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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)

Volume 9, Issue 13, December 2018, pp. 63–81, Article ID: IJMET_09_13_008

Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=9&Issue=13

ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359

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IDENTIFICATION OF THE OPTIMAL

CONVERTER TOPOLOGY FOR SOLAR WATER

PUMPING APPLICATION

P.R. Chandrasekhar

PG student, Energy and power electronics, SELECT, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, India

Chitra A, Razia Sultana W and J. Vanishree

Associate Professor, School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India

ABSTRACT

This paper envisages to identify an optimal topology of DC-DC converter for the

solar pump application, by comparing the performance indices of the three advanced

non-isolated converters namely Landsman converter, Luo converter and Zeta

converter. The identified best topology of the non-isolated DC-DC converter, which

basically operates in the mode of buck-boost converters cascaded to a three phase

voltage source inverter (VSI), which is connected to a permanent magnet brushless

DC (PMBLDC) motor. The whole system is front ended to a PV panel. In order to

obtain the maximum power transfer to the load, a popular maximum power point

tracking (MPPT) technique, Perturb and Observe (P&O) has been implemented. The

whole system is simulated under the environment of PSIM.

Keywords: PV system, Perturb and Observe, MPPT, PMBLDC, DC-DC converter

Cite this Article: P.R. Chandrasekhar, Chitra A, Razia Sultana W and J. Vanishree,

Identification of the Optimal Converter Topology for Solar Water Pumping

Application, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(13),

2018, pp. 63–81.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=13

1. INTRODUCTION

Extinction of the fossil fuels globally making world to concentrate on the renewable energy

sources. Non-conventional energy sources being pollution-free, almost does not affect the

environment. The initial installation cost may be more, but the running cost will be very low

compared to the non-renewable energy sources. Upcoming concepts like distributed

generation, smart grid and micro grid can be easily implemented with the renewable energy

sources.

Solar energy being more economical and stable compared to the remaining sources of

renewable energy, may be the scope of power for the future [11]. The solar power generated

Identification of the Optimal Converter Topology for Solar Water Pumping Application


is DC. The switching power converters have to be employed in order to have control over the

generated power and to operate at MPP. There are many MPP techniques such as P&O [15],

[21-24], incremental conductance [19-20], hill climbing, etc. [17-18]. Depending on the

application, the controlled DC power is directly used or can be converted to AC, employing

the DC-AC converters [4].

There are a lot of applications for the DC-DC switching power converters in the solar

power based applications [1] - [3]. This gives scope for the development of various topologies

of the switching power converters. Topologies based on isolation, interleaving, etc., are

developing to ensure the safety of the consumer [6], [12].

As it is a known fact that the running cost of the conventional DC motor is more because

of the presence of the brushes and the commutator. Generally the induction is widely used for

the water pumping application, because of its ruggedness and other factors.

But the same doesn’t hold good for this type of solar applications. The reason is that, it

requires an intricate control and is liable to be overheated if the voltage levels are too low.

These demerits of the above mentioned two machines can be eliminated by the PMBLDC

motor which exhibits low voltage handling capacity, operation at higher range of efficiencies,

less impact of EMI issues, simple control strategies, ability to operate in a different range of

speeds etc., and hence it is chosen for this type of application [5] , [7] -[10], [13]-[14].

2. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

The DC-DC converter is front-ended with a solar photo voltaic panel. The DC-DC converter

is cascaded with the 3-ɸ VSI which drives the PMBLDC motor. The BLDC motor requires

the position sensors for sensing the rotor position. The outputs of the position sensors are fed

back to the 3-ɸ VSI. The operation of the DC-DC converter in the optimum power point is

ensured by the MPPT. The MPPT technique, Perturb and Observe (P&O) is implemented

here.

Figure 1 Block diagram of the system

3. SOLAR PV DESIGN

The PV panel has been designed to deliver a wattage of Ppv = 6.8 KW @ Vpv = 292.38 V and

Ipv =23.26 A. The design of the solar PV is done with reference to the data sheet BYD_220-

250P. A panel of the power rated at 250W has been chosen from the data sheet, whose

specifications are given below in the Table 1

P.R. Chandrasekhar, Chitra A, Razia Sultana W and J. Vanishree


Table 1 Specifications of PV system from the data sheet

Specification value

Open-circuit voltage (Voc) 38.00 V

Maximum operating voltage (Vmpp) 30.40 V

Short circuit current (Isc) 8.98 A

Maximum operating current (Impp) 8.22 A

Maximum power in STC (Pmpp) 250 W

No. of cells 60

The no. of panels connected in the series =(𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑃𝑉𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙

𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 ,𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝) =

292.38 𝑉

30.40 𝑉≅ 10.

The no. of panels connected in parallel = (𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑃𝑉𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙

𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 ,𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑝) =

23.26 𝐴

8.22 𝐴≅ 3.

3.1. Design of the series connected panels

Total no. of cells = (60)× 10 = 600 cells

The maximum power, Pmax = (250)×10 = 2500 W

The voltage at Pmax = (30.40)×10 = 304 V

The open-circuit voltage, Voc = (38.00)×10 = 380 V

3.2. Design for the parallel panels

The maximum power, Pmax = (2500)×3 = 7500 W

The current at Pmax = (8.22)×3 = 24.66 A

The short- circuit current Isc = (8.98)×3 = 26.94

The solar physical model gives the better real time designing experience compared to the

solar functional model in the PSIM [16]. Selecting the solar physical model in PSIM, the

above designed values are to be entered in the solar module given in the utilities icon of the

PSIM software. The values of the series resistance (Rs), saturation current (ISO), temperature

coefficient (Ct), etc., can be calculated in the solar module itself. By adjusting the values of

Rs, ISO , Ct , etc., in the solar module we can obtain the desired P-V and I-V curves. The whole

design of the PV panel is done at the standard operating conditions of irradiance and

temperature, S =1000 W/m2 and T= 25oC respectively. The I-V and P-V curves of the

designed PV panel are shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3



Figure 2 I-V curve of the PV Panel Figure 3 P-V curve of the PV panel

The screen shot of the solar physical model designed in PSIM for the above specifications

is shown in Fig. 4.

Figure 4 Screen-shot of the solar physical model with all the designed data.

Hence the PV panel is developed in PSIM which is to be interfaced with the DC-DC

converter.

4. COMPARISON OF THE CONVERTER TOPOLOGIES AND THEIR

PERFORMANCE INDICES

The three advanced DC-DC non-isolated converters namely Landsman converter, Luo

converter and Zeta converter are chosen for the comparison of their performance indices and

their topologies. In order to perform the comparative studies for the three converters, all three



converters have to be designed on a common platform viz. the switching frequency fsw,

inductor current ripple ∆IL and the capacitor voltage ripple ∆VC, etc., have to be same

respectively for all the converters. The switching frequency, fsw is chosen 20 kHz and the

inductor current ripple, ∆ILis maintained at 3% and the capacitor voltage ripple,∆Vcis

maintained at 10%.The PV panel is also designed for the standard operating conditions of S

=1000 W/m2and T= 25oC respectively.

4.1. The specifications of the chosen converters

The power rating of all the three converters, Ppv = 6.8KW.

The input voltage to the converters, Vpv = 292.38 V and

The input current, Ipv = 23.26 A.

All the three converters are designed for,

An output voltage of Vdc=310 V and

The output current, Io= 21.935 A respectively.

The switching frequency of the converters, fsw= 20 KHz.

So the duty ratio of the converters, δ =Vo

(Vo+Vin) =

310

(310+292.38) = 0.514

The inductors current ripples are fixed at 3% and the output voltage ripples are fixed at the

10%.

The circuit diagrams, design equations and simulated results of the performance indices of

all the three selected converters are given below.

4.2. Circuit diagrams and the design of the chosen converters

The three converters are of the Buck-Boost topology.

4.2.1. LANDSMAN CONVERTER

The circuit diagram of the landsman converter developed in PSIM is shown in Fig. 5.

Figure 5 Circuit diagram of the Landsman converter

The design equations of the Landsman converter are

Idc = 21.935A, 𝛿 = 0.514, fsw = 20 KHz, Vpv = 292.38 V, Vdc = 310 V

L1

L2C2

R

VPpv

Cpv

S

T

1000

25

C1



VC1 = Vpv + Vdc = (292.38+310) = 602.38 V

IL1= Ipv= 23.26 A

IL2 = (23.26+21.935) = 45.195 A

Capacitor, C1

C1 =𝛿𝐼𝑑𝑐

𝑓𝑠𝑤×∆𝑉𝑐1= 9𝜇F (1)

Inductor, L1

L1= 𝛿× 𝐼 𝑑𝑐

8×𝑓𝑠𝑤×𝑐1×∆𝐼𝐿1=1mH (2)

Inductor, L2

L2 =𝛿× 𝑉𝑝𝑣

𝑓𝑠𝑤×∆𝐼𝐿2 = 6mH (3)

Capacitor,C2

C2 = 𝐼𝑑𝑐

6×𝜔ℎ×∆𝑉𝑑𝑐ℎℎ = 312.7 𝜇F; 𝜔h=

2𝜋×𝑁×𝑝

120 (4)

N = speed of the BLDC machine;

P= No. of poles

The simulated results of the performance indices of the Landsman converter namely, the

inductor currents (IL1, IL2), output voltage (Vo) and output current (Io) are shown in Fig. 6

Figure 6 Simulated results of the performance indices of the Landsman converter

4.2.2. Luo Converter

The circuit diagram of the Luo converter developed in PSIM is shown in Fig. 7

22.8

23.2

23.6

IL1

44

44.5

45

45.5

46

IL2

309.97

309.98309.99

310310.01

Vo

0.299 0.2992 0.2994 0.2996 0.2998 0.3

Time (s)

21.934

21.935

21.936

Io



Figure 7 Circuit diagram of the Luo converter

The design equations of the Luo converter are

Idc = 21.935A, 𝛿 = 0.514, fsw= 20 KHz, Vpv = 292.38 V, Vdc = 310 V

VC1 = Vdc = 310 V

IL1= (Ipv+ Idc) = (23.26+21.935) = 45.195 A

IL2 = 21.935 A

Inductor, L1

L1= 𝛿× 𝑉𝑝𝑣

𝑓𝑠𝑤×∆𝐼𝐿1= 5.509mH (5)

Inductor, L2

L2=(1−𝛿)× 𝑉𝑑𝑐

𝑓𝑠𝑤×∆𝐼𝐿2= 11.306mH (6)

Capacitors,C1, C2

C1 = C2 = 𝐼𝑑𝑐


2𝜋×𝑁×𝑝

120 (7)

N = Rated speed of the PMBLDC machine

P= No. of poles


inductor currents (IL1, IL2), output voltage (Vo) and output current (Io) are shown in Fig. 8

L1

L2

RC2

V

Ppv

S

T

25

1000 C1



Figure 8 Simulated results of the performance indices of the Luo converter

4.2.3. Zeta Converter

The circuit diagram of the zeta converter developed in PSIM is shown in Fig. 9.

Figure 9Circuit diagram of the Zeta converter

The design equations of the zeta converter are as follows

Idc = 21.935A, 𝛿 = 0.514, fsw= 20 KHz, Vpv = 292.38 V, Vdc = 310 V

VC1= Vdc = 310 V

IL1= Ipv = 23.26 A

IL2 = Idc = 21.935A

Capacitor,C1

C1 =𝛿𝐼𝑑𝑐

𝑓𝑠𝑤×∆𝑉𝑐1 = 18.397𝜇F (8)

Inductor, L1

L1= 𝛿× 𝑉𝑝𝑣

𝑓𝑠𝑤×∆𝐼𝐿1 = 10.644 mH (9)

43.5

44

44.5

45

45.5

IL1

21.6556

21.656

21.6564

21.6568

IL2

307.51843

307.51844

307.51845

307.51846

Vo

0.299 0.2992 0.2994 0.2996 0.2998 0.3

Time (s)

21.656224

21.656225

21.656226

Io

L1

C1 L2

C2

R

S

T

1000

25

Cpv

VPpv



Inductor, L2

L2=(1−𝛿)× 𝑉𝑝𝑣

𝑓𝑠𝑤×∆𝐼𝐿2= 11.306 mH (10)

Capacitor,C2

C2 = 𝐼𝑑𝑐


2𝜋×𝑁×𝑝

120 (11)

N = Rated speed of the PMBLDC machine

P = No. of poles


inductor currents (IL1, IL2), output voltage (Vo) and output current (Io) are shown in Fig.10.

Figure 10 Simulated results of the performance indices of the Zeta converter

4.2.4. Topological comparison of the three converters

There are two inductors, two capacitors, a diode and a switch in all the three converters. The

total no. of components is six which is evident from Fig.5, Fig.6, and Fig.7.

4.3. Comparison of the output voltage ripple

The output voltage ripple value of the Zeta converter is very high compared to the two

converters which is observed from the Fig.11.

22.8

23.2

23.6

IL1

21.6

22

22.4

IL2

309.75309.8

309.85309.9

309.95

Vo

0.288 0.29 0.292 0.294 0.296 0.298 0.3

Time (s)

21.92

21.93

Io



Figure 11 Waveforms of the output voltages (VO) of the three converters

Red- Landsman converter; Blue – Luo converter; Green – Zeta converter

4.4. Comparison of output current ripple

The output current ripple value of the Zeta converter is very high compared to the remaining

two converters which is seen from the Fig.12.

Figure 12 Waveforms of the output currents (Io) of the three converters


4.5. Comparison of source current ripple

The input current ripple value of the Landsman converter is also very low compared to the

remaining two converters in Fig.13

0.18 0.185 0.19 0.195 0.2

Time (s)

309.6

309.8

310

310.2

310.4

Vo Vo_(luo converter simulation - Copy) Vo_(zeta converter simulation)

0.18 0.185 0.19 0.195 0.2

Time (s)

21.9

21.91

21.92

21.93

21.94

21.95

Io Io_(luo converter simulation - Copy) Io_(zeta converter simulation)



Figure 13 Waveforms of the source currents (Is) of the three converters


4.6. Comparison table for the three converters

Table 2gives the information about the calculated values of the three converter components,

input current ripple comparisons, output voltage and current ripple comparisons.

Table 2 Comparison of the value of the components and the performance indices of the three

converters.

PARAMETER LANDSMAN LUO ZETA

Inductor current ripple (3%)

L1 1 mH 5.509 mH 10.644 mH

L2 6 mH 11.306 mH 11.306 mH

Intermediate capacitor

voltage ripple C1 9 𝝁F 312.7𝝁F 18.397 𝝁F

Input current ripple

∆Is 0.047 A 4.664 A 0.919 A

Output voltage ripple

∆Vo 0.034 A 0.001 A 0.994 V

Output current ripple

∆Io 0.003 A 0.0001 A 0.071 A

The calculated values of the components are based on the design equations mentioned in

the previous section. The values of the components of the Landsman converter components

are very low compared to the other two converter components. Even though the output

voltage and current ripples of the Luo converter are very low compared to the remaining

converters, the cost of the intermediate capacitor will be very high because of its higher value

compared to the remaining two converters. The cost of the components of the Landsman

converter is very low because of its lesser values compared to the other converters.

0.199 0.1992 0.1994 0.1996 0.1998

Time (s)

20

21

22

23

24

25

Is Is_(luo converter simulation - Copy) Is_(zeta converter simulation)



Based on the above conclusions, it can be inferred that the Landsman converter is the one,

which is best and ideal for the solar pumping application.

5. MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING (MPPT)

The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) helps the system to operate at the maximum

value of the power that is to be delivered to the load. The MPPT facilitates the load

impedance to be equal to the source impedance, by adjusting the duty ratio of the converter.

Perturb and Observe (P&O) method is used for tracking the optimum operating point of the

PV panel.

5.1. Flowchart of Perturb and Observe (P&O) method

The voltage and current are sensed with the help of voltage and current sensors respectively

and the power is calculated. If the calculated value of power is greater than the previously

calculated value of power, check with the voltage whether the present value of the voltage is

greater than the previous value of the voltage. If yes, increase the duty ratio. If not, reduce the

duty ratio. The flow chart for the P&O technique is shown in Fig.14.

Figure 14 Flow chart of the P&O technique

The pictorial view of the P&O technique is shown in Fig. 15.



Figure 15 Portrayal of the PV curves for the operation.

Starting from an operating point A, if atmospheric conditions stay approximately constant,

a perturbation V in the PV voltage V will bring the operating point to B and the perturbation

will be reversed due to a decrease in power. However, if the irradiance increases and shifts the

power curve from P1to P2within one sampling period, the operating point will move from A to

C. This represents an increase in power and the perturbation is kept the same. Consequently,

the operating point diverges from the MPP and will keep diverging if the irradiance steadily

increases.

5.2. Analog circuit implementation of the (P&O) technique in PSIM software

The P&O technique is implemented using the analog switches in the PSIM software. The

circuit implementation is given below.

Figure 16 Analog implementation of the (P&O) technique in PSIM



The step- size is initially chosen to be 0.1 so as to facilitate the soft- start of the BLDC

motor. The variation of the duty ratio is being done and the switching frequency of fsw = 20

KHz is set for the carrier triangular wave, so as to operate the DC-DC converter with the same

frequency that is designed to perform.

5.3. Landsman converter with MPPT

Perturb and Observe (P&O) technique [16] is applied to the Landsman converter in order to

deliver the maximum power to the load. The results of the Landsman converter output power

and output voltage are shown in Fig.17and Fig.18 respectively.

Figure 17 Steady- state waveforms of the output power of Landsman converter with and

without MPPT

Figure 18 Steady- state waveforms of the output voltage of landsman converter with and

without MPPT

It is evident from the result that the PV system with MPPT is working satisfactorily.

5.3.1. Cascading the Landsman converter with the PMBLDC motor

The Landsman converter is connected to the PMBLDC motor through a simple 3-ɸ VSI,

operating in the 120o mode of conduction. The control of the VSI is done with the help of the

signals generated from the hall-sensors that are embedded in the machine.

0.198 0.1985 0.199 0.1995 0.2

Time (s)

6.792K

6.794K

6.796K

6.798K

6.8K

Po Po_(landsman converter simulation)

with MPPT

without MPPT



Basically the Landsman converter is operated in the mode of the basic buck-boost

converter. The worst case design of the Landsman converter follows the basic buck-book

converter’s worst case design.

5.3.2. Need for the worst case design

The inductors and the capacitors in the converters will be designed for only one value of the

supply current or voltage values. But as far as the solar is concerned, the supply voltage or

currents will never be constant as the irradiation levels vary in the wide range throughout a

day. If the converter is designed only for a single value of the voltage or current, the desired

performance cannot be achieved. So, the converter has to be designed for a wide range (worst

case) to achieve a better performance. According to the worst case design, all the components

of the Landsman converter are to be designed at the minimum input voltage (Vmin) and the

maximum value of the duty cycle 𝛿max. The Landsman converter is designed for the worst

case, such that even if the irradiation varies from 1000 W/m2 to 500 W/m2, its performance is

not deteriorated.

6. RESULTS OF THE BLDC MOTOR INDICES

The BLDC motor that is cascaded to the Landsman converter through the 3-ɸ VSI exhibits the

following characteristics shown in the Fig. 19 and Fig.20

Figure 19 Waveforms of the performance indices of the BLDC motor@ the irradiance level

of S = 1000 W/m2

The Fig 15 depicts the waveforms of the performance indices of the PMBLDC motor @

the irradiation level of S = 1000 W/m2. The parameters are as below

The DC link voltage is Vdc= 306 V.

The R.M.S. value of the phase- A current, Ia = 23.5 A

The speed of the BLDC motor, N = 2562 rpm.

0

200

400

Vdc

0

-40

40

Ia

0

1000

2000

3000

nm

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Time (s)

0

20

40

Tem_BDCM1



The electromagnetic torque of the motor, Tem = 21.86 N-m

The load chosen for the motor is the general mechanical load which is equivalent to the

water pump characteristics.

The pump is designed based on the power-speed characteristics as follows

Kp = P

𝜔3 =

5800

(2×𝜋×3000/60) = 1.87×10-4 W/ (rad/sec)3

Where Kp is the proportionality constant, 𝜔 is the speed of the motor and P is the rated

power.

The Fig 16 depicts the waveforms of the performance indices of the PMBLDC motor@

the irradiation level of S= 500 W/m2.

The DC link voltage is Vdc=196.66 V.

The R.M.S. value of the phase- A current, Ia = 16.86 A

The speed of the BLDC motor, N = 1817 rpm.

The electromagnetic torque of the motor, Tem = 15.72 N-m

Figure 20 Waveforms of the performance indices of the BLDC motor @ the irradiance level

of S = 500 W/m2.

The results reveal that the proposed system with PMBLDC motor operates satisfactorily

according to the variation of the irradiance and hence it is suitable to drive a pump load.

0

100

200

Vdc

0

-20

20

Ia

0

1000

2000

nm

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Time (s)

0

10

20

30

Tem_BDCM1



7. CONCLUSION

The identification of the optimal topology for the solar pumping application has been done.

The identified best topology of the DC-DC converter viz., the Landsman converter is

designed for the worst case. The Landsman converter is front-ended with solar PV panel and

cascaded a with the PMBLDC motor. For operating the converter to operate at an optimum

power point, an MPPT technique named Perturb and Observe (P&O) has been employed. The

soft start of the motor is achieved by setting the initial value of the duty ratio at 0.1. The

performance indices of the whole system are obtained and they are found to be satisfactory.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I sincerely thank VIT University, Vellore for the support in completing this paper.

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