4th National Conference on

“EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES &

APPLICATIONS OF UAVs”

Courtesy: CSIR-NAL

22nd and 23rd March 2017

CONFERENCE REPORT

National Conference on

“Emerging Technologies & Applications of UAVs”

Jointly Organized by

Supported by

Preface

International Institute of Aerospace Engineering and Management, Jain University organized the two

day conference on "Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs” – during 22nd and 23rd March

2017. The event was co-sponsored by Indian National Academia of Engineering and Karnataka

Knowledge Commission and supported by Aeronautical Research and Development board and the

National Aerospace Laboratories. The conference brought together the leading researchers

academicians and entrepreneurs in the field of UAVs who shared their knowledge and experience with

the participants through technical lectures and post session discussions. The event also included the

mission based field demonstrations organized by National Aerospace Laboratories and the industries.

The panel discussion during the closing session specifically addressed the challenges associated with

the implementation of the UAV technology for the civil governance and the way forward. The pre-

conference workshop conducted in association with National Aerospace laboratories, Bangalore

provided a good insight on the design and development of fixed wing mini UAV for autonomous mission

mode performance and was well received in the student’s community.

The salient points of the presentations at the inaugural, plenary and technical sessions are briefly

summarized in this report. A brief write up on the field demonstration is also provided. Some of the

major outcomes from this conference is provided in a separate section. This report in a way has

consolidated the current level of technologies in the field of UAV in the country, the challenges in the

implementation of UAV for civilian applications, the engagement of academia and industry in the

development of UAV technologies to meet the growing needs of these technologies in various civilian

sectors.

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Contents

1 Scope ............................................................................................................................................... 2

2 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 2

3 Relevance ........................................................................................................................................ 3

4 Objective ......................................................................................................................................... 4

5 Deliberations of the Conference ..................................................................................................... 4

5.1 Inaugural Session .................................................................................................................... 4

6 Field demonstrations ...................................................................................................................... 7

7 Post-inaugural Plenary session ....................................................................................................... 7

7.1 UAVs- Charting the Roadmap for future: ................................................................................ 7

7.2 Comprehensive UAS Solutions: .............................................................................................. 8

7.3 Futuristic Research on Micro & Nano UAV: ............................................................................ 8

8 Session on Major R&D .................................................................................................................... 9

8.1 UAVs of the World and Challenges of indigenous Development ........................................... 9

8.2 Civil UAV applications ........................................................................................................... 10

8.3 Mini UAVs for ISR Applications ............................................................................................. 10

8.4 Mini & Micro UAV Program at CSIR-NAL .............................................................................. 10

8.5 Honeywell technologies for unmanned aerial systems ........................................................ 10

9 Session on UAV Industries ............................................................................................................ 11

9.1 Aerial Mapping and UAV Applications .................................................................................. 11

9.2 Methodologies for Agriculture Monitoring using UAVs:. ..................................................... 11

9.3 Payload for UAV & DELOPT Activities: .................................................................................. 11

9.4 Use of UAV in Crop Protection: ............................................................................................. 13

10 Session on Academic Research on UAV’s ................................................................................. 15

10.1 Drone Research at IISc: ......................................................................................................... 15

10.2 UAV Maintenance- A Concept: ............................................................................................. 15

10.3 Numerical Validation of low Re Airfoil for UAV: ................................................................... 16

10.4 Evolution of UAV Technology an overview: .......................................................................... 16

11 PANEL DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................... 17

12 Outcomes of the Conference .................................................................................................... 19

13 Summary of Recommendations ................................................................................................ 20

Appendix A: Workshop program

Appendix B: List of Participants

Acknowledgement

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1 Scope This document provides the summary of the proceedings as well as highlights of a two day

conference on “Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs”, which was jointly

organized by International Institute for Aerospace Engineering and Management under Jain

University, Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE) and the Society of Indian

Aerospace Technologies and Industries (SIATI) and sponsored by Karnataka Jnana Aayoga,

and Aeronautics Research and Development Board (AR&DB).

2 Introduction Unmanned Aerial Vehicles had been receiving in recent times an ever increasing focus for

developments in industry as well as for academic research and also widely diversifying their

applications. UAVs are basically a component of an unmanned aircraft system (UAS), which

comprise of a ground- based controller, an unmanned air vehicle, and communication system

between the two. Due to their advantages of relative simplicity, flexibility and affordability for

a wide range of missions and applications, advances in the field of UAVs assume high

relevance. Based on this potential, a two day National Level Conference was jointly organized

at the Jain Global Campus by International Institute of Aerospace Engineering Management

(IIAEM), Jain University, Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE) and Society of

Indian Aerospace Technologies and Industries on the theme of “Emerging Technologies &

Applications of UAVs” on 22nd and 23rd March 2017. The event was cosponsored by Karnataka

Jnana Aayoga, and AR&DB SIGMA panel, while Rotary Club of Bangalore, Israel Aerospace

Industries (IAI), and National Design and Research Forum (NDRF) Bangalore assisted. The

conference was participated by over 250 participants that included 55 industry and government

agency delegates and the rest from various academic institutions. Fig 1 depicts the assembly of

the participants at the conference.

Figure 1: Delegates present in the event

Karnataka had been in the forefront of the efforts to unfold the potential of UAVs as

instruments to invigorate innovation in the state and to establish their beneficial value for

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governance. Karnataka Jnana Aayoga (KJA) through a study group of eminent personalities,

had undertaken deliberations on the technologies involved, applications and policies relevant

to Unmanned Aerial Systems. The opportunity for democratizing flying and bringing

breathtaking aviation experience to citizens’ hands is a dimension that was explored. With

advantage of the easiness of building, the unmanned aerial systems had gained importance

through numerous applications such as ground and aerial surveys, disaster mitigation, precision

agriculture, forestry, environment monitoring, infrastructure planning and so on. These

applications in tandem with advances in technologies of the platform, sensors, communications

and computing can contribute greatly to improved governance. The unique capability of this

technology for “at-will” data acquisition allows its integration with the City Geographical

Information Systems. The need of the hour is the validation of application systems and

missions, which are scalable and which foster indigenous developments and innovations.

Hence, a special KJA panel discussion was integrated into the conference programme.

The conference was divided into seven sessions including (i) a plenary session focusing on

comprehensive UAS solutions and futuristic research, (ii) a session on major R&D

challenges for Indigenous development and UAV applications, (iii) two sessions for mission

mode field demonstration of applications, (iv) a session dedicated to UAV Industries-

expounding the methodologies for civilian applications, (v) a session devoted to Academic

Research on UAV’s and (vi) Karnataka Jnana Aayoga Panel discussion- on way forward

for Pilot project demonstrations for applications relevant to governance and development. In

order to promote capacity building in young students in the field of technologies and

applications of UAVs, a preconference workshop was also organized through scientists of

CSIR-NAL. The program for the conference can be found in Appendix A and the complete list

of participants is presented in Appendix B of this report.

3 Relevance Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have extensively been utilized in military operations

during the last decade for surveillance, monitoring enemy activities, collecting information,

and even attacking military targets and terrorist hideouts. They are also increasingly finding

uses in civil applications, such as policing and firefighting and nonmilitary work, such as

inspection of power lines and pipelines. Furthermore, corporations utilized them in commercial

applications, such as agriculture, logistics, delivering small packages to rough terrain locations,

and medication to emergency locations. So UAVs are often preferred for missions that are too

dull or dangerous for manned aircraft.

The combination of greater flexibility, lower capital and lower operating costs of UAS in the

present day have also seen advantages of longer operational duration, less maintenance and

higher energy efficiency. These aircraft can be deployed in a variety of terrain conditions and

without requiring expensive and prepared runways.

Also, there is considerable potentials for new job creation. In order to provide a trained

workforce capable of meeting all demands that drones can fulfil, it is necessary to develop

human resources to work with many cutting edge technologies relevant to UAS.

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4 Objective The main objective of this National Conference is to consider issues involving diverse

stakeholders as to how the UAV technologies and applications can be positioned for

contemporary societal needs and how to achieve leadership in this field.

The other objectives pursued through this conference were to:

Debate on programs that could help to promote and accelerate innovation.

Collaborative interaction and engagement among industries, academic and research

organizations.

Encouraging and empowering research activities to speeden indigenous developments and

development of an ecosystem in the state and the country.

Establish ways in which UAS can be utilized to improve people's lives, for example:

o Unmanned Air Systems for assisting police, infrastructure status and development,

town planning, agriculture, forestry, disaster mitigation and monitoring, traffic

management and so on

Discussions on the growth trends and market perspectives.

Challenges relating to technology advances and possible solutions around them.

Issues of policy and regulations

The Conference brought together the leading academicians, scientists, researchers, industry

experts and students to exchange and share their experiences on Unmanned Aircraft Systems.

It also provided a balanced interdisciplinary platform for researchers, practitioners and

educators to present and to discuss on recent innovations, trends and practical challenges and

to seek solutions in the field of unmanned aircraft systems.

5 Deliberations of the Conference

5.1 Inaugural Session The Inaugural session was presided by Dr. V. K. Aatre, Former Scientific Advisor to

Raksha Mantri and Fellow, INAE. The Chief Guest was Shri T. Suvarna Raju, Chairman,

HAL. The inaugural also witnessed the august presence of, Dr. C. G. Krishnadas Nair, the

Chancellor of Jain University and Fellow, INAE.

The Vice-Chancellor of Jain University, Dr. N. Sundararajan and Rtn. V. S. Ranga Rao,

President Rotary Club, Bangalore welcomed the gathering. Dr. N. Sundararajan in his

address highlighted the role of universities in advancing knowledge and technologies to

confront the challenges of contemporary society. He provided examples of the unique

achievements of Jain University and acknowledged the initiative of Karnataka Knowledge

Commission, INAE, DRDO, Rotary Club, and SIATI in organizing the present conference as

a continuity of earlier conferences/ airshows involving UAVs.

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Rtn. V. S. Ranga Rao, in his address highlighted the valuable contributions of Rotary Club,

Bangalore, with its 82 old year record of exceptional services to the needy in the society.

He mentioned that prime concern of the year 2016-2017 for the club is “HAPPY 100

SCHOOLS” which benefits approximately 15000 students. He also expressed appreciation for

the collaboration extended by Jain University over the years for its student programs.

Dr. C. G. K. Nair, Chancellor Jain University/INAE, in his address highlighted the key

challenges in the field of UAV’s and emphasized the needs of focused R&D and the policy and

regulatory initiatives needed.

Figure 2: Distinguished Speakers during the inaugural session

The chief guest Shri T. Suvarna Raju, Chairman, HAL spoke on some of the major efforts

and projects on the anvil on UAV’s at HAL. He mentioned on the opportunities for competent

industries and academic research institutions for working with HAL for indigenous

developments in this field. He highlighted the advantage of such cooperation for the

counterparts of HAL in terms of access to R&D fund created by HAL, productionising and

marketing support. He expressed that industry-academia interaction can lead to quantum jump

in technological developments and gave examples, from across the world, where this

mechanism has yielded excellent results.

In his presidential address, Dr. V. K. Aatre provided insights on policy drivers hitherto that

resulted into many interesting developments in respect of micro and mini UAV’s. He traced

the rapid developments which had taken place in the global scene and underscored the need for

a strategic approach and working in a collaborative environment. He emphasized that the

The urgent needs of India in the field of UAV’s are the policies and regulations, our

own sensor systems and manufacturing units - Dr. C. G. Krishnadas Nair

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choice of goals should be relevant to the contemporary times and posed a challenge to

universities to work on designing of dragon fly UAV. He emphasized on numerous innovative

contributions made by different universities across the world.

In his Keynote Address, Mr. V. Ashok Rangan, PD, UAV, ADE, gave a detailed exposure of

the national scene of UAV’s. Various developments historically at ADE were traced. The

Current application possibilities both in the civilian and non-civilian domains were touched

upon. The technical perspectives of design requirements, the design philosophy and levels

autonomy were analyzed. Finally, the address dealt with likely future developments including

the solar mini UAV and attendant challenges to be overcome. Fig. 3 illustrate UAVs in the

reconnaissance applications.

Vote of thanks was given by Prof. K. R. Sridhara Murthi, Director, IIAEM, Jain University

addressing the Chief Guest, Speakers and Delegates.

Figure 3: UAVs in the Reconnaissance mission

Dragonfly wing morphing and maneuvering is fascinating. Creativity is more important than

technology even if it can’t be commercialized and Universities should generate more ideas.

Dr. V.K. Aatre,

INAE.

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6 Field demonstrations The first leg of Field demonstration of UAS technology was organized immediately after the

inaugural session on the day 1 of the conference. In this programme, there were demonstrations

of the flying from CSIR-NAL’s Suchan, Asteria Aerospace’s A400 and different UAV’s from

NDRF who flew fixed wing, Quadcopter and multicopters. Suchan, whose range is 10km with

a safe altitude of 150m, is capable of returning home if the communication is lost as it is

equipped with indigenous GCS, Autopilot, object detection and tracking systems. The A400

has a range of 4km and is designed to fly with a payload of 1kg. NDRF flew a Quadcopter that

was capable of performing transition from a quad to hexa and hexa to octacopter configuration.

All the UAVs were equipped with video cameras and communication modules. It was possible

to change the orientation of the cameras to gather different perspectives. The important aspect

of their design is the flexibility when the payloads are varying such as for crop spraying. Their

applications include pipeline monitoring, civic, traffic and military applications, for mining,

mapping, disaster management, border surveillance, agriculture, water logging, LASER and

archaeology. The field demonstration on both the days attracted lots of attention from the

participants.

7 Post-inaugural Plenary session The technical sessions in the conference were organized diverse aspects of UAS, i.e

technological, applications and policies. The initial plenary session set tone for the key focus

areas that addressed the future possibilities and pathways. The session, chair was Dr A R

Upadhya, Former Director, NAL.

7.1 UAVs- Charting the Roadmap for future: Dr. Mukund Rao, Member-Secretary, KJA, addressed on this theme. The main focus of this

talk is how UAS technologies are democratizing flying and bringing the exhilarating

experience of aviation to citizen hands. He has compared the UAS systems with the ground

surveys, aerial surveys and the satellite images on various parameters such as technology,

sensors, image granularity, coverage, timeliness, repeatability and stressed the UAS

technology is better for Governance among all others. The speaker illustrated how the wide

spectrum of systems and sensors that are available, which is also inexpensive, can enable data

collection at the grass-root level, and for instance crop assessment for every panchayat, which

in turn would lead to a better governance. Attention was paid to how this technology can be

integrated with the City Geographical Information Systems (City- GIS) for “at-will” data

acquisition in the form of images and maps. In this regard, a cost comparison was also made,

as shown in Fig. 4, and was convincingly demonstrated that UAS technologies would actually

cheaper than the use of satellites or aircraft. The speaker has shown how the UAV technology

used in Wine Grapes Harvesting, Crop Monitoring etc. The speaker also emphasized the need

for a clear policy of the usage of UAS as it is only this way that the large civilian market can

be tapped. This would result in a spurt in education and research in this field and hence the

development of manufacturing capabilities. He has shared the roadmap for Karnataka on UAV

applications.

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Figure 4: Quick crop assessment for every panchayat “at will” monitoring of cropped areas

7.2 Comprehensive UAS Solutions:

Moshe Ephrati, Israel Aerospace Industries spoke on this theme. In this talk, the speaker

focused on numerous practical applications of UAV’s with respect to their category. He started

the talk by briefing on the establishment of IAI in the year 1953. His talk focused mainly on

IAI’s contributions in the field of UAV. He described different class of UAV’s, their

applicability, endurance and durability. In the Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE)

category he described briefly about their UAV’s with examples which included: 1. Super Heron

HF (1000-1500Kg), 2. Regular Heron I – Multi Payload MALE. Secondly he concentrated on

Tactical UAV’s (500-1000Kg). The other important points made by the speaker was in the

Vertical Take-off Landing (VTOL) UAV (5-100Kg) which included:

i. Panther UAV with special features such as tilted propellers which is used to perform two

operations, take off and glide with propellers tilting accordingly.

ii. Hover mast (Quadcopter). The most important talk by the speaker was on Mini UAV’s (5-

50Kg) with examples being 1. Bird Eye 400, 2. Bird Eye 650D- Long endurance was achieved

for this UAV by increasing the span by 1m. The speaker stressed on communication modes

which concentrated on two modes: 1. Line of Sight, 2. Satellite Communication (SATCOM).

His talk was completely application oriented focusing on Urban welfare, Strategic mission,

Paramilitary etc.

7.3 Futuristic Research on Micro & Nano UAV:

Lt. Gen. (Dr.) V J Sundaram, INAE/NDRF presented on the theme. The speaker focused on

current challenges in terms of Micro and Nano UAV. He elaborated on 1. Vision Based control,

Navigation & Guidance for exploration of enclosed spaces, Caves, Tunnels, 2. Location of

persons trapped under landslides and collapsed buildings as in Fig. 5, 3.Detection of explosives

& other Hazardous Material, buried underground or hidden.

Further he briefly spoke on usage and incorporation of technology which included 1.

Integration of Micro, Nano, Bio, Info & Cogno, 2.Brain like Computing, 3. Sensors, 4.

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Biological Networks, 5. Brain Computer Interface, 6. Cyborgs. As an example, mind

controlling Drone is depicted in the Fig. 6.

Figure 5: People trapped under collapsed building Figure 6: Mind controlled Drone

The speaker also stressed on being Truthful, Trustworthy, Transparency, Time and Team work. He

insisted on deliver systems useful to the society by appropriate, feasible combination of technologies

and allies. The speaker made a strong point on major requirement being national and international

collaboration and cooperation of for benefit of mankind.

8 Session on Major R&D The session was chaired by Sri P S Krishnan, former Director, ADE

8.1 UAVs of the World and Challenges of indigenous Development The speaker Ms. Nemichandra, Chief designer, UAV, ARDC, of HAL emphasized on military

applications. Her talk was mainly on Sonars and Sonar Buoys sensors. The speaker stressed on

the importance and applicability of these sensors. The speaker spoke on how UAV’s are used

in dropping Sonar Buoys into the ocean for submarine detection and illegal entries. The speaker

also gave historical war details which included 1. Bosnian War (1992-1995) wherein UAV’s

were used for border surveillance, anti-smuggling movement of ammunitions. 2. Operation

Enduring Freedom Afghanistan ( 2001- 2014) wherein MALE UAV “PREDATOR” and

HALE “GLOBAL HAWK” were extensively used and made a point that it was the first time

in the history that a man surrendered in front of Robot. 3. Iraq War (2003-2011). The speaker

emphasized on development of Electro optical system, Day & Night sighting system and EO

system & ATGM missile. The talk gave brief information on Global Hawk UAV taking over

Multidisciplinary approach to combine micro, nano, bio, info and cognitive

technologies will open up enormous wealth of application possibilities

Lt Gen Dr Sundaram

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manned Lockheed Martin used in World War II. The talk further dealt with her upcoming

works which included Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles (UCAV) with main features being

Stealth Mode, Weapons do not hangout i.e. will be placed in inner bae etc.

8.2 Civil UAV applications Dr. K. Senthil Kumar, Director, CAR MIT, Chennai, presented on disaster management

solution, early warning rescues and post analysis using UAV. He mentioned about his work

Mission Dhaksha which had played a major role in rescuing people during Chennai building

collapse, Chennai flood, and Makara Jyothi event surveillance. His talk mainly focused on civil

applications. The important points made by the speaker was on UAV mapping wherein the

UAV follows the coordinates of selected mapped region and clicks continuous photographs,

the steps of operation included Image Acquisition and Image Processing. The speaker also

emphasized on flood preparedness UAV’s and its tremendous usefulness. His talk further

focused on 3D modelling of the pictures captured from the UAV mapping. The Strong point

of his works in the field of UAV’s is the avoidance of real time surveillance by UAV mapping

followed by 3D modeling with image qualities better than satellite based images. The talk also

dealt with tethered copters for surveillance purpose wherein the UAV will be Stationary on Air

and power is supplied to the UAV from the ground station.

8.3 Mini UAVs for ISR Applications Mr. B P Shashidhara GD, ADE the talk focusing on smaller UAV development applications

for border surveillance in 8kg Fixed Wing mini UAV and Rotary UAV in 10Kg category. The

speaker gave brief idea on important major sub systems of UAV which included Aero

Mechanical systems, Propulsion & Actuators, Electric/I C Engines, Avionics- Auto Pilot, Data

link radio frequency subsystem- Airborne/Ground and Image exploitation capability. The talk

further dealt with military applications and usage of UAV’s to the fullest for the purpose of

surveillance. The speaker also spoke relatively on safety of the UAV’s.

8.4 Mini & Micro UAV Program at CSIR-NAL Mr. P. V. Satya Narayana Murthy, Head MAV Unit, CSIR-NAL spoke briefly on NAL’s

contribution in the development of UAV’s with few examples of their work which included

MAV-3, Black Kite, Golden Hawk, Pushpak and Slybird mini UAV in collaboration with

ADE. The speaker focused on the user requirements: 1. Better Endurance, 2. Better Range, 3.

Better Payload, 4. Better Video Stabilization etc. The talk also gave brief idea on their very

own Mini UAV “SUCHAN” with payloads- Gimbal stabilized interchangeable. The talk gave

importance on the research facilities available at NAL, Micro Air Vehicle Aerodynamics

Research Tunnel which included Pressure & Force measurement, automatic positioning, motor

propeller characterization, laser cutting machine, foam cutting machines, thermoforming etc.

and also mentioned how students from the academic institutions can make use of these

available resources at NAL.

8.5 Honeywell technologies for unmanned aerial systems

Dr. Shrikant Rao, Honeywell Tech, the speaker emphasized on UAS classification with

examples, Ro-11 Raven (0 - 20lbs), Scan Eagle (21 - 551lbs). The talk focused mainly on

technologies in development in and across the world which included Alternate Navigation,

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Low cost Surveillance, Sense and Avoid, Low cost Avionics, Hybrid Propulsion, GPS Denied,

Secure Remote Connectivity and Autonomous Cooperative Control. The speaker spoke about

the works being carried out at Honeywell and their main focus is on Alternate Navigation.

Further the talk dealt with Autonomous Vision aided take-off and landing. The speaker was

keen in collaborating with other organizations to tackle the challenges and also showcased it

through his talk.

Day 2

9 Session on UAV Industries The session chair was Dr Sudhakar, former Professor, IIT, Mumbai

9.1 Aerial Mapping and UAV Applications Mr. Pritam, Founder EDAL Systems, spoke on aerial mapping and UAV applications. The

speaker spoke regarding their work and accuracy at which they deliver work as required by the

clients. The talk dealt with high accuracy aerial survey by UAV for civil construction. Basically

the speaker focused on railway tracks validation and deliverables according to the client

requirement. The talk also focused on monitoring of shift in the railway track in comparison to

their initial position of existing railway tracks through aerial mapping. The important things

the speaker mentioned in the talk was about Track Center and Control Point validation and

accuracy related to AutoCAD models. The talk was completely civil construction based.

9.2 Methodologies for Agriculture Monitoring using UAVs:. Mr. K. Kulkarni, Director, Haribon presented on 1.5Kg class UAV’s for agricultural

monitoring. Initially the talk was on advantages of using UAV in agriculture monitoring which

included Low cost, easily deployable, better resolution than satellite images, Repeatability “ON

DEMAND” at any time, Adaptability to pay load & condition etc. With these advantages the

talk focused how to understand the problems such as Health of the crop, Impact of weather and

surrounding, crop stress due to calamity etc. Depending on these problems variable

consideration such as agricultural land use, land cover from UAV, selection & calibration of

sensors, crack growth damage, leaf index etc. The speaker highlighted on their work based on

three views, 1. UAV point of view, 2. Crop point of view, 3. Image processing point of view.

The speaker stressed upon variables of image capture (crop point of view) which included,

moisture content level, growth rate & yield index, soil nutrient, infestation of pests & diseases

and crop type. The important point mentioned in the talk was benefits of agricultural monitoring

which gives information on crop failure if any 15 to 20days in prior so that the farmers can

come up with suitable back up crop depending on the failure of the existing one.

9.3 Payload for UAV & DELOPT Activities: Dr MR Sheshadri, MD DELOPT, initially focused on military missions along with missile

detection, RADAR based long range target detection, chemical detection & warfare. Also civil

missions were considered like homeland security, aqua culture, wildlife census/protection etc.

The speaker gave an insight on payloads for UAV such as, Conventional Imaging(UV, Laser,

Visible-CCD), Non-Imaging ( Search & tracking spectrometers system), Laser( LD Imaging,

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LRF), Signal intelligence(Data links), Target tracking etc. The talk highlighted on current

challenges like, Stealth features – low visibility, Air space integration, Evolving Standards,

Limited availability of sensors. The speaker spoke on their work with respect to UAV payload

activities such as thermal imager, Gimbal systems, Laser pointing systems, video analytics etc.

The Fig. 7 shows thermal imager, payload control and gimbal systems for UAVs.

Thermal Imager for UAV

Gimbal for mini UAV’s Payload Control

Figure 7: Thermal imager, Payload control and Gimbal system

Current challenges and opportunities for India are stealth features and interoperability

Dr MR Sheshadri,

MD DELOPT

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Figure 8: Automatic Laser pointing Systems

The speaker also focused on automatic video trackers like miniature trackers for UAV’s and trackers

for tethered balloons. The Fig 8 shows the Intruding UAV detection, tracking and destroyer by laser

pointing system & the Fig. 9 shows an Automatic Tracker of Aircraft takeoff and landing system.

Figure 9: Automatic Tracker of Aircraft takeoff and landing

9.4 Use of UAV in Crop Protection: Mr Babu K S, Tata Sons Ltd, highlighted on Precision Agriculture (PA) i.e. correct amount of inputs

like water, fertilizers, pesticides to the crops for productivity and maximizing its yield. The main focus

was on driving factors for PA which included Small land holdings, acute shortage of water, Low

mechanization which increases productivity by 12-34%. The talk further dealt with some of the

advantages such as, less labor dependency, reduction in application time as UAV covers large area in

short durations, less water requirement, timely intervention, targeted spray, autonomous spraying

operation etc. The conventional and UAV based spraying is shown in the Fig. 10. With these advantages

the talk took over on the challenges in drone based spraying such as, high initial investment, trained

operator, low endurance, and low payload capacity. The talk completely gave importance to crop

protection and crop yielding.

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Figure 10: Conventional & UAV Based Spraying

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10 Session on Academic Research on UAV’s The session was chaired by Prof Manoj Veetil of Cranfield University, UK

10.1 Drone Research at IISc: Prof. S N Omkar, IISc, the speaker presented on the drone research work being carried out at

IISC. Hybrid transition UAV has been developed by the speaker and his team whose operations

include vertical take-off and forward transition like fixed wing. The speaker also spoke on

octocopter UAV with payload, H8copter for visual based application. The speaker gave an

insight on Modular UAV which are easy to assemble, no tools required, ease of manufacturing

etc. The talk also covered topics on Drones in Agriculture with Low Altitude Remote Sensing

(LARS). The talk also highlighted on lot of application oriented UAV’s which they have

developed such as, UAV power line inspection, Carbon fiber truss aircraft, real time control of

UAV’s using Brain Control Interface, Amphibious aircrafts to check water pollution level and

Radiation monitoring UAV’s.

10.2 UAV Maintenance- A Concept: Dr. Air Cmdr. PK Choudhary (Retd), Founder Director, General Aeronautics, who was the

speaker highlighted facts on Advances in reliability & maintenance, ineffective hard time

maintenance wherein 11% aircraft components get affected, on condition maintenance, task

oriented approach etc. The talk also focused on some of the critical issues observed such as

complacency, demand of wide skill envelope, packaging, disassembly and transportation, poor

maintenance, human error rather than machine failure underlies more aviation accidents and

incidents and machinability evaluation. The percentage cost of Aircraft Maintenance over the

years is shown in the Fig. 11. The talk completely dealt with safety and logistic related facts

which play major role in UAV maintenance.

Figure 11: The percentage cost of Aircraft Maintenance over the years

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10.3 Numerical Validation of low Re Airfoil for UAV: Ashish Kumar Gupta, Prof, IIAEM, the speaker, in his talk spoke about the low speed

aerodynamics which is different from conventional aircraft aerodynamics because of the low

chord based Reynolds’s number. And told 10000 to 300000 range of the Reynold’s number is

of great importance for the aerofoil applications involving UAVs and small and medium wind

turbines. He also pointed out that the knowledge of the existence and prediction of the extent

of the separated region is vital for characterizing the airfoil performance.

A typical Reynold’s number vs Weight and Reynold’s number vs L/D is shown in the Fig. 12.

Further he showed the numerical simulations for NACA 0018 airfoil for Reynold’s number

varying from 80000 to 160000 and validations using 4 turbulence models k-ω SST, k-ω SST

with low Re correction, transition SST and K-KI-ω turbulence model to assess the aerodynamic

characteristics and in particular the laminar separation bubble. He concluded that, in general

transition SST and K-KI-ω turbulence model perform better than the other methodologies.

Figure 12: Reynold’s number vs Weight and L/D

10.4 Evolution of UAV Technology an overview:

Dr. Ravindra Kulkarni, HOD-Aerospace Engineering, RVCE, spoke on UAVs, originated

mostly for military applications are expanding their use in commercial, scientific, recreational,

agricultural, research and other applications. Civilian drones now vastly outnumber military

drones. Providing simple, cheap, rapid, efficient and flexible ways for data acquisition, analysis

and transmission, recent advancements in UAV technology are changing how we look at

UAVs. We now have UAVs with high endurance, capable of autonomous flights, high

resolution video transmission and payload deployment. Modern UAVs now include the best

technology available in Aerodynamics, Material science, Control systems, Computing and

Networking. The speaker gave glimpses of the progress and achievements in UAV technology

over the years that now contribute to the UAVs we see today. Modern UAVs are a result of

innovation done in various fields like aerodynamics, material sciences, telecommunication,

artificial intelligence etc., and their integration into one. The talk also focused on pioneers in

UAV technology, The Austrian Balloons as shown in Fig. 13, Unmanned Zeppelins (1st radio

controlled aircraft), development of fixed wing UAV’s, UAV’s with pulsejet engines, UAV’s

17 | P a g e

with turbojet engines as shown in Fig 14, UAV on Autonomous Mode etc. The speaker also

highlighted their work “VAYU” search and rescue drone as shown in Fig. 15, “SENTINEL”

octocopters for surveillance as shown in Fig. 16.

Figure 13: Austrian Balloons Figure 14: UAV’s with turbojet engines

Figure 15: Vayu- Search & Rescue Drone Figure 16: Octocopter- For Surveillance

11 PANEL DISCUSSION KJA Panel on Pilot Projects of UAVs towards establishing applications for

Governance in Karnataka

The ultimate substantial part of the conference was the discussion by a panel of experts

representing different stakeholder groups. The panel was moderated by Dr. Mukund Rao,

Member Secretary KJA and other members included Mr. P.V. Satyanarayana Murthy, Head

MAV unit CSIR – NAL, Dr Senthil Kumar, Director CAR, MIT, Chennai, Prof K R Sridhara

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Murthi, Director – IIAEM, Mr. A.Pritam, Founder – Edall Systems, and Prof. G Ramesh,

Former Scientist, NAL and visiting faculty, IIAEM.

The panel considered following important issues- namely, (i) steps to make government utilise

more and more of UAS, (ii) what should constitute UAS pilot-project for governance? (iii)

UAS policy issues – eco-system policy issues, flight guidelines, security/safety,

standards/certification, (iv) what are research areas that can also be examined in pilot-project?,

and (v) establishing a manufacturing eco-system for UAS – design, development and

productionising – UAS systems, sensors, maintenance.

. The speakers highlighted the key areas of monitoring which would evince keen interest of the

government for using UAS. Among those key areas, few of them which could bring in major

impact are:

Timely identification and information on any crash/accidents

Forest fires/deforestation incidents

Information relevant to insurance for crop failure

Information relevant to tax collection on land property

Land Survey to check for deviations in approved plans.

Three critical conditions that would encourage government to utilize UAS are:

Technology to be better than the existing one.

Timely/speedy delivery capability.

Demonstration of the effectiveness of the application, training in skills and scalability

The panel further took up discussion on whether certain platform and other technical

characteristics of UAVs influence the application mission goals and whether some preferences

could be relevant

The participants’ views converged on certain general preferences for categories as follows,

while more details are to be considered based on specific missions:

Urban (Fixed wing UAV) – Autonomous property tax estimation.

Agriculture (Rotor & wing based UAV) – Autonomous farm level crop estimation.

Archaeology(Rotor based UAV)- 3D Heritage management plan

Police (Rotor based UAV)- Civil operations and traffic management

A view was expressed that with reference to present context, following information, if derived

from UAVs, it could make their use compelling.

Updating of land records based on who owns what.

Transfer of paper data to electronic data

Virtual measurements of physical assets (like building)

Vote of Thanks was given by Prof. V. Parameswaran, H.O.D IIAEM, Jain University

addressing all the distinguished speakers and delegates. He said that the conference was

successful in achieving all of the objectives which were set. He also mentioned that the

challenge now before all is to embrace the new ideas and approaches that were revealed during

the course of the conference.

19 | P a g e

12 Outcomes of the Conference UAVs offer numerous benefits and vast potential in the academic community both for

developing new programs of study and for augmenting research in existing fields. However,

the realization of these benefits has proved challenging, as the rapidly increasing pace of this

technology and the multitude of application needs in different areas have to be integrated

constantly and these are to be properly diffused. Seminars, workshops and conferences do

help in bridging these gaps and as demonstrated, the present two day conference on “Emerging

Technologies and Applications of UAVs” have met the major objectives of throwing light on

the current state of UAV technologies at the national level and even at international level to

some extent. The conference brought together the leading scientists, engineers from

laboratories and industries, research scholars from academia, and the experts from user

departments who shared their expertise on recent developments, needs, potentials and trends

in this field. In addition, the preconference workshop for the student delegates and the field

demonstration from the Indian UAV developers made unique impression and drew good

response from the participants.

The major outcomes from this event can be enumerated as follows:

1. HAL’s commitment towards indigenous developments as well as towards production and

marketing support to innovative MSMEs / technology development organizations through TOT

or any other bilateral arrangement.

2. Recommendation that the micro and Nano UAV programs should be supported by the

Government through its research funding and it should be largely directed to academic

institutions.

3. Long standing developments in UAV technology in India were due to the programs at ADE

and they represent unique resource for productionisation effort.

4. The Karnataka state Knowledge Commission enlisted growing opportunities of UAVs in

civilian domain and expressed that the state government will shortly be opening up pilot

projects for the deployment of indigenously developed system for various civilian applications.

5. The plenary session recognized a number of challenging and multi-disciplinary research

areas which can revolutionize applications. These would also involve converging of

technologies relating to biological sciences with advances in aeronautics

6. UAVs have an enviable role in net centric warfare system.

7. The session on “Major R&D programs in UAV” had discussed the developments of UAVs

for both strategic as well as for the civilian sector, the subsystem technologies, the challenges

related to the failsafe operations, indigenous technology base and so on.

8. Opportunities for the students to come out with innovative design ideas and take up research

positions in the universities were presented.

9. The session on titled “Industries in the UAV development” has been enriched by

participation from a number of industries from Karnataka. The variety of applications in fields

like agriculture, pipe line survey, urban policing, 3D estimation of structures and building,

railway track survey, crowd monitoring were discussed and the progress made in different

applications were taken into account.

10. The session titled “Academic research on UAVs” highlighted the increasing presence of

academic institutions in UAV research. The major support under National Program on MAV

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was instrumental in promoting Micro UAV research in academic institutions. Some of the

research topics discussed included Low Reynolds number Aerodynamics for MAV, Mission

based approach for Multicomputer design, Development of special purpose payloads etc.

11. The panel discussion centered on the promotion of UAV technologies for the civil

governance by way of encouraging indigenous solution development in industry, academia and

research labs. The panel reiterated the relevance and needs of pilot projects with examples of

the requirements from departments of survey, forests, urban planning, and agriculture.

Suggestions included setting up center of studies in the universities, training of personal in the

use of UAVs, introduction of courses related to UAVs, promotion of indigenous design and

manufacturing etc.

13 Summary of Recommendations

The industry involved in UAV development in the country is at their early stages and the lack

of regulation and certification of UAVs are also a major impediment to the growth of the

industry. The Government should support the indigenization program using consortium

approach where the user department can fund the development of mission specific UAVs to

meet their requirement. The academic institutions can also be part of this consortium to provide

required research base for this activity.

In the west, a majority of the technologies of small UAVs in the last decade have been

developed in the university environment and mainly funded by government agencies. A few of

the universities have also started introducing special courses and degrees in the UAV related

areas. Considering the enormous opportunities as well the challenges associated with the

development of mission capable systems it is time in our country especially at the universities

we take a proactive role in developing the technologies as well the human resources in this

multidisciplinary area.

Since the technologies underlying the development of these vehicles and sensors have been

constantly improving, the universities should be well prepared to look at complete system

solutions in addition to engaging in research in selected areas of contemporary relevance. State

should fund this research and development thereby meeting the aspirations of the young

research community as well as to meet its demand from indigenous development. The

conference recognized the need for a proactive approach to expand the role of universities and

academia to engage in research and innovation through the support of government for

enhancing the value addition in the country in the manufacture and applications of UAS.

The manufacturing base for the high precision small components (micro fabrication) is also a

key requirement for the growth in this sector. Government can set up some pilot plants in the

university incubation centers to promote this technology. Advanced fabrication using

composites should also be part of this activity.

21 | P a g e

Cost factor and trained manpower for the advanced manufacturing methods need to be looked

into closely. We always ended up on the negative side on the weight budget on the structure

and the cost of production for limited volume made us less competitive.

On the development of new designs / improved design we need to look at multidisciplinary

optimization methods and we are just evolving in this field for the small UAV class. The R&D

support to promote this in the academic environment will result in robust designs coming out.

Another key issue is sourcing high reliability sub systems and electronics and appropriate

evaluation of them. The government should get into agreement with foreign principles to

source some of the critical components that are not made in the country so that the consortium

partners use them for establishing reliable systems.

The software and simulation is a good option to the academic institutions as we have good

resources both in terms of manpower and tools. Keeping the total solution in focus this group

can also diversify meet the requirement related to post-operative payload data processing and

analysis.

Encouraging the establishment of a few centres of excellence in the environment of university

and research organization is a good idea. But requires good mentoring and some hand holding

from experts from within the country and abroad. Training of faculty, setting up of

infrastructural facilities, space for experimental flight trials and bench marking ground

simulations are essential part. Such centres could be built around pools of expertise existing in

VTU, Jain University, NAL and others

22 | P a g e

Appendix A Conference Program

Program Schedule

DAY 1 - 22nd March 2017

Time Session Speaker Organization

Start End

8:30 9:30 Registration/Breakfast/Tea

9:30 11:00 Inaugural Session

09:30 09:35 Invocation

09:35 09:45 Welcome Address 1.Dr.N.Sundararajan

2. Shri. Rtn. V S Ranga Rao

VC, JU President Rotary Club

09:45 09:55 Address by Chancellor, JU Dr. C G Krishnadas

Nair Jain University/ INAE

09:55 10:10 Address by Chief Guest Shri T Suvarna Raju Chairman, HAL

10:10 10:25 Presidential address Dr V.K. Aatre INAE

10:25 10:45 Key note address Mr V. Ashok Rangan PD, UAV, ADE

10:45 10:50 Vote of Thanks Prof. K R Sridhara

Murthi Director, IIAEM

10:50 11:05 Tea Break/Exhibition/ Networking

11:15 12:05

Session I Field Demonstration I

Fixed Wing/Multi Rotor/Mini UAV For Mission Mode

Field Demonstration NAL, Asteria Aerospce, Ms Edall Systems

12:15 13:15 Session II – Plenary

Session Dr A.R. Upadhya Former Director- NAL

12:15 12:35 UAVs- Charting a

Roadmap for future Dr. Mukund K. Rao Member-Sec KJA

12:35 12:55 Comprehensive UAS

Solutions Moshe Ephrati IAI

12:55 13:15 Futuristic Research on

Micro & Nano UAV Lt. Gen. (Dr.) V.J.

Sundaram INAE/NDRF

13:15 14:00 Lunch Break/Exhibition/Networking

14:15 16:00 Session III - Major R&D

Mr P.S. Krishnan

Former Director- ADE

14:20 14:40 UAVs of the World and

Challenges of Indigenous Development

Ms. Nemichandra Chief Designer, UAV,

ARDC, HAL

14:40 15:00 Civil UAV applications Dr.K. Senthilkumar Director, CAR MIT,

Chennai

15:00 15:20 Mini UAVs for ISR

Applications Mr B P Shashidhara GD, ADE

15:20 15:40 Mini & Micro UAV Program

at CSIR-NAL

Mr P V Satyanarayana

Murthy

Head MAV Unit CSIR-NAL

15:40 16:00 Honeywell technologies for unmanned aerial systems

Dr Shrikant Rao Honeywell Tech.

16:00 16:15 Tea Break

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DAY 2 – 23rd March 2017

Time Session Speaker Organization

Start End

8:30 9:00 Breakfast / Tea / Exhibition

9:00 11:00

Session VI - Field Demonstration-II

Fixed Wing/Multi Rotor/Mini UAV For Mission Mode Field

Demonstration

Asteria Aerospace, Tata Advanced Systems, NDRF, Haribon

11:00 11:30 Tea/Exhibition/Networking

11:30 13:00 Session IV – UAV

Industries Dr K.Sudhakar Former Prof IITB

11:30 11:45 Avionics Challenges facing

Modern UAV Mr. Neel Mehta

Director & Co-Founder Asteria

11:45 12:00 Areal Mapping & UAV

Applications Mr. A Pritam

Founder EDAL Systems

12:00 12:15 Methodologies for

Agriculture Monitoring using UAVs

Mr K Kulkarni Director, Haribon

12:15 12:30 Payload for UAV & DELOPT Activities

Dr M R Sheshadri MD DELOPT

12:30 12:45 Use of UAV in Crop

Protection Mr. Babu K.S. Tata Sons Ltd

12:45 01:00 Technologies and

applications of unmanned Aerostats and Airships

Prof R. Pant IITB

13:00 13:45 Lunch Break / Exhibition/Networking

13:45 14:45 Session – V Academic

Research on UAVs Shri Jitendar J Jadhav Director NAL

13:45 14:00 Drone Research at IISc Prof S N Omkar IISc

14:00 14:15 UAV maintenance – A

concept

Dr. Air Cmdr PK

Choudhary (Retd.)

Founder Director,

General Aeronautics

14:15 14:30 Validation of Low Re Airfoil

for UAV Prof Ashish Gupta IIAEM- JU

14:30 14:45 Evolution of UAV

Technology an over view Dr Ravindra Kulkarni

HOD – Aerospace

Engg., RVCE

14:45 15:45 Session- VI Panel

Discussion Karnataka Jnana Aayoga

14:45 15:55

KJA Panel on Pilot Projects of UAVs towards

establishing applications for Governance in

Karnataka

KJA

15:55 16:00 Vote of Thanks IIAEM

16:00 16:30 Tea Break

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Appendix B

List of Participants

A: Delegation for the Conference:

S.No Delegate Name Designation & Organization

1. Dr. C. G. Krishnadas Nair Chancellor,

Jain University

2. Shri. Rtn. V S Ranga Rao President Rotary Club

3. Shri T Suvarna Raju Chairman, HAL

4. Dr V.K Aatre INAE

5. Mr V. Ashok Rangan Program Director, UAV, ADE

6. Dr. A. R Upadhya Former Director-NAL

7. Dr. Mukund K. Rao Member-Sec KJA

8. Moshe Ephrat IAI

9. Lt.Gen. (Dr) V.J. Sundaram INAE/NDRF

10. Mr. P.S.Krishnan Former Director-ADE

11. Ms. Nemichandra Chief Designer, UAV, ARDC,

HAL

12. Dr.K.Sentilkumar, Director, CAR MIT, Chennai

13. Mr B P Shashidhara GD,ADE

14. Mr. P V Satyanarayana Murthy Head MAV Unit CSIR NAL

15. Dr. Shrikant Rao Honeywell Tech

16. Mr. Neel Metha, Asteria Director &Co-Founder

17. Mr.A Pritam Founder EDAL System

18. Mr. K Kulkarni Director, Haribon

19. Dr.M R Sheshadri MD DELOPT

20. Mr. Babu K.S Tata Sons Ltd

21. Prof R.Pant Professor, IITB

22. Shri Jitendra J Jadhav Director NAL

23. Prof S N Omkar Professor, IISc

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24. Dr.Air Cmdr PK Choudhary (Retd) Founder Director, General

Aeronautics

25. Prof Ashish Gupta Professor, IIAEM-JU

26. Dr Ravindra Kulkarni HOD-Aerospace Engg, RVCE.

27. Dr.N.Sundararajan Vice-Chancellor, Jain university

28. Prof K R Sridhara Murthi Director, IIAEM

29. Prof B Dattaguru Professor, IIAEM

30. Prof. V. Parameswaran HOD(Aerospace), IIAEM

31. Dr. Ramesh.G IIAEM-JU

32. Dr C. Y. Allamaprabhu Assistant Professor, IIAEM

33. Vijay Krishna NDRF

34. Roshan Antony NAL, MAV unit

35. Mr M S Parswanath Director,

Projects and Facilities, JGI

36. Mr. Sulakshan Arya Assistant Professor, IIAEM

37. Mrs. S.Charulatha Assistant Professor, IIAEM

38. Mr. Vishwanath, Assistant Professor, IIAEM

39. Mr. Vamsi Krishna Chowduru Assistant Professor, IIAEM

40. Mr. Yasas Visiting Faculty, IIAEM

41. Mr. Indranil Roy Visiting Faculty, IIAEM

42. Mr. Bharat , Research Assistant, IIAEM

Other Faculty, Staff of IIAEM.

B: Participants from Industry & Research Laboratories.

S.No Research Labs & Industries Participants

1. National Aerospace Laboratories 16

2. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited 6

3. Aeronautical Development Establishment 3

4. Indian National Academy of Engineering 14

5. Karnataka Jynana Yoga 11

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6. Asteria Aerospace 3

7. Edall Systems 2

8. Ananth Technologies 2

9. Southern Electronics Pvt Ltd 1

C: Student participants from Other Colleges & Jain Campuses (SET & IIAEM):

S.No Name of the Participant Designation & Organization

1. Sparsh Sharma R V College of engineering

2. Ankit yadav R V College of engineering

3. Abhishek R V College of engineering

4. Chandra Prakash R V College of engineering

5. Chaithanya Kumar K L R V College of engineering

6. Rohit Priyadarshi MVJ College of Engineering

7. GS Sumogh MVJ College of engineering

8. Omkar Lawate MVJ College of Engineering

9. Sathyanarayanan R MVJ college of engineering

10. Kirubakaran V MVJ college of engineering

11. Veeresh B .L.J MVJ college of engineering

12. Ragu priya.R Rajalakshmi Engineering college

13. Monisha Rajalakshmi Engineering college

14. Pavithrabalan.S Rajalakshmi Engineering college

15. Shebinraaj EA Rajalakshmi Engineering college

16. Thillai Ananthi.N Rajalakshmi Engineering college

17. Adithya M P Rajalakshmi Engineering college

18. Reshma yalagi Shree Devi Institute of

technology

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19. Divya H C Shree Devi Institute of

technology

20. Punyashree T Shree Devi Institute of

technology

21. Allwyn John Shree Devi Institute of

technology

22. Nagini.S Shree Devi Institute of

technology

23. Suhas j Shree Devi Institute of

technology

24. Suraj T K Shree Devi Institute of

technology

25. Bharath N Shree Devi Institute of

technology

26. Arpith harshe East West college of engineering

27. Mithil Sai M S East west college of engineering

28. Amit East West college of engineering

29. Prabhuraj East west college of engineering

30. Ehrar Ahamed Shariff East West College Of

Engineering

31. Masood Ahmed East West College of Engineering

32. Soumalya Sinha Indian Institute of Engineering

Science and Technology Shibpur

33. Mishra Krushna Dharmichand Dayananda Sagar College Of

Engineering

34. Sharhabeel M.M Dayananda Sagar College Of

Engineering

35. Preethi C R Dayananda sagar college of

engineering

36. Sandeep R Petlur Dayananda Sagar College of

Engineering

37. Hemanth Kumar.R Dayananda Sagar College of

Engineering

38. Akarsh Rayu Dayananda Sagar College of

Engineering

39. Amogh A S Dayananda Sagar College of

Engineering

40. Ande Rajashekar Reddy Dayananda Sagar College of

Engineering

41. K Narayana Reddy Dayananda Sagar College of

Engineering

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42. Chaithanya K Shree Devi Institute of

Technology

43. Devi Mayavathi A Shree Devi Institute of

technology

44. Shambhu Chaudhary Shree Devi Institute of

Technology

45. Timmanagouda Kellur Shree Devi Institute of

Technology

46. Prakashagoda Shree Devi Institute of

Technology

47. Vineeth Shree Devi Institute of

Technology

48. Anup Patil Shree Devi Institute of

Technology

49. B R Lakshmi Shree Devi Institute of

Technology

50. Ashish Hajare Shree Devi Institute of

Technology

51. Sarvesh Shree Devi Institute of

Technology

52. Manoj C R Student, VTU, Belgaum

53. Pavanrs Student, VTU, Belgaum

54. Laxman Student, VTU, Belgaum

55. Divakar Ganesh Student, VTU, Belgaum

56. Jeevan R Student, VTU, Belgaum

57. Abhinandan Kulkarni Student, VTU, Belgaum

58. Shashank M K Student, VTU, Belgaum

59. Samarth S Kulkarni Student, VTU, Belgaum

60. Shambavi S Student, VTU, Belgaum

61. Shruti S Patil Student, VTU, Belgaum

62. Sudharshan Sk Student, VTU, Belgaum

63. Sachin S Student, VTU, Belgaum

64. Madhu Sai P Student, VTU, Belgaum

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65. Manu.S Student, VTU, Belgaum

66. Radha Ramanagouda Patil Student, VTU, Belgaum

67. Nishal Sanil Monteiro Student, VTU, Belgaum

68. Praveen lamani Shree Devi Institute of

Technology

69. Vaishnavi chakravarthy Shree Devi Institute of

Technology

70. Yashwanth Kumar n Shree Devi Institute of

Technology

71. Arun krishnan Shree Devi Institute of

Technology

72. Aafiya zarnain khansa Shree Devi Institute of

Technology

73. Nikhila Priyadarshini Student, IIAEM-Jain University

74. Mohammed Rafat M Student, IIAEM-Jain University

75. Rana Shamail N Student, IIAEM-Jain University

76. Rahul Deshmukh Student, IIAEM-Jain University

77. Rakshith Yadav N Student, IIAEM-Jain University

78. Mrutyunjaya Behera Student, IIAEM-Jain University

79. Sujeet Kumar Pandey Student, IIAEM-Jain University

80. Anan Anilkumar Christian Student, IIAEM-Jain University

81. Shivam Sharma Student, IIAEM-Jain University

82. Namana N Jain Student, IIAEM-Jain University

83. Mohith L G Student, IIAEM-Jain University

84. Poorna Chandra Thejaswi Student, IIAEM-Jain University

85. Harshith T N Student, IIAEM-Jain University

86. Syed Shoiab Student, IIAEM-Jain University

87. Renganath. R Student, IIAEM-Jain University

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88. A K Surya Student, IIAEM-Jain University

89. Denzil-Mathew Student, IIAEM-Jain University

90. Sandhya V S Student, IIAEM-Jain University

91. Sastikar Monika Shashikant Student, IIAEM-Jain University

92. Debayan Roy Student, IIAEM-Jain University

93. Joshua Daniel Student, IIAEM-Jain University

94. Monika P K Student, IIAEM-Jain University

95. Sachin H S Student, IIAEM-Jain University

96. Shubham Shukla Student, IIAEM-Jain University

97. N.Sai Sumanth Student, IIAEM-Jain University

98. Bhimaray Biradar Student, IIAEM-Jain University

99. A Suraj Kumar Student, IIAEM-Jain University

100. Gowrishree .H Student, IIAEM-Jain University

101. Divya M Student, IIAEM-Jain University

102. Rohini P Student, IIAEM-Jain University

103. Goutham S Student, IIAEM-Jain University

104. Patel Dixit Student, IIAEM-Jain University

105. Shashwath Gowda Student, IIAEM-Jain University

106. Bhargavi G S Student, IIAEM-Jain University

107. Suheabt Student, IIAEM-Jain University

108. Abhinaya.B.Aski Student, IIAEM-Jain University

109. Aishwarya Yallappa Badami Student, IIAEM-Jain University

110. Hamsa GR Student, IIAEM-Jain University

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111. Shaik Mansoor Ali Student, IIAEM-Jain University

112. Akshath Gowda B M Student, IIAEM-Jain University

113. Ujjal Das Student, IIAEM-Jain University

114. Kiran Kumar P Student, IIAEM-Jain University

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Acknowledgements

On behalf of the IIAEM, Jain University, I would like to acknowledge and extend the gratitude

to the Advisory committee, Organizing committee, the distinguished chief guest and speakers,

who contributed to ensure that the conference was a success.

The Advisory Committee comprised the following:

Dr. C.G. Krishnadas Nair, Chancellor, JU

Dr. N. Sundararajan, Vice Chancellor, JU

Lt. Gen Dr. V.J. Sundaram, INAE, NDRF

Sri. P.S. Krishnan, Former Director ADE & Chairman SIGMA Panel

Sri. Jadhav, Director NAL

Prof. Dattaguru, IIAEM, JU

Dr. Upadhya, Fellow INAE

Dr. Mukund Rao, Member Sec – KJA

Dr. Aatre, INAE

Mr. Ranga Rao, President, Rotary Club.

The Organizing Committee comprised of the following:

Dr.N.Sundararajan, Vice-Chancellor, Jain university

Prof K R Sridhara Murthi, Director, IIAEM

Prof B Dattaguru, IIAEM

Prof. V. Parameswaran

Dr. Ramesh.G, IIAEM-JU

Prof Ashish Gupta, IIAEM-JU

Dr C. Y. Allamaprabhu, Assistant Professor, IIAEM

Vijay Krishna, NDRF

Roshan Antony, NAL, MAV unit

Mr M S Parswanath, Director, Projects and Facilities, Jain Group

Mr. Sulakshan Arya, Assistant Professor, IIAEM

Mrs. S.Charulatha, Assistant Professor, IIAEM

Mr. Vishwanath, Assistant Professor, IIAEM

Mr. Bharat, Research Assistant, IIAEM

Mr. Vamsi Krishna, Assistant Professor, IIAEM

Mr. Yasas, Visiting Faculty, IIAEM

Mr. Indranil Roy, Visiting Faculty, IIAEM

Gratitude is due to INAE, AR & DB – SIGMA panel, KJA, SIATI, NDRF and Rotary Club

of Bangalore for supporting in organizing the Conference.

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For more information, contact:

Head of Department

International Institute for Aerospace Engineering and Management, Jain University

Jain Global Campus, NH-209, Jakkasandra Post.

Kanakapura Taluk, Ramanagara District, Karnataka 562 112

Phone: +918027577231 / 232

Email: iiaem@jainuniversity.ac.in

Website: http://iiaem.jainuniversity.ac.in/index.html

Development of UAVs

Ashok Rangan V, Sc G, PGD UAV

swashru@yahoo.co.in

Presentation Overview

To create synergy in the efforts of research and development organizations, ordnance factories, public sector units and industries of the country to achieve self-reliance in defense systems

VISION AND MISSION STATEMENT

To develop state of the art technology

To achieve self-reliance in defense technologies and systems and provide indigenous systems to defense services

A MULTI-DISCLIPINARY PRODUCT ORIENTED ORGANIZATION

About 6% of defense budget

About 7000 scientists

23000 technical cadre

DRDO HEADQUARTERS

About DRDO

GTRE

Armaments

Life Sciences

Computer Science

Electronics

Materials

Naval Research & Development

Missiles

Combat Vehicles & Engineering

ADE ADRDE CABS CEMILAC

Aeronautics

DRDO

DG Aero

DRDO Family

ADA

• Founded on 5th Jan 1959

• Started as DRDO Aero base in Bangalore

• D&D of unmanned aerial platforms

•Engaged in Combat Aerial systems since 90’s

• Multi-disciplinary

•ISO 9001 : 2008

About ADE

UAVs targets UAV surveillance

Flight Simulators

LCA • FCS • Cockpit Display

Thrust Areas

Aerodynamics •Configuration design including WT Models, propellers etc

Structures •Airframe design, analysis, composte fabrication and structural testing

Propulsion •Propulsion system integration including fuel management

FCS & Simulation •DFBWFCS, FCC, SW, HILS, PILS, CDS & Flight simulation

FTTT •Tele-command, tracking, telemetry, GCS

Payloads •Gimbal assembly, image exploitation etc.

Systems •System engineering, system design & configurational management

Integration •Air vehicle integration, flight testing

ADE: The Core Technologies

Aero - Mechanical

Flight Controls

Avionics

System Design Mosaic

Aero - Mechanical

Flight Controls

Avionics

System Design Mosaic

System Design Mosaic

ADE Project Management

Industry Participation

Academica Participation

ADE Involvement

Judicious Mix

Product designed

at ADE

+ -

Manufacturer

+ +

Incremental Technology required to achieve

desired product

Technology already available at ADE

Technology Development

Transfer of Technology

To User Desired Product by User

Product Loop

Technology Loop

ADE: The Collaborative Paradigm

1959 1990 2000 2010 2020 1960 1980 1970

HOVERCRAFT

MT PTA

CADS

LCA FCS

NISHANT

SIMULATORS

SIMULATORS

UCAV

MCA FCS

SOLAR HALE

LAKSHYA & NISHANT

VARIANTS

RUSTOM-II

ATR

MAV

RUSTOM-1

KAPOTHAKA

ADE: 50+ Years of Fascinating Flights

Uninterrupted Surveillance on Area of Interest Spy satellites provide episodic coverage of area of interest, whereas UAVs have high battlefield persistence

One UAV for every 175 Manned aircraft

One hour of UAV for every 300 hrs of manned flight

CURRENT STATUS

This ratio will increase tremendously in future

USPs of UAVs The 3 Ds

Can work on high threat survivability environment

Can stay on-station far longer period

Can perform evasive maneuvers (High g’s- UCAVs)

Reduced size and weight - lower operating and unit cost

Why UAVs

Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) The ability to gather accurate and timely information

on enemy forces is an essential enabler of modern military operations with “network centric” war fighting concepts, the importance of accurate and timely information will grow

UAVs possess the capability to provide long-dwell surveillance by loitering over targets of interest for extended periods of time. Moreover, high-flying UAVs can act as ”a poor man‘s satellite‘ by providing a high altitude (40-60K‘), look-down perch for sensors to scan targets of interest

UAVs have the advantage over satellites in that they are more easily retasked, reconfigured, and upgraded to take advantage of different payloads or new sensor technology

satellite orbits are predictable--allowing adversaries to anticipate satellite surveillance, whereas UAVs have greater ability to alter their flight paths and coverage

UAV vs Satellite

Commands Corp

Division Brigade

Battalion Company Platoon Soldiers

WAR THEATRE THE STAGE & THE ACTORS

War Commander

Land Systems Aero Systems

Supports to Land & Naval systems

Combat Platforms

Space Based Directed Energy Weapons(DEWs)

Manned UCAVs

Intelligence Platforms

UAVs Aerostats Space Based Satellites

Naval System

12

UAV FOR EVERYONE

Commands

Corp

Division

Brigade

Battalion

Company

Platoon

Soldiers

The UAV Roadmap

Reconnaissance Surveillance and Wide Area Aerial surveillance(WAAS) Target Acquisition Artillery fire correction – DOOAF Battle field Damage Assessment- BDA NBC monitoring Land mine detection Elimination of unexploded IED and land mines Battle field situation awareness and understanding Illumination of targets by laser designations Psychological impact on militants Combat roles- SEAD/DEAD Swarms and Electronic intelligence

Unmanned System – Military Tasks

UAVs Applications- Civil • Aerial photography • Agriculture • Coastguard • Conservation • Customs and exercises • Electricity companies • Fire Services and Forestry • Fisheries • Gas and oil supply companies

• Information services • Local authorities • Meteorological services • Traffic agencies • Oil companies • Ordinance Survey • Police Authorities-CRPF • Rivers Authorities • Survey organisations • Water Boards

Agricultural Operations: Spraying of Pesticides and fertilisers to monitoring soil quality, erosion and maturity of crops

Japanese giants Fuji Heavy Industries RPH2 and Yamaha’s RMAX

UAVs Applications and Indian Context

Forest and Wildlife: Netra UAV (IdeaForge-DRDO) for tracking a killer leopard in Uttarakhand, for the tiger census Monitoring the situation in riot hit areas

UAVs Applications and Indian Context

Mapping and Monitoring: Garuda Robotics-Pulkit Jaiswal, Delhi

High-end software and algorithms – customising specific tasks like monitoring green cover, 3D mapping, meteorology, ecological audit and soil quality testing

During the Sept 2014 Kashmir floods and 2013 June flash floods in Uttarakhand- NDMA(National Diasater Management Authority) deployed four UAVs to scan ,rescue and reilef work

Panna Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh

UAVs Applications and Indian Context

Law and Order: UP is one of the more proactive Indian States to deploy drones and UAVs to monitor sensitive communal situations, spray pepper powder, phosporous element

Ramadam Procession- Lucknow Kumbh Mela 2014- Networked drones Ganesh Chaturthi Processions- Mumbai Police Anti-Moist Operations- Nishant UAV Demonstration at

Jagadalpur, Chattishgarh Coastal and Maritime Security – Rustom-1 Demonstration

at Rameshwaram, Tamilnadu

UAVs Applications and Indian Context

Design Philosophy for UAV

COMPARISON : MANNED AND UNMANNED AIRCRAFT

IF UAV STRUCTURES ARE COMPARED TO STRUCTURES OF MANNED AIRCRAFT, FIRST OF ALL THE WEIGHT

CLASS OF THE VEHICLES AND THEIR FLIGHT ENVELOPE SHOULD BE SIMILAR

GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Design for UAV essentially follows the same rules as for Manned Air Systems but

Requirement s may be narrowed down or relaxed because No safety requirements for crew / passengers Specialised usage Possibly restricted flight areas Small fleets of aircraf Orientation to all composite structures ( fatigue , corrosion ) Autonomous Flight Control Systems

Requirement s might be more demanding because there is no pilot intelligence Bird strike, icing, lightning CAT 2 & 3 Certification ( flying over populate area / civil airspace)

REQUIREMENTS CAPTURING To really make UAVs cheaper, it is important not to overload specifications Detailed analysis of cost against performance has to be established. Spiral development cycles will provide faster to operational service with less than optimums but steeper learning curve with closer link between field experience and design upgrades Role change or atleast adaptation –. Spiral Development is possible even if the requirements for certain future capabilities cannot be formulated at the time being Leads to a more rapid procedure to put air vehicles into service and profits by future technological developments Constantly developing avionic equipment and varying requirements for mission make UAVs a favourable candidate for spiral development

TYPICAL REQUIREMENTS / GUIDELINES

Structures General MIL – Spec. A-886X and A – 83444 Series CS 23 and CS 25 (Tailored) DEF STAN 970 LTF 1550 – 001 , Issue 1 USAR 3.0 Composites FAA AC 20 – 107A “Composite Aircraft Structure” (FAA Advisory Circular) MIL – HDBK 17 (only Composite – mil / civil) German Guidelines (comparable to FAA AC)

REQUIREMENTS : MALE / HALE

Low Speed – Cruise Speed of 125 – 150 kmph Sailplane like transport aircraft attributes Mission Altitude – (< 35,000 ft for MALE and > 35,000 ft for HALE UAV) Long Endurance > 20 Hrs Low maueuvre load factors and low roll velocity Structural Design driven by Gust conditions Geometric Design driven mission payload requirements Fatigue Requirements – High sortie per year & Life time > 20 years

REQUIREMENTS : URAV

Low Altitude mission ≥ 1000 ft Subsonic flight envelope More agile air systems increase of g and roll velocity compared to MALE / HALE Structural design driven by maneuvre loads Geometric design driven by payload requirements Fatigue Requirements – Low sortie per year & Life time > 20 years Combat capability – External stores / internal weapon bay / small weapons Stealth Requirements – RCS , IR ?

REQUIREMENTS : UCAV

Design for - Subsonic / Transonic / Supersonic Flight Envelope - Multi Functional Structures , Morphing Structures Agile Air Vehicle - Equivalent to Manned Fighter Aircraft - Even higher agility is required Geometric Design is driven by Mission Performance High Combat capability - External weapons and / or Internal Weapon Bay Fatigue Requirements - Very Low Sortie Rate pr Year - Use of UCAVs in War times only - Fatigue loads in short period during war missions and storage requirements Stealth Requirements – RCS , IR ?

SPECIAL CONDITIONS

Bird Strike Ensure that bird strike does not affect the integrity of the structure (like wing tank) or impair functionality (Equipment) Lightning strike Protect structure and equipment against lightning strike Use copper foil or copper mesh an electrical bonding Icing Icing spoils aerodynamic characteristics and may lead to loss of air vehicle Deicing capability will be required in many regions Fluid or electrical deicing required

DIFFERENCES : MANNED / UNMANNED AV

Crash Conditions Manned aircraft are designed to crash conditions (attachment of Ejection Seat, Cockpit, Fuselage Fuel Tank, Bulkhead etc) Not applicable for UAV as it involves no pilot Protected Envelope FCS has to control UAV to reach a comparable level of safety as for manned systems - flying over populated areas Transport by Land , Air and Sea Normally not necessary for manned systems but unmenned systems (upto intermediate size) will be transported close to operation area. Use of UCAV primarily in war times Long term storage necessary Storage time and storage requirements (maintenance ) to be defined

MODULARITY

UAVs operational requirements may change fast. Hence, the modularity is always a major design aspect.

Modular payloads for easy change from one mission to other Replacement of internal weapon bay for a payload bay. Modularity to solve the obsolescence problem (Electronics, Sensors) Modularity may also be a means to change the airframe performance characteristics Modularity of structural components as prerequisite for easy transportation Storage time and storage requirements (maintenance ) to be defined

INTEGRATION OF SENSORS & ANTENNAS Possible next generation integration aspects - Conformal Load Bearing Antennas - Radomes included in load carrying structures - Shape / Vibration control of antennas (Beam steering , sidelobe level) - Thermal management problems from embedded electronic sub systems - Structural / System health sensing systems

Possible consequences on system level - Integration of production shop environment & sensor clean room - Combined qualification concepts on sensors & structures

TRANSPORTATION / MAINTAINABILITY

Assemble / Disassemble Size limitations of Transport vehicle are limiting factor Transports add design load cases to load envelope of structure and system layout Usage of standard containers ( 40 ft containers) Clear hoisting and jacking concept including emergency conditions during transport Convenient mission payload maintenance ( special compartment and / or container) Easy access to panels, bays, system interfaces.

System Configuration Unmanned

System

Mission Unmanned

Aerial Vehicle

Ground Support System

AGCS

ALRS

GDT

Power Suppl

y Logistic

s

EO/SAR/ ESM/STILL

CAMERAS/ADR

Payloads

UAV AUTONOMY LEVELS WAY TO GO

34

Level - 10 : Fully autonomous systems Level - 09 : Group strategic control Level - 08 : Distributed control Level - 07 : Group tactical goals Level - 06 : Group tactical replan Level - 05 : Group coordination Level - 04 : Onboard route replan Level - 03 : Adapt to flight and failure conditions Level - 02 : Real Time health diagnosis Level - 01 : Remotely Guided Level - 00 : Remotely Piloted

Source :

M.Suresh and D.Ghose, “ Role of information and communication in redefining UAV autonomous control levels”, Proc. IMechE, Vol.224, Part-G:Journal of Aerospace Engineering, pp. 171-197 DOI: 10.1243/09544100JAERO606

Solo

Aut

onom

y G

roup

Aut

onom

y

Source :

UAS Roadmap (2005-2030) by DoD, USA

UAV Development Phases

Products

Over 70 nos. produced and successfully flown

•Air launched target for SAMs

•Speed: 0.7M

•Altitude: SL to 9 Km

•First flight: 1974

•Flight time: 5 to 7 mins

•Feature: Fire and Forget

ULKA Air Launched Missile Target/Drone

The Early Birds

•All up weight: 130 Kg

•First Flight: 1986

•Endurance: 90 min

•Payload: TV & Panaromic Cameras

Successful demonstration of Take-off, Para recovery & GCS

KAPOTHAKA Mini RPV Demonstrator

Products (1) Lead Specs •Zero Length Launcher/ Booster assisted •First Flight: 1986 •Speed: 0.5 to 0.7 M •Altitude: 9 Km •Payload: 2 Tow targets •Endurance: 50 minutes •Three axis autopilot •Analog implementation •GCS command •Recovery: Parachute (Land & Sea)

Used by all 3 Services 42 nos. delivered & more on order

Lakshya-2 completed field evaluation

LAKSHYA Pilotless Target Aircraft

Upgrade Vision

Higher endurance (90 mins) with STFE

Weaponization (2 x 45 kgs; pylon mounted)

Products (2) Lead Specs

•Day/ Night Reconnaissance

•First Flight: 1995

•Launch: Mobile Hydro-Pneumatic

•Altitude: 3600m AMSL

•Flight Endurance: 4 ½ Hrs

•Command Range: 175 Km (160km)

•Recovery: Parachute/Landing Bags

•All up weight: 370 Kgs

4 nos. already delivered to Army

NISHANT Multi Mission Tactical UAV

Upgrade Vision

Wheeled & hybrid versions

Products under Evaluation (1)

Panchi (Nishant on Wheels)

Lead Specs

•Conventional Take off & Landing

•Service ceiling: 14000 ft

•Endurance: 6-8 hrs

•Cruise Speed: 140 Km/hr

•Range: 200 Kms

•Payload: 45 Kg( Electro-Optics)

• Wing span: 7 m & Length: 6 m

•All up weight: 350 Kg

4 flights demonstrating conventional take off and landing completed

Upgrade Vision

Panchi as FTB

Products under Evaluation (2)

RUSTOM-1 Short Range UAV

Lead Specs

•Conventional Take off & Landing

•Service ceiling: 25000 ft

•Endurance: 12-15 hrs

•Cruise Speed: 150 Km/hr

•Range: 250 Kms

•Payload: 75 Kg( Electro-Optics)

• Wing span: 7.9 m & Length: 5.1 m

•All up weight: 750 Kg

Max endurance of 10 hrs & altitude 20,000 ft achieved through ∼ 50 flights

Demo Flights for Navy and Coast guard completed

Products under Evaluation (2)

R1 with Helina Missiles Status: Taxi trials completed

Upgrade Vision

Weaponization (2 x 50 kg HELINA)

GPA Mk-IV ver 1.0 MREO Gimbal (GPA Mk-V))

R1 with Gimbal Mk –V with capabilites of laser designator and increased range and altitude of operation

R1 with variable pitch propeller for increased endurance

Few other Products under Evaluation

Mini & Micro UAVs

Controlled Aerial Delivery System (CADS)

LCA (Mk-I)

Flight Control Systems

Cockpit Display System

Head-up Display

Pilot Mental Workload Evaluation Simulator (PMWLES)

Computerized Pilot selection system (CPSS)

Products under Development (1)

Upgrade Vision

Weapon integration

HALE First Flight Nov 2016

RUSTOM-II MALE UAV

•Lead Specs

•Conventional Take off Landing

•Service Ceiling: 32,000 ft

•Endurance: > 24 hrs

•Cruise Speed: 150 Km/hr

•Range: >200 Kms

•Payload: 350 Kg (Electro-Optics, RWR, IFF, SAR, MPR, ELINT, COMINT etc.)

Wing span: 20.6 m Length: 9.5 m AUW: 2400 Kg

Products for Future (1)

Upgrade Vision

UCAV

Conceptual design completed (partner with ADA)

Unmanned Strike Aircraft Lead Specs •Range : >2000 km •Max Speed : 0.8 Mach •Endurance : 3-4 hrs •AUW: 11 / 14 tons •Service Ceiling: 11 km •Payload : 500 / 1000 kg

Products for Future (2)

Upgrade Vision

RUAV (10 kg class)

NRUAV (2 ton class)

Comprehensive project proposal in joint collaboration with HAL and IIT – Kanpur sanctioned for “Autonomous Rotary Aerial Vehicle (RUAV 10 Kg)”

Rotary UAV

VTOL UAV flying in any direction

RUAV NRUAV

Solar powered UAV and other Non-conventional energy sources to power UAVs: Initiatives in ADE

•Ground demonstration completed •25-30 watts harvested during peak hours of solar radiation •All on-board avionics powered using solar power •MPPT allows Li-Po battery to be charged in-line •One prototype ready for flight trial

Endurance enhancement for Indian Eagle (IE) Fixed Wing Mini UAV

Development of Solar Mini UAV Objective

Solar powered Mini UAV with large wingspan to harvest sufficient solar power Use most of the technologies/systems proven using Indian Eagle prototype Achieve enhanced endurance to the order of 24 hours

Development Plan (Split into two phases: Phase I & Phase II) Phase I

Development of Mini UAV prototype with 6m span wing Characterization of solar power harvesting system via ground & flight testing Demonstrate enhanced endurance of 12 hours using harvesting solar power

Phase II Demonstrate endurance to the order of 24 hours

Status Development of Conops of Solar Mini UAV Finalization of weight budget and airframe geometry & performance

requirements Study of UAV power requirements v/s power harvested using wing solar panels

Challenges for UAVs in future Interoperability: To maximize potential Unmanned

Systems must be capable of operating seamlessly with each other & with manned systems across the air, ground & maritime domains

Autonomy: Future UAVs will be more autonomous and capable of detection, identification and execution of target.

Communications: Significant improvement in communication transmission efficiencies; better bandwidth efficiencies; transmitter and receiver efficiencies; and in size and weight of communication systems (which require less power, and provide more efficient cooling to operate) is desired

Challenges for UAVs in future (contd..)

Propulsion and Power: UAVs are propelled by combustion engines which are powered by, jet engines, electric systems etc. Future UAVs will have fuel cells, solar power and hybrid power systems for longer operations.

Man-Unmanned teaming: Centralized command and control is required to ensure functional integration (Intel, ops & communications) that synchronizes manned-unmanned aircrafts operations is the need of the hour.

Airspace Integration: As the UAV usage increases they have to be integrated in existing civil and military airspace.

Aero-mech. Core

• Aerodynamics • Propulsion • Structures

• Others

FCS Core • DFCC • Sensors

• Actuators FCS • RTS

Avionics Core

• AED • Power supply • Mission

Computers • Avionics

The Eyes in the Sky

X

RUSTOM-2 (MALE UAV) Altitude: 10-11 Kms AMSL Footprint:10-11 Kms

NISHANT Altitude: 3-4 Kms AMSL Footprint: 3-4 Kms

Micro Air Vehicle Altitude: 100-200 m AMSL Footprint: 100-200 m

Foot

prin

ts o

f UAV

Imag

es

UAVs

in R

econ

naiss

ance

Miss

ions

RUSTOM-1 Altitude: 7-8 Kms AMSL Footprint:7-8 Kms

AERONAUTICS @ 2020 THEN & THEREAFTER

2020

Then

LCA Variants

AMCA

UCAVs

Solar UAVs

MALE & HALE UAV Variants

Aerostat

SSCV Variants

AEW&Cs

Thereafter

Manned Aircraft???

Networked UAVS & MAVs of Autonomy

Level 4+

UCAVs (Stealthy & 8g maneuverable)

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1

FUTURISTIC RESEARCH ON MICRO AND NANO UAV

Lt Gen (Dr) V J Sundaram, PVSM, AVSM, VSM, (Retd.)INAE / NDRF (IEI)

22 March 2017

Conference Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

INAE Jain University

Venue International Institute for aerospace Engineering and

Management , Jain University

Disaster Management & Response

- Fire

- Floods

- Explosions

- NBC/Explosive/Mine - Detection

- Earthquakes

- Landslides

- Gas Leaks

- Search & Rescue

Security

- Surveillance

- Recce

- Communication Relay

- Explosive /Mine detection

- Riot Control

CIVILIAN APPLICATIONS OF UAVs

Civil Governance, Commercial

- Agriculture, Survey, Mapping

- Monitoring Crowds, Stampedes, Illegal Mining, Intruders

- Traffic Control

- Photography/TV/ Cinema

Research & Development- Evaluation of new concepts

- Fusion of GPS & IMU

- MAV Traffic Management

- Detection of Unauthorized/ Hostile MAVs by CivilianAgencies and Police

Damage

Assessment

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2

Miniature Air Vehicle (MAV) Family

Can Provide Links

Mini Air Vehicles 1500 mm

Micro Air Vehicles 300 mm

DARPA (PalmTop) 150 mm Nano Air Vehicles 25 mm

Types - Fixed Wing- Rotary Wing- Flapping Wing

MISSING LINKS

Links to Tahsildar / Control Centre

MINI / MICRO / NANO AIR VEHICLES

Sl.

No

Item Mini Air

Vehicle

Micro Air

vehicle

Nano Air

Vehicle

1 Max. Dimension (mm) 1500 300 75

2 All UpWeight Max. 4 - 7 kg 350 gm 25 gm

3 Payload (gms) 300 - 500 40 - 60 3

4 Range (km) 10 - 12 1 - 2 0.2

5 Endurance (Mins) 30 - 60 5 - 30 2

6 Altitude (m) 200 - 350 50 - 150 20

SYSTEM STUDIES

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3

CYBORG

Hostage Building

Mine

Hide

Obstacle

Participants Australia, France, Germany, Japan,

India (NAL, IIT-B, NDRF -Consortium) Netherlands,

Spain, USA

1st US - Asian Demo for

Micro Air Vehicles-Agra, March 2008

AIM -Demonstrate MICAV Techys

- Identify Working Groups

MISSION: Search & Rescue Hostages

Held By Terrorists

Max.Size of Micro Air Vehicle

Fit into 300 mm sphere

Sponsors

USA - Army, Navy, Air Force

India - CSIR, DRDO

Overall Coordination - NAL

Local Organization - ADRDE (DRDO)

Networking - NDRF

1.2 km

Control

Centre

2008

AGILITY ACROSS INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES

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4

Mini Air Vehicles Autonomous Touch down (Landing)

7 Aug 09

DC

View of the tent house, and vehicles at site. (Vehicle 230m Above Ground Level )

DC 7 Aug 09

28-06-2017

5

Idea ForgeNAL

Tatas

SP,

Kolar NDMA

Director

ADE NDRF

7 Aug 09

MAV Demo (Kolar) to National Disaster Management Authority

Aurora Systems DC

EnterprisesNDRF

MAV Demo (Kolar)

Other Institutions : Swallow Systems , GujaratSpeck (Hyderabad), Sree Sai Aerotech Innovations Pvt Ltd · Chennai

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6

1. Fixed Wing, 300mm & 150mm

2. Rotary Wing, 300mm

3. Flapping Wing, 300mm, 150mm, 75mm

4. Entomopter

5. Swarm Operations

6. Cooperation with unmanned surface and

submerged vehicles {R&DE (Engrs),

VRDE, CVRDE, NSTL, NIOT}

National Programme - Micro Air VehiclesDRDO & DST 2010-2016

GOALS

PROGRAMME CENTER - ADE

Programme Director : Shri V. S. Chandrasekhar

1. National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL)

2. Indian Institute of Science (IISc)

3. IIT (Bombay)

4. IIT (Kanpur)

5. National Design & Research Forum (Consortium),

- The Institution of Engineers (India)

• Anna University Coimbatore• Jain Group of Institutions• MS Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies (MSRSAS)• Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research• Institute of Robotics & Intelligent Systems (IRIS)• National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS)• bigtec Pvt. Ltd• NDRF Project Center

Project Centers :

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National Flying Competition for Micro Air Vehicles

(8 - 11 January 2014) : 11 Teams

Shelter

Base

Micro Air Vehicles to enter shelter and send pictures

Successful Teams

1. DC Enterprises &

Drone Aerospace

2. IIT Bombay

3. NDRF

4. ADA

Fig 12

28-06-2017

8

Years 1 2 3 4 5

Collaborative Missions

Swarm Control

(Relay Control Drone)

Flying

Competition

Air-Air,

Air-Grd

NAL, ADE, NDRF (C), IISc, IITsFlight Demo

Naval Link

RDE, VRDE, CVRDE, CAIRArmy, Navy, Air Force

Indian Missions done for Civil Governance1. Uttarakhand Floods Idea Forge

2. Chennai Floods MIT Chennai

3. Illegal Mining (Karnataka) DC Enterprises

4. Granite Mining MIT Chennai

5. Tower Inspections MIT Chennai

6. NETRA (for Explosive Disposal) Idea Forge/R&D Engs

7. Traffic / Crowd Monitoring by Police ADE, NAL

8. Aerial Photos (Sravanabelagola) NAL

9. Bhimavaram (Agricultural Applications) NDRF

10. Emergency Medicine Delivery (Concept) Throttle

11. Organ Transplants (TPT Concepts) NDRF / IISc/Agragami

Surveillance for Army (Global Tender) Idea Forge

Defence

EXAMPLES

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9

Scope – Service to Govt. Departments• Videography• Orthomosaic 2D Maps

Cameras & S.W Analytics

• Surface Models• 3D Models (VR)

Point Cloud Technique

• Forest Fire• Human Movement• Illegal Activity – Poaching• Rescue• Power Lines condition

Thermal Sensors to indicate hotspots and heat maps

• Vegetative Index• Soil Moisture• Weed & Pest Infestation• Other Crop Health Parameters

Multi-Spectral & Hyper Spectral Sensors

• Monitoring People, Activity Loitering, People count color based tracking, Vehicle Movement

Aerial Images & High endanalytics

CURRENT CHALLENGES

1. Vision Based control, Navigation & Guidance for exploration of enclosed spaces, Caves, Tunnels

2. Location of persons trapped under landslides and collapsed buildings

3. Detection of explosives & other Hazardous Material, buried underground or hidden

TECHNOLOGIES• Integration of Micro, Nano, Bio, Info & Cogno• Brain like Computing• Sensors• Biological Networks• Brain Computer Interface• Cyborgs

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SPECIFIC NAV MISSIONS

Intelligence, Search & Rescue (ISR)

• Inside buildings

• Caves

• Tunnels

• Jungle

Transmit Images - Dormant

- Perched

- In Flight

Detect - Movement

- NBC Toxins

- Noise

• Trapped Persons

- Collapsed Buildings

- Landslides

Building Collapse, Bellandur, Bangalore, Oct 2016

Police Dog trying to locate Survivors

Inspector waiting

to give decision

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Futuristic Research ProjectsMicro-Nano UAVs

Nano UAV application Projects for Civil Governance (Societal Applications)

1. Emerging Technologies2. Future Technologies

NANO AIR VEHICLESSize (mm) Flight time (Mins)

1. DC Enterprises (Bangalore) 200 12

2. Aerovironment (Humming bird) 165 11

3. DC Enterprises (Bangalore) & 125 05

Dr. Sanjay Sane, NCBS

4. Del Fly (Micro) 100 04

5. DC Enterprises (Bangalore) 75 02 (Estimated)

• Flight duration limited by current Li-ion/LIPO Batteries

• Alternate Power Sources

Fuel Cells - Microwave power - transmission - Ni-23 radio isotope

200 175 Size 150 (mm) 125 100 75

1210

8642

TimeMins

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12

SMELL / ODOUR

Food Safety Engineering Program

Richard LintonPurdue university

Arun Bhunia Food Science

Rashad Bashir

Electrical Computer, Biomedical

Michael Ladisch

Biomedical Agricultural, Biological

Micro, Nano, Biotechnology, Biomimetics

Mating silicon Computer with Biological Proteins

MICROFLUDIC BIOCHIP

Advanced Sensors to detect dangerous microorganisms and bacteria that contaminate Foods.

Quality Control Applications : Standard Chip with 38 Sensors

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INSECT AND ANIMAL SENSORS

1. Bees & Wasps – get distracted by other nectars2. Dogs – well known & utilised3. Rats

- More Functional genes in Olfactory system than any other mammal

- Noses closer to ground than dogs where Vapour Pressure Highest Wind Speed Lowest

- Can go to areas inaccessible to dogs

• Columbia – Also trained rats for detection of Explosives & Land Mines

• National Centre for Biological Sciences (Bangalore) Dr Bhalla - Worked on Rats - pursue further

FROGS CAN SEE COLOURS IN THE DARKUnique in having rods in the eye with different

sensitivities

Ref: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

The Hindu : 2 March 2017

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AFRICAN POUCH RATS Trained by Bart Weetgens

2400 mines detected in Mozambique

• APOPO – Belgium NGO trains the rats in specific areas / environment • Accredited against International Mine Action Standard (IMAS)• Team of 34 rats & 50 persons used in Gaza• Supported by Govts of Belgium and Tanzania, Antwerp University

and UNDP

A Physical / Biological System for use in Society

POWER

TARGET ITEM

SENSORHW

MECHANICALELECTRICALOPTI CALACOUSTICCHEMICALBIO

PROCESSINGHW CCT SWMECHANICALELECTRICALCHEMICALBIO

DISPLAY

MECHANICALELECTRICALOPTI CALACOUSTICBIO

CONTROLCCT

HW SW

MECHANICALELECTRICALBIOSYSTEM LEVEL

- Micro, Nano and Bio Technologies - Complementary

- Knowledge of all three - Essential

SYSTEMS

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MICROSITAR, SCL

Nano-IISc, IIT(B)

Info

Cogno Bio

•DNA Computers• Proteins - Detectors

- Memories

Cell Phone Technology

Blue tooth, www

Sensor

Brain

Interface

Quantum Devices

• Wells - Detectors/ Lasers• Dots• Computers

Carbon

Nano Tubes

ADE,CAIRPvt. Companies

CCMB NCBSDEBELDRDEBigtecIISc

IISc, IITs, Acad/PvtNational Brain

Research Centre-CAIR, NIAS, DEBEL

IISc – Private IITs - Public

Academic

GovtPvt

Acad Lab

Govt / Lab

INTEGRATION OF MICRO-NANO-BIO-INFO-COGNO TECHNOLOGIES

IIT-M, DMSRDE

SyntheticBiologyNCBS

IISc, IITs

INERTIAL MEASUREMENT UNIT & CONTROLLER

IMU & CONTROLLER

(for Micro Air Vehicles)

Now < 50 gms

Required Single Chip Solution < 5 gms)

MEMS AccelerometerImported :

(RCI , BEL)

MEMS GYRO• Imported

• RCI

GPS

(ASIC)Nav. Solution

Processor

(TI/ADSP)

Controller

System Engineering

& Interfacing

ADE

Coral - NAL

Idea Forge (IIT-B)

Whirly Bird

(IIT- Kanpur)

Drone Aerospace

DC Enterprises

28-06-2017

16

BIOSENSORS

INTEGRATED

BIOLOGICAL TRANSDUCING

MATERIAL MICROSYSTEM+

Tissue

Microorganisms

Organelles

Cell receptors

Enzymes

Antibodies

Nucleic acids

Optical

Electrochemical

Thermometric

Piezoelectric

Magnetic

Integration of Biology and Engineering

Analytical Devices

OLFACTORY SYSTEM IN HUMANS

Olfactory receptors are located on the cilia of olfactory neurons inside the nose.

When odorant molecules bind to the receptors the neurons are activated and an electrical signal is sent out to its corresponding glomeruli, located in the olfactory bulb.

The glomeruli are activated to relay a signal to the brain.

OLFACTORYSENSOR

Olfactory

receptor

cells

28-06-2017

17

Enzyme Biosensor

Superoxide Dismutase

Activation of Guanylyl Cyclase with Nitrc Oxide sets off a cascade of reactions leading to chemiluminescence

Reproduced using commercially available proteins

Woldman et al, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol 47, pp 1339 – 1345 (2009)

NDRF

Dr. Muralikrishna Reddy

Mrs. Prasanthi . B

IISc

Dr. Manoj Verma

Abexome

Dr. Manjula Das

Data for 1.5pM (equivalent to 0.5ppb) Nitric Oxide Delivered

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Series1Nitric oxide introduction

Rel

ativ

e L

um

ines

cence

Unit

s

Time in seconds

Basal Activity of Enzyme in the Absence of Nitric Oxide

Increase in Luminescence after introduction of nitric oxide

Device - bigtec

28-06-2017

18

BRAIN LIKE COMPUTING Europe : Human Brain Program (HBP)Furber – SPiNNeker – DigitalMeier – Spikey – AnalogIndiveri – Neuromorphic – Chip

USA DARPA’s SYNAPSE HRL & IBM

Systems of Neuromophic Adaptive Plastic Scalable Electronics

Goal – Computer with Form, Function & Power Consumption similar to Mammalian Brain

Create – 10 billion, Neurons, - 100 Trillion Synapses

Fabricate - Multi-Chip Neural System & Instal in Robot

HRLMemristor – Resistance depends on past states.

Used to mimic synapses in a brain

Srinivasa – Memristor Array Integrated on CMOS Chip - Low Power

- Memory & Logic Units same (Like Brain Neural Circuit)

- Density – 30 G bits/ cm2

- Hybrid Cross bar/CMOS Arrays System–Store 1600 Pixel

- Scale Chip to Support Emulations of Images• Millions of neurons• Billions of synapses

28-06-2017

19

IBMPrincipal Investigator – Narendra ModhaInternational Joint Conference on Neural Networks

August 2013 at Dallas• Neurosynaptic Core – Neurons (1272 gates)

- Synapses- Dendrites- Axons

• Data from Sensors analysed by parallel Algorithms• “Corelets” developed by IBM for Neurosynaptic functions

Eg: Motion Detection• Corelet Language likened by Modha to FORTRAN will be

used on IBM’s Cognitive Computers• Corelets available in Corelet Library- Eg:Optic Flow

(used by Insects)More will follow

Special Silicon

Circuits

NEUROMORPHIC ARCHITECTUREAndrew Nere, Umberto Olcese, David Balduzzi, Giulio Tononi - May 2012

(Other contributors Dharmendra Modha and Steve Esser)

RETINA

AttentionDecision

100

16

28-06-2017

20

TUMBLEWEED - Autonomous Spherical Robot Multimodal Sensing

• Image & Sound• Including Microphone

& Speakers Deploy in Disaster area

for Search & Rescue Identify persons in need Communicate

- Vision- Hearing- Smell- Touch- Taste

Probably enable seeing a seene / object/event more holistically and make operation of unmanned intelligent systems easier.Eg - Vision based control, nav & guidance without a human in the loop

IBM

5 in 5(Senses) (Years)

IBM NATURE

BIOLOGICAL NETWORKS

Neural Networks Cultured using control tissue (fromRat brains). Their computational capacity & leaningbehaviours studied using (8x8) Multi-electrode Array(MEA) by Kevin Warwick

- Simulation done using MATLAB

- Closed Loop system Created between Cultured neuralN/w and a Mobile Robotic Platform

- Actual experiments performed to avoid a wall

- 50% success compared to Simulation

- Better model to be developed

- Similar feasibility studies initiated with Prof. Sikdar& Prof. Amruthur Bharadwaj at IISc.

28-06-2017

21

Motion

EncoderSonar 200 µm

Mobile RobotMulti Electrode Array

(MEA)

Center of

Array

x 4

Neuronal Cells

close to Electrode

x 40

Robot With Neuronal Controller

K. Warwick et al (Univ of Reading)

DSJ January 2010

Online Experimentation

Communication over LAN. Server deals

with robot movement commands and

sensory data acquisition, off-loading some

processing load of the system. Simulator

and spike detection client communicate

with robot client, providing a closed-loop

link between culture/robot.

Offline Analysis (incl. online capabilities / “Mex” files

Simulator

Program

( C++)

MEABenchRobot Data

Acquisition

Client (C ++)

Connectivity Layout

Bluetooth

Miabot

Receiver

Bluetooth

TC

P/I

P S

ock

ets

Robot Server (C++)

VirtualSerial Port (nfcomm)

WebrotsRobot Server

(C++)

TCP/IPClient

ROBOT NEURO SYSTEM

28-06-2017

22

BRAIN MACHINE / COMPUTER INTERFACE

• Brain Machine Interface projectinitiated by NDRF funded by DRDOto IISc and National BrainResearch Centre, Manesar

• EEG signals used by Prof. Bin He’sGroup University of Minnesota toFly Quad Copter

• EMG signals used in a Thought based control project(AR&DB) by Sanjiv Sambandham, IISc and MaheshJayachandra, NDRF for application to Micro air Vehicle.

• BCI work being done at DEBEL

Mind Controlled Drone

28-06-2017

23

BUMBLEBORG

(SIGMA – Concept) 2008

CENS (RCI/CSIO)

IISc IISER (Tvm)Imtech

NAL

Fuel CellsCECRI, NMRL, MVJ

MSRSAS

Energy Harvesting (PZT) - NAL, SITAR

EAP (Elector Active Polymer)

Agri. Univs.

Cyborg – Both Cybernetic and Organic Parts• Capabilities of Biological Creatures-Insects, Rodents,

Humans can be enhanced by SYNAPSE, BCI, for- Vision based control, navigation, guidance- Location of - buried explosives

- persons trapped under rubble

Project Cyborg 1 & 2• Kevin Warwick & Irena

- Implanted silicon chips in their arms- Studied brains capability to adapt & process signals

from one person to aother

Cyborg Tissue CNT & Plant/Fungal cells Sensors & EM Shielding

CYBORGS

28-06-2017

24

INSECT CYBORGS

• Insect Cyborgs will solve Power requirement for longer flight duration

Beetles & moths fly longer – Naturally

No external power for flight

Micro-energy sources for micro electronics only

- Micro batteries (Jennifer Lewis-Harward) – 10 mg

- Magnesium and Sea water has also been tried

• Energy harvesting possible from Environment and Muscle movement

Remote Neuronal Control of InsectsHybrid Insect – MEMs (HI – MEMS) Programme – DARPA Aims – Prof. Amit Lal

1. Reliable Bio-electromechanical interfaces to Insects – Si – Neural Interface for gas sensors implanted in pupa

2. Locomotion control using MEMS UWB radio connected to Neurostimulator

3. Scavenge power from Insects from wing movements of beetle

Erkan Aktakka

• Final Milestone – Fly to within 5m of target at 100m Control - GPS Coordinates- RF, Optical or Ultrasonic – Remote Control

University of Michigan Professor Khalil Najafi,

Erkan Aktakka

28-06-2017

25

MECINORHINA BEETLE CYBORGRange: 10-50 m depending on LOS

Live beetle

Controller’s PC

RF (2.48 GHz)Transmitter

Dipole Antenna

Pronotum

Basaler Flight Muscle (20 µw)

Stimulating electrodes at optic Lobes

(500 µw)

(Response time < 1 Sec)

RF Receiver77 mW)

University of California Nanyang Univ., Singapore

RF SYSTEM FOR INSECT FLIGHT CONTROL • Radio Control of Mecynorhina Beetle - 8cm

(Neural stimulation of muscles) - 19 gm

• Sato, Berry, Maharbiz - University of California (Berkeley)

- University of Michigan

• Weight Distribution of RF Receiver

mg

Micro Controller 130

Antenna (Dipole) 74

Micro Battery (8.5 mAH) & Avionics 350

PCB + Misc Components 687

Adhesive 90

Total 1331

DemoFlight initiation Cessation Turning in FlightUse of Basilar Flight Muscles

28-06-2017

26

ENTOMOPTERS

CRAWLING + Short Flight InsectsCockroaches

• Backyard Brains - (Gage & Marzullo)• Cockroach steered by electrodes introduced

into cockroach leg• Controlled by a “Spiker Box”• NAL (Kukillaya) has studied biomechanics of

Cockroach locomotion

Dragonfly Model with Optogenetic Insect Control Backpack

Micro Nav / Guidance + Neuro Technology + Synthetic Biology

Wt of Dragon Fly - 600mgAcceleration - 9 gCan cover long distances

OptrodesActivate Steering Neurons with light pulses

Draper Lab + Howard Hughes Medical Institute

28-06-2017

27

RODENT CYBORG

• John Chapin SUNY – NEW YORK

• Utilized excellent olfactory capability of Rats

• Electrode assembly to pick up Radio Signals & Steer rat to suspected area

• Back pack with requisite electronics to control rat’s movements remotely

• Strapped to rat by harness

• Steering cues - Electrodes implanted in somatosensory cortex region for processing touch signals

• Reward for correct movement - Pulse to MFB (Medial Forebrain Bundle) – region for processing pleasure -Found faster than conventional food rewards

India – St. John’s Research Centre / NDRF, Bangalore

OPTOGENETICSOpsins - Light sensitive molecules which convert

sunlight into energy

Rhodopsin - Human eye - Responsible for vision

Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) made by Bacteria

Optogenetics makes use of Opsins to control `neurons within intact mammalian neural tissue with both temporal & cellular precision

Crick - Foresaw this requirement in 1979

- Not achieved with electrical excitation

- Now possible with Optogenetics Tools

• Virus modified with Opsin genes injected into Mouse Brain whichthen produces its own opsins to act as light sensitive channels inMembrane.

• Mouse then controlled through a non-invasive helmet with anarray of LEDs

28-06-2017

28

Spectral Response of Photocurrent from indigenous (IIT-B) bacteriorhodopsin Film

12 hour exposure to air1 hour exposure to air

Response to 532 nm

100µW/cm2

- 50 pA

Lo

ck

-In

ph

oto

cu

rre

nt

(pA

)

Input light power 1-5 pW

chopper freq 15Hz

Vacuum

- Dr.K.S.NarayanJNCASR

- IIT (Bombay)

(nm)

12 hour exposure to air

1 hour exposure to air

Response to 532 nm

100µW/cm2

- 50 pA

Response of bR to Light

Centre for

DNA Finger

Printing &

Diagnosis

Hyderabad

CDFD

BACTERIORHODOPSINThis Opsin has been widely studied supported in India by DBT & DST• IIT-Mumbai, IISc , Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific

Research, Dayalbagh University, Agra, Dharwad University, Institute ofMicrobial Technology, Chandigarh

Shift of Spectral Peaks of bR by BIASApplications of bR have not been pursued further research for its

application in Optogenetics should be taken up

Spectral Response : bR on Conducting Polymer Effect of BiasPhD Thesis Manoj A.G. - JNCASR : August 2003

(Now in IISER – Trivandrum)

28-06-2017

29

OPTOGENETIC TOOL FAMILY

• Conducts Captions • Depolarizes Neurons

• Yellow Light conducts Chloride ions

• Polarizes Target Neuron by activation

Channel Rhodopsin Halo Rhodopsin

(bR is a HR)

OPTOGENETIC NEURAL CONTROL OF RODENT MOVEMENT BY WIRELESS

• Wentz & Boyden (MIT) – Head borne device for Mouse 2gms and 1cm2

• Head borne LEDs controlled by microcontroller

• Receives power using resonant power link & stores energy in adaptive super capacitors

28-06-2017

30

EMERGING CIVILIAN

APPLICATIONS

GOODS DELIVERY BY UAS (MAV) ACROSS URBAN AREAS

Core Requirement - Safety , Security, Accuracy

Safety - Qualification- Certification- GPS Backup- UAS Traffic Management (UTM)- Collision Avoidance, (eg: Ultra Sound)

Accuracy - GPS Loss reduces accuracy

Security - Detection of Unauthorized / Hostile

MAVs by Civilian Agencies and Police

- Identification, RFID, Micro Transponders - Disabling Unauthorized UAS

Seminar to be held during September 2017

28-06-2017

31

FUTURISTIC CIVILIAN

APPLICATIONS

Suggested Projects(Micro-Nano-Bio UAVs)

INDIAN INSECT CYBORGS (Proposed)

• FlyingCyborg

- Hawk Moth National Centre for Biological Sciences

CrawlingCyborg

- Anthia Sexguttata University of Agricultural Sciences (Raichur), Inst. of Wood Science, SITAR, NDRF

• Jumping Cyborg

- Crickets – NDRF, IISc, University of Hyderabad

• Centre of Excellence for Cyborgs

- IISc

• Insect Cyborg Swarms

- Phase 2

28-06-2017

32

FLYING CYBORGS - NATIONAL CENTRE FOR BIO SCIENCES

Phase - 1 : Live measurements from Flying Moths using Integrated Electronics (2 Years)

• Head stabilization is a critical behaviour for flying insects to haveblur free vision.

• To study the process of head stabilization in free flight, a sensorbackpack for moths will give us wireless real time feedback of themoth's thorax and head angles.

• All components for this backpack are available off the shelf.• Minimal lightweight circuit using Inertial Measurement Units

(IMUs) to measure linear acceleration and angular velocities,• Surface mount microcontroller with built in Bluetooth module to

interface with the IMU and report back the data wirelessly.• Use the data gathered from free flight studies to understand the role

of head stabilization in insect flight.• By using various perturbations, we can also study the effect of

various sensory stimuli on head stabilization.Phase – 2 : Control and Guidance of Hawkmoth in Flight (2 Years)• Same setup, we can even stimulate muscles remotely during free

flight.

Scaled Diagram of Sensor Backpack for Hawkmoth

28-06-2017

33

ACTIVITY CHART – Total Time – 2 Years

Hawkmoth - Measurements in Flight

Anthia Sexguttata

28-06-2017

34

Activity Chart for Beetle Cyborg

MEMS

Backpack

System Engineering

System Studies

BMI for Control

Ultra Low Wt Control, Nav Guidance

Cybernetic Implants

Base Station

Sensors

Energy

Harvesting

SLAM

Integration

& Trials

CONCLUDING REMARKS• Major challenges addressed are

- Location of trapped persons

- Detection of buried hazardous material

• Vision based control, Navigation & Guidance in enclosed space

• Today in better position to tackle these by integrating technologies

From – Micro, Nano, bio, info & cogno

To – Brain like computing, Neurosynaptic Chips and Optogenetics

Use Allies - Insects, Rodents & Cyborgs

• Truth, Trust, Transparency, Time, Team work

• Deliver systems useful to Society by an appropriate, feasible combination of technologies & allies

Major Requirement for Collaboration & Cooperation benefit of Mankind National & International

PRESENTATION TO PS, AGRI DEPT 6/28/2017

KJA STUDY GROUP ON UAS

1

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

PERSPECTIVES FOR CIVILIAN UTILISATION OF UAS

Mukund Rao

Member Secretary, KJA

Presentation at Conference on Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Jain UniversityMarch 22-23, 2017

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

• UAS TECHNOLOGY IS “DEMOCRATISING” FLIGHT-CONTROL EXPERIENCE -

BRINGING EXHILIRATING-EXPERIENCE OF AVIATION TO “CITIZEN HANDS”

• LOW-COST AND EASY-EXPERIENCE OF FLIGHT-CONTROL

• “MINIATURISATION” FOOT-PRINTS OF AIRCRAFT

• WIDE-RANGE OF SENSORY-TECHNOLOGY ADAPTATION/INTEGRATION

• UAS-BASED DATA COLLECTION AT GRASS-ROOT LEVEL – LOCAL-

MANAGER, ADMINISTRATOR, VILLAGER, CITIZEN

• WIDE RANGE OF CIVILIAN APPLICATIONS

• BENEFIT TO GOVERNMENT, SOCIETY, CITIZENS

• EXCELLENT “SYSTEMIC EXPERIENCE” TO EDUCATION AND R&D

• GOOD REGULATIONS AND CIVILIAN UAS POLICIES ARE REQUIRED

• RULES, REGULATION AND ADMINISTER

• INTEGRATED EDUCATION “PLATFORM”

• LARGE BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY

UAS – DEMOCRATIC-OPPORTUNITY…..

UAS IS KJA FOCUS AREA FOR

KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION

PRESENTATION TO PS, AGRI DEPT 6/28/2017

KJA STUDY GROUP ON UAS

2

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

• “AT WILL” IMAGING AND DATA ACQUISITION

• “MAXIMAL” USER-CONTROL - LESS DEPENDANT ON OTHER

SYSTEMS

• DATA-GATHERING OF “REQUIRED-AREA”

• EASY AMENABILITY TO MAPPING AND METRICS

• DIRECT INGEST TO GIS

• VARIETY OF “SENSORS”:

• IMAGING CAMERAS, LIDARS, POLLUTION MEASURING

INSTRUMENTS, GEOPHYSICAL ETC

• COST TO USER - “PERCEPTION OF LESS”:

• ONE-TIME COST OF UAV SYSTEMS PROCUREMENT

• OPERATIONAL AND RUNNING COST??

UAS FOR AUTONOMOUS DATA-ACQ…. THE POSITIVES

3

“DEMOCRATISATION” OF

INFORMATION

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

FIRST TIME: COMPREHENSIVE REPORT ON UAS POTENTIALS FOR

KARNATAKA

FIRST TIME: UAS DEMONSTRATION

PROJECTS

FIRST TIME: UAS IN HIGHER EDUCATION

IN KARANTAKA

URBAN AGRI

CIVIC OPS K-GIS

FOREST

?????

KJA TASK FORCE ON UAS

•1st UAS Workshop: Jain

University in Feb 2015

•2nd UAS Workshop:

NIAS in October 2016

•Dr Baldev Raj, NIAS & Dr BV

Naidu, KJA as Co-Chairs

•NDRF-IIE; NAL; DGCA; GoK;

Jain Univ; IIT-K; Team Indus;

IGIT….

PRESENTATION TO PS, AGRI DEPT 6/28/2017

KJA STUDY GROUP ON UAS

3

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

NO PARAMETER GROUND SURVEYS AERIAL SURVEYS SATELLITE IMAGES UAS APPLICATIONS

1 TECHNOLOGY MATURE – OPERATIONAL MATURE – LESS IN INDIA MATURE – OPERATIONAL ***TO BE TESTED AND PROVEN

2 SENSORS TS; GPS – CM LEVEL PAN AND XS CAMERAS; LIDAR

PAN AND XS CAMERAS PAN AND XS CAMERAS; LIDAR; VIDEO; NV CAMERAS; AGRI

3 GRANULARITY (RESOLUTION)

FEW CMS 10-20 CMS ~1M (INDIAN)~0.5M (US)

~5-10 CM

4 GRANULARITY (ELEVATION)

FEW CMS 10-20 CMS 4-5 M (INDIAN)2-3M (US)

~FEW TO 10 CMS

5 COVERAGE AT A TIME

~50-60 SQ KMS ~200-300 SQ KMS ~50+ SQ KMS **AT-WILL; FEW-25 SQ KMS

6 TIMELINESS AT-WILL – ~6 MONTHS 2-3 MONTHS TA 1-2 MONTHS TA **AT-WILL?? FEW DAYS

7 MOBILISE EFFORT MODERATE HIGH LOW ***AT-WILL LEAST

8 SURVEY EFFORT VERY-HIGH HIGH MODERATE **LESS??

9 REPEATBILITY DIFFICULT (5 YRS) DIFFICULT (1-2 YRS) EASY (6 MTHS) ** WHEN REQUIRED??

10 WEATHER IMPEDE SOME EXTENT HIGH HIGH **AT-WILL LESS

11 POLICY FOR GOVT. AT STATE LEVEL DGCA/DEFENCE (2-3 MTHS EASILY)

NRSC – DIRECT DGCA/DEFENCE (1-2 MTHS)

12 BASE MAPPING YES (1:500 SCALE) YES (1:2KSCALE) YES (1:8-10000 SCALE) YES (1:500-2000 SCALE)

13 MONITORING NO MAYBE (YEARLY) YES (6 MTHS) **WHEN REQUIRED

14 FEATURES POSSIBLE FIELD-LEVEL AND FARMER-LEVEL CROP STATISTICSBUILDINGS, ROADS, TOPOGRAPHY,ELEVATION

CROP TYPES, FIELDS/ CADASTRES, + LANDUSE BUILDINGS, ROADS, TOPOGRAPHY,ELEVATION+ LANDUSE

CROPPED AREA, CROPSTRESS/DROUGHT ONSETBUILDINGS, ROADS, TOPOGRAPHY, ELEVATION + lANDUSE

CROP TYPES, INDIVIDUAL FIELDS/ CADASTRES, CROP CONDITION, + BUILDINGS, ROADS, TOPOGRAPHY,ELEVATION+ LANDUSE + POLLUTION

15 COST HIGH HIGH MODERATE **MODERATE-LOW

POSITIVES OF UAS FOR GOVERNANCE…. ESTABLISHING

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

Category Item AVG TOP-END ROTOR

HARDWARE Type fixed wing fixed wing Rotary Wing

Weight <2.5 kg 10-20 kg -

Wingspan 100 cm (39.4 in) 100 cm (39.4 in) -

Wing area 34 dm2 34 dm2 -

Maximum takeoff mass <5 kg 20-50 kg5 kg (11lb)

Payload capability 2-5 kg- 2-5-10 kg 2.3 kg (5.1lb)

Dimensions100 x 65 x 10.5 cm(39.4 x 26 x 4.1 in)

100 x 65 x 10.5 cm(39.4 x 26 x 4.1 in)

85 x 49 cm(33.5 x 19.3)

MaterialEPP foam; carbon structure;

composite elementsEPP foam; carbon structure;

composite elementscarbon frame structure

Propulsionelectric pusher propeller;

brushless 700 W motorelectric pusher propeller,brushless 1400 W motor

electric pusher propeller; 6 brushless motor

Battery 14.8 V, 6000 mAh 14.8 V, 6600 mAh 2 x 6600 mAh 14.8 V

Payload

Video CameraColour/XS Camera with

custom fLidar

Colour/XS Camera with custom f

LidarNight ImagerPoll Sesnosr

Video CameraColour/XS with

interchangeable lens

IN-BUILT SOFTWARE Mission planning multiple flights multiple flights multiple flightsAutomated pre-flight checks √ √ √Auto take off/flight/landing √ √ √

Auto P/L OPs √ √ √Automated fail-safe routines √ √ √User controlled fail-safe Ops √ √ √Automated post-flight checks √ √Image Processing Integration √ √

UAS …. SOME IMPORTANT SPECS

PRESENTATION TO PS, AGRI DEPT 6/28/2017

KJA STUDY GROUP ON UAS

4

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

Category Item AVG TOP-END ROTOR

OPERATION Endurance1 30-45 min 60 min 20 minRange1 60 km (37 mi) 60 km (32 mi) -

Cruise speed 80 km/h (50 mph) 85 km/h (53 mph) -Maximum ceiling2 5000 m (16,404 ft) 5000 m (16,404 ft) 3000 m (9,843 ft) AMSL

Pre-flight setup time 5 min 5 min 5 minTake off type Vertical/Catapult Catapult VerticalTake off angle Vertical/30 deg 30 deg -Landing type Vertical/Belly landing Belly landing Vertical

Landing angle Nadir/14 deg 14 deg -Landing space (L x W) 50 x 30 m (164 x 98 ft) 50 x 30 m (164 x 98 ft) -

Weather limit<60 km/h wind & light

rain<60 km/h wind & light

rainStable in winds up to

36 km/hCommunication & control frequency

2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz

Communication & control range

up to 3 km (3.1 mi) up to 10 km (6 mi) up to 2 km (1.2 miles)

ACQUISITION

PERFORMANCECamera/XS Resolution

(GSD)2.0mm - 19.5 cm 1.0mm - 25 cm 1.0 mm to 19.5 cm

Height above take off location (AGL)

75 - 750 m 75 - 750 m 5 - 750 m

Hovering - - Yes

UAS …. SOME IMPORTANT SPECS

UAS TECHNOLOGY: NAL-INDIA COMMERCIAL IIT-K

UAS MARKETPLACE: AGGRESSIVE; DISRUPTIVE AND “CONFUSING”

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

Air Quality Sensor

CO2, CO, HS,

Methane, SO2 etc

XS Sensor

Vis, NIR

FLIR and LWIR

Thermal Camera

50X DSL Optical

Camera

Agri Bird-Scarer

Payload

NDVI Cameras

(Precision Ag)

Lidar – Elevation data

Gas Sniffers –

Methane/CNG

PRESENTATION TO PS, AGRI DEPT 6/28/2017

KJA STUDY GROUP ON UAS

5

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

• City/Urban

• City Mapping – Buildings, Streets…..

• Urban Digital Elevation Models

• Pollution Measurement

• Construction Monitoring

• Industrial Monitoring

• Solid Waste Site Monitoring

• Monitoring

• Survey and Mapping

• Waterways and shipping

• Forestry Monitoring

• Rural Areas Monitoring

• Waterways – Rivers/Canals

• Archeology Sites Mapping

• Civic Operations

• Policing and Control

• Aerial Reconnaissance

• Crowd Monitoring

• Aerial Traffic Watch

• Search and Rescue

• Pollution Monitoring

• Agriculture

• Field-level Crop Monitoring

• Precision Farming

• Drought Monitoring

• Agricultural Practices – Spraying

• Disaster Management

• Disaster Area Mapping

• Disaster damage estimation

• Infrastructure

• Railways Survey

• Telecommunications Infra Mapping

• Telecom relay and signal coverage

survey

• Oil and Gas Exploration and Production

• Mineral exploration

• Geophysical surveys

CIVILIAN UAS APPLICATIONS

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

URBAN AREAS …. IMAGE/DATA IS IMPORTANT

10

~101+ FEATURES

CITY-GIS ASSET

NATION-WIDE, 10k

CITIES SEAMLESS,

YEARLY IMAGES

AND MAPS

SPOT-AREA, “AT-

WILL” IMAGES

AND MAPS

Civil UAS Market by 2025 - ~

$65 billion (Construction, Agri,

Energy, Industrial, Urban,

Consumer….)

Teal 2016 Global Civil UAV Market :

Max Market for images acquisition:

Satellite 1m – Whole country – 2/3 times

Aircraft 0.1m – Large areas once

UAS 0.1m – Small areas At-Will

Cost of images acquisition:

Satellite 1m - ~10-40$ per sq km

Aircraft 0.1m - ~100-200$ per sq km

UAS 0.1m - ~1-2$ per sq km

PRESENTATION TO PS, AGRI DEPT 6/28/2017

KJA STUDY GROUP ON UAS

6

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

SEAMLESS ……CITY-GIS

11

“QUICK” BASE MAPPING FOR EVERY CITY

“AT WILL” MONITORING OF URBAN AREAS

• KTPA – MASTER PLAN FOR

EACH CITY

• CITY-GIS (BASE MAP) –

AMRUT (7K CITIES)

• AUTONOMOUS URBAN TAX

• SMART CITY

………UAS SURVEYS

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

• “AT WILL” IMAGING AND DATA COLLECTION

• “MAXIMAL” VILLAGE/PANCHAYAT-CONTROL - LESS DEPENDANT ON

OTHER SYSTEMS

• DATA-GATHERING OF “REQUIRED-AREA” OF VILLAGE/PANCHAYAT

• EASY AMENABILITY TO CROP MAPPING AND METRICS

• DIRECT INGEST TO GIS

• VARIETY OF “SENSORS” CAN BE USED:

• IMAGING CAMERAS, LIDARS, AGRI-PAYLOADS ETC

• COST TO USER - “PERCEPTION OF LESS”:

• ONE-TIME COST OF UAV SYSTEMS PROCUREMENT

• OPERATIONAL AND RUNNING COST??

UAS FOR AGRI AREAS…. THE POSITIVES

12

“DEMOCRATISATION” OF

IMAGING INFORMATION

PRESENTATION TO PS, AGRI DEPT 6/28/2017

KJA STUDY GROUP ON UAS

7

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

SEAMLESS ……AGRI-GIS

13

“QUICK” CROP ASSESSMENT FOR EVERY PANCHAYAT

“AT WILL” MONITORING OF CROPPED AREAS

• AUTONOMOUS FIELD-

LEVEL CROP ASSESSMENT

• FARMER-GIS (FARMER

LEVEL)

• CROP INSURANCE

• CROP PRODUCTION

………UAS SURVEYS

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

Type(@<1km ht)

Lens GSD * Area Coverage # Flight Lines Flight Time # Pictures (60% Overlap)

AVG END 15mm 20 cm 100 km² 16 132 minutes(~50 min

ENDURANCE)

384

TOP END 35mm 10 cm 100 km² 25 192 minutes(~60 min

ENDURANCE)

600

ROTOR 14mm 25 cm 100 km² 21 1263 minutes(max 20 min ENDURANCE)

565

UAS IMAGING …. FOR URBAN/CROPS…EXAMPLE

UAS DATA ACQ

REAL-TIME AUTOMATED

UAS DATA PROCESSING

QUICK USER-ORIENTED

GIS-READY INFORMATION

TIME T

T + 12 HRS

T + 24 HRS

PRESENTATION TO PS, AGRI DEPT 6/28/2017

KJA STUDY GROUP ON UAS

8

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

UAS …. IMAGE GRANULARITY

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

UAS …. WINE GRAPES IN INDIA – HARVEST-PLAN

http://agribotix.com/casestudies/#wineindia

PRESENTATION TO PS, AGRI DEPT 6/28/2017

KJA STUDY GROUP ON UAS

9

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

UAS …. AGRI IMAGE GRANULARITY

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

UAS …. PRECISION MINE MEASUREMENTS

• Image

• Dem/DSM

• Contouring

• Volume Est

• Surface

removal

• Change

Detection

• Mining

• Quarry

• Maps

• GIS Ingest

• Analytics

PRESENTATION TO PS, AGRI DEPT 6/28/2017

KJA STUDY GROUP ON UAS

10

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

Earth Removal - Volume Calculation

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

UAS

Gimbal Autopilot Airframe Communication Propulsion Sensors

Essential Desirable

Aero / Mech Marine (Water)

Electronics Insect Mechanics

Control engineering Biological systems (Fish, Bird)

Computer systems Electronics(RF, DSP, Embedded)

Materials engineering Manufacturing

Sensors (MEMS) MEMS & Nano

UAS IN EDUCATION …. TOTAL SYSTEMS EXPERIENCE

PRESENTATION TO PS, AGRI DEPT 6/28/2017

KJA STUDY GROUP ON UAS

11

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

• Policy – “flying objects” policies/rules to a “national airspace” - inclusion of

UAS

• Legal regimes - safety and security, privacy and liability/insurance

• Concern of “lethal payloads”

• Regulation and Rules – “Globally harmonised” (Aligned with ICAO Norms)

• Standardisation - technology, data parameters, operation etc

• Pilot & Crew, Control Station, Aircraft, Communication radio-link

• Certification and Training

• Obstacle Avoidance technologies

• Engineered/Calibrated Test-site for UAS

• UAS “sensors” Calibration and testing

• Back-end GIS maps and data and ingest to National GIS Asset

• Viable industry and research regime for UAS technology and applications

UAS FOR IMAGING AND MAPPING…. CHALLENGES

21

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

UAS FOR CIVILIAN …. USA (2016) REGULATION

FLY FOR FUN/HOBBY FLY FOR

WORK/BUSINESSOnline Registration – Citizen and UAS; UAS Labelling and License from FAA

https://www.faa.gov/uas/media/Part_107_Summary.pdf

PILOT CERTIFICATION

Aero knowledge Test; Airman Certificate

and/or Rating Application……..pilot

background check

Notified Knowledge Test Centres

Online Registration –

Company/Agency, UAS; UAS

Airworthy Cert; UAS Labelling;

Pilot Cert; Op Rules Compliance

……Airspace Restrictions/ No-

Drone Zones

PRESENTATION TO PS, AGRI DEPT 6/28/2017

KJA STUDY GROUP ON UAS

12

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

• DGCA PERMISSION – PERMISSION/CLEARANCE OF UAS FLIGHT

• TO BE APPLIED BY GOVT. DEPARTMENT

• POLICE CLEARANCE - safety and security

• OTHER ISSUES - liability/insurance

• UAS IMAGE/DATA CLEARANCE (MOH COMMITTEE)

• GRANTED TO GOVT. DEPT.

UAS …. INDIA POLICY AND OPERATIONAL STATUS

23

Oct 7, 2014 notification

http://dgca.nic.in/public_notice/PN-UAS.pdf

Apr 21, 2016 Draft UAS guidelines

http://dgca.nic.in/misc/draft%20circular/AT_Ci

rcular%20-

%20Civil_UAS(Draft%20April%202016).pdf

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

• Categorise UAS Operations :

• Hobby/Entertainment purposes: Low-weight (<2kgs) and low-flying (<75 ft);

Individuals/UAS-Clubs

• Basic Survey/Data Collection: Medium weight (<25 kgs) and moderate flying (<700

ft); Government/Companies/Academia-Res

• Advanced Survey/Governance: Large weight (<100 kg) and high-flight (<1000 ft);

Government/Companies/Academia-Res

• All UAS to be registered at Point Of Sale with Unique Identification Number (UIN).

• Cat I operations just with Registration number.

• Cat II operations with one-time Operational fixed- period Permission.

• Cat III operations with submission of flight plan and clearance for each operation.

• Low altitude air space up to 700ft/1000ft AGL, be designated as Civilian UAS air-space

• All UAS Flights in day time, in visual line of sight, in fair weather conditions:

• Specific Zone restrictions

• National/Regional UAS Test Ranges

• Pilot Certification mandatory

• Air worthy Certification of UAS

• Basic and 3rd party UAS Insurance mandatory

UAS …….. SOME POLICY TENETS UNDER DISCUSSION IN KJA

•Auto-detect of UAS flights

•UAS Traffic Management

•Collision Avoidance

•……

Questions for Research topics:

PRESENTATION TO PS, AGRI DEPT 6/28/2017

KJA STUDY GROUP ON UAS

13

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

GOOD CIVIL UAS POLICIES

LARGE CIVIL APPLICATIONS MARKET

SPUR TO “SYSTEM DESIGN” EDUCATION

LARGE UAS+SENSORS DEMAND

DEVELOP MANUFACTURING CAPABILITY

IN SUMMARY: UAS – OPPORTUNITY …..

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

• Study/Report: Study Report on Civil UAS Technology, Applications and Policies

• Technology Detailing – document technology aspects of UAS

• Applications Potentials – List and document all possible applications

• Education Potentials – How UAS can be embedded into HE system

• UAS Commercialization and Manufacturing Opportunities

• Policies – what best way to regulate UAS

• Pilot-Project:

• 3-4 Application Pilot-projects under regulated guidelines (DGCA)

• 4-5 Depts of GOK: Agriculture, Urban, Forests, Police, Archaeology etc – As per GOK Dept.

needs of Governance

• UAS R&D Project in few Universities

• UAS Education Curriculum

• Recommendations: Roadmap for Karnataka

• Technology and Manufacture

• Applications and User domain

• Education and Research

• Integration into National Civil UAS Regulations (Hobby, Public, Commercial, Education)

• UAS Certification, flight standards, AT requirements

• Pilot Certification and Test Centres

• Calibration Test Ranges/Sites

UAS …….. KARNATAKA CIVIL UAS PLAN

26

• Type of UAS

• Class of UAS

• Payload capability

• Endurance

• Guidance & Navigation

PRESENTATION TO PS, AGRI DEPT 6/28/2017

KJA STUDY GROUP ON UAS

14

This presentation is prepared by Mukund Rao (Member-Secretary, KJA; mukund.k.rao@gmail.com) for presenting at Emerging Technologies and Applications of UAVs

Conference held at Jain University on march 22-23, 2017 and no part of this may be copied, distributed, utilised without permission from Mukund Rao or Jain University

THANK YOU!!!

27

28-06-2017

1

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 1

Payloads for UAVs & DELOPT Activities

by

Dr.M.R.SHESHADRIDELOPT

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 2

Scheme of presentation• Global Scenario

• Missions

• Payloads

• DELOPT UAV payload activities

• India Scenario

• Conclusion

28-06-2017

2

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 3

Global Scenario

• 100s of manufacturers of UAVs / Drones

• Over 60 countries using for military / civilian applications

• Types – Nano, Micro, mini to large UAVs

• Range – Few meters to 1000+ KM

• Payload’s weight – few 10s of grams to 250+ kgs

• Current focus : Integration and Standardisation

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 4

Military Missions• Imaging for Intelligence, Surveillance Target Acquisition and

Reconnaissance (ISTAR)

• LASER Designation, Intrusion Detection & Laser Weapons

• Real time situation awareness

• Communication and Electronic Intelligence

• Missile detection at launch phase

• Combat Missions, Kamakaze Role

• RADAR based Long range target detection

• Chemical detection and warfare

28-06-2017

3

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 5

Civilian Missions• Home Land Security

• Disaster management, Search & rescue

• Agricultural crop estimation, early disease detection

• Forest fire detection /deforestation surveillance

• Wild life census / protection

• Ground surveys – GIS Mapping, 3D mapping

• Aqua Culture

• Commercial applications, Delivery – amazon

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 6

Payloads for UAVs• Conventional

Imaging• • UV, Visible- CCD, HDTV, SWIR, MWIR,

LWIR, Hyper spectral, Laser, SAR & MPAR

• Non-imaging • • IRST, MTI, Spectrometers

• Laser • • LRF, LD Imaging, LIDAR,

• SignalIntelligence

• • ELINT, COMINT, Data Links

• Target Tracking • • Video Tracker (single & multiple targets)

28-06-2017

4

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 7

Indian Scenario – Imported UAVs• Searcher - Shot range multi mission UAV

• Heron - MALE UAV – used by Army, Navy

• Herop - Loiter with anti radar war Head

• T Hawk - VTOL

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 8

Opportunities in India• Estimated UAV requirements:

– Military : 5000+ nos.– Civilian : 1000+ nos. (?)

• Development and production of payloads:– TI, CCDs– Real-time video analytics– ELINT and COMINT systems– EO counter measures

• Integration of payloads on UAVs• Servicing and Maintenance

28-06-2017

5

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 9

Current challenges• Stealth features – low visibility

• Interoperability – Between UAVs and manned a/c, between UAVs and ground stations

• Integration of communication – Data communication, video information, command & control network, encryption & BW

• Air space integration

• Evolving standards

• Limited availability of sensors

• Training

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 10

DELOPT UAV payload activities

• Thermal Imager

• Automatic Video Tracker (Single & multiple targets)

• Gimbal Systems

• Laser Pointing Systems

• Video Analytics

• Modems for Data Links

28-06-2017

6

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 11

Thermal Imagers

• TI for UAV

• Other Models

– Hand held

– Dual sensor sight

– TI Based Gun sights

– Driver assistance

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 12

TI for UAV• Detector : Uncooled Microbolometer (ASI)

• Resolution : 320X240/384X280/640X480 pixels

• Spectral range: 8 to 14 um

• Lens : 6 to 35 mm

• Power : < 1.4 W

• Dimension : 40mmX40mmX75mm

• Weight : <100 gm

• Output :Composite video

•

28-06-2017

7

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 13

Monocular Hand Held Thermal Sight

• Detector : Uncooled Microbolometer (ASI)• Resolution : 320X240/384X280/640X480 pixels• Spectral range : 8 to 14 um• FOV : 8X6 degree• View finder : OLED Eye piece• Digital zoom : 2x/4x• Weight : < 1.2 kg• Output :Composite video• Recorder : Inbuilt Video recorder

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 14

Dual Sensor Camera

Parameter CCD TI

Detector ¼ inch Uncooled Microbolometer (ASi)

Resolution (HxV) pixles 976X582 320X240/384X280/640X480

Spectral range 0.4 to 0.7 um 8 to 14 um

Video output PAL PAL

Focal length 33mm to 119 mm continuous 45mm &135mm switchable

Zoom 36X optical 2x/4x digital

28-06-2017

8

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 15

Automatic Video Trackers

• Experience over 15 years

• AVT Models:

– Miniature Trackers for UAVs

– Trackers for tethered balloons

– LRU for MBT Arjun

– Integrated VT on TI

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 16

Salient specifications of AVT

• Selectable two video inputs

• Algorithms: Correlation, centroid and edge

• Tracking accuracy: 1 pixel

• Speed: 20 pixels per frame

• Error update rate: 25 Hz

• Auto window size

• Break-lock coasting

• PID platform filter

• Card Form factor: 70 mm X 55 mm, Weight < 50 g.

Auto tracking of

aircraft

landing/take-off

28-06-2017

9

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 17

Gimbal for mini UAVs• Nose mounted • Payloads : TI and CCD Camera• Stabilization : 2 Axis stabilization• Pointing Accuracy : 15 minutes (1/4 degree)• Freedom of movement : 2 Axis

a) +/- 120° in azimuth/panb) 0 to -100° in elevation/tilt

• Angular rate/Slew rate : 100 deg/sec• Dimensions : Dia. 160 mm, Height 160 mm• Weight : 1 Kg (including payloads)

Payload control

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 18

Automatic Laser Pointing System (ALPS)

• Used for steering higher power laser beam

• Two Axis platform

• Payloads 100 kg - CCD sensor, LRF and Telescope (600 mm)

• Video Tracker for target acquisition and automatic tracking

• DSP based digital control electronics

• Control console

Intruding UAV

Detection,

Tracking &

Destruction

28-06-2017

10

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 19

Video Analytics

• Zonal Analysis:

– Intrusion detection Entry/Exit/Presence in restricted zones

– Missing object detection

– Left object detection

• Target tracking

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 20

Modem for Data Link

• RF modem card for Link II

– HF algorithms for 9600 and 2400 kbps

– Hardware design and development

– Qualified for Avionics

– Supplied over 2000 Modems

28-06-2017

11

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 21

Other EO Systems

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 22

Gimbal Systems

• Automatic Laser Pointing System

• Pan & Tilt for target tracking

• Gimbal for LIDAR

• Pan & Tilt for Anti-mine operations

28-06-2017

12

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 23

Seeker for CLGM

• Seeker with two axis gimbal system

• MEMS gyro stabilization

• Quadrant detector laser signal processing with high end FPGA

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 24

GLSTS

• Two axis MEMS based stabilized gimbal

• Range: ±30 degree in Az & El

• Accuracy: 0.1 degrees

• Quadrant detector & FPGA based laser pulse processing

• DSP based servo system

28-06-2017

13

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 25

About JK Organisation• DELOPT is part of JK Group

• Over 130 year old Indian group

• Legacy of nation building

• USD 4 billion annual sales

• 30000 employees

• 22 plants in India and overseas

• Global presence - Exports to 80 countries

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 26

Conclusion

• Lot of opportunities and challenges for Indigenous UAV programmes

• DELOPT is keen to participate in EO systems and data link for UAVs

• DELOPT has technology and roadmap

• New Govt. policies to support indigenous programmes on UAVs

28-06-2017

14

www.delopt.co.inDeepti Electronics & Electro-Optics Pvt. Ltd. “Confidential” 28-Jun-17 27

THANK YOU

28-06-2017

1

Evolution of UAV Technology

Dr. Ravindra S Kulkarni

Prof. and Head, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

R V College of Engineering, Bengaluru

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

• UAVs, originated mostly for military applications are expanding their use in commercial, scientific, recreational, agricultural, research and other applications. Civilian drones now vastly outnumber military drones.

• Providing simple, cheap, rapid, efficient and flexible ways for data acquisition, analysis and transmission, recent advancements in UAV technology are changing how we look at UAVs.

• We now have UAVs with high endurance, capable of autonomous flights, high resolution video transmission and payload deployment.

• Modern UAVs now include the best technology available in Aerodynamics, Material science, Control systems, Computing and Networking.

28-06-2017

2

Evolution of UAV Technology

• We will trace the progress and achievements in UAV technology over the years that now contribute to the UAVs we see today.

• Modern UAVs are a result of innovation done in various fields like aerodynamics, material sciences, telecommunication, artificial intelligence etc., and their integration into one.

Pioneers in UAV Technology

The Austrian balloons

During Austrian siege of Venice on August 22, 1849

Balloons loaded with explosive charges held with electromagnets and control by long copper wires.

Unmanned Zeppelins found similar use during World war I. They were the earliest radio controlled aircraft.

28-06-2017

3

Invention of Fixed wing flight

Wright brothers, with their Wright Flyer in 1903, demonstrate the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight

Development of Fixed wing UAVs

Kettering Bug, a small biplane flying “torpedo” which flew in a set

direction up to 120 kilometres from its launch point, first flew in 1918

28-06-2017

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Development of Fixed wing UAVs

The Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) in 1925 produced and tested the

world’s first “cruise missile” known as the RAE Larynx (a contraction of

the words “Long Range Gun with Lynx Engine”)

Development of Fixed wing UAVs

The Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) in 1932, attempted the first

Unmanned reconnaissance mission with Queen Bee, capable of remote

controlled Take off, navigation and landing

28-06-2017

5

UAVs with Pulsejet engines

V-1 flying bomb (German: Vergeltungswaffe 1 “Vengeance Weapon 1”)

was a German made aircraft to use a pulsejet for power for first time and

was developed in 1944.

UAVs with Turbojet engines

Ryan Firebee was a series of target drones developed from 1951 powered

with turbo jet engines. With cameras and communications equipment to

feed real-time battlefield intelligence for targeting and damage assessment.

28-06-2017

6

UAVs with Turbojet engines

Ryan Firebees would be dropped from a mothership like a The DC-130

that could launch, track and control the Firebees in flight

UAV as long endurance platforms

The Israeli Tadiran Mastiff, which first flew in 1973, is seen by many as

the first modern battlefield UAV, due to its data-link system, endurance-

loitering, and live video-streaming

28-06-2017

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Advancements in CFD and Material Sciences

Development of CFD techniques now vastly reduce the time and effort

required to design a UAV

Development of Fibre composites and Super alloys now allow for

development of lighter and stronger structures

Boeing Condor, with a a wingspan of over 200 feet was one of the first

Aircraft with Carbon-fibre composite materials making up the bulk of the

Condor's fuselage and wings

In 1989, the Condor set the world piston-powered aircraft altitude record of

67,028 ft (20,430 m) and was the first aircraft to fly a fully automated flight

from takeoff to landing and also setting an unofficial endurance world record

in 1988 by flying continuously for more than 50 hours

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UAVs capable of Autonomous flight

Modern UAVs such as IAF Heron and Global Hawk have autonomous

flight capabilities. Autonomy in flight has become an essential and

necessary part of any UAV

UAVs for Civilian Applications

Applications in aerial photography, search and rescue, relief operations,

mapping and surveillance, wildlife monitoring and control, profiling of oil

and mineral resources, crop mapping and crop health monitoring, and

powerline and pipeline management

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Vayu – Search & Rescue Drone

A plane with a wingspan of

2.4m, weight of 4.5 kg &

endurance of 45min, it can

carry an additional payload of

3kg. Made of Carbon fiber and

Balsa wood structure

It is capable of Autonomous flight,

high resolution video transmission

over a range of 5km. It is also

augmented with on board and on

ground computer for image

processing and actionable

intelligence

Vayu – Search & Rescue Drone

It can deploy an emergency kit weighting 500g with a parachute during

search operations and disaster relief.

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Sentinel – Octacopter for surveillance

An Octacopter with total weight of 2.5 kg with camera & gimbal stabilization. It is capable of taking off and

hovering in tight spaces to transmit high resolution video.

Thank you

28-06-2017

1

Numerical Validation of Low Re Airfoil for UAV

By

Ashish Kumar GuptaP. A. Aswatha Narayana

Introduction:

Low speed aerodynamics is significantly different from that of conventional aircraft

aerodynamics, because low chord based Reynolds number as in case of MAV. Figure 1

shows the Reynolds number versus the mass of the flying object. It can be seen that

as the mass decreases, the Reynolds number decreases.

Within the Reynolds number range of 10,000 to 300,000, the airfoil performance is

of great interest for applications involving small to medium wind turbines and

unmanned aerial vehicles.

After peak suction, the flow experiences adverse pressure gradient causing the

laminar boundary layer to separate on upper surface. The separated boundary layer

undergoes transition to turbulent flow, reattaching on airfoil surface for Reynolds

number greater than 30e03. For Reynolds number below 30,000, the flow does not

reattach. Independent of the flow regime, the laminar separation bubble has

detrimental effect on the airfoil performance (figure 2). Thus the knowledge of the

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2

Figure-1 Reynolds number versus weight Figure-2 Reynolds number versus L/D

existence and prediction of the extent of separated region is vital for characterizing

the airfoil performance.

From experimental measurement (2, 3), it is found that the length of separation

bubble, formed on the upper surface of airfoil, reduces when the Reynolds number

is increased. Furthermore, the location of laminar separation propagates towards

the leading edge with increasing the angle of attack until stall.

A recent experimental study by Gerakopulos and Boutilier (4) et. al. addresses the

above issue of low Reynolds number aerodynamics and associated flow problems.

In this experimental study, they have carried out pressure measurements on the

upper and lower surface of NACA0018 airfoil for angle of attack varying from 0 to

18 deg. for Reynolds number varying from 80,000 to 200,000. From this they have

obtained the lift coefficient and location and length of separation bubble on the

suction surface.

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Numerical simulation over NACA 0018 airfoil has been carried out for moderate to

high Reynolds number. In the paper by Elia Daniele (5), numerical simulation has

been carried out using K-Kl-ω turbulence model for Reynolds number from 115,000

to 290,000.

In the present work, we have carried out numerical simulation for NACA 0018 airfoil

using Fluent for Reynolds number varying from 80e03 to 160e03. We have used four

turbulence models viz. k- ω SST, k- ω SST with low Re correction, Transition SST

model and K-Kl-ω turbulence model to assess the prediction capability of

aerodynamic characteristics and in particular the Laminar Separation Bubble (LSB).

Model Geometry & Domain:

The NACA 0018 geometry and the domain used are shown in figure 3. The chord of

the airfoil is taken as 0.2 m. The upstream and far-field boundary is extended by 15c,

whereas the down stream boundary is extended by 18c. A segment of airfoil

thickness is considered and this has been taken as 8 mm.

Figure-3a computational domain Figure-3b Naca 0018 airfoil segment

Mesh and CFD model:

The CFD domain was meshed with unstructured tetra mesh with prism layers for

resolving the boundary layers. For k- ω SST turbulence model, 19 prism layers were

used (Average Y+ value 1) whereas for transition models 33 prism layers were used

such that every where the Y+ was less than 1. The node counts for the two cases

were 288022 and 318253. Figure 4 shows the view of the mesh for typical case.

Pressure based incompressible flow solver is used to setup the CFD case. Since the

flow speed is small, energy equation is not solved. Velocity inlet BC was used at inlet

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4

Figure-4 View of the mesh over the airfoil

and far field boundary whereas, at pressure outlet be was used at outlets boundary.

Turbulence models mentioned earlier were used for flow simulation.

Grid independence studies has been carried out for k- ω SST model. Three grid of

size 220e03, 236e03 and 262e03 is used to predict lift and drag coefficients. Figure 5a

and 5b shows the plot for lift and drag coefficient. We find that the results do not

change for node count 281,000 and 315,000. Hence grid size of 281,000 has been

considered for airfoil performance prediction.

Figure-5a Cl versus node count Figure-5b Cd versus node count

CFD calculations have been carried out for the four turbulence models and three

Reynolds numbers viz Re=80,000, Re=120,000 and Re=160,000. The angle of attack is

varied from 0 deg. 10 deg. For higher angle of attacks, flow field was found to be

unsteady. The solutions has converged to residual value of 1e-04 for all cases.

Results:

Lift and drag coefficient have been obtained from above CFD analysis for all the four

turbulence models. Lift coefficient is compared with experimental results obtained by

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5

Gerakopulos et. al (Figure 6). The drag data is compared with experimental data due

to Sherman (1937).

It can be seen from the Cl plot that K-Kl-ω and transition SST turbulence models

prediction is good compared to other turbulence models, but K-Kl-ω model

prediction is better among all. For Re=80,000 and Re=160,000, drag predicted by

transition SST model matches well with experimental data at low to moderate α,

whereas high α, the comparison is poor. Comparison of K-Kl-ω model is poor at low to

moderate α, it is better at higher α.

Figure-6a Cl versus Angle of attack Figure-6b Cd versus Angle of attack

Re= 80,000

Figure-6c Cl versus Angle of attack Figure-6d Cd versus Angle of attack

Re= 120,000

Re= 160,000

Figure-6e Cl versus Angle of attack Figure-6f Cd versus Angle of attack

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Comparison of Cp:

Cp plot has been obtained for 2, 6 and 10 deg. angle of attack. Here we show , in

figure 7(a-f), the Cp plot for 2 and 10 only and its comparison with experimental Cp

plot on the suction surface of airfoil. It is found that transition models are able to

capture the laminar separation bubble, as it can be seen from Cp plot. Again K-Kl-ω

model show better comparison with experimental data.

Figure-7a Cp versus X/C Figure-7b Cd versus X/C

Re= 80,000

Re= 160,000

Figure-7e Cp versus X/C Figure-7f Cp versus X/C

Figure-7c Cp versus X/C Figure-7d Cp versus X/C

Re= 120,000

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7

Re= 80,000

Figure-8a X/C versus AOA Figure-8b X/C versus AOA

Separation and Re-attachment Location:

The separation and re-attachment location has been extracted from the CFD results

and they have been compared with experimental data as shown in figure 8(a-f). They

are obtained from the plot of τ-xx-component of shear stress versus X/C location. The

location where τ-xx changes sign from positive to negative, separation of flow occurs.

When it goes from negative to positive, re-attachment of flow is assumed to occurs.

These values are obtained for the four turbulence models for four angle of attack

corresponding to each Reynolds number. The separation (X/C)s and re-attachment

Re= 120,000

Re= 160,000

Figure-8c X/C versus AOA Figure-8d X/C versus AOA

Figure-8e X/C versus AOA Figure-8f X/C versus AOA

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Separation and Re-attachment Location:

(X/C)r location is plotted for each Reynolds number versus angle of attack and

compared against the experimentally obtained data from reference (4).

It is seen that K-Kl-ω turbulence model over predicts separation and re-attachment

location while transition SST model compares very well with experimental data.

Conclusion

It is seen that while K-Kl-ω transition model prediction of Cl matches well with

experimental data, transition SST model prediction of drag has better match with

experimental data, while the Cl prediction is also good. It is also seen that location

and extent of laminar separation bubble prediction match well with experimental

data. Thus none of the models are giving good prediction capability for all

parameters, but in general K-Kl-ω turbulence model and transition SST model

perform better than others.

References:

1. Mueller T. J. , DeLaurier J.D., Aerodynamics of small Vehicles” Annual Review of fluid Mechanics, Vol 35, 2003,pp 89-111.

2. Brendel M and Mueller T., J., “Boundary Layer Measurements on an Airfoil at Low Reynolds number”, Jl. ofAircraft, Vol. 25, No. 7, 1988.

3. O’Meera, M. M. and Mueller T. J., “Laminar Separation Bubble Characteristics on an Airfoil at Low Reynoldsnumber”, AIAA Jl., Vol. 25, No. 8, 1987.

4. R. Gerakopulos, Boutilier, M. S. H., “Aerodynamic Characterization of a NACA 0018 Airfoil at Low ReynoldsNumbers”, 10th Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit, 26 June – 1 July, 2010, Chicago, Illinois.

5. Elia Daniele, “Numerical and experimental investigation of low Reynolds number wind turbine airfoils understall and post-stall conditions”, PhD Thesis, Department of Industrial Engineering Universoty of NaplesFederico II Naples, April 2013.

6. G. E. Hassan, A. Hassan , M. E. Youssef, “Numerical Investigation of Medium Range Re Number AerodynamicsCharacteristics for NACA0018 Airfoil”, CFD Letters, Vol. 6 (4) – December 2014.

7. Ji Yaoa*, Weibin Yuanb, jianliang Wanga, Jianbin Xiec , Haipeng Zhoub , Mingjun Pengd, Yong Sund, “Numericalsimulation of aerodynamic performance for two dimensional wind turbine airfoils”, International Conferenceon Advances in Computational Modeling and Simulation, Procedia Engineering 31 (2012) 80 – 86.

8. M. Serdar Genç, Ünver Kaynak, Hüseyin Yapici, “Performance of transition model for predicting low Re aerofoilflows without/with single and simultaneous blowing and suction”, European Journal of Mechanics B/Fluids 30(2011) 218–235.

9. Ilyas Karasu, M. Serdar Genç and H. Hakan Açikel, “Numerical Study on Low Reynolds Number Flows Over anAerofoil”, Jl. Appl Mech Eng Volume 2 • Issue 5 • 1000131.

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References:

10. Charmichael, B. H., Low Reynolds number Airfoil Survey”, NASA CR No. 165803, Vol. 1, 1981.

11. Jacobs E. N., and Sherman A., “Airfoil Section Characteristics as affected by variations of the ReynoldsNumber”, NACA TR No. 586,1937

12. Trimmer W. A., “Two dimensional Low Re Number wind Tunnel Results for Airfoil NACA 0018”, Wind Engg.Volume 32, 2008, pp 525-537.

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1

UAV BASED AERIAL

SPRAYING

TATA SONS

GROUP TECHNOLOGY AND

INNOVATION OFFICE

CONTENT

PRECISION AGRICULTURE

Background, need for precision agriculture

UAV BASED AERIAL SPRAYING

Operation and challenges

APPLICATIONS

Listing advantages and disadvantages

COLLABRATION AND PARTNERSHIP

Partnering companies

28-06-2017

2

Precision Agriculture

Precision Agriculture (PA) refers to application of precise

and correct amount of inputs like water, fertilizers,

pesticides to the crops for increasing productivity and

maximizing its yields.

Precision Agriculture

Small land holdings 80% farms < 2 Ha (5 acres)

Growing labour shortage and cost1

Share of Agri in total work force: 58% (2005-06) 41% (2019-20)

Low mechanization2

Economic advantages of mechanisation, increases productivity by 12-34%

Acute shortage of water

How to leverage technology to enable

sustainable, high-productivity agriculture?1 Labour in Indian Agriculture: A Growing Challenge - FICCI, 2 Central institute of agricultural engineering

28-06-2017

3

5

Spraying methods in India

UAV BASED SPRAYING

UAV based aerial sprayer

(leverage components of

PA and trend towards

mechanization)

BENEFITS

Considerable reduction in application time, covers large

area in short duration

Less labour dependency

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4

UAV BASED SPRAYING

Less water requirement

Timely-intervention

Operator health and safety

Autonomous spraying

operation

Targeted spray

UAV BASED SPRAYING

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DRONE BASED SPRAYING

CHALLENGES

High initial investment

Need trained person to

operator

Low payload capacity of the

current platforms in market

Reconfiguring the sprayer parameters for different crops

Clearance from DGCA

COLLABRATION AND

PARTNERSHIP

TATA

Precision Agriculture

CSIR NALFluid Flow Experiments

GTIOProject Management, System Engineering,

Technology Roadmap

RallisAgricultural Practices,

ANSYSCFD Modelling and

Simulation

EdallManpower

28-06-2017

6

Thank You

28 June 2017

1

INNOVATION IN AVIATION

UAV MAINTENANCE

A

CONCEPT

Air Cmde PK Choudhary VSM (Retd)

INNOVATION IN AVIATION

SCOPE

Introduction

Aviation Maint Philosophy

UAV Maintainability

Conclusion

28 June 2017

2

INNOVATION IN AVIATION

INNOVATION IN AVIATION

• In the early days the basic maintenance philosophy

utilized in aviation industry was to undertake

maintenance and overhaul after a fixed span of

Vehicle life.

• It believed, the reliability of any equipment was

inversely related to its operational life. It therefore

concluded, more frequently an equipment was

overhauled, the better protected it was against

failure.

Advances in Reliability and Maintainability

28 June 2017

3

INNOVATION IN AVIATION

Conservative Excessive

Belief More Maintenance

Increase Reliability

Genaralised

Intrusive

Hard Time

Maintenance

INNOVATION IN AVIATION

• Age-reliability patterns of Vehicle components /

systems were studied, reliability finding indicated that

for majority Vehicle Hard-Time an ineffective

maintenance practice.

• Attempts were made to collate data from different

Reliability Program to identify potential failure. A

concept thus emerged :

• Preventive maintenance at a fixed interval but

undertake activities condition based.

28 June 2017

4

INNOVATION IN AVIATION

On-Condition Maintenance

Slant criteria decides the clearance of

blades to fly 100, 200 or 300 hrs

Slant Check

Value (x)

Blades cleared to fly

100h

Value (Y)

Blades cleared to fly

200h

Value (Z)

Blades Cleared to fly

300h

INNOVATION IN AVIATION

On-Condition Maintenance

Greater Reliance on Measurable Conditions

Unobtrusive

Data Driven

Ageing

Mechanism

Understood

28 June 2017

5

INNOVATION IN AVIATION

• Further Reliability, maintainability and redundancy

studies have evolved Task-oriented Maintenance.

• It uses ‘Top Down’ or ‘Consequence of Failure’

approach to identify suitable Preventive Scheduled

Maintenance tasks to prevent failures and sustain

reliability of the system.

• To perform Maintenance Tasks identify:

• Maintenance Significant Item

• Structure Significant Item

• Zone

INNOVATION IN AVIATION

Task-Oriented ApproachLevel 1

F. FAILURE

SAFETY?

OPERATIONAL

SAFETY?

1

2 3

LUBRICATIONSERVICING?

OPERATIONALVISUAL?

INSPECTIONFUNCTIONAL

RESTORATION?

DISCARD?

APPLICABILITYOF TASKS

5

4

7

6

8

9

Economic

Evident Hidden

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

YesNo

Non Safety

Level 2

• Lub/servicing task to maintain

sat operation

• Ops/visual check – failure

finding task

• Inspection/Functional check –

Insp to find potential failure

and functional check compare

degradation if any.

• Restoration – Minor rep to OH.

• Discard – on completion of

specified useful life

28 June 2017

6

INNOVATION IN AVIATION

UAV / UAS Maintenance

• No Regulatory Authority defining design

and certification criterion.

• Neither there is any group functioning to

study and analyze the maintenance and

support needs for UAV.

• In absence of such formal maintenance

study program for UAV each operators

establishes needs requirement individually.

INNOVATION IN AVIATION

• Some of the critical issues observed are:

• No formal study / regulation on human factor for

Unmanned Ariel Vehicle

• Poor Maintenance Documentation and Software

Management

• Operator and Maintainer sometimes same person

• Complacency

• Demand of Wide Skill Envelope

• Packaging, Disassembly and Transportation

28 June 2017

7

INNOVATION IN AVIATION

UAV Maintenance

• Although NO formal maintenance program

outlined by any Regulatory Authority, the

notion of Airworthiness a responsibility of the

operator clearly articulated

• Be a manned or unmanned in Ariel Vehicle

‘Safety the most Important Objective’

• Second the ‘Economy of Effort’ – longer down

time means commercially not viable.

INNOVATION IN AVIATION

Livewire (You):

Physical, Knowledge, Attitudes,

Culture, Stress

Hardware:

Reliability & Maintainability

Study

Livewire:

Teamwork, Leadership, Teamwork,

Norms

Software:Procedures,

policies, Rules, Manuals

Human Error, Rather Than Machine Failure

Underlies More Aviation Accidents And Incidents

28 June 2017

8

INNOVATION IN AVIATION

The Maintainability Concept

• Human is the most important and last safety

element in the system.

.

Behavior: Habits, Stress, Emotion,

Group dynamics

Cognitive: Decision making, Learning

Ability, Perception, Knowledge,

Interpretation, Reasoning, Memory

Culture: Exceptions, Language,

Education, Customs

Environment: Space, Shape, lighting ,

Texture, Color, Hazards, Noise

Population Type: Sex, Race, Profession. Protective Equipment: Gloves, Clothing. Range in Population: Percentile.

Work Envelope: Reach, Vision, Access Capability / limits

Bio-Mechanical: Structure, Posture

Operating Environment:

Temperature, Vibration, Noise, Jet Lag

Performance: Strength, Endurance,

Speed, Reaction

Sensory Input: Vision, Smell, Touch

INNOVATION IN AVIATION

Switches Designed to Overcome Human Weaknesses of Short

Memory. These switches are forced to ‘ON’ position when cover

panel, to cover them, is closed, if mistakenly they are left off.

28 June 2017

9

INNOVATION IN AVIATION

Width of opening (A) and

depth of the opening (D)

affect the average work

time required for the

maintenance. Note for the

aperture size less than 10in

there is drastic increase in

work time and even more

so for a depth of 18in than

06in.

Dimensions are in

cm

INNOVATION IN AVIATION

Verification

Testability Complexity

Visibility

InterchangeabilitySimplicity

Maintainability Evaluation

28 June 2017

10

INNOVATION IN AVIATION

UAV

Maintenance Approach

Optimisation

Lifecycle Approach to

Data Management

Process Management

and Feedback

Integrated Best

Business and

Technology practice

Focused Maintenance

INNOVATION IN AVIATION

28 June 2017

11

INNOVATION IN AVIATION

• STEPS TO MAKE GOVERNMENT UTILISE MORE AND MORE OF UAS:

• SECTORS, SERVICES DELIVERY AND CATERING EFFECTIVELY?

• WHAT SHOULD CONSTITUTE UAS PILOT-PROJECT FOR GOVERNANCE:

• UAS TECHNOLOGY – EVALUATE DIFFERENT UAS, SENSORS, FLIGHT PLANS;

MODALITIES - PROCURE VS SERVICES

• UAS APPLICATIONS – EMBEDDED INTO GOVERNANCE, WHAT APPLICATION AREAS,

AUTONOMOUS DECISION SUPPORT, END-TO-END SERVICES

• URBAN – AUTONOMOUS PROPERTY TAX ESTIMATION

• AGRICULTURE – AUTONOMOUS FARM-LEVEL CROP ESTIMATION

• ARCHAEOLOGY – 3D HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

• POLICE – CIVIC OPERATIONS AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

• UAS POLICY ISSUES – ECO-SYSTEM POLICY ISSUES, FLIGHT GUIDELINES,

SECURITY/SAFETY, STANDARDS/CERTIFICATION

• WHAT ARE RESEARCH AREAS THAT CAN ALSO BE EXAMINED IN PILOT-PROJECT:

• RESEARCH ELEMENTS, INVOLVE UNIVERSITY, EDUCATION AND CURRICULA

• ESTABLISH A MANUFACTURING ECO-SYSTEM FOR UAS – DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND

PRODUCTIONISING – UAS SYSTEMS, SENSORS, MAINTENANCE

• INDIGENUOUS COMMERCIAL ORIENTATION OF UAS END-TO-END UAS SERVICES

UAS PILOT PROJECT – PANEL POINTS…..