FACTORS INFLUENCING HIGH INCREASE OF STREET FOOD VENDORS. A CASE STUDY FROM MSAMVU BUS TERMINAL IN...

Bumarwa.R.N.

FACTORS INFLUENCING HIGH INCREASE OF STREET FOOD VENDORS. A CASE STUDY FROM MSAMVU BUS

TERMINAL IN MOROGORO MUNICIPAL.

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED AS A PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES.

Ngudu school of Environmental Health sciences (SEHS)

P.O.BOX 92, Ngudu – Kwimba,

MWANZA -TANZANIA.

Bumarwa. R.N.

JULY 2009

Bumarwa.R.N.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT PAGE

DECLARATION & CERTIFICATION 4

COPYRIGTH 5

DEDICATION 6

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 7

ABBREVIATIONS 8

ABSTRACT 9

CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION 11

1:1: Background information 11

1:2: Problem statement 12

1:3: Literature review 14

CHAPTER TWO – OBJECTIVES 17

2:1: Brood objectives 17

2:2: Specific objectives 17

CHAPTER THREE – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 18

3:1: Study area 18

3:2: Study type (design) 19

3:3: Study population 19

3:4: Sampling method 20

3:5: Sample size 20

3:6: Data collection technique and tools 20

3:7: Pre – taste 21

3:8: Data processing and analysis 21

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3:9: Ethical consideration 21

CHAPTER FOUR – RESULT 22

CHEPTER FIVE - DISCUSSION 31

CHAPTER SIX – CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 34

Annex I: References 36

Annex II: Sample size calculation 37

Annex III: Work plan 38

Annex IV: Gantt chart 39

Annex V: Research budget 40

Annex VI: Introduction letter 42

Annex VII: Introduction letter 43

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CERTIFICATION AND DECLARATION.

DECLARATION STATEMENT.

I declare that this dissertation is my original work and to the best of

my knowledge, this dissertation had never been submitted to any

institution for the award of Diploma, higher diploma, degree etc.

………………………………………………………….. ……………………………

Mr.Rashid.N.Bumarwa Date

CERTIFICATION STATEMENT.

I the undersigned, certify that this dissertation is the work of the

candidate named above carried out during his studies under my direct

supervision. I certify that, I have read and hereby recommend for

examination the dissertation entitled: ‘’A STUDY ON FACTORS

INFLUENCING HIGH INCREASE OF STREET FOOD VENDORS

AT MSAMVU BUS TERMINAL IN MOROGORO MUNICIPAL’’.

………………………………………………………………… ………………………………..

Mr.Lister Matonya Date.

Bumarwa.R.N.

COPY RIGHT.

All rights reserved, no part of this dissertation may be replaced or

photocopied or otherwise without prior permission of the Author or

the Principal of Ngudu School of Environmental Health Sciences.

It is therefore advisable to obtain prior consent from the above

mentioned.

Legal proceedings will be followed to the one who contravene this copy

right.

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DEDICATION.

This dissertation is dedicated to my child Shafih Rashid, my first born

who was born at Tumbi Hospital-Kibaha during my Environmental

Health Sciences Diploma course at Ngudu School of Environmental

Health Sciences.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.

I would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare for giving me a chance to

pursue the diploma in Environmental Health Sciences in one of its training canters Ngudu.

I wish also to acknowledge the help and financial support given to me by my employer

MORUWASA Managing Director.

The study could have been impossible without material and financial support from Mr.E.Fimbo,

the Principal of Ngudu School of Environmental Health Sciences. His support includes the

introduction letter he gave me to deliver to District Executive Director (DED).

The guidance, advice, constructive criticism, readiness to assist and tireless effort in

supervision of Mr.L.E.Matonya the subject tutor and my supervisor, Mr.J.Chillangi,

Mr.J.Khumalija and Mr. Faustine Bulugu are gratefully acknowledged.

I would like to thank Mr. William Lema (MHO) Mororgoro, Mrs. Prisca Gallet (EHO) Morogoro

Municipal Health Officer and other Health Officers who in one way or another assisted me

during the entire process of the study.

I sincerely feel in deputed to my fellow students Miss. May Jeremiah, Miss. Ruthi Maro, Miss.

Sapensia Lyimo, Mr.W.Nestory, Mr.Azizi Sheshe, Mr.Vivia Ngonji and other classmates for their

moral and material support on this work.

Also I would like to pass my great thanks to my roommate Mr.Mshitu.S.Mndeme and Mr.

Amour Lila for their moral encouragements during my proposal writing.

This acknowledgement would be incomplete without special thanks to my parents

Mr.Nassor.A.Bumarwa and Mrs.Ajirath.A.Katetemela for their great patience and

encouragements throughout the duration of three (3) years of my studies at Ngudu School of

Environmental Health Sciences.

Many thanks to all people at Msamvu bus terminal who were my respondents as well as Health

workers and political leaders who responded positively in this study for their cooperation

during data collection.

Finally, I thank God for giving me strength to make this study successfully.

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ABBREVIATIONS

CHMT – Council Health Management Team

DED – District Executive Director

EHO – Environmental Health Officer

Env – Environmental

FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization

FGD – Focus Group Discussion

IGA – Income Generating Activity (s)

MHO – Municipal Health Officer

MORUWASA – Morogoro Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Authority

SEHS – School of Environmental Health Sciences

SUMO – Sustainable Morogoro Program

WEO – Ward Executive Officer

WHO – World Health Organization

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ABSTRACT

Street food vending is a problem in many countries in the world

especially developing countries. Street food has found to constitute up

to 40% of daily diet of urban consumers in developing world.

Due to lack of employment, big family composition, poor enforcement

of food handling regulations, political influences, lack of knowledge of

creating other income generating activities have resulted to high

increase of street food vendors at Msamvu bus terminal, Morogoro

municipality who government perceive their roles as problematic and

accused of being potential public health hazards.

A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted at Msamvu bus

terminal. A total of 150 participants were selected by purposeful

sampling using judgmental sampling method.

In this study, a total of three (3) researcher assistants of either sex

(male or female) with secondary school education level (Form IV or VI

leaver) were to be recruited and trained for this study for four days but

two (2) researcher assistants were recruited (1 male and 1 female) and

trained so that to make them competent on data collection.

The study determined the factors influencing high increase of street

food vendors at Msamvu bus terminal.

Focus group discussion to political leaders, interviewing to street food

vendors and consumers as well as using the available information were

used to collect the data after being tested to 15 food vendors and 15

street food consumers who were not involved in the actual study.

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90% of street food vendors had primary school education level,

72.86%of the respondents (food vendors) were married, 84.29% of

street food vendors were female and 57.14%of them (food vendors)

had family composition of ≥5 people. Moreover, 83.33% of street food

consumers (customers) given the reason why they prefer to consume

them being their cheapest although 72.86% of the respondents

(consumers) said that they know the consequences which might arise

due to consumption of street foods.

A written permission to conduct this study were requested from the

District Executive Director (DED) before conducting the study

(see annex VI – VIII).

Data were processed manually by the aid of scientific calculator and

presented in tables and graphs.

This study taken place between March and June 2009 and a total of

Tsh. 152,000/= were provided for this study.

The results of this study will be useful to Morogoro Municipal Council

Health Management Team (CHMT) when planning for street food

vending control.

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CHAPTER ONE

1: INTRODUCTION.

1.1: BACKGROUND INFORMATION.

In recent years, there has been increasing trend towards the sale and

consumption of outside foods being obvious more in the urban areas,

where is due to political influence, family size, changing life

style,mordenization,breakdown of joint families and increasing of

working women which compel people to depend on ready to eat and

inexpensive foods. People who depend on such foods are often more

interested in its convenience and in satisfying their hunger rather than

in the quality of the food sold to them and their safety as well as

hygiene.

Proper way to control the increase of street food vendors is by proper

enforcement of food regulations, undertaking routine inspection,

sensitization of community on effects of street food venting and

increase knowledge of community members on how to create different

income generating activities (IGA) a part from street food venting.

It have provide that street foods often heavily contaminated with

pathogens that cause diarrhea and contributed significantly to

morbidity and even mortality among children. This may be due to the

fact that the hygienic practice of the food handlers is poor as it has

found that just only 1% of street food handlers washed their hands with

running water close to their install.

Street food venders appeared to be selling substandard food to school

children because of their low purchasing power and their lack of

knowledge on food safety.

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1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT.

Street food vending is a problem in many countries in the world

especially developing countries. Street food has found to constitute up

to 40% of the daily diet of urban consumers in developing world. In

Bangkok for example, 40% of residents overall energy intake comes

from street foods (WHO – Consumers international).

In many countries, street food vending has seen to be a problem as

governments tend to perceive their roles as problematic. Handlers are

accused of being potential public health hazards and as they lack shops

and licenses, they are exposed to continual harassment by the

authority.

In Tanzania, street food vending increase day to day as many people try

to find their daily bread by selling foods wherever they see there is a

good number of people who can consume their foods without

considering healthy requirements. For example, at Msamvu bus

terminal in Morogoro municipality, street food vendors are many; there

are more than 157 street food vendors. Among those vendors, 76 of

them were arrested and paid a fine while 38 vendors escaped leaving

their properties (business) in the routine inspection conducted on 26th

May and 27th May 2008 (Ward Health Officer – Personal communication.)

Major contributing factors to this problem are not well known but

factors might be contributed to this situation include poor routine

inspection, political influences, immigration, family size(big),

urbanization as well as modernization.

Moreover, several efforts have taken place by the authority to diminish

the problem such as routine inspection, arresting of vendors, health

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education to vendors and consumers by SUMO but still the problem

exist. A factor which has not considered in interventions is a strong

existing calture of Luguru people to celebrate for their daughters soon

after their puberty. They are taught all about sexual activities which

lead them to be married with young age hence many broken marriages

who decide to engage themselves in street food vending.

(W.E.O – personal communication)

This study was conducted at Msamvu bus terminal and was able to

determine factors influencing high increase of street food vendors at

Msamvu. It will be useful to Morogoro municipal health management

team (CHMT) in planning.

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1.3. LITERATURE REVIEW.

Food borne diseases continue to be a major public health problem in

developing countries. Street food vendors/handlers are considered to

be potential public health hazards. This is due to their foods and

ingredients being displayed openly on tables and on the ground in

unsatisfactory sanitary environments (Gertel &Samir-2005, Ehiri.J.E.et al-2001).

Contamination of street foods is due to prevalence of flies at the

markets and the apparent lack of facilities for food protection. Also,

foods and ingredients are subjected to repeated contamination from

unwashed/improperly washed hands of handlers and the materials

used for wrapping and holding foods such as leaves, old newspapers,

and reusable polythene bags of questionable origin. Leaves wiped with

a piece of cloth and there was no disinfection. (Ehiri.J.E.et al 2001 and

Mensah.P.et al 2002)

A study conducted by The Food and Agriculture Organization in

Thailand in 1991-1993 showed that street foods were often heavily

contaminated with pathogens that cause diarrhea. Also studies across

Africa have highlighted that such foods contributed significantly to

morbidity and even mortality among children (Dawson.R.et al 1996 and

Canet.C.et al 1996).

Children may also be exposed to hazards from foods and ingredients

sold on streets and in open markets if an adult member of the family

becomes ill hence consumption of foods from street handlers.

Parents/caregivers have competing demands of their time as they have

to walk long distances to fetch water and firewood and being involved

in petty trading and other ventures that can generate income to

support their families. Most of the parents/caregivers therefore rely on

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the relatively inexpensive supplies from the street handlers (Ehiri.J.E.et al

2001 and Esrey.S.A.et al 1989).But as many street food vending are carried at

the stands, markets, railway stations and other places with collection of

a good number of people, no one has considered the effects that can

get travelers as most of them are not children.

Urbanization is among the factors influencing increase of street food

vending as many people in urban depend on street foods. In Africa and

Asia, urban households found to spend 15% to 50% of their food

budgets on foods sold in streets. The consumption of street food is

common in many countries where unemployment is high, salaries are

low, work opportunities and social programmes are limited and where

urbanization is taking place. In selling snacks, complete meals and

refreshments at low prices hence found to provide an essential service

to workers, shopkeepers, travelers and people with low incomes. Also

usually people who depend on such food are often more interested in

its convenience than in questions of their safety, quality and hygiene (Cohen-1986 and Mensah.P.et al 2002).

Family size can also be a major factor influencing the increasing the

increasing of street food trading in which you can find that big family

composition, girls get married with young age then they fail to maintain

their marriages hence many broken marriages. These women decide to

engage themselves in street food selling (W.E.O - Personal communication).

According to the study conducted in Accra, revealed that street food

sellers are mainly women (Mensah.P.2002).

Lack of knowledge on food safety, quality and hygiene among both

consumers and vendors is another factor which influences increase of

street food vending. Handlers appeared to be selling substandard food

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to school children because of their low purchasing power and their lack

of knowledge on food safety. Also children found to be more interested

in satisfying their hunger rather than in the quality of the food sold to

them. In Accra, none of the handlers associated dirty hands with the

transmission of diarrheal pathogens due to lack of knowledge of the

definition and causes if diarrhea. This explained the reasons of people

commonly use of their hands to serve cooked food. Study in Accra,

revealed that handlers can be sources of enteropathogens and

concluded that handlers should therefore be given education on food

hygiene particularly on causes of diarrhea transmission of diarrhea

pathogens handling of equipment and cooked foods hand washing

practices and environmental on person hygiene of handlers, golden

rules and requirements of food seller as they must have shop and

license (Mensah.P.et al 2002). Also, the previous study considered

knowledge of school children as consumers but it did not comment

anything on travelers knowledge as many of them are not children.

Safety, quality and hygiene of the street foods are questionable. Many

of street food handlers do not wash their hands as well as their

equipments with running water. In India for example, the survey found

that just only 1% of street food handlers washed their hands with

running water close to their install. Another example; stands are often

crude structures and running water may not be readily available. Also

toilets and adequate washing of hands utensils and dishes is often

carried down in buckets or bowls. Moreover, disinfection is not usually

carried out and insects and rodents may be attracted to sites where

there is unorganized sewage disposal. Finally food is not adequately

protected from flies and refrigeration is usually (WHO-Consumers International

and Mensah.P.et al 2002).

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CHAPTER TWO

2. OBJECTIVES

2.1. BROAD OBJECTIVE.

To determine factors influencing high increase of street food

vendors at Msamvu bus terminal.

2.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES.

1. To assess knowledge of

street food vendors on food safety.

2. To assess awareness of

street food vendors on food regulations.

3. To assess awareness of

street food customers on the problems arising from consumption

of street foods.

4. To assess practice of street

food customers on street foods.

5. To assess perception of

political leaders on street food vending.

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6. To determine legal

measures taken by health authority to street food vendors.

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CHAPTER THREE

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. STUDY AREA.

The study was conducted at Msamvu bus terminal which is

located in Mwembesongo ward, Morogoro municipality within

Morogoro region.

Photo 1.Msamvu bus terminal.Photo by.Bumarwa.R.N.

Morogoro region is divided into 5 districts with 5 district councils

and 1 municipal council.

Mwembesongo ward is a high way connecting Lake Zone regions

with Dodoma road outlet in North, coastal regions with Morogoro

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road outlet in East and Southern regions with Iringa road outlet in

West.

The common tribe found in this area was Luguru and others like

Pogolo.Luguru people have a strong culture of celebrating for

their daughters soon after their puberty in where they are taught

in and out about sexual activities.

Majority of the people were engerged in business which was petty

trading and other ventures, toys and domestics utensils selling.

A map showing Morogoro. Photo 2.Morogoro Municipal centre. By Bumarwa.R.N.

3.2. STUDY TYPE (DESIGN).

It was a descriptive cross sectional study.

3.3. STUDY POPULATION.

The study population under this study was:-

i. Food vendors.

ii. Food customers

(consumers)

iii. Political leaders

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iv. Health workers/staffs.

3.4. SAMPLING METHOD.

Non random sampling method was used whereby purposeful sampling

by using judgmental sampling was employed to select a required

number of respondents.

3.5. SAMPLE SIZE.

A total of 256 participants were expected to be selected to this study

but due to the scarcity of fund as well as time which was beyond by

control, a total of 150 participants were selected to this study.120 food

vendors, 125 consumers and 4 health workers were to be conveniently

recruited, but 70 food vendors, 70 consumers and 4 health workers

were conveniently recruited respectively for this study. In addition to

this, 7 political leaders were to be recruited but only 6 political leaders

were recruited to participate in focus group discussion (FGD)

3.6. DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE AND TOOLS.

Data from health authority to determine legal measures taken to street

food vendors by health authority.

Focus group discussion guide to assess perception and awareness of

political leaders on street food vending.

Also, interview guide to assess knowledge on street food safety, assess

awareness of food regulations among vendors and assess practice of

customers on street foods.

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3.7. PRE – TEST.

Data collection tools were pretested conveniently to 15 food vendors

and 15 street food customers who were not involved in the actual study

for the purpose of testing the validity and reliability of the tools.

3.8. DATA PROCESSING & ANALYSIS.

Data were processed manually by the aid of scientific calculator and

results were presented in graphs, pie diagrams and tables.

3.9. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION.

Before conducting this study, an introduction letter from the principal

of Ngudu school of environmental health sciences was delivered to the

Municipal Executive Director so that to obtain a written permission of

proceeding with my study which was presented to Mwembesongo

ward executive officer (WEO) as well as street executive officers and

respondents whenever needed (See annex VI – VII).

Also code numbers were used instead of names of respondents and

anything discussed were maintained in high confidentiality by the

researcher.

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CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS.

Table 1. Respondents’ coverage.

Respondent Frequency (%)

Street food vendors 70 (27.34)

Street food consumers 70 (27.34)

Political leaders 6 (3.34)

Health workers 4 (1.56)

Total 150 (59.58)

The table above shows that, the respondents’ coverage was 59.58%.

This suggests that time lapse and little money provided interfered the

study in respondents’ coverage.

Table 2. Educational level of street food vendors. (n=70).

Parameter Frequency (%)

Primary school 63 (90)

Secondary school 6 (8.57) Tertiary 1 (1.43)

The table above shows most of street food vendors interviewed were

with primary school education level, this suggest that these vendors

were not employed either in governmental or non governmental

institutions as the minimum qualification is secondary school education

level.

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Table 3.Marital status of street food vendors. (n=70).


Married 51 (72.86)

Unmarried 19 (27.14)

The table above shows that, the most of respondents were married but

still ingerge themselves in food vending rather than being home wives.

Table 4.Family size (composition) of street food vendors. (n=70).


1 person 0

2 people 5 (7.14)

3 People 9 (12.86) 4 people 16 (22.86)

≥ 5 people 40 (57.14)

The table above shows that most of the respondents came from the

families composed of more than 5 people. This suggests that big family

composition compel people to engage themselves to street food

vending.

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Table 5. Sex of street food vendors. (n=70).

Sex Frequency (%)

Female 59 (84.29)

Male 11 (15.71)

The table 5 above shows that most of respondents were female.

The above photo shows a female preparing “chapatti” for selling (photo by:migrationology.com)

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Table 6. Awareness of street food vendors on food regulations.

The respondents were asked if they knew anything concerning food

regulations, the responses were as follows (n=70):


Yes 66 (94.29)

No 4 (5.71)

The table 6 above shows that most of respondents were aware with

food regulations. This suggests that there is poor enforcement of

regulations by health workers to street food vendors.

Figure 1. Awareness of street food customers on the health problems

arising from consumption of street foods.

The respondents were asked if they knew anything about

consequences which might arise due to consumption of street foods,

the responses were in percentages (n=70):

The graph above shows that most of the respondent are aware of

consequences of eating street foods and this suggest that, health

department were delivering health education.

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Figure 2. Practice of street food customers on street foods.

Respondents were asked if they had ever consumed street foods

elsewhere apart from Msamvu bus terminal, the responses were as

follows in percentage(n=70):

The graph above shows that most of street food customers had

practice of consuming street foods elsewhere apart from Msamvu. This

suggest that though most of them knew their consequences but still

they consume them hence they are not conscious with their health

choices.

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Table 7. Legal measures taken by health authority to street food

vendors.

The health workers were asked on what efforts were currently taken by

their authority to prevent the sale of street foods, the responses were

as follows (n=4).

Measure taken Frequency (%)

Health education 4 (100)

The table above shows that the only intervention taken by health

authority is health education. This suggests that the method used by

the authority is not appropriate in controlling the street food vending.

There is a need of applying other interventions.

Table 8. Health education on food handling regulations to street food

vendors.

The respondents were asked, if there was any health education on food

handling regulations had been conducted to them by the health

workers, the responses were as follows (n=70):


Yes 63 (90)

No 7 (10)

The table above shows that most of respondents were provided health

education, this suggest that health workers seem to work close with

food vendors.

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Table 9. Practice of street food customers to street foods.

The respondents who were had eaten street foods elsewhere, were

asked on why they preferred to consume street foods, the responses

were as follows (n=60):

Parameter Frequency

Cheap 50 (83.33)

Being in journey 10 (16.67)

The table above shows that the factor which mostly compels people to

consume street foods is cheapness of them. This suggests that the most

of the people consider the price of the food rather than its cost and

quality as well as safety.

Table 10. Attitude of street food vendors on food safety.

(a). The respondents were asked I they did wash their hands after

visiting toilets and before preparing and serving food, the responses

were as follows (n=70):

Response Frequency (%)

Yes 70 (100)

The table above shows that all respondents who were interviewed

were washing their hands after visiting toilets and before handling

food. This suggests that the street food vendors were observing

personal hygiene hence to render food safe.

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(b).The respondents were asked on what they used to wash their hands

and the responses were as follows (n=70):


Warm water and soap 30 (42.86)

Warm water without soap 21 (30)

Cold water without soap 19 (27.14)

The table able shows that the most of respondents used warm water

and soap to wash their hands. This suggests that possibility of food

contamination might be reduced for some extent.

(c).The respondents were asked on which facilities they used for food

storage for future use, the responses were as follows (n=70):

Facility Frequency (%)

Plate 5 (7.14)

Pot 16 (22.86) Plastic containers 35 (50)

Any facility 14 (20)

The table above shows that the most of the respondents used plastic

containers for food storage. This suggests that the possibility of food

contamination is high as the plastic containers do not aid proper

cleanliness.

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Photo showing food storage container (photo by: migrationology.com)

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CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION.

Results in this study show that 90% of street food vendors had primary

school education level while those with secondary school education

were 8.57%. This obviously suggests that, these vendors were not

employed either in governmental or non governmental institutions as

the minimum qualification is secondary school. These results are

contrary to those of Kisila.M in Tunduma Mbeya which revealed that

38.3% of food vendors had primary school education and 42.6% had

secondary school education. The difference might be due to the nature

of the business. Business men/women at Tunduma boarder who were

dealing with packed foods, need to be with at least secondary

education and with knowledge on food labeling regulations but street

food vending does not need secondary education, the necessary thing

is capital. Moreover, the study conducted by P.Mensah et al, in Accra

Ghana revealed that 17% of street food vendors had primary school

education, 35% had middle school education and 7.7% had secondary

school education. These results are the same with those from Msamvu

bus terminal. The similarities might be due to the nature of the

business which is the same.

On the issue of sex, the results of this study revealed that 85.71% of

street food vendors were female and 14.29% were male. The findings

are similar to those by P.Mensah in Accra, Ghana which revealed that

100% of street food vendors were female. The similarities of these two

studies might be due to the study areas. Morogoro is the Municipal and

Accra is a city both are urbanized, so female are compelled to street

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food vending as they get difficulties in either cultivation, gardening and

others as they require large land to implement.

On regards to legal measures taken by health authority to street food

vendors, this study revealed that none of street food vendor legal

measures were taken to him/her. But this might be due to time lapse.

The findings are similar to the study by Kisila.M in Tunduma Mbeya

which revealed that no any legal proceedings were taken when

encounter food articles do not comply with food labeling regulations.

Probably, the similarities of these two studies might be due to political

influences. However, this can be supported by the results from focus

group discussion (FGD) with political leaders, whereby most of them

(66.67%) when asked how they perceive the roles of street food

vendors, said that it is one of the ways achieving “good life for all”

slogan in which unemployed women increase their income for the

betterment of their families.

However, on the basis of type of customers of street foods, this study

revealed that 14.29% of respondents were ≤ 18 years old and 85.71% of

respondents were ≥ 19 years old. This is contrary to the study done by

P.Mensah et al in Accra Ghana which revealed that 88% of street food

customers were school children. Probably, the discrepancy of these two

studies might be influenced by location of the study area as Msamvu is

a bus terminal in where the most people who were found there were

travelers, business makers (petty trading) as well as traffics workers.

On the issue of health education on food handling regulations, in this

study the street food vendors were asked if there was any health

education sessions on food regulations had been conducted to them

by health workers, 90% responded YES and 10% responded NO.

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The similar results were reported by Kisila.M in Tunduma Mbeya

Whereby food vendors were asked on where they did get information

about food labeling regulations, 51.2% responded that they got the

informations from environmental health officers. The similarities of

these two studies might be due to the fact that change of behavior of

the people is promoted by health education rather than use of law. So

health workers promoted health education and seemed to work close

with food vendors.

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CHAPTER SIX

CONCLUSSION AND RECCOMENDATIONS.

1. CONCLUSSION.

The findings of this study indicate the several factors which had

contributed to increase the street food vendors at Msamvu bus

terminal. These factors are due to the responses of street food vendors,

street food customers/consumers, health staffs and political leaders

who were involved in focus group discussion. Among these factors

were:-

(a) Poor enforcement of food handling regulations by health authority.

(b) Inappropriate intervention method of controlling the street food

vending which is health education used by health authority.

(c) Inexpensivity of street foods which compel many people to consume

them.

(d) Big family compositions compel people to engage themselves in

street food vending.

2. RECOMMENDATIONS.

(i). Health authority should ensure that there is a proper and regular

ways of educating the people through mass media, public meetings,

seminars and use of teaching aids on the effects arising from

consumption of street foods.

Bumarwa.R.N.

(ii). Health authority should efficiently enforce food handling

regulations to the community by using negative motivation which is use

of law.

(iii).The authority proposing of how to improve the food vending shops

so that can be inspected frequently and given licenses.

Bumarwa.R.N.

ANNEX I

REFERENCES.

1. Canet.C & N’Diaye.C –

Street food in Africa FAO 17/18 Rme,FAO 1996.

2. Cohen 1986.

3. Dawson.R,Liamrangsi.S

and Boccas F – Street foods in Bangkok.Food Nutrition &

Agriculture 17/18 Rome FAO, 1996.

4. Ehiri.J.E, Azubuike.M.C,

Ubbaonu.C.N, Anyanwu.E.C, Ibe.K.M & Ogbanna.M.O – Bulletin

of the world health organization 2001, 79(5) - 430.

5. Esrey.S.A & Feachem.R.G –

Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young

children, promotion of food hygiene –Geneva, WHO 1989

(Unpublished document WHO/CDD/89.30)

6. Kisila.M – K.A.P survey on

adhering to food labeling regulations among food vendors and

consumers at Tunduma ward – 2008- 11, 13, 14 & 16.

7. Mensah.P, Yeboah –

Manu.D, Owusu – Dorko.K and Ablordey.A – Bulletin of the world

health organization 2002, 80(7) – 546,548, 549, 551 & 552.

8. S.Samir & J.Gertel –

Informal street food vendors in Matariya – Cairo – 2005.

Bumarwa.R.N.

ANNEX II

SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION.

The sample size was obtained through a desirable method of “SINGLE

PROPORTION” as follows:-

n=p (100-p)/ (e) ²

n= 80(100 – 80)/ (2.5)²

n=80(20)/ (2.5)²

n= 80x20/6.25

n= 1600/6.25

n= 256

Therefore the sample size was 256.

Whereas:

n=Sample size

p=proportional=80%

e=standard error=2.5%

Bumarwa.R.N.

ANNEX III

WORK PLAN

TASK TO BE PERFORMED DATE PERSON ASSIGNED TO TASK.

Finalized research proposal and literature review

Sept 29- Feb 27 Principal researcher

Request for consent from the authority

March 2 – 8 ,,

Advertisement of assistant vacancies

March 9 – 22 ,,

Recruitment of assistants March 23 – 29 ,,

Preparation of questionnaires March 30 – April 12

,,

Printing & photocopying of questionnaires for pretest.

April 13 – 19 ,,

Pretesting of questionnaires April 20 – 26 ,,

Training of researcher assistants April 27 – 29 ,,

Re-drafting of the questionnaires, printing & photocopying for actual study.

April 30 – May 10

,,

Data collection May 11 – 24 Research team

Data processing and analysis May 25 – June 07

Principal researcher

Report finalization June 8 – 30 ,,

Submission of report July ,,

Bumarwa.R.N.

ANNEX IV

GANTT CHART.

TASK TO BE PERFORMED 2008 2009

S O N D J F M A M J J

Finalized research proposal and literature review

Request for the consent from the authority

Advertisement of assistants vacancies

Recruitment of assistants

Preparation of questionnaires

Printing &photocopying of questionnaires for pretest

Pretesting of questionnaires Training of research assistants

Redrafting of questionnaires, printing & photocopying for actual study

Data collection

Data processing & analysis

Report finalization

Submission of report.

Bumarwa.R.N.

ANNEX V

RESEARCH BUDGET

ACTIVITIES DESCRIPTION AMOUNT TOTAL

A:Research proposal

-photocopy papers 3 reams @7500/= -ball pen 15 @150/= -flip charts 3 pcs @ 7,000/= -marker pen 4 pcs @ 1,500/= -masking tape I pc @4,000/= -flash disk 1 pc 3GB@ 100,000/= -printing expenses 100 pages @ 1,000/= (research proposal) -digital camera 1 pc @ 350,000/= -Indian rubber 2 pcs @ 500/= -scale ruler 1 pc @ 500/= -pencil (HB) 5 pcs @ 200/= -scientific calculator 1 pc @ 50,000/= -transport to and from research place (Msamvu)

22,500/= 2,250/= 21,000/= 6,000/= 4,000/= 100,000/= 100,000/= 350,000/= 1,000/= 500/= 1,000/= 50,000/= 100,000/=

758,250/=

B: Pilot study -preparation for data collection, pretest of data collection tools 4 days @ 30,000/= (principal researcher)

120,000/=

120,000/=

Bumarwa.R.N.

C:Recruitment & training of research assistants.

-4 days @ 5,000/=x3 people -4 days @30,000/= (principal researcher)

60,000/= 120,000/=

180,000/=

D: Field work & data collection.

-Principal researcher 16 days @ 30,000/= -Ass.researchers 16 days @ 5,000/= (16x3x5000/=)

480,000/= 240,000/=

720,000/=

E:Data processing and analysis

-Principal researcher 6 days @ 30,000/=

180,000/=

180,000/=

F: Report writing.

-Computer expenses, printing &binding.

85,000/=

85,000/=

GROSS TOTAL (A+B+C+D+E+F) = 2,043,250/=

Bumarwa.R.N.

ANNEX VI

INTRODUCTION LETTER

Bumarwa.R.N.

ANNEX VII

INTRODUCTION LETTER

FACTORS INFLUENCING HIGH INCREASE OF STREET FOOD VENDORS. A CASE STUDY FROM MSAMVU BUS TERMINAL IN...

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