: oÒWoV`mß g Zht Ow∂S>r hmVr& og\©$ OmXwB©^mfm Am°a oeÎ[ g H$odVm _hmZ Zht hmVr&'

lr AÍ$U o_Ã Or H$r H$odVm odf`H$ `h YmaUm oXZH$a Or H$H$mÏ` [a [yU©V: Iar CVaVr h°& C›hß EH$ `wJH$od KmofV H$aVr h°&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ1. am_Ymar ogßh oXZH$a, hwßH$ma, [•0gß0 232. am_Ymar ogßh oXZH$a, gm_YZr, [•0gß0 603. am_Ymar ogßh oXZH$a, Zr_ H$ [Œm, [•0gß0 054. am_Ymar ogßh oXZH$a, Hw$Í$jÃ, [•0gß0 515. am_Ymar ogßh oXZH$a, Hw$Í$jÃ, [•0gß0 1416. am_Ymar ogßh oXZH$a, Yy[ Am°a Yw±Am, [•0gß0 70

*************


S>m∞. Eg. Eg. amR>m°a *

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"[aXgr oXZ Sy>] Z OmdAmO Ka° _ma H$mC ZB©`m±&&

gmg ZßZoX`m JB© h¢ ]Ona`mg°`mß J` Xdam H$m b]m Mbmd ...........'

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1. AmJam gß^mJ H$ ÒdVßÃVm gZmZr-gyMZm od^mJ bIZC (C. ‡.)[•. 13

2. The Intutive Philosophy, P. 303. Contemporary Indian Philosophy P. 386

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e°be _oQ>`mZr H$m C[›`mg †am_H$br H$ g›X © _ß

_Zrfm Q°>Jma *

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S>m∞. aßOZm o_lm *

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S>m∞. ^mdZm lrdmÒVd *

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Z H$o˚MV≤ H$ÒòMV≤ o_Ã Z H$o˚MV≤ H$ÒòMX≤ na[w:&Z H$o˚MV≤ H$ÒòMV≤ o_Ã Z H$o˚MV≤ H$ÒòMX≤ na[w:&Z H$o˚MV≤ H$ÒòMV≤ o_Ã Z H$o˚MV≤ H$ÒòMX≤ na[w:&Z H$o˚MV≤ H$ÒòMV≤ o_Ã Z H$o˚MV≤ H$ÒòMX≤ na[w:&Z H$o˚MV≤ H$ÒòMV≤ o_Ã Z H$o˚MV≤ H$ÒòMX≤ na[w:&AdÒWmV. ‡Om`›V o_ÃmoU na[dg≤ VWm & MmU.-_moU. 71&&AdÒWmV. ‡Om`›V o_ÃmoU na[dg≤ VWm & MmU.-_moU. 71&&AdÒWmV. ‡Om`›V o_ÃmoU na[dg≤ VWm & MmU.-_moU. 71&&AdÒWmV. ‡Om`›V o_ÃmoU na[dg≤ VWm & MmU.-_moU. 71&&AdÒWmV. ‡Om`›V o_ÃmoU na[dg≤ VWm & MmU.-_moU. 71&&

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Abstract - The conception of judicial review is the touchstone and repository of the supreme law of the land. It is a vitalprinciple of our constitution which cannot be abrogated without affecting the basic structure of the Constitution. It is tooconsidered the basic feature of our Constitution. It is the most potent weapon in the hands of the judiciary for themaintenance of the rule of law. it is also the touchstone of the Constitution. The search work consists of introduction,historical perspective of England and United States, judicial review in India and at the end conclusion.Key Words - Judicial review, constitution of India, law, separation of power, etc.

Judicial Review - A Study In Indian Perspective

Introduction - The conception of judicial review is foundedon the principles of Rule of law which is the proud heritageof the traditional Indian culture and traditions. Only in themethod of working of judicial review and in its type ofapplication, there have been characteristic changes, butthe basic philosophy upon which the doctrine of judicialreview hinges is the same. The main consideration ofjudicial review is that to assure the protection of rights, avoidviolation of laws, socio-economic uplifts and to alert theother organ i.e. legislature to be in conformity with theConstitution. In ancient India , such type of spirit wasprevalent. As per words of Manu: “Law in fact, is thesovereign and leader and regulator of the society. The wholerace of mankind is kept in order by law”.3 Judicial review,the power of courts to review statutes and the governmentalaction to determine whether or not they confirm to rulesand principles laid down in constitution. Judicial review isbased on the idea that a constitution which dictates thenature, functions and limits of a government- is the supremelaw. Consequently, any action by a government that violatesthe principles of its constitution is invalid. The system ofjudicial review of administrative action has been inheritedfrom Britain. It is on this foundation that the Indian Courtshave built a superstructure of control mechanism. The wholelaw of judicial review of administrative action has beendeveloped by judges on case to case basis. Consequently,a thicket of technicalities and inconsistencies surrounds it.However, the present trend of judicial decisions is to widenthe scope of judicial review of administrative actions and torestrict the immunity from judicial review to a class of cases,which relate to deployment of troops and entering intointernational treaties, etc.Indian Railway Construction Co. Lt d. v. Ajay Kumar 4 -Judicial review means review by courts of administrative

Dr. Vijay Srivast ava* Devender Goel **

*Asst. Professor , Law College, Utt aranchal University , Dehradun (Utt aranchal) INDIA**LLM Student, Utt aranchal University , Dehradun (Utt aranchal) INDIA

actions with a view to ensure their legality. Review is differentfrom appeal. In appeal the appellate authority can go intothe merits of the decisions of the authority appealed against.In judicial review, the court does not go into merits of theadministrative action; court’s function is restricted toensuring that such authority does not act in excess of itspower.Object - The underlying object of judicial review is to ensurethat the authority does not abuse its power and the individualreceives just and fair treatment and not to ensure that theconcerned authorities reach a conclusion which is correctin the eyes of the law.Minerva Mills Lt d. v. Union of India 5 - The SC observedthat the constitution has created an independent judiciarywhich is vested with the power of judicial review to determinethe legality of administrative action and the validity oflegislation. Thus, judicial review focuses to protect thecitizens of the country from any abuse or misuse of powerby any of the branch of the State. Judicial quest inadministrative matters is to strike the just balance betweenthe administrative discretion to decide matters as pergovernment policy, and the need of fairness. Any unfairaction must be set right by administrative review. Judicialreview provides time for ‘sober second thought’.Historical Perspective -Judicial Review in England - Judicial review is a procedurein English administrative law by which the courts supervisethe exercise of public power on the application of anindividual. The Britain constitutional theory as expoundedby the Prof. A.V.Dicey does not recognize a separatesystem of administrative courts that would review thedecision of public bodies. The constitutional theory of judicialreview has long been dominated by the Doctrine ofUltravires, under which a decision of public authority can


only be set aside if it exceeds the powers granted to it bythe parliament. Therefore, it seems that today theconstitutional position of judicial review is dictated by theneed to prevent the abuse of power by the executive aswell as to protect individual rights.

After two decisions of the House of Lords in Board ofEducation v. Rice6 and Local Government v. Arlidge7 Diceyin his article “The Development of Administrative Law inEngland” observed that legislation had conferred aconsiderable amount of quasi-judicial authority on theadministration which was a considerable step towards theintroduction of administrative law in England.Judicial review in United S tates - In USA, the doctrine ofjudicial review has been accepted. The doctrine ofseparation of powers has been recognised by the framersof the American Constitution. The legislative powers arevested in the Congress, the executive powers in thePresident and the judicial power in the Supreme Court andthe courts subordinate thereto. Under the power of judicialreview, the Supreme Court can set aside any order passedor action taken by an administrative authority or agency if itis not in consonance with law.Marbury v. Madison 1803

Chief Justice Marshall observed that the Constitutionis Supreme and it is the duty of the court to declare whatthe law is.

In the United States, the doctrine of judicial review is agloss put upon the constitution by the judges themselves.Chief Justice Marshall, was modest enough to say that if itwas the duty of the court to apply the law, it was no less itsduty to enforce the Constitution which was the ‘superiorparamount law’ of the land, and if unfortunately, there wasa conflict between the fundamental law and the ordinarylaw, the Court would be bound to brush aside the law laiddown by the legislature, in order to give effect to theparamount law.Judicial Review and Constitution - The Constitution ofIndia expressly establishes the Doctrine of judicial Reviewthrough several Articles viz..13,32,131-136,143,226&246.The expression of judicial review is firmly rooted in India,and has the express sanction of the constitution. It is thebasic feature of our Constitution. It is the most potentweapon in the hands of the judiciary for the maintenanceof the rule of law. it is also the touchstone of the Constitution.The Supreme Court and high Courts are the ultimateinterpreters of the Constitution. ‘This is indeed a delicatetask assigned to the judiciary by the Constitution. Thedoctrine of judicial review is thus to be considered as thetouchstone and essence of the rule of law’. R.K Jain v. Unionof India8 As per Article 13 declares that any law whichcontravenes any of the provisions of the part of fundamentalRights shall be void. As per the Art.372 Clause1 establishesthe judicial review of the pre-constitution legislation. Article32 and 226 entrusts the roles of the guardian and guarantorof fundamental rights to the Supreme and High Courts.Kesavananda Bharati v . State of Kerala AIR 1973 SC

The Court held that judicial review is not only an integral apart of the constitution but also a basic structure of theConstitution, which cannot be abolished or whittled downeven by an amendment of the Constitution.Minerva Mills Lt d. v. Union of India (1980) 3 SCC 625 -The Court held that in democratic society, judicial review isthe soul of the system because without it democracy andthe rule of law cannot be maintained.D.K. Basu v . State of W est Bengal AIR 1997 SC - It hasbeen firmly established that the court can grantcompensation for established breach of fundamental rightsand abuse of power, while exercising jurisdiction underArticle32 of the Indian Constitution.S.R. Bommai v . Union of India (1994)3 SCC - The Courtheld that judicial review is the touchstone and repository ofthe supreme law of the land. It is a vital principle of ourconstitution which cannot be abrogated without affectingthe basic structure of the Constitution.Characteristics of Judicial review in India - Judicialreview power is used by both the Supreme and High Court,as both the Supreme Court and High Court exercise thepower of judicial review. But the final power to determinethe constitutional validity of any law is in the hands of theSupreme Courts.

Principle of procedure established by law, judicialreview in India is governed by the principle: ‘procedureestablished by law’ . There under the court conducts onetest, i.e., whether the law has been made in accordancewith the powers granted by the constitution to the law-making body and follows the prescribed procedure or not.It gets rejected when it is held to be violative of procedureestablished by law.Grounds for Judicial Review - The judicial review of anyadministrative action can be exercised on four grounds,i.e., illegality, irrationality, procedural impropriety or fairnessand proportionality. These grounds of judicial review weredeveloped by the Lord Diplock in Council of Civil ServicesUnion v. Minister of Civil Services (1984)3 AII ER

Illegality, the choice or decision makers mustunderstand the law that regulate them. if they fail to followthe law properly, their decision, action or failure to act willbe illegal. Thus an action or decision may be illegal on thebasis that the public body has no power to take that actionor decision, or has acted beyond its power.

Irrationality, the courts may also intervene to quash adecision if they consider it to be so unreasonable as toconstitute ‘irrationality’ or ‘perversity’ on the part of thedecision maker. The benchmaker decision on this principleof judicial review was made as long ago as 1948 in theWednesbury case.

Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd. v.Wednesbury Corpn. [1948]1 KB 223 HL

Lord Greene, if a decision on a competent matter is sounreasonable that no reasonable authority could ever havecome to it, then the courts can interfere but to prove a caseof that kind would require something overwhelming.


Procedural Impropriety, decision makers must act fairly inreaching their decisions. This principle applies solely tomatters of procedure, as opposed to considering thesubstance of the decision reached. The case must be heardand decided by the person to whom it is delegated and notby another. The process to arrive at some decision mustbe followed as it is expressed in the statute. The rule ofnatural justice must be applied by the deciding authority.Proportionality, this principle provides that the means forachieving some object ought to be sufficient but not exercisefor the purpose of achieving that object. Under this principle,the court will see that the legislature and administrativeauthority maintain a proper balance between the adverseeffects which the legislation or the administrative order mayhave on the rights, liberties or interests of persons keepingin mind the purpose for which they were intended to serve.

Conclusion - The growth of judicial review is the inevitableresponse of the judiciary to ensure proper check on theexercise of public power. Growing awareness of the rightsin the people. There is a general perception that the judiciaryin this country has been active in expansion of the filled ofjudicial review into non-traditional areas, which earlier wereconsidered beyond judicial purview. Under the traditionaltheory, courts of law used to control existence and extendof prerogative power but not the manner of exercise thereof.References :-1. Manu-VII-172. ( 2003)4 SCC 5793. AIR 1980 SC 17894. 1911 AC5. 1915AC6. (1993)4 SCC119

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Abstract - The Indian judiciary is consider to be the guardian and the protector of the people’s fundamental rights andalso a balancing wheel between the rights and social control. The Indian judiciary has been assigned a vital role invarious areas like upholding the federal principle, interpretation of the laws made by respective legislatures, testingthe validity of such laws and more importantly in protecting the fundamental right of the citizens. The search workconsists of introduction, historical perspective, brief overview, legal framework and at last conclusion.Key Words - Independency and accountability of judiciary, Supreme court of India, High Court guardian, protector,etc.

Independency And Accountability Of Judiciary -A Study In Indian Perspective

Introduction - Judiciary is one amongst the three importantpillars of the Indian democracy that is governed by rule oflaw. The Supreme Court of India is the Apex Court and isthe final interpreter of the Indian Constitution and the lawsof the land. The courts are also known as the guardian andthe protector of the people’s fundamental rights and also abalancing wheel between the rights and social control. Theother arms of the government i.e. the legislature and theexecutive creatures of the Indian constitution. All the organsof the government plays other role but judiciary is considerto be the most powerful as is the guardian of the Indianconstitution. However, operation of the theory of separationof powers and checks and balances require each one ofthe three organs not to interfere in the jurisdiction of theother. Accountability of Judiciary is one of the fundamentalcharacteristics of an independent judiciary. As an AustralianJudge MICHAEL KIRBEY observed that “In a pluralistsociety Judges are the equalizers. They neither servemajority or minority. Their duty is towards law and justice,military, to money, to tabloid media or the screaming mob.In upholding law and Justice, Judges have vital function inpluralist society to make sure that diversity is respectedand the rights of all protected”.

The judiciary in Indian has been assigned a vital rolein various areas like upholding the federal principle,interpretation of the laws made by respective legislatures,testing the validity of such laws and more importantly inprotecting the fundamental right of the citizens. TheSupreme Court stands at the top of the hierarchy of thecourts constituted under the constitution. It is the final arbiteras to the upholding of the federal principle, the validity of alaw or executive action and as to the enforcement offundamental rights of the citizens. The decision of thesupreme court is binding on all the other courts in India

Anjum Parvez * Subhra **

*Asst. Professor (Law) Utt aranchal University , Dehradun (Utt aranchal) INDIA**LLM Student, Utt aranchal University , Dehradun (Utt aranchal) INDIA

which include the High court as well as the subordinatecourts. The independency of judiciary seem to besometimes known as judicial activism. The writers are ofthe opinion that the Indian judiciary is said to be the mostpowerful one in the world in view of its judicial powers andfunctions. However Judiciary, higher Judiciary in particularis under obligation to act according to the constitution whichis supreme. This calls for the necessity of having anindependent judiciary which is free from all influences,political or otherwise.Historical perspective - In order to know the role of thejudiciary under the present Constitution it will be necessaryto discuss the historical perspectives in relation particularlyto the Supreme Court. The position of the supreme courtunder the constitution came up for consideration beforethe constituent assembly at a very early age. As alreadypointed out elsewhere almost simultaneously with theappointment of the Union Constitution Committee, a specialcommittee was set-up to consider and report on theconstitution and powers of the Supreme Court. TheCommittee sent its recommendations highlighting theupholding of federal principle and suggesting the variousjurisdictions it should exercise.3 Its recommendations weremainly based on the provisions of the Government of IndiaAct,1935.

The Sapru Committee Report recommended that,under the new Constitution the position of the Federal Courtwould have to be greatly strengthened and that it wouldneed to have wider, jurisdiction and must be the interpreterand guardian of the Constitution. The Report furtheremphasized that, the expanded jurisdiction should includea special responsibility for difficult cases, concerning the“Civil rights and liberties of people”.4

Dr. B.R.Ambedkar, one single integrated judiciary


having jurisdiction and providing remedies in all casesarising under the Constitutional Law , the Civil Law, or theCriminal Law. Such a judicial system, plus uniformity oflaw, were essential to maintain the unity of the country. 5

It becomes clear that the framers of the IndianConstitution envisaged a higher judiciary, independent,impartial and powerful to check the arbitrary exercise ofState power which might violate the fundamental rights ofthe citizens. It was expected that the Supreme Court shouldplay the role of the final arbiter in the adjudication of federalproblems. The framers of the Constitution wanted theSupreme Court to protect the sanctity of the IndianConstitution and to be its ultimate interpreter and to be thefinal guardian of the unalienable rights of the citizens ofIndia.A brief overview of independency of judiciary - TheConstitution of India is the basic law of the country. Anyinconsistent with or in derogation of the provisions of theconstitution is void. Basic principles embodied in theConstitution is Judicial independence among things suchas popular sovereignty, socialism, fundamental rights, anddirective principles of state policy. During the British ruleexecutive and judicial functions were combined in Collector-Magistrate in a district, making him a local dictator. Themakers of the Constitution did not want this to happen inthe independent India. That’s the reason the framersestablished a judicial system under which from the highestcourt of the land to lowest, every level and each of the level,function in the virtue of independency of judiciary.

The Indian Constitution contemplates an independentand impartial judiciary in view of numerous functionsassigned to it. The Judiciary led by the Supreme Court isregarded as one of the co-equal branches of thegovernment along with the legislature and the executive. Amajority of framers of the Constitution did not envisage asupreme judiciary which is capable of encroaching uponthe domain of the legislature and the executive. Theindependency of judiciary has another unique feature knownas unified system. The judicial power is not distributedbetween the Centre and the States, even though theConstitution uses the nomenclature of Union Judiciary andState Judiciary, to describe the Supreme Court and the HighCourts. Chapter IV of Part V of the Constitution deals withthe Union Judiciary in Articles 124-127. Similarly ChapterV of Part VI of the Constitution deals with the High Courtsin the States in Articles 214-233. Chapter VI of Part VI theConstitution deals with the Subordinate Courts in Articles233-237. Thus the entire judicial provisions are containedin the Constitution and they have uniform applicationthroughout the country.

In the India, the constitution contemplates a three-tiersystem of administration of justice, two-tiers in the Statesnamely the subordinate judiciary, the lowest in the hierarchy,and the High Courts, the middle, and at the top Supremecourt. The judgments of the Supreme Court are binding onall other courts in the territory of India i.e. the High Court

and the Subordinate courts.6.The Supreme Court and the High Courts of India play

a very important role in protecting the fundamental rightsof the citizens as well as the person by exercising the writjurisdiction under Art. 32 and 226 respectively. Thus theSupreme Court is treated as the guardian of thefundamental rights under the Article 32 of the Constitution.The Supreme Court of India is denoted as the appellateCourt in India and the final interpreter as to the validity ofany law, constitutional provision or even a constitutionalamendment.Legal Framework of independency of judiciary - TheConstitution of India provides the legal framework for theappointment of judges of Supreme Court, High Court andthe Subordinate Court as under Article 124,217 and 233respectively. As per the Article 124 Establishment andconstitution of Supreme Court provides that there shall bea Supreme Court of India consisting of a Chief Justice ofIndia and, until Parliament by law prescribes a largernumber, of not more than seven7 other judges. Every Judgeof the Supreme Court of India shall be appointed by thepresident by warranty under his hand and seal afterconsultation with such of the Judges of the Supreme Courtand High courts in the states as the President may deemnecessary for the purposes and shall hold office until heattains the age of sixty-five years. As per Article 217Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of aHigh Court provides that every Judge of a High Court shallbe appointed by the president by warrant under his handand seal after consultation with the Chief Justice of India,the Governor of the State , and, in the case of appointmentof a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justiceof the High Court, and shall hold office, in the case of anadditional or acting Judge, as provided in Article 224, andin any other case, until he attains the age of sixty-two years.As per Art.233 Appointment of district judges provided thatappointment of persons to be, and the posting andpromotion of, district judges in any State shall be made bythe Governor of the State in consultation with the High Courtexercising jurisdiction in relation to such State. And alsosays that a person not already in the service of the Unionor of the State shall only be eligible to be appointed a districtjudge if he has been for not less than seven years anadvocate or a pleader and is recommended by the highcourt for appointment.Conclusion - From the above analysis the independenceof judiciary makes it clear that independency of judiciary isthe hall mark of an independent republic which has adopteda constitution which is scared and superior to any one ofthree branches of government the legislature, executiveand the judiciary. The accountability is the sinquonon featureof an independent judiciary. A question arises which methodwe should have to ensure judicial accountability. Judges ofthe higher judiciary are to be accountable to whom, is it tothe legislature, or to the chief executive, the President ofIndia, or the people of India. A retired Justice Mohamad


Dzaiddin Abdullah of Malasia make a important guidelinesabout Judges and Judicial Accountability “To be faithful tohis oath is the test of his integrity as a Judge. Implicit in thisis that he must resist any influence or temptation. Indeedindependence is a vital component of a judicialaccountability, since Judiciary which is not truly independentcompetent or possessed of integrity would not be able togive any account of itself. This Judicial accountability is anindispensable counter balance to the judicial independence,for an unaccountable judge would not be free to disregardthe ends that independence is supposed to serve”. Theabove statements the writers conclude that despite all thecriticism the Indian judiciary of High qualities of head and

heart except for few who cannot be identified.References :-1. The Committee sent its report on May, 1947. The text

can be found on p.193 of the select Documents, theFraming of India’s Constitution, Ed. B. Shiva Rao , Vol.IV

2. Constitutional Proposal of the Sapru Committee(Dec,1945).

3. Constituent Assembly Debate, Book-2, Vol. VII, atp.948.

4. Under Article 131 of the Constitution of India.5. Now “thirty”, vide the Supreme Court (Number of

Judges) Amendment Act, 1978, Sec.16 (11 of 2009).

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Abstract - The Anti-Defection law was passed in 1985 through 52nd Amendment to the constitution, which added theXth Schedule to the Indian Constitution. The main intent of the law was to combat “The evil of political defections”.There are several issues in relation to the working of this law which need to be discussed. Does the law, whiledeterring defections, also lead to suppression of healthy intra-party debate and dissent? Does it restrict representativesfrom voicing the concern of their voters in opposition to the official party position? Should the decision on defectionsbe judged by the speaker who is usually a member of the ruling party or coalition, or should it be decided by anexternal neutral body such as the election commission?

In this note, we summarise the main features of law relating to Anti-Defection in Xth Schedule which was added by52nd amendment and the powers of Presiding Officer for defection.

Powers of Presiding Officer Under Xth Schedule of theConstitution

Introduction - Entire Range of living beings naturallydesires rule of law, and this desire is more immense andintense in human beings, because they have the capacityto differentiate and make rational judgments. Since theevolution of civilization era, various thinkers have beenworking to legitimize the concept of law. Legal thinkers andphilosophers evolved many doctrines and system throughwhich effective rule in society can be exercised andmaintained. Efforts of Philosophers, right from Greek Eratill date, finally zeroed in the concept of democracy. In thefurtherance of democratic governance, a parallel conceptof freedom developed simultaneously, which encompassesa variety of rights and liberties of which the freedom ofspeech and expression is comparatively significant. Indemocratic system of governance, the electedrepresentative voice the aspiration and sentiments of theelectorate in the legislature. For pursuing this legal, socialand moral duty, the legislature are conferred upon certainrights, privilages and immunities. So that they may expressfearlessly the sentiments of those, whom they represent.And when elected representative of one political party joinedsome other party for power and greed. It is called “defection”and the decision on question as to disqualification on groundof defection is referred for the presiding officer of theconcerned house and his decision shall be final.Litrature Survey - It was these circumstances that thegovernment led by late Shri Rajeev Gandhi brought Fiftysecond constitutional Amendment bill. The fifty secondAmendment Act 1985 added Xth Schedule to theconstitution enacting the provisions in relation todisqualification on grounds of defection. It is in this schedulewhere the registered political parties found their significance

Mamta Goswami *

*Research Scholar (Law) Mewar University , Chittorgarh (Rajasthan) INDIA

and role to play in the formation of government and theconduct of business in a house of legislature.

Paragraph 2 of Xth Schedule provides the groundsdisqualification of a member of a house belonging to anypolitical party.1. If he has voluntarily given up his membership of such

political party; or2. If he votes or abstains from voting in such house

contrary to any direction issued by his political party orany person authorized on this behalf.

3. An elected member who independently party after suchelection he would be deemed to have defected.

4. A nominated member of a house should be disqualifiedof being a member if he joins any political party.

Power of Presiding Officer Under X th Schedule of IndianConstitution - Article 105 and 194 gives privilages andimmunities to members of legislature, but these privilagesand freedom found new challenges and assault after the52nd Amendment of the Indian Constitution in the form ofXth Schedule. The cumulative effect of Xth Schedule is thatthe speaker or the chairman has been made monarch ofhouse.

According to paragraph 6 of Xth Schedule , If anyquestion arises as to whether a member of a house hasbecome subject to disqualification Under Xth Schedule, thequestion shall be referred for the decision of the chairmanor, as the case may be, the speaker of such house (PresidingOfficer) and his decision shall be final. But the decision ofpresiding officer is under judicial review, because judicialreview is the basic structure of constitution. And theparagraph 7 of Xth Schedule declared unconstitutional inthe case of Kihoto Hollohan Vs. Zachilhu and Others (1992)


1 S.C.C. 309; because Para-7 bar the jurisdiction of courts.Now the question arises whether paragraph 6 of Xth

Schedule granting finality to the decision of the speaker/chairman. The answer is yes, and courts come only afterdecision has been taken. The another question ariseswhether a speaker can review his own decision ofdisqualification a member under Xth Schedule. The answeris not, it helds in case of Kashinath Jalmi Vs. the speakerAIR 1993 S.C.The Political defection Examples in India - In India,the political defection startd as soon as the general electionof 1952 were over. Certain examples are very glaring inIndian Political Scenario, e.g. Ch. Charan Singh defectedwith his band of followers from congress party to pull downthe government of the Chief Minister C.B. Gupta. TheCentral Government of Shri Morarji Desai, Shri CharanSingh , Shri V.P. Singh, Shri Chandra Shekhar had beenthe victims of defection.Objectives of the study :1. To study the scope of the power and functions of the

speaker or chairman of the house in the light of theconcept of the parliamentary democracy.

2. To study the system of Indian Political party and theirinner democracies.

3. To study and proposes the way to maintain a balancebetween parliamentary privilages, llegislatures rightsand anti-defection provisions.

Research Methodology - The present study in largelybased on the practical working of Indian houses oflegislature in the light of Anti-defection law. The study isbasically a non-doctrinal study that is why it is not possibleto adhere to any strict methodology of the research. An in-depth study of various text books, periodicals and journalsand judicial decisions of different courts shall be undertakenwhich help in drawing conclusion.

References :-1. V.N. Shukla : The constitution of India.2. D.D. Basu : The constitutional Law of India.3. J.N. Pandey : The constitutional Law of India.4. Sir Thomas Erskine May : Parliamentary Practice 18th

Edn.5. Bare Act : Indian Constitution6. The Hindu Articles.7. Jethro K. Leberman : How the government breaks the

law.8. Constitutional Assembly debates.9. Bulletin II of the Lok Sabha on different dates PRS.

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Abstract - The Constitution of Nepal 2015 is the seventh Constitutional document before Nepal dwellers. The documenthas been under troubled water since its inception for not recognizing the concerns of Madheshi and Tharu population.Nevertheless, the charter has welcomes provisions as well. It succeeds to provide fair corpus of fundamental rights topeople that include right to free legal aid, right to information, right to privacy or right to social security. Also, theConstitution obliges the state to ensure one-third representation of women in legislative spectrum. Still, the charter isloaded with regressive provisions on number of occasions, like citizenship, constituency delineation or judicialappointments.Keywords - Nepali Constitution, citizenship, preamble, judiciary, women representation, Madhesh.

The progressive and regressive constitutionalarrangements in Nepali : A study in the light of

constitution of India

Introduction - A painful decade of bloody Maoist insurgencyand then years of failed attempts later, Nepal on September20, 2015 got a new Constitutional document, a developmentthat led to celebrations in Hills but 135 days long protestsin southern plains that claimed more than 40 lives. Therewas celebration in Kathmandu and the Hill regions bylighting lamps and firing crackers. But, the Madheshis andTharus of Nepal, the half of the national population,observed a Black Day to mourn the deaths of theircommunity memberswho had been gunned down bysecurity forces while protesting against certaindiscriminatory provisions of the Constitution.

The drafting process (2008 to 2015) kicked off in 2008with the formation of Constituent Assembly (CA)-I, theunicameral body of 601-member, after its election. In fact,the demand for a new Constitution was raised by Maoistrebels, who waged a decade long civil war which endedwith 2006 comprehensive peace accord. Two new politicalforces emerged—the Maoists with 229 seats in the CA andthe Madhesi parties with 80 seats1. The Maoists becamethe largest party in CA, leading to the abolition of 240-yearold monarchy.But because of wrangles, the Assembly failedto give birth to new Constitution.

The political parties came in the CA with a two-yearmandate to draw up a new statute for Federal DemocraticRepublic of Nepal. After 2010, the CA extended its life fourtimes till, finally, the top court intervened while deciding awrit petition and the CA dissolved on May 28, 2012 withoutproducing any outcome. The differences within the CA ledto political deadlock.

The fresh CA-II was constituted for a four-year termfollowing its poll held a year later on November 19, 2013.

Dr. Vijay Srivast ava * Mr. Jivesh Jha **

*Assist ant Professor , Uttaranchal University , Dehradun (Utt aranchal) INDIA** Student of LL.M (Constitutional Law) at Utt aranchal University , Dehradun (Utt aranchal) INDIA

The Maoists were down to 81 seats and the Madhesis to40; the older parties, the Nepali Congress (NC) and theCommunist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist Leninist (UML),emerged stronger with 201 and 175 seats, respectively2.The Assembly gave a deadline to promulgate theConstitution by January 2015 but it again failed to meet thedeadline. After much back and forth, Nepal got its newConstitution on September 20, 2015 by approval of over85 per cent of the 601 members of the CA, but without thestamp of approval of at least 60 Madheshi and Indigenousrepresentatives.

“The Constitution was crafted completely by a handfulof leaders of the big three parties—the Nepali Congress,the CPN-UML and the CPN-MC behind closed doors incollusion with some political elites and technocrats and waspresented in the CA for a ritual and forced endorsement.3”Importantly, “The Interim Constitution of 2007 hadintroduced a wide range of provisions for progressivetransformation, including federalism, citizenship, inclusionand secularism. The drafters of the Constitution watereddown all of these provisions in 2015. As a result, the countrystood psychologically divided on September 20, 2015,Nepal’s Constitution Promulgation Day.4"

In contrast, “New Delhi was one of the major backersof the process over the past decade, but it believes thenew constitution is not broad-based and is concerned thatit could spur violence which could spill over into its ownterritory5”.

However, apart from a few discriminatory provisions,there are provisions that have received much praise. Thispaper seeks to undertake a study onsome of the progressiveand regressive provisions enshrined in the new Constitution


of Nepal.Progressive provisions:I. Language - Everybody loves mother tongue and wantsto see the language given by the mother flourish. Onceyou know the language, it is easier for you to make goodrelationship with people, and establish contact through ef-fective communication. In order to flourish the languagesgiven by mother, its been provisioned that all the languagesgiven by mother shall be national language (Article 6). How-ever, the position is different in India.

The Gujarat High Court, while hearing a PIL, had in2010 observed that Hindi was not the country’s nationallanguage. The PIL had sought direction of the Centre andthe State to make it mandatory for print details of good tobe in Hindi. But the court had observed, “Normally, in India,majority of the people have accepted Hindi as a nationallanguage and many people speak Hindi and write inDevanagari script but there is nothing on record to suggestthat any provision has been made or order issued declaringHindi as a national language of the country6.”

Importantly, clause 1 of Article 343 states that “Theofficial language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devnagariscript.” Not only this, “the Articles 350A and 350B wereinserted by the Constitution (7thAmendment) Act 1956 toensure the protection of linguistic minorities.7” To securethese goals, the charter recognizes 22 languages in theEighth Schedule that includes Nepali, Bengali, Maithili, andHindi.The Constitution of Nepal (under article 7) envisages thatin addition to Nepali language, a province can select oneor more national languages to be used in the state if that isspoken by a majority of the people there. More or less,similar arrangement has been envisaged under Article 345of the Constitution of India.II. Right to privacy - Although right to privacy is yet to beexpressly mentioned in Indian constitution, the same righthas been enlisted under fundamental rights in Nepal. How-ever, right to privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of ‘rightto life and personal liberty’ clause in India.III. Progressive Fundament al Right s - The provisionsrelating to fundamental rights have been embodies underPart-III (Article 16-48) of the Constitution. There are ampleprovisions which are progressive in nature. For instance,right to information, right to communication, right to justice,rights of victim of crime, right against torture, right to freelegal aid, right to privacy, right to property, right to cleanenvironment, right to language and culture, rights of women,rights of Dalits, rights of senior citizens, right to social se-curity, and among others are the provisions which appearprogressive for a number of reasons.IV. One-third represent ation of women in legislativespectrum - Having gone through the constitution, one canfirmly and proudly say, Nepal’s new constitution is progres-sive, and institutes several positive elements for theupliftment of women in the country.

The cornerstones are set by two arrangements in

particular. First, ensuring rights of women as a fundamentalright (FR) through legislation from the very initial stage underArticle 38; second, the constitutional provision setting aside33% representation of women in Nepal’s legislature is amajor breakthrough.

Nepal sets aside 33% of parliamentary seats for womenthrough legislation as envisaged under Article 84(8).Similarly, A-86 (2) (a) ensures that three berths shall begiven in 59-member national assembly, where eightsmembers to be elected from each province.Regressive provisions:I. Citizenship - The persons who have solemnized mari-tal bonding with a non-Nepali national remained deeply of-fended after sensing that their husband or wife or their is-sues would be beneath their civil and political status.The Article 11 (3) provides that in order to acquire citizenshipby descent, it must be proved that both ‘father and mother’are Nepali citizens. However, on non-fulfillment of thisclause, meaning where a child whose ‘father or mother’ isa Nepali, a person is entitled to get citizenship bynaturalization.

Moreover, if his/her father is found to be a foreigner,the citizenship to such a person shall be converted tonaturalized citizenship, Article 11(5). Similarly, if a foreignwoman married to a Nepali citizen so wishes, she mayacquire naturalized citizenship of Nepal, says Article 11(6). Interestingly, Article 11 (7) of the Constitution allows a childborn to a Nepali woman, whose father is a foreigner, toacquire naturalized citizenship. However, the authority toissue such citizenship lies with the District AdministrationOffice under Ministry of Home Affairs which has not issuedeven a single citizenship certificate of that type till date8.Ironically, if a brother marries a foreigner, the children bornfrom them would get citizenship without any hassles whilethe same treatment is not there with a sister marrying aforeigner. Isn’t the provision generating gender bigotry?9

Despite this, Article 289 bars a naturalized citizen to holdany vital government post. In this way, Constitution itselfmakes clear that the naturalized citizens are inferior todescent citizens. Unfortunately, this type of derogatoryprovision was not embodied in Interim Constitution-2007,and other five repealed Constitutions.II. Electoral Constituency - The parameters for delin-eation of electoral constituency became the other most dis-puted provision.

Nepali parliament made provision of taking ‘geographyand population’ both into account while delineating theelectoral constituencies. Conversely, ‘population’ is only thebasis for constituency delimitation in India.

In this context, it bears relevance to acknowledge thereading of former Indian envoy to Nepal Rt. His ExcellencyRakesh Sood who observes: “The 2015 Constitutionreduces the weightage given to proportional representation.Terai (Madhesh) constitutes 51 per cent of the populationbut according to calculations, it would currently get only 62out of a total of 165 seats under the first past the post


system, instead of 83, as per its population. The notion offixing electoral constituencies after taking into account‘population and geography’ was intended to ensure that thesparsely populated trans-Himalayan districts are not left outof the democratic process10.”III. Judiciary - Independent and impartial judiciary is oneof the hallmarks of the democratic government. To give theexecutive, cabinet or legislature an unfettered discretion indeciding the philosophy of judges is to make judiciary obe-dient to government.

It has been provisioned that judicial appointment shallbe made on the recommendation of Judicial Council (JC),where the Law Minister shares a berth. The constitution ofJC has been provided under Article 153. It envisages thatthe Chief Justice of Nepal will be ex-officio Chairman ofthe Council, whereas the Federal Law Minister, senior-mostjudge of the SC, a legal expert nominated by the Presidenton the recommendation of the Prime Minister, and a senioradvocate appointed by the President on therecommendation of Nepal Bar Council will be acting asmembers.

In India, the appointment, removal and transfer ofjudges of higher courts and subordinate courts have beenplaced entirely in the hand of judiciary, leaving no room forthe influence of executive and legislature.IV. Preamble - The second paragraph of preamble ac-cepted the glorification of various movements in past suchas people’s war and the armed conflicts. Surprisingly, it failsto acknowledge the Madhesh movements that led to theinclusion of federalism. “The Constitution has underminedthree big Madhesh movements that took place in the coun-try since 2007…. Had the Madhesh movement been rec-ognized in the Constitution, it could have increased theacceptance of the Constitution in Madhesh.11”Conclusion - It may be noted that 2015 charter is theseventh Constitution before the Nepali people. TheGovernment of Nepal Act, 1948 was the first Constitutionaldocument in Nepal. Since 1950, the Himalayan state hasexperimented with various constitutions. It has had twoInterim Constitutions (1951 and 2007) and three formalConstitutions (1959, 1962 and 1990).

Many thoughtful Nepalis believed that the new

Constitution would succeed to end all discriminations lyingin the country.But the charter, at the time of its promulgation,failed to strike a balance between dominant views (i.e., theagendas of major parties) and minority views (i.e., agendasof Madheshi parties). As a result, agitating Madheshi partiesrefused to give their stamp of approval to the new document,arguing that the “statute is not a broad-based document”and it would “politically marginalize the Madheshi people.”The constitution failed to address the concerns of theMadheshi population in terms of federalism, electoralrepresentation and citizenship, forcing the community tohold a five-month long blockade along the Indo-Nepalfrontier. More than 40 people lost their lives while protestingagainst new statute. This Constitution has been undertrouble from its inception as there was a sense oftriumphalism in Hills but dissidence in Madhesh.A just Constitution cannot be discriminatory. So, there isdire need of an amendment in it, not only for incorporatingthe aspirations of Madhesh, half sky of Nepal, but also forensuring its wider ownership and everlasting progress.References :-1. Rakesh Sood, “Himalayan Upgrade” The Hindu

, Nov. 21, 2017,2. Ibid3. Dipendra Jha, EDERAL NEPAL: Trials and Tribulations

11 (Aakar Books, New Delhi,2018)4. Dipendra Jha, FEDERAL NEPAL: Trials and

Tribulations 05 (Aakar Books, New Delhi,2018)5. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-343132806. https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/06/24/for-the-last-

t ime-h ind i - is -not - the-nat iona l - language-o f -india_a_22952944/ accessed on March 3, 2018

7. MP Jain, Indian Constitutional Law 796 (Lexis Nexis,Gurgaon 2016)

8. http://english.lokaantar.com/articles/view-constitutions-citizenship-provisions-south-asian-states/ (accessedon March 3, 2018)

9. Ibid10. http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/overcoming-the-

stasis-in-nepal/article7823808.ece11. Dipendra Jha, FEDERAL NEPAL: Trials and Tribulations

85 (Aakar Books, New Delhi,2018)

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Rights Of Women In India-With Special ReferenceTo Workplace

Dr. Vijay Srivast ava* Divya Priyadarshni **

Introduction - In India women are not safe. Heinous andheart tormenting crimes are being perpetrated over themevery minute. Be it a girl at school, a sister at home or astrong corporate lady in the magnetic world of money; theyare all vulnerable. Exploitation of women in India is notsynonymous touneducation. It is also in no way related totheir exposure. If that would be true women could have feltsafer at home. Educated women working with some finecorporate firm would have never complained of harassmentby their counter male colleagues. But that’s not theprevailent scenario. Women is an epitome of shakti yet sheis drained out of all her modesty and dignity by perpetratingsuch evil crimes over her. A women discharges so manyimportant functions as daughter,sister then stepping intosomeone’s life as wife,giving birth to a child as mother andat workplace as someone’s employee. It is well settledprinciple and not an issue of debate that physically she is aweaker sex. For the very first time this remark was madeby the supreme court of United States of America in a case.Biologically also she is somewhere at loss,discharging somany functions she is somewhere standing on an unequalpedestal compared to male counterpart. So it is somewhereresponsibility of the society to make her feel safer at herworkplace. A society cannot progress by crushing onegender of the society or by making her feel weaker sectionof the society. If society is a vehicle women is an importantwheel. She has all the rights to be felt safe and protectedat her workplace. There are several constitutional provisionin India safeguarding women rights. For instance, we haveArticle 14, Article 15 and Article 21. Article 14, thogh,isgeneral in nature yet it is there to safeguard equality beforelaw.under article 15 there is specifically use of word ‘sex’ inregard to prohibiting discrimination. Also Article 21 is thereto safeguard life and liberty of working women in India. Alsothere is Convention On Elimination Of All Forms OfDiscrimination Against Women,Maternity BenefitConvention. After this we have a leading case of Vishaka v.State of Rajasthan (1997)6S.C.C. 323. They all help us toknow how women’s rights in India are safeguarded at theirworkplace. We will address these key issues in paragraphone after the other.

But before we delve deep into intricacies of protections

*Asst. Proffesor (Law) Utt aranchan University , Dehradun (Utt arakhand) INDIA **LLM -2nd Semester (Law) Utt aranchan University , Dehradun (Utt arakhand) INDIA

and safeguards it is important to understand that whatactually amounts to sexual harassment.What Amount s To Sexual Harassment - In India there isno adequate and sufficient laws protecting women fromsexual harassment at their workplace. Expecting suchenactment in a male dominated society would definitely takeconsiderable amount of time and we need to show somemore patience. Prior to Vishaka case,we had no legislationin this regard. After Vishaka we have ‘The SexualHarassment of Women At Workplace (Prevention,Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 which is a legislativeAct in India that seeks to protect women from sexualharassment at their place of work. It was passed by theLok Sabha(the lower house of the Indian Parliament) on 3september 2012.

However, in Vishaka’s case a definition of sexualharassment was suggested by J.S. Verma J. . He opinedthat for this purpose sexual harassment includes suchunwelcome sexually determined behaviour (whether directlyor by implication) as -(a) Physical contact and advances(b) A demand or request for sexual favours(c) Sexually coloured remarks(d) Showing pornography(e) Any other unwelcome physical,verbal or non verbal

conduct of sexual nature.When we analyse the above definition we get to know

that sexual harassment is something which is in the formof descrimination on the basis of sex which is projectedthrough unwelcome sexual advances,request for sexualfavours and other verbal or physical conduct, specificallywhen submission to or rejection of such a conduct by thefemale employee was capable of bein used for affectingthe employment of the female employee and her workperformance gets interfered unreasonably and the effectof such an act is that an adverse and hostile workenvironment is created against her.Sexual Harassment Of W orking W omen And IndianConstitution - The Constitution of India talks of genderequality. Sexual harassment of any women at her place ofemployment is in totality against the principle of genderequality. It is also violation of the fundamental rights in


particular Article 14, Article 15 and Article 21 of the IndianConstitution which enshrines principles of equality beforelaw and prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion,race, caste, sex and place of birth. Article 21 is also said tobe violated by sexual harassment of women at workplaceas it deals with the protection of life and personal liberty.Any International conventionnot inconsistent with theFundamental Rights and in harmony with its spiritmust beread into these provisions to enlarge the meaning andcontent thereof to promote the object of the constitutionalguarantee. This is implicit in Article 51(c). Article 73 also isrelevant in this regard.Next in reference we have -

C.E.D.A.W (Convention On Elimination Of All FormsOf Discrimination Against Women) 1979

We can say that this convention is a step towardsprotecting the honour and dignity of the women. Themessage is loud and clear that ‘she’ has all right to feelsafe and protected at her workplace. Allow her to work.Don’t crush her. Allow her to grow and multiply.

The Government of India has ratified the CEDAW’Sresolution on 25th june, 1953 with some reservation whichare no material in the present context.The relevant provisions in the context are:Article 1 1 - State parties shall take all appropriate measuresto eliminate discrimination against women in the field ofemployment in order to ensure, on a basis of equality ofmen and women, the same rights in particular:(a) The right to work as an inalienable right of all human

beings;(f) The right to protection of health and to safety in working

conditions, including the safeguardingof the functionof reproduction.

Article 24 - State parties undertake to adopt all necessarymeasures at the national level aimed at achieving the fullrealization of the rights recognized in the presentconvention.

The general recommendations of the CEDAW in thematter relating to sexual harassment at workplace in respectof Article 11 are:Violence and equality in employment - Equality inemployment can be seriously empaired when women aresubjected to gender specific violence, such as sexualharassment at the workplace.

Sexual harassment includes such unwelcome sexuallydetermined behaviour as physical contacts andadvances,sexually coloured remarks, showing pornographyand sexual demands, whether by words or actions. Suchconduct can be humiliating and may constitute a healthand safety problem; it is discriminatory when the womenhas reasonable grounds to believe that the objection would

disadvantage her in connection with the employment,including recruiting or promotion, or when it creates a hostileworking environment whats needed to be provided for iseffective complaints, procedures and remedies, includingcompensation.States in their reports must include information about sexualharassment, And what measures have been adopted toprotect women from sexual harassment and other formsof violence and coercion in the workplace.Vishaka V . State Of Rajasthan (1997)6 S.C.C. 323 - Thencame the leading judgement of Vishaka v. State ofRajasthan in which a writ petition was filed for theenforcement of Fundamental Rights of working womenunder Articles 14 , 15, 21 of the Indian Constitution. Thepresent petition was brought as a class action by certainsocial activists and NGO. The progress made at eachhearing in Vishaka, culminated in the formulation ofguidelines to which Union ofIndia gave its consent throughthe Solicitor General, indicating that these should be theguidelines and norms declared by the Supreme Court togovern the behaviour of employees and all others atworkplace to curb this social evil.

At present we have legislation in the form of SexualHarassment of Women At Workplace (Prevention,Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.Conclusion - Thus in nutshell we can conclude that anyaction or gesture whether direct or implied which aims ator has tendency to outrage the modesty of a femaleemployee constitutes sexual harassment. Even an attemptto do so is sufficient to constitute sexual harassment. Article32 of the Indian Constitution which empowers the Supremecourt for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights andthe executive power of the union both have to meet in orderto address the issue of sexual harassment of workingwomen and to turn their fundamental rights into reality.Governance of the society by rule of law mandates thisrequirement as a logical commitment of the constitutionalscheme. The meaning and content of the FundamentalRights guaranteed in the Constitution of India are ofsufficient amplitude to encompass all the facets of genderequality which includes prevention of sexual harassmentor abuse.

References :-1. Dr.Tripathi, Law relative to women And children, central

Law Publication2. Mamta Raw, Law Relative to women And children,

Eastern Book Company Third edition3. It’s Constitution of india act, 19504. Convention on the elimination of all forms of

discrimination against women

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Abstract - Stress is on of the most important concept in contemporary Psychology. “stress1 refers only to a stress withsignificant negative consequences, or distress in the terminology advocated by Hans Selye, stress and anxiety areevery where, now a days stress is not confined to adults alone but also affect children and adolescents. Stress due toeducation is called academic stress. The purpose of the present study was to find out relationship between academicstress and study habit among higher secondary students. For this purpose 400 students from UP. Board schools andC.B.S.E. board schools were randomly selected from Meerut District of UP. state of India. The students were selectedall the basis of their scores on academic stress scale and study habit inventory. The collected data were statisticallytreated by using pearson’s correlation formula and ‘X2 - Test. The result clearly revealed that academic stress ofhigher secondary students of UP. Board and C.B.S.E. Board was negatively correlated with study habit.Key Words - stress, academic stress, anxiety, adolescence, study habit.

Academic Stress In Relation To Study Habit AmongHigher Secondary Students

Introduction - The present century has been rightly referredas “The century of fear” & “The age of anxiety & stress “ bythinkers like Albert camiess and W.H.Auden stress hasbecome a common symptom of the present day man,therefore attracted the attention of teacher, social workers,physician, parents, psychologist and a variety of otherpeople. Today’s man is facing the danger of war, economic,ecological imbalance and environmental pollution, a fastchanging social structure that is becoming more complexday by day. All these problems make man increasinglystressful prone.

Stress is one of the most important concept incontemporary psychology. The concept of stress enjoyscentral position in the theories of human behaviour andpersonality and is regarded as basic conditions of humanexistence by many thinkers. Now a days stress is notconfined to adults alone but also affect children andadolescents. There are so many conditions in educationalfield, Which are stressful to child like negativeconsequences of failures, future life, too much home worketc. academic stress increase day by day because ofvarious situations and condition in schools and collegesand influence so many factors like anxiety, timemanagement, leisure satisfaction, achievement motivation,study habit etc. Stress due to education is called academicstress, academic stress is becoming increasingly commonand widespread among adolescents(Garcia, 1986 andGupta 1989), Shakespeare’s description of the child“creeping like snails unwilling to school” reminds us of thestresses which exist in the system and neurotoxin limitationat educational places according to Raina (1983) physical

Dr. Harendra Kumar * Tabassum **

*Associate Professor (T eacher ’s Training) Digamber Jain College, Baraut, Distt. Baghp at(U.P.) INDIA**Lecturer Pt. DDUMC, Meerut (U.P .) INDIA

effects of academic stress are pale faces, sunken cheeksand disheveled hour, psychological effects are still moreserious in natures, they includes anxiety, aggression apathybored depression, fatigue, nervousness and loneliness etc.(Patri, 1995)

Study Habit William James (1890) defined habit interms of dependable and stable way of behaving. Jones(1952) defined ‘habit’ as a customary pattern of “” behavioureither cognitive or emotional response predictable accordingto the condition that operates at the time of learning.Crow and Crow (1903) state study habit can be interpretedas a planned programme of subject matter mastery its chiefpurposes are (i) to acquire knowledge and habits. Whichwill be useful in new situation, interpreting ideals and generalenrichment of life (ii) to perfect skill, and (iii) to developattitude?

According to Percival and Ellington (1984) study habitsto the methods or techniques of effective learning which inturn involve a set of study skills as organization of time,effective use of time, reading skills, essay writing, reportwriting skill, note taking skill. Christenson et. al. (1991)defined study habits as behaviour, which relate toorganization of time space, or resources for learning.

In earlier Balli (1998) was also examined the effect ofparents help on relieving academic stress of 6th gradechildren and was discovered that when parents help theirchildren then they do better in school. Hoover-Dempsey etal (2001) conducted a study on effect of academic stresson parents and familiar. They found that academic stresshas a positive effect on parents and familiar by allowingthem to show an interest in their children’s academic


progress. John L. Paul (2007) did an expert counselling foracademic stress the purpose of the study was to examinethe extent to which college students academic coping styleand motivation mediate showed they find that there isrelationship between college students academic stress andcourse grade was influence by problem focused coping andmotivation but not emotion focused. Larry G, Richards(2005) conducted a study on class performance from studyhabit and also compared Asian Verses non- Asian studentsand concluded that particular the gender difference on thesurface study scale was evident there woman who attendedevery class and completed their homework regularly.Vijayalakshmi (2006) analysed the study habit andachievement in physics of students of class XII for thepresent study random sampling method was used. Fivecolleges have been selected from Shimoga district Heconcluded that (1) Sex has no impact upon the variouscategories of study habits (2) Type of college has no impactupon the various study habit (3) There is a significantdifference between the achievement of boys and girls inphysics (4) There is significant difference in the governmentand private college students achievement in physics (5)There is a significant relationship between the study habitand achievement in physics.Objectives Of The S tudy-1. To find out the relationship between academic stress

and study habit among higher secondary students ofU.P. board

2. To find out the relationship between academic stressand study habit among higher secondary students ofCBSE board

Hypothesis - The following null hypothesis are advancedto be tested in the present studyHypothesis - 1. “There is no significant relationshipbetween academic stress and study habit among highersecondary students of U.P. board”The above hypothesis was further classified into two subhypothesis on the basis of sex differences i.e. girls andboys.Sub- Hypothesis - 1.1. “There is no significant relationshipbetween academic stress and study habit among U.P boardgirls”.Sub- Hypothesis- 1.2 “There is no significant relationshipbetween academic stress and study habit among U.P boardboys”Hypothesis - 2 “There in no significant relationship betweenacademic stress and study habit among higher secondarystudents of CBSE board”.Above hypothesis was further classified into tow sub-hypothesis on the basis of sex i.e. girls and boys.Sub- Hypothesis - 2.1 “There is no significant relationshipbetween academic stress and study habit among CBSEboard girls”.Sub- Hypothesis - 2.2 “There is no significant relationshipbetween academic stress and study habit among CBSEboard boys”.

Method - Survey method was used by researcher to identifythe correlation between academic stress and study habit.Sampling- It was not feasible to include all the students ofsenior secondary school in the study for data collection. Itwas considered inevitably to draw a representative sample.So the researcher took 20-20 students of higher secondaryclasses level from each school randomly, which they wereselected earlier for the purposed study (10 schools of U.Pboard and 10 schools of CBSE board), for selecting theseschools from Meerut district random sampling techniquewas used.Tools Used - For measuring academic stress and studyhabit of the student the following tools were used.a) Academic stress scale by Akbar Husain & Tabassum

Rashid.b) Study Habit inventory by Dr.S. K.JainProcedure Of Dat a Collection - After selecting the samplethe researcher made personal contact to the principal ofthe sample institution. After getting the permission ofprincipal, Researcher requested to the class teacher of therespective section. Firstly, Researcher gave two scale i.e.academic stress scale and study habit inventory, time hasto be given for these two scales was 8.A.Mto 10AM.Result s Discussion - The data were analysed by usingproduct moment correlation to examine the relationshipbetween academic stress and study habit. The summarypresented in Table-1Table-1 Showing correlation coefficient value betweenacademic stress and study habitGroup Number r- ValueU.P. Board 200 r = - 0.668**Girls 100 r = -0. 6499**Boys 100 r = - 0. 6806**CBSE board 200 = - 0.905**Girls 100 = - 0.504**Boys 100 = - 0.669****Significant at .01 Level of ConfidenceTable – 2.1 (See in the last p age)Table – 2.2 (See in the last p age)

According to table-1 the correlation value betweenacademic stress and study habit among U.P board studentsobtained is (r - 0.668), which is significant at .01 level onthe basis of this velum the null hypothesis has beenrejected. Further the finding was supported by ‘x2 – testmethod also (Table 2.1 and Table 2.2)

Correlation value was negatively significant showsacademic stress of U.P board students was negativelycorrelated with study habit among U.P board students onthe other hand the correlation value among CBSE boardstudents (r = - 0.905) is more negative than U.P boardstudents showing that students of CBSE board have moreacademic stress than U.P board students as well as CBSEboard students shows slightly bad study habit than U.Pboard students It was argued that academic stress is highin CBSE board students and higher secondary studentshave very disturbing study habit this is because of study


medium in CBSE board schools is English which isresponsible for high stressful condition, Indian houses havegenerally regional language environment so studentsalways feel problem to understand syllabi and they do nottake interest in teaching learning process another reasonfor stressful condition are competitive environment andstudents in CBSE board schools come from different socio-economic status so students compare themselves with theothers.

On the other hand correlation value between academicstress and study habit among U.P board girls and boys are(r = - 0.6499 and r = - 0. 6806) respectively, these aresignificant at .01 level, showing that academic stress isnegatively correlated with study habit in both girls and boysbut value of coefficient was more negative in U.P boardgirls than boy, on the basis of this discussion the Sub-hypothesis 1.1 & 1.2 has been rejected. There are so manyreasons for stressful condition for girls, girls have no propertime table for their study, they spend most of their time inplaying indoor and outdoor game, cooking, painting,stitching etc. they always feel burden regarding their studyand household works, and parents also do not cooperategirls for their study, environment of schools and home alsoeffects the study habit of the students.

Correlation coefficient value among CBSE board girlsand boys are (r = - 0.504, 0 - 669) respectively which issignificant at .01 level on the basis of this finding Sub-hypothesis 2.1 and 2.2 has been rejected but correlationvalue is more negative in girls so CBSE board girls, havemore academic stress and poor study habit then boys thereare many reasons for this.

Medium is English, maximum time expend in internet,household works, illiterate parents, poor economic conditionetc.

These finding are supported by some previousresearch finding. Love M. Nriy. (2002) conducted a studyon study habit of Nigerian university students and concludedthat Nigerian students read mostly for purpose of passingexamination and they do not seem to pursue their studiescorrectly and thoroughly, Jeffery R.Stowell in (2003) did workon use and abuse of academic examination in stressresearch. He concluded that use subjective and objectivemeasures of test difficulty with in subject design, cooper &*Nye (1994) conducted a study on home work and studentsstudy disabilities and concluded that appropriate home workcan improve study habit of students.Findings -1. It has been found to be that academic stress of higher

secondary students of U.P. board was negativelycorrelated with study habit the value of correlationcoefficient obtained was (r=-0.668).

1.1.2 It has been also found to be that academic stress ofU.P. board girls and boys was negatively correlatedwith study habit, but value of correlation coefficientobtained was slightly negative (r=-0.6499) among girlsthen U.P. board boys (r=-0.6806).

2. It has been found to be that academic stress of highersecondary students of CBSE board students was alsonegatively correlated with study habit (r=-0.905).

2.1.2 It has been also found to be that academic stress ofCBSE board girls and boys was negatively correlatedwith study habit, but value of correlation coefficientobtained was more negative (r=-0.504) among girlsthen CBSE board boys (r=-0.669).

l Academic stress have negative relationship with studyhabit among higher secondary students, it means ifacademic stress increases than study habit becomepoor or vice-versa. But correlation between academicstress and study habit among CBSE board (r = 0.905)students is slightly lower than correlation among U.P.board (r = 0.668) students showing that the studentsof CBSE board have more academic stress than U.P.board students as well as CBSE board students showsslightly bad study habit.

l Academic stress also have negative relationship withstudy habit in both girls and boys of U.P. board, it meansif academic stress increases that study habit becomepoor or vice-versa, but correlation coefficient valuebetween above two variables among girls is slightlylower (r=-0.6499) than U.P. board boys (r=-0.6806)showing that U.P. board girls have more academicstress and poor study habit then boys.

l Academic stress also have negative relationship withstudy habit in both girls and boys of CBSE board butcorrelation coefficient value among girls is slightly lower(r=-0.504) then boys (r=-0.669), showing that CBSEboard girls also have more academic stress and poorstudy habit then that of boys.

l Academic stress is negatively correlated with studyhabit among all the students of U.P. Board and CBSEBoard it means if academic stress increases than studyhabit become poor or vice-versa showing that resultsis significant (x2=219.796) for all the students of highersecondary level.

Implications of the Research Findings - The Researchhas implication for classroom environment and performanceas well as school activities and school climate. The presentstudy with its variables, as discussed in the study, hasrevealed that academic stress of the student is an importantfactor which influence to the study habit and achievementmotivation etc. The findings of present research work showsthat “Academic stress of higher secondary students isnegatively correlated with study habit of student” if studentsshow poor study habit it means they are in highly stressfulcondition. So the teacher could use the knowledge providedby present study to help the students to decrease theiracademic stress by solving difficulties of students andencourage them to improve their study habit. As well asthe study is useful for school organizer also schoolmanagement can improve school environment for studentsby making good time table, proper discipline etc. which isresponsible for academic stress and study habit of children


parents also can take help from the research findings toimprove study habits and remove academic stress of theirchildren. So it is necessary for parents they should providea positive atmosphere at home, they should have positiveattitudes towards their children to solve their problems bygiving a proper guideline. The knowledge generated by thestudy may make the parents of growing children aware ofthe right approaches. So that they may help their teenagersto develop their potential up to the maximum level.References :-1. Bosch, J.A., RingC.et.al. (2004) Academic examination

and immunity; academic stress or examination stress?Psychosom Med (2004).

2. Carter V.Good, Dictionery of Education. New York :McGraw Hill P.42 1959.

3. Georgiady, Nicholas, P Romano, Louis, G (1994),Focus on study habit at home for middle schoolstudents. A guide for parents and students to increaselearning at home ISBN- 0- 918449-05-7, 15P.

4. Nandita Tanime, S. (2007) study habit and attitudetowards studies in relation to academic achievementin geography of secondary school students.Educational psychological l inguistic. Journalassociation of India.

5. Nicholas, P. Georgiady (1994) Study habit at homeAmerican journal of Educational psychology. Vol.20,152-159.

6. Paschat, R.A, Weinstein, T & Walberg H,J.(1984) Theeffects of home work stress on achievement ofstudents A quantitative synthesis, Journal ofEducational research, 78, 97.

7. Peer Influence on the study habit of secondary schooladolescents in ogun state nigeria Requet Article (2007).

8. Ramana Sood. Dalivinder Kumar (2007) study habitand academic achievement of first generation learnersand subsequent generation learners. MERI Journal ofEducational psychology. Vol. II Oct, 2007 Number 2.

Table – 2.1Percentage Distributed of Respondents According to Academic Stress

and Study Habits among 200 Students of U.P. BoardAcademic Study Habits TotalStress Poor Moderate GoodLow 7.2% (3) 59.5% (25) 33.3% (14) 21.0%(42)Moderate 6.6% (8) 80.2% (97) 13.2% (16) 60.5% (121)High 70.3% (26) 29.7% (11) 0.0% (0) 18.5% (32)Total 18.5% (37) 66.5% (133) 15.0% (30) 100% (200)at 0.01 significance level, chi square value = 92.21927 , contingency value = 0.56197

Table – 2.2Percentage Distributed of Respondents According to Academic Stress

and Study Habits among 200 Students of C.B.S.E. BoardAcademic Study Habits TotalStress Poor Moderate GoodLow 0% (0) 40.7% (11) 59.3% (16) 13.5%(27)Moderate 1.6% (2) 83.6% (107) 14.8% (19) 64% (128)High 64.4% (29) 31.1% (14) 4.4% (2) 22.5% (45)Total 15.5% (31) 66% (132) 18.5% (37) 100% (200)at 0.01 significance level, chi square value = 136.66440 , contingency value = 0.63713

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gßÒWmZ16. H$Q>mna`m, Eg. H$. (2009) - "^maVr` ‡emgZ H$ [wZ: oZ_m©U _ß

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17. Singh, Shiv Sahay & Government must spend moremoney for awareness about RTIAct. www. indian

express.com18. Singh, Shalini (2012) & Genesis of Right to Information

Act in, Research Journal of Social Science.19. www.righttoinformation.org20. rti.gov.in21. www.rtiindia.org

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Empowering Women Economically ThroughTraditional Crafts

Dr. Sabra Qureshi *

Introduction - Traditional embroidery has always been aform of self-expression for women. It mirrors their lives;reflects their hidden desires and aspirations and expressesthe cultural traditions and religious beliefs of the society towhich they belong. Embroidery, the art of working raiseddesign in threads of silk, cotton, gold or silver upon thesurface of woven cloth with the help of a needle, has beenknown in India from very early times.

India had attracted migrations from pre historic timesand people came with their customs and traditions, whichwere absorbed and formed the rich cultural traditions ofthe country. The starkness of the desert, the arid, colorlesslandscape is balanced by the brilliant range of colors foundin the textile of Rajasthan. By way of relief to the monotonyof dull tones visible in the landscapes the people of theregion have a deep seated need for color, which vented inthe vibrancy of their clothes, animal trapping and housedecoration. The color and vibrancy of Rajasthan extendsinto its embroidery as well. A wealth of stitchery, motif anddesign is spread across the state, each region andcommunity practicing its own style.

Present women embroider their own garments, thoseof their children and family members as also clothes forthe household cattle - the camel, the bullock and the horsewhich are often decorated with beautifully embroideredcloths.Objectives -1. Planning, research, study and identification of regions

for visits.2. Travel to identify villages, towns and cities. Study the

techniques of embroidery currently in practice and bringback samples as well as photographs.

3. Documentation of existing traditional embroideries.4. To assist communities in achieving economic self-

sufficiency, through facilitating innovation withintradition to transform traditional art into contemporaryproducts.

5. To organize exhibitions and to develop sale outlets forthe work of art.

Methodology - The detailed information about embroideryof Western Rajasthan in respect to the technique, basecolour, design, pattern, colour combination was obtainedthrough survey and relevant data’s were collected with

*Asst. Professor , Maulana Azad University , Jodhpur (Raj.) INDIA

personal interaction with craft women of Western Rajasthanat work places, homes and villages. Further informationabout marketing techniques, self help groups, andgovernment and non government assistance was obtained.Locale of the S tudy - The study was conducted in thedistricts of Western Rajasthan i.e. Jaisalmer, Jodhpur,Barmer, Bikaner, and Pail. The total comprised of 650women of Western Rajasthan.Sample and it s Selection - Sample was randomly selectedfrom Western Rajasthan 650 (women) and 50-factory ownerwere interviewed. Interview cum questionnaire method wasselected for collecting the data because a large number ofrespondents were illiterate.Result And Discussion - In the view of the objectives ofthe study the findings of the study have been presented inthis paper in the form of data interpretation of results andtheir discussion. Evaluation and probing into the culturaldepth is very difficult. As an essential part of the surveypersonal interviews were conducted to identify the variousaspects of Traditional Embroideries and its present statusin Western Rajasthan. Rajasthan is a large state; thepopulation is very sparse in rural area. These areas werethe main targets for the survey. Role of women, anddetermining the ways to use embroidery as a tool for theireconomic empowerment were studied.Table- I (See in the last p age)Table- C ( See in the last p age)

Shows the income generated through embroidery. 42.8% of women earn between 500 – 1000 rupees, 40 % ofwomen earn between1001 – 1500 rupees, 13 % earnbetween 1501 – 2000 rupees and only 4.2% of women earnmore than 2000 rupees per month.Table – 2 (See in the last p age)

Embroidery of Jodhpur District


Jodhpur: - In this district sindhi embroidery, gota work,zardoji, chain stitch, kanthas, bead work is done extensively.All colours of thread are used. Pearls, big and small pebbles,coins, tiny bells etc are used to enhance the beauty ofembroidery. Birds, animals, flowers, leaves & round etc arecommon designs.

Embroidered samples of Jodhpur District

Embroidery of Barmer District: Barmer: - In this districtheavy embroidery is done and work includes, kantha, mirrorwork, chain stitch, bharat, buta, sindhi, mukka, kharak,patch work, appliqué work etc. These works are exportedthroughout the world. Usually threads of dark red, yellow,green and blue colours are used.

Embroidered samples of Barmer District

Embroidery of Jaisalmer District Jaisalmer - The womenfolk of sindhi community indulge in embroidery work theyuse chain button hole, kantha and patch work. Usually darkcoloured thread is used.

Embroidered samples of Jaisalmer District

Pieces of cloth are cut and glued to the base fabric,and then it is hand embroidered with bright coloured threadsTable – 2 (See in the last p age)l The colour and vibrancy of Western Rajasthan extends

into its embroidery as well.l Peasant women embroider their family’s garments as

well as the cloths of the household cattle camel, bullock


and horse are often decorated with beautifully embroideredcloths.

l 77% women add their earnings into their family incomeand spend it on household expenses, 11% spend themoney on their children and only 12% save it for futureuse.

l The women work force is unorganized therefore theyare given low wages and rarely get incentives or bonus.

Reason For Doing The Embroidery - In the erstwhileprincely desert states of western Rajasthan, embroideryworkshops were developed to serve the nobility. Table No.2 indicates that almost 94.4% of the women take upembroidery to earn moneyTable - 3 (See in the last p age)

Hand embroidery is a time consuming art. Increaseddemand of this handiwork affects the quality. In spite of thisvery few women have had the opportunity to exhibit theirhandiwork.Job Satisfaction -l Today, Indian embroidery has been well taken into

international haute couture. Consequently, varioustraditional embroideries have found a foothold infashion houses.

l Table No. 3 indicates the marketing and demand fortraditional embroidery of Western Rajasthan. At anaverage 84% women in all the areas now doembroidery on demand but the income satisfaction isvery low ranging from 8% to 24%.

l Most of the women are dissatisfied with the wages theyare paid for embroidery work

Table – 4 (See in the last p age)Table No. 4 indicates that embroidery work takes a toll

on the health of the women. Over a period of time women’seyesight is affected and constant use of needle causeswounds on the fingers. Over 90% women are not providedmedical aid by the workshop owners.Table - 5 (See in the last p age)

Western Rajasthan and especially Barmer andJaisalmer districts, have outstandingly beautiful embroiderywith a multitude of stitches combined with mirror-work.Contrasting colours create a dramatic effect.According to Table No.5 the women have reported that thereis an increasing demand for hand embroidery and thecustomers demand both small as well as large articles.Bedspreads, table covers, stoles, cushion covers, bags,wall hangings and dress material are in demand.Table - 6 (See in the last p age)

Table No. 6 indicates that the Government help andintervention is almost negligible for the women workers and

they need loans and subsidies to venture out on their ownrather than doing job work. SHG’s are active in Barmerwhere as in Jaisalmer, Pali, Bikaner and Jodhpur lessnumber of SHG’s are functional.Conclusion:-l The craft or handicraft sector is the largest

decentralised and unorganised sector of the Indianeconomy, and is among India’s largest foreignexchange earners.

l Craftspeople form the second largest employmentsector in India, second only to agriculture.

l Dastkar (1995) believes that ‘Income generationprogrammes reviving crafts and providing livelihood,are by themselves, not synonyms for development. But,used skilfully, they could be the entry point for manyother aspects of the development process.

l They can become the key and catalyst todevelopment’s many other aspects: independence,education, health, community building, women’semancipation and the discarding of social prejudices -in short, the revitalization, both economic and social,of splintered and marginalized rural and urbancommunities

l The traditional craft skill, however beautiful, needssensitive adaptation, proper quality control, correctsizing and accurate costing, if it is going to win andkeep its place in the market place. Helping womenredesign their products is one part of helping themredesign their lives.

References :-1. Ali Abbasi Saiyed Mehar(1997) ,”Art of Marwar” Delhi.2. Bhandari Vandana(2004),”Costume, Textiles and

Jewellery” Delhi.3. Brijbhushan Jamila (1996),”Indian Embroidery”

Hyderabad.4. Crill Rosemarry(1998),”Handicraft of India” Singapore5. Dhamija Jasleen, (2004),”Embroidery: An Expression

of women’s creativity” Bombay.6. Hudson James (1989),”Traditional Embroidery of India

“Delhi.7. Jain Kalpana (2004),”Women Empowerment through

SHG’s” Calcutta.8. Kokyo Hatanaka(1993),”Traditional Embroideries of

Rajasthan” London.9. Pamela Claburn (2000), “ The Needle Worker” New

York.10. Rankawat (2006),”Development of Rural Women”

Bombay.11. www.dastkar .com


Table- ISurveyed Areas

District s No. of sample Surrounding townsJodhpur 150 Dangiawas, Birsalpur, Salawas, Mandore, Jodhpur

city, Banar, Jhalamand.Bikaner 125 Nokha, Kolayat, Kakku, Panchu, Gajner, GangluBarmer 150 Chouhtan, Gadra road, Ramser, KenchuliPali 100 Madri, Jhakurla, Rohit.Jaisalmer 125 Khudi, Mulana, Bajju, PugalTotal 650

Table- CSocio – Economic S tatus of W omen

District ( c ) Income per month500-1000 1001-1500 1501-2000 Above 2000

Jodhpur 32% 44% 16.8% 7.2%Bikaner 32% 53.3% 10.66% 4%Barmer 58.8% 36.6% 3.6% 1.8%Pali 36% 42% 22% -Jaisalmer 55.6% 24.3% 12.17% 7.8%Average 42.8 40.0 13.0 4.2

Table – 2Types of Embroidery

District Used Stitches Color of threads Design CommunityJodhpur Sindhi, Chain, filling, All types of colours Flowers, Animals, Mochi, Bishnoi,

running, Mirror work, light & dark Rounds, Line Jat, Rajput, Meghwal.Zardoji, Bead work, Gotawork, Satin stitch.

Bikaner Chain, Gota, Stem Stitch Gold & Silver Leaves, Flowers, Sharma, Rajput,Peacock Meghwal

Barmer Running, Mirror work, Green, yellow, Blue, Geometrical Patterns, Sindhi Muslim, Meghwal,Bead, Sindhi, Applique, Dark Pink, Red, Black Flowers, Animal Birds SutharKarak, Suf, Khambhiri etc. Dark Colours etc.

Pali Chain stitch, Cross, Satin Bright Green, Red, Rasmandala, Krishna Jain, Brahmins SevakYellow, Gold, Orange, leela, Shrinath ji Purple, Blue, White,Silver

Jaisalmer Chain, button hole, Indigo Blue, White, Squares, Chaklas, Suthar, Rajput, Sindhi,Kantha Red, Yellow, Dark animal figure. Muslim

Colours.


Table – 2Embroidery – Providing Economic Empowerment

District s Reason for doing Embroidery Earned Money S pent Bonus ReceivedPassing Earning Any House Saving Children Yes NoTime Other

Jodhpur 19.2 80.8 - 72 8 20 10.4 89.6Bikaner 4 96 - 93.3 4 2.6 4 96Barmer - 100 - 81.8 10.9 7.2 - 100Pali - 100 - 84 12.4 4 - 100Jaisalmer 5.6 94.7 - 73.04 18.26 8.6 - 100

Table – 3Marketing of Embroidered Goods

District s Production of Embroidered Income Bonus Received %Articles on Demand % Satisfaction %Yes No Yes No Yes No

Jodhpur 79.2 20.8 12 88 16 84Bikaner 80 20 4 96 - 100Barmer 100 - 18.1 81.9 10 90Pali 60 40 12 88 16 84Jaisalmer 91.3 8.6 22.6 77.4 18 82

Table – 4Effect on Health

District s Strain on Finger Medical Aideyes % Infection % Received %Yes No Yes No Yes No

Jodhpur 80 12 89.6 11.4 2.4 97.6Bikaner 80 20 93.3 6.6 6.6 93.3Barmer 81.8 18.1 85.4 14.5 12.7 87.2Pali 76 24 84 16 10 90Jaisalmer 80.8 19.1 73.9 26.8 12.1 87.8Average 81.3 18.7 85.2 14.8 8.7 91.3

Table - 5Demand of Embroidery

District s Increase in Articles in Demand %Demand %Yes No Small Big Both

Jodhpur 98.4 1.6 56 20 24Bikaner 94.6 5.3 12 62.6 25.3Barmer 94.5 5.4 3.6 9.09 87.2Pali 84 16 20 52 28Jaisalmer 92.2 7.8 24.3 34.7 48.8

Table – 6Assist ance and Role of NGO / SHG

District s Govt. Aid Required Support from Faith in SHG/NGO SHG / NGOGovt. functional in Area

Loan Subsidy Other Yes No Yes No Yes NoJodhpur 64 36 - 16 84 48 52 56 44Bikaner 93.3 6.6 - 4 96 32 28 40 60Barmer 20 80 - 7.2 92.7 72.7 27.7 78.1 21.8Pali 60 40 - 12 88 64 36 60 40Jaisalmer 52.1 47.8 - 10.4 89.5 58.2 41.7 40 60Average 57 43 - 14 86 61 39 61 39

*************


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A[Z ^mdmß H$m gabV_ Í$[mß VWm ¡`mo_Vr` AmH$mamß _ß gßOm`m h°& `hH•$oV`m± AmoX_ _mZd H$r ]mbgwb^ ‡H•$oV H$r CŒm_ PmßH$r h¢& BZ oMÃmß _ß‡mJ°oVhmogH$ `wJ H$ _ZwÓ` H$m gÂ[yU© BoVhmg ogßoMV h°&'14 Om oH$,^maV hr Zht daZ≤ gÂ[yU© odÌd _ß [nabojV hmVm h°& oOgH$m [naM` h_ßBg emY g ‡m· hmVm h° - "Ò[Z H$r AÎVmo_am, \´$mßg H$r bmgm°∑g CŒmmarA\´$rH$m H$r ghmam, EQ>bg [d©V, AhΩJa [dV©_mbm AmoX _ß VWm bro]`mH$r aoJÒVmZr [hm∂S>r _ß VWm AmÒQ≠>ob`m H$ Jwhm-oMÃmß _ß ^maV H$ g_mZhr AßH$Z o_bVm h°& AV: AmoX_ H$bm XeH$bm H$r m°Jm°obH$ gr_mAmß g_w∫$ EH$ Ï`m[H$ e°br H$ Í$[ _ß odH$ogV hwB©'15

‡mJ°oVhmogH$ H$mb H$ Zd-‡ÒVa `wJrZ [ßM_∂T>r Zm_ ÒWb H$o^oŒmoMÃmß H$r odefVm _mZr JB© h° oH$ BZ oMÃmß _ß odo^fi ÒVamß [aAmH•$oV`mß H$m oZ_m©U H$aZ hVw oOZ VarH$mß H$m BÒV_mb oH$`m J`m h°CZ_ß emarnaH$ JR>Z H$m Xem©Z H$ obE bhaXma aImAmß H$m ‡^mdembr_m‹`_ H$ Í$[ _ß A[Zm`m J`m h°& Bg gÂ]›Y _ß odefk Ao^_V h° oH$- "`hm± oMÃmß H$ H$B© ÒVa ‡m· hwE h¢& [hb ÒVa _ß VªVrZw_m d S>_Í$Zw_mAmH•$oV`mß H$m ]Zm`m J`m h°& bhaXma aImAmß g earnaH$ JR>Z H$m ]mYH$amZ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m h°& hm± bmb-[rb aßJmß H$r AoYH$Vm h°& Xyga ÒVa_ß hmW-[°amß dmbr ]S>m°b AmO[yU© AmH•$oV`mß H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m J`m h°&BZ_ß CZH$m Ahna`m (oeH$mar) Í$[ hr Ao^Ï`ßoOV hmVm h°&'16 Bg `wJg bH$a [yd© ]m°’H$mb VH$ H$m odõfU H$aß Vm Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h° oH$ BgAdoY _ß oMÃH$bm H$m C[OrÏ` grYm Am°a [`m©· ‡m· Zht hmVm&"‡mJ°oVhmogH$ H$mb H$ g_m· hmV hr YmVw `wJ H$ gmW d°oXH$ H$mb H$mCX` hmVm h°& XojUr maV _ß [mfmU H$mb H$ [ÌMmV bm°h-`wJ hr Amaß^hwAm& [a›Vw CŒmar ^maV _ß Vm_´ Am°a ogßY _ß H$mßÒìwJ H$ [ÌMmV hr gÂ[yU©^maV _ß bm°h-`wJ Am`m&'17

gmamße H$ Í$[ _ß h_ [mV h¢ oH$ AmYwoZH$ H$mb H$r oOg oMÃH$bm _ßh_ emarnaH$ ^mfm, ^md-^ßoJ_m H$ odõfU H$m odd¿` b˙` aIV h¢CgH$r [yd©[roR>H$m H$ H$mbH´$_ _ß g emarnaH$ ^mfm ododY VarH$mß goMÃmßH$Z _ß C[oÒWV ahr h°& oMÃH$bm A[Z AmoX_ Í$[ g hr g_mO,gßÒH•$oV, _Zm^md, gßXeo‡`Vm, ‡H•$oV Am°a ‡moU d A‡moUVÀdmß H$mXIZ Am°a g_PZ H$ oMÃH$ma H$ —oÓQ>H$mßU H$r [naMm`H$ ahr h°& JwhmAmßH$ o^oŒmoMÃmß _ß `h emarnaH$ ^mfm A[Z Amaßo^H$ boH$Z M_ÀH•$V H$a

XZ dmb Í$[mß H$ gmW od⁄_mZ h°& Jwhmdmgr _mZd Òd`ß H$r AZw^yoV`mßH$m BZ oMÃmßH$Zmß _ß Ao^Ï`∫$ hmd-^mdmß H$ _m‹`_ g ‡H$Q> H$aZ MÓQ>mH$aVm ahm h°&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ1. Omer, S>m∞. ¡`moVf, OZVm H$r H$bm H$ _m`Z, gß. g_H$mbrZ H$bm

(bobV H$bm AH$mX_r) 44-45 (oX.Z.), [•ÓR>-6,2. d_m©, S>m∞. AodZme ]hmXwa d A›`, ^maVr` oMÃH$bm H$m BoVhmg,

[•ÓR>-8, 11dmß gßÒH$aU, ]abr, ‡H$me ]wH$ oS>[m, df©-20063. AJ´dmb,Ama.E.,H$bm odbmg-^maVr` oMÃH$bm H$m odH$mg, [•ÓR>-

2,_aR>, B›Q>aZeZb [o„boeßJ hmD$g, 1984.4. AJ´dmb,Ama.E.,H$bm odbmg-^maVr` oMÃH$bm H$m odH$mg, [•ÓR>-

1, _aR>, B›Q>aZeZb [o„boeßJ hmD$g, 1984.5. Jw·, S>m∞. OJXre, ‡mJ°oVhmogH$ ^maVr` oMÃH$bm, [•ÓR>-227,

oXÑr :7, ZÌZb [o„boeßJ hmD$g,(df©-oX.Z.),6. dhr, [•ÓR>-227-2287. dhr, [•ÓR>-178. AJ´dmb, Ama. E.,H$bm odbmg maVr`,oMÃH$bm H$m odH$mg, [•ÓR>-

8, _aR>, B›Q>aZeZb [o„boeßJ hmD$g,1984.9. Jw·, S>m∞. OJXre, ‡mJ°oVhmogH$ ^maVr` oMÃH$bm, [•ÓR>-228,

oXÑr :7, ZÌZb [o„boeßJ hmD$g,(df©-oX.Z.),10. dhr,11. dhr,12. Jw·, S>m∞. OJXre, ‡mJ°oVhmogH$ ^maVr` oMÃH$bm, [•ÓR>-229,

oXÑr :7, ZÌZb [o„boeßJ hmD$g,(df©-oX.Z.),13. AJ´dmb, Ama. E., H$bm odbmg, [•ÓR>-14, _aR>, B›Q>aZeZb

[o„boeßJ hmD$g, 1984.14. d_m©, S>m∞. AodZme ]hmXwa d A›`, ^maVr` oMÃH$bm H$m BoVhmg,

[•ÓR>-18, 11dmß gßÒH$aU, ]abr, ‡H$me ]wH$ oS>[m, df©-200615. AJ´dmb, Ama. E., H$bm odbmg-^maVr` oMÃH$bm H$m odH$mg,

[•ÓR>-13, _aR> C. ‡. : B›Q>aZeZb [o„boeßJ hmD$g, 1984.16. dhr, [•ÓR>-817. dhr, [•ÓR>-19.

*************


XdmÀ_m H$m ‡H•$oV-Xe©Z

S>m∞. Amem Mm°Yar *

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gß]ßoYV g^r oZ`_ ‡mH•$oVH$ h¢& Mmh d Z°oVH$, Am‹`moÀ_H$ oZ`_ hmßoH$ AmÀ_m, g_mO `m _mZd H$ ÒdmÒœ` H$ oZ`_ hmß, d ‡mH•$oVH$ hr h¢&"BZ g_ÒV oZ`_mß H$r ImO d°kmoZH$ odoY ¤mam hr gß^d h°, Cgg [aZht& O°g odkmZ H$ ÒdmÒœ` H$ oZ`_ H$r ImO H$aVm h° Cgr ‡H$ma dhAm‹`moÀ_H$ oZ`_mß H$r ^r ImO H$aVm h°&'4

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d ]mV H$aV h¢ oZOr©d AßY eo∫$`mß H$r, VWm gOrd AWm©V≤ OrdZreo∫$`mß H$r-"^ma, Vm[, ‡H$me d od⁄wV AmoX oZOr©d AßYeo∫$`m± H$hrJB© h¢& VWm CX≤o^X≤, [ew d _ZwÓ` AmH$mar-JR>ZH$mar eo∫$`mß H$m gOrdOrdZ eo∫$`m± H$hm J`m h°&'5 gmam H$m gmam OJV≤, BgH$ g_ÒV O∂S>-gOrd [XmW© C[am∫$ XmZmß eo∫$`mß H$r hr dmÒVodH$Vm h¢& B©Ìda, ]´˜AmoX O°g oH$gr VÀd H$r Bg g]H$ Xm°amZ H$ht H$mB© AmdÌ`H$Vm Zht-Z Vm BZH$r aMZm H$ ob`, Z BgH$ [mbZ H$ ob`, Am°a Z hr BZH$ gßhmahr H$ ob` !

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oOgg _mZd VWm g_ÒV OJV ]Zm h°& BZH$ EH$ H´$_]’ odH$mg g hrBZH$m oZ_m©U hmVm h°& Bg ‡H$ma,

d _mZV h¢ oH$ Bg ZMa g o^fi, Bgg [a AWdm BgH$ ]mha Hw$N>^r Am°a H$mB© gŒmm ^r Am°a H$mB© ]mV ^r gÀ` Zht& XdmÀ_m Z, Bg ‡H$maAVto–` gŒmm H$m A_m›` oH$`m h°& ‡mMrZ ^m°oVH$dmoX`mß VWm Mmdm©H$_V _ß ^r ‡m`: AVto–` VÀd H$m _yb-VÀd Zht _mZm J`m& MVZm H$rCÀ[oŒmm ^r ^m°oVH$ VÀdmß H$ goÂ_lU g hr hmVr _mZr JB© h°&

XdmÀ_m Z S>mod©Z H$ `mΩ`V_ H$r CŒmaOrodVm H$ og’mßV H$ ÒWmZ[a lÓR>V_ H$r CŒmmaOrodVm H$ og’mßV H$m ‡ÒVwV H$aV hwE _mZm h° oH$_ZwÓ` d OJV H$ oH$gr oZ_m©Vm d oZ`ßVm H$r gŒmm H$m ÒdrH$maZ H$r H$mB©AmdÌ`H$Vm Zht h°&

dmÒVd _ß CZH$m _V ‡H•$oVdmXr, AmemdmXr, ‡JoVerb VWm[XmW©dmXr _mZm J`m h°& d°kmoZH$ _mZdVmdmoX`mß H$r Vah XdmÀ_m Z r‡H•$oVdmXr VÀd-_r_mßgm ‡ÒVwV H$r h°& odkmZ H$m AmYma bH$a H$hm OmgH$Vm h° oH$ odÌd _ß Om Hw$N> ^r KoQ>V hmVm h° AWm©V≤ Bg_ß Om Hw$N> ^rKQ>ZmE± KQ>Vr h¢ d odÌd g [a, odÌd g ]mha Zht hmVr& AV: CZH$rÏ`mª`m H$ obE r odÌd g ]mha OmZ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Zht& XdmÀ_m H$m_V h° oH$ Mmh ^m°oVH$ hm `m O°odH$, gm_moOH$ hm `mh _Zmd°kmoZH$,Z°oVH$ hm J`m Am‹`moÀ_H$, g^r KQ>ZmE± ‡H•$oV H$ ¤mam g_Pr-g_Pm`rOm gH$Vr h¢& d _mZV h¢ oH$ g^r oZ`_ ‡mH•$oVH$ h¢&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-1. AoæhmÃr, Eg.Z., _ZwÓ` AmÀ_m H$ gß]ßY _ß Mma _hmVÀd, odf`

‡de, [•. 012. H$Zb, Eg.[r., oZarÌdadmX EH$ A‹``Z, Xdg_mO ‡H$meZ,

_mJm, [•. 393. dhr, [•. 354. 82-AoæhmÃr, Eg.EZ., XdemÛ, IßS>-3, [•. 1625. AoæhmÃr, Eg.EZ., _wP_ß XdOrdZ H$m odH$mg, Xdg_mO

‡H$meZ, [•. 145

*************


VwwbgrXmg H$m OrdZ Am°a g_mO gÂ]›Yr —oÓQ>H$mU

H$mo_Zr Xdr *

‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - VwbgrXmg H$m O›_ gßdV≤ 1554 _ß amOm[wa J´m_ (AdY)_ß _mZm OmVm h° Am°a BZH$r _•À`w gßdV≤ 1680 H$m dmamUgr H$ AÒgr KmQ>[a hwB© Wr& am_H$mÏ` H$m ‡oVoZoY H$od VwbgrXmg H$m hr _mZm OmVm h°&C›hmßZ am_ H$ MnaÃ H$m AmYma ]ZmH$a gmohÀ` aMZm H$r h°& dh A[ZgmohÀ` g _ZwÓ` OrdZ _ß AmXem~ H$r ÒWm[Zm H$aZm MmhV W& VwbgrXmg¤mam aoMV aMZmEß am_MnaV_mZg, ]ad° am_mÙ, d°amΩ` gßXr[Zr, OmZH$r_ßJb, [md©Vr _ßJb, Xmhmdbr am_bÑm ZhNy>, JrVmdbr, H•$ÓUJrVmdbr,odZ`[oÃH$m h°&

VwbgrXmg H$r òX H$mÏ`JV odefVmßE XIr OmEß Vm dh am__mJr©emIm H$ H$od H$ Í$[ _ß h_ma gm_Z AmV h¢&Vwbgr H$ am_ odÓUw H$AdVma h¢ oOZ_ß erb, eo∫$, gm¢X`© VrZmß JwU od⁄_mZ h¢& CZ_ß BVZreo∫$ h¢ oH$ dh XwÓQ> amdU H$m XbZ H$a gH$V h¢& A[Z g^r ^∫$mß H$gßH$Q>mß H$m oZdmaU ^r H$aV h¢:-

"hnaoh hnaVm, odoYoh≤ odoYVm, ogdoh≤ ogdVm Om XB™&gmB© OmZH$r[oV _Ywa _yaoV, _mX_` _ßJb_`r&&'1

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"am_ gm ]∂S>m h° H$m°Z, _mßgm H$m°Z N>mQ>m?am_ gmß Iamß h° H$m°Z, _mßgm H$m°Z ImQ>m?'2

BZH$ H$mÏ` _ß ‡H•$oV-oMÃU H$m ^r ]∂S>m gw›Xa oMÃU o_bVm h°&am_ grVm H$ od`mJ _ß ha bVm, [jr-[ew g grVm H$ ]ma _ß [wN>V ahV h¢oH$ H$ht Vw_Z _ar grVm H$m XIm h°&

"h IJ _•J h _YwH$a lUr&VwÂh XIr grVm _•J Z°Zr?'3

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"AÎ[ _•À`w Zohß H$doZC± [ram&g] gw›Xa g] oXÍ$O garam&&Zohß Xna– H$mC XwI Z XrZm&

* emYmWu, OÂ_y odÌdod⁄mb`, OÂ_y (OÂ_y-H$Ì_ra) ‰mmaV

Zohß H$mC A]wY Z b¿N>Z hrZm&&'4

VwbgrXmg H$ OrdZ gÂ]›Yr —oÓQ>H$mU H$m h_ Xm ^mJmßß _ß ]mßQ>gH$V h¢ -(1) Am‹`moÀ_H$ (2) bm°oH$H$

Am‹`moÀ_H$ —oÓQ> g VwbgrXmg Z ^JdmZ H$m hr g] Hw$N> _mZm h°&Bg gßgma _ß Om Hw$N> KoQ>V hmVm h° dh B©Ìda H$r hr B¿N>m g hmVm h°& h_g] B©Ìda H$m hr Aße h°& B›hmßZ B©Ìda H$ gJwU Am°a oZJw©U XmßZmß Í$[mß H$mÒdrH$ma oH$`m h°&

lram_ H$m B›hmßZ ]´˜ Í$[ _ß ÒdrH$ma oH$`m h°& ggmßa _ß g^r O∂S>-MVZ lr am_ _ß hr oZdmg H$aV h¢& Vwbgr H$ am_ oZJw©U ^r h¢ Am°a gJwU^r h°&

"O∂S> MVZ OJ Ord, OV gH$b am__` OmoZ]ßXCß g]H$ [X_H$b gXm Omna OwJ [moZ&'5

_m`m H$m Vwbgr Z AkmZ H$m H$maU _mZm h°& _m`m H$r dOh g OrdA[Z -[am` H$ X-^md _ß OH$∂S>m hwAm h°& am_MnaV_mZg H$ ]mbH$m S>_ß BgH$m CÑI hwAm h° -

"Omgw gÀ`Vm V O∂S> _m`m& ^mg gÀ` Bd _mh ghm`m&'6

B›hmßZ B©Ìda Am°a Ord XmZm H$m EH$ hr _mZm h° boH$Z _m`m H$H$maU XmZm EH$ Xwga g o^fi ‡VrV hmV h¢& OJV H$m B›hmßZ o_œ`m _mZmh¢ boH$Z _ZwÓ` _m`m _ß [∂S> H$a BgH$m gM _mZZ bJVm h° Am°a OrdZâXwImß _ß \ß$gm ahVm h°&

òX h_ BZH$ b°oH$H$ [j H$m XI Vm Cg_ß bmH$_ßJb H$r H$m_ZmoZohV h°& VwbgrXmg Z g_mO H$m dmgZm, H$m_, H´$mY, bm , _mh, AhßH$maH$m À`mJ H$a Y_© H$m A[ZmZ H$ obE ‡aUm Xr h°& h_mar gßÒH•$oV _ß gßÒH$mamßH$m ]∂S>m _hÀd h° BgobE C›hmßZ am_ H$ AmXe© Í$[ _ß gßÒH•$oV H$ odo^fiAßJmß H$m g_›d` oXIm H$a g_mO H$m ew’ AmMaU A[ZmZ H$ obE‡naV oH$`m h°&

VwbgrXmg Z g_mO H$r odgßJoV`mß H$m Xya H$aZ H$ obE H$X_CR>m` & B›hmßZ oh›Xwg_mO _ß Ï`m· ]wamB©`mß H$m Xya H$aZ H$ obE A[ZgmohÀ` _ß EH$ AmXe© g_mO H$m ‡ÒVwV H$aV W VmoH$ Cg gmohÀ` H$m[∂T>H$a `m gwZH$a _ZwÓ` _ß bmH$H$bm VWm bmH$_ßJb H$r ^mdZm OmJ•Vhm gH$& VwbgrXmg H$ g_` dUm©l_ Ï`dÒWm Wr Am°a g_mO H$ Ymo_©H$VWm Z°oVH$ _yÎ`mß H$m [VZ hm ahm Wm& BgobE C›hmßZ g_mO H$m EH$H$aZ H$ obE d m©Ï`dÒWm H$m odamY oH$`m C›hmßZ Dß$M Am°a ZrM OmoV`mß_ß g_›d` oH$`m& BgobE B›hmßZ am_ H$m e]ar H$ PwR> ]a ImV hwE oXIm`mh°& am_ C¿M Hw$b H$ W Am°a e]ar ew–m boH$Z am_ Òd`ß e]ar H$ oZdmg


[a OmV h¢& BgH$ [rN> CZH$m C‘Ì` Dß$M-ZrM H$m ^X-^md IÀ_ H$aZmhr h°&

B›hmßZ gJwU Am°a oZJw©U H$m g_›d` oH$`m h°& B©Ìda H$m gmH$maAm°a oZamH$ma Í$[ _ß [yOZ dmbmß _ß ]hwV _V^X Wm& Vwbgr Z oZJw©U dgJwU _ß g_›d` ÒWmo[V H$a g_mO _ß emo›V bmZ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m&Vwbgr H$ am_ oZJw©U ^r h¢ Am°a gJwU ^r h¢ BgobE dh H$hV h¢-

"gJwZohß AJwZoh Zoh H$hw ^Xm& Jmßdoh _woZ [wamZ dwYAJwZ AÍ$[ AbI AO OmB©& ^JV ‡_]g gJwZ gm° hmB©'7

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VwbgrXmg Or Z Z°oVH$ AmXem~ H$m ‡]b g_W©Z oH$`m h°& CZH$m_mZZm Wm oH$ `oX oH$gr g_mO _ß Z°oVH$Vm Zht hm Vm dh g_mO H$^rCfioV Zht H$a gH$Vm h°& _ZwÓ` H$m Eg AmMaU H$m A[ZmZm MmohE OmbmH$ ohVH$mar hm&

VwbgrXmg Or Z A[Z g_mO H$r A¿N>mB`mß- ]wamB©`mß VWm JwUmß-AdJwUm H$m ]∂S>r ]marH$r g XIm- g_Pm BgobE gßgma H$ ‡oV A[ZmCXmadmXr —oÓQ>H$mU aIV h¢& CZH$m _mZZm h° oH$ OmßH$ Am°a ObO XmZmßhr Ob _ß CÀ[fi hmV h¢ boH$Z A[Z JwUmß H$r dOh g EH$ Xyga g AbJ_mZ OmV h¢ R>rH$ Cgr ‡H$ma EH$ hr gßgma _ß A¿N> Am°a ]ya bmJ ^r ahV

h¢&"C[O EH$ gßJ OJ _mht&

ObO OmßH$ oOo_ JwZ o]bJmhr&'8

dh g_mO _ß OZVm H$m ›`m` oXbdmZm MmhV W BgobE CZH$ am_^r ›`m` H$ AmYma [a A[Zm oZU©` ‡ÒVwV H$aV h¢& VwbgrXmg Z A[ZraMZmAmß _ß oH$gr Xe H$m amOm H°$gm hmZm MmohE, ‡Om H°$gr hmZr MmohE,am¡` H$r ›`m` Ï`dÒWm H°$gr hmZr MmohE BZ g] ]mVmß [a ‡H$me S>mbmh°&

Bg ‡H$ma `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ VwbgrXmg Or H$m OrdZ H$‡oV CXmadmXr —oÓQ>H$mU Wm& d g_›`dmXr H$od H$ Í$[ _ß h_ma gm_ZAmV h¢& B›hmßZ g_mO H$r ^bmB© H$ obE odo^fi _Vmß H$m, OmoV`mß H$mAm[g _ß g_›d` H$adm`m h° Am°a g_mO _ß emo›V ÒWmo[V H$aZ H$m‡`mg oH$`m h°&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. oh›Xr gmohÀ` H$m gab BoVhmg, S>m∞. Am_ ‡H$me Jw·, [•.-262. oh›Xr gmohÀ` H$m gab BoVhmg, S>m∞. Am_ ‡H$me Jw·, [•.-263. oh›Xr gmohÀ` H$m gab BoVhmg, S>m∞. Am_ ‡H$me Jw·, [•.-284. oh›Xr gmohÀ` H$m gab BoVhmg, S>m∞. Am_ ‡H$me Jw·, [•.-265. Vwbgr gmohÀ` _ß [m°amoUH$ AmaÏ`mZmß H$m odoZ`mJ, S>m∞. ]r. H$.

emÛr, [•-2166. VwbgrXmg, am_MnaV_mZg; ]mb H$m S>, [•.-116/47. Vwbgr gmohÀ` _ß [m°amoUH$ AmaÏ`mZmß H$m odoZ`mJ, S>m∞. ]r. H$.

emÛr, [•-2188. bmH$dmXr VwbgrXmg, odÌdZmW oÃ[mR>r, [•.-78

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S>m∞. B©Ìdabmb ‡Om[oV *

odÌd ‡og’ ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV H$ AmYma ÒVß^ñ_hmamOm Xj ‡Om[oV$

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gßgma oXZmßH$ 9 A∑Qy>]a 201617. F$ΩdX 10-143 _|$ Xj [wÃm| H$m dU©Z18. F$ΩdX 1-15-3 Bß– ¤mam Xj [wÃm| H$r ajm19. F$ΩdX 10-143-1 _| AoúZr Hw$_mam| ¤mam Xj [wÃm| H$m d•’

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Index/AZwH$_oUH$m - NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR

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