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Copyright (C) 2013All Rights Reserved On Text and Images

A Open Peer Reviewed JournalPublishing In The Sciences of Astronomy, Astrophysics, & Earth-Sciences

INTERNATIONAL

JOURNAL

OF

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

RESEARCH

CONTACT

ICOMMR(International Consortium On Microscopic-Macroscopic Research)

Texas, United States of America

Editor-In-ChiefRonald Stewart,-Email-rs@stewart-research.com

(Preparation and Editorial Content of this journal is in Times New Roman #12 Font andis according to the standard Scholarly accepted: "Chicago Manual Style Format")

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A Journal of Astronomy,Astrophysics, & Earth-Sciences(Published-Online)

INTERNATIONAL

JOURNAL

OF

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

RESEARCH

VOLUME NUMBER - 1 2013

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Ronald Stewart, Ph.D.(CEO)- Stewart-Research, Texas, United States of America)

Email; rs@stewart-research.com

ASSISTANT-EDITOR

Francis Benot'i, Ph.D(Int'l Journal of Astronomy,& Astrophysics Research)

Email; fbenotiphd@gmail.com

ASSOCIATE-EDITOR

Walter Trentadue((EXO-SCOPE)-Project-Coordinator), (Astronomy, Telescopy Systems & Instrumentation,

Planetary Sciences, Geology)-Adjunct Instructor- Rock Valley College, Illinois), )

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TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

ASTRONOMY and ASTROPHYSICS

Vesta's Orbiting Asteroid Satellites ; What The Dawn Spacecraft Did Not Investigate, and CouldIt Pose Concerns For Ceres?............................................................................................5-17

Vesta A Closer Look................................................................................................................18-39

Theoretical Projection For Ceres A Sub Earth Minor Planet...................................................40-52

First Views of Gliese-581 d; A Preliminary Surface Survey. (Part-1)...............................................................................................................................................53-69

IMMI Orion Nebula Exoplanet Space Exploration DemonstrationExamples..................................................................................................................................65-67

EARTH SCIENCES

Theory of Freeze-Zone morphology For Mammoths...........................................................103-105

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Vesta's

Orbiting Asteroid Satellites ; What The Dawn Spacecraft

Did Not Investigate, and Could It Pose Concerns For Ceres?

1 Ronald Stewart 2 Walter Trentadue

Abstract- As the Dawn Spacecraft closes in for it's orbital status above Vesta at a safe modealtitude of approximately 400 kilometers above Vesta's surface there exists two probable smallerasteroid satellites confirmed by an HST image taken of Vesta in 2006. These asteroids areverified a second time in one of the images taken by the Dawn Spacecraft on board cameras onJuly 09th,2011.Each asteroid measures one-half of a kilometer to one - kilometer in length.However, the question is ; it possible that these smaller asteroids could have posed a danger tothe Dawn spacecraft ? If so, is it also possible that other moon-like satellites could pose aconcern for the Dawn Spacecraft when it makes its way to Ceres, where it may arrive sometimeduring the summer of 2015? This paper proposes to answer this and other questions about thissubject as well. However, these asteroids were discovered using a new space exploration imagingtechnology known as IMMI. Which is the acronym for - (Infinite - Microscopic -MacroscopicImaging).(See important footnote below). In which the Dawn Spacecraft did not investigate norwas there previous knowledge of its existence. Therefore, this paper is to make the scientificcommunity aware in both astronomy and astrophysics aware of what was not known when Vestawas investigated by the Dawn Spacecraft and what it should also be aware of on it's way to Ceresin like manner.

Keywords : Keywords: Vesta, Discovery Program, Electric Propulsion, GravitationalPerturbations, Spacecraft Operations

1.0 Introduction and Background

1.1 First A Look At Vesta

In this research paper IMMI will present and demonstrate extreme up close images of not onlythe proto-planet but of these asteroids in orbit around Vesta at about the same altitude the Dawnspacecraft will be orbiting Vesta. Which is about 335-400 km above the surface of the dwarfplanet. This research paper will also address if these smaller asteroid satellites orbiting Vestashould be a concern for both scientists and Dawn spacecraft engineers at NASA.

________________________________1- (Th.D.)- Ancient History/ Religious History-(4000-B.C.-1400-C.E.) With An Emphasis In Historical Archaeology, and retains a (PhD)-Theoretics In The Arts, Humanities, and Sciences. Stewart also peer reviews for Ancient History Encyclopedia, is Editor-In-Chief for IJAAR-(Int'l Journal of Astronomy/Astrophysics & Earth Sciences Research), to be promoted World-Wide By: "Pro-Quest"-(Indexing/ Scholar JournalServices), (Asst. Editor for: "Pluralidade"-(In English)-"Journal of Interdisciplinary Sciences" ) read in (42}countries/ (5)continents-Earthwide),, Recently invited to be: "A Guest Editor For The Oldest/ Largest Peer Reviewed Journal In The World: "Royal Society PublishingProceedings-(A & B" ),(September, 15th, 2013, appointed as: "Editor-In-Chief" for the: " Blind/ Open-Peer Reviewed journal known as:"Independent Archaeology Notes, Art-History & Earth Sciences". Stewart is also a member of the NEAS-(Near Eastern Archaeological Society).

2-Walter Trentadue-(BSc.)- (EXO-SCOPE)-Project-Coordinator), (Astronomy,Telescopy Systems & Instrumentation, Planetary Sciences,Geology)-Adjunct Instructor- at Rock Valley College),

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Figure 1 - (A-D) - (A) is Vesta as seen through (HST) in 2006.(B) is the image NASA's DawnSpacecraft on or about July 09th, 2011. (C-D) are the images that IMMI produced of Vestapresented in (C) in black and white and in color as seen in (D).

2.0 Does Asteroid Vesta Have a Moon?

[1]-Right before NASA's Dawn Spacecraft was still making its close approach to Vesta at thattime NASA still did not know if Vesta did not have a moon or not. A person might think ofasteroids as isolated bodies tumbling alone through space, but it's entirely possible for these old"loners" to have companions. Indeed, 19-mile-wide Ida, 90-mile-wide Pulcova, 103-mile-wideKalliope, and 135-mile-wide Eugenia each have a moon. And 175-mile-wide Sylvia has twomoons. Measuring 330 miles across, Vesta is much larger than these other examples, so a "Vestamoon" is entirely possible.

Some scientists suggest one source: "When another large body collides with an asteroid,the resulting debris is sprayed into orbit around the asteroid and can gradually collapse to form amoon." Another possibility is "gravitational pinball": A moon formed elsewhere in the asteroidbelt might, through complicated gravitational interactions with various bodies, end up capturedby the gravity of one of them.[1] Hubble and ground based telescopes have looked for Vestamoons before, and seen nothing. Dawn is about to be in position for a closer look. On Saturday,July 9th, 2011just one week before Dawn goes into orbit around Vesta, the moon hunt willcommence.

[2] The cameras will begin taking images of the space surrounding the asteroid, lookingfor suspicious specks. If a moon is there, it will appear as a dot that moves around Vesta insuccessive images as opposed to remaining fixed, like background stars," says Dawn Co-investigator Mark Sykes, who is also director of the Planetary Science Institute. "We'll be able to

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use short exposures to detect moons as small as 27 meters in diameter. If our longer exposuresaren't washed out by the glare of nearby Vesta, we'll be able to detect moons only a few meters indiameter."

However Dr. Sykes continued to state: "While you won't see "find a moon" among themission's science goals, a moon-sighting would be a nice feather in Dawn's cap. Not that it willneed more feathers. The probe is already primed to build global maps and take detailed images ofthe asteroid's surface, reveal the fine points of its topography, and catalog the minerals andelements present there." Unquote.

Therefore this is why the authors of this paper have taken the initiative to write about this.primarily, because it was not a mission by NASA or the Dawn Mission to specifically hunt formoons when investigating the asteroid Vesta." Therefore, for this very reason is why this paperhas been written

Figure 2- (A-B) - (A) is the image that the Dawn spacecraft took on or about July 09th, 2011. (B)is what IMMI was able to show pertaining to the same image in color.

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Looking At Vesta Up Close (5) Days Ahead of Time

Fig. 3 - (Left) is the image that the Dawn Spacecraft took of Vesta on or about July 09th,2011.The middle very detailed colored image is what IMMI has been able to do with the same image.Therefore, if the Dawn Spacecraft had this technological process the detailed image shown in themiddle would have allowed you and the world to see Vesta as we show you in this example.

(Note)-If needed, and if you would like to use the (+) magnification tool on this pdfdocument to look at the surface detail in the small (red square) on Vesta as seen in the imageabove this text, in order to compare that surface feature with the projected image we encourageyou to please do so. Thank you!).

However, (Left) is the way that (Vesta ) appeared to the Dawn Spacecraft when it wasstill approximately still few thousand miles away from Vesta is what is how it appeared on thefar left.

When the Dawn Spacecraft was about five-hundred and eighty miles away from Vesta ishow it appeared. At that time the IMMI-(Infinite Microscopic -Macroscopic Imaging) technologyessentially zoomed in and captivated the imaged as it is enhanced and enlarged as seen theprojection and that part of vest is seen in much greater significance.

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Figure 3 - The image above is from the HST from 2006 with the aid of IMMI no possiblesatellites are seen.

Fig. 4 - (A-C) - The concern for the Dawn spacecrafts orbit is to not get to let it get below 370kilometers about Vesta's surface. Otherwise the spacecraft would be on a crash course on Vesta'ssurface. Therefore the Dawn spacecraft will maintain an orbit of no closer than 400 miles abovethe surface.The image above is a black and white IMMI enhancement of the 2006 image taken byHST. (A) could be a satellite. It's orbit could be 125-160 kilometers above the surface of Vesta. It

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most likely would not pose a threat to the spacecraft. However, (B) is about 300-335 kilometersabove the surface of Vesta and it could pose the greatest concern.. (C). Is much further away.

Figure 5 (B)- this research paper proposes, presents, a demonstrates a much close view ofappears to be two possible smaller satellites and / or asteroids that could pose the greatestconcern for the Dawn spacecraft. Which could be about 325-350 miles or more above the surfaceof Vesta. Which also could be too close to the orbital path that the Dawn spacecraft will maintainit's orbit above the surface of Vesta at a safe orbiting distance from the asteroids surface.

Figure 6 - These are the two asteroid satellites that the 2006 image of Vesta also shown in Fig.20-21, that came from the 2006 image of Vesta taken by the HST that are about 350 km above

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Vesta.. The asteroid on the left could be 1/2-1 mile in length. The asteroid on the right may beabout 1/2 miles in length.

Figure 7 - (1) is the larger asteroid (2) is the smaller asteroid and (3) is the dwarf - planet Vestathat is being researched by the recent arrival of the Dawn Spacecraft. (1-2) are in an orbit ofabout 335-400 miles above (3).Vesta. However several points need to be considered whenstudying the above image. Which are :

1).- The first point to the above image is to present that (1-2) as asteroids, weretaken in an image produced by HST-(the Hubble Space Telescope) in 2006. When IMMIwas used to investigate the HST 2006 image further asteroids (1-2) were discovered asalso shown in Fig.20-22. However the blue color represented by (A) as it can be seen inasteroids (1-2), is the about the same blue color as also seen on the surface features of (3)Vesta. However, the (3) image of Vesta was produced by IMMI in relation to a photorecently taken by the Dawn Spacecraft on or about 7/09/2011.

2). - The second point to the above image is the brown color represented by theletter (B). In which can also be seen in asteroids (1-2) and again in(3) which is the dwarf -planet Vesta.

3).- The third and last point about the image above is that asteroids (1-2) wereproduced from the 2006 HST image taken of Vesta , and these two asteroids have the

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same colors as seen in the 7/09/2011 images of Vesta and enhanced by the IMMItechnology. Case in point being : "There are two separate photos taken from two differenttime periods that are consistent in evidence that (1-2) are two smaller asteroids, thatwere once part of (3) Vesta.

Therefore this research paper proposes, presents, and demonstrates imagingevidence from two different photos from two different time periods, that these smallerasteroids were once part of Vest's composition itself. No doubt (1-2) these smallerasteroids were created when ( 3) Vesta, was evidently hit by another larger asteroid orobject. Which then tore asteroids (1-2) out of Vesta's surface very long ago. "

[4-8] However, a question that should be asked is : " Are the asteroids that werediscovered from the 2006 HST image, still in orbit around Vesta now (on July, 23rd, 2011 at thewriting of this paragraph in this research paper), and if so do any of the recent Dawn Spacecraftimages show the same asteroids around Vesta now, that could present a possible concern for theorbital path of the Dawn Spacecraft at this time ? ".

[10] First, what has to be realized is that in the aforementioned previously presentedevidence of two asteroids orbiting Vesta from a 2006 HST image. [9] (Mc Cord Thomas B. et al(1970), proposes and presents evidence that meteorites found on earth came from Vestal and inevidence that other objects in space -(such as larger meteors or even asteroids) have had impactwith Vesta, as it also evidenced by the impact craters on Vesta as well.

[11] (Feierberg M.A. and Drake M.J. (1980), show that when infrared reflectance spectrahave been obtained for the meteorites that were from Vesta in Shergotty and Allan Hills 77005, aunique Chondrite apparently related to the shergottites was discovered.

Further comparisons using the reflectance spectra data of also eucrites and asteroid 4Vesta indicate that the surface of Vesta is covered with eucrite-like basalts and that, ifshergottite-like basalts are present on the surface of Vesta, they must be a minor rock type.

This would be consistent with the imaging data presented in this research paper that whenconsidering that the meteorites found in these areas are also a brown and blue like coloredformation as was presented in the smaller satellites asteroids orbiting

Vesta that both eucrites and shergottites are derived from Vesta, and that this asteroid iscompositionally and isotopically heterogeneous, and that the meteors found on earth came fromeither Vesta or these smaller asteroid satellites orbiting Vesta as shown in earlier images in Fig. 2and 3. Furthermore, that are much more consistent with these previous facts as derived from theresearch papers of [9] (Mc Cord Thomas B. et al (1970) and [11] (Feierberg M.A. and DrakeM.J. (1980).

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Fig. 8 - The yellow arrow points upward and away from another what could be a part of theformer asteroid satellites presented in Fig. 20-23. Except, either one of these asteroids could beshown from a different position because of the imaging position in which the Dawn spacecraftwas in when imaging Vesta at over 77,000 km away from Vesta when this image was taken onor about 7/09/2011.

The yellow arrow also points to a larger projection of that smaller asteroid orbiting Vesta,and shows what it looked like on July 09th,2011 when this image was taken by the Dawnspacecraft but enhanced much more with IMMI. What is consistent with the HST 2006 image isthat in that image smaller satellite asteroid (B) as shown in Fig. 20-22 is also orbiting at aboutthe same orbital height of about 335-400 kilometers above the surface of Vesta as also shown inthe image above in Fig. 24 as well.

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Fig. 9 - However, where the yellow arrow points away from the smaller asteroid satellite ain orbitabove Vesta and in which is shown in a larger projection of what it looks are also part of aresearch paper by [14] Richard P. Binzel R.P, and Xu (1993). In which in their research paperprovides data on a scientific study of Vesta by the HST. In which this paper speaks of the resultsand scientific study of object impacts against Vesta. Thus, this paper proposes and presents andagain demonstrates that in the research paper by [14] that the study collected from the HSTprovides another window of opportunity.

That again in 1996 the same HST results show Hubble Space Telescope images ofasteroid 4 Vesta obtained during the favorable 1996 apparition show an impact crater 460kilometers in diameter near the south pole. Which in fact may be from where the aqua coloredarrow points away from. Which also may be consistent with the fact that the two smaller asteroidsatellites orbiting Vesta may have come also from where the aqua colored arrow also points awayfrom Vesta in this specific large impact crater.

Where in this scientific paper also shows that HST color measurements within the 13-kilometer-deep -(or deeper) crater are consistent with excavation deep into a high-calciumpyroxene-rich crust or olivine upper mantle. About 1 percent of Vesta was excavated by thecrater formation event, a volume sufficient to account for the family of small Vesta-like asteroids

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that extends to dynamical source regions for meteorites. This crater may be the site of origin forthe eucrite, and diogenite classes of basaltic Chondrite meteorites. This is also evident of thenumerous impact crater cavities seen on Vesta as in like manner.

3.0 Concern With Too Low of An Orbit On or about July 15, 2011

NASA's Dawn spacecraft was only approximately 9,900 miles (16,000 kilometers) away from it'sorbit rendezvous with Vesta between them. If in fact there are smaller asteroids orbiting Vestawhich all the evidence presented in this research paper propose that there could be more debrisaround Vesta than previously thought that there may be some concern with such orbiting debris,especially in about the same orbital altitude about Vesta anywhere from approximately 370-400miles and more should be a concern at some point in the dawn mission around Vesta and as itgathers more and more information sending it back to scientists and engineers on earth.

4.0 Tricarico P. and Sykes M.V. (2010) - Dawns need To Maintain High Orbital StatusAround Vesta

As expressed in [12] (Tricarico P. and Sykes M. V (2010), details of Vesta's high-ordergravitational terms had to be determined when Dawns' arrived at Vesta Of course one of theconcerns that will dictate the success of the Vesta Dawn Spacecraft mission is preliminarily set instone when gravitational perturbations give rise to oscillations in Dawns' orbital radius, and it isfound that trapping of the spacecraft is possible near the 1:1 resonance between Dawns' orbitalperiod and Vesta's rotational period, located approximately between 520 and 580 km orbitalradius. The decisive means to make sure that the Dawn Spacecraft has a correct rotatinggravitational orbital revolving altitude around Vesta depends largely upon the types of conditionsthat gravitational perturbations will impose.

The minimum radius for low-altitude operations to in order to maintain a safe maximumorbit around Vesta is about 400 km, in order to safely prevent surface impact. The lowestpractical orbit is desirable in order to maximize signal-to-noise and spatial resolution of theGamma-Ray and Neutron Detector and to provide the highest spatial resolution observations byDawns Framing Camera and Visible Infrared mapping spectrometer.

One of the major concerns is because of Vesta's complex gravity field, there is thepotential that Dawn could be trapped near the 1:1 resonance, as it slowly decreases its radiusthrough 550 km. Dawn can escape trapping by increasing thrust at the appropriate orbit librationphase. However, it is crucial to remember that the lowest and safest altitude above Vesta wouldachieve would be no more than 370 kilometers above Vesta's surface. Why ?

The primary reason is because once Dawn is able to make it through this resonance,Dawn can continue to decrease its orbital radius to around 400 km before the effect ofperturbations begin to progressively increase orbital radial oscillations until impact with thesurface becomes a hazard. However, once the Dawn Spacecraft would exceed an orbital pathradius below 370 km, than the mission otherwise could become into a perilous stage of no return,

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and the Dawn Spacecraft could become a phenomenon of Vesta's gravitational pull, causing thespacecraft to crash into Vesta's surface. So should scientists and engineers at Dawns CommandCenter be concerned ? It certainly would not hurt to take extra precautions, in the event theseasteroids are too close for comfort into the orbital altitude path of the Dawn spacecraft, as aprecautionary measure to help ensure the complete success of the entire Dawn mission. As it alsomakes it's way to the next dwarf planet on it's list to visit. Which is the dwarf planet named : "Ceres". After the Dawn spacecraft finishes it's mission and study of Vesta. In order to determinewith greater accuracy how the solar system developed. However, such a problem is not expectedto result into the next part of Dawns' exploratory mission when it leaves Vesta for Ceres, whichis expected to reveal a large amount of water on or below it's surface/ Ceres may have moons.

Bibliography(In Alphabetical Order)

[1]-NASA (2011). DAWN'S MISSION TO VEST ASTEROID VESTA-In addition to havingmoons, asteroids can also be double: Binary asteroids sometimes form when a spinning parentbody splits. The body is spun up by a phenomenon called YORP that occurs when the bodyabsorbs photons from the sun and reradiate them as heat: more. At-http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/06jul_vestamoon/

[2]-NASA (2011).- Dawn will perform dedicated observations in search of moons for about 15hours. However, if no moon is found at Vesta on July 9th, that doesn't mean there isn't one.Rayman says: "If there is a moon, it might show up by coincidence in other observations, but wehave no other observations dedicated in this mission to finding a moon. There is just so much tolearn about Vesta itself, that is where we are focusing our time."

[3] From NASA press release:-(2011)- When Vesta captures Dawn into its orbit on July 16, therewill be approximately 9,900 miles (16,000 kilometers) between them. When orbit is achieved,they will be approximately 117 million miles (188 million kilometers) away from Earth. Duringthe initial reconnaissance orbit, at approximately 1,700 miles (2,700 kilometers), the spacecraftwill get a broad overview of Vesta with color pictures and data in different wavelengths ofreflected light. The spacecraft will move into a high-altitude mapping orbit,

[4]-ASMAR, S. et al (2009). Simulations of Dawn Gravity for Vesta and Ceres And ImplicationsFor Interior Structure. AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts 41, #50.01.

[5]-BRITT, D. T. and Consolmagno, G.J., (2004). Meteorite Porosities and Densities: A Reviewof Trends in the Data. Lunar and Planetary Institute Science Conference Abstracts 35, 2108.

[6]-BRITT, D. T. et al , (2002). Asteroid Density, Porosity, and Structure. Asteroids III 485-500.

[7]-CONSOMAGNO, G. J., and Britt, D. T. (1998). The density and porosity of meteorites fromthe Vatican collection. Meteoritics and Planetary Science 33, 1231-1241.

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[8]-DAVIS, D. R., et al 1985).Chapman, C. R., Weidenschilling, S. J., Greenberg, R. 1985.Collisional history of asteroids: Evidence from Vesta and the Hirayama families. Icarus 62, 30-53. Everhart, E. 1985. An efficient integrator that uses Gauss-Radau spacings. Dynamics ofComets:

[9]-Mc CORD T. B. et al (1970). Thomas B. McCord, John B. Adams, and Torrence V.Johnson.- Asteroid Vesta: Spectral Reflectivity and Compositional Implications (1970)-andTorrence V. Johnson. Science 19 June 1970: 1445-1447. [DOI:10.1126/science.168.3938.1445].

[10]-CHIKPS OFF OF ASTEROID 4 Vesta: Evidence for the Parent Body of Basaltic Achondrite Meteorites Richard P. Binzel and Shui Xu Science 9 April 1993: 186-191.[DOI:10.1126/science.260.5105.186.

[11]-FEIERBERG M.A. and DRAKE M.J. (1980).The Meteorite-Asteroid Connection: TheInfrared Spectra of Eucrites, Shergottites, and Vesta. Science 15 August 1980: 805-807.[DOI:10.1126/science.209.4458.805].

[12]-TRICARICOA, P.(2010).The Dynamical Environment of Dawn at VestaP. Tricaricoa, M. V. Sykes a Planetary Science Institute, 1700 E. Ft. Lowell Rd. Ste. 106, TucsonAZ 85719.[13]-TURRINI, D. et al (2010). Probing the history of Solar System through the cratering recordson Vesta and Ceres.

[14]-BINZEL, Richard P. Binzel R.P, and Xu (1993).

[14]-Other Notes - http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/dawn/main/index.html .

Ceres Images

A few preliminary Images of Ceres may be Seen At

http://orie-technologies.weebly.com/8-9-ceres--a---closer-look.htmlhttp://orie-technologies.weebly.com/10-11-ceres-volcano--rotations.html

Acknowledgements

The authors of this research paper would like to thank all of the scientists who have contributedto the scientific research either in the publications of their papers or in research involved withNASA and in the Dawn Spacecraft program which are providing a wealth of information aboutVesta and the early formation of our solar system involving asteroids in the Kuniper AsteroidBelt between Mars and Jupiter.

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Vesta A Closer Look

1Ronald Stewart 2 Francis Benot'i

Abstract- NASA's Dawn Spacecrafts' encounter with the dwarf planet asteroid planet known asVesta has finally come true after a four year journey to this dwarf planet which started in 2007.This research paper will present and demonstrate images showing very close-up views of Vesta'ssurface topography before the Dawn Spacecraft takes up an orbit around the dwarf planet in orderto captivate images of Vesta's surface as well. A new imaging process known as IMMI-(Infinite -Microscopic -Macroscopic Imaging)- was used to take these images of Vesta.(See importantfootnote below).This new data, images, and evidence are also consistent with other publishedresearch papers such as : (Russell et al., 2004) and (Tricarico P. and M. V. Sykes M. V (2010)in which in these research papers are correct in their investigative results when they present anddemonstrate that Vesta : "Enables a study of the earliest stages of planetary development for anobject that formed dry (Vesta) and another that formed with substantial amounts of water(Ceres)." These research papers again consistent with the images presented in this scientificresearch paper which also shows that Vesta is dry, rocky, and has many impact craters upon it(much like earths' moon).However, at the same time in Dawns' next mission to Ceres in July,2012 after leaving Vesta when dawn gets to Ceres in 2015 most likely will find the oppositeconditions on Ceres which will be that Ceres has a substantial amount of water.

Keywords : Keywords: Vesta, Ceres, Dwarf Planets, Discovery Program, Electric Propulsion,Gravitational Perturbations, Spacecraft Operations

1.0 Introduction and Background

1.1 The Approach

A chronological history of the Dawn Spacecraft mission is necessary,. in order to understand thatwhat has taken place has an effect on the mission to the dwarf planet/ asteroid known as Vesta..Especially, when it comes to any and all data, images, and evidence that has come about since theDawn spacecraft has come close in making it's orbit around Vesta as it investigates the origins ofour solar system. Therefore, it is important for this research paper to propose, present, anddemonstrate in new data and images what the Dawn Spacecraft investigation and study of Vesta________________________________1- (Th.D.)- Ancient History/ Religious History-(4000-B.C.-1400-C.E.) With An Emphasis In Historical Archaeology, and retains a (PhD)-Theoretics In The Arts, Humanities, and Sciences. Stewart also peer reviews for Ancient History Encyclopedia, is Editor-In-Chief for IJAAR-(Int'l Journal of Astronomy/Astrophysics & Earth Sciences Research), to be promoted World-Wide By: "Pro-Quest"-(Indexing/ Scholar JournalServices), (Asst. Editor for: "Pluralidade"-(In English)-"Journal of Interdisciplinary Sciences" ) read in (42}countries/ (5)continents-Earthwide),, Recently invited to be: "A Guest Editor For The Oldest/ Largest Peer Reviewed Journal In The World: "Royal Society PublishingProceedings-(A & B" ),(September, 15th, 2013, appointed as: "Editor-In-Chief" for the: " Blind/ Open-Peer Reviewed journal known as:"Independent Archaeology Notes, Art-History & Earth Sciences". Stewart is also a member of the NEAS-(Near Eastern Archaeological Society).

2-Francis Benoti'-(Ph.D.)- Is the Assistant Editor For IJARR and is also a retired Astronomer, and consults part-time., and still writes periodicpapers. She also peer reviews for other journals as well when requested to. Email-fbenotiphd@gmail.com).

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will not show the world. In order to help give a different perspective of some other areas ofscientific research that are just as important in like manner what the Dawn spacecraft isaccomplishing as well. Therefore, new hypotheses, theories, and evidence in images andinvestigative scientific research areas NASA will not show are not because NASA could notshow these things. Rather, it is that the IMMI has the capability to show other research other thanwhat NASA presents to help give a wider and broader perspective in what is learned about Vesta,as never seen before. Therefore a chronological order of what has also happened in the Dawnmission outside what is currently recognized or realized this research paper is able to provideadditional new data and evidence about the Dawn spacecraft mission that will only complimentwhat the Dawn spacecraft finds out as well. What is listed first is what NASA has remarkablybeen able to accomplish between the dates of 2007when the Dawn Spacecraft was first launcheduntil the day prior to when it's first images of Vesta started coming through at a distance of over144,000 kilometers or 88, 848 miles on June 24th,2011 from Vesta. This is as follows :

2.0 Where Vesta Was When Imaged Between 1/31/2007 - June 23rd, 2011

In 2007 Vesta lifted off to start it's long many years mission to explore areas in and around thesun and then head on a special journey to the proto planets known as Vesta and Ceres as follows:

January 31rst, 2011 - Spacecraft and Operations Team Practice for Vesta . In addition tothrusting most of this month, the spacecraft executed a rehearsal of one of the activities it willneed to perform in its low altitude mapping orbit at Vesta. The operations team spent a weekhandling simulated problems during the approach phase to Vesta.

February 28th, 2011 - Mission controllers conducted another test of the spacecraft's capability tooperate in orbit around the giant asteroid.

March 31, 2011 - Dawn was commanded by navigators to check out it's thrusters and had dawnalign them with the earth. Than calculated the radio signal and were able to determine that Dawnwas traveling at a speed toward Vesta at about 13, 000-MPH Final Checkouts Before Vesta.

April 30, 2011 - As usual, Dawn thrust for most of the month, bringing its orbit around the sunstill closer to Vesta's orbit. Dawn is now only 3.4 times farther from Vesta than the moon is fromEarth. The spacecraft is approaching Vesta at less than 0.39 kilometers per second (870 mph).

May 10, 2011 - The approach phase is going smoothly. Dawn stopped thrusting today for itssecond opportunity to acquire images of Vesta for use in navigation. In addition, the visible andinfrared mapping spectrometer observed Vesta for the first time. Dawn is one million kilometers(620,000 miles) from Vesta.

June 1, 2011 - Dawn continues to devote most of its time to thrusting with its ion propulsionsystem. Today it conducted its fifth session of acquiring images of Vesta for use in navigation.Dawn is 470,000 kilometers (290,000 miles) from Vesta today and approaching it at 220 metersper second (490 mph).

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June 23rd, 2011 - The Dawn Spacecraft closes in on Vesta and is preparing to take it's firstimages of Vesta as it's is about 144,000 kilometers from Vesta at this point or about 88,848.0miles from Vesta. The next day is when it captured it's first images of Vesta.

Fig. 1 - (A-D) - (A) Is Vesta as seen through (HST) /2006.(B) Is The Dawn Spacecraft on when ittook this image of Vesta on or about 6/23/11. (C) Is the black and white original image that TheDawn Spacecraft took of Vesta on or about 7/09/2011, when of course it was much closer to themulti-colored dwarf planet. It is important to understand, that the reason for needing to take theimage of an anomaly in outer space at the correct calculated time is so the difference in what isseen in image (B) would be able to look more like image (C). In other words, if theaforementioned was applied, when the image (B) was taken by the Dawn Spacecraft on or about6/23/2011 it would have more of the appearance of image (C). (D) Was imaged by IMMI as seenin a great detail and color variations.

Fig. 2 - The dawn Spacecraft took the image to the left on or about June 24th, 2011 (Right)IMMI.when the spacecraft was about141,000 to 144,000 kilometers or 88, 478 miles away from

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The Dawn Spacecraft was straining too hard when Vesta was still to far away to bephotographed. The image on the left has lost more than twenty-five percent of it's image databecause of this problem. This can also be a problem with any camera system if the timing is notjust right.

The on board Dawn Spacecraft camera was zooming in on Vesta at that time at it'maximum remote imaging capacity. This can be seen because the image to the left that IMMIproduced of the same image demonstrates pixelation approximately in the center of the imagewhere the blue topography of Vesta is seen. Such pixelation and zooming in this hard with thecamera causes loss of data information and will not as good of an image to be produced at thistype of remote imaging.

If the camera would have zoomed in at the correct preprogrammed moment the imagewould have come out much clearer (Stewart R., (1977). (" A Study In The Supplemental CameraAttachments and Their Capabilities and Limitations and When To Photograph On Earth and InSpace Exploration ), Elkins Institute Photography and Imaging).

Fig. 3-(A-B) - (A) is the image that the Dawn spacecraft took on or about July 09th, 2011. (B) iswhat IMMI was able to show pertaining to the same image in color. The IMMI technology at itspoint of development is far better than what the Dawn Spacecraft was capable of producing evenin 2011.

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Figure 4 - Above is a large image produced from IMMI that presents and demonstrates whatVesta looks like.

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Figure 5 - Top half of Vesta

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Figure 6- The bottom half of Vesta

.

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Figure 7 - The left top quarter of Vesta in the image taken from this position.

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Figure 8 - (A) is the right top quarter of Vesta. In the image taken from this position. The lightblue part of what is seen in the image above could be suggestive evidence that what is seen is amixture of frozen nitrogen and H20 that is in a large frozen mountain range upon the surface ofvestal. The light greenish and gray color could be rock. (B) is a evidently is an impact crater thathit the surface of Vesta very hard and the white colored impact impression around the cratercavity can be seen in like manner. The next image will present and demonstrate a close up of thatimpact crater and the white impact impression around the cavity in much more detail..

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Figure 9 - presents a projected image of the upper right top quarter of Vesta. Demonstratingdetail of what may be a mixture nitrogen and H20. Deep impact craters can be seen as well.(Stewart R., (1977). (" A Study In The Supplemental Camera Attachments and TheirCapabilities and Limitations and When To Photograph On Earth and In Space Exploration ).

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Figure 10 - Presents the left lower bottom quarter of Vesta. Striking detail can be seen in verydeep impact craters, fissures and other remarkable detail of the surface topography that Vestaillustrates. Some of the impact craters are evidently very old and large .

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Figure 11- Presents and demonstrates a sky blue color, which could be according to IMMIspectrography and spectrometry could be the combinational mixture and presence of nitrogen andoxygen. The blue textured swirl like ridges that are formulated on the south polar hemisphere ofVesta could be due to very slight gravitational and magnetic field presence over time. (StewartR., (1977). (" A Study In The Supplemental Camera Attachments and Their Capabilities andLimitations and When To Photograph On Earth and In Space Exploration ).

29

Figure 12- (A-B) - (A) is Vesta as the image was taken by the Dawn Spacecraft at over 77,000miles away from Vesta. The yellow arrow points the next area that will be investigated. This darkbrown to red colored area is very interesting. However, what is it ? could it be a mountain rangeon Vesta ? Or is it perhaps a very ancient old extinct volcano demonstrating that at one Vestamay have had geo-thermal activity when it was first formed ? (B) presents Vesta turned slightlyto the right, in a right clock-wise rotation. So that the area where the yellow area points to under(B) will be better seen, so it may be more readily studied to see exactly what this topographicalfeature on Vesta either may be determined as to what this specific topographical feature may beon Vesta or not.

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Figure 13 - display topographical surface features that have some resemblance to an elevatedmountain range. However, more detail should become more prevalent as IMMI allows anotherclose investigation at this geological topographical feature that rises high above the surface ofVesta, as will be seen in Fig. 14.(Consolmagno, G. J., and Britt, D. T. (1998) propose, presents,and demonstrates in this technical research paper that the density and porosity of meteorites fromthe Vatican collection. which was reported and published in : " Meteoritics and Planetary Science" clearly give hypothetical and theoretical models and observational and microscopicexamination of the same types of meteorites found in the Vatican collection and surmise thatthese came from the dwarf planet Vesta that contend to have very similar porous appearance asseen here on Vesta in Figures 13 - 15.

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Figure 14 - The top northern hemisphere presents and demonstrates what seems to resemble anextraordinary large topographical surface area that could be a vastly large accumulation ofsmaller mountains on one larger mountain like shaped mountain range. A mountain range that isin the shape and geological morphological formation as seen above no doubt has never been seenbefore.

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Figure 15 - A much closer look at what was seen in Fig. 14. regarding to what resembles amountain range or either one exceptionally large mountain at the top of the northern hemisphereof Vesta. No doubt the about of equalizing thrust forces and counter balances it takes the abovemountain and /or mountain range acts as a counter balance to keep Vesta in it's current verticalupright position. The green colored rock geological formational areas on top of the brown tobeige colored under lying sub-surface features and characteristics of this mountain and/ ormountain range have an appearance and resemblance to a much more massive non-porous basesliding surface area, than what is seen in the upper green colored rock formational areas of thissurface feature of Vesta in like manner. The larger porous cavity like areas in the brownish tobeige colored rock formations most likely are extremely large craters caused by meteors hittingthe surface over a very significant amount of time.. However, another observation this paperproposes, presents and demonstrates, is that the green mountainous rock formation area seem topresent evidence of as much crater activity.

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Figure 16 - shows a yellow arrow which points to the next area that will be investigated. This isin the topographical geological formation on Vesta that could resemble the eye of a bird's faceand beak. This is attaining an extreme close up of this area on the surface of Vesta. The tip of theyellow arrow points to the inside of the cavity area will be seen.(Use the magnification tool in thepdf document).

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Figure 17 - In this image the yellow arrow points to the area that will be investigated next asIMMI a attains a much closer look.

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Figure 18 - The area above that could resemble the eye of a bird is at this point very close to thesurface of Vesta. In the next image where the tip of the aqua colored arrow points to, will showthe inside of a cavity like area in what resembles the eye of a bird, also seen in Figure 18. Thesurface feature where the aqua arrow points to is again most unusual. It appears that there is anequally left sized cavity on the opposite side of this surface feature. Features like this are furtherexplained in (Mc Cord Thomas B. et al (1970).

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Figure 19 - Specifically presents the topographical geological surface area feature of Vesta,which is being investigated and studied and shown in the red square. Whereas a closer look atthis area with much more detail can be seen in the larger image projection seen to the right. Thearea that could resemble the eye of a bird at a distance when looking at it shows on the right sideof the projection what also represents some sort of natural geological land formation archway, inlike manner as a person would see on earth.

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Fig. 20 - shows an enlarged projection of a bird-like eye land formation on Vesta's surface.Anopposite opening is seen on the left side.

Bibliography(In Alphabetical Order)

[1]-Asmar, S. et al (2009). Asmar, S., Konopliv, A., Bills, B., Park, R., Raymond, C., Russell, C.,Smith, D., Zuber, M. 2009. Simulations of Dawn Gravity for Vesta and Ceres And ImplicationsFor Interior Structure. AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences

Meeting Abstracts 41, #50.01.

[2]-Britt, D. T. and Consolmagno, G.J., (2004). Meteorite Porosities and Densities: A Review ofTrends in the Data. Lunar and Planetary Institute Science Conference Abstracts 35, 2108.

[3]-Britt, D. T. et al , (2002). Yeomans, D., Housen, K., Consolmagno, G. 2002. AsteroidDensity, Porosity, and Structure. Asteroids

III 485-500.

[4]-Consolmagno, G. J., and Britt, D. T. (1998). The density and porosity of meteorites from theVatican collection. Meteoritics and

Planetary Science 33, 1231-1241.

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[5]-Davis, D. R., et al 1985).Chapman, C. R., Weidenschilling, S. J., Greenberg, R. 1985.Collisional history of asteroids: Evidence from Vesta and the Hirayama families. Icarus 62, 30-53. Everhart, E. 1985. An efficient integrator that uses Gauss-Radau spacings. Dynamics ofComets:

[6]-Mc Cord Thomas B. et al (1970). Thomas B. McCord, John B. Adams, and Torrence V.Johnson.- Asteroid Vesta: Spectral Reflectivity and Compositional Implications (1970)-andTorrence V. Johnson. Science # 19 June, 1970.

[7]-Chips off of Asteroid 4 Vesta: Evidence for the Parent Body of Basaltic AchondriteMeteorites Richard P. Binzel and Shui Xu Science 9 April 1993: 186-191.

[8]-Feierberg M.A. and Drake M.J. (1980).The Meteorite-Asteroid Connection: The InfraredSpectra of Eucrites, Shergottites, and Vesta. Science 15 August 1980: 805-807.

[9]-Stewart R., (1976). ("Photographic Formats Solving The Problems"). (Theses InPhotography,Imaging and Electronics), Elkins Institute , San Antonio, Texas.

[10]-Stewart R,., (1977). ("A Study On Imaging Concepts and Applications In SolvingGraininess and Loss of Resolution In Round Pixilated Photography"), Elkins Institute,(Department of The Study of Photography and Imaging), San Antonio, Texas.

[11]-Stewart R., (1977). (" A Study In The Supplemental Camera Attachments and TheirCapabilities and Limitations and When To Photograph), Elkins Institute Department of TheStudy of Photography and Imaging), San Antonio, Texas.

[12]- �Tricaricoa, P.(2010).The Dynamical Environment of Dawn at Vesta P. Tricaricoa, , M. V.Sykes a Planetary Science Institute, 1700 E. Ft. Lowell Rd. Ste. 106, Tucson AZ 85719

[13]-Turrini D. et al (2010). Probing the history of Solar System through the cratering records onVesta and Ceres

[14]-Other Notes - http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/dawn/main/index.html

Acknowledgements

The authors of this research paper would like to thank all of the scientists who have contributedto the scientific research either in the publications of their papers or in research involved withNASA and in the Dawn Spacecraft program which are providing a wealth of information aboutVesta and the early formation of our solar system .

39

A Theoretical Projection

of

Ceres A Sub Earth Minor Planet

Ronald Stewart

Abstract- "Earth-Like-Exo-Planets" have been the research dream of most astrobiologists for thelast ten to fifteen years. However, is it possible there may be a small exo-planet within theboundaries of our own solar system that could have :"Proto -Earth-Like -Attributes " ? Somescientists like -(McCord and Sotin - (2005),( Mousis and Albert-(2005), and others believe thedwarf-planet named : "Ceres" , may qualify as a : " Proto-Sub-Like-Earth Dwarf-Planet". Anew imaging process entitled with the acronym : " IMMI-(Infinite-Microscopic-MacroscopicImaging) " was used to captivate new images of Ceres. However, the question that pervades themind is: "Could Ceres be a combination of either a spherical dwarf planet or is Ceres more likea :"Ellipsoid -Proto-Sub-Like-Earth Dwarf-Planet" instead ? This research paperproposes,presents, and demonstrates which of these two options that the new data and evidenceon Ceres supports.

Keywords : Ceres, Proto-Planet, Dwarf-Planet, Vesta, Solar System, Dawn Spacecraft

1.0 Introduction and Background

1.1 Ceres The Dwarf Planet

In 1801, Giuseppe Piazzi discovered the first as well as largest Main-Belt asteroid ever found,now commonly designated as 1 Ceres. Giuseppe Piazzi at first thought among other astronomersof his day that Ceres was actually a planet most likely like earth. However, to one previousNASA estimate, Ceres may have over one-third of the total mass of the Main Asteroid Belt.Although relatively round, its diameter actually varies between 579 to 597 miles (or around 932to 960 kilometers) across. Although rocky and icy proto planets beyond the Solar System's 2-AU"ice line" formed in the Main Asteroid Belt, However, although it has been quite controversialfor the last several years, or about August 24, 2006, the International Astronomical Union votedat the end of its 26th General Assembly to establish a new class of celestial objects in SolarSystem called a "dwarf planet,". There are other names for a dwarf planet. One of the othernames are :" proto planets ". Which includes Ceres.

_____________________

(Th.D.)- Ancient History/ Religious History-(4000-B.C.-1400-C.E.) With An Emphasis In Historical Archaeology, and retains a (PhD)-Theoretics In The Arts, Humanities, and Sciences. Stewart also peer reviews for Ancient History Encyclopedia, is Editor-In-Chief for IJAAR-(Int'l Journal of Astronomy/Astrophysics & Earth Sciences Research), to be promoted World-Wide By: "Pro-Quest"-(Indexing/ Scholar JournalServices), (Asst. Editor for: "Pluralidade"-(In English)-"Journal of Interdisciplinary Sciences" ) read in (42}countries/ (5)continents-Earthwide),, Recently invited to be: "A Guest Editor For The Oldest/ Largest Peer Reviewed Journal In The World: "Royal Society PublishingProceedings-(A & B" ),(September, 15th, 2013, appointed as: "Editor-In-Chief" for the: " Blind/ Open-Peer Reviewed journal known as:"Independent Archaeology Notes, Art-History & Earth Sciences". Stewart is also a member of the NEAS-(Near Eastern Archaeological Society).

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This paper will show that especially since about the latter part of 2006 and into 2007 newdata and evidence has come into light to show that Ceres is truly unique unto itself. Otherscientists believe:

"The Dawn spacecraft of the NASA space mission to asteroids 1 Ceres and 4 Vesta waslaunched in September 2007. The choice of these two asteroids is deeply grounded: they are thelargest and most massive objects of the main belt that are completely different in materialcomposition, history, and internal structure. Recently, the results of observations and numericalmodeling have shown their amazing uniqueness: "they both have experienced the complexprocess of thermal and differentiation of their internal mineral resources", but have a completelydifferent internal structure ".(Original Russian Text © D.F. Lupishko, R.A. Mohamed, 2009,published in Astronomicheskii Vestnik, 2009, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 493–501).

Other scientists believe that the study of Ceres is very important. Why ? Because theybelieve that to solve the riddle about Ceres is to also solve any cosmogonic problems regardingthe asteroid belt and the Solar System as a whole.

2.0 Reasons Why The Spherical Shape of The Dwarf Planet Ceres Is Gravitationally andMagnetic Field Conducive In Keeping Water Upon It's Topographical Surface

This sub-section of this research paper proposes, presents, and will demonstrate two options as tothe shape of Ceres and in what most likely choices are. However, the gravitational and magneticfield resonance may play a part in the dawn Spacecraft finding Ceres to be a combination ofseveral compositional factors. In some respects some scientists believe that Ceres is more similarto a spherical shape more like the earth. On the other hand within the last few weeks with therecent visit of the Dawn Spacecraft to the dwarf planet Vesta before it makes it's next scheduledmission to Ceres leaving Vesta in July, 2012, that after studying Vesta that Ceres may have moreof a shape and composition like Vesta. However, this paper will investigate these options andwill provide new data and evidence showing what Ceres will most likely look like in this paperbefore when the Dawn Spacecraft arrives at Ceres in about May to August , 2015.

In the asteroid belt that is positioned in the solar system between Mars and Jupiter areliterally thousands upon thousands of irregularly shaped asteroids. However the two what somebelieve are asteroids and others have been classified as proto dwarf planets have this directapplication to Vesta and Ceres. It is because all of these asteroid have many irregular shapes ithas long been believed that Vesta and Ceres were planets when they were first discovered.However, since 2006 when Pluto, Vesta, and Ceres were re-classified as smaller proto or dwarfplanets the more circular shape of Ceres has held the greatest interest that it could have anopportunity to hydrostatic systems that would contribute to Ceres having a large amount of water.However, past thinking is that this water was more in the form of H20 is believed to consist init's composition of a layer of dust-like crust, with an underlying "water ice mantle" and rockybased core. Other scientists believe that condensation makes it's way up to the surface in readilyavailable pools of water that may cover a large part of Ceres. However, is only soon to evaporate.

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Could the circular shape of Ceres have anything to do with large reservoirs of water upon it'ssurface ?

3.0 Asteroid Perturbations In Mass Determination That The Gravitational and MagneticField Constants Based Upon Conceptual ASTROD Spacecraft

(Bierman, G. J., (2007) ; (Chiou, D.-W., (2000a) ; (Chiou, D.-W.,(2000b) ; (Bowell, E., (1999) ;(Brumberg, V. A., (1991) first to one varying degree or another contend in hypothesis, theory,tables, models, and computerized model simulations, propose that Ceres is an dwarf planetranging in mass and size anywhere from 487.5 to 510.5 kilometers in diameter and that proto ordwarf planet is semispherical to spherical in shape. Particularly in their research papers engagethat because of high technological concepts proposed to the (ESO)-(European SpaceOrganization), and due to the high-precision nature of the ASTROD (Astro dynamical Space Testof Relativity using Optical Devices) mission concept, the asteroid perturbations on the ASTRODspacecraft is crucial.

The concept for a space mission to Ceres concerning the represented perturbations needto be modeled and determined together with relativistic effects and other solar-systemparameters. In a previous investigation (Su et al., Planetary and Space Science, 47, 339-43[1999]). The aforementioned research papers ascertained by scientific investigation of the massestimation of Ceres, Pallas and Vesta in the literature to calculate perturbations on the ASTRODspacecraft. Recently, scientists involved with the ASTROD concept for a new theoreticalspacecraft that could conceptually do the work of several spacecraft envisioned by otherscientists.

Who believe that a framework to simulate the determination of the masses of over 492asteroids throughout the Kuniper Asteroid Belt could help them to better understand forformation of the two largest asteroid / proto planets known as Vesta and Ceres. The combinedmasses and average median point in this frame work of understanding the perturbations of all ofthese 492 asteroids, would help scientists to evaluate Vesta and Ceres from differentperspectives, in order help them understand the early formation of Vesta and Ceres in relation tothe rest of the solar system. Although the Dawn Surveyor spacecraft is currently assessing Vesta,it is still unclear at this time how these asteroid perturbations particularly effect Vesta and Cereswhen it comes to these two dwarf planets masses.

There is an assertion based upon a hypothetical concept involving accuracies pertaining tomodels based on the conception spacecraft named ASTROD-(Astro dynamical Space Test ofRelativity using Optical Devices), that in the event approved could have implementedinstrumentation that could help determine the gravitational and magnetic field undertures andovertures that would help determine the masses of Vesta and Ceres more explicitly in relation toearly formation of the solar system.. Especially when it comes to how all the gravitational andmagnetic field balances and consonants are concerned.

In a previous investigation (Ni, 1997), and (Bierman, G. J., (2007) proposed that thetemporal variation in the gravitational constant can be measured to 10-13/yr or better in fractionin the ASTROD mission. In a subsequent paper (Su et al., 1999), used the mass estimation of

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Ceres, Pallas and Vesta to calculate the perturbations of the spacecraft and propose to determinethe masses of asteroids through their perturbations which would had been the primary mission ofthe conceptual ASTROD spacecraft.

However , this concept for such a spacecraft is still conceptual and the financing andbuilding of it never emerged. Since this is the case all that can be implemented are simulationsand computer modeling to see if such a spacecraft could be a future workable model.

4.0 The Role of Magnetic Fields For Planetary Formation and of Ceres

(Anders Johansen (2009) presents in this research paper points as far as magnetic fields and theirdevelopment concerning most carbonaceous chondrites that it is thought the Ceres in composedof. One strong reason is believed that dwarf planets like Ceres have a remnant magnetisation ashigh as a few Gauss, frozen in as the material cooled past the blocking temperature (Levy &Sonett 1978). A quote from the excellent review paper by Levy & Sonett (1978) is also believedto particularly be concise on the origin of such a strong magnetic field.

Figure 1 - J. Parker, P. Thomas, L. McFadden, ESA, NASA , (Image-Credit)-(2004) Those whotook this image and who have studied it , according to their study believe that :"Although verydark, the asteroid has a relatively brighter area of unknown composition (more fromhubblesite.org and APOD).

The point is : " This is the best image that could be produced with HST in 2004, and isstill the best image (other than IMMI) to date of Ceres. However when estimating the true shapeof Ceres by HST in 2004 suggests Ceres is spherical in shape like earth. However, is this trulyCeres' shape ? figure 2 will present and demonstrate most likely the best image of Ceres yet.There seems to be many impact crater activity when taking a look at the surface of Ceres. Theyellow arrows point to areas of the location in and around the circumference of Ceres whereprevious formation debris of Ceres seems to be abundant in lack of forming a most likely a fullmagnetic field to where it could be come a planet with a possible atmosphere compared to just aplanetoid.

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Figure 2 - (Nazzario R. et al (2002) - (Source)-(Ronald Stewart-(2013-2014). The above image ismost likely the best image of Ceres, and how it likely truly appears. Ceres and that this mostlikely causes a somewhat hazy look to the planet at times and in this semi-elliptically shapedformulation of dust grains that partially encircle Ceres, that the orbital behavior around Ceresderived from it's early formation when the solar system was formed. The above image was usingIMMI to enhance the 2004 image taken by HST. What is seen above is the way Ceres trulyappears and what it look like today in 2011 in like manner. The above image is shown as thepixilated 2004 HST images shows it would look like prior to more investigation if Ceres were tobe spherical like the earth. The yellow arrows show the consistency of the (Nazzario R. et al(2001)

(Parker J.Wm and Stern S. Allen (2001) explains in : "Table - 2 " of their research paperthat when Ceres is compared with the same images available to them in 2001 from the HST intheir analysis of the first disc resolved images of Ceres in ultraviolet light. However, the analysisand descriptions fits more of a description of a sub-like earth and cross compared with sub-solarpixel coordinates. In which in the final analysis there are close approximates according to themeasurements shown in the table above. That Ceres is more like a proto sub earth, as earth alsomay have been in it's early formation in a young solar system.

It was also noted that the annular photometry of the features seen on Ceres matches thisbackground value at a radius of ∼4 pixel-widths, which is our estimate for the mean radius.Essentially meaning that the studies with HST reveal that the shape of Ceres than would morematch the shape of an : " Ellipsoid " . This information was also derived from studies of Ceresduring periods of occultation measurements. Which also agree with the research paper by (Milliset al. (1987), and are in better agreement with the adaptive optics values. Some of the differencescould be due to the effect of differing rotational phase and sub-Earth latitude for the differentobservations. Observations taken at different epochs see the disk cross-section at different sub-Earth latitudes and longitudes, so comparisons are problematic. Which would also coincide and

44

be in agreement with (Drummond et al. (1998) observations provide an estimated 3-dimensionalshape for Ceres. However, for an object rotating this slowly, the equilibrium shape is expected tobe a Roche ellipsoid. It was also discovered in (Parker J.Wm and Stern S. Allen (2001) that theaxes of Ceres also has a integrated red spectral slope in it's shape that were also determined inthese ultraviolet HST studies. It is also agreed that more imaging studies needed to be done inorder to have better sampling of the rotation period to finally resolve the continuing, long-standing uncertainty in Ceres’pole position.

Furthermore, a greater need to obtain more information on the search for surface ice andto be able to distinguish to much greater detail not only surface features and topography onCeres, but also determine where surface ice may be located and better mapping of ice absorptionpatterns that Ceres seems to exhibit as well as also agreed in other scientific research papers by(e.g. Hudson 1971) and (Wagener & Caldwell 1988). Comments in (Parker J.Wm and Stern S.Allen (2001) also made observations could be with the next generation of HST imaging spacebetter images will be able to be used to determine these areas of scientific investigation to a muchdeeper degree.

Ten years later these aforementioned guidelines establishing what would be required intothe future in order to be able learn more about Ceres would have to be in the type ofinstrumentation that would have to do with considerable advancements in imaging that couldresearch proto planets and any other celestial body in the solar system and exo-planetsexploration as well. That time is now, it is here with the IMMI system will present anddemonstrate such future imaging technology as follows :

Figure 3 - Research papers like (e.g. Hudson 1971), (Wagener & Caldwell 1988)., and (ParkerJ.Wm and Stern S. Allen (2001) worked with the HST seen like in Fig. 1. By the time the HSTwas able to improve it's imaging systems and better images as shown above (left) in Fig. 3 whereanother HST image was taken in 2004, the images improved compared to previous pixilated

45

images available in 2001. When (Parker J.Wm and Stern S. Allen (2001) discusses that futureimaging instrumentation, and technological processes would improve image of Ceres. The IMMIsystem has been able to take preliminary results of the HST image from 2004 on the left and wasable to eliminate all of the problems with it seen in photography and imaging today.

Figure 4 - In all likelihood Ceres somewhere between what recently has been seen in images ofVesta and what is a : " Ellipsoid -Proto-Sub-Like-Earth Dwarf-Planet" .

Figure 5 - (A) is a partial dust layer belt around part of Ceres. (B) shows the approximate 500kilometer ellipsoid diameter of Ceres.(C) is ice. (D could be reservoirs of some surface water.

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Figure 6 - As (Parker J.Wm and Stern S. Allen (2001) and other scientists who have writtenresearch papers mention the ice on the surface of Ceres. However, with the aid of IMMI a betterunderstanding may now be able to come into view. In the left top corner of the image abovewhere the yellow arrow points to, is an IMMI image of Vesta.

The small yellow square is the original area that projection (A) is extending from of thesame enlarged area. (A) gives evidence that Vesta is heavily saturated with :"Ice-likePerforations". In like manner, in the upper right top corner of the image above the yellow arrowpoints to Ceres. Within this second yellow square is an area on Ceres that is enlarged andprojected represented in (B). Just like the ice-perforations seen in (A) for Vesta, the same iceperforation conditions for Ceres in also seen in projection (B).

Therefore, in this area Vesta and Ceres have striking similarities in the fact that both of certaintopographical areas of both Vesta and Ceres have :" Ice - Perforations " on the surfaces of bothVesta and Ceres.

No doubt because of the lack of the warmth of the sun each asteroid like dwarf planet hasstriking similarities, that would also give imaging evidence at this point that both Vesta andCeres formed at about the same time under similar conditions when the solar system was veryyoung.

Furthermore, when the Dawn Surveyor Spacecraft leaves from it's current investigatingmission of studying Vesta in about July of 2012, and then head for the next part of it's mission toCeres, in which it will arrive there sometime between May to August, 2015 , what the DawnSurveyor Spacecraft will find is what is being shown now in this research paper. That just like

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Vesta Ceres will show that it has :" ice perforations" in different areas upon it's surface just likeVesta in like manner.

Figure 7 - This last image present another comparison of the striking similarities of : " ImpactCraters " on both Vesta on the upper left top corner of the image, where in (A) represents aenlarged close up of the yellow square area on Vesta that shows an impact crater.

As can be seen the proliferation of colors, detail, and even smaller impact crater cavitiesin the impact crater on Vesta provides a wealth of new data and evidence about Vesta, how itformed, and it's state of condition it is in today. Again in like manner in the upper right top corneris Ceres. Again inside the yellow square is an impact crater on Ceres and is demonstrated inprojection (B) how this impact crater looks up close to the surface of Ceres.

Again several smaller detailed impact craters are seen. Therefore the similarities that areseen in even the impact craters on Vesta and Ceres have consistent similarities. Again providingevidence that Vesta and Ceres both were formed about the same time when the solar systemdeveloped so long ago.

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Fig. 8 - Conclusion - So according to the new data and evidence presented in this research paperwhat the Dawn Surveyor Spacecraft will find in about August, 2015 when it arrives to Ceres willbe much of what is proposed,presented, and demonstrated in this research paper four years aheadof time. Based upon what is known and the new data and evidence presented in this researchpaper what the Dawn Surveyor Spacecraft will find when it arrives at Ceres in 2015 is an :"Ellipsoid -Proto-Sub-Like-Earth Dwarf-Planet" .

Pretty much as earth may have appeared very long ago when it's atmosphere was quitethin, and the formation of land masses past the active volcanic stage of development and ice andsome surface water formation appeared. That Ceres is a proto ellipsoid dwarf planet that has nowsome of the early attributes earth once had. That Ceres composition is in some respects similar towhat is seen in Vesta. That there are topographical surface areas that have ice perforations andthat most likely these ice perforations are part of what make up part of the crust of Ceres andbeneath the top of the surface of Ceres this ice also composes of a :"Water Ice Mantle". Othersurface areas of Ceres' will show craters, ice, and some surface water.

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Acknowledgements

The authors of this scientific research paper would like to thank the countless, scientists,researchers, around the world and our special thanks to NASA for making the science ofAstrobiology a reality in our lifetime.

Bibliographical References

(May Not Be In Numerical Order Mentioned In This Research Paper)

(In Alphabetical Order)

[1]-Bierman, G. J., (2007). Factorization Methods for Discrete Sequential Estimation, Academic Press, NewYork (1977); and references therein.

[2]-Bowell, E., (1999). The Asteroid Orbital Elements Database in ftp://ftp.lowell.edu/pub/elgb/astorb.html(1999).

[3]-Brumberg, V. A., (1991). Essential Relativistic Celestial Mechanics, Adam Hilger, Bristol, England(1991); and references therein.

[4]-Carry, Benoit; et al. (November 2007). "Near-Infrared Mapping and Physical Properties of theDwarf-Planet Ceres" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics 478: 235–244. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078166. http://www2.keck.hawaii.edu/inst/people/conrad/nsfGrantRef/2007-arXiv-Benoit.Carry.pdf.

[5]-Chamberlain, Matthew A.; Sykes, Mark V.; Esquerdo, Gilbert A. (2007). "Ceres lightcurveanalysis – Period determination". Icarus 188: 451–456. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.11.025.http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Icar..188..451C.

[6]-Chiou, D.-W., (2000a). and W.-T. Ni, ASTROD Orbit Simulation and Accuracy of Relativistic ParameterDetermination, Advances in Space Research 25, 6, pp.~1259-1262 (2000a).

[7]-Chiou, D.-W.,(2000b) ; and W.-T. Ni, Orbit Simulation for the Determination of Relativistic and Solar-System Parameters for the ASTROD Space Mission, presented to 33rd COSPAR Scientific Assembly, Warsaw,16-23 July, 2000 (2000b).

[8]-Li, Jian-Yang; McFadden, Lucy A.; Parker, Joel Wm. (2006). Icar.182.143.pdf "Photometricanalysis of 1 Ceres and surface mapping from HST observations" (PDF). Icarus 182: 143–160.doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.12.012. http://www.astro.umd.edu/~jyli/publications/2006.Icar.182.143.pdf.

[9]-Moomaw, Bruce (2007-07-02). "Ceres As An Abode Of Life". spaceblooger.com.http://www.spaceblogger.com/reports/Ceres_As_An_Abode_Of_Life_999.html. Retrieved 2007-11-06.

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[10]-Nazzario R. et al (2001). Dust Grain Orbital Behavior Around Ceres . Authors: R. Nazzario,T. W. Hyde, L. Barge Comments: 8 pages, Presented at COSPAR '03. Subjects: Space Physics(physics.space-ph.

[11]-Parker J.Wm and Stern S. Allen (2001). Analysis of The First Disc Resolved Images ofCeres From Ultraviolet Observations With The Hubble Space Telescope. Joel Wm. Parker,1 S.Alan Stern Department of Space Studies, Southwest Research Institute, Suite 426, 1050 WalnutStreet, Boulder, CO 80302, USA.

[12]-Russel, C. T.; Capaccioni, F.; Coradini, A.; et al ; (2006). "Dawn Discovery mission toVesta and Ceres: Present status". Advances in Space Research 38: 2043–2048.doi:10.1016/j.asr.2004.12.041. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AdSpR..38.2043R.

[13]-Saint-Pé, O.; Combes, N.; Rigaut F. (1993). "Ceres surface properties by high-resolutionimaging from Earth". Icarus 105: 271–281. doi:10.1006/icar.1993.1125.http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Icar..105..271S.

[14]-Thomas, P. C 2007).; Parker, J. Wm.; McFadden, L. A.; et al. (2005). "Differentiation of theasteroid Ceres as revealed by its shape". Nature 437 (7056): 224–226. doi:10.1038/nature03938.PMID 16148926. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.437..224T. Retrieved 2007-12-09.

[15]-Vitagliano Aldo (2009 ). "The Mean Plane (Invariable plane) of the Solar System passingthrough the barycenter". 2009-04-03. http://home.comcast.net/~kpheider/MeanPlane.gif.Retrieved 2009-04-10. (produced with Solex 10 written by Aldo Vitagliano; see also Invariableplane).

[16]-Yeomans, Donald K ; a b c d e f - (2007). "1 Ceres". JPL Small-Body Database Browser.http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=Ceres;orb=1. Retrieved 2009-04-10. —The listed valueswere rounded at the magnitude of uncertainty (1-sigma).

References Supporting Images Shown In This Research Paper

[17]-Constraining Ceres' interior from its Rotational Motion Authors: Nicolas Rambaux(IMCCE), Julie Castillo-Rogez (JPL), Véronique Dehant (ROB), Petr Kuchynka (IMCCE, JPL)Comments: submitted to Astronomy and Astrophysics Subjects: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics(astro-ph.SR); Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP).

[18]-Vesta and Ceres: crossing the history of the Solar System .Authors: Angioletta Coradini,Diego Turrini, Costanzo Federico, Gianfranco Magni Comments: 27 pages, 1 figure, 2 tables; thefinal publication is available at this http URL Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics.

[19]-A Search for Satellite around Ceres Authors: A. Bieryla, J. Wm. Parker, E.F. Young, L. A.McFadden, C. T. Russell, S. A. Stern, M. V. Sykes, B. Gladman Comments: Accepted forpublication in AJ Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics.

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[20]-The role of magnetic fields for planetary formation Authors: Anders Johansen Comments:Invited Review for IAU Symp. 259: Cosmic Magnetic Fields: From Planets, to Stars andGalaxies (Tenerife, Spain. Nov. 3-7, 2009). K.G. Strassmeier, A.G. Kosovichev & J.E.Beckman (eds.) Journal-ref: IAU Symp. 259, p. 249-528 (2009) Subjects: Earth and PlanetaryAstrophysics.

[21]-Probing the history of Solar System through the cratering records on Vesta and CeresAuthors: D. Turrini, G. Magni, A. Coradini Comments: 34 pages, 26 figures and 6 tables,accepted for publication on the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (accepted2011 January 10; received 2010 November 23; in original form 2010 August 6).

[22]-Catalogue of ISO LWS observations of asteroids Authors: Felix Hormuth (1 and 2), ThomasG. Müller (3) ((1) Centro Astronómico Hispano Alemán, Almería, Spain, (2) Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany, (3) Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrischePhysik, Garching, Germany) Comments: 11 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in A& A Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

[23]-Near-Infrared Mapping and Physical Properties of the Dwarf-Planet Ceres Authors: BenoitCarry, Christophe Dumas, Marcello Fulchignoni, William J. Merline, Jerome Berthier, DanielHestroffer, Thierry Fusco, Peter Tamblyn Comments: 11 pages, 8 Postscript figures, Acceptedfor publication in A&amp ; A Subjects: Astrophysics

[24]-On the composition of ices incorporated in Ceres . Authors: Olivier Mousis, Yann AlibertComments: Accepted in MNRAS . Journal-ref: Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.Soc. 358 (2005) 188-192Subjects: Astrophysics (astro-

[25]-On the composition of ices incorporated in Ceres .Authors: Olivier Mousis, Yann AlibertComments: Accepted in MNRAS Journal-ref: Mon.Not.Roy.Astron.Soc. 358 (2005) 188-192

[26]-Benoˆıt Carry et al. ; (2007) -" Near-Infrared Mapping and Physical Properties of theDwarf-Planet Ceres " - (November, 2007)

[27]-NASA Puts Squeeze on Asteroid Mission Science 12 March 2004: 1595.[DOI:10.1126/science.303.5664.1595c]

[28]-Asphaug Erik (2007) -" The Shifting Sands of Asteroids. " Science 18 May 2007: 993-994.[DOI:10.1126/science.1141971]

[29]- http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/destination-asteroid-nasa-probe-arrives-at-ancient-mini-moon/2011/07/15/gIQAsOxdGI_story.html?tid=sm_twitter_washingtonpost - If all goes well, next summer the 65-foot-wide craft will departVesta and head toward the largest asteroid in the solar system, Ceres, with arrival scheduled for2015. Ceres intrigues scientists because it apparently holds a huge reservoir of water, Russellsaid.

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FIRST VIEW

OF

GLIESE-581- d ;

A PRELIMINARY SURFACE SURVEY

(PART - 1)

1R. Stewart, 2V. Celebonovic, 3O.Aguiar, 4E. Chatzitheodoridis, 5G. Artuso, 6A. Samadi,7C.I.O.Aristizabal, 8M. Bingham, 9W.Trentadue, 10R.Robinett, 11J.R. Ackerman, 12M.S. Roman,

13R. Fraisse, 14M. Huguet

Abstract- In 2007 the exoplanet known as Gliese-581-d was confirmed. From (2009 to 2011) reassessment of the (HZ-(Habitable Zone) concluded that Gliese-581-d was deeper into the (HZ)than previously thought, and likely has at least one or more oceans upon its surface. However,over many years current imaging, remote imaging, and telescopy, technologies have only veryrarely been able to captivate images of larger gas giant exoplanets the size of Jupiter and larger.Therefore,what is needed is not only a combination telescopy and imaging technology that hasthe capability to captivate images of exoplanets smaller than Jupiter, but also would be able toimage the exoplanet's surface up very close and in an extreme amount of detail; in this caseapplicable to Gliese-581-d.

Keywords : Gliese-581-d, Exoplanets, Oceanography, Geology, Geophysics, Glaciology,

_________________________

1-(PhD.)- Director-For-(EXO-SCOPE)-Project)-(CEO/Chief-Scientist)-Stewart Research,-(Independent Research Company)- Texas-USA,( 2-(PhD.)- Astronomy, Astrophysics)-( Inst. of Physics, Univ. of Belgrade ), (3-DSc.)- Oceanographic Research Director at Plural Foundation (SaoVicente, Brazil), 4-(PhD.)- Astronomy, Astrophysics, Astrobiology, Planetary-Sciences)-Assistant Professor at National Technical University ofAthens Demographic info Greece, 5-(PhD.)- (Geology, Geo-Physics, Glaciology), Geologo presso Agenzia Regionale Campana Difesa SuoloLocalità, Napoli, Italia), 6- (PhD.-Student)- Lecturer in Physics-Astrophysics at- ( ZANJAN university, Lecture in Physics at PAIAM NOORuniversity, Urmia-Naghadeh Branch), 7-(DSc-Student)-at-Geo-Sciences Institute Federal-Fluminense University), (Geology, Geo-Physics,Glaciology), 8-(MSc.)-(Glacial-Geology, Glaciology, Geology, Environmental Sciences)-Program Director at Advanced Environmental-BostonMass., USA), 9-(BSc.)- (EXO-SCOPE)-Project-Coordinator), (Astronomy,Telescopy Systems & Instrumentation, Planetary Sciences, Geology)-Adjunct Instructor- at Rock Valley College), 10-(MSc.)-(Geology, Geophysics, Glaciology, Oceanography)-(Science Research at Orion researchAssociates), 11-(MSc.)- Geology, Geo-physics, Glaciology, Civil Engineering)-Principal at Twin Oaks Consulting, LLC), 12- (MSc.)-Astronomy, Astrophysics)-Scientific Researcher at Centro de Astrobiological (CSIC-INTA)-Madrid Spain), 13-(Satellite Image Quality-Team-Leader and expert at EADS-ASTRIUM, Toulouse, France), 14-(MSc.)- Atmospheric-Sciences, Cloud Physics, Environmental Sciences,Meteorology)-(Environmental Consultant /Meteorologist at Source Environmental Services, Inc.).

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1 Introduction

1.1 Methodology, The Problem and Solution For Exoplanetary Viewing, Imaging andResearch

The methodology used is a new imaging technology using the acronym entitled :-(IMMI) whichmeans ; " Infinite Microscopic To Macroscopic Imaging " , which in application to the science oftelescopy and telescopic instrumentation such as would be seen in the use of telescopes and howthis applies first using the IMMI and EXO-SCOPE-(Exoplanetary-Telescope-Interlink System) isfirst best explained and described in [1] a series of videos that first explain and describe in simpleterms how the IMMI and EXOSCOPE technologies work. (For a greater explanation on how theIMMI /EXO-SCOPE technologies work, please refer to the Bibliographical Reference #1 in theBibliographical Reference Section at the end of this paper. However, by the time you read furtherin this paper and if you have seen two of these videos just go to the next step.).

The IMMI and EXO-SCOPE technologies not only have the capability to view, but alsoimage other solar systems at extremely close ranges. [2] in the research paper by (W. Trentadueand R. Stewart, (2013) entitled:"Overview of The Theoretical Aperture and ProjectedCapabilities of The IMMI and EXO-SCOPE Technologies"), and [3] R. Stewart, (2013)."Observational Comparisons of The IMMI To LIDAR Remote Sensing Technologies InPreliminary Imaging Application and Fundamental Analysis of Other Solar Systems andExoplanets In Their Habitable Zones", present and demonstrate the IMMI and EXO-SCOPEtechnologies in a series of simple to complex steps. When combined, these two technologieshave capabilities to extend one or more telescopes magnification viewing capabilities, when theIMMI/ EXO-SCOPE technologies inter-link one or more telescopes together.In addition tomaking one or more telescopes magnification capabilities more powerful, there are three separatezooming capabilities.

[4-5] For example; please watch the two videos entitled: "How The IMMI/ EXO-SCOPETechnologies Are Able To Attain Extreme Close up Images of Planets/ Exoplanets"- (This videois -(1:29) in length. Scroll down about half way down the web-page and that is where the firstvideo may be found). Then watch the video entitled: "IMMI"/ EXO-SCOPE Technologies- HowDo They Work Together"?-(8:16) in length. Especially the second video actually demonstrateszooming into the Gliese-581 star system explains where the capability of for example a 8.6 metertelescopes capability would end and where the IMMI/EXO-SCOPE's capabilities take over fromthat point onward. (Note)-This is an actual demonstration-(not a simulation) where theIMMI/EX)-SCOPE technologies demonstrate two of it's three telescopy zooming capabilities-(that can be used on an image whether in hard copy or in electronic signature form).(Or could usethe EXO-SCOPE technology capabilities through a telescope to do the same in like manner) toalso zoom into the Gliese-581-star system-(or any other star system). Then in the secondzooming capability zoom into the exoplanet (as it is actually done in this demonstration), up toan exoplanet and attain extreme close ups of not only the exoplanet, but also of any astronomicalplanetary phenomenon, such as it's Moon etc. As further demonstrated in the second video. These

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two videos may be watched at this following URL- http://www.stewart-research-consulting.com/how-immi-exo-works.html .

While the third zoom in capability has the capability of attaining extreme close up viewsand/ or images of an exoplanet's surface in great detail. Whereas in theory [3] R. Stewart, (2013)brings to the reader's attention that the IMMI and EXO-SCOPE technologies may also becombined with different types of LIDAR technologies through a telescope. That have evengreater capabilities to open up new dimensions analyzing potential (HZ) exoplanets in extremeclose up views, images, and/ or scientific experimentation capabilities as well.

This paper examines in a preliminary first view the confirmed exoplanet known asGliese-581-d. presenting the first imaging survey of another planet in another solar system.Especially, in it (HZ)-habitable zone. It also shows that current telescopy and imagingtechnologies have not been able to resolve with remote viewing through a telescope and remoteimaging problems as seen today such as expanding an image, it becoming pixilated, and itloosing imaging data, resolution, graininess, blurriness, clarity, focus, and formatting problems.However, the IMMI and EXO-SCOPE technology have resolved these problems. That is why itnot only has the capability of viewing and imaging in extreme close ups exoplanets in especiallytheir (HZ), but also is very applicable in attaining extreme close up views or images of planets,planetary bodies, and/ or other astronomical phenomenon in Earth's solar system in like manner.

[6]"The Closest One-Hundred Star Systems Research Consortium of Nearby Stars" .(2009-2012). (Georgia State University). Previous known observations are consistent suggestingGliese-581- star system is a large planetary system. Previous data confirms four exoplanets a asexoplanets (e,b, c and d). [7] R. Stewart, (2013).[In Print] "Gliese-581-Extra-Solar ImagingSurvey" provides a look at the initial first stages of the Gliese-581 star system survey whichimaged different sort of astronomical phenomenon and possibly the exoplanets also known asGliese-581-e,b,c, and d. This paper is the first stepping stone to this paper. Another way to

[8] Another way to understand that an image such as a mosaic can be expanded toextremely large proportions without any loss of data etc. Therefore, certainly it should makesense, be logical, and reasonable that if this can be done with a mosaic it could also be donewithin the capabilities of the IMMI technology as well. Just like the following example of anextremely large super mosaic that may be as large as one-million X one-million pixels can beshrunk down to an image consisting of only 6 X 6 inches in height and width, in reverse order itcould be re-expanded as well. This is another way of understanding at the IMMI technology.That it has the capability of doing this is very similar ways. Yet no one questions the fact that themicroscopic detail of the mosaic when it was at its full size did not have the same detail in it asfar as the suns stars, planets etc. changed when shrunk down to a smaller size. The same detailwould be in the 6 X 6 inch image. Rather, the detail would now be microscopic in size withinthe 6 X 6 inch image. However, if that 6 X 6 was again re-expanded would not change and couldbe seen once again and the again. An example of this mosaic may be seen at this URL-http://djer.roe.ac.uk/vsa/vvv/iipmooviewer-2.0-beta/vvvgps5.html .

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In the upper top right corner is a magnification symbol for making the image larger (+)symbol. Next to it is also a (-) to make the mosaic smaller. The IMMI technology works much inthe same way as this mosaic. When added to the maximum viewing power of a telescope itessentially creates a super mosaic of the area and has a primary basic first zoom capability (whichlike the mosaic example), that zooms out to the star system. A second zooming capability notonly zooms into an exoplanet and show great detail, but will also zoom down to the exoplanetssurface attaining extreme close ups.

The IMMI technology is many times more powerful then what you just viewed in thismosaic demonstration. It is also many times more powerful than the [ELT]-Europe's Extra LargeTelescope. That will have an optical lens as large as half of a football field. However, thosebuilding it are not even sure or not if it will even be able to image a exoplanet up close. Otherdrawbacks to this Super Telescope is it has a thirty billion dollar price tag. A pretty expensiveexperiment to see if it can image exoplanets or not. One of the biggest drawbacks is that it willnot be online and ready to use for nine to ten more years, not until 2022.

The IMMI technology is one separate technology and hardware by itself. "EXO-SCOPE'is a second separate technology and piece of hardware. Inter-linking the viewing magnificationcapability of 1- 100 telescopes together combining one or all of these telescope's maximumviewing magnification capabilities together creating a super-telescope also capable of imagingexoplanets.

1.2 A Nearby Comparison of The IMMI's Capability To Image The Surface of A PlanetaryBody In Detail Pertaining To The Vesta Asteroid In Earth's Solar System

[9] R. Stewart and F. Benot'i, (2011). " Vesta A Closer Look ", demonstrates the IMMI telescopyimaging technology captivating better and much closer images of the surface of Vesta thanNASA's Dawn Spacecraft " Encounter" , was able to captivate. In like manner, the IMMItechnology can view, image, and captivate extreme close ups of an exoplanet and it's surface.

This paper provides a look at the Vesta minor planet/ asteroid approximately three daysahead of time before NASA's Dawn robotic spacecraft: "Encounter" arrived at the asteroid totake close up images of it. The images ahead of schedule shown by the IMMI technology wasable to show not only the Vesta asteroid in extreme close up images, but is was also able to showextreme close ups of the surface topography and terrain features and characteristics not only inblack and white images , but in true color images in like manner.

The IMMI technology was also able to show some possible small mountain ranges on theVesta asteroid. A few examples were also shown of craters. The IMMI technology was also ableto provide extreme close up images of the inside of the impact craters on the Vesta Asteroid aswell. Besides the surface features and characteristics of the Vesta asteroid, there appeared to besome ice in the impact craters as in like manner. Which may mean that according to the recentcurrent data that since it is thought that asteroids like Vesta were of carbonaceous chondrite

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composition containing at least twenty percent water according to [10] Mason and Bryan(1962)."Carbonaceous Chrondrites". However, ice in Vesta's craters suggests more H2O.

2.0 Gliese-581-d Is Closer To Its Star and Deeper Into The (HZ) Than Previously Thought

Figure 1-(Image Credit)-Courtesy of NASA). In the scientific paper by [11] Udry et. al (2007)."The Lick-Carnegie-Exoplanet Survey", it was originally thought that Gliese-581-d had a orbitalrotational path just outside of the (HZ)-(habitable-zone) where the orange arrow points to inFigure 1 above. The habitable zone exists approximately between the orbital rotational paths ofGliese-581-c and the previously known orbital path of Gliese-581-d shown where the orangearrow points to in Figure 1 above). However, the orbital rotational path was revised in thescientific paper by [12] Mayor, M.; et al. (2009). "The HARPS search for southern extra-solarplanets XVIII ; An Earth mass planet in the GJ-581 planetary system. " when after two yearsusing HARPS instrumentation that M. Mayor and his research team were able to revise Udry'spaper from 2007, and when further models strongly suggested that Gliese-581-d was closer to it'sparent star and deeper into the Gliese-581 (HZ) in like manner.

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However, the paper by [12] Mayor, M.; et al. (2009) was further confirmed and revised again by[13]- Wordsworth, R.; et al. (2011). " Gliese 581d is the first discovered terrestrial-massexoplanet in the habitable zone". When several computer models again strongly suggested andreinforced [10] Mayor, M. et al. (2009) paper and HARPS instrumentation data that againstrongly suggested that Gliese-581-d was closer to its parent red dwarf star and deeper into the(HZ) than previously thought. In [11] Udry et. al (2007) paper and [13] Wordsworth, R.; et al.(2011) paper suggests because computer models indicate that Gliese-581-d was closer to itsparent red dwarf star that infrared sunlight would create more Co2 in the Gliese-581 d'satmosphere creating a greenhouse affect. Meaning; that because Gliese-581 would be warmerthat at least one or more large liquid oceans could exist upon its surface. However, the researchteam in this paper used the IMMI technology attaining extreme close up image not only of theorbital rotational path and location of Gliese-581-d, but were also able to compare this orbitalrotational path with the current estimated orbital path for Gliese-581- in images and models, andas also explained in the paper of [12] Mayor, M.; et al. (2009) and of [13] Wordsworth, R.; et al.(2011). Which explains that Gliese-581-d was closer to its parent star and deeper into the (HZ)than previously thought. The IMMI images were strikingly consistent with the data in the orbitalrotational path of Gliese-581-d was deeper in the Gliese-581 star system (HZ) as both the papersand data of [12] Mayor, M.; et al. (2009) and of [13] Wordsworth, R.; et al. (2011) hadpreviously indicated. Based upon this revised data from Mayor and Wordsworth, and the imagescaptivated by the IMMI technology, the research team of this paper was able to approximate acorrected location and orbital path for Gliese-581-d as seen in the letter/symbol "d" -(for the newapproximated location and orbital path for Gliese-581-d instead.The new re-adjustedapproximate orbital rotational path as indicated as "d" in figure 1 would place the new orbitalrotational path and location for Gliese-581-d about two-third's of the way into it's habitable zoneas shown in Figure 1. Images indicated that the (blue colored areas) seen in the right image ofFigure 2 are most likely oceans.

Figure 2 (Left-Image-Credit)-(Keck-Observatory/Zuckerman - Press Release-Photo-(2010).(Right-Image)-(Ronald Stewart-(2011 2012). (Left-Image)- (A)- Is an example of some of thelatest images of exoplanets at least the size of

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3.0 Comparison Example of Current Exoplanet Imaging Capabilities To The IMMITechnology

Which was seen better in figure 2. Jupiter. Four such like planets were imaged in (2010) whichare three exoplanets in orbit around the HR-8799 extra-solar system. None of the exoplanets inthe image to the left are in the HR-8799 (HZ). All four of these exoplanets are too close to itsparent star as shown in the paper by [14] C. Marois et al.(2010). "Images of a fourth planetorbiting HR 8799". Compared to the (Right-Image)- (B)-Is the Gliese-581-star system. Thelargest star in the center is Gliese-581. (C-D)-Were imaged by the IMMI technology.(C)-Is likelythe known confirmed exoplanet Gliese-581-d. (D) -Is Gliese-581-d''s largest moon. There is avery clear and distinct difference when (A) is compared in the left image compared (C-D) in theright image. Especially, when it comes to being able to image exoplanets much smaller than thesize of Jupiter and even much larger. Secondly, in addition to the size of the exoplanets imaged,only the thermally hot exoplanets the size of Jupiter and larger have been imaged as shown in theimage to the left marked (A).

4.0 - More Incoming (IR) - Infrared Sunlight In The Gliese-581-d Star System ThenPreviously Thought

Figure 3 (Please enlarge with the PDF document (+) magnification tool). (1) is Gliese-581.(Upper Top Left Image Credit)-(ESO/2007). Which is also enlarged in the left bottom corner inFig. [2]. (2-4) are three or more stars imaged by the IMMI technology (in addition to the Gliese-581 parent star), which have similar-like red dwarf star characteristics like (1) Gliese-581. Thesethree-(or more) red dwarf stars, is new imaging evidence, that there is more (IR) infrared sunlightcoming into the Gliese-581- star system than previously known. This could be true in countlessother star (red dwarf) and other star systems. This, makes the Gliese-581 star system and it'sexoplanets warmer than previously thought. If these additional stars are letting in additional (IR)-(infrared sunlight/ radiation) into the Gliese 581 star system it could add additional warmth to allexoplanets in this star system especially into its (HZ). Why is this important?

This could allow a higher amount of Co2 in the atmospheres of Gliese-581-(c,d),(and (g)if it exists), in the atmosphere(HZ) warmer. If any of these exoplanets are also volcanicallyactive, this could add even more Co2 into their atmospheres making these exoplanets in the (HZ)much warmer, and more habitable than previously known. It would also allow a greater chancefor

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oceans to exist as well. However, as time progresses the author and co-authors of this paper willbe giving these new discoveries much more study involving Gliese-581-(c,d,), and (g)-"if" itexists.

The fact that there the primary parent star in the Gliese581-star system and at least threemore red dwarf stars are possibly providing at least a degree of additional sunlight into theGliese-581 star system certainly help to make any of the (HZ) exoplanets in a better position tostand a better chance of being more habitable.

Of course there needs to be more study on this. Since the research team just made thisdiscovery they are not entirely finished yet with all of the facts and additional research that stillneeds to be accomplished, in order to see exactly how much more sunlight may be contributingto the total sunlight into the Gliese-581 star system.

The other facts that there may still be more than three more red dwarf sun allowingsunlight into the Gliese-581 star system, including the sunlight from other types of brighter starsstill has to be investigated and researched further.

5.0 - Gliese-581-d's Largest Moon and Asteroid / Dwarf-Planet-Like-Satellites

Figure 4 (Image-Credits)-(Ronald Stewart-(C)-2011-2012)-(Please use this PDF document'smagnification tool for closer view and study). (A) Is most likely Gliese-581-d. (B)-Is likely thelargest moon of Gliese-581-d. Which is enlarged again and shown in (D). Which isapproximately 4,000-(km) in diameter and is about 250,000-(km) from Gliese-581-d. It is a littlelarger than earth's moon and a little farther away than Earth's moon is from Earth. (C) Are-likelya groups of five asteroid-like satellites that after being observed and studied are likely inpermanent fixed stationary position approximately 12,500 (km) above the southeast cornersurface of Gliese-581-d. (D) Is an enlargement of likely Gliese-581-d's largest moon. However,the yellow arrow points to the northern hemisphere. Which is shown again in Figure 5 of Gliese-581-d's largest moon-(marked with a small (A)

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Figure 5 (left image) depicts and projects what the northern hemisphere of the largest moon ofGliese-581 d looks like. Which is projects in the larger projected yellow outlined rectangularview of what the northern hemisphere on the top of this moon looks like. The small area in theyellow rectangle marked (B), is very likely an active volcano on the top of Gliese-581-d's largestmoon's Northern Hemisphere. In which in the image to the (right) has a green arrow pointing toenlargements of Gliese-581-d's moon's northern hemisphere's volcano, marked (B) in the imageto the left in Figure 5 above. (Right Image), is this moon's volcano apparently erupting out largewhite hot ejecta.

4.0 Assumption and Estimation Is :" Scientifically Acceptable " When Scientifically InvestigatingThe Known and Unknown

Is there anything wrong making " Scientific - Estimations " in any " Field of Science " , and ifnot, is this "Scientifically - Acceptable "in all science disciplines? At times especially wheninvestigating the unknown there is the possibility of finding new discoveries and where in theintents and purposes of this paper to where astronomical anomalies may be encountered neverseen before. Therefore, when trying to find similarities whether it be in imaging recognitionpatterns in what is known about outer space and especially in another star system, there has tobe:" a way of being able to connect the proverbial dots together between the known andunknown.

In order to identify and relate to what is known to see if the new discovered unknown in anotherstar system (in this case in Gliese-581) has any similarities in what is seen in known images ofplanets, planetary bodies, and other astronomical phenomenon, so scientists may be able to relateas to what either the new astronomical phenomenon may either be or not be.

An example of this may be seen in another paper [3] R. Stewart, (2013). "ObservationalComparisons of The IMMI To LIDAR Remote Sensing Technologies In Preliminary ImagingApplication and Fundamental Analysis of Other Solar Systems and Exoplanets In TheirHabitable Zones" in Figure 2 page 12 depicts Both Earth's Moon and that of Gliese-581-b havingvery similar : "last quarter half moon phase-like features and characteristic recognizableimaging patterns when compared side by side to each other". It is here in examples like thisbetween what is seen in this phase of Earth's Moon and that of a possible moon of Gliese-581-b

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where some estimation and the connection between the known aspects of the phases of Earth'sMoon and that of another planet and /or planetary body in another solar system is where theknown scientific phenomenon and unknown can be connected in similar astronomically relatedimages and when this is done it is likely to be what is seen in Earth's solar system as well. This isjust one of many examples that could be given by the author and co-author research team of thispaper. Therefore, when evaluating such unknown new data and comparing it with the known dataabout what is known in astronomy, astrophysics, in Earth's solar system and applying such databetween the known and unknown new astronomical data of the Gliese-581 star system -(or anyother star system for that matter) helps a person studying these events to have a betterunderstanding of the new discoveries. Attaining new enlightenment and insights into newscientific data as well. Therefore, it would than be: "Scientifically Acceptable" to make scientific,assumptions / presumptions, calculations and estimations across all scientific disciplines, sub-disciplines, and sub-related scientific fields . [15] Resnick J. , and Stewart R., (2010) and 2011)entitled : " Micro-orders of Magnitude in Microscopy " ), [16] Rice University. (2010). Entitled :"Measurement with light microscopes/spectrophotometry/Beers-law") and [17] Stewart, R.(2012). "Assumption and Estimation Is :" Scientifically Acceptable " When ScientificallyInvestigating The Known and Unknown"- gives numerous scientific examples of this.

[18] Resnick J., and Stewart R. (2010 and revised (2011)." Micro-orders of Magnitude inMicroscopy " explains that needing to use a methodology of either assumptions, estimations, andapproximations is not only applicable to one realm of scientific disciplines, sub-disciplines orother scientifically related subject categories, but could also be applied to a range of scientificdisciplines as well, where no doubt numerous examples could be used in each scientificdisciplines that at times when trying to connect the unknown to the known data that these type ofapproaches have to be used. These types of approaches also have to be used when pioneeringwith new data the theoretics and experimental methodologies regarding the discovery of theunknown in like manner.

5.0 Magnetic Field, Thermal, Co2, Cloud Cover, Water Vapor, Ice and Liquid Waterestimations On Gliese-581-d

Figure 6 (Left and Middle Image Credits)-(NASA-(2010).(Right-Image-Credit)-(Image Credit:Ronald Stewart © (2011-2012). For instance, the estimated magnetic field for Gliese-581-(d)

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compared to earth presents and demonstrates a comparison of earth in a left image and middleimage of earth taken by "The NASA-(2011) GOES-(Geo-Stationary-Operational-EnvironmentalSatellite"), that demonstrates in color coded sequences the: "Thermal and Co2-(carbon dioxide)-Levels" on earth compared to the imaging capabilities of the IMMI technological processcapabilities.

Whereas similar to the capabilities of the "The NASA-(2011) GOES-(Geo-Stationary-Operational-Environmental Satellite"), the IMMI technology has the capability to duplicate insimilar Raleigh scattering color spectrum sequences similar as would be seen in some types ofLIDAR remote sensing and imaging technologies to attain similar results. More of similartechnology is also discussed in the paper

[3] R. Stewart, (2013). "Observational Comparisons of The IMMI To LIDAR RemoteSensing Technologies In Preliminary Imaging Application and Fundamental Analysis of OtherSolar Systems and Exoplanets In Their Habitable Zones" .

In similar ways just like GOES satellite can calculate the earth's magnetic field, Co2, cloudcover, water vapor and other atmospheric conditions of the earth, in like manner the IMMItechnology has the capability of determining in an image of an exoplanet a:"Virtual RealityModeling Image" of the same areas of diagnosis in an image of an exoplanet. In this caseapplicable to Gliese-581-d.

The IMMI capabilities show the Gliese-581 (d) surface areas as (red) as the hottestthermal surface areas, followed by (Rose) colored surfaces, while (Purple Areas) indicate surfacewater, (Gold) surface areas depict-(Co2)-(carbon dioxide)-levels, (White)-cloud cover (H2O) asice, and the (Black) surface areas mostly indicated in these regions seen in black would representthe coldest regions of this exoplanet.

Which are observed at being mostly in the North and South Pole regions of thisexoplanet. Estimations were given that the purple to blue primarily represent water. As had beenverified when making close observation investigations of these areas in extreme close ups of thisexoplanet's surface. This is the first example where "scientifically acceptable" estimations havebeen made on the surface of Gliese-581-(d).

In the next paper [19] R. Stewart et al,(2013). "Gliese-581-d A View of ItsAtmospheric,Geological, Topographical, and Oceanic Conditions"-(Part-2) very detailedobservations and studies are made by the research team showing an assorted type of differentoceanic conditions that exist not only in the large and small oceans and seas on the surface ofGliese-581-d but an assortment of similar oceanic like laws and physics and empirical as seen onEarth. However, when looking at Gliese-581-d, it has its own unique oceanic conditions unlikeEarth's oceans. In summer months of June July,/ August the average surface temperature wouldhave to be 32 degrees (F) /above for liquid water to exist.

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6.0 A View of The Sunrise, Sky, and of Outer Space, From The Surface of Gliese-581-d

Figure 7 Gliese-581-(d) Sunrise and View of The Clouds and Sky (Copyrighted)- RonaldStewart © 2011-2012). (A)- Is a view and how the Gliese-581-Sun appear at a likely morningsunrise over the horizon. (B) which is a mountain. Which is part of the Gliese-581-(d) landscapein the background of this image to the left. The arrow pointing away from (C) points toward aremarkably beautiful view looking at the Gliese-581-(d) most unusual clouds and sky.

The blue and black areas are likely is what outer space above the surface of this exoplanetlooks like. Instead of being black as it would appear from the surface of earth, here on the surfaceof Gliese-581-(d) the color appearance of outer space when looking up at the sky is both blackand blue in color. The small bright white areas in the background are likely stars. The largerwhite areas could be a group of asteroid-like-satellites that are in likely fixed positions about 12,500 (km) above the surface of Gliese-581-(d). (See-Fig.-[8]- especially the right images (A-C)and it's explanation).

These either individual or group asteroid-like satellites could give appear this large fromthe surface of Gliese-581-(d). Primarily because observations indicate imaging evidence thatlikely there are crater-like raised protrusions upon this asteroid-like satellite's surface are likelyfilled with "ice".

This creates reflection off the ice back into the atmosphere of Gliese-581-(d). The tan tobrown colored area in the image to the right are likely various types of clouds. That rise abovethe surface above Gliese-581-(d) that at an estimated from about 9-20 kilometers.

It has been observed and estimated that the thickness of atmosphere on Gliese-581-(d) isabout two-thirds as thick as earth atmosphere. It has also been observed and estimated that thereare various clouds that composed of H2O, Co2, and some sulphide clouds as would be expectedin and around the plume involving volcanic activity. However, the clouds on Gliese-581-(d) areexceptionally long. A cloud / group of clouds in excess of fifty (km) is likely normal on Gliese-581-(d).

In the cloud dynamics of this exoplanet is was also observed that possibly because of theheavier gravitational forces on this exoplanet may have something to do with the clouds cover onthis exoplanet to be a lower evelations levels closer to the surface of Gliese-581-d. Since it hasalso

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been observed and studied from an assortment of different scientific disciplines it appears asthough because the heavier gravity on Gliese-581-d also seems to make it's mountain rangesmore flat and not as high in elevation as seen on earth.

It may be because Gliese-581-d has at least 2.00-3.00 times more gravity than the earthdoes. Therefore, this is also why the mountain ranges and mountain summits and peaks inimages that the IMMI technology has captivated in extreme image close up of the surface ofGliese-581-d, seem to look more like mountains with plateau-like tops on them, instead of beingmuch more triangularly shaped mountains as would be seen on Earth.

7.0 Asteroid Like Moons/ Satellites Above Gliese-581-d

Figure 8 (Left Side of Top Image)-(Please use the PDF document (+) magnification toll for acloser view)-(Image-Credit)-(Ronald Stewart © 2011-2012). (A) Is likely the bottom / SouthernHemisphere of Gliese-581-d. In front of (B) is a very small gray dot which upon furtherobservations and study when enlarged and projected as seen and viewed in (C) in the yellowoutlined square box resembles what likely is an irregularly-shaped asteroid-like satellite. This is

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just one of four other asteroid-like irregularly shaped satellites that were observed in imagesabove the surface of Gliese-581-(d). Where these asteroid-like satellites are estimated to be at adistance of about 12,500 (km) above the southwest corner southern hemisphere's surface ofGliese-581-d in permanent fixed orbital positions.

(Right-Side-of-Top-Image)- (A)-(where the small yellow arrow points to) is the same enlargedasteroid-like satellite (also seen in (B-C) on the left side of the top image of Figure 8),about12,500 km above the southwest corner hemisphere of Gliese-581-d. (B)-(on the right side of thetop image in Figure 8 where the small aqua colored arrow points to) has resemblances to whatmay be an impact crater filled with ice. Which is projected in (C) in the yellow box. located inthe right bottom corner of the top image of Figure 8.

9Lower Bottom Image of Figure 8) is an enlargement of the possible ice filled impact crater seenon the right side of the top image marked-(B-C). Furthermore, it is likely that the ice in the crateras seen in (D) could reflect any and all light from it's icy surface to appear in the sky as the largebright star-like phenomenon, when in reality they are asteroid-like satellites with pockets ofcraters that are filled full of ice that any and all light may reflect off of.

Conclusion

The IMMI technology has not only been able to produce extreme close up images ofdifferent and new astronomical phenomenon for the first time ever seen in another star system,but it has also been able to captivate extreme close up images of the confirmed exoplanet knownas Gliese-581-d's, it's largest moon, imaging evidence of possible volcanic activity on thenorthern hemisphere of Gliese-581-d's largest moon, asteroid-like satellites that appear to betransfixed in a possible fixed stationary positions approximately about 12,500 km above thisexoplanet's surface, and there is other imaging evidence that there may be a combination of manysmall and large seas and oceans of water upon the surface of Gliese-581-d.

In the next paper [19] R. Stewart et al, (2013). "Gliese-581-d A View of Its Atmospheric,Geological, Topographical, and Oceanic Conditions"-(Part-2) and [20] Odmir Aguiar et al,(2013)."The First Exo-Ocean"{In Print] continues to explain about the surface of Gliese-581-dand its first extreme close up views of the first exo-oceans.

Acknowledgements

The Author and Co-Authors of this research paper would like to thank all scientists, spaceagencies like NASA, ESO, and many more, including researchers, universities, colleges,observatories, and any and all other professionals involved with astronomical and extra solarplanetary research. For without their overall contributions papers like this one would not bepossible.

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Financial Research Statement

The research for this project was financed by :"Stewart Research and Consulting". Suggestions,recommendations, inquiries comments, and correspondence may be sent by email to rs@stewart-research.com

Bibliographical References

(In Order As Appearing In This Paper)

[1]- How The IMMI and EXO-SCOPE Technologies Work- For a series of simple to detailedcomplex steps and examples explaining/ describing how the IMMI and EXO-SCOPEtechnologies work, please follow the directions in this first reference as follows:

A). To start off with it is recommended that you start from the beginning with the simple videosexplaining/ describing how both the IMMI and EXO-SCOPE technologies work. Why? This wayif the simple explanation/ description satisfies you, then it save you time and trouble in needingto go through more detailed and complex steps and videos. However, if you want a deeper moredetailed explanation of these technologies than follow more of the steps listed below.

B). Please watch the first video entitled:"ELT-(Extra Large telescope)" or EXO-SCOPE at-http://www.stewart-research-consulting.com/elt-or-exo-scope.html . Then it is recommended towatch the next three more videos at- http://www.stewart-research-consulting.com/how-immi-exo-works.html . (Note)- If you have already seen these videos due to the URL mentioned at thebeginning of this paper, then please continue reading and proceed to the net step).

C). You may also want to read the two PDF documents after video #3 entitled:"IMMI/ EXO-SCOPE Explanations" and: "Additional Technological Capabilities of the IMMI and EXO-SCOPE Interlinked System Capabilities". In the event you need more information. After this, ifthis still does not satisfy your needs for more data you may read the scientific paper by: (W.Trentadue and R. Stewart, (2013) entitled: "Overview of The Theoretical Aperture and ProjectedCapabilities of The IMMI and EXO-SCOPE Technologies"), after the two previous PDFdocuments. Or you may also read it on the same web-page, or at the following URL at-http://www.stewart-research-consulting.com/1-astronomy.html . However, if this is still notenough data for you than you may find one more scientific paper again at the bottom of the webpage in a research paper by (R. Stewart, (2013). "Observational Comparisons of The IMMI ToLIDAR Remote Sensing Technologies"). or you may also read this scientific paper in the bothblind and open peer reviewed journal entitled-(ISPR) at this URL- http://www.stewart-research-consulting.com/3-astronomy.html . Last it is also recommended that you see the Supplementalmaterials video entitled: "Gliese-581 (d) a Much Closer View-(Part-1)".Which may also befound at - http://www.stewart-research-consulting.com/gliese-581d.html .

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[2]- Trentadue W. and Stewart R. (2013). Overview of The Theoretical Aperture and ProjectedCapabilities of The IMMI and EXO-SCOPE Technologies. (ISPR). Sub-category (A)-(Astronomy). Page #1. At this URL- http://www.stewart-research-consulting.com/1-astronomy.html .

[3]- R. Stewart, (2013). "Observational Comparisons of The IMMI To LIDAR Remote SensingTechnologies In Preliminary Imaging Application and Fundamental Analysis of Other SolarSystems and Exoplanets In Their Habitable Zones". (ISPR), under: "Astronomy-Category", page-3. At- http://www.stewart-research-consulting.com/3-astronomy.html .

[4-5] For example; please watch the two videos entitled: "How The IMMI/ EXO-SCOPETechnologies Are Able To Attain Extreme Close up Images of Planets/ Exoplanets"- (This videois -(1:29) in length. Scroll down about half way down the web-page and that is where the firstvideo may be found). Then watch the video entitled: "IMMI"/ EXO-SCOPE Technologies- HowDo They Work Together"?-(8:16) in length. This video may be watched at- http://www.stewart-research-consulting.com/how-immi-exo-works.html

[6]- "The Closest One-Hundred Star Systems Research Consortium of Nearby Stars" . (2009-2012). (Georgia State University).

[7]- R. Stewart, (2013).[In Print] "Gliese-581-Extra-Solar Imaging Survey". Which may beviewed at the following URL- http://www.stewart-research-consulting.com/6-astronomy.html .

[8]- IMMI-Example of Technology demonstration with similarities to : "Outer Space SuperMosaic " . At http://djer.roe.ac.uk/vsa/vvv/iipmooviewer-2.0-beta/vvvgps5.html ).

[9]- R. Stewart and Benoti F.(2011). " Vesta A Closer Look ", (Journals of Science).(Astronomy Briefs) - At -

[10]- Mason and Bryan. (1962). "Carbonaceous Chondrites".

[11]- Udry et. al (2007). "The Lick-Carnegie-Exoplanet Survey".

[12]- Mayor, M.; et al. (2009). "The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XVIII ; AnEarth mass planet in the GJ-581 planetary system. Astronomy and Astrophysics . 507 ; 487.

[13]- Wordsworth, R.; et al. (2011). " Gliese 581 d is the first discovered terrestrial-massexoplanet in the habitable zone".17[14]-C. Marois et al.(2010)."Images of a fourth planet orbiting HR 8799". arXiv:1011.4918v1[astro-ph.EP] .

[15]- Resnick J. , and Stewart R., (2010) and 2011) entitled : " Micro-orders of Magnitude inMicroscopy " ), (Sciences)-pp. 13 - top of 14 reads : [1.2.2] - Scientifically AcceptableDimension Estimations, Assumptions, and Calculations Pertaining To Unidentified Organisms "In many areas of exploratory and experimental science, including bio sciences the ability toestimate and make reasonable scientific assumptions is completely acceptable in

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[15]-(cont'd)-from page # 13 as follows:)-.......all forms of science disciplines and sub-disciplinesas well and can be considered quite a valuable skill. At- http://www.journals-of-science.com/uploads/6/8/9/3/6893524/immi_-_micro_-_orders__-_of_-_magnitude__basics__in__microscopy.pdf .

[16] - Rice University. (2010). Entitled : "Measurement with lightmicroscopes/spectrophotometry/Beers-law").

[17]- Stewart R.. et. al, (2012) Stewart R., P.M. Snider, V.E.Spaulding, Francis Benot'i, GregorioMatuz (2012). "Assumptions, Presumptions, and Estimation Are :" Scientifically Acceptable "When Scientifically Investigating The Known and Unknown".(Sciences) at-( http://www.journals-of-science.com/3-articles.html .

[18]- .- J. Resnick and Stewart R. (2010) and (revised) - (2011). Entitled : " IMMI - Micro -Orders of Magnitude Basics In Microscopy ". PP-1-3, subtitle - (Current Microscopic andTelescopic Instrumentation Limitations). The abstract to this paper may be found at-http://www.journals-of-science.com/a-immi-micro-abstract.html . Second, on the top of pp.13under the subtitle: "Scientifically Acceptable Dimensions, Estimations, Assumptions, andCalculations Pertaining To Unidentified Organisms", up ( through the first paragraph on top ofpage 14. In the peer reviewed journal entitled : " Sciences ", at this following URL-http://www.journals-of-science.com/b-immi-micro-orders-mag.html , is found an in depthexplanation how not only in (microscopy and pertaining to cells, viruses, and the such, but alsoacross a very wide and varied amount of broad spectrum of sciences, scientific disciplines, sub-disciplines, and their related subject categories there can be found many examples where thistype of methodology in connecting the known data and factors of a specific scientific subject andwhen trying to connect the proverbial dots together between the known and new discoveryunknown terms of a subject that these type of methodological conditions are scientificallyacceptable under such circumstances to apply now and then when confronted with such situationsand circumstances in all realms of applicable science.

[19]- R. Stewart et al, (2013). "Gliese-581-d A View of Its Atmospheric, Geological,Topographical, and Oceanic Conditions"-(Part-2).

[20] Odmir Aguiar et al, (2013)."The First Exo-Ocean" continues to explain about the surface ofGliese-581-d and its first extreme close up views of the first exo-oceans.

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IMMI

Orion Nebula Exoplanet

Space Exploration Demonstration Examples

Ronald Stewart

Abstract-"IMMI" is the acronym for, and means; (Infinite Micro-Macro Imaging) and<algorithm > technology, has infinite capability to diagnose and directly image anything relatingto space, mass, or energy. Since IMMI also has the infinite capability to diagnose and directlyimage anything in the macroscopic universe including and relating to space exploration, IMMIalso has infinite capability to diagnose and directly image any planets in the solar system, orexoplanets in another solar system no matter how far away it is.This research paper presents anddemonstrates IMMI's infinite capability to image exoplanets in another solar system located inthe far away galaxy known as M-42. Or: "The Orion Nebula Core Galaxy" which is over fifteen-hundred light years away from earth.

Keywords : Space Exploration, M-42, Orion Nebula, Galaxy, NASA, Photography, Imaging,Infinite, Macroscopic

1.0 Introduction and Background

1.1 Current Telescopic Instrumentation Limitations

Both binocular and/ or telescopy instrumentation have definite limitations, when used to lookingat the macroscopic universe within the human experience on earth, and beyond earth in this solarsystem and when diagnosing and imaging this galaxy, other galaxies, their solar systems andplanets. Compared to this IMMI has infinite capability to diagnose and directly image earths'solar system, the closest solar system which is about 4.2 light years away from earth, and anyother solar systems within our galaxy. The best ground telescopic is currently the ELT-(Extralarge Telescope). In about 2022-2023, the [ELT]- (Extra Large telescope) is supposed to beready. However IMMI also has the infinite capability to diagnose and directly image any othergalaxy, solar system, star, or exoplanet no matter how far it is. The methodologies, and thedirection in which these will be applied, presented, and demonstrated will be in at least twoexoplanet examples. Complex demonstrations will compare the telescopic capability of the HST

_____________________

(Th.D.)- Ancient History/ Religious History-(4000-B.C.-1400-C.E.) With An Emphasis In Historical Archaeology, and retains a (PhD)-Theoretics In The Arts, Humanities, and Sciences. Stewart also peer reviews for Ancient History Encyclopedia, is Editor-In-Chief for IJAAR-(Int'l Journal of Astronomy/Astrophysics & Earth Sciences Research), to be promoted World-Wide By: "Pro-Quest"-(Indexing/ Scholar JournalServices), (Asst. Editor for: "Pluralidade"-(In English)-"Journal of Interdisciplinary Sciences" ) read in (42}countries/ (5)continents-Earthwide),, Recently invited to be: "A Guest Editor For The Oldest/ Largest Peer Reviewed Journal In The World: "Royal Society PublishingProceedings-(A & B" ),(September, 15th, 2013, appointed as: "Editor-In-Chief" for the: " Blind/ Open-Peer Reviewed journal known as:"Independent Archaeology Notes, Art-History & Earth Sciences". Stewart is also a member of the NEAS-(Near Eastern Archaeological Society).

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(Hubble Space Telescope) and the IMMI technological process, being able to see much, much,deeper and far away not only into The Orion Nebula Core, but will also be able to achieve andreveal an planet into one of the solar system of The Orion Nebula Core. The best currenttelescopic instrumentation is expressed in the HST.-(Hubble Space Telescope). HST has been inspace taking images of the solar system and far away galaxies. This paper will compare imagestaken of The Orion-(M-42) Nebula Core imaged by HST in l994, 1995, and 2006 which is thelast images taken of The Orion Nebula Core Center before the upgrade to HST in 2008, andcompare these with IMMI capabilities. To the right of that IMMI will eventually show a gas giantlike Jupiter will an unusual amount of cloud cover that no doubt are extreme swirling masses ofstorms of the gas giants surface.

2.0 IMMI In Macroscopy (e.g., Telescopy / Telescopes) and Space Exploration

How does IMMI compare macroscopy, when it comes to telescopes either on earth or HST whenin looking out into the universe ? [1-6] discusses a detailed comprehensive discussion on this.Inmodern mathematics spaces are defined as (much like manifolds of space one backing up theother after another),with some added structure. that locally approximates and apply to Euclideanspace, and where the properties are defined largely on connectedness of points that lie on themanifold. [7] Blaauw, A.; Morgan, W. W. (1954).

There are however, many diverse mathematical manifolds that make up themacroscopicpart of the universe beyond the confines of earth. For example, 'vectorspace' such as 'functionalspaces' may have infinite numbers of independent dimensions and of distance which is in abstractdifference compared to Euclidean space, and 'topological spaces', which separate and replacethe concept of distance. [8]-Carnap, R, (1966).

In Newton's concepts of classical space functional mechanics these concepts in howspace and the universe functioned was not as expanded as Einstein's Theory of Relativity, whereEinstein's before work on relativistic physics, time and space were viewed as independentdimensions. Einstein's discoveries showed that due to relativity of motion that space and time canbe mathematically combined into a singular object. Or which is also referred to as 'space time'.Furthermore, because space and time have a direct relation to each other, many times this is alsoknown as 'The Space Time Continuum". [9] Cushing, J. [1998].

Earth is almost non-existent, when compared to the astronomical distances of themacroscopic universe at least with respect to the laws of physics. Earth is one infinitesimal placeamong many in space.The sheer scale of astronomical objects requires the use of larger, moreconvenient units. The distance to the Sun is no easier to imagine as 93 million miles in distancefrom earth.

Since the universe is so infinitely unimaginably large, astronomers need a system todescribe positions in the sky so they can report to each other where to look for things they havefound. The basic unit used in the celestial coordinate system to describe positions and thedistances between them is the degree of arc, just like the degrees used to give latitude and

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longitude on the Earth's surface. One degree is divided into 60 minutes of arc, each of which is inturn divided into 60 seconds of arc. The same basic concept and it's applications is also found onearth when considering measurements of latitude and longitude. In the outer space,measurements in distance are measured the same. However, this second of arc is also the basis ofanother commonly used astronomical distance, the parsec. As Earth moves in its orbit, nearerstars appear to shift position relative to the more distant background stars. This is called parallax.A parsec is the distance from Earth that would shift exactly one parallax second of arc over theEarth's orbit. [9-10].

There are about 3.26 light years to one parsec For distance, the Astronomical Unit (A.U.)is defined as : " the mean distance from Earth to the Sun ", and is a convenient way to comparedistances on an interplanetary scale. Similarly, the masses of Earth and the sun are usefulequivalents when talking about the masses of other planets and stars. (Earth's mass is about 1.3 x10^25 pounds, and the sun is approximately 333,060 Earth-masses.), [11] Jammer, M, (1993).This paper will not use the close proximity of the (A.U.) measurement. Since the exoplanetexamples are in another galaxy, light year and parsec measurements are used.

Cosmologists measuring the expansion of the universe have units derived from theHubble constant, and deal in both the very large (billions of light-years) and the very small(nanoseconds after the Big Bang). There are measurements of wavelengths and frequencies,gravitational and magnetic fields, redshifts, temperature, pressure, density, and more, all beyondimagination in size.

Figure 1-(Top Image), (A) Is a 1995 image taken by HST and the yellow arrow marked (A)points toward one of the brightest stars in and around the outside rim of The Orion Nebula Core,

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which is also referred to and known as (M-42). The closest HST was able to attain in images wasthe bottom image which shows again (A) as the first star, which also has some exoplanets IMMIwill investigate and study. (B) is the second giant red star and /or quasar that is much fartheraway and cannot be seen by the naked human eye in the bottom image above. Behind (B) Is alsothe approximate area and location of the last giant gas exoplanet with a great amount of cloudcover on this exoplanets' surface that IMMI will investigate and study

Figure 2 -(1) Presents as seen in Fig. 1 a 1995 NASA image of The Orion Nebula Core-(M-42)and a red sun. While image (2-(A) Is a 1994 image is the closest the HST was able to image thisarea.(2-(B) Presents is another red star behind (A). (3-(A) Is a 2006 image of the same red star.(4) Is a projection of the 2006 image showing red stars (A-B). Behind (C) is a gas giantexoplanet.

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Figure 3, (A) Is the original NASA image taken by HST in 1995, which is about 24 light years indiameter.(B) Is also the same 1995 NASA HST image. Except, it is put into this position allowsan easier understanding where these exoplanets are located in M-42. (Tucker W.H. (1971) ;(Lobanov A.P and Zensus J.A. (2001) also refer to the diameter of M-42 seen in (A) in about7.36 parsecs in diameter.(1)-One parsec is approximately 3.26 light years in distance.

Tucker Wallace H., (1971) ; (Lobanov A. P. and Zensus J.A., (2001) refer to generalizedmeasurements in space at (1 parsec 3.26 light years), and that such a measurement is consistentwith measuring space in a radius and arche. When looking at Figure 4.

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Figure 4 - Presents and demonstrates M-42 and a larger projection under higher IMMImagnification.

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Figure 5 -(A-D) Present and demonstrates a much closer look at the area where the gas giantexoplanet exists as IMMI increases magnification from one image to the next, (A-D) Alsopresents a telescopic measurement scale measuring (1)-One-(L.Y.)-(Light Year) in diameter isbased upon the approximate diameter of diameter (37 - Light Years), of the position of M-42 asseen in Fig. 3

2.0 A Journey To M-42 - Stars (A-B)

The IMMI technological process has the capability of measuring the macroscopic universe inouter space beyond any earth telescope or the HST, and includes the phenomenal upgrade HSTreceived in 2008, that will enable its' primary viewing camera to be approximately ninety timesmore powerful than before. Despite these upgrades made to the HST when compared to IMMI,the HST would still not have the infinite capability to diagnose and directly image any object,

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anomaly, galaxy, solar system, star, exoplanet, and /or anything else in outer space as far away asIMMI is capable of..

Secondly, the HST doe not have the capability to diagnose or directly image an exoplanetin - the closest solar system and exoplanet closest to earth's solar system which only about 4.2light years away from earth, much less being able to diagnose an exoplanet (1500) -- fifteen-hundred light years away from earth in (M-42) and /or The Orion Nebula Core Galaxy and showwhat it looks like at extremely close up views. IMMI would also have the capability to diagnoseand directly image much further away and closer than NASA's near future mission to launch the(WST) -(Weber Space Telescope) into outer space in orbit around the earth sometime by 2014will also not be able to compare to the IMMI technological process applications in spaceexploration. This includes any infrared imaging limited capability that the WST will be able toaccomplish in like manner.

When it comes to visualizing what a super large gas giant would look like in outer spacethe closest image that would come to mind would be that of the gas giant Jupiter in earths' ownsolar system. On the exoplanet that IMMI will image in the example used in this paper, there is alarge amount of cloud cover that when looked at and compared with other close up images ofJupiter's surface, the cloud cover and violent storm activity on Jupiter has some similarities asseen in the up close images of M- 42s' gas giant exoplanet.

Fig. 6 - Again IMMI demonstrates it's capability for space exploration as it gets yet closer to theOrion Nebula Core Galaxy which is over 1,500 light years away from earth. The yellow arrowpoints to the largest red star and /or quasar and generalized area that IMMI will continue toinvestigate and study. The two arrows pointing between star (A) and a neighboring start to the

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left is a distance of about (1)-One- Light Year) or less between them. (A-B) have someexoplanets that will be further investigated and studied.

Figure 7-(A-B)-(Left Image) is of M-42 which shows giant red stars / quasars marked -(A-B) andtheir relative positions. Star (A) Has an aqua arrow pointing away from it, and the next eightimages left to right IMMI has increased magnification to view (A-B) closer.

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Figure 8-(left Image)- (A-B) as seen in M-42. However, again magnification has been increasedand IMMI shows (A-B) much closer.The distance between giant red stars /quasars (A-B) isapproximately (1) parsec-(= 3.26 light years). A 'parsec' as aforementioned in this paper is thenext larger macroscopic /telescopy measurement scale when measuring distance in the universe.

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Fig 9- (A)-(1-3) and (B-C) Is a larger view where IMMI again has increased magnification.(RightImage) (A) is a very detailed view of the giant red star /quasar. (1) is likely a white dwarf star thathas three to four exoplanets in it's orbit. (B) is the second giant red star,and (C) is the giant gasexoplanet behind (B).

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Figure 10-(A) Is the giant red star see above and the red radiation solar flares can be seenshooting outward and emitting away from the circumference of the giant red star itself. It thelower right bottom corner of this giant red star in the far off background is a much smaller whitedwarf star with four exoplanets rotating in a counter-clockwise orbits around it.

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Figure 11-(1) Most likely is a white dwarf star with three to four exoplanets in orbit around it.IMMI will continue to increase magnification in the right lower quadrant of this giant red starwhich may be as much as 0.125 light years in diameter. (1) is most likely a considerable distanceaway from this red giant star. However, (1) and its' three to four exoplanets are very large in likemanner.

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Figure 12- Not only is the first red giant star immense in size, but as IMMI is increased inmagnification (1) (not marked) can be seen increasing in size as well. This giant star has avariable amount of thermo-radiation heat ratios. There seems to be the thermo radiations aswould be seen in a combination of different kinds of stars like a white, yellow and red star asseen in the image above

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Figure 13 (1) again points to the small white dwarf star and other orbiting exoplanets around it.

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Figure 14- As (A) is the giant red star. (1) Attains greater size and clarity, there can be fourexoplanets seen at this point. Are any of the exoplanets in orbit around (1) the dwarf star haveany 'habitable zone' earth like attributes that is The Holy Grail of Exoplanetary research ? This isnot discernable in enough detail and is too premature at this point, to what any of these fourexoplanets look like.

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Figure 15 - The three to four possible exoplanets are seen a little closer.

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Figure 16 -Two of exoplanets are projected outward and seen.

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Figure 17- The next second giant red star and / or quasar is in view to proceed to the lastexoplanet example.

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Figure 18 - The yellow arrows point the way to (B) the second giant red star where the giant gasexoplanet is located behind it.

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Figure 19-(B-C)-(B) Is the second giant red star where (C) the giant gas exoplanet is located.

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Figure 20- The yellow arrow points to the giant gas exoplanet.

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Fig. 21- Magnification in IMMI has been increased and (C) the giant gas exoplanet is cominginto much better view and detail.

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Fig. 22 - The giant gas exoplanet behind the second giant red star is much closer.

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Figure. 23- From this point onward the second stars' giant gas exoplanet will be taking on moreand more detail and IMMI will get closer to the exoplanets' surface.

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Fig. 24-The giant gas exoplanet begins to take on more and more detail.

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Fig. 25- A considerable amount of detail is presented and demonstrated in the above image ofthis exoplanet.

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Figure 26-IMMI under greater magnification has attains much more detail in this giant gasexoplanet. It is estimated that this gas giant exoplanet is at least fifty times larger than Jupiter.The giant gas exoplanet exhibits more of it's true atmospheric cloud cover colors.IMMI appliesgreater magnification and captivates the top half of this giant gas exoplanet, as it is seen up veryclose.

IMMI uses a higher magnification capability and where the yellow arrow points to isthe next area on this giant gas exoplanet that IMMI will investigate and study. IMMI presents anddemonstrates evidence that in this giant gas exoplanets' atmosphere has a large amount of colorvariations in the cloud cover, evidence of many different rapid changing weather conditions.

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Figure 27 - IMMI attains a closer look at this giant gas exoplanets' extremely turbulent cloudcover and atmospheric conditions, the evidence demonstrates unimaginably large constantly everchanging weather, demonstrated in hurricane force like storms in the atmosphere and upon thisexoplanets' surface. No doubt which could be attributed to it's giant red stars' gravitational forces.

Conclusion

IMMI Exploration of M-42 could be studied rapidly compared to other space explorationinvestigative methods. The images in this research paper also correspond and are consistent with[15], Where in the images were expanded to tremendous proportions without any loss of digitalimage data, pixelation, or any of the other problems that are experienced in photography andimaging. The IMMI technological process will be used in near future papers in space explorationother than just the M-42-Orion Nebula Galaxy. This paper also substantiates that :

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1). That a photograph or image is a captivation and immobilization of time, space, mass,and energy, and therefore when using the IMMI technological process and it's infinitemagnification capabilities in space exploration, this allows microscopic details in aphotograph or astrograph (too small to be seen by the naked human eye), to be seen whenexpanded to a certain point and are large enough to discern what it is. In this paperpresented and demonstrated the exploration of the M-42 / Orion Nebula Core Galaxy.

2). Bibliographical references [15-240 give notable specific points made about the OrionNebula Core Galaxy.

Acknowledgements

The author of this paper would like to express his deepest thanks and appreciation to any and allscientists and researchers involved with space exploration. Without their dedication researchpapers like this one would not have been possible. Special thanks would also like to be extendedto any and all scientists in the past and present who are also doing space exploration research intothe M-42 Orion Nebula Core Galaxy.

Bibliographical References

(In Alphabetical Order)

IMMI Used In: "Telescopy Instrumentation"/Used In: ("Archaeology, Astronomy, &Astrophysics). Also Known As: "EXO-SCOPE"

[1]- STEWART, R., (1978, 1980, 1982, and 2005). "Petrified Petroglyph and Pictograph RockArt of West Texas Indians". (1978, 1980, 1982), published through: "Seagraves, Texas Library &Small Museum Association News-Letter" ), Seagraves, Texas. (Republished in (2005) through)-(Independent-Archaeology-Notes). Under (Archives under year 1978. However, revised and re-published in VOL. #1 on pages 22-26, (2013). At URL-http://www.independentarchaeologynotes.com/uploads/8/9/9/3/8993980/indend-arch-vol1.pdf .The predecessor to the IMMI technology today was first invented in approximately 1977 as acombination microscopic/telescopic apparatus. That was used in the bibliographical referenceabove to examine archaeological petroglyphs from far away and/ or also used as a combinationmicroscope to examine archaeological artifacts up close even as a optical light telescope as well.Also see bibliographical reference [38b] and [38c] URLs.

[2]- ROBINSON, R. and STEWART, R. (1980). "(Letter) and Law Enforcement ImagingStudy". The (1980) letter mentions and verifies the 1978 study and use of the predecessortechnology to the (IMMI technology), and its use on revealing hidden details on Caddo Indianpottery shard artifacts. The letter may be viewed and read at- http://www.stewart-research-consulting.com/1-archaeology.html .

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[3]-Research With Private Companies-(2007-2011). (See Nex-Gen-USA, Corporation). refer tothis letter where it mentions the IMMI technology and the author of this paper-(Ronald Stewart),also performed in his duties private sub-contractual archaeology and space exploration projectsperformed arc At- http://www.stewart-research-consulting.com/3-archaeology.html .

[4]- STEWART, R.(2013). (Two videos) entitled: "Astronomical Phenomenon Like Planets andTheir Surfaces In Great Detail " ?How Do These Two Technologies Work Together ?" Thesetwo videos at the URL below will help a person to watch, observe, and study in depth how thesetechnologies function in fundamental basics in space exploration. That is, in terms of being ableto understand these two separate and different unique technologies. Therefore this paper is topresent and demonstrate in bot detailed comprehensive explanation, description a betterunderstanding of these two technologies in depth, and how they are to accomplish the feats theycan perform and achieve in space exploration. At-

[5]-TRENTADUE, W. and STEWART (2013). Entitled: "Overview of The TheoreticalAperture and Projected Capabilities of The IMMI and EXO-SCOPE Technologies". Publishedthrough "ISPR"-(International Society of Peer Reviewers). On or about 2/15/2013. Which mayalso be found at-

[6]- STEWART, R., (2013). Entitled: "Observational Comparisons of The IMMI To LIDARRemote Sensing Technologies In Preliminary Imaging Application and Fundamental Analysis ofOther Solar Systems and Exoplanets In Their Habitable Zones". Published through-(ISPR)-(Int'lJournal Society of Peer Reviewers). Under: "Astronomy-Category-Letter- "A", page-3. At-http://www.stewart-research-consulting.com/3-astronomy.html .

[7]-BLAAUW, A.; MORGAN, W. W. (1954). "The Space Motions of AE Aurigae and μColumbae with Respect to the Orion Nebula". Astrophysical Journal pp. 119.

[8]-CARNAP, R, (1966). An introduction to the philosophy of science, p. 126, 134-136, 148, and177-178.

[9]-CUSHING, J. [1998], Philosophical Concepts in Physics, Cambridge: CUP.

[10]-JAMES, ANDREW (October 29, 2005). "The Great Orion Nebula M-42 and M-43",Southern Astronomical Delights, Page 204.

[11]-JAMMER, M, (1993). Concepts of Space, p. 165.

[12]-KIRSHNER, ROBERT P., (2004). Throwing Light on Dark Energy. Harvard-SmithsonianCenter for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street Cambridge, MA 01238, USA.

[13]-LOBANOV, A.P and ZENSUS J.A. (2001). A Cosmic Double Helix in the ArchetypicalQuasar, Science.

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[14]-REID, M. J.; et al. (2009). "Trigonometric Parallaxes of Massive Star Forming Regions:VI. Galactic Structure, Fundamental Parameters and Non-Circular Motions". AstrophysicalJournal, 700 : 137.

[15]-RESNICK and STEWART, R., (2011). Micro Orders of Magnitude Example InMicroscopy, Journals of Science under subject category entitled :"Photography and Imaging " .- http://www.journals-of-science.com/b-immi-micro-orders-mag.html .

[16]-RESNICK J.A. and STEWART, R., (2011). Micro Orders of Magnitude Example InMicroscopy, Journal of Science under subject category entitled:"Photography and Imaging",p.9 -13 and 27-29.- http://www.journals-of-science.com/b-immi-micro-orders-mag.html

[17]-SKLAR, L, (1992). Philosophy of Physics, p. 20 - 25, and 43 - 57.

[18]-TIBOR HERCZEG, NORMAN (1999). " The Orion Nebula; a chapter of early nebularstudies", History of Astronomy.

[19]-TUCKER W.H. (1971) . Left x-rays from Cygnus Loop Interpretation, Science.

Image Credits

(In Alphabetical order)

[20]-(HST)-Hubble Space Telescope Web site-(Hubble-Site.org)-http://www.hubblesite.org

[21]- http://www.physlink.com/Education/AskExperts/ae281.cfm?CFID=37785180&CFTOKEN=a93bbf6ecbea3d58243FCD63-15CEE01-B958F4B1ED9B1378

[22]- http://www.ruf.rice.,edu/~bioslab/methods/microscopy/measuring.html .

STEWART Ronald (C) - (1996 - 2011). Imaging of Simple Methodological IMMI Basicsinvolving the proposal, presentation, and demonstration with the eye of a needle.

[23]-STEWART RONALD (C) - (2005 -2006) - IMMI Imaging of Outer Space of The OrionNebula Core -(IMMI)_ Verses and In Comparison With HST-(Hubble Space Telescope)-(SeriesIn Imaging The Orion Nebula)- Journal of Science. At- http://journals-of-science.com .

[24]-STEWART RONALD (C) - (2011) - Flat Plained Pixel Verses and Compared To IMMIInverted Diagramic Digital Inverted Vortexed Concentrated Pixels and Digital Imaging Formats

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EARTH SCIENCES

Earth Sciences is defined as: "Sciences Any of several essentially geologicsciences that are concerned with the origin, structure, and physical phenomena ofthe earth, and may more specifically include the study and research of sciences,disciplines, sub-disciplines, fields, and /or study of and all science that have to dowith the physical earth. Such as geology, vulcanology, oceanography, somepaleontology, meteorology and atmosphere.

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The Theory of Freeze Zone Morphology For Mammoths

1Marcos Valenswego 2Ronald Stewart

Abstract- What is The Theory Freeze Zone Morphology when applicable to Mammoths? Freezezone morphology is a combinational dual theory that both as to why there is a mixture of findingMammoths and other past cold environmental animals like the Mammoth, Wooly MammothWooly Bison, Wooly Rhinoceros and other such like animals are discovered. In these discoveriesfrom time to time there may also be found parts and / or fragments of their skeletal remainssuch as bones that still may have soft tissue still attached to them. The hypothesis and new theoryproposes and presents that there are certain geographical locations and areas primarily in thenorthern hemispheres of earth, that because these existed at much higher elevations than earth'sequator zones such as the Northern parts of Alaska in North America, Siberia, and other similarcold environmental geographical locations on the earth, that when these colder environmentallynatured animals died their skeletal remains became as a whole, partially, and / or preserved infragments of bone with flesh still upon them. However, at that time the entire earth was about thesame median temperature. However these types of animals existed at these higher colderelevations and when winter came about on an annual basis these animal's hair would growlonger. However, during these periods of time of course such like animals died and their remainsbecame a permanent part of the permafrost sedimentary conditions and this is a new theory as towhy some of these animals are found this way.

Keywords: Mammoth, Wooly Mammoth, Bison, Wooly Bison

1.0 Introduction and background

1.1 19th Century Biblical Application

In the Biblical sense [1] (Dillow, J.C.,(1981). " The waters above: Earth’s pre-Flood vaporcanopy, suggests a water canopy once existed above the earth's atmosphere and that the completedisappearance of the mammoth, mastodon, wooly bison, and wooly bison and such like animalsthat thrived and lived long ago in the snowy and icy reaches of earth's northern hemisphere diedthis way because a water canopy once broke and thus resulted in a global deluge and so isencased in the Biblical story and narrative of Noah and The Ark.______________________________________1 Marcos Valenswego obtained his Bachelors Degree in Microbiology and Masters Degree in Vertebrate Paleontology.

2 (Th.D.)- Ancient History/ Religious History-(4000-B.C.-1400-C.E.) With An Emphasis In Historical Archaeology, and retains a (PhD)-Theoretics In The Arts, Humanities, and Sciences. Stewart also peer reviews for Ancient History Encyclopedia, is Editor-In-Chief for IJAAR-(Int'l Journal of Astronomy/Astrophysics & Earth Sciences Research), to be promoted World-Wide By: "Pro-Quest"-(Indexing/ Scholar JournalServices), (Asst. Editor for: "Pluralidade"-(In English)-"Journal of Interdisciplinary Sciences" ) read in (42}countries/ (5)continents-Earthwide),, Recently invited to be: "A Guest Editor For The Oldest/ Largest Peer Reviewed Journal In The World: "Royal Society PublishingProceedings-(A & B" ),(September, 15th, 2013, appointed as: "Editor-In-Chief" for the: " Blind/ Open-Peer Reviewed journal known as:"Independent Archaeology Notes, Art-History & Earth Sciences". Stewart is also a member of the NEAS-(Near Eastern Archaeological Society).

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Therefore the complete disappearance of the woolly mammoths and other animals that thrivedduring the theory of the Ice Age is a major mystery of paleontology today Based on thecarcasses and the state of preservation of the stomach food, a quick freeze appears reasonable.However, when looking at other evidence the authors of this research paper propose that in thenorthern hemispheres of earth's northern colder locations that although there is evidence tosuggest that at one time the earth was warmer and had a more median average range oftemperature's for the most part around 70 degrees Fahrenheit.

[1] (Dillow, J.C.,(1981). " The waters above: Earth’s pre-Flood vapor canopy suggestsas do many in religious circles propose a quick freeze to account for the frozen mammoths andother animals in Siberia, as well as the lowlands of Alaska and the Yukon. While The quick-freeze hypothesis is an old idea, developed by scientists in the late 19th century, there are othergeologists and paleontologists alike [2-3] who disagree with this concept and propose the Ice Ageis where these types of animals lived and died. Some believe that for a water canopy quick freezeto have taken place temperature had to quickly fall below –150°F (–100°C).

[2.0]-Area and Conditions of Permafrost

[4] (Tolmachoff, I.P., (1929). " The carcasses of the mammoth and rhinoceros found in thefrozen ground of Siberia" proposes and reports that in these permafrost regions of the northernhemisphere like in Siberia for example , that very small number of carcasses compared to thenumber of decomposed mammoths that are entombed in the permafrost. In 1929, there were only39 known carcasses of woolly mammoths and rhinoceroses. [4] (Tolmachoff, I.P., (1929), alsostipulates and reports that of these, only about a six carcasses found were fairly complete; mostof the 40 or so animals that had been found up to that time in the 20th century consisted of only afew small remnants of soft tissue attached to the bones. However, more recent discoveriesreported and discovered as collaborated in [3] (Stewart, J.M., "Frozen Mammoths From Siberiabring the ice ages to vivid life "Since 1929, a few dozen new carcasses have been discovered,include the baby mammoth, Dima, found in 1977.

Conclusion

The authors of this research paper propose a new theory. That animals living in earth's northernhemispheres like Siberia, Alaska, and elsewhere when it comes down to the study ofmicrobiological application that the animals like the mammoth, wooly mammoth, wooly bisonand rhinoceros lived in the spring, summer, and fall months of the year in median temperaturesthat covered the entire earth at one time. However, because these animals lived in the colderclimates of the northern hemisphere their hair grew longer in the colder winter months whereevidently a number of these have died leaving their soft tissue on their bones in the permafrost.

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Acknowledgements

The authors of this papers would like to thank any and all paleontologists, scientists, andresearchers who have made their research available. for without it papers like this would have notbeen possible.

Bibliographical References

(In Alphabetical Order)

[1]-DILLOW, J.C.,(1981). " The waters above: Earth’s pre-Flood vapor canopy, Moody Press,Chicago, IL, pp. 383–396, 1981.

[2]-OARD, M.J., The extinction of the woolly mammoth: Was it a quick freeze? TJ 14 (3):24–34, 2000.

[3]-STEWART, J.M., Frozen mammoths from Siberia bring the ice ages to vivid life,Smithsonian 8:60–69, 1977.

[4]-Tolmachoff, I.P., The carcasses of the mammoth and rhinoceros found in the frozen groundof Siberia, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 23:20, 1929.

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