Ėmilij Metner as Music Critic. Preliminary Remarks (Russian Literature 77, 2015, No. 4, pp....

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ĖMILIJ METNER AS MUSIC CRITIC. PRELIMINARY REMARKS CHRISTOPH FLAMM Abstract In music histories, Emil Medtner has been overlooked almost completely, as well as the Germanophile cultural tendencies he represented. His severe criticism of “mo- dernist” trends in music and his frankly exposed racist and anti-Semite worldview have made him a sort of bête noire for musicologists. A closer look on his writings reveals many contradictions and ambiguities in his judgements. Taking Liszt and Rachmaninov as examples, it becomes evident that Medtner’s attitude towards music and his distinction between performers and composers, as compared to his own brother Nikolai, was based on culturological and ultimately racist ideologies. Keywords: Emil Medtner; Music; Anti-Semitism; N. Medtner; M. Shaginian; S. Rachmaninov; F. Liszt 1. Apodictic Ambiguities Ėmilij Metner’s writings on music have hardly ever been considered by musi- cology. Neither his book Modernizm i muzyka (Vol’fing 1912a), basically consisting of selected articles from the periodical Zolotoe runo, nor his other music-centred contributions to this journal or later to Trudy i dni, nor his booklet about the conductor Arthur Nikisch (Medtner 1921) have been the object of special studies not to speak of the discussion of music and musi- Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Russian Literature LXXVII (2015) IV 0304-3479/© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. www.elsevier.com/locate/ruslit http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ruslit.2015.07.015

Transcript of Ėmilij Metner as Music Critic. Preliminary Remarks (Russian Literature 77, 2015, No. 4, pp....

ĖMILIJ METNER AS MUSIC CRITIC.

PRELIMINARY REMARKS

CHRISTOPH FLAMM

Abstract In music histories, Emil Medtner has been overlooked almost completely, as well as the Germanophile cultural tendencies he represented. His severe criticism of “mo-dernist” trends in music and his frankly exposed racist and anti-Semite worldview have made him a sort of bête noire for musicologists. A closer look on his writings reveals many contradictions and ambiguities in his judgements. Taking Liszt and Rachmaninov as examples, it becomes evident that Medtner’s attitude towards music and his distinction between performers and composers, as compared to his own brother Nikolai, was based on culturological and ultimately racist ideologies. Keywords: Emil Medtner; Music; Anti-Semitism; N. Medtner; M. Shaginian; S. Rachmaninov; F. Liszt 1. Apodictic Ambiguities Ėmilij Metner’s writings on music have hardly ever been considered by musi-cology. Neither his book Modernizm i muzyka (Vol’fing 1912a), basically consisting of selected articles from the periodical Zolotoe runo, nor his other music-centred contributions to this journal or later to Trudy i dni, nor his booklet about the conductor Arthur Nikisch (Medtner 1921) have been the object of special studies – not to speak of the discussion of music and musi-

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

Russian Literature LXXVII (2015) IV

0304-3479/© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

www.elsevier.com/locate/ruslit

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ruslit.2015.07.015

614 Christoph Flamm

cians in his correspondence. It seems that Metner’s politically reactionary, racist and anti-Semite ideology has created a sort of anathema on his aesthe-tical positions as well, both for Soviet and Western musicologists. When Ma-riėtta Šaginjan – who had been on close terms with Metner as well as with Rachmaninov and written an essay about the latter in the journal of the former (Šaginjan 1912; cf. Ljunggren 1994: 57-58) – remembered her first experience of Metner’s book some decades later, she still shared the author’s anti-modernist attacks, but felt repelled by the proto-fascist tendencies behind them:

Одновременно с моей статьей Рахманинову послал свою книгу Модернизм и музыка и Э. Метнер. Книга эта вызвала в свое время много разговоров. Блестяще написана, верная в своей направлен-ности против модернизма, она была в то же время полна глубоко вредных реакционных элементов. […] А тут передо мной была ра-систская книга с заложенными в ней теми самыми зернами, какие пышно расцвели впоследствии у теоретиков фашизма, – книга, третировавшая русскую музыку сверху вниз, возносившая в не-мецкой классической музыке не глубину ее общечеловечности, а какие-то качества “арийства”, унижавшие культуру и народы Азии. (Šaginjan 1974: 115-116)

Since the 1990’s, slavicists have begun to explore Metner’s literary legacy. Michail Bezrodnyj has highlighted Metner’s role as an editor of the publishing house “Musaget”, based on archival material, especially letters (Bezrodnyj 1999; Bezrodnyj 2004). The eminent expert on Andrej Belyj, Aleksandr Lavrov, had already written a short history of the journal Trudy i dni in late Soviet times (Lavrov 1984). A very insightful interpretation and comprehensive contextualization of most of his writings, musical and other, was undertaken by Magnus Ljunggren in his fundamental monography The Russian Mephisto (Ljunggren 1994); whereas Rosamund Bartlett has given special attention to Metner’s towering position within the Wagner reception among the Russian symbolists (Bartlett 1995). From a musicological point of view, the present author dedicated a long chapter to Metner in a study about his brother, the composer Nikolaj Metner (Flamm 1995). But a thorough in-vestigation of Ėmilij Metner as a music critic and music philosopher is still lacking. One of the main problems which any such study inevitably will en-counter is Metner’s inclination to apodictic utterings. This has led many scholars, at least when musical aspects are concerned, to overlook the many contradictions and inconsistencies within his aesthetical judgings, though Ljunggren does summarize Metner as “крайне противоречивый в своем отношении к символистской поэзии и музыке” (Ljunggren 2009: 135). To some degree, the reduction of Metner’s thinking to a clear-cut black-and-

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white system of good and bad composers, good and bad music, has been fostered by Andrej Belyj’s memoirs, the main literary source of information about Metner: Belyj’s descriptions of people and artistic tendencies tend to be even more pointed than Metner’s, bordering on the grotesque. The division of Moscow’s cultural life into two opposite spheres, as seen through Wagner’s mythological lenses, has become famous in Belyj’s words; the centre of French culture in Pierre d’Alheim’s “Maison du Lied” and the centre of German culture in Metner’s flat were divided by the Rubicon of the Gnezd-nikovskij pereulok where both lived face to face; French culture stood for all evil, German culture for all good influence on Russia.

Хагеном виделся ему и д’Альгейм, выросший из Миме-Листа; “Дом песни” – ловушка для Зигфридов двадцатого века, которых-де миссия – культура Гете, Бетховена, Канта; бьюсь об заклад: и занятие Рура негрскими легионами переживалось бы Метнером в унисон с “Домом песни” д’Альгеймов, подготовлявших, по его мнению, ядовитую музыкальную смесь: из Гретри, Мусоргского, Листа. (Belyj 1990a: 90)

As poetically fascinating as Belyj’s memoirs doubtlessly are in their directness – his penchant for black-and-white oppositions remains contra-dictory and partly enigmatic. So do Metner’s own reflections: not all French composers were condemned by him (Bizet was accepted), not all Germanic nations were regarded highly (e.g. the British). Of course, many of Metner’s positions were indeed unequivocal: his hatred of Reger and Strauss as be-trayers of Germany’s musical past (see his series of articles Modernizm i muzyka and Invektivy na muzykal’nuju sovremennost’ [Vol’fing 1912c], mostly reproduced in Modernizm i muzyka), his extreme veneration of Wag-ner seen as the last high point of Germanic culture (and thus Parsifal the last true work of art), comparable to the World culture status of Goethe and Dante (reflected in the three sections “Wagneriana”, “Goetheana” and “Danteana” in Trudy i dni since No. 7, 1914). Yet many representatives of music culture within Metner’s coordinate system oscillated between admiration and criti-cism; e.g. Liszt or, in Metner’s present, the most distinguished Russian con-temporary composers – Rachmaninov and Skrjabin. The ambivalence expe-rienced towards these composers had partly to do with their double role of composers and performers, especially since piano music formed an essential part of their creative output, i.e. the very heart of all activities of Ėmilij’s own brother Nikolaj. In fact all three composers – N. Metner, Skrjabin, and Rach-maninov – were considered the leading figures of Moscovite music culture before World War I. Though Ėmilij was meticulously concerned not to speak publicly about the music of his brother, we can get some ideas of his own thoughts about Nikolaj the composer, as compared to his colleagues Rach-

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maninov and Skrjabin, in a review of N. Metner’s Goethe songs op. 6, written by Andrej Belyj for Zolotoe runo in 1906:

Если проследить за произведениями молодых русских компо-зиторов за последние десять лет, то мы затрудняемся указать на что-либо действительно выдающееся, кроме произведений Рахма-нинова, Скрябина и Метнера. Однако три названных композитора несоизмеримы. В то время, как самобытный талант Рахманинова, стяжав себе всюду заслуженное признание, не углубляется, оста-ваясь в сравнительно скромных берегах, Метнер и Скрябин несут нам новое слово. Это новое слово выражается как завоеваниями в области музыкальной формы, так и в разработке вечных задач, поставленных музыке великими композиторами XIX столетия. В Метнере и Скрябине соединились таланты с культурой и образо-ванием. Это – обработанные культурные таланты. Скрябин и Метнер сосредоточивают ныне в себе все то, чем может гордиться молодая русская музыка. Они идут все вперед, они исполнены музыкальной мыслью и будущим. Но культура и серьезность впол-не отделяет названных композиторов от беспочвенного оригиналь-ничанья. Есть параллель между завоеваниями в области литера-турной формы и развитием молодой русской музыки. Истинным художникам литературы соответствуют серьезные таланты в му-зыке. Имена Брюсова, Мережковского, Врубеля соединимы с име-нами Метнера и Скрябина. Метнер и Скрябин вполне противо-положны. Если допускать сравнения, эта противоположность ана-логична несоизмеримости безукоризненного мужественного стиха Брюсова с неверно-женственной, певучей строчкой Балмонта. (Belyj 1906: 105)

This text may be considered a product of Belyj’s discussions with Ėmilij Metner, who surely had urged the poet to write about Nikolaj in his place. Rachmaninov is considered a second rank composer, Skrjabin and N. Metner first rate, equal to the most illustrious Russian poets and artists, and torchbearers of Russia’s musical future, though heading in completely different directions. Being responsible for the music section of the luxury bilingual arts journal Zolotoe runo/La Toison d’or, and later as an editor of the periodical Trudy i dni, the fruit of his own publishing house “Musaget”, Ėmilij Metner tried to include articles devoted to those three Moscovite com-posers. Magnus Ljunggren has seen a hidden agenda for doing so: “Medt-ner’s apparent strategy at first was to attempt to neutralize and dominate Ni-kolai’s two major rivals, Rakhmaninov and Skriabin” (Ljunggren 1994: 25). But if “domination” really would have been Metner’s main intention, he probably would not have asked both composers at different times to con-tribute with own articles: Skrjabin showed himself interested, but would not agree to contributing regularly (letter to Metner, 2/15 February 1906; Skrja-

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bin 2003: 407), and in the end nothing came of it; Rachmaninov declined to do so from the beginning, feeling incapable of writing about himself (letter to Metner, 1/14 January 1910; Rachmaninov 1980: 7). By this time, Metner even dreamt of printing whole collections of articles about Rachmaninov, Skrjabin, and his brother Nikolaj:

По возвращении в Москву Метнер настоял на том, чтобы журнал был отложен (под названием “Труды и дни” он начнет выходить с 1912 г.) и чтобы “Мусагет” открыл действия выпуском, во-первых, книг своих основателей – “Символизма” Белого, “Русских символистов” Эллиса и “Модернизма и музыки” Метнера, во-вторых, серии сборников статей о творчестве Н. К. Метнера, А. Н. Скрябина, С. В. Рахманинова и, в-третьих, русского издания международного философского журнала “Логос”. Книги Белого и Эллиса, хотя и не стали “мусагетским” дебютом, увидели свет в 1910 г., Метнера – только в 1912 г., а проект сборников реализован не был – как писал Метнер, “вследствие лени и бездарности музык. критиков”. (Bezrodnyj 2004)

Thus, Metner’s ambiguous feelings for Rachmaninov and Skrjabin were surely not only provoked by strategical reasons, as if keeping the pro-motion of his brother’s music always in mind. There were many more and different reasons for criticising Rachmaninov and Skrjabin, while at the same time honestly admiring their genius. Here, we will focus on one aspect only: how aesthetical ideas of performing and virtuosity interacted and/or con-trasted with aesthetical ideas of composition, style, and ethical content in Metner’s thinking. This is demonstrated with regard to two central figures in his writings: Rachmaninov and Liszt. Finally, the background of Metner’s ambivalent attitude towards virtuosity and performance will be illuminated, revolving around theories of culture, nation and race. 2. “Sozdatel’ russkogo tipa ispolnitelja”: Rachmaninov In the very first issue of Zolotoe runo, Ėmilij Metner wrote critically about Rachmaninov’s two new operas, Francesca da Rimini and Skupoj rycar’ (The Covetous Knight), which had been premiered recently at the Bolshoi Theater: Metner declared that the composer had been spoiled by too much veneration at the beginning of his career (Vol’fing 1906). He repeated his criticism of Rachmaninov’s music after hearing the Moscow premiere of his Second Symphony on 2/15 February 1908. It is revealing that Metner’s review of this concert appeared in Zolotoe runo under the heading “Rachmaninov, kak ispolnitel’”; from the beginning, the intention of degrading the composer in favour of the pianist and conductor is evident: “Рискуя навлечь на себя гнев

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почитателей Рахманинова, надо признать, что как пианист и дирижер он значительнее, нежели как композитор” (Vol’fing 1908a: 75). Understandably, Rachmaninov was not amused by such fundamental criticism (and surely not by what Andrej Belyj had written about him in the above cited review of N. Metner’s Goethe songs). We may assume that he avoided contact with the Metner family not only because of his dislike of in-tellectual conversation, as has often been stated, but more concretely because of feeling directly and repeatedly humiliated as a composer. To Mariėtta Šaginjan, with whom he exchanged his most private thoughts, Rachmaninov wrote:

Написав Э. Метнеру короткую благодарность за присылку его книги, я поступил правильно. Тогда я только что книгу получил и не успел прочесть ее. Теперь же, прочитав ее, также не могу ничего прибавить. Мне книга не нравится. Из-под каждой почти строчки мерещится мне бритое лицо г. Метнера, котор[ый] как будто говорит: “все эти пустяки, что тут про музыку сказано, и не в том тут дело. Главное на меня посмотрите и подивитесь, какой я ‘умный’![”] И правда! Э. Метнер умный человек. Но об этом я предпочел бы узнать из его биографии (которая и будет, вероятно, в скором времени обнародована), а не из книги о “Музыке”, ничего общего с ним не имеющей. (Rachmaninov 1980: 57)

Not even in this private letter to his intimate friend Šaginjan does Rach-maninov allude to any other objection towards Modernizm i muzyka than the author’s pretentiousness. There is no indication that he felt uneasy about Metner’s anti-Semite diatribes. Šaginjan however took offence to Metner’s degrading of all Asiatic (i.e. not only Jewish) elements in Russian culture, since she herself was of Armenian origin (cf. Ljunggren 1994: 52-53, 57-58, 61). When she published her collection of poems Orientalia in 1913, it seems she had intended a direct response to Metner’s cultural worldview and mu-sical predilections: She included in the book a printed dedication to Rach-maninov (“Дарю эту книгу Сергею Васильевичу Рахманинову”) and ex-plained in a preface to the reader: “Ориентализм собранных здесь стихов – не предумышлен: он объясняется и оправдывается расовой осознан-ностью автора. Нахичевань. 24 августа 1912” (cit. after Rachmaninov 1980: 395). Šaginjan’s later recollections show that she would never tolerate the racist spirit of Metner’s book, though she shared the concepts of “racial con-sciousness” and of connecting race and artistic output, concepts she had made use of, obviously under Ėmilij Metner’s influence, in her “musical-psy-chological study” about Rachmaninov in 1912 (see Ljunggren 1994: 57-58). Rachmaninov, in contrast, changed his mind in later times. Re-reading Mo-dernizm i muzyka in early 1932, at a time when he and Nikolaj Metner had

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become very close friends as Russian émigré composers of similar con-servative stance, he told Ėmilij Metner it had given him “большое удоволь-ствие” (as quoted in Metner’s response to Rachmaninov, 12 February 1932; Rachmaninov 1980: 536). Rachmaninov not only thought about reprinting or translating the book to help its distribution. He even alluded sympathetically to Metner’s anti-Semitism when comparing the rarity of this book with that of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion:

Жалею, что эта книга не распространяется, не переведена, зате-рялась и является чуть ли не библиографической редкостью, что достать ее так же трудно, как [...] Сионские протоколы. Сравнение это мной сделано не случайно. (Letter to Metner, 23 January 1932; Rachmaninov 1980: 322)

If we take this together with the caricature of the Jewish money-lender in Rachmaninov’s opera Skupoj rycar’, frankly playing with pseudo-oriental scales for portraying Jewish villainy (a caricature which, besides, had been praised enthusiastically by Moscow’s chief music authority Sergej Taneev), it becomes all too evident that Rachmaninov shared, if not Ėmilij Metner’s furious racism and paranoid anti-Semitism, so at least the dislike of Jews which was widespread among the Russian intelligentsia. Metner might have known this, otherwise it is hardly understandable why he would send Rach-maninov a copy of Modernizm i muzyka. In any case, Metner admired bound-lessly Rachmaninov’s stature as a performing artist. He saw in him the one and only Russian conductor who was challenging the “German music strate-gists” (“c которым необходимо считаться германским музыкальным стратегам”; Vol’fing 1912a: 76). Of course, his technical mastery as a pia-nist seemed flawless, but this alone could not distinguish him from all other living virtuosos, though many of them would take refuge in tricks and camouflage; the real distinction was not in technique, but in the character of Rachmaninov’s playing – it was powerful, even despotic, plain and honest, steely, strict and manly:

Исполнение Рахманинова (играет ли он или дирижирует) прежде всего властно; он способен увлечь за собою против воли кого угодно и убедить до конца в чем угодно (хотя бы в том, что его прелюдия g-mol[l] написана не им, а гением, равным Бетховену); затем, все в его исполнении – технически безупречно, прозрачно и четко; [...] не надо, как многим другим виртуозам, “пускать пыль в глаза”; отсюда благородная простота и искренность; но искрен-ность эта чужда расслабляющей сантиментальности, которая не лежит в мужественном характере артиста; это мужество чарует и в “меланхолических” моментах, сурово сдержанных, но в особен-ности в моментах “холерических” полных сокрушающей стреми-

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тельности, в которой чувствуется деспотическое и неразложимое свое, что хочется назвать рахманиновским; и над всеми моментами царит стальной ритм почти слишком строгий для славянина; по-разительна также и неуклонная постепенность динамических на-растаний, при чем как из оркестра, так и из рояли этот артист вы-матывает звучность, почти беспримерную по силе; во всяком слу-чае можно сказать, не преувеличивая, что такой абсолютной силы звука, живого, сочного содержательного нет в настоящий момент ни у одного из современных пианистов. (Vol’fing 1908a: 76)

Pointing to sentimentality and (rhythmic) instability, Metner alludes to Slavonic character deficiencies; in a footnote, he explains that the “melan-cholic” moments in Rachmaninov’s music are his own, whereas the “cho-leric” moments are indebted to Wagner and “Germanism” in general. In an addendum in Modernizm i muzyka, Rachmaninov’s closeness to “muzykal’-nyj germanizm” is compared to that of Mendelssohn (Vol’fing 1912a: 408), so essentially Metner considered his music not “Germanic”, but Slavic (and Mendelssohn’s – Jewish). Though Rachmaninov’s works still contained Sla-vonic shortcomings, his performing style was absolutely opposed to them: it was the embodiment of Metner’s Germanic music ideals of overwhelming power and strictness. Rachmaninov seemed the ideal musician to bring Ger-man “qualities” (i.e. despotic power combined with strictness and spiritual depth, as represented by Weingartner or Nikisch) onto Russia’s concert stages. With this vision of a new musical Übermensch representing Russia’s bright future in the field of performance, Metner ends his article, finally quoting a line from Lermontov’s poem “Net, ja ne Bajron...”:

Таков Рахманинов, как замечательный русский виртуоз, быть может создатель русского типа исполнителя. Это – настоящий ку-десник звуков с сверхчеловеческими, как у Листа, руками, с такою же, как у Листа, демоническою энергией, “но только с русскою душой”… (Vol’fing 1908a: 76)

Some months after this article, Metner would begin to elaborate on the global decay of contemporary performing culture as perceived by him, blaming the Jews (see 4. below). Delving into Rachmaninov’s predecessor as demonic virtuoso, Metner dedicated a long article to Liszt in 1912, published in the first issue of Trudy i dni and again in Modernizm i muzyka. 3. “Klingsor von Ungarland”: Liszt In Belyj’s memoirs, Metner is cited talking about Liszt; since at the begin-ning Belyj is quoting literally the first sentence of Metner’s article ‘List’

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(1912b), we may assume that the following quotation is the product of re-combining reminiscences from different times, written and oral:

Никому и в голову не может прийти подвергать сомнениям гений Листа… Но – мелодии – недостает… Но – фривольность… Но мненье о Листе такого, как Шуман… Но – пошлость… Лист зву-ком стучит в запертую дверь дара; он, как Мефистофель, затас-кивает всю немецкую музыку – в ад: спекулянт Рихард Штраус его порожденье; ему удался Мефистофель, не Фауст, в симфонии “Фауст”; религиозное-де вдохновение? Полноте, – старчество: дряблый аббат лишь из кожи лез, чтоб обуздать в себе ухаря; ведь “рапсодии” – ухарство только. (Belyj 1990b: 214)

Unlike Rachmaninov, Liszt is considered by Metner first and foremost a composer. But his music is accused of many faults: banality, immorality (eroticism), pseudo-religiosity, daredevil virtuosity (the Hungarian Rhap-sodies); his influence as head of the New German School on the younger generation (Strauss) is considered fatal, pushing German music as a whole into the abyss. The one sign of real genius is Liszt’s portrayal of Me-phistopheles in the Faust-Symphonie. Yet even when reproaching Liszt for banality (пошлость), Metner singles him out from the anonymous mass of other composers; Liszt’s banality belongs, according to Metner, to the artistic bohème, and in his experimental attitude towards composition, Liszt has even made a structural element out of it:

Есть двоякого рода пошлость: обыкновенная серая обывательская и блестящая позолоченная пошлость успешно действующей боге-мы; первая мало опасна; [...] другое дело – пошлость второго рода: от ее всюду проникающей все разъедающей ослепительной пыли невозможно уберечься; что за густой слой ее окутывает даже такую исключительную личность, как Франц Лист, пробиваясь в самую глубь, в лабораторию его творчества (напр., Роберт Диавол и другие транскрипции модных в то время опер), делаясь непременным составным элементом его продуктов! (Vol’fing 1908b: 77-78)

In naming one of Liszt’s famous operatic paraphrases, Ėmilij Metner may have had in mind that his brother Nikolaj as a student once had played Liszt’s Rigoletto paraphrase, at the conservatory’s “ученический вечер” of 7 March 1895 (cf. Flamm 1995: 573). Though Nikolaj would never again come back to such showpieces, he sporadically played Liszt’s etudes (Ab irato, Feux follets, Gnomenreigen) and the first Valse oubliée in concert. It seems that in these few pieces, Nikolaj deemed poetic content and musical sub-stance sufficient to accept the display of digital bravura. In Ėmilij’s article on

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Liszt, the technical feature of pianistic virtuosity is connected to moral aspects, aesthetical criteria are transformed into ethical criteria. The danger of such bohème was its threat to real culture, above all German culture, which was diagnosed by Metner with invasion and dissolution:

Но так или иначе с Листом вошло в немецкую музыку многое, дотоле ей чуждое. Интернационализм, богема, экзотика, цыганст-венность, риторика, эротизм и, наконец, просто пошлость... [...] Как все полудионисические полусократические натуры, Лист чув-ствовал и владел только крайностями окраин той области, в ко-торой творил. В музыке таковыми являются, по одну сторону аффект, по другую – математизм. И музыкальная пошлость Листа есть аффект пошлости, фиксированный и формулированный музы-кальным математизмом, как безучастным соучастником. Отсюда у Листа многое и не только пошлость звучит аффектировано. “Лист вдохновенно карикатурит”, сказал однажды Шуман […]. Аффек-тация, карикатурность суть неизбежное следствие листовского ду-ховного и душевного склада; отсюда эротическое, как аффектация и карикатура эроса, и экзотическое, как аффектация и карикатура расы. (Vol’fing 1912a: 296-297)

In a footnote, Metner elaborates on the aspect of eroticism in Liszt’s music:

С гениальным остроумием выразился однажды о Листе Ницше: Liszt: oder Schule der Geläufigkeit nach Weibern […]. Geläufigkeit – математизм; Weiber – аффект. Характер чувственности Листа (как она проявилась в его музыке) совсем иной, нежели у других не менее, чем он, страстных натур, например, у Гёте, Бетховена или Вагнера. В Листе преобладает libido, и он первый внес в музыке голое сладострастие, отвлеченное от сопутствующих моментов, его оправдывающих, очищающих, свободное от эстетических и этических рефлексий. (297)

The subject of eroticism and sexuality in Ėmilij Metner’s life and works cannot be treated here; Magnus Ljunggren’s monograph (Ljunggren 1994) reveals how deeply and complex these topics were hiding behind most of his doings. For our purpose, it may suffice to note that Metner sees affectation (rhetoric, the opposite of Rachmaninov’s simple sincerity) as the main character of Liszt’s works, i.e. another token of immorality, and con-nects this to sociological (bohème, gypsies) facts. Once again, there reigns a strong xenophobic atmosphere in this text, leading ultimately to racist theo-ries (any exotic ethnos considered only the caricature of a race). All criticism notwithstanding, Metner was enthusiastic about the one work where Liszt’s aesthetical profile did make perfect sense: the Mephisto-

Ė. Metner аs Music Critic 623

pheles movement of the Faust-Symphonie. Liszt’s strategy of distorting the themes of Faust, i.e. of rendering Mephisto as a caricature of Faust via thematic transformation, was a stroke of genius. There is an astonishing do-cument revealing how deeply Metner was affected by a performance of Liszt’s Faust-Symphonie. It is a sketchy letter to his brother Nikolaj, probably written immediately after the performance, maybe even in the concert build-ing, on the empty margins of the programme booklet, partially illegible:

Дорогой Коля! […] Я в страшном восторге от Листа: положи<тельно> исполне-ние было несмотря на две репетиции хорошее очень стремитель-ное Байдлер1 не даром зять Вагнера пра-зять Листа. Мы слышали это только от Кеса;2 было неудачно. По-моему, это может быть выше чем Данте.3 Какие большие и смелые мысли были у Листа. И все свеже звучит точно написано вчера, а не полстолетия назад. Это не то, что Чайковский так ужасно быстро отцветший; кстати сказать, Чайковский особенно много позаимствовал именно от Фауста. Мне пришлось часто вспоминать и VI симфонию и Ромео и Евгения и Пиковую.4 – Кроме Чайковского я часто вспоминал другого русского художника: Врубеля. Его Фауст и Маргарита5 имеют то общее, что и здесь и там исполинский замысел и здесь и там некоторая [нрзб.: транскопировка?] Гёте. Конечно гетевского и германского все-таки больше осталось у Листа. Сходство усили-вается тем, что у Листа и у Врубеля Мефистофеля нет и в то же время он тут. У Врубеля его надо искать, у Листа его темы только [нрзб.] темы Фауста. Ты вполне в праве будешь так же поступить; главная тема Мефистофеля должна быть исконней Фаустовой темы. Но по твоему богатству ты можешь иметь для Мефистофеля несколько тем (его действий, его шуток, его [нрзб.] и т. п.). Но его слабее Alles Vergängliche, но замечательно художественно подго-товлено и паузировано вступление этой темы, так что она ка-жется значительнее, чем есть на самом деле, если бы ее прямо без приготовления сыграть. Но Chorus mysticus можешь написать только ты один. Смотри, не обмани! и дай бог мне дожить до этого момента, когда будет совершено настоящее заключение герман-ского творчества; пусть потом все гибнет в этом ужасном смеше-нии языков в этом этнографическом хаосе кот<орый> называет Европой (+ Россией). Парсифаль – конечно, Парсифаль, но не Фауст; Парсифаль последнее великое германское творение (или предпоследнее, если считать Заратустру Ницше). Но и Парсифаль и Заратустра не завершения, т. к. первый создан в [нрзб.: уте-шение?]; второй как удочка для склонения на свою чисто инди-видуальную линию. Завершение – Фауст в музыке; Германия (гер-манская) кончается. (Metner 1909)

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This is, of course, much more than a simple comment on Liszt’s symphony; it is another programme: that of transplanting German culture to Russia, and thus rescue the latter from doom. What Ėmilij Metner expected his brother to do, was nothing less than setting Faust, i.e. the main character of Goethe’s drama, considered the supreme achievement of German culture, into music, since Liszt had only, if ingeniously, set to music Mephistopheles. Transforming Goethe’s Übermensch into music would have been the reali-zation of Ėmilij’s dream of modern Russian culture fertilised by classical German culture. Nikolaj’s final chorus mysticus would have represented the continuation of a culture which had perished in Germany itself after Wag-ner’s death, and thus ensured Russian culture the hegemony above all other cultures. At the same time, for Ėmilij Metner, Faust in music would have been the endpoint of cultural development in general, an achievement beyond which no further perfection seemed imaginable. On the margins of an in-conspicuous programme booklet, Metner sketched a sort of Götterdäm-merung of occidental culture – to be catalysed by his own brother. Writing his Liszt essay in 1912, the experience of the Faust-Symphonie of 1909 was still present in Metner. He repeats most of the spontaneous ideas written on the programme booklet, e.g. comparing Liszt to Vrubel’ who “временами невольно приходит на память при слушании Faustsympho-nie” (Vol’fing 1912a: 307). Metner acknowledges Liszt’s mastery throughout the whole symphony, “но творчески-органичен, верен себе до конца, целостен и неподражаем Лист только в Мефистофеле” (307). His com-parison of Liszt and Wagner is, of course, much to Liszt’s disadvantage. In a strange way, in Metner’s eyes Liszt combined aesthetically and ethically destructive tendencies with ingeniousness and power, the frivolity and superficiality of the international bohème with the dignity and depth of German classical culture – Metner was attracted and repelled at once. Liszt was a sorcerer, a demonic figure to him:

Лист – артист – жуткий колдун в сутане аббата; это – Клингсор, Klingsor von Ungarland, среди великих германских композиторов; он приехал из Венгрии в сердце Германии в Тюрингию, чтобы освежить и закрепить художественные черты своей расы, начав-шие потухать за время пребывания его рода в стране мадьяр. (Vol’fing 1912a: 302)

Evidently, such powerful demonic figures held a special fascination for Metner. Calling Liszt Klingsor, horror seems to prevail; yet calling him Mephistopheles, Metner definitively unmasks a deep fascination up to the point of self-identification, since Mephisto may be denoted his Alter Ego (Ljunggren 1994). Metner’s remarks about international bohème, gypsies, exotism, and Liszt’s race reveal a racist worldview, adopted mainly from

Ė. Metner аs Music Critic 625

Wagner and H.St. Chamberlain, a worldview he developed further and ap-plied to contemporary musical life. 4. Beyond Music: Culture and Race Evidently, Metner’s music criticism was based primarily not on aesthetical criteria, but on ethical dimensions deduced from aesthetical implications. Despite some efforts to enter into music theory, Metner regarded music neither as sounding structures nor as an outlet for emotions, it stood for something else. In this respect, he reflected common romantic and symbolist attitudes towards music. Yet in putting music at the top of the arts, he went further than most of his colleagues and contemporaries: According to Metner, music was the innermost centre, the essence of Western culture, its progress or decline reflecting and even defining cultural development of nations in general. This may be deduced in nuce from the following letter to Rachma-ninov, in which Metner laments that his book Modernizm i muzyka was no longer read by nobody:

Мариэтта писала мне из Москвы в Цюрих, что Вольфинга цити-руют даже не музыканты: contra germanismum, так как я пророчу упадок германской культуры вследствие измены самому централь-ному ее пункту, именно музыке от Баха до Вагнера. (Letter to Rachmaninov, 30 April 1932; Rachmaninov 1980: 538)

Symptomatically, Metner is not speaking of a cultural epoch, of cultural periods defined by political or sociological circumstances: culture was defined exclusively by single geniuses like Bach, Beethoven, or Wagner. He was not alone, at least among the Symbolists united in Trudy i dni, in seeing culture as the product only of genius:

Имена, на которые опирались теоретики “Трудов и дней”, обосно- вывая свои представления о символизме, возникали с разной частотой и в различных сочетаниях, но все они неизменно выводили за рамки символизма как исторически сформиро- вавшегося литературного направления. Гомер, Данте, Шекспир, Тютчев, Гоголь, Ницше, Вагнер служили утверждению надысто- рической концепции символизма как некого сверхискусства, опирающегося на величайшие художественные достижения человечества. (Lavrov 1984)

But Metner was more or less unique among his “Musaget” fellows in choosing music, not literature, as the medium and expression of the highest cultural achievements (Andrej Belyj distanced himself from such assump-

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tions by writing his article ‘Protiv muzyki’ in 1907). In a letter to Belyj, Metner once defined culture like this: “Что такое культура? Материально культура заключает и объединяет в себе искусство и мировоззрение; формально – культура есть власть гениального, художественного и религиозного творчества над жизнью народа” (cit. after Nefed’ev 2009: 202). Since music was for Metner the essence and the driving force of culture, it had to encompass artistic mastery, religious or spiritual dimensions, a worldview, it was restricted to geniuses, and its function was to dominate whole nations, as if substituting political leaders. Furthermore, Metner saw artists – and national culture – as causally determined by race. Real, ingenious culture was reserved to the “Aryan” races, thus excluding categorically Asian peoples, and especially Jews. Metner’s contribution to anti-Semitism was enhancing and expanding the existing stereotypes with special reference to contemporary music culture. The most explicit anti-Semitic passages are to be found in his article series ‘Ėstrada’, reproduced in Modernizm i muzyka, and in the explanatory addendum to it, ‘Judaizm’ (Vol’fing 1912a: 87-122 and 382-400). It is not possible here to enter deeper into Metner’s anti-Semitism, though this aspect is central to his writings and thinking and would definitively deserve a special study. What is important in this context is Metner’s diagnosis of the harmful Jewish influences on musical life, represented by critics, impresarios, and above all by virtuoso musicians and Wunderkinder, as well as his idea of collecting opposing forces in Russia, inspired by the great classical German culture, and disregard of the downfall of present-day German music culture, where Reger, Strauss and other modernist trends had destroyed the once supreme glory and purity from Bach to Wagner. Since Russia’s music culture had not yet evolved to such supreme qua-lities, the fundamental correcting and healing influence had to come from classical German culture – a combination of philosophy, literature, political leadership, religious (protestant) attitude and above all: music. Speaking about the preconditions for receiving money from his German friend Hedwig Friedrich for financing the publishing house “Musaget”, he wrote to Belyj: “Единственное условие, поставленное нам издателями, это братское от-ношение к немцам и к их культуре, что не должно, конечно, значить: германизация русской культуры, но: тесная связь обеих культур” (cit. after Bezrodnyj 1999: 165) But it was clear from the beginning that in this “связь”, Germany would play the giving, and Russia the receiving part.

По Метнеру, именно германская культура в вершинных своих про-явлениях представляла собою идеальный синтез искусства, науки и религии, наследующий древнегреческому синкретизму [...] и подлежащий усвоению русской культурой, находящейся в стадии становления. Ревнуя о “тесной связи обеих культур”, Метнер куль-

Ė. Metner аs Music Critic 627

тивировал ощущение опасности, исходящей от общего для немцев и русских “врага” – евреев, и проповедовал “открытую культур-ную борьбу с вторжением чуждых элементов юдаизма в европей-ские, особенно германославянские идеалы”. [...] в предисловии к “Вибелунгам” Метнер сообщал о признании современной этно-графией факта “ближайшего расового родства между чистыми “германцами” и чистыми “славянами” и заявлял о своем при-страстии к “саксонскому” (т. е. типичному славо-германскому) ис-кусству. (Bezrodnyj 2004)

Identifying the common enemy of Russia and Germany as the Jews, Metner relied on modern authorities such as Chamberlain; but in Modernizm i muzyka, he perfidiously quotes as well a paragraph from Georg Hecht, prominent Zionist author of Der neue Jude (Leipzig 1911), where Hecht denies Jews their own autonomous music, despite of Rubinstein and Gold-mark, since they do not have a homeland where dances and songs might de-velop to own musical roots (Vol’fing 1912a: 398-399). It is frustrating to read Metner’s seemingly endless diatribes on Jews: the commercial nature of Jewish cultural activities, the empty virtuosity of Jewish musicians, both aspects combined in the display of Jewish Wunderkinder like the young Ja-scha Heifetz (who was, to Metner’s dismay, unanimously praised both by Berlin and by Moscow critics), his sophistic attempts to release himself from the (obvious) accusation of being anti-Semitic, his pseudo-scientific approach towards race and culture, the long row of basically anti-Semitic quotes from Goethe, Wagner, Kant and others which are used to support his own ideas, etc.

Обращаясь к музыке, я должен еще раз настойчиво подчеркнуть два обстоятельства: первое, это – связь музыки с расой, и притом связь, настолько очевидная, что onus probandi лежит не на тех, кто утверждает эту связь, а на тех, кто ее отрицает; второе обстоя-тельство заключается в том, что ни пропасть в глазах одних, ни от-сутствие таковой в глазах других между немецкой музыкой и еврейскими виртуозами вовсе не решают вопроса о силе, глубине и широте музыкального юдаизма, пока последний, окончательно обособившись, в лице чистокровных своих представителей не даст ряда оригинальных композиторов [...]. (390-391)

Metner is asserting a special kinship, or rather blood relationship, be-tween Slavic and Germanic souls: “близость русской души (вообще сла-вянской) и германской гораздо большая, нежели та, что между славян-ской и романской или германской и романской” (cit. after Bezrodnyj 2004) – implying at the same time racial affinity, i.e. Aryanism. Bordering on the ethnologically absurd, he identifies the people of the alleged fringe area

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of German and Slavic worlds, Saxony (surely because Wagner stemmed from Saxony and because of his close relations to Dresden and Pillnitz where his friend and sponsor Hedwig Friedrich lived), as ideal ethnic combination – in other words, he sees himself as the ideal personification of his own German-Russian visions. It would be senseless to discuss the scientific validity, not to speak of the moral worth, of all these theories – they are wishful thinking, a projection of own predilections and idiosyncrasies. Interestingly, this facet of Russian (music) culture has been overlooked almost completely, at least in music historiography. The Francophile ele-ments of Russia’s Silver Age and the many ties between French and Russian artists who both tried to emancipate from the suffocating dominance of German classical music – not least Djagilev’s export of almost exclusively St Petersburg composers to the West – have modelled our picture of Russian fin de siècle and pre-war (music) culture as pre-eminently folkloristic and orient-ed towards France; but this picture is incomplete and distorted. There has been a very strong orientation towards German culture as well, especially among Moscovites, an aesthetical as well as philosophical current pressed ahead by Wagnerism (cf. Bartlett 1995), but ultimately leading to dreams of Russia’s future leadership, based on the reception, continuation and advance-ment of the loftiest elements of the German cultural past, taming the Tiut-chevian “chaos” of the Russian soul. It was a counteraction both towards Francophile and towards Eurasianist tendencies which, in the end, came out on top of Russian culture, at least as perceived in the West. That this dream was deeply racist and conservative to the point of reaction has hindered its broader perception in cultural histories; nevertheless it has been a major force in Russia’s intellectual spheres, and its real dimensions, influences, filiations and ties remain to be investigated, especially in the field of music history. Without any doubt, its centre was Ėmilij Metner. NOTES 1 Franz Beidler (1872-1930), Swiss conductor, married to Isolde Wagner,

daughter of Richard Wagner. 2 Willem Kes (1856-1934), Dutch conductor and composer. 3 Liszt’s A Symphony to the Divine Comedy of Dante, or simply Dante Sym-

phony. 4 Metner means Čajkovskij’s Sixth Symphony, the Overture-Fantasy Romeo and

Juliet, the operas Eugene Onegin and The Queen of Spades.

Ė. Metner аs Music Critic 629

5 Most probably Faust i Margarita v sadu, 1896, for the gothic cabinet of Alek-

sej V. Morozov’s flat in Moscow, lost. Two reproductions made by Vrubel’ himself have survived: a watercolour and a chromolithograph.

LITERATURE Bartlett, Rosamund 1995 Wagner and Russia. Cambridge. Belyj, Andrej 1906 ‘N. Metner. 9 pesen Gete dlja golosa i fortepiano. Soč. 6’. Zolotoe

runo, № 4, 105-107. 1990а Načalo veka. Ed. A.V. Lavrov. Moskva (Vospominanija 2). 1990b Meždu dvuch revoljucij. Ed. A.V. Lavrov. Moskva (Vospominanija

3). Bezrodnyj, Michail 1999 ‘Iz istorii russkogo germanofil’stva: izdatel’stvo “Musaget”’. Issle-

dovanija po istorii russkoj mysli. Ežegodnik za 1999 god. Moskva, 157-198.

2004 ‘Izdatel’stvo “Musaget”’. Knižnoe delo v Rossii XIX-načala XX v. Sbornik naučnych trudov. Sankt-Peterburg, vyp. 12, 40-56 (cited after online republication on http://musaget.narod.ru/musaget_bez-rodnyj.htm).

Chmyrova-Pruel’, I.B. 2013 ‘Serebrjanyj vek i Ėmilij Metner’. Studia Culturae, № 16, 319-326. Flamm, Christoph 1995 Der russische Komponist Nikolaj Metner. Studien und Materialien,

Berlin (Studia slavica musicologica 5). Lavrov, A.V. 1984 “Trudy i dni”. Russkaja literatura i žurnalistika načala XX veka

1905-1917: Buržuazno-liberal’nye i modernistskie izdanija. Mos-kva, 191-211.

Ljunggren, Magnus 1994 The Russian Mephisto. A Study of the Life and Work of Emilii

Medtner, Stockholm (Stockholm Studies in Russian Literature 27). 2009 ‘Ivan Il’in pišet Nikolaju Metneru’. Nikolaj Metner. Voprosy bio-

grafii i tvorčestva. Moskva, 134-144. Medtner, Emil Meister Nikisch. Zürich.

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Metner, Ėmilij 1909 Letter to Nikolaj Metner (pencil draft), on programme booklet of the

concert 15 February 1909 in the Berliner Philharmonie (Franz Beid-ler conducting Liszt’s Faust Symphony and orchestral excerpts from Wagner’s Parsifal). Moskva, Russkaja Gosudarstvennaja Biblio-teka, f. 167, kart. 24, ed. chr. 20 (this letter has been reproduced first in Flamm 1995: 250, with some misreadings).

Nefed’ev, Georgij V. 2009 ‘Žiznetvorčestvo Ėmilija Metnera. K mifologii russkogo simvo-

lizma’. Nikolaj Metner. Voprosy biografii i tvorčestva. Moskva, 200-208.

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