OT420/430/620/630 The Pentateuch - Queensland ...

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OT420/430/620/630

OT420/430/620/630

The Pentateuch

QUEENSLAND THEOLOGICAL COLLEGE

SEMESTER 1 2018

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INTRODUCTION TO CHRISTIAN ETHICS The Kingdom of God: Studies in Luke

THE PENTATEUCH

Important notice

While every care has been taken to ensure accuracy in the information given below, it is the

personal responsibility of each student to check the current ACT Handbook, copies of

which may be found in the Library or online at the ACT’s website: www.actheology.edu.au

It is very important that students plan their time carefully to ensure that reading and

especially assignments receive adequate attention and so as to prevent a bottleneck of work

at the end of the semester.

It is very important that all quoted material in assignments be properly footnoted and

acknowledged. The attention of students is drawn to the ACT’s Academic Misconduct

Policy, as well as ACT Late Penalties Policy and Extensions Policy, all of which are available

on the ACT’s website. Failure to comply with the standards required will incur penalties as

outlined in the relevant ACT Policies.

The attention of students is also drawn to the section in the current ACT Handbook, headed

“Guidelines for Essays in Coursework Units” (see also the QTC Student Handbook). All

essays and assignments should comply with these standards.

http://www.actheology.edu.au/

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OT420/430/620/630

Information about this unit

Unit description

This unit will introduce students to the theology and significant texts of the Pentateuch. Two-

thirds of the course (26 hours) will be devoted to the theology of the Pentateuch. The

remaining third (13 hours) will comprise exegesis of set texts from Genesis (and Exodus for

students in OT420 and OT620).

Learning Outcomes

OT420 Learning Outcomes

On completion of the unit, students will:

Know and understand

1. The contents and structure of the Pentateuch, with special reference to the selected

books

2. The themes and theological teaching of the Pentateuch

3. The major issues in contemporary study of the Pentateuch

4. The nature and methods of Old Testament exegesis

5. Selected chapters of the selected books

6. The relevance of the Pentateuch to contemporary ministry

In order to determine the meaning of the text of the Pentateuch, be able to:

1. Use sources such as biblical and theological dictionaries, commentaries and on-line

resources

2. Recognise literary form, genre and structure

3. Compare and contrast translations

4. Evaluate matters relating to authorship, date and purpose

5. Utilise the historical, religious, social and cultural contexts

6. Relate passages to their literary context

7. Establish the meaning of significant words and phrases

8. Trace inter-textual references and allusions

9. Discuss the main themes, arguments and theological teachings and

10. Exegete a selection of chapters from the selected books

Be in a position to:

1. Exegete the text of the Pentateuch for personal understanding and for use in ministry

contexts

2. Integrate perspectives from the Pentateuch into biblical interpretation and Christian

thinking

3. Apply the teaching of the Pentateuch to situations and issues in contemporary

Christianity and society

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THE PENTATEUCH



Know and understand:


books




5. Selected chapters of the Hebrew text of the Pentateuch


In order to determine the meaning of the Hebrew text of the Pentateuch, be able to:

1. Use sources such as lexicons, grammars, textual analyses, biblical and theological

dictionaries, commentaries and on-line resources

2. Evaluate textual variants and issues in the history of the text

3. Recognise literary form, genres and structure

4. Assess matters relating to authorship, date and purpose






10. Translate and exegete a selection of chapters from the Hebrew text of the Pentateuch


1. Exegete the Hebrew text of the Pentateuch for personal understanding and for use in

ministry contexts


thinking



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OT420/430/620/630

OT620 Learning outcomes




books




5. Selected chapters of the selected books


7. A selection of historic and contemporary interpretations of the Pentateuch

In order to determine the meaning of the text of the Pentateuch, be able to:

1. Use sources such as biblical and theological dictionaries, commentaries and on-line

resources

2. Recognise literary form, genre and structure

3. Recognise issues involved in translation, including text, and word issues

4. Evaluate matters relating to authorship, date and purpose






10. Exegete a selection of chapters from the selected books

11. Discuss interpretations of the Pentateuch


1. Exegete the text of the Pentateuch for personal understanding and for use in ministry

contexts


thinking



4. Evaluate interpretations of the Pentateuch

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THE PENTATEUCH





books




5. Selected chapters of the Hebrew text of the Pentateuch


7. A selection of historic and contemporary interpretations of the Pentateuch

In order to determine the meaning of the Hebrew text of the Pentateuch, be able to:

1. Use sources such as lexicons, grammars, textual analyses, biblical and theological

dictionaries, commentaries and on-line resources

2. Evaluate textual variants and issues in the history of the text

3. Recognise literary form, genres and structure

4. Assess matters relating to authorship, date and purpose





9. Discuss the main themes, arguments and theological teachings

10. Translate and exegete a selection of chapters from the Hebrew text of the Pentateuch

11. Discuss interpretations of the Pentateuch


1. Exegete the Hebrew text of the Pentateuch for personal understanding and for use in

ministry contexts


thinking



4. Evaluate interpretations of the Pentateuch

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OT420/430/620/630

How this Unit Contributes to the Course

The Pentateuch provides the building blocks not only for the theology of the Old

Testament, but of the whole Bible. It is here that key categories like covenant, atonement,

blessing and election are introduced and given shape. It is here that the narrative trajectory

which runs through all of Scripture is set. One could argue that unless one grasps the

message of the Pentateuch, then one is bound to misunderstand the message of the

gospel.

This unit, then, is a fundamental part of your course. It is designed to enable you to grapple

with both the details of the text and the grand themes which dominate the Pentateuch as a

literary work. The unit will endeavour to enable you to read the various genres contained in

Genesis-Deuteronomy sensitively, and to think through the implications of the theological

issues which it raises. This unit on the Pentateuch then, really is a core subject which will

shape or reshape the way in which you read the whole Bible, and articulate the message of

the gospel.

Pre-requisites and Co-requisites

Students enrolled in The Pentateuch should have successfully completed OT301/501.

Hebrew exegesis students (OT430/630) need to have successfully completed LA003A/B.

How this unit is organized & what we expect of you The unit is taught week by week right through the Semester for 13 weeks. There are two

lectures each week, which all students attend together, each of 50 minutes duration. Students

in OT420 and OT620 will also meet for a 50-minute lecture and discussion dealing with the

exegesis of English texts, while students in OT430 and 630 will meet at a different time for a

50-minute lecture including translation and discussion of the Hebrew text.

For both Hebrew and English students this unit will involve 3 hours per week of contact time.

This unit is worth 4 credit points towards your degree. At Bachelor level, a 4 cp unit is

considered to require a total time commitment of 6-8 hrs per week, and at MDiv level the

requirement is 7-9 hours.

Students are expected to attend all lectures, complete any set pre-reading and complete any

assessment tasks by the relevant due date. Please do be in touch as soon as you can if you

anticipate having any difficulties with your assessments or with meeting a due date.

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THE PENTATEUCH

Teaching staff

LECTURER AND UNIT CO-ORDINATOR

Dr Douglas Green will lecture in Weeks 1-6 and 8-10 of the unit and all the exegesis sections.

P 07 3062 6939

E [email protected]

Rev Dr Gary Millar will lecture in Weeks 7 and 11-13 of the unit.

P 07 3062 6939

E [email protected]

Other Key Contacts

Registrar’s office

Contact the Registrar’s office for any queries about which unit to enrol in next, if you wish to

change your enrolment, defer due to illness, family circumstances etc., or request an

extension for your assessment (criteria apply).

P 07 3062 6939, extension 2

E [email protected]

Moodle functions and queries

Contact the Registrar or the Assistant Registrar for help if something on Moodle is not

working, if you need help using Moodle etc.

P 07 3062 6939, extension 2

E [email protected]

Library/Resources

Contact the Librarian for help with finding resources for your assessment, finding full-text

database articles, for help with logging into the library databases and catalogue, and for help

with how to renew a book for longer or place a hold on a book currently out to another

person.

P 07 3062 6939, extension 3

E [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]





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OT420/430/620/630

Unit timetable: topics & teaching and learning activities

LECTURE TOPIC READING (see below) PASSAGES FOR EXEGESIS

WEEK 1 Creation and the Image

of God (DG)

Alexander chap. 7

Greenwood, ‘Cosmology’

Crouch, ‘Genesis 1:26–7’

English: Gen 1:1-13

Hebrew: Gen 1:1-5

WEEK 2 The Kingdom of God

(Genesis 1-2) (DG)

Alexander chap. 8

Dumbrell, ‘Genesis 2:1-17’

Beale, ‘Eden, the Temple’

Block, ‘Eden: A Temple?’

Waltke, ‘Kingdom of God’

McCartney, ‘Ecce Homo’

English: Gen 1:14-31

Hebrew: Gen 1:6-13

WEEK 3

The Fall and Its

Consequences

(including the Flood)

(DG)

Alexander chap 11 English: Gen 2 :1-14

Hebrew: Gen 1:14-23

WEEK 4

Seed: Does the

Pentateuch Have a

Messianic Hope? (DG)

Alexander chap. 9

Hamilton, ‘Skull Crushing

Seed’


Hebrew: Gen 1:24-31

WEEK 5 The Patriarchal

Narratives (DG)

Alexander chap. 10 English: Gen 3:1-13

Hebrew: Gen 2:1-14

WEEK 6

The Covenants (DG) Alexander chap. 12 English: Gen 3:14-24

Hebrew: Gen 2:15-25

WEEK 7 Land (GM) Brueggemann, Land, 1-25 English: Gen 4:1-16

Hebrew: Gen 3:1-13

HOLIDAYS AND MISSION

WEEK 8

The Exodus (DG) Alexander chaps. 13 and 14

Dempster, ‘Exodus and

Biblical Theology’


Hebrew: Gen 3:14-24

WEEK 9

Sacrifice and Holiness

(DG)

Alexander chaps. 17-19

Wenham, ‘Christ’s Healing

Ministry’


Hebrew: Gen 4:1-7; 12:1-3

WEEK 10 Israel and the Nations

(including Holy War)

(DG)

Alexander chap. 10

Wright, ‘OT and Christian

Mission’

Carrol, ‘Blessing the Nations’


Hebrew: Gen 15:1-11

WEEK 11 Law (GM) Alexander chaps. 15 and 16

Block, ‘Preaching OT Law’

Barton, ‘Law and Narrative’

English: Exod 14:1-14

Hebrew: Gen 15:12-21

WEEK 12 The Word of God (GM) Alexander chaps. 20-22 English: Exod 14:15-31

Hebrew: Gen 22:1-8

WEEK 13 Blessing and Curse (GM) Alexander chaps. 23 and 24 English: Exod 20:1-21

Hebrew: Gen 22:9-19

To encourage quality discussion, readings should be completed before each lecture topic is

covered in class. Note that the chapters in Alexander, From Paradise to the Promised Land,

refer to the 3rd edition.

Exegesis: In addition to the commentaries listed below, students in the Hebrew exegesis

section may wish to consult: Bandstra, Barry L. Genesis 1–11: A Handbook on the Hebrew Text.

Baylor Handbook on the Hebrew Bible. Waco: Baylor University Press, 2008.

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THE PENTATEUCH

OT420 (English Text) Assessments Assessments are submitted online via Moodle.

In order to pass the unit, you must submit all assessment pieces and attain a mark of at

least 50% for the unit as a whole.

Late submission of assessment, without prior permission, will be taken into account in

determining your mark.

Your essays must also be within 10% of the required word limit and your ability to meet this

requirement will also be taken into account in determining your mark. QTC seeks to prepare

you for ministry, and in ministry delivering presentations on time & within an acceptable

length are essential skills.

ASSESSMENT TASK DESCRIPTION

Essay

2500 words

45% of the final grade

Write a 2500-word essay on ONE of the following topics:

1. The challenge in interpreting Genesis 1 is less about deciding

whether the ‘days’ are literal or figurative, and more about

the question of its cosmology. Do you agree or disagree?

Does this chapter assume an ancient cosmology (e.g., a flat

earth, a solid dome holding back a celestial sea)? Or is its

cosmology consistent with a modern understanding of how

the universe functions? What implications does your answer

have for the interpretation of Genesis 1?

2. The Apostle Paul presents Abraham as a model of faith (e.g.,

Galatians 3), but it is arguable that Genesis itself paints a

more complex and ambiguous picture of the first patriarch,

namely, as a mixture of faith and doubt. Do you agree or

disagree with this assessment of the characterization of

Abraham in Genesis? Give reasons for your answer. Finally,

account for any differences between the characterization of

Abraham in Genesis and the way he is portrayed in the New

Testament.

3. Three English confessions of the 17th century – the

Westminster Confession of Faith (1646), the Savoy

Declaration (1658) and London Confession of Faith (1689) –

agree that Christians are required to obey the Ten

Commandments. For example, Section 19.5 in each

confession is identical:

The moral law [defined in Paragraph 2 as the Ten

Commandments] does forever bind all, as well justified

persons as others, to the obedience thereof; and that, not

only in regard of the matter contained in it, but also in

respect of the authority of God the Creator, who gave

it. Neither does Christ, in the Gospel, any way dissolve,

but much strengthen this obligation.

Provide arguments for and against this view of the

applicability of the Ten Commandments to Christians, with

particular focus on the issues raised by the Fourth

Commandment (Sabbath observance). Which approach do

you find most persuasive and why?

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OT420/430/620/630

4. In Exodus 25:8, The Lord says ‘Let them make me a sanctuary,

that I may dwell in their midst’. This statement expresses a

central theme of the Pentateuch: God’s presence with his

people. Trace the development of this theme throughout the

Pentateuch. In the final quarter of the essay, show how this

theme finds its climax in the Gospel of Jesus Christ.

5. What contribution does Deuteronomy 34 make to (a) the

debate over the authorship of the Pentateuch, and (b) the

theological message of the Pentateuch?

Exegesis Paper

3000 words total


Write ONE 3000-word Exegesis Paper on the English text of a

passage chosen from the following selection:

1. Genesis 39:1-23 (Joseph and Potiphar’s wife)

2. Exodus 33:12-23 (Moses intercedes for Israel)

3. Leviticus 25:1-22 (Sabbath Year and the Year of Jubilee)

4. Numbers 13:25-33 (the report of the spies)

5. Deuteronomy 14:22-29 (the law concerning tithes)

Note also the specific instructions concerning Christian

interpretation and application below (‘Guide to

Assessments: Exegesis Paper’).

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THE PENTATEUCH

OT430 (Hebrew Text) Assessments Assessments are submitted online via Moodle.








length are essential skills


Essay

2500 word essay



1. The challenge in interpreting Genesis 1 is less about deciding

whether the ‘days’ are literal or figurative, and more about

the question of its cosmology. Do you agree or disagree?

Does this chapter assume an ancient cosmology (e.g., a flat

earth, a solid dome holding back a celestial sea)? Or is its

cosmology consistent with a modern understanding of how

the universe functions? What implications does your answer

have for the interpretation of Genesis 1?

2. The Apostle Paul presents Abraham as a model of faith (e.g.,

Galatians 3), but it is arguable that Genesis itself paints a

more complex and ambiguous picture of the first patriarch,

namely, as a mixture of faith and doubt. Do you agree or

disagree with this assessment of the characterization of

Abraham in Genesis? Give reasons for your answer. Finally,

account for any differences between the characterization of

Abraham in Genesis and the way he is portrayed in the New

Testament.

3. Three English confessions of the 17th century – the

Westminster Confession of Faith (1646), the Savoy

Declaration (1658) and London Confession of Faith (1689) –

agree that Christians are required to obey the Ten

Commandments. For example, Section 19.5 in each

confession is identical:

The moral law [defined in Paragraph 2 as the Ten

Commandments] does forever bind all, as well justified

persons as others, to the obedience thereof; and that, not

only in regard of the matter contained in it, but also in

respect of the authority of God the Creator, who gave

it. Neither does Christ, in the Gospel, any way dissolve,

but much strengthen this obligation.

Provide arguments for and against this view of the

applicability of the Ten Commandments to Christians, with

particular focus on the issues raised by the Fourth

Commandment (Sabbath observance). Which approach do

you find most persuasive, and why?

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OT420/430/620/630

4. In Exodus 25:8, The Lord says ‘Let them make me a sanctuary,

that I may dwell in their midst’. This statement expresses a

central theme of the Pentateuch: God’s presence with his

people. Trace the development of this theme throughout the

Pentateuch. In the final quarter of the essay, show how this

theme finds its climax in the Gospel of Jesus Christ.

5. What contribution does Deuteronomy 34 make to (a) the

debate over the authorship of the Pentateuch, and (b) the

theological message of the Pentateuch?

Exegesis Paper

3000 words total

55% of final grade

Write ONE 3000-word Exegesis Paper on the Hebrew text of a

passage chosen from the following selection. You should

provide your own annotated translation of your chosen passage.

1. Genesis 32:23-33 (MT) (EV: 22-32) (Jacob wrestles with

God)

2. Exodus 3:13-22 (the revelation of the divine name)

3. Leviticus 26:1-13 (blessings for obedience)

4. Numbers 20:2-13 (Moses strikes the rock at Meribah)

5. Deuteronomy 30:1-6 (the end of exile)




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THE PENTATEUCH

OT620 (English Text) Assessments Assessments are submitted online via Moodle.










Essay

3000 word essay



1. On the question of whether Adam was the first human from

whom all subsequent humanity descended, Evangelical Old

Testament scholar John Walton writes:

… while the Bible could be read as suggesting that

Adam was the first human being, it is more debatable

whether it is making a scientific claim that would

controvert the possibility that modern humanity is

descended from a pool of common ancestors as

indicated by the genetic evidence. I would then

conclude that any contention that the Bible is making a

claim that Adam is the first human being or that all

humans are descended from him is debatable (John H.

Walton, The Lost World of Adam and Eve: Genesis 2–3

and the Human Origins Debate, 189)

Do you agree or disagree with Walton’s statement?

Summarize the different approaches to this question and

defend your own conclusions.

2. ‘The sin of the men of Sodom was not homosexuality but

heterosexual violence and/or a refusal to show hospitality’.

Argue for and against this statement from exegetical and

biblical-theological perspectives. Are there any other

interpretive options? Defend your own conclusions.

3. ‘Take your son, your only son Isaac, whom you love, and go

to the land of Moriah, and offer him there as a burnt offering

on one of the mountains of which I shall tell you’ (Gen. 22:2).

This command cannot be reconciled with what the Bible says

elsewhere about child sacrifice. Moreover, in recent years

some scholars have insisted that the story of the near-

sacrifice of Isaac encourages child abuse. Offer a response to

these concerns. Assume that you are giving your answer to a

non-Christian.

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OT420/430/620/630

4. What body of water did the Israelites pass through when

they made their exodus from Egypt – the Red Sea or the

Reed Sea? Does it matter? Why or why not? In particular

what is your assessment of James Hoffmeier’s argument that

Israel crossed el-Ballah Lake, which if it were still in existence,

would be to the north of today’s Suez Canal (Ancient Israel in

Sinai, 75-109)?

5. In explaining the rationale behind the Pentateuch’s

classification of animals as either clean or unclean, T.

Desmond Alexander writes,

‘A common factor among many of the unclean animals

is that they depend on the death of other creatures in

order to survive. A survey of animals that are declared

unclean reveals one feature that is common to most of

them: they eat meat. All the birds listed as unclean in

verses 13–19 [of Leviticus 11] are birds of prey; their

diet consists of the meat of other animals. The same is

true regarding the land animals; those designated

unclean have claws (e.g., cats and dogs), and such

animals are carnivorous. In marked contrast, cloven-

hoofed animals do not eat meat. This distinction

between carnivores and non-carnivores (or ruminants)

is emphasized by including the criterion of chewing the

cud. The idea that animals associated with death

should be viewed as unclean is in keeping with what

we have observed in chapter 17; in Leviticus, death and

uncleanness are generally linked, being the opposites

of life and holiness. By eating clean animals, the

Israelites distanced themselves from death, which was

perceived as the source of uncleanness’ (From Paradise

to the Promised Land: An Introduction to the

Pentateuch, 3rd ed., 261).

This is one among a number of explanations of the rationale

behind the clean/unclean distinction with respect to animals

(see Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14). Which proposal

makes the best sense of the data and why? And finally, what

relevance do these laws have for Christians?

Exegesis Paper

3600 words total


Write ONE 3600-word Exegesis Paper on the English text of a

passage chosen from the following selection:

1. Genesis 28:10-22 (Jacob’s dream at Bethel)

2. Exodus 34:29-35 (Moses’ shining face)

3. Leviticus 12:1-8 (purification after childbirth)

4. Numbers 17:1-12 (Aaron’s blossoming rod)

5. Deuteronomy 17:14-20 (the law of the king)


interpretation and application below (‘Guide to Assessments:

Exegesis Paper’).

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THE PENTATEUCH

OT630 (Hebrew Text) Assessments

Assessments are submitted online via Moodle.










Essay

3000 word essay



1. On the question of whether Adam was the first human from

whom all subsequent humanity descended, Evangelical Old

Testament scholar John Walton writes:

… while the Bible could be read as suggesting that

Adam was the first human being, it is more debatable

whether it is making a scientific claim that would

controvert the possibility that modern humanity is

descended from a pool of common ancestors as

indicated by the genetic evidence. I would then

conclude that any contention that the Bible is making a

claim that Adam is the first human being or that all

humans are descended from him is debatable (John H.

Walton, The Lost World of Adam and Eve: Genesis 2–3

and the Human Origins Debate, 189)

Do you agree or disagree with Walton’s statement?

Summarize the different approaches to this question and

defend your own conclusions.

2. ‘The sin of the men of Sodom was not homosexuality but

heterosexual violence and/or a refusal to show hospitality’.

Argue for and against this statement from exegetical and

biblical-theological perspectives. Are there any other

interpretive options? Defend your own conclusions.

3. ‘Take your son, your only son Isaac, whom you love, and go

to the land of Moriah, and offer him there as a burnt offering

on one of the mountains of which I shall tell you’ (Gen. 22:2).

This command cannot be reconciled with what the Bible says

elsewhere about child sacrifice. Moreover, in recent years

some scholars have insisted that the story of the near-

sacrifice of Isaac encourages child abuse. Offer a response to

these concerns. Assume that you are giving your answer to a

non-Christian.

4. What body of water did the Israelites pass through when

they made their exodus from Egypt – the Red Sea or the

Reed Sea? Does it matter? Why or why not? In particular

what is your assessment of James Hoffmeier’s argument that

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OT420/430/620/630

Israel crossed el-Ballah Lake, which if it were still in existence,

would be to the north of today’s Suez Canal (Ancient Israel in

Sinai, 75-109)?

5. In explaining the rationale behind the Pentateuch’s

classification of animals as either clean or unclean, T.

Desmond Alexander writes,

‘A common factor among many of the unclean animals

is that they depend on the death of other creatures in

order to survive. A survey of animals that are declared

unclean reveals one feature that is common to most of

them: they eat meat. All the birds listed as unclean in

verses 13–19 [of Leviticus 11] are birds of prey; their

diet consists of the meat of other animals. The same is

true regarding the land animals; those designated

unclean have claws (e.g., cats and dogs), and such

animals are carnivorous. In marked contrast, cloven-

hoofed animals do not eat meat. This distinction

between carnivores and non-carnivores (or ruminants)

is emphasized by including the criterion of chewing the

cud. The idea that animals associated with death

should be viewed as unclean is in keeping with what

we have observed in chapter 17; in Leviticus, death and

uncleanness are generally linked, being the opposites

of life and holiness. By eating clean animals, the

Israelites distanced themselves from death, which was

perceived as the source of uncleanness’ (From Paradise

to the Promised Land: An Introduction to the

Pentateuch, 3rd ed., 261).

This is one among a number of explanations of the rationale

behind the clean/unclean distinction with respect to animals

(see Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14). Which proposal

makes the best sense of the data and why? And finally, what

relevance do these laws have for Christians?

Exegesis Paper

3600 words total


Write ONE 3600-word Exegesis Paper on the Hebrew text of a

passage chosen from the following selection. You should

provide your own annotated translation of your chosen passage.

1. Genesis 6:1-4 (the sons of God and the daughters of men)

2. Exodus 4:21-26 (the bridegroom of blood)

3. Leviticus 16:20-26 (the scapegoat)

4. Numbers 25:1-13 (the incident at Baal-Peor)

5. Deuteronomy 6:4-5 (the Shema)

Don’t be deceived by the brevity of most of these passages. They

contain some significant exegetical challenges that will require

research and careful analysis.




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THE PENTATEUCH

Guide to Assessments General Remarks All students are expected to avail themselves of the guidelines for written assignments

provided in the ACT Handbook (consult the table of contents) and in the QTC Student

Handbook (beginning on page 31). Questions about assessments already covered in these

documents will not be treated as urgent, and failure to follow the provided guidelines may

significantly affect a student’s marks.

All written work for this course should conform to the guidelines of the SBL Handbook of Style

(with the exception of Australian spelling conventions).

All Hebrew and Greek cited must be typed in a Unicode font; SBL BibLit is commended as

one font covering Hebrew, Greek, and Roman Unicode ranges, but is not required. It is freely

available from the SBL website: http://sbl-site.org/educational/BiblicalFonts_SBLBibLit.aspx

Essay By grappling with one of the above essay topics, students are given the opportunity to

explore theological and ethical questions, together with exegetical and biblical-theological

issues, raised in the Pentateuch, and to do so in conversation with modern scholarship.

Students are expected to show thorough knowledge of the primary literature and engage

deeply and sympathetically with a broad range of secondary literature that bears on their

chosen topic.

Exegesis Paper Note: Students taking this unit on the Hebrew text (OT430 and OT630) must append an

annotated translation of each passage.

For this assessment, students must work closely with one chosen passage from the

Pentateuch, discussing the limits of the passage, structure, special issues of vocabulary and

syntax, text-critical issues as they bear on interpretation, with particular focus on its historical

and canonical context (i.e., its ancient Israelite context and its canonical location within the

Pentateuch).

Students are expected to show a thorough and detailed engagement of the details of the

text chosen for exegesis, with supporting engagement of secondary literature (especially on

disputed points of interpretation).

The appended bibliography provides a list of most of the academic commentaries held by

QTC’s library. Note that the commentaries that you should consult first are marked with an

asterisk. Most of these are in the conservative or moderately critical tradition. However, you

are strongly encouraged to go beyond this initial selection and refer to other commentaries

listed below. In addition to consulting the commentaries, you should also search the ATLA

and JSTOR databases and make use of any articles that might be relevant to your exegesis.

To that end, note the following:

1. Students in OT420 and 430: you are expected to interact with at least four academic

commentaries from the list below and at least two articles from journals or books other

than commentaries.

http://sbl-site.org/educational/BiblicalFonts_SBLBibLit.aspx

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OT420/430/620/630

2. Students in OT620 and 630: you are expected to interact with at least six academic

commentaries from the list below and at least three articles from journals or books

other than commentaries.

On the use of commentaries and scholarly articles and essays:

1. Do your own exegesis of the text before you consult the commentators.

2. Make judicious use of the commentaries and other second material. Do not slavishly

follow one or two commentators. Use their insights to support your exegesis. That said, if

you find that no commentator agrees with your interpretation, you might want to pause

and ask yourself some hard questions.

3. Be aware of the scholar’s theological and hermeneutical perspective but at the same time

be open to gaining fresh insights from those outside your own theological tradition.

4. Recognize the strengths and weaknesses of scholarly commentaries and articles. An

example of strengths: academic commentaries usually engage in a close and careful

reading of the text. But they have weaknesses as well. They might skirt around the very

exegetical issue you want them to address. Or, when you move towards Christian

interpretation and application of the text (see below), you will often find academic

commentaries and other scholarly discussions of your text less useful. Why? Modern

scholarship tends to focus on what a text meant in its original context and is usually less

interested in what it means today for Christian audiences. That is not necessarily a bad

thing, but it’s important to understand what each commentary is seeking to achieve.

Important instruction: While the primary focus of this assignment is on exegesis and

interpretation, note the following instructions carefully.

You should devote about 75-85% of the essay to grammatical-historical exegesis of your

chosen text, i.e., what it would have meant to its original audience. In the final 15-25% of the

essay you should engage in:

(a) Christian reinterpretation of the text, by asking, does the Gospel of Jesus Christ – the

story of his life, death, resurrection, exaltation, outpouring of the Spirit etc. – make any

difference to my interpretation of the text? In other words, you will reinterpret the text

from a ‘full-canonical’ and post-resurrection, or ‘Christotelic’, perspective.

(b) Christian application of the text: in the light of both your grammatical-historical and ‘full-

canonical’ interpretation suggest a brief application. You are free to choose the setting

and audience you are addressing, e.g., sermon, evangelistic message, Bible study, in the

context of the church, university, youth group etc.

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Learning Resources

Abbreviations (from the SBL Handbook of Style)

AB Anchor Bible

AOTC Abingdon Old Testament Commentaries

ApOTC Apollos Old Testament Commentary

ConcC Concordia Commentary

ECC Eerdmans Critical Commentary

IBC Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching

NIB The New Interpreter’s Bible. Edited by Leander E. Keck. Nashville: Abingdon

NAC New American Commentary

NCB New Century Bible

NIBCOT New International Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament

NICOT New International Commentary on the Old Testament

OTL Old Testament Library

SHBC Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary

TOTC Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries

WBC Word Biblical Commentary

Basic Course Textbook

Alexander, T. Desmond. From Paradise to Promised Land. 3rd ed. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2012.

Additional Required Reading

See ‘Unit Timetable’ above for reading schedule. You should read the following articles and

be prepared to discuss them in class:

Cosmology

Greenwood, Kyle. Scripture and Cosmology: Reading the Bible Between the Ancient World and

Modern Science. Downers Grove: Intervarsity, 2015, 71-102 (= chapter 3: ‘Cosmology in

Scripture’).

The Image of God

Crouch, C. L. ‘Genesis 1:26–7 as a Statement of Humanity’s Divine Parentage.’ Journal of

Theological Studies 61 (2010): 1-15.

Was the Garden of Eden a Sanctuary (i.e., a Prototype of the Temple)?

Dumbrell, William J. ‘Genesis 2:1-17: A Foreshadowing of the New Creation.’ Pages 53-65 in

Biblical Theology: Retrospect and Prospect. Edited by Scott J. Hafemann. Downers Grove, IL:

InterVarsity, 2002.

Beale, Gregory K. ‘Eden, the Temple, and the Church’s Mission in the New Creation.’ Journal

of the Evangelical Theological Society 48 (2005): 5-31.

Block, Daniel I. ‘Eden: A Temple? A Reassessment of the Biblical Evidence.’ Pages 3-32 in From

Creation to New Creation: Biblical Theology and Exegesis. Essays in Honor of G. K. Beale. Edited

by D. M. Gurtner and B. L. Gladd. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2013.

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The Kingdom of God

Waltke, Bruce. ‘The Kingdom of God in Biblical Theology.’ Pages 15-27 in Looking into the

Future: Evangelical Studies in Eschatology. Edited by David W. Baker. Grand Rapids: Baker,

2001.

McCartney, Dan G. ‘Ecce Homo: The Coming of the Kingdom as the Restoration of Human

Vicegerency.’ Westminster Theological Journal 56 (1994): 1-21.

A Messianic Hope?

Hamilton, James. ‘The Skull Crushing Seed of the Woman: Inner-Biblical Interpretation of

Genesis 3:15.’ The Southern Baptist Journal of Theology 10:2 (Sum 2006): 30-54.

http://equip.sbts.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/sbjt_102_sum06-hamilton.pdf

Israel and the Nations

Wright, Chris. ‘The Old Testament and Christian Mission.’ Evangel 14:2 (1996): 37-43.

Carrol R., M. Daniel. ‘Blessing the Nations: Toward a Biblical Theology of Mission from

Genesis.’ Bulletin for Biblical Research 10 (2000): 17-34.

The Land

Brueggemann, Walter. The Land: Place as Gift, Promise, and Challenge in Biblical Faith. 2nd ed.

Minneapolis: Fortress, 2002, 1-25 (= chapters 1 and 2).

Exodus and Biblical Theology

Dempster, Stephen G. ‘Exodus and Biblical Theology: On Moving into the Neighborhood with

a New Name.’ The Southern Baptist Journal of Theology 12 (Fall 2008): 4-23.

http://www.otgateway.com/articles/SBJT_2008Fall2.pdf

Holiness and the Gospel

Wenham, Gordon J. ‘Christ’s Healing Ministry and His Attitude to the Law.’ Pages 115-26 in

Christ the Lord: Studies in Christology Presented to Donald Guthrie. Edited by Harold H.

Rowdon. Leicester: Inter-Varsity, 1982.

The Law

Barton, John. ‘Law and Narrative in the Pentateuch.’ Communio Viatorum 51 (2009): 126-140.

Block, Daniel I. ‘Preaching Old Testament Law to New Testament Christians.’ Pages 104-36 in

The Gospel according to Moses: Theological and Ethical Reflections on the Book of

Deuteronomy. Eugene, OT: Cascade, 2012.

http://equip.sbts.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/sbjt_102_sum06-hamilton.pdf

http://www.otgateway.com/articles/SBJT_2008Fall2.pdf

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Selected other useful reference works

Relevant articles in:

Alexander, T. Desmond and David W. Baker, eds. The Dictionary of the Pentateuch. Downers

Grove: InterVarsity, 2003.

Willem A. VanGemeren, ed., New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and

Exegesis. Carlisle: Paternoster, 1997.

On the Theology of the Pentateuch

Briggs, Richard S., and Joel N. Lohr, eds. A Theological Introduction to the Pentateuch:

Interpreting the Torah as Christian Scripture. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2012.

Clines, David J. A. The Theme of the Pentateuch. 2nd ed. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press,

1997.

Sailhamer, John H. The Meaning of the Pentateuch: Revelation, Composition and Interpretation.

Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2009.

________. The Pentateuch as Narrative: A Biblical-Theological Commentary. Grand Rapids:

Zondervan, 1995.

Watts, James W. Reading Law: The Rhetorical Shaping of the Pentateuch. The Biblical Seminar

59. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999.

Commentaries and Other Relevant Studies

*Commentaries I recommend that you consult first are marked with an asterisk

Genesis

Commentaries:

Arnold, Bill T. Genesis. New Cambridge Commentary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

2009

Atkinson, David J. The Message of Genesis 1–11. The Bible Speaks Today 1. Leicester: Inter-

Varsity, 1990. DNH

Baldwin, Joyce G. The Message of Genesis 12–50. The Bible Speaks Today 2. Leicester: Inter-

Varsity, 1986.

Brueggemann, Walter. Genesis. IBC. Atlanta: John Knox, 1982.

Cassuto, Umberto. A Commentary on the Book of Genesis: Part 1: From Adam to Noah.

Genesis 1–6:8. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1961.

________. A Commentary on the Book of Genesis: Part 2: From Noah to Abraham. Genesis 6:9–

11:32. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1964.

Collins, C. John. Genesis 1–4: A Linguistic, Literary, and Theological Commentary. Phillipsburg,

NJ: P&R, 2006.

Cook, Joan. Genesis. New Collegeville Bible Commentary 2. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press,

2011.

Cotter, David W. Genesis. Berit Olam. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2003.

Currid, John D. A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 1: Genesis 1:1–25:18. Evangelical

Press Study Commentary. Darlington: Evangelical Press, 2003.

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________. A Study Commentary on Genesis, Volume 2: Genesis 25:19–50:26. Evangelical Press

Study Commentary. Darlington, Evangelical Press, 2003.

Fretheim, Terence. ‘The Book of Genesis.’ Pages 319-674 in NIB Volume 1. Nashville:

Abingdon, 1994.

Goldingay, John. Genesis for Everyone: Part I. Chapters 1–16. Louisville: Westminster John

Knox, 2010.

________. Genesis for Everyone: Part II. Chapters 17–50. Louisville: Westminster John Knox,

2010.

Gunkel, Hermann. Genesis. Mercer Library of Biblical Studies. Macon, GA: Mercer, 1997.

*Hamilton, Victor P. The Book of Genesis: Chapters 1-17. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,

1990.

*________. The Book of Genesis: Chapters 18-50. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995.

Hartley, John E. Genesis. NIBCOT 1. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2000. Repr., Grand Rapids:

Baker, 2008.

Kidner, Derek. Genesis. TOTC. Leicester: Inter-Varsity, 1967. Repr., Downers Grove, IL:

InterVarsity, 2008.

Kline, Meredith G. and Jonathan G Kline. Genesis: A New Commentary. Peabody, MA:

Hendrickson, 2016.

*Longman III, Tremper. Genesis. Story of God Bible Commentary 1. Grand Rapids: Zondervan,

2016.

*Mathews, Kenneth A. Genesis 1–11:26. NAC 1A. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1996.

*________. Genesis 11:27–50:26. NAC 1B. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 2005.

McKeown, James. Genesis. Two Horizons Old Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids:

Eerdmans, 2008.

Rad, Gerhard von. Genesis. Rev. ed. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster 1972.

Reno, R. R. Genesis. Brazos Theological Commentary. Grand Rapids: Brazos, 2010. DNH

Ross, Allen. Genesis. Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1. Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale, 2008.

Sailhamer, John H. ‘Genesis.’ Pages 21-331 in The Expositor’s Bible Commentary Revised

Edition. Volume 1: Genesis to Leviticus. Edited by Tremper Longman III and David E. Garland.

Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2008.

Sarna, Nahum M. Genesis. JPS Torah Commentary. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society,

1989.

Speiser, E. A. Genesis. AB 1. New York: Doubleday, 1964.

Turner, Laurence A. Genesis. 2nd ed. Readings. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix, 2009.

*Waltke, Bruce W. Genesis: A Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001.

*Walton, John H. Genesis. NIV Application Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2001.

Wenham, Gordon J. Genesis 1-15. WBC 1. Dallas: Word, 1987.

________. Genesis 16-50. WBC 2. Dallas: Word, 1994.

Westermann, Claus. Genesis 1–11: A Commentary. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1984.

________. Genesis 12–36: A Continental Commentary. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1985.

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________. Genesis 37–50: A Continental Commentary. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1986.

Additional Studies on Genesis:

Longman III, Tremper. How to Read Genesis. Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity, 2005.

Moberly, R. Walter L. Theology of the Book of Genesis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

2009.

Exodus

Commentaries:

*Alexander, T. Desmond. Exodus. Teach the Text Commentary. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2016.

________. Exodus. ApOTC 2. Downers Grove, IL. InterVarsity, 2017.

Bruckner, James K. Exodus. NIBCOT 2. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2008. Repr., Grand Rapids:

Baker, 2012.

Brueggemann, Walter. ‘The Book of Exodus.’ Pages 675-981 in NIB, Volume 1. Nashville:

Abingdon, 1994.

Cassuto, Umberto. A Commentary on the Book of Exodus. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1967.

Childs, Brevard S. Exodus: A Commentary. OTL. London: SCM, 1974.

Cole, R. Alan Cole. Exodus. TOTC 2. London: Tyndale, 1973. Repr., Downers Grove, IL:

InterVarsity, 2008.

Currid, John D. A Study Commentary on Exodus, Vol. 1: Chapters 1–18. Evangelical Press Study

Commentary. Darlington: Evangelical Press, 2000.

________. A Study Commentary on Exodus, Vol. 2: Chapters 19–40. Evangelical Press Study

Commentary 1. Darlington: Evangelical Press, 2001.

Dozeman, Thomas B. Exodus. ECC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009.

Durham, John I. Exodus. WBC 3. Waco, TX: Word, 1987.

*Enns, Peter. Exodus NIV Application Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000.

Fretheim, Terence E. Exodus. IBC. Louisville: John Knox, 1991.

Garrett, Duane. A Commentary on Exodus. Kregel Exegetical Library. Grand Rapids: Kregel,

2013.

Goldingay, John. Exodus and Leviticus for Everyone. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2010.

*Hamilton, Victor P. Exodus: An Exegetical Commentary. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2011.

*Houtman, Cornelis. Exodus: Volume 1. Historical Commentary on the Old Testament. Leuven:

Peeters. 1993.

*________. Exodus: Volume 2. Historical Commentary on the Old Testament. Leuven: Peeters.

1996.

*________. Exodus: Volume 3. Historical Commentary on the Old Testament. Leuven: Peeters.

1999.

Hyatt, J. Philip. Exodus. NCB. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1971.

Johnstone, William H. Exodus 1–19, SHBC: Macon, GA: Smyth & Helwys, 2014.

________. Exodus 20–40, SHBC. Macon, GA: Smyth & Helwys, 2015.

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Kaiser, Walter C. ‘Exodus.’ Pages 331-561 in The Expositor’s Bible Commentary Revised Edition.

Volume 1: Genesis to Leviticus. Edited by Tremper Longman III and David E. Garland. Grand

Rapids: Zondervan, 2008.

Meyers, Carol. Exodus. New Cambridge Bible Commentary. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press, 2005.

Motyer, Alec. The Message of Exodus. The Bible Speaks Today. Nottingham: Inter-Varsity,

2005.

Noth, Martin. Exodus: A Commentary. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1962.

Oswalt, John N. Exodus. Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1. Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale, 2008.

Propp, William H. C. Exodus 1–18. AB 2. New York: Doubleday, 1999.

________. Exodus 19–40. AB 2A. New York: Doubleday, 2006.

Sarna, Nahum. Exodus. JPS Torah Commentary. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991.

Smith, Mark S. Exodus. New Collegeville Bible Commentary 3. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical

Press, 2011.

Stuart, Douglas K. Exodus. NAC 2. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 2006.

White, Thomas J. Exodus. Brazos Theological Commentary. Grand Rapids: Brazos, 2016.

Additional Studies on Exodus:

Longman III, Tremper. How to Read Exodus. Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity, 2009.

Merida, Tony. Exalting Jesus in Exodus. Christ-Centered Exposition Commentary 2. Nashville,

B&H, 2014.

Perrin, Nicholas. The Exodus Revealed: Israel's Journey from Slavery to the Promised Land. New

York: Faith Words, 2014.

________. Finding Jesus in the Exodus: Christ in Israel's Journey From Slavery to the Promised

Land. New York: Faith Words, 2014.

Leviticus

Commentaries:

Bailey, Lloyd R. Leviticus-Numbers. SHBC 3. Macon, GA: Smyth & Helwys, 2005.

Baker, David W. Leviticus. Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 2. Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale, 2008.

Balentine, Samuel E. Leviticus. IBC. Louisville, KY: John Knox, 2002.

Bellinger, W. H. Leviticus, Numbers. NIBCOT 3. Peabody, MA, Hendrickson, 2001. Repr., Grand

Rapids: Baker, 2012.

Budd, Philip J. Leviticus. NCB. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996.

Currid, John D. A Study Commentary on Leviticus. Evangelical Press Study Commentary 1.

Darlington: Evangelical Press, 2005.

*Gane, Roy. Leviticus, Numbers. NIV Application Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan,

2004.

Gerstenberger, Erhard S. Leviticus: A Commentary. OTL. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox,

1996.

Harrison, R. K. Leviticus. TOTC. Leicester: Inter-Varsity, 1980.

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*Hartley, John E. Leviticus. WBC 4. Dallas: Word, 1992.

Hess, Richard S. ‘Leviticus.’ Pages 563-826 in in The Expositor’s Bible Commentary Revised

Edition. Volume 1: Genesis to Leviticus. Edited by Tremper Longman III and David E. Garland.

Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2008.

Kaiser, Walter. ‘The Book of Leviticus.’ Pages 983-1191 in NIB. Volume 1. Nashville: Abingdon,

1994.

*Kiuchi, Nobuyoshi. Leviticus. ApOTC 3. Leicester: IVP, 2007.

Kleinig, John W. Leviticus. ConcC. St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2003.

Levine, Baruch A. Leviticus. JPS Torah Commentary. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society,

1989.

*Milgrom, Jacob. Leviticus 1–16. AB 3. New York: Doubleday, 1991.

*________. Leviticus 17–22. AB 3A. New York: Doubleday, 2000.

*________. Leviticus 23–27. AB 3B. New York: Doubleday, 2000.

Noth, Martin. Leviticus: A Commentary. OTL. London: SCM, 1962.

Owens, J. Edward, Leviticus. New Collegeville Bible Commentary 4. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical

Press, 2011.

Radner, Ephraim. Leviticus. Brazos Theological Commentary. Grand Rapids: Brazos, 2008.

Rooker, Mark F. Leviticus. NAC 3A. Nashville: B&H, 2000.

Sherwood, Stephen K. Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy. Berit Olam. Collegeville, MN:

Liturgical Press, 2002.

*Sklar, Jay. Leviticus. TOTC 3. Downers Grove, IL. InterVarsity, 2013.

Sprinkle, Joe M. Leviticus and Numbers. Teach the Text Commentary. Grand Rapids: Baker,

2015.

Tidball, Derek. The Message of Leviticus. The Bible Speaks Today. Leicester: Inter-Varsity, 2005.

*Wenham Gordon J. The Book of Leviticus. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979.

Willis, Timothy M. Leviticus. ABOTC. Nashville: Abingdon, 2009.

Additional Studies on Leviticus:

Douglas, Mary. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. London:

Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966. See especially chapter 3, ‘The Abominations of Leviticus’.

Moseley, Allan. Exalting Jesus in Leviticus. Christ-Centered Exposition Commentary

3. Nashville, B&H, 2015.

Trevaskis, Leigh M. Holiness, Ethics and Ritual in Leviticus. Hebrew Bible Monographs.

Sheffield: Phoenix, 2011.

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Numbers

Commentaries:

Allen, Ronald B. ‘Numbers.’ Pages 23-458 in The Expositor’s Bible Commentary Revised Edition.

Volume 2: Numbers-Ruth. Edited by Tremper Longman III and David E. Garland. Grand Rapids:

Zondervan, 2012.

*Ashley, Timothy R. The Book of Numbers. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993.

Bailey, Lloyd R. Leviticus-Numbers. SHBC 3. Macon, GA: Smyth & Helwys, 2005.

Bellinger, W. H. Leviticus, Numbers. NIBCOT 3. Peabody, MA, Hendrickson, 2001. Repr., Grand


Brown, Raymond. The Message of Numbers. The Bible Speaks Today. Nottingham: Inter-

Varsity, 2002.

Brueggemann, Dale A. Numbers. Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 2. Carol Stream, IL:

Tyndale, 2008.

Budd, Philip J. Numbers. Word Biblical Commentary 5. Waco, TX: Word, 1984.

*Cole, R. Dennis. Numbers. NAC 3B. Nashville: B&H, 2000.

Davies, Eryl W. Numbers. NCB. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995.

Dozeman, Thomas B. ‘Numbers.’ Pages 1-268 in NIB. Volume 2. Nashville: Abingdon, 1998.

Gane, Roy. Leviticus, Numbers. NIV Application Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2004.

Goldingay, John. Numbers and Deuteronomy for Everyone. Nashville: Westminster John Knox,

2010.

Harrison, R. K. Numbers. Wycliffe Exegetical Commentary. Chicago, Moody, 1990.

Levine, Baruch A. Numbers 1–20. AB 4. New York: Doubleday, 1993.

________. Numbers 21–36. AB 4A. New York: Doubleday, 2000.

Milgrom, Jacob. Numbers. JPS Torah Commentary. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society,

1990.

Nowell, Irene. Numbers. New Collegeville Bible Commentary 5. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical

Press, 2011.

*Olson, Dennis T. Numbers. IBC. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, 1996.



Sprinkle, Joe M. Leviticus and Numbers. Teach the Text Commentary. Grand Rapids: Baker,

2015.

*Wenham, Gordon J. Numbers. TOTC. Leicester: IVP, 1981.

Additional Studies on Numbers:

Duguid, Iain. Numbers: God’s Presence in the Wilderness. Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 2006.

Olson, Dennis T. The Death of the Old and the Birth of the New: The Framework of the Book of

Numbers and the Pentateuch. Brown Judaic Studies 71. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1985.

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Deuteronomy

Commentaries:

Biddle, Mark E. Deuteronomy. SHBC. Macon, GA, Smyth & Helwys, 2003.

*Block, Daniel I. Deuteronomy. NIV Application Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2012.

Brueggemann, Walter. Deuteronomy. AOTC. Nashville: Abingdon, 2001.

Brown, Raymond. The Message of Deuteronomy. The Bible Speaks Today. Leicester: Inter-

Varsity, 1993.

Christensen, Duane L. Deuteronomy 1-21:9. 2nd ed. WBC 6A. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2001.

________. Deuteronomy 21:10-34:12. WBC 6B. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2002.

Clements, Ronald I. ‘Deuteronomy.’ Pages 209-528 in NIB. Volume 2. Nashville: Abingdon,

1998.

*Cook, Stephen L. Reading Deuteronomy: A Literary and Theological Commentary. Macon, GA:

Smyth and Helwys, 2015.

*Craigie, Peter C. The Book of Deuteronomy. NICOT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1976.

Goldingay, John. Numbers and Deuteronomy for Everyone. Nashville: Westminster John Knox,

2010.

Grisanti, Michael A. ‘Deuteronomy.’ Pages 457-814 in The Expositor’s Bible Commentary

Revised Edition. Volume 2: Numbers-Ruth. Edited by Tremper Longman III and David E.

Garland. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2012.

Lundbom, Jack R. Deuteronomy: A Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2013.

Mays, A. D. H. Deuteronomy. NCB. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979.

McConville, J. Gordon. Deuteronomy. ApOTC. Leicester: Apollos, 2002

Merrill, Eugene H. Deuteronomy. NAC 4. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1994.

________. Deuteronomy. Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 2. Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale, 2008.

Miller, Patrick. Deuteronomy. IBC. John Knox, 1990.

Nelson, Richard D. Deuteronomy. OTL. Louisville, KY. Westminster John Knox, 2002.

Owens, J. Edward. Deuteronomy. New Collegeville Bible Commentary 6. Collegeville, MN:


Rad, Gerhard von. Deuteronomy. OTL. London: SCM, 1966.



Thompson, J. A. Deuteronomy TOTC. Leicester: Inter-Varsity, 1974.

Tigay, Jeffrey. Deuteronomy. JPS Torah Commentary. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society,

1996.

Weinfeld, Moshe. Deuteronomy 1–11. AB 5. New York: Doubleday, 1991.

Woods, Edward J. Deuteronomy. TOTC. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2011.

Work, Telford. Deuteronomy. Brazos Theological Commentary. Grand Rapids: Brazos, 2009.

*Wright, Christopher J. H. Deuteronomy. NIBCOT 4. Peabody: Hendricksen, 1996. Repr., Grand


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Additional Studies on Deuteronomy

Block, Daniel I. The Gospel according to Moses: Theological and Ethical Reflections on the Book

of Deuteronomy. Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2012.

Firth, David G., and Philip S. Johnston, eds. Interpreting Deuteronomy: Issues and Approaches.

Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2012.

McConville, J. Gordon. Law and Theology in Deuteronomy. Journal for the Study of the Old

Testament Supplement 33. Sheffield: JSOT, 1984.

McConville, J. Gordon, and J. Gary Millar. Time and Place in Deuteronomy Journal for the

Study of the Old Testament Supplement 179. Sheffield: JSOT, 1994.

Millar, J. Gary. Now Choose Life: Theology and Ethics in Deuteronomy. New Studies in Biblical

Theology 6. Downers Grove: IVP, 2001.

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ACT Standards: Grades

Grades in assessment instruments are awarded in the following categories-

Grade Score GPA

Fail (F) 0-49% 0

Pass (P) 50-57% 1

Pass+ (P+) 58-64% 1.5

Credit (C) 65-74% 2

Distinction (D) 75-84% 3

High Distinction (HD) 85+% 4

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