Eagore Law Iectures, 1913 Co Dulsopy Sales - Forgotten Books
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Transcript of Eagore Law Iectures, 1913 Co Dulsopy Sales - Forgotten Books
(Eagore l aw iectures, 1913
CO DULSOPY SALES
BR IT ISH ND IA
SAMAT U L C HAND RA RU TT , M .A.
, B .L.
VAK IL, H IGH COU RT, CALCU TTA AND TAGOR E LAW PROFE SSOR .
Qalcuttn
S . M I LLE R C0 .,B ookse l lers Publishers,
1 96, B ow B azar S treet,Ca lcu tta .
l 9 15 .
PR INTE D B Y M AHAD EB CHAND RA M U LLICK ,
AT S . M I LLER Co.
’
s P RESS ,
1 96,BOWBAZAR STREET, CALCU TTA.
FOREWORD .
THE SE pages are the ou tcome of a Cou r se of Lectu res
delivered to the Students of Law in the U niver sity o f
Cal cu t ta in the beginning of the year . At tempt has been
made to make them u sefu l to the p rofession bv referring to
some three thou sand r epor ted cases, too many ,however , to
be reconciled with one another in su ppor t of a par tic u lar
point . An elaborate index has also been added to make the
book u sefu l to the public and especial ly to the bu sy lawyer s .
With regard to Lectu re X I , Compu lsory Sales for ar rears
of Public D emands in B engal , one word of explanation may
be necessary . The law in for ce is Ac t I of 1 895 bu t
Ac t II I of 1 91 3 has been passed to repeal that Ac t ,
though it has not as yet come into force, preliminary notifi
cation in the Cal cu tta Gazet te not having been made by the
Local Government . Lect u re X I , however , has been based
mainly on Ac t III of 1 9 1 3 in anticipation of the
notification .
My humble thanks are d ue to those au thors whom I
had occasion to consu lt from time to time,and to whom I
have refer red in foot - notes .
Calcu tta
D ecember 31 , 1 91 4. AU THOR .
TABLE OF CONTENTS .
L I sT or AB B REVIATIONS
TAB LE or CAS E S
LE CTU RE I .
I NTROD U CT ION—General P rinciples 1—40
LE CTU RE I I .
Compu lsory Sales fo r pu b lic pu rposes 4 1—68(M OD E OF ACQU IS IT ION )
LE CTU RE I I I .
Compu lsory Sales for pu b lic pu r poses 69— 91
(ASSE SSM ENT AND D IV IS ION OF COM PENSATION . )
LECTU RE I V .
Compu lsory Sales in exec u tion of dec rees for money 92—1 25(PRE LIM INAR IE S PR IOR TO ATTACHM ENT .)
LE CTU RE V .
Compu lsory Sales in exec u tion of dec r ees for money 1 2 6—1 60(ATTACHM ENT AND STAY OF SALE .)
LE CTU RE V I .
Compu lsory Sales in exec u tion of dec rees for money 1 61—200(COM PLETION OF SALE .)
LECTU RE VI I .
Compu lsory Sales in exec u tion of d ec rees for rent “
in
B engal 201—2 2 4:
LECTU RE V I I I .
Compu l sory Sales in lieu of Par tition
LE CTU RE IX .
2 25—233
Compu lsory Sales fo r ar rear s of R evenue in B engal 234—263
LE CTU RE X .
Sales for ar rear s of P ub lic D emands
2 64—2 7 8LECT U RE X I .
Compu lsory Sales for ar rears of P u tniRent in B engal
LECTU RE X I I .
Compu lsory Sales by D istress
I ndex u
279—302
LIST OF
A. C . (preceded by date)Ad . E l .
Al l .
A. L. J.
Amb.
And .
App . Gas .
Atk .
A. W . N.
B . 85 Ad .
B . Ald .
B . C .
B . L. R .
B eav .
B ing .
B om .
B om . H . C .
B om . L . R .
B u r .
A.
B .
L J .
L. R .
P . D .
\V. N .
P .
Cab . E l .
Cal .
Car . 85 M .
C h . (p receded by date)C h . AppCh . D .
C l . 8: Fin.
Com .
c
c
gt
.
Cowp .
Cr . P 11 .
Eq. Rep.
E sp.
Exc hE x. D .
Gal . D av .
(tale
AB BREVIATIONS .
Law Repor ts, Appeal Cases s ince 1 890.
Ad olp h us and E l l is’
Repor ts .
Ind ian Law Repor ts , All ahabad Ser ies .
Al lahabad Law Jou rnalAmbler ’
s Repor ts .
Anders on ’
s Repor ts .
Law Repo r ts , Appeal Cases .
Atkyn'
s Repor ts .
Al la h abad VVeekIy Notes .
Barnewal l and aAdolphus’
Repor ts.Barnewal l and Ald er son ’
s Repor ts .
B ar newail and C resswe l l’
s Repor ts .
B engal Law Repor ts .
B eavan'
s Repor ts .
B ing h am’
s Repor ts .
Ind ian Law Repo r ts, B ombay Se r ies .
B ombay Hig h Cou r t Repo r ts .
B om bay Law Repor ter .
B u r row’
s Repor ts .
Cou r t Of Appeal .Comm on Benc h Repor ts .
Calcu t ta Law Jou rnal .Calcu t ta Law Repor ts .
Law Repor ts, Common P leas D ivis ion .
Calcu t ta Week ly No tes .
Car r ing ton and Payne ’
s Repor ts .
Gababe and E l l is ’
s Repor ts.
Ind ian Law Repor ts, Calcu t ta Ser ies .
Cairing tou and M ar s hman’
s Repor ts.Law Repor ts, C h ancery D i vis ion.
Law Repor ts . C h ancery Appeals .
Law Repor ts , C h anc ery D i v is ion .
C lark and Finnel ly’
s Repor ts.
Comyn ’
s Repor ts.
Cowpe r’
s Repor ts .
C raig and P h i l l ip ’
s Repor ts.
E qu i ty Repor ts .
E spianasse’
s Repor ts .
E xc h equ er Repor ts .
Law Repor ts, Exc h equ er D i vi s ion.
Gale and D avison ’
s Repor ts.
Gale ‘
s Repor ts.
L IST OF AB B R E V IAT IONS .
Hem . 8: M .
H . L . Cas .
Hy . Bi.
1 . R Eq .
Ind . Cas .
Jo . Lat .
J u r .
K . B . (pr ec eded by date )L . J . C hL. J . C . P .
L . J . Ex
L. J . K . B . or Q . B .
L. J . M . C .
C . P .
Es
r'
h—l
J .
M . S
M . \V . N .
M acq .
BIaiI .
M ad H . C .
M an . G.
M od . Rep .
M oo .
310ml . R .
P . C .
. (pr eceded by d ate). .D
swo
o
p
,
swa
m
p:
Sch Let .
T. L . R .
TamiTaun t .
Term Rep.
Y es.
Y es
c' B .
W (pr e ced ed b y (late)
Hemm ing and M i l l er '
s Repor t s .
C lark ’
s Repor ts, Hou se of Lor d s .
Henry B lacks tone ’
s Repor ts .
I r i s h R epor ts, E qu i ty .
Ind ian Cases .
Jones and La Tou c h e '
s R epor ts .
J u r i st Repor ts .
Law R epo r ts , lu ng’
s B ench D ivision .
Law Jou rnal,C h anc ery .
Law Jou rnal,Common P leas .
Law Jou rnal, E xc h equ er .
Law Jou rnal,K ing
’
s B ench or Queen '
s Benc h .Law Jou r nal
,M ag is trate’
s Cases .
Law R epor ts, Comm on P leas .
Law Repor ts , E qu i ty Cases .
Law R epo r ts , Exc h equ er .
Law Repor ts, Hou se of Lor d s .
Law Repor ts (I reland )Law Repor ts, P r i xy Cou nc i l .Law Repor ts, Q ueen ’
s B enc h .Law T im es Repor t s.
M ad ras Law Jou rnal .Mau le and S e lwyn ’
s R epor ts .
M ad ras Vl’
eekly No tes.
M acqu een’
s Repor ts .
Ind ian Law R epor t s, M ad ras S e r ies.
M ad r as H ig h Cou r t Repor ts .
M ann ing and Granger’
s Repor ts .
M odern Repor ts.
M oor e ’
s Ind ian Appeals .
M oody and Robinson ’
s Repor ts .
P r i vy Cou nc i l .Qu een ’
s B ench Repor t s .
Law R epor ts , Q ueen ’
s B en c h .
Law Repor t s , Q ueen ’
s B en c h D IV I S IOD .
Rev ised Repo r ts .
S choales and Lefroy’
s Rep o r ts .
The T ime’
s Law Repo r ts .
Tam l vn’
s Repor t s.
Taun ton’
s Repor ts .
Term Repor ts .
Vesey .I un’
s Repor ts .
V osey and B eames’
Repor ts .
Law Repor ts , “reek ly No tes .
S u l h r-r lan rl'
s W eek ly Re po r te r
TABLE OF CASES .
PAG E .
A . G . v. EmersonAba r . D h and uAbbot t v . Abbo t tAbbu buker v. M c hidin
Abda Begam v. M uzal‘
far
Abdoo l Bariv. Ramdass
Abd ool Hye v . Nawab RajAbd oo l Ku reem v. Jaun AliAbdool Latif v. Jadub C h and ra
1 66. 1 68
Abdoo l lah v. Omned Ali 2 95
A bd u l v . C h uk h un 103
A bd u l v . Ganpal hi 1 60
Abdu l v. M a h am ed 1 7 7
Abdu l r . M atiynr 1 67
Abdu l v. M u h ammad 1 45
A bd u l Az i z v. Appayasami 40,
1 93,1 94
Abdu l Az i z v. Rad h a Kan ta 293
Abd u l Bas i r v . Punc h Kowri 92
Abdu l Ganiv. D unne 1 7 1
Abd u l G h afur v . G h u lam Husain 1 63
Abdu l Huiv 6l ae 35,
Abdul Hek im v.
‘
Assentool luh 1 1 7
A bdu l H ossein v. Fuz i lun 1 15, 1 1 7
Abd u l Hussain v. Saklm aboo 98
Abdul Kader v. AliMia 1 48
Abdu l Kar im v. B u llen 1 36
Abdu l Kar im v. Thalcordas 1 43
Abd u l K h ayar v. Reajuddin
A h med 1 2 4
Abdu l Lateef v. D ou tre 1 30
Abd u l Lat i f v . Rajan i M oh un 1 20
Abdu l Maj id v. M u h ammad Fa i zu l lali 1 1 2
,1 13
A bdu l Rab r . E ggar 1 7 2 , 2 16
A bd u l Ra h iman v Maid in S ai ba 1 1 1
AHA PAGE .
Abd u l Ras h i d v. C appo Lal 1 50
Abdu l Sob h an v. Monab A li 2 13
Abdu l Sob h an v. Nelsbar Mandal 2 15A bd u l la h v. As raf Ali 1 22
,201
Abd nl lah v. J i tu 307
A bd ur Rah rnan v. S h ankar 106
Abd ur Razzaq v. M um taz Husain 4
A bdus Samad v. Abd u r Razz viq 2 26
Abed M o l la h v. Dilj an M o l la h 1 67
Ablioy C h u rn v. S h aikh T i tuAbinas C h and ra v. P robodh
C h and raAbinash v. Ananda
Ahu Bakar v. Peary M o h anAchhaibar v. Rau l Sarup
Achhaibar D ube v . Tapasi D ube29
,1 83
Adair v. Young 1 57 , 1 58
A d h ar C h ander v. Lal Mo h un 1 1 2,
Ad h ar Maniv. M onmotba 1 73
Adbur C h under vi
. Aghore Nat h 2 8 ,
1 89
Adm i n istrator General v. Aghore
NathAdministrator General L . A.
Co l l . of 2 4 Pergannahs 50, 53, 56
Afazuddiv . P rasanna 2 18
Af raz Mol lah v. Ku lsumannessa 204,
Af tabooddeen v. Saniool lah
Af zal Hossain v. Rajbuns Sabai 260
Af zal Hossain v. U iu da Bibi 1 10
Agar v . Fai rfaxAg arcband v. Ralchma 1 85
Aghore Kal i v. P rosuni
no Coomar 1 1 7
Ag in B ind h v . M o h an B i kram 8 8
Abad u l la v,Gagan M ol la h 2 20
A h amed Ku t t i v . Raman Nam
bud ri
TAB LE OF CAS E&
AHMA h mad Baks h v. Lal ta Prosad 1 64
Ahmaduddin v,M aj l i s Rai 1 38
A hmed v. S h ah zada 100
Ahsanu l la v. Dakkhini 1 1 1,1 2 2
Absannl la v M anjura Banoo 202 , 2 77Aitamma v
'
. Naraina 1 1 9
Ajg ur Aliv. Asmut Ali 258
AjnasiKuar v. Su raj P rasad 305
Aj odhya Roy Hardwar Roy 1 69
Ajudhia P rosad v. Nand Lal 1 70
Ak bar v. Kal i Kr is h na 1 1 7
Ak h i l Ch and ra v. S urend ra Nat h 2 1 8Ak hil P radhan v . M anmat h aNat h 1 82Akoy Kumar v . B ejoy Cband 1 93
,
Akshoy Kumar v .0hunder M o h un 1 10
Akshoy Kumar 0. Commr . of
P o r t of Calc u t taA lagiriswamy v . Venkatachel la
pat h y 1 13
Aluu l B uq r . Sec . of S tate 7 4,7 6
Aldwel l v . l la h i Bakhsb 1 82
A l f ord v. V i c kery 309
AliA h med v. Naz i ran 1 10
A liGauhu r v . B anshidhar 1 68,1 7 5
AliQuader v . Jog end raNarain 45
A liSah eb v . Kaj i A hmed 1 95
Al iman v. Dhakeshwar 1 46,1 47
A l len v . A l len 2 28,22 9
Alukmonee r . Banee 1 9,38 , 39, 1 52 ,
1 96
A l um Manjee v. Ashad Ali 2 60
Aman Aliv . M ir Hossai n 1 96
A l nar C h and v . Nan i G opa l 1 45
A lnar C h and ra v . Asad Ali 1 1 1
Amar C h and ra v . Gu ru Prosunno 101
Am ar C h and ra v. Ram Sundar 49,9 1
Am ar C h and ra v. S ebak C h and 109
A l u ar S ing h 0. T i ka 1 1 3
Amara v. Annamala 1 29
Am bala v . Nad u vakat 1 83
Am b i ca Pershad v. S u rdhariLal 1 13,
1 15,1 1 6
Am b i ka v. D ya Gaz i 258
Ambika D ebir . P ranbur i
PAGE .
Anandarav v. Sec . of S tateAnand i Kunwar i v. Ajudhia Nat l )
1 70,1 84
Anant Hraza v. Narayanarazu 1 47
Anat h Nat l ] v. Kes h ab C h and ra 2 8 1A ng an Lal v. Gador Mal 1 46
A rmada Pershud v. P rasannamoyi
5,35
1 30
1 15
ANU P AGE .
Amb i ka Nat h v . AdityaNat l) 90, 2 24Amb i ka P rasad v. R . H . W h i twell 23
,1 72 , 1 73, 1 75
Amb i ka P rosad v. GOpal Buk s h 267 ,
2 68 , 2 74, 27 6
Am bu v. Ket lilamma 1 48
Aminuddin v. U l fatunnessa 2 2 2
Am i r B eg um v . B ank of U pper
Ind iaAm i r D u lbin v. Admin istratorGeneral 1 59
Am i r Hasan v. A h mad 1 58
Amir Kaz im v . D arbariMa] 2 8,1 89
Am i r Raiv. Basdeo S ing h 1 70,2 1 2
Amirunnessa v. S ec . of S tate 2 41,
250, 259
Amolah v. Lac hmi 99
Am rita Lal v . J ogend ra Lal 1 79
Amr i ta Lal v. NemaiC h and 209
Am rita S ek h ar v. Bejoy C h and 296
Ananapa v . Bhim rao 1 5 1
Anand v . P ran Kris to 1 6
Anand Lal ] v . Em press 1 36
Ananda v. K unj o 88, 254
Ananda C h aran v. Ki s h oriM ohan 24 1
Ananda Gopal v . Nafar C h andra 2 2 1Ananda Hari Sec . of S tate 2 53
AmandaKumar v. HariD ass 1 93,2 1 7
Ananda M o h an v. Hara Sundari
73
Anna] : r . Chand rabai
Annamala v. Rain ierAnnoda P rosad v. Rajend raKumar 26 1
, 262
Aunud v. M ohind ra 2 1 6
A u nud Lal v. Ju lladhur 1 50
Aunud Lol l v. Kal i ka Persad 2 10
TAB LE OF
AOD PAGE .
Aodh Beliaree v. B roj o M o h un 1 1 4
Aosub v. Bisseshu ri 2 84
A ppa Rao v. Kr i s h na 98
A ppana v. Tangamma 1 3,1 33
Appasamiv. Jotha 1 1 7
Appasamiv . Rangappa 91
Appaya v. Kunhati 1 67
Apurba v . Chundermoney 1 15
Apu rna C h urn v. Kasam Ali 201 , 202
Arbuthnot’
s I ndust r ials v. M u t h uChet tiar 107
Ardesir Nasarvanjiv. M use Nat h a 1 26
A l ihmu thu C h et ty v. V yapnri~
pandaram 1 98,1 99
Arman Sardar v . Sat k h i ra JointS toc k Co .
Arm uga v . Chokalingam
Arnold,I n r e 1 1
ArsaliS adagar v. Ram Satya 22 1
Arumug am v. Sivagnana
A runachel lam v . A r unachel lam
Asad Ali Haidar AliAsgar Ali Troil okya Nat l) 1 12
,1 13
Ashannu l la v. Hurri C h urn 1 8 , 286,
Ashanul lah v. Kal i Kinku r 2 2 7
Ashfaq Husain v. GauriSa h ai 1 10,
1 1 1
As h iBhusan v. Palm-
am 108
A s h ok B huiyan v . Karim B epari 2 1 7A shootosh v. D oorga C h urn 99
,109
Ash raf uddin v. Bepi o 1 10
A sh ru f Aliv. Net Lal 1 66
A s h ton,Lev i na v. M adhabmoni
Ashutosh r,Am i r M o l la h 202
Ashu tosh v. Be h ar i Lal 1 7 7,206
A shutosh v . Lu khimoni 1 1 9
Asibunnessa v. Wal i Ah med 93
A s im M anda] v. Raj M o h an 122
Asimoddiv. P ran M ob ini 1 70
Asmat A li Hasmat K h an 258
A smu tu llah R al ly C h urn 1 1 8
Asmu tunissa r . As h raff Ali 1 70
CAS E S
PAGE.AZ I —BA|A ssanool lah v . Obhoy C h urn
Assanool lah v. S h ams h i r 299
Assanul la v. Tir thabasini 2 02
Athappa v. Ram Kr is h na 1 52
At tac k v. B ramwel l 3 15, 31 6
A ubhoya D ass i v. P udino Lochun
Au bhoyessuriv. Gour i Sunkar 206
Au too Mis tree v. Bidhoo M ookhee 1 1 3
Award by L A . Oltic en, Karac h iv. Lakhmibai 53
Ayenuddin v. S rish C h and ra 2 1 6
Ayyavayar v . V irasami 1 38
A zgar Ali Asaboddin 1 69,
2 1 2 , 2 1 7
Azimuddiu v. Sec . of S tate 2 37,242
A z i z B ak h s h v. Kan i z Fat ima 1 41
B .
13. H. Rail . Co. v . Nor t h 85
B . 1 . S . N . Co . v. Sec . of S tate 6,
1 6,1 7
,32
, 51 , 53, 55, 56, 57 , 58 , 60
Babu Jan v. Sec . of S tate 43,
55, 60, 63
B abu ram v. Ram Sa h ai 1 67
B adiunnessa v. S h ams - ud - din
Badr i Narain v. JaiKis h en 102,107
Badr i l’ rasad v. v. Saran Lal 1 99
B agd u M ag h i v . D u rga P rosad
B ageswar i v. Gow h ar 1 7,33
,235
,
BaiAm thiv. M adhav 96
B airlya Nat h v. S ud h aram 258
B ai j M o h an v. U manaih 2 6,1 79
Bai j Nat h v. Binoyend ra Nat h 103
B ai j Nat h v F . H. Ho l l oway 97,1 99
B ai j Nat h v. G h ans h yam 1 1 5, 1 1 7
B ai j Nat h v. M oheep 24,1 65
B aij Nat h v. Nanda Kumar 2 44
Bai j Nat h v . Padm anand S ing h 1 23
Bai j Nat h v. Ramgat S ing h 35,
Bal l ] Nat h v. Ramgu t S ing h 1 9,
TAB 1. E OF CAS ES .
BA| PAGE .
liaij Nat h v lt u aneswar 2 1 1 , 249
B a i j Na t h v. S ia Ram 1 58
Ba ij nat h v. S i tal Prasad 35,251
Baikanta Na t h v . Aughore Navh
1 1 1,1 24
Baikanta Nat h v. D ebend ra
Nat h 206, 2 1 7
B ailcantha Nat h v. G unga P rosad 235
Baikan thaNat h v. M a h ata h C h and2 8 7
,295, 296
Baikunto v. U doy C h and 2 77
B ai l ey v. I s le of T h anet L ig h tR a i l . CO. 76
Bai l ur v . Lakshm ana 1 46
Bais tab C h ar-ao v . Ak h i l C h and ra 2 1 9
Bakar v. U d i t Nara i n 99, 1 26
Bal M OkOond v. Jirjudhun 241,2 43
,
Balaram Bh rahmaratar v. S h amS undar
Baldev v . Ram c h and ra 1 39
Ralkishan v Wagar sing 1 13
B a lkishen v. B ed lnati 103,1 1 3
,1 1 4
Bal lcisben S im pson 1 2,35. 238 ,
251
Bal lcishn av M asuma 31,1 8 1 , 1 90
Bal ls v. T h i c k 1 35
B al l u Runn y ,Raghuhar 1 43
Jm lm uk ’
und v. A s faq Husain l ’3
Bal vau t v. B abaj i 1 86
Bal vant v . [ l i ra C h and 2 7,1 93
B aq n t Ram C h andra v . Sec . of
S ta l eBal u ant v. M u h ammad Husai n
34,1 88
Rama S oond u ree v . Radhika
Bama Sun dar i r . Ad h ar C h under20,
B umasoo ndarc e v. Verner 64
Bannnw levara v . Sabbaravud u 91
B analata v. M onm o l ha 40, 26 1
B auarasi v . M a h aran i 102
Banbihariv. K h erra Pal 2 1 6, 2 20
Bandcy r, Ru r w‘s l l
Bashiruddin r . JhoriS ing hBas i Pod dar v. R am K r i s h naPasi l 'ul u v. Kal tr avani
BAS P AGE .
B and o K r i s h na v . Naras‘iinha
Konher 1 15
Bang s. C h and ra v. Tara Kinkar 2 76
Ban i s ter,In r e B road v. M unton 1 1
Banke Lal v. S lum tiP rosed 2 26
B anko S c h ary v . Kr is h na C h and ra
Banku v. Harend ra
Bans i v. Sik ree M al 1 1 6
Bansidhar v,G u l u b Kuar 1 31
Fau sh bar v . San t Lal 38
B apu C h and v M ug u l rao 1 13, 1 15
Bar -
aria v . Gajend ra 1 7 7
B arada Kinkar v. Nabin C h an dra 1 1 4
Baranag ore Ju te Fac tory v. RajK umar 1 86
B ar c lay . T homas v. Syed Hossein 2 1 1Barhanideo v. Ram Narain 1 93
Barhamdeo v . Rasu l Band i 1 9,1 52
,
2 66
Barhma Din v . Bap Lal 1 40
Bar ing v. Nas h 2 25
Barkal Par ida v. Jogendra Nat h 3 1,
2 13
Barker,In r e 61 , 233
B arker v. Lavery 1 56,1 57
-}ar low v. Ross 37
B arnes v . S . S . Rai l . C0. 43
Baroda v . Fe rg u sson 1 10
Baroda Kanta v. C h under Kanta
Barooara Tea Co. v. S ec . of S tate 7 9
B arrow v. Javarchand 1 1 7
Basa Mal v. Tajammal 91
Bas an t v. Keshai 63
Basan t Kumar v. K h u l na LoanCo. 301
B asan t Lal v . Batul Bibi 1 2 4
B asant Lal v . N ajm - un - nessa 1 1 1
B asanta Kumar i v . Ash u tosh 203
Basanta Kumar i v . Ram Kauai 1 52 ,
1 70
1 67
1 43, 1 7 1
TAB LE OF CAS E S .
BASB asir udxiin v. Faimu l la
B as i ruddin v. Kai lasBas t i Ham v. Fat tuB awan D as v. M u ] (
“hand
B eau f o r t (D uke of) and Swansea
Harbou r Trus teesB eer C h under v. Mymana
B eg D unlop Co. v. J ag annat h96, 1 38
B e h ar i v. Nanda 59
B eluu iLal v. Sal i k Ram 1 1 8
B e h ariSing l'i v. M ukat Sing li 1 75
Be joy C h and v . Am r i ta Lal l
B ejoy C h and v. P . K . M ozumdar
58,59
B ejoy C h and v . S . C . M ookerjee 2 24
B ejoy C h and v . Sos h i B husan
B eniMad liab v . B issessu r 2 14
B en i M ad h ab v. Jotind ro M ohun 200
B en i M ad lio v. P ran S i ng h 1 89,1 92
B en i M ad liub v Jaod Ali 204
B en i P t 1‘s h ad v . D ud h Nat h 8 7
B en i P rasad v. M uktesar 1 7 1
B eniP rasad v. Sar'ju P rasad 1 20
B en i P rosad v. Rewat Lal ] 2 1 9
B en i Ham v. Nauhu Mal 1 2 2,1 2
B ennet v. Ham i l l 1 88
Benoue v . B rajeud ra 98
B enodiniv . Peary M ohan 1 67
Rep in B ah ar i v. B i b i Zoln'
a 1 1 3
B ep i o B ehariv. Bhagwat S aliai 88,
2 25
B epin B ehary v. Jatind ra Nat h 1 75
Bepin B ehaiy v. Sos i B husan 267,
2 7 7
B etiv. Col 1. of E twal lB h aban i C h aran v. P rotap C h aud ra 95
,206
B h agat B i liar i v. Ram Nat h 1 1 9
B hagbu t l’ershad v. G r i ja Koer 40
B h ag o B i bee v. Ram Kan t 257,258
B hag‘
u Jet h a v . Malek B awasaheb 1 1 9
B hag vandas v. Abd u l Hussein 1 38
B hoje M aliadev v. Gaugalmi‘
B h o la Na t h v . Heys h amB lio la Na t h v . l
’rat
'
u l la
B holauand v Padmauund
B hol uual h v. K i s h
BHO PAGE .
B hag vandas v . Hathihai 1 33
B h agwan v. Khe t ter M oni 1 42,1 44
B h agwan v. R itan 1 2 8
B h agwandas, in r e 1 99
B h agwand as v . Raj Nat h 1 -16
B h agwandas v. Sukhdei 305
B liagwau t Rainc liand ra v . M a h amad Ru km odin 1 24
B hagwat Sa h ai v. B epin B o l l ari 2 25,
282
B hagwativ . B anwari 1 84,1 85
B h ai Lal v . Em pero r 306
B haia'
jiT h ak u r v . Jharu la D ass 1 77
B haijiv . Adm i ni s t rator Generalo f B om bay 1 44
B h aja Chowdhary v. ChuniLal 2 1
B hajahari1) Ram Lal
B h ajan B ehary v . G i ris h C h an~
d ra
B h andiSing h v. Bamad l iin Rai
B harub C h andra Lal i t Mo h un 29 1
B h awaniKoer v . Af zal Husain 1 7,
B h awaniKoer v. D arsan Sing h 1 1 41
B h awaniKoer v Mat h u ra. Prasad
B liawani Kuwar v . M ath u i'a.
P rasad 1 96, 253, 262
B hekdhariv. B adhsingh 203
B h i kariv S urja M oni 1 55, 1 7 5, 249
B h i kar i S uku l v . Godadhar 3 1 , 206
B hikha v . Sakarlal 1 46
B h i k i S i ng h 1 ; B h anu M ah ton 2 1 3
B him S ing h S arwan S ing 1 61 , 1 7 6,
1 80
B himal D ass v . Ganes h a 1 8 1,1 84
B hiram Aliv Gopi Kan t 1 4,17 8
B hobauiNat h L . A. Co l lec to r
1 95
7 6
1 2 2 . 1 23
1 1 8
1 33
TABLE OF CASE S .
BHO PAOE .
B ho laualh 43. Sec . of S tate 7 6
B holanath v . U ma C h u rn 2 53, 257
B hoohoona 1 7 Johraj 109
B hoobun C h under v. Ram Soonder 250
,259
B hooputee v. U m hica 2 84,2 85
B hoyruh q) . M adhub 1 34,108
B h u ban M o h an v . G i r i s h Narain
B h uban M o h an v . Nundo Lal 1 76
B hugwan C h and ra v . Chund ra
M ala
B hugwan C h under v. S udder
A l lyB hujabalappa v . Co l l . of D h arwar
B hupati Sec . of S tate 89
B h u ra Mal v. Har Kis h anB h u t Nat h v . Su rendra Nat h 2 1 8
B hyrub C h under v Soudamini28 ,
1 97
B ibijan v . Sac lii 1 55
B idhoomukhiv . Nilmoney 2 94
B i h ariv. Nanda 59
B i bariLal Gopal Lal 1 98
B i h ariLal Jagarnath 1 20,1 2 4,
1 25
B i ja i C h and v . B rohmodas
B ijoy C h and v . Atu lya B h aran
B ijoy Sankar v. Rajend ra Kumar
B i las C h andra v . Aksliya Kumar
B ilashm ouia) . Sheoperehad 87
B indeswariv . Awad h B e h ari 1 2 1
B indubashiui Harend ra Lal 20
B i pra D as Raja Ram 206
B ip rodas v. Sarat 89,90
B ir C h under v . Nohin C h under 90
B ir Narain v . D arpa Narain 1 1 8
B i rd G . E . Rail . Co. 83
B i rj M o h an v . U manalh 26,1 79
B isham lmr v . l l u dad A li 1 34
‘B lS l l fl l l l l 'l l Cl v B o uoiuali 1 7 , 2 16, 2 75
B RO PAGE .
B is h en C h and v adir Hossein 1 32
B ir henmun v . L . M . B ank 20
B isheshar Har i S ing h 1 7 1
E is h un Ch and v. Bijoy C h and 1 91
B ishun S ing h A. W . N . Wyat t 31 6B issessur v M a h tab 1 2 2
B issessur Lail v. Lu chmessur 1 93
B issessuriq) . Hem C h under 257
B isseswar v . Hurro Sundar 1 58
B iswa Nat h v . B hagwandin 92,98
B iswa Ranjan Sec . of S tate 75
E i t h al D as v. Nand Kis h ore 1 97
B od h S ing h v . Gunesh C h under
B oehem v . Goodal l 1 4
B ogg v . M . Rail . CO. 8 1
B oistub C h urn v. Tara C h and 2 9 1
B ombay Improvemen t Trust v .
Jal bhoy 43, 69, 70, 7 1
B ommanapativ . C h inta Kunta 102
B onnerjee, K . S . v . Comm i ssioners for the P or t of C al c u t ta 67
B on omal i 1 7. Jagat C h and ra 2 8 1
B OO] C h and v . Lu thoo 2 57
B ounch v. Sevenoaks Rai l . Co 1 39
B owen v. E vans 1 90
B rahamdeo v . Ramdown 1 67
B raja Kisora v. Kundana D ew 91
B raja Nat h v . Lak h i Narayan 88
B raja Nat h v . Jog geswar 2 7 , 1 8 1 ,
1 97
B raja Sundar v. MatiLal 1 7 6
B rajab 1 1a v . G ur udas 1 86,1 87
B randon,I n r e 8 7
B ridges v . Smy t h 309
B r i j Coomaree v . Ramrick D as
B FIJ Kumar v. 2 20
B rindaban v. B h awani 257
B rindabun v. B rindabun 8 7,2 80,
B rindaraniv . Annoda M o h an 209
B r i tis h M u toscope &0. Co . v
Hom er
B rojc ud ra .v.
° Ruplu l l
TAB LE 01 C
OH[ P m s .
C h in taman 1 1 . Bals lmshtri 1 2 4
Chin tainan rav a) . V ilhabai 2 2,29,
1 62 . 1 63
Chintamoni Ras h Behary 89
C hiranj i Jawah i r 1 43
Chogal l Imman 98
011011 1 11 U mma 73,9 1
Chooramoni Howra h M i l ls Co . 89
Chotalal Nabibhai 1 99
C h owa Karan v. V ayyaprath 60, 63
Chowdhry Kesr i G ianiRoy 1 68
C h u l tanM a
’
h ton 1 ) . Ti]ukdariSingh 201
Chundee C h urn B id oo B udan 84
C h under Kant Hem L 111 31 8
C h under K umar Sec . of S tate, 35,
268 , 2 75
C h under Narain Ki s h en C h and 205C h under P ershad Shuvadra
Kumar i 2 83,295
C h und i C h aran Banke B e h ari1 67
,1 68
Ch'
und ra Kaminy Ram B u t tum 2 47
Chund ra Nat h v . Burroda S h oond ury
Chund ra Nat h Gu rroo P ro
sanno 1 1 6
Chund ra Nat h Tirthanund 250
Ch und ra Sakai Kal liP rosanno 2 1 8,
2 19
Chu u d ra S ek h ar M anjhee 209
ChiiniLal Anantram 1 58
C h un i La] J ngal Ki s h o re 1 97
( h un i Lal 1) . Osm ond B eeby 107
(‘
hu ttoorbhooj Ish riM u l 240,2 43
,
2 50
Chu l tu Lal BhagwatiP rosad 2 45
C lark 1 1 . Alexandar 1 97
Clarke Wandswor t h B oard 82
Clippc n'
s Oil Co . 1 1 . Ed i nburg h620 . Water T rus tees
C lisflo ld Cral ch ley
C l ou t 1 1 D . Rai l . Joint Commit te e
C l owes 1 1 . S ta lTordshire Po t ter iesWater Works Co .
xE s
C RO—DCoaks B oswe l lCo l l . of Alnnedabad LaVJI
M u lji 40, 63
Co l l . of Beigaun B him Rao 6 1
Co l l . of D ac ca Har i D as 7 8,9 ]
Col l . of D inajpu r Girjanath 80
Col l . of Hoog h l y 1) R aj Kr i s to 73, 7 5Col l . of P oona v. Kashinath 70
,7 3
,
7 6, 9 1
Col l . of Shajehanpur Su rjan 1 00
Co l ] . 24 - Pergs . Joynarain 253
Co l l . of 24- Perg s . Nobin 37,65
,
Co l l i ns M ania. B aks hC o l l yer I saacs
Com . of In land Revenue v. G .
S . Rai l . Co . 7 6,7 8
Com . of P u b l ic “fork s Logan 69
Cooverji D ewsay 1 87
Cooper M etropol i tan Board 8 2, 85Co rnel l U ody Tara 5, 2 1 , 2 58
Cou r t of 1Vards Ramapu t 2 1 6
Coventry Tu lshiBers h ad 1 22
Cowel l 1) . M ohadeb 1 3,293
Cowper E ssex Ac ton L ocalB oard 7 9, 80
Cramer M o t t 3 1 2
Cranwel l M ayor of Lond on 86
Crof t N . “7 . Rail . Co .
Crookes W h i twor t hCrowder Sel f
Crown Brewery Col l . of D eb raD un
D .
D . L . B ank‘
Orc h ard 1 7 3
I). L . B ank Par tab B h askar 1 83
11 . L . B ank 1 1 . Par tab S ing h 1 4 1
D . L . B ank U nc o venantedSer v i c e B ank 1 99
D aj i I l iniat Dhiraj ram 1 8 8 , 1 89
D akhina C h u rn B i las C h and ra
D akhina M o h an v. Saroda M o h an
TABLE
D AK PAG E .
D akll yani D olegobind 43
D akshina M o h an B asurnati 22,1 61
D ale] S ing h U m rao S ing 1 1 6
B al ic hand v. B aiS hivkar 1 00,1 1 3
,
D am odar l s h war 1 36
D am od ar S onaj i 1 1 8
D am odar V i nayak 1 80
D amoodar M i sra I swar C h and ra 31D amoodu r Nim anund 2 1 7
D are Val ley Rai l . Co . In r e 58
D arimba Nilmonee 2 99
D at taram Gangaram 1 51
D at taraya Rahim tu l la 1 97
D aubuz Laving ton 309
D au lat S ing h v . J ugal Kis h o re 96,
D av ies Co rporat ion of the City
of Lond onD av is .1 ) I ng ram
D awson 1) Cro pp 3 1 4
D awson (1 . N . C. Rai l . 49, 51 , 8 1
D aya Nanki 1 1 1 , 1 1 6
D aya Chand Hem C h and 2,1 43
D aya Khuslial v. Ass t . Co l l . Su rat 76,7 7
D ayamayi Ananda M o h an 1 67,
1 7 1
D ayaram Goverdhandas 1 45
D e Pen h a Jal thoy 1 54
D eanu too l lah Naz i r A li 205
D eb,Narain 1 ) Narend ra Kr i s h na 2 99
D ebee M unnee Faqueer C h under 2 61
D ebendra C iomar Roop Lal l 1 39
D ebend ra Nat h 1 ) Haridas 9,2 30
D ebend ra Nat h v . P rasanna
Kumar 98 , 1 77
c endranalh v . A bdu l Samed 1 96
D eb i D ass 1 ) Bip ro C h arau 40,2 6 1
D eb i D ial 1 ) M oliaraj S ing h 95
D eb i D u t t Subod ra 1 91
D eb i l ’ershad Koc r 2 13
D eb i P rasad Lewi s 1 38
D ebi bing lr v. Jia Ram 39,1 7 8
0 1 CAS E S .
PAGE .D OD
D eefho lts Kh usaiD eendyal J ug deep 1 5
,40
,1 94
D e laney Ra h amat Ali 2 19,2 20
D enman Co . W es tm inis terCo rporat i on 43
,44
D eno Nat h Ram Kumar 1 7 7
D eu o Nat h Lu l l it Coomar 103
D eo Su run 1) Ma h om ed Ismail 85
D eok i Nand an B ans i S ing h 1 53
D eonandan M anhodh 1 7,1 8
,31 ,
D esno Sr in i vas 1 10
D esraj S i ng Karam K h an 1 2 0
D evji S amb h u 1 93
Dewan A li S orosbibala 1 2 4
D ewan R oy S undar Tewary 3 19
D owel l Tuflfnel l 2 4
D hanes suree v . Goodbar 1 1 4
D h an i Ram Luchmeswar 98
D hanjibhoy Bomanji, In r e 74
”i
n!
st
D hanukdhari M a h ab i r B ers h adD hanukdhari Nath uni 1 75
D haramjit Chand reswar 250
D haranamma S ub h a 1 13
D h arma Gobind 1 2 1
D h armapa l Kr i sta D oyal 1 56
D h ond o G ov ind 1 48
D honkal P h akkar 1 1 8,
D hunesh Col fut 98
D hunpu t Saraswat i 2 96
D hunpu t S i ng h 1 ) C onman S ing h 8 8
D i-anatu l lah 1 7. \Vazid Ali 1 10
D i bbl e Bowater 3 10
D i l chand B ai j nat hD i ldar Hossei n M ujeed unnissa 1 10
D inend ra v. Tit uram 86,8 7
,88
,89
D inendra Nat h v. Ram Kumar 38
D inkar 1) Har i 1 2 2
D ino Nat h Go lap M ob ini 207
D inobundhu v Jogmaya 1 49 ,1 50
D inomoni E lahadu t K h an 107
D inonath v . S h ame B i b iD irg aj Kal i C inaranD iwal i 1 ) A paj iD odson
,lie
,Yates r M e l l on
TABLE OF
D OH PAGE .
D U l I 'd l ' ty 1 7. Al lman 1 59
D ongal 1 7. M C Car t h y 309
D oolar C h and 17. Lal la Chabeel 40
D oorga C h urn 1 7. Anund M oyee 2 1 5
D oorga C h u rn Naj unooddeen 2 88
D oorga S ing 1 7. S h eo P ershad 5,2 1
,
39,1 96
Exec u tors of
D oogadhur v. Hu ro M obin iD orab A l ly 17. A bdoo] AzeezD oral) Al ly 17 .
K h aja h M oheeoodeen 1 92
D orabjiCnrsetji, I n 7 2,7 7
,78
D orasami17 . Annasami 1 91,1 92
D ossabliai 1 7. Special Officer ,
Salset teD oya M oyee Nilmonee
D oyal 1 7. Am ritaD oyanioyi17 . Sarat C h andraD oyne
,In r e
D raper 1 7. T h ompsonD r inkwater Ratc l i ff e 8
,2 26
D ubo 17 . S rinibas 1 3
D ukhoda 1 7. Srimonta 1 82
D u lichand 1 7 . Raw Kris h na 1 47
D u lsook 1 7. Cliug on 1 1 8
D un ia Lal 17 . GopiNat h 52 , 7 1 , 91
D unne 1 7. Nobo Kris h na 88
D nrga 17 . Balwan tD u rga Bibi1 7 . Cbanchal 1 3
,1 31
D urga C h aran 1 7. Kal i P rasanna
D u rga C h aran 17 . Karamat K h an 1 7 8
D u rga C h aran 1 7. M onmohini 1 50
D urga C inaran 1 7. U ma Tara 97
D u rga 05 3 1 7. D eoraj 100,305
D urg a h as 1 7. U matu l Hose i n 107
D urga l’rasad 17 . B raja Nat h 4 7)
D u rga P rosad 1 7 . B l 'ifl 1 lil b0 l l 284,2 8 5
D nrg a P rosonno Kal idasD nrg a Snnil al ii) Gob i nda 1 7 9
D u r ino 1 7 . D ool la 101)
D urpatiBibir . l l am Rau l) Pal 1 43
D u rsan S i ng h 1 7 . B h awan i Boer 2 54,
D u l l,K B . r . Go s tim Beliari 21 03
CAS ES .
F .
Faez Ralnnan 1 7. l la l nsukl : 205,2 2 1
,
Faiyaz l l usain 1 7 Pray; Narain 39, 1 95Faim r Ralnnan 77 . M aimina Kha
tun
Fak i l n. Be rn] M ohini
l’ ak l r t linm lor 77 Rain Kumar1 68
G,2 2 1)
D Y E—EA FA PAGE :
D war B aks h 1 7 Fat i k 1 01 , 1 02
D warka Nat h 1 7. PeariM o h an 107
D warka Nat h 1 7. Snvrida 1 01
D warkanath 17 A nand rao 1 1 7
D warkanath D hunmonee 204
D warkanath 17 . G i r is h C h under 254
D warkanath 1 7. M anick C h under 2 15
D warkanath 19. Tar in i Sankar 1 7 8
D y . Col l,Cal i cu t D i vis i on 17.
Aiyaon Pil layD yal S ing h 1 7 Ram B uddum 1 89, 1 95
D yer , Re, D yer 17. Payn ter 229
E .
Eaden 17 N. W . Rai l . Co. 36,66, 83
E ag le 1 7 . O. O. Rai l . Co . 65, 8 1 , 85
Eastern M or tgag e Co . 17 . Gob indCh under 2 1 2
E dwards E dwards 1 03
E dward s 1 7. Eng l is h 1 44
E kambara 17 . M uniswam v 64
E lokeshi17 . Abinash 2 68,2 76
,2 7 7
E l se 1 7 . E lse 1 1
Emmet t 17 . T h orn 1 66
Emsley 1 7 . N . E . Rail. Co . 66
E rava 1 7 . Sidramappa 1 9,105, 1 88
E rode 1 7. Pu thiedeth 1 67
E rr ing ton 17 . M . D . Ra i l . Co . 46,50
E s h an C h under 1) B u r is h C h under
E slian C h u nder 17 . l’rannath
E ssu fali,In r e
E vans 1 7. E vans
E z ra 17 Sec . of S tate 7,1 7 . 25
,45
TABLE OF CAS ES .
FAK—G PAGE .
Fak i r M u h ammad v. G h u lamH usain 1 1 2
,1 1 7
Fal kner 17 . S . Sr D . Rail . Co. 65
Farzand v. Abd u l la h 100
Fazal Husen 1 7 . Raj Bah adur 1 10
Fazal [mam 1 1 . Me t ta Sing h 1 1 7
Fazal Ra h aman 17. Imam Ali 1 47
Fazil 17. K r is h na 1 98
Fazl ur Rahnian M u h ammad
Khan 1 1 0
Fel l 17 . Whittakar 31 8
Fenwic k,In r e 65
,85
Fenwi c k 17. Layc ock 1 4, 232
F ie ld M i tc h e l l 31 7
F ink M ah araj B ahadoor 1 97,1 98
Fink 17 . Sec . of S tate 55,58
,59
,
Flar ty Od l um . o . 1 34
For bes, A. H . 17 . Ma h araj B a h adu r 207
,2 85, 2 90
Forbes 1 7 Maliomed Hosse i n 37,2 20,
251,254
,2 56
Fores ter 17 . Sac . of S tateFoster 17. Fos terFoster L . C. Rai l . Co .
Fotick C h un der 1 7. FoleyFramji17. Batans ha
Frank Warr 17 . London Coun t ryCounc i l 85
F urniss 17 . M . Rail . Co . 44
Fu tteh Narain 1 7 . Chund rabati 109
1 2 1:
G .
G . C . Rai l . Co . v. B alby &0. D is
t ric t Counc i l 66
G . W . Rai l . Co. 1 7. B ennet t 36 66
G . W . Rai l . Co . B lad es 45,66
G . W . Rai l . Co . 17. Carpal la U nited C h ina C lay Co. 37
,45
,66
G . Co . 17 . Sm i t h 90
G . W . Ra i l . Co . v. Swindon 81 0.
Rai l . Co . 1 7,43
,47
Gadad h ar Basanta Kumar 2 2 1
Gadadhar v. - liadl 1a C h arau 2 32
GER I’Ac s .
Gaekwar 17 . Gand h i 1 6 . 60, 6 1 , 80,
1 57
Gagan S licikh 17. Abejan K h atun 2 1 7
Ga h ar K h al i fa 17 . Kas h i M uddi 1 42,
1 45
Gajend ra 17 . Sec . of S tate 1 7,48
,52
57
Gaj rajmat l 1 7 Ak bar Husain 1 55,1 80
Gal l oway 17 . M ayor Com rnonal ty
of London 43, 67
Galstaun 1 7 Sec . of S tate 55,58
,85
Gam brel l 17. Falmou t h 3 1 4
Ganapathi1 7. B alasundara 109, 1 2 4
Ganes h 17 Kas hiNat h 1 46
Ganes h 17, Purshot tam 38 , 1 96
Ganes h 1 7. S h ankar 1 34
Ganes h B ab 17 . Vithal Vam an 1 98
Ganes h C h and ra 1 7. B anwariLal 1 42
Gang a Bishun 17. M ah omed Jan 235
Ganga C h aran 17 . S os h i B husan 2 1 4
Ganga D as 17. Yakub Ali 101 , 102 , 1 0?Ganga Pershad 1 7. I rs h ad Ali 35
,260
Ganga P rasad v Raj Coomar 1 52 ,
1 53
Ganga P rosad 17 . Parg ash Sing h2 4 1
,2 42
Ganga Prosad 17. U mbica Chnrn 1 7 2
Gangadas 1 7. Su raj 24
Gangad h ar 17 . Abdu l A313 2 95
Gangad h ar 17 B h i kar i 1 54,2 1 9
,2 50
Gangad h ar 17. M idnapore Zem indary Co. 1 67
Gang adhara 1 7 . D y . Co l l. , Madras 57
Gangararn 1 7. Sec . of S tate 50,65
Gangathara 17. Rathabi 1 72
Ganpat S ing h 17. M ot i C h and 89,90
2 83
Ganpatram 1 7 . I saac
Garudhnj 1 7. B ai j u M al
Gat t i Lal 17. Bir B a h ad u rGauskha 1 7. A bdu lGayratu l la 1 7. G i r i s h C h and ra 202
Genera l M anag er 1 7. Rainpnt 40 1 93
Genu 17 . Sakharam
G erard , In re Lo rd
TAB LE OF CAS ES .
Ghansham 17 . M uk h aGhansham lal 1 7 . B h ansaliG h as i Ram 17 . M angal ChandGhaziuddin 17 . B i s h an D ialG h u lam Nas i r - ud—din 17 . Hardeo
P rasa’
d
Gibhon 17 Padd ing ton V estryGibbs 1 7. Cruic ks h ank 2 1 5
G i l bert 1 7 . W h i te 2 29
G i les 17 . G rover 1 37
G i l l iat 17. G i l l iat 1 73
G i rd h ar i 1 7. S i tal P rasad 1 7 9 200
GiridhariS ing h 17 Hardeo Narain 25,
1 52,
G i r is C h and ra 17 Khagend ra Nat h 89,
2 2 1
G i ris h C h andra 17 . Golam Kar im 3 1,
Gir i s h C h under 1 7 . M i l ler 1 91
Girjanath 17 . Ram Narain 265
G lad s tone 17 Padwic k
Gnanambal 17. Parvathi
Gnanasambanda 17 . Velu Panda
f anl 1 31
G ob i nd 17 R ei l y 2 29
Gobind 17
. R ung Lal 1 1 5
Gob ind Chunder 1 7 Guru chu rn 1 95
Gobi nd Chunder, 1 7. Rain Chunder 201
Gob ind Chunder 17 . U mac haran 1 69,
1 70
Gobim l Cbundra 17. Joy Chand ra 2 57 ,
(iobincl Chund ra 17 . Sherajunnissa
2 10,2 42
,250
,2 59
G ob ind D iyal 1 7. I nayatu l la h 4
a ind Lal 17 . Biprodas 1 7 . 33, 2 10.
2 18,250
G ob i nd Lal 1 7 R rm Jan um 33,2 1 1
,2 18
Gobiiu l Sa h ai 17 . S ibrlnt R un 2 2 1
G obin rla Guand ra 1 7. HemantaK um ar i
G ob i nda K umar 1 7 . D ebend ra
K umar
(ir-biniln Nzil li .7 S iirja Karim
PAC18:
G opal C h unde r 1 7 . Gunamoni
GopaLCh unrle r 1 7 M ohesh C h und er 2 19
(inpal C h unde r 17. R un La l lG opal D as 1 7. l l aiile D as 2 68 ,
Gopa l D 1 1 1 7 . C h im n i Lal l 1 98
G opal K i sho re 1 7 M l l t l l l l l M o h an 2 89
Go pal Lal l 17 .
'
1‘
il lu c k C h und er 88
G o pal Nana 1 7 . Jo liznim al M 3
q ml lfi uS hOHU H -n BaiINVH“ 1 1 7
GOP
Gobi nda R -m ee 17 . B rinda Rm ee
Gob inda S undar 1 7. C h and M ea h 2 10
Gob inda Sunder 1 7. S riKris h na 2 8 1
Gocool B ag d i 1 7. D ebend ra Nat h37
,1 93
, 2 1 8
Godad har 1 7. D hunpnt 86, 90, 91
Godadhar 1 7 Lal i-t Kumar 9)
Gogan S h ei k h 1 7 . A bejan K h atun 40
Goghnn v . a esh ur 47
(1 01q 1 7 Aukhil 97
Goknl C h andra v. Hara S ‘indar i 37
Goiak Nat l } M at h ura Nat h 15,1 30
Go lani 17 . J udhister 1 69,1 70
,1 76
Golarn Abed 1 7 . Toolseerain 306
Go l am Gaffer 17 . Go l jan B ib i 1 1 0
Go l ap K h an 1 7. B holanath 64, 1 49
Gol oknioney 17 M uhesh C h under 208
Go lnckmonee 1 7 . Hnro Chunder 37
G o l uk C h under 1 7 R am Snnkur 2 20
Goma 1 7 Gokal das 1 38
G unes h 17 . S h i vaGonesh Pershad 17 .
B 11 ) B ehary 5,
1 8 , 2 1 , 31,2 37
,2 46
,258 259
Goods on 1 7 R i c h ard son 50
G opal 1 1 Joharimal 1 4 1
Gopal 1 7 J oyram 1 1 0
Gopal 1 7 K rishnarao 1 86
Gopa l 1 7. l ’arso tani 2
Gopal C h and ra 1 7 . No tobar 1 42
GOp al C h under 1 7 . B hoobnn M o
hnn
C op r l Ch under 1 7 . G osain D as 1 10,
1 9
TABLE 0 19
GOP PAG E .
Gopa l Sab 17 Jank i Koer 1 1 2,1 1 3
Gopal S ing h 1 7. D nlar K nar 1 70
Go peenath 1 7. Liichmeepnt 1 7 5
G opend raC h and ra 1 7. Taraprasana 2 83
Gopend ra C h under 17 . M akaddam
Hossain 38,2 97
GopiC h and 1 7. Kasimunnissa 1 43
Gop i K r i s h na 1 7 R ain Lal 2 63
Gop i M o h an 17. D oybakiNandan
92 , 96, 97
Gop i Nat h 17. l s h ar C h andra 2 1 1
Gopinzith 17. K ashinath 2 1 6 . 2 18
Go pinat h 1 7 . Sajami Kanta 2 1 7
Gorakh S i ng h 1 7. S id h Gopal 1 35
Gossain D almar 1 7. B epin B ehary 1 85
Gossain D as 17 . M rit tnnjoy 1 91
(iossain M onee 17 . Gu ru Pershad 1 59
Gos to B ehary 1 7. Har i M o h an 1 76
GostO 'B ehary 1 7. Sib Nat h 301
Goudoin 17. Venkatesa 1 31
Goug h , I n r e 76, 7 7
Gou r Ch under 1 7 . Chunder Coomar 1 65
Gour S under 17 . Hem C h under 1 03
Gou ree v. Joodhisteer 1 8 , 2 88
Gou ree Kom u l 17 . R ij Kis h en 2 96
G ou ree Kom u l 17 . l Kr i s to 2 96
GonriD nt t v. Am ar C h and 1 98
GouriS ankar v. Jank i Pershad240. 250
GonriSunkur v. Abhoyeswar l 1 22
Gou rm oniv . Jug nt 1 2 2 , 1 23
Governmen t 17 . D ayal M ulJi 7 8
Go vernmen t,I n r e
,and Nana N .
Ko thare 55,56
Govt . of B ombay v. E sufali 43,
Gov t . of B ombay 17. Kar im Tar 70,
Gov t . of B om bay 17 . M erwanji
M uncherji 70,73. 7 4
Go v ind v . Appaya 1 1 4i
Govind 17 . D ada’
1 1 8
Govind v . Gang aJI 1 85
Gov in'd v. M ohonirajGov ind r». Ramk rishna 1 3
,1 34
CAS E S .
Hafiz v. Abdnl lah
Hafiz 17. D amodar
Hafizuddin 17. Abdool'
Aziz
Hak im La] 17 . M ooshahar
Hakimgir v. B asdeo
I -Ialima K h atun,In r e
GYA—HA Pac e.
Govindh Cander r . R ungunmoney 285
Gov inda 1 7 . Kis h anG rant R obinson 8 8
G ran t 77 . S nbranianian 1 99
G reen 17. Corpo rat i on of Hac kney 44
Grish C h under v. Gnnga D aorg a 257
G rish C h under 17 . S ushiShikares
war 98
G ro ves 17 . Adm in i strator GeneralG ranne l l f
v. We l c h 31 4,3 16
a raj 17. Sec . of S tate 2 66, 2 7 1 , 2 76
Gnlab Knar v. B ansid har 1 31
Gnlab M isser 1 7 Kalanand S i ng h 89
Gu l zar i 17 . D aya R am 1 01
G u lzar i Lal 17 . M ad h o R am 102,1 69
Gnndar v. Habibannissa l 88
Gunessar 17. Gonesh 248 , 250
G unga D oss 17 . Ramnarain 2 1 7
Gnnga Narain 17 . Amanda 97
G unga Narain 17 . Cornel l 250
Gnng a P ershad 17 . Jawa h i r 2 2,1 61
G unga Pershad 1 7. D ebiSundar i 1 1 7
Gung adeen v. Kheeroo 261 , 262
Gungamoyee 17 . S h i b Sunkar 1 1 1
Gnr B uks h 17 . Jawab i r 249
Gnr shidawa v. Gangaya 1 7 9
G ur u C h aran 17. Kar tik Nat h 207
G u ru P rasad 17. R ain Lal 1 69
G urudas 17 . S ec . of S tate 7 4
Gu rudeo Narayan v. Amrit Nara
yan
Gu rnpadapa 17. I rapa
Guruva 17. Subbarayudu
Gyamonee 17. R ad h aGyanada Kant h o 1 7. B romomoyi
Gyanendra Nat h v. Nihalo B ibi 1 13
TAB L E
HAL PAGE .
1 l alirnannissa 1 7 . Sec . of S tate 1 7,
2 43, 244
Halodhar r . Ramendra 256
Ham id v. B nktear 1 44,1 45
Ham id Hussein 17 . M nkhduni
RezaHam i r S ing h 1 7. Zah iaHammersm i t h & c . Rail . Co.
, 17 .
B rand 80
Hanooman 1 7. a hman 1 67
I l annman v. Gobind Koer 308 , 31 6
Hanuman v. Hanuman 1 79
I l annman 1 7. M u h ammad I s h aq 1 72
Har B h ag at 1 7 . Anandaram 1 97
B ar D in 17 . Lac h man S ing h 1 86
B ar Gopal 17. Ram Go lam 265
B ar P rosad 17. Jagan Lal 1 43
B ar Sarnp 17 . B al Gobind 1 25‘
Har S h ankar 17. B ai j Nath 1 38
B ar S h ankar 17. Shew Gobind
Hara Gopal 17 . Abu B akkar 91
Harabandhu 1 7. Har is h C h andra 2 1 2
Haradhan 1 7. Grish C h and ra 1 7 1
Haradhan 1 7. Kar t i k C h andra 2 22
HaraiS a h a v. Faizlu r R ahman 1 98
Harakh S ing h 17. Sah eb S ing h 1 75
Haran C h andra 1 7. M adan M o h an 1 88
Harak C hand 1 7. C h aru C h and ra
Hardey Narain 17. M . J . Powel l 91
Hard ing 17 . Hal l 31 4
Harek C h and 17. B ejoy C h and 2 2 1 ,
Harend ra La] 17. PurnaChnnder 259
Harend ra Lal 1 7 . S alirnu l lah
l l arend ra Lal v. S h am Lal 1 23
I l arg u Lal l v. Gobinda R ai 1 9 1
Hari1 7 Narayan 1 1 4
Har i 1 7 . R am C h and ra 1 82
HariBadan i v . Gob inda C h and ra 1 1 3
l l ariCbaran v . C h and ra Kumar
Haric h aran 17 HariKor 31 8
OF CARE S .
Har ries 97 . B rown
Har t 17 . Tara P rosanna
Hasoon Arra 1 7 . .1awadoonniss a 1 97
Hassan Ali1 7. Ganz i A li 98
Hasun M o l la h 1 7. Tasir uddin 62
Hayes 17
. R ud ranund 2 8 1
HAY P AGE .
Har i C h aran 17 . Haridas 1 30,2 47
Har i C h aran 17. M on M o h on 1 84
Har i C h aran 17 . M anmat h a Nat h 1 88
Har i C h aran 17 . R anjit S ing h 204
HariD as 17 . D hiraj C h and ra 236,
HariD oyal 17 . S h e i k h Samsudd in 1 7 9
HariGonc sh 1 7. Y amunabai
HariM o h an 1 7. B abarali
HariM oni17. M ot i S h e i k hHar i Narain 17. M uk und LalHar i Pandurang 17 . S ec . of S tate
HariNarain 17 . S riram 45
Har i S undar i 17. S h os h i B ala 1 98
Haridas 17 . B aroda Ki s h ore 1 35,1 38
Haridas 17 . Vithaldas 1 16
Har i h ar 1 7. Gnnendar 1 2 1
Har i h ar 17. Harendra Nat h 1 3,
103
Harih ar Kanta 17. Rama Panda
1 66, 169
Hal ‘IJIV‘
d n 17. Shivram 1 85
Harilal 1 7 . Abhesang 1 44
Har i s h Chand ra 17 . C handporeCo. 107
Har is h C h andra 0. C h and raKan ta
Haris h C h and ra 17 . Sec . of S tate
Harishankar v. Naran 1 46
Harkant 17. B i raj M o h an 1 1 1
Harkoo S ing h 17. B unsidhur
Harmanoje 17 . R am P rosad 98
Haro C h andra 17 . U mes h C h andra 2 1 6
Harrish C h andra17. E boba Tar in i
35
xviii TAB LE or casns.
IMA—JA PAGE .
Imamnn - n i ssa 1 7 . Liakat Hosa in 1 9,
1 05
Imdad Ali1 7. Cal l . of Farahabad54
,55
Indo B u rma Petroleum Co. 17.
Col l . of Y enangyayang 57 , 84
Ind raC h and 17 . Ghaneshyam 1 98, 200
Ind rajeet 1 7. Pootee 39
I ndu rjeet v. M azum A li 1 1 4
I s h an C h under, I n r e 285
I s h an C h under 17 . B eni Mad h ab
I s h ar D as 17 . Asaf Ram 1 67
Ishriv. Gopal 1 28
l sh var Lakhmidat 17. Harjivan
R am j i 103
Ishwargar 1 7. Chudasama 99
I smai l K h an 1 7. Abdu l A ziz2 49
I smail K h an 17. Aghore Nat h 88
I smai l K h an 17 . Asmatu l la 88
I smail K h an 17 . Jaig un B i bi 88
I smai l K h an 1 7 . M rinrnoyi 88
I smai l K h an 17 . Nan i GOpal 88
I smai l R owther 1 7 . Rajab R ow
t h erI esur C hundr v. Su tty D yalI ssuree D assee 1 7 . Abdoo l K h alek
I swar C h andra v. Bistu C h and ra 2 20
I swar Ch under 77 , Satis C h under 31 8
l swar P rosad v, JaiNarain 1 85
I zzat - nu - n issa Per tab S ing h 2 2 ,
J
Jadab C hand ra 1 7 , Joy Gopal 2 1 2
Jadoo Nat h 1 7 . Nubo Ki s h en 301
Jadoonath 1 7. AswiniKumar 1 52,1 7 1
Jad u v. Farre l 98
Jadu Nat h 1 7. Har i Kar 31 8
Jadub Ram 77 . Rain Loc h an 247
Jafar 1 7 . Kamalini 94,96
Jaf r i B eg um 1 7. Sai ra B i b i 106
Jagadanund 0 . Am r i ta Lal 2 1 4
Jagat Tar ini 17 . Naba GopalJagatjiban 1 7 . S arat C h andraJagatjit 17. Sarabjit
Jagattara 1 7. D au latiJagdeo S ing h 17. Padarath
Jagernath 17 . D ip Rani
Jahnnovi17. Sec . of S tate
JAR PAGE .
Jagadish 17 . K ripa Nat h 200
Jagan Nat h 17 . Ganes h 1 45, 1 47
Jagan Nat h v. M akund 1 74
Jagan Nat h 17 . Watson Co. 2 1 7
Jagannat h v. B rojo Nath 105,1 1 6
Jagannat h v . M ahiruddin 300
Jagannat h 17. S i taram 109
Jagar Nat h 17 . S h eo G h u lam 107
Jagarnath 17 . Kar tick Nat h 1 8 1
Jagat C h and ra 1 7. Col l , of C h i t ta
gong 87 , 89, 90
Jagat C h under 17 . I swar Chunder 1 5,
1 30
1 3
31 8
99
40. 2 1 7
31 6,
3 19
97
236,
Jairaj M al 1 7. R ad h a Kis h an 1 96
Jairam77 . Joma Kondia 1 93
Jakhomu l l v. Saroda Prasad
JaminiM o h un C h andra Kumar 2 49Jam una P rosad 17 . Rag h unat h 1 33
Jan A li Jan Ali 1 91
Jan Aliv Safena 2 15
Jan M u h amad 17. I lah iBak h s h 1 82
Janakdhari17 . Gossain Lal
Janardhan 17. Kal i Kris to 1 68 , 2 1 4
Janardhan v. Ramc h andra 1 06, 1 7 1
Janki17 . Ghalam Ali 1 1 8
JankiDas v. E . I . R . CO. 1 31
JankiDas v. Ram Go lam
JankiS ing h 17. D ebinandan 2 2,
246, 2 59
.l anoolceenath 17 . Rad h a M o h un 20
Jarao Kumar i 17. Hanifuddin 28 1
Jard ine, S kinner Co. v. Sar ut
S '
JOII LIil l' l
TABLE OF CASES .
JAR PAGE .
Jur ip v. Ram Kumar 204
Jasvatsinghji17 . Sec . of State 1 47
Jat h a 17 . Venkatapa 1 89
JatraM o h un 17. Aukhil C h andra 254
Javermal v. U maji 100,1 01
Jawad Ali17. Jnanada Sundari 2 1
Jayant i 17 . Yer ubandi 6
JeddiS ub raya Q). Ramrao 100, 1 2 1
Jenner 17. Clegg 309
Jeo Lal 17 . G unga Pershad 2 1 7
Jet h a B hima Janbai 1 93
Jhumm un 17. D inonatb 1 31
Jiban Kris h na 17,B rojo Lal 40, 204
Jiban ti1 7 . Gocool 282
Jillat Rahman 17 . B ijoy C h and 202
J i t La1 1 7. Kamaleswari 1 56,1 57
J i t M al l 1 7 . Jwala Prosad 1 24
Jivaji17 . Ram C h andra 1 1 1
J ivan 1 7. H i ra 1 33
Jivraj 1 7 . B abaj i 1 19
Jiwan Ram 1 7. Har i C h aran 2 75
Jnanada Sundar i 1 7. A tu l C h and ra 202 ,
Jodoonath 1 7 . B rojo M o h an 1 62
Jodoonath 17 . R adhamonee 1 46,1 48
Jogabnndhu 17 Rasho M onjan 2 2 1
Jogemaya 17 . Girindra Nath 1 97
Jogemaya 17 . Thackomoni 1 09
Jogend ra 17 . Debend ra 1 3
Jogendra 1 7. Nogendra 2 1 6
Jog endra 1 7 Rajendra 90
Jog endra 17 . S hyam D as 1 9 101,104,
Jogendra C h andra 17 . M ohesh
C h and ra 95
Jog end ra M o h an 17 . U ma Nat h 9, 35,
2 37
Jogendra Nath 1 7. Hiranya Kumar 103
Jogendra Nat h 17 . M onmotho
Nat h 1 29,1 49
,1 7 1
Jogendra Nat h 17 . R asik C h andra. 105,1 13
Jogendra Nat h 17 . Tincowri 1 95
Joges h 1 7 . Kalee Coomar 1 1 5
J oges h C h andra 0 . Sec . of S tate 89
J U M PAGE.
Jogesh C h and ra v . Yakub Ali 40,
Jogeshwar v. Abed M a h omed 2 1 8 ,
299
JOgeshwar v . D ebiPrasad 267 , 268
Jogessur v . Ghanasham 263
Jogessu r v. Khetter M o h un 2 47,2 61
Joggobundhu v. P urnanund 1 85
Jog narain u . B adriD as 1 69
Johur Ali B r indaban 2 47
Jokee Lal a). Narsing 205
J ones v . B arnet t 32,1 88
Joobraj v. B uhooria 1 2 4
Josep h Sal t Co. 43,62
Jotendro v. D ebend ro 297
Jotindra v. Sarfaraj 1 4
Jotindra M o h an C h andra Nat h 201Jotindra M o h an v. D urga D a h e 2 10
Jotind ra M o h an v,Jarao Kumari
Jotind ra M o h an v. Jogend ra Nat h 237Jotind ro M o h an v. Jog nl Kis h ore
Jo t on i C h owd h u rani v,Amor
K r is h na. 49,91
Joy D u t t v. Bajee Ram 2 1 5
Joy Kis h en v. A taoor 1 1 1
Joy K is h en v. Jadoo Nat h 301
Joy Ki s h en v. J ankeenath 284
Joy K ris h na v . Sarfannessa 283, 295
Joy tara w. P ran K r i s h na 1 69, 2 1 2 , 2 1 3
Jndhistir r . Nobin 1 1 8
J udoonath Jadub Chnrn 284
Judoonath u . S c h oene, Kil bu rnCo.
28 1
Jugal M obini S r inat h 2 10, 2 1 1
Jugdeo v . Raja S ing 1 47
Juggobundbu v. Fyez B l tksh 239
Jug gobundhu v. Ram C h underJug gn deshury U ma C h aran 258
Jugobnndhu v . Jadu G h osh 2 14
Jugobundhoo v. Sachya 1 46
J ugol Kis h ore Jotind ro M oh an 40
J umai v . Abdu l Karim 1 1 8
J ummal Aliw. T ribhu b all 1 78
TAB LE OF CASE S .
J U N- KA PAGE .
J ung B ah adu r 1 7. M a h adeo P rosad 1 76
J ungee Lal-
1 v . S h am Lal l 2 6,1 89
,
1 91
Jnssodav. M utunginee 238,239
Jwala rn , M asiat 1 88
Jyot i Proshad q). Lachihur CoaCo.
Jyotiprokash 17. Jhowmu l l
K
Kabidanand a. P i r t hiC h and 1 52, 1 75
Kabilaso Koer a. Rag h u Nat h 1 68,
Kadainbiniv. B oyaram 1 86
Kadar Hussain fo . Hussain Sah eb 1 89
Kadaressur a. M o him C h and ra 1 1 8
Kader B uks h v. Gonr 1 2 2
Kad ir v. Abdul 2 26
KadirB uks h 11 . 1 1amBuks h 101
Kah n 17. AliM ahomed 1 4,103
Kailash HariM o h on 1 3 1
Kailash C h andra Sec . of S tate 70,
75
Kaim Ali Lak hiKant 102
Kakkalangara v . Karala V anna 63
Kala M ea v. Harperink 1 2
Kalanand a. Chad ro Kis h ore 1 05, 1 1 3
Kalanand 49. Eastern M or tgageAgency 00. 202
Kalanand v . Sarafat 26 1 , 262
Kalappa v. Shivaya 6
Kalee C h urn v . B ung shee 1 3
Kalee D oss a) . M athooranath 2 58
Kalee Kant v . R omonee Kant 2 15
KaliC h aran v. D ebendra Nat h 1 57
Kal i C haran v. Harendra Lal 208
Kal i C h aran v . Jewat 1 45
Kal i C h aran w. Kismat M o l la h 3 18
Kal i D ass C h and ra M u h ini 252
Ka liK r is h na S ee. S tateKaliKumar 0 . B id h u B husan 203
Kal i Kum ar B ra h mananda 2 30
Kal i M anda] v. Ramsarbaswa 2 1 4
Kal i Nat h v. Trailokhya Nat h 2 2 2
Kalil’ rosunno v. Kris h na Ch andra
KARKaliP rosnnno v. Lal M ohan
Kamaldhariv. Rameshwar
Kamarudd in v. Jawa h i r
PAGE .
1 10,
Kalian Sing h v. Ram C h aran 1 1 3
Kalidas77. VarjivanKalipado v. D ina Nat h 94, 97
Kal la D ube B isheshar 1 1 2,
Kal lu‘
v. Fahiman 1 1 1,1 1 6
Kal ly Prosonno v . D inonath .94, 97
Kalyanbhai Ghansham lal 1 24,1 79
Kamal Kr ishna v. Kedar Nat h 1 2 1
Karma] Kumar i v. Ki ran C h and ra 2 52 ,255
Karma] Ku t ti47. Ibrayi 1 45
Kamala Kant fv. Abdu l Barkat 263
Kamalanand v. Jarao Kumari 291,
1 2 4,
Kamessur fu. Kad i r 1 46
Kaminee D eb ia v. P ro tap C hand ra 64
Kamin i v. Aghore 105,109
Kam iniD ebiv. P ramatha Nat h 7, 61
KaminiSundari Sabed Se i k h 1 88
Kan h ai ya Lal Sec . of S tate 60
Kanbaya Lal National Bank ofI nd ia 1 42 , 1 47
Kanizak v. M onohnr 1 83
Kannaye Lal l "a. Nistoriny 291
Kan ta Lai k fv . Lac hman t a 205,
206
Kanta Proshad v . Abdul Jamir 252,
2 53
Kanta P roshad S ec . of S tate 37
Kant h i Ram a) . B ankey Lal 1 70
Kan t i C h under o f B aman D oss 29 1
Kanu R am a). M ozaffer Hossain 2 1 1
Karal ia 1 7. M ansukh ram 1 39
Karamuddin r) . Niamat 1 83
Karim - u n - n i ssa 1) P h u l C h and 1 39
KarmiK h an B roj o Nath 298
Kai- tic k C h and ra n . Ashu tosh 1 45
Kar tiek Nat h v. J ugg erna t h 1 1 5,1 1 7
,
1 98
TABLE OF CASES .
KAR PAGE . KlS PAGE .
Kar tick Nat h r . Tilukdhari 94, 96, 97 Khairajmu l v . D aim 31,105
,1 7 1
,
Karuna M oyeefu. Surend ra Nat h 2 8 , 1 88
,1 92
101
Karunakar v. Niladh ro 87 298
Kar u than a). S ubramanya 1 31
Kasheeshuree C rees h C h under 1 35,
1 38
Kas h iv,Jamuna 98 , 1 52
Kas h i Nat h v . Sadasiva 1 39
Kas h i P r os -
ad Sec . of S tate 58 , 59
Kashikinkar v. Satyendra Nat h 2 1 6
Kashirn th Aminbi 58
Kas h im S h e i k v. Prosunno Kumar
Ka
‘
shinath B ankubihari 260
Kashinath Ram C h and ra 1 23, 1 47
Kasinatha v. U thumansa 1 84
Kasliiram v. Panda 1 1 8
Kashirav v. V ithal das 1 44
Kassa'
m Goolam v. D ayabhai
Amarsi 101
Kasturshet v. R ama 98
Kasumriv. B eniP rasad 1 1 4
Kattay'
at v. Rarnan 1 84
Kaunsflla v. C h ander Sen 2,1 91
Kaveri'
v. Y enkamma 1 1 9
Kaz i Newaz v. Ram Jadu 2 82 , 2 83
Kebal Ram 71 . Governmen t 238 Kiron'
C h under v. Naimnddi
Kedar-
Bans v. JankiKoeri 270
Kedar Nat h Emperor 1
KedarNat h o . P rodyat Coomar
Kedar Nat h a) . Saday C h andra 1 87
Kedar-
Nat h v . Rak h al D as 1 46,1 48
Kedar Nat h 0 . U ma C h aran 1 7 1
Keene). Pr ies t 3 15
Kelland v. Fal ford 6 1
Kemp S . E . Rail . Co . 46
Kenaram a) . Kailash C h andra 2 4,1 23
Kerala Varma v . S hang ram 1 1 5
Keshabativ . M ohan Cnand ra 1 31
Kesha'
vilal v. Pitaniberdas 1 1 3
,1 1 4
Kesriv. A bdul Hassan 1 86
Kewal R am v,K h adim Husain 1 1 5
Kewney v. At tril 103
Khagendranath v. Prannath 35,
-
1 7 2
Khanderav v. Ganes hKhantomoniv. B ijoy C h andKhellat C h under v. Kes h abChunder 295
KhetraP al v . K ritar thamoyi 207 , 209
Khettur Luckhee 290
Khetter Kr is to v. D inend ra 65, 86,
87 , 90
Khirode Kanta v. Krishnadas 1 85
Khirode S undari v J nanend ra
Nat h 1 73, 1 89
Khitish C h andra v. Khu lna L oanCo . 300
KhobhariS ing h B arn Prosad 2 7 ,
K h oda Buk s h v. D igumburee 299
K h osal v. U kiladdi 1 23
K h ub Lal v. Ram Loc hun 146
K h ub Lal l v . P uddmanund 238
K h uda Bak h s h v. Aziz Alam 1 83
K husal B himavai 28
Khushrobhaiv. Hormazsha 101,107
King England 3 1 4
Kinu Ram 17. M ozafi er Hossain r2 1 1,
Kis h an Lal v. Garnr rrddhwajaKis h en C h and a) , JagannathKi s h en C h under v. M uddun
M o h un 239
Ki s h en Lal v. C h arat Sing h 2 14
Kis h ore o . Kal ly 297
Ki s h ore B un fu. D warkanath 1 23,
305
Kis h oreC h and v. Gisborne101
Kis h oriM o h un v C h under Nat h 1 84,
1 85
Kis h ori~
M o h un v. Sarodamani 202
Kishory Lal 1 7. S h i b Lal l 1 87
Kishory M o h un M ah omed
XX I I TABLE OF
K|S PAGE .
Kis h an Lal a} . M u h ammad 1 79
Kissory M o h un v. Harsuk h D as 1 36,
1 48
Kistokinker a). B urrodaoaunt 92
K0 Tho Huyin 1 ; M a Huin 1 62
Kocharlakola o . Vedrevu 1 87
Kok i l Sing h Edu l S ing h 1 54,
1 76
Kolintavita q) . Kolintavita 1 85
Kollantavida v. Tiruvalil 1 83
Koodratoolah a). M ob ini 4
K ool deep Narain v. Governmen t 88
Koontee o . Hridoy 299
Koormayya v. K rishnamma 1 15
Koowar S ing h v. Gour C h under
Koy lash v. Kalee P rosunno 2 97
Koy lash C h under fa. Jubur A11 2 54
Koyyana v . D oosy 1 46
K ripa Nat h v . Ram Laks hmi1 66 , 1 68
Kripa S indhu Annada S undari310
K r ipa Sind h u a) . B anchhanidhi 35
K ripaliSing h Pairoo Rau t 1 68
Kris h na v. B epin 1 47
K ris h na v. Omed Ali 1 1 8
Kris h na v . Sarasvatu la 1 85
K ris h na C h andra S ushila
S ooonduri
K ris h na D as L . A. Col l . of
Pabna 56
Kr is h naGOpal v. Hem C h under 207
Kr is h naM o h un o. Af tabuddin 2 86,
294
K rishna P rasad v. B epin B e h ari 1 46
K r i s h na Promoda v. D warkaNat h 297
K ris h na Prosad v. M otiChand 1 54,
K r is h na S ubudhiv JanakiRam 1 4 1
K rishnachupati Vikaram 1 42
K rishnajia). Anandrav 1 25
Krishnaji Ganes h 1 8 1
K rishnajiv . M urarrav 1 1 3
K rishnama v. Appasami 107
CASEs.
KYL PAGE .
‘
K rishnama C h ariar v. M angam
mal
K rishnamania). Gurugobind
Kris h nan v . Nilkandan
Kris h nan o . V enkatapathi
K rishnasamia) . E ngel
Krishnasamiv . S omasundaram 1 48
Krishnashankar q). Chand rashankar 1 97
K rishnayyar a). V enkavyar l l 6
Krishno Chandra v. Safdar Ali 8 7
Krish to Ki s h ore o . R OOp Lal l 97 , 98
Kris ta D as a) . Jotind ra Nath 2 97
Kristnam fa. Pathma 1 48
Kristnama v,M angamma 92
K ristnaswmy 1 7. Offi c ial Assig neeof M ad ras 1 49
Kr isto B ul lav a). K r isto Lal 89,285
Kr isto Chu rn v . Rad h a C h urn 1 1 1
Kr i sto Coomar 1) . M a h abat 1 1 2,
1 1 7
Kristo Gobind o . Hem C h under 2 16
Kr i sto Komal a). Huree Sirdar 99
Kr is to M onee fa. B aroda D ossia 239
Kris to Ramani Kedar Nat h 102
Kshirode C h under In. Saroda
P rasad 9,2 26
,230
,231
K uber S ing h 17. S hib Lal 1 84
Kudratu l la v . Kubra B egam 2 , 191
Kumbalinga a) . Ariaputra 1 83
Kumed B ewa PrasannaKumar 105Kum ud iniv . Rasik Lal 2 1 6
Kunhamed n. C hat h a 1 78
Kunhifv. M ak ki 1 50
Kunhia). Seshagiri 1 23
K unhiU mah Amed 1 95
Kunj v. Kand h 1 46,1 47
Kunja B e h ar i v. B lmpond ra 1 67,1 69
Kunja B e h ar i o . Samb h u C h andra 1 67
Kuppafa. D orasami 1 3 1
K uppuswamy v . Rungasamy 1 2 l
Kuriyaliv. M ayan 109
Kurupam v . Sadasiva 1 1 1,200
Kusaji V inayak 1 1
Kylasa v. Ramasami 1 8 1
TABLE
PAGE .
L
L . N. W . Rail . Co. E vans 83
L . N. W . Rai l . Co. v. Westmi
n i ster Corporat ionL . B . S. C. Rai l . Co . Freeman
46,80
L . T . S . Rai l . Co. v. Trustees,Grower ’
s Wal k Soc ietyLac hman v. C h aturb h u jLac hman Bers h ad v. GangaPars h ad 1 52
Lac hm i Jwala 99
Lac hm i Narain v . Kunja Lal 1 09
Lac hmiNarain v . M akund 1 34
Lac hmiNarain q) . Nand Kis h ore 38 ,
2 77
Lac hmiP rasad 1 7. B asant Lal 108
Lac k Ham M ohesh D ass 1 26
Lad h a E bra him CO. Asst .Col l .
, Poona 53, 62
Lad liB egam v . Raje Rabia 60
LakhmiC h and ru. Bal lam D as
Lak h u Cowar HariKris h na 87
Lakshmanan v. Kannammal 1 1 6
Lakshmanan Ku ttayan 1 2 2
Laks hm i v Ku ttunni 1 70
Laks hmio . Ponnassa 1 00
Laks hmiNarain‘
n. Srish C h andra 1 9
Laks hmiP r i ya v . Ram Kanta 302
Lakshmibai Madhavrav 1 1 9
Lal Gopal v. M anmat h a Lall
2 22
Lal Mo h an v . Nanda Lal 239
Lalc h and Lakshman 1 30
Laldhari 1 7. Manager , Cour t of
Wards 102
Lalit M o h an Binodai 205
L al i t M o h an fa. Sr inibas 291
Lal jiM al o . Nand Kis h ore 1 69
Lal raddia). Kala C h and 1 1 6
Lal ta P rosad v. Suraj Kumar 1 1 2
Lam b v . N. L . Rai l . Co. 46
Land Cred i t Co. a). Fermoy 1 1 4
Langdale’
s E state,Re 2 27
Lang ta Pande fa. B u i j Nat h 1 15,1 1 7
OF CAS ES .
Mac kenz ie v. Syed M ah omed
M acnagh ten a) M a h ab i rM adan Lal v. B h agwan D asM adan M o h an v. B hikhar 0 0
xxiii
LY S fi M PAG E .
Latc hman v. M addan Mo h un 94, 96 ,
Lawrence G . N. Rail . Co. 80
Leake fa. D aniel 98
Liladhar v . C h aturb h u j 107
Lilanund fu, M unorunjun 8 7
Lokhee 1) Kalipuddo 1 8 2,246
Lolit Mo h un v. Janoky Nat h 1 19
L ondon and Eaton Rec reat i onG round Co. 1 7. M . Rail . Co.
London & c . Rai l . Co.,I n re
L ondon S c h ool B oard v. S . E .
Rai l . Co.
Long Eaton &c . Co. v . M . Rail .Co. 45, 8 7
Lotlikar Wag le 1 32
Lowestof t Manor,In r e 84
Lu cas,In r e 76, 77
Lucas Tarleton 31 7
Luchm eswar v . D arb h anga M uni
cipality 1 6, 1 7 , 53, 60, 67
Lu chmia). M ar tindel l 1 47
L uchmun v. Kiah un 92,109
Luckhi Narain v . Khet tro P al
Lukhynarain 1 ; Gorachand 255‘
Lu lee ta xv. Co l l . of Tir h oot 24 1,2 49
Lu teef un fo. M ea h Jan 205,300
L u tf A liv. P at te h B a h adu r 2 1
Lutfu l B uq v. S umbhudin 1 1 1
Lyon We ldon 31 4
Lys Lys 22 7
M
M . Rail . Co. v. R ob inson 36,37
,66
M aazam Hussen v Sarat Coomary 1 23
M acGregor v . Gawnpore S ugar
Works 1 29
M acGreg or a) . Tar in i C h urn 1 1 3,1 26
M acdonald Tacquah Go ld M ines
TAB LE OF CASE S .
MAD PAGE .
M adan M o h an v Ganga C h and ra 1 1 2 .
1 1 5,1 1 7
M adan M o h an a). Nobin Kis h ore 1 19
M adarash fn . Pala-inappa 1 52
M adhabmoni1 ) Pam ela Lam ber t 1 25
Madhavrao v . Kashibai 1
Mad h o D as v . Ram ji 1 38
M ad h o Lal fn. Katwari 98
M ad h o Pars h ad q) . M e h rban 1 94
M ad h u S u’
dan a). Co l l . of Cu t
tac k 56, 59, 79
M ad h u Sudan P romoda Nat h 84
M ad h u S udan 1 7.' Pu rna C h andra 1 65
M ad h u Sudan 1 7. B ooks 2 8 1
M adhub a). D oyal ‘ 1 30
M ad lmb q). Joy Koomaree 296, 301
M adhub C h under a). Prom othonath
M ad h usudan v. Govinda P ria 1 45,
M ad h usudan v. Ramdhan 2 19, 2 93
M afizuddin v. Ashutosh 2 20
Mafizuddin o . Korbad Ali 6,2 1
,2 20
,
255,2 60
M aganlal v. Dos hi 1 67,1 70
M aganlal v. S h ak ra 1 94
M agaram a). Nilmonee 299
M a h ab i r v . M arkunda 40
M a h ab i r Pershad v. D hanukdhari 1 74
M ah ab ir Pershad o . M acnagh ten 2 2,
1 61
M a h adeo v. Parashram 1 86
M ah adeo Vasudev 1 67
M a h adeo Saran v . T h akur P rosad 39,
M ah adev Sakharam v. JanuNamj i
M ahadevappa v. S r in ivasaM a h adev i a). Neelamoni
M ahaling a M oopanar a). Kuppanac hariar
M ah ammad Ali Ahammed
61
M a h a’
mmad Sah HaranChand ra 58
M aha‘
riand v S rish
MAHM a h anand v. B aniM adhub
PAGE.
202 ,
M a h araj B a h ad ur v . A . H . For bes 207M ah araja of B h aratpur v. R an iKanno
M ah araja of B urdwan o . Apurba
K ris h na 1 03,200
M ah araja of B urdwan Tara
sundari 1 6,1 8 , 2 86, 288 , 2 89
M aharaniof B urdwan a). Kr i s h naKamini 1 6, 1 8 , 2 88 , 2 89
M ahatab C h and‘
v. B engal Coal
Co.
M ahatab C h and fa. Chittro
Comaree 89
M ah end ra a) . B h u ban 2 1 4
M a h omed fv. Abdu l 288 , 2 89
M ah omed a) . M obiniKan ta 92
M ah omed Abbas v. B roj o Sundar i 285M a h omed Abdu l Hai v. GujrajSahai
M ahomad A kbar o . Sukhdeo
Pande 1 68 , 1 69
M a h omed Ali Sec . of S tate 64
Mah omed Az h ar v. Raj C h under 2 42
M a h omed B asirul la fv. Abdu l la 1 78
M ah omed Gazee v. Pearee M o
hun 2 60
M ah omed Jan Ganga E i s h un 9 , 2 35M ah omed Jarip v . Shyama Sun
dari
M ah omed Jeaul lya v. Sukhean
nessa 996
M a h omed Kasim n. R . S . H i l l s 233
M a h omed Kazem a). Natf ar
C h andra 2 1 8,
M a h omed K h al i l v. B irendra Nat h 2 23M ah omed M eera R avu l har v.
S avvasiV i jaya 1 73
M a h omed M e h d i n M ohiniKan ta 1 10
M a h omed M osra f o). Habil M ia 1 84
M a h om'
ed M ozutfer v. Kis h or iM nhun 39
,1 42
,1 96
M ah omed Sadat Ali 1 7. Hara
'
S andafi
TABLE OF CASES .
M ER PAGE .
M ercer v . Liverpool &c . R ail . Co.
49,84
M erret t,E rp ar te 86
M eseyk S teel & ‘
Co. 96, 97
M etropol i tan B oard of Wo rk s f n.
M cCar thy 74, 80, 8 1 , 85
M ian Jan 47. Abdul 307
M i l ler v. Ram Ranjan 1 4
M ina Kumar i v. Jagat Sat tam 1 92
M inakshiq). Kalianrama 1 83
Mir Tapnrah Gop i Narayan 202
Mir Waziruddin D eokinandan
2 1,32 , 2 50, 254
M i ran B ak h s h a) . Feroze D inM i r za M ah omed a). Kis h en M o h un 296
M i sriLal 1) . M 1t11 11 Lal 1 55
M i tc h el l M at h ura D ass 1 46
M i t ter,R . v. Anuku l C h under 90
M obaruck Ali Ameer Ali
294, 295
M obarak 1 7. Sec . of State
M ec h aiM andal a) . M eseruddin 1 1 2,
1 23
M odhoo D osSia v. Nobin C h under 1 26M o h abeer Persaud o . Col l . of
Tir h oot 237
M o h abir v . M oheswar 1 92,1 93
M ohabu t Ali Mah omed Faizallah 2 80
M ohabu t Sing h 5 . U mahil Fatima 2 2 1M ohadeb 28 1
M o h amaya P rosad v . Abdu lHam id 93
M o h am ed a). M o h amed 1 34
M o h an Lal v . U dai Narain 297
M o h an Ram "
v. S hib D ut t 2 37
M oharaj Ba h adur v. A. 1 1 . Forbes 2 90
M oharanee D asya v. Harend ra
Lal lM oheeooddeen a). A hmed 1 60
M ohend roNarain a . GOpal M anda] 1 70
M ohend ro Nat h 'v. Koilash C h an
d ra 203, 207
M ohesh v. Saroda 89
M OT
M ohesh fv. U matara
M ohesh C h under v . Juggat C h under 253
M ohesh C h under fa. Ram P rosonno 301
M ohesh Narain a). K rishnanund 2 88
M ohibul B uq 1 7. S h ew S ahay 34
M o h iwa C h and ra e .. Jogendro
K umar 2 1 2
M ohima C h under a) . Ram Ki s h ore 2 1 6M ohinee D osse v . Ram Coomar 3 10
M obin i C h under a). Jotirmoy 299
M ohiny M o h un q) . I chamoyee 256,
257
M o h an Lal l fv. Coll . of Tir h oot 2 50
M oidin o . Kunbi 1 48
M on M o h an 4L . Dwarka Nat h 1 23
M on M o h un D urga C h urn 1 1 8
M onappa a) . Surappa 1 82
M onmohiney Rad h a K r is to 1 44
M onmotba Nat h G i r i s h C h and ra 2 46M onindra v . Asar M ah omed 2 24
M onind ra v. Saraswat iM ono h ar v. Fu tteh C h andM ono h ar v. Hu romohun
M onohur Joy Kis h enM onohur Troy lukho
M onomotho Nat h a). G lasc ot tM ook ta Soonduree o . M uthoora
nat hM organ and L . N . W . Rai l . Co .
I n r e 8 7,90
M orshia Barayal o . E la h iB ux 1 46,
1 47
M oshin Ali Masum Ali 1 1 9
M o tes a) . M adhoosudun 28 1
M otend ra M ohend ra 1 1 6
M o thura M o h un v . Akhoy Kumar 1 89M o tiC h and B ajrang Sah ai 2 38
M ot i Lal v. B issessur 3 00, 301
M ot i Lal v M ahand S ing h 1 1 6
M o t i Lal l v. Hass i c k Chunder 1 77
M o tiLau l v. B h owani 1 52
M ot i Ram v. Hannu 1 00
M ot i lal v . Karabu ldin 39,149
,1 95
,
2 76
TAB LE
MOT PAGE .
M otiram v. Bhivraj 1 65
M ozafier v. Abdus Samad 247
M r inal in i v. Abinash 40, 61 , 65
M ritunjoy B h ola Nat h 208
M addan Thakoor v. Kantoo Lal l 108
M udhun M o h un 1 7. Kanyee D oss 1 7 7
M u h ammad a. Carl ier 1 34
M u h ammad v. D ipchand 1 26
M u h ammad Payag Sah u 96, 1 2 1 ,
1 22
M u h ammad Aga v . Jadunandan
Jha 1 7,2 40, 2 1 2 , 2 46, 2 49, 2 50
M u h ammad Husain v. Ram Sar up 1 1 5
M u h ammad Rahmatu l la h v.
B achcho
M u h ammad Razi a). KarbalaiBibi
M u h ammad Sulaiman v. M uham
m ad Yar 92, 1 10, 1 1 1
M u h ammad Suleman v. M uham
m ad Y ar 1 10,1 1 1
M ukhoda D as i v. Gopal C h under
M uk h tar A h mad v. M uqarrab 1 41
M ukhun v. Koond un 1 48
M ukund a D eb v. B id h u Sunder 2 82
M u la Raj v. Deb i D ibal 1 89,200
M u l c h and v. Chaggan 1 07
M ul c h and v. Gov i nd' 1 66
M u l c h and M uk ta 1 80
M u l l i c k A hmed v. M ah om ed
Syed 1 1 1
M ul tan Chand 0 . Bank of M ad ras 1 36
M u l uk C h and v . Satish C h and ra 206
M uluk Patoonia} . B harat Chandra 1 88
M ul tanchand v. Kharsedji 1 57
M ungazee v . S hibo Soonduree
M ungol a) , S haina 1 22
M ung u l D oss e . D hunpu t S ing h
M ung u l Pershad v . G rija Kan t
M un i c i pal Comm iss i oners of
B ombay v Abdul Huk 63, 73
OF CK\S ES .
M u thusamiv . Alagia
M uthusami Natesa
M ut tia o . Appasami
M utt-ia e . Virammal
XX V“
PAG E .M UT—NM un ic ipal 0oporation v. Jogen
d ra 55,59
M un ic ipal F ree h old Land M .
D . Rai l . Co. 85
M unj i Khetsey, In r e 73, 76, 7 7 , 7 8
M uniappa Subra M an ia 1 39
M unisami«7. A runachala 1 46
M unna S ing h Gajadhar S ing h 1 7 9
M unrunjun a) . Lelanund 8 7
M unsab Ali A rsadu l la 2 1 8‘
M unsar fu. Loknath 203
M uns h i Lal v . Ram Narain 1 68
M unwar Husain v. - Jan i B i jai 1 1 4
M urariLal v. U mrao Sing h 1 1 4 :
M urgeppa v. B asawantrao .u . 1 1 7
M urig eya Hayat Sa h eb 1 45
M u r lidhar o . Anandrao 1 69
M ur lidhar v . Narsing; 1 23
M uru llah B urul lah 1 78
M usaraf v . Am i r 1 1 4
M u thukumarasami v. Kuppu
sam i 158
M u thunarayana o . Bal k ris h na 100,
1 34
100’
1 86
98
N
N . L . Rai l . Co. v. Me tropol it anB oard of “f orks 42
N . S . Rai l . Co. v. P i on 1 6, 47
N. W . Rai l . Co. v. B ud lril l Coal
and Sands tone C ) . 37 , 45, 66
Naba Kumariv. B e h ar i Lal 88
Nabadip v . Repin 1 1 6
Nabadip C h and ra v. Bh ai rabC h andra
Nab in C h andr a D epu ty Com
miss i onerNa hin C h andra e . K ris h na B aron i 86
Nabo Gopal u . S rinat hNad in ,
Ewp ar le
Nagendra Lal v. Nazir A li
xxvfii TAB LE OF CASE S .
NAG PAGE .
Nagem lraNat h v. B h uban Mo h an 207 ,
208
Nagend raNat h C h and ra S eh h or 296Nag end rabala Sec . of S tate 98 ,
X aigar a) B h askar 29 . 1 8 1
Najemoddin v. Hassm Hyder 257,
NaliniB ehary v. Fu lmani 2 10
Nam dev v . Ram C h and ra 1 85
Nam una B i b i v . Ros han Mia 1 4 1
Nana Kumar Golam C h under 153
Nanc hand Vit h u 1 10
Nanda Kis h ore v . R am Golani 1 58
Nanda Kumar A j od h ya Nat h 9, 392 7 7
Nanda Kumar v. Goblnda M o h an 1 23
Nanda Lal a). A ttarmohi 88,89
Nanda Lal fu. Sad h u C h aran 206
Nanda Rai R ag h unandan 1 2 2
Nandan M isser a) . B arak hNarain 34 , 35, 1 89, 2 70, 2 7 1 , 2 7 6
Nando La] Chu tterpnt 101
Nandrarn q). Sitaram 1 1 6
Nan hiJan B h u r i 1 48
Nanhilal v . Sec . of S tate 6)
Nanjappa fu. Ganapathi 1 77
Nanom i Babuasin v . M odhun
M o h un 108
Narain Kasiswar 254
Narain a). Tay ler 247,254
Narain C h and ra S ec . of S tate 9 1
Narain U as v. HazariLal 1 86
Narain D as a). Lal ta Prosatl 1 85
Narai n D eiv. D u rg a D ei 1 83
Narain M a h to v . B roj o B e h ar i 47
Narain M anda] q). Sonrind ra
M o h an l 67
Nm ainuddin v. S reel nan ta G h os h 204
Narusayya v. V enkata Krishnayya 97
Narasimbu lu n. Ailiappa 1 31
Narasilnma a). Anan t lm 1 31
Nnm yan v . D amodar 1 70
Nu l‘
avan U uwhzli 1 33
Nil izn ‘
an C h an dral'
mm d
C l l l l‘nh j l l )
NIB
Narayan v . Raeul K h anNarayan v. S h amraoNarayan Ganpatbhat e. Timmaya 1 1 7
Naryan Gov ind a). S ono Sadashiv 1 2 4
Narayana Gopala Kris h na 1 2 3
Narayana R un C h and ra 7 8
Narayana Ku than v . Kal ianasundaram 1 88 , 1 90
Narayana Pattar v. V iraraghavan 1 50
Narayan rav v. B alk r i s h na 1 46
Narend ra B a h adur Gopal SahNarend ra Kumar Gora C h and 202
Nar h ar Ragh unatli v. Kris h nanGov ind 1 2 4
Narmada S undari1). Tarip M ul lah 220
Narsing v. Narain l l l)
Nars ing h D ayal 1 7. KaliC h aran 1 1 2 ,
1 16
Narsing h D yal no. R am Narain 88
Nars ing h Narain v , Ja h i M i s t ry 3 1 ,
1 7 2 1 88
Nasiruddin v. Sayudur Ra h man 1 8 1 ,
Natesa v . Venkataramayyan 1 83
Natesayyan v . Narasimmayyar 1 93
Nat h a v . D hunbaiji 1 4 1
Nathadu Q). Nal lu M udaly 30
Nathnbhaia). M anardas 6 1
Navalchand q). Am i c h and 1 20
Nawab A li17. Hernanta Kumari 2 20
Nazar Ali1 7. Kedar Nat h 34,1 88
Nemagauda Paresha
NeinaiC h and a) D eno Nat hNem ai C h and ra v . M ah omedBas i r 88
Nepal C h and ra Amrita Lal 1 1 3,
Net Lal l a) . Kareem 1015,1 7 2
New M oss Co l lier v 1 1 . Lo rdM ayor & c . , M anc h ester 36, 613
Neynnm 1 ;. M | 1 za er 5,2 1
,
N iamat - nl lah v. A . H . Forbes 1 8,2 86
2 8 7
TABLE OF CASE S .
NID NU R - O—P PAGE .
Nid hiK ris h na v. Nistarini Noorul Hossein v . Omatool
Nil M adhub p . R ainsodoy FatimaNil M onee H i l ls Norendra f
v. B h upendraNilad riv . Bichitrananda
Nilambar v. S atyapriya
Nilkanta fu. lmam sahib
Nilkanth v. Col l . of T h anaNilkunto v. Hur ro 1 38
Nilmadhab v. Naratam 1 5
Nilmadhab S h i bu Pal 258
Nilmaniv. Matbura Nat h 8 7
Nilmonee v. C h under Kant 2 57
Nilmoney Sharoda 28 1
Nilinoni Rambundhn 53, 60, 62 , 63
Nilmony B iressu r 1 2 4
Nilo v. Rama 1 46
Nilratan v. I smai l K h an 8 8
Nim C h and Ashu tosh 22 1
N imai C h and Go lam Hossein 3
Nim bajia) . Vad ia 1 98
N i ssa B i biv . Rad h a K is h ore 2 10
Nisakar v. B ai rag i 1 82
Nistarinee Kalipershad
Nita Ram 1 1 . Sec . of S tate 44
NitayiBe h ari6 . HariGovinda 1 93,
2 1 7
Nittyanund B ansiC h andra. 8 8 ,
Nitya Nandafo. H i ra Lal 1 68
Nityamania) . M ad h u Sudan 1 58
Nityananda q) . Gajapati 1 23
Nityannnd v. J uggat C h andraNityanund 1 7. U dai Narain 2 1 3
Nohend ra Kis h ore a). D urga
Cliaran
Nu bin C h and a) . B ansenath 202,2 1 8 P achiappa Poojali
2 7 7 Padmanand Rama Prosad
No liin C h under M odun M o h un 89
Nohin Kalia). Banalata 63, 64
Nobin K r i s h na r . Ram Kumar 2 40
Nu bin M o h un v. Gopal Chander 239
Nobo K is h en v . M azamooddeen 2 57
N obndeep v. B rojend ra 54,58 , 63
Nog endrabala Sec . of S tate 266
Nohorir . S arup 1 82
1 75
1 1 6,
Nor ton L . N. W . Rai l . Co . 67
Noton,R e
, Nor ton Nor ton 2 33
No r ton Yates 1 49
Nownit Lal Rad h a K r is to 237
Nritya Gopal Go lam Rasoo l 2 2 1
Nubokishore Jadnb C h under 2 99
Nufifer C h and ra v . R ajendra Lal 297
293
Nngcnder v. Srecmu tty D osse 2 1 6,
Nukanna v. Rainasami 1 1 5
N und K is h o re q). Rain Go lam 1 56
Nand un La] Joykishen 1 1 1
Nunkoo Lal v. D hunesh Kooer 1 1 4
Nnrnl Hasan v. M u h ammad Hasan 1 1 1
O
Obhoy C h under v . Nilambur 2 99
Oblioy C h u rn Go lam Ali 97 1 88
Offic ial Receiver I n exp ar te,
in r e M orritt
Okhoy Coomar v. M a h tab C h u nder 2 8 3
Olphertsfv. M ah abir Pershad 1 52
,
1 72,1 75
Omar Ali B asi rudd in 1 67,1 69
Oodoy c hand v. Nobocoom ar 1 1 3
Oojan D ewan v . Prannath 31 8
Orjoon Saboo v . Anund S ing h 201
Pa h alwan 21 . NarainPain ter v . Liverpool &c . Gasl ig h tCo .
Pal ania) . U dayar
Palan iappa v . Lakshmanan
Pal lonjifv. Jo rdonPaluc kdhary v. Rad h a Pars h ad
TAB LE OF CASE S‘
PAM PAGE .
Pamu Sanyasi v. Zemindar of
Jayapur 31 9
Pananl v. Kis h en M an 1 24
Panc h D uar v. M aniRant 1 53
Panc h Kou ri P ran Gopal 249,259
Panchanand v. S undarabai 102
Pandarinath v. Lilachand 1 1 4
Pandharinath v. M ah ah a h K h an 1 87
Pandurang a). Krishnaji 1 33, 1 42 , 1 90
Panduranga v. Vythilinga 94
Pankhabativ. NaniLal 1 69
P apamnia v. V irapratapa 98
Paramananda v. M l lia b eer 1 50
Paramesh raya S e shagiriappa 1 1 1
P aran S ing h Jawah i r 1 1 5
P aras Ram Gardner 1 24
Parashram B almukund 1 9 . 105
Parash ram 1) G ovind 1 30,1 41
P arek h v . B aiVakhat 34,1 88
Pares h Nat h HariC h aran 30,
Pares h Nat h v. Nabogopal 1 67
Pan-gay Rai Anj u M ian 303
Parker G . W . R ai l . Co . 43
Paroosh Rain Kal i Baddo 1 1 3,
Par vata v . D igambar 98,
Pasupativ Nanda Lal 1 57
Pasupativ. Nando Lal 93
Pasu pat i v. NarayaniD assi 2 1 8
Pat D as i v. S h arup Chand 35, 1 89
Patel Naranj i Haridas 1 43
Pat i t Sah n HariM ahanti 2 1 7
Patringa Koer v. M adhavanand
Ram 1 62
Pattakara v . Rangasami 1 1 9
P eacoc k v. M adan Gopal 1 49
P eariLal a). M oheswari 2 1 9
P ouriM o h an v. B arada 47
Peary Lal v. C h and i C h aran 1 5,
P eary Lal v . Peary D as 1 99
Peary M o h an a) . Jotc Kumar I 4
Peary Mo h an Khelaram 296
PRE PAGE .
Peary M o h an v. S reeram 299
Peary M o h un v. B adal C h andra 2 1 8,
P eary Mo h un v .
- Homes h C h under 1 2 1Pember ton v. B arnes 2 27
,2 29
Penny Penny 8 1,85, 87
P erc i val 11 . S tamp 1 66
P eriasamia) . K r is h naPer ry Clissol d 8 4
Per u B epary v. Ronuo M aifarash 1 3,
Pestonj i Je h angir, In r e
PettachiChettiar v. Chinnatam
b iar 1 92
PettachiChet tiar v. Sangilivira 40
P h ul C h and v. C h and Mal 1 38
P h u l C h and a). Narsing h 1 66 1 69
P h u l Kumariv. Ghanashyam 1 48
Pita v. Chunilal 96, 1 69
P i tam S ing h To ta S ingh 1 15
Pitamber v. D amoodur 286, 2 89
Pit t v. Jones 2 2 7
P og oso 1 7. Fuku rooddeen 102
Polini11 . G ray 20
Ponnampilath v. P onnampilath 1 1 4
Ponnusamy v. D oraisamy 1 2 8
Poresh Nat h fv. Anathnath 1 96
Poresh Nat h S ec . of S tate 63
Porter Lopes 2 25,2 29
Pountncy v. Clayton 37
Powel l Powel l 2 27
P rabal C h and ra v. Jadupati 2 2 4
P ra h al C h andra v. P eary M o h an 58
P rabhacara Row Potannah 1 23
P rab h u Narain a). S al ig ram 95
P rag Narain v. Kamakhia Sing h1 92
P ramada Nat h v. Raman i Kan ta 201
Pran Nat h M ohesh C h and ra 1 7 7
P ran S ing v. Janardan S i ng h 1 52,
P rang our v . Hemanta Kumar i 205,
300
P rasanna Kumar v. S reekantha 1 96
P rom v. Juramoni 1 1 6
TABLE OF CASE S .
PREPAGE .
FreniC h and v. M okhoda 94, 97 , 1 88
P rem C h and v. M okshoda 204
P rem C h and v. Purnima D ebi2 8 , 1 89,
P remchand v. 0011 . of Cal cu t ta 76
P reo Lal l v. Gyan Turunginee
P reo Lal l u . Radhika P rosad 1 75
P reon ath a) . B h uban M ob ini 89
Preonath r . K i ran C h and ra 252 , 256
P reonath v . P rannath 1 1 4
P res ton 77 L uc k 1 59
P rodyote Kumar GopiKris h na 2 98 ,2 99
P rokash v . Poorno 1 1 2
P romotha Nat h a) . R ak h al D as 58,
P romoth o Nat h v. KaliP rasanno 28 1
2 82
P rosunno v. Jog ut 2 82
P rosunno fo. Saroda 2 8 1
P rosunno Coomar Sec . of
S tate 8 7
P rosunno Kumar Bama C h aran 2 10
P rosunno Kumar Kal idas 33
P rosonnomoyiq) . S reenath 1 98
P rotap C h under v . Panioty 1 30
P rovinc ial B i l l Pos t ing Co. a) .
Low M oor I ron Co . 309
P ryag Joy Narayan 269,2 73
P ryag Raj S id h u Prasad 1 96
P uddomonee v. M uthooranath 1 4 1
P udmanund v. C h und i D at 504
P u l lamma a) . Pradosham 1 46
P ul layya v. Ramayya 1 85
P u l l ing a) . L . C. D . Rai l . Co. 44
I’unohanun v. Rab ia B i b i 1 45
P -unnabatia) . Pudmanund 53, 56, 63
Puran C h and P urnend ra Narain 1 99
P ureeag v. P ur ta h 258
P urmanandas a) . V al labdas 1 2 2
P um a q). Anukul 1 70
P urna C h and ra v. Radhanath 1 1 4
P urnanund v. R ookinee 257
P nrna C h and ra a) . B ejoy C h and 1 7 2,
1 88
Rad h a P rosad v. B al KowarRad h a Prosad a). E suf
PYA—Q—R Pm
P urna C h andra v. D ino Band h u 1 8 ,
P urshot tama a). M uni c ipal Counc i lof B el lary
P urshotamdas v. S uraj B h ar t hi 1 93
Pyar i M o h u n q). Gopal Paik 2 84
Pyaroo v. Naz i r 1 79
Queen Appava 1
Queen C . R ai l . Co .55
Q ueen J ung l i B e l dar 303
Queen v. Lord M ayor of L ondon 7
Queen M od oo S oodun 303
Queen - Empress v. Gasper 366
Q ueen - Empress 1 7. Kandappa 306
Queen Empress v. S i ta Nat h 303
Quin ton B r isto l Corporation 67
-R
R . 21 . B rown 7 7 , 79
R . a). G . N . Rail . Co . 9 1
R . a) . L . M . Rai l . Co. 86
R . r . M ount ford 80
R . v . P ou l ter 86
R .q). Vaug h an 82 , 86
Rad h a C h aran v . S h ar fuddin 24
Rad h a Gob ind q). Rak h al D as 37 ,
Rad h a Gob inda q). Rog h u Nat h 1 87
Rad h a Kan ta v . Bipro D as 282
R ad h a Kis h en q) . Rad h a Pershad 1 1 4
Rad h a Kis h ore fv. Af tab 1 20
R ad h a Ki ssen Co l l . of Jaunpu rR ad h a Kissen Nau ratan 40
,1 94
R ad h a M ad h ab fu Kalpatar u 1 73
1 91
R ad h a M adhub v. M ono h ar 39
Rad h a M adhu b a). R am R unjun 239
Rad h a M adhub v . S as t i Rain 20,2 96
Rad h a P rasad v . B h agwan Rm 1 18
Rad h a P rasad v . Lal Sa h ab 105,
201
255
X X X” TAB L E H F CAS ES .
RAD PAGE .
Rad h a Prosad v,S undar Lal l 1 1 7
Rad h a Raman a). P rannath 35
l l adhakisan fu . B al vant 1 33
R adhanath r . Tair ucknath 1 6
Radhashyam a) . D inabandhu 2 1 3
Radhay Koer v . Ajod h ya D as 2 20
Radhika Nat h v. R ak h al Raj 2 10
Rag avend ra 21 . Kar uppa 34
{aghab C h andra v. B iajanath 2 83,
Rag h o Chand rarao a) . B anmat iChandrarao 1 87
R ig lio Prosad v . M ewa Lal 1 97
R ag h u Nat h Samad 1 85
Rag h u Nat h a) . Chatrapat 1 99
Rag h u Ram 1 7. D annu Lal 1 1 2
Rag hu Ram 11 . M ohesh C h and ra 293
R ig hubans r . Phool Kumari 2 76,2 7 7
Rag hubans Gir v. S heosaran 1 24
B ag h abar D oyal v. Jad unandan 1 26,
Rag h unandan v. B hug oo Lal l 1 1 7 , 1 2 5Rag h una t h v. A bd u l Hye 1 1 1
R ag h unat h v. Kas i P rosad 99, 1 1 9
R ag h unat h a). Lalj l S ing h 1 2 5
Rag h unat h v . S l l‘OS ll Kama 1 42
Rag h unat h Sabay a). Lal j i S ing h 1 79
R aghunatha v . Venkate sa 1 1 3
Raghunundun Kal l y D ut 1 1 6
Ragh uraj a). M ah araj 2 7 6
Ra h im Ali P h u l C h and 1 2 4, 1 25
Rah im B ux 6 . Nundo Lal 1 67 , 2 1 4
B uhimbux v. A bd u l Kader 1 46 , 1 87
Rahimu ddiv. NaliniKan ta 2 61
R aiM o h an v. SashankaM o h an 253
Raj B e h ariv . Kalibor 1 1 2
Raj Cnunder 'v . B as h eer Mabomed 253
Raj C h under D ino Nat h 246
R aj C h unde r a) . U nnoda 2 8 1
l aj Gir l sward hari 1 10,1 1 2
,1 26
Raj Ki s h ore a). Judu Nat h 252
R aj K um ar A lim uddi
Raj Kumar P robal C h and ra 2 8 1
lajkuinar v. Rajlakhi 1 1 2,
RAM P AG E .
Raj M ohun a) . E . I . Rail . Co. 6 7
Raj Narai n Ananta Lal 1 8 , 2 8 6,
R aja v. Jank i B ai 1 29
Raja K oer v . Ganga S ing h 38,2 7 7
Raja of Venkatag i ri q). J . Isaka
pal l iRaja of. Viz ianag ram Raja of
Se tr ucher la
Rajan i Kant v. U z i r B i b i 2 1 7
B ajaniKumar Gonr Kis h ore 1 50
R ajan i Nat h a). Kusum Kamin i 1 74
Rajaram fv. B anaji 1 1 6,1 2 6
R ajaram Ganes h 1 3 1 34
Rajaram v . Ragh ubansman 1 46,1 48
Rajaram v. Sonatun 2 1 6
R ajarathnam v. S hevalayammal 1 20
Raj bans i v. Ma h ab i r 1 45
R aj bal lab h v. Joy Kis h en 1 1 6,1 20
Rajender v. S ham C h and 1 6
Raj end ra Nat h fu. Hira Lal 283
Rajend ra Nat h v. Nil ratan 1 66
Rajendra Nat h 1 1 . S ec . of S tate 7 2 ,
7 7
Rajend ro u . D oorga 2 42
Rajendro Narain v. Phudy M on
d u l 2 1 0, 2 1 3
Rajerav v. Nanarav 98
Raj lukhy Rush M unju ry 1 15
Rajnarain v. Panna C h andB aj ran i v. Ganes h P roshad 1 52 , 2 4 1 ,
2 46
Rak h al C h and ra v. Hemangini 1 2 1
Rak h al C h and ra Sec . of S tate 267
Rak h al C h andra v . U m apado 2 84
Rak h al D as v . J og endra Narain 1 10,
1 1 1,1 15
Rakhohariv. B i pra D as 2 1 1
Ram C h and ra fv. Abdu l Hak im 1 01
Ram C h andra A h medabad M u
nicipality
Rain C h and ra v. Ham i ranBam C h and ra v . Kass imRain L
' h aran u . Nrisingha
RaniC h under v. D hurnio
xxxiv’
RAM PAGE .
R am ratan v. AswiniKumar 254, 2 55
Ramrup v. Khusal M isser 1 9,
2 77
R ain rnp v. K h us h al 267
R ainsona v. Naba Kumari 1 8, 2 86,
Ramsona v. Sonamala 2 6,2 7
Ramsoonder v. GOpessur 1 25
Rama Rai Doyal Sing h 1 2 22
Ramyad Sah u v. Bindeswari 1 76, 195
Ranajit Kunwar r . JogendraNat h 2 13Rang Lal
fv. Ravaneswar 1 54, 1 73
Rangasamiv. Periasami 1 42 , 1 90
R angasamiv. Ranga 1 31
Rangaswam i v. Col l . of Coimbatore 62
Rangoon B otatoung Co. v. Col l .
of R angoon 64
Ranj it Sing h 1 7. Kal i Dasi 2 82
Ranjit S ing h 0. Rad h a Charan 2 82
Ranmal Sm gjiv. Kundan Kunwar 99
Rapley Tay lor 31 7
Ras h Be h ar i v. G apinath 1 46,1 48
Ras h B e h ar i v. Hara M on iRas h B e h ar i v. Joynanda 98
Ras h B ehary v. B uddun 1 87
Ras h B ehary v . Peary 041 11 11 11 1 97 2 16Ras h Behary Waj an 1 77
Ras h Mob ini v. c end ra Nat h 206
Ras hid - nu - n issa v. Ismai l Khan 35,
Ras i k C h andra Jitend ra Kumar 1 47
Ratan C h and v. D eb Nath 1 1 2 , 1 1 8
Ratanlal B aiGnlab 1 00
Ratnachal am v. V enkatarama 1 10
Ratnain Ayyar v. K ris h na D oss 1 86
RaviV anna Narayana 103
Raye Kissory v. Niloant 89
R edde l l v. S towey 1 32
Reddiu u . Metropo l i tan B oard of
W o rksR eg ents Canal and D oc k Co .
London Counc i lRe i ly a). l
- l ur C h underR epu b l i c of Costa R i ca S t rongberg
TAB LE OF CAS ES .
R U S PAGE .
R ewa M ah ton v. Ram Kr is h na 3 1 ,
0 0 . 1 44
Russel v . E . A. Rai l . Co .
R ussel v. M ayo r of D evonArdes h i r v. Vinayak
Gangad h ar 1 78 , 1 79
RustonijiJijibhai, In r e 55,56
,58
, 90
Rustoniji
Ric h ards JobsonRic h ards v. Swansea Improve
ment and Tramways Co. 43
R ic h ardson Feary 229
R ic ket v. M . Rai l . Co. 61 , 80, 8 1 , 82
Riining ton v. Har tley 2 26
Rip ley 21 . G. W . Rai l . Co. 7 7 , 78 , 79
Rober ts Charing Cross &c . Rail .
Co . 80
R oden Ey ton 31 7
Rodg ers Parker 31 7
Rogers 1 1 . Kenney 1 38
Roghu Nat h v. Col l . of D ac ca 7 , 1 6,
R og h u Sing r) . MisriSing 2 12
R 1 ghunath 1 1 . Sec . of State 64, 7 4
Ro h in i Nundun v . B nogoban 1 1 2
R ol ls 19. Sou t h Sh ields Corpora
tion 67
Roma Nat h fu . Gou riS ankar 1 1 2,1 1 4
1 1 6
Ros h an v. M ata 1 2 2
Roshun Lal o . Ram Lal 1 98
Royzuddiv. KaliNat h 205, 207
Ruabon B ric k and Terra Cot tao ) . 5 . G . W . Rail . Co. 37
Ril dilar Singh v. D hanpal Sing h 1 20,
1 25
Rud ra o . Kris h na 1 30
Rudra Narain v. Natabar Jana 2 22
R ud ra Narain v. Paohu 1 25,1 79
Rukhinee fo. B rojonath 2 2, 1 62
R ungiah v. Nanjappa 1 20
Rung o Lal l Wilson 88
R ap Jan Ad b’ul Kadir "39
R up Sing h M ukh raj 1 10
R upram v. Iswar Namasudra
2 7 7
1 32
6
TABLE OF CASES .
RUT—SR utnessur v. KaliKumarR utnessur v. M ajeda
S
8 . D . R ail . Co. B rown 7 , 46
Saadatmand v. P h u l Kuar 1 52 , 2 49
Sabhanatha v. S ubba 1 1 9
Sabhapathiv. Narayanasami 1 44, 1 46
Sac hiNandan 1 3. B ejoy C h and 2 87 ,
2 89
Sadagar Sircar v. Kris h naC h andra 204Sadagopa v. Jamuna 1 88
Sadananda o . KaliSankar 1 1 7
Sadashiv v. Jayantibai 98
S adashiv o . Narayan 1 85
Sadayappa v . Ponnama 1 49
Saddo Kunwar v . B ansiD h ar 1 8 1 ,
1 93
Sad h o C h aud h ri Abhenandan 96
Sad h u Saran Panchdeo 2 75
Saduhin o. Ram b in 1 48
Saefool lah v . Lu chmeepu t 301
Safar Aliv. Raj M o h un 2 1 4
Safaraddiv. D urga P rosad 2 1 5
Safdar Ali Kis h an Lal 1 88
Sah M an Kanagasabapathi 1 03
Sahdeo v. G h asiram 1 9,105
Saibesh C h and ra v. M okunda D eb2 83, 2 90
Saik h Hasrat Jagat Narain 9 1
Sailaja Prosad a). GyaniD as 206
Sakhal c hand 1 1 . V elchand 1 10,1 1 1
Sakharam v . D evji 40
Sakharam a) . Ganes h 1 1 8
S ak hiC h and Kulanand Sing 153
S i'akshiv. Lakshmayee 1 31
Salimu l lah v S 'rinadd i 1 28
Sal ter o . M . D . Rai l . Co, 44
Samal v. B abaji 1 95
Sambasiva o . Vydinadasami 1 65
S 'im ia P i l laiv. Chockalinga 1 1 3
Sanag apal ly 1) Intoory 6
Sand h u v. Hussain 1 84
Sankar Nath M adan M o h an 1 87
S ankara v. Gopala 1 28
XXXV
1 50
Satya S h ankar 1 7. M a h araj Narain 1 57
Satyasaran v. B h airab Chan dra 1 1 2
SAT Pas s .
Sankaralinga v. Kandasami 1 49
Sankunni1 7. Narayanan 1 82
Sant Lal v. R amji 1 30
Sanwal D as B ismil lah 1 43
Sanxter Foster 1 57,31 6
Sarajendra Kris h na v. Sanyasi
C h aran 209
Sarala Karnsala 1 46
Sarat C h andra v. Apurba Kris h na 1 4,
103
Sarat C h andra a). Asiman 258
Sarat C h andra v. Jatind ra Nath 2 7
Sarat C h andra S ec . of S tate 44 , 79
Sarat C h andrav. TariniProsad 1 46, 1 87
Sarat Kumariv. NimaiC h aran 1 62
Sarat Kumary a). Jagat H 2
Saratmoniv. B at ta K ris h na 107
Sarba Sundariv. Harendra L al 1 44
Sarbananda v. Rana Gazi 2 99
SardhariLal v . Am bi ka Pars h ai 1 46
Sariat M ond u l v . Snrja Kant 2 22
Sariatool lah a). R aj Kumar 1 16
S irju‘
Distric t J udge of B enc ras 1 51Saroda Cliaran v. Kis to M o h an 35
,
Saroda C h u rn v. M ah omed 1 91
Saroda P rosad v. Lu chmeepat 97
Sas h iBhusan v. M a h omed Matain 2 98Sas h iKumar Seeta Nat h 204
SasiramaKumariv .M eherban K h anl 42
,1 49
,1 53
,1 72
Sasivarna v. Aru lanandam 1 25, 1 79
SastiC h urn a). Anopurna 1 82
S atia). Jog es h 1 85
Satish C h and ra v. Jatind ra Nat h 90
Satish C h and ra v. M unjamati 298
Satish C h andra v. Por ter 2 2, 2 3. 1 6 1 ,
Satish Chund ra T h omas 2 49
Sattyasaran v . Mohesh C h and ra 88,
Satya C h aran v. M adhub C h under
xxxvi TAB LE OF CASES .
S AT PAGE .
S atyendra Nat h v. Nil kan t h a 2 8 , 1 97,
Saurend ra M o h an Hurr uk Chand
1 53
Sav i v . P unchanun 282
S axton a). B ar t ley 8, 2 28
S cot ts v . M . Rai l . Co. 45
Sec . of S tate v. B el charnbers 43,
50,7 5
Sec . of S tate Bis h an D at 50
Sec . of S tate v. B ombay Landing Co .
200
Sec . of S tate v . C h ar leswor th ,Pil l ing 8: Co. 69
,7 1
,7 2
,7 8
S ec . of S tate v. D uma Lal 43,70
Sec . of S tate v. Gopal S ing h 7 8
S ec . of S tate v. Govind Lal 57,58
S ec . of S tate v. Gu ru Proshad 262
S ec . of S tate v. I . G . S . N. Rail . Co .
73, 74
Sec . of S tate v. Jag-
at M obini 306
Sec . of S tat e v. Kar tick C h and ra 7 3
Sec . of S tate v. Luchmeswar 89
Sec . of S tate 1 7. M ar j um Hossein 2 62
Sec . of S tate a) . Raj lucki 65
S ec . of S tate In. Rashbehary 241
S ec . of S tate S h am B ahadoor 76
Sec . of S tate v. Shanmugaraya 7 1,
75, 8 5
Seetam raju a). Co l l . of Godavari 46
Seetapu t AliHosse in 1 00
S enior a) . M . R ai l . Co . 8 1
Senra D isaia). Annasa1ni 1 2 4
S eru M ohun B hagohan 1 84,1 85
Set U med S rinat h 30, 3 1 , 1 76, 1 91
Set h C h and v. D urga
Set h Shapurjia). S h ankar 107
Sethu rayar Shanm ngan 101
Sew B ux q) . S h i b C h under 1 98,200
Sewdnt Roy S ree Can to 1 7 1
Shahziauddin Abdu l v. Kailash
C h and ra 1 96
Shakotip . Jotind ra M o h on 1 67
S h am C h and u. J ugg nt C h under 28 1
S HE P AGB.
S h am Karan q). Piari 1 20
S h am Ki ssen v . D amar Kumari 1 1 9,
1 24
S h am Lal v. Ghasita 1 7 2
S h amLal v . M od h a Sudan 1 07
S h am Lal l v. Huro Soond u ree 239
S haina C h aran KasiNai k 1 26
S h am a Churn fu. Abd ul Kabeer 3
S h ama P rosunno v. B rakoda Sundar i89
, 90
Shamasoonduree v . Mal lyu t M undu l
31 8
Shamchand v. B rojonath 205,2 1 7
Sham rav v. Niloji 97
S hamser Ali Jagannat h 1 76
S h ankar fu. Jalpa 1 1 8
S h ankar B is t o v. Narsing ra 1 85
Shankar B i sto v. Narsingh rao 1 1 2
S h ankar Saru p M ej o M al 1 99,200
S h ankar V isvanath v. U m abai 1 31
Shanm uga v. R am anat h an 97
Shantappa a) . S ubrao 1 93
S h anto C h ander v. Nain Suk h 1 78 ,
1 79, 1 92
S h an to P rosad ru. S h ew Narain 1 74
S h arifan fv. Habibuddin 2 6, 2 8 ,
1 76
S haroda M oyee v. Wooma M oyee 1 7 2
S h aw Jersey 3 16
S h e i k I smal v . Rajah Rowther 31
S h ei k h Jan ia v. Lal B ibi 1 20
Shekaat Hosain a). S as i Kar 202 , 2 66
27 7
S h eo D yal a). M o h abeer B ers h ad 89
S h eo Narain v. N ur M u h ammad 1 85,
1 94
S h eo Pershad v. Kal ly D as 8 8,2 80
S h eo P rasad fn . An rudh 1 1 1
S h eo P rasad v. H i ra Lal 1 06
S h eo P rasad fn . I ndar B a h ad ur 1 1 6,
1 1 7
S h eo P rasad 1 7. Jaleha 6 1
S h eo P rasad v. M u h ammad 96
S h eo Progash v . B hoop Naran 1 36
S h eo Rat tan v. M o h ri 6 1, 63, 6 1
TAB LE OF CAS E S
S HE PAGE .
S heobarat v. Nawrang deo 308,31 8
S heodeuiv Ram S mm 206
Sheodhyan v. B holanath 1 7 2
Sheoraj v . GopalSheoraj Kam eshar 1 2 2
Sheoratan v . M ah ipal 2
Sheor u tton Net L o l 1 74,242
,
S h er S ing h D aya Ram 1 22
S h er S ing h S ri 1 38
Shiain B e h ariv . Rup Ki s h oreS h iam La] Nat h e Lal 2 8 , 1 89
S hib Chunder v. Ram C h under 1 1 4
S h i b D at v. Kal ka P rasad 1 1 8
S hib Kr is to M i l ler 1 49
S h i b Kunwar 1 7. S h eo P rosad 38,1 96
S h i b Lal Rad h a Kis h en 1 1 7
S h i b Narain v. Gob ind D ass 94, 97
S h i b Sing h q) . S itararn 1 39
Shiboo Narain v . M udden A11 1 46
Shidapa a) . Venkaji 1 7 2
S h i ru v. Ag h a A li 1 7 1,1 7 2
,1 74
S hiv Lal v . S h amb h u Prasad 2,2 9,
30. 1 91
S hiva Rao Nagappa 61 , 62 , 64
S hivapa v. D od 1 48
Shivjiram v . Waman 1 95
Shivlal v . Jumak lal 99
Shiv lingappa v. Chanbasappa 1 49
S hivram v . Sarasvatibai 1 25
Shivram a) . Shakharam 109,1 1 1
Shoilojanund v . P eary 1 31
S h ook Deb v. A l lad i 255
Shoteenath v . Obhoy Nund 1 86
Shripatrav v. Gov ind 1 2 2
Shumbhoo Nat h v . L uckynath 1 99
Shumbhoonath v. B unwaree Lal l 2 8 1
Shum bhu Nat h a). S h eo Bers h ad 207
Shu rroop C h under v. Am eerunnissa
94,97
Shu roop C h under v. Per tab C h under294S h u r u t C h under v . A bdool K h y r 1 1 2
S h u ru t Soondariv. Pu resh Narain 1 7 7
S h yam C h and Land M or tg ag eB ank 1 33
xxxvu i
S OR PAGE;
S h yam C h andra v. Inkailu Ram 208
S h yam C h under S ec . of S tate 43,
S h yam Kumariv. Rameswar Sing h
S i ba P rosad v . Rakhalmani 2 82
Sibdyal v . Gou ree 2 54
Sibkumar v . M aidhu r 1 7 1
S i b ta fu. B hagoli 1 82
Sidhee Nuzar Al ly Oojoodhyarma 5,
Sidheswar Har i h ar 97
S id h eswar i v. M ayanand 1 79
Simbh unath v . Go lap S ing h 40, 1 92
S impson S . S . Waterworks Co. 43
S innu v. Santhoy 1 02 , 1 28
S i ta Nat h v. A tmaram 204
S i tab C h and v. Hyder M al la 1 1 8
S i tal Rai Nanda Lal 1 66,
1 69
Sitla D in v. S h eo P rasad 1 1 5
Sivagamiv . Subrahmani 1 53
S ivag i riZam indar ru. Tiruvengada
Sivantha Nat h Ranga 91
Sivarama v. R ama 1 7 9
Sivasami R atnasami 1 52
Sm i th v. Al la h abad B ank 1 32
Smit h v . Ashfor th 3 1 7
Sm i t h v . D inonath 20, 2 1 3
Sm i t h G . W . Rai l . Co. 44,83
Sm i t h v . M apleback 310
Sm i t h Sm i t h 104
Sobhag C h and u . B haiohand 1 92
Somir Jama v . M ohabharat 2 1 5
Soua B eebee v . Lal l C h and 288
Sonaram v. M ohiram 1 78
Soobu l C h under v . Russick Lal 1 49
Sooharam v. D oorga C h aran 2 1 9,254,
S ookan Sahoo B adr i Narain 2 76
S oorjo Kumariv. D igambu ree 301
Sooshee B husanv. Gobind C h under 1 68Sorabji, I n r e 76, 7 7
Sorabjiv. Gov ind 1 50
xxxviii TAB LE or CASE S .
S OR PAGE .
SorabjiCooverjiv. Kala Rag h unath 1 41
,1 98
SorabjiEdU lJl v. Govind Ram ji 1 70
S os hiv. Kramatu l lah 254
Sos h i Bhusan v. Gogan C h under 206,
2 1 7 , 2 1 9
Sourendra Mo h an v. S urnomoyi 205,
Sou t hwark & c . Water Co. v.
lVandswor th D is t . B oard 80
Spac kman G . W . Rail . Co. 44
Sparrow Oxford & c . Rai l . Co. 44
S pecial Offi cer , Salsette 1 1 . D osa
b h ai 53, 64
S ree Kris h na v. AlumbiAmmal 109
S reemunt v. Kookoor C h and 254
S reemunt v . S h ama Soonduree 2 51
S reenath v. Achu tananda 101
S reenath u . Bis h en C h andra 2 68, 2 7 7
S reenath v. Yusoof K h anS reeniyasa Chariar v. r onnu
sawmy 1 1 7,1 2 2
S reepati Shamaldhone 1 23
S reepu ty v. Loharam 240
S riRam 41 . Het Ram 1 20
S rimanta v. M a h adeo 207
S rinarain v. Smit h 296
S rinat h v . Haronath 5, 296
S rinat h v. S rimanto 2 20
S rinivas Prosad v . Kes h o P rosad 1 58
S rinivasa v. Ayyathorai 1 67 , 1 68
S rinivasa a) . SamiRam 1 42
S rinivasa v. Seetharamayyar 1 98
S rinivasa v. Seshayyang ar 2 7
S rinivasa P rosad v .
'v. Kes h o P rosad
S riniwas Nurhar 1 2 1
S r i pat i C h aran a). R.B elc hambers
S r i ram 5 . HariNarai n 45
S rish C h under v. Nachim Kazi 203
S taveley v. Al lc oc k 309
S tebbing v. M et ropolitan Board of
Works 69, 7 1
S tevens, E . H. v. Kam ta Pershad1 16
S ubha B ibiv, Hira LalS ubhadra C h andra KumarSubramania v. Ramc h and raSubramm ian v. Panjamma
Subramanya‘v. Alagappa
S U R
S tevenson v . Newnharfi
S toc k por t & c .
,In re
S towel l v. A judhia
S towel l v . B i l ling sSub Col l . of G odavar i v. Seragam
Subraraydu 43,70
Subba v. Hay B ads h a 1 59
S abbana v . Kris h na 99
S ubbarayadu u . P edda Subbarazu 1 70
Subbarayar , In r e 307
Subbu thayyammal C hidam baram102
1 83
254
1 1 3
98
1 1 1 ,
1 1 4
Suchand a). B alaram 2 14
Sudind ra B udan 98
S uja Hossein 1 7. M ono h ar Das 109
Snjan S ing h v. Hi ra S ingh 1 15
Sukhanand Gurumukhari,In r e 74,
76, 7 8
Sukhdeo a). S h eo G h u lam 96
S ul tan S avalayam rnal 100
Sul tan B egam v. D ebiP rasad 231
S ul tan Sahib fv. C h idambaramChettiar 1 84
Sukuru l lah v. B ama S undari 2 82
S undar D 1 s, In r e 1 99
S undar Sing h D oru Sankar 1 24
Sundar Sing 19. G h asi 1 42
S undara v. Venkata 39,1 78 , 1 92
S undarappa v S reeramu l u 98
Suppa Reddiar 41 . AvudaiAmmal 1 2 5
S uraj Bunsiv . S h eo Bers h ad 1 5,
1 94
Surat Lal a). U lnar Hap 43
Su rbo Lal Wil son 204, 205
Surend ra M o h an v . B ansidhar 2 20
Su rend ra M ohiniv . Amaresh
C h and ra. 1 68, 1 76
Surend ra Narain v. GOpiS undar i
TABL E OF CASE S .
S U R—TS u rend ra Nat h 1) B eniMad h ab 1 79
S urend ro Nat h v . l‘incowry 2 83
,2 84
S ures h C h and ra v. AkkoriS ing h 295
Surja Kumar Arun Chunder 1 20
S urnamoyiv . Ashu tosh 1 46
Surno M oyee v. Shooshee M okhee 296
Surno Moyiv. D akhina R injan 25,
S urnomoyee v. Land M or tgageB ank 301
S urnomoyee v. Grish C h under 1 8 ,
Surnomoyee v . P u rresh Narain 202
S u rnomoyee v. Suttesh C h under 254,
256
S usilabala v. Dinobandhu 256
S u t ton,Re 307
Swaminatha v. Vaidyanatha 107
Sweetman v. M . Rail . Co. 86
Syama Sanderi1) Jugobundhu 253
Syamlal v. Nilmony 268 , 276
Syed M u h ammad v. Syed Abedool lah
1 1 2
Syed Nathadu v. Nal lu M iidaly 1 91
Syed Nawab Aliv. Hemanta Kumari6
Syers v. M etropolitan B oard of
Work sT
Tahboonnissav. S h am Kis h ore 2 8 1
Tai Ladu 1 48
Taibatannessa v. P ravabati 2 1 8,2 1 9
Tamas h a Bib i v. Ashutosh 2 53
Tameshar v. T h akur Prosad 101,102
Tamman S ing h Lachmin 109
Tanc red v. Ley land 3 1 7
Tantradhariv. S undar Lal 27,1 8 1
Tapesriv . D eokinandan 96
Tarachand v . Kashinath 1 1 4
Tara Chand v . Nafar Ali
Tara C h and v. Ram Gobind 296
Tara. C h and R am Nath 94
Tara C h and Wakenoonissa
Tara Lal v. Sarobur Singh 39, 1 93,
PAGE.
x xxix
Teelot tuma v. B roj o Lal lTeluck C h under v. M addon M o h un
T IM
Tara. Soonduree v. Rad h aSoondur
Tara Sundariv. Saroda C h aran 1 35
Tarak D AB v. Haris h Chandra. 2 10
Tarap rasad v. Ram Nrising 2 98 , 2 99
Tarasundariv. B ehary Lal 100
Tarinee C h urn v. Shumbhoonath 31 8
Tarin i v. Watson Co. 280
Tarin i Charan Watson 87 , 280
Tarin i D as v . Bishtoo Lal 1 1 5
TariniProsad v. Narayan Kumari205,206
Tariny D ebee v. S h ama C h urn 290
Tar rac k v. D inend ro 100
TarsiRam 11 . M an S ing h 1 2 1
Tarucknath Mc Allis ter 2 15
Tasadduk Rasu l v . A hmad Husain
Tay lor v. Col l . of P urnea 57 , 58 , 65,
79, 85
2 15
2 16
Thakamaniv. M ohendra Nath 208
Thakoor C h u rn v. Col l . of 24 Perg s .
251
T h akur Barham v. Ananta Ram 1 22 ,
1 7 5
Thakur Barmha v. J i ban Ram 1 93
T h akur Prasad v . Abdu l Hasan 1 24
Thakur P rasad v. Fak i r U l la h 1 1 4, 1 2 2T h akur Rain v. Katwara Ram 1 1 7
T h ama Sing v. Kal idas 306
T h at h u v. Kondu 2 2,1 62 , 1 63
Theyyavelan v. Koc h an 1 82
T h omas v. D aw 50
T h ompson Hammersmit hCorporation 7 7
T h omson Ric h ardson 2 2 9
Tileshar v. Parbati 1 22 , 1 24
Til ley T h omas 24
Tiluk C h under v. S uttyanund 258
Tilukhdariv . Chu lhan M ah ton 201
Timmanna v. Mahabala 1 7 1
Timmappa v. Narsinha 192
TAB L E OF CAS E S .
T IN P AGE .
Tincou riv. S h i b C h and ra 96,97 , 1 7 2
Tincowrie v . D ebend ro Nat h 1 09
Tinoodhan a). Trailokhva 1 95
Tir thasamiv. Annapayya 1 2 2
Tirumal v . D astaghiri 1 67
T i tu B i b i M ohesh C h under 2 1 9,
T i vert on and N . D . R ai l . Co . v.
Loosem ore 6,49
Tod d B irles' ton & c . I n r e 66
Tokai v . D avod 1 3 1
Tok h an S ing h v . GirWar S ing 206
Tookoo M on i q) . D warka Nat h 1 70
Toolsa v . An tone 1 39
Toondun Pek h Narain 2 9
Torab Al iv.
~Nilru ttan 1 7 9
Toree Ma h omed v. M ahomed
M a h ood 1 1 6, 1 1 7 , 1 2 1
Trai lokya Nat h a). P u l in B e h ari 200
Trent ‘
S troug ton v . B arb l dOSWat er Supply CO. 76
Triben i Sa h u v . B hag wat B ux 1 57
Triloehan v . B akkeswar 40,1 94
T rilochun v. Komola Kan t 255
T r imbak v. Gov i nda 1 45
Trim bak v. Kashinath 1 1 2,1 15, 1 1 7 ,
1 2 1
.T rimbak v . Nana 1 53
Tr imbak v . Ram c h and ra 1 68
Trinayaniv . Kr i shna Lal 6 1,64
Tripura S undaria). D urga Chnrn 2 49
Troy lokya v . Jyo t i 1 1 2,1 1 4
,1 1 6
,1 1 7
Troy lukho Nat h Pa h ar 2 75
T rustees,B om bay Impro vem ent
Jalbhoy 58 59,7 2
,7 7
Tr ustees,B ombay Im provemen t
v . Karsandas 70,7 3. 7 4
,7 7
Tu ll azal v . Rag hanath
T u h i Ram 47. l zzat Ali 1 67
Tukaram v . Gunaji 1 3,1 33
T u laji B alalil iai 1 03
T u lshiM akhania v . S ec . o f S tate 7 5
TnlsiP ershad v . Ram Narain 8 7
Tunb r idg e Wel ls Corporat i on v .
B ai rd
U NN
Tundan v. Pokh Narayan
Turner a). Peston31Tyson 1 7. M ay o r of London
U miashankar Cho talal
U m rao S ing h 1 7 . Lac h m iU nc ovenan ted S er v i ce B ankA bdu l B ar i 1 82
U nn i Koya v. A. P . U mma 1 1 2
U unoeoo l C h under v . Hu rry Nat h 97
U
U d i t Narain q) . M at h u ra P er shad 94
w an t S ing h v. Tok h an S i ng h 99
U g rah Lal v. R ad h a Bers h ad 1 68 .
U g rah Nat h a) . Laganmani 1 1 8
U jagar Lal ru Sec . of S tate 7 8
U ma C h aran v . M on i Ram 258
U ma C h u rn v. Gob ind C h under 1 93
U ma S h ankar Kal ka Prasad 1 85
U ma S undar i v. B enode Lal 2 25,2 82
U ma S unkar q). Tar iniC h under 89
U machu rn a) . Ajadannissa 202 , 2 7 7
U masoond ury v . B rojonath 1 01,208
U masundariv. B irbu l Mondal 2 1 9
U matara v . U ma Cnaran 247,2 61
,
U math l Fat ima q). NemaiC h aran 2 10
U mbieka v . M adhub 1 85
U mhika v . Pranhuree 291
U med v . Abd u l Kar imU med q) . Goman B haiji [09
U m ed 1 ) .Jas Ram 1 42,1 72
Umed Aliv. Raj Laksmi 2 67,
U mes h v. S oonder Narain 1 1 7
U mesh C h and ra Lal 2 1 7
U mes h C h and ra v . K h u l na LoanGo . 2 83
U mes h C h and ra a). M ad h u Sudan 1 47
U mes h Chunder v. Raj B ul lu b 1 47,1 50
U m es h C h under v . Zah u r Fat ima 1 90,
1 95
U mes h C h and ra v . S h i b Narain 1 1 5,
1 1 6
1 1 6
109
xln TAB LE OF CASE S .
WAJ PAGE .
-Vajihan Bishwanath 1 1 4, 1 26
\Vallace King 31 6
Wal s h v. Lonsdale 3 10,31 6
Waresh M uns hi u . Af tabuddi
B epari 107
\VasiImam v. Poonit S ing h 1 1 5
Watson v. Col l . of Rajshaye 2 80,
Watson S reekristo 202
Watson S reemunt 248
Watson Co. v . M ebes h Narain 88
Watson Co . v. Nobin M o h un 252
Watson Co. v. Rad h a Nat h 88
Waz i r Ma h ton v. Lu lit S ing h 1 1 0
We l ls M oody 3 1 8
Wern i cke Sec . of S tate 69,7 7
,79
80
W h ar ton v. Nay lor " 1 32
White v . H . M . Com . of Works 82
W hite h ouse W . Ra i l . Co. 83, 84
“I hitwel l’
s E state,B e 2 28
VVhitworth v. Smit h 31 6
Wi ck h am v. New B runswi c k &cRai l . Co.
Wig ram v. FryerWild v. Woolwic h B 01 oug hCounc i l 49
Wilkins M ayor of Birming ham 85,86
Wil liams Games 226
Willoug h by v . B ack h ouse 31 7
Wil ls v. Slade 2 25
ZU H PAGE .
Wi l son C h u rc h 1 57
Winterscale v. Sarat Chundra 88
Wise Abdool Ali 101
Wise v. B hoobun M oyes 256
Wise Rajnarain 1 1 1
VVom da K h anum q). R ajroop 1 43
Woomanath Roghoo Nat h 298
Woomesh v. B arada 201
Womesh C h under 1 7. R ajanarain 282,
298
Yamajiv. Antaj i 1 10
Y el lappa v. Ram C h and ra 1 90
Y el umalai Srin i vasa 1 85
Yeoman v. E llison 309
Y esh vant v. Vithoba 1 46
Y eshwant v . Govind 28
Young Lam ber t 1 38
Yu su f Gaziv. Asmat M ol lah 2 1 9, 2 21Yusuf K h an v. Sirdar K h an 1 1 9
Zam i r Hasan v Sundar
Zemindar of Karvetnagar v.
Trustee of Tirumal ai 1 49
Zo h ru v . Zobeda 1 4
Zahoorul Huq v. Gooroo C h urn 2 1 6
Z
1 92 Za h ur K h an v. Bak h tawar 1 1 8
85 Zainu labdin q) . Ashghar 30, 31 ,
1 92
1 20
BRIT ISH IND IA.
L E C T U R E I
Introd u c tion—General D rincip lc s.
A‘
Sale ” is a t ransfer of ownership of pr oper ty f rom its? owner
to ano the r in exchange for a fixed price whic h is money and . is th us
distinguished“
From an E xc hange whic h inc lu des the notion 015
money .
” A sale is either vol unt ary or involun tary . A Vol unta rySale
” is a t ransfer eff ec ted by the owner of the proper ty with-1 Iiis f ree
consent in favou r of another person c hosen by himself and on. te rms
m u tual ly agreed , the price being immediate ly paid"
or promised
o r par t paid and par t pr omised .
” An I nvol untary or“ Compu l
sory”
sale is a t ransfe r effec ted withou t any c ontrac t with the
real owner o f the proper ty, bu t by Cou r twhic h , ae ting under -
statu tory
power c onifer-
red on. it,rep resent s the owner, and, ac ting as the vendor ,
t ransfers his pr operty to another withou t his consent and ir respec tive
o f his willingness or unwil lingness to par t with it the purchaser ,
the p rice and the t'er m'
s'
of sale are dete rmined withou t his c onsen t
or app roval and wit hou t any r eference to him and even in the
teeth of his Opposition in Cases of lands req uired for pub lic
pu rposes by merely qf’
eri’ag the owner the market - val ue of the lands
taken,together with 1 5 p.e . on the market - val ue in consideration
o f the compu l sory natu re of the ac quisition and in other cases by
open competition among the bidders at an au c tion in whic h the
pu b lic are invited to bid fi‘
B u t al l sales,
effec ted by Cou r t or by private persons with or
withou t the inter vention of Cou r t bu t wit hou t the owner’
s consent,'
a1'
e
not necessarily c ompu lsory sales. I ndeed , there is no real dis tinc tion
1 . S . 1 1 8 T . P . Ac t I V of 1 882 ; see 2 ; S . 54 T. P'
. Ac t I V of Ss . 77 ,
Q ueen v. Appava 9 M ad . 1 41 Kedar Ac t IX 05 1 8722
Nath v; Emperor 30 92 1 7 C . W. S . 2 3 L . A. Ac t I'
of 1 894 Bam d‘
a
N . 704 M adhavrao v. Kas h i ba1 34 Bo rn . Kanta v~. C h un der Kanta 2 9 Cal . 683 ;
2 8 7 . 6 C: W.. N. 706.
L ECTU RE I .
2 c tmenis oav sALEs
between the sale whic h takes plac e in exec u tion of a monev - dec ree
and the sale whic h takes place in exec u tion of a m or tgage - dec r ee
by r eason of the o rder for sale in the one case being distinc t f rom
the dec ree, and in the o th er being p ar t o f the dec r ee itsel f .4 B u t
a sale, effec ted by a mor tgagee of the mor tgaged proper ty , either
in exec u tion of a mor tgage - dec ree th rough Cou r t u nder 0. 34, r . r . 5
and 8, C. P . C . Ac t V of 1 908 , o r u nder S . 69 T . P . Ac t I V o f
1 88 2 and S e. 6 - 1 9 of the T r ustees’ and M or tgagees’ Ac t XXV I I I
of 1 866 withou t the inter vention of the Cou r t, both being found ed
0 11 the lien or c harge on the premises c reated by the c ont rac t o f
mor tgage,cannot pmpe r ly be r egar ded as a comp u lsory sale
,fo r
in a mor tgage the interest c reated bv the mor tgagor in favou r o f
the mor tgagee is the righ t wit hou t the conc u r renc e of the mor tgago r
tocause the mor tgaged proper ty to be so ld whic h is one of the
species of j u ra iii r e a liena or estates car ved ou t of the fu ll owner shipof the proper ty, the mor tgagee having the legal estate and the
mor tgagor mere ly the equitab le estate in the mor tgaged premises .
The righ t o f sale is one of the c omponent righ ts of owner ship and
may be par ted wit h separately in order t h us to add sec u rity to a
personal ob ligation . W'
hen so par ted with , it is a righ t of pledg e
whic h may be defined as a righ t in r em r ealizab le by sale given
to a c reditor by way of ac c essory sec u rity to a righ t in. p er s rm am .
5
Similar ly, the sale by the pawnee in exercise of his right,
on
defau l t of the pawner to per fo rm the c ont rac t within the stipu lated
time,to sel l the thing pl edged on giving the pawner r easonab le no tic e
o f the sale, being based on an implied c on t rac t,is not a comp u lso ry
Sale .
6 A c ont rac t of pledge car ries with it the implic ation that the
sec u rity may be made available to satis fy the ob ligation and enab les
the pledgee in possession (t hough he has no t the general proper ty (in
the thing pledged bu t a special proper ty onl y ) to se l l on de fau l t in
payment and a fte r notic e to the pledge r , al t hough the pledge r mav re
de em at auv m oment up to sale .
7 An express c ont rac t is p ro ved bv
direc t evidenc e in implied c ont rac t hv c ir c um stan tial evidenc e .
4 . M nklioda D as i v. Gopa l C h und e r tan v . M a h i pa l 7 Al l . 2 D eva C h and734 ; 3 C . W . N . 706 ; K ud ra v. l l c m t
'
lmnd 4 Rom . 51 5.
t u l la ln
v . lxu bra Regain 2 3 Al l .6. S . 1 76 I . C . Ac t IX of 1 8 7 2 .
Kau ns il la v . C h ande r S en 2 2 Al l . 377
S hivla l v. S h am blin Prasad 2 9 B o rn . 435 7 . P e r Co t ton ,1» J '
)in E XPal
‘
te 09 1 019 1
Ho l land '
s J u r i s pru denc e 1 52 . S ee B eec h er ; in re M e r r i t t (1 8 8 6) 1 8 Q . B .
G opal v. Pa r so ta l n 5 A l l . 1 2 1 S lieu l a 2 2 2 at p . 2 32 .
GENERAL P RINC I PLE S .
B u t whether the cont rac t is proved by evidenc e direc t or circ umstantial ,
the legal c onsequenc e r esu l ting f rom the b reac h of it m ust be the
same.
“ I cannot think there c an be any differenc e as to the c on
sequenc e resu l ting f rom a b reac h o f c ont rac t by reason of that
c ont rac t being'
either expr ess o r implied .
” 8
The sales by persons having a c harge on immoveab le proper tyo f another u nder S . 100T.P . Ac t I V of 1 88 2 or a lien on the
good s in their possession,suc h as a sel l er for the u npaid pu r c hase
m oney under S . 107 , a finder o f good s for his lawfu l c harg es
u nde r sec tion 1 69, or a bailee for his d ues under S 5. . 1 70, 1 7 1 ,
I . C. Ac t IX of 1 87 2 , ar e based on similar c on t rac ts
Nor,
are the sales effec ted by limited o r . apparent owners to
pass the interes ts of persons having present , fu tu re or c ontingent
in terest in the proper ties sold withou t the latter ’s consen t o r approval ,c ompu lso ry sales. Th us, the sales by a Hindu widow for religiou s
or c haritab le pu rposes and for legal nec essity, by a M itakshara
father fo r his own debts, provided th ey ar e free f rom any tain t of
imm orality ,by a manager of a M itakshara family fo r family
nec essity ,by a natu ral guardian fo r the benefit o f the minor
,by an
exec u tor au tho rized by the terms o f the wil l for . adminis tration o f
the estate o f the dec eased , by the M u twal lee fo r nec essity and wit h
the permission of the Kaziunder the M ahomedan r egime bu t now
of the Civil Cou r t of superior j u risdic tion in the dist ric t ,9
are not
comp u l so ry sales , for in t hese sales the terms of the sales are sett led
by exp ress con tract with the vendor s,t.e.
,the pe rsons who for the
time fu l ly r ep r esen t the estate , and if the al leged cir c um s tanc es exist
o r if the pu rc hasers , after u sing reasonab le c are to asc ertain the
existence o f suc h circ umstanc es, ac t in good faith,their title is not
affec ted .
10
Similar ly ,the sales by a c er tific ated guardian o f a mino r
,by an
exec u tor,if rest ric ted by the term s of the wil l , by an zu lministrato r ,
by a rec eiver or by an assignee in bank r uptcy or inso lvency ,are not
st ric t ly comp u lsory sales, for though they are made with the previou ssanc tion of the Cou r t and are su bjec t to its approval , they ar e r eal ly
sal es by (18 facto owners who,to al l intents and pu rposes, fu l ly repre
sen t , fo r the time being, the r eal owners.
8 . P er Lord Ten terd en, C . J .
,in M ar C . \V. N .
’
1 58 Nimai C h an d v . Go lamzet tiv . Wil l iams B . 6: Ad . 1 1 5 Hosse in 37 Cal . 1 79 in re Hal imaat 42 5. K h atun 07 Cal . 8 70.
9. S h aina C h u rn v Abdu l Kabeer 3 10. S . 38 T . Ac t I V of
LECTU RE I .
Compu l so ryS al e defined .
COMP U LSORY SALE S
No r,c an a pre
a emption sale be proper ly call ed a comp u lsory sale .
21 1-he right=of m'
ea’
em ption , founded on the inconvenienc e arising from
tlre aint roduc tion of stranger s as c en shar er s on minu te divisions and sub
divisions of an "ancestral proper ty of a M ahomedan family, is“
a righ t
whic h the owner of c er tain immovea-b'le proper ty possesses as suc h
for t he q n-iet en joyment of that immO
'
veabl-e pr ope rty ,to ac quire
,by
compu lsory pur c hase, immoveable pr oper ty of another in pre fe renc e
to a l l ot hers on tender of the pric e ag reed u pon :1 1 I t was an
instit ution ilm own «to Roman Law and “
san c tioned by the obligat oryrelation between the . vendor and a per son
«determine d , bin ding the
vendor to sel l to t hat person if he offer ed as good Condition as the
in tended ve nde e .
1 2 I t is a righ t to step .into theshoes of a l ess
qualified vendee o r trans feree, a mo re right o f repu r c hase not from
the vendor bu t f rom the vendee who is t reat ed for al l intents and
ter of t hat The sale is therefore not r ced up on an un wit
ling vendor ; indeed the p rice and th e terms ar e d etermined by a
c ontrac t with him ; it is .m erely the substitu tion o f one pu rc haser
for another .
No r, c an the s ale be st ric tly c al led a c ompu l sory sale whic h is‘
efiected in ml forM ent of any equitable righ t . Thus,when the t rans;
feree ofimmo‘veabl ep roper ty makes any i'm
‘
proveme‘
nt on the property,believing in good faith t hat ‘
he‘
is absol u‘
te'
y entitled thereto and
he is subsequent ly“
evic ted therefrom by“
any person having a better
tit le,the t ransferee has a righ t to require the person cau sing the
e viction to sel l hisinte‘
rest in the proper ty to t he t ransfer ee at"
the then
mar ket vatue ‘ tfhereof, ir respec tive of su c h improvement, for t hough
the sale is forc ed open an‘
t-mWi-ll ing vendo r , it s tands on the same
footing as a sale in enfo rcement of a c ont rac t of sale .
“
A “ Compu l sory Sale” then is a sale whic h is for ced upon an
unwil ling vendor and in whic h neither the p u r chaser is a man of his
c hoic e nor the terms of the sale inc l uding the p ric e are fixed by any
contrac t with him ,the sale being ordered by Cou r t, c ond u c ted by its
offic er and subjec t to its approval before being t reated as final the
1 1 . Sir Ro land W i lson ’
s Ang lo M u lxam 1 3. Per Peacock,C . J .
,in Kood ratoo lah
madan Law 75 Gobind D ayal v. Inaya v . M obin i 1 3 W. R . 2 1 F. B . 4 B . L . R .
t u l la h 7 Al l . 7 75. I". B . 1 34 see al so Ab du r Kam aq v.
1 2 . Per Ho lway , J .
,in Ibra h im v. 1tl uni M um taz Husaiu 2 5 Al l . 33 1 .
M ir h'
Ma d. H . C . 2 6 . 1 4. S . 51 T. P . Ac t 1V o f 1 88 2 .
LECTU RE I .
COMPU LSOR Y SALES
at a sale for ar rears of r ent u nder Reg . V I I I of 1 8 1 9 o r B . T . Ac t
V I I I of 1 885 avo id inc umb ranc es .‘9 Nor,can a mor tgagor or a
mor tgagee in possession of the mor tgaged p roper ty bei ng bound to
pay rent and revenue under 8 5 . 65 and 76 T . P . Ac t I V of 1 882
r espec ti vel y, get rid of the o ther ’s r i gh t by a pu r c hase at the sal e
brough t abou t by non - paymen t o f r ent o r re v enue .
20
S peaking. broad l y , c om pu l sory sales in B r i t i sh I nd ia may be
d iv ided into two p r inc i pal c lasses v i z . ,exec u t i ve and j ud ic ial sal es :
The exec u t ive sales are general l y s ummary sal es c ar r ied on by the
Co l lec tor s for pub l ic o r fiscal p u rposes the j ud ic ia l sal es are sale s
d ir ec ted by Civil Cou r ts in exec u t ion o f dec rees or or der s to sat i s fy
the c laim s of pr i vate ind i v idual s .5}
The advantage to the c omm uni ty ou twe i gh s the i nj u ry to the
ind i v idual .” 2 1 Henc e
,the sover e ign power of every s tate hav i ng
r egard to p roper sa fe - guards for the p rotec t ion of p r i vate i n teres ts ,has au thor i ty to app rop r iate lands belonging to pr i vate i nd i v idual s ,
s i tuate » wi t h in the l im i ts of its ter r i to r ial j u r i sd ic t ion,
“
for the p u b l i c
sa fety or u t i l i ty or for promoting impor tan t pu bl ic in teres ts o f s u c h
paramoun t impor tanc e that p r ivate in ter es ts may j u s tifiab ly be s ubo r
dinated,for it i s “ better that an i nd i v idual s hou ld su ffe r an i nj u ry
than that the publ ic shou ld su ffer an The r igh t to
c om pensation i s the so l e r emedy of the land - owner and he has no op
t ion to r epud ia te th i s r igh t to c om pensat i on and to r eco v er the
B u t suc h an arb i trary exerc i se of power i s ind u l ged wi th cau t ion,so as no t to inter fer e w i th sec u r i ty in the enj oyment o f p r i vate
proper ty , nor to sac r ific e p r i vate interes ts to a g reater exten t than i s
absol u te ly nec essary to sec u re a pu bl ic obj ec t of adequate im por tanc e,nor i s i t deemed pol i t ic to c onfiscate p r i vate p roper ty fo r pu b l ic
p u rposes w i thout,
paying the owner compensat ion for “ inj u ry
Syed Nawab Ali v . Hemanta 2 2 . Per Ashhu r st , J .,in R ussel v .
Kumar i 8 C . W . N . 1 1 7 Mafizuddin Mayor of Devon (1 788 ) 1 Term ,Rep . 673.
v . Korbad Ali31 Cal . 393 8 C . W . N . 2 3. Pe r Cai rns, L . C .
,in T iver ton and
1 1 5; Fak i r Chu nder v . Ram Kumar 3] N . D . Rai l Co . v . Loosemore (1 884)
I . A . 1 95 31 Cal . 901 ; 8 C . W . N . 7 2 1 . 9 App . Gas . 480 at p . 49 1 ; 53 L. J .
20. Sanagapal ly v . In toory 26 Mail . Ch . 8 1 2 ; B handi
I
Singh v . Ramad hin
385 ; Jayantiv . Y er ubandi7 Mad . 1 1 1 ; Rai1 0 C .
'
W . N . 991 2 C .
‘
l J . 359 ;
t pfpa v . Shivaya 20 B orn . 492 . B . l . S . N . Co . v . S ec . of S tate 38 Cal .
2 1 . Per G rove, J . , in Henwood V .
“
230 ; 1 5 U . W . N . 8 7 1 2 (J. L. J . 505 ;
Har r ison (1 8 72 ) L . R . - 7 C . P . 606 at M an thararadi v . S ec . of S tate 23? M ad .
p . 61 3.
GENE RAL PRINC I PLE S .
oc cas ioned hv what i s legal i zed by the legi s lat u re .
" 24 Th us , when
ever it appear s to the Local Go v ernment t hat any par t ic u lar land
i s r eq u i red for a p ubl ic pu rpose o r for a c ompany, a dec 1aration
to that effec t shal l be made and pu bl i sh ed in the Offic ial Gazet te
stat ing the pu rpose for wh ic h the land i s requ i red .
25 The dec l a rat ion
shal l be conc l us i ve ev idenc e that the land i s needed for a pu bl ic
pu rpose or for a company as the case may be and S . G of the‘
Ac t c onst i tutes the Go vernment,as the c u stod ian of the pub l ic
i nterests , the sole judge of whether the land i s requ i red for the
c ons tr uc t ion of some wo rk,not nec essar i l y of a permanent c harac ter ,
wh ic h i s l i kel y to be conduc i ve to the promot ion of pu bl i c heal th,
safety,conven ienc e or educat ion
,
26and i t i s no t c ompetent to the
Cou r t to ass ume j u r i sd ic tion to impose r est r i c t ions on what i s lef t
to the abso l u te d i s c ret ion of the Loc al Go vernment and to say that
the ac qu i s i t ion has been u l tra sires,
” p ro v ided on l y that the land is
taken bone/ide wi th the objec t of u sing i t for a pu bl ic purpose and
not for any s ini ster or c ol latera l p u r pose .
” 23
S im i lar to th i s,i s the r i gh t of the land lord on the cer t i ficate “
of the Col lec tor and on mak ing fu l l c ompensat ion to the tenant
to ac qu i re a ho ld ing or par t th ereof “ for some reasonable and
suffic ient pu rpose hav ing r e lat ion to the good of the hold ing or of the
estate in wh ic h i t i s c omp r i sed , inc l ud ing the u se of the ground as
bu i ld ing ground or for any r el ig ious , educat ional or c har i tabl e
pu rpose.
” 29
The r igh t of the c r ed i to r to sel l h i s debtor’
s p roper ty for the
r eal i zat ion of h i s du es'
i s a very anc ien t r i gh t exi s t ing from the re
motest t ime in the j u r i sp r u dence of al l nat ions , anc ien t and mode rn.
Th us,B r i haspat i says “
r
hea the deb t i s dou bled by the interes t
and the debto r i s e i ther dead or has absc onded , the c red i tor may
at tac h h i s p l edge o r the debto r’
s c hattle and sel l i t be fore wi tnesses
o r hav ing appra i sed it in an as sem bly o f good men, he may keep it
ten days,a f te r wh ic h hav i ng rec e i ved the amount of h i s debt he
2 4. B lac kbu rn,J .
,in Queen v . Lo rd 2 7 . E zra V . S ec . of S tate 30Cal . 36
Mayo r of London (1 8 67) L . H. 2 Q . B . 7 C . W . N . 2 49 ; Roghu Nath v . Co l l . of
2 92 ; Kam in i Deb i v . P ramatha Nath D ue-ca 1 1 C . L . J . 6 1 2 .
39 Cal . 33; 1 3 C L J 597 ; 10 Ind . Gas.
8 . Per Lo r d C ranwor th L . C . in S .
’
491 .
and D . Ra i l c v . B rown (1 860) 9 H25. S . 6 l A . Ac t I . of 1 894. L . Cas . 2 1 53.
2 6 . Ram Chand ra v . Ahmedabad Nu S . 54 B , T , Ac t V I I I ot - 1 385.
nicipality 2 4 B orn . 600.
LECTU RE I .
Le mons
COMPU LSORY SALES
must re linqu i sh the bal anc e, i f there be any When the pawner
is m i ssing let the c r ed i to r pr oduc e his p ledge be fore the k ing ; it
may then be so lid‘
wi th. h i s perm i ss ion .
30
The only way of c ompel ling satis fac tion of a j udgment - debt ,known to the ear ly Roman law
,was to sei ze the debtor as a s lave ,
the exec ut ion, t houg h an a c t of p r ivate vengeance, was r egu lated
and c on trol led,by the P raetor . The fi r st attempt of the Praetor to
g et d i rec t ly at the debtor’s p roper ty was in the case of those tha t
f raud u lent l y e vaded the. p roc ess o f the Cou r t and h i s mode of
p rocedu re was by making,
the debtor a bank r u pt wh i c h entail ed the
loss , of his pol i t ical r i gh ts,the debtor be com ing infamous . A t
length, in the t ime of the E mperor Anton inu s Pius, judgm _ent
debts were en forc ed d i rec tl y by the sei z u r e and sale of the debtor ’s
goods by pu b l ic officials.
31
When any person.in Brit ish India has obtained a dec ree or order
for payment of money , inc l uding a dec ree for the balance due on. 11:
mor tgage agains t another for any debt,demand
, , r ent, damages or
cos ts, the amount can be r ec overed by at tac hment and sale of the
proper ty of the per son agains t whom the dec ree has been passed .
32
Whenever in a. su i t for par t i t ion,i t appear s . to the Cou r t that a
parti tion ,of the proper ty cannot be made wi thout des troying its
intr insic val ue and. that a sale of the pr oper ty and d i s tr i b ut ion of'
the
p roc eeds wi l l be more benefic ial to the sharehol der s than a d i v is ion,
the Cour t may d i rec t a sale of the p roper ty or a por t ion thereof .33
I t i s , an abso l u te power of sale on the reques t of any body, p rov ided
the Cou r t is sat i sfied that i t wou l d be more benefic ial for the par t ies
interes ted than a But the benefit m us t be of? a pec u
niary and not of a merely sent imental c harac ter , and when i t appear s
t hat a v ind i c t ive feel ing has b rough t abou t the ac tion,a sale wi l l be
refused .
36 In a su i t for par t i t ion of the fam i ly - dwe l ling - house,i f the p laint iff i s a t | °ansferee of a por t ion and s t ranger to the fam i l y ,
and any member of the fam i ly u nder take to buy suc h share at a
val uat ion made by the Cou r t , the Cou r t s hal l d i rec t the sale of su c h
30. 1 Cole, D ig . p. 1 41 , Book I . Ch; 33. S e. 2 and 9 Par t i t ion Ac t IV of
I I I S . 5 c l . 1 22 . 1 893.
31 . Hunter’
s Roman Law,Book IV 34. Per Jesse]
,M . R .
,in D r ink -water
p t. 1 1 1 . v . Ratc l i ffe (1 875) L . R . 20 Eq. 52 8 .
32 . S . 36, O. 2 1,r . 30
,O. 34 r . 6 C . P . 35. Sexton v . Bar t ley (1 879) 2 7 W.
C . Ac t V o f 1 908 . R . 01 5; 48 L . J . Ch . 51 9.
GENE RAL l ’ l t C l PLES‘.
share to suc h shareholder .
36 I ndeed , i t is i nequ i table to perm i t a
s tranger to intr ude h imsel f u pon the p r i vacy o f a jo int fam i l y - res i
denc e, more par t ic u lar ly when, as happens in manv i ns tanc es , a
s t ranger i s ac tuated by mot i ves o f enm i ty .
87
The nec ess i ty for speedy real i zat ion of p ubl ic re venue requ i res
that the Co l lec tor of rev enue shou ld be armed wi th summary powe r
to rec over the Government dues f rom the per sons l iable to pay them .
The relat ion between the Go v ernment and the holders of es tates pay ing
r e venue,stands on an ent i re ly d i ff er ent foot ing f rom that on wh ich
the re lat ion between c red i to r s and debtor s i s based} 8 Ac cord ingly,
when the Government revenue, whether land tax,inc ome tax or
any o ther tax i s in ar r ear,the Co l lec tor i s au tho r i zed to real i ze the
money by summary sale of the es tate in ar rear or any p roper ty of
the defau l ter . S im i lar l y , i f the tax, expenses hr c harges r eco verabl e
under the B . M . Ac t I I I of 1 8 845 i s due in respec t of any
hold ing f rom i ts owner , and i f the owner , i s u nknown or the owner
sh i p thereo f i s d i spu ted,the Comm i ss ioners may, under S . 361 of the
Ac t,after givm g p roper notice
,s ummarily sel l s uc h ho lding .
When a cer t ificate of the amount of any pu bl ic demands has been
made by a Cer t ificate Officer and ser ved on the per son in ar rear , the
c er tificate under the P . D . R . Ac t I I I (B . C .) of 1 913 has the forc e
and effec t of a dec ree and, i f not c anc el led , b inds h i s immoveable
prope r ty , s i tuated wi th in the j u r i sd ic tion of the D i s tr ic t Co l lec to r
in the same manner and wi th l i ke effec t,as i f su ch immoveab le pro
per ty had been at tac hed under the Ci v i l P roc edu re Code,and i t may
be enfo rced and exec u ted as a dec ree for money by the sale o f the
p roper ty .
89 S im i lar l y , ar rear of rent due to a land lord,i f au tho r i zed
by the Local Go vernment, may be rec overed bv the same summary
proc edu re .
40
I n Bengal , when the r ent o f a P u tn i Tal uk or ot her sal eab le ten
u re or u nder - tenu re for the exp i red or the c u r rent year i s due to the
zem indar or p ropr ietor under d i rec t engagement wi t h the Government,
whose name i s regis tered under the L . R . Ac t V I I (B . C.) of 1 876
36. S . 4 Par t i t ion Ac t I V of 1 893. 4 1 3 ; 1 3 C . L . J . 52 5 ; Jogend ra Mohan37 . Kshirode Chunder v . Saroda v . U ma Nath 35 Cal . 636 ; 1 2 C . W . N .
Prasad 1 2 C . L . J . 525 ; D ebend ra Nath 646 8 C . L . J . 41 .
V ‘ Her idas 1 5 C ' W . N ‘ 552 i1 3 C ‘ L‘ J ' 39. Nanda Kumar v . Ajodhya Saha l tC . L . J . 2 92 .
38 . M ahom ed Jan v . Ganga Bishu n1 0. S . I ) . lhAnt V 1 1 1 Of 1 5Gb .
38 I . A . 80 ; 38 Cal . 537 ; 1 5 C . W. N .
LECTU RE I .
LECTUR E I .
COMPU LSORY SALES
and whose r ig h t of sel l ing or b r inging to sal e for the ar rear of r ent
has been spec ial ly r eser v ed by s t i pu lat ion in the engagements inter
c hanged on the c reat ion of the tenu re or under - tenur e, or who has
ac q u i red the r igh t o f cau s ing su c h sal e to be made u nder any sum
mary p roc ess au thor i zed by law,the Col lec tor of Land R even ue i s
au thor i zed,u nder c er tain c ond i t ions
,to r eco v er the amount of the
ar rear by summary sal e of the tal uk in the month s of Jaista and
Kar tick r eSpec tively .
4 1
D i s tress i s a summary r emedy by wh ic h a per son in order to
m in i ster r edr ess to h imse l f is en ti tled wi thou t legal pr oc ess to take
in to h i s possess ion the personal c hatte l of another per son, to be h e ld as
a p l edge to c om pel the sat i s fac t ion o f a debt o r demand or the pay
m en t of damages or the per formanc e of a d u ty . I t enab les the
land lo rd to sec u re the paym ent of rent due to him by se i z ing the
c r eps stand ing u pon the p rem i ses , in r espec t of wh i c h the ren t i s d ue,
and the exec u ti ve and oth er pu b l ic bod ies to en forc e the paymen t o f
fines and penal t ies an d rates and taxes and the Cou r t to c om pe l the
per fo rmanc e o f a l ega l obl i gat ion . Th u s,when the r ent of a
ho ld ing has not been due for more than a year and no sec u r i ty has
b een ac c epted therefo r by the land lo rd i t may be r ec o vered by dis
t rain ing the c r0ps s tand ing on the holding .
” W'
hen a fine has been
imposed for an offence, or fo r c ontempt or for any o ther r eason, or
when a bond has been fo r fei ted , the Cou r t c an real i ze the fine or
for fe i tu re by attac hmen t and sale of the p roper t ies o f the person
who has been fined or whose bond has been fo r fe i ted .
43 D i s t ress
is a dev ic e made by the Legis latu re to enabl e a Cou r t, as anc i l lary
to its j urisd ic t ion,to en for c e i ts own order s . Thu s
,when the Cou r t
has or dered the at tendanc e o f a per son,ei ther as an acc u sed per son
or as a wi tness,and the per son has absconded
,it may order the
attac hment o f his mov eab les to en for c e h i s at tendanc e, and then i f he
do no t appear , it can sel l the attac h ed proper ty .
“ Again,when the
Cou r t has passed a dec ree for spec i fi c m o veabl e or for spec ific
pe r fo rmanc e of a c ont rac t, or for r es ti tu t ion of c onj ugal r igh ts , or fo r
41 . S . 9 Reg . VI I I o f 1 8 1 9, S . 2 Reg . 43. S s . 386
,387 , 51 4, 547 Cr . P . C .
1 . M 1 820. Ac t V o f 1 898 ; O. 1 6 r . r .
42 . S s . 1 2 1—1 42 B .
’
l‘
. Ac t VI I I o f 1 6,1 7 C . C . Ac t V of 1 908 .
1 8 85 ; S e . 1 1 2— 1 45 Ren t Reco very Ac tX o f 1 859 ; S e. 1 2 9—1 46 N . \\
r
. P .
44 . S s . 89 C r . P . C . Ac t V of
Tenanc y Ac t. X II o f 1 8 8 1 : S s . 7 2—107 1 898 ; U ’ 1 6 r . r . 1 2’1 3
’1 7 C ' P ' C ’
t) ud h npm Ac t xxn o f 1 88 6.
A“ V o f 1 903
GENERAL PR INCIPLES .
an inj unc t ion,and the per son ag ains t whom it has been passed
has wi l fu l ly d i sobeyed , the dec ree mav be exec u ted by attac hmen t
and sale of h i s p roper ty and by pay ing c ompensat ion to the person
aggr ie ved .
45
A s the objec t o f compu l sory sal es i s no t to cau se any pec un iary
loss to the owner s bu t to sec u re the bes t p r ic es t hat can be fai r ly oh
tained for the p roper t ies , th ey are gene ral ly effec ted by pu bl i c au c t ion
in wh ic h the pu bl i c are in v i ted to bid , and c ond u c ted by su c h pe r sons
as the Cou r t may appoint . “Nth the same objec t in v iew,the sale
of a negot iab le ins tr um ent o r a share of a cor porat ion may be made
t h rough a broker .
46
A l though an offic er hav ing any s tatu tory du ty to per form in
c onnec t ion wi th the sale, i s not answerable fo r any er ror, m i s s tatem ent
,
or om i ss ion,u n less the same has been made d i shones tl y
, yet an i nno
c ent per son shou ld not be made to su ff er for it . Th u s,the Cer t ificate
Officer under the F .D .R . Ac t I I I (B . C .) of 1 9 1 3 has au thor i ty to
sel l onl y so long as the c er t ificate remains u npaid , and u pon the
ar rear be ing paid into the t reas u ry , i t becom es the statu tory du ty
of the Col lec tor to en ter sat i s fac t ion u pon the c er t ificate u nder h i s
hand and s ignatu re . I t wou ld be a s ingu lar r es u l t i f a Co l lec to r ’s
neglec t of h i s s tatu tory d u ty gav e him s tatu tory powe r to se l l in
exec u tion the proper ty o f a pe rson who owed not h ing to the Go ve rnm en t .“ 7
The Cour t i s bound to take spec ial c ar e t hat there shal l be
no th ing in the c ond i t ion s or in the r ep resen tations t here in c on tained
wh ic h by poss i bi l i ty can m i s l ead a pu r c hase r . The Cou r t i s the
vendor and i t wi l l not en forc e a contrac t in i ts own favou r of wh ic h
i t wou ld r efu se exec u tion i f the v endor were a p r i vate per son . The re
mu s t therefor e be at leas t as m uc h good fai th shown towards the
p u r c haser , and perhaps a l i tt le mo re t han i s requ i red f rom or d i nar yvendor s ou t of Cou r t
,becau se a pu rc haser has a r i gh t to assume
that th e Cou r t w i l l take v ery good c are that ther e shal l be noth ing
that can in any way m i s lead him as to the t i t l e he i s gett ing .
”48
45. O. 2 1 r . r . 31 , 32 O. 39 r . 2 C . 48 . Per Co t ton,L . J .
,in . r e. Ban is ter ,
P . C . Ac t V of 1 908 . Broad v . M unton (1 879) 1 2 Ch . D . 1 31
46. O. 2 1 r . 76 C . P . C . Ac t V of 1 908 . at p . 1 50 ; E lse v . E l se (1 8 72 ) 1 3 Eq .
47 . Mahomed Abd u l Hai v . Guj raj 1 96 in r e. A rnold (1 880) 1 4 Ch . D . 2 73
Sahai 20 1 . A . 70 ; 20Cal . 82 6. See also M alkar jun v . Nar hari2 7 I . A . 2 1 6 2 5
Janakdhari v . Gossain 37 Cal . 1 07 ; 1 3 B om . 337 ; 5 C . “I
. N . 1 0 ; 1 0 M ad . L .
C . N , 7 10 1 1 C . L . J . 254. J . 368 .
L ECTU R E I .
L ECTURE I .
COMPU LSORY SALES
Thu s,where a bid was made u nde r a m i sapprehens ion,
cau sed by a
m i s representat ion of the au c t ioneer wi th in the mean ing of S . 1 8 01.
(3) I . C. Ac t IX of 1 8 72 , and the pu r c haser , whose c onsen t was so
cau sed,had the means o f d i scover ing the t r u th w i t h ord inar y
d i l igenc e, the c on trac t wou l d not under S . 1 9, E xc ept ion ,have been
voidab le i f the qu est ion had ar i sen between ou ts iders and i f the
Cou r t had no c onc ern in the matter beyond the d u ty o f exerc i s ing
i ts j ud ic ial func tions . B ut in a Cou r t- sale that. exc eption has no
appl icat ion . I t has been laid down again and again that in sales
u nder the d i rec tion of the Cou r t , it i s inc umbent on the Cou r t to be
sc r upu lous in the ex treme and very carefu l to see that no ta int or
touc h of f raud or dec e i t or m i s rep resentat ion i s found in the c onduc t
o f i ts m ini s ter s . The Cou r t , i t i s said , mu s t at any rate not fal l bel ow
the s tandard of hones ty wh ic h it exac ts f rom those on whom i t has
to pass j udgment. The s l i gh test su sp i c ion of t r ic kery or un fai rness
m u s t affec t the honor of the Cou r t and impai r i ts u sefu lness . I t
wou ld be d i sas t rou s,i t wou l d be absol u te ly shock ing, i f the Cou r t
were to enfo rc e,against a p u rc haser
,m i s l ed by i ts du ly ac c red i ted
agents , a bargain so i l l u sory and so unc onsc ient iou s as
B .L .R S . Ac t X I o f 1 859 does not sanc t ion ,and by p lain
impl ication for bids,the sale of any es tate wh ic h i s not at the t ime
in ar rear o f Go vernment re venue. Thu s,where the Board of
Revenue sanc t ioned a r edu c t ion o f the re venu e, annual ly payabl e
for 5 annas share of c er ta in es tate,bu t the Col lec tor er roneou s ly
enter ed in h i s books the abatement of re v enue as appl icable to
another es tate and the r esu l t was that the Col lec tor sold the es tate
for ar rear s o f revenue,the Jud ic ial Comm i ttee obser ved —“ I n
thei r op inion a stu p id bl under made by the Col lec tor or h i s s taff
in h i s own books c anno t depr i ve the appel lants of th e i r r igh t to
c laim and have effec t gi ven to the permanent abatement wh ic h was
a l lowed by the Board of R e venue in M arc h 1 884. The resu l t i s
that the whole p roc eed ings o f the Co l lec tor wi th a v i ew to the sal e
of 5 annas share were beyond h i s j u r i sd ic tion and are ent i tled to
the p rotec t ion g i v en by the Ac t. in cases where sale i s author i zed ,al though i t may be at tended wi th some i r regu lar i ty or i l legal i ty .
’50
49 . Per Lo rd M acnagh ten , in Kala 0. Balkishen v . S impson 2 5 1 . A .
M ca v. l lar pc rink 36 l . A . 32 : 36 Cal . 1 51 z 25 Cal . 833 2 L'
. N . 5 1 3.
32 3 1 3 C . W . N . 2 19 : 9 C . L . J . 1 65.
LECTU RE I .
E xcep t ions.
1 4 COMPU LSORY SALES
the p roper ty i s in the c us tody of the Cou r t th rough i ts rec eiveras a f und ab id ing the resu l t of the pend ing s u i t and al l p roc eed ings
affec ting su c h fund shou ld be under i ts c ont rol . H enc e,
an at tac h
ment and a sale of s uc h proper ty wi thou t leave of suc h Cou r t i s
i l legal , for i f a c ontrar y v iew were maintained,the v ery Obj ec t of
the appo intment of a r ecei ver to p reserve the proper ty for equal
benefit of those eq ual ly i nteres ted in its d i s tr i bu t ion,m i gh t be
defeated the whole f und m igh t pass ou t of the hands of the Cou r t
before the final dec r ee and the l i t i gat ion wou ld th u s bec ome f ru i t
l ess .
60 S im i lar l y, p roper ty in the hands of the Offi c ial A ss igneeo r Liqiudator appointed by a Cou r t , or in respec t of wh ic h a ves t ingo rder has been made or of an und i scharged inso l vent , c annot be soldin exec u t ion of a dec ree agains t the owner . Again
,an exec u tor
or adm in i s trator r epresents for al l pu r poses the es tate of the tes tator
or the intestate respec t i ve ly,and can sel l the estate of the dec eased
or any par t of i t for the p roper adm in i strat ion of the es tate, yet i t
c annot be sol d in exec u tion of a per sonal dec ree agains t him or the
hei r o r the l egatee unt i l the estate has been fu l l y adm in i stered .
61
So,no immoveable p roper ty u nder the su per intendence of the Cou r t
o f Wards i s l iab le to sale on ac count Of ar rear s of land r e v enue
ac c r u ing,wh i le su c h es tate i s under the s uper intendenc e of the
Cou r t of Wards .
62
A l though a non- t rans ferab le oc c upancy r i gh t , wh ic h i s a r igh t
merel y pe rsonal to the tenant , cannot be sold by the tenant wi t hou t
the c onsen t of the land lord63 or in exec u t ion of a money- dec ree
agains t him ,
“ i t can be so ld by the land lord in exec u t ion o f a ren t
dec ree.
65 S inc e 1 903, the r igh t of a ra iyat in h i s ho ld ing in Chota
Nagpu r c annot be sold in exec u t ion of any dec ree o r o rder exc ep t
in exec u t ion of a dec ree for ar rear s of r ent of the ho ld ing or under
60. P er M ookerjee J . ,in Levinia
Ash ton v . M adhabmoni 1 4 C . W . N .
560 ; 1 1 C . L . J . 489 ; see also M i l ler v .
Ram Ranjan 1 0 Cal . 1 01 4 ; B oehem v .
G oodal l (1 91 1 ) 1 Ch . 1 55 ; Sarat v .
Apu r ba 1 5 C . W . N . 925 ;"
Jo tind ra v .
Sariaraj 1 4 C . W . N . 653 ; Zoh r u v .
Zobeda 1 2 C . L . J . 370 ; Kahn v . Ali
M ahomed 1 6 Born . 57 7 .
61 . Fcnwick v . Laycoc k (1 841 1 1 Gal .
D av . 532 .
62 . 8 3. 25 Ac t 1 X (B . C . ) of
1 879 ; S . 65 Ac t ! (M . C . ) of 1 902 S .
1 53 Ac t I I I (N . P . C . ) of 1 901 S .
30 Ac t 1 (Bo. C . ) o f 1 905.
63. S . 6 T . P . Ac t [V o f 1 882 .
64. Eb i ram Aliv . Gop i Kant 2 4 Cal .355 ; 1 C . \V . N . 396 ; Peary Mohan v .
Jote Kumar 1 1 C . W . N . 83.
65. S . 1 58 B B . T . Ac t Y l l l of 1 885.
GENERAL PRINCI PLES .
the P . D . R . Ac t 1 1 1 of S im i lar l y,the house and
other b u i l d ing of an ag r ic u l tu r i s t wh ic h i s exemp t from sale in
exec u t ion o f a money - dec ree , c an he sold in exec ut ion of a dec ree
for r ent of suc h hou se or bu i ld ing .
67
A general res t r ic t ion on ass ignment does not apply to an assi gn
ment by Operat ion of law taking effec t in invitum as a sal e u nder an
exec u tion . Thu s , a mem ber of an u nd i v ided fam i l y governed by the
M i takshara law canno t se l l his interes ts in the und i v ided proper ty
w i thou t the c onsent of h i s Coparc ener s ; bu t a c r ed i tor , of h i s can,in
exec u t ion of a dec ree against him , sel l h i s und i v ided and unasc er tained
share so as to au thor i ze the pu rc hase r to have the share so l d
ascer tained by par ti t ion .
68 A par tner cannot se l l h i s in teres t in
the par tner sh i p so as to int roduc e a st ranger into the firm wi thou t
the c onsent of h i s co-
par tne r s bu t h i s c red i tor can ob tain an order ,
not on l y c harging the interes t of su c h par tner sh ip p roper ty and i t s
p rofit wi th payment of the dec retal amount,bu t al so fo r the sale of
s uc h interest69 and the pu r c haser at the exec u tion sale ac qu i res the
interes t so ld wi th the r igh t to hav e the par tner sh i p ac c ou nt s taken
and r eal i ze ” h i s share in the assets of the par tner sh i p,
“ fo r i f th i s
wer e not so,it i s c lear that a per son by enter ing into a par tner sh i p
m i gh t sec u re for h imsel f c omplete imm un i ty as aga ins t h i s p r ivate
c red i tor s .
” 70
S im i lar l y , a l ease wh ic h p roh i b i ts al ienat ion by sale or gi f t
c an be so ld in exec u t ion of a dec ree ,7 1
exc ep t where there i s a
c lau se in the lease wh i c h for b ids the lessee let t ing i t be so ld,
at tac hed and so ld in sat i s fac t ion o f j udgm ent - debts . Sar jent,
C . J . ,obser ves “7e th ink that i f the lessee al lowed the land to be
at tac hed and so l d by not tak ing meas u res to sat i s fy h i s j udgment
debt ther e wou l d be a b reac h , both ac c ord ing to the l et ter and spi r i t: of
the p ro v i s ion in the l ease.
72 Again, an agreement amongs t
66. S . 47 Chota Nagpu r Tenancy 1 57 ; Peary v . Chand i 1 1 C . W . N . 1 63 ;
Ac t VI (13. C . ) of 1 908 . 5 C . L . J . 80.
6 . . P . C . A t V67 . s . 60 15x. 2 c . P . c . Ac t v of
9 O r 9 C c °f
1 908 .
1 908 .
70. Jagat v . Iswar 20 Cal . 693.
68 . Deen Dyal v . J ugdeep 4 I . A . 7 1 . Golak Nath v . Mathu ra. Nath 20
2 47 ; 3 Cal . 1 98 ; 1 C . L . R . 49 ; S u raj Cal . 2 73 ; Nil Madhab v . Naratam 1 7
Bans i v . Sheo Per sad 6 1 . A . 88 5 Cal . Cal . 82 6,
1 48 4 C . L . R . 2 2 6 ; Madho Par shad 72 . Vyankataraya v . Sh iv Ram 7
v . M eher ban 1 7 1 . A . 1 94 ; 1 8 Ca] . 256.
Ls c r uas I .
LECTURE I .
COMPU LSORY SALES
co - sharer s for a su ffic ient c ons iderat ion to forego t he i r r i gh ts of
par ti t ion of jo int proper ty for a spec ified t ime and de fini te pu rpose
c an be enforc ed aga ins t them ;78 bu t i t canno t be enfo rc ed agains t
a pu rc haser at an exec u t ion- sale of the share of one of the
c ont rac t ing par t ies .“
A s c om pu l sory sal es are effec ted wi thou t the c onsent of the
owners o r per sons hav ing interes t s in t hem wh ic h may be affec ted by
the sale of the p roper t ies , al l s tatu tory c ond i t ions wh ic h have been
imposed as cond i t ions p rec edent and intended for the p ro tec t ion of
the interes ts of these per sons mus t be s t r ic t ly fu l fi l led .
76 The b urden
of p roo f of c om pl ianc e r es ts u pon those who c laim statu tory power s
or base thei r t i t le upon the exerc i se of s tatu tory p rov i s ions76 and i f
an at temp t i s made at mere ly nom inal comp l ianc e wi t h the pr o v i s ions
of the s tatu te in the exerc i se of s tatu tory r igh t, the Cou r ts have am ple
power to afford re l ief to a person who i s aggr ieved by the adoption of
suc h a c ou rse .
77 These p r e l im inar ies are o ften nec essary for the pu r pose
of gi v ing not ic e of the intend ing sales to the owner or other per sons
whose r igh ts may be affec ted by the sales so as to give them oppor tu
nities e i ther to prevent the sales , i f poss i ble, or to watc h the p r oc eed
ings so that t hey may not be p rej ud i ced in any way by the sal es be ing
fraudulent ly b rough t abou t or i l legal l y or i r regu lar ly c onduc ted .
These p rel im inar ies ar e nec essary fo r in v i t ing c la imant s to p refer
Objec t ions i f any, to the sales and to have thei r c laims speed i ly
determ ined and for inform ing the intend ing buyer s as to what wi l l
be ac tual ly so ld and sec u r ing the h igh es t p r ic es for the p roper t ies by
Open compet i t ion among b idder s .
73. Ramdhun v . Anund 2 Hyde 93 ;
Rajender v. S ham Chand 6 Cal . 1 06 ;
Radha Nath v . Tairuck Nath 3 C . W .
N . 1 2 6.
74. Anand v. Pran Kr isto 3 B . L .
R . (O. C .) 1 4 ; 1 1 “7. R . (O. C . ) 1 9.
75. Nor th Shore Rai l Co. v . P ion(1 8 89) 1 4 App. Gas. 61 2 ; Re Doyne(1 889) 2 4 L . R . 1 r . 2 8 7 ; Bejoy ChandV . Atu lya. Charan 32 Cal . 953 ; 3 C .
L . J . 46.
76. Rameshwar V . Sec . of S tate 34
Cal . 470 ; 1 1 C . W . N . 356 ; 5 C .
L . J . 6 60 ; Maharaja of Bu rdwan v .
Tara S undar i 1 0 1 . A . 1 9 9 Cal . 61 9 ;
1 3 C . I . R . 34 ; Maharan i of Bu rdwanv . K r ishna Kam in i 1 4 I . A . 30 ; 1 4
Cal . 365 ; Bejoy Chand v . Amr i ta Lal2 7 Cal . 308 .
7 7 . Raghu Nath v . Col l . of Dacca1 1 C . L . J .
‘
61 2 ; Lu chmeswar v . D ar
bhanga Mun ic ipal i ty 1 7 I . A . 90 ; 1 8
Cal . 99 ; Gaikwar v . Gandh i 30 1 . A .
60 ; 2 7 Born . 344 ; 7 c . w. N . 393
Rameshwar V . S ec . of S tate 34 Cal .
470; 1 1 C . W . N . 356 ; 5 C . L . J .
669 ; B . I . S . N . Co . V . Sec . of
S tate 33 Cal . 2 30 ; 1 5 C . W . N . 8 7 ;
1 2 C . l J . 505.
GENERAL r urxc rr l .E s . 1 7
Th us,the L. A . Ac t I of 1 894: ves ts the Local Government
with abso l u te d i sc ret ion in the matter of ac qu is i t ion “ i r res pec t i ve
O f any cons iderat ion of the wi l l ingness o r unwi l l ingness of the
B ut i t i s essent ial to the
exer c i se of the j u r i sd ic t ion that notic e inv i ting c laimants shou ld
conta in mater ial fac t s to enab le the land - owner to ident i fy the land
i ntended to be taken up and shou ld al so gi ve the owner the t ime
p resc r i bed by the statu te to p refer c laims and objec tions. The pr inc i
ple i s that no man shal l have h i s r i gh ts determ ined wi thou t an
oppor tun i ty being g i ven him to be heard in h i s defenc e.
" Hence,
an ent ry u pon the land intended to be ac qu i red wi l l be trespass
wi thou t the not ificat ion under S . 4 of the Ac t or wi thou t making any
award u nder S . 1 1 and gi v ing c ompensat ion to the owner .
’50
Again,sales under the Ac t X I of 1 859, the p rov i s ions
o f wh ic h in the interes t of the s tate have a c harac ter of an usual
s tr ingency,shou ld be condu c ted wi th al l poss i b le fai rness and im
par t ial i ty .
8 1 Th u s , the not ificat ion of sale under S . 6 of the Ac t wh ic h
i s to inform the intend ing pu rc haser what i s the p rec i se p roper ty to
be so ld mus t i ssue not le ss than th i r ty c lear days befor e the sale.
Non - comp l iance wi th th i s p rov i s ion r ender s the sale nu l l and vo id.
“
Again, though the Obj ec t of i ssu ing a not ice under S . 7 of the Ac t is
to gi v e not ic e to tenants and u nder tenant s for bi dd ing them to pay
to the defau l t ing p rop r ietor rent,fal l ing due after the day fixed for
the las t day of payment , and the om i ss ion to i ss ue suc h a not ic e i s a.
mere i r r egu lar i ty ,83the emission to i ssue not ificat ion u nder S . 5,
Spec i fy ing the natu re and amoun t of the ar rear or demand of the
par t ic u lar desc r ipt ion m ent ioned in the sec t ion,the objec t of wh ic h
Owner to part wi th h i s proper ty .
”7s
7 8 . E zra v . S ec . of S tate 32 I . A . 82 .
93 ; 32 Cal . 605 ; 9 C . W. N . 454
1 C . L. J . 2 2 7 .
Hem Chund er v . Sarat Kam in i6 C . “7 . N . 52 6 ; M obaruk V. Sec . of
S tate 1 1 Cal . 200 ; Gob ind Lal v.79. Rameshwar v . Sec . of S tate 34
Cal . 470 ; 1 1 C . W . N . 356 ; 5 C . L . J .
669 B . I . S . CO. v . S ec . of S tate 38
Cal . 2 80 ; 1 5 C . \V. N . 87 ; 1 2 . C. L.
J . 505.
80. G. W . Rai l Co . v. Swindon &c .
Rai l Co. (1 884) 9 App. Cas . 7 8 7 ;
Lu chmeswar v . Dar bhanga Mun ic ipal i ty1 7 I . A . 90 ; 1 8 Cal . 99 ; Gajend ra V .
Sec . of S tate 8 C . L . J . 39.
8 1 . Halimannissa v . S ec . of S tate 31
Cal . 1 036 ; 8 C . \V. N . 880.
Biprodas 1 7 Cal . 398 ; Ismai l Khan v .Abd u l Azi z 32 Cal . 509 ; 9 C. W. N .
348 ; 1 C . L . J . 91 .
83. Bhawan i Koer v . Afzal Husain34 Cal . 38 1 5 C . L . J . 425 ; D eonand an
v . M anbodh 32 Cal . 1 1 1 ; 8 C . “7. N .
757 Bageswar i P rosad v . Gowhar Ali31I . A . 52 ; 31 Cal . 2 56 ; 8 C . W . N . 649
Bishambhu r v . Bonomal i 26 Cal . 41 4 ;
3 C . W . N . 233 ; Mahomed Age. v . Jad uNandan 10 C . “L N . 1 37 ; 2 C .
Lac r r as l .
ir . Issue of
Centificate .
COM P U LSOR Y SAL E S
i s to p rotec t the inter es t o f the attac h ing c red i to r s,r ender s the sal e
i l l egal .8 3
The Objec t o f sen iug a no t ic e under S . 8 Of the P u tn i Regu lat ion
V I I I of 1 8 1 9,i s not only to ac quaint the de fau l ter of the impend ing
sale b u t al so to e n able the u 11 de 1 - t enants On the tal uk to protec t thei r
own r igh ts f 1 om the r u in that mu s t attend the sale,by pay ing into
Court suffic ient money to mee t the land lords'
c laim 5and inform the
intend ing bi dder s of the sale.
86 Not on l y i s the pu bl i cat ion of a
nOtic e in s tr ic t c ompl ianc e wi th S . 8, c l . 2 1 s essential to the val id i ty
o f the sale8 7 bu t the SGN ICG o f not ic e should al so be made 1 11 s t r i c t
comp l ianc e wi th the R egu lat ion and the zem indar i s exc l u s i vely
respons i ble fo r i ts 1 eg u larity.
88 B u t the emission to seive not i c e,
though i t may affec t the validity of the sale and render it l iable to be
set asidef does not render thesale a nu l l i ty .
89
l 'vhen a c opy of the c er t i ficate made by a Ce r t i ficate Offic er i s
se rved on the'
deb tor s named in i t u n der S . 7 P . D . R . Ac t I I I
of - to enab le them to c ontes t the i r l iabi l i ty to pay , i t b inds th e i r“
immoveable p roper ty .
90 B u t i f the c er t ificate i s to have the extra
o rd inary effec t of a dec ree against‘
the persons named in i t as debtor s
1 11 d'
to‘
hav e ‘
the e ffec t of b ind ing the i r immo v eable p rope r ty , i t
shou ld be'
in a fo rm su c h as 1 5 prov ided in the Act.91 If 11 0 su c h
c er t ific ate i s gi ven then the who le bas i s o f the p roc eed ing i s gone .
Ther e i s no j udgmen t, there i s noth ing c or respond ing to a j udgmen t
o r dec ree"
fm payment“
o f the amount and’
t her e i s no foundationfo r the sale . The au thority
'
to p roc eed to the sale is based on the
c e r t i ficate and i f no j udgmen t or dec ree i s g i ven and no c er t i ficate
8 4 . Gonesh Pershad v . Br i j Behar i1 C . L. J . 565 ; D eonandan v . M anho dh
32 Cal . 1 1 1 ; 8 C . W . N . 757 .
8 5. Gou ree v . Joodhish teer 1 Cal .
359 ; 25W . R . 1 41 .
8 6 . Bhu gwan Chunder v . S ud der A l ly4 Cal . 41 ; 2 C . L . R . 357 Maharan i ofBu r dwan v . K r ishna Kam in i 1 4 I . A . 30
1 4 Cal 365 ; Asanu l la v . Har i Chu rn 1 7
Cal . 474 ; 0 11 appeal 1 9 1 . A . 1 9 1
20 Cal . 86 ; Niam u t l il lah v . A . H .
Fo r be s‘
Z C . \V. N . 459
- 8 7 . Bejov Cband v . Atu lva Charan 32Cal . 953 ; 3 C . L . J 46 ; Raj Narain v .
Ananta Lal 1 9 Cal . 703 S u rnomoyee v .
G rish Chunder 1 8 Cal . 363.
88 . B hugwan Ch und er v . S ud der A l ly4 Cal . 4 1 ; 2 C . L . It . 357 ; MaharajaOf Bu rdwan v . Tara S undar i 1 01 . A . 1 9 ;
9 Cal . 6 1 9 1 3 C . L . R . 34 .
89. Ramsona v . Naba Kumar 1 6
C . W . N . 805.
90. Har i Charan v . Chand ra Kumar35 Cal . 2 86, on appeal from 34 Cal . 787
1 1 C . W . N . 745.
91 . Pu rna Chand ra v . D ina Bandhu8 1 1 ; 1 1 C . W. N . 756 ; 5 C . L . J .
696 .
G ENE RAL PR INC I PL ES .
i s filed, hav ing the fo r c e or effec t o f a j udgment or dec ree , the re
can be no val id sale at al l.” 93
The Objec t of ser v ing a not ic e u nder 0. 2 1 , r . 2 2 C . Code ,
Ac t V of 1 908 i s to prev en t su r pr ise and to gi ve an oppor tuni ty
to the j udgment - lebtor or h i s legal representat i v es to show c au se
why the dec ree shou ld not be exec u ted as we l l as to sat i s fy the
dec ree befo re exec u t ion i ssu es .
93 I t i s a c ond i t ion prec edent to the
exec u t ion of the dec ree, and un t i l it i s i ss ued the Co u r t has no
j ur i sd i c t ion to proceed wi th the exec u t ion.
94
Al l c ompu l sory sales m u s t be p r ec eded by a not ificat ion‘
o‘
r
p roc lamat ion Of sale,the objec t of wh ic h i s ob v iou s ly to in fo rm
the genera l p ub l ic of the k ind and c harac ter of the proper ty
to be sol d, o f the t ime , p lac e and te rm s o f the sale and o f the
per sons whose p roper ty i s abou t to be su bjec ted to an in vo l untary
trans fer . The p 1 oper ty ough t to be desc r i bed in the manner best
calc u lated to gi ve not ic e to the pu bl ic of its locat ion, ex tent and
c harac ter , at al l e v ents the desc r i p t ion m u s t be suc h as to enabl e
a per son of common u nde r stand ing to ident i fy the p roper ty . The
emis sion of the t im e and p lac e o f sale des troys the val ue o f the
not ic e and a Sale made in pu r suanc e o f suc h defec t ive no t ic e has
no g reater val id i ty than a sa le made wi thou t the p ubl icat ion of
any not ice whate v er .
95
A l l compu l sory sales wh i c h are au thor i zed for the real i zation
of money due f rom the deb to r , exc ept the Land R e v enue Sales
in Bengal , wi l l be s topped when su c h money w ith al l nec essary
cos ts i s tender ed to the officer c ond uc t ing the sale, e i th e r by the
owner or by any per son hav ing an interes t in the p roper ty wh ic h
may be affec ted by the sale . A l though the person mak ing the
payment i s ent i t led to r ec o ver the monev f rom the per son p r imar i l y
92 . Baij Nath v . Ra lngu t S ingh 2 3
I . A . 45 ; 23 Cal . 7 75 ; Gopal D as v .
Harde U s e 5 C . W. N . 86 ; Ram ru p
v . Khu sal M isser 6 C . W. N . 630.
93. Jogend ra v . Shyam D as 36 Cal .
543 ; 9 C . L. J . 2 7 1 ; LakshimiNarainv . 8 1 18 Chand ra 1 1 C . L . J . 1 62 ; Lev inia Ash ton v . M ad habmoni 1 4 C . W . N .
560 ; 1 1 C . L . J . 489.
94. Gopal Chund er v . Gunamoni20
Cal . 370 ; Sahdeo v . Ghasi1 an1“
2 1 Cal .
1 9 3 h’
amessuu v . Doorga Dar. 6 Cal . 1 03
LE 1"
T U l tE l .
No t ic e of
exec u t ion .
Sa les aver t edo r pos tponed .
7 C . L . R . 85 ; I uiamu n - n issa v . Liakat
H usain 3 Al l . 42 4 ; Parasln am v . Bal .
mukund 32 Born . 572 ; Malku rjun v .
Narhari 2 7 I . A . 2 1 6 ; 2 5 Born . 337 ;
5 C . W . N . 1 0 ; on appeal from E ravav . Sid ramappa 2 1 Born . 42 4 ; Levinia
Ash ton v . Madhabmoni1 4.
C . W . N . 560
1 1 C . L . I . 489.
0
95. P 1 ecwan on Exec u t ions § 2 85d ;Aluc kmonee v . Banee 4 Cal . 67 7 3 C .
L . 1 1 . 473 B arhar nd eo v . Itasu l Band i 32Cal . 691 1 C . L . J . 360.
LECTURE I .
COM P U LSOR Y SAL ES
l iab le to pay the same,96 the money ,
so paid , i s cons ider ed in
c er tain cases as a loan sec u r ed by a mor tgage of the p roper ty
p reser ved f rom sale, and apar t f rom any other r emedy to wh ic h
the per son mak ing the payment i s ent i tl ed,he may obtain immed iate
possess ion of the p roper ty and retain su c h possess ion u ntil the debt
i s d i scharged .
97 An adjou rnment of sal e in exec u t ion of a dec r ee
wi l l always be al lowed when ther e i s reason to be l ieve that i t wi l l
be benefic ial to the j udgment - deb tor , or that the immed iate sal e
i s l i kel y to be at tended w i th r u inou s or undu l y inj u r iou s c ou se
quenc es to the j udgmen t - debtor , and t hat the pos tponemen t w i l l not
ser iou s ly pr ej ud ic e the dec ree - ho l der .
98 Sal es may al so be s tayed
u pon s uc h term s as to giv ing secu r i ty or oth erwi se, pend ing appeal s
agains t the dec rees o r order s d i r ec t ing the sales or pend ing su i t s
between the same par t ies,pend ing the d i s posal of the appeal s or
su i ts respec t ive ly .
99 A sale may al so he s tayed at the instanc e of a
t h i rd per son whose c laim to the attac hed p roper ty has been d i sal lowed
and who has ins ti tu ted a su i t for a dec larat ion that the p roper ty i s
his and not l iable to be at tac hed and so ld .
1 00 The “ p r inc i p l e wh ic h
under l ies al l order s for the pr eser vat ion of p r oper ty pend ing l i t i gat ion,
i s t h i s,that the s uc cess fu l par ty in the l i t i gat ion, t hat i s , the
u l t imately suc c es fu l par ty, i s to reap the f r u i ts of that l i t igat ion and
not obtain merely a bar ren s uc c ess? ”1
As a general ru le, s u bjec t to c er tain s tatu tory exc ept ions , al l
per sons (other than the Offic er c onduc t ing or in teres ted in the sale)are perm i tted to become pu r c haser s
,p ro v ided t hey are c ompetent to
c ont rac t and do not oc cu py a relat ion w i th the owner of the p roper ty
in wh ic h they wi l l not be perm i tted to make thei r inter es ts an
tagonistic to h i s . The r u le of law t hat an agent i s not deemed to
of 1 908 ; Janookeenath v . Radha Mohun20 W . R . 1 30; Sidhee N u zar Ali v .
96. S . 69 I . C . Ac t I X of 1 872
Sm i th v . D inonath 1 2 Cal 2 1 3 ; BamaS undar i v . Adhar Chunder 2 2 Cal 2 8 ;D akhina Mohan v . Sarode Mohan 20 I .
A . 1 60; 2 1 Cal . 1 42 ; Radha M adhub
v . Sast i Ram 26 Cal . 82 6 Chinnasamy
v . Rathna Sahapathy 2 1 M ad . 338 ;
Bindu bashini v . Har end ra La] 25 Cal .
305 ; 2 C . W . N . 1 50.
97 . S . 9 B . L . R . S , Ac t X I o f
1 859 ; S . 1 3 Pu tn i Regu lat ion V I I I of
1 8 1 9 ; S 1 7 1 R . T . Ac t VI I I o f 1 8 85 .
98 . O. 2 1 r . r . 69, 83 C . P . (I. Ac t V
Oojoodhyaram 1 0 MOO 540 ; 5 W. R . 83
P . C ; Bishemun v . L . M . Bank 1 2 I .A . 7 ; 1 1 CaJ. 2 44.
99. O. 41 r . r . 5—7 O. 2 1 2 9 C . P.
C . Ac t V O f 1 908 .
1 00. O. 39 r . 1 C . P . C . Ac t V o f
1 908 .
1 01 . Per Sir George Jesse] , M . R . , in
Poliniv . G ray (1 8 79) L . R . 1 2 Ch . D .
438 qu oted in B r ij Coomaree v . Ram rick
D ues 5 C . W . N . 78 1 .
LECTU RE
iii. D ec ree
holder .
iv. Co - sharer .
Du ty of pu r
Chasers.
c oa LsoRr SALES
c otenants upon‘ th e i r pay ing
~hi1n th ei r shar es of the money nec esJ
sarily ,expended in the pu rc hase.
107
I n exec u tion sales,the dec r eebolder, oth er than landlo rd in
Suits fo r ar rear s fof rent agai ns t the tenant s,
"‘ shal l not Wi t hou t the
ex p ress pe1 m i s s ion of the Cou r t bid for or pu 1 c hase the p roper ty .
” 1 087
B u t l eav e to bid p uts an end to the d i sabi l i ty and “
pu ts him
in the same pos i t ion as any independen t and not in a“
fidu c iary pos i t ion towards the Cou r t or the owner of the prOper ty .
1 1 0
A pu r c hase by a per son under a legal inc apac i ty to pu rchase“ i s
no t_
ip so facto vo id but on l y voi dable .
1 1 1 S uc h a p u r c hase i s an
Offenc e pun i shab le u nder S . 1 85 I . P . C .
I n a c om pu l sory sale, the c o - sharer Of the p roper ty has always
a p r e feren tial r i gh t to buy and i s a l lowed to p u rc hase the p roper ty
at a sum off ered by a s tranger .
1 1 2
A l l c ompu l sory sales are req u i r ed to be made at pu bl ic au c t ion
aud after due noti c e 1 11 o rder that f ree c ompet i t ion may be p rodu c ed
1nd the p roper ty so ld at its market val ue . They shou l d ther e fore
be f ree f rom undue influenc e, c ontro l l ing or s t ifl ing c ompet i t ion .
Anyth ing wh ic h tends to p re vent c om pet i t ion i s l i kel y to pr odu c e
a sac r ific e o f the in teres t of the par t ies in teres ted . A l l pu r c haser s
are bound to abstain f rom b reac hes of t r u s t and int im idat ion or
fal sehood in keep ing off b idder s . Any ag reement,the Obj ec t and
e ff ec t of wh ic h i s to c h i l l the sale and s t ifle c ompet i t ion, i s f rau du len t
and vo i d and no par ty to the ag reement can der i ve a benefit f rom
the sale, for the law does not to l erate any infl uence l i kel y to p revent
c ompeti t ion at c ompu l sory sales . B u t it does no t fo l low that becau se
one p er son b ids fo r the benefit of h imsel f and o ther s or becau se two
107 . Gomesh Pe r sad v . B r ij B ihar i 1 C . W. N . 474 ; Sat is Chand ra v . Por terC . L. J . 565 ; B hoobun Chund er v . Ram 36 Cal . 2 2 6 ; 9 C . L . J . 2 44 ; Gunga
S ounder 3 Cal . 200 ; Jank i S ingh v .- Per sad v . Jawah ir 1 9 Cal . 4.
D ebinandan 1 5 C . W . N . 776 M atungini 1 10. I zzu t - nu - nessa v . Per tab S inghv . Prosannamoyi 3 C . L . J . 93 Harak 36 1 . A . 203 31 Al l . 583 ; 1 3 C . \V N . 1 1 43.
Chand v . Char u Chand ra 1 5 C . W . N . 5 ; 1 1 1 . Chintamanrav v . Vithabai 1 1
1 3 . C . L . J . 1 02 . B om . 588 ; Mathu ra v.
'
Nathuni 1 1 Cal .
1 08. O. 2 1 r . 72 C . P . C . Ac t V of 731 ; Thathu v .
“ Kond u 32 M ad . 2 42 ;
1 908 . R ukhinee v . B rojo Nath 5 Cal . 308 .
1 09. Mahab i r P ershad v . M acnagh ten 1 1 2 . 0 . 2 1 r . r . 7 7 8 8 C . . C .
1 6 l . A . 1 07 ; 1 6 Cal . 68 2 ; Mahom ed Ac t. V o f 1 908 ; S . 6 l ’a 1 t 1 t 1on Ac t I V
M eer a Ravu thar v . Savvasi V ijaya 2 7 Of 1 893 ; S . 1 4 B . L . R . S . Ac t XI . o f 1 859I . A . 1 7 2 3 . Mad 2 2 7 ; l C . W . N . 2 2 8 : S . 1 8 2 N . W . l ’ . 81 U . 1 R . Ac t I I I o f
D akshina M ohan v . Basumati Debi 4 1 901 38 . 1 10C. l’
. L . R . Ac t X\'
I l of 1 861 .
GENERAL PRINCI PLES .
Or more persons jo in th e i r cap i tal fo r the pu rpose of mak ing a
p urc hase at suc h sales , the re has been an un lawfu l and f raudu l ent
c ombinat ion . I t i s not e very jo in t b idd ing o r par tnersh ip amongb idders that i s c or r upt and f raud u len t . To render i t unlawfu l and
vo id there mu st be a fraudu lent inten t to depress and c h i l l the sale .
“ 3
The pu rc haser s are not p rec l uded from com bin ing f rom hones t mo t i v es
to pu r c hase proper ty and to d i ssuade bidder s from pu r c has ing o r
f rom adopt ing m eans of an innoc ent c harac te r to d i scou rage them .
“
B u t i f the objec t be to Ob ta in proper ty at a sac r ific e o r by any devi c e
or ar t i fice to dep ress o r pre v ent f u l l and f ree c ompet i t ion in b idd ing ,the c omb inat ion i s fraudu lent, on the other l1
'
a11 d ,if the
"
objec t
be to m ake a fai r b.1 1 0 am o r e ven to d i v ide the prope 1 tv for the
ac c ommodat ion Of the pu rc haser s,the c ombinat ion canno t be said
to be f rau du lent .“ 5I
I n a vol untary sal e,the p 1 ic e may be immed iate l y “ pa id o r
p rom i sed or pait paid and par t p rom i sed“ 6 I n a compu l s o ry sa l e ,
11 0 one can be the pu rc haser u n les s he i s the h ig hes t bidder and
where the. p roper ty so ld i s moveable p roper ty,the p1 ice o f eac h
lo t shal l be paid_
at the t ime Of sal e ; bu t where the p roperty so l d
i s immov eab le p roper ty , the pu r c haser , other than the d ec ree - ho lder
in an exec u t ion sale, m u st immed iatel y depos i t a po r t ion of the
pu rc hase - money , vary ing f rom 1 5 to 2 5 p . c . and 011 his de fau l tthe p roper ty wi l l be fo1 thu 1 th reso ld . In no e ven t c an the sec ond
highest bidder be t reated as the p u rc haser and h i s bid ac c epted .
The depos i t i s taken not on l y in par t payment of the purc hase
money bu t al so as a guarantee for the due per for :1n 1 1 1 ce of the
contrac t. FrOm the dateOf the c ont 1 ac t,t he p u rc haser at a p 1ivate
sal e i s,i n equi ty
,the owner s of the . p roper ty isold
,th ough no t
absolu tel y,bu t su bjec t to the cond i tion that the co 1it 1 ac t be spec ial ly
enforc eabl e. The prope 1 ty c ont rac ted to be so ld i s in equ i ty , h i sproper ty ; he can sel l
,c harge o r dev i se it. B ut i f befo re an exec u
t ion - sale becomes absol u te,the pu rc haser rese l l s rat a p rofit, the
subo
'
pu rchaser is c ons idered as the su bst ituted purc haser and must
pay the add i t ional pu rc hase- money into the Cou r t for the b enefit
1 1 3. F reeman on Execu t ions 2 97 . Por te r 36 Cal , 2 2 6 ; 9 C . L. J . 2 44 ;
1 1 4. Mahom ed Meera Ravu thar v . Jyotiprokash v . Jhowm u l l 36 Cal . 1 34 ;
SavvasiV i jaya 2 7 1 . A . 1 7 ; 2 2 7 1 3 C . w. N . 8 7 .
4 C . W . N . 2 2 8 .
1 1 5. Amb ika P rasad v . R . H . VVhit
We l l 6 C . L . J . 1 1 1 Satish Chand ra v'
.
1 1 6 .
.
S . 54 T . P . Ac t IV of 1 882 : S .
78 I . C . Ac t IX 0 f 1 8 72 .
L ECTURE
LECTURE I .
COMPU LSORY SALES
o f the par t ies to the suit.”7 I f,however
,the pu r chaser r ese l l s after
the sale has become ab sol u te,the or i g inal p u r c haser , being the owner ,
i s ent i tl ed to any inc rease in the p r ic e.1 1 8
A bid can be r etrac ted at any t ime be fore the fal l of the hammer
or o ther c us tomary method.
1 1 9 B u t as soon as the pu rc haser makes
the ini t ial depos i t on the day of sal e, he en ter s into, so to speak,
a stat utory c ontrac t with the Cou r t to c ompl y wi th the term s of the
sale. T ime i s of the essenc e of the cont rac t in suc h a case, al th011 gh
in equ i ty it i s not so “ i f the re i s noth ing in the eXpress s t ipu lat ionsbetween the par t ies , the natu re of the p roper ty or the su r round ing
c i rc um stanc es wh ic h wou ld make i t inequ i tabl e to in ter fere with and
mod i fy the legal r igh t.”1 20 The bid of the pu rc haser b r ings him
with in the j u risdic tion of the Cou r t wi th respec t to al l mat ter s
c onnec ted wi t h the sale . A l t hough the Cou r t ac ts as a vendor , the
max im t hat no one shou ld be a j udge in h i s own cau se does not
appl y . The Cou r t can c om pel him to c om pl y wi th the terms of the
sale. I f'
the pu rc haser ass igns h i s bid , the ass ignee by ac c ept ing the
assignment becomes to the same extent subjec t to the j u r i sd ic tion
of the Cou r t . 1 2 1 I f the b idder , t herefore, makes defau l t in depos i ting
the balanc e of the pu rc hase- money 011 the day fixed,not on l y does
he for fei t to the Governm ent the depos i t p rev iou sl y made, and in the
case of a sal e under the B . L. R . S . Ac t X I of 1 859, r ender h imsel f
f u r ther l iab le for c ontempt under S . 57 , bu t he i s l iable for any
defic iency of p r ic e wh ic h may happen on a resale and al so for an
Offenc e pun i shable under S . 1 85 I . P . Code . B u t where i t i s sough t
to c harge the pu rc haser wi th the defic iency resu l t ing f rom a r esale,
the pu rc haser may shew that the second sale was not made in
con form i ty wi t h the term s of the fir s t sale or has been at tended by
some m i sc onduc t by means of wh ic h the b idd ings were dep ressedand the p roper ty p revented f rom se l l ing at a p r ic e wh ic h i t wou ldo therwi se have real i zed .
”2 Under the L . A . Ac t I of 1 894, however ,the Government i s at l i ber ty to wi thd raw from the ac qu i s i t ion of any
1 1 7 . Hod der v . R uflin (1 830) Tam l . 1 20. P er Lord Cai rns in T i l ley v341 ; 31 R . R . 1 04. Thomas (1 867) L . R . 3 Ch . 61 at p . 67 .
1 1 8 . D ewel l v .
‘
Tufi'
nel l (1 853) 1 K . 81 1 2 1 . Freeman on Execu t ions 31 311 .
J . 32 4.
1 2 2 . F reeman on E xecu t ions § 31 3f1 1 9. Kenaram v . Kai las Chandra 1 8 see Gangadas v . S u raj 36 Born . 329 ;
C . L . J . 53. Ba ijnath v . M oheep 1 6 Cal . 535.
GENERAL PRD HHPLE&
land of wh ic h possess ion has not been taken,even though the Co l lee
to r has made an award,
1 23 but the Co l lec tor mu s t pay to the owner
compensat ion for the damage s uff ered by him in consequence of the
not ic e of any p roceed ing .
1 2‘
No i r regu lar i ty in pub l i sh ing or c onduc t ing the sale of moveab le
p roper ty shal l v i t iate the sale. A revenue sale in Bengal may be
annu l led by the Local Government on the r ec ommendat ion of the
Board of Revenue, on the ground of hardsh i p or inj us t ic e,1 25 or by the
Comm i ss ioner of Revenue, i f the sale was not cond uc ted ac c ord ing to
the p rov i s ions of the Ac t . 1 26 A sale of immoveable proper ty in exec u
t ion o f a dec ree may be set as ide w i th in 30 days from the date of
sale on depos i t ing in Cou r t 5 p .c . of the pu rc hase- money , together
w i th the amount due to the dec ree- ho lder,by the j udgment - debtor
or“any per son e i ther own ing suc h p roper ty, or ho ld ing an interes t
there in by v i r tue of a title ac qui red before s uc h sal e.
” 1 27 The
dec ree - holder or any per son ent i t led to share in a rateab le
d i s tr i b u t ion of assets , o r whose interes ts are affec ted by the sale ,may al so apply for sett ing as ide the sale on the g round of a ma
terial ir regular i ty or f raud in pu b l i sh ing or c onduc t ing the sale.
1 28
B ut nei ther m ere inadequacy of pr ice, however g ross (unless the
inadequac y i s so gross as to be p roof of f rau d or to shoc k the
consc ience) nor i r regu lar i ty,
or f raud in pu bl i sh ing or conduc t ing
the sale w i l l by i tsel f v i t iate the sale, un less i t 1 3 p roved that
had i t not been for the i r regu lar i ty or f raud the p roper ty wou ld have
realized a su bstant ial ly larger p r ic e than what i t did at the sale,
i.e. ,t here m us t be ev idenc e
,d i rec t or c i r c ums tant ial , to pro ve that the
inj ury was the necessary r esu l t of the i r regu lar i ty o r f rau d c om
p la ined of,1 29 in other words
,that a subsequent sale, unat tended wi th
the i r regu lar i ty c omp lained of, wi l l r ealize a better p r ice. The
pu rc haser al so may apply for set t ing as ide the sale, i f the j udgment
debtor had no saleable interes t whatever in the p roper ty so ld,
130 or i f
there be a f raudu lent concealment of mater ial par tic u lar s,al though the
1 23. E zra V . S ec . of S tate 30 Cal . 36 ; 1 29. Girid hariv . Hu rdeo 3 I . A . 2 30
7 C . \V. N . 2 49. 2 6 W . R . 44 M acnagh ten v . Mahab i r 1 01 2 4. S . 48 L . A Ac t I of 1 894. I . A . 25 9 Cal . 656 A runa Chel lam v .
1 25. S . 2 6 Ac t X I of 1 859. Ar una Chel lam 1 2 Mad . 1 9 ; Tasadduk
1 26. S . 2 Ac t VI I (B . C . )of 1 868 . Rasu l v . Ahmad Husain 20 I . A . 1 76
'
1 2 7 . O. 2 1 , r . 89 C . P . C . Ac t V . of 2 1 . Cal . 66 ; S urnomoyi v . D akhina
1 908 . Ranjan 2 4 Cal . 291 .
1 2 8 . O. 2 1, r . 90 C . P . C . Ac t V of 1 30. O. 2 1
, r . 91 C. P . C . Ac t V of
1 908 . 1 908 ,
Lacr r ar I .
LECTU RE L
COMPU LSORY SALES
pu r c haser has ac c epted the t i t le after enqu i ry .
1 31 The j udgment - l
debtor o r any pe r son,whose interes ts are affec ted by the sale
,may
‘
apply to have the sale set as ide, when the p roper ty has been pu rc hasedby a per son incom peten t to buy, suc h as, the dec ree - holder by h imse l f orth rough another per son w i thout the perm i ss ion of the Cou r t , or by an
officer or other'
person hav ing any duty to per form in connec t ion wi t h
the sale .
132 B ut the pu rc hase by suc h per sons i s not z
’
p so facto vo id .
I n al l c ases , where a c omp u lsory sale is set as ide,the pu r c haser
i s ent i t led to the refund of the pu rc hase- money,wi th or wi thou t
interest, as the Cou r t may direc t, agains t any person to wh om it has
been paid , e ven agains t a m inor .
1 83
I n the case of a vol untary sale, the p roper ty vests in the pu rc haser
immed iately on the t ra ns fer by the vendor . B u t in the case of a
c ompu l sory sal e, other t han a P utni sal e wh ic h bec omes final and
conc l u s ive on the payment of the pu rc hase- money wi thou t any
formal or der of c onfirmation ,
134 the p u rc haser has only an inc ohate
r i gh t and the p roper ty does not ves t in him unt i l som et ime af ter the
sale,the Cour t passes an or der confirm ing the sale . In the mean;
t ime, the sale i s l iable to be set as ide on the ground of i r regu lar i ty
o r fraud in p ub l i sh ing or c onduc t ing the sale or 0 11 other g rou nds .
B u t i f no appl icat ion i s suc cess fu l l y made to set as ide the sal e,there
is onl y one d uty lef t to the Cour t, via ,to pass an order c onfirm ing
the sale ?“ The confirmat ion of sale i s essent ial to the t rans fer o f the
t i tle and al though i t does not c u re infirmities in the order for sale,
in the absence of ev idence to the cont rary, i t undou bted ly c reates a
p resumption of the regu lar i ty and fai rness of the or ig ina l p roc eed ings
and i t cannot be s uccess fu l ly insi sted that a sale was void becau se the
r ecord o r ot her ev idenc e fai l s to show the ex i s tenc e of some fac t
wh i c h ough t to have prec eded the sal e.
”6 The c h ief val ue of the order
o f c onfirmat ion to the pu rc haser i s to protec t him from the c la im that
some supposed c ond i t ion,p recedent to the sal e, has not been compl ied
w i th and henc e the sale canno t be s us tained . A fter c onfirmat ion,the
pu rc haser at a c ompul so ry sale i s as m uc h ent i tled to the benefits of
U pend ra Nath v . Obhoy Kali5 1 34. Ramsona v . S onamala 1 3 C . L .
(1 . W . N . 593.J . 404 ; Bhu ban Mohan v . (iirish Narain
1 32 . ( l . 2 1 r . r . 72 , 73 C . I’ . C. Ac t V 1 3 C . L . J . 339 .
o f 1 908 . 1 35. B i r j Mohan v . U manath 1 9 I . A .
1 33. V ishnu Keshav v . R im Chand ra 1 5 1 2 0Cal . 8 S har i fan v . Habibud diu
1 1 Born . 1 30 ; J u ngee v . S‘
mm IA “ 1 5 C . W . N . 685 1 3 C . L . J . 535.
20 R . 1 20 ; B ejoy Chand v . Am r i ta 1 36. F reeman 01 1 Vo id J ud ic ial Sales2 7 (Sa l . 308 . 44 F reeman on Execu t ions 2 86.
GENE RAL PR INC I PLE S .
h i s pu rc hase as a pu rc haser in p a ls and the sale in the onec ase can LEC'
I’
U R E I .
be set as ide onl y on suc h grounds as wou ld be sufiieient in the other .
B u t q ues tions in vol v ing wr ongfu l ac ts o r dev ic es of the pu rc haser or
other s of wh i c h he had not ice, ac t ual or cons tr u c t i ve , when not sug
ges ted to the Cou r t, remai n open notwi th stand ing the confirmat ion .
The c u rat i ve power s of o rder s of c onfirmation extend to vo idable
rather than to void sale. I f the Cou r t had no j u r i sd ic t ion to order
sale,i t i s equal l y wi thou t j ur i sd ic tion to c onfirm a sale under i ts v o id
o rder .
1 37
When a c ompu l sory sale has bec ome abso l u te, the Cour t s hal l
grant a cert ificate to the pu rc haser spec i fy ing the pr oper ty sold . I t
need not be r egi s tered ,“ bu t i t m u st be s tam ped .
1 39 The exec u t ion
of a c er t ificate i s a mer e m inisterial ac t. I n grant ing the c er t ificate,
the Cou r t ac ts as the agent appo inted by law rather than by the
par t ies,and th i s au thor i ty does not depend u pon thei r c on tinu ing to
l i ve . Henc e,the death of the j udgment - debtor
,either before o r after
the sale, does not des t r oy or su spend the power of the Cou r t to gran t
the c er tificate, nor impai r its force when exec u ted .
1 40 The r igh t h eld
by the pu r c haser may be ass igned by him so as to ves t in the ass ignee
the r igh t to rec e i ve the c er tificate of sale in h i s own name.
“1 1 The
c er tificate i s the s tatu tory ev idence of the trans fer o f the p rope r ty
from the owner to the pu rc haser .
1 42 B u t i t does not c r eate any
t i t le and the pu rc haser can establ i sh h i s t i tle by evidenc e, independently of the sale- c er tificate.
“3 Nor , i s the i ss ue of a c er t ificate
necessary for the c omp let ion of the sale wh i c h m us t be deemed to
become final and c onc l us ive as soon as the pu rc hase r becom es en
t i tled to obtain suc h c ert ificate on paymen t of the ent i re amount
of the p u rc hase- m oney.
“ U nc ertified pu rc haser has an equ i table
or incohate t i tle to the p roper ty sold wh i c h , when per fec ted - by the
i s s ue o f a c er tificate, has s upe r ior i ty over that c r eated by a sub sequent
1 37 . Freeman on Void Jud ic ial Sales Seshayyangar 3 M ad . 37 ; Velan v . Ku
44~ marasami1 1 M ad . 2 96; Nar ayan v . S ham
rao 2 7 Bom . 379 ; .Bal van t‘ v . H ire.
Chand 2 7 Bom . 334 .
.1 43. B raja Nath v. Joggesvvar 9 C . L .
J . 346 ; Tant rad hariv . Su ndar Lal 7 C .
1 39 Am 1 8 SC“ I S tamp A“ H of L . J . 334 IihobhariS ingh v . P ro1 899'
sad 7 C . L. J . 387 Narayan v . Shanna n1 40. Fr eeman on Execu t ions 32 8 . 2 7 D om . 379.
1 41 . Freeman on E xec u t ions 31 3. 1 44. Ramsona v . Sonamala1 3 C .L,
1 42 . B uhuns Kowu r v . B uhooree Lal l J. 404 Bhubanj il ohan v . Gi r ish Nara in1 4 M oo . 496 at p . 52 3 ; S r in ivasa v . 1 3 C . L .
J . 339.
1 38 . 8 5 . 1 7 , 50 Reg is t rat ion Ac t XV Iof 1 908 Sarat Chandra v . Jatind 1 a Nath35 Cal . 61 4.
Lac ruaa I .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
trans fer .
1 46 Though the p roper ty does not vest in the pu rc haser
u nt i l the sale has become absol u te, the proper ty wi l l be deemed to
have vested in the purc haser f rom'
the t ime wh en it was sold ; 1 11
o ther words, the vest ing of the p roper ty i s made to re late bac k to
thedate of sale . Henc e,the r igh t to mesne p rofits ac c u res to the
pu rc haser f rom the date of sale ; 1 46 he i s l iable for Government
revenue wh ic h becomes due between the date of sale and i t s
c onfirmation,1 47 and al so for rent . 1 48 Before the c onfirmat ion of
sale, al though the owner , whose p roper ty i s sold , i s not bound to
u se the same care in managing the p roper ty so ld as a t r ustee, as he
mu s t‘
u se wi th r egard to the proper ty s ubjec t to h i s tr ust, yet he
m ust take suc h care as a p r udent owner wou ld take of h i s own
p roper ty to p reser ve it in the samec ond i t ion in wh i ch i t was on the
date of sale .
The c er t ified pu rc haser shal l be c onc l us ivel y deemed to be the
real pu rc haser and no su i t shal l be maintained against him on the
g round t hat'
the pur c hase was made on behal f of the p la int iff or
some one th rough whom he c laims . 1 49 The s tatu tory t i tle, c reated
by the c er t ificate, is al l that the Cou r t i s c onc erned wi t h . A s be
tween the per son named in the cer t ificate and a th i rd per son,there
may be a tr u s t by v i r tue of wh ic h the former ho lds the p roper ty
sold as t r ustee for the lat ter , b u t the Cou r t has noth ing to do w i th the
u l ter ior c onsequences of the sale as between the pu rc haser and a
th i rd par ty . Henc e,in al l quest ions affec t ing the val id i ty of the
sale, the c er t ified p u r c haser i s alone to be r egarded by the Cou r t as
the per son who has pu rc hased the p roper ty .
1 60 The obj ec t of the
s tr ingent prov i s ion of th i s law i s merel y to d i sc ou rage benam i
1 45. Adhu r Chunder v . Aghore Nath 2 Cal . 1 41 F . B . Chat t rapu t S ingh v .
2 C . W. N . 589 ; Bhawan i K‘
oer v . M a Grind ra Chander 6 Cal . 389 ; 7 C . L . R .
thu re P rosad 7 C . L J . 1 Shar i t‘an v . 456 ; S hyam Kumar i v . Rameswar S inghHabibu ddin 1 5 C . W . N . 685 ; 1 3 C . L . 31 I . A . 1 76 ; 32 Cal . 2 7 8 C . W . N .
J . 535 Y eshwan t v . Gov ind 1 0 B om . 7 86 ; Bhawan i Kumar v . Mathu ra P rosad453 ; Naigar v . Bhaskar 1 0 Born . 444 ; 39 I . A . 2 2 8 ; 40 Cal . 89 ; 1 6 C . W
'
.
Chintamanarav v . Vithabhai 1 1 B om . N . 985; 1 6 C . L . J . 606.
588 Khu sal v .
.
B himavai1 2 Born . 589. 1 48 . Satyend ra Nath v . N i lkantha1 46. Prem Chand v . Pu rnima Deb i 2 1 Cal . 389 ; B ejoy Chand v . Sosh i B hu
1 5 Cal . 546 ; Am i r Kaz im v . Darbar i can 1 8 C . W . N . 1 36 ; Karunamoyee v .M al 2 4 Al l . 475 Ad hu r Chunder v . S u rend ra. Nath 2 6 Cal . 1 76.
Agho re Nath 2 C . W . N . 589 ; S h iam 1 49 . S . 66 C . P . C . Ac t V of 1 908 ;
Lal l v . Nathe Lal l 33 Al l . 6 S . 2 8 B . L . It . S . Ac t X I o f 1 859.
1 47 . S . 30 B . L . R . S . Ac t X I o f 1 50. Bar oda. Kanta v . Chundc an ta
1 8 59 ; B hyru b Chander v . S oudamini 2 9 Cal . 682 ; 6 C . W . N . 706.
L sc r een . I .
COMPU LSORY SALES
nopu i°
c liaser at a Cou r t- sale wi l l be safe . S tranger s to a su i t are
ju st ified in be l iev ing that the Cou r t has done that wh ic h by thed irec t ion of the Code i t o ugh t to do.
” 1 55 The pu bl ic po l icy d emands
that there shou ld be su c h c onfidence in the p roceed ings of the Cou r ts
and of thei r officer s that per sons ac t ing in good fai th , shal l not be
afraid to invest thei r cap i tal in the pu rc hase of p roper ty exposed to
the hazards of sac r ific e at c ompu l sory sa les . B u t pu b l ic po l icy neverrequ i res that any man shal l be sec u red the f r u i ts of h is own f raud
,or
even the f ru i ts of a f raud per petrated by o ther s and b rough t within
h i s knowledge at the t ime he made h i s inves tment ; on the cont rary, a
sound pol icy requ i res that every spec ies of f raud shal l'
be d i s cou raged
and p unished . When by a fraud u lent contr ivanc e, the pu rc haser has
obtained an unq uest ionab le ad vantage, equ i ty w i l l beyond ques tion
c ompel him to rel inq uish i t . Th us , a t i t le ac qu i red th rough the aid of
fal se rep resentat ion or of any t r ic k , dev i ce, impos tu re or other f raud , i s ,wh i le he ld by the gui l ty pu r c haser , u tter ly wor th les s and vo id . And in
order to be pu rged of the v ices by wh ic h i t was infec ted “ by the
m i sc onduc t of the or iginal pu rc haser it i s essent ial that the t i t le
shou ld be trans fer red in good fai t h and upon a val uable c ons iderat ion
to some per son who i s both gu i l t less and ignorant of those v ic es ;for a pu rchaser wi t h notic e has no h igher equ i ty and wi l l receive
no f u r ther p rotec t ion than a pa r t ic i pant in the f raud . I f on the
o ther hand , there were fraudu lent dev ices or tr ic ks resor ted to, wh ic h
the pu rc haser had no not ic e , they canno t ope rate to impai r h i s t i t l e.
A l though the or ig inal p urc haser has h imsel f been gu i l ty of f rauda
lent dev ic es or has had not ic es of su c h dev ic es p rac t i sed by other s ,
he can transm i t a val id nuiinpeachable t i tle to a vendee in good fai th
and wi thou t no t ice .
“56
Nor , wi l l the rever sal o f the dec ree, s ubsequent to the c onfir
mat ion of sale, affec t i ts val id i ty,i f the p ur c haser i s a person
o the r than the dec r ee- holiler .
‘57 “ I f the c ou r t has j u r i sd i c tion,a
p u rc haser is no more bound to enq u i re into the c or rec tness of an
1 55. M alkarjun v . Narhari 2 7 I . A . 2 7 Cal . 8 10 ; 4 C . W . N . 692 ; Chandan2 1 6 ; 25 Born . 337 ; 5 C . W . N . 1 0. v . Raindeni 31 Cal . 499 ; M okhoda. v .
Gopal Chunder 2 6 Cal . 734 Nathadu v .
Nall u N adaly 2 7 M ad . 98 ; S hivlal v .
S hambh u P rasad 2 9 B om . 435 ; Paresh1 57 . Zainulabdin v . Asghar 1 5 1 - A. Nath v . Har i Charan 38 Cal . 62 2 ; 1 5
I 2 ; 10Al l . 1 66 ; S et U med v . S r inath C . W . N . 875 ; 1 4 C . L . J . 300.
1 56. F reeman on Vo id J ud ic ial S ales
G EN ERAL PRINCIPLES .
order fo r exec ut ion than he i s,as to the cor rec tness of the j udgment
on wh ic h the exec u t ion i ssues .” 1 58
B u t where the Cou r t so ld a t rans ferab le under - tenu re wi thou t
p r e v ious l y i ssu ing a war rant agains t the per son or moveab le p roper ty
of the j udgment- deb tor under s . 105 of the R ent Rec overy Ac t Xof 1 859, the Cou r t was ac t ing wi thou t j u r isd ic t ion and a su i t l ies
to set as ide the sal e,al though the pu rc ha ser m igh t hav e been a
s tranger .
1 59 S im i lar l y, a sa le he ld in c ont ravent ion of es. 109 and
1 10 of Ac t X of 1 8 59 i s u l t ra So al so,where a revenue
sal e i s nu l l and vo id, 5 . 8 of Ac t VI I (B . C .) of 1 8 68.
would not
make it val id on the ground that the p u rc haser has obtained a
c er t ificate of sale wh ic h does not c u re non - i ssue of not ificat ion
under s . 5 Ac t X I of
proc edu re to be obser ved regard ing the ser v ic e and pos ting of the
bu t onl y c u res the defec ts in the
not ices r equ i r ed to be served and pos ted u nder the Acam
A f ter the sale has been confirmed,the r ever sal of the dec ree wi l l
set as ide the sale, on l y i f the dec ree- ho lder i s the pu rc haser who" mu s t be hel d to hav e notic e of al l the fac ts and p roc eed ings
,
r e lat ing to the s u i t and exec u tion p roceed-ings,
1 53 for a dec ree- ho l der
shou ld not be al lowed to employ the mac h inery of the Cou r t to
a gross l y inadequate pr ice,the
B ut where the dec r ee - holder
sec u re for h im sel f, perhaps , at
p roper ty of the j udgment—debtor .
1 64
pu rc hased and reso ld to a bonafide pu r c haser for val ue the pu rc haser
gets a good t i t le,though the dec ree may be subsequentl y r c
ver sed .
1 615
A fter the pu rc haser has obtai ned the c er t ificate of sale, he i s
pu t in possess ion of the p roper ty and i f any per son obst r uc ts,h i s
1 58 . Rewa Mah ton v . Ram K ishen 1 62 . M obar uk V . S ec . of S tate l l Cal .
1 3 I . A . 1 06 ; 1 4 Cal . 1 8 ; Bal K ishnav . Masuma 9 I . A . 1 82 5 Al l . 1 42 1 3 C .
L . R . 2 32 .
1 59. D amoodar M isra v . Iswar Chand ra 1 5 C . N . 7 8 .
1 60. Chai tou Patgom v . Kunja B ehary38 Cal . 832 1 5 C . W
'
. N . 8 63 ; 1 4 C . L .
J . 2 84 Bar kal Par ida v . Jogend ra Nath1 6 C . w; N . 31 1 ; 1 4 C . L . J . 1 68 ;
Bh ikar i S uku l v . Godadhar Ramanu j 1 7C . W?N . 8 7 1 6 C . L . J . 586.
1 61 . Gomesh Peishad v . Br ij B iliary1 C . L
'
. J .
’
565 D eonandu n v . M au bc d lt
32 C .xl . 1 1 1 ; 8 C . W“. N . 757 .
200 ; Sheo ratan v . Net Lal 30Cal . 1 ; 6
C . W. N . 688 .
1 63. Khairajmu l v . D ieru 32 I . A . 2 3
32 Cal. 296 ; 9 C . “7. N . 202 ; 1 C . L . J .
584 S e t U med v . S r inath 2 7 Cal . 8 104 C . W’
. N . 692 ; Zainu laldin v . Asghar1 5 I A . 1 2 ; 1 0 Al l . 1 66 ; Chandan v .
Ramdeni31 Cal . 499 ; Nars ingh Narainv . JaliiM is t ry 1 5 C . L . J . 3.
1 64. Patringa Koer v . Madhar anand
Ram 1 4 C . L . J . 476.
1 65. S heik Ismal Rajah Rowther
80Mad . 2 95.
Lsc ruas I .
LECTURE I .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
c laim i s s ummar i ly enqu i red into. The del ivery of “ symbol ical or
formal possess ion , as i t i s cal led,i s equ i valent to a c omp lete t rans fer
of ac tual possess ion as agains t the per son who i s a par ty to the s u i to r p roceed ings‘66 and the Cou r t wi l l p rotec t the pu rc haser agains t
the par t ies to the ac t ion and al l par t ies c om ing in under the dec r ee ”
b ut wi l l not c onfer on a p u rc haser a good t i t le as agains t al l thewor ld .
167
I f the Leg is latu re has p rovided any par t ic u lar mode of getting
the sales set as ide, as a general r u le,they cannot be set as ide in
any other way . When s tatu tory r igh ts and l iab i l i ties have beenc reated and j u r i sd ic t ion has been c onfer red u pon a spec ial Cou r t
for the invest i gat ion of matter s wh ic h may poss i bly be in c ontrover sy,
suc h j u r i sd ic t ion i s exc l us ive and cannot c onc u r rent ly be exerc i sed
by the ord inary Cou r ts . 1 68 I f,for any i r regu lar i ty or any other
cause i t wou ld be inequ itable to perm i t the sale to stand,the p roper
r emedy i s by a summary app l icat ion to the Cou r t in wh ic h the sale
was made for a resale of the p roper ty , u pon s uc h term s and c ond i t ions
as may be j u s t, so asto p rotec t the r igh ts of the pu rc haser , as we l l as the
r i gh ts of the par t ies interes ted in the sale . I t wou ld ser iou sly affec t
the interes t of those whose p roper ty i s so ld under order s of the
Cou r t, i f i t was u nder s tood t hat q ues t ions of th i s k ind were to be
l i t i gated and determind in a c ol lateral su i t . For no man of ord inary
p r udenc e wou ld bid what he bel ie ved to be the fai r cash val ue of
the p roper ty at a Cou r t sale, i f he wou l d be subjec ted to the expense
and de lay of a p rotrac ted su i t to determ ine whether the p roc eed ings
had been st r ic t ly r egu lar . But i f the c harge i s , that the sale ough t
to be vacated for matter s not apparent f rom an inspec t ion of the
p roc eed ings, suc h as c omb inat ion to dep r ess b idd ing or any other
s pec ies of f raud , or for any m i sc onduc t on the par t of the officer
c onduc t ing the sale, the pu rc haser ’s t i t le c annot be d i ves ted oth er
wi se than by an independent s u i t. 1 69 Th us , no sale under the B . L .
R . S . Ac t X I of 1 859 shal l be annu l led by a Cou r t of Ju s t ice upon
the g round of i ts hav ing been made cont rary to the pro v i s ions of
the Ac t, unl ess s uc h g round shal l have been dec lared and spec ified
1 66. M ir Waziruddin v . D eokinandan 10 C . W . N . 99 1 2 C . L . J . 359 Icha6 C . L . J . 472 ; Juggobundhu v . Ram ran S ingh v . Nilmouey B alidar 35 Cal .
Chunder 5 Cal . 584 ; 5 c L . R . 548 . 470 ; 1 2 c . w. N. 636 ; 7 c . L. J . 499 ;
1 67 . Jones v . Barne tt (1 899) 1 Ch. B . I . S . N . Co. V . S ec . of S tate 38 Cal .
61 1 (igooi'
iCh . 370 c . A.
2 30 ; 1 5 c . w. N . 87 1 2 c . L. J . 505.
1 68 . Bhand i S ingh v . Ramadhin Roy 1 69. F r eeman on Exec u t ions 31 0.
GENERAL PR ] NC I PL I’S .
in an appeal made to the Comm i ss ioner under S . 2 o f Ac t V I I
(B . C .) of 1 868 . The reason i s th us ass igned by the Jud i c ia lComm i ttee Sales for ar rear s of revenue are o f c ons tant oc c ur
r enc e ; anyth ing wh ic h impai r s the sec u rity of the pu rc haser s at
these sales,tends to lower the p r ic e of the estates p u t up for sale.
I t i s , t her efore, o f the u tmos t impor tance in the interes t of the
r e venue- paying popu lation of I nd ia that al l q ues t ions that can arise
as to the val id i ty of sale for ar r ears of r e v enue shou ld be deter
m ined speed i ly and that when the sal e has been confirmed by the
Comm is s ioner,the p u rc haser shou ld not be exposed to the danger
o f having h is sale set as ide on new grounds .” 1 7° The r u le i s the
same wher e the sale was i r regu lar l y c onduc ted. as we l l as, where the
sale was i l legal , in c onsequenc e of an expres s p r ov i s ion hav ing been
c ont ravened.
1 7 1 S im i lar ly , S . 244 C . P . C. of 1 88 2 (S . 47 C. P . C.
Ac t V of 1 908) was held to bar a f resh su i t in re lat ion to the
exec u t ion,d i sc harge or sat i s fac t ion of a dec ree . The Jud ic ial
Comm i ttee obser ved I t i s o f the u tmos t impor tance that al l
objec t ions to exec u t ion sal es s hou ld be d i sposed of as c heaply and
as speed i ly as poss i b le. Thei r Lordsh i ps are glad to find that the
Cour ts in I nd ia have not p lac ed any nar row const r u c t ion on the
l anguage of S . 244 and t hat when a ques t ion has ar i sen as to the
exec u t ion,d i sc harge or sat is fac t ion of a dec r ee between the par t ies
to the su i t in wh i c h the dec ree was passed, the fac t that the pu r
c haser who i s no par ty to the su i t i s interes ted in the resu l t,has
never been held a bar to the app l icat ion of of the sec t ion .
”1 " B u t
where a par ty has been u nab le to pu t forward h i s c laim ~by reason of
defec ts and i r regu lar i t ies in the p roc eed ings,or where the c laim has
not been adj udged , the j u r i sd ic t ion of the C iv i l Cou r ts cannot bet r eated as ou s ted .
1 7 3
A su i t to set as ide a sale (a) in exec ut ion of a dec ree of a Civ i lCou r t or (b)in pu rs uanc e o f a dec ree or order of a Col lec tor or
o ther revenue o ffic er or (c) for ar rear s of Government revenue or
any demand rec o v erable as suc h ar rear or (d) of a pu tni tal uk
(inc l ud ing any i ntermed iate tenu re sal eab le fo r c u r rent ar rear s o f
1 70. Gob ind Lal v . Ram Janem 2 1 I . 1 72 . P rosunno Kumar v . Kal idas 1 9A . 1 65 ; 2 1 Cal .
’
70. I . 1 66 1 9 Cal . 683
1 7 1 . Gob ind Lal v . R im Janem 2 1 I . 1 73. Rameswar V . Sec . of S tate 34
A 1 65 2 1 Cal . 70 ; see also Bageswar i v . Cal . 470; 1 1 C . W . N . 356 ; 5 C . L .
Gowhar Ali31 I . A . 52 ; 31 Cal . 2 56 ; 8 J . 669.
C . 649.
Laur ens I .
LECTUR E 1 .
Void compuL
w ry sales .
COMPU LSORY SALES
r ent) so ld for ar rear s of rent , mu s t be brough t w i t h in one year
f rom the date when the sale i s c onfirmed or wou ld otherwi se have
become final and c onc l u s ive had no such su i t been brough t under
Ar t 1 2 S ch . I L im i tat ion Ac t IX of 1 908 . The objec t of prov id ingfor th i s shor t per iod of l im i tat ion i s to protec t the bonafide pu r
c haser s .”4 I t app l ies to those cases on l y in wh ic h the sales wou ld
be bind ing on the plaint iff i f not set as ide ."75
Sales are vo id, e i ther because the Cou r t had no j ur i sd ic t ion to
order sale, or because p roc eed ings s u bseq uent to the order for sale
are invalid , or because the order for sale has los t its or i g inal for c e
by appeal , lapse of t ime,sat i s fac t ion or some other adeq uate cause.
I f t he order or judgment on wh ic h a sale was made, was one resu l t
ing f rom a c ontrover sy wh ic h the Cou r t had in no c i r c ums tanc e any
power to determ ine, there was an absenc e of j u r i sd ic t ion over the
su bjec t mat ter and the sale i s inc u rab ly vo id .
”6 So, i f c i rc um stanc es
are es tab l i shed, wh ic h shew t hat the sale has been he ld wi thou t
ju r i sd ic t ion,i t cannot righ t ly be r egarded as one made under the
p rov i s ions of the s tatu te, and may c onsequentl y be c hal lenged by a
C i v i l Cou r t wi t hou t r ecou r se to the p rocedu re laid down in the
s tat u te. Vo id sales ar e sales wh ic h , as agains t the o r i g inal p u rc haser ,may wi thou t any proc eed ing to set them as ide
,be tr eated as not
trans fer r ing the t i t le of the proper ty ass umed to be sold . Th us , where
t here i s no foundat ion for the exerc i se of j u r i sd ic t ion by the
R evenue au thor i ty, the per son inj u r iously aff ec ted is not depr i ved of
h i s remedy by recou rse to the ord inary law1 77 and an appeal to the
Comm i ss ioner i s not the onl y r emedy .
1 78 ”When t here i s no ar rear
1 74. Malkarjun v . Narhari 2 7 I . A .
2 1 6 ; 254 Bom . 337 ; 5 C . W . N . 1 0 ; 2
B om . L. R . 92 7 ; 1 0 M ad . L . J . 368 ;
Venkatapathiv . S ubramanya 9 Mad . 457 .
1 75. Ram Lal l v . Bama S undar i 1 2Cal . 307 Balwant v . Muhammad H usain
1 1 Born . 1 1 9.
1 76. Freeman on Ju dgments S . 1 20.
1 77 . M ohibu l Huq v . Shew Sabay 25
Cal . 85 ; Nandan M isser v . Harakh
Narain 14 C . “7. N . 607 ; 1 1 C . L . J .
2 66 ; Janakdhariv . Gossain Lal 37 Cal .
1 5 Al l . 32 4 ; M obaruk V . Sec . of S tate
1 1 Cal . 200 ; D akhina v . Bilash 1 8 Cal .
52 6 ; Nazar v. Kedar 1 9 Al l . 308 Mal
karjun v . Narhari2 7 I . A . 2 1 6 ; 25 Bom .
337 5 C . W . N . 10 1 0M ad . L . J . 368 ;
Ragavend ra v . Karu ppa 20M ad . 33 ; 6
Mad . L . J . 2 78 ; Parekh v . B aiV akhat
1 07 ; 1 3 C . \V. N . 7 10 1 1 C . L . J . 254
Harkoo S ingh v . B unsidhur S ingh 2 5
Cal . 876 ; 2 C . W . N . 360.
1 78 . Ram Tar uck V . D ilwar Ali 29
Cal . 73 ; 5 C . W . N . 52 1 G ir ish Chand ra v . Golam Kar im 33 Cal . 451 1 0 C .
\V . N . 347 ; 3 C . L . J . 235.
GENERAL PR INCIPLES . 35
o f revenue the Col lec tor has no j u r i sd ic t ion to sel l ! “ So, where the
land ac tua l ly taken u p under the L . A . Ac t I of 1 894 i s d ifferent
from that covered by the dec larat ion,the whole p roc eed ings ar e
void.
1 80
S im i lar l y, where the sale cannot r i ght ly be regarded as one made
u nder the prov i s ions of the P . D . R. Ac t I I I (B . C) of 1 913,i t may
be c hal lenged by c iv i l su i t wi thou t recour se to the p roc ed ure laid
down in the Ac t, as where c er t ificate was not du ly made , nor,notic e
ser v ed 1 81 o r , where the sale was he ld in exec u t ion of a c er t ificate
wh ic h had been sat isfied or of a sat i sfied j udgmen t,the sat i s fac t ion
of wh i c h had been c er t ified to the Cou r t .1 82
set as ide a sale in exec ut ion of an expar te dec ree when bot h the
dec ree and the sal e ar e impeac hed on the ground of f raud,
1 83or
where a m inor was not p roper ly rep resented by a guard ian ad - litem .
1 84
B ut where a per son i s not a par ty to a dec ree or sale by an order
of Cou r t and i s in no way affec ted thereby , i t i s not necessary for him
to have the sale set as ide .
1 85
The general ru le that a c onfirmat ion or rat ific at ion cannot s t reng
S im i lar l y,a su i t l ies to
then a void estate, has no app l icat ion to compu l sory sales , wh ic h may
be rat ified e i ther d i rec tl y or by a c ou r se of c onduc t wh ic h es tops the
par ty from deny ing thei r val id i ty. Thu s , i f the j udgment - debtor,
after a void sale of h i s p roper t ies has been made,c laims and rece ives
the su rplu s sale - p roceeds w i th a f u l l knowledge of h i s r igh ts, or
perm i t s the p roceeds to be app l ied to the payment of h is debts , or
1 82 . Abdu l Haiv. Gajraj 20 I . A.:7O
20 Cal . 82 6 ; Nandan M isser v . B arakh1 79. Balkisben v. S impson 2 5 I . A .
1 51 ; 2 5 Cal . 833 ; 2 C . W . N . 51 3
Jogend ra Mohan v. U ma ,Nath 35 Cal .
636 ; 1 2 C . \V . N . 646 ; 8 C . L . J . 41 ;
Ganga P er shad v . I rshad Ali1 5 C . L . J .
54 Byjnath v . Seetu l Per shad 1 0W . R .
66 ; Harkoo v . B unsidhar 2 5 Cal . 876 ;
2 C . W. N . 360.
1 80. Gaj end ra Shau v . S ec . of S tate
8 C . L. J . 39.
1 8 1 . Baij Nath v . Ramgat 5 C . L . J .
687 ; Baijnath v . Ramgat 23 I . A . 45
23 Cal . 775 ; S aroda v . K ista. Mohun 1 C .
W . N . 51 6 ; Chunder Kumar V . S ec . of
S tate 2 7 Cal . 698 ; 4 C . lv. N . 586 ;
Gopal D as v . Hardeo D as 5 C . W . N . 86
Ram r up v . Khussal M isser 6 C . W . N .
630 ; Jank i D as v . Ram Golam 2 8 Cal .
8 1 3 ; 6 C . W . N . 331 .
Narain 1 4 C . W . N . 607 ; 1 1 C . L. J .
2 66 Janakdhari v . Gassain Lal 37 Cal .
1 07 ; 1 3 C . W . N . C . L. J . 254
Pat Das i v . Shar up Chand 1 4 Cal . 376
K r ipa S indhu v . Banchhanidhi1 9 C. L .
J . 388 .
1 83. Radha Raman v . P rannath 2 8
Cal . 475 ; 5 C . W . N . 757 ; Khagend ra
Nath v . P r annath 2 9 I . A . 99 ; 29 Cal .
395 6 C . W . N . 473.
1 84. Rash id - un - n issa v . Ismail Khan36 1 . A . 1 68 ; 31 A11. 572 1 3 C . W . N .
1 1 82 ; 1 1 B om . L . R . 1 2 25.
1 85. Annada Per shad v P rasannamoyi
34 1 . A . 1 38 34 Cal . 7 1 1 ; 1 1 C . W. N .
8 1 7 ; 6 C . L . J . 1 7 .
L ECTU RE I .
Rat ific at ionof vo id sales .
c r uma 1 .
COM P U LSCRY SAL 1435
ac t ivel y par t ic i pates in the sale, as by being one of the b idder s and
making no c la im at the t ime of the sale that it was ir regu lar or
u nau thor i zed , h i s ac t m ust be tr eated as an i r re vocable confirmat ion .
1 86
The pr inc i p le that one who perm i t s h i s p roper ty to be sold as
the proper ty of another , and by h i s ac t ion or unreasonab le inac t iv i ty
causes one to c hange h i s pos i t ion to h i s prej ud ic e, may be estopped
from su bsequent lyc hal lenging i t, i s equal l y appl icable to c om pu l sory
and o ther sales . I t i s a fam i l iar pr inc i p le of the law that a par ty
ac c ept ing and retaining the proceeds of a vo id sal e i s estopped f rom
assai l ing i t . H enc e, i f r el ief i s sough t agains t a vo id or vo idab le sale,the Cou r t may never theless re fuse to gran t r el ie f unless the per son ,
c laim ing r e l ie f, do equ i ty on h i s par t and, there fore , i f the pr oc eeds
of sale were recei ved by him o r app l ied to d i sc harge some val id l ien
or c laim agains t the proper ty, he may be r equ i red as a c ond i t ion
p rec edent to the set t ing as ide of the sale o r the gran t -ing of the other
re l ief sought , to re imb u rse the pur c haser not onl y for the am oun t
of h i s bid , bu t al so for the reasonable val ue of imp rovements made
by him u pon the p roper ty, when they are such as a p ruden t p u rc haser
thereof wou ld make in the u se and management of the prOper ty .
1 87
I n a p r i vate sal e,the pu rc haser der ives t i t le th rough the vendor by
a c ontrac t w i th him and cannot ac qu i re a better t i t le than that of the
vendor . But in a c om pu l sory sale the pu rc haser does not der i ve h i s
t i tle by any c ontrac t wi th the owner bu t gets a s tatu tory t i tle. Th us,
where land i s c ompu l sor i l y ac qu i red under statu tory power s , the
acqu i rer cannot c laim the benefit of the r i gh t o f an o rd inary pu rc haser
of the su r fac e of subjac ent and adjac ent su ppor t, for there i s no room
for the ord inary impl icat ion wh i c h appl ies to a common g ran t,name ly
,
that it extends by impl ication to al l that,though not named ,
wh ic h
i s nec essary for the su ppor t and enjoyment of the t h i ngs granted ,
1 88
The owner of the m ines has the r i gh t to work them up to and underthe ac qu i red land. He mus t, however , fir s t give not ic e to the owners
of the ac qu i red land and un less t hey gi ve him c ompensat ion for thesub
’
jac ent m ineral s,that
'
is,unl ess th ey buy ou t h i s r i gh t to wo rk
1 86. Freeman on Vo id Jud ic ial Sales N . W . Rai l . Co . (1 907) A. C . 400 New
§ 50. Moss Co l l iery L td . v . Lor d Mayor &c .
,
1 8 7 . F reeman on Vo id J u d ic ial Sales M anchester (1 908 ) A . C . 1 1 7 on appeal
50 ; F l’
eeuwn on E xecu t ions 31 0. fr om Manchester Corporat ion v. New
1 8 8 . G . W . Rai l . Co . v . Bene t t (1 867) Moss Col l iery (1 906) 1 Ch . 2 78 ; HowleyL . R . 2 H . L . 2 7 M . Rai l . Co . v . l tobin Park
‘
Coal and Canal Co .v . L .
85 N . “K
5 00 (1 889) 1 5 App . Gas . 1 9 ; Eden v . Ra i l . Co . (101 3) A . C . 1 1 .
iv o E xecu ‘
t ion sale.
COMPU LSORY SALES
At a sale fo r ar rear s o f r en t, whether of a pu tn i tal uk or a
tenu re or a hold ing, the pu rchaser ac qu i res the p roper ty so ld as i tstood at i ts c reat ion by the land lor d, f ree of al l inc umbrances that
may have ac c rued u pon i t by the ac t of the defau l ter,h i s r epr esenta
tives or ass i gns, s ubjec t only to c er tain exc ept ions .1 93
In a vo l untary sale, the goods cont rac ted to be sold need not be
in exis tence, nor in the possess ion of the sel ler . Th u s, a c ontrac t
i s val id for the sale of goods not in exi s tenc e,bu t to be p roduc ed in
pu rs uance of the c ont rac t, nor in the possess ion of the sel ler,and
hav ing no other reasonable ex pec tat ion of ac qu i r ing them than by
pu rc hase,1 97 for ,
“equ i ty t reat ing as done that wh ic h ough t to be
done fastens u pon that p roper ty and the c ontrac t to ass ign becomes
a c omp lete ass ignmen t .” ‘93 B ut the we l l - known doc t r ine,t hat where
a per son sel l s proper ty of wh ic h he is not the owner bu t a f terwards
becomes the owner,he i s bound to make good the sale ou t of h i s
su bsequ ent ly ac qu i red interes t, has no app l icat ion where the sale i s
made at the instanc e of an exec u tion c red i tor .
1 99 Th us, where
immoveable p roper ty i s sold in exec u t ion of a money - dec ree,“the p u rc haser notwi ths tand ing he ac qu i res merely the r igh t ,t i tle and interes t of the j udgment - debtor , ac qu i res t hat t i t le
by operat ion of law, ad ver sel y to the j udgment - debtor and fr ee
from al l al ienat ions or inc umb rances effec ted by him , sabse
q uent to the at tac hment of the proper ty sold in exec u t ion .
200 I f the
ex i s t ing inc umb rances tu rn ou t to be inval id,the j udgment - debtor ,
t hat is the vendor,has noth ing to comp lain of. A f ter the pur c hase
i s c ompleted the vendor has no c laim to par t ic i pate in any benefit
wh ic h the pu rc haser may der ive f rom h i s p u rc hase? ” l S im i lar ly , at
a c er tificate - sale the j udgmen t - debtor ’s r igh t,t i t le and interes t in
the proper ty at the date of serv ic e of not ic e of the c er tificate,passes to the pu rc haser .
202 I f on the date of the ser v ice of notice,
1 96. Gopend ro Chunder v. Mokaddam 8 I . A . 65 ; 7 Cal . 107 ; 1 0 C . L . R . 2 8 1 .
Hossain 2 1 Cal . 702 . 201 .
1 97 . Se. 87 , 88 I . C . Ac t IX of 1 872 .
1 98 . Per Jessel M . R . in (1 88 1 ) Col
lyer v . I saacs 1 9 Ch . D . 342 , c i ted inPalaniappa v . Lakshmanan 1 6 M ad . 42 9 ;
Bansidhar v . San t Lal 1 0Al l . 1 33.
1 99. Al ukmonee v . Bauee 4 Cal . 67 7 ;
3 (J. L . R . 473.
200. D inend ro Nath v . Ram Kumar
Per Lor d M acnagh ten ,in I zzat
un - n issa v . Par tap S ingh 36 I . A . 203
31 Al l . 583 ; 1 3 C . W . N . 1 1 43 ; Sh ibKunwar v . Sheo P rasad 2 8 Al l . 41 8 ;
Ganesh v . P u rshot tam 33 Born .
202 . Lachm i Narain v . Nand K ishore2 9 Cal . 537 ; 6 C . W . N . 484 Raja Koerv . Gunga S ingh 1 2 C . W . N . 750 ; 10
C . L . J . 201 .
GENERAL PR INCI PLES .
the j udgment - debtor has no s ubs is t ing interes t in the par t ic u lar
parc el of land, the pu r c haser , at the c er tificate- sale wh ic h fol lows ,can acqu i re no val id interes t t here in .
203 The pu rc haser purc hases
the interes t of the j udgment - deb tor at the t ime of sale s ubj ec t to
al l equ i t ies then ex is t ing,
204 that i s , what was attac hed and sold and
what the p u rc haser wi thou t hav ing spec ial means of knowledge
infer red f rom the p roc eed ings of. sale t hat he was buying, and not
what m igh t have been sold .
205
In a. p r i vate sale, there i s , under S . 55 (2) of T . P . Ac t IV of
1 88 2 , in the absenc e o f a c ont rac t to the c ontrary, an impl ied
covenant of t i tle by the vendor , bu t in a sal e under a dec ree of Cou r t
no t i t le is guaranteed to the pu rc haser , ei th er by the dec ree- holder
or by the Cou r t, and the r u le of caveat emp tor appl ies .$06 There is only
th i s imp l ied war ranty by the dec r ee- holder that the j udgment- debtor
has some interes t in the p roper ty p u t u p for sale but there i s no
war ranty that the p roper ty wi l l answer to the desc rip tion given of it,‘
as in a p r ivate sale,exc ept that the pu rc haser shal l have the judg
ment - deb tor ’s r igh t and interes ts in the proper ty sol d for in an
appl icat ion for attac hm ent,a spec ification of the j udgment- debtor
’
s
shar e o r interes t i s g iven “to the bes t of the bel ief of the appl icant ”
and in the p roc lamat ion of sale,the proper ty to be so ld i s spec ified
“as fai r l y and ac c u rately as poss i b le.
” 207
The doc tr ine of lis p endens appl ies to compu l sory sales. The
exec ut ion- pu rc haser i s as m uc h bound by the doc tr ine of lis p endens,
as a pu rc haser at a pr ivate sale.
203 A pu r c haser at a sale for ar rear s
of inc ome - tax of the interes ts of a defau l ter ’s representativesf09 or at
a sale u nder S s. 1 3 and 541 of the B . L. R . S . Ac t X I of 1 859,
held at a t ime when exec u t ion p roc eed ings in a s u i t to enforc e a
mor tgage on the proper ty were pend ing ,
2 10 i s aff ec ted by the r u le.
203. Nanda Kumar v . A jodhya. Sahu1 4 C . L. J . 2 92 .
204. Mahomed M ozu ffer v . K ishor iMohun 2 2 I . A . 1 29 2 2 Cal . 909.
205. Alukmonee v . Banee 4 Cal . 67 7
A . 97 ; 1 5 Cal . 756 ; Mot i lal v . Karabu ldin 2 4 I . A . 1 70 ; 25 Cal . 1 79 ; 1 C .
W. N . 639 ; Byramjiv . Chunilal 2 7 Born .
2 66 ; Faiyaz H usain v . Prag Narain34 I . A . 1 02 ; 29 Al l . 339 ; 1 1 C . W .
3 C . L . R . 473 ; Dorab A l ly v . AbdoolAzeez 5 I . A . 1 1 6 ; 4 Cal . 2 129 ; Tara L t l
v . Sarobar S ingh 2 7 I . A . 33 ; 2 7 Cal .
407 4 C . W . N . 533.
206. Deb i S ingh v . Jia Ram 25 Al l .
2 1 4 F . B . S undara v . Venkata 1 7 M ad .
2 2 8 .
207 . O. 2 1 r .r . C . P . C . Ac t V
of 1 908 .
208 . _Radhamadhab v . M anohar 1 5 I .
N . 561 5 C . L . J . 563 ; Ramdayal v .
Ram tanoo 1 5 C . L . J . 1 37 ; MahadeoSaran v . Thakur P rosad 1 1 C . L. J . 52 8
M ot i lal v . P reonath 9 C . L . J . 96.
209. Inderjeet v . P ootee 1 9 W. R .
1 97 .
2 1 0. Har shankar v . S hew Gob ind 2 6Ca] . 966 ; 4 C . IV . N . 31 7 ; BhowaniKoer v . Mathu ra Per shad 7 C . L. J . 1 .
Lac rnan I .
Lis pendens.
Appl icat ion ofsale -
p roceeds.
COMPU LSORY SALES
When the sale i s in exec u t ion of a dec ree agains t a per son who ,
for the t ime being, r epresented the es tate for wh ic h the debt was
inc u r red ,al l or agains t the manager or ku r ta o f a j o int M i takshara
fam i ly ,2 1 2 or agains t the recorded tenant who rep resented the ho ld ing
on behal f of al l h i s c o‘ shar ers,
2 1 3or against a H indu widow in
respec t of the fam i ly es tate,o r u pon a c au se not m ere l y per sonal
against her , s uc h as, at a sale for ar rear s of r evenue or of r ent,
2 14
the who le p roperty wou ld pass and not merel y the interes ts of the
judgmenta debtor . The tes t to be app l ied in suc h cases , to determ ine
the exac t interes t wh ic h passes at the sale, i s whether the s u i t in
wh ic h the sale was d i rec ted was one,b rough t agains t the qual ified
p rop r ietor u pon a cau se of ac t ion per sonal to him or wh ic h aff ec t s
the whole p rOper ty .
2 15 A l l t hat the per sons not par t ies to the su i t
can c laim,i s that not being par t ies t hey ough t not to be bar red
f rom t rying the fac t or the nat u re of the debt in a suit of thei r
own.
21 6
The p urc haser at a c ompu l sory sal e i s under no ob l igat ion to
l ook to the p roper app l icat ion of the p u rc hase- money, for the
p r oc eeds of sale are under the c ont ro l of the Cou r t and are app l ied,
af ter deduc t ing the expenses inc iden t to the sale, ac cord ing to the
s ta t u to ry d i rec t ions and the t i t le of the pu rc haser c annot be im
peac hed , however unwi se or i l legal may be the d i sposit ion of the
money by the Cou r t. I f the money i s by m i s take paid over to any
per son not ent i t led to rec e i ve the same,the Cou r t has an i nherent
power to order a r e fund of it .t 1 7
2 1 1 . General Manager v . Rampu t
1 4 M OO. 605 ; 1 7 W . R . 459,1 0 B . L .
R . 2 94.
2 1 2 . Sakharam v . D evji 23 Born .
372 ; D eendyal v . Jugdeep 4 I . A . 2 47
3 Cal . 1 98 1 C . L. R . 49 D oolar chand
v . Lal la Chabee1 6 I . A . 47 ; 3 C . L . R .
561 M eenakshiv . Immudi1 6 I . A . 1
1 2 M ad . 1 42 ; B haghbu t Parshad v .
G r ija Koer 1 5 I . A . 99 ; 1 5 Cal . 7 1 7 ;
Mahab ir v . M arkunda 1 7 I . A . 1 1 ; 1 7
Cal . 584.
2 1 3. Jagt tara v . Dowlat i 37 Cal . 75 ;1 3 C . W . N . 1 1 1 0 ; Gagan S he ikh v .Abejan Khatun 1 4 C . L . J . 1 80.
2 1 4. Deb i Dass v . Biprocharan 2 2
Cal . 641 ; Banalata v . M onmo tba 1 1 C .
W . N . 82 1 ; J iban K r ishna v . B rojolal
30 I . A . 8 1 ; 30Cal . 550; 7 C . W . N . 42 5
on appeal f rom 2 6 Cal . 2 85 J ugol
Kishore v . Jotind r o Mohun 1 1 I . A . 66 ;
1 0Cal . 985.
2 1 5. Radha K issen v Nau ratan 6 C .
L . J . 490 ; Trilochan v . Bakkeswar 1 5 C .
L . J . 42 3.
2 1 6. Simbhunath v . Golap S ingh 1 5I . A . 7 7 1 4
‘
Cal . 572 ; Pe t tac hiChe t tiar
v. S angilivira 1 4 I . A . 8 1 1 0 M ad . 24 1
Abd u l A z iz v . Appayasami 31 I . A . 1 ;
2 7 M ad . 1 31 8 C . W . N . 1 86.
2 1 7 . Jogesh Chand ra v . Yakub Ali
1 7 C . W . N . 1 057 ; M r inal in i v . Abinash
1 4 C . W . N . 1 02 1 ; 1 1 C . L . J . 533 Col l .of Ahmedabad v . LavjiM u lji 35 Born .
2 553 1 0 I nd . Gas. 8 1 8 ; 1 3 Bo rn . L . R .
2 59 ; Har ish Chand ra v . Chand ra Mohan
2 8 Cal . 1 1 2 Gobind ranee v . Brindaranee
35 Cal . 1 1 04 ; 1 2 C . N . 1 039
L EC T U R E I I .
Com p u lso ry Sa les fo r p u b l i c p u rpo ses .
(M od e o f ac quisit ion . )
The au tho r i ty of the Crown . to app ropr iate lands of p r ivate
i nd i v i dual s being unqu es t ioned,i t i s onl y c ont ro l led by two consi
derations , (1 ) that i t i s acqu i red for pu bl ic pu rposes and (2) thatc ompensation i s paid fo r the inj u ry oc cas ioned by what i s th us
l egal i sed by leg i s latur e . A c co rd ingly,the legi s latu re, in i ts anxiety
to c h ec k the arb i trary exerc i se o f th is power and to safeguar d the
pr i vate in teres ts , has laid down r u les so that no inj u st ic e i s done to
pr ivate ind i v idual s by c onfi scation of the i r lands .
The leg is lat ion in Ind ia,howe ve r , in r egard to c ompu l sory pu r
c hase and c ompensat ion , has shown a c on t inual growth al i ke to meet
the requ i rements o f new under takings and to p ro tec t more effic iently
the r igh ts of proper ty of pr i vate ind i v idual s .
R eg . I of 1 8 24 , S s . 1 - 7,was the fi rs t enac tm en t r egard i ng the
req u i s i t ion o f land in I nd ia. I n 1 850, i ts p rov i s ions were ex tended
to Calc u t ta by Ac t I and to rai lways by Ac t XLI I . A s r egard s
B ombay , there were Ac t XXVI I I of 1 839 and Ac t XVI I of 1 850.
I n the M ad ras P res idency , there wer e Ac t XLI I of 1 850, Ac t XX of
1 852 and Ac t I of 1 854. S ubsequent ly, Ac t V I of 1 8 57 repeal ed
al l these enac tmen ts and app l ied i tse l f to al l the E as t I nd ia Com
pany’
s ter r i to r ies and Ac t XXI I o f 1 863 appl ied to al l the acq u i s i
t ions o f land by pr i vate per sons and c ompan ies . Ac t X of 1 8 70
repealed and c onsol idated al l former ac ts wh ic h in . i ts tu rn was
r epealed by Ac t I of 1 894.
U ni fo rm i ty in the law of c ompensat ion i s of great impor tanc e .
The L . A . Ac t I of 1 894 was passed in order to comp r i se in one
general Ac t sund ry pro v i s ions re lat ing to the ac q u i s i t ion of lands
for publ ic pu rposes and the c om pensat ion to be paid for the same
Th i s,of c ou rse, deal s wi t h su r fac e lands , leav ing the acqu i s i tion of
m ines and m ineral s s i tuate under the lancls to be acq u i red, to be re
g u lated by L . A . (M ines)Ac t XVI II of 1 88 5. The p rov i s ions of L . A .
Ac t I of 1 894 appl y to al l ac qu i s i t ions of pub l i c natu re so far as
they are appl icable, u nless t hey are var ied by spec ial Ac t. The r u le
i s that L . A . Ac t I of 1 8 94 i s to be fo l lowed, unl ess the s pec ial Ac t
byexpress words or nec essary im pl icat ion var ies or exc ept s i t . The
Lnew aR 1 I
COM PU LSORY SAL ISIS
L. A . Ac t I o f 1 891 and the Spec ial Ac t when incorporated ar e
c onst r ued together as form ing one Ac t. 1
The L. A . Ac t I of 1 894 aims at p romot ing impor tan t p u b l ic
interes ts of suc h paramoun t c harac ter that in i nterpret ing the imten
t ion of the legi slatu re , a c ons t r uc t ion nec essary to effec tuate that
i nten tion m u s t be gi v en to it.a S o the pr inc iple of c onstr u ing spec ia l
Ac ts , dea l ing wi th p r i vate c ompan ies where the language i s amb igu
ou s, aga ins t the c om pany and in favo r of pr i vate proper ty , i s not
to be extended to the c ase of ac q u i s i t ion of land for p ub l ic pu rposes ,
1 . The Ac ts that r efer d i rec t ly to
the acqu is i t ion o f land are
i . The Bengal E mbankmen t Ac t V I(8 C . )of 1 873, S . 2 9.
n . The Nor thern Ind i a. Canal and
D rainage Ac t V I I I of 1 8 73, S . 2 8 .
i i i . The Ind ian Fores t Ac t V I I of 1 878 ,S s , 1 0, 83.
i v . The Bengal I r r igat ion Ac t II I
(B . C . ) of 1 8 76, S . 52 .
v . The Bombay Por t Tr ust Ac t VI of
1 879, Se. 2 7, 32 .
v i . The R angoon Por t Comm issioners ’
Ac t XV of 1 8 79,S . 1 3.
v i i . The Bengal D rainage Ac t V I (B .
C of 1 880,S s . 2 1 - 2 3.
v i i i . B urma Forest Ac t X X of 1 88 1,
S . 1 2 .
ix. The Bengal E mbankment Ac t I I
(B . C . )of 1 882 , S S. 36- 41 .
x. The Ind ian Easemen ts Ac t V of
1 882 , S . 1 3. il l (I).
xi. The Punjab D ist r ic t Board '
s Ac t
XX of 1 883, S . 61 .
xii. Ma‘
d ras D is t r ic t f M unicipalities
Ac t I V (M . C . )o f 1 884 , S . 2 79 .
xi i i. Mad ras Munic ipal Ac t [ of 1 884,S . 443.
xiv. Benga l Mun ic ipal Ac t I I I (B . C . )
of 1 8 84, S s.535 - 36 .
xv. I nd ian Teleg raph Ac t XI I I of
1 885.
xxi. Bengal Tenancy Ac t V I I I of 1 8 85,
xv i i . "
l‘
he l rand' A cqu is i t ion (M ines)
Ac t XVI I I o f 1 885.
xv i i i . The I nd ian Tramways Ac t I I of1 886
, S . 7
xix. Bombay C i ty M u nic ipal Ac t I I I(Bo. C . ) of 1 8 88 , S . 91 .
xx. The Ind ian Rai lways Ac t I X of
1 890 S s. 7
xxi. The Pun jab M un ic ipal Ac t XX of
1 891 , S . 40.
xxi i . The Bengal S ani tary D rainage Ac tV I I I (B . C . )of 1 895, S . 1 6 .
xxi i i . C i ty of Bombay Improvemen t Ac t
I V of 1 898 , S . 47 .
xxiv . Calc u t ta Mun ic ipal Ac t I I I (B . C . )
of 1 899, S s. 556,557 .
xxv. Bombay D is t r ic t M unic ipal Ac
I I I of 1 901,S . 41 .
xx r i. The Ind ian 1Vo rks of Defence Ac tV I I of 1 903.
xxv i i . The Cent ral Prov inces M un ic ipalAc t XVI of 1 903, S . 53.
xxv i i i . The Anc ient Monuments Pr ese r vat ion Ac t V I I of 1 904
, S s . 1 0,2 1 .
xxix. The Calcu t ta Improvement Ac tY (B . C . )o f 1 91 1 , S s . 69 - 8 1 .
N .B .—Tne Ind ian Wor ks o f Defence
Ac t V I I of 1 903 imposes res t r ic t ionsu pon the u se and enjoyment of land in
the v ic in i ty of works of defence and
u ses its own mach inery for at tain ing itsobjec t
B alvan t Ram chand ra V . S ec . of
S tate 2 9 Born . 480 at p . 505 ; 7 Born .
L . It . 197 .
FOR PU BLIC I‘l f l tPOS
‘
ES .
o r for a publ ic body,wh ic h invol ves the p romotion of impor tant
pu bl ic interes ts to wh ic h pr i vate inte res ts ough t to be su bord inated .
3
The su bjec t matter of ac q u i s i t ion and c om pensat ion i s“ lan d
,
wh ic h inc l udes “ benefits to ar i se o u t o f lands an d to any th ing
attac hed to the ear th .
” 4 I t does not mean me r e l y firm land bu t al so
land c o ver ed wi th wate r and the benefits der i ved f rom suc h water .
I t i s the land w i th al l the inter es ts in it taken as a who le and not
merely f ragmentary o r su bs id iary r i gh ts, e. g . , easements or fi shery
r igh ts detac hed f rom the so i l .‘5 B u i ld ing s, t rees and s tanding c r ops
ar e t h ings attac hed to the ear th and are th u s inc l uded in the defin i
t ion of land.
6 “ Land”in S . 557(d ) Calc u tta M un ic i pal Ac t I I I
of 1 899 inc l udes bu stee land s, i. e. ,lands le t ou t for the b uild
ing of h u ts,under an ar rangement by wh ic h eac h tenant of the land
i s the owner of h i s hu t .7
A par t onl y of a hou se,manu fac tory or other bu i ld ing canno t be
ac qu i red i f the owner s des i re that the who le shal l be acquiredfi Any
s tr uc tu re adapted for one oc c u pat ion i s a hou se bu t i t need no t be
adapted , exc l u s i vel y or p r imar i ly , for pu rposes of res idenc e .
9 House
inc l udes land, c u r ti lage , garden and al l t hat i s necessary to i ts enjoy
ment. 1 0 I 'Vhere a po r tion of a h o ld ing u sed fo r res iden tial pu rposes
3. Maxwel l ’s Inter pretat ion o f S ta 569 7 C . L . J . 445 Babu Jan V . Sec . of
tu tes 5th Ed . pp . 48 7 - 8 see also He rr on S tate 4 C . L . J . 256 ; Gov t . of Bombay
v . Rathm ines Comm iss ioners (1 892 ) A . v . E su fali34 Born . 61 8 5 Incl . Cas. 612 1 ;
C . 498 ; N . L. Rai l . Co . v . Met ropo l i tan 1 2 Born . L. R . 34.
Board of IVorks (1 859) 2 8 L . J . Ch . 909 6. S u b - Col l . o f Godavar i v . Seragam
Gal loway v . Mayor and Commonal ty of Subrarayd u 30 M ad . 1 51 1 6 Mad . L . .I .
Lond on (1 866) L . R . 1 H . L . 34 ; 35 551 ; S ee . of S tate v . Duma Lal 1 3L . J . Ch . 477 cf . Parker v . G . Rai l . 48 7 Cheda: Lal v . M u lc hand 1 4 Al l . 30
Co . (1 844) 1 3 L . J . C . P . 105 ; S im pson D akl ryani v . D o legobind 2 1 Cal . 430
v . S . S . \Vater \Vorks Co . (1 8 65) 34 S u rat Lal v . U mar Haj i 2 2 Cal . 8 77 ;
L . J . Ch . 380 ; C lowes v . S tafio rdshire Joseph v . Sal t Co . 1 7 M ad . 37 1 .
Po t ter ies \Vater \Vorks Co . (1 8 72 ) Ch . 7 . Sec . of S tate v . B e l c l ranrber s 33
APP 1 2 5 ; 42 L . J . Ch . 1 07 . Cal . 396 ; 1 0 C . W . N . 2 89 3 C . L . J .
4. S . 3 (a)L . A . Ac t I of 1 894. S ee 1 69.
also S . 3 (25)General C lauses Ac t X of 8 . S . 49 L . A . Ac t I of 1 894 B enaran
1 897 Co . v . W'
es tm in is ter Cor po rat ion5. Bombay Improvemen t Trus t v . (1 906) 1 Ch . 464 .
Jalbhoy 33 Born . 48 33 ; 1 1 Born . L . R . 9 . R ic hard s v . Swansea Imp ro‘emen t
674 C . IV. Rai l . Co . v . Swind on &c . Rai l . and Tramways Co . (1 8 78 ) 9 Ch . D .
CO (1 83 1 ) 9 App . Cas. 787 S ec . of S tate Regents Canal and D oc k Co . v . Londonv . B elc l ramber s 33 Cal . 396 1 0 C. W . N . Coun ty Cou nc i l (1 9 1 2 ) 1 Ch . 583.
1339 3 C . L . .I . 1 69 ; S hyam Chunder v . 1 0. Barnes v. S . S . Rai l . (1 88 4)
Sec . of S tate 35 Cal . C . W . N . 2 7 C h. D . 536.
"
runr: I I.
LECTURE 1 1 .
manu fac tory,
COMPU LSORY SALE S
i s ac qu i red and the r emaining por tion i s rende red useless for suc h
p u r poses,i t i s immater ial whether the whole hold ing i s a
as c ompensat ion for the ent i re ho l d ing m ust be paid owing to
damage caused by severanc e.
u
M anu fac tory inc l udes the who le of any bu i ld ing par t of wh ic h i s
u sed as a fac tory , or where manu fac tu r ing process is car r ied e u .
l z
B u t land u sed for aux i l iary manu fac tu r ing proc esses i s not a manu
fac tory .
” 1 3 Any th ing that i s reasonably requ i red for the fu l l and
unimpai red use of a house, manu fac tory or bu i ld ing i s to be c on
sidered as par t o f i t .“ But,whether the land i s or i s not so r eason
ably requ i red , is a ques t ion of fac t depend ing u pon the par t ic u lar
c i rc um s tanc es o f eac h c ase .
1 5 The fac t that the par t lef t w i l l r eq u i re
r econs t ru c t ion i s not c onc l u s i ve ev idence that i t w i l l not be a hou se .
1 6
Nor , the fac t that the par t lef t wou ld be a subs tant ial bu i ld ing wh ic h ,wi th some al terat ion and re - ar rangemen t , wou l d be capable of be ing
effic iently used as a fac tory i s not enough , for the owner canno t be
c ompel led to make suc h al terat ions .1 7 Where any por t ion of a b loc k
of bu i l d ings i s s tr uc t u ral ly c onnec ted w i th the main block , the onu s
i s on the per son ac qu i r ing the land to sh ew that it i s not reasonabl y
r equ i red for the fu l l and un impai red u se of the house .
1 8
Land inc l udes m ines and m ineral s .
1 9 Wheth er a par t ic u la r
subs tanc e i s or i s no t a m ineral i s a q ues t ion of fac t to be deter
m ined by e v idenc e.
20 C lay form ing the s u r fac e or s u bso i l i s not a
1 1 . Sarat Chand ra v . Sec . of S tate 10
C . “L N . 250.
1 2 . B r ook v . M . S . and L. Rai l . Co.
(1 895) 2 Ch . 57 1 ; S par row v . Oxfor d etc .
Rai l . Co . (1 852 )2 1 L . J . Ch . 731 ; S pac l<
man v . G . W. Rai l . Co. 2 7 L . J .
(0 . S . ) 2 2 .
1 3. Redd in v . Met ropol i tan Board o f
Work s 31 L . J . Ch . 660 S al ter v .
M . D . Rai l . Co . (1 870) L. R . 9 13i] . 432 .
1 4. S . 49 L . A . Ac t 1 of 1 894 ; S . 1 1
S c h . 0. 1 . Ac t V o f 1 9 1 1 Nita.Ram v . S ee. O f S ta te 30 A l l . 1 70
Venkataiatnam v . Co l l o f
2 7 Mad . l’ u i’ niss v . M l l til . Co .
(mean. u tiin] . 1 73.
Nita Ram V S e c .0 1 S I t he 30 Al l .
1 76 ; Pu l l ing; v . L . C . and D . Ra i l . Co;(1 864) 33 L . J . Ch . 505.
1 6. J . L . Denman Co . v . Wes t
m in ister Corporat ion (1 906) 1 Ch . 464.
1 7 . G reen v . Corporat ion o f Hackney(1 9 10) 2 Ch . 794 D av ies V
. Cor porat iono f the C i ty of London (1 91 3) 1 Ch .
41 1 5
G ibbon v . Padd ing ton Vest ry (1 900) 279 1 .
1 8 . Venkataratnam v . Co l l . of Goda2 7 Mm ] .
1 9 . Sm i th v . G . ttai l . C o . (1 8 1 1 )3 App . Cas . l l o l l lday v . M ayo r o f
(1 891 ) A . 8 1 ; in r e Lo rdGerard etc . (1 905 ) 1 K . R.
20. Hug h S vming to n v . C . Rai l . C0.
(1 9 I2 ) A . C .8 7 .
LEC TU RE I l .
COMPU LSORY SALES
u se fu l to the pu bl ic?9 The on l y per sons c onc erned in this enqu i ry
ar e the Go vernmen t on one s ide wh i c h has to be sat i sfied an d the
c om pany on the other wh ic h has to fu rn i sh mater ial s for the p u r pose
o f sati s fy ing the Local Go ve r nment. No o ther per son,not e v en the
per son whose land i s intended to be taken,shou ld be summoned or
r equ i red to at tend at the enqu i r y ,or be al lowed to make any objec t ion
to the ac q u i s i t ion .
30 When the Local Go ve rnmen t i s sat i sfied u pon
the r epor t o f the enq u i ry subm i t ted bv i t s own offic er that the land i s
r equ i red for the c ons t r u c t ion o f some work u sefu l to the pu bl ic ,i t
shal l r eq u i re the c ompany to ente r into an ag reemen t w i th the
S ec retary of S tate for I nd ia in Counc i l prov id ing for , among ot her
t h ings,the paymen t to the Go vernmen t the c os t of ac qu i s i t ion , the
term s on wh ic h the lands shou ld be he ld by the c om pany and the
te rm s on wh ic h the pu bl ic‘
shal l be ent i tled to u se the wo rk .
31 The
Go ve rnment i s the sol e j udge o f the manner in wh ic h the pu bl ic ar e
to have the u se o f the land taken u p.
32 I f the c om pany ac t bond /irle
t hey are the so le j udges to dete rm ine in what way and on what
lands any par t ic u lar wor ks shal l be c onst ruc ted and it i s immater ial
that the works m igh t be car r ied on in anoth er way wh ic h m i gh t
c au se l ess incon ven ience .
33 The onu s of p rov ing the wan t o f
benafides rests u pon the par ty op pos ing the ac q u i s i t ion of lan d.“
Under S . 1 1 I . R . Ac t IX of 1 890, the Op in ion of the exec u t i v e
wi th r eferenc e to the s uffic iency of the ac commo dat ion work i s
final .85
Under S . 84: B . T . Ac t VI I I o f 1 8 85, the Civ i l Cou r t may
au thor i se the land lo rd to v uire the tenant’ s hold ing or par t the reo f
for some r easonabl e and su ffic ient pu rpose,hav i ng r elat ion to the
good of the ho ld ing or of the estate in wh i c h i t i s c ompr i sed , ia
c l ud ing the u se of the g round as bu i ld ing g round or for any r el ig ious
or educational or c har i table p u rpose, on a c er t ificate of the Co l lec tor ,that the pu r pose i s r easonab le and su ffi c ient . B u t a per son who i s
not the immed iate land lor d of the hol d ing canno t. make suc h ac qu i s i
2 9. S . 40 L . A . Ac t I of 1 894. Tr uman (1 8 85) 1 1 App . Cas . 45 Kemp30. E zra V . S ec . of S tate 30 Cal . 36 v . S . E . Ra i l . Co . (1 8 72 ) 7 Ch . App . 364
7 2 49. 41 L . J . Ch . 404 Lamb v . N . L . Ra i l .3 1 . S . 41 L . A . Ac t I o f 1 894. Co (1 8 69) 4 C h . App . 52 2 .
32 . E zra v . S ec . o f S tate 30 Cal . 36 ; 34. lit ring ton v . M . I ). Ra i l . Co .
7 2 49 . (1 8 8 - 1) 1 9 C h . I ). 559 ; 51 L . J . Ch .
33 , S I ) Rail . Co . v . B r own (1 8 60) 9 35. S ee t am raju v .Co l l . o f (iodavaxi
u . L. Cas. 2 16 n u. s c . Rail . Co . v . M ad . erg .
FOR l ‘l'
B Ll C PU RPOS ES .
t ion .
30 No r is the Co l l ec tor’ s c er t ific ate c onc l us ive, bu t the (Jivil
Co u r t is to hold the j ud ic ial enq u i ry to determ ine the r easonableness
and sutticienc v o f the pu r pose .
37 The pu r pose mu st have a d i rec t
r e lat ion to the good of the hol ding or the es tate and the c u l t i vat ion
ind man u fac tu re of i nd i go and erec t ion of bu i ld ings for su c h pu r pose
are not s u ffic ien t g rounds .
33 Nor,the inc rease o f inc ome c onsequent
u pon the ac qu i s i t ion i s a r easonabl e and su ffic ient p u rpose.
39 NO
appeal l ies agains t the o rde r of the C i v i l Cou r t . ‘0
A not ific ation in the Offi c ial Gazette,that the land i s l i kely to be
needed fo r a pu bl ic pu rpose, or for a c om pany and the pu bl ic not ic e
ot the su bs tanc e of su c h not ificat ion, gi v en in c on venient p laces in
the local i ty , are the c ond i t ions p rec edent to a p rel im inary local
enqu i ry by a Go vernment offic er , o r by au v offic er of the c om pany
au thor i sed by the Go vernment , for the pu r pose of asc er taining
whether the land i s adapted fo r suc h pu r pose and of m ak ing su r vey
and m easu r emen t etc . of the land to be ac qu i red .
no t be made in the pr esenc e or wi th the knowledge of the owner , and
m ay e ven be made wi thou t any noti c e to him .
“ B u t w i thou t suc h
not ification, an ent ry on the land by any per son i s a t respass , the
p r inc iple be ing that a ll statu tory c ond i t ions wh i c h h av e been imposed
as c ond i t ions p rec edent to an ent ry on lands,m u st be s tr ic tly fu l
til led .
42
au tho r i sed by the s tatu te i s puni shable by im p r i sonmen t for any
term not exceed ing one mon th , o r fine not exc eed ing R s. 50, o r bo th .
43
The offic er enter ing on the land m u s t pay al l nec essar v damage done ,and in case of d i spu te as to the suffic iency o f the amoun t
,he shal l
r e fer the d i sp u te to the Co l lec tor or other c h ie f Re v enue Offic er of the
d i s tr ic t .44
A fter the prel im inary enqu i r ies hav e been made and the Local
Go v ernment sat isfied that the land i s r eal ly needed for a publ ic
pu rpose or for a c ompany ,a dec larat ion
,s igned by the S ec retary of the
Any wi l fu l obs t r uc t ion,howe v er , in do ing any of the ac t s
36. Narain Mah t o v .
The enq u i r y need .
B rojo Behar i9 472 .
37 . Goghu n v . Rumeshu r 1 8 Cal . 2 7 1
F . R. Narain Mah to v . B rojo Behar i 9472 .
21 9. Goghun v .
2 7 ] F . B .
339 . Narain Mah to
9 472 .
40. G oghan v . Rumeshu r 1 8 Cal . 2 7 1
R umeshu r 1 8 Cal .
v . B r oj Behar i
R B . ; P eariMohan v . Baroda 1 9 Cal .41 . S . 4 L . A . Ac t I of 1 894 E zra
V . S ec . of S tate 30 Cal . 36 7 C . N .
2 49.
42 . G . \V. Ra i l . Co . v . Swindon &c .
Rai l . Co. (1 884) 9 App . C M . 78 7 N . S .
Rail . Co . v . P ion (1 889) 1 4 App . Gas . 61 2
in re Doyne (1833)2 4 I R . l r . 2 8 7 .
43. S . 46 11 . A . Ac t I o f 1 8 94.
44. S . 5 L . A . Ac t I o f 1 894.
Lau rent: I l .
LECTUR E l l .
Pu rpose mus t.be stated .
COMP U LSORY SALES
Loca l Go vernm en t o r s uc h o ther c om petent o ffi c er,shal l th en be made
that the par tic u la r land i s needed fo r a p u bl ic pu rpose or fo r the
c ompany . The dec larat ion shal l be pub l i shed in the offic ial Gazette
and shal l s tate the par t ic u lar s of the land intended to be ac q u i red
and the pu rpose fo r wh ic h it i s needed .
"5 I f there are m ines u nder
the land to be ac q u i r ed the Local Go v ernment mav p ub l i s h a dec lara
t ion ei ther (a) to pay c om pensat ion for the m ines and m ineral s , or (b)to pay c ompensat ion fo r the r es t r i c tion imposed u pon the work ing of
suc h m ines .“3
The intent ion of the Go v ernmen t to ac q u i re need not be dec lared
in any par t ic u lar form it may be made in any form so long as the
objec t i s paten t.47 B u t the pu r pose m u s t be s tated in the dec larat ion
wh ic h i s the c onc l us ive e v idenc e that the land i s needed fo r a pu bl ic
pu rpose, o r for a com pany for the c onst ru c t ion of some. work u sefu l
to the p ubl ic .
43 Obj ec ts , connec ted wi th pu b l ic heal th , safety , c on
venienc e an d educat ion, are“ pu bl ic pu rposes ,
”wh ic h need not be
of a permanen t c harac te r .
49
The dec larat ion b inds the Co l lec tor . He cannot ac qu i re any land
beyond the boundar ies g i v en in the dec larat ion . e v en u pon the
payment of add i t ional c om pensat ion.
60 But, exc ep t where the land
has become permanent ly unfi t for tempo rary oc c u pation ,o r wh er e
possess ion has been taken , the Go vernmen t i s at l i ber ty to wi thd raw
f rom the ac qu i s i t ion of any land on payment o f c om pensation for the
damage su ffered by the owne r , in consequenc e o f the not i c e or o f any
p roc eed ings thereu nder , and shal l pay su c h am ount to the per son
i nterested , tog ether w i th al l c os ts r easonabl y i nc u r red by him in the
prosec u t ion of the ac qu i s i t ion p roc eed ings .
6 1
Under S . 78 Talc u tta Imp rovemen t Ac t V of 1 91 1 the
Board may abandon the ac qu i s i tion o f the land in c ons ideration of
45. S . 6 L. A . Ac t I of 1 894 ; S . 2 9
(e)B . I . Ac t IV (B o . C) of 1 898 .
46. S . 5 L . A . (M ines)Ac t KVI l I of
1 885.
47 . Har ish Chand ra V . Sec . o f S tate
1 1 C .W . N . 8 75.
48 . S . 6 L . A . Ac t I of 1 894 Ram
Chand ra v . Ahmedabad M un ic ipal i ty 2 4
Rom . 600 ; E z ra V. S ec . o f S tate 30 (‘
al .
36 ; 7 2 19 ; S . 2 9 13. 1 . Ac t IV
t l l o . G l o f 1 8 98 Ch . 1 1 1 U . I . Ac t V .
(B . C . ) of 1 91 1 .
49. Ram Chand ra v . Ahmedabad
Munic ipal i ty 2 4 Bom . 600 E zra V . Sec .
of S tate 30 Cal . 36 ; 7 C .W .N . 2 49 ;
Alcshoy Kumar v. Comm r . o f Por t. o f
Calc u t ta 33 Cal . 1 2 43.
50. Harish Chand ra V . S ec . of S tate
1 1 8 75 ; (bijend ra V . S ec . of
S tate 8 C . L . J . 39.
5 1 . S 4. 36. 48 L . A. Ac t I of 1 594.
LECTURE I I .
COM I ' I'
LSORY SALES
He may al so req u i re any suc h per sons to de l i ver to him the names
o f per sons hav ing inter est in the land . the natu re of the inter est and
the profits o f the las t th r ee year s .
66 The owner s of the interest in
the su bso i l in the s treets o r h ighways,al though in the major i ty of
cases no su bstan t ial c laim c ou l d be maintained,are en t i t l ed to the
same p rotec t ion as the s u r fac e owner s .
57 The par t ic ular s of the land
shou ld be ac c u rate and c lear and suffic iently stated to enab le al l
p er sons inter ested in the land to know what land i s ac tual ly bei ng
taken .
” Under S . 557 (a) Cal c u t ta M un ic ipal Ac t I I I (B .C )of 1 899,
it i s open to,b u t not obl i gatory on
,the Chai rman of the Cor porat ion
of Cal cu t ta to e xer c i se the func t ions of the Col lec tor .
59
The objec t of the not ic e i s to enable the Co l lec tor who ac ts as the
agent of the-
Go v ernment o r of the c om pany for wh ic h the Governmen t
takes u p the land , to make a f u l l and c ompr ehens i ve enqu i ry for the
p u rpose of enab l ing the Gove rnmen t to make a tender of c ompensat ion
to the per sons in teres ted by b r i nging befor e him al l nec essary par ties
and a vai labl e mate r ial s . I 'Vbere a per son refu s ed to comply wi th that
no t ic e o r wai v ed it or dec l ined to appear m ere ly on the g round that
no not i c e had been ser ved u pon him , al though he knew of the pro
c eedings wh ic h were c onduc ted and c ompleted bonafide, he c ou ld not
set u p h i s c laim agains t ac qu i s i tion .
60 B u t i f the Co l l ec tor w i l fu l ly
and per ve r se ly r efu ses to gi v e not i c e to a per son inter es ted , h i s pro ~
c eeding s are i noperat i v e in v est ing the land in the Go vernment .61
I f,howe ver
,the not ic e su bs tan t ial ly c ompl ies wi th the r equ i rements
o f the law and the per sons ent i t led to a noti c e i s no t in any way
m i s l ed o r damn i fied by i t , the no ti c e i s good .
62 IVhere the not ice i s
de fec t i v e , o r where damages a re asce r tained su bsequ ent to the ac
quisition p roc eed ings , a su i t for damages i s maintainable in the C i v i l( fou r ts
,notwi th stand ing an award has been made by the Co l lec tor .
63
56 . S . 1 0 L. A . Ac t I o f 1 894 . 8 A1] . L . J . 1 1 5.
57 . ( tood so n v . R ic har d son (1 874) 61 . Ram eswar V . S ec . of S tate 34
L . R . 9 Ch . 2 2 1 ; 43 L . J . Ch . 790. Cal . 470; 1 1 C . W . N . 356 ; 5 C . L . J .
58 . E r r ing ton v . M . D . Rai l . (10. 669 ; Gangaram V . Sec . o f S tate 30Cal .
(1 8 83) 1 9 Ch . D . 559 51 L . J . Ch . 505 ; 576 ; Adm in is t rator - General v . L . A .
Ram eswar V . S ec . of S tate 34 Cal . 470 ; Col l . of 2 4 Pe rgs . 1 2 C . \V. N . 2 4 1 ;
1 1 c . w. N . 356 5 c . L . J . 669. M ahacl eviv . Neelamani20 M ad. 2 69.
59 . S ec . of S tat e v . B el chambers 33 62 . Har i Pand u rang v . Sec . of S tate
(Jal . 396 1 0 C . N . 2 8 9 ; 3 C . L . J . 2 7 Bom . 42 4 ;
‘
Gangaram V . S ec . of S tate
1 69 . 30 Cal . 576.
60. Thomas v . D aw (1 8 66 ) 2 (111 . App . 63. Rameswar V . Sec . of S tate 34 Cal .
1 ; 36 L . .1 . Ch . 2 01 S ec . o f S tate v . 4 7 0 ; 1 1 C . N . 356 ; 5 C . L . J . 669.
Bishun D at 33 Al l . 376 9 1nd . Gas . 42 3;
F“ R P L'
l ’ l TRl ’ t’
l S ES .
A notic e i s not in i tsel f a c ont rac t of sale u nt i l the pr ic e has b een
ascer tained , nor i s i t a step pu tt ing in forc e c omp u l sory power s bu t
is an ac t of a neu tral c harac ter . The land r emains the p roper ty of
the owner .
The Col lec tor shal l then enq u i re into the objec t ions , i f au v , o f the
per sons interes ted , and make an award of (i) the a rea of the. land (i i)the c om pensat ion al lowed for the land and (i i i ) the appor tionment o f
the c ompensat ion among the per sons i nteres ted in the land,wh eth er
or not they hav e appear ed befo re him .
64 For the pu rpose o f en
quiries the Co l lec to r shal l hav e power to summon and en forc e the
attendance of wi tnesses and to c ompel the p rod uc t ion of doc ument
in ac c ordanc e w i th the p ro v i s ion of C . P . C . Ac t V of The
p r oc eed ings befo re the Co l lec to r are,howe v er
,exec u t i ve in thei r
natu re.
“ He i s the exper t offi c ial c harged w i t h the du ty of fixing
the sum wh ic h in h i s best j udgm ent i s the val ue of the land an d
shou ld be offer ed fo r it .e7 He had to c o l lec t al l nec essary in format ion
to enab le him to ar r i v e at a fai r and fu l l adj u d icat ion o f al l
c laim s and interes ts . An inten tional emission to gi v e him the
r eq u i red in format ion i s pun i shab l e under S s . 1 75 and 1 7 6
I . P . C.
63 B u t as he does no t ac t j ud ic ial l y , he cannot take c ogu i
sau c e of su c h offenc es as perj u ry o r forgery .
69
The Co l lec to r i s qu i te c ompetent to ho ld the enqu i r y at his
offic e s i tuate in one of the severa l d i s tr i c ts o v er wh ic h he has j u r is
d ic t ion,and in mak ing h i s award he i s not l im i ted to the ev idenc e
taken before him ,bu t he i s en ti tled to avai l h im sel f of informat ion
s uppl ied him wi thou t. the knowledge of the owner and not d i sc losed
at the enqu i ry .
70 The loc al au tho r i ty o r c om pany , on whose behal f
th e land i s be ing acqu i r ed,may appear befo r e a Co l lec to r and addu c e
e v idenc e for the pu r pose of determ in ing the amount of com pen
sat ion .
7 1
64 . S . 1 1 L . A . Ac t I of 1 894 .
65. S . 1 4 L . A . Ac t I o f 1 894 .
66. E z ra. V . Sec . of S tate 30 Cal . 36
7 C . W . N . 2 49 B . I . S . N . Co . V . S ec .
of S tate 38 Cal . 2 30; 1 5 C . N . 8 7 ;
1 2 C . L . J . 505.
67 . P er Lord Rober tson in E zra V .
S ec . of S tate 32 I . A . 93 32 Cal . 605 ;
9 C . W . N . 454 ; l C . L . J . 2 2 7 ; see also
Lau rens l l .
iv. Co l lec to r '
s
enqu i ry .
in re E su fali1 0 B om . L . R . 994.
68 . S . 1 0. (2 )L . A . Ac t I o f 1 894.
69 D u iga D as v . Q ueen Empr ess
2 7 Cal . 820 ; E 7 ra v . Sec . of S ta te 30
la] . 86 ; 7 C . W . N . 2 49 .
70. E zra v . S ec . o f S tate 32 I . A . 93
32 Cal . 605 ; 9 C . W . N . 454 ; 1 0. L . J .
22 7 .
7 1 . S . 50 L . A . Ac t I o f 1 894.
Ls c '
ruaa I I .
or. Area.
0. Appor tionmen t .
v . Co l lec tor ’
s
award .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
The Co l lec tor i s to find ou t the pr e c i se quant i ty o f land not ified
for ac q u i s i t ion w i th in the spec ia l boundary . I f an er r oneou s
boundary has been gi ven ,the Co l lec tor c anno t c u re the m i s take .
7 2
Where the land ac tual ly taken u p i s d i ffer ent f rom that m ent ioned
in the dec larat ion,the p roc eedings of the l ol lec tor ar e vo id .
73
E ac h par cel of land and al l interes ts in i t shou ld be deal t wi th as a
whole . The Co l lec tor shou ld not spl i t up suc h interests and val ue
them separate l y and independent ly,
a land lord ’
s interest s and
a tenant’s interests in the same land
,o r land and bu i ld ings s tand ing
th ereon ,as d i st inc t t h ings to be val ued apar t from eac h o ther .
“
When a d i spu te ar i ses as to the appor tionment of the c ompon
sat ion, or to any par t of i t, or to the per sons to whom the same
or any par t thereo f i s payab le, the Co l lec tor c annot dec l ine to
dec ide quest ions of t i t le on the g round of want of ju r i sd i c t ion , nor
shou ld he sett le the amou nt of c ompensat ion due to some of the
c laimants and refer the case of the o ther s to the Cou r t. 76 Two c ou rses
are open to him he may e i ther make h is award in favou r o f the
persons whom he c ons ider s ent i t led to the c ompensat ion money and
leave i t to the d i s sat i sfied per sons to apply to him for a r e ferenc e to
the Cou r t, or instead of making an awar d,refer on his own
mot ion the d i spu te to the dec ision of the Cou rt . 76
Where the c om pensat ion money is appor t ioned,the par t ic u lar s
of suc h appor t ionment shou ld be set ou t in the award . The award
inc l udes the dec i s ion as to the amount of c ompensat ion and i ts
appor t ionmen t among the c laiman ts .
" When the Col lec tor r e fu ses
to make an awar d,the on ly r emedy of the land - owner i s to c laim
damages for the breac h o f the s tat u tory du ty by the lo l lc c to r ?8
I f the m ines under the land are not needed,the Col lec to r shal l ia
ser t suc h a s tatement in h i s awar d .
79 The award i s b ind ing u pon the
Go vernment , as the val ue, fixed by i ts own adm in ist rat ive offic er ,
72 . Har ish Chand ra V . Sec . of S tate L . R. 34 ; I tunia Lal v . Gop i Nath 2 21 1 P . Vt’ . N . 8 75. Cal . 820 ; Har rish Chand ra v . Bhobo
73. Gajend ra Sd hu V . Sec . o f S tate Tar in i 8 F . W. N . 32 1 .
8 C . L . J . 39. 76 . Ss . 1 8 , 30 L. A . Ac t I o f 1 894 .
“
H . Dun ia Lal v . (l ep i Nath 2 2 (T
ai. 7 7 . D alaram B hramaratar v . S ham
8 20 ( lovt . of l ombay v . Esu fah S L S um ter 2 3 Ca l . 52 6 .
Be ni. 6 1 8 5 Ind . Gas . 62 1 1 2 lien) . 78 . M an tharavad i v . S ec . o f S ta te 2 7
I R . 3 1 . M ad .
75. (tor t . o f lombay v. lieu tali S t 79 . S .13(2 )L . A (M ines)Ac t- XVI I of
Rom 61 9 ; 3 l nd . Cas . 6 2 1 ; 1 2 Ho rn . 1 58 5.
Lxc'
ruar: 1 1 .
Reference and
its objec t .
COM PU LSOR Y SALES
The Co l lec tor shal l then tender payment of the compensat ion
awarded by him to the per sons interested ac cord ing to the award
bu t i f they shal l not consent to rec eive i t, or i f there be no per son
c ompetent to al ienate the land , or i f there be any d i s pu te as to the t i tle
to rec eive the c ompensat ion, or as to the appor t ionment , the Co l lec tor
shal l depos i t the money in the pr inc i pal Civ i l Cou r t of or i ginal
j ur i sd ic t ion .
90 B ut when the m ines u nder the land have not been
inser ted in the dec larat ion, he need not tender c om pensat ion in
respec t of them .
91
Any per son inter es ted, who has not ac c epted the award,may,
by a wr i t ten appl icat ion to the Col lec tor , r equ i re t hat the mat ter be
refer red by him for the determ inat ion of the Cou r t . S u c h appli
cat ion shal l s tate the gr ounds em wh ic h the objec t ion to the awar d
i s taken and shal l be made wi th in s i x weeks f rom the date of the
award , i f he was p resen t befor e the Col lec tor , and in o ther cases
w i th in s ix weeks of the rec ei p t of the Co l lec tor ’s not ic e of the
award,or w i t h in s i x month s f rom the date of the Col lec tor ’ s award ,
wh ic hever per iod shal l fir s t ex p i re .
92 An ac t ual paymen t of c om
pensation money i s not necessary to the c omplet ion of the awar d .
93
Bu t i t i s doubt fu l whether any suc h app l icat ion can be made after
the money has been ac tual l y paid away .
“
The objec t of the re ferenc e i s to sec u re a speedy and jud i c ial
asc er tainment of the whole amou nt of compensat ion payable an d the
per sons to whom i t is payable who set u p c onfl i c t ing c laim s , one
agains t another .96 An independent t r i bunal s hou ld, t herefore, dec ide
between the per son who objec ts to an award and the Col lec tor by
whom i t i s made. Under the Ci ty o f Bombay Improv emen t Ac t I V
of 1 898 and the Cal c u t ta Imp rovement Ac t V of 1 91 1 ,
a T r i b unal wh ic h , t hough not a Cou r t , has been c ons t i tu ted to per
form the f unc t ions of the Cou r t under the L . A . Ac t I of
The Judge or the P res ident of the Tr i bunal s hou ld h imsel f dec ide
the case hav ing regard to the e v idenc e before him and the cir
c umstanc es of the case, what i s the fai r c ompensation for the land
90. S . 31 L .A . Ac t I of 1 894 . Chand ra v . Yaku b Al i1 7 C . N . 1 057 .
91 .L
. A. (Mines) Ac t XV I I I of 95. Roghunath v . Co l l . of Dac ca 1 1
1 8 85.C . L . J . 61 2 ; Heman ta Kumar i v . Har i
92 . S 1 9 L .A
. Ac t I of 1 894 . Charm} 5 C . L . J 301 imdad Aliv . Co l l .
93 .M i ran Bakhsh v . Feroge D in 1 4 o f Farakhabad 7 Al l . 8 1 7 ; Nobo d eep v .
I nd . Cas . 53 .B rojend ra 7 C a l . 406 9 C . L . R . 1 1 7 .
94 .Gob inda l tanee v . B l inda Rance 96. ”m il ’and uiang V . S ec . o f S tate
35 Cal . 1 1 04 1 2 C ,W . N . 1039 ; J o gesh 2 7 8 0 11 1 . 42 4 at p . 1 1 1 .
FOP. PU BLIC PU RPOS ES .
acqu i red .
97 A person who has r ece i ved the money under p rotes t LECTURE “.
as to the su ffic ienc y o f the amount, i s not p rec l uded f rom app ly ing
fo r a r e ferenc e .
98 The t i t le of the per son to the land and the com
pensation need not be adm i tted .
99 A per son, who c laims to be
interested in the ac q u i s i t ion, can apply for a referenc e .
100
The L . A . Ac t I of 1 894 does not apply to Crown lands ,for the Government be ing c ompetent to devo te any suc h lands
to a pu bl ic pu rpose, it i s a c ontrad ic t ion in term s to say that
the Go v ernment are com pu l sor i ly acqu i r i ng those of wh ic h they are
al ready the owne r s . 101 B u t i f the lands have been par ted wi t h in
suc h a way as to c reate a l im i ted r i gh t to hold and u se them in favou r
o f a subj ec t , befor e u t i l i s ing the lands for a pu bl ic pu r pose,the
par tial interest in th em has to be ac qu i red . Henc e,where the Col
lec tor c laims the lands as the proper ty of the Government and denies
the t i t le of other c laiman ts , he has no power to make a referenc e to
the Judge and ne i ther the Sec r etary of S tate,nor the Company for
whose benefit the lands are being ac qu i red , can c laim a referenc e.
102
The obser vanc e of the formal i ties i s a c ond i t ion p rec edent to the
Col lec tor s’ power of r eferenc e.
1 03 Up to, and inc l ud ing , the t ime of
mak ing h i s award , the p roc eed ings befere the Col lec tor are not
j ud i c ial proc eed ings , bu t wh en an appl icat ion i s made to him r equir
ing him to r efer the matte r to the C iv i l Cou r t , the Col lec tor has to
determ ine j ud ic ial ly, whether the appl icat ion shou ld be g ranted o r
not,on the ground that the formal i t ies have been compl ied wi th.
The wr i tten appl icat ion makes it inc umbent on him to make a
r eferenc e and his order refu s ing an appl icat ion i s su bjec t to re v i s ion
97 . F ink V . S ec . of S tate 34 Cal . 599
Hu gh liM i l ls V . Sec . of S tate 1 2 C . L . J .
98 . S . 31 L . A . Ac t I of 1 894.
99 . H usaini v . H usain i 1 7 Al l . 573
F . B . Heman ta Kumar i v . Har i Charan5 C . L . J . 301 .
1 00. E zra. V . Sec . of S tate 30 Cal . 36 ;
7 C . W . N . 2 49 ; Gals taun v . S ec . of S tate
1 0 C . W’
. N . 1 95 ; Hernan ta Kumar i v .
HariChaian S C . L . J . 3C1 ; Q ueen v .
C . Rai l . Co . (I S69)L . R . 4 Q . B . 320.
1 01 . Govt . of Rom . v . E su fali 34
B um . 61 8 ; 5 Ind . Gas . 62 1 ; 1 2 Bom .
L . R . 34 ; D y . Co lt ,Cal icu t D iv is ion v .
Aiyaon P i l lay 9 Ind . Gas . 342 9 M . L.T.
2 72 2 M . W . N . 367 .
1 02 . S . 50 L . A. Ac t I of 1 894 ; see
Babu jan V . Sec . of S tate 4 C . L . J . 256
Gov t . of Bombay v . E su fali34 Bom . 61 8 ;
5 1nd . Gas . 62 1 ; 1 2 B om . L . A . 34 ;
Imdadaliv . Col l . of Farakhabad 7 Al l .
8 1 7 ; Cr own B rewery v . Col l . of Deh radun 1 9 A ll . 339 ; B . I . S . N . Co . v . Sec .
of S tate 38 Ca'. 230 1 5 C . W. N . 8 7 ;
1 2 C . L . J . 505 M un ic ipal Cor porat ionv . Jogend ra 1 3 C . W . N . 1 1 6.
1 03. In re Govt . and Nanu Ko thare
30 8 011 1 . 2 75 ; in re Ru s tomj i Jijibhai
30 Born . 34 1 ; 7 Bum . L . R . 88 1 .
LECTURE l l .
Con ten ts o f
r efe r enc e.
Cou r t ’s poweron refer ence .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
by the Hig h Co u r t .“ I f at any t ime be fo re the award i s ac tual ly
made, any ques t ion ar i ses as to wheth er auv land proposed
to be taken does or does not form par t o f a hou se , manu fac tory or
bu i ld ing, the Col lec tor shal l on the appl icat ion for su c h a referenc e,
r efer the determ inat ion o f su c h q u e s tion to the Cou r t . 105 Wher e
the Co l lec tor refu ses to make a r e ferenc e, the High Cou r t in revision
i s c ompe ten t to set as i de the proceed ings .1 06
I n mak ing the r e ferenc e, the Co l lec tor shal l state in wr i t ing (a)
the par t ic u lar s o f the land (5) the names of per sons interested
(c) the amou nt awar ded for damages u nder S s. 5 and 1 7 , and the
amount of c ompensat ion awar ded under S . 1 1 and (d ) i f the objec
t ion be to the amoun t of c ompensat ion ,the grounds on wh ic h the
amount o f c ompensat ion was determ ined . To th i s,shal l be at tac hed
a sc hed u le of not ic es ser v ed and o f the statements in wr i t ing made
and del ivered by the par t ies inter ested .
107 I f the m ines ly ing u nder
the land are not needed , the lol lec tor shal l inser t a statement to that
effec t in the re fer ence.
108 By r equ i r ing the Col lec tor to s tate in the
r eferenc e to the Cou r t the grounds on wh ic h the amount o f c ompen
sation was dete rm ined , a safeguard i s prov ided agains t any ar b i t rary
award being made.
1 09 On a p roper r eference be ing made,the
bu rden o f proo f that the c om pensat ion i s i nadeq uate, rests wi t h the
c laiman t.1 1 0
The Co l lec to r i s not bound by the per iod of l im i tat ion imposedon persons who have not ac cepted the awar d
,in as m uc h as he can of
h i s own motion make a r eferenc e.
1 1 1 B u t i t i s dou bt fu l whether S . 1 2
of the Lim i tat ion Ac t IX of 1 908 appl ies to an app l icat ion by an
objec tor fo r r efe rence.
1 1 2
The Cou r t shal l then ser ve not ic es on al l per sons,interested in the
objec t ions , inc l ud ing the appl icant , in o rde r to adj ud icate upon al l
the obj ec t ions in vol v ed in the r e fe renc e,and on the Col lec tor i f the
1 04. Adm in is t rato r - General v . L . A . o f 1 885.
Co l l . o f 2 1 l’er ge. 1 2 C . “L N . 2 4 1 B . l . 1 09. Mad hu su dan v . Co l l . of Cu t tack
S . N . Co . v . S ec . o f S tate 38 Cal . 2 30 ; 6 C . \V. N . 406 ; Har ish Chand ra V. See .
1 5 C . W . N . 8 7 1 2 C . L . J . 505 ; in re o f S tate 1 1 C. “L N . 8 75.
t ustomji Jijibhai 30 tom . 3 1 ] 7 1 1 0. M adhu su dan v . Co l l . of Cu t tac kBorn . L . R . 8 8 1 . 6 C . N . 406.
1 05. S . 49 L . A . Ac t I o f 1 894 . 1 1 1 . S . 30 L . A . Ac t I of 1 894 ;
1 06. K r ishna “as v . L. A . COIL, l ’ u nnabati v . l ’admanand 7 C . \V.N
.
l ’abna 1 6 O W . N . 32 7 1 3 Ind . Cas . 470. 53
1 07 . S . 1 9 L . A . Ac t I o t 1 8 9 -l . 1 1 2 . In r e Government and Nunu N .
1 08 . S . d t‘
Z) L A . (M ines ) Ac t XV I I I Iio t haie 30 Bo rn .
Lror i‘
rau I I .
COM PU LSOR'
Y SALE S
The Cou r t canno t , on a r eferenc e determ ine on l y the amou nt o f
c ompensat ion payab le fo r the land and r efu se to dec id e the ques t ion
of t i tle to the land and to appor t ion the c ompensat ion among the
c laimants , d i rec t ing them to seek thei r remedy by a c i v i l su it . 1 20
The Cou r t merel y ac ts as an um pi re and has no au thor i ty to
c ons ider co l lateral qu est ions bu t c an onlv deal w i th the objec t ion s
which'
have been subm i t ted to it,nor c an i t go into any ques tions
ra i sed be fore i t for the fi r s t t ime.
1 2 1 I t c annot add par ties on thei r
own appl ic at ion and al low them to c ontest the awar d on a ground
not rai sed in the r eferenc e,un less the c laimant sat i sfies i t that he had
su ffic ient reason for ref rain ing f rom making h i s c laim in due t ime .
1 22
The sc ope of the enqu i ry shal l be r es t r i c ted to the c ons iderat ion
of the interests of the per sons affec ted by the obj ec t ion Le. inter ests
o f the per sons rai s ing the obj ec t ions to the award and those of o th er
persons aff ec ted ther eby .
1 23Q ues t ions , raised by the par t ies who did
not and cou ld not obtain any o rder of r eferenc e, cannot be gone
into.
1 24
for the land shou ld be separatel y deal t wi th f rom the enqu i ry as to
The deter
m inat ion of the val ue of the ind i v id ual in ter es ts,exc l u s i ve of the
The q ues t ion as to the total am oun t of c ompensat ion payab le
the inter es ts of the per sons c laim ing c ompensat ion.
1 35
inter ests of the other c laimants to c ompensat ion ,i s poss i bl e on l y in a
c ase where suc h interes t i s incapable of. var iat ion in a p roc eed ing
for appor t ionment .1 26 I f the or i g inal obj ec tor wi thd raws
,the p ro
1 20. B ar r ish Chand ra v . B hoba Tar in i 7 Incl . Gas . 1 0.
8 C . \V . N . 32 1 ; Taylor v . Co l l . of Pu rnea 1 23. S . 2 1 L. A . Ac t I of 1 894 Kash i1 4 Cal . 42 3 Balaram Bh ram aratar v . P rosad V . Sec . of S tate 2 9 Cal . 1 40
S ham S und er 2 3 Cal . 52 6 ; Nobodeep
v . B rojend ra 7 Cal . 406 ; 9 C . L . R .
1 1 7 ; 1 6 Born .
525 (R E ) ; Heman ta Kumar i v . Har i
T r ustees, Bom bay Improvement v .
Jalbboy 33 B orn . 483 ; 1 1 Born . L . R .
674.
1 2 4. B . I . S . N . Co . V . Sec . o f S tate
Kash im v . Aminbi
Charan 5 C . L . J . 301 .
1 2 1 . In re Dare Val ley Rai l . Co . (1 8 68 )
L . R . 6 E q . 429 ; Abu Bakar v . PearyMohan 34 Cal . 451 M ohanand v . S rish
7 Ind . Cas . 1 0 Tay lor v . Co l l . of Pu rnea1 4 Cal . 423 see however in r e l tu stomji
Jijil)hai30B um . 341 7 Born . L . R . 88 1 .
1 2 2 . S ec . o f S tate v . Gov inda Lal 1 2C . W. N . 2 63 Gobinda Kumar v . Debend ra. Kumar 1 2 C . W . N . 98 I’ rabal
Ch and ra v . Peary Moh un 1 2 C . N .
98 7 Mahammad S ah v . Han an Chand ra1 2 C . W. N . Mahanand v . S rish
38 Cal . 2 30 1 5 C . \V . N . 8 7 1 2 C . L . J .
505 ; P romot ln v . R akhal 1 1 C . L . J .
420 Abu Bakar v . Peary M ohan 34 Cal .
451 ; B ejoy Chand v . P . K . M ojumdar
1 3 C . L . J . 1 59 9 Ind . Gas . 58 2 Gob indaK umar v . D eben dra Kumar 1 2 C . W. N .
98 ; M uhamm ad S ah’ v . Haran Chand ra
1 2 C . N . P rahal Chand ra v .Peary Mohu n 1 2 C . \V. N . 98 7 .
1 2 5. G ris taun V . Sec . of S tate 1 0
C . W . N . 1 93.
1 2 6 . F ink V . S ec . of S tate 34 Cal .
599 .
FOR P U B L IC
c eeding s ar e at an end .
‘
B u t if one of the c laimants , who obj ec ted
to the amount of c ompensation off e red bv the Col lec tor , withd raws
or if he did not obtain an orde r o f re fe renc e and the amount. of c om
pensation is inc reased at the ins tanc e of the o ther c laimants. he can
c laim the benefits of the inc reased amount awarded by the J udge at
the instance of the other c laimantsm
On a pr ope r r efer enc e being m ade , the Col lec tor‘
s award is
p rima f acie evidenc e t hat the amount awarde d is the prope r amount
and the onu s is on the c laimant who takes the po sition o f the plain
tiff that the compensation awar ded is inadeq uate .
1 28 B u t if the
Col lec tor makes no enq uiry , o r fails, in making a reference - to the
Cou r t, to state the g r ound s on whic h the amount o f compensation is
determined, the bu rden is shifted on the Government who takes the
position of the d efendant . 1 29
The pr ovisions of the Civil P roced u r e Cod e apply to the proc ee d
ings before the Cou r t . 1 30 Th us,whe re the proc eedings are dismissed
for want of p rosec u tion , a suit is‘
not maintainab le fo r the t ria l
o f the q uestion invo lved in the r efe renc e , bu t the par ty who seek s
to have su c h questions t ried and oc c u pies the position o f a plaintiff ,m ust get the proc eedings r ever sed under 0. 9 r . 9 C . P . (
3. Ac t V of
Where there ar e several r eferenc es in whic h the par ties
ar e t he sam e, the evidenc e is the same, and the plo ts of land a re
c on tiguou s to one onother and form par ts of one estate, al though in
occ u pation of differen t tenants, the c ases may be c onsolidated .
1 32
The Sec r etary of S tate is direc t ly interes ted in the asc er tainmen t
of compensation,and no proc eeding u pon a r eferenc e can be valid
in his absenc e .
”3 The Cou r t may make an order for discovery und er
1 2 7 . Nabin C h and ra v . D y . Comm issioner of Syl h e t l C . W . N . 562 B ejoyC h and v. P . K . M ojumdar 1 3 C . L . J .
1 59 ; 9 Ind . Gas . 58 2 ; c f. Kas h i P rosadV . Sec . of S tate 2 9 Cal . 1 40.
1 2 8 . E zra V . Sec . of S tate 30 Cal .
36 ; 7 C . W . N . 2 49 ; K is h an C h and V .
Jagannat h 2 5 Al l . 1 33 B e h ar i v . Nanda
1 1 C . \V. N . 430.
1 29. M ad h usudan v . Co l l . of Cu t
taek 6 C . W . N . 406 ; Eink V . Sec . of
S tate 34 Cal . 599 ; Har is h C h and ra V .
Sec . o f S tate 1 1 0. “7. N . 8 75.
1 30, Ss . 53 and 54 L . A. Ac t I of
Lise'
rumz H .
P roc ed u re.
1 894.
1 31 . Behary v . Nanda 1 1 C . \V. N .
430 ; B h and i S ing h v . Ramad hin Rai 1 0
C . W. N . 991 ; 2 C . L . J . 359.
1 32 . Kash i P rosad V . S ec . of S tate 29Cal . 1 40 ; Tr us tees, B ombay Improvement v . Jal bhoy 33 B orn . 483 1 1 B om .
L . R . 674 .
1 33. M unic ipal Corporat ion v . Jogen
d ra 1 3 C . \V . N . 1 1 6. The Cou r t may.
add par t ies under 0 . 1 r r . 8 1 0(2 ) (BlC . P . C . Ac t V of 1 908 K is h aliC h andv . Jagannat h 2 5 Al l . 1 33.
L ECTU RE I I .
Separa te su i t .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
O. 1 1 r . 1 2 C . P . C . Ac t V‘
ef I ssues may be f ram ed raising
quest-ions other than t hose specified in the r eferenc e .
1 35 Wher e the
c laim is wit h d rawn,no t m ore than hal f the fu ll fees o f the pleader can
be awar ded under r u le 36 (b)Ch . V I R u les and Cir c u lar Orders o fHigh
Cou r t, Calc u tta.
1 36 P roc eedings in the Cou r t of the J udge are not suits
for money or suits for land within the m eaning of r u le 457 of the 4 th
April 1 894 for the Cou r ts su bordinate to theHigh Cou r t for the Nor t h
Western P rovinc es . A pl eader’
s fee shou l d therefore be cal c u lated
ac c or ding to r u l e
The question as to the per sons to whom the c ompensation is payable
,may be d etermined either by a r e ferenc e or by a suit .1 33 B u t
if a per son has onc e made his c hoic e and availed him sel f o f a
referenc e to the Cou r t , he cannot again ask for an oppor t unity to litigate
the same mat ter in an o rdinary Cour t .1 39 B ut where the Col lec tor
r efuses to“
adj udicate a c laim pu t forwar d , or where there has been
no referenc e, a suit wil l be main tainab le for the ad j udication of the
rig h ts of the c laiman ts inter l t is the d u ty of the Civil Cou r t
to set aside the proc eedings o f,and a r e fer ence by ,
the Col lec tor
whic h ar e c ont rary to the p rovisions of the Ac t . 1 41 No r are the
Civil Cou r ts ‘
power less to affor d r elief to a person agg rieved by
proceedings taken in nominal c omplianc e with statu tory provisions .
1 42
A separate suit is maintainab le for damages whic h c ou l d not r eason
abl v have been - foreseen at the time of the proc eedings,1 43
o r where
1 34. B . L S . N . Co . V . S ec . of S tate38 Cal . 2 30 ; 1 5 C . W . N . 8 7 ; 1 2 C . L.
J . 505.
1 35. In re R u s tomji Jijibhai 30
B orn . 341 ; 7 B orn . L . R . 88 1 .
1 36. Nanhilal V . S ec . of S tate 1 1
C . L . J . 2 1 7 .
1 37 . Kan h aiya Lal V . S ec . o f S tate1 4 1 nd . Cas . 2 1 4 .
1 38 . S . 31 L . A. Ac t I o f 1 894 .
1 39. B h and i S ing h v . 11amad hin Rai
1 0 C . \V. N . 991 2 C . L . J . 359 Babujan V . S ec . o f S tate 4 C . L . J . 2 56 ;
C h owaKaran v. Y ayyap rath 2 9 M ad . 1 73.
1 40. Rameswar V . S ec . of S ta te 31
Cal . 470 ; 1 1 C . W . N . 356 ; 5 C . L J .
669 ; Nilmaniv. Rambu nd hu 8 l . A. 90
7 Ca l . 38 8 10 C . L . R . 393 l l u rm u l jan
v . Padma Loc h um 1 2 Cal . 33 l’
unnaba ti
v . Padmanand 7 C . W . N . 538 .
1 41 . S hyam C h under V . S ec . of S ta te35 Cal . 1 2 C . W . N . 569 7 C . L . J .
445 Babu jan v . S ec . o f S tate 4 C . L . J .
2 56 ; Lad li B egam v . Raje R abia. 1 3
B orn . 650.
1 42 . B . I . S . N . Co. V . S ec . of S tate38 Cal . 2 30 1 5 C . \V. N . 8 7 1 2 C . L . J .
505 Lu chmeswar v . D arb hanga M un icipality 1 7 I . A. 90 1 8 Cal . 99 ; Gaekwarv . Gand h i 30 I . A. 60 ; 2 7 B orn . 344 ;
7 C . W. N . 393 ; Rameswar V . S ec . of
S tate 34 Cal . 470 ; 1 1 C . “7 . N . 356 ;
5 C . L. J . 669 ; Roghuuath v . Cal l . of
D acca 1 1 (3. L. J . 6 1 2 6 1 nd . Gas . 457 .
1 43. Rameswar V . S ec . o f S tate 34Cal . 470 ; 1 1 C . W . N. 356 ; 5 C . L. J .
LECTU RE I I :
Ju dge’
s award
is a dec ree.
COM P U LSORY SALE S
1Vhen any compensation money is deposited in Cou r t , the Cou r t
may, on the application of any par ty inte rested , or c laiming an interest
in suc h m oney , order the same to be invested in Gover nmen t o r other
approved sec u rities.
1 50 The money deposited is a debt for whic h it
is nec essar y fo r the h eirs to take ou t a c er tific ate u nder the
S uc c ession Cer tific ate Ac t. V I I of
E very awar d shal l specify the amounts awarded under eac h of
the c lau ses under S . 23 L . A . Ac t I of 1 894, together with the g roundsof awar ding eac h of the said amou nts “ ? An omissmn to do so by the
J udge amoun ts to a material ir regu larity in the exer cise of ju risdic
tion .
1 63 An o r der ‘
for investmen t of money deposited in respec t of
lands belonging to persons inc om petent to alienate them ,may be
made in the award .
“ I f the amoun t of c ompensation awarded bythe Col lec tor is inadequate
,the Cou r t may dir ec t that the Col lec tor
shal l pay interest at the rate of 6 p.e. per annum on the amount , over
and above the amoun t awar ded by him ,f rom the date of his taking
possession of the land to the date of payment of suc h exc ess into
Cou r t .“55 When the awar d of the Col lec tor is not u phel d , the
c osts inc ur red in the proc eedings before the Cou r t shal l be paid bythe Col lec tor , u nless the c laim of the applicant was ext ravagant or
he was negligent in pu t ting his c ase befo re the Collec tor .
1 66
An award is not c hargeab le with stamp du ty .
1 57 An adj udica
tion as to c ompensation or appor tinm ent is a dec r ee .
1 58 B u t where
the Judge does not go into the m erits of the c laim and does not
decide anything, the or der is not a dec ree.
1 69 An award r efusing to
restore a c laim case disposed of exp a r te, is not an award .
1 60
An adj udic ation o f title between rival c laiman ts by the Cou r t
c onc ludes the question,and a person whose c laim has been adjudi
c ated upon ,is not en titled to have the c laim r eopened and hear d
1 50. S . 33 L . A. Ac t I of 1 894.
1 51 . Abinas C hand ra v . P robodh
C h and ra 1 5 C . W. N . 1 01 8 ; 1 3 Ind . Cas.
357 .
1 52 . S . 26 L . A. Ac t I of 1 894 .
1 53. Josep h v . S al t Co . 1 7 M ad . 37 1 .
1 54. S h iva Itao v. Nagappa 20 M ad .
1 1 7 .
1 55. S . 2 8 L . A. Ac t I of 1 8 9 - 1
Rangaswam i v . Co l l . o f Co imbatore 5 Ind .
Cas. 744; 7 . M . L . T . 78 .
56. S . 2 7 L . A. Ac t I of 1 894.
57 . S . 51 L . A. Ac t I of 1 894.
58 . Nilmoni v. Ra '
nbund hu 8 I . A.
Ca] . 38 8 ; 1 0 C . L . R . 393 Nil
kan t h v . Co l l . of T h ana 2 2 B om . 802 ;
Lad ha E bra h im Co. v . Ass t . Co l l .of Poona 1 2 B om . L . R . 839 .
1 59 . Har rish C h and ra v. BhobaTar in i8 C . N . 32 1 .
1 60. Hasun M o l la h v. Tasiruddin 39
Cal . 303.
FOR P U BL IC PuRPosEs. 63
again in another suit1 61 WI lien the adj udication is in r espec t of
p roper ty other than that to whic h the enq uiry relates,though the
tit le thereto is the same,the decision is not r es jmlieata.
‘62 I f the
award says nothing as to damage for severanc e , it may be assumed
that it is inc l uded in the amou nt , or that the Cou r t has by silenc e
decide d that there was no damage in fac t . 1 63
Al th ough an award direc ting the r efund of c ompensation money
paid , does not amount to an awar d , it is enforc eable u nder S . 36,
O. 2 1 r . 30, C. P . C . Ac t V of E ven if C. P . C. does not
apply, the Cou r t has inherent power u nder general principles of law
to c ompel r estitu tion .
1 65 An o r de r o r award of the T ribunal is
enforc ed by a Cou r t of Smal l C auses , as if it were a dec ree of that
lou r t.166
An appeal sha l l lie to the High Cou r t. f rom the awar d or any
part of the award .
1 67 An appeal lies to the Hig h Cou r t f rom an awar d
o f the T ribunal on the c er tificate o f the P residen t that the case is a
fit one for appeal .1 63 An order for the appor tionment of c ompensation
is appealab le to the High Cou r t . 1 69 An order direc ting investment
o f the compensation money , being an integ ral par t of the awar d,is
1 61 . Nilmoniv . R t mbu ndh u 8 I . A.
90 ; 7 Cal . 388 ; 1 0 C . L . R . 393 ;
Hu rmatjan v. Padma Loc h an 1 2 Cal .
33 ; Punnabativ. Padmanand 7 C . VV. N.
538 ; Ram Chu nd er v. M ad h o Kumar i1 2 I . A . 1 88 ; 1 2 Cal . 484 ; C h owa Karanv. Vayyaprath 29 M ad . 1 73 ; B h and iS ing h v . Ramadhin Rai 1 0 C . W . N .
99 1 ; 2 C . L . J . 359 ; Babu jan V . S ec . of
s tate 4 C . L . J . 2 56.
1 62 .U irgaj v. Kal i C h iran 34 Cal .
466 ; 1 1 C . W. N. 52 5 ; Nobodeep v.
B rojend ra 7 Cal . 406; 9 C . L . R . 1 1 7 ; M a h ide .iv. Neelamoni20 M ad . 2 69; Basan t v.
R os h ai 2 Ind . Gas . 853.
1 63. I n r e Hayne (1 865) 1 3W . R . 492 ;
D uke of B eau for t S wansea Har bou rTr us tees (1 8 60) 2 9 L . J .C P .
1 64. Nobin K -
t liv . Banalata 32 Cal .
92 1 ; 2 C. L. J . 595 ; Kakkalangara v .
Karala Varma 2 1 nd . Gas . 931 ; 6
M . L .T . 1 39.
LECTU RE I I . .
E xec u t ion of
award .
Appeal .
1 65. S . 1 44 C . P . C Ac t V of 1 908 ;
Joges h Chand ra. v. Yaku b Ali1 71 05 1 M r inal in i v. Abinash 1 4 C .W.N .
1 02 4 1 1 C .L . J . 533 ; Co l l . of Ahmeda
bad v. Lar jiM u l j i 35 B or n. 2 55 1 0 Ind .
Gas. 8 1 8 ; 1 3 Bom . L . R . 259 ; see con t raGobinda Ranee v . B r inda Ranee 35 Cal .
1 1 04 1 2 C .W .N . 1039.
1 66. S . 48 (10) B . I . Ac t . I V
(130. C . ) of 1 898 ; S . 77 C . I . Ac t V
(R C . )of 1 91 1 .
1 67 . S . 54 L. A. Ac t I of 1 894.
1 68 . S . 48 (1 1 ) B . I . Ac t IV . (B o . C . )
of 1 898 ; S . 3 (b) C . 1 . (Appeals) Ac tXV I I I of 1 91 1 .
1 69. B alaram B hram aratar v . S hamS under 2 3 Cal . 526 Har rish C h and ra v .
B hobaTar ini 8 C . W . N . 32 1 Poreshnath
V . Sec . of S tate 1 6 Cal . 31 S h eo Rat tanv . M o h r i 2 1 Al l . 354 ; M un ic i pal Comm iss ioner s of Bombay v
. Abd u l Huk 1 8
Bor n. 1 85.
LECTURE I I .
COM PU LSORY SALE S
appealab le .
1 7° An awar d of costs is a par t o f the awar d and an appeal
lies against suc h par t.1 7 1 B ut an or der dir ec ting the refund of the
money ,”2
o r an o rder rejec ting an applic ation by a person to be madea par ty on the g r ’
ound t hat he has no locu s standi1 73 is not appealab le .
Wh en an Assistan t J u dge makes an awar d and it is c onfirmed or
set aside by the D ist ric t J udge on appeal , no second appeal lies
against the decision o f the D istric t J udge .
1 74 The r espondent is
entitled to obj ec t to the awar d u nder 0. 4 1 r . 22 C . P . C . Ac t V
o f There is no appeal to the P rivy Cou ncil as of righ t f rom
an o rderof a High . Cou r t , for the for c e of S . 54 L . A. Ac t I of
1 894 is exhausted when the appeal to the High Cou r t is heard .
1 76
The m emorand um of appeal m ust be stamped as an appeal froman o riginal dec r ee and m ust bear the Cou r t - fee stamp as providedby S . 8 Cou r t - Fees Ac t V I I I of B ut where the J udge
r efer red the c laimant to a civil suit , the Cou r t - fee payab le is two
rupees .
1 78 The . dec ree awar ded in appeal m ust ”
be limited to the
amoun t for whic h the Cour t - fees have been paid on the memorand um
o f . appeal .1 79
No suit or proc eeding shal l be institu ted against any person for
any tor tiou s ac t, in pu r suanc e of anything done u nder the Ac t,
withou t giving him a mont h ’
s notic e in writing o f the intended
pr oc eeding and of the cau se t hereof . 1 80 No tic e is required only
when any tor tious ac t is done u nder the Ac t. 1 8 1 Where no notic e
.1 70. Trinayani-D as i v . K r is h na Lal
39 Cal . 906 ; 1 7 C . W . N. 933 ; 6 Ind .
Cas. 1 57 S h iva Rao v. Nagappa 2 9 Mad .
1 1 7.
1 7 1 . Ekambara v. M uniswamy 31
M ad . 32 8 ; see c on t ra u nder the o ld
Ac t , Bamasoondaree v. Verner 2 2 W. R .
1 36 ; 1 3 B .L .R . 1 89.
1 7 2 . Nobin Kal i v . B analata 32 Cal .
92 1 2 C . L. J . 595 Gobinda Ranee v .
B r inda Ranee 35 Ca l . 1 1 04 1 2 C . W . N.
1 039.
1 73. Go lap K h an v . B holanath 1 2
C . L . J . 545.
1 74 . Nathubhaiv . M anordas 36 Bom .
Rom . L R . 32 5.
1 75. Rag h unat h v . S ec . o f S tate 2 9
B um . 51 4 7 B en) . I R . 569 .
1 76. Rangoon B otatoung Co. v .
Co l l . of Rangoon 39 I . A. 1 97 40 Cal .
2 1 1 7 C 961 ; 1 6 C . L . J . 2 45 ;
S pec ial Offi cer , S alse t te v . D ossabhai37
D om . 506 ; 1 7 42 1 ; 1 4 Born .
L . R . 1 1 94 .
1 77 . S h eo Rat tan v . M o h r i 2 1 Al l .
354 ; Trinayaniv . K r is h na Lal 39 Cal .
906 ; 1 7 C . W. N . 933 6 Ind . Gas . 1 57 .
1 78 . Har rish C h and ra v . B hoba Tar in i8 C .W.N . 32 1 .
1 79. M a h omed Ali V . Sec . of S tate30 Cal . 501 .
1 80. S . 52 L . A . Ac t I of 1 894 ; Se.
C . I . Ac t V of 1 91 1 .
1 8 1 . Kaminee D ebia v . P ro tapC h u nde r 2 5W . R . 1 03 E zra V . Sec . of
S tate 230 36 7 C .W . N . 2 49.
L ECTU RE
COM PU LSORY SALE S
were legal ly extinguish ed , evidenc e of su bseq uent t respass and use r by
the pu blic wil l not avail to estab lish a new r ededication to the pu blic
of a righ t of way over the land in question.
1 92 The minerals under
the land will al so vest , unless the Col lec tor mak es a statem ent to the
c ont rary, in the manner presc ribed by S . 3 L . A. (M ines) Ac t XV I I Iof 1 8 85.
I f the mines lying under the land have not been ac q uired with
the land,the pe rsons
-
entit led to wor k the mines shal l give the Local
Gove rnment 60 days’
no tic e before the c omm enc ement of the
wo rking .
1 93 U pon su c h notic e being given,the Local Government
may pu b lish a dec laration of its wil lingness to pay c ompensation,
eith er fo r the mines and minerals,or in c onsideration of the mines
being worked , su bjec t to su c h r est ric tion as the Local Government
may specify .
1 94 I f no c om pensation is offered the mines may be
worked in a pr oper manner ac c ording to the usual manner of working
s u c h mines in the locality, al though suc h working may absol u te lydest roy the su r fac e.
”5 B u t if any damage or obst r uc tion is c aused
to the su r fac e by improper wor king , it m u st be r epaired .
‘96
The c ompu lsory ac quisition of land will not j ustify the in fringeTh us, I . R . Ac t IX of 1 899 c onfers
on railway c ompany to do c er t ain things for the pu rpose of c on
men t of the righ ts of others .
1 97
stuc ting a railway , or the ac c ommodation of other work s c onnec ted
ther ewith whic h c ou ld not be lawfu l ly done withou t them .
1 93 B u t in
the exercise of these powers, the railway administ ration shal l do as
litt le damage as possible, and c ompensation shal l be paid for anyd amage cau sed by the exercise thereof and the amount shal l be determined in ac c ordanc e with the provisions of the L . A . Ac t I of
1 92 . G . C . Rail . Co. v. Bal by &c . M anc h es ter (1 908) A C . 1 1 7 ; Eden v.
D istr ic t Counc i l (1 91 2 )2 C h . 1 1 0. N . W . Ra i l . Co . (1 907)A. C . 400.
1 93. S . 4 L . A. (M ines)Ac t XV I I I of 1 96. S . 7 L . A. (Mines)Ac t XVI I I of1 8 85.
1 94. S . 5 L . A. (M ines)Ac t XVI I I of
1 885.
1 95. G . \V. Rai l . Co . v. Carpal laU n i ted C h ina. C lay Co . (1 910)A. C . 83
G . \V . Rai l . Co . v . B enne t t (1 867) L . R .
2 H . L . 2 7 Howley Park Coal and CanalCo
. v . N . W'
. Rai l . Co . (1 91 3)A. C . 1 1 ;
N .W . Rai l . Co . v . B udhil l Coal
Sand s tone (‘o . (1 91 0) [6 New M oss(b i l iary Ltd . v . Lo rd M ayor &c .
,
1 885 M . Rai l . Co. v . Robinson (1 889) 1 5App . Gas. 1 9 G . W . Rai l . Co. v . B lad es(1 901 ) 2 C h . 62 4 in re Todd Bir leston
& c . (1 903) 1 K . B . 603.
1 97 . Foster v. L . C. Rai l . Co . (1 895)‘
1 Q . B . 7 1 1 Raj M o h un v. E . I . Rail.CO . 1 0 B . L . R . 2 41 .
1 98 . S s. 7 , 8 and 9 I . R . Ac t I Xo f 1 890. S ee Knis l ey v. N. E . Rai l . Co .(1 896) 1 C h . 41 8 .
FOR P U BL IC PU RPOS ES .
1 8944399 The land acquired may be used for any purpose for whic h the
statu te au thorises its u se,al though not the pu rpose for whic h it was
pro fessed ly taken, provided it does not inf ringe the righ ts of o thers.
200
Th us, lands ac quired at the instance of the Por t Commissioners are
h eld by them for “
pu b lic pu rposes,” that is the pu rposes r efer red
to in S . 38 P o r t Commissione rs Ac t V (B . C .) o f So, a
railway c ompany pu rc hasing land for the railway ac q uires solely
for the pu r poses o f cons tr u c ting and u sing the railway .
202
M unicipal and other pu b lic bodies ar e sometimes given powers to
take land beyond what is ac tual ly nec essary for the exec u tion of the
p ropose d works, in order t hat some. par t at least o f the improved
val ue of the ad joining land may be sec u re d in ease of the bu r den
u pon the ratepayer s. These lands ar e au thorised to be taken for the
pu r pose o f “re c ou pment
,
”as the pu b lic body is empower ed to sel l
o r lease or otherwise trans fer them at what may be the enhanc ed
val ue .
203
I n c ases of u rgency , if the Local Governmen t so direc ts, the
Col lec tor,though no awar d has been made, may af ter 1 5 days after
pu b lication of the notic e u nder S . 9 (1 ) take possession o f any waste
or arable land needed for pu b lic pu rposes or for a c ompany?“
t enever owing to any su dden c hange in the c hannel of any
navigabl e river o r o ther unfor eseen emergency ,it bec omes nec essar y
for any railway administration to ac quire imm ediate possession o f
any land , the Co l l ec tor may imm ediately ,after the pu b lic ation of the
notic e and with the previous sanc tion of the Loc al Gover nm ent,
take possession of su c h land .
‘205 The Co l lec tor shal l,at the time o f
taking possession, offer to the person in ter ested,c omp
e nsation for th '
standing c r ops and t rees on suc h land and fo r au v o ther d amag e
1 99. S. 1 0 1 . R . Ac t I X of 1 890.
200. Raj M o h un v. E . I . Rai l . Co.10 B . L . R . 2 41 ; Lu chmeswar v .
D arbhanga Mun ic ipal i ty I 7 I . A. 90 1 8
Cal . 99; Gal loway v. M ayor Comm onal tyof London (1 866) L. R . 1 H. L. 34 ; 35
I . J . C h . 477 .
201 . K. S . Bonnerjee v. Comm iss ion~
er s for the P or t of Cal c u t ta 3 C . L. J.585.
12 1 2 . Nor ton v. L . & N . \V. Rai l . Co.
LECTU RE I I .
Recoupmen t .
(1 879) 1 3 Ch . D.
‘2 68.
203. S . 556 C . M . Act NI
of 1 899 ; S . 8 1 C . I. Ac t V
of 1 91 1 . See Gal loway v. Mayor Com ~
monal ty of London (1 866) L . R . 1 H. L .
34 ; 35 L. J . Ch . 47 7 ; Q u in ton v . B r is to lCorporat ion (1 874) L . R. 1 7 Eq . 52 4 ;
Ro l ls v. Sou th S h ie lds Corpora t ion (1 899)79 1 . T. 685 0 A.
204. S . 1 7 (l ) L . A. Ac t I of 1 894 .
205. s. 1 , (2 ) L . A. Ac t I o f 1 394 .
L EC'
J‘
UR E I I .
COMPU LSORY SALES
caused by su dden dispossessionfO" U nder S . 557 (b) Cal c u tta M uni;
cipal Ac t-
i
1 1 1 (B C .) of 1 8 99 “ in the case of any ar ea whic h is
stated'
in a c er tificate by a Magist rate to be u nheal thy,”S . 17 L . A.
Ac t I o f 1 894 is made applicable .
“Whenever it appear s to the Local Governmen t that the temporaryoc c upation and u se of any waste o r arab le land are needed fo r any
pu b lic pu rpose o r for a c ompany , the Local Governm ent may direc t the
Col l ec tor to proc u re the oc c upation and u se of suc h land no t exc eed
ing th ree year s . The Codec tor sh al l then give written notic e to the
persons interested in suc h land of the pu rpose for whic h it is needed,
and pay compensation, either in a g ross sum or by periodical pay
m ents . I n caSe the Co l lec tor and the persons interested differ as
to the su fficiency of the c ompensation or appor tionment the Col lec tor .
shal l re fer the diff erenc e to the Cour t ?“ On payment of suc h
c ompensation ,o r on making a r eferenc e, the Co l lec tor may take .
possession of the land and u se or permit the use t hereof in
ac c ordanc e with the notic e . On the expiration of the term, the
Co llec tor shal l r estore the land to the persons inter ested and make
suc h compensation as may have ac c r ued . B ut if the land has
bec ome permanently u nfit for the pu rpose fo r whic h it was u sed,and
if the per sons interested so require, the Local Government sha l l
acquire it ?“
206 . S . 1 7 (3) L . A. Ac t I of 1 8 94 . 208 . S . 36 L . A. Ac t I of 1 894 .
207 . S . 35 L . A. Ac t I of 1 894.
LECTU RE
COM P U LSORY SALE S
make any inferenc e f rom the prac tic e p revailing in E ngland , ther eis no differenc e between the val ue to the owner whic h forms the
basis of c om pensation payab l e under the Land Clau ses Consolidation
Ac t of 1 845, in E ngland and the mark e t value of the land under
S . 2 3 L . A. Ac t I of
The market val ue of the land means the price whic h wou l d be
obtainable in the market , if disposed of on the most pr ofitab le terms,for a conc rete par c el of land with its par tic u lar ad vantages and
d rawbac ks, both being estimated rather with referenc e to c om
mer cial val ue than with referenc e to any abstrac t legal righ ts or
individual p roper ty of a par tic u lar pu rc haser .9 I t is the pric e,
whic h the owner wil ling, bu t not ob liged,to sel l
,migh t reasonab ly
expec t to obtain f rom a wil ling pu rc haser under no nec essityo f having it.10 B u t the owner is not to be deprived of the most
advantageous way of se lling his land, e. g .
,by sel ling in lo ts,
by reason of the fac ts t h at it is su bjec t to immediate ac quisi
tion .
1 1 M arket val ue is to be c onsidered with re ferenc e to a
par tic u lar c ommodity in general and not as aff ec ted by circ ums
tanc es c onnec ted with a par tic u lar hol der of the c ommodity. Al l
righ ts, whic h the pe rson enjoys bec ause o f the ownership or oc c u pancy,a re to be c onsider ed in val uing the land , ir respec tive of c onsidera
tion o f what the ac quirer wil l gain,o r o f any app reciation o r
depreciation of the lan d by r eason of the acquisition .
"2 Neither,
the deg ree of u rgency whic h has led to the ac quisition,nor
,any
disinc lination of the persons interested to par t with the land to he
ac q uired , nor , any sentimental g rievanc e, su c h as,o fferings to idol s
in a temple wou l d have to be car ried th roug h the street and so lose
their religious eflicacy, shou ld be taken into ac c ount ."3
I t is the par tic ular piec e of land that has to be val ued inc luding
al l interests in it. The. market val ue is to be asc er tained on the footing
8 .Govt . o f B ombay v. M erwanji v . Karsandas 33 B om . 2 8 ; 1 0 B orn .
M unche rji1 0 B orn . L . R . 907 . L . R . 688 ; 1 I nd . Gas . 451 ; Govt . of
9. B om bay Impr ovemen t Tr us t v .
Jalbhoy 33 B orn . 483 ; 1 1 B or n. L . R .
6 74 ; Gov t . o f B ombay v. M erwanji
M u ncher ji1 0 Bom . L . R. 907 .
1 0.We rn icke V . S ec . of S t ate 1 3
1 01 6 2 I nd . Cas 562 ; Kailash
C h and ia V . S ec . o f S tate 1 4
2 09 1 1 ; 1 7‘Q
. L . J . 34.
1 1 .T rus tees , Bom bay Improvement
B ombay v . M erwanjiM uncherji1 0 B om .
L . It . 907 ; Govt . o f Bom bay v . Kar imTar 33 Bom . 32 5 ; 3 Ind . Gas . 2 73 1 0
B om . L . R 660.
1 2 . S . 2 4 L . A. Ac t I of 1 894.
1 3 . S . 2 4 (1 )and (2 ) L. A. Ac t I o f
1 8 91 ; Co l l . of P oona v. Kashinath 1 0
Bom . 585 at p . 591 .
FOR P U B LIC P U B I‘OS ES .
that al l separate interests combine to sel l . Questions of title, whic h Laur ens I I I .
can affec t only the righ ts of the par ties interested , c annot be con
sidered, as the Government have nothing to do with the title bu t
have only to r eplac e the proper ty ac quired with its eq uivalent in
cash . The land and al l inter ests in it shou ld be d ea lt with as a
whole suc h interests shou ld not be split u p an d val ued separately and
independently. Th us, where the land has buildings on it, the marke t
value shou ld be assessed of the land with the b uildings as one proper ty .
“
Similar ly, land and trees shou ld not be separately assessed .
1 5 B . I .
Ac t I V (Bo. C.) of 1 898 , S . 49 does not effec t a fundamental
c hange in the methods of L . A. Ac t I o f
a. possible market ; in order to exc lu de the par tic u lar val u e for a
M arket inc l udes
special pu rpose, there m ust be an affi rmative finding that t here was
no reasonabl e possibility of'
a market . The interest of a pu b lic
au thority in the su r fac e of a street ex tends only to so muc h thereof
as is necessary for the c ontrol , protec tion and“
maintenanc e of the
street as a highway and does not extend to the su bsoil .1 7 I f the‘
person c laiming compensation can make no u se of the land , not
ob tain any value for it in the market by reason of the restric tions
on his ownership, he p rac tical ly su ffer s no loss and is therefore
entit led to merely nominal c ompensation .
1 8 Thus,where a por tion
of the land acquired formed par tsof pu b lic roads,no compensation
was al lowed,the subsoil having no market value.
1 9
The period of time to be regar ded in fixing the market val ue‘
is the date of the pu blication o f the dec laration of the Loc al Government .20 Any ou tlay or improvement on
,or disposal of, land ac quired
,
1 4 . D un ia Lal v . Gop i Nat h 2 2 Cal . L . J . C h . 238 ; L . d: N . W . Rai l . Co.
820 Govt . of B ombay v. E sufali v . 34
B e in . 61 8 ; 5 1 nd . Cas. 62 1 ; 1 2 Bom .
L . R . 34.
1 5. S ub. Co l l . of Godavar i v.
Seragam S ubraraydu 30 M ad . 1 51 ; 1 6
M . L . J . 551 ; S ec . of S tate v . D uma
Lal 1 3 C .W.N . 487.
1 6. B ombay Improvemen t Trust v.
Jalbhoy 33 Born . 483 ; 1 1 B orn . L . R.
674.
1 7 . Tunbr idge We l l s Corporat ion v.
Bai rd (1 896) A. C . 434 ; 65 L . J . Q . B .
451 ; Ves try of S t . M ary B at ter sea v .
Cou n ty of L. 8: B . P revin sial
L ig h t ing Co . (1 899)
Flec tric
1 C h . 474 ; 68
v . Wes tm in is ter Corporat ion (1 904) 1 C h .759 ; 73 L . J . C h . 386 ; see S . 30
B . M . Ac t I I I 1 884.
1 8 . S tebbing v. M e tropo l i tan B oard
of Works (1 870) L . R . 6 Q . B . 37 ; Sec.
of S tate v. Char leswor t h , P i l l ing Co.(1 901 )A. C . 373 ; 2 8 1 . A . 1 2 1 2 6 B orn .
1 ; S ec . of S tate v .
20 I . A. 80 1 6 M ad . 369.
1 9. M anmat ha Nat h v . Sec . of
S tate 2 4 I . A. 1 77 ; 25 Cal . 494 ; l
698 ; C h ai rman,Howra h M un i
cipality v . Khet ra. K r is h na 33 Cal . 1 2 90
1 0 C .W . N . 1 044 ; 4 C . L . J . 343.
20. S . 2 4 (1 ) L . A. Ac t I of 1 894 .
Shanmugaraya
LECTU RE I I I .
E xper ts.
COM P U LSORY SALE S '
c ommenced , made or effec ted withou t the sanc tion of the Col l ec tor
af ter that date shou l d not be taken into ac count .2 1 U p to that time,
an owner of the pr oper ty may go on al tering or adding to it and
r eceive c ompensation in respec t of the al terations and additions,al though he migh t have known t hat the proper ty wou l d in al l
probability be taken.
“ B u t m at ters,whic h inc rease or red u c e the
value o f the proper ty after the dec laration ,are immaterial , provided
the owner causes no wil fu l damage to it. 23 When,however , a f resh
dec laration becomes nec essary, the date o f the f resh d ec laration
is the time to be regar ded in assessing the val ue o f the land .
“
The righ t to c ompensation ac c r ues simu l taneously with the
the righ t of the Government to take the ac quired land .
25 Thus,the
c laimants are entitled to obtain as c ompensation only the mar ket
val ue at the date of the dec laration,inc l uding suc h ad vanc e in
value as has then taken plac e, and a spec u lative rise in the pric e is
not to be taken into consideration in fixing the market value. So,
any rise in val ue afterward s likely to ac c r ue f rom the u se to
whic h the land is intended to be pu t, is to be exc l uded .
26
I n determining the mar ket val ue muc h r eliance c annot be plac ed
on the evidence of exper ts, unless it is suppor ted by, or coincides
with,ot her evidenc e.
27
P ersonal knowledge of the locality and inspec tion of the spot can be
availed of in val uing the land .
28 An honest and u sefu l val uation c an
not,however , be made simply by visiting the land .
29 To hold that
the L .A. Cour t having a specialized knowledge and u sefu l experienc e,
2 1 . S . 2 4 (7)L . A. Ac t I of 1 394.
2 2 . H igg ins v . D ubl in Corporat ion(1 891 )2 8 L. It . I r . Q . B . 484.
ment v. Jalbhoy 33 B om . 483 1 1 B um .
L . R . 674 ; C h ai rman, Howrah M un icipality v . Khetra Kr is h na 33 Cal .
23. S . 2 4 (4) and (5) L . A. Ac t I of
1 894 ; B wl l fa etc . S team Co l l ier ies v .
P on typr idd Water Wor ks Co . (1 902 )
2 K . B . 1 35, afi. (1 903) A. C . 42 6.
2 4.' S . 49
'
L . A. Ac t I of 1 894 .
2 5. Manmat h a Nat h V . Sec . of S tate2 4 I . A. 1 77 ; 25 Cal . 1 94 ; 1 C .W. N .
698 .
2 6. S . 2 4 (4) L . A. Ac t I ‘
of 1 894
S ec . of S tate v . Char leswor t h , Fi l l ing& Cc . (1 901 )A . O. I . A. 1 2 1 2 6
Born . 1 ; Manmat h a Nat h V . S ec . of
S tate 2 4 I . A . 1 77 ; 2 5 Cal . 1 9 1 ; 1
C . 698 Trwstees, Bombay Improve
1 2 90 1 0C.W.N. 1 044 ; 4 C. L .J . 343.
2 7. Har is h C h and ra V . S ec . of S tate1 1 875 ; Rajend ra Nat h V . S ec .
of S tate 32 Cal . 343 ; in r e D orabji
Cu r setji 1 0 B om . L . R . 675 ; Gov t . of
B ombay v . Kar im Tar 33 B om. 325 ;
3 Ind . Cas 2 73 1 0 B om . L . R . 660.
2 8 . S ec . of S tate v . C h ar leswor t h ,P i l l ing Co . (1 901 )A. C . 373 2 8 I . A.
1 2 1 2 6 B orn . ll
; Ez ra V . S ec . o f S tate32 I . A. 93 32 605 9 454
1 C . L . J . 2 2 7 .
2 9 . R ajen dra Nat h v. Sec . o f S tate 32Cal . 3 13.
LE"'
I‘
URE l l l .
’
(r ) F rontageland .
COMPU LSORY SALES
Henc e,'
al uations wil l vary ac co rding to the ad van tages or dis
advantages . a par tic u lar plo t o f land possesses on ac c ount of its
situation,or its proximity to impor tan t t rade c ent res
,
36 I n ar riving
at a proper val uation r egarding house sites, the val ue of the a dj oining
land is not to be the c riterion,it it is u nfit fo r building pu r poses .
37
The method of taking an average oFinstanc es of sales,
or adding u p
the r etail val ues o f smal l plots o f l and , is c r ude and c an only r esu l t
in inj ustic e to one side or the other .
33 The “sales that instanc e a
bargain by a vendor who is not like ly to give any thing away and a
pu r c haser who is anxiou s to buy the land on ac c ount o f his owning
the adjoining plot”are not safe g uides .
39
The mode of val uation by division into bel ts is ar tificial and does
not always afford a r eliab le guide to the ascer tainment of the market
value .
” Fr ontage land,t hat is
,
“the lan din immediate c ontiguity
to a highway is a wel l known and power fu l element in the val ue
of al l land s in popu lou s B u t it c annot be taken as a har d
and fast r u le that bac k land is wor th hal f the f rontage land .
42 I n
determining the valu e of f rontage land,the dept h is of g reat impor a
tanc e.
1What is a suitabl e d epth must depend on the c harac ter o f
the buildings in the loc ality.
43
“f liere no special principle is applicab le, the income“
of the
proper ty, ac tual or imaginary, is one o f the recognised star ting point s
for a val uation bu t it is not the only element to be taken into cou a
sid e ration .
“ Nor,is the ren tal principle of val uation a satisfac tor v
basis to go upon, where the proper ty is no t f u l ly deve loped , as when
the building on the land is incomplete and vields no r en t .
36.Tr u s tees , B om bav Im p rovemen t M u neher j i 1 0 B orn . L . R . 907 : Govt . o f
v . Kar eandas 33 B om . 2 8 1 0 B orn . L. R . Bom bay v . Kar im Tar 33 B om .
68 8 1 Ind . (Jae . 451 . 3 Ind . Gas . 2 73 1 0 B om . L. R . 660 S ec .
37 . V enkataeliaiiar v . D iv is iona l ( l tfi o f S tate v . 1 . (1 . S . N . Rai l . Co. 36
c er T inneve l ly (1 9 1 2 ) 460. I . A. 200 36 Ca] . 967 1 4 1 34
£8 . Rag h unat h v . S ec . o f S tat e 2 9 1 0 C . L . 1 2 8 1 1 1 B en) . L . R . 1 1 97 ;
Born . 51 4 ; 7 B eni. L . 11 . 569 : in re Alau l Huq V . S ec . o f S tate 1 1 C . L . J .
D hanjibhoy Boxnanji1 0 B um . L . R . 701 . 3925 Rog h u Nat h V . Co l l , o f l lac ea 1 1
39. G ov t . o f B ombay v . Kar im Tar ( 1. L . J . 6 1 2 6 1 nd . Cars . 437 .
33 B u m . 32 5 3 Ind . Cars . 2 73 1 0 Bo rn. G ovt . o f B ombay v . Kaiiin Tar
L . R . 660 at p . 663. 33 Bo rn . 3245 3 lhd . (Jae . 2 73 1 0 Bo rn .
40. Rog h u Nat h v. Co l l . o f l lae t -
a 1 1 l R . 6 60 ,(w‘
u i'
udas v . S e c . o f S ta te 1 3
U .L . J . 6 1 2 : 6 1n d. Gas . (f. L . . l . 2 4 1 .
4 1 . Pe r Lor d Penm nee . in M e t ropo l i 44 . Ragh tnm th V . S ec . of S tatetan Board o f Wor k s (1 97 4) m Bonn . 51 4 z 7 B um . L . R . 569 ; in
L . H. 7 H. l 2243. re S u khanand Hu rnxn ukhari34 Hum . 486
1 2 . Go vt . u l B um l 'au Bl e iwa nji 1 1 R . 1 1 76 .
FOR PU BLIC P U RPOS ES .
A va l uation on a rental basis shou ld depend on the r ents ac tual lyThe
spec u lative r en t based on a potential rise o f the market , as rent c anno t
c ol lec ted . r ent r ec overab le sh ou ld be the normal rent and not
go on inc reasing fo r ever . I t the land is let at a rac k ren t, payable
by tenants at wil l and not bv tenants with a permanen t o r oc c upancy
righ t, suc h rent is the bes t c riterion bu t where that is not the case,
the question is to determine,what wou ld be a fair and reasonable
r ent under o rdinary circ umstan c es .
45 R en tal enhanc ed by r eason
o f premises being used fo r an il legal pu rpose shou ld not be taken
into acc ount .46 The m ethod of taking average ren ts of al l the hou ses
in th e locality obviously disregards the par tic u lar ad vantages and
disad vantages of the individ ual proper ty .
R ent does not nec essarily depend u pon st ruc tu ral o r capital
val ue, though the lat ter depends u pon the fo rm er . The val ue o f a
r ent paying proper ty d epends u pon its inc ome, and capital once
invested in land and buildings canno t be appo r tioned between them .
U nless the p roper ty is divided into separate blocks wit h a separate
u ser attac hed to eac h , it cannot be val ued piec emeal , one por tion on
the rental basis and the remainde r as vac ant land . In determining
the amount o f c om pens ation,distinc tion shou l d be made between
oc c u pied and u noc c u pied lands , and in the case o f the former,like li
hood o f vacancies .
47 I n large towns,the p resent r ental and a
supposed inc rease th ereon c annot be safe ly ac c epted as the basis of
the val uation .
48 1V| 1en neithe r the sel ling val ue, nor the let ting
val ue affords a reliab le guide, the annual val u e of the produc e of the
land may affor d a r eliab le guide.
49
The val uation shou ld be m ade by capitalising the ren tal o r
annual val ue afte r making dedu c tions fo r c o l lec tion c har ges,
repair s
and oth er contingencies.
60 In val uing land within a M unicipality ,one
sixth o f the M uniciwal assessment shou ld be ded uc ted for roadc ess
and oth er c esses and the balanc e estimated at 20 years’
pu rc hase .
m
To find the number of year’
s pu rc hase of the rent , the natu re
45. S ec . of S tate v . S hanm ugar ava C . N . 67 1 : Kai las C h and ra V . S ee .
20 I . A. 80 1 6 M ad . 369.
46 . S . 49 (5) B . I . Ac t IV (B o . C .)
of 1 898 .
47 . Co l l . of Hoogh li v . Raj Kr is to2 2 R . 2 34 .
48 . Hugh liM i l ls V . S ec . o f S tate 1 2
C . L . J . 489.
49 . Rain Sa h oy V . Sec . o f S tat e 3
S tate 1 4 C . W . N . 2091 1 1 7 C . L . J . 34 .
50. Sec . of S tate v . B elchamber s
33 Cal . 396 10 C . W . N . 2 89 3 C . L . J .
1 69 Biswa Rajan V . Sec . of S tate 1 1
1nd . Cas . 62 .
51 . v. Sec . of State
1 1 C . L . J . 408 .
LECTURE I I I .
(9) Res idence .
COMPU LSORY 8 151 11 1431z
o f the proper ty,its situation
,the rate o f interes t obt ainab le and
other circ umstanc es have to be c onsidered .
63 I t'
a house is to be
acq uired , the life of the buil ding,the possibility of having to rebuil d
it in the near fu tu re,the ac c ess to the hou se and the local M unicipal
laws have to be c onsidered .
53
R esidential
not for the r etu rn they give on the c apital invested , bu t for the
S uc h
The
A man who
proper ties may possess a val ue in the mar ke t,
ad vantages and enjoymen t whic h ac c r ue f rom the possession .
proper ties canno t be val u ed on the basis of hypothetic al ren t.
o riginal cost is an impor tant elem ent for c onsideration .
pu rc hases, for the pu rpose o f residenc e, a house in a r esidential
neighbou rhood , wil l be wil ling to give a highe r pric e than wou l d be
given by a pr udent investor , who is assumed to regard his pu rc hase
f rom a pu rely mer cantile point of view.
‘54
The val ue of lands to an owner is enhanc ed by the probabilityo f a. more p ro fitable fu tu re u se ; henc e its ac tual u se with al l its
poten tialities m ust be considered .
65 “ The q uestion for enquiry is,
what is the mar ket value of the proper ty, no t ac c ording to its pr esent
disposition bu t laid ou t in the m ost lu c rative way in whic h the owner
c ou ld dispose o f.”66 The probable use to whic h the land may be pu t
is nec essarily an element to be taken into c onsideration, t hat is, its
potential val ue shou l d be c onsidered , for its va lue is enhanc ed bythe probability o f a more p rofitab le fu tu re u se .
57 The principl e is
applicab le, whether the owner has ac quired the land in or der to u se
it for some par tic u lar pu r pose, or whether he has no su c h present
intention.
‘58 I ndeed , the value of the owner’
s in terest is not proper lycompensated by assessing merely the amount of pec uniary benefits
obtained by past user , in u t ter disregar d of pos sible benefits in the
fu ture fi9
52 . B h o la Nat h v . Heys h am 1 1 war 1 B ow . L . R . 454 ; F ink V . S ec . of
B . L . R . 230 ; 1 7 R . 2 2 1 S ec . of
S tate v . S h am Bahadoor 1 0Cal . 769.
53. In r e SorabjiJam setji 1 0 B om .
L . R . 696.
54. In r e S ukhanand Gu r umu khari31
Born . 486 1 1 Bom . L . R . 1 1 76.
55. Com . of In land Re venu e r . G . 8:
S . \V. Ra i l . Co. (1 8 7 7) 1 ? App . (Jas . 31 5.
56. I‘reinc hand v . Col l . o f Ca l c u t ta
Cal . 1 03 Co l l . o f Poona v . Kas liinat li
1 0 8 0m . 535 lihe t s c y 1 ,
B um . 2 79 B liu jaba lppa v . Co l l . o f D h arih r e 1 1 1 1n
S tate 34 Cal . 599 Alau l Huq V . Sec . of
S tate 1 1 C . L. J . 393.
57 . In r e C ough &c . (1 90-1 ) 1 K . B .
41 7 73 L . J . K . B . 2 2 8 ; in re Lu cas &c .
(1 909) l K . B . 1 6 C . A. D aya K h u s h al v’
.
Ass t . Co l l . , S u rat 33 Bom . 37 .
58 . Ba i ley v . Is le of T h ane t L ig h tRai l . Co. (1 900) 1 Q . B . 72 2 .
59 . T r en t S t r ongh ton v . Barbad oesWate r S u pply CO . (1 893 ) A. C . 502 ; 62
L . J . P . C . 1 133.
Laur ens 1 11.
(g) Re ins tatemen t .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
it”67 Land in the neighbou r hood of a town has always po tential
val ue .
63 Ag ric u l tu ral land may be val ued at more t han its val ue
as ag ric u l tu ral l and, if it had any o th er fair and reason ible c apabili
ties,not far - fetc hed hypothetical c apabilities but r easonabl ly fair
c on tingencies,e. g . ,
suitability for building or other special pu rpo ses .
69
By S . 557 (c) C. M . Ac t I I I (B . C .) o f 1 899, the marke t val ue o f the
land and building shal l be determined ac c ording to its ac tual disposi
tion at the date o f the pub lication of the dec laration,and not on
its most ad vantageous dispositions, e. bustee land shou l d not be
val ued on the assum ption o f its a' laptability for u se as b uilding
land .
70
b uil t upon,must be taken into c onsideration in determining the
The fac t that the land wou l d never have been al lowed to be
market val ue suc h land canno t be val ued as a building site.
7 1
When the land is u sed for some par tic u lar pu rpose, not o f a
c ommercial natu re, suc h as for a sc hool , a c h u rc h o r a hense o f
an exc eptional c harac ter , the inc ome derived,
or probab ly to be
derived f rom the land , woul d not c onstitu te a fair basis in assessing
the val ue to the owner . The m et hod adopted in su c h a case is
known as reinstatement , by whic h the amount of c ompensation
is assessed ac c ording to the c ost of ac quiring an equal ly c onvenient
site and er ec ting an equal ly c onvenient pr emises .
7 2 S o , wh en a
person has a limited interest in the land, the Col lec tor may ,
with the
previous sanc tion o f the Local Governm ent, make any ar rangement
with him,eith er by the g rant of ot her lands in exc hange
,the remis
sion of land r evenue on other land held under the same tit le,o r in
suc h other way as may be eq uitab le,having regard to the inte rests
of the par ties c onc er ned .
7 3
67 . Per Lord Halsbu ry , L . C .
,in
Com . of In land Revenu e v . C . S .
Rai l . C0. (1 87 7 ) 1 2 App . Cas . 31 5 at
p . 32 1 ; Bwl l fa &c . S team Co l l ier ies v .
P ontypr idd \Vater Works Co . (1 902 ) 2
K . B . 1 35, all . (1 903)A. C . 42 6 Governmen t v . D ayal M u lji9 Bom . L . R . 99
S ec . of S tate v . C h ar leswor t h, P i l l ing
Co . (1 901 ) A. C . 373 ; 2 8 I . A. 1 2 1'
2 6 B om . 1 : Khe t sc v 1 5
Bom . 2 79 : in re Sukhananrl ("
l u r umn
k h ar i 34 Be ni. 48 6 1 1 Born. L . R . 1 1 76 .
68 . In
in r e M unj i
re D orabji Cn rse tji 1 0 B om .
69 . l l . v. B rown (1 8 6 7) l . . ll . 2 Q . R .
630 36 L . J . Q . B . 32 2 R ip ley v . C . N.
Rai l . 10 . (1 8 75) 1 0 C h . App . 435 ; 3 1
L . T . 869 ; S ec . of S tate v .
S ing h 1 1nd . Gas . 2 10 Co l l . o f D ac ca v .
Haii D as 1 4 1nd . Gas . 1 63.
70. Har is h C h and ra v . S eC. o f S tate1 1 C . N . 8 75 see C . I . Ac t V .
of 1 91 1 , S c h . S . 9.
Gopa l
7 1 . lijagar Lal v . S ec . o f S tat e8 A. L . J . 796 .
7 2 . London S c h ool Boar d v . S . I
Rai l . Co . (1 88 7 ) 3 T . L. R . 7 10 C . A.
73. S . 3 1 (3) L. A . At‘ t l H f 1 8 94
see al so Naravana v . Rani C h and ra 1 3h l ari. 455 .
FOR P U BLIC PU RPOS ES .
D amage sustained by reason of the taking o f any standing c rops lawrr mz I II ;
o r t rees on the land at the date o f the Col lec to rs taking possession,
shou ld be taken into c onsideration in assessing the amo unt of
c ompensation .
“
“i be re several piec es of land are owned by the same person,
though not held u nde r the same tit le. nor c ontiguou s to eac h other ,
bu t so situated that the possession and c on t ro l of eac h gives eu'
enhanc ed val ue to al l of th em as one holding ,if one piec e is c om e
pu l sorilytaken the o vVner wil l be entit led to c ompensation fo r
damage by severanc e and in j u rious aff ec tion to the o th ers .
"5 I n
e stimating c om pensation for severanc e , both the ac tua l and prOSa
pec tive use o f the land m ust be c onsidered .
76 The t rue m easu re of
damages wh ere par t o f an en tire t rac t is taken,is the depreciation
in val ue of the remaining t rac t, t hat is, the differenc e in the value
o f the who le t rac t immediately be fore and immediate ly after the
ac q uisition.
77
Wh ere in c onsequ enc e o f the severanc e the owner is pu t to'
in‘
c reased expenses o r to inc onvenienc e, additional c om pensa tion mu st
be al lowed .
73 I t is no answe r to t his c laim to say that an inj u r y t hat
may be caused in fu t u re by the use of the ac q uired land wil l be
ac tionab le .
79
I t some onlv o f the righ ts in o r ove r the land are to be ac q uired ,as when an easemen t appu r tenant to the land is d es t royed , the land
is com monly said to be inj u riously affec ted. Henc e, a pe rson c annot
c laim c ompensation on the g round t hat his land has been inj u riou sly
affec ted , unl ess he c laims an interest in ,o r an easemen t ove r , the
land ac quired . Where bv the c ons tr u c tio n o f works,t h e re is a
physic al inter fe ren ce with any righ t, publ ic o r p rivate , whic h the
owne rs o r occ upie rs of p roper ty a re by law entit led to make u se of in
c onnec tion wit h suc h p roper ty and whic h righ t. gives an additional
74 . s z-
ii-
ziL . A . A.“ of 1 894. Ra il . c o .
‘
(1 8 75) 1 0 Oh . App . 435 ; 31
s 2 3 (s) (1 ) L . A . Ac t I of 1 891(Ion/per E ssex v . Ac ton Local B oard (1 8 89)1 4 App . Gas . 1 53 58 L. R . Q . B . 594
Ho l t v . (_a‘r and C . L . R . 7 Q . B .
76. B u cc leu c h (D uke)v. M et ropo l i tanB oard o f “
f or ks (1 8 72 ) L . R . 5 H . L .
41 3 R . v . B rown (1 867 ) L . R . 2 Q . B .
630 36 L . J . Q . B . R ip ley v . G . N .
77 . VVer nicke V . S ec . of S tate 1 3
L‘ W N . 1 046
‘
2 Ind . Gas . 562 .
8 B arooara Th e; Co . V . Sec . o f S tate
2 8 Ca l . 685 ; S arat C h and ra V . S ec . o f
S tate 1 0 C .W . N . 2 50 Taylor v . Co l l . o f
I’m -
nee. 1 4 Cal . 42 3 ; M ad h u S udan v .
Co l l . of Cu t t u ck 6 406 .
79 . \Ver nicke V . Sec . o f S tate 1
C .W . N . 1 046 2 1 nd . Cas .
LECTU RE I I I .
COMPU LSORY SALES
market value to su c h proper ty, apar t f rom the u ses to whic h any par tie
c u lar owner o r oc c upier migh t pu t it, t here is a title to c ompensation,if
by suc h inter ferenc e the proper ty as a p roper ty is lessened in val ue.
”80
Thus,where the lands on both banks o f a river whic h were u sed as
landing plac es for a fe r ry were ac quired for the c onst r uc tion of a
railway b ridge whic h inj u riously affec ted the Working o f the fer ryowned by the land owner , a c laim c ou l d be made for suc h damage.
8 1
I f however none of the c laimant ’s land is taken,no c ompensation is
given for per sonal damage or loss or the au thorized u ser of the work s.82
Where par t of the c laimant’s land is taken, he is entitled to c om e
pensation, not only for the c onstr uc tion of works bu t also for the
fu tu re u se to whic h the land taken f r om him is to be pu t whic h may
c au se damage to the r emainder of his lands.
8 3 B ut if the inj u rious
affec tion is not d ue to the par t of the work s c onst r u c ted on the land
taken f rom an owner but to that c onstr uc ted on other lands, he is not
en tit led to c ompensation for suc h inj u riou s affec tion .
84 For any thing
d one in exc ess of the powers or c ont rary to the provisions o f the
Ac t, the proper remedy is in the o rdinary t ribu nal .86
The amount of c ompensation is c ommonly determined by the
o rdinary r ul es applic ab le to damages in ac tions of tor ts .
86 An owner
1 K . B . 32 7 C . A. R . v . M oun t ford (1 906)2 K . B . 8 1 4. R ead w i t h S . 1 0 I . R . Ac t
I X of 1 890, S . 1 0 L . A. (M ines) Ac t
80. Per Lord Cairns, in M e tr opo l i tanBoard of Works v. M cCar thy (1 874) L . R .
7 H L . 2 43 c i ted in M ad h u S u dan v .
Co l l . of Cu t tack 6 406.
8 1 . Ram esWar V . S ec . of S tate 34 Cal .470 ; 1 1 C .W . N . 356 ; 5 C . L . J . 669 ;
Col l . of D inajpu r v . Girjanath 25 Cal . 346.
82 . S . 2 4 (4) L . A . Ac t I of 1 894 ;
Hammer sm i t h et c . Rai l . Co . v .
(1 869) L . R . 4 H. L . 1 7 1 ; R icket v . M .
Rai l . Co . (1 867) L . R. 2 H. L . 1 75 36 L .
J . Q . B . 205 C . Rai l . Co. v . VV
al ker’
s
Tr u s tees (1 882 ) 7 App . Cas . 259.
83. C . Rai l . CO. v . Wal ker ’
s Tru stees
(1 8 82 ) 7 App . Gas . 2 59 Wern icke V . S ec .
o f S tate 1 3 1 046 ; 2 Ind . Gas .
562 Cowper E ssex v . Ac ton Local B oar d
(1 8 89) 1 4 App . Cas . 1 53 ; 58 L . J . Q . B .
594 in r e S tockpor t e tc . (1 864) 33 L . J .
Q B . 2 51 ;B u c c leu c h (D uke)v . M etm politan
B oar d of Wo rks (1 8 7 2 ) L . 1 1 . 5 H. L . 4 1 8 .
84 . Cowper E ssex v . Ac ton Local Boar d
(1 889) 1 4 App . Gas . 1 53 ; 58 L . J . Q . B .
594 ; Hor ton v . Co lwyn Bay e t c . (1 908 )
B rand
XVI I I of 1 885 and S . 1 6 I . T. Ac t . XI I Iof 1 8 85
, i t seems t h at c ompensat ion is tobe awar d ed for inju ry d one to land bythe
works , even t h oug h no par t of t he land sc onst r u c t ion or exec u t ion of t he
of the per sons inju r ed is taken.
85. Caled on ian Rai l . v . Col t (1 860)3 M acq . 833 ; L . B . S . C . Rai l .Co. v . Tr uman (1 885) 1 1 App . Gas . 45
55 L . J . C h . 354 ; Lawrenc e v. G . N .
Rai l . Co . (1 851 ) 1 6 Q. B . 643 20 L . J . Q .
B . 2 93 ; S ou t hwark & c . Water Co . v .
1Va11 rl svvor t li D is t . B oard (1 8 98) 2 C h .
603 : 67 L . J . C h . 657 ; Rober ts v .
C h ar ing C ross et c . Rai l . Co. (1 903)8 7 L . T.
732 -ekWar v. Gand h i 30 I . A . 60 2 7
31 1 1 11 . 34 4 7 393.
8 6. I n re Lond on e tc . Rai l . Co. (1 8 89)
2 4 Q . 1 1 I ). 32 6 ; R icke t v . M . Rai l . Co.
(1 8 6 7 )L . R . 2 H . L . 1 75 ; 36 L . J . Q . B .
LECTURE I I I .
For i nc id entalexpense s .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
is a thing apper taining to the p remises and not to the person of the
oc c upier ; bu t al l things apper taining to the premises are par t o f
the p remises . Henc e,loss o f profit by loss of bu siness is a loss
to the good wil l of the pr emises and the good wil l is a par t of the
valu e of the p r oper ty .
94
The loss of earnings is cal c u lated on the basis of what wou ld be
the earnings, if the t rad e or oc c upation wer e pu rsued at the par tic u lar
locality, having r egar d to the ear nings that may ac c r u e f rom the
new place .
95 The fac t t hat the business is c ar ried on at a loss
does not disentitle the owner f rom c laiming for t rade loss,on the
gr ound that if he had not been expropriated , he wou ld have an
oppor tunity of making his bu siness profitab l e .
96 I n asc e r taining
the val ue to the owner in respec t of t he u se of the land by
him,loss of business and of good wil l in so far as it enhanc es
t hat valu e to him may be r egar ded .
97 B ut if the loss is not the
direc t c onsequ enc e of the taking no c ompensation shou ld be awarded
in r espec t of it .98
The r easonable expenses incidental to the c hange o f r esidenc e
or plac e of bu siness shou ld also be taken in to ac count , sinc e these
a r e losses c onsequen t on the taking of proper ty u nder statu tory
power s . The c ompensation for expu lsion is determined on the sam e
p rinciple as damages in an ac tion for t respass,99
and it fol lows that
the or dinary principle of r emoteness of damage applies and if the
loss is not the direc t c onsequenc e of the taking,
no c om pensation
shou l d be awar ded in respec t o f it . 100 S uc h damages inc l ude the
val ue of the fixtu res whic h are at tac hed to the land , the c ost of the
r emoval by the. owner of his fu rnitu re and goods and the c onsequ en t
depr eciation in the val ue o f fu rnitu r e whic h has been special ly
fit ted bu t no t at tac h ed to the land ; t hey also inc l ude any diminu
tion in the val ue o f the stoc k ,if he be a t rader
,c onsequent on his
remova l,
o r in the a l ternative,on a fo rc ed sale and a lso inc reased
94. R i cket v . M . Ra i l . Co . (1 867) L . R .
2 H. L . 1 75 36 L . J . Q . B . 205.
9 5 . Venkatac hariar v . D i v is iona l O tfic e r . Tinnev e l ly (1 9 1 2 ) M . N . 460.
96. Ric kc t V . M . Rai l . (10 . (1 8 67) L. R .
2 H. L . 1 75 36 L . .l . o. n. 20
97 . W h i te v . H. M . (Joni. o f
(1 870) 2 2 L . T . 59 1 ('
0 0pc l‘ M o tio
po l i tan Board of Wo rks (1 8 83) 2 5 C h .
472 C . A .
98 . R . v . Vau g h an (1 868 ) L . R . 4
Q . B . 1 90.
99 . R icket v . M . Ra i l . Co . (1 86 1 ) L .
R . 2 H . L . 1 75 36 L . J . Q . B . 205.
1 00. R . v . Vau g h an (1 868 ) L . R . 4
Q . B . 1 90 in r e (‘
lark c 8:
B oa rd (1 8 68) 1 7 L . T . 549 ; S . 557 (2 )
C . M . Ac t I I I B . C . of 1 899.
FOR P U B LIC P U RPOS ES .
r ental or oth er r easonable expenses in taking equal lv c onvenient Ls f 'r uas l l l .
new premises fo r the pu rpose o f car rying on his b usiness .
1 01
The damage (it any) bone/file r esu l ting f rom diminu tion of the
p rofits of the land between the date of dec laration and t hat o f theCo l lec tor
’
s taking possession shou l d be c ompensated , fo r the loss
to an owner inc l udes not only the ac t ual val u e o f the land bu t al l
damages direc t ly c onseq uent on the taking thereo f u nder statu to rypowers.
102 An impending ac q uisition migh t be the cau se of premises
r emaining u nlet, as c onsiderab le time migh t elapse between the
pu blication of the dec laration and the taking possession of the land .
I n addition to the mar ket val ue, a sum o f 1 5 p .e . on the market
valu e shal l be paid in c onsequenc e of the c ompu l sory natu re o f the
ac quisition .
103 B u t in the c ase of land ac q uired under B . I . Ac t I V
(B o . C .) of 1 898 and C. I . Ac t V (B . C .) of 1 91 1 , 1 5 p . c . is not
al lowed , as the operation of S . 23 (2) of the L . A . Ac t I of 1 894
is exc l ud ed by these Ac ts.
Where the owner s of a coal mine ar e prevented f rom working
the mine, the t r ue enquiry is not what is the val u e of the c oal at the
date o f the dec laration bu t what wou ld the owner s, if they were
not pr ohibited , have made ou t of the c oal d u ring the time it wou l d
have taken t hem to g et it.1m “ The fu l l val ue of the c oal and
nothing less than the fu l l valu e of the c oal , ded uc ting of c ou rse t he
c ost of getting it,mu st be the measu re of the c ompensation whic h
wou l d be due to the lessee .
” 1 05 I f the mines are al lowed to wor k
subjec t to more than the c u stomary rest ric tions on the working by
the owner,lessee or occ upier , he is entitled to c ompensation for the
diminu tion of his inter est therein .
1 06 Compensation shou l d also be
al lowed for expenses and losses whic h , though not ac tual ly inc u r r ed ,are yet imminen t and c apable of imm ediate asc er tainment ; bu t it
cannot be c laimed or r ec over ed for merely apprehend ed or pros
pec tive damag e.
107 The c ompensation has to be settled onc e for
1 01 . M r . (now Sir )Al fred Cripp’
s Law Eden v . N . W . Rail . Co. (1 907)A. C . 400.
of Compensat ion 5th Edu . p . p . 1 06- 1 07 . 1 06. L. 85 N . W . Rai l . Co . v . E vans
1 02 . S . 2 3 (6) L . A . Ac t I 0f 1 894 . (1 893) 1 C h . 1 6; 62 L . J . C h . 1 Clippen’
s
1 03. S . 2 4 (2 ) L . A . Ac t I of 1 894. Oil Co. v . E d inbu rg h W'
ater Tr u stees1 04. S . 5 L . A. (m ines) Ac t XVI I I (1 904)A. C . 64 ; 73 L . J . P . C . 32 .
of 1 8 85 Bwl lfa & c . S team Co l l ier ies v . 1 07 . VVhitehou se v . \V. Ra i l . Co . (1 869)
Pon typr idd 1Vaterworks Co. (1 902 ) 2 K . L. R . 5 Ex. 6 Ho l l iday v . M ayor &c . of
B . 1 35, aff. (1 903)A. C . 426. (1 891 )A. C . 8 1 60 L . J . Q . B .
1 05. Per Lord Penzanc e, in Sm i t h v . 361 ; in r e Loid Gerard & c . (1 895)
G . \V. Rai Co . (1 8 77) 3 App . Cars. 1 65 1 Q . B . 459.
COMPU LSORY SALE S
Lac r unu 1 1 1 . al l,that is
,for damages ac tual ly su stained and also for what can be
r easonably anticipated bu t wh ether suc h damages c ou l d r easonab lyhave been for eseen at the time of ac quisition is a question of fac t to
be determined by the Cou r t .”3 P ossible unc er tain expenses and losses
m ay be taken into c onsideration as th ey ac tual ly oc c ur f rom time
to time .
1 09 I f any loss or damage is sustained by the owner of the
land lying over the mines, the wor king of whic h has been preven ted
or restric ted and who is not the owner o f the mines, the local
Government shal l pay fu l l compensation to him for the loss or
damage so sustained .
1 10
“ I t is the person who is entitled to the land who ou gh t to get
the m oney .
” 1 “ Henc e, al l persons who are deprived of any
inter est in the land to be taken ,are en titled to c laim c om pensation
for su c h loss as they may su stain .
1 1 2 P rim a facie, the owner ,
or the person in possession of the land in the assumed c harac te rs
o f the owner and exer cising the or dinary righ ts o f ownership, is the
per son interested in the land . Any o ther person c laiming interes t
in the land is bound to prove the tit le he pleads .
‘1 3 Where the
land was u sed as a bu rning ghat or a public r oad , the u ser o f,
bu t not the owner ship in,whic h vested in the M unicipality , the
owner was entit led to the c om pensation for the land .
1 1 4
A person shal l be deemed to be interested in the land if he is
interested in an easement affec ting the land .
1 1 5 A person ,who has
ac quired a pr esc riptive righ t over the land , is entitled to c ome in
as a person inter ested and c laim c ompensation for the taking away
1 08 . M er c er v . L iverpool & c . Rai l . Co .
(1 903) 1 K . B . 652 C . A. aff. (1 904)A. C .
461 ; Cr oft v . N . & W’
. Rail . Co . (1 863)
32 L . J . Q . B . 1 1 3 ; Ind o - B u rma Pe t r oleum v . Co l l . of Y enangyagung 1 2 Ind .
Cas . 2 02 Rameswar V . Sec . of S ta te 34
Cal . 470 1 1 C . \V . N . 356 ; 5 C . L . J . 669.
1 09. S . 9 L . A. (M ines) Ac t XVI I I of
1 885 see a l so \Vhitel 10use v . W . Ra i l . Co.
(1 869) L . R . 5 Ex. 6 Ho liiday v . M ayor& c . o f \Vakehc l (l (1 89 1 ) A. C . 8 1 60
L . J . as] .
1 1 0. S . 1 0 L . A. (M ines) Ac t. XVI I I o f
il l . l ’c r Cf 't ten , L . J . , in re Lo we s to ftM ano r (1 8 83) L . R . 2 4 Ch . I) . 2 53 : W e
M a h atah Chand v . Benga l Coal Co . 1 0
W . R . 39 1 .
1 1 2 . S . 3 (b) L . A. Ac t I of 1 894 .
1 1 3. I ssur C h u nder v . S u t ty D yal 1 2W . R . 2 70 ; Chundee C h u rn v . B id ooB u d an 1 0 \V . R. 48 ; Per ry v . Clisso ld
(1 907)A. C . 73.
1 1 4. C h ai rman,Howr a h M un icipal i ty
Khet ra Kr is h na 33 Cal. 1 2 90; 1 0C .W
.
1 044 4 C . L . J . 343 ; see a lso S . 30
M .. Ac t 1 1 1 (B . c . ) of 1 88 4 C h airman ,
Nai h a t i M un ic ipa l i ty v . K is h or i Lal l 1 3Cal . 1 7 1 M o d h u S udan v . P ro nmda Nat h20 Ca l . 732 .
1 1 5. S . 3 (li) L . A. Ac t I 0f 1 894 .
CU
Z
<
LECTU RE I II .
(2 ) Tenant .
COM PU LSOR Y SALE S
expec tations of having their leases r enewed and have expended
money on the faith o f su c h expec tancy.
1 24 A per son having an
eq uitab le righ t to a l ease is,
”5 bu t a person having a righ t o f
pre- emption is not
,
1 26 entit led to c laim c ompensation.
On a breac h of c ontrac t of sal e of land,the vendor is en titled
to the differenc e between the c ont rac t price and the marke t p ric e
on the day of b reac h . B u t he is not entit led to the statu to ryal lowanc e if the land is ac quir ed after the breac h .
” 7
The market val ue o f an interest,if asc er tainab le, may aff o r d
some guide towar ds ascer taining the amoun t to be appor tioned in
r espec t of that interest to the total sum awarded as c ompensation .
1 28
Th us,wh e re there are differen t interests, the preper m ethod is to
cal c u late the respec tive val ues of the interests and to awar d the c om
pensation in propor tion thereto .
1 29 As between the land lor d and the
different g rades of tenants, he who can permanent ly employ the
land to the u tmost u tility is en titled to the largest amount .1 30
For the pur pose of determining what amoun t of c ompensation
is payab le to the tenan t, the tenant ’s interest m ust be regarded at
the time of giving notic e .
1 31 No c laim can be made if the tenan t
has rec eived legal notic e to quit and his land is not ac q uired u ntil
after suc h notic e has expired .
132 Nor,when u nder the terms of his
l ease, a lessee vol untarily gives a notic e to terminate his lease.
1 33
Compensation payab le to a lessee as the val ue o f his term or
tenanc y depends on the differenc e between the ac tual ren t paid byhim and the im proved annual r en tal that the proper ty is wor th .
D inend ra 3 C . W . N . 202 ; Hirdoy
Narain v . M . J . Powe l 35 Al l . 9 ; 1 3 Ind .
Gas. 420; 1 0A. L . J . 403.
1 30. Godadhar v.
1 2 4. R . v. L . M . Rai l . Co . (1 836) 4
Ad . 8: E 1 . 650 ; Syer s v . M et r opo l i tanB oard of Works (1 877) 36 L . T. 2 77 ;
R . v. P ou l ter (1 887 ) 20 Q . B . D . 1 32
C .A. ; 57 L . J . Q . B . 1 38 expar te Nad in(1 848) 1 7 L . J . Ch . 42 1 .
1 25. Sweetman v . M . Rail . Co . (1 864)
1 Hem . M . 543 1 2 W . N . 304.
1 2 6. C lou t v . M . & D . Rai ls.
Comm i t tee (1 883)48 L . T. 2 57 .
1 2 7 . Nabin Chund ra v. K r is h na Bar on i38 Ca] . 458 ; 1 5 C . W. N . 420; 9 Ind .
Cas . 525.
1 2 8 . In r e PestonJi Je hang i r 37 Bom .
7 6 1 4 B om . L . R . 507 .
1 2 9. D inend ra v. Titu ram 30 Cal .
801 ; 7 C . W . N . 8 1 0 ; Khe t ter K r is to v.
Jo int
D hunpu t 7 Cal .
585 9 C . L R . 2 2 7 .
1 31 . Tyson v. M ayor of London (1 87 1 )L . R . 7 C. P . 1 8 ; 41 L . J . C . P . 6 ;
C ranwe l l v. M ayor of London (1 870)
L . R . 5 Ex. 2 84 ; 39 L . J. E x. 1 93 ;
W i l k ins v. M ayo r of B i rm ing h am (1 883)
25 C h . D . 78 ; 53 L . J . C h . 93.
1 32 . Expa r te M e'
r r e t t (1 860) 2 L . T.
47 1 R . v . Vaug h an (1 868) L . R .
4 Q . B . 1 90 ; 38 L . J . M . C . 49.
1 33. R . v . P ou l ter (1 88 7) 20 Q . B . D .
1 32 ; 57 L . J . Q . B . 1 38 .
FOR P U BLIC PU RPOS ES .
This differenc e must be m u l tiplied by the number of years pu rc hase
the
dete rmined by the c harac te r of the prope r ty and the length of the
at whic h t e nant ’s in terest shou l d be val ued , whic h wil l be
term of tenanc v.
1 3‘ The Government as land lo rd is not entit led
to any thing more than an o rdinary land lo rd .
135 Where lands are
hel d su bjec t to special c ovenants,su c h covenants so far as t hey
affec t the val ue of the owner’
s interest in suc h lands m ust be
considered in assessing the amount of c ompensation payab le to him .
S uc h c ovenants migh t be eq ual ly beneficial o r equal ly disadvan
tageou s to bot h c ovenantor and c ovenau tee .
1 36
A permanen t tenu re means a tenu re whic h is h eritab le and
whic h is not held for a limited period .
1 37 Tenu res bec ome per
manent (1 )by express provision o f law,as in the case o f P u tniand
similar Tal uks (2) by c ont rac t and (3) by c u stom o r c ou rse of
dealing ther ewith . The onus is upon the tenan t to pr ove that
his tenu re is of a permanent c harac ter .
1 38
The u se of the words,
“ P u tniTal uk,
” 1 39 Tal uk,
” “ 0 “ f rom
E stim rari,
” “ 2 M okarari,
” 1 43
p rima facie impor ts a he reditary tenu re . B u t the m er e u se of the
wo rds,
“ M okarariistim rari,
”in a pattah g rantin g land does no t
The Cou r t
generation to generation,
” 1“
p er se denote t hat the estate is one of inheritanc e .
“ 4
1 34. M r . (now Sir )Al fr ed Cr ipp ’
s Law S tate 2 6 Cal . 792 ; 3 C . W . N . 695.
of Compensat ion 5th Edn . p 1 09 Khet ter 1 39. Tar iniC h aran v . Watson 86 Co .
Kr isto v . D inend ra 3 C . W. N . 202 ; 3 B . L . R . A. C . 437 1 2 W . R . 4 1 3 ;
D inend ra v . Titu ram 30 Cal . 801 ; 7
C . W . N . 8 1 0; M an M o h an v . Col l . of
C hit tagong 40 Cal . 64.
1 35. M an M o h an v . Col l . of C h i t ta
B rindabun v . B rindabun 1 I . A . 1 78 ;
2 1 W . R . 32 4 ; 1 3 B . L . R . 408 .
1 40. Krishno C hand ra v . S u fd u r Ali
2 2 W'
. R . 32 6 ; B udayar Ra hman v .
gong 40 Cal . 64 Jagat C h and ra v . Col l .of C h i t tagong 1 7 1 001 ; 1 7
C . L . J . 61 .
1 36. P enny v . Penny (1 867) L . R .
5 E q . 2 2 7 ; 37 L . J . C h . 340 in re
B rand on (1 864) 34 L . J . C h . 333 ; in r e
C h and ler ’
s VVil tshir e B rewery (1 903)
1 K . B . 569 ; 7 2 L . J . K . B . 250 in re
M or gan and L . N . W . Rai l . Co . (1 896)
2 Q . B . 469 ; 66 L . J . Q . B . 30 ; Long
E aton &c . Co . v . M . Rai l . (1 902 ) 2 K . B .
574 ; 7 1 L . J . K . B . 837 .
1 37 . See S . B . T . Ac t VI I I of 1 885.
Khe tt er Kr is to v . D inend ra 3 C .1 38 .
“L N . 202 Nilmaniv . M at h u ra Nat h 5C . L . J . 41 3 ; P r osunnoCoomar V . Sec . of
Karam Ali1 8 C. L . J . 2 7 1 .
1 41 . Himmu t v . Sooneet Koer 1 5 W .
R . 549.
1 42 . Karu nakar v . Nilad hro 5 B . L . R .
652 ; 1 4 \V . R . 1 07 ; M unr unjun v . Le
lanund 3 W . R . 84 Lak h u Cowar - v . Har iK r is h na 3 B . L . R . A. C . 2 2 6 1 2 “7 . R . 3.
1 43. Sheoper shad
9 1 . A. 33 ; 8 Cal . 664 ; 1 1 C . L . R . 2 1 5.
1 44. M unor unjun LA.
S up . 1 8 1 1 33 . L . R . 1 24; Tu ls i Per shadv . Ram nar ain 1 2 I . A. 205; 1 2 ( al . 1 1 7
B en i Per shad v . D u d h Nat h 26 LA. 2 1 6
2 7 Cal . 1 56 4 C . W . N . 2 74 Bilashm oni
v . S h eo Per shad 9 I . A. 338 8 Cal . 664
1 1 C . L . R . 2 1 5.
Bilashmoni v .
Lilanund v .
L emm as l l l .
Lscruns 1 1 1 .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
must c onsider the o ther terms of the inst rument under whic h
it was g ranted, the cir c umstanc es under whic h it was made, the
intention of the par ties and t heir c ond uc t since its exec u tion .
1 45
The absenc e of wor d s impor ting the hereditary or permanen t
c harac ter o f a tenu re may be supplied by the evidenc e of long
and u nin ter r upted enjoym ent and desc ent f rom fathe r to son at
a fixed and invariab le r en t,
o r f req uen t t ransfer wit hou t any
c hange in the term s o f the holding, o r in the amount. of r en t
paid, o r where land is let for b uilding pu rposes even if the tenan t
b uilds temporary st ru c tu r es.
1 46 B u t,wh ere the origin of a tenancy
is known,mer e long possession o r payment of the same r ent for
several years wil l not raise a presumption of permanency .
1 47 \Vant
of regist ration of the pu rc haser’
s name in the land lord ’
s sherish ta
does not th row any dou bt u pon the validity of his titl e.
1 48 The
t ransfer in favou r of a pu rc haser at a sale in exec u tion of a
dec ree, other than a dec ree for ar rears of ren t of a permanent tenan t
1 45. S h eo P ershad v . Kal ly D as 5 Cal .543 5 C . L. R . 1 38 ; Nar s ingh Dyal v.
Ram Nar ain 30 Cal . 8 83 Ag in B ind h v .
M o h an B ikram 30 Cal . 20 7 C . XV. N .
31 4 Wa tson Co . v. M ebes h Narain2 4 W . R . 1 76.
1 46. I smai l K h an v. Agh ore Nat h7 734 Ismai l K h an v. Nan i Gopa l8 C . L . J . 51 3 Watson Co . v . R ad ha
Nat h 1 C. L .J . 572 Nit tyanu u d v. Bans h iC h and ra 3 34 1 Ananda v . K unj o8 C .L. J . 1 77 ; U pend ra K r is h na v . Ismai lK h an 31 I . A. 1 44 ; 32 Cal . 41 ; 8 C . W .
N . 8 89 Nil ratan v . I smai l K h an 31 LA.
1 49 ; 32 Cal . 51 ; 8 C. W. N. 895 ; D i
nend ra v . Tit u ram 30 Cal . 801
7 C . W . N . 8 10 ; Ismai l K h an v.
Jaigun B i b i 2 7 Cal . 570 ; 4 C . \V. N .
2 1 0 Gran t v . R obinson 1 1
C . “7 . N . 2 1 2 ; 5 C . L . J . 1 78 ; Nanda
La l v . At tarmoni35 Cal . 763 ; 1 2 C “LN.
432 ; M eg h Lal v . R t j K umar 34 Ca l .
358 ; 52 7 ; B ep i a B e h ar i v .
B hagwa t Sa h ai 9 C . W'
. N . 699 ; B agd u
M aj lii v . D u rga l ’ rosad 9 C . W'
. N.
2 92 Naba K u ntar i v. B e h ar i Lal 34 I . A.
1 60 ; 34 (at. 902 ; 1 1 c . w. N . 865 ;
6 C . L . J . 1 2 2 ; Ram Ran jan v .
Ram Narain 2 2 I . A . 60; 2 2
Cal . 533 ; Gopal Lal l v. Til l uck Chund er1 0 M oo. 1 9 1 ; 3 1V . R . P . C . l B raja
Na t h v. Lak h i Narayan 7 B . L . R . 2 1 1 ;
Nidhi K r is h na v. Nistarini 1 3
B . L . R . 41 6 ; 2 1 w. R . 386 ; Nemai
Ch and ra v. M a h omed B as i r 9 C . L . J .475 ; Casper sz v . Kedar Nat h2 8 Cal . 738 ; 5 C . \V. N . 858 ; D h u npu t S ing h v. Gooman S ing h 1 1 M oo.
433 ; 9 W . R . P . C. 3 ; S at tyasaran
v . M ohesh C h and ra 1 2 M OO. 2 63 ;
2 B . L . R . P . C . 23 ; 1 1 W. R . P . C .
1 0; Kool deep Narain v. Gover nmen t1 4 M oo . 2 47 ; 1 1 b . L . R . 7 1 ;
R ungo Lal l v. W i lson 2 6 Cal . 209 ;
2 C . “I . N . 7 1 8 ; D unne v . NoboK r is h na 1 7 Cal . 1 44.
1 47 . Isma i l Khan v. Asmat u l la 8
C . W . N . 2 97 ; I smai l K h an v.
M rinmoyi 8 c . w. N .
‘
301 ; \Vin te rscale v . S arat C hu nd ia 8 C . W . N .
1 55.
1 43. Nilaal ri v . Bic liit ranauda 1 2
C . L . J . 1 58 .
LECTURE
90 COMPU LSORY SALES
tak en the wh ole amount o f the c om pensation money, he is to pay
A covenan tin a lease, that upon ac q uisition . the whole compensation money shou l d
the fu l l fixed r ent notwithstanding the ac quisition .
1 68
belong to the land lo rd , is not il legal or c ont rary to public policy
u nder S . 25 I . C. Ac t IX of 1 8 72 , even wh ere the tenancy is permanent .1 59 The division of the c ompensation money equal ly betweenthe Zemindar and the P utindar was disapproved .
1 60 Wher e r en t is
not fixed,the land lord is entit led to a capitalisation of as m uc h r ent
as is payable for the l and together with something more in respec t of
The liabilityof a tenant to ejec tment and enhanc ement is to be c onsider ed in
the possibility of the val ue of the land h er eafter .
1 61
appor tioning the compensation money .
1 62
A l essee of mines, whose term is of sufficient length to enable
him by working with r easonable diligenc e to exhau st th em ,may be
taken to be the absolu te owner t hereof,and the c ompensation money
having been paid to him ,neither the r eversioner nor any person
c laiming u nder him is entitled to any c ompensation,o ther than the
loss of r oyal ty by reason of the non- working of the mines .
1 63 The
power reser ved by a l ease to the lessee of r emoving his improve
ments at the termination of the lease being taken away by vis m aj or
of the p roc eeding under the L . A. Ac t I of 1 894, the c ompensation ,
to whic h the lessee is entit led , is the year ly pr ofit whic h he makes
u pon the land mu l tiplied by the num ber of year s whic h the lease has
to r un.
1m
Where land was let at a r ent below its val ue bu t with a p roviso
that in the even t of any par t of it being taken c ompu lso rily , the
l essor cou ld re- enter , he ough t to be c ompensated on the basis o f the
ful l value and no t on t hat of the rent ac tual ly paid .
1 65 I n assessing
1 58 . Ram Ranjan v . B unwariLal 1 61 . Jagat Chand ra v. Co l l . of C h i t ta1 6 C . L . J . 2 1 1 ; Bip rodas v . Sarat 1 6 gong 1 7 C . W N. 1 001 ; 1 7 C . L . J .
C . L . J . 209 ; Ganpat S ing h v . M o t i ~c h and 1 8 C . W. N . 1 03 ;1 6 C . L . J . 301
Sat is C h u nder v . Jatind ra Nat h 7 C . L . J .
2 84 ; P eari M o h an v. Aftab C hand 1 0
C . L . R . 52 6.
1 59. Godadhar v Lal i t Kumar 1 0
C . L . J . 476.
1 60. Godad har v . D hunpat 7 Cal .
585 9 C . L . R . 2 2 7 Khe t ter K r is tov . D inc nd r c. 3 C . \V. N . 202 ; S h ama
P rosunno v. B rako d a S u ndar i 2 3 C a l .
1 46 .
61 .
1 62 . R . M i t ter v . Anuku l C h under9 C . W. N . Am bika Nat h v.
Ad i tya Nat h 6 C . \V. N. 62 4 Bir C h underv . Nobin C h u nd er 2 C . W
'
. N . 453.
1 63. G . W. Ra i l . Co . v. Sm i t h (1 876)45 L . J . C h . 2 35.
1 64. Jogend ra v . R
‘
ajend ra 1 3 C . L . J .
2 62 ; 9 Ind . Cas . 92 3.
1 65. I n re M organ and L N . \V.
Ra i l . ( 'o . (1 896) 2 Q R . 1 69 66 L . .T. Q .
R. 30 .
FU R P U BL IC P U lt l’U S ES .
the lessee’
s inte res t he wil l be en titled to compensa tion in r espec t Lee'
ruar.
o f any righ t he m ay have to a renewal of the lease .
1 00 The fac t
that the raiyat has a home and a sphe re of labou r for himsel f and his
family shou ld be taken into c onsideration .
1 67
As between the landlo rd and an oc c upancy raiyat , c ompensation
sho u ld be appor tioned with r egar d to the val ues o f their respec tive
interes ts and if possible something shou l d be awar ded to the land lo rd
on ac c ount of the possibility o f the r en t being enhanc ed .
1 63 An under
raiyat is no t entitl ed to any por tion of the c ompensation money .
1 69
B u t where he had planted t rees he was given hal f . 1 70 A year ly
tenant of ag ric u l tural land or o f tank an d a tenant fo r periods over
a year are entitled to c ompensation fo r the val ue of their unexpired
te rm or interest an d fo r everv kind o f lo < s or damage they may
su ffer .
m
Land with b uildings u pon it shou l d be valued as one proper tyand the amou nt appo r tioned between the owner o f the land and the
owner of the buildings.
“
Ac q uisition of the mor tgaged premises is not a. destr uc tion of the
sec u rity its effec t is to t ransfer the lien to the c ompensation
money .
‘73 B u t where the mor tgage was effec ted after the dec lara
tion,there is no lien on the mor tgaged proper ty to be t ransfer red .
1 74
Wh ere the dispu te was be tween a Hind u widow and her adopte d
son the P rivy Council divided the c ompensation money into hal ves.
1 75
1 66. B ogg v . M . Rai l . Co. (1 8 67) C . L. J. 36n.
L. R . 4 E q. 310 ; Hol t v . Gas L ig h t 1 71 .
Coke Co. (1 872 ) L . R . 7 Q . B . 72 8 .
1 67. Appasami v. Rangappa 4 M ad .
Narain C h and ra V. S ec. of S tate2 8 Cal . 1 52 ; 5 C. W . N . 349 ; R . v . G.
N. Rai l . Co. (1 8 76) 2 Q . B . 1 51 Co l l . of367 ; B ammadevara v. S abbarayud u 36
M ad . 395 1 0M . L. T. 349 2 M . W. N .
401 . For Compensat ion payable toU lku di S ubhavasis and M irasidar s of
M ad ras see Appasami v.
M ad . 367 ;
2 6 M ad . 37 1 .
1 68. Godadhu r v. D h anpat 7 Cal .
585 ; 9 C. L . R . 2 2 7 ; Hardey Narainv. M rs. Powel l 35 Al l . 9 ; 1 3 Ind . Gas.
420; 1 0A. L . J . 403 ; 0011. of D acca. v.
Har i D as 1 4 Ind . Gas. 1 63.
1 69. S aik h Hasrat v. Jagat Narain1 1 C . “7 . N.
1 70. Hare. Gopal v. Abu Bakkar 3
Rangappa. 4
S ivantha v . Natu Rauga
Poona. v. Kashinath 1 0 Born . 585.
1 72 . D un ia. Lal v. GopiNath 2 2 Cal .
8 20 Govt . of B om bay v . E su fali34 Bom.
61 8 5 I nd . Gas. 62 1 1 2 B orn . L. R . 34.
1 73. Jo ton i C h owd h u ran i v . AmorK r is h na. 1 3 C . W. N . 350 ; 6 C . L . J .
745 ; 1 Ind . Gas. 1 64 ; Ar umugam v .
S ivagnana 1 3 M ad . 32 1 Base. M al v .
Tajammal 1 6 Al l. 78 Venkata.Viraragavav. K rishnasami (3 Mad . 344 ; Chomu v.
U mme. 1 4 M ad . 46.
1 7 4. Amar C hand ra v. Ram S under
1 3 C . W . N . 357 1 Ind . Gas. 45.
1 75. B raja. Kisora v. Kundana D evi2 6 LA. 60 2 2 M ad . 431 3 C .W. N 378 .
F inal .
L E CT U R E IV .
Com p u lso ry Sa les in exec u tion o f d ec rees fo r money.
(P re liminaries p rior t o at tachm ent . )
A dec r ee or or der is the fo rmal expr ession o f any decision whic h ,
so far as r egar d s the Cou r t expressing it, conc l u sively de termines the
righ ts of the par ties with r egard to a ll or any of the mat ter s in
c ontroversy in a suit . 1 E xec u tion is the ac t o f c ar rying into effec t
the final decision of a Cou r t o r other j u risdic tion . E xec u tion
proc eeding is a c ontinuation o f the suit in whic h the dec r ee was
passed .
2 I t is a j u dicial pr oc eeding within S . 476 Cr . P . C. Ac t V
of 1 898 .
3
E very dec ree or or der for the payment of money may be exec u ted
by the attac hment and sal e of the j u dgment d eb tor ’s pr oper ty .
4
I t is the final dec ree or order alone whic h c ompletely disposes of
the mat ter in con t rover sy or determines the r espec tive righ ts of the
litigant par ties that can be exec u ted . B u t when the final dec r ee is
dependent upon, and su bor dinate to,a preliminary dec ree whic h was
superseded by appeal , it can not be exec u ted .
6 A judgment on
c ondition can be enfor c ed by exec u tion on ly in pu rsu anc e of the
c ondition thereo f. When the dec ree or or der of the Cou r t of first
instanc e is not appealed agains t , t hen the dec r ee or order of the
appel late Cou r t , whether it affi rms, m odifies o r r everses the dec ree or
o rder appealed against, is the only final dec ree or o rder c apable of
being exec u ted .
5
The d ec ree must in form be sufficient to enab le the Cou r t byinspec tion to determine what has been specifical ly awar ded , f rom
whom the awar d is to be r ec overed and to whom it is due. I f the
1 . S . 2 and (1 4) C . P . C . Ac t 5. Ram Nat h v . Basan to NarayanV of 1 008 . 1 8 C . L . J . 209.
2 . Biswa Nat h v. B hagwandin 1 4 6 . Kis tokinker v . B u r rodacaun t 1 4
C . L . J . 648 ; Gop i M o h an v. D oybaki M 00 . 465 1 0 B . L . R . 1 01 1 7 W . R .
Nandan 1 9 Cal . 1 3. 2 92 ; Lu chmun v . Kishun 8 Cal . 2 1 8
3 . Abd u l Bas i r v. Panc h Kowr i 1 2 1 0 C . L . R . 425 ; M a h omed v. M ob in iC . L . J . 61 8 . Kan ta 34 Cal . 8 74 ; Kris tnama v . M an
4 . S s . 36 50,U . 2 1 r . 30 C . P . C . gamma 2 6 M ad . 91 M u h ammad S u laiman
Ac t V o f 1 908 . v . M u h ammad Y ar 1 1 Al l . 2 67 .
LECTURE I V .
91 COMPU LSORY SALes
Henc e,if the Cou r t of first instance
has ceased to exist, the Cou r t t hat c an exec u te the dec ree or or der
the destr uc tion of its powers.
is the Cou r t whic h , if the suit wherein the dec ree or order was
passed , was institu ted at the time of making the application for
the exec u tion of the dec ree or o rder wou l d have j u risdic tion to
t ry suc h suit,but where the Cou r t of first instanc e has c eased
to have ju risdic tion to exec u te it,the dec ree may be e xec u ted ,
either by the Cou r t of fi rst instanc e whic h passed the dec r ee
or order , or by the Cou r t whic h if the suit wherein the dec r ee was
passed were institu ted at the time of making the application to
exec u te it, wou l d have ju risdic tion to t ry the suit .1 3 A Cou r t does
not c ease to exist or to have j urisdic tion,merely because the l ocal
limits o f its ju risdic tion are al tered , or its bu siness is t ransfer red to
another Cou r t.“ The natu re of the cau se whic h pu ts an end to the
The fac t that the High
Cou r t does not in prac tic e exec u te its own dec rees does not
make that Cour t a Cour t that has “c eased to have ju risdic tion ”
to exec u te its dec ree”. Wher e a d ec ree was passed by the Cou r t of
additional S ubor dinate J udge
S ubordinate J udge was appointed , exec u tion shou l d be made by the
permanent S ubo rdinate Judge.
1 7
E xec u tion issued by one Cou r t to en for c e j udgmen t of another
j u risdic tion of the Cou r t is immaterial .“
an and subsequently another
Cou r t where t here is no au thority to do so is an absol u te nu l lity .
1 8
B ut the Cou r t whic h passed a dec ree may, either on the application
of the dec ree - hol der send it for exec u tion to another Cou r t , or of its
own motion,send it for exec u tion to any su bor dinate Cou r t of
competent j u risdic tion, even if there is proper ty of the j udgment
debtor within the ju risdic tion of the Cou r t that passed the dec ree
Where the Cou r tsu fficient to satis fy it.” to whic h a dec ree
1 3. S . 37 (b) C . P . C . Ac t V . of 1 908 .
1 4. Latc h man v. M adden M o h un6 Cal . 51 3 ; 7 C . L . R . 52 1 Jafar v.
Kamalini2 8 Cal . 2 38 50. W. N. 1 50
Paluckdh ary v . Rad h a P u rshad 5Cal . 504 C . L . R . 342 U d i t Narain v . M at h u raPe r shad 35 Cal . 974 ; 1 2 C . W. N . 859
Kait ick Nat h v . Tilukdhari1 5 Cal . 667
Shu r r oop C h under v. Ameer r unnissa 8
Cal . 703 ; P rem C h and v . M okhoda 1 7
Cal . 699 ; S h i b Nara in v. Gobind D ass
2 3'W. R . 1 54 Kal ipado v. D ino Nat h
25 Cal . 31 5 ; Pand u ranga v. Vy thilinga
30Mad . 537 .
1 5. Gau skha v . Abdu l 1 7 Bom. 1 62 .
1 6. Hu r ro Pershad v.
6 Cal . 201 7 C . L . R . 79.
1 7 . Tara C h and v.
C . L . J . 473.
1 8 . Freeman on Execu t ions 1 5.
1 9 . S . 39 C . P . C . Ac t V of 1 908
see Kal ly P rosonno v. D inonath 1 1
B . L . a. 56 ; 1 9 w. R . 434.
Bhupend ro
Ram Nat h 4
IN EXECUTION or oneness FOR MONEY . 95
is to be sent for exec u tion is situate within the same distric t , as the
Cou r t whic h passed su c h dec ree, suc h Cou r t shal l send the same
direc tly to the former lour t . B ut wh ere the Cou r t to whic h thedec ree is to be sent for exec u tion is situate in a different dist ric t , the
Cou r t whic h passed it shal l send it to the dist ric t Cou r t of the distric t
in whic h the dec ree is to be exec u ted .
20 When a dec ree is sent to a
distric t Cou r t, it may be exec u ted by itsel f or t ransfer red for exe
c u tien to any subordinate Cou r t of competent j u risdic tion .
2 1 I f the
or der is issued under the au thority of the D istric t Judge, the
absenc e of his signatu re does not vitiate the proceeding .
”2 A
M unsiff to whom a dec ree is sent for exec u tion direc t has no j u risdic tion to exec u te it withou t the o rder of the D istric t J udge .
”
A dec r ee passed by a Civil Cou r t in B ritish I ndia to whic h the
provisions relating to exec u tion do not extend, or by a Cou r t estab lish
ed or c on tinued by the au thority of the Governor - General in Council
in the ter rito ries of any Fo reign P rinc e or S tate may be exec u ted
within the j u risdic tion of any Cour t in B ritish I ndia.
“ The Cou r t
of Commissioner s of Kand h within the family dominions of the
M aharaja of B enares is a Cou r t establish ed by the Governor - General
in Council in the ter ritory of a Foreign P rinc e .
26
The dec rees or any c lass of dec rees of any Civil or Revenu eCou r ts, situate in the ter ritories o f suc h Native P rinc e or S tate in
al lianc e with His M ajesty , as notified in the Gazet te of I ndia and
not estab lished , nor c ontinued by the au thority of the Governor
General ini
Council , may be exec u ted in B ritish India,
as if theyhave been passed by the Cou r ts in B ritish I ndia.
M Similar ly, the
Cou r ts in B ritish I ndia may send a dec ree for exec u tion to any
Cou r t established, or c ontinu ed by the au thority of the Governor
General in Council in the ter ritories of suc h Foreign P rince or S tate
as may have been notified in the Gazette of I ndia27 An order
rej ec ting an application fo r the t ransfer Of a dec ree is appealable.
“
20. O. 2 1 r . 5 C . P . C . Ac t V of
1 908 .
2 1 . O. 2 1 r . 8 C . P . C . Ac t V of
1 908 .
2 2 . Jogend ra C hand ra v. Ma h es hChand ra 2 3 Cal . 480.
2 3. D ebi D ial v . M o haraj S ing h 2 2C al . 764 .
Lec ruRE
2 4. S . 43 C . P . C . Ac t V of 1 908 .
25. P rab h u Narain v . Salig rarn 34
Cal . 576 1 1 C . W . N . 62 2 ; 6 C.L. J . 30.
2 6. S . 44 C . P . C . Ac t V of 1 908 .
2 7 . S . 45 C . P . C . Ac t V o f 1 908 .
2 8 . B h aban i C h aran v . P r otapC hand ra 8 C . W. N . 575.
COMPU LSORY SALES
The Local Governmen t may , with the previous sanc tion of the
Go verno r - General in Council , dec lare by notific ation in the local
Official Gazet te that in any local area, or in the c ase of any specified
war d of the Cou r t in M ad ras,the exec u tion o f dec r ees in c ases in
whic h the Cou r t has or dered any m oveab le p roper ty or any par ti
c u lar kind of,or inte rest in, immoveable proper ty to be sol d shal l
be t ransfer red to the Col lec tor .
29 The objec t is to enab le the
c hief exec u tive offi cer of the D ist ric t to liquidate the debts o f
enc umbered land - hol ders wit hou t the immediate sale o f their estates
and to preser ve the old landed gentry of the c ou nt ry .
30 S uc h a
notification ou sts the j urisdic tion of the Cou r t,so far as r egards
the exec u tion of the dec ree.
"l l B u t the money realised by the
Co l lec tor is at the dispo sal of the Cou r t by whic h the dec ree has
been sent to him for exec u tion .
32 The j u risdic tion of any Cou r t,
o ther than the Cou r t transmit ting the dec ree to the Co l lec to r , is
not taken away .
33 B u t if the Col lec tor ar rogates to him sel f the
power whic h he has not,his o rder wil l be u ltra t ir es
,an d a suit
wil l lie in a Civil Cou r t to set aside his or der .
34 An o rder of the
Col lec tor is not open to appeal to the High Cou r t .35
Ter rito rial j u risdic tion of the Cou r t is a c ondition prec edent to
its exec u ting dec rees. I n cases of dec rees fo r sale of m or tg ig ed
proper ties, the Cou r t may exec u te the dec r ees,if some of the
proper ties are whol ly ou tside its j u risdic tion 5”
or if after the
dec rees have been passed , land is plac ed whol ly u nder anoth er j u ris
dic tion, exec u tion may be had , eithe r in the Cou r t whic h passed the
dec rees o r the Cou r t within whose j u risdic tion it lies at the time o f
2 9. S . 68 C . P . C . Ac t V of 1 908 S h eo P rasa d v. M u h ammad 2 3 Al l . 1 67 ;
S . 45 (1 )Ac t I (M . C . ) of 1 902 . S ad h o C haud h r i v. Abhenandan“
2 6 Al l.
30. Hu ro P rosed v. Kal i P rosad 9 1 01 ; M .Lt liu radas v . Panhalal 1 9 Rom .
Cal . 2 90at p . 294. 2 1 6 M at h u ra. D as v . Janina Al l . 355.
31 . S . 70 (2 ) C . P . C . Ac t V o f 35. M aheherjiv. Thaku rdas 7 B orn .
1 908 ; S ukhdeo v. S heo G h u lam 4 Al l . L . R . 682 .
382 ; D au lat S ing h v . Juga l K is h or e 2 2 36. Begg D un lop Co . v . Jagannat hAl l . 1 08 Mu h ammad v. Payag S a h u 39 C - li. 1 04 1 6 C . W . N . C . L . J .
1 6 Al l . 2 2 8 . 2 2 8 ; M aseyk v . S tee l Co . 1 4 C t l .
32 . Tapesriv. D eokinan lan 1 6 Al l . 1 . 661 K ir tick Nat h v . Tilukd hari1 5 Cal .
33. S h iam B e h ar i v. liap K is h ore 667 Gop i M o h an v . D oybakiNandan 1 9
20Al l . 379. Cal . 1 3; Tincou riv . S h i b C hand ra 2 1 Cal .34. P i ta a v. Chunilal 31 B orn . 639 Latc h man v . M addan M o h u n 6 Cal .
507 ; Narayan v. l tasu lkhan 2 3 B arn . 51 3 7 C . L . R . 52 1 Jafar v . K amalini
531 : Ganpat ram v . I ssac 1 5 B o rn . 32 2 ; 2 3 Cal . 2 38 ; 5 C . W . N .
B ai Am thi v. M ad hav Born . 694
L ECTU RE I V .
98 COMP U LSORY saw s
J udge, to require any fur the r p roof of the dec ree or orde r for
exec u tion.
44 Al though the func tions of a Cou r t exec u ting its own
dec rees,or those of oth er Cou r ts transfer red to it
,are not ministerial
bu t jndicial they are c onfined to effec ting exec u tions and matte r sarising ou t of the proc eedings in exec u tions.
45 Henc e,the Cou r t
exec u ting its own dec r ee,or a dec ree t ransfer red to it for exec u tion ,
mu st take the dec ree as it stand s.
46 The dec ree or or der is c on
el usive and binding u pon the par ties, u nless set aside on appeal o r
o th erwise .
47 A Cou r t exec u ting a t ransfe r red dec ree c annot,therefore ,
ente r tain any objec tion,any more than the Cou r t exec u ting its own
dec r ee, as to the validity of an assignment, if the assignee is shown in
the order for exec u tion, as the person entitled to ex ec u te the dec ree.
48
Nor,c an it enter tain any obj ec tion as to the l egality , o r c or rec tness
o f the dec ree, o r order,o r as to the j urisdic tion of the Cou r t whic h
passed it,or that the d ec ree was obtaine l by f rau d .
49 B u t wh ere
the dec ree is sent for exec u tion to anot her Cou r t withou t any o rd e r
for exec u tion, it power to decide whet her exec u tion is bar red
by limitation .
60
44. O. 2 1 , r . 7 C. P . C . Ac t V of B enode v. B rajend ra 2 9 Cal . 8 1 0 ; 6 C .
1903 ; of . s . 2 25 0. Ac t XIV or w. N . 838 ; Nagend rabala v. S ec . of
1 882 . S tate 1 4 C . L . J . 83 M a h araja of B h arat45. S . 42 C . P . C . Ac t V of 1 908 ; pu r v . Ran i Kanno 2 8 I . A. 35 ; 23
Jad u v . Far r e l 6 B . L . R . App . 66. Al l . 1 8 1 5 C . “7. N . 1 37 Kas h i v .
46. Harmanoje v . Ram P r osad 6 Jamu na 31 Cal . 92 2 ; S ubranu nian v .
C . L. J . 462 ; Ramp h al v . Ram B aran Panjamma. 4 M ad . 324 ; Abdul Hu ssain5 Al l . 53 ; M u t tia v . Virammal 1 0 M ad . v . Sakhnaboo 2 1 Born . 456 ; Chogal l
2 83 ; B udan v. Ram C h and ra 1 1 B orn . v . Tr u eman 7 B orn . 48 1 ; Kastu r shet v .
537 ; Venkatachala v. Venkatarama 2 4 Rama 1 0 B orn . 65 Rajerav v . Nanarav
M ad . 665 ; Apps. Rao v. K r ishna 25 M ad . 1 1 B om . 52 8 ; K rish to K is h ore v. R oopLal l 8 Cal . 687 1 0 C . L . R . 609 ; Ram
47 . Papamma v. Virap ratapa 2 3 I . A. Lal v. Radhey Lal 7 Al l . 330 B eer
32 ; 1 9 M ad . 2 49 ; S undarappa v . S ree C h u nd er v . M ymana 5 Cal . 736 ;
ram u l u 30M ad . 402 . Hu sain v . Saju 1 5 B orn . 2 8 Sadashiv v .
48 . Ram C h und er V. M ohend r o Nat h Jayantibai 8 B orn . 1 85 ; M ad h o Lal r .
2 1 \V. R . 1 41 D hunesli v . Ool fu t 2 1 Katwari1 0Al l . 1 30 Par vata v. D igambarW. R . 2 1 9. 1 5 B om . 307 ; S udind ra v . B u dan 9
49. B iswanat h v. Bhagwandin 1 4 M ad . 80 ; D h an i Ram v . Lu chmeswar
C . L . J . 648 ; C h h o t i v . Rameswar 6 2 3 Cal . 639 .
C . \V. N . 796 ; Hassan Aliv . Cauz i Ali 50. Chho tay Lal l v . I‘u ran M u l l 2 33 1 Cal . 1 79 ; G r ieb C h u nd e r v . S u shi Ca l . 39 ; Lc akc v . D an ie l 1 0 R .
S liikhareswar 2 7 I . A. 1 1 0 ; 2 7 Ca l . 1 0 (l' . I}. L . R . S up . 9 70 ; S r i pat i951 ; 4 C . N . 631 Ras h l l c liari v . C h aiau v . It . Bel cham be rs 1 5 C . \V. N .
Joy lmn cla 4 (I. L . J . 475 ; l l c bcm l ra
Nat h v. I’rasanna Kumar 5 C . L . J . 32 8
IN E X EC U TION OF D EGR E ES FOR MONEY .
A Cou r t exec u ting a dec ree c annot alter , vary ,or add to, the terms
of the dec ree, even by c onsent of the par ties .
61 B u t it is quite
c ompetent to constr ue the dec ree, wher e the terms of the dec ree are
am biguous . The const ruc tion shou ld be based u pon the pleadings and
ju dgment an d shou ld be in ac c ordanc e with law.
152 “there a c er tain
c onstr u c tion has been pu t on the d ec ree on a fo rmer occ asion ,a
diff ei' ent c onstr uc tion cannot be pu t on a subsequen t oc casion .
63 An
agreement ar rived at between the par ties to an exec u tion proc eeding
with the sanc tion of the Cou r t cannot be su bsequent ly al tered by
the Cou r t withou t the c onsent of both the par ties .
64
The dec ree t ransfer red does not lose its o riginal c harac ter and the
Cou r t exec u ting it t reats it in al l r espec ts as if it were passed by
itsel f .55
d rawn from it, or u ntil it has c er tified the exec u tion o r non—execu tionof the d ec ree to the Cou r t whic h sent it fo r exec u tion .
56
I t retains its j u risdic tion , until the exec u tion has been with
VVhen the Cou r t to whic h the dec ree is sent for exec u tion is a
High Cou r t, the dec ree shal l be exec u ted by suc h Jou r t in the same
manner,as if it had been passed by suc h Cou r t in the exercise of its
Ordinary Original Civil J u risdic tion .
67 Where a dec ree has been
passed in a suit,of whic h the val ue, as set fo r t h in the plaint, did not
exc eed two thousand r upees and whic h , as r egards its subjec t matter,
is not excepted by the law for the time being in for c e f rom the c og
nizanc e of either a P r esid ency or P rovincial Cou r t of Smal l Causes, it
may be exec u ted by the Cour t of Smal l Causes in Cal c u t ta, M ad ras,
B ombay, or Rangoon,as if it had been passed by itsel f .
68
51 . w an t S ing h v. Tok h an S ing h Narain 2 1 Al l . 361 ; Rad h a K issen v .
2 8 I A . 57 2 8 Cal . 353 ; Kr is to Komal
v. Hu r ee S i rdar 1 3W . R . 44 Fores ter V .
S ec . of S tate 4 I . A. 1 37 ; 3 Cal . 1 61 ;
Hu r r o v. S u r u t 9 I . A. 1 ; 8 Cal . 332 ;
M adan M o han v. Bhikhar 1 6 C . L . J .
51 7 ; Rag h unat h v . Kas h i P rosed 1 5
C. L . J . 678 ; I shwargar v. Chudasama
1 3 B orn . 106 ;
B om . 644 ; Ranmal Sangj i v. KundanKuwar 2 6 B om . 707 .
52 . Kal i K r is h na V . S ec . of S tate1 5 I . A. 1 86 ; 1 6 Val . 1 73 ; Jagatjit v.
Sar abjit 1 8 I . A . 1 65 ; 1 9 Cal . 1 59 ;
Lac hm i r . Jwala 1 8 Al l . 344 Shivlal v.
Jumaklal 1 8 B orn, 542 ; Am olak v.
Lac hm i 1 9 Al l . 1 74 ; B akar v. U d i t
S ubbana v Kr is h na 1 5
Col l . of Jaunpu r 2 8 I . A . 2 8 ; 2 3 Al l.
2 20 ; 5 C . \V. N . 1 53.
53. Venkatanarasimha. v. Papammah
1 9 Mad . 54.
54. Chand rabala v .
422 9 C . L . J . 251 .
55. Ram Loc h an v. B en iCal . 252 ; 1 3 C . IV. N . 791 ;
1 25.
56. Ashootosh v . D oorga C h u r n 6 Cal .504 8 C. L. R . 2 3 Abda B egam v .
M uzaffar 20Al l . 1 29; M anorath v. Ambika1 3 C . \V. N . 533 ; 9 C . L. J . 443.
57. O. 2 1,r . 9 C . P . C . Ac t V of
1 908 .
58 . O. 2 1 , r . 4 C . P . C . Ac t V of 1 908.
P rabodh 36 Cal .
P rasad 36
9 C . L. J .
L ECTU RE I V.
i i . Ass ignee.
COM P U LSOR Y SALE S
The death o f one o f several dec ree - hol der s neither suspends, nor
destroys the righ t to issue exec u tion,u nless , by the term s of the
dec ree,
exec u tion has been dependent on al l the dec ree - holde r s
joining in the exec u tion . Any one of the severa l join t dec ree- hol ders
mav th erefo re,wit h the leave o f the Cou r t , exec u te the wh o le de c ree
fo r the benefit o f them al l and o rder s may be passed fo r pro tec tingthe interest of the persons who h ave no t joined in the exec u tion ") -9
The managing mem ber o f a j oint Hind u family c an exec u te dec rees
o n behal f of the family .
60 I t is not ob ligato ry on the Cou r t , be fore
m aking an o rder for exec u tion,to give notic e to the o t her dec ree
hol der s o r to the j udgment debtors.
61
A joint dec ree c annot,howeve r
,be exec u ted by one o f several
d ec ree—ho lder s in r espec t of his share on ly of the dec ree , un less the
exten t of su c h share is de termined by the dec ree o r admit ted .
62
An o r der determining any ques tion between a dec ree - ho l de r on one
side and the j u dgment - deb to r on the oth er is appealab le .
‘33
As the dec ree—ho lder is the only pe r son entit led to the f r uits of
the j udgment,it is obvious that when he has assigned his interes t in
the dec ree to another,his righ t to exec u te it al <o c eases.
64 The
assignment may dou bt less be invo l untary as wel l as vol un tary and
whenever any person has by Operation of law bec omes entitled to
the proc eed s of the j ud gmen t,he is entit led to the exec u tion therein.
B u t a vol un tary assignment m u st be in writing and a t ransfereeu nder an o ral assignment has no locus standi to apply fo r exec u tion .
65
1 he assignee by Operation o f law, i.e . , the leg al representative of a
59. O. r . 1 5 C P . C. Ac t V o f sundar i 10 I . A. 4 9 Ca] . 482 ; 1 2 C . L .
1 908 ; Tarasundari v . B ehary Lal 1 R . 51 1 Tar r u sk v . D inend ro 9 Cal . 831 ;
B . L. R . A. C . 2 8 Farzand v. Abd u l la h 1 2 C . L . R . 566 S u l tan v. Se alayammal
6 Al l . 69 A hm ed v. S h ah zada 7 C . L . R . 1 5 M azl . 343. Tamman S ing h v .Lac h
537 ; B ud r ud din v. Go lam M oidin 36 hmin 2 6 Al l . 31 8 ; M o t i Ram v. Hannu
M ad . 357 . 2 6 Al l . 334 ; Lac hman v. C hatu r b h u j60. Achhaibar v . Ram Sar u p 35 Al l . 2 8 AIL
.
252 .
380. 63. Laks hm i v . Ponnassa 1 7 M ad .
6 1 . D u rga D as v. D eoraj 33 Cal 394 Ratanlal v . BaiGnlab 2 3 Bo rn . 62 3
306 ; 1 0 C . \V. N . 2 97 . 64. D u riao v . D e ol la 2 4 \V . R . 1 0 ;
62 . Co l l . of Shajehanpu r v . S u r jan Venubaiv. Col l . of Nas ik 7 D em . 552 n ;
4 Al l . 72 ; Banarasi v . M a h aran i 5 Al l . JeddiS u braya v. Rim rao 2 2 B om . 998 .
2 7 ; B al ic h and v . Bai S hivkar 1 5 B orn . 65 . O. 2 1,r . 1 6 C . P . C . Ac t V Of
2 42 K is h or e C h and v. G isborne ('
o . 1 908 ; Par vata v . D igambar 1 5 B orn . 307
1 7 Cal . 34 1 ; S eetapu t v. Al i Hosse in Javerm al v. U maj i 9 B orn . 1 79 ; M u
2 4 W . R . 1 1 M u thu sami v . Nat esa 1 8 thunarayana v. B al k r i s h na 1 9 M ad . 306.
M ed . 464 ; Hu r rish C h under v. Kal i
L ECT U RE. IV .
iii. Ju dgmen t - d ebtor .
iv. S tranger .
COM P U LSORY SALES
o riginal dec ree—holder .
76 Thu s,if the j udgment - deb tor has the righ t
o r equity to set o ff his c ross - dec ree against the dec ree - hol der,the
t ransferee wil l hold the dec ree su bjec t to suc h righ t or equity .
” A
t ransfer ee of a dec ree o r a t ransferee f rom suc h a trans fe ree is a
representative of the dec ree- hol der .
7 8 An o rder determining any
question between him and the j udgmen t - deb tor , is ther e fore ,
appealab le.
79 B ut the transferee whose application is dismissed
on the ground that the assignmen t is invalid,is not prec l uded f rom
b ringing a suit for a d ec laration as to the validity of the assignment .
80
Where a dec ree for payment of money has been t ransfer red
whol ly or in par t to one of several j udgment - debtors,the dec ree is
whol ly or par tial ly ex tinguished .
8 1 The r u le wil l not apply when
the dec ree is separately given against diff er en t per sons ,$2nor
,where
the dec ree is not against the defendant personal ly bu t as represen ta
tive of other persons.
83 When one of the j udgment - deb tors pu r
c hases a r ent dec ree, suc h a pu r c hase is eq uivalen t to payment of the
dec ree and he can b ring a suit for c ont rib u tion against the c c
j udgment - debtors.
84
A stranger may acquire an equitab l e righ t to the benefit o f
exec u tion. or on the proper ty u pon whic h it is levied , and suc h equit
ab le righ t may give him au thority to sue ou t and c onduc t the proc ess ,or to objec t to its r egu larity o r validity ; bu t he cannot do so by
p roceeding in the case in his own name he m ust do it in the name
Thu s,as money
- dec rees and mor tgage - dec rees c annot be sold,the dec ree
of a l egal par ty to the proc ess o r one who c an be made so.
holder , who at tac hes t hese dec rees of his j udgment - debtor , may
exec ute them in the same manner as the j udgment - debtor , the
76. S . 49 C . P . C . Ac t V of 1 908 . 443 B ad r i Nara in v . Jai K is h en 1 67 7 O. 2 1
,r . r . 1 8
,1 9 C . P . C . Ac t V Al l . 483 S ubbu thayyammal v . Ch idam
o f 1 908 ; Kaim Aliv. Lak h i Kan t 1 baram 2 5 Mad . 383.
B . L . R . (F . B . ) 23 1 0 W. R . (F . B . ) 80. B ommanapativ. C h in takun ta 26
32 ; K r is to Raman i v . Kedar Nat h 1 6 M ad . 2 64.
Cal . 61 9 ; S innu v . Santho ji 2 6 M ad . 8 1 . O 2 1,r . 1 6 C .P .C . Ac t V of 1 908 ;
Laldhari v . M anager , Cou r t of “T
ard s
1 4 C . L . J . 639 P ogose v . Fu ku rood deen
2 5 W.
7 8 . l shan C h u nd er v . B en i M ad hu b
2 4 Cal . 62 1 C . W . N . 36 ; Gu l zar i Lal Banarasiv. M a h aran i 5v. M ad h o Ram 2 6 Al l . 447 D war B u ks hv . Fat ik 2 6 Cal . 2 50 3 C . \V. N . 2 2 2 ;
B ad r i Narai n v. Jai Kish ca Al l . 48 3
Ganga D as. v . Yaku b Ali2 7 670.
79. Gauge D as v . Yakub A li 2 7 Cal .
670 Tamesher v . T h aku r P rasad 2 5 Al l .
Al l . 2 7 .
82 . Auan t v . Nagappa 32 B om . 1 95.
8 3. 1 ’anc hanand v . S u ndarabai 31
B eni. 308 .
8 4. Ram Lal v .
C . W . N . 1 1 3.
Khir ode M ob in i 1 8
IN EX ECU T ION OF D EGRE E S FOR M ONEY .
o riginal dec r ee - holder,can do ; and for this pu r pose the at tac hing
dec ree- hol der shal l be deemed to be the representative of his j udg
ment - debtor,the original dec ree - holder .
85
A B enamdar or ostensib l e t ransfer ee cannot exec u t ia dec ree.
86
B u t if the exec u tion pr oc eedings had been al lowed to be taken by
the Cou r t withou t no tic e of the fac t , the proc eedings wou ld not be
set aside as void bu t wou l d be binding on the real d ec ree- holde r
who may be al lowed to conduc t the f u r ther proc eedings himsel f .”
A per son desirous of en for cing a j udgment or or der can do so
withou t applying to the Cou r t for leave. B u t the leave of the
Cou r t is nec essary,if a dec ree against a firm is sough t to be exec u ted
against a par tner who was not served with the summons and who
did not appear at the hearing .
88 Similar ly ,no exec u tion can issue
in suits between c o-
par tners withou t leave o f the Cou r t.89
The appoin tmen t o f a Rec eiver is for the benefit of al l par ties
to the suit .90 A Rec eiver being an offic er of the Cour t , an at tac h
men t of proper ty in his hands wou ld inter fere with the j urisdic tion
and administ ration of j ustic e of the Cour t and so it c annot be made
wit hou t previous permission or sanc tion of the Cou r t .91 Leave to
proc eed against a R eceiver may be obtained af ter the application for
exec u tion has been p r esented .
92 B u t proper ty may be attac hed and
sol d after the or der for a R eceiver is mad e and be fore it is per fec ted93‘
or be fo re an or der of adju dication is made .
94 An an ticipatory at tac h
ment of money expec ted to reac h the hands of a pu b lic officer canno t
be madefi’5
85. O. 2 1,r . 53 (3) C . P . C . Ac t V
of 1 908 . S ee also Sah M an v . Kanagasabapathi1 6 M ad . 20; Jogend ra Nat hv . Hiranya Kumar 2 C . L. J . 499 GopalNana v . Joharimal 1 6 B om . 52 2 ; Bai jNat h v . Binoyend ra Nat h 6 C . W. N . 5
Kr is h nan v . Venkatapathi29 M ad . 31 8 .
8 6. Abd u l v . C h u k h u n 5 C . L .R . 253
D enonath v . Lu l lit Coomar 9 Cal . 633
1 2 C . L . R . 1 46 Gou r S under v . Hem
C h under 1 6 Cal . 355 ; Balkis l tcn v .
B edmati20Cal . 388 .
8 7 . M anikkam v . Tatayya 2 1 Mad .
38 8 .
8 8 . O. 2 1,r . 50 (2 ) C . P . C . Ac t V of
1 908 .
89. O. 30, r . 9 0. P . C . Ac t V of
LECTU RE IV.
v . B enamdar .
Rece iver .
1 908 .
90. Har i h ar v . Har end ra Nath 37 Cal .
754 ; 1 2 C . L . J . 2 52 .
91 . Kewney v . At t ril (1 886)34 C h . D .
345 ; Le t ina As h ton v . M adhabrnoni 1 4
C . \V. N . 560 1 1 C . L . J . 48 9 ; Mahonnned
v . M ahom tned 2 1 Cal . 85 ; Ka h n v. Al i
Mahotned 1 6 B o rn . 577 .
92 . M aliaraja of B u rdwan v . Apu rba
K r is h na 1 4 C . L . J . 50 S arat C h and rav . Apu rba K r is h na 1 4 C . L . J . 55
Banku v . Harend ra 1 5 C . \V. N . 54.
93. E dward s v . E dward s (1 876) 2 C h .
D . 2 91 C . A.
94 I shvar Lakhmidat v . Har j ivan
Ramj i 2 1 Bor n.
95. Tu lajiv. Ba-la-b h ai 2 2 13011 1 . 39 .
COM PU LSORY SALE S
The power and au thority of the Cou r ts ex tend over every c lass
of persons and every species of proper ty situate within the ter ri
torial limits in whic h the Cou r ts are au thorized to ac t. I t wou l d
be a c ont radic tion of terms to say that al l per sons may be bound
by j udgments and then to dec lare that some per sons ar e exempt
f rom having exec u tions issued against them . I n other words,when
a j udgmen t is valid against the defendant , an exec u tion based u pon
it m ust,unless expr essly for bid den by statu te
,be equal ly valid .
96
B u t,when the Col lec tor under the Cou r t of Wards has assumed the
superintendenc e of any person or proper ty and pub lished a notic e
cal ling upon al l persons having c laims against the ward or his
proper ty, no p roceeding in exec u tion against the war d or his proper tyshal l be institu ted .
97
As exec u tion is au tho rized for the pu r pose of making effec tual
the dec ree or o rder of the Cou r t,it m ust nec essarily fol low t hat a
person who has obtained an u nconditional dec ree or order is,as
a general r u le, entitled to issue exec u tion for thwith,withou t even
waiting a resonable time,or withou t making any formal demand
of pe r fo rmance, u nless proc ess is stayed by some order '
or r u le
of (1011 r t.93 B u t when the dec ree is against the S ec retary of S tate
fo r I ndia in Council, or against a pu blic o ffic er in r espec t o f any
ac t pu rpor ting to be done by him in his official c apacity , no
exec u tion shal l issue,unless it r em ains u nsatisfied fo r th ree m onth s
f rom the date when the Cou r t has repor ted the case for the ord e rs
of the Local Government .99
B efo re a j udgment is eith er satisfied by payment or bar red by
lapse of time,it may bec om e temporarily inoperative , so far as the
righ t to issue exec u tion is c onc e rned,and so c ontinu e until som ething
is done by whic h suc h righ t is revived . I n this c ondition it is
u sual ly c al led a dormant j udgment. This dormancy in j udgment
is usual ly c reated , either by a c hange in the par ties, p laintiff or
de fendant , or by the lapse o f time withou t the issue of exec u tion .
10“
A person wishing to exec u te a dec ree o r o rder is not bound to give
any notic e of its exec u tion to the opposite par ty, bu t whe re the
tpplication fo r exec u tion is mad e (a) more t han one year after the
date of the dec ree,or U»)ag ainst the legal re presentative o f a par tv
96. F r eeman on E xecu t ions 2 2 . 1 908 Sm i th v. Sm i th (1 8 74) L . It . 9
97 . S . 2 1 Ac t [V (U . P . C .) o f 1 9 1 2 : E x. 1 2 1 .
S . 1 7 Ac t I (B o. C . ) of 1 905. 99 . S . 8 2 C . P . C . Ac t V of 1 908 .
98 . O. 2 1,r . 1 1 (1 ) C . P . C
‘
. Ac t V o f 1 00. Fr eeman on Execu t ions 53 8 1 .
L ECTU RE IV .
106 COM P U LSORY SALES
Cou r t never ob tained ju risdic tion of the per son of the defendant .
B ut no defence can be made whic h existed anterior to the j udgmen t,
nor , whic h is so inconsisten t with the ju dgment t hat the mainten
ance of the defenc e implies, or establishes the fal sity of the fac ts
U pon whic h the judgment rests. Of c ou rse, the j udgment - debtor
may show that the j udgment has been satisfied , or t hat from some
cause oc c u r ring sinc e the rendition of the j ud gment , the dec ree
holder is no longer entitled to exec u tion. He cannot at tac k the
j udgment col lateral ly for f rau d and ir regularity.
1 08 When the Cou r thas disposed of the objec tion (if any) it may order the dec ree to be
exec u ted .
109 The j udgment is not a new j udgment, giving vitalityOnly f rom that time bu t it is a revival of the original j udgment
giving , or rather c ontaining , the vital ity of the o riginal j udgment
with al l its incidents . I f the original j udgment is void the objec
tion can be u rge d af ter its revivor .
1 1 0
Where a j udgment- debtor dies before the dec ree has been
ful ly satisfied , the dec ree may be exec u ted against the legal
r epresentatives of the deceased .
1 1 1 Al though,when once the
proper ty is at tac hed,it is in the hands of the Cou r t, stil l
if the j udgment - deb tor dies before sale and fu l l satisfac tion
of the dec ree, his representatives must be b rough t on the
r ec ord .
1 1 2 Al l proc eedings taken withou t making the l egal
representatives par ties are void and it is not the du ty of the legal
r epresentatives to inform the dec ree- hol der that the proc eedings
adopted by him are il legal .1 1 3 I f the legal representatives of
a dec eased j udgment - debtor die before the dec ree has been ful lysatisfied , the dec ree may similar ly be execu ted against the legal
r epresentatives of suc h legal representatives.1 1 4
The “ legal representative means a person who in law repre
sents the estate of a dec eased person and inc l u des any person who
1 08 . Fr eeman on E xec u t ions 90. M ad . 1 1 9 ; S h eo P rasad v. H i ra. Lal1 09. O. 2 1
,r . r . 2 3
,2 4 C . P . C . 1 2 Al l . 440; Abd u r Ra hman v. S hankar
Ac t V of 1 908 . 1 7 Al l . 1 62 ; Aba v . D hond u 1 9 B om .
1 1 0. Fr eeman 01 1 E xecu t ions 93. 2 76 Ne t Lal l v . Kar eem 2 3 Cal . 686 .
1 1 1 . S . 50 C . P . 0. Ac t V of 1 908 . 1 1 3. Rad h a P rasad v. Lal Sa h ai) 1 7
1 1 2 . Cf. S . 2 34 C . l)
. (J. Ac t X IV o f I . A. 1 50 ; 1 3 Al l .‘
53 ; Janardhan v.
1 882 . The,Word "
satisfied has been l tam C h and ra 2 6 130 1 1 1 . 3 1 7 Ben i P rasa dsubs t i tu ted fo r the word exec u te d
"
v . M u k tesar 2 1 Al l 31 6.
50 C . l ’ . C . Ac t V o f 1 008 . S ee 1 1 4. Jafr i B egum v. Sai ra B ib i 2 2al so l tamasmni v . Bagira thi (3 M ad . Al l . 367.
1 80; Groves v. Adm inis t rat o r - Genera l
I N E X ECU TION OF D EGRE ES FOR MONEY .
intermedd les with the estate of the dec eased and where a par ty LECTU RE
sues or is sued in a representative c harac ter , the person on whom
the estate devol ves on the death of the par ty so suing or su ed .
" 5
Thus,where a j udgment - debtor dies and a person,
whether he is a
s tranger or a r esiduary legatee u nder his wil l , applying for let ter s
o f administ ration with the wil l annexed , takes possession of his
p roper ty, he is a legal repr esentative .
1 1 6 B ut the pu r c haser of
the business of a firm against whic h a dec ree has been passed , is
not the legal r epresentative of the firm .
“ 7 An application against
the legal representatives of a person against whom the dec ree
pu rpor ts to have been passed bu t who died be fore the hearing is
not maintainab le.
1 1 8
The application for exec u tion against a l egal repr esen tativemust be made to the Cou r t whic h passed the dec ree, even if thej udgment - debtor dies after the dec ree is or has been sent for exe
c u tion to another Cou r t . 1 1 9 An o rder determining whether a c er tain
person is or is not the legal repr esentative of a par ty is appealab le.
1 20
The legal repr esentative of a deceased j u dgment - debtor cannot
impeac h the validity of any proceeding lawfu l ly taken,d u ring the
life time of the dec eased .
1 2 1 His liability is limited to the proper tyof the dec eased whic h has ac tual ly come to his hand s and has not
been d uly disposed ohm I f the dec ree- hold er seeks to make the
legal representative liab le for the proper ty of the deceased whic h ,with due diligenc e on his par t, wou ld have come to his hands, his
proper r emedy is by way of suit against the legal r epr esentativeand not by exec u tion proceedings.
1 23 The legal r epresentative is bound
1 1 5. S . 2 (1 1 ) C . P . C . Ac t V of 1 908 v. Vaidyanatha 2 4 M ad . 46 contra
see al so D inam oni v. E lahadu t K han S ham Lal v . M odhu S udan 2 2 Cal . 558 .
8 C . W. N . 843. 1 20. S . 47 C. P . C . Ac t V of 1 908
1 1 6 . C h un i Lal v. Osmond B eeby 30 Bad r i Narain v . JaiK is h en 1 6 Al l . 483
Cal . 1 044. Krishnama v. Appasami 25 M ad . 545
1 1 7 . Har is h C hand ra v. Chandpore Ganga D as v . Yaku b Ali2 7 Cal . 670 ;
Co. 30 Cal . 961 ; Arbu thnot’
s Ind u s \Varesl1 M uns h i v . Aftabu ddi B epari
t r ials v. M u t h u Chet tiar 31 Mad . 1 6 C . L . J . 96.
464. 1 2 1 . M u lc h and v. Chaggan 1 0 B orn .
1 1 8 . Narend ra B a h ad u r v. Gopal 74 ; Liladhar v. C hatu rb h u j 2 1 Al l .
S ah 1 7 C . L. J . 634. 2 77 ; Jagar Nat h v. Shoo G h u lam 31 Al l .
1 1 9. S . 50 (1 ) C . P . C . Ac t V of 45.
1 908 ; see also D u rga D as v. U m tu l 1 2 2 . S . 50(2 ) C . P . C . Ac t V of 1 908 .
Hose in 9 C . L . J . 2 39 ; Hirachand v . 1 23. Khu shrobhai v. Hormazsha 1 1
Kastu r chand 1 8 B om . 2 2 4 ; Se t h Sha Bom . 72 7 ; Saratmani v. Bat ta K r is h na.pu r j i v. S h ankar 1 7 Al l . 431 Swaminatha 35 Cal . 1 100; 1 2 C . W . N . 61 4.
L ECTU RE
COM P U LSORY SAL ES
to pay to the dec ree- h ol de r the fu ll amount of the dec ree
,though
th er e may be o ther c reditors o f th e”
dec eased and the assets may
be'
insu tiicient to pay them in fu l l ? “
I f the dec ree be passed against the legal repr esentative of
a dec eased person for payment of money ou t of the pr operty of the
dec eased,it may be exec u ted against su c h proper ty in his h ands , and
if he fails to satisfy theA Cour t that he has"
d u ly applied su c h pro
per ty, the dec eree may be exec uted against h 1m personal ly to the
extent of the proper tvi
a in r espec t of whic h he has‘
so f ailed to
sa‘
tisfy the Cour t .“ Th us, an exec u tor or administ rator"
is boun d
to pay al l d ebts of the dec eased equal ly and rateab ly as far as the
assets of the dec eased wil l extend and a sec u red creditor ca’
nno t
c laim a -
‘
righ t'
of priority over anot her )“ "A c r editor of a dec eased
person who has obtained a dec ree against his exec u tor or adminis
t rator'
bu t who has not been paid eq ual ly and rateably with theo ther c r editors may pr oc eed against him personal ly , on the g round
th'
at ' the proper ty of the dec eased has not been d u ly applied . B u t
every payment made by the heir of a dec eased Hind u or M aho
madan on ac count of debts due by the dec eased wou ld be a due
applicationiof the assets
,whet her the deb ts wer e paid equal lyand
r ateably-
or not .
‘2 7 A dec ree for mesne profi ts obtained against an
al leged adopt-
ed son of the wrongdoer bu t who was found in anoth e r
suit n ot to be val id ly adopted , cannot be execu ted against him ,as he
has-
not rec eived any assests of the wrongdoer,nor against the rea l
r epresentative, becau se he was no“
par ty to the suit . ‘28
P roper ty- in the hands of a son or o ther desc endant liable u nder
the Hind u lawfor the payment of the debt'
of a dec eased anciestor in
r espec t of whic h a dec ree has been passed , shal l be deemed to be the
prope r ty o f the dec eased whic h has c ome to the hand s of the son or
o ther desc endan t as his legal r epr esentative.
1 29 The whole anc est ral
proper ty is liab le for the satisfac tion of the j u dgment - deb t . 1 30 I f
the son or other desc endant objec t that the debt in r espec t of whic h
the dec ree was passed was tainted with immorality ,the q uestion
1 2 1 . V enkatarangayzm v. K rishnasami C . \V . N . 1 73 1 8 C . L . J . 362 .
2 2 M a d. 1 94. 1 2 9. s’
53 (3. Ac t. v o f 1 908 .
1 25. S . 52 C . P .C . Ac t V o f 1 908 . 1 30. M ud d -in Thakoor v. Kanto o Lal l
1 2 6. S . 1 04 l ’ . 81: A. Ac t V o f 1 88 1 1 I . A. 32 1 1 4 B . L. R . 1 8 7 2 2 \V . R .
S . 2 82 l . S . Ac t X o f 1 865. 56 ; Nanom i B abu asin v . M udhun M o h u n1 2 7 . V eerasokkaraju v . I
’apiah 2 6 1 3 I . A. l ; 1 3 Cal . 2 1 Lachm i P rasad
M ad . 792 .v . Basan t Lal 1 6 C . L . J . 8 5.
1 2 8 . As h i Bhu san v . Pe la ram 1 8
‘fi
4
1 1 0 COM P U LSORY SALES
r . 2 2 C . P . C. Ac t V of 1 908 it does not “revive the j udgment .
1 36
An app lication for exec u tion of a dec r ee or or der of any other
Civil Cou r t shou l d be made within th ree year s, or wher e a c er tified
copy of the d ec ree or or der has been register ed within six years
f rom any o f the fol lowing dates 1 37
1 . The date of the d ec r ee or order,i.e.
,the date whic h the dec ree
ough t to bear under 0. 20,r . 7 C . P . C. Ac t V of 1 908 , nam ely , the
date of the j udgmen t .1 33 The dec ree m ust be taken as a whole and
when a por tion of the dec ree is not exec u tab le by reason o f the fac t
that the amount due under t hat por tion is left to be determined at a
fu ture time,limitation begins to r un as regards the whole dec ree
f rom the time of asc er tainm ent of the amount left undetermined .
1 39
2 . Wher e there has been an appeal , the date o f the final dec ree or
order of the Appe llate Cou r t, or the with d rawal of the appeal , wh ether
the original dec ree is affirmed , modified , or set aside on appeal for
the dec ree of the fi rst Cou r t bec omes inc orporated with it and the
dec ree of the Appel late Cour t is the only d ec r ee c apab le of exec u
tion.
“ 0 The mere p resen tation of a memorandum of appeal is su ffi
So an or der by whic h an appeal abates is in effec t the final
dec ree or or der .
“ 2 The appeal need not r elate to the whol e mat ter in
1 36. D esoo v. S r in ivasa 33 M ad . 1 37 .
1 37. Ar t . 1 82 Sch . I L im i tat ionAc t I X of 1 908 .
1 38 . Go lam Gafiar v . Go l jan B i b i 25Cal . 109 ; Kal i P rosunno v . Lal M o h un25 Cal . 258 ; 2 C . W. N . 2 1 9 ;
Ratnachalam v . Venkatarama. 29 M ad .
46 ; M uhammad S u leman v. M u ham
mad Y ar 1 7 Al l . 39 ; AliA hmed v.
Nazi ran 2 4 Al l . 542 ; D i ldar Hosse inv. M ujeedunnissa 4 Cal . 62 9 K r is h nanv. Nilkandan 8 M ad . 1 37 ; B ar oda v .
Fergu sson 1 1 C . L . R . I 7 ; Ash rafuddin
v. B epin 30 Cal . 407 Raj Gir v. Isward h ar i 1 1 C . L . J . 2 43 ; Rak h al D as v .
Jogend ra Narain 10 C . L . J . 467 5 Ind .
Gas . 660 Afzal Hossain v . U mda B i b i 1C . W . N . 93 Yamaj i v. An taji 2 3 B orn .
442 ; B h ajan B ehary v. G i r is h C h and ra1 7 C . W . N .
1 39 . Vydianatha v . S ubraman ia 36
M ad . 1 04.
1 40. Ashfaq Husain v. Gau r i Sa ha i38 I . A. 37 ; 33 Al l . 2 64 ; 1 3 C . L .
J . 351 ; M a h omed M e h d i v. M ob in iKan ta 34 Cal . 8 74 ; 7 C . L . J . 305 ;
Gopal C h under v . Gosain D 1 5 25 Cal .
594 ; 2 C . \V . N . 556 ; Sakhal chand
v . Velchand 1 8 B orn . 203 ; M u h ammad
S u laiman v . M u h ammad Y ar 1 1 Al l . 2 67Nanchand v . V i t h u 1 9 B orn . 258 ; Nar
s ing v . Nara in 2 All . 763 Gopal v. Joyram 7 Cal . 620 9 C . L . R . 402 .
1 41 . Rup S ing h v . M ukh raj 7 Al l .
887 W'
az i r M a h ton v . Lu lit S ing h 9 Cal .1 00 ; Akshoy Kumar v. C h under M o h un1 6 Cal . 2 50; contra D ianatu l lah v. ‘Vaj l tl
Ali6 Al l . 438 .
1 42 . M u h ammad Raz i v . Kar balaiB i b i 32 Al l . 1 36 ; M ah omed M e h d i v.
M ohiniKan ta 34 Cal . 8 74 ; 7 C . L . J .
305 ; contr a, Fazal Husen v . Raj Ba had u r 20 Al l . 1 2 4 ; Faz l u r Ra hman v .
M u h amman K h an 30 Al l . 385.
IN E X EC U TION OF D EGRE ES E U R M ONEY .
Cont roversy ,nor , by, or , against al l the defendants .
1 43 B ut where the Lucr eas I V.
d ec ree c ontains separate orders against d efendants separately, an
appeal by one of them will not prevent limitation r unning in favou rof the non - appealing defendants
l “ I f the appeal by one defendant
be a ground whic h attac ks the whole dec ree,limitation r uns f rom
the date of the dec ree in appeal .1 45 l -
‘
Vhere there has been an appeal
against an order r efusing to set aside an ea'
par te dec ree, limitation
r uns from the date of the or der of the Appel late
3. Where there has been a review of j udgment,the date o f t he
decision passed on the review.
An order passed u pon an application amending a dec r ee or a
supplementary o rder determinining the amount of c osts not, set tled
in the j udgment,is substantial ly an or der passed u pon a review of
the j udgment.“ 7 B ut an order rejec ting a review does not save
limitation.
1 48
4 . Where the dec ree has been amended the date of the amend
ment . 1 49 An applic ation for reconst ru c tion of a lost dec ree does not
1 43. Kr is to C h u rn v . Rad ha C h u rn C h u rn 1 9 Cal . 750.
1 9 Cal . 750 ; Nund un Lal v. Joy 1 46. Lu tfu l Huq . v . Sumbhudin 8
k is h en 1 6 Cal . 598 ; Badiunnissa v . Cal . 2 48 ; 1 0 C . L . R . 1 43 ; Baikanta
S hams - ud - din 1 7 Al l . 1 03 Viraraghava
v . Ponnammal 2 3 M ad . 60 Sak h a'
c h and v. Vel chand 1 8 B om . 203 ; M a
h ammad Su laiman v . M u h ammad Yar 1 1Al l . 2 67 ; Abdu l Ra himan v . M aid inSai ba 2 2 B om . 500 ; Harkant v. B i rajM o han 2 3 Cal . 876 ; Gopal C h underv . Gosain D as 25 Cal . 594 2 C . W . N .
556 ; Krishnama C h ar iar v. M angammal
2 6 M ad . 91 (F . S ubramanya v .
Alagappa 30 M ad . 2 68 ; S hivram v .
Sakharam 33 B orn . 39.
1 44. W ise v . Rajnarain 1 B . L. R .
258 1 0W. R . 30 ; Rag h u nat h v . Abd u lHye 1 4 Cal . 26 ; M ashiat - um- nessa v.
Ran i 1 3 Al l . 1 (F . B . )
1 45. M u l l ick A hm ed v . M a h om ed
Syed 6 Cal . 1 94 6 C . L . R . 573 Basan tLal v. Najm - nu - nessa 6 Al l . 1 4 ; Nu r u l
M u h ammad Hasan 8 Al l .
573 ; Gu ngam oyee v. S h ib S u nkar 3
C . L . R . 430 Nund un Lal v . Joykishen
1 6 Cal . 598 ; K r i s to Chu rn v . Rad h a
Hasan v .
Nat h v . Aughor e Nat h 2 1 Cal . 387
con t ra. S h eo P rasad v. Anrudh 2 A11 .
2 73 ; Jivaji v. Ram C h andra 1 6 Born .
1 23 ; Ashfaq Hu sain v. Gau r i Sa h ai 38I . A. 37 33 Al l . 264 ; 1 3 C . L . J . 351 .
1 47 . Kali P r osunno v . Lal M o h u n25 Cal . 258 2 C . W. N . 2 1 9 Paramesh
2 2 M ad . 364
Viswanathan v . Ramanat h an 2 4 M ad .
646 ; Venkata v . Venkata 2 4 Mad . 2 5 ;
R ikhal D as v . Jogend ra Narain 1 0 C . L .
J . 467 .
1 48 . Joykishen v . Ataoor 6 Cal . 2 2 ;
6 C . L . R . 575 Ku ru pam v . Sadasiva 1 0
M ad . 66.
1 49. I t r emoves the conflic t of v iews
raya v . Seshagiriappa
in Kal i P rosunno v . Lal M o h un 25 Cal .
258 ; 2 C . \V . N . 2 1 9 Amar C h and ra v .
Asad Ali32 Cal . 908 Ka l lu v . Fahiman
1 3 Al l . 1 2 4 ; M u h ammad Su leman v .
M u hammad Y ar 1 7 Al l . 39 ;
Nank i 20 Al l . 304
D akkhini2 7 Al l . 575.
D aya V .
A h sanu l lah v.
COM PU LSORY SAL ES
save limitationfm
5. The“ date of appl ying in ac c or danc e with law to the , proper
Cou r t for execution, or to take som e steps inaid o f exec u tion of the
dec ree, io’
r .o rder . . A c ou r t toiwhieh an appeal has been pre fer r ed is)
not the .prOper fCour tlm ' I t is the Cou r t whose dutyit is to exec u te zthe
deeree or to rder,either by tansfer,or otherwise;
1 52 “
B u t an application
presented to a wrong Cou r t saves limitation } 53
The time r uns from the date of applying and no t the date on
whic h the application isl
disposed of) .
64 B u t the striking off of an
application canno t keep the dec ree alive.
1 55 The application need
not be a suc c essfu l application .
1 56 When a dec ree I S a t tached , the
decree - holder cannot take any step to exec u te the ‘decree, so as to
save limitation .
1 67
Whether au applic ation for exec u tion to take so me step in aid
of executioii'
is'
or is no t in ac c ordanc e with l aw h is to be dete rmined
with reference to the circ umstances of eac h case. The bomrfide of the
app lic ation is not of any c onsequenc e.
1 58 I t is only material defec ts
that vitiate an application .
1 69 Thus,an application fo r exec u tion against
1 50. Raj G lr v . Isward hari1 1 C . L . J .
2 43 ; 5 I nd . Gas . 660 ; Rajkumar v .
Raj lakhi1 2 Cal . 441 .
1 51 . K ris to Coomar v .
Cal . 595.
1 52 . E xp . I I Ar t . 1 82 S ch . I . L im it ation Ac t I X of 1 908 . S ee E . H . S tevensv . Kam ta Per shad 1 0C . L . J . 1 9 P rokash
v . Poon l o 2 1 “7 . R . 410 ; R e ina Nat hv. Gou r i Sankar 2 C . \V. N. 4 1 5.
1 53. Hira L -
t l l v. Bad r i D ass 7 I . A.
1 67 2 Al l . 792 .
1 54 . Tr oy lokya v . Jyo t i 30O l l . 76 1
S arat Kumary v . Jagat C h and ra 1 C .W.N .
2 60 ; Tr im bak v . K rshinath 2 2 B orn . 72 2
R atan C h and v . D eb Nat h 10 C . W . N .
303 ; 4 C . L . J . 530 ; Fak i r M u h ammad v.
C h u lam Hu sain 1 Al l . 580 M ochai
M andal v. M esc r uddin 1 3 C . L . J . 2 6 : R ijB e h ar i v . Kal i b I I‘ 1 0 C . L . J . 479
M adan M o h an v . Gauge. C h and ra 1 7 C .
L . J . 42 2 .
1 55. S atyasaran v. Bhoirab C h an dra1 I \V. R . 1 80 ; 2 B . L . R . A. C . 1 95 ;
Rag h u R un v. D annu L il 2 Al l . 285.
1 56. Nar s ing h I h yal v. Ka l i C h aran
M aliabat 5
1 4 C . W . N . 486 ; 5 Ind . Gas . 1 47
S ln nkar B is to v . Nar singh rao 1 1 B om .
467 Ad h ar C h and ra v. L Ll M oh 1 1 1 2 4 C Ll .
778 ; 1 C . IV. N . 676 ; Viin yak Vaman
v , Ananda. 34 B om . 68 Abdu l . M aj id v .
M u ln mm id Faizu l la h 1 3 Al l . 89 ; Lal taP rasad v. S u raj Kum ar 31 Al l 309.
1 57 . U nn i Koya v . A. P . U mma 35
M ad .
1 58 . Ro h in i Nu ndan v. B hogobm
2 2 \V . R . 1 54 E s h t u C h u nder v. P ran
nat h 2 2 \V. R . 51 2 ; S h u r u t Chund er v .
Abdoo l K hyr 2 3 R . 32 7 M aracho v.
Chu toorbho aj 2 4 W. R. 459.
1 59. Asgar Aliv. Troilokya Nat h 1 7
Cal . B . C op l l Sah Jank i Koer 2 3Cal . 2 1 7 ; Gopal Chu nde r v. Gosain D as 2 5Cal , 594 ; 2 C .W.N. M at h u ra Prasad v.
Anu rago Koer 1 4 C . \V.N . 48 1 Ramayyan
v. Karl ir Bacha 31 M md . 68 Rama v. Va
rada 1 6 Mad . 1 42 Ramanandan v . Per la
tainbai 6 Ma d. 2 50 ; Hu r ry C h u rn v.
S ubaydar 1 2 Cal . 1 6 1 ; Syud M ah omed
v . Syud Abed ee l lah 1 2 C . L . R . 2 79 ;
Kal la D u be v. Bisheshar 2 3 Al l . 1 62
Ramasami r . Seshayyangar 6 M ad . 1 8 1
L ECTU R E
COM P U LSORY SALE S
no t in ac cor danc e with the terms of the dec ree,
1 69or subsequen tly
withd rawn with or withou t leave of the Cou r t by the d ec ree - holder ,unless with d rawn on the objec tion of the j udgment- debtor ,1 70 or an
application by the general at torney of a dec ree - holder resident
within the local limits of the Cou r t1 7 1 is not in ac cor danc e with law.
An appl ication by any one o f the joint dec r ee - holders takes effec t
in favou r of al l , u nless eac h has a distinguishing por tion of the
dec ree.
1 72 Similar ly, an application made against any one of the
j udgment - debtors takes e ffec t against them al l,unless eac h is liab le
for a distinguishing por tion of the dec ree.
‘73 A dec ree does not
c ease to be joint , even by an ar rangement made among the dec ree
holders to appor tion their respec tive shares in the dec retal amou nt.1 74
An application for exec u tion against some only of the j udgment
debtor s, al though the j udgmen t is not in its terms joint and several ,1 76
o r for a par tial exec u tion of a dec ree1 76 is in ac cor dance with law
The application mus t be “to take some step in aid of exec u tion,
i.e. ,
to obtain some o rder o f the Cou r t in fu r theranc e of the exec u tion of
the dec ree,l 7 7
or to initiate an exec u tion.
1 78 I t m ust be f ramed for
some relie f whic h the Cou r t is c ompeten t to gran t .1 79 B u t whether
1 69 . Pandarinath v. Lilachand 1 3 D hunesh Kooer 1 7 W . R . 497 .
B om . 2 37 . 1 75.
1 70. T h aku r P rasad v. Fak ir U l la h 2 2l . A. 44 1 7 Al l . 1 06 ; Tarachand v.
Kashinath 1 0 B en) . 62 Wajihan v .
B ishwanath 1 8 Cal . 462 ; Radha K is h en
B hawan i Koer v. D arsan
S ing h 1 4 C . L . J . 354 B arada Kinkar
v . Nabin C h and ra 1 1 C . L . J . 83 ; Bal
K is h en v. B edmati20 Cal . 388 ; Rad h aK is h en v . Rad h a Pershad 1 8 Ca] . 51 5
v Rad ha Per shad 1 8 Cal . 31 5 ; M u saratv . Am i r 1 5 C . “7 . N . 7 1 8 Ind . 011 3 . 833.
1 7 1 . M u rar i Lal v . U mrao S ing h 2 3Al l . 499 ; Kasum ri v. B en i P rasad 2 6
A l l . 1 9 .
1 7 2 . P reeonath v . P rannath 8 \V. R .
1 00 D hanc ssnr ce v . C oodhu r 1 1 \V. R .
42 1 Hu r u ck Roy v . Zuhooree M u l 2 2
W . R . 468 ; D oya M oyee v . Nilmonee
2 5 W . R . 70 ; S h i b C h under v . Ram
C h und er 1 -6 W . R . 2 9 ; Ponnampilath v .
l ’onnam pilat h 3 M ad . 79 ; M a—u c h aud v .
Kesar i 34 Rom . 67 2 .
1 73. Ar t . 1 82 Exp . 1 S c h . 1 L im i tat ion Ac t IX o f 1 908 Har i v . Narayan1 2 Born . 42 7 .
1 74 . Ind u r jee t v . M azu m Ali 6
R . Mia. 76 ; Aod h D ebarec v . B rojoM o h u n 1 3 W . R 1 2 8 X unkoo Lal v .
Nepal C h and ra. v. Am r i ta Lal 2 6 Cal .
888 ; S u braman ia v . Alagappa 30 M ad .
2 68 ; Lani C red i t Co . v. Fermoy (1 8 70)5 C h . App . 323.
1 76. D hanessu ree v. Goodhu r 1 1 W .
R . 42 1 ; Nepa l C hand ra V . Am r i ta Lal2 6 Cal . 888 Kal idas v . Var j ivan 1 5 B orn .
2 45 D alichand v . Bai S hivkar 1 5 B om .
2 42 Keshavlal v. Pitamberdae 1 9 B om .
2 61 Gov ind v. Appaya 5 D em . 2 46.
1 7 1 . T roy lokya v . Jyo t i 30 Cal . 7618 C . W . N . 2 51 .
1 79. R oma Nat h v . Gou r i Sankar 2C . W . N . 4 1 5.
1 79 . E . H . S tevens v. Kam ta P er
s h ad 1 0 L . J . 1 9 P u rna C h and ra v .
Rad hanath 33 Cal . 867 4 C . L . J .
1 41 ; Chat tar v . Newal S ing h 1 2 A l l .
64 ; M unawar Husain v. Jani B i ja i 2 7
I N E X ECU TION OF D ECR E ES FOR MON EY .
the Cou r t cou l d g rant the r e lief is a question o f fac t . 1 80 S o , wheth er
a par tic u lar step is, or is not,in aid of exec u tion ,
regar d must
be had not me rely to the nat u re o f the step to be taken bu t also to
the circ um stanc es .
1 8 1 The dec r ee- ho lder m ust show that he has
applied to the Cou r t to take some step in aid of exec u tion) 82
An application d u ring the continuanc e of a proc eeding taken
on a previous application)83
or to enter up par t satis fac tion of the
dec ree)84 or to pay money realised in exec u tion,determining if
nec essary the c laims of the rival dec ree- ho l de rs,“35 or for substitu
tion of the name of the t rans feree of a dec ree) 86 or praying for
tim e to find ou t the add ress of the j udgment - debtor or to issu e
notic e on him of the t ransfer)” or to have an exec u tion case st r uc k
off t he file on the gr ou nd that the j udgment - debtor has made
ar rangement with the dec ree - holder or satisfied the dec ree ou t of
Cou r t,1 88 or to rej ec t the jmlgment- debtor’
s application for setting
aside the sale and to c onfirm the sale)” or for time to prove
Al l . 61 9 : Lang ta Pande v . Bai jnat h2 8 Al l . 387 ; Tr imbak v. Kashina th 2 2
B orn. 72 2 ; M onorath v. Ambika 1 3 C .
IV . N . 533 ; 9 C . L . J . 443.
1 80. B and o Kr is h na. v. Narasimha
Konher 37 Rom . 42 .
1 8 1 . Ambica P erhsad v. S u rdhariLal
10 Cal . 851 ; Abd u l Hosse in v . Fazilun
2OCal . Kar tick Nat h v . Juggernath2 7 Cal . 2 85 Hi ra Lal v. D wi ja Charan10 C . W. N . 209 ; 3 C . L . J . 2 10 Koormayya v . K rishnamma 1 7 M ad . 1 65
3 M . L . J . 2 96.
1 82 . M adan M o han v. Ganga C hand ra1 7 C . L . J . 42 2 .
1 83. Paroosh Ram v . Kati P uddo 1 7
Cal . 53 ; D alichand v. BaiS hivkar 1 5
B om . 2 42 .
1 84. S u jan S ing h v. H i ra. S ing h 1 2Al l . 399 ; Tar in i D as v . Bishtoo Lal 1 2
Cal . 608 M u h ammad Husain v. Ram
Saru p 9 Al l . 9 ; Was i Imam v. Poonit
S ing h 20 Cal . 696 ; Sit la D fn v . S h eoP rasad 4 Al l . 60 Rak h al D as v . J ogend raNara in 1 0 C . L . J . 467 .
1 85. Koormayya v. K rishnamma 1 7
M ail . 1 65 ; 3 M . L . J . 2 96 ; Kerala
Lac rumz [ V
Varma v . Shangarm 1 6 M ad . 452 Venhatarayalu v. Naras im h a 2 M ad . 1 74
Paran S ing h v . Jawa h ir 6 Al l . 366
Apu rba v . Chundermoney 1 0 C . W . N .
354 ; B apu chand v . M ugu t rao 2 2 Bom .
340 Nakanna v. Ramasami2 M ad . 2 1 8
Paroosh Ram v. Kal i P uddo 1 7 Cal . 53
Joges h v . Kalee Coomer 8 W . R . 2 74
Venkataramanamma v . P u r us h o t tam 2 4
M ad . 1 88 ; B ai j Nau t h v . G hans hyam 8
C . W . N. 382 .
1 86. Annamala v . Ram ier 31 M ad .
234 1 8 M . L . J . 44.
1 87 . P i tam Singh v. To ta S ing h 2 9
Al l . 301 .
1 88 . Ghansbam v M uk h a 3 Al l . 320;
Sit la D in v. S h eo P rasad 4 Al l . 60 M u
hammad Husain v. Ram Sar up 9 Al l . 9 ;
S ujan S ing h v. H i ra S ing h 1 2 Al l . 399Raj lukhy v. Rash M unju ry 5 C .L. R . 51 5
Tar in i D as V. Bish too Lal 1 2 Cal . 608
R ‘
t khal D as v. Jogend ra Narain 1 9
C . L . J . 467 .
1 89. U mes h Chund ra v . S h i b Narain31 Cal . 1 01 1 ; 9 C . W. N . 1 93 ; KewalRam v . K hadim Husain 5 Al l . 576
Gobind v. Rung Lal 2 1 Cal . 2 3.
Lse'
ruar. IV
COM P U LSORY SALE S
service of notic e under 0. 2 1,r . 2 2 C . P . C. Ac t V of or to
obtain copies of j udgment and dec ree)91 o r to obtain r estitu tion
u nder an appel late dec ree)” or to issue a sale proc lamation)93
or to issue a sealed war rant by a P residency Smal l Cau se Cou r t ‘9‘
or to have the p roper ty sol d su bjec t to mor tgage)"5 or to have the
heir s of the dec eased j udgment- debtor substitu ted , 1 96 or to transfer
a dec ree for exec u tion to another Cou r t)97 or to deliver possession
to the dec ree- hol der pu r c haser1 93
,is a step in aid of exec u tion.
An application by a dec ree- hol der for leave to bid at the sale is not
nec essarily a step in aid of exec u tion .
1 99 Any ministerial ac t whic h
the Cou r t does w e motu and not at the instanc e of the d ec ree
hol der upon any application is not a step in aid of exec u tion .
200
An application by a dec ree- holder who has pu rc hased a proper tyat the sale to c onfirm the sale
,
201o r to retu rn the c opy o f the dec ree
whic h has been par tial ly execu ted)” o r to b ring a dec ree into"
conformity wit h the j udgmen t)?03 or to re lease a por tion of the
1 90. Nar s ing h D aya l v. Kal i C h aran C . W. N . 41 5 .
1 4 C. W. N. 486 ; 5 Ind . Cas. 1 47 . IQS. P rem v. J u ramoni 1 3 C . W. N .
1 91 . Her idas v. Vithaldas 36 B orn. 638 . 694 M o t i Lal v . Makund S ing h 1 9 Al l .
1 92 . Nand ram v . S i taram 8 Al l . 545 ; 477 ; Saiiatool lah v . Raj Kumar 2 7 Cal .
Venkayya v. Ragavachar lu 20 Mad . 709 ; 4 C . W. N . 68 1 Lakshmanan v.
448 U miashankar v. Chotalal 1 Bom . 1 9. Kannammal 2 4 Mad . 1 85.
1 93. Vijiaraghavelu v. S rinivasalu 1 99. Bansiv. S ikree M al 1 3 Al l . 2 1 1
2 8 M ad . 399 ; Amb ica P er shad v. Vmaya'crao v . V inayak K r is h na 2 1 B o rn .
S urdhariLal 1 0Cal . 851 Paroosh R un v. 331 D ale l S ing h v . U mrao S ing h 2 2Kal i Puddo 1 7 Cal . 53 ; S h eo Prasad Al '. 399 ; H i r a Lal v . D wija. C h aran 1 0
v . Indar Bah ad u r 30Al l . 1 79 ; Noxend ra C W. N . 209 ; 3 C . L . J . 2 40 ; Toreev. B h upend ra 2 3 Cal . 374 E . H. S te M ah omed v . M a h omed M aboo Cal . 730
vens v. Kam ta Pershad 1 0 C. L. J . 1 9 1 3 C . L B. 91 Raghunu ndun v. Kal ly D u t
M aneklal v. Nas ia 1 5 B um . 405. 2 3 Cal . 690 T roy lokya v . Jyo t i 30 Cal .1 94. Jagannat h v. B rojonath 2 9 Cal . 761 ; 8 C . W. N . 251 Nabadip v.
580. Bepin 1 2 C . W . N . 62 1 .
1 95. Lal raddiv. Kala C hand 1 5 Cal . 200. M otend ro v . M ohend ro 1 0
363. C . L . R . 330 ; Rajkumar v. Rajlakhi1 96. Ad h ar C h and ra v . Lal M ohu u 1 2 Cal . 441 .
2 4 Cal . 778 ; 1 C . W. N. 676 Ma h a 201 . U mes h C h and ra v, S h i b Narain
l inga M oopanar v. Ku ppanachariar 30 31 Cal . 1 01 1 9 C . W . N 1 93 ; Ram
M ad . 54 1 ; 1 7 M . L . J 485. C haran v. Nrisingha 1 1 C . L. J . 356 .
1 97 . Rajbu l labh v. Joy K is h en 20Cal . 202 . Ananda M o h an v Hara S undari
2 9 Latehman v . M ad dan M ohu u 6 Cal . 2 3 Cal . 1 96 Rajara‘
m v . Banaj i 2 3 Bom .
51 3 ; 7 C . L . R . 52 1 ; Co l l ins v . M au la 31 1 .
Baks h 2 Al l . 2 8 4 ; Krishnayyar v . V en 203. Kal l u Rai v . Fahiman 1 3 Al l .
hayyer 6 M ad . 8 1 ; Chu nd ra Na t h 1 2 4 ; D aya K is h or v. Nanki B egam 20
v . Gar roo P rosunno 2 2 Cal . 375 Al l . 304 ; KaliP r osunno v . Lal M o h unRoma Nat h v . Gou r i Sankar 2 5 Cal . 2 58 2 2 1 9.
COM PU LSORY SALES
6. The date of issu e of notic e under 0 2 1,r . 2 2 C. P . C . Ac t
V of 1 908 to the person against whom exec u tion is applied fo r
to show cause why the dec ree shou ld not be exec u ted against him.
Time r uns from the date when notic e is ac tual ly issued and not
from the date of the order of the Cou r t to issue su c h notic e ?1 5
Ac tual servic e of notic e is not necessary .
2m Nor , is it material
whether the notice ough t or ough t not to have been issued .
2 1 7
7 . The date at whic h the dec ree or or der direc ts any payment
to be made.
dec ree provides that on fail ur e of one instalment , the
whole dec ree shal l become payab le, exec u tion m ust be applied for
within th ree years f rom the date on whic h the first unpaid balanc e
becomes due and the ac ceptance of su bsequent instalment will not
extend the time .
2 1 8 B ut where the dec ree only gives the dec ree
holder the option to exec u te the who le dec ree on the fail u re of one
or m ore instalments, his emission to apply for exec u tion within
th ree year s of the non-
payment of suc h instalment will only affec t
his righ t to recover that instalment and the whole amount of the
dec ree at onc e bu t wil l not affec t his righ t to recover subsequen t
instalments.
2 19 Where t here were su bseq uent payment and ac c eptance
of instalments the par ties may be prec luded f rom asser ting their
r espec tive righ ts.
220
“There a dec ree direc ts payment to be made annual ly , it is not
a dec ree direc ting paymen t of money to be made at a“c er tain
2 1 5. Ratan C hand v. D eb Nat h 1 0C . \V. N . 303 4 C . L. J . 530 Kadar c so
su r v. M o h im C h and ra 6 C . \V. N . 656
Har i Ganes h v. Yamunabai 23 13011 1 .
35 ; Cher uvath v . Nerath 30M ad . 30
see cont ra D am odar v. S onaj i 2 7 B om .
62 2 ; Govind v . D ada 2 8 Bom . 4 1 6
J umai v. Ab du l Kar im 30Al l . 536.
2 1 6. D amodar v. Sonaj i 2 7 B orn .
62 2 .
2 1 7 . D honkal v. P h akkar 1 5 Al l .
8 4 (F . B . ) Be h ar i Lal v . Sa l ik Ram 1
Al l . 676 Gopal C h under v. Gosa in D as
25 Cal . 594 ; 2 C . N . 556.
2 1 8 . D u lsook v . 2 Born.
356 Sakharam v . C anc sh 3 Born . 1 93
S hil v lmt V . Kal ka l‘iasarl 2 Al l . 443 ;
S to nmdl v. D d lhn5~ 1 Al l 350 ;
Cbugon
l l g rah
Nat h v . Laganmani 4 Al l . 83 ; Zah u rK h an v . B ak h tawar 7 Al l . 32 7 S h ankarv. Jalpa 1 6 Al l . 37 1 Jank i v . G h u lamAli 5 All . 201 ; M on M o h un( h u rn 1 5 Cal . 502 ; Bir Narain v .
D arpa Narain 20Cal . 74 Hu r r i Per shadv. Nas i b S ing h 2 1 Cal . 542 ; B holnand
v . Padmanund 6 C . W . N . 348 S i tal )C h and V . Hyder M al la 2 4 Cal . 2 8 1
1 C. W. N . 2 29.
2 1 9. Asmu tu l lah v .
7 Cal . 56 ; Rad ha P rasad v. B h agwanRai5 Al l . 2 80 Nil M ad hub v. Ramsodoy
9 Cal . 857 .
2 20. Kas h i ram v. Pand u 2 7 B o rn .
1 (F . U pend ra v . Tukalia 2 R. L . R .
A.C . K r is h na v . U me d Ali6 D . I .R .
App . 3 1 . l u ' lhis tir v . No bin 1 3 ("
at 73.
v. D u rga
Kal ly C h u rn
IN EX ECU TION OF D EGRE ES FOR MONEY .
da te,
” 22 1unless it can be gathered f rom the d ec ree that payments are
direc ted to be made on dates o r periods whic h are c lear ly indicated bythe terms of the dec ree.
2 22 Wh ere there is no direc tion to pay futu re
maintenanc e bu t only a direc tion that the plaintiff is entitled to
maintenanc e at a c er tain rate,t hat is not a dec ree payab le by
instalments)‘23 The limitation of th ree years wil l be counted f rom
the date of the dec ree and not f rom the date of the order for paymen t
of the balance of the dec r etal amount under a mor tgage dec ree .
2 24
Frau d or forc e on the par t of a j udgment - debtor gives a new
star ting point .2 25 The word f raud is to be interpreted in a wid er
sense than that in whic h it is general ly used in the E nglish law.
”6
Thus, locking u p the house to prevent at tac hment of moveables,2 27
evading proc ess by cont rivanc e or dishonesty,"28
a fic titious t rans fer
of proper ty to defeat or delay execu tion ,
”29pressing an application
to set aside an ex par te dec r ee with the sole objec t of delaying
the exec u tion proceedings 230 is “ frau d .
A person under disability, suc h as a minor,an insane, or an idiot ,
may make an application within the same period after the disabilityhas c eased , as wou l d otherwise have been al lowed f rom the time
presc ribed therefor .
23l B ut when once the time has commenced to
r un, su bsequent disability wil l not stop it
?“ IVhere a Rec eiver has
been appointed in exec u tion , the attac hment stil l continuing , the
exec ution proceedings c ontinue so long as the appointment of
the Receiverec ontinuc s, al though the exec u tion case is str uc k
2 2 1 . Yusu f K han v . S irdar K han sam i 6 Mad . 365 ; M o hs in Ali v . M asum
7 M ad . 83 ; Sabhanatha v . Su bba 7 Ali34 Al l . 20.
Mad . 80. 2 2 7 . B h agu Jet lia v . M alek Bawa
2 2 2 . Kaver i v . Y enkamma 1 4 M a d. saheb 9 B or n. 31 8 ; Venkayya v . Raghava
396 ; Lakshmibai v . M a dhavrav 1 2 2 2 M ad . 320.
B orn . 65 Ashu tosh v . Lukhimoni 1 9 2 2 8 . Pat takara v . Rangasam i 6 M ad .
Cal . 1 39 (F . B . ) Aitamma v. Naraina30Mad . 504. 2 29 . Visalat chiv . Sivasankara 4 M ad .
2 23. Ram D ial v. Indar Kuar 1 6 Al l . 292 .
1 79 V is h nu v. M anjamm a. 9 Born . 1 08 2 30. S ham K issen v . D amar K umar i2 24. O. 34 r . 6 C . P . C . Ac t V . o f 1 1 C . \V. N . 440.
1 908 M ad -
an M o h an v. Nobin K is h or e 3 2 31 . S . 6 L im i tat ion Ac t I X o f 1 908 .
C.L
.J
. 2 91 .2 32 . S . 9 L im i tat ion Ac t IX of 1 908 ;
2 25. S . 1 8 L im i tat ion Ac t I X of Jivraj v . B abaj i 2 9 B om . 68 , disting .
1 908 ; see V enkayya v. Rag h a M ad . uishing Lo lit M o h u n v . Janoky Nat h20Cal . 7 1 4, w h er e the fir s t app l icat ion
2 2 6 . Rag h unath v. Kas i P rosad was made by the m inor h im se l f ;1 5 C .
L . J . 67 8 Pat takara v. Ranga Bh agat B i liar i v . Ram Nat h 2 7 Al l .
Lau ren l V
Extens ion o f
t ime.
i . F raud or
for ce .
i i . D isabi l i ty.
L ECTU RE IV.
1 20 COM P U LSORY SALES
off.233 Where exec u tion is stayed by an agreement c er tified to the’
Cou r t that the dec retal amount shou l d be paid by instalment ,limitation will not r un until defaul t is made.
”34
In c ompu ting the period o f limitation presc ribed by I . L
Ac t I X of 1 908 , or S . 48 . C. P . 0. Ac t V of 1 908 for any
application for the exec u tion of a dec ree against the war d of
Cou r t , proceedings in whic h have been stayed , or tempo rarily bar red
under S . 2 1 Ac t [ V (U . P . C.) of 1 91 2 or S . 1 7 Ac t I (B0. of
1 905, the time f rom the date of notic e or of the dec ree to
c onfirmed by the Cour t of
date of due submission of
the date of the Col lec tor’
s decision
I 'Vards or to the
exc lu ded .
2 35
The time taken in prosec u ting another civil proc eeding against
c laim shal l be
the same par ty for the same relief in good faith in a Cou r t whic h
from defec t of j u risdic tion or o ther cau se of a like natu re is nu
able to enter tain it is also exc l uded .
236
The time of the c on tinuanc e of an inj unc tion or order
r es training the dec ree - hol der f rom exec u ting the dec ree shal l be
exc l uded , even when the objec tion was against the at tac hment
and sale of some par tic u lar proper ty and the dec ree- holder migh t
have proc eeded against o ther pr oper ty.
237 Time begins to r un
against the dec ree - hol der when the bar to exec u tion impose d byB u t if
limitation had onc e begun to r u n,the su bseq uen t stay of exec u tion
wou ld not affec t it .239
An acknowledgmen t of liability in writing‘made be fore the
inj unc tion is r emoved in favou r of the dec ree- ho lder 238
expiration of the period presc ribed fo r an application for exec u tion
to pay the dec retal amount gives a new star ting point for suc h
704 S riRam v. Het Ram 29 Al l . 2 79
Zam i r Hasan v. S undar 2 2 Al l . 1 99
Ab du l Lat i f v. Rajan i M o h un 1 1 C.W.N .
2 9 ; Navalchand v.
734.
2 37 . S . 1 5 (I ) L im i tat ion Ac t IX of
Am ic hand 1 8 B orn .
831 S h e ik h Jan ia v. Lal B i b i 7 C . L. J .
308 Su r ja Kumar v. Arun C h und er 2 8
Cal . 465 ; 5 C . W . N . 767 .
2 33. Rad h a K is h ore v. Aftab 7 Cal .
2 34. S h am Kar an v . P iar i 5 Al l . 596.
2 35. S . 2 1 Ac t I V (U . P . C . ) of 1 91 2 ;
S . 1 7 Ac t I (B . C . ) of 1 905.
2 36. S . 1 4 (2 ) L im i tat ion Ac t IX of
1 908 Rajbu l l ubh v . Joy K is h en 20 Cal .
1 908 ; G h u lam Nasi r - nd - din v. HardeoP rasad 34 Al l . 436 B i har i Lal v. Jagernat h 2 8 Al l . 651 .
2 38 . D esraj S ing h v. Karam K h an 1 9Al l . 7 1 Ru ddar
’
S ing h v. D hanpal S ing h2 6 Al l . 1 56 ; B en i P rasad v . Sar j u P rasad 2 6 Al l . 1 40.
239 . Rungiah v. Nanjappa 2 6 M ad .
780 ; Rajarathnam v. Shevalayammal 1 1
Mad . 1 03.
L em ons I V .
L‘
U M I‘
U LS U R Y S A] .ES
jm lgmen t - deb tor who has not paid his j u st deb t .
260 B u t an appii
cation ‘
for exec u tion pr esen ted beyond the period of limitation shal l
be dismissed,al though limitation has not been set u p as a defenc e.
2 51
B ut this r u le does not req uire a Cou r t to asc er tain whet her al l the
prior applications pr eviou s ly adj udicated on wer e made in time.
2 52
An exec u tion is an entire thing . I f a plain tiff in a j udgment
issues an exec u tion and c laims an amount less than the whole sum
to whic h he is entit led to be levied,he c annot su b sequently issu e
another exec u tion for the balanc e , for the defendan t shou ld not be
harassed by repeated exec u tions.
263 B ut a dec ree - holder is entitled
to pr esent in suc c ession,though a previous application has been
dismissed for d efau lt,any num ber o f applic ations for exec u tion of
the same dec ree .
2 64 An application for exec u tion however may be
bar red by g eneral principles analogou s to the p rinciples o f r es j udi
mica ! “
in both the applications are the same,either ac tual ly/3
56or c onstr ue
Thus,wher e the mat ter s direc tly and su bstantial ly in issue
tive'ly ,
’57 the par ties in the two proc eedings are the same,
268 litigating
u nder the same title,
2 69 the former application was hear d and final ly
2 7 M ad . 608 S reenivasa v . Ponnu sawmy
2 8 M ad . 40 ; Kader B uks h v. Gonr
6 C . \V . N . 766 ; M u ngo l v . S h aina 4
Cal . 708 ; Ros h an v . Ma ta 2 6 Al l . 36 ;
Jank i v. G h u lam 5 Al l . 201 Ramb i tv . S atgu r 3 Al l . 2 47 M u h ammad
v . l ’ayag 1 6 Al l . 2 2 8 Ahsanu l la
v. D akkhini2 7 Al l . 575 ; P u rnn nandas
v Val labdas 1 1 B om . 506 ; Sh ripatr av
v . (lm ind 1 4 B om . 390.
2 50. Ad h ar C h and ra v. Lal M o h u n2 4 Cal . 77 8 ; 1 C . IV . N . 676 M anorat h
v . Am b ika 1 3 533 9 C .L . J . 443.
2 51 . S . 3 L im i tat ion Ac t I X of
1 908 ; S . 1 84 (1 ) B . T . Ac t V I I I of 1 8 85 ;s ee I tam u Rai v . D aya l S ing h 1 6 Al l .
390 2 Abd u l la h v . As raf Ali7 C . L . J . 1 52 .
2 52 . M u ngu l Per shad v .
N
nrijakan t
8 1 . A . 1 2 3 ; 8 Cal . 5 1 ; 1 1 C . L . R . 1 1 3.
F r eeman on Execu t ions §53.
2 54 . Asiin Manda] v . taj M o h an 1 3
I J . 532 T h aku r P r asa d v . Fak i ru l la h 2 2 I . A. 44 ; 1 7 Al l . 1 06 ;
v . Annappayya 1 8 Ma d. 1 3]
D honka l v . l’hakkar 1 5 Al l . 8 4 Haju t
v . V ih u lniss s H Bum 42 9 .
t\ "
2 )'
J‘Jal o
255. M ungu l Pershad v. Gr i ja Kan t8 I . A. 1 2 3 ; 8 Cal . 51 ; 1 1 C . L. R .
1 1 3 ; Ram K i r pal v . Rup Kuar i 1 1 I . A .
37 ; 6 Al l . 2 69 ; B en i Ram v. Nan h uM al 1 1 I . A 1 8 1 ; 7 Al l . 1 02 .
2 56. D inkar v. Har i 1 4 B om . 206
Gou r i S u nku r v . Abhoyeswari2 5 Ca] . 2 62 .
2 57 . M ungu l Pershad v . G r i ja Kan t 8I . A. 1 2 3 ; 8 Cal . 5 1 ; 1 1 C . L It .
1 1 3 ; S heo raj v . Kameshar 2 4 Al l . 2 82
Lakshmanan v. Ku t tayan 2 1 Mad . 669 ;
(So en t ry v . TnlshiPer shad 31 Cal . 82 2
S C . N . 672 ; Nanda Raiv. Rag h unandan 7 Al l . 2 82 ; S h er S ing h v . D ayaRam 1 3 Al l . 564 Thaku r Bar h am r .
Anan ta Ram 2 C . L . J . 584.
258 . Gnanambal v. Par r athiI S M ad .
477 .
2 59. Gou rmeu i v. J ugu t 1 7 Cal . 57
Bissessu r v. M a h tab 1 0 “L R . (F . B . )
8 B . L . It . S u p. 967 ; B h o la Na t h v.
P rafu l la 2 8 ( a l . 1 2 2 ; 5 C . \V . N . 80
Tileshar v. l ’arbati 1 5 Al l . 1 98 ; H i raLa l l v. D wi ja C h aran 1 0 C . W
'
. N . 209
3 C L . .l . 2 10 U med Aliv . Abdu l Karirn
10550 ; 3 C . L. J . 1 93 ; Nepal
IN EXECU TION O I" D ECR ICES FOR M ONEY .
decid ed an d no t dismissed fo r de fau l t,”0 the decision must have been
nec essary to thedetermination o f the pr evious application,
261a f resh
application is bar red . Where a relief is c laimed bu t is not expresslyg ranted, it wil l be deeme d to have been refused .
262 Where the former
application was rej ec ted on the g round that it was time- bar red , a
subsequent applic ation is bar red?“ B ut when a decision is c r rone
ous in law,it cannot hav e the fo rc e of r es jmlicata
fi“
The enq uiry is limited to the immediat t ly prec eding application
and not a r oving examination into al l the previou s applications ?“
B u t the principle of res j zt rlicam has no application wher e the j udg
ment- debtor had no no tic e o f the proc eeding s, o r the notic e beingdefec tive, the j udgment - debtor had no oppo r tunity to contest t heir
validity ,266 nor where differen t applications are made for exec u tion
The fac t that the c ase was str uc k off does
not entitle either par ty to r eopen the q uestion previously ndj adi
c atod fies
the exec u tion proc eedings at any stage at his option .
269
of diff e ren t dec rees .
267
Nor , can a dec r ee - ho lder,as a mat te r of righ t, discontinue
A tim e limit is,howeve r
, plac ed upon su c c essive applications .
C h and ra v . Amr i ta Lal 2 6 Cal . 888 ; 265. M u ngu l Pershad v . G r i ja KantD alic hand v . BaiS hivkar 1 5 Born . 2 42
K h osal v . U kiladdi 1 4 C . \V. N .
Balniu kumiv . Ash faq Hu sain 34 Al l . 51 8 .
2 60. D . L . Bank v. Orc h ar d 4
I . A. 1 2 7 3 Cal . 47 ; U nnoda Pershad
v . Koorpan 3 Cal . 51 8 l C . L . R . 408
Gou rmeu i v . Jugu t 1 7 Cal . 57 ;Har i v .
Y arnu nabai 2 3 Born . 35 ; K is h ore v .
D warkanath 2 1 I . A. 89 ; 2 1 Cal . 784 ;
B udan v. Ramchand ia 1 1 Bom . 537 ;
M ad .
1 Narayana v . Gopa la K r i s h na. 2 8 M ad .
Kashinath v.
How. 108 .
2 61 . B h o la Nath v. Piafu l la 2 8
1 2 2 ; 5 C . W . N. 80.
P rabhacara Row v . I’o tannah 2
35 5 Ramc h and ra 7
Cal .
2 62 . Nityananda v . (_lajapati2 1 M ad .
68 1 .
2 63. Bandey v . Romesh 9 Cal . 65 ;
1 1 C . L . R . 1 45 M anju nath v. Vc nkatesh
6 Bom . 54.
2 6 1 . B aij Nat h v. P admanand S ing h39 Cal . 8 48 1 6 L
‘
. W . N . 62 1 1 6
C . L . J . 1 5 1 .
8 1 . A. 1 2 3 ; 8 Cal . 51 1 1 C . L . R . 1 1 3 ;
Nepal C h and ra V . Am r i ta. Lal 2 6 Cal . 888 .
2 66 . Ram K i rpa l v . R u p Kuar i 1 1I . A 37 6 Al l . 2 69 B en i Ram v . Nan h uM al 1 1 I . A. 1 8 1 ; 7 All . 1 02 Narayana v .
Gopala K r is h na. 2 8 M ad . 355
sam i v. Ramasami30 M ad .
Rama
255 ; l\l aa 7. ~
zam Hussen v. Sarat Coomary 1 4 C .W.N .
433 ; 1 1 C . L . J . 357 S reepati v .
S hamal d hone 1 5 C . L . J . 1 2 3 Harend ia
Lal v . S ham Lal 2 7 Cal . 2 1 0 ; Mon
M o h an v . D warka Na t h 1 2 C . L . J . 31 2
M oc haiM anda l v . Mesc r uddin 1 3 C . L. J .
2 6 ; B udan v. Rana - h and ia 1 1 Rom .
537 ; M u r lidhar v. Naisingh 1 7 C . W .
’
N . 1 1 3 ; 1 5 C . L . J . 453 ; Nn ic nd ra v .
Bhu pcnd ra 2 3, Cal . 37 4 ,
Nanda Kumar v .
M o h an 1 3 C . L . J . 31 2
2 63
2 67 . Gobinda
M u r lidhar Nars ing h 1 7 (3. W
N . 1 1 3 ; 1 5 C . L . J . 453.
2 69 . Kenaram v .
I J .r l 53
’ 70. Kunh i v .
Kai las han dra I R
vea lmg n i 3
LEC’
r l rat: IV
T im e lim it .
L ECTU RE IV .
COM P U LSORY SALE S
So ,when an application to exec u te a dec r ee, o t her than that of a
c har tered High Cou r t has been made,no or der shal l be made fo r
exec u tion of the same dec ree,u pon a f resh application, if presented
afte r the expiration of twel ve years (1 ) f rom the date of the dec reeor (2) from the date fixed by the dec ree fo r the payment of moneydec reed , u nless the j udgment - debtor has by f rau d or forc e preventedthe exec u tion of the dec ree at some time within the perio d im
m ediately before the date of the application?“
r un until the dec ree is ripe fo r exec u tion.
2 72
Limitation does not
B ut onc e limitation
has begun to r un, the twelve years
’
period mu st be c ompu ted f rom
that date .
2 73 The o rder on the f resh application may be made
after the e x piration of twel ve years, if the application was presented
within the period .
”4
The application m ust be a substantive application and not merely
an ancil lary application made with the objec t of moving the Cou r t
to proc eed with the su bstantive application al ready filed .
2 75 Th us,
an application for sale o f the proper ty al ready at tac hed)” o r fo r
t ransfe r of a dec ree to another Cou r t for exec u tion,
"77or fo r exec u
tion when a sale is set aside,
278or for exec u tion after the removal
o f the obstac l e whic h for a time rendered exec u tion impossible,2 79
2 7 1 . S . 48 C . P . C . Ac t V of 1 908 ; 2 76. Par oosh Ram v . Kal i P uddoAr t . 1 8 1 Limitat ion Ac t I X of 1 908 . See,
M ayabhaiv. Tribhu vandas 6 B om . 258
Ganapathi v . B alasundara 7 M ad . 540 ;
Fu t teh Narain v. Ch und rabati 20 Cal .
551 Jogend ra v . S h yam D as 36 Cal .
543 ; 9 C . L . J . 2 7 1 S h am K issen v.
D amar Kumar i 1 1 C . \V. N . 440.
2 72 . Nar h ar Rag h unat h v . Krishnaji
Govind 36 B orn . 368 .
2 73. B h agwant Ram chand ra v . M a h amad Rukmodin 36 Bom . 498 .
2 74. S enra D isaiv . Annasami6 M ad .
359 Ra h im Aliv. P h u l C h and 1 8 Al l 482(F B . ) D ewan Aliv . S orosibala 8 Cal . 2 97
10 C . L . R . 1 1 1 Chengaya v . Appasami
6 Mad . 1 72 . The word s “and g ran ted
in S . 2 30 C . C . Ac t XIV of 1 88 2 have.
been om i t ted . l ’ar bati
1 5 Al l . 1 98 ; Bit essu r 1 6
Cat 7 1 4
2 75 . lta h im Aliv . I'hu l C h an d. 1 8 Al l .
48 2 K is h en M un 9 C . L. It
2 97 ; J“ .1 1 l l l v . Jwala l‘rn s r l 2 1 Al l . 1
S ee Tileshar v .
Nilmony v .
l 'anau l v .
1 7 Cal . 53 Joobraj A . B uhooria 7 C . L .R .
42 4 ; Panau l v. K is h en M un 9 C . L . R .
2 97 .
2 77. Nilmony v. Biressu r 1 6 Cal 744
S u ndar S ing h v D or u S h ankar 20Al l . 78 .
2 78 . Ramineediv . Lakkoju 30 M ad .
209 ; Panau l v . K is h en M un 9 C . L . R
297 Issu ree v . Abdoo l 4 Cal . 4 1 5 ;
3 C . L . R . 46 ; Abdu l K h ayar v .
Reajud din A hmed 1 3 C . W. N . 52 1
B i h ar i Lal v . Jagarnath 2 8 Al l . 651 .
2 79. Kalyanbhai v . Ghanasham lal 5
B0m . 2 9 Hu r ronath v. C h u un i Lal l 4 Cal .8 77 3 C .L. R . 1 61 Paras Ram v . Gard ne r
1 Al l . 355 ; Kamar udin v . Jawa h i r 32
I .A. 1 02 ; 2 7 Al l . 33 1 ; I C . L . J . 38 1
Ba lshas t ri 1 6 Bom . 2 94 ;
Namyau Go viiid"
v . Sono Saxlashiv 2 4 Bom .
345 ; T h aku r Pia sad v . Abd u l Hasan 2 3A l l . 1 3 : Rag liu bans Gir v. Shc osaran
Al l . 2 13 Basan t Lal v . B at u l B i bi 6Al l . 2 3 iaikan ta Nat h v . Aghore Nat hZI IJ cL 33 7 :
C h intaman v .
Gur udeo Nar s yan v , Am r i
i . C rop ; and
m oveables .
i i . Immo vc
abl e pr oper ty.
L E C T U R E V .
Com p u lso ry Sa les in exec u tion o f d ec rees fo r money.
(At tachm ent and S tay of sale . )
The application for exec u tion of a dec ree by at tac hment and
sale of the j udgment - debtor ’s proper ty shal l be in writing , signed
and verified by the applic ant o r some person proved to be ac quainted
with the fac ts of the ease.
1 The verific ation may he m ade by a
person having a general power - of- atto rney f rom the dec ree- holder,
t hough the lat ter may he residing within the j u risdic tion of the
Cou r t.it The d ec ree- holder need no t file with his application a c opy
o f the dec ree for whic h exec u tion is applied for .
3 A f raud u len t
exec ution of a dec ree or ord er against any person after it has been
satisfied is punishab le under S . 2 1 0 But a mere application
not fol lowed by exec u tion does not c onstitu te any offenc e .
4
An application for the at tac hmen t of a g rowing c rop shal l specifythe time at whic h it is likely to be fit to be c u t or gathered .
5 An
applic ation for at tac hment of the j udgmen t - debtor ’s moveab le
proper ty not in his possession shal l c ontain an inventory of the
proper ty c on taining an ac c u rate desc ription of the same.
6
An application for the attac hment o f the j udgment - deb to r ’s
immoveab le proper ty shal l contain a desc ription, su fficien t to iden ti
fy and a specification o f boundaries o r a number in a rec o rd o f
S et t lement o r S ur vey by whic h the proper ty can be identified7 and
also a specific ation of the j udgment - debtor'
s share o r inte res t in
suc h prOper ty to the best of the information and belief of the
applicant .8 The c ou r t may req uire the applicant to prod uc e a
1 . r . 1 1 C . l ’ . C . Ac t V of 1 908 .
1 908 . 6. O. 2 1 , r . 1 2 C . P . C . Ac t V of 1 908 .
2 Baker v. U d i t Narain 2 6 Al l . 1 54 . 7 . r . 1 3 C . l‘. C . Ac t V o f 1 908
O. 2 1 , r . 1 1 (3) C . P . C . Ac t V Lack Ham v. M ebes h B ass 1 2 W. It .
1 908 M od hoo D ossia v. Nobin C h u nder 488 : Ma h tab C h u nd v . l u rodanath 1 8
1 6 \V. I t. 25 ; l tajkumar v. l taj lakhi It . 4 1 1 ; Hu r ry C h um v . S u baydar
1 2 Cal . 4 1 1 ; l tajaram v . Banaj i M airal 1 2 Ca l . 1 6 1 ; Wajihan v . iis liw an ath 1 8
2 3 B o rn . 331 ; liaj Gir v . Isward hari Cal . 1 62 ; Mac (.h '
ego r v . Tar i n i C h u r nI I C .L . J . 2 - 13 5 Ind . Cas . 660
,l taghu ba r 1 1 Ca l . 1 2 1 .
D oya l v . Jad u nu n dan 1 6 C . W . N. R. U 2 1 . r . 1 3 C . I’. C Ac t V of
1 . S h ain a Chai au v . Kas i Na i k 23 1908 ; M u hannn ad v . D ipc han d 1 1 All .
l'
al . UTI . Ar c lL‘sii Nar an anji M u s e Na t h a0
.l l
. .f l . l'
ti' ‘i
. l‘
.(i
. At'i V 1 til l ] ,
I N E X EC U TION OF D EGR E ES FO R M ONEY .
c er tifie d ex t rac t f rom the R egister of tho o ffee o f the Co l lec to r
specifying the persons r egistered as proprietor s o f,o r as possessing
any t ransferab le inte rest in , the land or its revenue, or as liab le to
pay r evenue fo r the land and the shares o f the registered proprietor s.
"
The Cou r t may o ral ly examine the j tu lgment- debtor o r any other
person e.g . , a garnishee debtor as to the means or proper ty whic h the
jmlgmcnt- dc btor has of satisfying the dec ree .
1 0 The examination
is not only intended to be an examination bu t to be a c ross - exmina
tion and t hat of the severest kind and is not confined to answering
the simple question what debts are owing bu t the debtor must
answer al l q uestions fair ly per tinent and proper ly asked wit h a viewto asc er taining what d ebts are owing to him and f rom whom theyare due and must give al l necessary par tic u lars to enable the plaintiff
to r ecover under a garnishee order . 1 1 To apply to suc h examination
the stric t techincal r u les governing the examination of a witness on
the t rial of a cause o r even the less stric t r u les applicab le to c ross
examination whic h it mo re near ly resem b les,wou ld be to impair
g reat ly the effi cienc y and useful ness of the remedy in tended to be
given by the proceeding and in many cases to dest roy it entirely .
1 2
The garnishee, if summoned , may defend himsel f to the same
ex tent,as if he were sued for suc h proper ty by the defendant . He
may pl ead that the proper ty is not su bjec t to exec u tion.
1 3 No
ot et can as a general r u le be availab le to the gar nishee, unless
at the moment when he is ser ved with the notic e suc h offset c ou ld
have been asser ted as a cause of ac tion against the defendant . 1 4
The j udge may punish any par ty or witness for disobedienc e to any
order of the c ou r t .1 5
\Vhen applications are made fo r the exec u tion of c ross- dec rees in
separate suits for the payment of two sums of money, passed between
the same par ties inc l uding dec rees for enfor c ement of a mor tgage or
c harge (the dec ree - holder in one of the suits being the jml gment - debtor
in the other and eac h par ty fil ls the sam e c harac ter in both suits) and
capab le o f exec u tion at the same time by the same Cou r t , exec u tion
may be taken ou t only by the holder of the dec ree for the lar g e r
sum and fo r so m uc h only as remains after deduc ting the sm al ler
9. O. 2 1 r . 1 4 C . P . C . Ac t V of 1 908 . 1 2 . F r eeman on E xec u t ions 404 .
1 0. O. 2 1,r . 41 C . P . C . Ac t V of 1 3. F reeman on Execu t ions § 4 1 6.
1 903. 1 4. F reeman on Exec u t ions 4 1 7 .
1 1 . Repu bl ic of Cos ta Ric a v . S t rong 1 5. Freeman on Exec u t ions g 42 1 .
berg (1 8 8 1 ) 1 6 Ch . D . 8 ; 50 L . J . C h . 7 .
Licv'
ruuF. V
dec rees .
Lac ruua V
COM P U LSORY SA
sum .
‘6 The dec ree fo r the smal ler amoun t cannot be exec u ted at
al l .
1 7 B ut, if either dec ree - hol der omits to apply for exec u tion of
his dec ree , the o ther dec ree - holde r ‘
may take ou t exec u tion of his
dec ree fo r its fu l l amoun t .1 8
When either par ty is an assignee o f one of the dec rees , the r u le
eq ual ly applies, whether the j udgment - debt is d ue by the original
assignor or by the assignee himse l f . :9 The hol de r o f a dec ree passed
joint ly and several ly against seve ral jiu lgment- debtors, one of whom
hold s a dec ree passed against su c h dec r ee - ho lders sing ly, may t reat
his joint dec ree as a c ross- dec ree .
20 Wh ere under the d ec ree bo th
par ties are entit led to rec over sums of money from eac h o ther , exec u
tion may be taken ou t only by the par ty entit led to the larger sum
an d fo r so mu c h onl y as remains af ter ded uc ting“
the smal l er sum .
2 1
The r emedy o f eac h par tv against the o th e r need no t be pr eciselv
of the same natu re . Th us,one may be entit led to recover the money
by sale of the mor tgaged proper ty and the other entit led to recover
it personal ly .
22
When an application fo r exec u tion c omplies with the r eq uire
ments of O. 2 1 r . r . 1 1 - 1 4 C.P .C. Ac t V of 1 908 or is amended within
the time fixed by the Cou r t , the Cou r t may issue exec u tion o f the
dec ree by attac hment and sale of any proper ty of the j udgment
debtor , p rovided the value of the prope r ty to be attac hed shal l , as
near ly as may be, c or respond with the amount due under the dec ree .
”
“f lie re permission was obtained for fi ling a list of immoveab le
p roper ties bu t no time was fixed and the list was not fi led af ter the
period of limit ation, the proc eedings in exec u tion were held bar red .
“
An exec u tion f rom a Cour t having no au thority to issue exec u tion,
o r f rom a Cou r t no longer in existenc e, or u pon a void j udgment,or a
j udgmen t never rendered,wou ld undou bted ly be void . The same
may be affirmed of exec u tions issued by some one having no au tho ri
ty to issue exec u tions. E xec u tions on satisfied j udgments,or against
1 6. r . r . 1 8 20 C . P. C .
Ac t V o f 1 908 .
1 7 . S innu v. Santhoji 2 6 Mad . 42 8 .
1 8 . liewa Ma h ton v. Ram K is h en I 3I . A. 106 : 1 1 C t ] . 1 8 ; Chajmal v . Lal
t am 2 1 Al l . 18 1 ; l‘onnu s iniy v .
l lo raisaniy 32 Mail . 336 .
1 9 U . 2 1 . r . I 8 (2 ) C . P . C . Ac t Vo f 1 908 .
20. ( 1 . 1 8 (l ) C . l ’ . C . Ac t Vu f 1 908 see Hu r r v U o val v . | )in D oya l
9 Cal . 497 ; 1 3 C . L . R . 93 Ram S uk hv . Vo ta Ram 1 4 Al l . 339.
2 1 . O. 2 1 , r . r . 1 9, 20 C . I‘. 0. Ac t V
o f 1 908 ; B h agwan v . Ratan 1 6 Al l . 395.
2 2 . Sankara V . (impala 23 M ad . 1 2 1
B h agwan v . l tatan 1 6 Al l . 395 Ish r i
v . Gop i] 6 Al l . 351 .
2 3. S . 51,O 2 1 r 1 7 C . P . C . Ac t
V o f 1 908 .
2 1 . S alim u l lah v. S ainad d i1 8 C . L. J .
538 .
L s cr cas V
P : e c u
| it .
COM P U LSORY SAL - .S
r su i t ins ti tu ted agai ns t a pu bl i c offic er in respec t o f any ac t pu r
por t ing to be done by him in h i s o ffi c ial c apacity ,h i s proper ty sha l l
not be l iabl e to at tac hment . o the rwi se than in exec u tion o f a dec ree .
3
The Cou r t may also,whe re there i s g round to appr ehend that the
dec ree- holder may otherwi se be dep r ived o f the f r u i ts o f h i s dec ree ,issue a p rec ep t to any o ther Cou r t
,wh ic h wou l d be c ompetent to exe
c u te su c h dec ree, to at tac h any proper ty belong ing to the ju dgmen t
debtor and spec ified in the prec ept. B u t s uc h attac hment s hal l no t
c ontinue for more than two month s,u nless the per iod has been
extended by an or der of the Cou r t i ssu ing the p rec ept , or un less
before the determ inat ion of s uc h attac hment, the dec ree has been
t rans fer red to that Cou r t and the dec ree - holder has app l ied fo r the
sale of such prOper ty .
33
A l l sal eable p roper ty , moveab l e or immoveable,su bjec t to c er tain
exc eptions noted below, belonging to the j udgment - deb tor or over
wh ic h o r the p rofits of wh ic h he has a d i s pos ing power wh ic h he
may exer c i se for h is own benefit,whether the same be held in the
name of the j udgmen t - deb tor , o r by another per son in t r us t fo r
him or on h i s behal f, i s l iable to attac hment and sale in exec u tion
o f a dec ree.
34 Thus , the r igh t of a mor tgagor in the mor tgaged
proper ty even after a dec r ee has been obtained by the mor tgagee, 35
the r igh t to c laim spec ific per formanc e of a contrac t to sel l land,36
a parce l of land not being an al i q uot par t or share bu t being a
por tion of the land compos ing a pu tn i ,37 the r i gh t o f a p rop r ietor
o f a revenue- paying estate af ter defau l t has been made in the
payment of revenue bu t before the sale i s held under B . L . R . S .
Ac t X I of the s hare o f a par tner in a par tner sh i p bus iness ,39
a lease p roh i b i t ing the l essee f rom al ienating the land,
40a l i fe inter es t
in a tr u s t fund,‘1 a ves ted remainder 42 money or o ther val uab l e
32 . S . O. 2 7, r . 8 C . P . C . Ac t 37 . M ad hu b v. Doyal 25 Cal . 445 ;
V of 1 908 . 2 C . N . 1 08 .
33. S . 46 C . P . C . Ac t V of 1 908 . 38 . Har i Charan v . Haridas 2 C.
34. S . 60 C . P. C . Ac t V of 1 908 . L . J . 506.
35. P ro tap Chunder v. Panio ty 9 Cal . 39. Jagat Chunder v . Iswar Chund er504 1 2 C .L.R . 488 Sant Lal v . Ram j i 20Cal . (593.
9 Al l . 1 67 ; Parash ram v. Gov ind 2 1 40. Golak Nath v . Mathu ra Nath 20Born. 2 2 6. Cal . 2 73.
it} . l tud ra v. Kr ishna 1 4 Cal . 2 41 ; 4 1 . Abd u l Lateef v. Dou t re 1 2 M ad .
see contr a Karal ia v . M ansu kh ram 2 4 2 50.
B um . 400,
exp lained in Lalc hand v . 42 Annaji v . Chand rabai 1 7 B om .
Laks lnnan 2 8 Bom . 400.
I N EX EC'
lTION OF D EGRE ES FOR MONEY .
sec u r i ties deposi ted as sec u r i ty fo r the d ue per formanc e o f d u ty
by a ser van t wi th h i s m as ter,
43 the rents and p rofits o f a g hatwali
tenu re in the l i fe t ime o f the ghatwal ,“ are l iabl e to at tac hment .
An add ressee of a co v er c onta ining c u r rency no tes sent th rough theP os t Othee for de l i v e ry to him has a d i spos ing power o ver it
,
for “ when onc e the letter has been pos ted , the p roper ty in it
becomes ves ted in the add ressee.
” 5 A po l i cy o f insu rance effec ted
by a j udgment - debtor on h i s own l i fe fo r the benefit o f h i s w i fe
is attac hable,u nless and unt i l he d ives ts h imse l f of h i s benefic ial
interes t in it by ass i gnment in wr i t ing .
“6
B u t p roper ty wh ic h i s not t rans ferab le w i thou t the land lo rd ’ s
consent ,‘7 land ass igned to a Hindu widow for her maintenanc e
w i th a p ro v i so agains t alienat.ion,
43a r e l ig iou s office,49 the r ig h t of
managing a tem ple or offic iat ing at the wo r sh i p c onnec ted wi th it and
of r ec ei v ing the offer ings at the sh r ine,
50 the r igh t to o ffi ciate at
funeral c eremonies,
51 the r igh t of a Hindu widow to r es ide in her
h u sband’ s fam i l y hou se
,
52 the inc ome of p roper ty s u bjec t to a r es
t raint u pon ant ic i pat ion ac c r uiug d ue af ter the date o f the dec ree
passed u nder S . 8 of M JVP . Ac t I I I o f an unascer tained
r i gh t in an unasc er tained proper ty“
canno t be at tac hed . A bonu s
sanc t ioned by a Rai lway Company to thei r ser van t be ing v i r tual l y a
gi ft,the latter has no d i sposing power o ver the money u nti l the
gi ft i s c ompleted u nder S . 1 23 T.P . Ac t I V o f 1 8 8 2 by a registered
inst r ument or ac t ual paymen t.65 An au c t ioneer has no d ispos ing
Du rga B ib i v . Chanchal 4 A l l .
8 1 Rama Varma v . Raman Nayar 5 M ad .
80 ; Vu rmah Val ia v . Rav i V urmah 4
I . A . 76 ; 1 M ad . 2 35 ; Gnanasa mbanrla
v . Velu Pandamm 2 7 l . A . 69 2 3 M ad .
2 7 1 4 329 M al i ka v . Ratan
43. Kar u than v . S ubramanya 9 M ad . 50.
203.
44. Keshabati v . Mohan Chand ra30Cal . 1 01 0 ; 1 6 C . “7
. N . 802 .
45. Narasimhu l u v . Adiappa 1 3 M ad .
46. Shankar Vishvanath v . U mabai mon i l C . \V. N . 493 ; Shoilojanund
37 8 011 1 . 47 1 . v . Peary 2 9 Cal . 470 6 C . W. N . 72 8 .
47 . Kailash v. Hari Mohan 1 0 C . 51 . Jhumm un v. D inonath 1 6 W .
L . J . 1 1 0.
48 . D iwal i v . Apaj i 1 0 Bom . 342
Gnlab Kuar v . Bansidhar 1 5 Al l . 37 1 ;
Bansidhar v. Gnlab Kuar 1 6 Al l . 443.
49. Kuppa v . D orasami 6 M ad . 76 ;
Anan tha 4 M ad . 391 ;
Ranga 1 6 M ad . 1 1 6 ;
Mancharam v . P ram hankar 6 130111 .
Narasinima v .
Rangasam i v .
R . 1 7 1 .
52 . Salakshiv . Lakshmayee 31 M ad .
500.
53. Goudoin
378 .
5 1 . Toka i v . Davod 6 M oo . 510 4
R . P . C . 8 7 .
55. Janki D as v .
631 .
v . Venkatc sa 30 Mad .
E . I . R. Co . 6 Al l .
e c'
ruar. V
L ECT U R E V .
Fixtur es .
COM P U LSORY SALE S
power o v er the who le of the sale p roc eeds of goods sol d by him as
suc h bu t onl y o ver the por tion wh i c h r epresent s h i s c omm i ss ion.
56
I n Bengal , no set tled es tate or par t thereof shal l du r ing the l i fe
of a tenant for l i fe be attac hed and so ld in exec u tion o f a dec ree.
57
I n Chotanagpu r , when an enc umbered estate has ves ted in.
an o ffic er
appo inted by the Comm i s s ioner , al l exec u t ions and at tac hments shal l
bec ome nul l and vo i d and so long as the managem en t c on t inues s uc h
estate shal l be exem pt f rom attac hment o r sale under proc ess of anyCi v i l Cou r t in B r i t i sh I nd ia o r any R e venue Cou r t in Bengal in
r espec t o f any debts and l iabi l i t ies .
68
A l though the proper ty of a tem ple cannot be sol d away from
the templ e, the r i gh t, t i t le and in teres t of a ser vant of a tem ple in
land belonging to the temple wh i c h he ho lds as rem une rat ion for
his ser v i c e unt i l death or remo val l rom offic e c an be attac hed and
so ld .
‘59 I f a c hatte l i s so plysic al ly i nc or po rated in,and made a p ar t
o f,the p roper ty that it cannot be detac h ed o r remo v ed w i thou t
su bstant ial des tr uc t ion of su c h p r oper ty or of some s tr u c tu re wh ic h
i s c on fessed ly a par t thereo f , then su c h c hat te l has bec ome an im
mov eabl e fixtu re . Thu s,the doo r s and w indows o f a b u i ld ing
c anno t Sepa rately be attac hed .
60
The p rope r ty o v er wh ic h the j udgment - debtor has no d ispos ing
power fo r h i s own benefi t canno t be at tac hed . The remedy of a
c red i tor by at tac hment being ob v iou sly i nc ons istent wi th the u sua l
adm ini s trat ion o f the assets of an es tate , it i s not a va i labl e aga ins t an
execu tor or mlministrator as suc h , in respec t o f a debt o r l iabi l i ty
inc u r red by him in h i s per sonal c apac i ty or agains t a l egatee,
u nt i l
the legacy has ves ted in him by the exec u to r ’ s assent .6 1 The t r u s tee
of a r el ig iou s endowment has no d i spo s i ng power o v e r the c o r pu s o f
the tr u s t estate exer c i sable fo r h is own benefi t .62 Good s held by
a per son ac t ing in pu rsuanc e of a l egal process , be ing in the c ons
t r uc tivc possess ion of the c ou r t , cannot as a general r u le be at tac hed .
63
56. Sm i th v . A l lahabad Bank 23 6C. Per u v . Ronu o 1 1 Cal . 1 64.
Al l . 1 35. 6 1 . Fenwick v . Layc oc k Q . I
57 . S .232 (1 ) S . L . Ac t I I I (P) . C . ) o f 1 08 .
1 904 .62 . B ishen Chand v . Nad i r Hossein
58 . S . 3 Ch . E . 15. Ac t V 1 «if 1 376 1 5 l . A . l 1 5 (Ed . 32 11 .
as amend ed bv Ac t l l l t l t t fl) o f 1 909 .(33 . Whar to n v . Navlo l ‘ (1 '
q pct ) 1 3 (3.
59 . Lo t likar ti l lu l u . 51 10 ; It . 07 3; lic ‘l ile l l v . S tm n n (l 3 1 1 )2 Bl oo d.
B is hen (‘
l tan d v . Nad i r Hu s s e in 15 l . A . 81 It . l tas s i- l A . Ra i l . Co
.
1 ; 32 9 . 2 0 I , . l (‘
l t
L ECTU RE V
COM P U LSORY SAL ES
(f) Auv r i gh t of per sonal ser v ic e cannot be attac hed . Th u s,
c rittibeing a r igh t to r ec ei ve c er tain emol uments as a reward fo r
per sonal serv ic e i s exem pt f rom attac hment .69
(g) S ti pends and g ratu i ties al lowed to pens ioner s of the Go vernment and po l i t ical pens ions are exempt f rom at tac hment . The
g ratu i ty i s a bonu s al lowed by Go vernment to i ts ser vants in c on
s iderat ion of pas t ser v ic es it may be al lowed in add i t ion to pens ion
and i s exem pt from attac hment. 70 “ Emol umen ts of t h i s so r t are
granted for the d igni ty of the S tate and for the dec ent suppor t o f
those per sons who are engaged in the ser v ic e of it._
I t wou ld ,
therefore, be h igh ly impo l i t ic to perm i t them to be ass igned ; fo r
persons who are l iab le to be cal led ou t in the ser v ic e of the i r c ount ry
ough t not to be tak en f rom a s tate of pover ty . Bes ides an offic er has
no c er tain interest in h i s hal f pay : for the k ing may at any t ime
st r ike him off the l i s t.” 7 1
A pens ion of a pol i t ical natu re payab le d i rec t ly by the Go vern
ment of I nd ia making per iod ical paymen ts of money by a t reaty
c ont rac ted wi th another soverei gn power i s a pol i t ical pens ion .
"
A r rear s of pol i t ical pens ion due to a pens ioner and ly ing in the
hands of the Governmen t do not lose t he i r c harac ter o f pol i t ic a l
pens ion by reason mer e ly of the pens ioner’
s death .
73 P ens ions g ran t
ed by a Rai lway Company to its ser vants being p r ivate pens ions areat tac hable.
“
(It) A l lowanc es (being less t han salary) of any publ ic officer etc
wh i l e absent f rom du ty i s exempt f rom at tac hment .
(i) An ex pec tancy of su cc ess ion by s u r v i vor s h i p o r other merely
cont ingent or poss i ble r igh t o r i nteres t c annot be attac hed. The
interes t wh ic h a Hindu rever s ioner has in the proper ty o f a dec eas ed
H indu on the deat h of the dec eased ’s w idow i s “an expec tancy o f
suc c ess ion by s ur v i vor sh i p .
”75 The in teres t in the pre- enn.
> ted pro
pe r ty o f a s uc c ess fu l pre - emptor who has not yet paid the pre e m pt i ve
69. Ganesh v . S hankar 1 0 Rom . 395
“(W ind v . Ram krishna 1 2 B om . 366
l tajaram v . Ganesh 2 3 Bo rn . 1 31 .
70. Bawan D as v . M u l Chand 6 Al l .
M uhammad v . Car l ier 5 M ad 2 72 .
7 1 . Sir Lo rd Kenyon ,C . J .
,in Flar ty
v . U cl lu in (1 790) 3 Te rm . Rep . 68 1 . S ee
S s . l l ,1 2 Pe ns io ns Ac t XX l l l H f l t‘7 l .
72 . l iis h am bat lmd ad Ali 1 7 1 A
1 8 1 ; 1 8 Cal . 2 1 6 ; M u thu samiv . A lag ia2 6 Marl . 423 ; Lachm i Narain v .
M akund 26 Al l . 6 1 7 Mohamed v .
Mohame d 7 l i. 1 69.
73.Val ia. v . Annu jani2 6 Mad . 69 .
7 4. Bhoy r u b v . M ad h ub 6 C .L . R . 1 9 .
75. 11 1 1 1 1 U hu nd t r v . D hu rmq
W. It . 17 . l } . 1 7 : 7 B . L. It . 3 1 1 Anandil tat V . liaja ram 2 2 f lo u t . 93 1 .
IN E X EC U TION C l" D ECR E E S FO R MON E Y .
p r ic e fixed by by h i s dec ree i s a mere ly cont ingen t inte res t .“76
(j ) A r igh t to fu tu re maintenanc e canno t be attac hed . But
ar rear s o f maintenanc e can be attac hed .
7 7 A hered i tary g rant o f an
al lowanc e o f paddy ou t of the me lwaram o f c er tain land i s not a
r i gh t to fu tu re maintenanc e.
78 IVhen the r igh t to maintenanc e i s
a more per sonal r igh t,it cannot be at tac hed , bu t when it i s an
in teres t in p roper ty i t can be at tac hed. Th u s,the r igh t of a
vendor to rece i ve an annu i ty from the pu r c haser ou t o f the p roper ty
so l d i s sal eable.
70
(ls) \Vhere the j u dgment - debto r i s a per son l iab le for the pay
ment of land - revenue, any moveable proper ty , wh ic h , u nder any law
for the t ime be ing app l icable to him,i s exempt f rom sa le fo r the
reco ve ry of an ar rear of s uc h r evenue, i s not l iable to at tac hment .
To affec t th i rd per sons , the at tac hmen t s hou ld be open and
no tor ious . Th us , the attac hment of moveab l e p ro per ty , other than
agr i c u l tural p roduc e,in the possess ion of the j udgmen t - debtor , shal l
be made by ac tual sei z u re and the at tac h ing offi cer shal l be r es
ponsible for the due c ustody thereo f bu t i f the p roper ty i s s u bjec t
to speedy and natu ral decay , or i f the expense of keeping i t in c us
tody is l i kely to exc eed i ts val ue, the attac h ing offic er may sel l i t
at onc e.
80
I n order to make a val id sei z u re,it is not r equ i s i te that t here
shou ld be any phys ical contac t wi th the goods . Any ac t, done by
the officer wh ic h d i s tinc tl y int imates to the debtor or h i s ser vants
that i t i s intended to exec u te the wr i t, i s enough .
8 1 The offic er mu s t
do suc h ac ts as wou ld su bjec t him to an ac t ion of trespass bu t for the
protec t ion of the wr i t , or the offic er mu st ass ume suc h c ont ro l and
possess ion over the proper ty that the real owner may br ing reple v in.
The sei z u re o f a par t wi l l b ind the who le th ing . The affix ing of a
war rant of at tac hment to the ou ter - doo r o f the ware- hou se in wh ic h
the goods be longing to the j udgment debtor are s to red , am oun ts to
76. Gorakh S ing v . S idh Gopal 2 8 79 . Tara S undar i v . S aroda CharanAl l . 383. 1 2 C . L . J . 1 46 ; Padmanand v . Rama
77 . Kasheeshu ree v . C r eesh Chunder Prasad 1 7 C .
”W. N . 662 ; 1 6 C . L . J .
6. “7 . R. Mis. 64 Haridas v . Bar oda 354 ; 1 6 C . \V. N . 1 4 1 4 C . L . J . 1 2 7
K ishore 2 7 Cal . 38 ; 4 C . W. N . 87 ; 80. O. 2 1 , r . 43 C . P . C . Ac t V of
Har r iss v . Brown 2 8 I . A . 1 59 ; 2 8 Cal . 1 908 .
62 1 5 C . W. N . 72 9 ; A sad Ali v . 8 1 . Per Lor d Denman C . J .
,in Bal ls
Haidar Ali38 Cal . 1 3 1 2 C . L . J . 1 30. v . Th ic k (1 845) 9 Ju r . 304 ; G lad stone v .
”
8 . Vaidyanatha v. Egg ia 30 M ai. Padwiek (1 87 1 ) L . R. 6 Ex. 203.
LECT U RE V
Mode of
at tachm ent .
L E "zTuR1c
COM P U LS O RY SAL ES
an ac tual se i z u re “ The offic er to wh om a war ran t i s de l i v er ed need
not h im sel f exec u te i t bu t he m ay del iver i t to h i s su bor d inate:83
A war rant c annot be exec u ted af ter the exp i ration o f the t ime
spec ified in it for exec u tion .
“
No per son,exec u ting any p rocess for sei z u re of mo veabl es ,
sh al l ente r any dwel l ing hou se af ter sunset and befo re sun - r i se .
85
Nor,sh a l l the offic er b reak Open the ou ter door o f a dwel l ing hou se
,
u n less i t i s in the oc c upancy o f the j u dgmen t - deb tor who r e fu ses
o r pre vents ac c ess th reto . B u t,when the o ffi c er has d u l y ga ined
ac c ess to any dwel l ing h ou se, he may break open the door of any
r oom in wh i c h he has r eason to be l ie ve any s u c h p roper ty to
be .When a r oom in a dweiling hou se i s in the ac tual oc c u pancy of a
woman who ac cord ing to the c us tom o f the c oun try does not
appear in pu b l ic , the per son exec u t ing the p roc ess shal l , befo re
enter ing su c h room fo r the pu rpose of se i z ing the proper ty, gi ve
notic e to suc h woman that she i s at iiber ty to wi th d raw and use
e ve ry p r ecau t ion to p re v en t its r emoval .96 A shop or godown i s
not a“ dwel l ing hou se .
” 157
The o ffic er may en ter the hou se of a th i rd per son ,i f proper ty
of the debto r i s wi th in i t bu t i f he enter s on spec u lat ion and noth ing
i s found wh ic h he can sei ze u nder the process , the per son ent i tled
to the possess ion o f the h ou se wi l l hav e a r i gh t o f ac t ion for t res
pass agai ns t him . Res i s tanc e to the tak ing of p roper ty by l awfu l
a u tho r i ty o f pu bl ic servan t i s an offence pun i s hab le u nder S . 1 83
I . P . C . B u t when the goods of a wr ong per son are sei zed, the
d ec ree ho lder i s l iable to that pe r son fo r damages,even though he
may hav e ac ted honestl v or mistakenlv .
88 A s uit for c ompensat ion
fo r wrongfu l sei z u re o f mo veable p roper ty under leg al p roc ess
may be b rough t wi th in one year f rom the date of the sei z u re .
259 The
m easu re o f damages i s the val ue of the goods on the date of at
t achm ent .
90
8 2 .M u l tan Chan d v . Bank of Mad ras
2 7 M ad . 346.
8 3. Absl u l Kar im v . Bu l len 6 All.38 5 : Dharam Chand v Q ueen Emp ress
2 2 Ca l . 596 ; S hoo P r ogar h v . l il too p
Na rim 2 2 Ca l .
8 1 . O . 2 1 . r . 2 1 (3) C . C . Ac t Vo f 1 508 : Anand La l l v . Em press 1 0 Cal .
1 8 1 3 C . I It . 209 ; Abinash v , Ananda1 Cal . 42 4 .
85. In E ng land a wr i t o f F ier i Fac iascannot be exec u ted on a S u nday in c onse
quence o f S unday Obser vanc e Ac t , 1 67 7.
86. S . (32 (J. I’. C . Ac t V o f 1 908 .
8 7 . Damodar y . l -s liwa l ’ 3 B e n . 89.
88 . Gonna v . iokaldas 3 B orn . 7 4.
80. Ar t 2 9 S c h . I L im i tat ion Ac t: IX
o f 1 908 .
Mohu u v . Hu r sukh D 3 3
1 7 l . A.1 7 . 1 7 Cal . H 0.
L ra'
rU RE V .
(a ) De bt .
CO M P U LSO RY SA LE S
and c ons t r uc t i v e ly in the po ssess ion o f the pl edgee , canno t be remov ed,
so as to aff ec t the p ledgee ’s r igh t o v e r t hem,exc ept u pon payment
of the amou nt to sec u re wh ic h they are in pawn .
94
The attac hment of a debt,not sec u red by a negot iab le ins tr ument
,
shal l be made by a wr i tten o rder p roh i b i t ing the c red i tor f rom r e
c o ver ing the debt and the deb to r f rom mak ing payment thereo f , u nt i l
the fu r ther o rder o f. the Cou r t .95 The at tac hm ent mu st o perate
a t the t ime when it i s ma de,so the debt m us t be an ascer tained
[ 1 1 d defini te amoun t ac tua l ly d ue to the j udgment- debto r, payab l e ,
e i the r presentl y , o r in the f u tu re , by r eason of a present obl i gat ion.
Th u s , a l lowance, pr i vate pens ion and wages of p r i vate ser van ts
that have become d ue ar e debts .
96 Wh ere the debtor gave a c heque
to the j udgment- deb to r , the re ar e no funds in the debto r'
s hand to be
attac hed , al tho ugh the c heq ue was not then presen ted for payment.9 7
D ebts,wh ic h are d ue c ontingen tly and wh ic h
,ther efore, may
never become due,are not s u bjec t to garnislnnent .
93 The sum
at tac hed mu s t be one wh ic h the deb tor c ou ld , i f it had ac tual ly
ac c r ued d ue and bu t for the attac hmen t - order,
recove r f rom the
garn i shee by ac tion . When the deb t sough t to be at tac hed i s a debt
d ue to the j udgment - debto r and another person i t cannot be at tac h ed
to answer the debt of the forme rfi’ The absence of the j udgmen t.
debto r ’s c red i tor f rom B r i t i s h Ind ia does not p re vent the debt f rom
being at tac hed .
100 B u t,a debt payabl e to the j udgment - debtor
o u ts ide the j u r i sd ic t ion by a per son not res ident wi th in the j u r i s
d ic t ion o f the Cou r t c annot be at tac hed .
101 The exac t amount of
the debt need not be s tated .
“ The at tac hment does not prevent
the j udgment - debtor f rom su ing h i s deb tor fo r it, or p rosec u t ing the
94 . Young v . Lamber t (1 8 70) L . R . sh u ree v . C r eesh Chund er 6 \V. R . M is .
l C . 1 1 2 Roger s v . Kennay (1 846) 9 64 Bhoyr u b v . Mad hab 6 C . L . R . 1 9 ;
Q B . 592 ; 1 5 L . J . Q . B . 38 1 . Ayyavayar v . Virasami 2 1 M ad . 393
U . 2 1 , r . 46 (I )C . P . C . Ac t V Deb i P ras ad v . Lewis 31 A l l . 304 .
o l 1 903 . 97 . B hagvandas v . Abd u l H u sse in‘Hj . l ’ad m anand v . Rama Prasad I t} 3 a . 49.
L' W . N . 1 4 1 4 C . L . J . 1 2 7 Ha ridas 98 . F reeman on exec u t ions 1 64 .
v . Ba roda K ish o re 2 7 Cal . 38 ; 4 C .W. N.99 . Mac donald v . Tacquah Go ld m ines
257 Nilku n to v . Hu r ro 3 Cal . ~l l ~l (1 584) 1 3 Q . B . I) . 535.
1 C . L. It . 4 1 2 T u fiaza l v . Ragho 1 00. Gham sham lal v . Bhansal i 5
na t h 1 11 M oo . 40 ; 7 i. L . It . 1 8 6 Har Bo rn . 2 49.
S hankar v . Baijnat h 2 3 Al l . 1 64 ; S he r 1 01 . Begg Du n lop Co . V . JaganS ingh V . S ril tam 30 Al l . 2 1 6 Ahmad nath 39 Cal . 1 04 1 6 C . \V. N . 402 .
u d d in v . Maj l is lid 3 Al l . 1 2 ; Phu l 1 02 . Madho D as v. Ran1 ji1 6 AIL ZSG.
Chand V . Chand M al 31) A l l . 2 52 : lias liee
IN EX EC U T ION 0 19 D EGR EES FOR M ONEY .
s u i t al ready i ns ti tu ted .
‘03 The debt sough t to be at tac hed m u st not L iar -
r um; V
be affec ted by any t rus t other than fo r the bene fi t o f the deb to r .
Th u s , i f the debtor be an exec u tor and the debt i s d ue to the es tate ,
h i s own c red i tor has no r igh t o r c laim to at tac h it .wl
The deb t”
inc l udes a mor tgage- deb t and the attac hment shou ldbe made in the same manner as any o th er debt and the p u rc hasercan sue for the rec o very of the mor tgage- debt per sona l ly as we l l asby sal e of the mor tgaged pr ope r ty , e ven i f it h ad not been attac hed
under 0. r . 54 C. P . C . Ac t V o f Wh e re the garni s hee
(j udgment - deb tor’
s debto r) d i spu tes h i s l iabi l i ty,the Cou r t may
o rder that any i ss ue o r ques t ion nec essar v fo r the determ inat ion of
h is l iab i l i ty be t r ied or determ ined in any manner in wh ic h any
quest ion or i ss ue in an ac t ion may be t r ied or determ ined,
106and
the dec ree- ho lder may have it sold o r hav e a rec e i ver appo intedu nder S . 51 C . P . C. Ac t V of 1 908 to r ec o ve r the debt from him by
a su i t. 107
A share in the cap i tal o f a Co rporat ion may be at tac hed by a. (0) Shares .
wr i tten order proh i bi t ing the per son in whose name it may be
s tand ing f rom t rans fer r ing the same or r ece i v ing any d i v idend
t hereon.
‘03 The at tac hment o f o ther mo veable p rope r ty not in
possess ion o f the jmlgment- debtor , exc ept the p roper ty depos i ted
in or in the c ustodv o f any Cour t, shal l be made by a wr i tten order
proh i bi ti ng the per son in pos sess ion o f the same f rom gi v ing it o v e r
to the j udgment - debtor .
1 09 The proh i bi tory o rder shal l be affixed
on some conspic uous par t of the Cou r t- hou se and shal l al so be ser v ed
on the per son
¥Vhe re the proper ty to be at tac hed i s the share or i nter es t(c) Good s .
of the j udgment - debtor in mo veable p roper ty jo int ly be longing to
him and ano ther c o- owner , the attac hment shal l be made by a not ic e
1 03. Sh ib S ingh v . S i taram 1 3 Al l .
76 ; Bet i v . Co l l . of E twab 2 2 I . A .
3 1 ; 1 7 Al l . 1 98 .
1 04. Bonneh v . S evenoaks Rai l . Co .
(1 8 79) 4 E x. D . 1 33.
1 05. Kar im - un - n issa v . Phu l Chand 1 5Al l . 1 34 D ebeud ra Coomer v . Roop Lal l1 2 Cal . 546 Kashinath v . Sadasi~a
20 Cal . 805 ; Bal dev v . Ram chand ra
1 0 Rom . 1 2 1 ; Tar vadi v . B ai Kash i2 6 B om . 305 ; M uniappa v . Sabra Mania
1 8 NLML 437 .
106. S ee 0. XLV r . 4 Ru les o f the
S up reme Cou r t , 1 883.
1 07 . TRK t v. f\nunna l l BOHL 4 18 .
1 08 . O. 2 1,r . 45 (I ) C . P . C. Ac t V
of 1 908 .
1 09. O. r . 1 6 (I ) C . P. C . Ac t V .
of 1 908 .
1 10. O, i. l o’
(2 ) C . l“
. C . Ac t
a t 1 008 .
LE e '
runE V .
i~ Par tnersh ip pr oper ty .
v . Nego t iab lein : t r um en t .
Dec r ee .
COM P U LSORY SALE S
to the j udgment - debtor from t rans fer r ing or c harging i t in any
a .
I l l
The proper ty belonging to a par tner sh i p shal l not be at tac hed
o r sold in exec u tion of a dec ree, other than a dec r ee passed agains t
the firm or agains t the par tner s in the fi rm as suc h .
1 1 2 B u t on the
appl icat ion of the holder of a dec ree against a par tner , the Cou r t
may make an o rder c harg ing the inter es t of s uc h par tner in the
par tner sh ip proper ty and profits wi th payment of the dec reta l
amount and appo int ing a rec ei v er and making an order for the sale
of su c h interes t . 1 1 3
The attac hment of a negot iable ins t rument no t depos i ted in
Cou r t , nor in the c u stody o f a p u bl i c offi c er , shal l be made by ac tual
seiz u re.
1m The attac hmen t of proper ty in the c us tody of a Cou r t o r
pu b l ic offic er shal l be made by a not ic e to s uc h Cou r t o r offic er
r equest ing that su c h proper ty and any interes t or d i v idend bec om ing
payable thereon ma’
yr be he ld su bj ec t to the fu r ther o rder of the
Cou r t i ssu ing the not ic e and any ques ti on of t i t le o r p r ior i ty ar i s ing
between the dec ree- hol der and any per son other than the j udgment
deb tor shal l be determ ined by su c h Cou r t . 1 1 5
The at tac hmen t o f a dec ree, e i ther for the payment of money or
for sal e in enfor c emen t of a mor tgage or c harge , shal l be made by an
o rder of the Cou r t, i f the dec ree were passed by i tse l f, bu t otherwi se
by a no tic e requ es t ing the Cour t wh i c h passed the dec r ee to stay
the exec u t ion o f its dec ree .
1 1 6 I f the Cou r t exec u tes the dec ree
no tw i th stand ing the not ic e,its p roc eed ings wi l l be u l t ra cir cam
D ec rees other than money - dec rees and mor tgage - dec rees may al so
be attac hed by a not i c e by the Cou r t p roh i b i ting the ho l der o f
the dec ree f rom trans fer r ing or c harging the same in any way ,
“ 8 bu t
there be ing no pro v i sion fo r exec u t ion o f these dec rees in the abo v e
manne r , they m u s t be so ld l i ke o ther saleable proper t ies .1 1 9 An
] 1 1 . U . 2 1,r . 47 C . P . C . Ac t V of of 1 908 .
1 008 . 1 1 7 . Man iok Lal v . Bonomal i 32 Cal .1 1 2 . 0 . C . C . Ac t V 1 1 04 ; 1 0 C . w. N . 1 93 ; 3
o f 1 008 . l larhma D in v . Baj i 1 1 31 1 2 6 Al l . 9 1 .
1 1 55.( 1
.~10 (2 ) C . P . C . Ac t V 1 1 8 . 533 - l ) C . P . C . Ac t o f
o f 1 908 . 1 908 .
1 1 l . t ). J ] . r . 5 1 P . Ac t V o f 1 1 0. Com pa r e S . 2 73 o f Ac t X IV of
1008 . 1 8 32 in wh i c h the wo rd s o r the sale in
1 1 5 .U 2 1 . r . t l
’
. t'
. Ac t V o f en fo r c emen t o f a mor tgage or c harge
1 008 . we r e ab s en t . H e nc e there n as a c o n fl ic t1 1 6 . 0. 13 1 . r . 33 l l ) l
‘
. C . Ac t V o f r u l ing n, to whe ther m e Hg age d ec rees
LEC'
I‘
U RE V .
COM P U LS ORY SALE S
at tac hmen t before j udgment subs i s ts for the benefi t not on l y of
the fi r s t app l icat ion bu t al so o f the subseq uent app l ic ation .
1 28
When the su i t i s d i sm i ssed an at tac hmen t befor e j udgment c eases
and does not r e v i v e on the re ver sal of the j udgmen t on appeal .1 29
No s t ranger to the ac t ion can obtain an order quash ing the
exec u t ion. To th i s r u le an exc eption pr obab ly exi s ts in favor o f
per sons who, t hough not par t ies to the ac tion,m us t nec essar i ly be
p rej ud iced by the en for c ement of the wr i t,suc h as, su bsequen t pu r
c haser s , l ien- ho lder s and exec u t ion or at tac hmen t c red i tor s .
1 30 I f a.
c laim to, or an objec t ion to the. at tac hm ent of,p roper ty i s made,
it shou ld be invest igated by the Cou r t , u nless the c la im or objec t ion
was disignedly or u nnec essar i l y delayed and pend ing the in v es t iga
t ion the sale may be stayeddi“1 Th i s r ule mere l y g i ves a c laimant
,
not a par ty to the su i t, a speedy and summary remedy bu t i t does
not depr i ve him of h i s remedy by su i t. 1 32
Where the proper ty i s not subjec t to exec u t ion,i t i s not nec essary
for the c laiman t to make any c laim d ur ing the c ou r se of t he p roc eed
ings taken for the sale of h is p roper ty , for whether he makes s u c h
c laim or no t, the sale is abso l u tely vo id and the pu rc haser may be
su c c ess fu l ly res i sted in any ac t ion wh ic h he may br ing for the
pu r pose of r eco vering possess ion, or of enforc ing any o th er c laim
wh ic h he may c hoose to make .
1 33 B ut a j udgmen t - debto r , who
m i gh t have rai sed objec t ions p r ior to sale bu t who has refrained f rom
doing so, has no r igh t after the sale has been car r ied ou t to p refer
an objec t ion that the pr oper ty sold was not legal ly saleab le .
1 34 I f,
1 2 B . L . R . 41 1 20W . R . 1 33 ; K ishen 1 30. F reeman on E xec u t ions § 75 .
Lal v . Charat S ingh 2 3 Al l . 1 1 4 ; Peary 1 31 . O. 2 1 , r . 58 C . P . C . Ac t V o f
Lal v . Chand i Charan 1 1 C . \V. N . 1 908 .
1 63 ; 5 C . L . J . 80 ; Kamar u din v . 1 32 . S u ndar Singh v . G has i 1 8 Al l .
Jawah i r 32 I , A , 1 02 ; 2 7 Al l . 4 10 ; K rishnac hupati v . Vikarama 1 8
1 C .L
.J . 38 1 ; Bhagwan v . Khe t te r M ad . 1 3 ; Raghu na th v . Sarosh Kama
Mon i 1 C . W’
.N
. 6 1 7 ; Rangasam i v . 2 3 Born . 2 66 ; Kanbaya Lal v . Nat ionalPeriasami1 7 M ad . 58 M ungu l Pe rshad
dank Of l l l t lid 40 I A 515 40 Cal . 593
v . G r ija Kant 8 I . A . 1 2 3 ; 8 C ar] . 51 ; 1 7 C . “7. N . 51 1 : 1 7 C . l J . 478 .
1 1 C . L . R . 1 1 3 S r in ivasa v . S w r i R in 1 313. F reeman o n Vo id J ud ic ial S ales1 7 M ad . 1 80 ; Mahom ed M o zu l l
’
c r v .
K ishor i Moh u n 2 2 1 .A . 1 20 ; 2 2. 1 31 . G o pal Chand ra v . No tobar 1 6
Cal . 909i
; Hafiz v .A bd u l lah 1 15Al l . C . N . 1 029 ; U med v . Jas Ram 20
1 2 8 .Ganesh Chand ra v .
Banwar i Lal Al l . (51 2 l las ti Ram v . Fa t tu 8 A l l .
l ti(J. N . 1 01 17 1 0 C . L . . l . 80. I N ; R anic hh aibar v . l l Cc l iu 7 Al l .
1 2 0. S asiiam a Kum ar i v . M e hc r han ti- l l l‘
and u r ang v . K rishanji 2 8 Rom .
Khan 1 3 L. . l . B IB. l " (hiha r Kha l i l'a V . Kash i M u d di
IN EX lit‘
l'
T l U X U F l t lrlc‘
lilil‘ls‘
FU R M ONEY .
howe v er,he was not aware o f the proc eed ings in attac hment and Lsc
'
rumzv
sale, the appl icat ion to set as ide the sal e wou l d be enter tained .
1 35
“h ere the proper ty is d i rec ted to be so ld in exec ut ion of a
mor tgage - dec ree the r u le does not appl y , as t he proper ty does no t
req u i r e to be attac h ed in exec u t ion o f su c h a dec ree, for the r igh t of
sale does not depend u pon the at tac hment bu t i s confer r ed by the
dec ree i tsel f .‘3‘ An emission to take exc ept ion to the val id i ty of
attac hmen t, on the ground that the prope r ty so ugh t to be at tac hed i s
not t rans ferable at the t ime wh en the appl icat ion was made fo r
attac hment befor e ju dgment,does not pr ec l ude an in vest igation of the
obj ec t ions wh en an applicat ion i s made for exec u t ion of the dec ree .
1 37
To prev ent c on fu s ion in the exec u t ion of dec rees when attac h
men t i s made in exec u t ion of dec rees of more Cou r t s than one,the
Co u r t o f the h igh es t g rade,or wh er e there i s no d i fferenc e in
grade be tween su c h Cou r ts , the Cou r t u nder whose dec ree the
proper ty was fir s t at tac hed shal l r ece i v e or real i ze suc h p rope r ty
and dete rm ine any c laim t hereto o r any objec t ion to the at tac h
m ent thereof . 1 38 The c ou r se to be adopted by the Cou r t of highe r
grade in a case where the sale i s made by the lower Cour t i s to
ac c ept the sale and send for the sale proc eeds for d i s tr i bu t ion amongst
the dec ree - ho l der s .
1 39
2 7 Cal . 41 5 4 C . \V. N .
‘
557 ; MajedHossen v . Raghu bu r 2 7 Cal . 1 87 .
1 35. D urga Charan v . Kal i Prasanna2 6 Cal . 72 7 ; 3 C . W . N . 586 ; Dau lat8 irii v . J ugal K isho re 2 2 All . 1 08 .
1 36 . Daya Chand v . Hem Chand 451 5 ; Venkatanarasammah v .
Ram iah 2 M ad . 1 08 Him at ram v . Khu
shal 1 8 B orn . 98 ; D eefhol ts v . Pe ter s1 4 Cal . 631 ; Sanwal D as v . B ism i l lah1 0 Al l . 480 ; Wom da Khanum v . Rajr oop 3 Cal . 345 1 C . L . R . 2 95.
1 37 . Basiram v . Kat tyayani 38 Cal .
448 .
1 38 . S . 63 (1 ) C . P . C . Ac t V of
1 908 Tu rm uklal v . Kalyandas 1 9 B orn .
1 2 7 ; Bal l u Ram v . Ragh ubar 1 6 Al l .
1 1 ; Ram Narain v . M ina 25 Cal . 46 ;
B ykan t Nath v . Rajend r o Narain 1 2 Cal .
333. Compar e the word s“has been
at tached in S . 2 85,Ac t XIV of 1 88 2 ;
S t owe l l v . Aju dhia 6 Al l . 2 55. U nd er
Born .
S . 2 85 Ac t XIV of j 1 882 when a sale
was effec ted by a Cou r t of lower grad e
in a case wh ere it ough t to have beeneffec ted by a Cou r t of h igher grade
the sale ac cord ing to Calc u t ta, Bombayand Mad ras dec is ions was no t for that
r eason inval id Bykan t Nath v. Rajend ro Narain 1 2 Cal . 333 Rain Nara in v .
M ina 2 5 Cal . 46 ; Gop i Chand v . Kas iinunnissa 34 Cal . 836 ; 6 C . L . J . 1 30
Abd u l Kar im v . Thakordas 2 2 Bo rn .
A l lahabaddec is ion s it was absolu t ely vo id as one
88 ; bu t ac cord ing t o t he
m ad e w i tho u t ju r isd ic t ion Ch i ranj iJawah ir 2 6 Al l . 538 Har Prasad v .
Jag-
an Lal 2 7 Al l . 56 ; D ur pati B ib i v .
Rain Rach Pal 31 Al l . 52 7 .
1 39. S . 63 (2 )C . P . C . Ac t V of 1 908
Bykan t Nath v . Rajend ro Narain 1 2 Cal .333 Pat el Naranj i v . He r idas 1 8 B orn .
458 .
Re lease fr r m
at tachm en t.
COM P U LSORY SALE ?
The c laiman t or objec tor mu st show that at the date o f attac h
m ent he had some interes t in,o r was possessed o f
,the proper ty .
1 4°
B u t he c anno t ask the Cou r t to inqu i re into any er ro r o r ir reg u la
r i ty o f j udgment o r exec u t ion wh ic h is m er e ly void abl e and wh i c h
has not been quashed or se t as ide . I t i s open to an i nso l vent j udg
ment - deb tor in a proceed ing u nder the P rovinc ial I nsol vency Ac t I I I
of 1 907 to rai se the q ues t ion wh ether the proper ty o rdered to be
so ld i s or i s not saleable.
“ l
The exec u t ion - c red i tor not be ing bound by es toppel s aff ec t ingthe debtor , goods c an be sei zed to wh ic h the lat te r wou ld be prec l ud
ed f rom asser t ing any t i t l e and he c an al so in the e vent o f l i t i gation
set up defenc es wh i c h the exec ut ion - debto r c ou ld not rai se .
“ 2
S im i lar ly ,when the p roper ty in the good s remains in the deb to r ,
bu t he i s prevented by estoppe l f rom asser t ing h i s r igh t. in them,
the exec u t ion - c red i tor may ne ve r the less,as agai nst a c laimant
,a vai l
h im sel f of h i s deb tor ’ s t i t le.
“ 3 The c la imant i s not bound by the
r ec i tal in the dec ree.
1 44
A mor tgagee in possess ion of the m or tgaged proper ty at the t ime
o f at tac hment can c laim to have the at tac hment remo ved .
1 45 I n
the i n vest i gat ion, wh ic h i s a summary one, the Cou r t has to deter
m ine mer e ly the q ues t ion o f possess ion and i t cannot g o into the
q ues t ion of t i tle wi th respec t to the p roper ty attac h e d.“ 6 The
possession i s not rest r i c ted to a m ere tangi bl e or phys i cal possess ion
bu t inc l udes c ons tr uc t i v e possess ion o r possess ion in law o f debts
and other intangi b le proper ty .
“ 7
P roper ty at the t ime of attac hment, not in the possess ion o f the
j tu l gment - deb to r,o r some por son in tr us t fo r him
,or in the possess ion
of the j udgment - debtor , not on h i s own ac c o unt bu t on ac c ount o f,o r in t r u s t for
,some o ther pe r son
,shal l be released f rom attac h
ment . “8 I t i s not nec essary to show that the t r u s t i s one capab le
1 40. O. 2 1, r . 59 C .P .C. Ac t V of 1 908 . H . C . 1 00.
1 4 1 . Arman Sardar v . Satkh ira J o in t 1 46. M onmohiney v . Radha K r is toS toc k Co . 1 8 C . L . J . 564. 2 9 Cal . 543 ; Ham id v . Bukh tear 1 4 Cal .
1 42 . Chase v . C oble (1 841 ) 2 M an . 6 1 7 S heo raj v . Gopa l 1 8 Cal . 2 90.
& (t 930 ; bu t see l ‘h lward s v . Eng l ish 1 47 . Chidam l un‘
a v . {an tasamy 2 7
(1 857 ) 2 6 L. J . Q .B
. 1 93. Mad . 67 see con t ra Harilal v . Abhesang
l l R ic ha rd s J ohnson (1 859)
2 8 L . J . Ex. 32 2 .1 48 . O. 2 1 r . 60 C . P . C . Ac t V o f
1 4 1 . Sarba S u nd ar i v . Harc nd ra Lal 1 908 ; Bhagwan v . Khe t ter Mon i 1
1 2 C . L . .l . 540. C . W. N . 6 1 7 ; Sabhapathi v . Narayana1 45. Kassirav v . \ 1 t hah las 1 0 Bo th . sam i 2 3 M a d. 555 see a lso B haiji . v
Lsc ruan
Dec larator y
COM P U LSORY SAL E S
M ad ras o r Bombay i s a “ j udgment
1 5 o f the Char ter .
1 57
The par ty,agains t whom an o rder i s passed on inves ti gat ion
,
mav i nst i tu te a su i t to es tabl i sh h i s r i gh t to the p roper ty in d i spu te,i.a.
,the r igh t to have i t so l d o r r e leased it f rom at tac hment and not
and i s appealable under c lau se
the r i gh t to the proper ty i tsel f .1 639
There i s no law p resc r i bing
the ex tent o f the inves ti gat ion.
” B ut i t i s only an o rder p ur por t
ing to deal wi th the c la im on the mer i ts and not d i sm i s s ing i t fo r
de fau l t i s an o rder passed on i nves t igat i on .
1 60 To dec ide whet her
1 c laim i s r eal ly one u nder 0. 2 1 , r . 58 C . P . C . Ac t V o f 1 908 , the
Cou r t m u s t look to the su bstanc e o f the c laim and order and not
mere l y to th e i r form and language.
1 6 1
Unless a su i t i s b rough t wi th in one year f rom the date of the
order,the order i s c onc l us i ve and the par ty agains t whom the order
i s made cannot asser t the r igh t den ied to him by the o rdea l“? The
objec t of Ar t . 1 1 S ch . I L im i tat ion Ac t IX o f 1 908 i s to sec u re
prom pt and speedy determ inat ion of the ques t ions rai sed in exec u
1 57 . S abhapathiv . Narayauasami25
M ad . 555.
1 58 . O. 2 1,r . 63 C . P . C . Ac t V
cil 9o8 ; M o rshia Barayal v . E lah i B ux3 C . L . J . 38 1 Kedar Nath v . RakhalD as 1 5 Cal . 674 ; K r ishna Prasad v .
Rep in Behar i 31 Cal . 2 2 8 ; M it che l l v .
Math u ra Dass 1 2 I . A . 1 50 ; 8 Al l . 6 ;
Narayan rav v . Balk r ishna 4 Born. 52 9
Ganesh v . Kash i Nath 2 6 Al l . 89 Bhagwan D as v . Raj Nath 34 Al l . 365.
1 59. S u r namoyiv . Ashu tosh 2 7 Cal .
7 1 4 ; Rahimbu x v . Abd u l Kader 32
Cal . 537 ; S arat v . Tar ini 34 Cal . 49 11 1 C . W . N . 48 7 ; Kunj v . Kandh 6
(J. L . J . 362 ; A l iman v .
1 C . L . J . 2 96.
1 60. Sarala v . Kamsale 31 Mad . 5
1 7 M . L . J . 554 ; Koyyana v . Doosy2 9 M ad . 2 25 ; 1 6 M . L . J . 1 36 ;
Jod o onath v . Radhamonee 7 \V. R .
'
2 56
B . I R . S u p . 643 ; Kam essu r v . Kad i r2 0W . R . 393 ; Rash Behar i v . Gop inath1 1 (J. L . R . 352 ; Jugobundhodv. Sachya
1 6 W . R . 2 2 ; Chand ra B hu san v . R am
Kan th 1 2 Cal . 1 08 ; B hikha v . Sakar lal
5 How . 440; Pu llaiu ma v . Prado sham 1 3
D hakeshwar
_L . J . 1 36 Harish
‘
ankar v .
M ad . 31 6 ; M unisami v . Aru nachala 1 8
M ad . 2 65 ; Shiboo Narain v . M add en
A l ly 7 Cal . 608 9 C . L . R . 8 ; Sard hari
Lml v . Amb ika P er shad 1 5 I . A. 1 2 3 ; 1 5
Cal . 52 1 K hu b Lal v . Ram Loshu u 1 7
Cal . 2 60 ; Nenu gauda v . Paresha. 2 2
B o rn . 640 ; S arat v . Tar in i 34 Cal . 491
1 1 C . W. N . 48 7 ; Angan Lal v . G udarM al 1 0 Al l . 479 M eer u diu v . Rab isa Bibi2 7 Vithoba 1 2
Bom . 231 .
1 61 . S u rnamoyiv . Ashu tosh 2 7 Cal .
7 1 4 ; Buksh i v . Sheo Pergash 1 2 Cal .
453.
1 62 . O. 2 1,r . 63 C . P . C . Ac t V of
1 908 ; Ar t . 1 1 S ch . I L im i tat ion Ac t I Xo f 1 908 ; N i lo v . Rama 9 B om . 3
Ba i lu r v . Laks lnnana 4 M ad . 302 ;
Paresha 2 2 Bom . 640 ;
2 60 ;
S u rnamoyi v . Ashu tosh 2 7 Cal . 7 1 4
Koyyana v . Doosy 2 9 M ad . 2 25 1 6 M .
Naran 1 8
B om . 2 60 ; Rahimbux v . Abd u l Karl er
32 Cal . 537 Rajaram v . Raghubansman
2 4 Cal . 563 ; Sard hari Lal v . Amb ikaPe r shad 1 5 1 . A . 1 2 3 ; 1 5Cal . 52 1 .
Yash van t v .
Nemagaud l v .
K hub Lal v. Ram Lochuu 1 7 Cal .
1 47IN E X ECU TION OF D EGR E E S FOR MONEY .
t ion sal es and that objec t wou ld be f r us t rated , i f a par ty ,uns uc c ess fu l
on ac c ount of h i s own lac hes o r vo l untary non- p rod uc t ion o f e v idenc e,
were al lowed to p lead t hat the order was a nu l l i ty , notwi ths tand ing
that the proc eed ing was c ontent io u s unt i l the day o f hear ing .
1 63
As the objec t of a c la im i s merel y to obtain the r emova l of an
at tac hment , i t fo l lows that when the dec ree in exec u t ion o f wh ic h
the p roper ty was attac hed ,was sat i sfied wi th in one year f rom the
date of the order , a su i t b ro ugh t by a c laiman t to r ec o v er posses
s ion o f the p roper ty i s no t bar re d by Ar t . 1 1 S c h. I L im i tat ion
Ac t I X of
he may pre vent the sale by pay ing the dec retal am ou n t and then sue
Nor , i s the c la iman t ob l iged to b r ing a su i t , fo r
the j udgment - debtor for money pa id u nder c ompu l s ion o f law i.e .,
under p ressu re o f exec u t ion -
pr oc eed ings .
1 65 Though at tac hm en t
o f a per son’s land gi ves him a cause of ac t ion on wh ic h he cou ld hav e
b rough t on ac t ion bu t did no t, yet the sale of the same at a late r
date gi ves him a f res h cau se of ac t ion on wh ic h he c ou ld su e w i t h in
s i x year s from the date of sale under Ar t . 1 20S c h . I L im i tat i on
Ac t I X of
I f stand ing c rops at tac hed be so ld pend ing the in v es t igat ion , the
c laim does not bec ome nugatory bu t the s uc c ess fu l c laimant is
ent i t led to the pr i c e real i zed at the sale wi th ou t dedu c t ion fo r har
ves t ing c harges , as S s . 69 and 70 LC. Ac t IX of 1 8 7 2 do no t appl y
to su c h a case .
1 67
When a quest ion has been t r ied the mat ter i s r es j u dicata an d
cannot be r eopened , mere ly becau se the ass ignee f rom the j udgm en t
debtor has not been made a par ty.
‘68 B u t an order in favor of one
dec ree - helder does no t enu re fo r the benefit of o t her dec ree - ho lde rs,
not par t ies to the p roc eed ings .
1 69 I n a su i t by the dec ree - bo lde r
1 63. A l iman v . D hakeshwar 1 C . L. J .
2 96 Lu chmiv . M ar tind el l 1 9 Al l . 2 53.
56 40 Cal . 598 ; 1 7 C . \V. N . 54 1 ; 1 7
C . L. J . 478 ; Jugd eo v . Raja S ingh 1 5
1 64. Kr ishna v . Rep in 31 Cal . 2 2 8 ; Cal . 656 ; Jasvatsingji V . Sec . of S tat e
I brahimbhai v . Kabu labhai 1 3 B om . 1 4 B om . 2 99.
72 ; Gopal P u rsho tam v . BaiD ival i 1 8 1 66. Anant H razu v . Narayanarazu
B om . 2 41 ; U m esh Ch unde r v . Raj 36 M ad . 383.
B u l lub 8 Cal . 2 79 ; 10 C. L . R . 20 ; 1 67 . Ras i k C hand ra v. Jiteu dra
Kashinath v . Ramchan ira 7 B om . 408 ; Kumar 1 5 C . L . J . 1 67 .
M orshia. Barayal v . E lah i B ux 3 C . L . J .
38 1 .
1 65. D u lic hand v. R u n K r ishin8 I . A . 03 ; 7 Cal . 648 Kanh tya Lal
v . Nat ional Bank of Ind ia 40 I . A .
1 68 . U mesh Chand ra v . Ma dhu S u dan9 C . L . J . 356 ; Ram K i r pal v . R u p
Kuar i I I I . A . 37 ; 6 Al l . 2 69.
1 69. Jagan Nath v . Ganesh 1 8 Al l
41 3
L EL‘T U aF. V .
S u i t u nnec es
sary .
LECTU RE V .
COM P U LSORY SALE S
the j udgment - deb tor i s not a necessary par ty .
”0 B u t in a su i t bv
an uns uc c ess fu l c laimant the j u dgment - debtor i s a nec essary par ty .
l 7 l
The c laimant may in th i s s u i t al so ask for any fu r th er o r c ou se
quential rel ief e.g . ,damages for wrong fu l sei z u r e bu t he i s not bou nd
to do so.
”2
Un less an order i s passed agains t a per son,he need not b r ing h i s
su i t wi th in one year from the date of the The j udgment
deb tor i s not necessar i l y “a par ty agains t whom an order i s made
”
so as to prec l ude him f rom ins t i t u ting a su i t agains t a suc c ess fu l
c laimant wi th in the o rd inary per iod of l im i tat ion app l icab le to the
su i t to es tabl is h h i s t i tle to the proper ty r eleased m A s a re ver
sioner has no r igh t to sue for possess ion du r ing the widow’ s l i fe
t ime,he i s not debar red from su ing for possess ion after one year
fr om the date of the o rder r ejec ting h i s c laim fi "
The plaint in suc h a su i t i s c hargeabl e wi t h a cou r t fee s tamp of
R s. 1 0under Ar t. 1 7 Cl . 1 , S c h. I I of the Cou r t - Fees Ac t VI I of 1 870though the p laint i ff may c laim conseq uent ial re l ie f . 1 76 The bu rden
of proofs l ies on the p la int i ff as in other c ases .
‘7 7 The de fendan t
c an shew that the t rans fer to the c laimant p lainti ff was wi th intent
to def raud him .
1 78
A t tac hment i s tak ing p roper ty into the c ustody of law i t
c onfer s no t i t le on the attac h ing c red i tor in the p roper ty i tsel f.
He mere ly ac qu i res .a l ien or r i gh t to ha v e the p roper ty kep t in
cu stodia leg/ 2'
s and to make i t avai lable for the sat i s fac t ion of h i s
dec ree by c u tt ing off al l s ubseq uen t as s i gnments and t rans fers and
1 70. Ghasi Ram v. Mangal Chand Guru va v . S u bbarayu d u 1 3 M ad . 366 ;
2 8 Al l . 4 1 . M oidin v . Kunb i 25 M ad . 72 1 K r ishna1 7 1 . Ghasi Ram v . Mangal ( hand sam i v . Seim sumlaram 30 Mad . 335
2 8 Al l . 41 . Vadapal liv . D ronamaraju 31 Mad . 1 63 .
1 72 . Sadu bin v . Ram bin 1 6 B om . 608 1 75. Tai v . Lad u 20 B om . 801
Kissorimohun v . Harsukh D as 1 7 I . A . R tjaram v . Ragh u lmnsaman 2 4 Cal .
1 7 1 7 Cal . 436 ; Ambu v . Ket lilamma 563 Makhu n v . Koond u n 2 I . A . 2 10
1 4 M ad . 2 3 ; Kristnam v . Pathma 1 5 B . L . R . 2 2 8 ; 2 4 W . R . 75.
20M ad . 1 51 . 1 76 . D hondo v . C ovim l 9 Bom . 20
1 73. Ru tnessu r v . Majeda 7 W . R . I ’hu l Ku mar i v . Ghanashyam 35 1 . A .
2 52 ; Monohu r v . Troy l u ckho 4 2 2 ; 35 Cal . 202 ; 1 2 C . W . N . 1 69 ;
W . R . 35 ; Rash tc har i v . Gop inath 1 1 7 C . L . J . 36 .
C . L . It . 352 ; Jo d oonath v . Radhamonc c 1 7 7 . Nannhi Jan v . Bhu r i 30 A”.
If». L . R . S u p . 6 1 3 7 \V. R . (E l l 256
Rajaiam v . R aghubansman 2 4 Val . 563. 1 78 . Abd u l Nad e r v . Ali Mia 1 6
1 7 1 . S liivapa v . I ‘m l l l lit il n . l l 1 C .\V
. N . 7 1 7 .
Ked ai Na th v . Rakhal h as 1 5 V a l . 6 7 1
LECTU RE V .
1 50 COMPU LSORY san s
the r igh ts of the at tac h ing c red i tor ! “ B u t i f the amoun t sec u r ed
by the renewed mor tgage or by the assi gnmen t ex c eeds the amount
d ue on the mor tgage at the date of at tac hment , new sec u r i ty to
that extent wi l l be vo id .
1 8 15 The trans fe r of an easement i s a t rans
fer of an interes t in immoveable prOper ty .
286 The t rans feree i s
a rep resentati v e of the j u dgmen t - deb tor and i s bound by the dec ree
so far as the interes t t rans fe r red i s c onc erned .
1 87
The attac hment mu s t be effec tual .1 88 A p r i vate t rans fer i s not
absol u te ly vo id bu t vo id onl y as agains t al l c laim s eafor ceable under
the attac hment i.e. , the c laims of the dec ree- holder s who have,before
the real i zat ion of assets , made appl icat ion to the Cou r t fo r exec u t ion
of thei r respec t i ve dec rees . 1 89 I f the dec ree be ing sat i sfied subse
q uent to the attac hment,the attac hment i s w i thd rawn
,or i f in c onse
quenc e of the dec ree - ho lder s’
de fau l t in proc eed ing wi th the app li
cat ion,the appl icat ion i s d i sm i ssed , there i s no c laim ou ts tand ing
wh ic h i s en forc eab le unde r the attac hment . 190 A re v i val of exec u
t ion p roc eed ings does no t operate as a rev i val of the at tac hment,
so as to prej ud ic e the r i gh ts o f the s t ranger s .
1 91
A trans fer of immo v eab le p roper ty made wi th intent to de feat
or de lay the c red i to r s of the t rans feree being vo idable at the op t ion
of any per son defeated or de layed,the at tac h ing c red i tor c an im
pugn the t rans fer as f raud u l ent both as p laint i ff and as de fendant
wi thou t b r inging a su i t on behal f of the general body of c red i tor s )“
Wh ere an or der has been made fo r the sale of immoveab le
p roper ty , other than a sale in enfor cement of a mor tgage or c harge
1 84. M ahadevappa v . S rinivasa 4 M ad . 478 ; Du rga Chu rn v . M onmohini 1 5
41 7 . Cal . 7 7 1 .
1 85. D inobund hu v . Jogmaya 2 9 1 90. U mesh Chunder v . Raj B u l lub
I . A . 9 ; 2 9 Cal . 1 54 ; 6 C . W . N . 209. 8 Cal . 2 79 ; 1 0 C . L . R . 20 ; Aunud Lal
1 86. Kristodhone v . Nandarani 35 v . Ju l lad hu r 1 4 M oo. 543 1 0 B . L . R .
Cal . 889 ; 1 2 C . W . N . 969. 1 34 1 7 W’
. R . 31 3 ; Abd u l Rash id v .
1 87 . C u r Prasad v . Ram Lal 2 1 Gappo Lal 20Al l . 42 1 .
Al l . 20 ; Mathewson.
v. Gobard han 2 8 1 9 1 . Pat riuga Koer v . Mad havanan d
Cal . 492 5 C . W . N . 654 Paramananda R am 1 6O. W . N . 332 ; 1 4 C. L . J . 476.
v . M ahabeer 20 M ad . 378 . 1 92 . Rajan i Kumar v . C ou r K isho re1 8 8 . Satya Charan v . M ad hub 35 Cal . 1 051 1 2 C . W . N . 761 Ch idam
Chund er 9 C . W . N . 693. baram v . Sam i A iyar 30M ad . 6 ;Narayam
1 89 . S o rabjiv . 1 6 B orn . 9 1 ; Pat tar v . Viraraghavan 2 3 Ma d. 1 84
See the c on t rary v iew taken u nd er Ac t Hak im La l v . M o o shahar 34 Cal . 999 ;
X IV o f 1 8 8 2 in Mano har v . Ran t Au tar 1 1 \V. N . 839 .
2 5 Al l . 4 51 ; Ku nhi v . Makk i 2 3 M ad
IN E X EC I'
TION OF D EGRE E S FOR MON EY .
the Cou r t. may, on the appl icat ion of the j udgment - deb tor , pos tpone
the sale and grant a c er t i ficate to the j udgment - deb tor , au thor i z ing
him w i th in a fixed per iod to rai se the dec re ta l amount by mor tgage ,l ease o r p r i vate sale of the attac hed p roper ty , bu t al l mon ies payab l e
u nder suc h mor tgage, lease o r sale shal l be paid i nto Cour t wh ic h
shal l not bec ome abso l u te unt i l c onfirmed by the Cou r t .‘93 Where
pe rm i ss ion to rai se the dec retal amount has been granted by d i ff
e rent Cou r ts , eac h of wh i c h passed a dec ree against the ju dgmen t
deb tor,i t i s enough i f the sale i s c onfi rm ed by e i t he r of the c ou r ts .
1 94
B u t. though c on firmed by the exec u ting Cou r t,the t rans fer i s not
v al id , i f made by a guard ian,un less c onfirmed u nder G uar d ian and
\Vards Ac t VI I I of 1 890, S . 29 by the Cou r t by wh ic h the guar d ian
was appo inted .
1 95
Ther e can be no val id sale wi thou t an order o r dec r ee d i rec t ing
the sam e . When a Cou r t has passed an o rder fo r sale of the p ro
pe rty attac hed and the paymen t of the p roc eeds o r a su ffic ient
po r t ion th ereof to the dec ree - hol de r,th e sale shal l ord inar i ly be by
pu bl ic auc t ion .
1 96 A sale of p roper ty other than wh ic h i s d i rec ted
to be so ld i s nu l l and vo id and no t i t le to the p roper ty passes
thereby . A negot iable ins tr umen t or a share in a Co r porat ion may
be so ld th rough a b roker .
1 97 \Vhere the Co l lec tor rep r esen ts to theCou r t. that the pu bl ic sale o f the land o r a shar e in the land at tac h ed , .
is objec t ionable and that sat i s fac t ion of the dec ree may be made wi th i n
a r easonabl e per iod by a tem porary al ienat ion of the land o r shar e,
the Cou r t may au thor i ze the Col lec tor to p ro v ide fo r s uc h satisfac
t ion .
1 98 B u t i t i s open to the dec ree - holder to show that the pro
posal of the Co l lec tor is not feas i ble or prac ticab le .
‘99
When the p roper ty i s order ed to be sold by pu b l ic au c t ion,the
Cou r t s ha l l g i ve not ice to the dec ree - ho lder and the j udgment - debtor
and d raw u p a proc lamat ion of sal e in the language of the Cou r t ,
s tat ing the t ime and p lac e of sale and spec i fy ing as fai r l y and
“ac c u rate ly as poss i ble
,among other s e v eryth ing mater ial fo r a
pu rc haser to know in or der to j udge of the natu re and val ue of the
1 93. O. 2 1 , r . 83 C . P . C . Ac t of
1 908 .
1 94. Ananapa v . Bhimrao 1 9 Born .
539 .
1 95. D at taram v . Gangaram 2 3 B u n .
2 87 ; S ar j u v . D istric t Ju dge of Benares31 Al l . 378 .
L ECTU R E V
P roc lamat ion.
1 96. 0. 2 1 , r . r . 64, 65 C . R . C . Ac t V
o f 1 904 .
1 97 . O. 2 1,r . 76 C . P . C . Ac t V of
1 908 .
1 98, S . 72 C . P . C . Ac t V of 1 908 .
1 99. E u ro P rosad v . Kal i P rosad 9Cal . 2 90.
LECTU RF.
Val ue o f pr o
pe r ty .
COMPU LSOR Y SALE S
proper ty" ?00 The p roc lamat ion o f sale i s an i n v i tat ion to o ther s
interes ted , to c ome and s tate the i r c la im s wh ic h , i f p r efer red , ar e
summar i ly in ves ti gated .
“ I t i s al so a not ic e to the intend ing pu r
c haser and one o f the doc uments f rom wh ic h an intend ing pu rc haser ,
presumably hav ing no spec ial means o f knowledge,may reasonabl y
in fer what i s b e ing sold”?01 The objec t o f the adver t i sement i s to
gi v e no tor iety to the p roposed sale, so that al l pe r sons m ay u nder
s tand what it i s that is to be so ld . No one wi l l bid u nless he can
know for what he i s bidd ing . The r i gh ts of the defendant m u s t
nec essar i ly be sac r ific ed , un less the t h ing to be so l d i s made c e r tain.
P eople may re fu se to bid o r , after suc c ess fu l b idd ing may c la im more
than the offic er intended to sel l,o r may have the i r pu rc hases re
stric ted to less than what was intended to be so ld .
202 Om i ss ion to
spec i fy the extent of the p roper ty to be so ld203
o r the r e venue assessed
on i t ,“ or the inc umb ranc es on it,2os i s a mater ial i r regu lar i ty . So, i s
an inc or r ec t entry in the sale proc lamat ion,m i s lead ing the in tend ing
b idder s ?06
The val ue o f the p roper ty i s not requ i red to be s tated in
the sale proc lamat ion.
207 B u t whatever mater ial fac t is s tated in
the p roc lamat ion (“and the val ue of the p roper ty i s a very mater ial
fac t i t shal l be s tated “as fa i r ly and ac c u rate l y as poss i b le,
”
for the under s tatement of val ue may m i s lead bidder s and prevent
them f rom offer ing adequate p r ic es at the sale or b idd ing at
al l . 208 I f any obj ec t ion i s taken to the val uat ion the Cou r t
200. o . 2 1 , r . 66 c . P. c . Ac t V of 208 o. 2 1,r . 66 C . P . 0. Ac t v of
1 908 . 1 908 Saadatmand v . Phu l Kuar 2 5
201 . Alnkmonc e v . Banee 4 Cal . 677 I . A . 1 46 : 20 Al l . 41 2 ; 2 C . W . N .
3 C . L . R . 473 ; Barhamdeo v . Rasu l 550 ; Pat ringa Koer v . M a dhavanand Ram
Band i 32 Cal . 691 1 C . L . J . 360. 1 6 C . W . N . 332 ; 1 4 C . L . J . 476
202 . Freeman on E xec u t ions 2 8 1 . Ramessu r v . Sham Krissen 8 C . W. N .
203. Athappa v . Rama Kr ishna 2 1 257 ; Ganga P rasad v . Raj Coomar 30
Mad . 51 ; Ar unachel lam v . Ar unache l lam Cal . 61 7 ; Nando Kumar v . Gobinda1 5 I . A . 1 7 1 ; 1 2 Mad . 1 9 ; Madarash v . Mohan 1 3 C . L . J . 31 2 ; Jadoonath v .
Pa lan iappa 2 3 Mad . 62 8 . AswiniKumar 1 6 C . L . J . 68 ; Sir asami
204 . Olpher ts v . Mahab ir Per shad v . Ratnasamiv . 2 3 M ad . 568 ; Lac hman
1 0 I . A . 2 5 ; 9 Cal . 656 ; G i rdhar i S ingh Pershad v . Ganga Pershad 1 5 C . W . N .
v . Hu rdeo Narain 3 I . A . 230 ; 2 6 \V. R 7 1 3 Pran S ingh v . Janardan S ingh44 ,
1 4 C . L . J . 54 1 ; Basanta Ku rnaii v .205. Mo t i Lau l v . Bhowan i 6 C . \V. N . Ram Kauai1 3 C . L. J . 1 92 Kabidanand
v . P ir th i Chand 1 6 C . \V. N . 704 ; 1 4
206. taj Ran i v . Gunesh l ’ r osad 37 C . L . J . 346 ; D hanukd hari v . Mahab i rCal . 407 . Pe r sha d 34 I . A . 1 64 ; 34 Cal . 709 ; 1 1
207 . Kash i v . Jam una 31 Cal . 92 2 . C . W. N . 739 .
Lscr uan V .
Tim e of sale .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
i s d i v ided into lo ts it shal l not be necessary to make a separate
p roclamat ion for eac h lot,'
unless the Cou r tso di rec ts , or unless p roper
no t ic e of the sale c ou ld not otherwi se be given ? 1 8
Un less the p roper ty seized i s su bjec t to s peedy and natu ral
decay, or the expense of keep ing i t in c ustody i s l i ke ly to exc eed its
val ue,no sale shal l wi thou t the c onsent in wr i t ing of the j udgment
debtor s,take p lac e unt i l at least after 30 days in the case o f im
mo v eab le p roper ty and. 1 5 days in the case of moveable proper ty
from the date on wh ic h a copy of the proc lamat ion has been affixed
011 the Cou r t- hou se of the Judge order ing the sale .
2 1 9
The objec t of the not ic e of the t ime and plac e of sale i s essential
to gi ve p ubl ic i ty to the sale, to enc ou rage compet i t ion by inv i t ing
b idd ing and to p revent the sac r ific e of proper ty by real i z ing the
bes t pr ic e. The not ice of the sale, being for the bene fi t of
the j udgment - debtor'
s , may be. waived. B is c red i tor s , how
e ver , p rej ud ic ed by h i s wai ver , may avo id or vacate the sale ?”
A sale ough t not to
,
take p lac e at any other t ime t han that fixed
by the proc lamat ion,nor at any t ime p roh i b i ted by law.
'
A sal e
made in v io lat ion of th i s r u le, wi l l be vacated or re f used confirmat ion,i f the i r regu lar i ty i s sugges ted in the Cour t at the p roper t ime.
A sale,held at a t ime on wh ic h under the law no sale can p roper ly
be made, i s vo id . A sale, held in a
'
day d ifferent from that s pec ified
in the p roc lamat ion, is ir regu lar and is in legal effec t a sale held
wi thout proc lamat ion and ough t in al l respec ts to be t reated as
suc h .
im I f the proc lamat ion of sale given, i s defec t i ve in be ing
for too shor t a t ime, i t cannot be val idated by pos tponing i t to a
fu tu re day?”
Sales made at an improper p lac e, are voidable merel y and are
val id , unt i l set aside.
21m A sale wi t hou t fir s t g i v ing p roper
not ic e wou ld not be c onfirmed , i f the defec t were known to the
Cou r t ?“
2 1 8 . O. 2 1 , r . 67 (3)C . P . C .
‘
Ac t V
of 1 908 ; see D e Penha v . Jal t-poy 1 2
Bo rn . 368 ; Basanta Kumar i v . Ram
Kauai1 3 C . L. J . 1 92 Kr ishna Prosedv . Mo t i Chand 40 1 . A.
1 40; 40Cal . 635
1 7 c . w. N . 637 1 7 c . L . J . 673.
2 1 9. o. 2 1,
68 c . P .
1 908 .
2 20. F r eeman 01 1 Execu t ions 2 86 .
2 2 1 .Freeman on Execu t ions 3 2 87
Tasadd uk Rasu l v . Ahmad Hussein 20
I . A . 1 76 ; 2 1 Cal . 66 ; Kok i l v.
Edal Singh 37 Cal . 385 ; Rang Lal v .Ravaneshwar 38 I . A . 200 ; 39 Cal .
2 6 ; 1 6 c an N . 1 ; 1 4 C . L . J . 334 ;
Ganga dhar v . Bh ikar i 1 6 C . \V. N . 2 27.
2 2 2 . Freeman on Execu t ions 288 °
2 23. Freeman on Execu t ions 2 89.
2 2 4 . Freeman on Vo id Jud ic ial Sales2 8 .
I N E X ECiJ'
l‘
ION or 11 15011 11 11 5 r on MONEY .
To p revent the sac r i fic e of the p roper ty the Cou r tis inves ted with
a very large d i sc ret ion to adjourn the sale. I n the exermse of th i s
d i sc ret ion i t may, andzought, e ven agains t the p rotes t o f t he dec ree
hol der , adjou rn the sale for wan t o f bidder s or when the bid
o ffered i s grossly inadequate and i t s ac c eptanc e m u s t resu l t in a
need less sac r ifice of the proper ty .
22 5 A sale i s no t vo id , bec au se the
offic er fai led to adjou rn i t,nor
,011 the ground t hat he had adjourned
i t . But i f i t i s adjou rned for a larger per iod than seven days , a
f resh proc lamat ion shal l be made, unless the j udgment- debto r wa i ves
it ?” The om i ss ion to i ssue a fresh proc lam :ition,
2 27 o r the non
spec i ficationof the hou r to wh ic h a sa le i s adjou rned ,2 28 i s a mater ialir r egu lar i ty and must be objec ted to be fore c onfirmat ion .
E very sale sha l l be s topped , i f before the lot i s knoc ked down thedebt and c osts are t ender ed to the officer c onduc t i ng the sale
,o r
proof i s given that they have been paid into Cou r t order ing the
sale.
”9 A mor tgagor j udgment- deb tor i s ent i t led on payment ofthe debt and costs to stop the sale
,even after a final dec ree for sale
has been passed .
”
Where the p roper ty, to wh ic h a c laim has been p re fer red , or anobjec t ion has been made, has been adver tised for sale, the Cou r t maypostpone the sale, pending the invest igat ion of the c laim or object ion .
231 The Cour t to wh ic h a dec ree has been sent for exec u tionshal l , u pon suffic ient cau se be ing shown
,s tay the exec u t ion of suc h
dec ree for a reasonable‘
t ime,to enable the j udgment - debtor s to
obtain an order to s tay exec u t ion from the c ou r t wh ic h passed the
dec ree or the Cou r t hav ing appe l late j u r i sd ic t ion in'
respec t of thedec ree or the exec u tion thereo f53
‘
3 E ven i f there i s no exp ress
statutory p rov i s ion, the Cou r t has an absolute and unfet tered d i ser et ion as to the g rant ing or ref us ing a s tay and as to the terms u ponwh ic h i t wi l l grant, and wi l l as a r u le only g rant i t
,i f there are
2 25. Freeman on Exec u t ions 2 88 .
2 26. r . 69 (2 ) C . P . C . Ac t
V of 1 908 .
2 2 7 . Gajrajmati v . Akbar Husain34 L A . 37 ; 29 Al l . 1 96 ; 1 1 C . \V. N:393 ; 5 C . L . J . 1 38 ; Gopeenath v .
Luchmeepu t 3 Cal . 542 ; 1 C . L. R .
349.
2 2 8 . Su rno Moy i v . D akhina Ranjan2 4 Cal . 29 1 ; Bh i kar i v . Su r ja Mon i
6 C . W . N . 48 .
2 29. O. 2 1 , r . 69 (3) C . P . C . Ac t Vof
‘
1 908.
230. Bib1j an v . Sach i 31 Cal . 863 ;8 C . W. N . 684 ; M isr i Lal v . M i thu Lal
2 8 Al l . 2 8 .
2 31 . O. 2 1 , r . 58 (2 ) C . P. C . Ac t V .
of 1 908 .
232 . 0. 2 1,r . 26 C. P . C . Ac t \
'
of
1 908 .
1 215011 11 11 11
.comrunsoxv saw s
special c i rc ums tanc es233 M erely becau se the de fendant i s gu i l ty
of c ep temit ,on account of h is fai lu re to car r y out the order of the
Cou r twi th in_a spec ified tiibe, does not d isent i tle him to obtain an
order forStayof execu t 1ou234 “t
hereasu i t brough t by the j udgmen t- debtor 1s pending in any Cour t agains t the dec ree- holder , the
Cou r t may, on such terms , as to sec uiity 01 otherwise as i t th inks fit,stay exec u t ion of the d ecree
: ti l l the d i sposal of suc h su i t.”5 E xec u
t ion of a dec ree passed by a Revenue Cou rt, pending in a Ci v i l
Cou r t , may be stayed by the Civ i l Cou rt .236
\Vhere the p roperty to be sold i s a growing c rop wh i ch from
itsnatu r e adm i ts of being stored but has not yet been s tored , the
sale shal l not be held unt i l thec rop has been c u t or gathered and
1 s 1 eady for storing .
1237
here an order for the saleof immoveable proper ty, other
than a sale in enf0 1 c ement ofa mor tgage o r c harge on suc h proper ty,
has beenmade the Couit may propose the sale on such te rms and
for suc h pe 1iods as i t t h inks proper , to e nable the j udgment debtor
to ra1 se the amount of the dec ree by inor tga_ ,ge or lea se, or
private sale of s uc h prope1 ty or some par t thereo f or of any other
immoveab le proper ty of. the j udgment - debtor .
”3
An appeal does not operate as a s tay of exec ut ion of a dec ree ,
b u t the Cou r t wh ic h passed an appealab le dec ree be for e the ap peal
is filed and the A ppel late Cou r t a fter the appeal has been filed
may, for su ffic ient cause, ordei stay of proc eed ings u nde r a dec ree
o r or der to1 exec u t ion of a dec ree,agains t whic h or aga ins t an
o rder made in exec u t ion of whic h dec r ee, an appeal is pend ing ,
provided that the Cou r t i s sat i sfied (a) that sub stantial loss may
resu l t to the par ty apply ing for stay of exec ution, un less the order
is made (b) that the app l icat ion has been made withou t de lay and
(1 ) that secm ity has been given by the applican t fo r the per
fo rmanc e of s uc h dec ree or order as may u l t imate ly be bind ing
233.A
.G . v . Emers on (1 889) 2 4 2 35 . O. 2 1 , r . 29 Ac t V of 1 908 .
56, (L A ; Barker v . Lavery 2 36 . Jit La v. Ka 1na1 eswari1 6 C . L .
(1 885) 1 4 Q .B
.D
. 769, C . 54 J . 555 ; Ram Lochan v , Nowaz PrasadL . J . Q . B . 2 4 1 ; Nund K isho re v . Rain 9 C . L . J . 1 2 5.
C o lam 40 Cal . 955 ; 1 6 C .L . J . 508 2 37 . O . 2 1 , r . 75 C. I’ . C . Ac t V of
B r i j C m nuarec v . Ram rick U as 5 C \V . 1 9 03
2 311 . 33 c . r . C . A6 1 r o f
253 1 . I 'liai'mapal v . K r is ta Dayal 1 0 1 908 .
C . L . J . 63 1 .
LECTURE V .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
o f an ac t a l leged to be done by him in h is offi c ial capac i ty ! “
A sec u r i ty bond exec u ted by the j udgment - debtor may be enfor c ed
in exec u t ion proc eed ings .246
I f, befor e the order of the Appel late Cou r t s tay ing '
exec ut ion
o f a dec ree is c omm un icated to the Cou r t exec u t ing the decr ee, the
p roper ty o f the j udgment - debtor i s sold , the sale i s inval id , for the‘
order becomes operative the momen t it i s made and suspends thepower of the lower Cou r t ~to car ry on fu r ther the execu tion~
proceed
ings ?”
As a c ondition of’
g ranting the indu lgenc e sough t,which wil l
hav e the effec t o f in ter fer ing for the t ime be ing wi th the enfo rc e
ment of the dec ree, the appl icant,even i f su c c ess fu l , shou ld pay the
c os t s of the app l ic at ion.
248 But the ru le i s not always adher ed to .
“ 9
The Cou r t may at any t ime canc e l or vary the order .
950 An
order re lat ing to exec u t ion o f a dec r ee, inc l udes anorder relat ingto the s tay o f exec u tion thereo f .261 An order r ejec t ing an appl ic a
t ion for s tay of exec u t ion o f a dec ree,i s not “ final with in the
mean ing of (a)C . P . C. Ac t V of The High Cou r t
has power to stay'
exec u tion,al th ough the appeal has been a dm i tted
by spec ial leave'
of H i s M ajesty in Counc i l and even before t he
adm i ss ion of the appeal .263
NVhere the proper ty o f any person oth er t han the j udgment
debtor i s be ing sold .by m i s take, ar i s ing f rom a summary dec i s ion
wh ic h i s not final and c onc l u s ive bu t l iabl e to .be set as ide by
ano ther Cou r t , e. where a c laim to attac hed proper ty i s d i sal lowed
by the exec u t ing Cou r t and , the c laimant br ings a regular su i t for
estab l i s h ing h i s c laim to the attac hed p rope r ty , the Cou r t , even
i f i t be o f the lower grade than the Cou r t exec u t ing the dec r ee,
2 45. O. 41 , r . 7 C . P . C . Ac t V o f 1 1 Ch . D . 1 36.
1 908 ,
250. Am ir Hasan v . Ahmad 9 Al l .
2 46.Baij Nath v . Sis. Ram 1 7 C . L . J .
2 67 (F . B . )
2 47 . H ukum Chand v . Kamalanand
33 Cal . 92 7 3 C . L . J . 67 see however
M u thukumarasami v . Kuppu sami 33
M ad . 74 ; Bisseswar v . Hur ro S undar lC . \V . N . 2 2 6.
2 48 .Chun i Lal v . Anan t ram 25 Cal .
8 03.
2 10.Bu rd ic k v . Gar r ick (1 8 70) 39
L . J . Ch . 501 ; Ad ai r v , Y o u ng (1 8 7 1 1)
2 51 . S r inivas P rosad v. Kesho Prosed1 4 C . L . J . 489.
2 52 . S r in ivasa Prosed v . KeshoP rosad 1 3 C . L . J .
253. Nityamani v . Mad hu S udan 38
I . A . 74 38 Cal: 335 ; 1 3 (f L . J .
52 9 Vasud eva Mode liar . v . S hadagopa
M od e liar 4 C . L. J . 1 01 , P . C . NandaK ishore v . Ram Ctr-lam 10 Cal . 955.
IN EX ECU TION OF D EGRE E S FOR MONEY .
may grant a temporary injunc tion; stay ing unt i l the
d i sposal of the su i t ?“
The grant ing of a temporary inj unc t ion . i s a mat ter of j ud ic ial
d i sc ret ion. The Cou r t inter feres on the assumption that the par ty
seek ing its aid has the legal r igh t wh ic h he asser ts . He i s not
r eq u i red to. make ou t a c lear legal t it le bu t he m u s t sat i s fy the
Cou r t that he has a fai r ques t ion to rai se as‘
to the ex i s tence of the
legal r igh t wh ich he set s u p and t hat,on the fac ts before i t , there
i s a p robab i l i ty that the plaintift i s ent i t led to rel ief .266 The Cou r t
w i l l c ons ider on wh i c h s ide,in the event of suc c ess , wi l l lie the
balanc e of inconven ienc e, i f the inj unc t ion does not i ssue and'
wi l l
not r est rain the sale , u nless i t wi l l resu l t in inj u r ies to the c om
plainant , not su sc ept i ble to pec uniary est imat ion.
$256 Sometimes
p roper ty se i zed u pon, i s of s uc h spec ial and pec u l iar val ue to the
owner that he.
c ou ld not by an ac t ion at law,recover damages
wh ic h wou ld be at al l adequate to the‘
injury s us tained.
by i t s
c onver s ion . Th is i s the case w i th rel ic s, he i r looms , mementos and '
other proper ty hav ing l i t tle market val ue bu t es timab le to the
owner . E qu i ty,becau se of the inadequacy of the legal remedy ,
wi l l compel suc h p roper ty to be restored to i ts owner .
’367 The
u n lawfu l ejec t ing of one from his home or lands i s in c ontem plat ion
of law an i rr eparable inj u ry .
253
Where a sale wh ich i s th reatened to be made under exec u t ion
wi l l,i f made, c loud the t i t le of the tr ue owner , he may by appl i ca
t ion to equ i ty p revent the sale from being made . Where a sale,i f made, wou ld c reate a t i t le under wh ic h the pu r c haser in ejec tment
wou ld r ecover agains t the tr ue owner,unless the lat ter p lac ed h is own
t i t le in ev idenc e or by some other means establ i shed the inval id i tyof the pu rc haser
’
s t i t le,t hen suc h sale i s a c loud on the t i t le of the
t r ue owner .
2 159
A fter the dec ree i s passed, the Cou r t pass ing the dec ree has no
power to grant a f u r ther temporary inj unc t ion but the Cou r t of
appeal may grant suc h injunc tionm An order grant ing or r e fus ing
254. O. 39,r . 1 C. P. C. Ac t V o f 2 56. Doher ty v . A l lman (1 878) 3
1 908 ; B r ojend ra v . Ru plal l 1 2 Cal . App . Gas . 709 ; Su bba v . Haj i Bad sha51 5 ; Am ir Du l hin v . Adm in ist rator 2 6 Mad . 1 68 ,
General 23 Cal . 351 contr a in r e Chaudo 257 . Freeman on Execu t ions §437 .
B ibi2 6 Al l . 31 1 . 258 . Freeman on Execu t ions 437 a,
2 55. Preston v . Luck (1 884) 2 7 Ch . D . 259. Freeman on Execu t ions §438 .
497 . 260. Gossain Monee v Gu ru Per shad
LECTU RE. V
L ECTU RE
1 60 COMP U LSORY su ns
a temporary injunc t ion is open to appeal , even t hough i t may h avebeen made wi th ju r i sd ic t ion .
261
I f the j udgment - debto r uhas’ ~ééold any par t of the p rope r ty wh ic h
i s su bjec t to t he lieu o f the wr i t o r"
judgmen‘
t, equ i ty wi l l p rotect
the a l ienee,i f i t can do so wi t hout inj u st ic e to the c red i to r . Henc e
,
it wi l l enjo in the lat ter f rom se l l in g the p roper ty p u rc hased by the !
former,unt i l after he has so ld al l other p ro per ty liable
'
to saleunde r the wr i t . I f the j udgment- debtor has al iened d ifferent parce ls
of land at d ifferent t imes , eq u i ty wi l l compe l the c red i to r '
to sel l
s uc h parcel s inver sel y to the order o f thei r al ienat ion. But equ i tywi l l not enjoin the exec u t ion - c red i tor , whereby so do ing i t wi l l .
des troy or impe‘
r i l h i s r igh ts o r prevent him f rom obtain ing that
sat i s fac t ion of his j udgment to wh ic h he is bo th legal l y and equ i tably
ent i tled .
262
1 1 Cal . 1 46 ; in r e Chand o B ib i 26 2 61 . O. 43, r . 1 cl . (r .) C . P. C .
Al l . 31 1 ; M oheeooddeen v. Ahmed 1 4 Ac t V of 1 908 ; Abd u l v . Ganpathi23
W. R . 384. M ad . 51 7 .
262 . Freeman on Execu t ions 5440.
COMPU LSORY SALE S
L ECTURE V I . the appl ican t i s a t r u s tee or so l ic i tor for the debtor,and i t is appli
cab le to a system under wh ic h the dec ree- holder has the conduc t of
the sal e bu t in I nd ia, the C iv i l P roc edu re Code th rows on the
Cou r t the who le r espons i b i l i ty of conduc t ing the sale.
6 The p u r i ty
of j ud ic ia l sal es , howe ver , shou ld be sec u red to a reasonab le extent
and the dec ree- ho lder shou ld not be al lowed to employ a benamdar
to c reate the impress ion that there was a c ontes ted sale to a stranger ,7
for i t i s into lerable that a dec ree- ho lder s hou ld be perm i t ted,th rough
the mac h inery of the Cou r t,to sec u re for h im sel f, per haps at a gross ly
inadequate pr ic e, the p roper ty of the j udgment - debtor .
8 Nor , shou l d
he be al lowed to pu r c hase the proper ty in the name of another per son ,
for a pr ice lower t han that for wh i c h leave to bid was gi ven .
9 The
c onduc t of the dec ree- hol der in o ffer ing bids t h rough a benamdar,
c ons iderably in exc ess o f the val ue he del i berately s tated in the
proc lamat ion, i s c al c u lated to m i s lead and i s c onsequen t ly f raudu lent,
for i f the s tranger - b idder s had been awar e that the other b ids were
offer ed , not by a s t ranger to the proper ty bu t by the dec ree- ho lder
h imsel f, they m i gh t have been enc ou raged to offer h igher b ids , as
they m igh t natu ral ly assume that the dec ree- ho lder knew the val ue
of the property and as he did not offer a h igher bid, the p roper ty
wou ld not be wor th muc h more.
10 An order refus ing to g ive a
dec ree- ho lder leave to bid i s not appealable .
l l
\Vhere a dec ree- ho lder pur c hases by h imsel f or t h rough another
per son wi thou t perm i ss ion of the Cou r t, the p u rc hase i s not {p 30
facto void bu t the Cou r t may, on the appl ication of the j udgment
deb tor o r any oth er per son whose interes ts are affec ted by the sale,
set as ide the sale.
1 2 The Cou r t shou ld take into c ons ideration wh ether
the p roper ty has been sold at an adequate or inadequate pr ic e o r
substant ial inj u ry has resu l ted f rom it. 1 3 I f there were circ ums
tanc es tend ing to show that s u ffic ient not ic e of the sal e was not
6 . Mahomed M eera Ra u thar v . Sav 1 1 . Jo doonath v . B rojo M ohuu 1 3
vas i V ijaya 2 7 I . A . 1 7 ; 2 3 M ad . 2 2 7 ; Cal . 1 74 K0 The Huyin v . M a R ain
4 \V. N . 2 2 8 . 38 I . A . 1 2 6 ; 38 Cal . 7 1 7 1 4 C . L . J .
7 . Pran S ingh v . Jauar dan S ingh1 4 C . L. J . 54 1 . 1 2 . O. 2 1
,r . 72 (3) C . P. C . Ac t V
8 . Pa t ringa Koer v . M ad havanand o f 1 908 .
Rain 1 6 C . \V . N . 332 1 4 C . L . J,476 . 1 3. Chin tamanrav v . Vithabai 1 1
9 . S arat Kumar i v . N ima i Charan B om . 588 ; Mathura v . Nathuni 1 1 Cal .
5 C . \V . N . 2 65. 731 Thath u v . Kond u 32 M a d. 2 42 ;
10. Nanda Kumar v . Gob inda Mohan Ru khinee B u l lu bh v . B rejenath 5 Cal .
1 3 C . L . J . 31 308 .
IN EXECU TION OF D EGR E ES FOR MONEY.
given, or that anyth ing was done to p revent intend ing pu rc haser s Lsc r unr. V I .
f rom at tend ing the sale, then in the event of the dec ree - ho lder’
s
pu rc has ing and spec ial l y , i f the pu rc hase was for a dec ided ly inade
q uate sum ,there m igh t be s uffic ien t reason in the interes t of sound
pub l ic pol icy fo r p res um ing a c ol l u s ion and perm i t t ing th i s presumed
c ol l us ion to v it iate the sale .
1 4
The sale must be set as ide by an app l icat ion and a separate s ui t
The wr i tten s tatemen t fi led by the
j udgment - deb tor in a su i t by th e dc c ree he lder p u rc haser to recoverfor the p u rpose is bar red .
“5
possess ion agains t him and h is trans feree may be t reated as an
An appl icat ion to se t as ide a. sale
on the ground of p u rc hase by the dec r ee- holder wi t hou t the per
m i ss ion of the the Cou r t fal l s under Ar t . 1 8 1 Sc h. I L im i tat ion
Ac t IX o f An order sett ing as ide or r efus ing to set as ide
a sale i s appealab le .
1 8
appl icat ion to set as ide the sale.
1 6
\Vhere the proper ty sold i s a share of und iv ided p roper ty, move
ab l e or immo veab le, and two or more per sons of whom one i s a
c o- owner respec t ivel y bid the same sum,the bid s hal l be deemed to
be the bid of the co - owner .
l g B ut t i tle to a share in an und ivided
im mo veable p roper ty , (lefeasible at the date of sale,i s not suffi c ien t
to su ppor t a c laim for pre- empt ion.
20
The agr ic u l tu ral produc e may be sol d on or near the“ land on
wh ic h the c r0p has grown, at or near the th resh ing floor, or p lac e for
t read ing out grain, or the l i ke, or fod der s toc k , or the nearest p lace
of p ub l ic resor t . I f a fai r pr ic e is not offered and i f the j udgment
debte r appl ies, the sale may be pos tponed t i l l the next day or the
market day when i t shal l he c ompleted whatever p r ic e may be
offered .
in Where the c rop f rom i ts nat u re adm i ts of being s tored,
the sale shal l not be hel d u nt i l the c rop has been c u t or gathered
and i s ready for sto r ing ; bu t where i t does not adm i t of being
s tored i t may be sol d before it i s c u t and gathered .
” B u t the
1 4. Freeman on Vo id Jud ic ial Sales 1 8 . O. 43, r . 1 (j) C . P . C . Ac t V
§32 .
1 5. S . 47 C . P . C . Ac t V of 1 908 ;
Genu v . Sakharam 2 2 Rom . 2 7 1 Dungav . Balwant 2 3 Al l . 478 ; Viraraghava
v . Venkata 1 6 M ad . 2 8 7.
1 6. Thathu v. Kendu 32 M ad . 2 42 ;
Rah im J d issent ing .
1 7 . Chintamanrav v .Bom . 588.
\ 1 t l1abai 1 I
of 1 908 .
1 9. O. 2 1 r . r . 7 7 88 C . P . C .
Ac t V of 1 908 .
20. Ab du l Ghafu r v . Ghu lam Husain35Al l . 2 96 .
2 1 . 0.
1 908 .
2 2 . O. 2 1,r . 75 C . P. C . Ac t V of 1 908 .
I‘. C . Ac t V of
iii. Co - owne r .
LECTURE V I .
COMPU LSORY SAL ES
Cou r t may order the sal e of any moveable proper ty bei ng the subj ec t
matter of a su i t or at tac hed befo re j udgment,W ll l Cl] i s s ubjec t to
Speedy and natural decay , o r wh ic h for any oth er j us t and s uffi c ien t
cause, i t may be des i rable to have sold at onc e.
23
A negotiab le i ns tr ument or a shar e in a Corporat ion may be
sol d th rough a b roker .
24
Sale of immoveabl e proper ty may be ordered by any Cou r t o the r
than a Cou r t of Smal l Cau ses.25 The sale of proper ties in c ontraven
t ion of the term s of the dec ree wh i c h d i rec ted these p roper ties to be
sol d after c er tain other proper t ies i s a mater ial i r regu lar i ty .
26 But
the j u dgmen t - debtor has no absol u te r i gh t to d i rec t the order o f sal e
of the d ifferent parc el s of land. A s soon however as the dec ree
i s fu l l y sat i sfied , the offi c er has no fu r ther war rant for p roc eed ing
and a sale of any parc el made afte r the amou nt he i s au thor i sed to
c ol l ec t. has been r eal i sed,i s probably vo id and i s c er tainl y vo idable
at the ins tance of the inj ured par ty . Where se veral d i s t inc t par c e l s
o f land ar e to be sold,eac h ough t to be off ered and so ld separatel y ,
u nless i t i s c lear that the u nion of two o r more wi l l augment , rather
than dec rease, the agg regate p roceeds of the sal e I f one of the
par c el s sold i s not s ubjec t to sale,the sale i s vo id to al l the
parc el s .
2 7
I n the c ase of moveable p roper ty unl ess the pu rc h ase\ i s made
by the dec ree - ho lder,the p r ic e o f eac h lot shal l be paid at the t ime
of sal e, or as soon af ter as the offi cer c ondu c t ing the sale d i rec ts
and in defau l t of payment,the p roper ty shal l for t hwi th be r eso ld .
2 8
I n the case of immoveabl e p roper ty,the pu rc haser o ther than the
dec ree- holder , un l ess perm i ss ion to bid was granted on c ond i t ion
that no set - off shou l d be al lowed , shal l immed iatel y make a deposi t
of 25 p . c . of the amount o f the pu rc hase - money and in defau l t the
p roper ty sh a l l fo r thwi th be resol d .
” Fa i l u re to make a depos i t of
25 p . c . i s a mater ial i r r egu lar i ty .
30 A f resh proc lamat ion i s not
2 3. O. 39, r . 6 C . P . C . Ac t V o f 1 908 . V o f 1 908 .
2 4. U . 2 1 , r . 76 C . P . C . Ac t V o f 2 9. O. 2 1 , r . r . 7 2 , 84 C . P. C . Ac t
1 908 .V o f 1 908 ; see l - lazarimal v . Namdc v
2 5. O. 2 1,
r . 8 23 C . I ’ . C . Ac t V of 32 Rom . 379.
1 908 .30. Bh im v . S arwan 1 6 Cal . 33 ; Van
2 6 .Manas -u am v . Nagend ranath 1 6 kata v . Sama 1 4 M ad . 2 2 7 Ahmad B atksh
(I L . J . 557 . v . Lal ta Prasa d 2 8 Al l . 2 38 ; b u t see
137 l‘i
l c cm zm o n Vo id J u d ic i al Sa le s l n l iziiln v . Nara in 5 Al l . 31 6 ; Am i rBegu m v . I
‘
mnk o f U pper l nd ia 30 Al l .
2 8 .H
. 2 1 . 1 . r . r ) 7 7 f 1 ) t‘
. l’
.t
'
. .m
LECTURE V I .
Sale of moveables not set
aside.
Sale of im
moveable pioper ty s e t
as ide.
Payment .
COMPU LSORY SALES
No i r regu lar i t ies in pub l i sh ing or conduc t ing the sale of move
ables shal l v i t iate the sale. Ne i th er the c i rc ums tanc e that theexec u t ion was f raudu lent agains t the debtor ’s c red i tor s , nor that thej udgment under wh ic h i t p roceeds was rever sed, nor t hat the exec u
t ion was car r ied ou t, does not at al l prej ud ice the pu rc haser ’s t i tle .
“
B ut any person'
sustaining any inj u ry may sue for c ompensat ion and
i f the p u rc haser h imsel f be gu i l ty,for the rec overy of spec ific
p roper ty or c ompensat ion in defau l t .42
Any person ei ther owning or hold ing an interes t ac qu i red before
sale in the immoveable p roper ty sold in exec u t ion of a dec ree, pro
vided he i s not h imsel f s imul taneou s ly p rosec uting an app l icat ion
for sett ing as ide the sale on the g round of a mater ial ir reg u laritv
or fraud in pub l i sh ing or c onduc ting it, may app ly wi th in 30 days
f rom the date of sale to have the sale set as ide on his depos i t ing in
Cou r t (a) 5 p . c . of the pu r c hase- money and (b) the amount spec ified
in the p roc lamat ion of sale less any amount s ince rec ei ved. i f any ,
by the dec ree - holder.“s A formal appl ication i s not nec essary.
“
But an applicat ion can not be made for sett ing as ide the sale o f
one of several p lots sold sepa‘
ately .
“ The appl icat ion c annot
impugn the sale on the ground of i r regu lar i ty in publ i s h ing and
conduc ting the sale.
“ Though the applicant can not s imu l taneously
car ry on app l icat ions under 0. 2 1 r .r . 89 and 90C. P . 0. Ac t V of
the appl icat ion under r . 90, may p roc eed af ter the applica
t ion under r . 89 has been d i smi ssed.
‘3 B ut the appl icat ion, though
pu rpor t ing to be made under r . 90, may not real ly be one under
i t bu t under S .
Any person owning o r ho lding a s ubs i s t ing interes t, whet her
acq u i red before or after attac hment and whether affec ted by the
sale o r not, can applyto But a mere c ontrac t for the sale o f
4 1 . Emmet t v . Thorn (1 8 1 3) 1 M . C. W. N . 703.
S . 425 Perc ival v . S tamp (1 853) 23, L . 46. Phu l Chand v . Nar s ingh 2 8 Cal ..I . list . 25. 73.
412 . 0 . r . 78 C. P. C. Aet V o f 1 098 . 47 . Rajend ra Nath Nil l‘attm 2 3
43. O. 2 1 , r . 89 C . l‘. C . Ac t V o f Cal . 958 ; S i tal Raiv . Nanda Lal 1 3 C .
1 908 ; Ar t . 1 60 S ch . I Lim i tat ion Ac t \V. N . 501 1 1 C. L. J . 202 .
IX o f 1 008 ; see also Ash ru f Aliv . Ne t 48 . liasiruddin v . Faimnl la 1 7 C . \V.
Lal 2 3 (fal . 082 c omp are S . 1 7 1 B.
'
l‘
. N .“1 76.
Ar t V l l l n f 1 8 85.49. l larihar Kanta v . Rama. Pa nd a
«H . Ab do o l Let" r . .lailub Chand ra 33 Rom . 008 .
2 5 Cal . 2 10. 50. liamehandrn v . liakhmabai 2 3
45.K r ipa Nath v . Rani L akshm i 1 Be ni. 450; Mu lehal ld r
. (iorind 30 Rom.
IN EX ECU T ION OF D EGR E ES FOR MONEY .
immoveable proper ty does not of i tse l f c reate any] interest in i t in LECTU RE
favou r of the per son agreeing to pu rc hase it.al Nor , can a per son
ac qu i r ing ti t le to p roper ty long before the sale and execu tin p roc eed
i ngs apply .
52 Nor , can a person ac q u i r ing an interes t af te r the sale
appl y .
153 B u t the jiu lg nient - deb tor,where he has so ld the proper ty to
m other af ter the sale, can apply .
“ A c oshare r ,‘55 a mor tgagee ,
56
the benam lar of a person whose proper ty i s so ld ,
67a pu rc hase r
f rom the j udgment - deb tor p r ior to at tac hm ent,68
an un der tenant59
of the pu rc haser o f a non - trans ferable hold ing, though not recogn i zed
by the land lord ,60 can app ly.
The depos i t of 5 p.e. i s intended as a solatz’
um to the pu rc haser ,inc l ud ing the dec ree - ho lder pu r c haser , for h i s t roub le and d i sappo int
The de
pos i t m ust be unc ond i t ional , and payable to the d ec ree - ho l de r at
onc e ;62 A depos i t of Government Sec u r i ty is not a good depos i t .63
Nor , i s it a good depos i t wh ic h i s to be retained t i l l the d i sposal
of an appl icat ion fo r set t ing as ide an ex p ar te dec ree.
64
ment fo r the loss of what was per haps a good bargain.
c l
575 E rod e v . P u thied eth 26 M ad . 365 58 .
Bas i Poddar v . Ram Kr ishna l C . \V . N .
1 35 Babu ram v . Ram Sahai 8 C . L . J .
Aubhoya Dass i v . P u dmo Lochun
2 2 Cal . 802 ; B enodiniv . Peary Mohan 8
C . W'
. N . 55 ; Kunja Behar i v . Sambh u
305 Ku nja v . Bhoopend ra 1 2 C . \V . N .
1 51 see Magan lal v . Dosh i 25 B om . 631
dec ided und er Ac t X IV of 1 882 .
51 . S . 54 T . P . Ac t IV of 1 882 ;
Mahadeo v . Vasu dev 2 3 B om . 1 8 1 Hor
inasji v . Keshav 1 8 Rom . 1 3 ; Sabha
path i v . Narayanasanii25 Mad . 555.
52 . Mathu r a Koer v . Bangsidhari1 6
C . \V . N . C . L . J . 83.
53. S ee contr a under Ac t X IV of
1 882 in HazoariRam v . Bad r i Ram 1 C .
\V. N . 2 79 ; Appaya v . Ku nhati30 M ad .
2 1 4 M anicka v . Raja Gopala 30
M ad . 507 .
54. Ishar D as v . Asaf Ram 34 Al l . 1 86.
55. Tuh i Ram v . Izzat Ali 30Al l .
1 92 ; Abd u l v . M atiyar 30Cal . 425.
56. Par esh Nath v . Nabogopal 2 9
Cal . 1 ; 5 C . W . N . 82 1 ; S r inivasa v .
Ayyathor ai 2 1 M ad . 41 6 ; contr a Mal l ikar junadu v . L inga Mur t i 26 M ad . 332 .
57 . Bas i P oddar v . Ram Kr ishna 1
C . W. N . 1 35 ; Paresh Nath v . Nabogopal 29 Cal . 1 5 C . W . N . 82 1 .
Chand ra. 8 C . W . N . 2 32 ; Omar Aliv .
Bas ir udd in 7 C . L . J . 2 82 .
59. Chand ra Kam in iKumar 1 1 C . W . N . 742 ; Nar ain M an
dal v . Sou rind ra Mohan 32 Cal . 1 07
contr a Abed Mol lah v . D il jan Mol lah 2 9Cal . 459.
60. Gangad har v. M id napor e Zem indar i Co . 1 6 C . L. J . 1 41 ; B rahamdeo
v . Ramdown 1 6 C . L . J . 1 39 D ayamoyi
v . Ananda Mohan 1 8 C . \V . N . 97 1 .
6 1 . Tir umal v. D astaghiri M ad .
2 86 Chund i Charan v . Banke Behar i 2 6Cal . 449 ; 3 C . W. N . 2 83 ; Raghu bar
Dayal v . Jad u Nandan 1 5 C . L . J . 89.
62 . S hakoti v . Jotind ra Mohon 1
C . W. N . 1 32 ; Hanooman v . Lu chman
8 C . \V. N . 355 ; Mathu ra Koer v.Bangsid hari 1 6 C . W . N . 904 ; 1 5 C.
L . J . 83.
63. Rah im Baksh v . Nando Lal 1 4
Cal . 82 1 .
64. Hanooman v . Lu chman 8 C . \V.
N . 355.
Knmar v .
L sc‘
ruas V I .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
A depos i t into Cou r t o f the amount o f the sal e p roc eeds and
not what i s spec ified in the p roc lamat ion less the amount s inc e pa id
to the dec ree - ho lder i s not enough .
65 A m i s take on the par t of an
offic er of the Cou r t in calc u lat ing the amount i s not a suffi c ient
p lea,unless the offic er was c harged by the Cou r t to make the
cal c u lat ion and to inf rm the par ties as to the amount to be
depos i ted.
6°
The r i gh t of redemp tion of p roper ty f rom exe cu t ion- sal es i s
tatutory for the benefitiof per sons hav ing l ien agai ns t the p roper ty
acqu i red from the j udgment - debtor bu t ex is t ing in su bord inat ion to
the exec ut ion- sales . The satu te c r eates the r igh t, p resc r i bes the
t ime and method of i t s exer c i se and desi gnates the persons ent i tled
to exerc i se i t. A per son seek ing to redeem mu s t there fo re c omply
wi th the s tatu te. Both the auc t ion pu rc haser and the dec ree - holder
m u s t be made par ties to the appl ic at ion.
”
The appl i cat ion m u s t be made wi th in 30 days f rom the date of
sale , t.e. ,when the p roper ty i s pu t u p for sale and knoc ked down to
the h ighes t bidder .
68 The Cou r t cannot ex tend the t ime wi thou t
the consen t of the dec ree- holder,unless the par ty has been p revented
f rom mak ing the depos i t by r eason of the ac t ion o f the Cou r t69
Of c ou r se i f the Cou r t i s c losed on or before the {las t day of the
per iod,the money may be paid on the fir s t day the Cou r t r eopens . 70
Time does not r un i f the final bid remains for a t ime unac c epted
by the sale offic er ? l I f befo re c on fi rmat ion bu t after 30 days f rom
the sal e, an appl ic at ion i s made al leging f raud then the appl ication
65. Trinibak v . Ram chand ra 2 3 Born . 396 ; bu t see Su r end ra Mob in i v . Amar esh
Chand ra 39 Cal . 687 1 6 C . \V . N . 570.
66. Chund i Charan v . Banke Behar i 68 . O. 2 1,r . 92 C . P . C . Ac t V of
2 6 Cal . 449 ; 3 C . \V. N . 2 83, disting 1 908 ; Chowdh ry Kesr i v. G ian i Royuishing M akbool v . Bazle Sabh an 2 5 Cal . 29 Cal . 62 6 6 C . \V. N . 776.
609 ; U g rah Lal l v . Rad ha P e rshad 1 8 69. Shar i fan v . Habibud din 1 5 C. VV.N
Cal 255 ; Abd u l Lat i f v . Jad ub Chand ra 685 1 3 C L . J . 535 Mahomad Akbar2 5 Cal 2 1 6 ; Fak ir v . B eraj M ohini 1 1 v . S ukhd eo Pande 1 3 C . L . J . 467
C. \V. N . 1 1 6. Kabilaso Koer v . Raghu nath 1 8 Cal.
67 . AliGauhar v . Bansidhar 1 5 Al l . 48 1 ; Mathu ra D as v . Bansidhar S ingh407 ; K ripali S ingh v . Pai r00 Rant 1 1 1 6 C . W . N . 904 ; 1 5 C . L . J . 83 ;
J . 85 ; S harifarn v . Habibu l din Ragh ubar Dayal v . Jad u Nandan 1 5
1 5 C .W. N . 685 ; 1 3 C . L . J . 535 ; C . L . J . 89.
B ungshidhar v . Kedar Nath 1 C . W . N . 70. Sooshee Bh ushan v . Gob ind1 1 4 M enazu dd iv . Toam Mandal 39 Cal . Chunder 1 8 Cal . 2 31 .
8 8 1 Nitya Nanda v . H i ra Lal 5 C .W .N . 7 1 . Munsh i Lal r . Ram Narain 35
G3 ; Janardhan r Kal i K r is to 2 3 Cal . Al l . 65.
L emm a9: VI .
COMPU LSORY SAL ES
pu rc hase r i s not regarded as a r epresentat i ve of the dec ree - ho lde r no
s .
79 B u t the agg r ieved par ty may apply to the High
Cou r t for a r e v i s ion o f the order under S . 1 1 5 C . P . C . Ac t V o f
1 908,though the r ev i s ional j ur i sd ic t ion i s d i sc ret ionary .
80 An
res tore an app l ic at ion d i sm i s sed for de fau l t,So, an auc t ion
appeal lie
o rder r e fus ing to
is appeal abl'
ehnt not open to a second appeal .8 1
pu rc haser can appeal agains t an order made to h i s prej ud ic e.
82
The dec ree - holder or any per son ent i tled to shar e in a rateab le
d i s t r i bu t ion of assets , or whose inte res ts are affec ted by the sale ,
may al so app l y wi th in 30days f rom the date of sale to set as ide
the sale on the g round of a mater ial i r regu lar i ty , or f raud in pub l is h
ing or c onduc t ing it.83 B u t i f the i r regu lar i t ies affec t ing the sale
were kept c onc ealed f rom the j udgment - debtor by f raud,the appli
cat ion can be made,e ven after c onfirmat ion of the sale, wi t h in 30
d ays" from the date on wh ic h the f raud fi rs t became known to the
applic ant .8 4 P roof of f rau d anteceden t to the sale may have an
impo r tant b earing on the ques t ion whether there was f raud subse
q uen t to the sal e suffic ient for the pu rposes of S . 1 8 L im i tat ion Ac t
IX of
A pu rc haser f rom t he j udg ment- debtor , p r ior to the attac hmen t
cannot app ly , fo r h i s interes t cannot be affec ted by the sale .
86 B u t
a pu rc haser of a tenu re p r io r to attac hment sold for i ts own ar rear s
Jodu ku l P r osad 20 Cal . 673 ; B ejoyS ingh v . Hu kum Chand 29 Cal . 548 ;
Basdeo S ingh 5
Kedar79. Am i r Rai v .
C . L . J . 204 ; B ungshidhar v .
Nath 1 C . \V. N . 1 1 4 ;
Dosh i 2 5 D em . 631 ; Bashir uddin v . Jhori
S ingh 1 9 Al l . 1 40 ; Anand i Kunwar i v .Aju dhia Nath 30Al l . 379.
80. M agan lal v . Dosh i 2 3 B om . 631
Ram S ingh v . Se l ig Ram 2 8 Al l . 84.
8 1 . O. 43,r . 1 (j . ) C . P . Ac t V of
1 908 ; see Asimoddi v . Pran M ob in i 1 4C . L . J . 2 24 .
8 2 . Shar i fan v . Habibud din 1 5 C .
\V . N . 685 ; 1 3 C . L . J . 535 ; G o pal
S ingh v . D ul ar Kuar 2 Al l . 352 Kan th il tam v . Bankey Lal 2 Al l . 396 .
8 3. O . 2 1 , r . 90 C . C . Ac t V e t
1 908 Ar t . 1 66 S ch . I L im i tat ion Ac t
IX o f 1 908 ; Lakshm i v . l( u t tunni1 0
M ad . 57 S orabjiEd u ljiv . Gov i nd Ra 'u
ji1 6 Bo rn .9 1 Ajud hia P rasad v . Nand
M agan lal v .
Lal 1 5 A lt 31 3 ; Chat t rapat S ingh v .
Chakvrapani v . Dhanj i Se t tu 2 4 M ad .
31 1 ; Asmu t unissa v . Ashr u tf Ali 1 5
Cal . 488 .
84. S . 1 8 L im i tat ion Ac t IX o f 1 908
see also M ohend r o Narain v . Gopal
Mond u l 1 7 Cal . 769 ; Golam Ahad v .
Ju dhister 30 Cal . 1 42 7 C . W . N . 305
Du rga Charan v . Kal i P rasanna 2 6 Cal .
72 7 3 C . W.N . 586 \Vah id -
"
nu - n issa v .
G ird har i 2 7 Al l . 702 ; Pu r na v . Anuku l
36 Cal . 654 ; Gobind Chund er v . U ma
Charan 1 4 Cal . 679.
85. Tookoo Mon i v . Dwarka Nath1 7 C . \V. N . 478 1 6 C . L J . 58 1 ;
Narayan v . D am odar ‘
l G C . \V. N . 894 .
8 6. S u bbarayad u v . I’edda S ubbarazu
1 6 Mad . 476 ; Ashr u ff
Ali1 5 Cal . 488 .
Asmu tunissa v .
I N EX ECU T ION OF D EC R E E S PU B NONE Y .
c an,fo r h i s interests are affec ted by the sal e .
87 The benefi c ial
owner i s ent i t led to appl y when the p roper ty i s so ld in exec u t ion
o f a dec r ee agains t the os tensi ble owner .
88 The pu rc haser at a sa le
in exec u tion of a dec ree agains t the unregi s te red t rans fe r ee o f an
oc c upancy ho ld ing, can appl y for set t ing as ide a sale in exec u t ion o f
a dec ree fo r rent aga ins t the r egi s tered tenants?0 Two at tac h i ng
c red itors of the j udgment - deb to r,ne i th er of whom was a par ty to
the s u i t b rough t by the other , are no t the r ep resentat i ves of t he
j udgment - debtor s .
90 An
be fo re j udgmen t does not c reate any interes t in the proper ty attac h
A c o - share r canno t app ly .
91at tac hm en t
ed,no r does i t gi ve any r igh t to appl y .
92 An appl i cat ion by a c o
j udgment - debtor to set as ide a sale, is maintainab le,wh ere s im i lar
VVhen the
appo inted guar d ian r efu sed to rep resen t the m inor,the m other i s
appl icat ion by other j udgmen t - debto r s have fai led .
93
c om petent to app ly .
94
I f the ac t o r om i ss ion c omp lained o f amount to a ma ter ial ir reg u
larity , the sale i s not ip so facto vo id bu t i s liable to be set as ide .
B u t where the ac t or om i ss ion c om p lained o f amou nts to an i l legal i ty,
the sale i s v o id ab initio . Thu s , the om i ss io n to have a guard ian
ad litem appo inted o f a defendan t who ,af ter dec r ee bu t be for e sa l e
,
has been adj udged to be of unsound mind,i s a mater ial i r regular i ty
bu t the om i s s ion to b r ing the l egal representat i ve o f the j u dgment
debtor on the r ecord before the dec ree render s the dec ree a n-
u l l'
ity and
sal e in exec u t ion vo id ab initio .
95 So, whe n an in fan t i s a nec essar y
par ty to the su i t , the fac t of h i s not being represented wi l l hav e the
same effec t as the em i ss ion to make him a par ty .
96
8 7 . Aubhoya. D ass i v . P udmo Lochum Kat tayani 38 Cal . 448 ; 1 5 C . W . N .
2 2 Cal . 802 .
88 . Abd u l Gan i v . Dunne 20 Cal .
41 8 ; Shibkumar v . M aidhu r 7 C . L . J .
2 99 Timmanna v . M ahabala 1 9 M ad . 1 67 .
89. Haradhan v . Grish Chand ra S
C .L . J . 32 7 D ayamayiv . Ananda Mohan1 8 C . \V . N . 97 1 20 C . L . J . 52 .
90. Ram Chand ra. v . Ham iran 6 C .
L . J . 437 .
91 . Bislieshar v . Har i S ingh 5 All . 42 .
92 . Jogend ra. Nath v . M onmo tba Nath1 7 C . \V . N . 80 ; 1 6 C. L . J . 565 ;
Kedar Nath v . U ma Charan 6 C. \V. N .
57 S ewdu t Roy v . S ree Can to 33 Cal .630 ; 1 0 C . W . N . 63 1 ; v .
795.
93. Jadoo Nath v . Aswini
1 6 C . L . J . 98 .
94. Kr ishna Pershad v . Mot i Chand40 I . A . 1 40 ; 40Cal . 635 ; 1 7 C . W. N .
637 ; 1 7 C . L . J . 573.
95. Khiarajmal v . Daim 32 I . A . 23
32'
Cal . 296 9 C . \V. N . 201 1 C . L.J .
584 ; Rad ha Prasad v . Lal Sahab 1 7
1 . A1. 1 50 ; 1 3 Al l . 53 ; Ben i Prasad v .
M uk tesar 2 1 Al l . 31 6 ; Janardhan v.
Ramchand ra 2 6 B om . 31 7 ; S h r in v.
Agha Ali1 8 Al l . 1 41 .
96. Rashidunnissa v.
36 l . A . 1 68 : 31
Kh an
1 3 C .
I smai lAl l . 572
Kumar
Lkm in: r, I
L EC I‘
U RE VI .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
The irregu lar i ty m u s t have been comm i t ted in publ i sh ing or"
conduc t ing the sal e and not in ob ta in ing a dec ree or order for sal e '
e.g .,wh ere the dec ree was obtained w i thou t ser v ic e of summons on
the j udgment - deb tor,
97or that i t was obtai ned by frau d ,93 or that the
Cou r t had no j ur i sd ic tion to sel l the p roper ty} 9 or that the exec u t ion
of the dec ree was t ime- bar red,
100or t hat the p roper ty was not
saleabl e.
101
A l though “an at tac hment i s a s tep towards the sale of. the
j udgment - debtor ’s proper ty”
,
1 02 i t being a measu re merel y for the
p rotec tion of the dec ree - hol der and the pu rc haser of the proper ty , the
emission to attac h does not v i t iate the sale bu t it i s m erel y an
ir regu lar i ty,e i ther in p u bl i s h ing or conduc t ing the sale nor , i s i t
an objec t ion wh i c h the j udgment - debtor i s c ompetent to rai se.
1 03
A l l exec u t ion sales shou ld be open to f ree and fu l l c ompet i t ion.
Anv ac t wh i c h p rev en ts a fai r , f r ee and open sale,
or wh ic h d im i
n i shes compet i t ion and s t i fles or c h i l l s the sale i s c ont rary to p u b l ic
pol icy and v i tiates the sale. When the pu rc haser does any ac t,or
makes any fal se rep resentat ion the effec t of wh ic h i s to des t roy
f ree and fu l l c ompet i t ion and s t ifle b ids by reason of wh ic h the
p roper ty i s sold at an u nder val ue, the sale i s inval id . A c omb i
nat ion among the intend ing b idder s formed for hones t and p rope r
pu r poses i s not fraudulent . B u t i f the obj ec t be to obtain, the
p roper ty at a sac r i fice by ar t i fic e and not to m ake a fai r bargain,o r
to d i v ide the proper ty among the b idders . the c omb inat ion i s fraudu
lent.“ M An ar rangement between the dec ree - h ol de r and a c o- sharer
\V. N . 1 1 82 ; 1 1 B om . L . R . 1 2 25 ; Ramehhaibar v . Beobu Bhagat 7 Al l .
S hidapa v . Venkaji 32 B o rn . 404 ; 1 0 641 .
B om . L . R . 550 ; Ganga P rosad v . U m 1 02 . Sheodhyan v . Bholanath 2 1 Al l .
b ica Chu rn 1 4 Cal . 754 ; Hanuman v . 31 1 .
M uhammad Ishaq 2 8 Al l . 1 37 ; Bhu ra 1 03. Olpher ts v . Mahab ir P er shad
M al v . Har K ishen 2 4 Al l . 383 ; S ham 1 0 I . A . 25 ; 9 Cal . 656 1 1 C . L . R .
Lal v . Ghasita 2 3 Al l . 459 ; Abdu l Rab 494 ; Sasirama Kumar i v . M eherhan
v . Eggar 35 Cal . 1 82 1 2 C . \V. N . 1 60 Khan 1 3 C . L . J . 2 43 ; Kisho ry Moh unNars ingh Narain v . Jah i M is t ry 1 5 v . Mahomed M u jaffar 1 8 Cal . 1 88 ;
C . L . J . 3 ; l’u rno Chand ra r . Bejoy Tasadd uk Rasu l v . Ahmad H u sa in 20
Chand 1 8 C . L . J . 1 8 . l . A . 1 76 ; 2 1 Cal . 66 ; Tin Cowri r .
97 . Ne t Lal l v . Kareem 2 3 Cal . 686 . S h ib Chand ra 2 1 Cal . 639 ; Peary Lal
98 . Khagcnd ra v . l’ran Nath 2 9 I . A . v . Chund i Charan 1 1 C . \V. N . 1 63 ; 5
99 2 9 Cal . 395 ; 6 C . \V. N . 473. C . L . J . 80 ; S haroda M oyee v . \Vooma
99 . S h i ru v . Agha Ali1 8 Al l 1 4 1 . M o vee 8 \V. R . 9 Sivagiii Zam indar v .
1 00. C anga thara lia thabi 6 M ad .
'
l'
ir uvengada 7 M ad . 339 .
1 0l . Am l 'ika l‘
l asad Y . R . l l . \Vliit
1 01 . t'
iu cd v . Jas Ram 2 9 Al l . “1 2 wel l ‘5 C . L . J . 1 1 1 .
w
COMP U LSORY SALES
L ECTU RE VI . he s uc c eeded by anoth er , u nl es s the latter wi l l resu l t more favou rably
to the c omplain ing par ty . B u t when in c onseq uenc e of the ir r eg u
lar i ty in c onduc ting and p u bl i sh ing a sale, the p roper ty was sol d at
an inadeq uate p r i c e ,the m ere fac t that the real val ue o f the p roper ty
did not exc eed the amount of the dec r ee and the unsat i sfied balanc e
o f the dec ree c ou ld not he r eal i zed by reason o f the law of l im i tat ion,
o r that the i r regu lar i t ies re lated to one of the lots onl v,wou l d not
j u s ti fy the Cou r t in d i sm i ss ing the j udgmen t debtor ’s appl ic at ion
for set t ing as ide the .sale.
1 1 2
I t i s not nec essary to c onnec t the i r regu lar i ty or f raud w i th the
i nadequacy o f pr ic e as cau se and effec t by m eans o f d i rec t e v idenc e .
The Cou r t m u s t be sati sfied u pon the fac ts p roved, t.e. , f rom the
natu re of the i r regu lar i ty and the exten t of the inadequacy of pr ic e
that the latte r was the i ne v i table o r nec essary resu l t of the
i r r egu lar i ty complained of. 1 1 3 B u t i f the inadeq uacy o f p r ic e i s so
g ross as to shoc k the c onsc ienc e,
o r i f in add i t ion to g ross in
adequacy, the pu r c haser has been g uil tv of any u nfai rness,
or has
taken any u nc onsc ionabl e ad vantage,or i f the owner of the proper ty
o r the par ty interes ted in i t has been for any reason m i s l ed o r
su rpr i sed , the Cou r t w i l l glad l y Se i ze u pon any i r regu lar i ty and
perhaps magni fy i ts impor tanc e in o rder to find a legal j u st i fication
for su c h measu res as w i l l c lear ly“ s u bser ve the ends of j u s t ic e.
G reat inadeq uacy r eq u i res on l y s l ig h t c i rc ums tanc e s of un fai rness
in the c onduc t o f the par ty benefitted by the sale to rai se the
p r esump t ion of f rau d .
1 1 4
M os t of the ir r eg u larites on ac c oun t of wh i c h sales are set as ide
may be wai ved by the par t ies i nterested and th i s waiver may be
p resumed f rom th ei r apparen t aequiesc enc es as we l l as p ro ved by
d i rec t and posi ti v e ev idenc e .
1 1 5 An ag reement to wai ve objec t ion
to the i r reg u lar i ties to the sal e i s val id , when sanc t ioned by the
1 1 2 S han to P rosad v . S hew Narain 31 1 Ac t XIV of 1 882 as interp reted to
1 6 C . “r.N . 1 02 2 ; Rajan i Nath v . mean by d i rec t ev id ence ; Tasadd uk
liu s um Kam i n i 1 8 C . \V . N . 947 . tasu l v . Ahmed Husain 20 I . A . 1 76
1 1 3. S heo ru t ton v . Ne t l ial l 30 Cal . 2 1 Cal . 66,explained in S u rno M oy i
1 ; 6 C . \V .N . 68 8 ; Mahab ir P e rshad v . l
i
lakhina Ranj an 2 4 Cal . 2 9 1,bu t
v. D hanu kdhari31 Cal . 8 1 5 ; 8 (I. \V . N . l i te ra l ly fo l lowe d in Jag an Nath v .
686 ; S um o Moy i v . D akhina Ranjan 2 1 M aku nd 1 8 Al l . 37 ; S h i ru v . AghaCal . 2 9 1 V enkatasu bbaraya v
. Zem in dar Ali1 8 Al l .
o f Karve tinagar 2 0M ad . 1 59 c om pa re 1 1 4 . Fr eeman on Exec u t ions g 3015
t he wo r d s“u nless the appl ic an t
t n the S aluta t io n 0 f the l'
u u r t in S . 1 1 5 . F reem an on l‘ixe f -u tions § 307 .
1x uxrzet r'
rtox or D EGR E ES Fen noxnr .1 7 5
Cou rt .
“ 6
r i gh t to wai ve an i r regu lar i ty for the benefit o f the m inor .
1 1 7
The guard ian of a m inor appo inted by the Cou r t has the
The
j udgment- deb tor wi l l be es topped f rom im peac h ing the sale i f he ,
knowing an i r regu lar i ty o r f raud , al lows the sale to proc eed w i thou t
objec t ion or i ndu c es anothe r to bec ome the pu rc haser at a sale of h is
proper ty .
in exec u t ion of dec rees by attac hment and s ale o f proper ty , i f the
I t wou ld be ve ry d i ffic u l t indee d to c ond uc t proc eed ings
j udgment- debtor c ou ld lie by and afte rw ards take ad vantage o f any
m i sdesc r iption of the p roper ty attac hed and abou t to be sold whic h
they know wel l bu t o f wh i c h the exec u t ion - c red i to r o r dec ree - ho lder
m igh t be per fec t ly i gno ran t that they shou ld take no no tic e o f that,al low the sal e to proc eed and th en com e forward and say the who le
proceed ings we re v i t iated .
” “ 8 B u t,where the j udgment~ debtor had
pre v ious ly made an appl icat ion fo r adjou rnment o f sale in wh i c h
there was no oc cas ion to make ment ion o f an i r regu lar i ty,he wou l d
not be es topped f rom c omplaining o f it a f te rward s .
1 1 9 An ag ree
m ent wi t h the dec ree - holder to set as ide a sale on the j udgment
debtor paying a c er tain sum wi th in a c er tain t ime i s a val id and
enforc eab le ag reemen t. 1 20
When a sale i s sough t to be vacated , no ti c e m u s t be g i ven to
the dec ree- holder,the j udgmen t - deb tor and the pu rc hase r—to the
dec r ee - ho lder because the vacat ion of the sale wi l l des troy h i s r i gh t
to the money r eal i zed theref rom ; to the j tu lgm ent—deb tor bec au se
by vacat ing the sal e the c red i t wh ic h had been enter ed i s c anc e l led
and he becomes aga in i'
eSponsible fo r the amo unt wh ic h th ro ugh
the sale had been paid to the pu rc haser bec au se he i s depr i ved o f
h i s pu rc hase . Though the dec ree - ho l de r i s a nec essa t v par ty ,
1 2 la
1 16 . Thaku r Bar ham v . Anan ta. R tm 1 5 I . A . 1 7 1 1 2 M ad . 1 9 Behar i S ingh2 0. L . J . 584 G i rdhar i S ngh v . Har deo v . M ukat S ingh 2 8 Al l . 2 73 U t tam
Narain 3 I . A . 230 2 6 \V. R . 44 Noor u l Chand ra v . Khet ra. Nath 2 9 Cal . 577
Hossein v . Omatool Fat ima 25 W . R . 34 Ol pher ts v . Mahab i r P er shad 1 0
Chand rabala v . P iabodh 36 Cal . 42 2 ; 9 I . A . 2 5 9 Cal . 656 ; 1 1 C . L . R . 494 ;
C. L . J . 251 Basan ta Kumar i v . Ram
Kanai 1 3 C . L . J . 1 92 ; P reo Lal l v .
Radhika Prosad 6 C W . N . 42 Bh i kar iM isra v . S u r ja Mon i 6 C . \V. N . 48 ;
D hanu kd hari v . Nathu ni6 C . L . J . 62 ;
Amb ika Prasad v . R . H . Wh itwel l 6C . L . J . 1 1 1 .
1 1 7 . Bipin Behary v . Jatind ra Nath37 Cal . 897 .
1 1 8 . Ar unachel lam v . Ar unachel lam
M anasr am r . Nagend ra Nath 1 6 C . L . J .
557 .
1 1 9.
304 Kabidanand v . I’ir thi
C . \V. N . 704 1 4 C . L. J . 346.
1 20. Haiakh S ingh v . Sahel) S ingh6 C . I J . 1 76.
1 2 1 . AliGauhar v . Bansidhar 1 5 Al l .
407 .
Raman v . Kunhayan 1 7 M ad .
Chand 1 6
L EC‘TOR r. I .
L ECTUR E
Appeal .
COMP U LSORY SALES
benefic ial owner i s not, i f the - benam dar i s ruade a par ty .
1 22 A sale
may be set as ide by an ar rangement wi th the dec ree - holder wi thou t
r e ferenc e to the pu rc haser be fore i t has been c onfirmed by the Cou r t . 1 23
No appeal l ies f rom an order refu s ing to res tore to the file an
appl icat ion dissmissed for defau l t . 1 34 An o rder set t ing as ide a sale
But. an appeal l ies agains t an order d i sm i ss ing
S o , an
i s open to re v iew.
1 25
an appl icat ion for non - appearanc e of a j udgment- debtor .
1 26
appeal l ies f rom an o rder setting as ide,or refu s ing to set as ide a
sale bu t no appeal l ies f rom an o rder passed on appeal . 1 2 7 An
appeal al so l ie s to the P r i v y Counc i l .1 28 IVhen the j udgment
debtor seeks to set as ide a sale on g rounds other than those'
of
i r regu lar i ty o r f raud in pu b l i s h ing and c onduc t ing the sale, a
sec ond appeal l ies .
1 29 Where an order sett ing as ide a sale was se t
as ide on r ev iew and the sale confirmed , an appeal agains t the
or der passed on rev iew p refer- red after the sale was c onfi rmed , i s
c om peten t . 1 30
The q ues t ion of a r igh t of appeal does not depend on who may
happen to be the appe l lant . 1 31 P roc eed ings to set as ide a sale on
the ground o f i r regu lar i ty or f raud invol ve q ues t ions re lat ing to the
exec u t ion,d i sc harge , or sat i s fac tion of the dec ree wi th in the meaning
of S . 47 C. P. C . Ac t V of 1 908 . These p roc eed ings m u s t , there
fore,be taken by way of appl icat ion rather than by way of su i t ,
F4when they are between par t ies to the s u i t o r thei r rep resentat i ves .
‘3
1 2 2 . Baroda Kanta v . Chunder Kanta v . Deno Nath 2 C . W . N . 691 Bhuban2 9 Cal . 682 ; 6 C . W . N . 706. Mohan v . Nundo Lal 2 6 Cal . 32 4
1 2 3. S u rend ra M ob in i v,Amaresh 3 C . \V. N . 399 ; Hira Lal v . Chand ra.
39 Cal . 68 7 1 6 C . \V. N . 570 Sharifau Kanto 26 Cal . 539 3 C . W . N . 403.
v . Habibuddin 1 5 C . W.
J
N. 685 ; 1 3 1 2 8 . K r ishna Prosed v . Mot i ChandC . L . J . 535. 40 I . A . 1 40 ; 40 Cal . 635 ; 1 7 C . W . N .
1 2 4 . J ung.r Bahad u r v . Mahadeo P rosad 637 1 7 C . L . J . 573.
1 Cal . 207 ; 8 C . W . N . 1 60. 1 2 9. Ramyad Sahu v. Bindeswari 6
1 2 5. Hakimgir v . Basdeo l ? C .W.N . C . L . J . 1 03 ; Set U medmal v . S r inath2 7 Cal . 8 10 ; 4 C . \V. N . 692 ; Chandan
1 26. Gost o Behary v . Har i Mohan v. Ramdeni 31 Cal . 499 ; Ranidhani
8 C . \V. N . 31 3 ; Braja. S under v . M at iLal 1 3 C . l J . 1 53.
1 2 7 . S . 1 04 r . 1 C ] . (j )C . l ’ . C . Ac t V of 1 908 . B u t under
Ac t XIV of 1 882 ; an ord er passed on
an arplication for set t ing as ide a sale on
the g rou nd of frau d was open t o second
appeal as the or der und er S . 2 44 (S . 47 )
had the effec t of a dec ree NemaiChand
v . Top i B ib i 1 8 C . L . J . 2 64.
1 30. S hamser Ali v . Jagannath 1 7
C . W. N . 403.
1 31 . H i ra Lal v . Chund ia Kan to 2 6
Cal . 539 ; 3 C . \V. N . 403 ; Kok i l S inghv . Ed u l S ingh 31 Cal . 385.
1 32 . Bh im S ingh v . Sarwan S ingh 1 6
Ct'
il 33 Du rga haran v . Kal i Prasanna2 6 Cal . 72 7 ; 3 586 ; Gofam Ahad v.
L ECTURE V I .
1 1 1 . Non - sale
ab le interest .
COMP U LSORY SALES
o f defenc e of his t i tle in a regu lar su i t,al though the objec tion i s
one w i th in S . 47 C . P . C . Ac t V e f 1 908 wh ic h he m ig h t hav e
rai sed in the exec u t ion proc eed ings .
1 40
The p u rc haser may al so appl y w i th in 30 days f rom the date
of sal e to set as ide the sal e on the ground that the j udgment- debto r
had no saleable interes t in the pr oper ty sol d .
1 41 Wher e the j udg
ment - debtor has no saleab le interes t at al l , or where the proper ty
has 11 0 ex i s tenc e, or i s not at al l sal eab l e, or the m i sdesc r i p t ion of
the pr oper ty in the sale not ificat ion mater ial ly al ter s the su b
s tanc e o f i t and goes to the essenc e of the c ontrac t , ther e i s a
total fai l u re of c ons iderat ion . B ut i t i s the du ty o f the
pu rc haser to sat i s fy h im sel f p r ior to the pu r c hase, respec ting
the t i t le of the j udgmen t - debter , the su ffic iency of the p roc eed
ings to trans fer i t,the qual i ty and val u e of the p rope r ty , as i f
he were pu rc has ing f rom a p r i vate per son.
1 42 The j udgment - debtor
i s under no du ty to c ome forward .
1 43 I f the j udgmen t- debtor has
on l y a par t ial inter es t in the p roper ty, howe ver smal l that i nterest
may be, the pu r c haser m u s t ab ide by the bargain and the sal e c an
not be set as ide nor is the p u rc haser ent i t led to a refun d of the
pu r c hase - money to the exten t to wh ic h the jugdment - debtor had no
in te r es t u n less there i s f raud , as the p r ic e paid by the pu rc haser i s
not determ ined by c ontrac t bu t by c ompet i t ion .
1 44 A pu r c hase r
i s not c onfined to th i s r emedy by app l icat ion he mav proc eed by
1 40. Eb iram Ali v. Gop i Kan th 1 44. M akham chore v . N ish in Gona i2 4 Cal . 355 ; 1 C . \V. N . 396 ; Chand ra 1 0 C . L . J . 492 ; Ru stom ji A rdesh i rm on i v . Halijennessa 9 C . L. J . 464 ; v . V inayak Gangadhar 35 Bo rn . 2 9
Du rga Charan v . Karamat Khan 7 Ram Coomar v . Shu shee 9 Cal . 626
C . W . N . 607 ; contr a D waikanath S undara v . V enkatavarada 1 7 M ad .
v.Tar in i Sankar 34 Cal . 1 99 ; 1 1 2 2 8 ; Ram Kun1 ar v . Ram C ou r 37 Cal .
C .W .N . 51 3 ; 5 C . L . J . 2 94 ; Du rga 67 ; 1 3 C . \V . N . 1 080 ; 1 0 C . L .
Charan v .Kal i Prasanna 2 6 Cal . 72 7 J . 558 Adm in ist rator - General v . Aghere
3 C . \V .N . 586 ; M u ru l lah v . B u r u l lah Nath 2 9 Cal . 420 6 C . \V. N . 8 73
9 C . \V. N . 972 . 01 1 appeal 30 Cal . 468 ; Ram Narain1 41 . O. 2 1
,r . 91 C . P . C . Ac t V of v . Dwar ka Nath 2 7 Cal . 2 64 4 C . \V.
1 908 ; Ar t . 1 66 S ch . 1 L im i tat ion Ac t N . 1 3 ; Nityanund v . J uggat Chandra1X of 1 908 . 7 C . \V . N . 1 05 ; S han to Chand er v .
1 42 . J ummal Al i v . Tir bhu Lal l 1 2 Nain S u kh 2 3 Al l . 355 M u hammad Itali\V. It . 41 Mahomed B asir u l la v . Abd u l mat - u l lah v . B achcho 2 7 Al l . 537 S ona
la 4 B .L
. It . App . 95 ; 1 5 \V. R . 1 96 n ram v . M ohiram 2 8 Cal . 2 35 Doyal v .
S u ndara C opalanv
. V cnkatavarada 1 7 Am r i ta 2 9 Cal . 370 Kunhame d r . Chathu
M ad . 2 2 8 .9 M ad . 437 Deb i S ingh v Jia Ram 2 5
1 43. Y asanJi v . Lal l u 9 B um . 285 ; Al l. 2 1 4 (F .
C u t u pad apa l l apa 1 4 1301 11 . 558 .
IN EX ECU T ION OF D EGRE E S FOR MON EY .
a r eg u lar su i t af ter the sale has been con fi rmed to recover the LECTU RE \' I ,
pu r c hase m oney .
1 46 B u t when a sale i s sough t to be set as ide on the
ground that the p ur c haser was i ndu ced by misr epr esention or
c oncealment to buy the p roper ty for more than its real val ue,
the r emedy i s by a r egu lar su i t .1 46
\Vhen a sal e i s set as ide, the pu r c haser i s ent i t led to an order for
repaymen t of pu r c hase- money wi th or w i thou t i nter est as the Cou r t
may d i rec t agains t any per son to whom i t has been paid .
1 47 The
or der of ref und may be exec u ted as a dec ree e ven agains t a dec r ee
ho lder who has obtained a rateab le share .
1 48 The per iod of l im i ta
t ion for an appl icat ion i s th r ee year s f rom the ac c r ual of the r igh t “0
bu t that for a r egu lar s u i t i s six year s f rom the ac c r ual of the
r i gh t .1 50
When the sale i s set as ide the dec ree- ho lder may again appl v for
exec u tion and t ime does not r un u nt i l he i s c om pel led to r e f und the
pu rc hase—money to the pu r c haser .
“ 1
\Vhere no appl ic at ion i s made for sett ing as i de a sale or when i t
i s d i sal lowed , the Cou r t shal l make an order c onfirm ing the Sal e and
t hereupon the sale shal l bec ome absol u te )“ Jonfirmation i s the
formal exp r ess ion o f the j ud i c ial sanc tion of the sale and i s ther e fore
essent ial to the pu rc haser’s t i t le . The sale cannot be c onfi rmed i f
1 45. M unna S ingh v . Gajadhar S ingh 1 50. Ar t . 1 2 0 S ch . 1 L im i tat ion Ac t
5 Al l . 577 ; K ish an Lal v . Mu hammad IX of 1 908 ; Nilakanta v . Imam sahib
1 3 Al l . 383 ; S han to Chander v . Nain 1 6 M ad . 361 ; bu t see Ram Kumar v .
Su kh 2 3 Al l . 355 ; Gu rshidawa v . Ganga Ram Gou r 37 Cal . 67 ; 1 3 C . \V. N .
ya 2 2 Bom . 783 ; Ram Kumar v . Ram 1 080 ; 1 0 C . L . J . 558 ; Hanuman v .
gou r 37 Cal . 67 ; 1 3 C . W . N . 1 080 ; Hanum an 1 8 I . A . 1 58 ; 1 9 Cal . 1 23 ;
1 0 C . L. J . 558 Har i Doyal v . She i kh Am r ita Lal v . Jogend ra Lal 40 Cal . 1 8 7Sam sudd in 5 C . \V . N . 2 40 Nityanun d S id heswar i v . M ayanand 35 Al l . 4 1 9.
v . Juggat Chand ra 7 C . \V. N . 1 05 ; 1 51 . At t . 1 8 1 S ch . I L im i tat ion Ac t
R u stom ji A rdesh i r v . V inayak Ganga IX o f 1 908 Ramineedi v . Lakkoju
dhar 35 B om . 29 ; S u rend ra Nath v . 30 M ad . 209 ; 1 7 M . L . J . 1 94 ;
Ben i Madhab 1 0 C . \V. N . 2 74 S‘
ivarama I ssu ree D assee V . Abd oo l Khalak 4 Ca] .V . Rama 8 M ad . 99. 41 5 ; 3 C . L . R . 46 Pyar oo v . Naz i r1 46. B ir j Moh un v . RaiU ma Nath 1 9 2 3 \V. R . 1 83 Torab Ali v . Nil r u t tan
I . A . 1 54 20Cal . 8 Du rga S undar i v . 1 3 Cal . 1 55 ; Ragh unath Sahay v .
Gobinda 1 0 Cal . 368 . Lalj i S ingh 2 3 Cal . 397 ; Rud ra
1 47 . O. 211,
r . 93 C . P . C . Ac t V Narain v . Pac hu 2 3 Cal . 437 ; Kalyanof 1 908 . bhai v . Ghanashanzlal 5 8 01 1 1 . 2 9 ;
1 48 . S . 36 C . P . C . Ac t . V of 119081 ; Laklnni Chand v , Bal lam D as 1 7 Al l .
Kishu n Lal v . Muhammad 1 3 Al l . 383. 425 Sasixar na v . Aru lanandam 2 1 M ad .
1 49 . Ar t . 1 8 1 S ch . I L im i tat ion Ac t
I X of 1 908 : G irdhar i v . S i tal Prasad 1 52 . O. 2 1, 92 . C . P . Ac t V of
1 1 Al l . 372 . 1 908 .
Resale .
Confir mation
o f sale .
LECTURE
COMPU LSORY SALE S
the dec r ee under wh ic h the sale was effec ted has c eased to be a
su bsi s t ing dec ree 011 the date of c onfirmation,
1 63or i f the dec ree had
been sat i sfied befor e the sale .
”4 I f the p roper ty i s ac c idental l y
dest royed after the sale and before c onfi rmation the pu r c haser wi l l
not be c ompel led to com plete the sal e . The objec t of the p roc eed ing
for c onfirmat ion i s to fu r ni sh an oppor tu n i ty for enqu i ry respec t ing
the ac ts wh ic h have been done under the l icense to sel l and ob tain
the dec i s ion of the Cou r t, whether under al l the exi s t ing circ ums
tanc es the sale shou ld be set as ide or app roved . The app roval o f
the Cou r t must u pon p r inc i p le be taken as an adj ud icat ion that such
ac ts have taken plac e as were nec essary to j u s t i fy the sale. When
af terwards some at tempt i s c ol lateral ly made to avo id the sale and
inv o l ves an enqu i ry wh ic h shou ld have been p u r s ued by the Cou r t
befo re d i rec ting the c onfi rmat ion su c h enqu i ry may fai r l y be r egar d
ed as no longer open,for the r eason that the mat ter has al ready
been adju d icated .
1 55
Confi rmat ion may be r ef used (1 ) for i r r egular i t ies in the pro
c eedings (2) on ac count of m i sconduc t s uc h as fraud,t r ic k
,dev ic e
on the par t of the par t ies,the officer conduc ting the sale, the pu r
c haser and even of the s tranger, to the pr oceed ings wh i c h resu l t
o r hav e p robably resu l ted in an u nfai r and ineq u i table sal e (3) where
the b idder has obtained unc onsc ionable advantage and the p rope r ty
has been sold at a gros s ly inadequate p r ic e (4)wh ere an inconsider ~
abl e ad vantage has been ob tained o ver the p u r c haser by f raud o r
m i sc onduc t of the par t ies (5) o r wh ere the t i t le of the p roper ty
i s suc h t hat the Cou r t wou ld r ef u se to enforc e the c onduc t i f the
v endor wer e a p r i vate per son. B ut when a par ty knows of anyfac t that m i gh t const i tu te an objec t ion to the regular i ty of the sale
wh i c h c ou l d be remed ied before sal e i f made known and fai l s to
d i sc lose that fac t he wi l l not be perm i t ted to make su c h fac t the
basi s of objec tion to the c onfi rmat ion . An order e i ther c onfirm ing
o r setting as ide a sale cannot be set as ide by a su i t by any per son
ag ains t whom su c h order i s made .
1 56
1 53. D oyamoyiv . Sarat Chu nder 2 5 of 1 908 : Bh im S ingh v . S arwan S ing h1 7 5 ; 1 C . \V .
N . 656 M u l Chand v . 1 6 Cal . 33 ; Damod ar v . V inayak 2 6M u k ta 1 0Al l . 83 Ram S ukh v . Ram 13 011 1 . 40 ; C aj rajmativ . Akbar I l u sain 34S aha i 2 9 Al l . 591 . LA . 37 ; 29 Al l . 1 96. The Wo rd s
“on the
1 5 1 F reeman on E xec u t ions § 308 . g round s of such i r reg u lar i ty ”in S . 31 2
1 F reeman o n Vo i d J u dic ial Sale Ac t X IV o f 1 382 have been om i t ted ;c om pare S h iam Behar i v . l t up K isho re
J ] . Y.
“2 (A) P.(V
. ixc t 240 2379.
L ECTU RE V I .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
innnoveable p roper ty i s to send a c opy o f suc h c er t ificate to the
R egi ster ing Offic e r to fi le the c opy in h i s Book No. I .
IGG
No s u i t shal l be maintained agains t any per son c laim ing ti t le
under a pu rc hase c e r t ified by the Cou r t,i.e.
,the c er t ified pu rc hase r
or any per son der i v ing t i tle th rough him on the ground that the
pu r c hase was made on behal f of anot her per son .
1 67 The c e r t ificate
o f sale need no t have been ac tual ly i ssued to the p u r c haser at. t he
date o f su i t .
1 68 The c er t ified p u r c haser s hal l be c onc l us i ve ly deem ed
to be the real pu r c haser,the objec t being merel y to d i sc ou rage benam i
B u t
it c on tem plates the case of a real sale in exec ut ion of a rea lpu rc hases at exec u tion sales bu t not to r ender them i l l egal . 1 69
dec ree in a rea l su i t .1 70
As th i s pro v i s ion bar s the equ i tab le j u r i sd i c t ion of the Cou r t,
i t i s c onst r u ed s t r ic tly and no t extended beyond i t s express terms .
H enc e, i f the r eal owner i s ac tual ly and hones t ly in possession and
the su i t i s b r ough t by the c er tified pu rc haser agains t the r eal owner
for any r el ie f based on the c er tificate, the r eal owner may r esi s t
the su i t on the g round that the c er t ified pu rc haser is on l y a
benamdar .
1 7 1 B ut the r eal owner be ing in possess ion canno t ob tain
a dec larat ion that the c er tified pur c haser was a mer e benamdar ,
for the su i t pr oh i b i ted by th i s r u l e i s not c onfined mere l y to a su i t
fo r possess ion .
”2 The me re possess ion g iven to the real owner
to ho ld posse ssion cannot alone g i ve or t rans fer a t i tl e f rom the
benamdar to the r eal owner .
1 73 When the su i t i s based no t 011 the
1 1 C . L . J . 489 . v . B uh oor ee 1 4 M 00. 1 8 \V . R .1 4 C . \V. N . 560;
1 66. S s . 1 7 (x1 1 ), 89 (2 ) I . R . Ac t
X VI o f 1 908 .
1 67 . s . 66 c P . 0. Ac t v of 1 908 .
The express ion ce1 tified pu r chaser”
in
S . 31 7 Ac t X IV of 1 8 82 was he ld not to
i nc l ude a per son c laim ing th rough or
u nder the ce r t ified pu r chaser , su ch as,
an he i r or an ass ig nee ; Nisakar v .
Bai rag i 1 9 C . L . J . 330 ; D akhada v .
S rimonta 2 6 Cal . 950 ; 3 C . \V. N .
657 ; Nokori v . Sarup 5 C . W . N . 341
Kochan 2 1 M ad . 7 ;
2 1 Al l . 1 96 ; contr a
Har i v . Ram c hand ra 31 Born . 6 1 .
Theyyavelan v .S ibta v . B hagoli
1 68 . Al dwel l v . I lah i liakh sh 5 Al l .
478 .
1 69 . Bod h S ingh v . C u nesh t‘
h un der
1 9 \V . R. 356 1 2 B . R . 31 7 ; Buh u ns
496 ;
1 57 10 B . L . R . 1 59 Lokhee Nar ain v .
Kalipu ddo 2 I . A . 1 54 2 3 W . R . 358 .
1 70. AkhiI P rod han
Nath 1 8 C . L . J . 61 6.
1 7 1 . Babans v . B uhooree 1 4 M 00 .
496 ; 1 8 W . R . 1 57 ; 1 0 B . L . R .
1 59 ; Lokhee Narain v . Kal lypud do 2
I . A . 1 54 2 3 W . R . 358 Jan M uhamad
v . I lah i Bakhsh 1 Al l . 2 90 ; Gov inda v .
Kish un 2 8 Cal . 370 ;
B isban D ial 2 7 Al l . 443 ; U ncoveuazn ted
S er v ic e Bank v . Abd u l Bar i 1 8 Al l . 461 .
1 72 . B ishan D ial v . Ghaz i - ud - d ln 2 3
Al l . 1 75, commen t ing 01 1 Sast i Chu rn v .
Anopun m 2 3 Cal . 699.
1 73.
Al l . 1 75,d is sen t ing fr om M o nappa v .
M ad .
v. Manmatha
Ghaziud din v .
B ishan D ial v . Ghaz i - u d - din 2 3
S u rappzl 1 1 Sankumii V .
IN EXECU TION OF D EGRE ES FOR MONEY .
ground that the defendant i s a benamdar bu t 0 11 the t i t le ac qu i red LECTURE V I »
by 1 2 year s’ possess ion ,suc h a su i t i s not bar r ed .
1 7 4
The p rov i s ion does not affec t the r i ghts of the par t ies who byExcepuons‘
the operat ion of law are en t it led to c laim ,as par t of the i r common
proper ty , an ac qu i s i t ion made by one of t hem in h i s own name
i f made by the u se of joint funds . Th us,where the proper ty i s
pu r c hased by a mem ber of a jo i nt Hindu fam i l y w i th fam i ly funds
bu t in h i s own 11 a1n e,1 75 or where the par t ies s tand in the r elation
of par tner s and the pur c hase i s made by a par tner by the u se of
par tnersh i p fund s , or where i t i s pu r c hased by one of two dec ree
ho lder s in h i s own name and the pu rc hase- 11 1oney i s set off against
the amoun t of the joint debt,
1 76a su i t that the pu rc hase i s jo int ly
for the pu rc haser and other per sons i s not bar red . Nor, i s a su i t
by a th i rd per son bar red on the ground that the c e r tified pu r c haser
i s a m e re benamdar and that the p roper ty i s l iab le to sat i s fy h i s
c laim agains t the benefic ial owner .
1 77
D el i very of possess ion to the pu r c haser i s not essent ial . A sale
i s no t vo id because the pu rc haser did not, at or su bsequent ly to the
sale, rec ei ve or ho ld possess ion of the p roper ty pu rc hased .
The mo veab le proper ty of wh ic h ac tual sei zu re has been made (a)MOVeab les
shal l be de l ive red to the pu r c haser . B u t where the proper ty i s in
possess ion o f some per son other t han the j udgment - debtor,the
del i very to the pu rc haser shal l be made by gi v ing not i c e to the
person in possess ion p roh i bi ting him f rom del iver ing i t to any one
exc ept the pu r c haser . A deb t not sec u r ed by a nego t iable instr u
men t, or a share in a c orp o ration shal l be de l i vered by a wr i tten
o rder of the Cou r t, p r oh i b i ting the c r ed i tor f rom r ec e i v ing the
debt and the deb to r f rom mak ing paym ent to any one exc ept the
pu r chaser?“ I n the case of any o ther proper ty the Co u r t may
Narayanan 1 7 M ad . 2 82 ; K um balinga v . C al . 204 ; S u bha B ib i v . Hara Lal 2 1
Ariapu t ra 1 8 M ad . 436. Ca l . 579 con t rary d ec is ions u nd er S . 31 7
1 74 . Karamu d din v . N iam at 1 9 Ca l . Ac t X IV o f 1 882 wer e in Rama. Ku r u p v .1 99 : B ishan D ial v
,Ghaz i - ud aiin 2 3 S ridevi 1 6 M ad . 2 90; Ko l lan tavida v .
Al l . 1 75. Tir uvalil 20 M ad . 362 ; D . L . Bank v .
1 75. Bodh S ingh v . Ganesh Chu nder Par tab Bhas kar 2 1 Al l . 29 ; K ishan Lal
1 9 W . R . 356 ; 1 2 B . L . R . 31 7 Na tesa v . Gar u ru ddhwaja 2 1 Al l . 238 ; Ram
v . Venkataramayyan 6 M ad . 1 35 ; Narain v . Mohan ian 2 6 Al l . 8 2 ; KhudaMinakshiv . Kalianrama 20 Mad . 349. Bakhsh v . A z i z A lam 2 7 Al l . 1 94 Narain1 76. Achhaibar v . Tapas i 2 9 Al l . 557. D eiv . Du rga D ei35 Al l . 1 38 .
1 77 . S . 66 (2 ) C . P . C Ac t V of 1 78 . O. 2 1 , r . 79 C . P . C . Ac t V of
1 903 ; see also Kan izak v . M onohu r 1 2 1 908 .
LECTURE V I .
(5) l mniove
able p roper ty .
COMPU LSORY SALES
make an order ves ting i t in the pu r chaser .
1 79
Where the immoveab le p roper ty i s in the possess ion of the
j udgment - deb tor , or of some per son on h i s behal f,or of some per son
c laim ing a t i t le c reated by the j udgment- debtor , su bsequent to the
at tac hment,the Cou r t s hal l
,on the app l icat ion of the pu rc haser
made wi th in 30 days from the date when the sale becomes absol u te,
order del i very to be made by putt ing him in ac tual possess ion o f the
p roper ty and i f nec essary, by remov ing any per son who refu ses to
vacate it. 1 80 B u t when the proper ty i s in the oc c upancy of a tenant
or other per son ent i t led to oc c upy i t , the Cou r t shal l order del ivery
to be made by affixing a c opy of the c er t ificate of sale in some
c onsp i c uou s p lac e on the p roper ty and proc laim ing to the oc c upant
by some c u s tomary mode that the interes t of the j udgment- deb tor
has been t rans fer red to the p u rc haser .
1 8 1 The ques t ion of del i very
of possess ion i s one relat ing to the exec u t ion,d i sc harge, or satisfac
t ion of the dec ree”wi th in the mean ing of S . 437 C. P. C. Ac t V of
1 908 . Hence,a dec ree- ho lder p u rc haser who does not lose h i s
c harac ter of a par ty to the s u i t, mer ely becau se he hap pens al so
to be the pu r c haser , does not s tand on the same footing as a
pu r c haser who is a s tranger , so that he cannot proc eed l i ke him
e i ther by an app l icat ion under 0. 2 1 , r .r . C . P . C. Ac t V of
1 908 , or by a separate su i t for possess ion.
1 82 An order passed on
an appl i cat ion for del i very of possess ion i s not appealab le.
1 83 B ut
an order d i s pos ing of an objec t ion of the j udgmen t- debtor to an
appl icat ion for de l i very of possess ion by the dec ree- holder on the
g round that the dec ree—ho lder wou ld not take del i very bu t reconvey
the p roper ty to the j udgment- debtor i s appealable!“
A pu rc haser i s not p rec l uded from br inging a regu lar s u i t for
possess ion,e v en when h is appl icat ion for possess ion was rejec ted
as made beyond t ime.
1 85
1 79 . O . 2 1 , r . 8 1 C . P . C . Ac t V of
1 908 .
1 80. O . 2 1 , r . 95 C . P . C . Ac t V of
1 908 Ar t . 1 80 S ch . I Ind ian L im i tat ionAc t IX o f 1 908 ; see S u l tan Sah ib v .
Ch idam baram Che t tiar 32 M ad . 1 36.
1 8 1 . O . 2 1,r . 96 C . P . C . Ac t V of
1 908 .
1 8 2 . B lmgwativ . Banwar i 31 Al l . 82Mahom ed M osraf v . Hab i l Mia 6 C . L . J .
749 ; M ad liu sud on v . Gob inda Pr ia 2 7
Cal . 34 4 C . \V . N . 41 7 Kuber S ingh V.
The p u r c haser of an u nd i v ided s hare
Sh ib Lal 2 7 Al l . 2 63 ; Anand i Kunwar iv . Ajud hia Nath 30Al l . 379 Kasinat ha
v . U thumansa 25 M ad . 52 9 ; Kat tayat
v . Raman 2 6 M ad . 740.
1 83. S m dh u v . H ussain 2 8 M ad . 8 7
Mahomed M osraf v . Hab i l Mia G C . L . J .
749 B himal D as v . Ganesha Koerl C . W . N . 658 .
1 8 4. Har i Chara‘
n v . M on Mohan 1 8
C . \V. N . 2 7.
1 85. S eru M ohuu v . B hagoban 9 Cal .
602 : K ishor i M ohuu v . Chunder Nath
LECTU RE V I .
R es i stanc e.
D ispossess ion .
COMPU LSORY SAL ES
wh ere the latter r emains in ac tual possess ion and the pr oper ty i s
no t in the oc c u pancy of a tenant or other per son en ti t led to oc c upy
the same .
1 93
I f the pu rc haser i s res i s ted or obstr uc ted by any per son in ob
tain ing possess ion,ac t ual or c ons tr uc t ive, of the p roper ty, he may
wi th in 30 days f rom the date of su c h res i stanc e or obs t r uc t ion make
an app l icat ion to the Cou r t comp lain ing of s uc h res i stanc e or obs
t r u c tion.
‘9‘
I f the resi stance or obst r uc t ion i s made wi t hou t any j ust cau se
by the j udgment - deb tor,or any per son ac t ing at h i s inst igat ion,
the
Cou’
r t may order him to be detained in the c iv i l pr i son for a term not
exc eed ing 30 days .
1 95 B ut,i f the r es i s tance or obs tr uc t ion i s made
by any o ther pe r son c laim ing in good fai th to be in possess ion of
the proper ty on h is own ac count, or on ac c ount of some per son
other than the j udgment - debtor , the app l icat ion shou l d be d i sm i ssed .
1 96
A su i t by a per son agains t whom suc h order i s passed m u s t be
b rough t wi th in one year f rom the date of the order .
1 97 B u t,fai l ure
on his par t to avai l h imsel f of t h i s speedy r emedy does not dis
enti tle him to b r ing a r egu lar s u i t for possess ion .
1 98 The par t ic ular
res is tance or obst r uc t ion i s the s tar t ing po int for l im i tat ion .
1 99
When any per son i s d i s possessed by the pu rc haser , he may, w i th i n
30 days from the date of d is possess ion, make an appl icat ion to the
Cou r t , d i spu t ing the r igh t of the pu r c haser,to be pu t into posses
s ion .
200 The c laim shou ld be invest igated by the Cou r t exec u t ing
the dec ree and no q ues t ion of val uat ion ar i ses for c ons iderat ion,
a l though the dec i s ion may not be r es j udicata. in a s ubsequen t su i t. 201
When the dec ree has been trans fer red to a Col lec tor for exec u t ion,
1 93. Mahadev Sakharam v. Janu 1 98 . Balvant v. Babaji8 B om . 602 ;
Nam j i 36 Born . 373 (F . B . ) over r u l ingGopal v . Krishnarao 25 Born . 2 75 and
Mahadeo v . Parash ram 25 B om . 358 .
1 94. O. 2 1 , r . 97 Ac t V of 1 908 Ar t .
1 67 Sch . I L im i tat ion Ac t I X of 1 908
M ancharain v . Fakirchand 25 B om .
478 B rajabala v . Gu r udas 33 Cal . 4873 C . L . J . 2 93.
1 95. S . 74 , O. 2 1,r . 98 C . P . C . Ac t
V of 1 908 .
1 96. O. 2 1 , r . 99 C . P . C . Ac t V of
1 908 .
1 97 . Ar t . 1 1 A S ch . 1 L im i tat ionAc t IX at 1 908 .
Kesr i v . Abdu l Hassan 2 6 Al l . 365 ;Mu t t iav Appasami1 3 M ad . 504 Shoteenath v .
Obhoy Nund 5 Cal . 331 .
1 99. Ramasekara v . D harmaraya
5 M ad . 1 1 3 ; Narain D as v . Hazar i Lal1 8 Al l . 233 Baranagore Ju te Fac tory v .
Raj Kumar 1 3 C . \V. N . 72 4.
200. O. 2 1 , r . 1 00 Ac t V et 1 908
Ar t . 1 65 S ch . I L im i tat ion Ac t I X of
1 908 ; see Ratnam Ayyar v . K r ishnaDoss 2 1 Mad . 494 ;
~Har D in v . LachmanS ingh 25 Al l . 343.
201 . Kadambiniv . D oyaram 1 1 C.L .J .
478 .
IN E XECU TION or D EGRE ES FOR MONE Y . 1 8 7
the per son wr ongly ou sted shou ld app ly to the Co l lector .
202 When
m ere symbo l ical possess ion i s del i ver ed , the per son in cons t r uc t i ve
possess ion c annot be said to be “ d is possessed,
”u n less the
.
tenan t
i s ou sted from the p roper ty by the de l i very o f ac tual possess ion.
to
the pu rc haser .
203 I f the appl icant was in possess ion o f the pro
per ty on h i s own ac c ount, acc ount o f
other than the j udgmen t - debto r,the Cou r t shal l d i rec t tha t the
or on some per son
appl ic an t be pu t into possession o f it .
2o4 B u t no q uest ion
of title'
can be in v es tigated in su c h a proc eed ing .
205.
Whena c laim u nder 0. 2 1 r . 58 C . P . C . Ac t V o f 1 908 has hem
d i sm i ssed and a regu lar su i t has no t been brough t, the c laimant
cannot objec t to the de l i v ery of possess ion .
206 A
a join t H indu be said
of any par t icu lar por tion of the jo in t p roper ty on h i s own ac count .”7
mem ber of
fam i l y c annot to be in possess ion
S ons l i v ing wi th thei r fathe r on the pr oper ty from wh i c h they'
ar e
d i spossessed are no t th i r d par t ies and ar e bou n d by the p roc eed
ings aga ins t them .
208 B u t a c laiman t who was in possessmn In
r espec t of h i s own in teres t, thou g h jo int wi th the j udgment - debto r,i s en t i t led to be r esto red to jo i nt possess ion wi th the pur c haserfi
OQ ‘
An order passed on an appl icat ion c om p la in ing of res i s tance, or
obs tr u c t ion,or d i spossess ion i s final ; bu t any per son
,other than
the j udgmen t - debtor,may, wi t h in one year f rom the date of the
order , ins t i tu te a su i t to es tab l i sh the r i gh t wh ic h he c laim s to the
pr esen t possess ion o f the p roper ty and he i s not r equ i red to have
the ad v e r se or der set as ide .
2 10 B u t,i f the o rder i s not made af ter
inves t igat ion ,or where the Cou r t dec l ines to make an enqu i ry and
r efer s the par t ies to a separate su i t or wh en the appl icat ion i s d ism i ssed
for defau l t, the pe r iod o f one year s l im i tat ion wi l l not applyfi1 1 A n
2 02 . Ragho Chand rarao v . Hanmati 207 . Coover ji v . D ewsay 17 B om .
Chand r ar ao 37 B om . 488 . 7 1 8 .
2 03. I brah im v . Ramjad u 30 Cal . 208 . Pandharinath v . M ahabubkhan
7 1 0 Kocher lakota v . V ad revn 2 7 M ad . 2 1 Bonn. 98 .
2 62 B rajabala v . G u r u das 33 Cal . 48 7
3 C . L . J . 2 93 ; Chidam bara v . Rama
samy 2 7 M ad . 67 ; Kiso ri Lal v .
S h ib Lal l 1 C . \V. N . 343.
6 204. o. 2 1,r . 1 01 c . P . 0. Ac t v or
1 908 .
205. Kedar Nath v . Saday Chand ra1 9 C . L . J . 1 3.
206. Sankar Nath v . M adam Mohan1 4 C . \V. N . 2 98 ; 1 1 C . L . J . 61 .
2 09. Rad ha Gob ind -
a v . Itoghu Nath‘
l S
C . \V. N . 695 ; 1 8 C . L . J 1 38 .
2 10. O. 2 1 , r . 1 03 C . P . C . o f
1 908 Ar t . 1 1 A Sc h.I Liniita tion Ac t
I X o f 1 908 see Mau la Bu ksh v . BhabaS undar i 1 9 C . L . J . 1 8 7 .
2 1 1 . Rahim bux v . Abd u l Karler547 Kunj Beha r i v . Kandh '
6 C . L . J .
362 ; Saia t Chand ra v . Tar ini l ’rasad 34
Cal: 1 1 C . \V. N . 48 7 Rash B ehary
LECTUR E
LECTURE V I .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
app l icat ion for a r ehear ing of execut ion p roceed ings i s maintain
able.
2 1 2 B ut an order passed ea: par te cannot be set as ide u nder 0. 9,
r . 1 3 C. P . C . Ac t V of
“otherwi se than in due c ou r se of law so a su i t
“
under S . 9 S . R .
Ac t I 1 87 7 cannot be maintained.
”4 Bu t,if he does not p roceed
under 0. 2 1 r . 96 C. P . C. Ac t V of 1 908 , the d i spossess ion is
not in due c ou r se of law.
” ”5
D i s possess ion by a pu r c haser is not
A su i t to set as ide a sale in exec u t ion of a dec r ee m u s t be
b rought wi th in one year f rom the date when the sal e wou ld be
confirmed , or wou ld oth erwi se have become final and c on c l u s ive,had
no s uc h su i t been b rou gh t . 2 1 6 B u t, wher e the sale was in i ts inc ept ion
vo id, i t. i s not nec essary to have i t set as ide,as wh ere the p laint iff
seeks to set as ide the sale on the ground that he“
i s not bound by the
dec ree, in exec u t ion of wh i c h the sale was made,hav ing been
frau du lent and c ol l us i ve,” or where the sale was not au thor i sed by
the dec r ee under wh ich the p r oper ty pu r por ted to have been sol d ,2 1 8
or where the legal r ep resentat i ve of the dec eased j u dgment - debtor
has been p roc eeded agains t wi thou t any not ic e be ing gi ven him,
2 1 9
or wher e the sale i s effec ted of the p roper ty of the per sons who
were not par t ies to the su i t or p roc eed ings or proper l y r epresented
in the records,
220or where the p roper ty so ld i s who l ly ou ts ide the
ter ritor ial ju r i sd ic t ion ass igned to the Cou r t,
22 1or where a sale has
v . B udd un 1 2 C . L . R . 550 M eer udin v .Rab isa 2 7 M ad . 2 5.
2 1 2 . Safdar Ali v .C . L . J . 6.
2 1 3. Har i Charan v . Manmatha Nath41 Cal . 1 1 8 C . W
'
. N . 343.
2 1 4. Kam in i S undar i v . Sabed She ikh1 4 C . W . N . 403 ; Haran Chand ra V .
Madan Mohan 1 5 C . W . N . 956.
2 1 5. Mu luk Patooniv . Bharat Chand ra1 2 C . \V. N . 694.
2 1 6. Ar t . 1 2 (a) S ch . I L im i tat ionAc t IX of 1 908 .
2 1 7 . Parekh v . B aiVakhat 1 1 Born .
1 1 9 ; Gundar v . Habibannissa 7 B . L . R .
2 35 ; 1 5 \V. R . 31 1 .
2 1 8 . Nazar Aliv . Kedar Nath 1 9 Al l .308 Jwala v . M asiat 2 6 Al l . 346.
2 1 9. E rava v . Sid ramappa 2 1 B om .
42 4 (F . B . )" 20. Benne t t v . Ham i l l (1 806) 2 S c h .
Kishun La] 1 2
a Let . 566 ; Jones v . Barnett (1 899) 1Ch . 61 1 (1 900) 1 Ch . 370 Pu r naChand ra v . B ejoy Chand 1 8 C . L . J .
1 8 ; Khiarajmal v . Daim 32 I . A . 2 3 ;
32 Cal . 2 96 ; 9 C . IV. N . 201 1 C . L . J .
584 7 Born . L . R . 1 Rash id - un - n issa v .I sma i l Khan 36 I . A 1 68 31 Al l . 572
1 3C. 1V.N. C . L . J . Bom .
L . R . 1 2 25 ; Nar s ingh Narain v . Jah iM is try 1 5 C .L . J . 3 Venkata v . S ubham
ma 4 M ad . 1 78 ; Narayana Ko than vKalianasu ndaram 1 9 M ad . 2 1 9" Daj iH imat v . D hiraj ram 1 2 Born . 1 8 V ishnuv . Ram Chand ra 1 1 B orn . 1 30 ; Hak imu l lah v . Nab in Chand ra 1 8 C . \V. N .
1 32 9 ; 20 C . L . J . 2 9 1 Nar end ra v .
Jogend ra 2 0 C . L . J . 469.
2 2 1 . D akhina Chu rn v . Lil -ash Chund er1 8 Cal 52 6 ; Pr em
“Chand v . Mokhada.1 7 Ca l . 699 (F . Sad agopa v . Jam u na 5
M ad . 5 1 Balwan t v . Mu hammad 1 5 Al l .
LECTU R E VI .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
The p u r c haser acqu i res a 7 gootl t i tl e .onl y against “ the“
“
per son
bound by the dec r ee and not agains t a s tranger .
229 The general prm -s
ciple i s that the t i t l e of a'
pu rchaser , not a par ty to the su i t, c annot
be impai red by shewing any mer e er ro r,or i r regu lar i ty , or f raud in
the p r oc eed ings in wh ic h he did not par t ic i pate and of wh ic h be
He c anno t be h eld to have had noti c e of the
“ I t
wou l d be ext remel y dangerous to impress u pon the pu rc haser
u nder dec rees that wh ic h had escaped the v i g i lanc e of the Cou r t ,
had no '
not ic e.
230
i r r egu lar i t ies that had oc c u r red in br inging abou t the sale .
its offic er s and of the B ar—
“
wou ld form a suffic ient ground to set
as ide a sale.
”231
to enqu i re who are the.
par t ies havm g t i tle to, inter es ts in,
"
or l ien
I t i s always nec essary for an intend ing pu r c haser
u pon ,the p roper ty and whether they have been b rough t wi t h in the
j ur i sd ic t ion of the - Cou r t so that i ts j udgment; dec ree, er order
d i r ec ting, or au thoi’izing the sal es of the pr oper ty, i s b ind ing u pon
them to the extent that the.
sale may t rans fer th ei r t i tle, inter es t, o r
I t i s fu r ther
essent ial to enqu i r e wheth er al l these par ties have been b rough t
l ien, or estop them f rom asser t ing it agains t him .
before the Cou r t in the capac i ty in wh ich they are ent i tled to,or
c laim some estate,l ien
,or inter est .
-
232
When ,therefore , proper ty sol d in exec u t ion of a
'
dec ree under
the order of a competent Cou rt, is pu rc hased by a s t ranger bone/{dc
and for val ue and the sale i s c onfirmed,the sale c annot be set as ide
on the ground that the j udgmen t - debtor had a c ross j udgm ent of
a high er amount,
283o r that there was any i r regu lar i ty or defec t
of p roc edure not d i sc o v er ed by the Cou r t or i ts o ffic er s,nor apparen t
on the fac e of the r ec ords,
2Mor that the p roper ty was not l iab le to
attac hment and sal e,
236or that the exec u t ion of the dec ree was
‘
bar i M al 2 4 Al l . 475 Adhar Chunder v .
Aghor e Nath 2 C . W. N . 589 ; Sh iamLal v . Nathe Lal 33 Al l . 63.
2 2 9. U mesh Chu nder v . Zahu r Fat ima.
1 7 I . A . 201 ; 1 8 Cal . 1 64.
2 30. M al karjun v . Narhari 2 7 I . A .
2 1 6 ; 25 Born . 337 ; 5 C . \V. N . 1 0 ; 1 0
M . L . J . 368 .
2 31 . Pe r Sir E dwar d S ugden L . C .
,
in Bowen v . E vans (1 844) 1 J o. 8; Lat . 1 78
c i ted in Narayana Kothan v . Kal ianasundaram 1 9 Mad . 2 1 9 .
2 32 . Fr eeman o n Vo id J ud ic ial Sales
3.
2 33. Rewa M ah ton v .
1 3 I . A . 1 06 1 4 Cal . 1 8 .
2 34 . Balkishna v . Masuma 9 I . A .
1 83 ; 5 Al l . 1 42 ; 1 3 C . L . R . 2 32 ;
Rangasam i v . P eriasami 1 7 M ad . 58 ;
Kaiianasundaram
Ram K ishen
Narayana Ko than v .
1 9 M ad . 2 1 9 ; Y el leppa v . Ram Chand ra2 1 B om . 463 ; Par esh Nath v . Har iCharan 38 Cal . 62 2 ; 1 5 C . \V. N . 8 75
1 4 C . L . J . 300.
2 35. l ’and u rang v . K rishnaji 2 8
301 1 1 . 1 25.
IN EX ECU T ION OF D EGR EES FOR M ONEY .
fra'
tu l u lent or was bar red by l im i tat ion,
286o r that the dec ree was l ‘FPTU RE
one wh i c h the Cou r t ough t not to ha ve passc d ,237 o r that the
summons was not du l y ser v ed ,
238or that a wrong person was
su bst i tu ted in the p lac e o f the d ec eased j udgment - deb tor .
”39 B u t i f
the Cou r t has no j u r i sd ic t ion to se l l . the sale i s vo id and ineff ec tual
to pass any t i t le, even to a bona/ide pu r c haser for va l ue w i thou t
no t ic e .
A Ziorzafirle pu rc haser who i s a st ranger to the dec ree i s under
no obl igat ion to look beh ind the dec ree , to see whether i t has been
r igh t ly made and does not lo se h i s t i t le to the proper ty by the
rever sal or mod ificat ion of the dec ree su bsequent to the c onfirmat ion
of sale ; bu t the j udgment - debtor , whose p roper ty i s sol d, mu s t
seek‘
r ed ress from the dec ree- ho lder .
240 Under any o ther r u le c on
fidenc e in suc h sal e wou ld be ent i re ly d i s s i pated and dou bts wou ld
be i ntrodu c ed in sal es under the au thor i ty of the Cou r t and the
final resu l t wou ld be that the c red i tors wou ld bec ome the pu r c haser s
on t heir own terms , or the p roper ty wou ld be so ld at a grossly
inade quate pr ic e. I f, howev er , the p roper ty belongs to an infant ,it i s for the Cou r t to say in eac h case, wh ether i t wi l l be in
ac c ordanc e w i t h j u st ic e, equ ity and good c onsc ienc e that the sale
ou gh t to be set as ide or not.241
B u t where the pu r c haser i s the dec r ee- holder , he i s bound to
re store the p roper ty bac k to the j udgmen t - debtor u pon the re ver sal
of the dec ree, for the law wi l l not perm i t him to be ignorant of the
2 36. Sar oda Ch u rn v . Mahomed 1 17 "
Cal . 376 ; Radha Madhab v . Kalpatar u
1 7 C . L . J . 209 Bish un Chand v . BijoyChand 1 3 C . L . J . 58 8 .
2 37 . Kaunsil la v . Chander Sen 2 2
Al l . 37 7 Ku d r atu l lah v . Kubra Begam2 3 Al l . 2 5.
238 . Par esh Nath v . Har i Charan 38
Cal . 62 2 ; 1 5 C . W . N . 8 75 ; 1 4 C . L . J .
300.
2 39. Malkar jun v . Narhari2 7 I . A .
2 1 6 ; 2 5 Bo rn . 337 5 C . \V . N . 1 0 10
M . L. J . 368 .
2 40. Jan Ali v . Jan Ali1 B . L . R .
A . C . 56 ; 1 0 \V. R . C . R . 1 54 ; Jungee
Lal l v . Sham Lal l 20 \V . R . C . R . 1 20
Deb i Du t t v . S ubod ra 2 Cal . 2 83 ; 2 5
\1 . R . 449 ; Kauusil la V . Chander Sen
2 2 Al l 3 1 1 Hargu Lal l v . Gob inda Rai1 9 Al l . 541 ; G i r ish Chund er v . M i l ler3 C . L . R . 1 7 ; Zainu labdin v . Ashgar1 5 1 . A . 1 2 ; 1 0 Al l . 1 66 ; D orasami
v . Annasami 23 Mad . 306 Ram
Logan v . Bhawan i t a 1 4 Cal . 9
M ukhoda Dasi v . Gopal Chunder 2 6 Cal .
734 ; 3 C . W . N . 766 ; Chandan v .Ramdeni31 Cal . 499 ; Syed Nathad u v .
Nal l u M udaly 2 7 M ad , 98 ; Shivlal v .
S hambh u Prasad 2 9 B om . 435 ; S et
U m ed v . S r inath 2 7 Cal . 8 1 0 4 C . \V . N .
692 ; Janakdhariv . Gossain Lal 37 Cal .
1 07 ; 1 3 C . \V . N . C . L . J . 254 ;
Par esh Nath v . Har i Charan 38 Cal .
62 2 1 5 C . \V. N . 8 75 ; 1 4 C . L . J . 300.
2 4 1 . Abd oo l Hye v . Nawab Raj9 \V . R . C . R . 1 96 ; B . L . R . (F . B .) 91 1 .
COMP U LSORY SALES
LECTURE VI . fac ts and p roc eed ings r elat ing to the su i t and exec u tion p roceed
ings .
‘242 The p r inc iple i s that the Cou r t wi l l not perm i t an inj u s t ic e
to be done by r eason of an er roneou s order wh ic h has been r ever sed
and wi l l resto re the par t ies to the pos i t ion wh ic h t hey wou ld other
w i se hav e oc c up ied}!43 B u t where the pr oper ty sold in exec u tion of
a dec ree was brough t by the dec r ee - ho lder , and resold by him to a
Lona/Ede pu r c haser for val ue,suc h pu rc haser wi l l get a good t i t le,
though the dec ree may be su b sequen tly r ever sed .
244 S im i lar l y ,al though the or ig inal pu rc haser has h im sel f been gu i l ty of dev ic es , or
had notic e of suc h dev i c es p rac ti sed by o ther s,he c an t ransm i t a
val id un impeac hable t i t le to a vendee for val ue in good fai t h and
wi thou t not ic e .
“ 5
\Vhat passes to a pu rc haser at a sale in exec u t ion of a dec ree
for money is the r i gh t,t i t le and interes t of the j udgment - debtor ,
whate ver . that interes t may be, i.e.,the pu r c haser buys the p roper ty
wi th al l r i sk s and defec ts in the j udgment - debtor ’ s t i t le.
246 He
obtains on ly the pr ec i se interes t and no more of the exec ution- deb tor ,s inc e the p roper ty i s sold w i t h al l the c harges and inc umbranc es ,
legal and equi tab le , to wh ic h i t was su bjec t in the debtor’s hands.
W
To determ ine the natur e and extent of the j udgmen t - debtor'
s
r i gh t, t i tl e and interes t in the p roper ty so ld, the tes t i s , as stated by
Lord \Vatson in the c ou r se of the argument in P ettachiChettiar
v . Chinnatambiar ,EMS what did the Cou r t intend to sel l and what
did'
the pu rc haser under s tand that he bough t ? These are q ues tions
of fac t, or rather , of m i xed law and fac t and mus t be determ ined
wi th referenc e to the c i rc ums tances under wh ic h the sal e took
2 42 . Khiarajmal v . Daim 32 I . A. raya 1 3 M . L . J . 2 31 .
23 ; 32 Cal . 2 96 ; 9 C . W . N . 201 ; 245. Freeman on Vo id Jud ic ial Sales1 C . L . J . 584 ; M ina Kumar i v . Jagat 41 .
Sattan i 1 0 Cal . 220 ; Zainu labdin v . 2 46. Dorab Al ly v . Execu tors of
Asghar 1 5 I . A . 1 2 10 Al l . 1 06 Khajah M oheeood een 5 I . A . 1 1 6 ; 3 Cal .
M ukhoda Das i v . Gopal Chunder2 6 Cal . 734 ; 3 C . \V . N. 766 ; S et
U med v. S r inath 2 7 Cal . 8 1 0 4 C. W .
806 ; Shanto Chander v . Nain S ukh 2 3Al l . 355 ; S undara V
. Venkata 1 7 M ad .
2 2 8 Sobhagchand v . B haichand 6 Born .
N . 692 . 1 93.
2 43. Ben i Madho v . P ran S ingh 2 47 . \Vickham v . New B runswic k 81 0.
1 5 C . L . J . 1 87 Prag Narain v . Rai l . Co. (1 865) L . R . 1 P . C . 64.
Kam akhia S ingh 36 I . A . 1 97 ; 31 Al l . 2 48 .
551 1 4 C . \V . N . 55 ; 1 0 C . L . J . 2 57 ;
D o rasamiv . Annasami2 3 M ad 306.
2 44. Ismai l Rowther v . Rajah Row
t her 30Mad . 295 M arimu thu v . S u bba
1 4 I . A . 84 ; 1 0 Mad . 2 41 ; see
also Simbhunath v . Golap S ingh 1 4 I . A .
77 ; 1 4 Cal . 572 ; Mohab ir v . M oheswar
1 7 I . A . 1 1 ; 1 7 Cal . 584 ; Timmappa
v . Nar sinha 37 Bom . 631 .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
LECTURE V I . boundar ies in p re ferenc e to the ar ea in the. sale
R igh t , t it leand interest .
The tes t to be appl ied to determ ine the exac t in terest wh ich
passes at a sale in exec u tion of a dec ree agains t a Hindu widow,
or a qual ified owner , i s , whether the su i t in wh ic h the sale was
d i rec ted was one b rough t against the defendant u pon a cau se o f
ac t ion, per sonal to her sel f, or one wh ic h aff ec ts the whole in
he'
r i tanc e.
2 159
The pu rc haser of the righ t,t i t le and interes t of a member of a
M i tak shara jo int fam i l y estate i s enti tled to ascer tain the same by
par t i tion.
260 A t a sale in exec u t ion of a mor tgage- dec ree, the
inter es t of both the mor tgagor and the mor tgagee passes to the
pu r c haser ?“ Bu t where an und ivided shar e in immoveable p roper ty ,par t of wh ic h i s subjec t to mor tgage, i s sol d in exec u t ion of a money
dec ree, the p resum pt ion i s , in the absence of spec ific ind icat ion to the
c ontrary, t hat the shar e so ld was, as far as m igh t be, the share wh ic h
was not enc umber ed .
262
The words,
r i gh t,t i tle and interes t, mus t be interpreted in the
sense in wh ic h they are under s tood at the date of sal e any c hange
in the inter p retat ion of law wi l l not affec t the r igh ts of the pu r c haser .
Thu s , by the law as then inter preted when the r i gh t,t i t le and in ter est
in an impar t i ble zemindariwwas so ld , the pu rc haser was onl y ent i t led
to a l i fe interes t in the zem indari. S ub sequent l y , this inter pretat ion
of the law was rever sed by the Jud icial Comm i ttee wh ic h held
that the ho l der of an impar t ible zem indar i i s en tit led to an
abso l u te interes t and that s uc h in ter es t i s al ienab le. Th i s new
inter pr etat ion does not enlarge the r i gh t s of the pu r c haser u nder a
sal e made p r eviou s to the dec i s ion of the Jud ic ial Commit tee.
263 An
exec u tion sale, wh i le i t r elates bac k to the at tac hment , i s not c onfined
to the debtor’ s t i tl e at that t ime. I t inc l udes in add i t ion t i t le held
by the d ebtor at the moment of the sale, though ac qu i red subsequent
to attac hment . But t i t le ac qu i red su bsequent to the sale, does not
2 58 . Gossain D as v. M ritt unjoy 1 8 Parshad v . Meh rban 1 7 L A . 1 94 ; 1 8
C . L J . 541 . Cal . 1 57 ; Peary Lal v . Chand i Charan2 59. Trilochan v. Bakkeswar 1 5 1 1 C . W . N . 1 63 5 C . L . J . 80.
C. L . J . 423 Radha Kissen v . Nau ratan 261 . M agan lal v . Shakra 2 2 Bom .
6 C . L . J . 490 Jotind ro Mohan v . Jogn l 945.
K ishore 7 Cal . 357 9 C . L . R . 57 . 262 . Sheo Narain v . Nur Muhammad2 60. D eendyal v . J ugdeep 4 L A . 29 Al l . 463.
2 47 ; 3 Cal . 1 98 ; 1 C . L . R . 49 ; S u raj 2 63. Abd u l Az iz v’
. A-
ppayasami 31
Runs i v . Sheo P er shad 6 I . A . 88 ; 5 I . A . 1 2 7 M ad . 1 31 8 C . W . N . 1 86
Cal . 1 48 ; 4 C . L . R . 226 Madho Vir uthu royar v . Ramanuja 37 Mad. 22.
I N EXECU TION or D EGREES FOR MONE Y . 1 95
inu re to the benefit of the pu rc haser ?“ A m inor i s not bound bya sale in exec u t ion,
i f ne i ther h i s r igh ts and interest s in the proper ty
nor , those o f the per sons th rough whom he c laims , are expressed to be
sold .
265 \Vhen sued by a th i rd par ty for possess ion, the pu rc haser
can add the t ime the judgment- debtor was in possess ion to the t ime
o f h i s own possession, in cal cu lat ing the t ime possess ion had been
ad ver se to the p laint i ff .266
The fac t that before the rever sal of the sale the dec ree - ho lder
obtains another dec ree of a s im i lar c harac ter agains t the j udgment
debtor , does not val idate the t i t le based u pon the dec ree wh ic h has
been rever sed .
267 But,i f the dec ree i s s u bsequ ently r esto red , the
sale shal l al so be res tor ed .
268 When a non - trans ferable ho ld ing i s
sold,the land lord i s not ent i tl ed to re- enter , unless the tenan t has
abandoned the ho ld ing.
269
The p ur c hase i s su bjec t to al l equ i ties , l ien, easements and c ond i
t ions of wh ic h the pu r c haser had not ice and to al l de fec ts revealedby the j udgmen t and exec u tion .
2 70 Th us,a pu rc haser at an exec u
t ion - sale i s affec ted by the doc t r ine of lis p endens wh ic h , al though
i t ends wi t h the dec ree,rev i ves on the exec u t ion p roc eed ings being
taken .
2 7 1 B u t where exec u t ion p roceed ings were taken fou r years
a fter th e dec r ee, they did not r e v i ve the lie p endens.
272 The pu r
c haser p u rc hases the inter ests of the judgmen t - debtor at the t ime
of sale,subjec t to al l equ i t ies then exi s t ing, i.e.
, what was at tac hed
and so ld and what he,w i thou t hav ing spec ial means of knowl edge ,
infer r ed f rom the p roc eed ing of sale that he was buying and not what
2 64. Fr eeman on Execu t ions § 335 ; 561 5 C. L . J . 563 Gob ind Chu nderU mesh Ch under v . Zahu r Fat ima 1 7 v . Gu r u chu rn 1 5 Cal . 94 ; D inonath v .I . A. 201 1 8 Cal . 1 64. S hame. B ib i 2 8 Cal . 2 3 4 C. \V. N .
2 65. Abdool Km c em v . Jaun Ali1 8 740 Mat i Lal l v . Pr eo Lal l 1 3 C. W. N .
W. R . C. R . 56 ; Dyal S ingh v . Ram 2 2 6 ; 9 C. L . J . 96 ; K unhi U mah
Budd un 1 7 W. R . C. R . 454. v. Amed 1 4'
M ad . 491 Moti Lal v .
266. Visuanath v . Subraya 1 5 Bom . Karabu ldin 2 4 I . A . 1 70; 25 Cal . 1 79 ;
2 90 ; AliSaheb v. Kaj i Ahmed 1 6 B om . 1 C . W . N . 639 Shivjiram v . \Vaman
1 97. 2 2 Born . 939 Mahad eo Saran v . Thaku r2 67 . Hazar i Mu l l v . Janak i P rosad P rosad 1 4 C . \V. N . 677 ; 1 1 C . L . J .
6 C . L. J . 92 . 52 8 Tinood han v . Trailokhya 1 7
2 68 . Ramyad Sahu t . Bindeswari C . W. N . 4 1 3 ; Byramji v . Chunilal
6 C . L . J . 1 02 . 2 7 Bo rn . 2 66 S amal v . Babaj i 2 8 Rom .
2 69. Jogendra Nath v . Tincowri 10 361 ; Gar udh u j v . Baiju M al 2 8 Al l .
C . L . J . 1 47 . 337 Ramdoyal v . Ram tanoo 1 5 C . L.J .
2 70. F reeman on E xec u t ions g 335. 1 37 .
2 7 1 . Faiyaz Hu sain v . P rag Nara in 2 72 . Bhoje Mahadev v. Gangabai37
34 I . A. 1 02 29 Air. 339 5 1 1 c . w. N . Bo rn . 62 1 .
LECTU RE V I.
COMP U LSORY SALE S
LECTU RE V I . m i gh t have been sol d .
273 B u t h i s t i t le i s not subjec t'
to sec ret equi
t ies of wh ic h he had no not ic e, ac tual or c ons tr uc t ive,though they
are suc h as - m igh t be en forced against the j udgment - deb tor bu t for
the sale ?“
The dec ree- hol der does not guarantee the t i t le of the j udgmen t
debtor , b ut being bound “
to noti fy before the sale al l inc umb ranc es
on the p roper ty to he sold , he i s es topped f rom se t ting u p against the
pu r c haser ai
sec ret enc um branc e in h i s own favou r . B ut to es tab l ish
the plea of estoppe l agains t the dec r ee - holder , a statemen t in the sale
c er tificate is not conc l u s i ve i t i s nec essary to pr ove a statemen t
made anter ior to the pu rc hase wh ic h may h ave influenc ed the c on
duc t of the purc haser .
”5 A pu rc haser i s bound by the es toppe l
.wh ic h b inds the j udgmen t- debtor .
2 76 He i s bound by the p r inc i ple
of r es j udicata wh ic h bar s the j udgment - debtor .
2 77 R i gh t of
easemen t passes against the j udgmen t- debtor , as in a vo l untary
sale.
2 78 Bu t the mere not ic e of an al leged mor tgage in the
proc lamat ion o f sale does no t p rec l ude the pu r chaser f rom p ro v ing the
r eal nat u re of the transac t ion .
279 A pu rc hase r in exec u t ion of h i s own
dec ree is ent i t led to ques t ion the val id i ty and bonafide of a mo r tgage
on the pr oper ty .
280 I f the mor tgage tu rns ou t to be inval id,the
j udgment- deb tor i s not ent i t led to c laim f rom the pu rc haser the
amount due on the mor tgage, as unpaid vendor’ s pu r c hase - money .
”51
The pu rc haser i s l iab le for go vernmen t revenu e wh ic h fel l due
between the date of sale and the c onfirmat ion of sale .
282 By S . 65
2 73. Al ukmonee v . Banee 4 Cal . 677 2 77 . Rampal S ingh v . Ram Ghu lam
3 C . L. R . 473 Dor ab A l ly v . Ab dool 32 I . A . 1 7 .
Aziz 5 I . A . 1 1 6 3 Cal . 806 2 C . L . R . 2 78 . M ookta Soond uree v . M u thoora
529 ; Tara Lal v . Sar obar S ingh 2 7
1 . A . 33 ; 2 7 Cal . 407 4 C . W. N . 533.
2 74. Fr eeman on Void Judic ial Sales§4l a.
2 75. Aman Ali v . Mir Hossain 10
C . L. J . 605 ; Prasanna Kumar v.S r eekantha 40 Cal . 1 73 ; 1 7 C . W . N .
1 37 ; 1 6 C . L . J . 202 .
2 76. Prayag Raj v. S id hu Prasad35 Cal . 8 77 ; Mahomed M ozufl
'
er v.K ishor i M ohun 2 2 I . A . 1 29 ; 2 2 Cal .
909 ; Poreshnath v . Anathnath 9 I . A .
1 47 ; 9 Cal . 2 65 ; D ebend ranath v .
Abdu l Samed 1 0 C . L. J . 1 50 ; r en t / fr
Ganesh v . Pu t’ shot tam 33 Bor n. til l .
nath 2 2 W. R . 209 ; Hu r ee M adhub v .Hem Chunder 2 2 W. R 52 2
2 79 . Jairaj M al v . Radha K ishan35 Al l . 257 ; Sh ib Kunwar v . S heo
Prasad 2 8 Al l . 41 8 ; P u r
shot tam 33 Bom . 31 1 .
2 80. S hahziauddin Abd u l r .
Chand ra 2 C . L . J . 599.
2 8 1 I zza t - nu - nism Begam v . Par tapS ingh 36 l . A . 203 ; 31 Al l . 583 ; 1 3
C . W . N . 1 1 43.
2 8 2 . S . 30 B . L . R . S nlc s Ac t X I of
Ganesh v .
Kailash
1 859 lihawani Kuwar v . Mat hu raPrasad 39 1 . A . 2 2 8 ; 40 Cal . 89 ; 1 6
ti. \V . X . 1 6 C . L . J . 606 S hyam
LECT URE
COMPU LSORY SALES
The app l icat ion for exec u tion mu s t be made before the real i sation
o f the assets by the Cou r t .291
be real i sed , un t i l the ent i re amount of the p u rc hase - money in r espec t
The sal e- p roc eeds are not deemed to
of al l the parc el s is paid into Cou r t and not when the proper ty is
sold,nor , when the sale i s confirmed ?” The assets m us t be real i zed
by some p rocess of Cou r t in exec u t ion.
293 M oney paid by the
j udgment - debtor ou t of Cou r t to the dec ree - hol der , or to sat i s fy the
attac h ing c red i tor ’s dec rees and to rai se the at tac hment, or depos i ted
under S . 1 74 B . T . Ac t VI I I of 1 885, or O. 2 1 , r . 89 C.P .C. Ac t o f
1 908 cannot be taken as assets ?“
I t i s onl y holder s of dec rees for the payment of money that are
ent i t led to rateable d i s tr i bu t ion . B ut every dec ree by V i r tue of wh ic h
money i s payable i s to t hat ex tent a dec ree for money , even t hough
o ther re l ief may be granted by the dec ree, e.g ., sale of mor tgaged
pr oper ty .
296 Thus,a dec ree for payment of mesne pr ofit
,though
the amount has not yet been asc er tained,296 a dec ree for pay
ment of mor tgage- debt “ f rom the mor tgaged proper ty and f rom
the defendant per sonal l y ,”297
a dec ree d i rec t ing payment u nder
0. 34,r . 6 C .P .C. Ac t V o f 1 908 of the balance of a mor tgage - debt
r emaining due after payment of the net t p roceeds of the sale of the
m or tgaged proper ty,293 i s a dec ree for the payment of money .A
dec ree d i rec t ing the payment of money by any per son,does not
C . W. N . 1 2 6 ; contr a
Vad ia 1 6 Born . 683.
2 91 . F ink v. Maharaj B aha door
C. L . J . 49 HariS undar i v . S hash i Bale.1 C . \V. N . 1 95 ; B ihar i Lal v . GopalLal 1 C . \V. N . 695 Roshun Lal v . Ram
2 6 Cal . 772 ; 4 C . \V. N . 2 7 Ind ra Lal 30Cal . 2 62 7 C . \V. N . 341 ; Sorabji
Chand v. Ghaneshyam 9 C . L . J . 2 1 0 Cooverji v . Kala Ragh unath 36 Bor n.S r in ivasa v. S eetharamayyar 1 9 M ad . 72 . 1 56 Harai Saha v . Faizl u r Rahman
Nimbaji v.
2 92 . Hafez v . Damodar 1 8 Cal . 2 42 ;
Vishvanat li v . Virc hand 6 Born. 1 6 ;
Ramanthan v . S ubraman ia 2 6 M ad . 1 79
Arihmu thu Che t ty v . Vyapu ripandaram
35 M ad . 588 Ind ra Chand v . Ghanc sh‘
yam 9 C . L . J . 2 1 0.
2 93. Vibhudapriva v . Yusu f 2 8 M ad .
380 S ew B ux v. Sh ib Ch under1 3 Cal . 2 25 ; P r osonnomo ri v . S r eenat h
2 1 Cal . 809 I’ u r shotamdass v . S u rajBhar th i 6 Born . 588 ; Gopal D aiv . Chunni
Lal l 8 Al l . 67 ; Gou r i D u t t v . AmarChand 1 5 C . L . J . 49 ; Jet ha Bh im a Co.
v. Janba i 37 B om . 1 38 .
294. Cou r i I'
l n t t v . Amar Chand 1 5
40Cal . 61 9 ; 1 7 C . \V. N . 636 1 8 C.L.J .
1 44 ; Ganesh Bab v . Vithal Vaman 37
B orn . 38 7 .
295. Har t v . Tara Prasanna 1 1 Cal .
2 96. Viraraghaba v . Varada 5 M ad .
1 23.
297 . Har t. v . Tara Prasanna 1 1 Cal .
7 1 8 ; Faz i l v. K r ishna 25 Cal . 580 ;
2 C . \V. N . 1 1 8 Kar tick v . Juggernath2 7 Cal . 2 85 ; Ram Char an v . Sheobarat1 6 Al l . 4 1 8 l
’
ahalwan v . Narain 2 2 Al l .
401 .
2 98 . M al likarjunadu v. Lingamu r ti
25 M ad . 2 1 4.
IN EX EC U TION or D ECRE Es FOR MONE Y . 1 99
c ease to be a dec ree for the payment of money , in so far as t hat
person i s c onc erned , merel y becau se it d i rec ts , as agains t another
per son , the real i zat ion of a money - c laim f rom mor tgaged prOper ty .
299
A j udgment entered up under S . 8 1 of the I nsol vent D ebtor ’ s Ac t
1 1 and 1 2 V ic t. c . 2 1 i s a money - dec r ee.
”00
The j udgment - deb tor m u s t be the same,and i t i s immater ial t hat
he i s one of the j udgment - debtor s and the dec ree- holder m igh t have
p roc eeded agains t the other s .301 D ec r ees may be agains t the
j udgment- debtor s in some cases and aga ins t h i s l egal repr esentat ives
in other s .
302 An attac hment before j udgment i s eff ec t ive, i f a dec ree
i s su bsequentl y obtained fi”03
per ty to be attac hed before j udgment m u st , after j udgment, make a
fresh app l icat ion for execut ion under 0. 2 1 , r . 1 1 C . P . C . Ac t V of
The Cour t i s competent to enqu i re summar i ly,whether any of
the dec ree- ho lder s c laim ing rateable d i s tr i bu t ion,i s a benamdar for
B u t a dec r ee - ho lder who c auses pr o
the j u dgment - debtor or not.305 B ut a c laim to the attac hment
cannot be inqu i red into .
306 When p roper ty attac hed by a super ior
Cou r t i s so ld in exec u t ion p roc eed ing in an infer ior Cou r t, the
su per ior Cour t i s the onl y Cou r t competent to determ ine any c laim
Whena dec ree i s t rans fer red to anoth er Cou r t, the or ig inal Cou r t can
for rateab le d is tr i bu t ion of assets real i zed by the sale .
”7
enter tain an app l icat ion for d i s t r i bu t ion of asset s .308 The d i s tr i bu t ion
of assets does not impar t a c onc l us ive adj ud icat ion of the r i gh ts
of the par t ies wh i c h may, however , be done by regu lar su i ts .309
2 99. D 85 L . Bank v . U ncovenanted 304 . Pal lonj i v . Jor don 1 2 Born . 400.
Ser t ic e Bank 10Al l . 35. 305. Raghu Nath v . Chat rapat 1 C.\V.
300. In r e B hagwandas S Born . 51 1 . N . 633 ; in r e Su nd e r D is 1 1 Cal .
301 . S humb‘ioo Nath v . Lu ckynath 42 ; C hhanganlal v . Fazarali 1 3 B om .
9 Cal . 920 ; Grant v . S ubram aniam 1 54 ; Pu ran ( han cl v . P u rnend ra Narain2 2 M ad . 2 41 ; D L. Bank v . U nco v
venanted Ser v ice Bank 1 0 Al l . 35 ;
Gonesh v . S h iva 30Cal . 583 7 C . W . N .
41 4 ; Gat t i Lal v . Bir Bahad u r 2 7 Al l .
1 58 Ramanthan v . S ubraman ia 26 M a d.
1 79 Chotalal v . Nabibhai2 9 Born . 52 8 ;
7 Born. L . R . 567 .
302 . Har t v . Tara Prasanna 1 1 Cal .
7 1 8 ; con tr a. Gov ind v.Born. 494.
303. Bhagawan Chand ra v . Chand raMala 1 C . L. J . 97 .
M ohoniraj 25
1 7 C . \V. N. 32 6 ; 1 6 C . L. J . 582 ;
Peary Lal v . Peary D as 1 8 C . L . J . 646.
306. Ram jas v . Gu r u Charan 1 4
C . W. N . 396 1 1 C . L . J . 69.
307 . Bhagwan Chand ra v . Chund ra
Mala 29 Cal . 773 ; 1 C . L. J . 97 ; Bad r iPrasad v . Saran Lal 4 Al l . 359 ; Arihmu thu
Che t ty v . Vyapu ripandaram 35 Mad . 588 .
308 . Bai j Nath v . F . H . Hol loway1 C . L . J . 31 5.
309. Shankar Sar up v . Mejo M al 2 8
I . A . 203 ; 2 3 Al l . 313 5 C . \V. N . 649.
LECTU REVI .
LECT U RE \ l
200 COMPU LSORY SALE S
Where assets are paid to a per son , not ent i tled to rece i ve the same,
any per son so enti tled may sue suc h person to c ompe l him to
r e fund the assets.
310 S u c h su i ts be ing su i ts for money had and
received, the per iod of l im i tat ion i s 3 years f rom the date of r ec ei pt
of the assets by the defendan t.31 1 B ut a mere o rder to pay money
i s not suffic ien t to give a cau se of ac t ion ,u nt i l the money i s ac tual l y
paid .
31 2 Appl icat ion may al so be made for ref und of money lev ied
in exec u tion wi th in 3 year s when the r igh t to appl y ac c r ues .8 18
The r i gh ts of the Gove rnment are not affec ted .
314 A j udgment
debt due to the Government i s ent i tl ed to p recedence.
81 5
Befo re the sale - p roc eeds have been ac t ual ly d i s tr i bu ted,any
dec r ee- ho lder may maintain a su i t for a dec laration that the dec r ee
of a r i val dec ree - ho lder i s c ol l u s ive Th e inso l venc y of the
j udgmen t- debto r does not affec t an order for rateable d i s tr i bu t ion
of assets real i sed up to the date of the ves t ing or der }?1 7
An appeal l ies f rom an or der for d i s t r i bu tion,i f it comes under
S . 47 Ac t V of 1 908 bu t no t otherwise fiw ‘
The High Cou r t can
inter fer e under S . 1 1 5 where the Cou r t be low p uts an er roneou s
interp retat ion on S .
310. S . 73 (2 ) C . P. C . Ac t V of 31 4. S . 73 (3)C . P . C . Ac t V of 1 908 .
1 908 .31 5. S ec . of S tate v . Bombay Land ing
31 1 . Ar t . 62 S ch . I Lim itat ion Ac t IX C0. 5 B om . H . C . 2 3.
of 1 908 V ishnu v . Acha t 1 5 Born .31 6. Trailakya Nath v. Pu l in Behari
438 Shankar Sar up v . Mejo M al 2 8 I . A . 3 C . L . J . 385.
203 ; 2 3 Al l . 31 3 ; 5 C . W . N . 649.31 7 . Howatson v. Du r rant 2 7 Cal .
31 2 . Har t v . Tara Prasanna 1 1 Cal . 351 3 4 C W N . 610.
7 1 8 ,31 8 . Jagadish v. Kr ipa Nath 36 Cal .
31 3. Ar t . 1 8 1 S ch . I L im i tat ion Ac t 1 30
IX of 1 908 ; Ku rupam v . Sadasiva 10 31 9. Maharaja of Bu rdwan v. Apu rba
M ad . 66 ; Har ish Chu nder v. Chandr a Krishna 1 4 C L J . 50; Ind ra ChandM ohan 2 8 Cal . 1 1 3 : Mu la Raj v . Deb i v. Ghaneshyam 9 C . L. J . 2 10; Sew
D iha1 7 Al l . 37 1 ; Venkay'
ya v . Raghava B ux v . Sh ib Chu nder 1 3 Cal . 2 25 ;
c har l u 20 Mad . 448 ; G irdhar i v . S ital Viraraghava v. Parasu rama 1 5 Mad .
P rasad 1 1 A11. 372 . 372 .
LECTURE
Cesses.
202 COMPU LSORY SALES
not abwab .
‘ Th us , batta be ing mer ely an al lowance for the ex
c hange Of s ic ca r u pees,i.e.
,Company ’s r upees int rodu ced by Ac t
XVI I of 1 835 is not an abwab . Henc e, i f a tenancy has been c reated
before 1 836, batta i s p rimafacie not an abwab .
5 B ut a st i pu lat ion
for the payment Of an abwab in a permanent mukar rari‘
lease
c reated s ince the B . T . Ac t VI I I Of 1 8 85 is val id , as S . .74 does not
c ont rol S . 1 79 of the Ac t .6 Hence, abwabs are not recoverable
from a permanent tenure- holder under a lease c reated before
the Ac t wh ich cou ld not be r ecovered before the pass ing of
the Ac t.7
Road c ess and P ub l ic work s c esses are not abwabs}?
though recoverable by any process by wh ic h the amount m ay be
recovered as r ent , i f i t were due on ac c ount of rent of a trans ferab le
tenu re, are not rent, as they are not payable for the u se and oc c upa
t ion of land .
9 They are onl y per sonal debts and cannot be proper l y
recovered from the proper ty on whic h they are assessed when such
proper ty belongs to a per son who has not been recorded as p roprie
tor under L . R . Ac t V I I (B . C.) of
D ak c ess payable under the Zam indariD ak Ac t VI I I (B . C.) of
1 862 (now repealed by Ac t IV of 1 907) is not rent . But where the
D ak c ess i s c laimed under the contrac t by whic h rent is payab le, it
mu s t be regarded as rent , because i t is c laimed p rac tical l y as par t of
the rent.1 1
M oneys r ecoverable as rent are money payab le under (1 ) S . 38
But cesses,
4. Kalanand v . Eastern M or tgage v. Amir Mol lah 3 C. L . J . 337 ; Su rno
Agency Co . 1 8 C. L. J . 83. moyce v . Pat resh Narain 4 Cal . 576.
5. Rameshar Koer v . Gobardhan 9 . Kishori M oh un v . Sarodamani
Lal 7 C . L. J . 202 ; M ir Tap urah v. 1 C. W. N. 30 ; Nobin Chand v.
GopiNarayan 7 C.L.J . 251 Ram Saran Bansenat h'
2 1 Cal . 72 2 ; Mohesh v.
v. Gyan S ingh 6 C . L. J. 637 ; Ram U matara 1 6 Cal . 638 ; Assamal la v.
Khelwan v . Kumar Roy 6 C. L . J. 667.
6. Krishna Chand ra v . S ushila Soon
d u r i 2 6 Ca] . 61 1 3 C .W.N . 608 Assauu l la v . Tir thabasiui 22 Cal . 680 ;
Gayratu l la v . Glirish Chand ra 1 2 C. W.
N . 1 75
7 . Gayrat u lla v . G ir ish Chand ra.1 2 C . W . N . 1 75 ; Aparna Chu rn v.Kasam Ali 1 0 C . W. N . 52 7 ; 4 C . L. J .
52 7 .
8 . Narendra Kumar v . Gora Chand33 Cal . 683 ; 3 C . L. J . 391 Ash u tosh
Tir thabasini22 Cal . 680.
1 0. S . 64 Road Cess Act IX (B . C .)
of 1 880 ; Shekaat Hosain v . Sasi Kar
1 9 Cal . 783 ; Ahsanu l la v. ManjaraBanoo 30 Cal . 778 ; M ahanund v. Ban iMad hab 24 Cal . 2 7 ; U machu rn v . Ajadannisa 1 2 Cal . 430
1 1 . Watson v . S reekristo 2 1 Cal.
1 32 ; B ijai Chand ’
v . B rohmodas 1
C . L . J . l ol u ; Jil lar Rahman v . BijoyChand 2 8 Cal . 293 ; Jnanada Sundari v .
At ul Chand ra 32 Cal . 972 .
IN EXECUTION OF D EGRE ES FOR RENT IN BENGAL.
Of the Bengal S urvey Ac t V (B . C.) of 1 875 (2) S . 83 of the I r r iga LECTURE V l I .
t ion Ac t I II (B . C.) Of 1 876 (3) S s. 47 , 64 A of the Cess Ac t IX
(B . C.) Of 1 880; (4)S . 44 Of Bengal D rainageAc t V I (B . C .)of 1 880
(5) S . 1 0 of the Cou r t of Wards E states Ac t I I I (B . C .) of 1 8 8 1 (6)
S . 74 Of the Bengal Embankment Ac t I I (B . C.) of 1 882 (7)S s. 23
and 24 Of the B engal Sani tary D rainage Ac t VI I I (B . C .)of 1 895.
I nterest dec reed on ar rear s Of rent and damages awarded in l ieu
Of interest are ar rear s Of rent. 1 2 A sum of money payab le by a
tenant out of the rent to a th i rd per son under ass ignment is ren t,a l though not payable to the landlord , for the ass ignee not be ing a
par ty to the assi gnment and not hav ing acc epted i t, in the c ontem
plation Of the par ties,the money does not c ease to be a par t of the
rent, or recoverabl e as su ch.
“ S o, where an ass ignment of ar rears
o f r ent after t hey fel l due i s made, the amount due i s rent, for the
money was due as rent at the t ime Of the ass ignment and the ass ign
ment does not depr i ve it of t hat charac ter , so far at al l events as thetenant i s c onc erned .
u B ut where Government revenue agreed to
be paid by a P u tnidar on behal f of the Zem indar is a par t Of the
cons iderat ion for. the enjoymen t of the tenu re, b ut is not to be
deal t wi th as rent,i t i s not ren t . 1 5
Where a tenant i s - a permanen t tenu re- hold er ; a raiyat ho ld ing.
at a fixed rate,or an occ u panc y raiyat
,the rent i s a firs t c harge on the
tenu re or hold ing.
1 6 SO al so,subjec t to th i s
,is the amount Of damages
dec reed to the land lord , when in a. su it between the land lord and
tenant, the tenant renounc es h i s c harac ter as tenant o f the land lo rd
by sett ing up, wi thou t reasonable and probab le cau se, title in a th i rd
per son or h imsel f. 1 7 A dec ree for ar rea r s Of rent due in r espec t Of a
tenu re or ho ld ing,or a dec ree for damages under S . 1 86 A may be
exec uted to enforc e the se -
c harges by the sale Of the tenu re or hold
ing , p rov ided the dec ree has been Obtained by (a)a sole land lord, or
1 2 . S . 1 61 (.c) B . T. Ac t V I I I of
1 885.
1 3. Basanta Kumar i v. Ashu tosh 2 7
Cal . 67 ; 4 C . W'
. N . 3 B hekd hari
v . Badhsingh 2 7 Cal . 663 Jnanada
A tu l Chand ra 32 Cal . 972 .
Loknath 4 C . W. N .
1 0 ; S rish Chunder v . Nachim Kaz i 2 7Cal . 827 ; 4 C.. \V . N.. 357 ; M ohend ro
Nath v . Koilash Chand ra 4 C .W.N . 605.
1 5. Jotind ra Moha n v . Ja rao Kumar i
S undar i v .
1 4. M unsar v.
33 I . A . 30 33 Cal. 1 40 ; 1 0 C . \V. N .
201 3 C . L . J . 7 see also Hemend ra
Nath v. Kumar Nath 32 Cal . 1 69 ;
9 C . W. N . 96 Kal i Kumar v . B id huBhu san 1 6 C. L. J . 89.
1 6. S . 65 B . T. Ac t V I I I of 1 885
S . 1 04 Ac t X of 1 859 ; S . 4 Ac t V I I I(B . C . ) Of 1 865 ; S . 59 Ac t V I I I (B . C .)
of 1 869.
1 7 . S .
1 8 85.
I 8GA B . T. Ac t VI I I of
COMPU LSORY SALE S
LECTURE V I I . (b) the ent i re body of land lor ds , or one or mor e c osharer land l or ds
who has or have sued for the rent due to al l the c oshar er s in respec t
o f the ent i re tenu re or hold ing and made al l the r emain ing c o
sharer s par t ies defendants to the s u i t . 1 8
A dec ree Obtainted . by a land lord who at the t ime is the sole
regi stered p rop r ietor , i s a dec ree for rent, even i f i t appear s u l t imately
that he i s not the sole land lord .
1 9 SO, i s a dec ree for ar rear s of r ent
Obtained by the land lord agains t the defau l t ing tenan t,as hav ing
ac c rued d ue between the date Of sale of the tenu re in exec u
tion of a rent - dec r ee and the . date ' Ol:'
confirmat ion of the sal e 20
An agreement for paymen t of r ent to c osharer land lords separate lydoes - not bar the r i gh t of one c osharer to sue for the whole ren t
mak ing h i s cosharer s defendant s and to bring the tenu re to sale '
in exec u tion of the dec r ee.
2 1 B ut i f the dec ree be in favou r o f a
c oshar er in a joint und iv ided es tate for h i s share of the r ent,i t has
no f u r ther effec t than a mere dec ree for money .
22 A f rac tional c o
shar er , therefo re, who has obtained a dec ree fo r h i s shar e Of the rent
cannot sel l the tenu re or hol d ing, for i f he wer e al lowed to do so,i t
wou ld be unfai r to h i s other c oshar ers who had not s ued for thei r
shares Of the r ent .23 “(here two c oshar er land lords Obtain Separate
dec rees for r ent for the; same per iod (eac h making in h i s own s u i t
h i s . cosharer a par ty) and the tenur e is sold in exec u t ion Of the
dec ree Obtained by one o f them,the o ther cannot ex ec u te the dec ree
1 8 . S e. I 4SA, 1 58B B . T.
‘
Ac t v . Kr ishna Chand ra 2 6 Cal . 937 ; 3‘
VII I of '1 1 885. C . W . N . 742 ; S u rbo Lal v . W ilson 32
1 9. M afizuddin v . Asu tosh 1 4 C .W.N . Cal . 680 Jarip v . Ram Kumar 3 C .W . N .
352 ; 1 1 C. L. J . 1 40. 747 Afraz Mol lah v . Ku l sumannessa
20. Kar una Moyce v . S u rend ra Nath 1 0 C . \V. N . 1 76 4 C . L . J . 68
2 6 Cal . 1 76. P ramada Nath v . RamaniKanta 35 I . A .
2 1 . Pramada Nath v . Raman i Kanta 73 35 Cal . 331 1 2 C . W . N . 2 49 ; 7
35 I . A . 73 ; 35 Cal . 331 1 2 C . W . N . C . L..J . 1 39 ; Sash i Kum ar v . S ceta
2 49 ; 7 C . L. J . 1 39. Nath 35 Cal . 774 ; 7 C . L . J_
. 425
2 2 . Dwar ka Nath v . S u vrida 8 C. L.R . J iban K r ishna v . Brojo Lal 30 I . A . 8 1
407 Gob ind Chu nder v . Ram Chunder 30Cal . 550; 7 C .W.N . 425 P r cm Chand2 2 \V. R . 42 1 ; D war kanath v . Dhun v . M okshoda 1 4 Cal . 201 Bijoy SankarMonee 1 5 W . R .
' 52 4 ; M ee toonjoy v. v . 1tajend umar 1 3 C . W . N .
Khet t u r Nath 5 W . R . (Ac t X)7 1 . 9 C . L . J . 479 Durga Charan v . .Kal i2 3. K . B .
'D ut t v . Gostha Behar i 1 6 Prasanna 2 6 Cal . 72 7 ; 3 C . W. N . 586.
C . \V . N . 1 006 ; 1 6 C . L. J . 379 Har i S i ta Nath v . A tmaram 4 C . W . N . 57 1
Charan v . Ranj i t S ingh 2 5 Cal . . D oorgadhu r V. H u ro M ohini1 3 C . W . N .
91 7 11 ; 1 C . \V. N . 52 1 ; Narainud din 2 70 ; Ben i M adhub v .
‘
Jaod Ali 1 7 Cal .
v . S r eeman ta Ghn sh 2 9 Cal . 2 1 9 390.
5 (f. \V. N . 32 7 Sadagar S i rc ar
LECTURE V I I .
206 COMPU LSORY SALES
Ac t, the dec ree- holder was bound to proceed in the first ins tance
agains t the person and moveab les of the j udgment - debtor and after
they had been exhausted, exec u t ion cou ld be taken ou t agains t
immo veable property for the balance.
83 B ut under the p resent law
the land lord has a c harge u pon the tenure or ho ld ing for the rent
and damages for denial Of land lord’s t i tl e and al so a remedy against
the tenant per sonal ly for the deb t due to him,so that he is not bound
‘
to p roceed against the tenu re or hold ing in respec t Of whic h the
ar rears or damages have ac c rued in the first ins tanc e, bu t is ent i t led
to pu rsue his other remedy before he sel ls the tenu re or ho ld ingi tsel f .34
Where a dec ree for rent has not been, or cannot be, enforced
by the sale of the tenu re, the c harge c reated by S . 65 B . T. Ac t
V I I I Of 1 885 cannot be enfor c ed in any o ther way .
35 Thus , whena land lord has taken a mor tgage of the hold ing of a tenant, he is
debar red under 0. 34, r . 1 4 C . P . C. Ac t V of 1 908 f rom b r inging
it to sale in exec u t ion of a dec ree for arrear s of rent due in respec t
o f i t,otherwi se than by ins t i tu ting a s u i t under S . 67 T. P . Ac t IV
of SO, al so a landlord who pur c hases the defau l ting tenu re
in exec u tion of h i s money - dec ree, s ubjec t to r ent c harge, cannot
exec u te h i s r ent - dec ree, as the j udgment - debt in h i s favou r for ren t
i s ext ingu i shed .
37 A s ingle dec ree for the c onso l idated rent Of
several tenu res,38 or a dec ree Obtained in a su i t on an ins talment bond
33. S . 1 09 Ac t X of 1 859 ; Bh ikar iS uku l v . Godadhar Ramanu j 1 7 C . W . N .
87 ; 1 6 C . L . J . 586 Chaitan Pat si
v . Kunja Behary 38 Cal . 832 1 5 C . W.
N . 863 ; 1 4 C . L . J . 2 84.
34. Ss. 65,1 86A B . T . Ac t V I I I
of 1 885 ; Sailaja P rosad v . Gyan i D ag1 8 C . L . J . 29 ; Sou rend ra Mohan v .
S urnomoyi 2 6 Cal . 1 03 ; 3 C . W . N .
38 ; Tar in i P rosad v . Narayan Kumar i1 7 Cal . 301 ; Bhaban i Charan v . P ratapChand ra 8 C. W . N . 575; Fotick Chunderv. Foley 1 5 Cal . 492 .
35. Sosh i Bhusun v . Gogan Chunder2 2 Cal . 364.
36. Raman i v . Su rend ranath 1 C .
W . N . 80 ; Sheodeni v . Ram Saran 2 6
Cal . 1 64 ; 3 C . W . N . 2 90 ; TokhanS ingh v . Girwar S ingh 32 Cal . 494 ;
9 C . W. N . 372 ; 1 C. L . J . 1 1 8 Chund ra
Nath v . B u r roda Shoondu ry 2 2 Cal . 8 1 3Aubhoyessuriv . Gou r i Sunkur 2 2 Cal .
859 ; Basiru dd in v . Kailas 33 Cal . 1 1 3
Ashu tosh v. Behari Lal 35 Cal . 61 ;
1 1 C . w. N . 1 01 1 ; 6 C. L . J . 320.
37. Sailaja. P rosad v . Gyan i D as1 8 C . L J . 29 M eher u unesa v . ShamS undar 6 C . \V. N . 834.
38 . Mu lu k Chand v. Satish Chand ra1 4 C . W . N . 335 ; 1 1 C . L. J . 56 ; Rash
Mob in i v . D ebend ra Nath 1 6 C . W. N .
395 ; Hridaynath v. Kr ishna Prasad 34Cal . 2 98 ; 1 1 C .W.N. 497 6 C . L . J .
1 53 ; Kanta Lai k v . Lachman t a
1 6 C . L. J . 1 97 ; B ipra Dass v. RajaRam 36 Cal . 765 ; 1 3 C . W . N. 650
Baikanta Nath v . D ebend ra Nath 1 1
C . w. N . 676 ; Lal v . Sadh u
Charan 7 C . L . J . 96.
IN EXECU TION OF D EGRE E S FOR R ENT IN BENGAL. 207
for ar rear s Of rent,39 or a dec ree for rent Obtained agains t a Hindu
widow,
“operates merel y as a dec ree for money .
But nei ther the natu re of the debt, nor the dec ree for ar rear s
of rent makes the tenu re z'
pso facto hypothecated for the debt .
The r igh t to br ing a tenu re or hold ing to sale be longs exc l u s i vel y
to the land lord and ex i s ts so long as the relat ionsh i p of land lord and
tenan t ex i s ts . Henc e, a per son to whom c er tain r en ts are due and
who obtains a dec ree t herefor after he has par ted wi t h the proper ty
SO, i f at
a t ime when a su i t for rent i s ins t i tu ted and a dec r ee Obtained the
plaintiff is s til l the land lord , the fac t that subsequent ly he se l l s h i s
land lord ’ s interes t does not prevent_
him from b r inging to sale
in wh ic h the tenancy i s s i tuate has no suc h r igh t .“
But a dec ree
obtained in a su i t for rent broug h t by a land lord who c eases to
the tenu re Or ho ld ing in exec u tion of s uc h a dec ree.
42
have interes t in the land be fore or du r ing the pendency of the su i t
or by a mere ass ignee on l y of the ar rear s of rent f rom the land
lord,can be exec u ted as a money - dec ree only .
‘3 So al so,an assi gnee
of a dec ree for ar rear s Of r ent in whom the land lord’s interes t in
the p roper ty i tsel f i s not ves ted can exec ute the dec ree onl y as an
ord inary money - dec ree .
“
An app l icat ion for the exec ut ion Of a dec r ee for ar r ear s of rent
ob tained by a land lord shal l not be made by an assi gnee Of the
dec r ee,” unless the lanl rd
’
s interes t in the land at the date of the
appl ication has become and i s ves ted in him .
“5 Th is r u le imposesa l im i tat ion u pon the exec u t ion of a dec r ee for rent and i t s hou ld
39. Royz u ddiv. Kali Nath 33 Cal .
985 ; 4 C. L. J. 2 1 9 ; Hridoy Nath v.
Joyram 4 C. L . J . 402 .
40. Kr ishna Gopal v. Hem Chunder
badeo 31 Cal . 550; 8 C . W . N . 531 ;
D oorga dhu r v . Hu ro Mob in i 1 3 C . \V. N .
2 70 ; Bijoy Sankar v . Rajend ra Kumar
1 3 C .W.N . 746 at p . 749 ; 9 C . L.J
. 479 ;
16 Cal . 51 1 . Mohend ro Nath v . Koilash Chand ra 4 C.
41 . A. H . Forbes v. M aharaj Bahad u r W . N . 605.
1 8 C . W. N. 747 P . C . , rever s ing Maharaj 44. D ino Nath v . Golap Mob in i 1Bahad ur v . A. H . Forbes 36 .Cal . 737 C . W . N . 1 83 Manu rathan v . HariNath
7 C. L. J . 652 .
42. Khatra Pal v . Kritar thamoyi33
Cal . 566 ; 10 C. \V. N . 547 ; 3 C . L . J .
470,
over ru l ing Hem Chunder v.M on Mobini3 C . W . N . 604.
43. A . H . Forbes v . Maharaj Bahadur1 8 C . W. N . 747, revers ing MaharajBahad ur v. A H . Forbes 35 Cal. 737 ; 7C . L. J . 652 Nagend ra Nath v. BhubanM ohan 6 C. W. N. 91 Sr imanta v . Ma
1 C . L . J . 500 ; Gu r u Charan v . Kar t i kNath 1 0 C . W. N . 44.
45. S . 1 48 (h) B . T. Ac t V I I I of 1 885
see Shambhu Nath v . Sheo Pe rsha d 40Cal . 462 ; 1 7 C . W. N . 2 76 ; 1 7 C . L .
J.
2 2 7 , over ru l ing Dwar ka Nath v. P eari
Mohan 1 C . W . N . 694 M anmotho Nathv . Rakhal Chand ra 1 4 C . W . N . 752
1 0 C . L . J . 396 Karuna M oyee v.Surend ra Nath 26 Cal . 1 76.
LECTURE V I I .
LECTURE V I I .
L im i tat ion.
A ppl icat ionfo r execu t ion .
208 COMPU LSORY SALE S
ther e for e be inter p reted st r ic tl y and shou ld not be extended to any
Th us,the
does not inc l ude the hei r o r represen tat i ve Of the
dec ree - holder} 7 nor a t r ustee for the benefit Of the dec ree- holder ’s
h e i rs .48
An app l icat ion for exec u t ion of a dec ree for r en t for a sum not
exc eed ing R s. 500, exc l u s ive of any in teres t wh ic h m ay have ac c r ued
per son who does not c ome p roper l y w i t h in i t s p rov i s ion.
46
word ass i gnee
after dec ree u pon the sum ac c r ued bu t inc l us ive Of c os ts of exec u t ing
su c h dec r ee, mu s t be made wi th in th ree year s f rom the date of the
final dec ree in the s u i t,or appeal
, or r e v iew,as the case may be
,
unl ess the j udgmen t - debtor has by f raud, or forc e p r evented the
exec u t ion .
49 The per iod of l im i tat ion w i l l be the same e ven when
a cosharer land lord Ob tains a dec r ee for rent due to h im sel f or to
al l the other s .
60
not f rom the date fixed for payment .‘51L im i tat ion r uns f rom the date of the dec r ee and
“(hen there is a spec ial r u l e
o f l im i tat ion p resc r i bed by law i t cannot be ex tended by the appl ica
t ion of the ord inary r u les p resc r i bed by the general law of l im i ta
t ion.
62
When the dec ree - holder appl ies for the at tac hmen t and sale of
the tenu re or ho ld ing in exec u t ion of the dec ree,he shal l pro du c e
a s tatement showing the pargana,es tate and v i l lage in wh ic h the land
c om p r i sed in the tenu r e,or ho ld ing i s s i tuate
,the year l y r ent pay
able for the same and the total amou nt r ec overable under the dec ree.
63
He shal l al so s pec i fy in suc h appl ic at ion, the regi s tered and no t ified
i nc umb ranc es su bjec t to wh ic h the tenu re,or hold ing i s to be sold .
The spec ificat ion shal l be ver ified in the manner p r esc r i bed by the
Code Of C i v i l P roc edu re for the ver ificat ion of plaints by the dec ree
ho lder , or by some oth er per son app roved by the Cou r t .“54
46. Nagend ra Nath v . Bhuban Mohan6 C . W . N . 91 M anu rathan v . Har iNath 1 C . L J . 500.
47 . U masoondu ry 17 .
C al . 347 .
48 . Chhat rapat S ingh v . Gopichand
2 6 Cal . 750 ; 4 C . W . N . 446.
49. Ar t . 6 Sch . I I I B . T. Ac t V I I I of1 885 ; S . 92 Ac t X of 1 859 see S hyam
Chand ra. v . Inkailu B arn 6 C . L . J . 1 46C olOkmoney v . M ohesh Chunder 3 Cal .
547 1 C . L . R . 1 49.
50. M rityunjoy v.BhOlaNath 1 8 C .L.J .
B rojonath 1 6
I f the
8 1 ; Thakamani v . M ohend ra Nath 1 0
C . L . J . 463. See however , K . B . Dut tv . Gostha B ehary 1 6 C . W. N . 1 006 ;
1 6 C . L . J . 379.
51 . Ram Saday v . Dwar ka Nath 2 2
Cal . 644 ; M am tazu l B uq v . Nirbhai
S ingh 9 Cal . 7 1 1 1 2 C . L. R . 31 8 .
52 . Kal i Charan v . Har end ra Lal 4
C . L . J . 553 ; Mackenz ie v . Syed Mahomed 1 9 Cal . 1 (F . B .)
53. S . 1 62 B . T . Ac t V I I I of 1 885.
54. H igh Cou r t ’s General Ru les and
Circu lar Orders Chap . I ru le 2 6.
LECTU RE V I I .
2 10 COMPU LSORY SALE S
from a tenan t agains t whom the dec ree for rent was Obtained has
no r igh t to make a depos i t,as he has not an interes t in the tenu re
vo idable by the sale.
61 A trans feree of a tenu re or a por t ion Of it
whose name is not regi stered in the land lord ’
s sherista may make
payment ,62 bu t a transferee of a nont rans ferable occ upancy hold ing
cannot.63 Where the Cou r t order s the app l ican t to make a deposi t
wi thout an enqu ir y as to h i s righ t to make the depos i t the order
is not appealable, bu t is open to r ev i s ion by the High Cou r t under
S . 1 1 5 C. P . C . Ac t V of Notic e shou ld be g iven to the
dec ree- holder and also to the j udgment - debtor .
65
The amount paid by su c h per son to prevent the sale shal l be
deemed to be a debt bearing interes t at 1 2 p. 0. per annum and
sec u red by a mor tgage of the tenu r e or hold ing to him wh ic h shal l
take pr ior i ty .over every c harge, o ther than a charge for ar rear of
r ent he shal l be ent i t led to possession of the tenu re or hold ing as a
mor tgagee of the tenant , and to retain possess ion of i t as suc h , unti l the
debt wi th inter est has been d i sc harged .
66 A per son who has made
payment i s entit led to be p lac ed in possess ion in execu tion of the
dec ree and is not bound to br ing a r egu lar su i t for the pu r pose,u n less the per son in possess ion is a th i rd par ty.
67 An under lessee
in suc h possess ion cannot be ev ic ted by the land lord when the lessee
has su r rendered du r ing suc h possess ion wi thou t the payment of the
amount due by v i r tue of the s tatu tory l ien .
68 But the s tat u tory l ien
so c reated does not affec t any other remedy to wh ic h the per son
mak ing the depos i t i s ent i tled .
69 Th us,he can b ring a r egu lar su i t
Atu l Chand ra 32 Cal . 972 Jugu l M ohini
v . S r inath 1 2 C . L. J . 609 ; U matu l
Fat ima v . NemaiCharan 6 C . L . J . 592 .
61 . Jotind ra Mohan v . Durga Dabe1 0 C . W . N . 438 .
62 . Aunud Lol l v . Kal ika Per sad 20
\V . R . 59 1 2 B . L . R . 489n Rajend ro
Narain v . Phudy Mondu l 1 5 Cal . 482 ;
Radhika Nath v . Raahal Raj 1 3 C . W . N .
1 1 75 ; 1 0 C . L . J . 473 ; Tarak D as v .
Har ish Chand ra 1 7 C. W . N . 1 68 ; 1 6
C . L . J . 548 .
63. Nal iniE chery v . Fu lmani 1 6
C . W . N . 42 1 1 5 C . L . J . 388 N issaB ib i v . Rad ha K ishore 1 1 C . W. N . 31 2
P rosunno Kamar v . B ama Charan 1 3
C . W. N . 652 .
64. Gob inda Sundar v . Chand Meah1 7 C. W . N . 602.
65. Ram Nath v. Ru d ra. M ahanti 1 8
C . L . J . 1 42 .
66. S . 1 7 1 B . T. Ac t V I I I Of 1 885.
67 . U matu l Fat ima v . NemaiCharan6 C . L. J . 592 ; Radhika Nath v . RakhalRaj 1 3 C . W. N . 1 1 75 ; 1 0 C . L . J . 473
Ram Narain v . Lal D as 1 2 C. W . N . 55
6 C . L . J . 595.
68 . Nabadip Chand ra v. BhairabChand ra 1 3 C . W . N . 97.
69. S . 1 7 1 (2) B. T. Ac t V I I I of
1 885.
IN EXECUT ION OF D EGRE ES FOR RENT IN BENGAL .
for the recovery of the money depos i ted by enforc ing the c harge .
70 w an V I I.
B ut the pu r c haser at a sale in exec u t ion of a mor tgage- dec ree
making the depos it cannot recover the money , as there i s no p r iv i tybe tween him and the j udgment - debtor under the dec ree for ar rear
o f r ent .
7 1
When an infer ior tenant whose interes t wou ld be voidab le uponthe sale pays money into Cour t to p revent the sale, he may, in add i
t ion to any o the r remedy prov ided for him by law, ded u c t the whole
or any por tion of the amount so paid from any rent payable by him to
his immed iate land lord who,i f he is not the defau l ter
,may, in l i ke
manner , ded u c t the amount so deduc ted f rom any r ent payab le by
him to h i s immed iate land lord and so on, unt i l the defau l ter i s reac h
ed .
7’t
A mor tgagee mak ing payment to save the proper ty from be ing
sold has an add i t ional lien on the p roper ty for the sum so paid.
7s
But a c otenant mak ing a s im i lar payment i s not ent i t led to a c harge
b u t only to a r i gh t to contr i bu tion persona l l y f rom the other c o
tenan ts .“ When a landlord does not q ues t ion the r i gh t o f a par ty to
make the depos i t b u t wi t hd raws the money, he is es topped f rom
subsequently ques t ion ing h i s r i gh t .76
The dec ree - holder may, wi thou t the perm iss ion of the Co u r t, bidPuml m er '
for or pu r c hase the tenu re or hol d ing at a sale in exec u t ion of a
dec ree for arrear of rent . B ut the j udgment -d ebtor shal l not bid
for , o r pu r c hase, the tenu re or hold ing so so ld, and i f he p u rc hases by
h imsel f or t h rough another per son, the Cou r t may, on the app licat ion
of the dec ree - holde r or any other pe r son inter es ted in the sale, set
as ide the sale and any defic iency of pr ic e on the resale and al l c os ts
shal l be paid by the judgment - debtor .
76 B u t a recorded tenant who
has no exis t ing interes t in the tenu re and whose interes t was sol d
p rev iou sly in exec u t ion of a money - dec r ee may pu rc hase.
77 A
70. Heman ta Kumar v . Rajend ra.Bala 1 3 C . L. J . 454 ; Ambi ka Deb i v.P ranhari4 B . L . R . (E R ) 77 ; 1 3 W . R.
(R R ) 1 Lu ckhiNarain v . Khet tro Pal
1 3 B . L . R . 1 46 ; 20W . R 380.
7 1 . M oharanee Dasya v. Harendm
Lal 1 C . \V. N . 458.
72 . S . 1 72 B . T. Ac t VI I I of 1 885.
73. Rakhohari v. B ipra D as 31 Cal .
975, U pend ra Chand ra v. Tara P rosanna
30Cal . 794 7 C. W. N . 609.
74. Gop i Nath v . Ishu r Chund ra 2 2Cal . 800; K inu Ram v . M ozafier Hossain1 4 Cal . 809.
75. Thomas Bar c lay v . Syed Hossein6 C . L . J . 601 Jugal M ob in i v. S r inath1 2 C . L . J . 609.
76 . S . 1 73 B . T. Ac t V I I I of 1 885.
77. Gopal Chunder v . Ram Lal l 2 1Cal . 554.
COMPU LSORY SALES
LECTUR E V I I . j udgment - debtor b idd ing for,or pu r c has ing,p r oper ty r enders him }
sel f l iabl e to puni shmen t u nder S . 1 85 I . P . C.
The sale i s not ip so facto vo id bu t on l y v o idab l e at the instanc e
of the dec ree- hol der,
'
or any other per son inter es ted in the sale and
the p roper Cou r t to determ ine whether the sal e shou l d s tand or fal l
i s the Cou r t that h el d the sal e .
78 An at tac h ing c red i tor has a locus
standi to app ly to set as ide the sale .
79 So has an un r eg i s ter ed
t rans fer ee of an oc c u pancy hold ing .
80 The dec r ee - hol der and the
j udgment - deb tor are unnecessary par t ies to the p roc eed ings to set
as ide the sale.
81
An app l ic at ion to se t as ide the sale shou l d be made wi th in th r ee
year s from the date when the r i gh t to apply ac c r ues .
82 Whether an
appeal l ies f rom an or der al low ing or d i sal lowing an appl i c at ion to
set as ide a
‘
sale,depends upon the qu es tion rai sed , as a l so on the par t ies
between whom i t ar i ses .
83 Th u s,no appeal l ies f rom an or de r set t ing
as ide a sale by the auc t ion - pu r c haser,e v en wh en f raud i s al leged
,
al though an appeal may lie on behal f of the dec r ee - ho l der o r c o
judgment - deb tor,
“
when the sale i s al lowed to stand .
84 A per son
not a par ty to the s uit may b r ing a separate su i t to hav e the sale
set aside .
85
The tenu re or ho ld ing at fixed rates sh al l at fir s t be pu t up to
sal e, su bjec t to regi s ter ed and not ified i nc um b ranc es , bu t i f the bid -a
d ing does not r eac h'
a sum su ffic ien t to l i qu idate the amount of the
dec ree and c os ts and i f the dec ree - ho l de r so des i re,the sale shal l be
adjou rned and a fr esh proc lamation shal l i s sue, announc ing that the
tenu re or ho ld ing wi l l be so ld wi th power to av o id al l inc umbranc es
upon a f u tu re day ,not less than fi f teen o r mo re than th i r tyr days
f rom the date o f the pos tponement .
86 Ord i nar i ly , an oc c upancy
ho ld ing shal l be pu t u p to sal e wi th power to avo id al l inc umb rances
7 8 . Gopal Chu nder v . Ram Lal l 2 1 257 .
Cal . 554. 84. Roghu S ingh v . Misr i S ingh 2 179. E as tern M or tgage Co . v . Gob ind Cal . 825 Chand Monee v . Santo M onee
Chand ra 3 C . \V. N . xiV . 2 4 Cal . 707 ; I C . \V. N . 534 Jada ] ,80. Azgar Aliv . Asaboddin i) Chand ra v . Joy G opal 1 9 C . L . J . 8 1
1 34,Harabandhu v . Ha r ish Chand ra 3
M oliima Chand ra V . Jogend ro C . \V. N . 1 84 ; Am i r tai v . BasdeoK um ar 3 e . w. N . xiv .
S ingh 5 C . L . J . 204.
82 . Ar t . 1 8 1 S ch . I L im i ta t ion Ac t 85. G opa l Chu nd e r v . Ram Lal l 2 1I X o f 1 908 ; Chand M onee v . Sau te
M inn -9 2 4 Cal . 707 : l C . \V . N . 534. Rli. S s . 1 64 , 1 65 l l . T. Ac t VI I I
83. Joy l aia v. P iankris lm a 1 3 C . L J . o f 1 8 95.
LEO’
JU REVI I .
2 14 COM P U LSORY SALE S
X IV o f 1 882 (O. 2 1 , r . 8 9 C . P . C . Ac t V ef 1 908) were made
appl ic able to the sales held in exec u t ion o f rent dec rees , wh i c h
al lowed any per son whose immoveable p roper ty had been so ld
in exec u tion of a dec ree , to app ly to have the sale set as ide on h i s
depos i t ing, wi th in th i r ty days o f the sal e, the dec retal amount and
5 per c ent of the pu rc hase- money . Henc e, i f a per son,not being
the j udgmen t - debtor , c ou ld not appl y under S . 1 74 of B . T. Ac t
VI I I of 1 885, he c ou ld always do so under S . 3 10A C. P . C . Ac t
X I V of 1 8 82 (O. r . 89 C . P . C. Ac t V of and obtain
the same rel ief as he wou ld have obtained , if S . 1 74 had been
appl icable.
96 B ut S . 54 of Ac t 1 (B . C.) of 1 907 r ender s inappli
cab le the prov i s ions of O. r . 89 C. P . C. Ac t V of 1 908 to sales
in exec u tion of r ent - dec r ees in Bengal p roper , thou gh not in E astern
B engal , where Ac t 1 (E . B . C.) of 1 908 has not adopted this
c hange.
96
When an ent i re tenu re is sol d in exec u tion of a rent - dec r ee
obtained against some onl y of the tenants and a tenant,not a par ty
to the su i t, depos i ts the money, he can sue h i s c otenant s for c ontr i
hut ien acc ording to t he i r r espec t ive shares of the j udgment - debt
bu t not in re spec t of the 5 per cent . of the pu r c hase - money .
97
The order wh ic h dec ides a ques t ion whether the j udgment - debtor
has c ompl ied wi t h the requ i rement s of the law for a r ever sal of the
sale i s one wh ic h dec ides a ques t ion relat ing to t i tle to, or to some
interes t in, the land as between the par t ies hav ing c onfl ic t ing c laim s
thereto and is appealable.
98 When the au c t ion - pu r c haser i s a
s tranger , no suit i s maintainab le to set as ide the sale, bu t the propr iety
o f an order re fu s ing to set as ide a sal e can be cal led in q ues t ion by
an app l icat ion under S . 1 1 5 C. P . C. Ac t V of
\Vhen a sale i s set as ide at the ins tanc e of a t rans feree of a
por t ion of a non - t rans ferabl e oc c upancy ho ld ing, he cannot rec over
95. Janardhan v . Kal i Krish to 2 3 Cal. Mandal v . Ramsar baswa 32 Cal . 957
393 ; B ung shiDhar v . Kedarnath '
1 C .
\V. N . 1 1 4.
96. S . 1 70B . T . Ac t V I I I of 1 885.97 . S uchand v . Balaram 38 Cal . 1 ;
M ahend ra v . Bhuban 1 2 C . L . J . 566.
98 . S . 1 53 B . T . Ac t VI I I o f 1 885 ;
Raghu bar Doyal v . Jad unandan 1 6 C . \V.
N . 736 ; Ben i Mad hab v . Bissessu r I 7
C . W . N . 8 1 ; 1 6 C . L . J . 542 Kal i
; 9 C . W . N . 72 1 ; 1 C . L. J . 476 ;
Ganga Charan v . Sosh i Bhu san 32 Cal .
572 ; l C. L . J . 255 ; Safar Ali v. RajMoh un 1 C . L . J . 4541 .
99. Rah im B ux v . Nundo Lal 1 4
Ca l . 32 1 ; Kabilaso v . Raghu Nath 1 8
Cal . 48 1 ; Jugobund liu v . Jadu Ghosh1 5 Cal . 47 Jogedanund v . Amr i ta Lal
2 2 Cal . 767.
1N EXECU TION or D EGRE ES r oe R ENT IN BENGAL . 2 1 5
mesne profits for the per iod he was ou t of possess ion f rom the land
lord,who h imsel f pu rc hased the hold ing in execu t ion of h i s rent
dec ree,in as m uc h as he cou l d not hav e ob tained a dec r ee fo r posses
s ion against the land lord i f he b rough t su c h a s u i t.1 00 0. 2 I , r . 91
C .P .C. Ac t V of 1 908 wh ic h al lows appl i cat ion to set as ide a sale, on
the ground of the per son whose p roper ty has been so ld , hav ing no
saleabl e interes t t herein,does not appl y to sale in exec u t ion of a r ent
dec ree ; as the r ent i s a fir s t c harge u pon the tenu re and ho ld ing ,they are l iab le to be sol d for ar r ear s of r ent in r espec t of them ,
no
mat ter in whose hand they may be at the t ime of sale .
101
Where a tenure or ho ld ing is sold in exec u tion of a dec ree for
ar rear s of r ent, in r espec t of the ent i re tenu re or hold ing du e to al l
the c d - shar er s who have al l been made par t ies to the suit,or of a
dec ree for damages under S . 1 86 A ,the tenu re or hold ing shal l
,
The
p u rc haser ac qu i res the tenu re or ho l d ing f ree f rom al l inc umbranc es
He i s en t i tled to be
The
r i gh t to ho ld nijjote lands passes to him .
1 05 Where a land lord
obtains an order for sale under S . 1 63 B . T. Ac t V I I I of 1 885, th ere
i s an asser t ion at the t ime of the sale t hat the proper ty is at leas t an
su bjec t to the p ro v i s ions of S . 2 2 , pass to the pu rc haser .
1 02
and under tenures c reated by the defau l ter .
103
pu t in possess ion of the ent i re tenu re as i t or iginal l y s tood .
“
occ u pancy hold ing .
the faith of th i s asser t ion, i t i s not open to the land lord to c ontend
Wherea share in a tenu r e has been duly r ecogni sed by both the land lord
HenCe, i f the p u rc haser takes the proper ty on
that What has been sold i s the interes t of an u nder - raiyat .106
and tenan t as const i t u ting a d i s tinc t tenu re, the pu rc haser ac qu i res
the r i gh t of a pu rc haser of an ent i re tenancy .
107 \Vhen by p r i vate
ar rangement amongst c oshares, one of them i s in exc l us i ve posses s ion
of a cer tain por tion of jo int land , the pu rc haser of the r i gh t,ti tle
and interes t of the lat ter i s ent i t led to be p lac ed in the same pos it ion
1 00. Safaraddi v . Du rga Pr osed nath v . M cAl lis ter 6 \V. R . (Ac t X )1 6 C . L . J . 83. 34 ; M ohiood deen v . Ram K ishor e 2 2
1 01 . 1 74 (3)B . T . Ac t V I I I of 1 885. W . R . 31 1 .
1 02 . S . I 5SE B . T . Ac t V I I I of 1 04 Teelot tuma v . Br ojo Lal l 8
1 885. \V. R . 478 .
1 03. Du rga P r osonno v . Kalidass 9 C. 1 05. Joy Du t t v . Bayee Ram 7
L .R . 449; D warkanath v . M anick Chunder W . R . 40.
3 W . R . 1 97 Kal ee Kan t v . R om onee 1 06. Abd u l Sobhan v . N ekbar Manda]Kant 3 W . R . 2 1 7 ; Door ga Chu rn v .
Anund Moyes 3 W . R . 1 2 7 ; Jan Ali
v . Su feena 6 W . R . (Act X) 36 Tar uck
1 7 C . L . J . 652 .
1 07 . Sem ir Jama v . M ohabharat 1 6
C . W. N . 777 .
LECTUR E V I I .
LECTU R E
COM PU LSORY SALES
as the v endo r .
1 08 A c oshar er land lo rd who has pu r chased the
ho ld ing in exec u t ion of a dec ree of h i s own cannot rai se the qu es t ion
of the t rans ferabi l i ty of the ho l d ing in a su i t by the mo r tgagee .
‘09
I t i s c om peten t to a land lo rd to m ai ntain h i s su i t agains t any one
of several j o int tenan ts who made a separate prom i se to pay the whole
amoun t bu t the dec ree c annot be c ons ider ed as a r ent d ec ree and the
sale in exec u tion passes onl y the r i gh t,t i t le
,inter es t of the j udgmen t
deb tor and not the tenu re or ho ld ing .
1 10 So al so,wher e a tenu re i s
so l d wi thou t a sec ond p roc lam ation as r equ i red by S . 1 65 B . T .
Ac t V I I I of 1 885, the sale m u s t be hel d to have been an ord inary
Cou r t - sal e and the pu r c haser m ere ly ac qu i res theiright, t i tl e and
interes t of the j udgmen t- debtor .
1 1 1
A r rear s of ren t d ue to a land lord by a Hindoo w idow in posses
s ion of her h u sbands ’ p roper ty , are not a per sonal debt of the w idow
and on a sale o f the proper ty in exec u t ion of a dec ree agai ns t the
widow for ar rear s of r ent,the pu rc haser ac q u i r es the p roper ty
absol u te l y and not m ere l y the r i gh ts of the widow“ ? B u t when
in exec u t ion of a dec ree fo r ar rear s o f r ent agains t a Hindu w i dow,
the tenu r e i tsel f i s not“
sold bu t another p roper ty , the pu r c haser
ac qu i r es the w idow’s inter es t in it. 1 1 3 When the dec ree was ob tai ned
agains t a Hind u daugh ter d u r ing her l i fe t ime bu t exec u tion was
app l ied for agains t the r e v er s ione r s , her sons , as r epresen t ing the
e s tate o f the daugh ter , the dec r ee- ho lder c annot p roceed agai ns t the
p roper ty inher i ted by the son s .
1 1 4
Aga in,a sal e
,t hough on ly of the r i gh t
,t i tle and interes t of the
j u dgment - debtor , passes the r i gh t,t i tle
,and inter es t not on l y of the
108 . K umud ini v . Ras i k Lal 1 1 C . W . 923 1 6 C . \V . N . 259.
N . 51 7 . 1 1 2 . Tel u ck Chunder v . Mud den
1 09 Ayenu ddin v . S rish Chand ra 1 1
C . \V. N . 76 ; Haro Chand ra v . U mesh
Chand ra 1 4 C . \V. N . 7 1 ; 1 1 C . L . J . 20.
1 1 0. Rameswar v . Jaideb 1 2 C . L . J .
591 Jogend ra v . Nogend ra 1 1 C . W . N .
I02 6 ; Kasliikinkar v . Satyend ra Nath1 2 C . L . J . 642 ; Chand ra Nath v .
Pr o tap U da i 1 8 C . \V . N . ITO; Abd u lR ab v . E gger 35 Cal . 1 8 2 ; 1 2 C . \V. N .
1 60 M ahanund v . Ban i M ad h ub 2 4
Cal . 2 7 Rash B eh ary v . Peary Mohan 4
led . 346 3 C . L . R . 1 1 6 Go p inat h r .
Kashinath 1 3 4 1 2 ; 9 C I J . 2 34.
1 1 1 . Banbihariv . Khetra Pal 38 Cal .
M ohun 1 2 \V. R . 504 ; 1 5 B . L . R . 1 4311 ;
Anund v . M ohind ra 1 5 \V. R . 2 64 .
Zu hoor u l Huq . v . Gooroo Chu rn 1 5W . R .
329 ; R ajaram v . S onatun 2 3 NV. R .
404 ; Nugend e r v . S reem u t ty DosseI I M oo . 2 41 ; 8 \V. R . 1 7 ; Cou r t of
\Vard s v . Ramapu t 1 4 M oo . 605 1 7 \V.
R . 459 ; 1 0 B . L . R . 2 94.
1 1 3. M ohima Ch u nd e r v . R am
K isho r e 2 3 \V. R 1 74 ; 1 5 B . L . R . 1 42 ;
M ahomed Sadat Ali v . Hara S undar i 1 6C . \V. N . 1 070.
1 1 4 . K r ist o Gob ind v . Hem Chunder 1 6 Cal . 51 1 .
LECTU RE V I I .
I ncumbrance .
2 18 COM PU LSORY SALE S
the pu r c haser acqu i res these r i gh ts are (1 )whethe r the tenu re i s sol d
and (2)whether the dec ree is for r ent .
”it He i s en t i t led , af ter ser v ic e
o f not ic e annu l l ing inc um b ranc es , to r eal i se r en t d i rec t f rom the
raiyats supersed ing the inc um branc es .
1 25 He acq u i res a preferen
t ial t i t le to the mor tgagee who pu rc hases in exec u t ion of a
mor tgage - dec ree.
1 26 A raiyat ho ld ing at fixed rates does not,af ter
twel ve year s ’ oc c u pat ion, becom e a S et t l ed R aiyat ” of the v i l lage
and th u s ac qu i re a r ight of oc c u pancy,so t hat h i s inter est i s no t a
p rotec ted interest m Any r igh t or interes t c reated w i th the ex p res s
wr i tten c onsen t of the land lord i s a p rotec ted interest .
1 28 The word ,
“ plantat i on in S . 1 60 inc l u des an assemblage of g rowing plants
of any k ind . B ut whether or not a par ti c u lar assemblage of plants com es
W i th in i t i s a qu es tion of fac t . A bete l l eaf bor oj may be a plantation .
1 29
The wo rd ,“ inc um branc e, inc l udes not m erel y an inc umb ranc e
ac ti vel y c reated bu t al so an inc umbranc e c r eated by lac h es or
ac qu iesc enc e, wi l fu l o r ar i s ing f rom negl igenc e, suc h as, the s tatu tory
t i t le ac qu i red by 1 2 year s ’ adver se possession.
1 3° A sal e, gi f t,mor tgage, l ease, or exc hange is an incum branc e .
1 31 B u t when a
mor tgagee has enforc ed h i s l ien and ob tained a dec ree, i t i s no longer
an inc um branc e.
1 32 A mor tgage c reated by operat ion o f law, e.g . ,
under S . 1 7 1 by paym ent of the dec retal amou nt to sav e a tenu re
or hold ing f rom sale i s not an inc um b ranc e.
’33 An u nde r - raiyat’ s
lease may be an inc um b ranc e, b u t i f c r eated in cont ravent ion of S . 85,
need not be annu l l ed by the su per ior land lord,au c t ion - p u r c haser ,
as an inc umb ranc e .
’34
1 2 4. Chand ra. Mob in i v . Kenaram 1 38 .
1 9 C . L . J . 32 4. 1 29. Banko B ehary v . K r ishna. Chand ra.1 25. M anmo tho Nath v . Rakhal 1 8 C . W . N . 349 1 8 C . L . J . 1 70.
Chand ra 1 4 C . W . N . 752 ; 1 0 C . L . J . 1 30. Mu nsab Ali v . Ar sadu l la 1 6 C.
396.\V. N . 831 1 6 C . L . J . 539 ; Gocool
1 2 6. Gop inath v. Kashinath . 1 3 Bagd i v . D ebend ra Nath 1 4 C . L . J . 1 36.
C . w. N . 41 2 ; 9 C . L . J . 234 ; Taibatan 1 31 . s. 1 61 (a) B . T . Ac t V I I I ofnessa v . Pravabati10C . L. J . 640. 1 885 Jogeshwar v . Abed Mahom ed 3
1 2 7 . Bhu t Nath v . S u r end ra Nath 1 3 C . W . N . 1 3 Chand ra Sakai v . Kal l iC . \V . N . 1 025 ; 1 1 C . L . J . 98 ; Akh i l P r osanno 23 Cal . 2 54 Nobin Chand v .
Chand ra. v . S u rend ra Nath 1 1 C . L . J . Bansenath 2 1 Cal . 72 2 .
8 7 . 1 32 . Ak hoy Kumar v . B ejoy Chand 291 2 8 . S . 1 60 (y) B . T . Ac t V I I I of Cal . 8 1 3.
1 88 5 Mahomed Kazem v . Nafiar Chand ra. 1 33. Pasu pat i v . Narayan i D a-ssi 2 4
32 Cal . 91 1 9 C . \V . N . 803 Akhoy Cal . 537 1 C . \V. N . 51 9.
Kumar v . Bejoy Chand 2 9 Cal . 8 1 3 ; 1 34. Peary Mohun v . Badal Chand raE shan Chund er v . Hu rish Chunder 2 1 2 8 Cal . 205 5 C . \V. N . 31 0.
W. R . 1 37 Afazuddiv. Prasanna 39 Cal.
IN EXECUTION OF D EGRE ES FOR R ENT IN BENGAL .
A sale (1003 not ipso f u cto canc el the inc umbrances . I t merel y
g ives the pu rc has e r power to c anc el them ,i f he th inks p roper .
‘35
B u t the power may be los t by waiver , e.g .
,by rec eipt of rent f rom
the under ten ure- holder. 1 36 The ser v ic e of the notic e i s the onl y
s u ffi c ient m ode to annu l the inc umb ranc e,and i t i s not nec essary
to b r ing a su i t to ext ingu ish it ”?
A pu r c haser hav ing powe r and des i r ing to annul an inoumbrance
may, wi th in one year f rom the date o f actual sale and not the date
o f confir nm téon of the sal e,o r f rom the date on wh ic h he fir s t has
not i c e,that i s
,knowledge or i nfo rmat ion of the i nc umb rance, wh ic h
e ver i s later,p r esent to the Co l lec to r an appl ic at ion in wr i t ing to
ser v e a not ic e on the inc umb ranc er dec lar i ng that the inc um branc e
is annu l led and the i nc um b ranc e shal l be deemed to be annu l l ed
f rom the date on wh ic h it i s so ser ved.”3 B u t an inc um br anc e r
who denying the pu rc hase r’s t it le to i s su e not ic e to annu l the
inc um b rance invo l ved him in a l i t i gat ion to p ro ve h i s t i t le
cannot,by causi ng the delav, be al lowed to s ay tha t the sa le
per fec ted on the date of the act ual sale and not on the date
where t i t le was confirmed by the dec i s ion in the s u i t. 1 39 I f
the appl ic at ion for i s s ue o f the no t i c e to se r ve on the per sons
jo intly inte r es ted in the inc umb ranc e i s no t made w i th in the t ime ,
it i s not effec t i ve aga ins t any o f them.
1 40 As the period o f l im i ta.
t ion i s go v er ned by B . T . Ac t V I I I o f 1 885, a m inor i s not ent i t led ,even i f S 7 L im i tat ion Ac t IX of 1 938 appl ied , to a f res h per iod of
l im i tat ion.
” 1 A por tion of an under tenu r e c annot be an annu l led .
1 3
Nor, c an a p u rc haser annu l an inc um b ranc e wi thou t annu l l ing a
1 35. Peari Lal v . M oh eswari 25
Cal . 551 ; T i t u B ib i v. M oh esh 9 Cal .
68 3 ; 1 2 C . L . R . 304 ; Ben i Pr os- 1d v.
R ewat Lal l 2 4 Cal . 7 46 S at tyasaran v .
M ohesh Chand ra 1 2 M oo . 2 63 2 B . L. R .
23 1 1 \V. R . IO Mad hus udan v . Ram Dhan 1 2 \V. R . 38 3 ;
3 B . L . R . A . C . 431 U masun l aii v .
Bir bu l Mandal 3 B . L . R . 1 8 3 ; 1 1 \V. R.
563.
1 36. Tara. Chand v . \Vakenoonissa
7 \V. R . 91 ; B ais tab Chaian v. Akh i lChand ra. 1 1 C. \V. N . 2 1 7 .
1 37 . Pear l Lal v . M oheswaii 25 Cal .
1 ; S o sh i Rhu su n ( l o g-
t u Chun de r
2 2 Cal . 364 ; Ch und ra Sakai v. Kal liP r osanno 2 3 Cal. 25 4.
1 38 . S . 1 67 B . T . Ac t. V I I I o f 1 885.
S ee Yu su f Gaz i v. Asmat Mol lah 1 7
C \V . N . 4 10 ; 1 6 C . L. J . 1 31 .
1 39. Tailgatannessa v . P ravabat-i 10
C . L . J . 6 10.
1 40. Delaney v . Ali 32
Cal . 7 1 0.
1 41 . S . 1 8 1 B . T . Ac t V 1 1 1 of 1 885.
See Akhoy Kumar v . Bejoy ( hand ZQ
8 1 3.
1 42 . S ooharam v . Doorga Ch araur fi
(f
. L . J . 2 6 1 .
COMPU LSORY SALES
LECTURE V I I . super ior inc umb ranc e d i rec tl y subord inate to the interes t purchasedm
A per son seek ing to annu l an inc umbranc e shal l make ou t a case
that it i s an inc umbrance i t i s not for the defendan t to p rove that
it is p rotec ted .
1 44 B u t i f the defendan t pleads t hat i t is p rotec ted,
the onus i s sh i f ted on him .
1 45
Where the purc haser and the inc umbranc er are the same person,
not ic e i s not nec essary .
”6 S o where an u nder raiyatilease was c reat
ed by an unregi stered inst r ument, a land lord pu r c has ing the hold ingof the raiyat i s ent i t led to take M ass possess ion by ejec t ing the under
raiyat wi t hou t annu l l ing the same by a not ic e, as the underraiyati
lease is inva l id .
“ 7
I t i s obl igatory upon the pu r c haser to s hew that not ic e has been
Ser ved in the presc r i bed manner and unt i l i t is ser ved the inc um
b rance subsis ts.
1 48 The ‘ ser vice of notic e u pon an inc umb ranc er i s
no bar to h is mak ing an appl icat ion to se t as ide the sale .
1 49 A pu r
c haser of an und iv ided share of land cannot annu l an inc umb ranc e.
1 60
Nor , can one of several tenu re - ho lder s fo r whose defau l t the tenu r e
was sold avoid an inc umb ranc e, by pu rc hase of the tenu re .
1 51
The land lord pur c has ing a tenu re in exec u tion of a rent - dec ree
cannot ous t a mor tgagee wi thou t annu l l ing the inc um b ranc e .
1 52 B u t
an exec u t ion- pu rc haser s u bsequently p u rc has ing a hold ing in exec u
tion of a rent dec ree c an annu l an inc umbranc e )”
No form of not i ce has been p r esc r i bed . A not i ce i s not bad
though it does not spec i fy the par tic u lar s of the land and the rent
1 43. M afizud din v . Ashu tosh 1 4 C .
\V . N . 352 1 1 C . L . J . 1 40.
1 44. Har i Mon i v . Mot i She ikh 1 6
C . W . N . 7 79 ; Narmada S undar i v .
Tar ip Mol lah 1 3 C . W . N 720 9 C . L .
J . 490 Gob ind v . Re i ly 1 3 Ca l . 1 .
1 45. Forbes v . Mahomed Hosse in 1 2
B . L . R . 2 10P . C 20W . R . 44 ; IswarChand ra v . Bistu Chand ra 3 B L . R .
App . 97 1 2 WR . 32 ; S rinath v . S rissq n to
8 B . L. R . 2 401 1 1 0 \V. R . 467 .
1 46. Hem Chand ra v . Tafazz u l Hos
sain 8 C . \V. N . 332 ; M as t u l la v . Jan
Mam u d 2 8 Cal . 1 2 ; 4 C . IV . N .
cou tm C ol uk Chu nder v . Ran) S tmku -r
tl C . \V . N . 2 68 .
1 1 7 . S . 85 1i. T. Ac t V I I I o f 1 885 ;
Peary M ohu u v . Barla l Chand ra 2 3 Ca l .
205 ; 5 C . \V. N.31 0.
1 48 . Ra ' l lu y Koer v . A jodhya D as
7 C . L . J . 2 62 ; D elaney v . Rohamat
Ali32 Cal . 7 1 0.
1 49. B r ij Kumar v . D hanukd hari 1 0
C . W . N . 976.
1 50. Ahad u l la v . Gagan’
Mol lah 2
C . L . J . 1 0 ; l t ftmkinkar v . Akh ilChan d ra 1 1 C . W . N . 350.
Nawab Ali v . Heman ta Kumar i8 C . W . N . 1 1 7 Mafizud diu v . Ke rbedAli31 Cal . 393 ; 8 C . \V. N . 1 1 5 ; Fak ir ‘
Chu nde r v . R am Kumar 31 I . A . 1 95 ;
31 Ca l . 901 ; s c . w.
’
N . 7 2 1 .
I} u rbihariv . Khe t ra Pal 38 Cal .923 1 6 U . W. N .
1 53. S u ren dra Mohan v . Bansidhar
L2 C . \V. N . 1 1 1 .
Laur ens V I I .
D ispossession.
COMPU LSORY SALES
wh ic h was not at the t ime the lease was g ranted, a fai r rent , the
Cou r t may enhance the rent to s u c h amount as appears to be fai r
and equ i tab le. B u t the rent s hal l not be enhanc ed , i f the land has
been held for a term exceed ing twel ve year s at a fixed rent equal
to the rent of good arable land .
1 65
Rent be ing regarded not as ac c r u ing from day to day but as fal
l ing due onl y at a s tated t ime ac c ording to the c ontrac t of tenancy
or , in the absenc e of any c ont rac t, ac c ord i ng to the general law,
the p u rchaser i s l iable for the whole ins talment of r ent ac c ru ingdue af ter h i s p u r c hase but before the c onfirmat ion of the sale.
”66
B ut he is not l iab l e for the arrear s of r ent wh ic h became d ue p r ior
to the p u rc hase, unless the tenu re or hold ing was sold wi th a not ic e
t hat i t was s ubjec t to the l iab i l i ty fo r su c h ar rear s . 1 67 The ar r ear s
acc r u ing due between the date of inst i tut ion of the su i t and the date
of sale m u s t be treated as ar rear s of rent payabl e by the ou tgo ing
tenant whose interes t does not c ease t i l l the sal e i s c onfirmed.
1 63
A pu rc haser i s bound by the term s of the kabu liat exec u ted by
the ou tgo ing tenan t as to the instalments and _ interest on ar rear s ,being an or d inary inc iden t o f a tenancy bu t a s t ipu lat ion for
the payment of interes t at. an unus ual and exor b i tant rate c annot
be s upposed to be an inc ident of a tenancy .
1 70 The land lord i s how
ever bound by any s tatemen t in the proc lamat ion of sale .
1 7 1
I f an oec upancy raiyat i s d i spossessed by the p u rc haser,s uc h
dispossess ion effec ted by the ac t o f del i very of possess ion by the
Cou r t i s not d i spossession by the land lord and the s u i t to r ec over
possess ion i s not governed by Ar t. 3, S ch . H I B . T. Ac t V I I I o fNor , where a per son
,other than the j udgment - debtor , i s
d i s possessed by a c osharer land lord who p u rc h ased in exec u tion
1 65. S . 1 67 (4) of B . T. Ac t V I I I of
1 885.
1 66. S . 53 B . T . Ac t V I I I of 1 885.
S ee Satyend ra Nath v . N i lkantha 2 1
Cal . 383.
1 67 . Faez Rahman v . Ramsukh 2 1
Cal . 1 69 ; I Iaradhan v. Kar t i k Chand ra6 C . \V. N . 8 7 7
1 68 . S . 1 69 B . T . Ac t V I I I o f 1 88 5
Kar u ua M oyee v . S u ren l ra. Nath 2 6 Cal .
1 76 M a tangini v . S reenath 7 C . \V. N .
552 ; Bejoy (‘
lnn ‘
rl v . Sash i liliusan l “
C . W . N . we.
1 69. Lal Gopal v . Mannn tha Lal 32
Cal . 258 9 C . W . N . 1 75 ; Rajnarain v.
Panna Chand 30Cal . 2 1 3 7 C .W. N . 203.
1 70. Kal i Nat h v. Trailok hya Na th2 6 Cal . 31 5 ; 3 C . W. N . 1 94.
1 7 1 . Shar iat Mond u l v . S u r ja. Kant7 C . \V . N . 386.
1 72 . Kamaldhari v . Ramashwar
1 7 C . \V. N . 8 1 7 , d issen t ing from
Aininud din v . U l tat unnessa 9 C . L. J .
1 31 see a lso R udm Narain v. Na tabar
J ana. —iiC al . 52 , 1 8 C .\V. N . 353 ; 1 8
(_I. I . . l . 8 3.
IN EX ECU T ION OF D EGR E E S FOR R ENT I N B ENGAL .
of a de zree ob ta ined by another c osharer land lord , i s a su i t to Luc r uuz VI I .
ejec t the pu rc hase r go verned by Ar t.‘
6,as the d i s possess ion was by
the pu r c haser not in the c harac ter of a land lord .
”3
I n d i spos ing of the p roc eeds o f a s al e in exec u tion o f a dec r ee
for ar rear s of rent the fo l lowing r u l es,ins tead o f those p res c r i bed
by S . 73 (J
. P . C . Ac t V of 1 908,shal l be obser ved
ta) There shal l firs t be paid to the dec ree - holder the c os ts
inc u r red by him in b r inging the tenure o r hold ing to
sale.
Nex t shal l be paid to the dec ree- ho lder the amount due to
him u nder the dec ree in exec u t ion of wh ic h the sale
was made.
Ou t o f the balanc e there s h al l be paid to the dec ree
ho lder any r ent wh ic h may have fal len due to him in
r espec t o f the tenu re o r ho ld ing between the ins ti tu t ion
of the su i t and the date of the c onfirmat ion of the sa le.
(d) The balanc e, it any ,shal l u pon the exp i rat ion o f two
mon th s from the c onfirmat ion of the sale be paid to the
j udgment - deb tor .
1 74
B u t wh er e the tenu re or ho ld ing has been sold in exec u t ion o f
a dec r ee obtained by one o r more c osharer land lords f ramed u nder
S . M S A or S . 1 58 B payment of the amoun t due u nde r su ch
dec r ee shal l be made to the dec r ee - ho lder and to the other c os hare r
land lo rds in propor t ion to the am oun t fou nd to be d ue to each and
ou t of the balanc e payment shal l be made of the r en t wh i c h may
have fal len due in respec t o f the tenu r e or ho l d ing between the
inst i tu t ion of the su i t and the date of the confirmat ion of the sa l e,to the dec r ee- holder and the o ther c oshar er land lords in propor t ion
to th e i r r espec t ive shares in the tenu re or ho ld ing .
1 7 5
The c harge in r espec t of any rent fal ling d ue between the date
of ins ti tu t ion of the su i t and the date of sale i s t rans fer red f rom
the tenu re to sale- p roc eeds and the tenu re passes to the pu rc haser
f ree from al l l iab i l i ty c reated upon i t by defau l t of the p re v ious
ho lder .
1 76 I t'
the jugment- debtor d i s pu tes the dec ree- ho lder ’s
r igh t to rec eive any sum on ac c ount of rent fal l ing due between
1 73. Mahomed Khal il v . Hirend ra 1 885.
Nath 5 C . L . J . 650 ; B rojo K ishore v . 1 75. S . 1 69 pro . B . T. Act V I I I of
Saraswat i 6 C . W . N . 333 ; Abhoy Churn 1 885.
v . Shai kh T i tu 2 C . W. N . 1 75. 1 76. Faez Rahman v . Ramsukh 2 1
1 74. S . 1 69 (1 ) B . T. Ac t V I I I of Cal . 1 69.
LECTUR E
COMPU LSORY SALES
these dates , the Cou r t shal l determ ine the d i spute an d the determ i na-w‘
t ion shal l have the forc e of a dec ree.
1 7 7 The land lord has a pre
ferential c laim to the s u r pl u s sal e- p roceed s for the r ent fo r the
per iod up to the Confi rmat ion of sale.
”8 B ut he i s not ent i t led toin teres t on su c h ren t .”9
I n the case of a sale wi th express power to annu l al l inc um
branc es,the mor tgagee may abandon h i s l ien and c laim to have i t
t rans fer red to the s u rp l us sale A su i t by an nu
r egistered tenant who was a pu rc haser of a share of the tenu re
after the date of dec ree for the rec overy of h i s shar e of the s u r p l u s
sal e - p roc eeds i s maintenable.
1 8 1 A su i t for a share of the sale
p roceeds i s not c ogni zab le by a Smal l Cau se Cou r t. I 82
1 77 . S . 1 69 (2 ) B . T . Ac t V I I I of 1 80. S . 73 T . P . Ac t I V of 1 882
1 885. Nim Chand v . Ash u tosh 9 C . W . N .
1 78 . M atangini v . S r eenath 7 1 1 7 ; Gob ind Sahai v Sibdu t Ram 33
c . w. N . 552 ; Prahal Chand ra v. Jad u Cal . 878 ; Nim Chand v . Ashu tosh 9
pat i 34 Cal . 72 4 ; 6 o. L . J . 26 ; see 0.
'
W. N . 1 1 7 Hem Chand ra v . Tafaz
however B ejoy Chand v. Sosh i Bhu san zu l Hossain 8 . C . W . N . 332 .
[ 8 C . W. N . 1 36. 1 8 1 . M atanginiv . S r inath 7 C . W . N .
1 79. M onind ra v. Asar Mahomed 1 2 552 ; Amb i ka Nath v . Ad itya Nath , 6 C.
C . \V. N . cxl iv d ist ingu ish ing B ejoy W . N . 62 4.
Chand v. S . C . Mookerjee 1 1 C . W . N . 1 82 . Ram Coomar v. Ram Comu l
1 106. 1 0Cal . 388
COMPU LSORY SALES
LECTURE VI I I . by r eason of the natu re of the proper ty to be par t i t ioned,or of any
Requ est forsale.
o ther spec ial c i rc ums tanc es , a d i v is ion of the p roper ty cannot reason
ab ly or con ven ient l y be made and that a sale of the proper ty
and d i s t r i bu t ion of the p roceed s wou ld be more benefic ial for al l the
shareholder s, the Cour t may , i f i t th inks fit, on the r eques t of any of
the s harehol der s interes ted ind iv idual l y or c ol lec tive ly to the exten t
of a mo iety or upwards , d i rec t a sale of the p roper ty and a distribu
t ion of the p roceeds .4 The r u le app l ies to the par t i t ion of mor tgagee
r igh ts in a revenue paying es tate.
5 I t i s an absol u te power of sale
on the r eques t of any par ty,p rov ided the Cou r t i s sat i sfied t hat i t
wou ld be more benefic ial for the par t ies interes ted than a d i v i s ion.
6
B u t in the absenc e of a reques t for a sale by any of the par t ies , the
Cou r t has no d i sc ret ion and i s . bound to order par t i t ion .
7 Any
cotenant i s obv iou sly ent i t led to ask for a sale,u n l ess under some
d i sab i l i ty for the sale i s bu t a mode of par t i t ion and when a par ty
i s en tit led to par t i t ion he is, to the extent of h i s es tate, ent i tled to
par t i t ion by sale and on the o ther hand,when he cannot maintain
the proceed ing for par t i t ion,a sale on his demand cannot be
su ppor ted .
The r equest for sale may be embod ied in the p roceed ings of the
par ty bu t may be made independent ly of p lead ings and in Cou r t by
the agent du ly au thorised .8 I t may be made af ter the r i gh t of
the par t ies have been determ ined by the pre l im inary dec ree.
9
A r equ es t for sale may be made on behal f of any par ty unde r
d i sab i l i ty by any person au thor i sed to ac t on behal f of s u c h par ty .
1 0
B ut in cases where a r eques t for sale i s made on behal f of a par ty
u nder d i sabi l i ty, the Cou r t i s not bound to c omp ly w i t h su c h
r eques t, un less after making an enqu i ry,it i s of op in ion t hat the
sale wi l l be for h i s benefit .1 1 A r eques t for sale may be wi thdrawn
at any t ime be fore the order is made.
”
4. S . 2 Par t it ion Ac t I V of 1 893. Rad ha Chu rn 5 C . IV. N . 1 2 8 Kad ir5 . Banke Lal v . Shant i P r osad 35 v . Ab du l 24 M ad . 639 ; Abdu s Samad
Al l . 387 .v . Abd u r Razzaq 2 1 Al l . 409 ; Hirakor e
6. Per Jessel M . R .,in D n
’
nkwater v . Trikamdas 32 B orn . 1 03 ; 1 0 Bom .
v. Rat c l i ffe (1 875) L . R . 20Eq . 52 8 . L . R . 23.
7 .Mayfai r Proper ty Co. v . Jhonston 1 0. S . 5 Par t i t ion Ac t Iv ot
(1 894) 1 1 1 . s . 5 Par t i t ion Ac t IV of 1 893
8 .Crookes v .
Wh i twor th (1 878 ) 1 0 R im ington v. Har t ley (1 880) 1 4 Ch .
Ch . D . 2 89 .D . 630 Dav is v . Ing ram (1 897)1 Ch . 477 .
9 . Kshirod e Chu nder v . Sar o da P ro 1 2 . \Vil liams v . Games (1 875) 1 0 Ch .
sad 1 2 C. L . J . 525 ; Hiramoni v . App . 204 ; Drinkwater v. Ratc lifie
m L IEU or PARTITION . 2 27
\Vhether there shal l be par t i tion by sale or by al lotment is
dou bt less a j ud ic ial ques tion to be determ ined by the Cou r t, in
so l v ing wh ic h i t may pu r sue any method of enqu i ry approp r iate to
j ud ic ial proc eed ings . \Vhen any of the par t ies in h i s p lead ings
makes the al legat ion necessary to req u i re a sale,th i s tender s an
issue wh ic h,un less confessed by the other par ties in interes t,
r equires a t rial before the Cou r t. But the sale may be ordered
on the al legat ion of one par ty and the adm i ss ion o f the o ther , e i ther
in exp ress te rm s,o r by h i s fai l u re to deny. The Cou r t wi l l enqu i re
whether it i s more benefic ial to al l the par t ies interes ted that the
p roper t ies shou ld be so ld and the proceeds d i s t r i bu ted , or the div i s ion
of the p roper ty be made.
1 3 I f a p roper ty cannot be par t i t ioned
w i thou t destroying the intr ins ic val ue of the whole o r of the shares ,s uc h par t i t ion ough t to be made, bu t where par t i t ion cannot be
made wi thou t des troy ing the int r ins ic value of the p roperty then
a money c ompensat ion shou ld be given .
“
I t i s inc um ben t on any per son seek ing par ti tion by sale in l ieu
of par t i t ion by al lotment , to state the grounds on wh ic h he des i re s
a sale so as to b r ing the case wi th in one of those in wh ic h the
Cou r t has a d i sc ret ion or a du ty to o rder a sale. He s hould s tate
the natu re of the proper ty, t he number o f the par ties interes ted , or
any c i rcum stanc es by reason whereo f a sale and d i s tr i bu t ion of the
p roc eeds i s more benefic ial than a d ivi s ion of the p roper ty among
the par t ies interes ted .
15 The m ere d i ssent or d i sabi l i ty of the o ther
per sons inter es ted does not take away the j u r i sd i c t ion o f the .lou rt to
o rder sale and d i s tr i bu t ion of the pr oceeds i ns tead o f the par t i t ion,
i f i t appear s to the Cou r t that i t wi l l be more benefic ial for the par t ies
inter es ted, unless the Cou r t sees good reason to the c ontrary .
10 I n
c ases in wh ic h the p ropr ie ty of par ti t ion by sale appears so ob v iou s
that on a reques t for par t i t ion in that mode, the bu rden of showing
good r eason res ts on those Oppos ing a sale .
” S uc h bu rden wi l l be
d i sc harged by showing that g reat hardsh ips wi l l be infl ic ted on
one of the par t ies , espec ial l y, when the par ty reques ting a sale i s
(1 8 75) L. R . 20 E q . 520 ; P i t t v . Jones 1 5 E vans v. E vans (1 883) 52 L . J .
(1 880)5 App . Gas . 651 . Ch . 304.
1 3. Powe l l v . Powel l (1 874) 10 Ch . 1 6. Re Langdale’
s Es tate (1 8 7 1 )
App . 1 30 ; Wa i te v . B ing ley (1 882 ) 5 I . It. E q. 572 ; Pember ton v . Barnes
2 1 Ch . D . 674. (1 8 7 1 ) 6 Ch. App. 685.
1 4. Ashanu l lah v . Kali K iahun 10 1 7. Lys v. Lys (1 868) L . R . 7 Eq.
Cal. 675. 4 2 6.
V I I I .
a rumzV I I I .
Ground s forordering sale.
228 COM P U LSOR Y SALE S
ac tuated by v indic t ive mot ives ,1 8 or that the proper ty i s s uch a mere
dependenc e on anoth er p roper ty as to be almos t val ueless except
in c onnec t ion wi th that p roper ty .
1 9 W’
hen i t was proved that a
par t i t ion wou ld be as feas i ble as a sale and that a par t i t ion wou ld
cause no los s to the plaint iff,wh i l s t a sale wou ld damage the
defendant , .
and that a v ind ic ti ve fee l ing on the par t of the p laintiff
had b rough t abou t the ac tion, it was held that these c i rc ums tanc es
c onst i tu ted a good reason to the con t rary and a sale was refused,a par t i t ion being d i rec ted ins tead .
20 The onus l ies on the owner s
of the smal ler shar es des i r ing a sale to show that under al l the
c i rc um stances a sale i s the more benefic ial c ou r se for al l the par t ies.
Where i t does not appear that a d i v i s ion cannot be made, a sale
should not be d i rec ted in the absenc e of other c irc umstances to gi vethe cou r t jurisdic tion.
’n
Among the cau ses why par t i t ion shou l d be made by sale are
that par t i t ion by al lotment wi l l operate to the great p rej ud ic e of the
owner s, that the p roper ty cannot be c onvenient l y u sed by the
par t ies in interes t together and a sale wi l l better p romote the
interests of the owner s,that i t wi l l be deprec iated in val ue
, or the
interes ts of the owner s wi l l be p rej ud ic ed , or the proper ty cannot
be equal l y d iv ided, o r i ts d iv i s ion wi l l mater ial ly impai r i t s val ue
or resu l t in loss or inj u ry to the par t ies interes ted , or that the lands
cannot be advantageous ly d ivided,or a sa le wi l l best p romote the
interes t of the par t ies , or i s mani fes t ly for thei r interes ts , or a par t i
t ion in k ind cannot be made wi t hou t great inconvenienc e, o r the
interes ts o f those who are ent i t led to the subjec t or its p roc eeds
wi l l be p romoted by a sale of the ent i re s ubjec t .
I n c ons ider ing whet her a sale i s more benefic ial than a par t i t ion,the Cou r t cons ider s on ly the pec un iary res u l ts , d i s regard ing matter s
of sent iments , and has regard to the interes t of al l the par t ies interest
ed as a who le ;2 2 for exam p le that the proper ty, i f sold ent i re, i s l i kel y
to fetc h a h igher p r ice than the al lotmen ts , i f so ld af ter a par t i t ion ,
wou ld fetc h , or that the p roper ty c ons i s ts of d i fferent par t ic u lar s of '
varying val ues wh ic h i t wou ld be d i ffic u l t to d iv ide into por t ions of
1 8 . Saxton v. Bar t ley (1 8 79) 48 L . J . (1 8 7 7) 7 Ch . D . pp . 363, 366.
Ch . 51 9 ; 2 7 W , R , 61 5.2 1 . A l len v . Al len (1 8 73) 42 L . J .
1 9. Re Wh i twel l 's E sta/t s (1 88 7) 1 9 Ch . 839 2 1 W . R . 842 .
L . R . I r . 45. 2 2 . Dr inkwater v . Ratc lifie (1 875)
20. Saxton v . Bar t ley (1 8 79) 48 L . J . L . R . 20 Eq . 52 8 ; Al len v . A llen (1 8 73)( h . 51 9 ; 2 7 \V. R . 61 5 ; Por ter v . Lopes 42 L . J . Ch . 839 ; 2 1 \V. R . 842 .
LECTURE V I I I .
230 COMPU LSORY sg t ss.
sel l the shar e or shares of the party—or the par ties ask ing for sale to
su c h sharehol der at a val uat ion made by the Cou r t ; but i f two or
more shar eholder s appl y for l eave to buy,the Cou r t shal l order a
sale of the share or shares to the shareho lder who offer s to p ay theh ighes t p r ic e above the val uat ion made by the Cou r t, and i f theapp l icant or app l icants are unwi l ling to buy at the pr ice so asc e r
tained,al l Cos ts of, or inc ident to, the app l ic at ion shal l be borne by
him or them .
8 4 But a c o- sharer cannot be compe l led to t rans ferh i s share at a valuat ion to another , simp ly becau se the lat ter was in
possess ion of the p roper ty at the t ime when the ac tion for par t i tionc ommenc ed .
35
Where the trans feree of a share in a dwel l ing house,belonging to
an u nd iv ided fam i ly, i s not a mem ber of the fam i l y. he i s not en ti t ledto jo int possess ion -
or o ther c ommon or par t enjoyment of the
house.
36 I ndeed i t i s inequ i table to perm i t a s t ranger to int r ude
h imse l f u pon the p r ivacy of a jo in t fam i ly - res idenc e,more par t i c u lar
ly when, as happens in many ins tanc es , a s t ranger i s ac tuated by.
mot ives of enmi ty . The pos i tion of a pu r c haser f rom a mem ber of
a fam i l y governed by the. M i takshara law,i s m uc h wor se
,becau se
as the member h imsel f c ou ld not say that any spec ific por t ion was
exec lusively his,the pu rc haser c ou ld not c la im to be p u t into pos
sess ion of any defini te p iec e of the p roperty .
37 Henc e, if s u c h a.
t rans feree sues for par t i t ion and i f any mem ber o f the fam i l y,be ing
a shareholder , under takes to buy the shar e of s uc h t rans fer ee,
the Cou r t shal l make a val uat ion and d i rec t the sale of s uc h share
to su c h shareho lder .38 I f two or more member s of the fam i l y,be ing
suc h shareholder s , several ly u nder take to buy su c h shar e, the Cou r t
shal l order a sale of the share to the shareholder who off er s to
pay the h i ghes t pr i c e above the val uat ion made by the Cou r t.89
I t . i s on ly wh en the sui t i s for par t i t ion that a member of a jo int
fam i ly may buy ou t the pu rc haser not being a mem ber of the fam i ly.
But he i s not ent i tled to do so when the su i t has been dec reed and
the dec ree for possess ion i s being exec u ted .
‘1 0
34. S . 3 Par t it ion Ac t IV of 1 893. 322 .
35. D ebend ra. Nath v . Haridas 1 5 38 . S . 4 (1 ) Par t i t ion Ac t IV of
C . W . N . 552 1 3 C . L. J . 32 2 . 1 893.
36. s. 44 T. P. Ac t I V of 1 882 . 39. s. 4 (2) Par t i t ion Ac t. Iv of‘
8 7 . Kshirode Chunder v . Sar oda 1 893.
P rosed 1 2 C . L. J . 525 ; D ebend ra Nath 40. Kal i. Kumar w . Brahmananda 7Her idas 1 5 C . \V. N . 552 ; 1 3 C . L . J . C . L . J . 98 .
IN L IE U"
OF
The word,“ fam i ly , inc l udes a group of per sons related in b lood,
not necessar i ly trac ing the i r descent from a c ommon anc es tor , nor
cons tant ly res id ng in the dwel l ing house, nor joint in mess , nor
r estr ic ted to H indu s only .
‘1 The fac t that the p lainti ff , not a
member of the fam i l y, has pu rc hased in add i t ion to a share of the
el l ing hou ses , a share of the lands as wel l , does not render th i s
r
i
ule’
inapplic able.
“
The word ,“ hou se
,
” inc l udes not onl y the s t ruc tu re or bu i ld ing bu t
inc l u des adjac ent bu i ld ings , c u r tileg e , gar den,c ou r tyard, or c har d and
al l that i s nec essary for the c onven ient oc c u pation of the house, and
wheth er anypar tic u lar plo t of land i s or i s not nec es sary to the
enjoymen t of a hou se, i s to be determ ined u pon ev idenc e.
“3
I f the pr oper ty be sold under a dec r ee or order of the High
Cou r t of Cal cu tta, M adras , or Bombay in the exerc i se of i ts or i ginal
j u r i sd ic tion or of the Cou r t of the R ec or der of Rangoon, the p roc s
du re shal l be, as far as prac ticable, the same as that of suc h Cou r t in
i ts or ig inal c i v i l j u r i sd ic tion for the sale o f proper ty by the Reg i s
trar ; i f the p roper ty be so ld under '
a dec ree or order of any
other Cou r t , s uc h proc edu re may be adopted as may be p resc r i bed
by the High Cou r t in th i s behal f, and in i ts absenc e, the p roc edu re
p resc r i bed in the Code of C iv i l P rocedu re in respec t of sales in
exec u t ion of dec ree .
“
There i s no dou bt of the general power of the Cou r t to vacate
or refu se confirmat ion o f the sale. The appl i cat ion to set aside the
sal e may be made e i ther by the par t ies to the su i t , or the pu r c haser
seek ing to be releas ed f rom h i s bid . Th u s,the sale may be vac ated
fo r want of p roper not ic e, or becau se made at an im properitim e, or
for m i sconduc t of the off ic er mak ing i t, or becau se of dev ic es to
su press b idd ing, or becau se of any f raud p rac t i sed on a par ty and
Operat ing to h i s p rej ud ic e. I ndeed the grou nds on wh ic h the sale
may be set as ide are so var ious as to defy comp lete enumerat ion .
B u t sales wi l l not be vacated for mere inadequacy of p r ice,though
inadequacy of pr ic e i s somet imes s uffic ient e v idenc e of f raud or
m i sconduc t. I n the major i ty of cases in wh ic h the cOnfirmation
of sale is r es i s ted on ac c ount of al leged inadequacy of p r i c e, the
41 . Kshir od e Chunder v . & roda P rosed 1 2 C . L. J . 525.
P rosad 1 2 C . L . J . 525 S u l tan Begam 43. Kshirod e Chu nder v . Saroda
v . Deb i Prasad 30 Al l . 32 4 5 Vaman P rosad 1 2 C . L . J . 52 5.
v . Vasudev 23 Born . 73. 44. S . 7 Par t i t ion Ac t IV of 1 893.
42 . Kshirode Chunder v . Saroda
LECTURE V II I .
Mo de of sale .
Confirmat ionof sale .
LECTURE V I I I .
S ale proceeds.
COMPU LSORY SALES .
par t ies are ab le to po int to some i r regular i ty in the p roceed ing s,or some ac c ident, or o ther cau se p re v ent ing fai r at tendance at
the sale, or o th erwi se p robably d im in i sh ing c ompet i t ion by the
b idd ing, and where s uc h i s the c ase,any c ons iderable inadequacy
wi l l resu l t in an order for a resale, rath er than a c onfirmat ion.
The grounds , avai lable to a p u rc haser to set as ide the sale,m ust
relate to some m i sapprehens ion or m i sc onduc t at,or c onnec ted wi th ,
the sale whereby he was induced to make a bid , wh ic h o therwi se he
wou ld not have made, or to some defec t in the p roc eed ings,the
r esu l t of wh ic h i s that he cannot obtain the t i tle sough t to be affec ted
by the par t i t ion. I f the p roc eed ings are adequate to t rans fer t i t le
to the pu rc haser , i r regular i t ies wh ic h do not impai r h i s t i t le cannot
en t i tle him to a r e lease f rom h i s bid . Nor , c an be s ucc ess fu l l y
c omplain of matters known to him at the t ime o f h i s p u r c hase and
wh ic h thereby he m u st be deemed to have wai ved, or wh ic h c oul d
remain unknown to him onl y th rough h i s ext reme negl igence or
inat tent ion to h i s b us iness . I f the bid was made in i gnorance of
the tr ue t i t le and the mak ing of i t r esu l ted f rom any misrepresen~
tation of the par t ies , or of the officer m ak ing the sale,
’
no Cou rt
wou ld. hes i tate to refuse c onfirmat ion . The pu rc haser i s ent i tl ed to
the protec t ion due to an innoc ent pu r c haser,and as suc h
,ent i tled
to r ely on the r ecord in the c ase. On the otherhand,he is bound by
su c h record and c hargeab le wi th notic e of i t s c ond i t ion and of al l
the fac ts d i sc losed thereby and i s j us t ly t reated , as though he had
ac tual knowledge of su c h fac ts .
The pu r c haser i s not bound to see to the p roper appl icat ion of
the pu rc hase- money and h i s t i tle cannot be impai red by p ro v ing the
m i sappl icat ion of the money . The p roc eeds of sale ar e d i s t r i bu ted,as appear s to the Cou r t to be mos t in ac cordanc e wi th the r igh ts
of the persons whose c laim s have been es tab l i shed,whether these
per sons are‘
o r are not be fore the Cou r t ; the Cou r t may, however ,make su c h r eservation as seem s fit in favou r of the per sons
,whether
ascer tained or not, who may appear f rom the e v idence to the Cou r t to
have any p rima facie r i gh t wh ic h ough t to be p ro v ided for , al though
not fu l ly es tabl i shed . An exc l uded per son, however , i s not wi thou t
r emedy he may r ecover f rom any par t ic i pat ing per son any por t ion
r ec e i v ed by the lat ter of h i s share.
The order fo r sale operates f rom i ts date, in the case of a person
suiju ris and absol u tel y ent i t led to c onver t h i s share into money .
‘6
45. Re Dodson , Yates v . Mor ton (1 908) 2 Ch . 638 .
Revenue .
L E C T U R E IX .
Compu lso ry Sa les fo r a rrears o f revenue in Beng al.
The general pol i cy o f the Revenu e Sal e Laws that ha ve been
passed s inc e the P ermanent Settlement,has been to protec t the
p u bl ic r evenue, by p lac ing the pu rc haser of an e s tate so ld for ar rear s
of r e venue in the pos i t ion of the per son,who at the t ime of the
D ec enn ial Set tl emen t engaged to pay the re venue then fixed . The
Legi slatu r e,therefor e, gav e or sough t to give the pu rc haser
,the
power o f abrogat ing al l engagements made by the defau l t ing Zem in
dar o r h i s p redec essor s sinc e the sett lement , whereby the zemindar ee
r ents and profits wh ic h were the sec u r i ty d im in i s hed . The Legi s la
tu r e,howe ver
,has not u n i fo rm ly t r ied to effec t th i s general objec t
by p rec i sel y the same means . The var iou s statu tes wh ic h it has,
f rom t im e to t ime,passed for the p u rpose, d iffer in the language of
the i r p rov i s ions and in the s t r ingency of the power c on fer red by
them .
1 The law Of summary sale for ar rear s of r evenue i s a
nec essary ev i l,b u t an ev i l never the less . One of the card inal objec
t ions to i t i s that in o rder to sec u re the publ ic r evenue, it p lac es in
the hands of an u nsc u r pu lons p rop r ietor the power of let t ing h i s
e s tate go to sal e, for the ex p ress pu r pose of evad ing the tenu res
and l iens c reated by him or h i s predec essor s and rea l i z ing a
h igh er pr ic e than what he wou l d l i ke l y o bta in in the Open m ar ke t
in othe r words,of approp r iat ing to h im sel f a sec ond t ime the market
val ue o f al l interes ts wh ic h he has al ready c reated , in add i t ion to the
value of the inter es ts wh ic h he has reser ved to h im se l f and wh ic h
on ly c ou l d be t rans fer red by pr i vate sale or by a for c ed sale,held by
the Ci v i l Cou r t on ac c ount of the p ropr ietor .
The wo rd “ Revenue ” inc l udes every sum,annual l y payable to
Governmen t by the p rop r ietor of an es tate or tenu re, he ld d i rec t ly
u nder Go vernmen t in respec t thereo f, and every sum payable to
Government in respec t of Takavi, o r of any money advanc ed by
1 . Assanoo l lah v . Obhoy Chu rn 1 3 Reg . V of 1 8 1 2 , Reg . XVI I I of 1 8 1 4.
M oo. 31 7 1 3 W. R . 2 4 P . C . The ear l iest These we re fol lowed by Reg . XI of 1 882,
leg is lat ion on th is su bjec t was S . 5. Reg . Reg . X I I of 1 82 4, Reg . V I I of 1 830
,
X IV of 1 793, Rog . V of 1 796, Reg . X II Ac t XI I of 1 841 and Ac t I of 1 845.
o f 1 796, Reg . V I I of 1 799, Reg . I 0 1 1 801 ,
FOR ARREARS OF REVENU E IN BENGAL .
Government to prop rietor s of land for mak ing or repai r ing em Lacr uaa
hankments,reservoi r s or water c ou r ses
,or other impro v ements on
the land he ld by them .
2 I t inc l udes M al i kana.
3 Impro vement
means any wo r k wh ic h adds to the letting val ue o f the land and has
been defined by S . 2 Ac t X IX o f 1 8 83. I f the who le o r a por t ion
o f a k i s t or instalment o f au v month o f the era ac c ord ing to the
sett lement , be u npaid on the firs t o f the fo l lowing mon th of suc h era,
the sum , so remain ing unpaid , i s an ar rear o f r e venue .
4 P aym en t
m u s t be made k i s t by k i st . The prop r ieto r i s no t ent i t led to pay
the who l e demand of one year on the date fixed for the payment Of
of the last k i s t .‘5 Payment of money to the Pos t Offic e to be sen t to
the Co l lec tor i s not equ i valent to payment to the Co l lec to r , i f it does
not r eac h him in d ue t ime.
6 B ut when the money sent by the P os t
Offic e i s ac c ep ted,it i s the d u ty o f the Co l lec to r , u nder Land R
venue R u les No . 29 to po int ou t a m i s take in g i v ing the c or rec t
towzr num ber,
so as to gi ve the rem i tte r an oppor tun i ty to c or rec t
the m i s take .
7
\Vhere a pay ment, made in r espec t o f ar rears o f re v enue ,was
ippr opriated to the sat is fac t ion o f a par ti c u lar ki s t,
and ac c epted
ind acknowleg ed as paid on that ac c o un t,the effec t o f the t ransac
t ion cannot be var ied by al te r ing the appi'
Opriation o r i ginal ly made.
8
The Board o f Re v enue at Cal c u t ta sha l l determ ine,u pon wha t
dates al l ar r ear s o f re venue and al l demands r ec o v e rabl e as ar rear s o f
r e venue,shal l be paid , in defau l t o f wh ic h the estates and tenu res
shal l be so ld at publ ic au c t ion to the hi ghest b idder . No t i c e of the
dates so fixed, shal l be g i ven in the ofiic ial Gazette in the Offic e o f
the Co l l ec to r , in the Cou rts of the Jud ge , M agistrate. and M unsitf s
and at the Thana s tations o f eac h d i st r ic t. The dates so fixed,sha l l
not be c hanged , exc ept by the said B oard,by s im i la r ad v e r t i sement
and notific at ion,i ss ued at leas t th ree months be for e the c lose o f
ofiicial year , p r ec ed ing that in wh ic h the new da tes are to take
e ffec t .9 \‘Vant of d ue pu bl ication wi l l r ender the r u le
, f rame d by
2 . S . 1 Ac t V I I (B . C . ) of 1 868 .
3. Bagemvari v . Gawhar 31 l . A . 52 ;
31 Cal . 2 56 : 8 C . \V. N . 649.
4 . S . 2 B . L . R . S . Ac t X I o f 1 859 .
5. Kal i P r osunno v . Kiislm a Chand ra7 C . \V. N . 570.
6 . Baikan tha Nath v . G u nga P iosad
4 C . W . N . 1 03.
7 . Ham id Hos se in v . M u khd u un
Reza 32 ( i
al. 2 29 9 C . \V. N . 300.
8 . Mahomed Jan v . I anga Bishu n 38
I . A . 80 ; 38 Cal . 537 ; 1 5 C . \V . N .
443 1 3 C . L . J . 1 0 Lu d . Gas 2 72
se t t ing as ide Ganga B IS II IHL v . Mahomed
Jan 33 Cal . 1 1 93 ; 1 0 C . \V . . N . 948 .
9. S . 3 B . L. R . S . Ac t X I o f 1 859 .
LECTURE
236 COMPU LSORY SALES
the Board o f R evenue, u ltr a t ir es.
” ”
Where by the terms of the
Kabnliat the jama wou ld be paid wi th in the 28 th June every year ,i t wou ld not be in ar rear unt i l the 1 st Ju l y nex t and when by a
not ificat ion,issued by the Board of Revenue
,28th June of eac h year
was fixed as the latest day of payment of rent of al l desc r i pt ions , in
defau l t of wh ic h the tenu re in ar rear wou ld be so l d , 2 8 th J une 1 903was the fir s t date when the tenu re wou ld be l iab le to be so ld, in
defau l t of payment of revenue,payab le under the Kabuliat on the
2 8th J uneWhen the ar rear s are (1 ) other t han those of the c u r rent year
or of the year immed iatel y p rec ed ing (2) or due on ac count of es tates
other than t hat to be so ld (3) o r of es tates under at tac hment by order
of any j ud i c ial au thor i ty or managed by the Co l lec tor in ac c ordanc e
wi th suc h order or (4) d ue on ac c ount of Takavi, poolbnndior
other demands , not being land r evenue bu t rec overable by the same
p rocess as ar rears of land revenue, no es tate and no share or inerest
in any es tate shal l be so ld , otherwi se than after a not ificat ion, spec i fy
ing the natu re and amount of the ar rear or demand and the lates t
date on wh ic h payment thereof shal l be rec ei ved , shal l have been
affixed for at leas t fi fteen days , prec ed ing the lates t day of paymen t,
fixed as above by the Board of R evenue, in the offic e o f the Co l lec to r
in the Cou r ts of the Judge and M uns i ff and in the Po l ic e Thanas of
the d i v i s ion in wh ic h the estate or share of an es tate to wh ic h the
not ificat ion re lates , i s s i t uated and al so at the c u tc her ry of the mal
gu zar or owner o r at some c onspic uou s p lac e u pon the es tate o r
share of an es tate, the same bei ng c ert ified by the peon o r o ther
offic er employed fo r the pu r pose .
1 2
Th us,the embankment c harges , o rdered to be lev ied under the
P . D . R . Ac t I of 1 895 c anno t be t reated as ar rear s o f land
r e venue, u nless and unt i l not ic e i s i ss ued u nder S . 5 Ac t X I o f
The c u r rent year means the year in wh ic h the lates t date of payment
fal l s,as fixed above, and not the year in wh i c h the sale takes place .
“
When in pu r suanc e o f the not ificat ion ,money was sent and r ec e i ved
,
the amount be ing in exc ess of the ar rear in ques t ion bu t l ess t han the
1 0.Mahomed Jarip v . Shyama S un 1 3. Har i D as v . Dh i raj Chand ra
dar i 8 C . \V. N . 82 6. 1 5 C . W . N . 38 .
1 1 . Buksh E lah i v . D u r lav Chand ra 1 -l . Jahnno viV . Sec . of S ta te 7 C . W ,
39 l . A . 1 77 39 Cal . 98 1 1 6 C . W. N . N . Bhawani Koar v . A fzal Hussein
842 1 6 C . L . J . 620. 34 Cal . 38 1 5 C . L . J . 425.
1 2 . S . 5 B . L . R . S . Ac t X I o f 1 8 50.
LECT U RE 1X .
238 cement soav .SALES
hands of the Col lec tor , the es tates fo r the p rotec t ion of wh ic h su c h '
depos i t was made , shal l be exem pted f rom sale for ar rear s of re v e
nu e .
“ No c laim to abatement or rem i ss ion of r e v enue, unless al lowed
by the au thor i ty of Go vernment , nor any pr ivate demand o r c au se
o f ac t ion aga ins t Go vernment shal l bar a sale . B u t wher e money,
in the hands of the Co l lec tor s uffic ien t to, pay the ar rear of r evenue
,
s tands in the defau l ter ’s name alone and wi thou t d i s pu te and the
Col lec tor has neglec ted o r re fu sed on insuffic ient g ro unds to t rans fer
i t af ter appl icat ion in d ue t ime in payment of the ar rear o f revenue
d ue, the sale i s inval id .
25
The Co l lec tor may, at any t ime before s unset of the lates t day of
payment, r ec e ive as a depos i t f rom any per son ,not being a p ropr ietor ,
the amount o f the ar rear of r evenue, due to be c red i ted in paymen t
o f the ar rear at su nset , u n less before that t ime the ar r ear shal l hav e
been paid by the de faul t ing pr op r ietor . I f the per son so depos i t ing
whose money shal l have been so c red i ted by a par ty in a su i t befo re
a Cou r t for the possession of the proper ty in ar rear , i t shal l be c om
peten t to the said Cou r t to pu t him in to temporary possess ion o f the
sa id p roper ty u pon tak ing sec u r i ty f rom him . I f the depos i t were
made to pr otec t an interes t of the person depos i ting wh ic h wou ld
have been endangered or damaged by the sal e , he shal l be ent i t led
to r ec o ver the amount o f the depos i t wi th or w i th ou t interes t, as the
Cou r t may determ ine, f rom the defau l t ing p rop r ietor . I f the depos i t
was nec essary to p ro tec t any l ien on the pr oper ty , the amoun t
c red i ted shal l be added to the amou nt of the o r i g ina l lien ?G
A su i t agains t Government, to rec over m oney paid u nder p rotes t ,
in sat i s fac t ion o f. a c laim made by the re v enue au thor i ti es on ac c ount
o f demands r eco ve rable as suc h ar rear s,mu s t be b rough t wi th in one
year f rom the date when the payment i s m ade.
” An objec t ion to
the Co l lec tor agains t the payment an d s u bsequent inf r uc tuou s appea l
to the Comm i ss ioner are equ i val ent to pro test.” 28
A c osharer who has paid the whole re venue ac qu i res no c harge
on the share of h is defau l ti ng c osharer .
29 B u t i f he be al so a
2 4. S . 1 5 B .L
. R . S . Ac t XI of 1 859. 2 7 . Ar t . 1 6 S c h . 1 L im i tat ion Ac t IX
2 5. S . 8 B . L . R . S . Ac t X I of 1 859. o f 1 908 .
S ee B alkishen v . S im pson 25 I . A . 1 51 2 8 . Kel n l Ram v . G overnment 5 \V.
2 5 Cal . 833 2 C . \V. N . 51 3 Harkhoo R . 47 .
S ingh v . B unsidh u r S ingh 25 Cal . 8 76 2 9. Mo t i Chand v . Baj rang Sahai 1 62 C ,
\V. N . 360.( 1. l i. .l . 1 48 ; .l u s soda v . M u tu nginee
2 6 . S . 9 B . L . R . S . Ac t X I o f 1 859 1 2 \V. R . 2 19 ; K inu Rani v . M ozafi'
c r
FOR AR RFARS OF R ICV EN I'
E IN B ICNGAI
mor tgagee o f the share he i s ent i tled to hav e, on general p r inc i p les
o f j us t ice, equ i ty and good c onsc ienc e , not on l y a per sonal dec ree
agains t the m or tgago r bu t al so the am ount paid by him on ac c ount
of r e venu e added to the am oun t o f the o r i ginal l ien .
30 A c osharer is
en ti tled to c laim c ontr i b u tion from h i s c osharers .
31 I t i s the d u ty o f
the Cou r t to appor t ion the separate l iabi l i t ies of eac h c oshar er .
32
\‘Vhere the share r s are not in possess ion of eac h of the same shar e I ll the
v i l lages,the extent o f l iab i l i ty o f the de fau l t ing cosharers for c on
t ribu tion,i s to be de term ined wi th re ferenc e to the assets ac c epted
as the bas i s at the t ime of the Pe rmanent Sett lement and not u pon
the asset s at the t ime o f the de fau l t ?’3 I n a su i t fo r c ontr ibu t ion ,
where the plaint i ff asks for re l ie f aga ins t al l the de fen dan ts separate
ly ,the Appel late Cou r t m iy , on appeal by one of the de fendants ,
a l ter the dec ree so as to m ake ano th er defendant l iabl e .
34 B ut a
c osharer , paying an ar r ear o f re v enue d ue by a defau l t ing c osharer ,who has a separate ac count be fore the share of su c h de fau l ter has
been pu t u p for sale under S . 1 3 Ac t X I of 1 859, canno t c laim to be
r e im bu r sed by s u c h defau l ter,
35 unl ess he bel ieved in good fa i th
that h i s inte res t wou ld be endange red by the sale .
36 A m or tgagee
in possess ion,making paymen t of re v enue ,
is ent i tled to add the
amount to the p r inc i pal money .
37 A pu tnidar or a per son in posses
s ion u nder a dec ree of Cou r t,though s ubseq u ently r e v er sed
,i s eu
t i tled to r ec over the money f rom the Zem indar .
88 A s u i t for
Hossa in 1 4 Cal . 809 (F . B . ) Khub Lal l D ossia 1 4 \V . R . 1 43.
v . P u dmanund 1 5 Cal . 542 ; Gop i Nath 33. Lal Mohan v . Nanda Lal 1 5
v . Ishar 2 2 Cal . 800. C . L . J . 1 91 .
30. Nagend er v . S reem u t ty Dosse 34 . R ap Jan v . Abd u l Kad i r 31
1 1 M OO. 2 41 ; 8 \V. R . 1 7 P . C . ; Cal . 643 ; 8 C . \V. N . 496 (F . B . )
U pend ra Chand ra v . Tara P rosanna. U pend ra Lal v . Girind ra Nath 2 5 Cal .
30 Cal . 794 ; 7 C . \V . N . 609 ; Sm i th 565 ; 2 C . \V. N . 42 5 ; Hu dson v . Basdeov . D inonath 1 2 Cal . 2 1 3 ; P remchand 2 6 Cal . 1 09 3 C . IV . N . 76.
v . Pa r u ima Deb i 1 5 Cal . 546 see Raja of 35. Kishen Chu nder v . M udd un Mo
V iz ianag ram v . Raja of S et rucher la hu n 7 W. R . 365.
2 6 M ad . 686 I bn Hasan v . B rijbhukan 36. Sm i th v . D inonath 1 2 Cal . 2 1 3 .
2 6 Al l . 407 (F . B .)a t p . 420. 37 . S . 72 T . P . Ac t I V of 1 882
31 . S . 69 I . C . Ac t I X of 1 872 ; Ju ssoda v . M u tu nginee 1 2 \V. R . 2 1 9.
Byknntnath v . Goor oo Chu rn 7 \V. R . 38 . S . 69 I . C . Ac t I X of 1 8 72 ;
2 47 ; Juggobundhoo v . Fyez Bu ksh 8 \V . Sm i th v . D inonath 1 2 Cal . 2 1 3 Bama
R . 1 66 Radha Madhab v . Ram R unjun S undar i v. Adhar Chander 2 2 Cal . 2 8
1 7 W. R . 461 ; Sham Lal l v . Hu r o Soon D akhina M ohu u v . Saroda Mohan 2 0
d u ree 5 W . R . 29 . I . A . 1 60 ; 2 1 Cal . 1 42 ; Chinnasamy v .32 . Nobin M ohu u v . Gopal Ch u nder Rathnasud rapat lfy 2 7 M ad . 338 .
1 1 \V. R . 358 ; K r is to Monee v . Bar oda.
LECTU RE
COMPU LSORY SALE S
‘
e o 0
I
o
c ont ribu tion is not c ogmzable in a Smal l Cause Cou r t.39
E s tates wh ic h are under the c harge of the Cou r t of \Vards or
wh ic h are the sole p roper ty of a m inor, are exempt f r om sale for
ar rear s of Governm ent r evenue wh ic h have ac c r ued wh i l s t s uc hes tates have been under c harge of the Cour t of Wards .40 A
prohibi
tory order u nder the Cess Ac t IX of 1 880 forb idd ing paym ent
of rent to any one bu t the Co l lec tor unt i l the ar rear s due forr oad - c ess i s sat isfied, i s both in form and subs tanc e an at tac hment .41
I n Bengal no settled es tate or par t therof shal l,W i thou t the
p rev ious sanc t ion of the Local Government , be sold d u ring the l i feof any tenan t for l i fe t hereof for an ar rear of land r evenue or
for any other ar r ear rec overab le as an ar rear of land revenue.
42
The Co l lec tor or o ther offic er condu c t ing the sale and the Comm i s
sioner of Revenue may, at any t ime before the sal e exemp t an es tate
from sale,p rov ided the r eason for g rant ing suc h exempt ion has been
r ecorded in a p roc eed ing and where the order for exemp t ion i s
i ssued by the Comm i s s ioner i t i s r ec ei ved by the Col tec tor o r other
offic er before the sal e.
43 M ere payment of ar rear s into the
Co l lec tor ’ s Treasu ry wi thou t an ex p ress order has not the effec t
of exemp ting the es tate f rom sale.
“ The order m us t be an
absol u te exempt ion and mus t not depend on an ac t wh ic h may
or may not be per formed .
45 When the Co l lec tor has ac knowledged
payment in f u l l of the ar rear before sale and e lec ted to proceed to
sale by c er t i ficate p roc edu re against an ar rear of d i fferent c harac ter ,he cannot p roc eed to sel l the p roper ty under the land revenue p ro
c l amat ion wi thou t i ss u ing a notic e under S . 5 Ac t X I of 1 859 on the
ground that no spec ial exempt ion order has been passed .
46
A f ter the lates t day o f payment the Col lec tor shal l i ssue notifica
t ions of sale in the language of the d i s tr ic t, to be affixed in h i s office
39. C l. 41 S ch . I I P . S . C . C . Ac t
IX of 1 887 see S reepu ty v . Loharam
7 W . R . (384 (F . Nobin K r ishnav . Ram Kumar 7 Cal . 605 9 C . L . R . 90.
40. S . 1 7 B . L. R . S . Ac t X I of1 859 S e. 2 3
,2 4, 2 5 Cou r t of Ward s
Ac t IX (B . C . ) of 1 879.
41 . Gob ind Lal v . Ram janam 20
I . A . 1 65 2 1 Cal . 70.
42 . S . 33 Se t t led E s tates Ac t 1 1 1
(B . C . ) of 1 904 .
43. S . 1 8 B . L . R . S . Ac t XI of 1 859.
44. Gob ind Chunder v . Sherajunnissa
1 3 C . L R . 1 ; Chu t tu rbhooj v . I sh riM u l
2 1 Cal . 844.
45. GauriShankar v . Jank i Per shad1 7 I . A . 57 ; 1 7 Cal . 809 ; M uhammad
Aga v . Jad unandan Jha 1 0 C . W . N .
1 37 ; 2 C . L. J . 325.
46. Har i D as v . Dh iraj Chandra 1 5
C . W. N . 38 .
S ale of sepa
r at e share .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
The Co ll ec tor shal l al so affix a p roc lamat ion in the language of the
d i s t ric t in h i s own offic e and in the M unsiff’
s Cour t s,S u bd i v i s ional
Cut c hery and Po l ic e Thanas wi th in wh ic h the p r oper ty or any par t
o f it i s s i tuate and al so at the c u tc hery of the malguzar , or the
owner , or at some consp ic uou s plac e on the p roper ty,for bidd ing the
tena nts to pay to the de fau l ter any rent wh ic h has fal len due after
the date fixed for the las t day o f payment on pain o f not being
ent i t led to c red i t in the i r ac c ount wi th the pu rc haser for any sum s
so .paid .
66 The objec t of th i s not i ficat ion i s to p rotec t the tenants and
th e pu r c haser ; and as the om i s s ion to i ss ue th i s no t ic e does not
cau se any possible loss to the defau l ter , it does no t affec t the
legal ity of the sale .
”
VVhen a separ ate ac c ou nt has been opened under S s . 1 0 and
1 1 of Ac t X I of 1 8 59 for one o r m ore shares , i f the whole es tate
has bec om e l iab le to sale for ar rears of re venue,the Col lec to r shal l in
the fir s t instanc e pu t u p to sale on ly the sha r e o r shar es f rom
wh ic h , ac cord ing to the separate ac count,an ar r ear may be d ue.
68
The Co l lec tor i s ent i t led to sel l a revenue uni t in its enti rety,
He i s not enti t led to d i smember
that revenue un i t for the pu rpose of r eal i sat ion o f ar rear s 59
whether i t be an estate or a share.
A mere
appl icat ion by a c osharer for opening a separate ac count wi l l not
p re ven t the Co l lec tor f rom se l l ing the ent i re es tate .
60 I f the h ighes t
offer for the share exposed to sale s hal l not equal the amount of
the Col lec to r s hal l
step the sale and dec lar e that the entire es tate wi l l be pu t u p to
ar rear due thereu pon to the date o f sal e,
sale at a fu tu re t ime,unl ess the other r ec orded Sharer or shar er s
shal l wi t h in 1 0 days p u r c hase the share in ar rear by pay ing the
who le ar rear due from su c h shar e . I f no suc h pu r c hase i s made the
ent i re es tate shal l be sold af ter d ue not i fi cat ion.
61 The dec larat ion
524 M obar uk v . Sec . of S tate 1 1 Cal . S heoru t ton v . Net L011 30Cal . 1 6 C .
200 (F. B . ) Mohabeer Per shad v . Co l l .o f T i rhoo t 1 5 W. R 1 37 .
56. S . 7 B . L . R . S . Ac t X I of 1 859
S . 7 Ac t V I I of 1 868 .
57 .Bhawan i Koer v . Afzal Hu sa in 34
Cal . 38 1 5 C . L J . 425 Gob ind Ch u nd erv
. S heraju nnissa 1 3 C . L . R . 1 MahomedAzhar v . Raj Chunder 2 1 Cal . 354
Azimu d din V . S ec . of S tate 2 1 Cal .
360 ; Mu hammad Aga v . Jad unandan
Jha 1 0 C . \V. N . 1 37 ; 2 C . L . J . 32 5 ;
\V . N . 688 .
58 . S . 1 3 B . L R . S . Ac t X I of 1 859 ;Ind ra Man i v . Pr iya Nath 1 8 C . \V. N .
490 ; 1 8 C . L . J . 505.
59. Ganga P r osad v . Pargash S ingh1 6 C . L . J . 52 4.
60. Rajend ro v . Doorga 7 IV. R .
1 54.
61 . S .
1 859.
1 4 B. L . R .
‘
S . Ac t X I of
FOR ARREARS OF R EVENU E IN BENGAL .
shou ld be made bu t i t need not be not ified .
“ The ten day s r un from LECT U RE IX .
the t ime when not ic e of the o rder i s g iven to the other c osharers.
63
Where more than one sharer depos i ted the ar rear s separately and the
Co l lec tor i ssued a cer tificate joint ly to them , the d ifferent sharer s
wou ld be ent i tled to eq ual s hares in the p roper ty under S . 45 T . P .
Ac t IV of 1 882 , i r respec ti ve of th e i r shares in the parent es tate.
“
Sales shal l ord inar i ly be held in the Land Revenue Offi ce at the Ad jou rnment,
Sadar S tat ion of the d i s t r ic t, un less the Board of Revenue p resc r i bes Of" sale‘
another p lace, benefic ial to the par ties conc erned .
65 The sal e shal l
be held on the day fixed , bu t i f the Co l lec tor o r other officer i s unab le
fr om s ic kness or other cau se to c ommenc e o r c omplete the sale on
that day, he shal l adjou r n the sale to the next day, not being S unday
or other c lose hol iday, record ing his reason fo r suc h, adjou rnmen t ,forward ing a c opy of s uc h record to the Comm i ss ioner of Revenueand announc ing the adjou rnment by wr i t ten proc lamatiom s tu c k
u p in h i s c utc hery .
66 B u t where the or iginal notificat ion i s bad,
in as m uc h as the day spec ified there in for the sale i s not 30
days f rom the date of not ificat ion, the defec t c annot be c u red b y
an adjou rnmen t “7
Any person gu i l ty of con tempt c omm i tted in the p resenc e of the
Co l lec tor , may be fined to the ex tent of R s. 200 c ommu tab le, i f no t
pa id, to impr isonment in the c i v i l ja i l for a per iod not exceed ing
one month .
68
On the day of sale,the sale shal l p roc eed in r egu lar order
,that Mode of sale.
is,the es tate bearing the lowes t number on the Co l lec to r ’s regi s ter
shal l be pu t u p firs t and so on in regu lar sequence .
“ I t i s of u tmos t
im por tanc e that sale u nder the Ac t, the p rovi s ions of wh ic h in the '
interes ts of the S tate hav e a c harac ter of unu sual s tr ingency,shou ld be c ondu c ted wi th al l poss i ble fai rness and impar tial i ty .
70
The pu rc haser shal l immed iatel y after the sale deposi t 25 p . c .
of the amount of the bid, and on h is fai l u re to do so the lot shal l
62 . Bhawan i Koer v. A fzal Husain 34Cal . 38 1 ; 5 C . L. J . 425.
63. Chu t tur bhooj v . IshriM al 2 1
Cal . 844.
64. Deb i P ershad v. Aklio Koe r4 C . W . N . 465.
65. S. 1 0B . L . R . S . Ac t X I of 1 859.
$
66. 8 . 20 B . L . R . 8 . Ac t X I of
1 859.
67 . Bal M okoond v . Jirjudhun 9 Cal .
2 7 1 I I C. L . R . 466.
68 . S . 56 B . L. R S . Ac t XI of
1 859.
69. S . 2 1 B. L. R. S . Ac t XI of
1 859.
70. Halimannissa V . Sec . of S tate 31
Cal . 1 036 8 C. W. N . 880.
LECTURE 1X .
Annu lment ofsale.
COMPU LSORY SALES
for thwi th be pu t u p and sold.
7 1 A de fau l t to make good a bid by
mak ing the depos i t i s a c ontempt .72 I f there be no bid,the Col lec tor
may pu rc hase the estate on ac c ount of the Government for one
r u pee, or i f the h ighes t bid be insuffic ient to c over the ar r ears
and these subsequent ly ac c r u ing u p to the date of sale, the Co l lec to r
may pu rc hase the es tate on ac coun t of the Government at the
h i ghes t amoun t bid .
73 But i t is not open to the Co l lec tor to compete
w i th the other b idders.
74
The fu l l amount of the p u rc hase- money shal l be paid before
sunset of the 30th day from the day of sale and in defaul t , the
depos i t of 25 p . 0. shal l be for fei ted to the Government and the
lot shal l be reso ld, and i f the p roc eeds of sale be less than the
p rev ious bid, the d ifferenc e shal l be le v iable f rom the de fau l t ing
bidder by any p roc ess au thor i sed for real i s ing an ar rear o f pub l i c
r evenue, and s uc h d ifferenc e shal l be c ons idered to be a par t of the
pu rc hase- money .
75 The Col lec tor need not r eal i se the d ifferenc e
sue meta bu t u pon an appl icat ion by the defau l t ing p rop r ietor , it
may be real i sed as an ar rear of re venue.
Before the resale a not ificat ion of the intended sale shal l be
publ i shed , unless before sunset of the th i rd day af ter the defau l t,
payment or tender of payment i s made of the ar rear on ac c ount of
whic h the es tate or share was fir s t sol d and of any ar rear t hat may
have s ubsequent ly become due.
76
The Comm i ss ioner o f R evenue may, on appeal , annu l any sale
wh ic h appear s to him to have been conduc ted not ac c ord ing to the
p ro v i s ions of the law,and i f the sale were oc cas ioned by the negl ec t
of the propr ietor , may award to the p u rc haser fo r h i s less a payment
f rom the prop r ietor of c ompensat ion not exceed ing the interes t at the
h ighes t rate of the Government Sec u r i t ies on the amount of depos i t
or balanc e of pu rc hase- money from the date of i ts depos i t on theCo l lec tor
’
s offic e.
77 The order of the Comm i ss ioner i s final and not
open to re v iew,
78 bu t i t does not bar a c iv i l s u i t for sett ing as ide a sale
7 1 . S . 22 B. L. R . S . Ac t X I of 1 859.
1 859. 77 . S . 2 B . L. R . S . Ac t V I I (B . C . )72 . S . 51 B . L . R . S . Ac t XI of 1 859. of 1 868 .
73. S . 38 B . L . R . S . Ac t XI of 78 . Baij nath v . Na nda Kumar 40
1 859. I . A . 54 ; 40 Cal . 552 ; 1 7 C . W. N .
74 . Halimannissa V . Sec . of S tate 31 485 ; 1 7 F . L. J . 583, on appeal fr om 34
Cal . 1 036 ; 8 C . W . N . 8 80. Cal . 677 1 1 C . W . N . 803 ; 6 C . L . J .
75. S . 2 3 B . L . R . S . Ac t X I o f 1 859 . 8 1 .
76. S . 2 1 B . L . R . S . Ac t X I o f
LECTURE IX .
246 COMPU LSORY SALEs’
by reason of any emission, informal i ty or i r regu lar i ty as regards
A c er t ificate i s sued before
the 60th day i s not a c er tificate wh ic h c u res defec ts in the ser v ic e of
the serv ing or pos t ing of any not ic e.
86
noti c e,or in the p roc lamat ion o f sale.
87 When the pu r c haser has
got a c er tificate of sale,no Objec tion as to ser v ice of no t ic e can be
rai sed .
88 B ut t h i s does not prevent the Cou r t from asc er taining for
other pu r poses whether the not ic e was so served as to fix on the
But the c er t ificate does not
c ure any defec t in the not ic e i tsel f e. g . ,where the notic e was not
par ty ser ved wi th the knowledge of it .89
served th i r ty days before the date fixed for sale,” or when no order
was passed for servic e of not ice under S . 5 Ac t X I of or
where i t was served in a wrong plac e .
92
Any su i t b rough t to ous t the c er t ified p urc haser , on the ground
that the pu rc hase was made on behal f of another person, shal l be
d i sm i ssed wi th c os ts .
” I t i s a penal p rov i s ion and ough t to be
cons tr ued s tr ic t ly and l i teral ly so as not to ex tend its operat ion
to cases not covered by the terms , nor p res umably intended by the
Legislatu re to fal l wi th in i ts sc ope.
“ Th us , a person who c laims
t h rough the c er t ified pu rc haser is not p rotec ted.
95 So, a s u i t against
the c er t ified pu rchaser' for s pec ific per formanc e of an ag reement,
made before the p u r c hase to convey the p roper ty pu rc hased , i s main
tainable.
96
86. S . 8 . B . L . R . S . Ac t V I I I (B . C . )
of 1 868 ; Bishambhar v . Bonomal i 2 6Cal . 41 4 3 C . W . N . 233 (F . B .)
8 7. M onind ra v . Saraswat i 1 8 Cal .
1 25.
88 . Bhawan i Koer v . Afzal Husain34 Cal . 38 1 5 C . L . J . 425 Bageswar iv . Gowhar 31 I . A . 52 ; 31 Cal . 256 ;
8 C . W. N . 649 ; S heoru t ton v . Net
L011 30 Cal . 1 6 C . W . N . 688 .
89. Jank i S ingh v . D ebinandan
1 5 C . \V. N . 776.
90. Bal M ekeond v . Jirjudhun 9 Cal .
2 7 1 ; 1 1 C . L . R . 466 ; M obar uk V .
Sec . of S tate 1 1 Cal . 200 ; Jahnnevi V .
S ee.
Kar tick Chunder 2U zirali v .688
C . W . N . 363 ; Bageswar i v . G owhar31 I . A . 52 ; 31 Cal . 2 56 ; 8 C . W. N .
of S tate 7 C . W . N . 377 S hee
r u t ten v . Net L011 30Cal . 1 6 C . \V. N .
649 ; Muhammad Aga v. Jadunandan
Jha 1 0 C . W . N . 1 37 ; 2 C . L . J . 325.
91 . Gomesh Per shad v . B r ij B eharyl C. L . J . 565.
92 . Rajrani v .
C . W . N . 626.
93. S . 36 B . L . R . S . Ac t X I of 1 859,
S . 2 1 Ac t I of 1 845.
94. M onmotba Nath v. G ir ish Chand ra1 7 C. W . N . 75.
95. Raj Chunder v . D ina Nath
2 C . W. N . 433 ; B uh uns v . B uhoo
ree 1 4 M 00. 496 ; 1 8 IV. R . 1 57
1 0 B . L . R . 1 59 Lokhee Narain v . Kal ipudd e 2 I . A . 1 54 ; 2 3 \V. R . 358 ;
Tundan v . Pekh Nara‘
yan 1 l . A . 342 ;
c f. 0. 2 1 , r . 66 C . I’ . C . Ac t V of 1 908 .
96. Monmo tba Nath v . G i r ish Chand ra1 7 C . W . N . 75.
Ganesh Fresh ed 1 4
FOR ARRE ARS or R EVEN U E m BENGAL . 247
The statu te merel y p revents the t r ue owner from d i spu t ing the
t i tle of the benamdar b u t does not prec l ude a th i rd par ty f rom
en forc ing a c laim agains t the t r ue owner .
97 Thu s , where a pu rc hase
was made by the manag ing member of a joint Hindu fam i ly in h i s
own name, bu t on behal f of the joint fam i ly , the member s of the
fam i ly may sue to en forc e the i r r igh t agains t the managing mem ber ,
t hough he i s the so le c er t ified p u rc haser .
98 S o, where the tr ue owner
i s in ac tual possess ion, a s u i t for a dec larat ion of h i s r igh t , not be ing
a suit to ou s t the c er t ified pu chaser , i s not bar red .
99 Where the c er t i
fied pu r c haser induc ed another to pu rc hase f rom the t r ue owner
al leging that he was a mere t r u s tee, the r u le has no appl icat ion .
100
The Col lec tor shal l then del iver possession of the es tate or share
to the pu r c haser by remov ing any person who may ref use to v c rte
the same and by p roc lamat ion to the oc c upants of the p roper ty and
by afiixing a copy of the c er t ificate at the M al Cu tc hery o r in some
c onspic uous p lac e of the es tate or s hare of an es tate pu rc hased .
101
The pu rc haser i s ent i tled to sue fo r ac tual possess ion of the land
wi th in 1 2 year s f rom the date of pu rc hase.
1 02
The es tate ves ts in the p u rc haser f rom the date of defaul t . B u t
the power of the de fau l ter to deal wi th h is p roper ty i s not los t by
reason of the defau l t ; the owner sh ip of the p roper ty c ont inues in
the de fau l ter t i l l the sale takes p lac e.
1 03 Any inc umbranc e or aliena
t ion c reated between the date of defau l t and the date of sale,i s not
i noperati ve agains t the defaul ter b ut it does not affec t the pu r c haser .
104
A r rear s of r ent due to the de fau l ter on the lates t day of payment of
r evenue f rom his under - tenants or raiyats can,in the e vent of
sale, be reco verable after the said lates t day by any proc ess exc ep t
d i s trai nt .
106
97 . Chund ra Kaminy v . Ram Ru t t un
1 2 Cal . 302 .
98 . Tundan v . Bokh Narayan 1 3 W .
R . 347 ; 5 B . L . R . 546 afi . 1 I . A .
99. Fazal Rahaman v . Imam Ali 1 4
Cal . 583 ; Johu r Ali v . B rindabu n 1 4
W . R . 1 0.
1 00. Jadub Ram v . Ram Lochu n 5
W . R . 56.
1 01 . S . 29 B . L . R . S . Ac t XI of1 859 .
1 02 . Narain v. Tayler 4 Cal 1 03 ;
LECTURE I X .
Del ivery of
possess ion .
3 C .L.R . 1 51 M ozufier v . Abd us Samad
6 C . L . R . 539 .
1 03. KhobhariSiugh v . Ram P rosad
7 C . L . J . 38 7 Shyam Kumar i v.Rameswar 31 I . A . 1 76 ; 32 Cal . 2 7
8 C . \V. N . 786 HariCharan v . Haridas
2 C . L . J . 506 U matara v . U ma Charan3 C . L . J . 52 .
1 04. U matara v . U ma Charan 3 C .L.J .
52 ; Jogessar v . Khet ter Mohun 1 7 Cal .
1 48 ; Bhowan i Koer v . Mathu ra Prasad7 C . L . J . 1 .
1 05. S . 55 Ac t XI of 1 859.
LECTURE IX .
i) Ir regu lar
COMPU LSOR Y S ALE S
The pu rc haser i s answerable for al l instalments o f the revenue
wh ic h may fal l due after the lates t day of The Govern
men t revenue does not become due from day to day bu t at c er tain
Spec ified t imes ac cord ing to the c ontrac t of the par t ies or the c ustomof the d i s t r ic t in wh ic h the lands l iab le to pay s uc h revenue are
s i tuate. I t i s not,therefore
,l iable to appor t ionment and the per son
who i s the owner of a revenue-
pay ing es tate or tenu re at a t ime
when'
payment of revenue fal l s due,i s the only per son l iable for i ts
payment . The p u rc haser of an es tate, therefore, takes it su bjec t to
al l revenue and c esses, whether in ar rear or ac c r u ing .
1 07
No sale shal l be annu l led by a Cou r t of j us t ic e exc ept upon
ground of i t s hav ing been made c ontrary to the prov i s ion of Ac t
X I of 1 859, read w i th Ac t V I I (B . C .) of 1 868 and then on l y
on p roof that the p laintiff has s u s tained substan t ial inj u ry by
reason of the i r regu lar i ty c om plained of,p rov ided t hat (1 ) s uc h
g rounds shal l have been dec lared and spec ified in an appeal made to
the Comm i ss ioner (2) the s u i t s hal l be ins t i t uted wi th in one year from
the date of the sale becom ing final and c onc l us ive and (3) the p laintiff
has not r ec ei ved any por t ion of the p u rc hase- money . But th i s
does not debar any per son f rom h is remedy in a personal ac t ion
against the per son by whose ac t or om i ss ion he has been damaged by
the sale.
‘08 The p lainti ff i s ent i t led to p roceed s imul taneously in the
C iv i l Cou r t and the Revenue Cou r t . 109
The r igh t to set as ide a sale i s not confined to propr ietor s alone
b u t ex tends to al l per sons hav ing an interes t in the proper ty
antec edent to sale,
e.g .,a mor tgagee,1 10 or a pu tnidar .
1 1 1 The
S ec retary of S tate for I nd ia i s not a nec c essary par ty to suc h a
su i t . 1 1 2 A su i t to set as ide a sale i s not a su i t for a dec laratory dec ree
where no consequent ial rel ief i s asked for and therefore advalorem
1 06. S . 30 B . L. R . S . Ac t X I of1 859.
1 07 . Ch at t rapat v . Girind ra 6 Cal .
389 7 C. L. R . 456 Shyam Kumar i v.Rameswar S ingh 31 I . A . 1 76 ; 32 Cal.
2 7 8 C . W. N . 786.
1 08. S . 33 B . L . R . S . Ac t X I of
1 859.
1 09. Gunessar v . Gonesh 25 Cal .
7 89 ; affi . 33 I . A . 1 34 ; 33 Cal . 1 1 78 ;
1 0 C . W . N . 969 ; 4 C . L . J . 1 77 .
1 1 0. Wat son v . S reemunt 5 M oo .
447 ; Gob ind Lal v . Biprodas 1 7 Cal .
398, atfi . Gob ind Lal v . Ramjanam
20 I . A . 1 65 2 1 Cal . 70.
1 1 1 . Jahnnovi V. Sec . of S tate
7 C . W . N . 377 ; Gob ind Lal v . Bipro
das 1 7 Cal . 398 .
1 1 2 . Bal Mokoond v . Jirjudhun 9 Cal .
2 7 1 ; 1 1 C . L . R . 466 ; Balkishen v .
S impson 25 I . A . 1 51 ; 25 Cal . 833
2 C . W . N . 51 3 ; Jahnnovi V. S ec .
of S tate 7 C . W . N . 377.
LECTURE
u . I llegal ity ,
COMPU LSORY SALE S
Comm i ss ioner has been made.
1 20 An appeal prefer red after the
t ime l im i ted has expi red is not s uc h an appeal .1 2 1 I n every
case when a sale for ar rear s of revenue is impeac hed as beingi r regu lar l y c ondu c ted, as wher e it is i l legal in c onsequenc e of an
express prov i sion hav ing been c ont ravened , no grounds of objec t ion
are open to the plaint i ff wh ic h have not been dec lared and spec ified
on appeal to the Comm i ssioner ,1 22 for anyth ing wh ic h im pai r s the
sec u r i ty of pu r c haser s tend s to lower the pr ic e of the es tate pu t u pfor sale and the pu rc haser shou ld not be ex posed to the danger of
hav ing the sale set as ide after a year u pon new grounds .1 23
Ord inar i l y,a su i t i s not maintainab l e to set as ide a revenue sale
on the ground of frau d. Bu t the w i l fu l defau l t by a pu rc haser of a
w idow’ s interst in bringing abou t the sale so as to defeat r ever s ioner s’
r igh t i s a ground for set t ing as ide,
the sale on s uc h ground .
”4 A
dec ree set ting as ide the sal e of an ent i re jo int estate cannot be
affirmed as to the unascer tained share of some jo int shareholder s and
r ever sed as to the unasc er tained shares'
of other s } ?6
A sale for ar r ear s of revenue is a sale under B . L . R . S . Ac t X I
of 1 859 and Ac t VI I (B . C.)of 1 868 , al though i t may be c ont rary
to the provis ions of the Ac ts,either by r eason of some ir r egu lar i ty
in pu bl i sh ing or c onduc t ing the sale, or in consequenc e of some
exp ress prov i s ions for exemp tion hav ing been d irec tl y c on travened .
1 26
B u t Ac t X I of 1 859 and Ac t V I I do not sanc t ion and by
imp l icat ion for b id the sale of any estate or tenu re wh ic h i s not at
1 20. M oh un Lal l v . Col l . of T irhoot1 W. R . 356.
1 2 1 . Mir \Vaziruddin v . DeokiNandan 6 C . L . J . 472 Gunessar v .Gonesh 25 Cal . 786, aft . 33 I . A . 1 34
33 Cal . 1 1 78 ; 1 0C . W . N . 969 ; 4 C . L .
J . 1 77 .
1 22 . Gau r i Shankar v . Jank i P er shad1 7 I . A . 57 1 7 Cal . 809 Gob ind Lal v .
Ramjanarn ; 20 I . A . 1 65 ; 20 Cal . 70 ;
Gobind Chund ra v . Sherajunnissa 1 3
C . L , R . 1 ; Muhammad Aga v . Jad unan dan Jha 1 0 C . \V. N . 1 37 ; 2 C. L . J .
32 5 ; Chu t t u r bhooj v . I sh ri M u l 2 1
Cal , 8 44 Jahnnovi V . S ec . of
S tate 7 C. \V. N . 377 ; D eonandan v,
M anbodh 32 Cal . 1 1 1 8 C . \V. N . 757
Bageswar i v . C owhar 31 I . A . 52 ; 31
Cal . 256 ; 8 C . W . N . 649 ; B hooban
Chunder v . Ram S oonder 3 Cal . 300;
Amirunnessa V . Sec . of S tate 1 0 Cal .
63 ; 1 3 C . L . R . 1 31 ; Gunga Narainv . Cornel l 1 0W . R . 442 .
1 23. Gob ind Lal v . Ramjanarn 20
I . A . 1 65 ; 2 1 Cal . 70 ; Har i D as v .Dh iraj Chand ra 1 5 C . \V. N . 38 .
1 24. Chu nder Nath v . Tir thanund 3
Cal . 504 ; 2 C . L . R . 1 47 .
1 25. D haram jit v. Chand reshwar 1 1
C . W . N . 504 ; 5 C . L . J . 393.
1 2 6. Tasad d uk Rasu l v . Ahmad
H usa in 20 I . A . 1 76 2 1 Cal . 66 Ganga.
d har v . Bh ikar i Charan 1 6 C . \V. N .
2 2 7 Gob ind Lal v . Ramjanam 2 1 I . A .
1 65 ; 2 1 Cal . 70.
FOR ARREARS OF RE XIENU E I N BENGAL .
the t ime in ar rear of r evenue and are framed upon the ex p ress LECTURE IX .
foot ing that they are to be appl icab le to the sale of es tates wh ic h
are in ar rear of du ty.
1 27 A s u i t to set aside a sale, therefore, on
t he ground that no ar rear was due, may be b rough t in the C iv i l
Cou r t e ven i f s uc h ground has not been spec ified in an appeal ,or even wi thou t a prev ious appeal , to the Comm i ss ioner .
1 28
\Vhen a sale i s set as ide by a dec ree o f a C i v i l Cou r t an order
for r es tor ing the dec ree—hol der to possess ion shal l not be passed,u n less the app l i cat ion for exec u tion of the dec ree i s made w i th in
s i x mon ths af ter the date thereof, and unless any amount of s u r plu s
pu r c hase - money that may have been paid away by order of a C i v i l
Cou r t, be repaid by him wi t h interes t at the h ighes t rate of the
c u r ren t Government Sec u r i t ies wi th in the said period of s i x
month s .
1 29 The order for r ef und of pu r c hase- money mu s t be made
in exec u t ion of the dec ree.
1 30 When one o f the pu rc haser s i s
sadd led w i th cos ts on the sale being set as ide, he can maintain a
When a saleis annu l led and the former pr opr ietor restored to possess ion
,the
su i t for c ont r i bu t ion agai ns t the othe r pu r c haser s . 131
pu r chase- money shal l al so be refunded to the pu rc haser by Go vernment w i th interes t at the h ighes t rate of c u r rent pu b l ic sec u r i t ies . 1 32
R igh ts o f the
pur chaser .
The s tatu to ry t i t le however wh ic h the law gi ves to the auc t ionpu rc haser i s that for the protec tion of the revenue
,and in order to
ensu r e i ts due payment by him and to avo id the nec ess i ty of repeatedsales of the p roper ty, he i s rem i tted to al l those r i gh ts wh i c h the
o r i ginal set t ler at the date of the per petual sett l emen t had , and may in
c onsequence of that sweep away or get rid of al l in termed iate tenu res
and inc umb ranc es c reated by p rec ed ing Zem indar s ince that
The pu r c haser does not der ive h i s t i tle f rom the defau l t ing
propr ietor . He c laim s under a permanen t t i tle and adver sel y to him
1 2 7 . Balkishen v . S im pson 2 5 I . A .
1 51 ; 2 3 Cal . 833 ; 2 C . W. N . 51 3 ;
Buksh E lah i v . D u r lav Chand ra 39 I . A.1 77 ' 39 Cal . 98 1 ; 1 6 C . \V. N . 842 ;
1 6 ( L. J . 620.
1 2 8 . Ba ijnath v. S ital Prasad 10
W . R . (F . B . )66 ; 2 B . L . R . (F . B . ) 1 ;Harkee S ingh v. B unisid hur 2 5 Cal .
8 76 ; 2 C . W. N . 360; Balkishen v .S impson 25 I . A . 1 51 ; 25 Cal . 833 ;
2 C . W. N . 51 3 ; Mang ina Khatun v .
Col l . of Jessore 3 B . L. R . App . 1 44
1 2 W . R . 31 1 Thakoor Ch urn v . Col l .
of 2 4 Pergs. 1 3 \V. R . 336.
1 29. S . 34 B . L. R . S . Ac t X I of
1 859.
1 30. S reemunt v.1 2 W. R . 2 76.
1 31 . Rambeyas v . S heep S ingh: 5
C . L. J . 64.
1 32 . S . 35 B. L . R . S ..Ac t X I of
1 859 .
1 33. Per Sir J . Col‘v il le. in Forbes
v . Mahomed Hosse in 20 \V. R. 44 I’ . C
at p. 46 1 2 13. L . R . 2 1 0.
Shama Soondu r ee
LECTURE
COMPU LSORY SALES
He i s not p r ivy in es tate to him,nor is he bound by h i s ac ts
and lac hes , nor i s any j udgm en t bind ing on him .
1 34 He is entit l ed
to be made a par ty in a pend ing Land Ac qu i si t ion P roc eed ing ;bu t he can u rge on l y suc h objec tions as m i gh t have been taken
by the defau l ter ; h i s spec ial r i gh t s,if any , as a r evenue - sale
pu rc haser m ust form the subjec t of a separate su i t .1 36 A sale
for ar rear s of r evenue i s not an al ienat ion by the pr opr ietor so
as to make , the doc tr ine of lis pendens appl icable .
1 36 B u t the
pu rc haser does not ac quire any pec u l iar r i gh t d ifferent f rom that
of any oth er p r opr ietor .
1 37
The pu r c haser o f an ent i re estate or tenu re sold for ar rear s of
r evenue shal l ac qu i re the estate f ree f rom al l enc umb rances , im posed
u pon i t after the t ime of settlement .1 38 The word estate m eans
any land o r shar e in a land,su bjec t to the paymen t to Go vernment
of an annual sum in r espec t of wh ic h the name of a prop r ietor i s
enter ed in the regi ster,known as the regi ster of al l revenue paying
estate, or in respec t of wh ic h a separate ac count may have been
opened ; and the word “ tenu re ” inc l udes al l interes ts other than
estates .1 39
When an estate i s r ecorded in a separate number wi th a separate
r e v enue assessed u pon i t,and the c er t ificate of sal e shows that the
e s tate so ld was an ent i re es tate, the mere fac t that a por tion of the
land o f that es tate being joi nt w i t h that of anoth er es tate, cannot
s tand in the way of i ts being an ent i re est-ate .
1 40 A par t i tion by
the Col lec tor mer e l y appor t ions the amount o f r e venue wi thou t anyset tlement of the r e venue.
1 4 1 The fac t that se veral p rop r ietor s paid
thei r r evenu es th rough one of the m ember s c annot o ver r ide thei r
1 34. B u zlool Rahman v . P randhun
8 1V. R . 2 2 2 ; \Vatson Co . v . Nobin 1 38 . S . 37 B . L . R . S . Ac t X I of
Moh un 1 0W . R . 72 Gadadhar v . Radha 1 859 ; S . 1 2 Ac t V II (B . C . ) of 1 8 68 ;
Charan 34 Cal . 8 68 Radha Gobind v . Kal i Dass v . Chand ra Mob in i 8 W .R . 68 ;
Rakbal D as 1 2 Cal . 8 2 ; B ilas Chand ra M adhu b Chunder v . P romo thonath
v. Aksbya Kumar 1 6 C . \V. N . 58 7 ; 20 \V. R . 2 64.
1 5 C .L
.J
.Kan ta Pr osha d v . Abd u l 1 39. S . 1 Ac t V I I (B . C . ) of 1 868 .
Jam i r 8 C . \V . N . 676 .1 40. Kamal Kumar i v . K i ran Chan
1 35. P romo tha Nath v . Rakhal D as d ra 2 C . \V. N . 2 29 ; P reonath v . K iran1 1 C . L . J . 420.
Chand ra 2 7 Cal . 2 90.
1 36 . M aharleo Saran v .Thak u r P rosad 1 4 1 . KoowarfSingh .v . C ou r chu nder
-'t (J. W .
N . 67 7 1 1 C . L . J . 52 8 . 2 4 C a l . 8 8 7 ; Mono ha r v . Hu romohun
1 37 .Bund i Re v v . B u nsee 2 4W . R . 1 W. R . 2 7 .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
LECTURE IX . B . L . R . S . Ac t X I of 1 859 and (4) leases of lands whereon dwel l ing
houses , man u fac tor ies or o th er permanent b u i ld ings have been
er ec ted or whereon gardens , p lantat ions , tanks , wel l s , canal s,p laces
o f wor sh i p , or bu rn ing or bu ry ing grounds have been made, or
wherein m ines have been sunk , though the r en t can be enhanc ed in
the manner p resc r i bed by any law for the t ime be ing in for c e for
the enhanc ement of ren t , i f i t be p r oved that i t has been he l d at
what was or i ginal l y an unfai r r ent and that it has not been held at
a fixed rent equal to the rent of good arab le land .
”1 The pe r iod of
l im i tat ion to a su i t to avo id an inc umbranc e i s,under Ar t . 1 2 1
S ch . I Lim i tat ion Ac t IX of 1 908 , 1 2 year s f rom the t ime when the
sale b ec omes final and c onc lu s i ve.
”2
The r i gh t to avo id an inc um b ranc e mus t be exer c i sed by al l
the pu r c haser s jo in t ly.
“ 3 D i ffer ent su i ts agains t d ifferen t c osharer s
o f under - tenu res are maintainabl e.
1 154 The r i gh ts c onfer red u pon
the pu rc haser are capab l e of being t rans fer red to another pe r son.
1 55
Th u s , when the pu rc haser has c reated a p utni the r igh t passes to
the pu tnidar .
1 58
To “avo id ” i s to do somet h ing in exer c i se of the r igh t of
avoidance“ 7 Henc e , an inc um b ranc e i s not ip sofacto avoided by
the sale bu t i s avo idab le at the opt ion of the pu rc haser .
1 58 S u c h
1 51 . S . 37 B . L . R . S . Ac t X I of1 859.
1 52 . Har ek Chand v . B ejoy Chand
v . M ohesh Chand ra 1 2 M OO. 2 63 ; 2 B .
L . R . P . C . 2 3 ; 1 1 \V. R . 1 0 P . C. ;
Narayan v . Kasiswar 1 C . L . J . 579 ;
9 C . \V. N . 795 ; 2 C . L . J . 8 7 ; B r ojoS oond ur v . Fu tick Chu nder 1 7 \V. R .
407 ; S ibdyal v. Gou ree 1 8 W . R .
2 8 1 Narain v. Tayler 4 Cal . 1 03
3 C . L. R . 1 51 .
1 53. D warkanath v . Grish Chunder6 Cal . 82 7 ; Jat ra Mohun v . Aukhil
Chand ra 2 4 Cal . 334 1 C . W. N . 31 4.
1 54. Subhad ra v .8 C . \V. N . 54.
1 55. M oizuddi v . I shan Chand ra1 5 C . \V. N . 706 ; 1 3 C. L . J . 2 93
Koylash Chund er v. J u bu r Ali2 2 \V. R .
2 9 ; S ooharam v . Doorga Charan 5
C . L . J . 2 64 Forbes v . Mahom ed Hosse in20W . R . 44 P . C 1 2 B . L . R . 2 1 0 ;
S u r nomoyee v . Su t teshchunder 8 M oo.
1 64 2 \V. R . 1 4 I’ . C . Tara. Chand v .
\Yakenoonissa 7 W . R . 91 ; Sat tyasaran
Chand ra Kumar
Sosh i v . K ramat u l lah 1 0 C . \V. N . 1 48 ;
Ananda v . Kunjo 8 C . L . J . 1 77 .
1 56. S r eemunt v . Kookoor Chand 1 5
W . R . 48 1 Koylash Chunder v. Ju bu rAli2 2 W . R . 2 9 ; Narayan v . Kasiswar
1 C. L . J . 579 ; \Vah id Ali v . Rah mtAli1 2 C . W . N . 1 029.
1 57 . Per Jackson J .,in U nnoda v .
M othu ra 4 Cal . 860at p . 864 ; 4 C .L .R . 6.
1 58 Ram ratan v . Aswini Kumar
37 Cal . 559 ; 1 4 C . W . N . 849 ; 1 1 C . L .
J . 503 ; D u r san S ingh v . Bhawan i Koer1 7 C . W . N . 984 S u rnomoyee v .
S u t tesh chunde r 8 M OO. 1 64 ; 2 IV. R .
1 4 P . C Assanool lah v . Obhoy Chu rn1 3 M 00 . 31 7 ; 1 3 \V
.
. R . 2 4 P. C .
Mir \Vaziruddin v . Deok i Nandan 6
C . L . J . 472 ; T i tu Bib i v . M ohesh
Chunder 9 ( a l . 683 ; 1 2 C . L . R . 304
FOR ARR EAR S OF REV ENU E IN BENGAL .
opt ion may be exer c i sed by the ins t i tu t ion of a su i t wi th in the t ime
al lowed by law w i thou t any not ic e or by gi v ing not ic e to qu i t o r by
any o ther manner .
1 59 Where no not ic e i s gi v en the under - tenu re
shou ld be deem ed to hav e been annu l l ed on the date of ins t i tu t ion o f
the su i t .’60
sar l ly pr event him from av o id ing an inc umbrance .
1 6 l
M ere rec eipt of ren t by the pu rc haser does not nec es
The fac t that
the Co l lec tor pu r c hased the estate does not make any d i fferenc e .
1 62
\Vhere the Government as auc t ion - pu r c haser wa i ved al l r i gh ts to
avo id the under - tenu r es,a pu rc haser f rom the Go v ernment c ou l d
The
tenu r e sought to be avo ided mu st be avo ided in toto and as to al l
not pu t in for c e any r igh ts Wh i c h h i s v endor had wai v ed “53
the lands belonging to i t ; h ence, the trans feree onl y o f al l those
lands of the tenu re wh i c h are inc l uded in the mehal can avo id
the ten u re.
1 64 A dec ree for par t ial ejec tment and joint possess ion
c an be made in favou r of c c - owner s of proper ty.
1 65
IVhere an under tenu re i s avo ided the pu rc haser i s ent i tled to
r ec ei ve as m esne p rofits sum s payable as r ent by tenu re- ho lder .of
the firs t degr ee.
1 66
pr ofits fo r the p er iod antec edent to the exer c i se by him of h i s op tionB u t the p u rc haser i s not ent i t l ed to m esne
o f annu lment, for mere de l i very of possess ion to the pu rc haser does
not make the u nder tenu re - holder a trespasserfle"
IVhen a por t ion of a talu k exi s t ing f rom before the t imeof the
P ermanen t Sett l ement i s h eld at a p ropor t ionate rent and can be
t rac ed from the or i g inal tal uk , i t i s p rotec ted .
1 68 An entry in the
Spec ial R egis ter i s an effec tual p rotec t ion .
1 69 But whe re a m or tgage
F . B . ; M afizu d -iin v . Korbad Ali 3 1
Cal . 393 ; 8 C . W . N . 1 1 5. 1 64. Sooharam v . Doorga Charan 51 59. Ram ratan v . Aswini Kumar C . L . J . 264 .
37 Cal . 559 1 4 C . \V . N . 849 ; 1 1 C . L . 1 65. Hu lod hu r v . Gooroo Doss 20
J . 503 Kamal Kumar i v . K iran Chand ra \V R . 1 2 6 ; Radha P rosad v . E su f 7
2 C . W . N . 2 2 9 ; D u r san S ingh v .
Bhawan i Koer 1 7 C. W. N . 984.
1 60. Ramratan v . Aswini Kumar
37 Cal . 559 ; 1 4 C . \V. N . 849 ; 1 1
C . L . J . 503.
1 61 . Tara Chand v . \Vakenoonissa 7
W . R . 91 .
1 62 . S . 58 B L . R . S . Ac t XI of 1 859.
1 63. Sat tyasaran v . M ohesh Chand ra1 2 M oo . 263 2 B . L . R . P . C . 23 W.
R . 1 0P . C. Shook D eb v . A l lad i 2 C . L .
R . 1 3 Aftabo )dd een v . Saniool lah 23
W . R . 2 45 ; T rilochun v . Komola Kant
Cal . 41 4 Kamal Kumar i v . K i ran Chand ra 2 C . \V . N . 2 2 9.
1 66. Ramratan v .
37 Cal . 559 ;
C . L . J . 503.
1 67 . D u r san S ingh v . Bhawan i Koer1 7 C . W . N . 984 .
1 68 . Nobend ra K ishor e v . Du rga.Charan 1 5 C . \V . N . 515 ; Nit tyanund
v . Bansh i Chand ra 3 C . \V. N . 341 .
1 69. S . 50 B . L . R . S . Ac t XI of1 859 ; see Lu khynarain v . C orachand
9 Cal . 1 1 6 1 2 C . L . R . 89.
Kumar849 ; 1 1
Aswini
1 4 C . \V. N .
LECTURE IX
Protec t ion .
LECTUR E IX .
E nhancement
of r en t .
COMP U LSORY SAL ES
was effec ted befo re the gran t of the pu tni and the mor tgagee obtained
a dec ree on h l S mor tgage be fore the revenue sale, the mor tgagee
after he wi thd r ew the su rp l us sal e- p roceeds in par t sat i s fac t ion of
the dec ree, i s ent i t led in sat i s fac t ion of the balanc e of the mor tgage
deb t to br ing to sale that por t ion of the ent i re interes t in the es tate
wh ic h was p rotec ted f rom sale at the r e venue sale bu t wh ic h he
c ou ld have b rough t to sale in sat i s fac t ion of h i s dec ree.
1 70
The onu s l ies on the per son who al leges that h i s under tenu re
i s exem p ted .
1 7 1 The al lowed to have the
benefit of a c er tain pres umption founded u pon the p r inc i p le that
au c t ion - pu r c haser i s
every bigha of land i s bound to pay and to c ontr i bu te to the
pu bl ic revenue, un less i t c an be brough t wi th in c er tain known
and spec ified exc eptions and that the r i gh t of the Zem indar to
enhanc e the ren t i s al so p resumab le unt i l the c on trary i s shown .
1 72
Lands s i tuated in a Zem indary m u s t prima facie be c ons idered
as a par t of the Zem indary, un less the c ont rary is shown.
1 73 No
hard and fast r u le can be lai d down as to on whom the bu rden of
p roof l ies .1 74 B ut when a tenu re ex i s ted f rom before the P erma
nen t Settlement, the onu s i s on the pu rc haser to p rove t hat the
lands in su i t were inc l uded wi th in the mal lands of the estate .
”6
D ependent tal uks ex i s t ing at the t ime of the P ermanent Settle
ment‘
are p rotec ted f rom enhanc ement by S s . 5 and 7 R eg .
X LIV of 1 793.
S et tlement , power i s g i ven to the pu r c haser under S . 6 of R eg . XLI V
A s to those c reated su bsequent to the P ermanent
of 1 7 93 to avo id the subs i s t ing engagement as to r en t and to
inc rease the rent to the amount at wh ic h,ac c ord ing to the es tab l i shed
u sage and rate of the pergana or d i s tr ic t , i t wou l d have s tood, had
A Zem indar
The
1 73. W ise v . Bhoobun M oyee 1 0M OO.
1 65 ; 3 W . R . 5 P . C . ; Nistarinee v.Kalipershad 2 3 W . R . 431 .
1 74 . Nit tyanu nd v . Bansh i Chand ra3 C . W . N . 341 .
the canc el l ed engagement so avo ided never ex i s ted .
”
has no power to enhanc e the rent of an independen t tal uk .
1 77
1 70. S u silabala v . D inobandhu 1 4
C . W . N . 1 86.
1 7 1 . Rash Behar i v . Hara Mon i 1 5Cal . 555 ; P reonath v . K iran Chand ra2 7 Cal . 2 90 Har end ra Lal v . Salimu l lah
1 2 C . L . J . 336 ; Ru tnessu r v . Kal i 1 75. Halodhar v . Ramend ra 1 6 C . W.
Kumar 1 6 C . \V . N . 693. N . 980.
1 72 . For bes v . Mahomed Hossein 20 1 76. S u rnomoyee v . Su t tesh chunder
\V . R . 41 P . C 1 2 B . L . R . 2 1 0 8 M oo. 1 64 ; 2 \V. R . 1 4 P . C .
R ash Behar i v . Hara Mon i 1 5 Cal . 555 ; M ohiny M ohu u v . Ichamoyee 4 Cal .
Pr eo nath v . K i ran Chand ra 2 7 Cal . 61 2 .
2 70 ; Harend ra Lal v . Salimu l lah 1 2 1 7 7 . Heman ta Kumariv . Jagadind ra
C . L. J . 336. Nath 2 1 I . A . 1 31 2 2 Cal . 2 1 4.
”L ECTURE IX .
(b)Oc c upancy1 ig h t
COMP U LSORY SALE S .
p rotec ted .
1 86 B u t al though a per son may fai l to show that the tenu re
was c reated pr ior to P ermanent Sett lem ent, yet he i s enti t led to the
p rotec tion in r espec t of any permanen t s tr uc tu re that may be in h i s
hold ing.
1 87 A dwe l l ing hou se to be exempted mu st be o f a permanen t
c harac ter whet her c r eated by the pr esent holder or by some prev ious
occ up ier .
The pu rc haser shal l not be ent i tled to ejec t an oc c u pancy raiyat
or to enhanc e h i s rent o therwi se than in the manner presc r ibed by
the laws in f or ce or otherwi se than the former p rop r ietor ir respec
A r igh t
of oc c upancy can be ac qu i red in a tank form ing an integ ral par t o f
an ag r ic ul tu ral hold ing and as s uc h i s protec ted.
1 90 B u t a lease of
tank wi thou t any por t ion of the su r rounding land i s not p rotec ted.
1 91
The r igh t of oc c upancy may be ac q u i red u nder laws prom u l gated
s inc e The onu s i s upon the defendant to s how that at the
date of the plaintifi’
s pu r c hase he was an oc c upancy ra iyat of land
w i th in the amb i t of the es tate .”3
pu rc haser , m igh t g ive r i se to a p resump t ion t hat the land was let
t i ve of any engagement may have been en t i t led to do.
1 89
R ec ei p t of rent by the auc t ion
for pu rpose for wh ic h i t was let and the rent was r easonab le at the
t ime i t was let?“ A tenant i s ent i t led to rel y on h i s r igh t of
oc c u pancy,al though the mokar rarilease may be inval id .
1 95
The Co l lec tor i s bound to sel l to the h ighes t b idder even tho ugh
he be the defau l ter h imsel f or h i s benamdar .
1 96 One jo int tenant,however , cannot ac qu i re for h i s own benefit an adver se or ou ts tand ing
1 92 . Sarat Chand ra v . Asiman 311 86. Chand ra Kumar v . Chai tanyaCharan 1 8 C . L . J . 2 32 .
1 87 . Najemodd in v . Hassan Hyd er 9
C . W . N . 852 ; Gobind Chand ra v. JoyChand ra 1 2 Cal . 32 7 ; b
‘
hago B ibee v .tam Kant 3 Cal . 2 93 Ajgu r Ali v . Asm u t Ali8 Cal . 1 1 0; I OC . L . R . 8 7.
1 8 8 . Makar Ali v . Shyam a Charan 3C . W. N . 2 1 2 ; K iron Chunder v .
Naim ud di 30 Cal . 498 ; Ajgu r Ali v .
Asmu t Ali8 Cal . 1 1 0 ; 1 0 C . L . R . 8 7 .
1 89 . Pro v . S .
‘
37 B . L . R . S . Ac t X I
o f 1 859.
1 90. U ma Charan v . Mon i Ram 8
C . “LN . Jard ine, S k inne r Co . v .
S ar u t S oo u dari5 LA . 1 64 3 C . L R . 1 40.
1 9 1 . A sma t A l l Y . Hat -swat K hau‘l
C . \V. N . 4 12 .
Cal . 725 8 C . W . N . 601 Baidya Nathv . S udharam 8 C . W. N . 751 .
1 93. Ambi ka v . D ya Gaz i 1 0 C . WN . 497 .
1 94. J uggodeshury v . U ma Charan 7W . R . 2 37 .
1 95. Nilmadhab v . Sh ibu Pal 1 3
\V. R . 4 10 ; 5 B . L . R . App. 1 8 ; P u reeag
v . Pu r tap 1 1 W . R . 2 53 T l l l l k Ch unde rv . S u t tyanund 20W . R . 31 5.
1 96. Doorga S ingh v . S heo Per s ln d
1 6 Cal . 1 94 ; Cor ne l l v . C ody Tara8 \V. R . 372 ; Gonesh Pe rshad v . Br ijB eharv l C . L . J . Kalee Doss v .
M o t hoo raua th 5 \V. R .
‘
1 5 1 ; Neynum
v . Muzafer 2 1 W R 2 65.
an i
5 05
FOR ARREARS OF R EVENU E IN B ENGAL .
t i tle or enc umb ranc e against the joint estate but su c h ac qu i s i t ion Lac r una
w i l l enu re to the jo int bene fi t of him and h i s cotenants,p ro v ided
the othe r j oint tenants e lec t w i t h in a reasonable t ime to avai l t hem
se l ves of su c h adver se t i tle and contr i bu te t he i r rateable share of
the expens e o f ac qu i r ing i t . So, wh en a cosharer made defau l t
de l i beratel y and b rough t abou t the sale f raudu lently that he m igh t
buy u p the proper ty at a sma l l pr ic e, the pu r c hase was made on
behal f o f al l the c osharers and he shou ld r ec on v ey it to o ther s u pon
h is being paid the pu rc has e - monev .
‘97 B u t the fac t that a c oshare r
intent ional ly defau l ted in payment of ar rear s,
1 98 or that he de ter red
o ther s from bidd ing for the p r ope r ty ,1 99 does not necessar i ly c ons t i
t u te f rau d . Nor, i s it f rau d to c omb ine not to bid aga i ns t; eac h
ot her .
200 A s u i t by a cosharer for set ting as ide a sale on the g round
that the p u rc hase by a c oshar er was made f raudu lent ly in the
benam i of another i s not bar red by one year ’ s r u le under S . 33
Ac t X I of 1 859 ; suc h a su i t may be b rought wi th in th ree yea r s
from the date when f raud bec om es known to the par ty wronged .
2 91
E xc epting sharers wi th whom separate ac c ount s have been opened
u nder S s . 10 and 1 1 B . L. R . S . Ac t X I of any rec or ded
o r unrec orded p rop r ietor or c opar tner who may pu r c hase, or by r e
pu rc hase or otherwi se re c ove r possess ion o f the es tate sol d for ar rea r s
o r demands o ther than those ac c r uing upon i tsel f shall ac qu i re the
es tate, subj ec t to al l inc umb rances exi s t ing at the t ime of sale and
shal l not ac qu i re any r igh ts in respec t to under tenants o r raiyats
not possessed by the pre v iou s prop r ietor at the tinre of sal e?” The
p u rc hase r ac q u i res the es tate su bjec t to al l inc um branc es exis tin O‘
at the t im e of sale , wh ether c reated befor e o r after defau l t and e v en
up to the date of sale . S uc h a pu rc h aser i s in the same pos i t ion
whethe r he pu rc hases th rough. a th i rd par ty o r pu r c hases it f rom
1 97 . Goaesh P ershad v . B r ij B zhari
1 C . L. J . 565 ; Ram Prasad v . PawanS ingh 1 8 C . L . J . 97 Faizu r Rahman
v . M aimu na Khatun 1 7 C . W. N 1 233
1 8 C . L. J . 1 1 1 Bhoc hun Chunder v .
Ram Soon der ?) Cal . 300 Amiru nnessa V .
S ec . o f S tate 1 0Cal . 63 1 3 C . L. R . 1 31
Jank i S ingh v . D ebinandan 1 5 C . \V. N .
776 ; D conandan v . M anbodh 32 Cal .
1 1 1 8 F . \V. N . Harend ra Lal v .
Pu rna Chand ra 1 5 C . L . J . 1 32 ; DoorgaS ingh v . Sher) P'
ersh - tcl 1 6 Cal . 1 9 1 .
1 98 . Ritmbeyas v . S heoji S ingh 5
C . L . J . 64.
1 99. D u rga. S ingh. v . S heo Parshad1 6 Cal . 1 94.
200. Gob in d Chuu d ra v . S he rajun
nissa l 3 C . L . R. 1 .
201 . Ar t . 95 S c h . 1 L im i tat ion Ac t
I X of 1 908 Panc hkou ri v . l’
ian Gopal1 3 C . \V. N . 51 8 .
202 . S . 53 B . L . R . S . Ac t X I o f1 859 ; see Imambandi v Kamaleswari
1 3 1 . A . 1 60 14 " al 1 09.
COMPU LSORY SALES
LECTU RE IX . a th i rd par ty af te r the latter has pu r c hased i t for h imsel f .203 A“
ii. Share of
an estate .
pu rc hase by a per son who has pu rc hased the es tat e in a r rear at an
exec u t ion sale after defau l t has been made in the payment o f
When the defau l ter m ade
a sec ret a r rangement with the pu rc haser to enjoy p rofits of the
r evenue i s a pu rc hase by a propr ietor .
204
t ransac t ion,the pu rc haser does not ac qu i re the r i ghts
‘
and‘ p r i vi l ege s
of a p u rc haser at a revenue sale.
203 S o,wh ere the plaint iff p u rc hased
the estate at a sale for ar rear s of revenue in the name Of h i s ser vant
and on h is defau l t again pu rc hased it, he c ou ld not.
’
atroid any'
in
c um branc e,he h imse l f being the defau l ter 206 S im i lar l y,where the
p lain t i ff , a pu tnidar of the pu rc haser , i s a benamdar'
of the defau l ter
he cannot avo id an inc umb r anc e .
207
A separate ac count opened in c l ear c ont ravent ion of S s. 10 and
1 1 B . L . R . S . Ac t X I o f 1 8 59 wi l l not c on fer on the per son who ,
obtains a separate ac count the s tatu tory pr ivi leges of S .
When a share of an estate i s so ld under S . 1 3 o r S . 1 4 the pu rc haser .
shal l . ac qu i re the s hare,s ubjec t to al l inc umbranc es and shal l not
ac qu i re any r i ghts not possessed by the p revious owner .
209 Whenthe Col lec tor . er roneous ly s u pposed . t hat the share in de faul t Was
m uc h larger than it real ly was and expo sed for sale the share o f the .
p la inti ff,of wh ic h no defau l t was made
,the sal e _did not affec t thei r
r igh ts .
2 10 A val id moka r rarilease he ld by some of the defau l t ing p ro
p rietors o f the share so l d i s not vo id against the pu rc haser .
2 l l An
at tac hment of proper ty does n ot c ons t i tu te an inc umbranc e .
2 1 2
I nc umbranc es exec u ted in c ontemplat ion of an impend ing sale;
Whe re a'
o r in f raud of a poss i ble pu rc hase r are not p ro tec ted .
2 1 3
203. Mahomed Gazee v . P ear ce Moh un 2 08 . Meh d i H assan v . S heoshankar
1 6 W . R . 1 36 ; 7 B . L . R . App . 52 ;
A lum M anj ee v. Ashad Ali16 W . R.
'
I 3S .
204. S hyam Kumar i v . R t mesww
S ingh 31 I . A . 1 76 ; 32 Cal . 2 7 ; 8 C .
W . N . 786 ; Ab l ool Bar i v . Ramdass 4 "
C al . 607 3 U . L . it'
zzs.
205. Sid hee Nu zu r Al ly v . Oojoodhya
r ain 1 0 Moo . 540 ; 5 \V. R . P . C . 8 3 ;
S r in ath v . Ha l o Nath 1 8 \V. R . 2 40 ;
9 B . L . R . Haic nd ra. La l ' v .
S al iniu l lah 1 2 . C . L . J . 336 .
206. M atiaud din v . Ko r l iu l Ali31 Ca l .
393 ; 8 (I. W . N . 1 1 5.
207 . R as h liehaii v .
t.zal
Han M om 1 5
39 c a. 333 ; 1 6 o. W. N .
“
8 1 7 ; 1 4
C . L. J . 552 .
209. S . 51 B L . R . S . Ac t X I o f 1 859.
2 10. G m g t Per shad v . Ir s lu d Al i
1 5 C . L . J . 54.
2 1 1 . Afaal Hoss xin v . R tjb uns
S tl l ai'
30 Cal . 1 07 1 Kashinath V .
litnkubehari 1 2 W . R . 440 ; 3 B . L . R .
446 ; M adhu b v . P romo tho 20 \V. R.
2 64 .
2 1 2 . Mahadeo Saran v . Thaku r P rosad1 4 C . W. N . 67 7 ; 1 1 C .
-L . J . 52 8 .
2 1 3. M o noh u r v .
\V . R . 1 .
Joy K i s hen 5
COM P U LSORY SALES .
LECTU RE I X .trans fer passes to the pu rc haser .
$ 2 1 \Vhen de fau l t i s made between
the date of a sale in exec u tion of a mor tgage- dec ree and
-
the
c onfirmat ion of the sal e, the pu r c haser at a sale for ar r ear s o f
r evenue gets the p roper ty f ree f rom the mor tgage A
mor tgage of a share of an es tate exec u ted between the da te o f
defau l t and the date o f sale i s inval id aga ins t the p u r c hase r .
2 23
B ut where a mor tgagee has obtained a dec ree on the mo r tgage
before the r evenue sale, the p r inc i p le o f lis pendens appl ies and
the p u rc haser at the revenue sale ac quires the s har e s ubjec t to the
mor tgage.
22 4
The pu r c hase - money shal l be appl ied to the l iqu idat ion
o f (1 ) al l ar rear s due upon the lates t day of payment f rom
the es tate or share of an es tate sold (2) al l ou t s tand ing demands
deb i ted to the estate o r share o f an estate in the p u bl ic ac c ounts
o f the d i s t r ic t. The res id ue i f any, shal l be paid to the r ec orded
p ropr ietor s jo int ly o r in s har es p ropor t ioned to thei r reco rded
interes t in the es tate - or share of an es tate sold ; bu t i f befo re
payment to the late p rop r ietor s the money be c la imed by any
c red i tor in sati s fac tion of a debt i t shal l not be paid to s uc h
c red i tor , nor wi thhe ld f rom the p rop r ietor s wi thou t an order o f
a Ci vi l Cou r t ? “ The Co l lec tor i s j u s t i fied in r e fu s ing to pay the
r esidue to an ass ignee o f the r ec orded p rop r ietor c laim ing the
money on h i s own behal f . 226
The Col lec to r hol ds the res id ue in tr u s t for a Spec i fi c p u r pose
and therefore the Lim i tat ion Ac t has no operat ion. A s u i t for the
r es idue agains t the S ec re tary o f S tate shou ld at leas t be governed
by Ar t. 1 20 S ch. I L im i tation Ac t IX of The mo r tgagee’ s
Kalanand v . Sarafat 1 2 C .W . N .
52 8 Annoda. P rosad v . Rajend raK umar 2 9 Cal . 2 23 6 C . W . N .
375 Bhawan i Koer v . Mathu ra P ro
sad 7 C . L . J . 1 Gungadeen v . Kheer oo
1 4 B . L . R . 1 70 2 2 \V . R . 449.
2 2 2 . Bhawan i Kuwar v . Mathu ra P ro
sad 39 I . A . 2 2 8 40 Ca l . 89 1 6
985 1 6 C . L . J . 606, reve rs ing 7
C . L . J . 1 .
2 2 3. U matara v . U ma Charan 3 C . L .
2 2 4. il ar Shank ar v . S h ew Gob ind2 6 Ca] . 966 4 31 7 Raj Kis l l n r c
v . Jad u Nath 1 1 C . \V. N . 82 8 ; Mahomed
Tayab v . Hem Chand ra 1 0 C . L . J . 590
Pr e 'n C hand v . P u rnima D t si 1 5 Ca l.
546 ; Bhawan i Koer v . M t thu ra P rasad7 C . L . J . 1 ; see al so M ad am Lal v .
Bhagwan D as 2 1 Al l . 2 35.
2 25. S . 31 B . L . R . S . Ac t X I of
4859 .
2 2 6. S ec . o f S tate v . Marj um Hossein1 1 Cal . 359 .
2 2 7 . S ec . of S tate v . Gu ru P r o
shatl 20Cal 51 t"
. B . see the obser ations
o f l’
igm t J .
FOR A RR EARS OF R EV ENU E I N BENGAL.
l ien is trans fer red from the p roper ty to the balanc e o f sale -
[woc eedsu333 Lizwrmm
The per iod of l im i tat ion fo r a su i t on a mor tgage, whe ther exec u ted
befo re o r after defau l t to rec o ver the money,i s not sho r tened by the
re venue - sale bu t r emains the same u nder the Lim i tat ion Ac t .2 29
The sal e - p roceeds bec ome avai lable to the mor tgagee - dec reeholder as
soon as the dec ree bec om es absol u te.
230
2 2 8 . S . 73 T . P . Ac t I V of 1 88 2 ; C . \V. N . 356 ° U matara. v . U ma
Hurd eo v . Fu zla Hossein 1 W. R . 2 70. Charan 3 C . L . J 5 2 .
2 2 9. Kamala Kant v . Abd u l Ba t kat 2 30. (l ep i Kr ishna. v . Ram Lal 1 4
2 7 Cal . 1 80 ; Jogessu r v . Ghanasham 5 C . W . N . 484 .
Ce r tifiCate .
L EC T U R E X .
'
Comp u lso ry Sa les fo r ar rears of Du b lic D emand s in Beng al.
The words,“ P ubl ic demand ,
” inc l ude (1 ) an ar rear of r evenue
wh ic h r emains due after an es tate, tenu re, or any- s hare of e i ther
has been so l d for ar rear s o f r evenue due thereupon under B . L . R . S .
-Ac t X I of 1 859 or Ac t VI I (B . C .) of 1 868 and the sal e -
proc eeds
are insu ffic ient to l i qu idate the ar rear s of revenue,or (2)an ar rear
of revenue due f rom a farmer on ac c oun t of an es tate he ld by him
in farm,
r emaining unpaid on the latest day - o f paymen t fixed
under S . 3 of Ac t X I of 1 859, or (3)any money r ec overab le as an
ar rear of re venue, or by the proc ess p resc r i bed for the r ec overy of
ar rear s of re venue, or (4) any money dec lared by any enac tm en t
in for c e (i) to be a demand or a publ ic demand, or (i i) to be
r eco v erable as ar rear of a demand or as a demand or p u b l ic demand,
o r (i i i ) to be recoverab le under B . L . R . Sal es Ac t VI I (B . C.) of
1 868 , or (5) any money due f rom the s u ret ies of a farmer in r espec t
o f the r evenu e of the es tate farmed by him,or (6) any fees or
c o sts awarded by a R evenue Au thor i ty,or (7 ) any demand payable
to the Co l lec tor by any tenant in r espec t o f any interes t in land,
pastu rage , fores t r igh ts, fish eries or the l i ke, or (8) any ar rear s of
r en t or of o th er demands rec overab le as r en t d ue in respec t of
pr oper ty under the c harge of, or managed by,the Cou r t of Wards
,
o r the Re venue Au thor i t ies on behal f of a pr ivate i nd i v idual,
whether suc h ar rear s became due before or after the management
de vo l ved u pon suc h Cou r t or A u thor i t ies, or (9) any money payab le
to a Go ve rnmen t Offi c er or a loc al author i ty and agreed under
a du ly regi s tered ins tr ument to be rec overab le as a pu b l ic demand ,o r (10) any stamp du ty payable under the E s tates Par ti t ion Ac t V
(B. C .) of 1 897 , or (1 1 )any money due f rom a farmer of tol l s or f rom
his su ret ies, or (1 2 ) any money awarded as a compensat ion under
S . 2 B . L . R . S . Ac t V I I (B . C.) of 1 868 , or (13) any money due
f rom a pu rc haser at a sale hel d under t he Ac t. 1
\Vhen the Cer tificate Officer i.e., the Co l lec tor , S ubd iv i s ional
Officer , or any o ther offic er appointed to per form the func t ions of
a Cer t ificate Offic er i s sat i sfied that any p ubl ic demand payab le
to the Col lec tor is d ue,he shal l s ign a c er tific ate s tat ing that the
demand i s d ue and cau se i t to be filed in h is offi ce.
2
1 . S r b . 1 P . D . R . Ac t I l l o f‘
2 . S . 4 P . D . R . Ac t I I I of
1 91 3. 1 91 3.
COMPU LSORY SALE S
The j u st ificat ion for the e x tra legal power s c onferred by the
Ac t i s that they are to be exe r c i sed by an offi c er whose rank im pl ies
the pos sess ion of qual i t ies nec essary for the due exer c i se of su c h
power s . “t hen a c er t ificate was not signed by an offi c er au thor i zed
to si gn i t,or a l i t hographed s ignatu re was at tac hed
,the c er tificate
was no t du ly made .
1 0 B ut a c er t ificate,s i gned by a per son who was
r eal ly the Cer t ificate Officer bu t s i gned in an ol d form where
the wor d,
“ Col lec tor , oc c u r red,i s not inval id .
1 1 The safeguard s
prov ided by the Ac t for the exer c i s e of the t r emendou s power s
may or may not be suffic ient to p revent these power s from
being somet imes u sed har sh ly and imp roper l y , bu t su c h as they
are,th ey m u s t be s tr i c t l y en for c ed and the form of p roc edu re
la id down in the Ac t m u s t be s tr ic t ly fo l lowed .
” A s an exac t
c ompl ianc e w i th the formal i t ies p resc r ibed by the Legis latu re i s
abso l u tel y nec essary,the c er tificate m u s t spec i fy the smn and the
per son f rom whom i t i s due } ? Th u s,where the ar rear s of Road
Cess wer e du e f rom an estate, a c er t ificate i ss ued in th e nam e of the
former p rop r ietor of the es tate i s i nval id .
1 4 S o, under S . 38 of the
Benga l D rainage Ac t V I (B . C.) of 1 880 as am ended by Ac t I I
(B . C.) of 1 902 , the per son l iable to sat i s fy the engagement en te red
in to w i th the S ec retary o f S tate for Ind ia in Counc i l is the pe r son
who gav e i t,and a per son who p u rc hased a por t ion of the es tate
at a sale hel d by a R ec e i ver,
appo inted to l i qu idate deb ts of the
es tate, is not l iable to be p roceeded against. 1 5
When a c er t ificate has been filed the Cer t ificate Offic er shal l
i ssue to the c er tificate - deb tor,t. e.
,the per son nam ed as debtor in
the c er tificate, a c opy of su c h cer t i ficate and a not ic e to Show cau se
w i th in 30 days f rom the date of serv ic e why the c er t i ficate shou ld
not be exec u ted .
1 6 Not ice m u st be i ss ued by the Cer tificate Offi c er
in'
whose Cou r t it i s or i ginal ly fi led and when the Cer tificate is sent to
ano ther Cer tificate Offic er i t i s not nec essary to ser ve a second not ic e.
1 7
1 0. Baij Nat h v . Ramgat S ingh 5 C . 4 1 4 Abd u l Haiv . Gaj raj 20 I . A. 70;
L . J . 687 . 20Cal . 826 S hekaat Hosa in v . Sas i Kar1 1 . S . 59 P . D . R . Ac t I I I of 1 9 Cal . 783 Ru pram v . I swar Namas
1 91 3 Ba r hamd eo v . Rasu l Band i 32 Cal . sud ra 6 C . W. N . 302 .
691 1 C . L . J . 360. 1 5. Nogend rabala V . Sec . of S tate 1 8
1 2 . Bai j Nath v . Ramgat S ingh 5 C . C . W. N . 944 1 9 C . L. J . 61 0.
L . J . 68 7 . 1 6. S . 7 P . D .R . Ac t I I I 1 91 3.
1 3. S ch . 64,65
,Form No . 1 1 7 . s. 1 2 P . D . R . Ac t/ I I I of
App . P . D . R . Ac t I I I o f 1 9 1 3. 1 91 3 ; see U zirali v. Kar tick 2 C . W.
1 4. Gu j raj v . S ec . of S tate 1 7 Cal . N . 363.
FOR ARREARS OF PU B LIC D EMAND S I N B ENGAL .
S er v ic e of notice shal l be made by de l i ver ing o r tender ing a Lsc r unr. x,
c opy thereof s igned by the Cer t ificate Offic er to the j udgment - debtor
and when he canno t be found, on any adu l t male member o f h i s
fam i ly res id ing wi t h him and i f s uc h adul t member cannot be
found , by affixing a c opy on the ou ter door o f the house in wh ic h
the j udgmen t - debtor o rd inar i ly dwe l ls or car r ies on bu s iness , o r by
affixing a c opy thereo f in some c onspic uou s plac e in the offi c e of the
Ce r t ificate Ofiicer i ssu ing the same and al so in some c onsp ic uou s par t
o f the land,i f any , aff ec ted by the ser v ice of the not ic e . The not ic e
may al so be sen t by pos t add ress ing to the j udgment- debtor at h i s
k nown res idenc e.
1 8 The word ,“adu l t
,
”does not mean a per son
who has at tained major i ty wi t h in the m eaning of the M aj o r i ty
Ac t IX of 1 8 75, but a per son of such an age as to be capab le
of,and r esponsib l e for , the due commu nicat ion of the not ic e to the
m ember of the fam i ly for whom it i s intended .
1 9 The retu rn
of the offi c er s tat ing that the not ice was du ly ser ved i s p rima faciep roo f of suc h ser v i ce .
20
S e r v ic e of not ic e i s absol u tel y nec es sary and the p roc ed u re
p resc r i bed as to the mode of ser vice shou ld be s tr ic tl y fo l lowed .
2 1
B u t a sal e shal l no t be void on the mere g round that the notic e has
no t been ser ved .
22 M ere knowledge of the i s s ue of a c er t ific ate i s .
not su ffi c ient by i tse l f to c u re o r make u p for the absenc e o f d ue
ser v ic e of not ic e.
23 S ubst i tu ted ser v ic e canno t be ac c epted as su ffi
cient , u n less i t i s p roved that the c ond i t ions u nder wh ic h a rec ou rse
m igh t be had to it ex i s ted .
“ When the ser vic e is den ied the onus
i s on the par ty al leging ser v ic e to p ro ve i t .“
F rom and afte r the se r v i c e of not ic e o f the c e r t ificate, any p r i va te
t rans fer of any immoveab le p roper ty , s i tuate in the d i s t r ic t in wh i c h
the c er t ificate i s fi led or any in teres t in suc h p roper ty , s hal l be vo id
1 8 . S ch . I I r . r . 2,9 P. D . R. Ac t I I I 2 35 ; Amb ica P rosad v. Gopal B u ksh 1
of 1 91 3. C . L. J . 550 Ram ru p v. Khu shal 3 C.
1 9. HariCharan v . Chand ra Kumar L . J . 2 80 ; U med Ali'
v. Raj Laksm i 3335 Cal . 2 86 afig . 34 Cal . 787 ; 1 1 c . w. Cal . 84 ; 10 e. w. N. 1 30 1 e. L J..
N . 745. 538 .
-
20. B epin B ehary v. Sos i B hnsan 1 8 2 4. Jogeshwar v . Deb i Prasad 5 C‘
.
C . L . J . 62 8 . L J . 555 Ram r up v . Khu shal 3 C . L. J .
2 1 . U med Aliv. Raj Lakshm i 33 Cal . 2 80 U med Aliv . Raj Lakhin i 33 Ca l.
8 4 1 0 C . W. N . 1 30 ; I C. L . J . 538 . C . \V. N . 1 30 ; 1 C. L. J . 538 ;
2 2 . S . 36 P. D . R . Ac t I I I of Amb ika Prosed v . Gopal Buksh 1 C . L.
1 91 3.J . 550.
2 3. G ir ish Chand ra v . Golam Kar im 25. Rakhal Chand ra Sec . of S tate
33 Cal . 1 51 10o. w. N . 31 7 53 c . L. J . 1 2 0211 603.
LECTU RE X .
Objec t ion to
the cer t ificat e.
COMPU LSORY SALE S
agains t any c laim en for ceabl e in exec u t ion of the c er t ificate and the
amount due on the c er t ific ate i s a c harge on the immoveab le p roper ty
wherever s i tuated and i s su per ior to every other c harge sabse
quent ly c reated?6 A c er t ificate i s per fec ted by the i ssue of a not i c e
wh ic h alone gives it the forc e of a dec ree . Unti l ser vic e of not ic e
no par t ic ular proper ty is bound by the c er t ificate, j u s t as in the case
of an ord inary money dec ree before the attac hment . The eff ec t
of the serv ic e of not ic e i s as i f the p roper ty of the c er tificate- debtor
were at tac hed ?7
Under Ac t I (B . C.) of 1 895 the'
ser vic e of not ic e was essent ial
to the val id i ty of the c er t ificate and al t hough there m i gh t not be any
ir regu lar i ty in the p ubl icat ion o r the condu c t of the sale in exe
ca tion of the c er t ificate, there hav ing been no foundat ion for the
sale, i t shou ld be set as ide as hav ing been made wi thou t j u r i sd ic t ion,
wi thou t the c er t ificate being set as ide.
28
Th e c er tificate - debtor may, at any t ime w i t h in 30 days f rom
serv ice of not i c e, or where no suc h ser v i c e was made,wi th in 30 days
from the exec u t ionof any proces s for enforc ing s uc h c er t ificate,file
before the Cer t ificate Officer , a pet i t ion of obj ec t ion S igned and
ver ified in the manner p resc r ibed , deny ing h is l iabi l i ty in whole o r
in par t of the amount for wh ic h the c er tificate has been made.
29
The pet i t ion of objec t ion may be fi l ed in the offic e of the Cer tificate
Officer exec ut ing the c er tificate b u t he cannot t ry the val id i ty of the
c er t ificate the pet i t ion mu s t be heard by the Cer t ificate Offi cer in
whose offic e the or ig inal c er t ificate i s fi led who may ,u pon hear ing
the objec t ions,set as ide or mod i fy o r vary the c er t ificate and i f in
h i s Op inion the pet i t ion involes a bonafide c laim of r igh t,he
shal l refer the pet i tion to the D i s tr ic t Co l lec tor who, i f sat i sfied
2 6. S . 8 P . D . R . Ac t I I I of D as 5 C . W . N . 86 ; Kam r u p v . Khu shal1 91 3. 6 C . \V .
N . 630 ; Jank i D as v . Ram
2 7 . Baij Nath v . Ramgu t S ingh 23 Colam 2 8 Cal . 8 1 3 ; 6 C . \V. N . 331 ;
I . A . 45 ; 2 3 Cal . 775 ; Abd u l Hai v . Amb ika P rosad v . Gopal Buksh 1 C . L .
Gajraj 20 I . A . 70 20 Cal . 82 6 Har i J . 550 S r inath v. B ishen 2 C . L . J . 504;
Charan v . Chand ra Kumar 34 Cal . 7 87 ; Syam lal v . Nilmony 34 C al . 2 41 5 C .
1 1 C . \V. N . 745. L . J . 385 Jog c shwar v . Deb i Prasad 5
2 8 . Baij Nath v Ramgu t S ingh 2 3 C . L . J . 555 ; Pu rna Chand ra. v . D inaI . A . 45 ; 2 3 Cal . 7 75 Saroda Charan v . band hu 31 Cal . 8 1 1 1 1
. C. \V. N . 756 ;
K is to Mohan 1 C . \V . N . 51 6 ; E lokeshi 5 C . L . J . 696.
v . Abinash 5 C . L . J . 638 ; Chund er 2 9. S . D . R . Ac t. I I I o f
Kumar v . S ec . o f S tate 2 7 Cal . 698 ; 4 1 91 3.
(I. W . N . 586 ; Gopal Dass V . Hardeo
LECTURE X .
270 COMPU LSORY SALES
the c e r tificate - debtor i s l i kely to c onceal , remove or d i s pose of the
whole or any par t of h is mov eab les wh ic h wou ld be l iable to at tac h
ment in exec u tion Of a dec ree . of a Ci v i l Cou r t, and that the r ealisa
t ion of the amount of the c er t ific ate wou ld be delayed or Obs tr uc ted ,he may at any t ime d i rec t the at tac hmen t of s uc h moveab les .38
A c er tificate may be exec u ted agains t the person or proper ty Of
the c er tificate- debtor bu t the Cer t ificate Offic er may r e fuse exec u t ion
at the same t ime aga ins t both .
39 E xec ut ion of c er t ificate agains t
the p rope r ty may be effec ted by attac hmen t Of any dec ree or by
sale wi th or wi thou t attac hmen t Of p roper ty,l iable to be attac hed
and so ld in exec u t ion of a dec ree of a C i v i l Cou r t.40 The f rau du lent
r emo val , c onc ealment,t rans fer or del i very to any pe r son o f any
p roper ty , intend ing thereby to p reven t that proper ty f rom being
taken in exec u t ion of a c er t ificate i s an offenc e p un i s hab le under
S . 206 I . P . C. Ac t X L-V Of
A deb t u nder the P . D . R . Ac t I I I (B . C.) o f 1 9 13 i s noth ing
bu t a debt and the law laid down in S s. 69, 70 I . C. Ac t I X Of 1 87 2
wh i c h i s noth ing more than a c od ified s tatement of the genera l law
app l ies .42 There i s noth ing in the Ac t to take away the j u r i sd ic tion
of the Ci v i l Cou r t to enter tain an appl ic at ion by the c e r tificate
debtor to be adj udged an insol vent where the debts are enforc i b le
under the Ac t.43
P ayment of money d ue u nder a c er t ificate may be made - by
instalmen ts i f the Ce r t ific ate Officer so d i rec ts , and when the total
amount i s pai d , sat i s fac t ion shal l be en tered upon the c er t ificate, as
wel l as in the Co l lec tor ’ s regi s ter .
“ E very c er tificate may be enforc ed
and exec u ted wi th interes t at the rate of 65 p . 0. per annum f rom
the date of the s ign ing Of the c er t ificate up to the date of r eal i zat ion
and c os ts and al l c harges inc u r red in respec t of the ser v ic e o f
p roc esses and al l other p roc eed ings taken for real i z i ng the de
mand .
“
A Cer tificate Offic er has author i ty to sel l onl y so long as the
c er t i fi cate remains u npaid ; u pon the ar rears be ing paid in the
38 . S . 1 3 P . D . R . Ac t I I I of 42 . Nandan M isser v . Harakh Nara in1 91 3. 1 4 C . \V. N . 607 ; 1 1 C . L . J . 2 66.
39. S . 1 4 P . D . R . Ac t I I I of 43. Ked ar Bans v . Jank i Koer i1 91 3. C . \V. N . 1 43.
40. S e. 1 4, 1 7, P . D . R . Ac t I I I 44. S ch . I I r . r . 59- 63 P . D . R . Ac t
1 9 1 3.1 91 3.
“
41 . S . 58 D . R . Ac t I I I (B . C .)of 45. S . 1 6 P . D . R . Ac t I I I (B .C of
1 91 3. 1 91 3.
FOR n am es or P l'
BLI C DEMANDS IN BENGAL . 2 7 1
treasu ry it bec omes h i s s tatutory duty to enter sati s fac t ion u pon the
c er tificate. The negl ec t o f th i s d u ty cannot gi ve the Co l l ec tor
s tatu tory power to se l l in exec u t ion the proper ty o f a per son who
owes noth ing .
46
No c er t ificate shal l c ease to be in forc e by reason o f (a) the
p roper ty to wh ic h the demand r elates c eas ing to be u nder the
c harge o r management o f the Cou r t Of \Varde or the r evenue au tho
rities or (17) the death o f the c er tific ate - deb tor .
“7 \Vhen the
c er t ificate debtor d ies before the c er tificate has beon fu l ly sat i s fied
it may be exec u ted agains t the legal r epresentat i v e of the dec eased
who shal l be l iab le onl y to the ex tent of the p rope r ty Of the dec eased
wh ic h has c ome to h i s hands and has not been d u l y d isposed of.‘8
The Bengal P ubl ic D emands Recove ry Ac t I I I (B . C . ) o f 1 91 3
u nl i ke its p redec essor Ac t I (B . C.) of 1 895 as amended by Ac t I
(B . C.) o f 1 8 97 i s in i tsel f a c omplete Code. I t lays down the
exac t proc edu re to be obser ved in exec u t ing a c er tificate i nstead of
mak ing c e r tain por tions o f the C i v i l P roc ed u r e Code appl ic able to
the exec u t ion t hereof as i f they formed par t of i t . Under Ac t I
(B . C.) of 1 895 the cer t ificate had the eff ec t o f a dec ree of a
C ivi l .Cou r t for money and consequent ly the proc edu re laid down
in the C i v i l P roc edu re Code for the exec ut ion of a dec ree fo r money
equal ly appl ied to the exc u tion o f a c er t ificate. B u t under Ac t I I I
(B . C. )Of 1 91 3 the Legis latu re has made a c om pl ete d epar tu re f rom
th i s p r inc iple. The c e r t ificate fo r ar rear Of r ent d ue f rom a tenu re
or ho ld ing in areas in wh ic h Chap ter X V I of the Benga l Tenancy
Ac t VI I I of 1 88 3 i s in forc e, has the same effec t as a dec ree for ar rear
Of rent , bu t a c er t ific ate fo r pu b l ic demand s has on ly the eff ec t of a
dec ree fo r m oney . B ut the mode of attac hm en t (though immo veab le
p roper ty need not be attac hed before sale), ins ti gat ion o f c laim s
and objec t ions to the at tac hmen t o r sal e of any p rope r ty and de
l i very Of p r oper ty so ld in exec u t ion of a c er t ificate, whet her for
ar r ear of rent or fo r pu bl ic demand, are s im i lar to the c or res pond ing
p ro v i s ions in the Ci v i l P roced ure Code Ac t V o f Th u s,
46. Abdu l Haiv . Gaj raj 20 I . A . 70 ; 48 . S . 43 P . D . R . Ac t I I I (B. C . )
20Cal . 8 26 ; Gu jraj V . Sec . of S tate 1 7 of 1 91 3.
Cal . 41 4 ; Naud m M isser v . Harakh 49. Cf. Ss . 1 8 , 1 9, 2 1 , 2 7, S ch . I I r . r .
Narain 1 4 C . W . N . 607 1 1 C . L . J . 1 3 2 8, 30- 41 , 46, 48 46 P. D . R . Ac t I I I
2 66. o f 1 91 3 wi th Ss . 60,61 , 66, O. 41
47 . s. 42 P . D . R a 1 1 1 (B . c . ) of r . r . 41 - 63 c . P . 0. Ac t v of 1 003.
1 91 3.
L ECTUR E X .
Proced u re.
L ECTU RE X .
(2 )an infer iort enant .
2 72 COMPU LSORY SALE S
where a tenu re or hold ing at fixed rates or an oc c u pancy hold ing
s i tuated in an ar ea in wh i c h Chapter X I V of the Bengal Tenancy
Ac t VI I I of 1 8 85 i s in for c e i s to be sold in exec u t ion of a cer t ificate
for ar rear of ren t due in respec t t hereof,the mode and effec t of
sa le are s u bs tant ial l y the same as in exec'
u t ion of a r ent dec r ee,
p ro v ided the c er tificate ho l der i s not a c os harer landl ord and the
cer t ificate i s not for h i s shar e Of the r ent ou lyfi0
When any per son hav ing in a tenu re or hol d ing adver t i sed for
sale in exec u t ion of a c er t ificate for ar rear s Of rent d ue in r es pec t
thereof , an interest wh ic h wou ld be vo idab le u pon the sale, pays
into Cou r t the amoun t requ i s i te to p reven t the sale, in add i t ion to
any other r emedy to wh ic h he may be ent i tled, (a) the am oun t so
paid by him shal l be deemed to be a debt bear ing interes t at 1 2 12 p. 0.
per annum and sec u red by a mor tgage of the tenu re or hol d ing to
him (19) h i s mor tgag e shal l take p r ior i ty over e very other c harge
on the tenu re or hol d ing o ther t han a c harge for ar r ear of r en t (0)he shal l be enti t led to take possess ion of the tenu re or ho ld ing as
mor tgagee of the tenant and to r etain possess ion of i t as s uc h unt i l
the debt wi th inter es t d ue thereon has been d i sc harged .“
When an infer ior tenant whose inte res t wou ld be vo idable u pon
the sale pays into Cou r t m oney d ue f rom a su per ior tenan t to pre
ven t the sale , he may , in add i t ion to any o ther remedy p rov ided for
him by law,dedu c t the amount so paid f rom any r en t payab l e by
him to h i s imm ed iate land lor d and that land lord, i f he i s not the
defau l ter , may in l i ke m anne r deduc t the amount so deduc ted f rom
any rent payable by him to h i s immed iate land lord and so on, unt i l
the defau l ter i s r eac hed .
52
Where immoveable p roper ty has been sol d , the c ertificate- debtor
o r any per son whose i nter es ts are aff ec ted by the sal e may, wi th in
30 days f rom the date Of the sale,appl y to the c er tificate- Offic er
to set as ide the sale on depos i ting (a) the amou nt s pec ified in the
p roc lam at ion of sale wi t h interes t at 1 25 p .e . per annum f rom the
date of the c er tificate to the date of the depos i t (b) a sum equal to
5 p .e . of the pu r c hase- money bu t not l ess t han one r upee (c) al l
ou ts tand ing c harges c er t i fied by the Col lec tor to be due to the
Go v ernm ent, prov ided he has not been p rosec u t ing an appl icat ion
60. Of. S eh . 1 1 r . r . 2 9,42
,43
,44
,51 . s . 63 P . D . R . Ac t 1 1 1 (B . C .) Of
45,47 P . D . R . Ac t 1 1 1 (R . C. ) Of 1 8 1 3 1 91 3 ; S . 1 7 1 B . T . Ac t V I I I of 1 885.
w ith Se. 1 63,1 64, 1 65, 1 66
,B . T . 52 . s . 64 P . D . R . Ac t 1 1 1 (B . c . ) Of
Ac t VI I I of 1 8 85. 1 91 3 ; S . 1 72 B . T . Ac t VI II of 1 8 85.
LECTURE
2 74 rCOM PU LsonY SALE S
be for ar rear s of Government revenue,un less the amount due under
the c er t ificate has been paid to the Cer t ificate Ofiic er wi th in 30 days
f rom the date o f ser vi ce of not ic e, or of the determ inat ion of the
pet i t ion. o r the decis ion of the appeal .69‘
The l egal d i sabi l i ty of the plainti ff to ins ti tute the su i t w i l l not
su spend the per iod of l im i tat ion f rom r unn ing,
as S s. 6- 9 of the
L im i tation Ac t I X of 1 908 do not apply .
60 When a su i t has been
b rough t for a dec larat ion that a c er tificate has '
not been du l y made,
the per iod of l im i tat ion p resc r i bed under the sec t ion has no appli
cat ion .
61 The per iod of l im i tat ion wi l l r un,if the c er t ificate and
notic e ar e val id . B u t the mere fac t t hat a greater sum is c laimed
than'
is in fac t due, does not make the c er t ificate and not ic e bad .
62
The determ inat ion of pet i t ion of objec t ion need not nec essar i l y be
u pon e v idenc e gi ven it is enough it the pet i t ion i s d i sal lowed.
63
No c er tificate shal l be canc e l led by a C iv i l Cou r t exc ept on
the ground that (a) the amount stated in the c er t ificate was paid
be for e the s igning of: the c er t ificate or was not due by the
c ert ificate or (b) that the p roceed ing~
of the Col lec tor or a
pu bl ic offic er impos ing fines adj udging cos ts , c harges , ex penses,damages &c. was not in substantial
'
c onformity wi t h the p rev i
s ions of law and that in c onsequenc e the c er tific ate- deb tor
su ff ered su bstant ial inj u ry f rom some er ror , de fec t o r i r regular i ty
in suc h p roc eed ing . Nor,w i l l a c er t ificate be mod ified ex c ept
on the grounds (1 ) that a por t ion of the debt was ne v er due
o r that the c er tificate- debtor has not r ecei ved c r ed i t for any
por t ion wh ic h he has paid. B ut noth ing wi l l inter fere w i th the
ord inary original jurisdic tic tion of the High Cour t at Fo r t Wi l l iamin Bengal o r wi th the j u r i sd ic t ion o f the Cal c u t ta Cou r t of Smal l
Cau ses .“ B ut no sale shal l be set as ide,u nl ess the p u rc haser has
been made a par ty to the suit and u nti l a d i rec tion i s made for the
r e fund of the pu rc hase - money w i th suc h inter es t (it any) as the
Cou r t may al low.
615
A sale of immov eab le p roper ty held wi thout serv ic e of no t ice
under i s not abso l u te l y v o id bu t the pla int i ff i s ent i t led to
59 . S . 34 P . D . R . Ac t I I I (B . C . ) o f 8 4 ; 1 0 C . \V. N . 1 30 1 C . L . J . 538 .
1 91 3, 63. Amb i ka P rosad v . Gopal Buksh60. s . 56 P . D . R . Ac t 1 1 1 1 c . L . J . 550.
6 1 . Nagend ralm la V . S ec . o f S ta te 6—1 . s . P . D . R . Ac t I I I (B .
1 4 ( t. L . J . 83 . o f 1 91 3.
62 . U me dAliv . lie) Laksm i 3535 Cal . 65. S . 34 pm . I ’ . I). R. Ac t l l l (B . C .)
FOR ARREARS OF PU BLIC DEMANDS IN BENGAL .
recover possess ion or to set as ide the sale on the g round that s uc h LECTURE X .
not ice has not been ser ved and that he has s us tained substant ial
inj u ry by r eason o f the i r regu lar i ty,pr ov ided the su i t i s ins t i tu ted
wit h in one year f rom the date of del i very of possess ion of proper ty
to the pur c haser and t hat he has not appeared in the c er t ificate pro
c eeding or app l ied fo r sett ing as ide the sale on mak ing the depos i t
under S . 2 2 , or on the ground of non- ser v ic e of no tic e, or i r regular i ty
u nder S . So,the eff ec t of the om i ss ion to b r ing on the rec ord
the l egal representati ves of the j udgment - deb tor who d i ed af ter
attac hment bu t before sale amounts to a mere i r regu lar i ty and does
not make the sale vo id but on ly vo idab le .
67
An appeal to the Comm i s s ioner i s not the on ly remedy open to
the c er tificate- debtor for sett ing as ide a sale and t here i s no bar to
h i s b r inging a su i t in the Civ i l Cou r t to set as ide the sale on the
ground that the sale was v i tiated by mater ial i r regu lar i ty lead ing to
s ubstant ial inj u ry .
“ S uc h a su i t i s maintainable even i f the sale has
The cert ificate of sale cannot be c onc l usive evi
denc e that the c er t ificate was du ly i ss ued in ac cordance wi t h the law.
70
But the su i t is bar red i f the plaint i ff. fai l s to prove that he has
sustained substant ial inj u ry by r eason of the i r regu lar i ty.
"
A su i t for set ting aside a sale in exec u t ion of a c er t ificate must
be b rough t w i th in one year f rom the date when the sale is confirmed
or wou ld otherwi se have become final and c onc l us ive had no suc h su i t
been b rough t? 2 The mere fac t that the - p laint iff p refer red an appeal to
the Comm i ss ioner wou ld not depr ive him of the fu l l per iod o f l im i ta
t ion .
73 B ut a su i t to set aside a sale or to rec over possession of the pro
per ty sold on the ground that no not ic e under S . 7 was served mus t beb rough t wi th in one year from the date on wh ic h possess ion of the p roper ty
become absol u te.
69
of 1 91 3. 6 C . W . N . 331 .
66. S . 36 P . D . R . Ac t I I I (B . C . ) 69. Jau k i D as v . Ram Golan] 2 8 Cal .
of 1 91 3. 8 1 3 ; 6 C . W. N . 331 .
67 . Bep ia Behary v . Sosi Bhasan 1 8 70. Bishambher v . Bonomal i 26 Cal ,0. L . J . 62 8 . 41 4 ; 3 C . W . N . 233 (F . B . ) U zirali
68 . Sad hu Saran v . Panchdeo 1 4
Cal . 1 Troylukho Nath v . Pahar Khan2 3 Cal . 641 , over r u led by Ram Tarnokv . D ilwu r Ali 2 9 Cal . 73 5 C . W. N.
52 1 (F . B . ) Chunder Kumar V . Sec . of
S tate 2 7 Cal . 698 ; 4 C . W. N . 586
Gopal D as v . Hardeo D as 5 C . W . N . 86
Ram r up v . Khu shal ' 6 C'
. W. N . 630
Jank i D as v "
. Ram Golam 2 8 Cal . 8 1 3 ;
v . Kar tic k 2 C. \V . N . 363.
7 1 . S . 36 P . D . R . Ac t I I I (B . C . )
of 1 91 3 see J iwan Rani v . Har i Charan5 C . L. J . 240 (F . B . )
72 . Ar t . 1 2 (e)Sch . I L imitat ion Ac t
I X of 1 908 .
73. Gopal D as'
v. Hardeo D es 5
C .W .N . 86 Baij Nath v . Ramgu t S ingh23 I . A . 45 ; 2 3 Cal.
L ECTURE X .
Vo id sale .
COMPU LSORY SALES
was del ivered to the pur c haser .
“ Under Ac t I (B . C .) of 1 895,
Ar t . 1 42 of the L im i tat ion Ac t XV of 1 8 77 appl ied to su c h a s u i t .75
I f the sale has been he ld wi thou t j u r i sd ic t ion i t canno t be r i gh tl y
t reated as one made under the Ac t and can c onsequen tl y .be
c hal lenged by a c i v i l su i t wi thou t recou r se to the proc edu re laid
d own in the Ac t .
76 B u t it i s not nec essary to ser ve a not ic e to the
S ec retary of S tate under S . 80C. P . C. Ac t V of A sale
in exec ut ion of a sat isfied c er t ificate i s absol u tely vo id .
78 I n a
su i t to set as ide a c er t ificate the Sec retary of S tate i s a nec essary
par tyf’9 B u t in a su i t to recover possess ion of p roper ty sold on the
ground that the sale i s vo id ab initio, the Sec retary of S tate is
not a nec essary par ty .
80 When there was no cer t ificate du ly made ,
nor any notic e u nder S . 7 ser ved on the c er tificate - debto r,the sale
mu st be set as ide even though the p u rc haser i s a th i rd par ty .
‘31
A su i t agains t a c e r tified - pu rc haser for a dec larat ion that the
pu r c hase was made on behal f of the plaint iff i s not maintainab le.
82
E very ques t ion ar i s ing between the c er tificate- ho lder and the
c er tificate - debtor or thei r r epresentat ives r elat ing to the mak ing
exec u t ion, d i sc harge or sat i s fac t ion of a c er tificate du ly filed or
r elat ing to the c onfirmat ion or set t ing as ide of a sale shal l be
determ ined not by su i t bu t by order of the Cer t ificate Officer , bu t a
su i t may be brough t in a C iv i l Cou r t in respec t of any suc h ques t ion
u pon the ground of fraud .
83
74. S . 36 F.D .R . Ac t I I I (B . C .)of 1 91 3. 7 10 ; 1 1 C . L. J . 254 Nandan M isse r7 5.
Pum a Chand ra v . D inaband hu v . Harakh Narain 1 4 C . W . N . 607 ;
34 Cal . 8 1 1 ; 1 1 C . W . N . 756 ; 5 C .L .J . 1 1 C . L . J . 2 66.
6 96 ; Chunder Kumar V . Sec . of S tate 79. Gob inda Chand ra v . Hemanta
2 7 Cal . 698 4 C .W . N . 586 Syam Lal Kumari31 Cal . 1 59 ; 8 C . W . N . 657.
v. Nilmony 34 Cal . 2 41 5 C. L . J . 385 80. Raghu raj v. Maharaj 1 4 C . W .
Saroda Charan v .K isto M ohan 1 C .W .N . N . 606 ; 1 1 C . L . J . 385 Mot i Lal v .
5 1 6 ; E lokeshi v . Abinash 5 C . L . J . Karabu ldin 2 4 I . A . 1 70 ; 2 5 Cal . 1 79 ;
6 38 ; Sookan Sahu v . Bad r i Narain 5 l C . W . N . 639.
C . L. J. 686.8 1 . Baij Nath v. Ramgat S ingh 5
76. Janakdhari v . Gossain Lal 37 C . L . J: 687 .
Cal . 1 07 ; 1 3 c . w.N
. 7 1 0 ; 1 1 o. L . J . s . 2 1 P. D . R . Ac t 1 1 1 (B . C . )of
2 54 ; Nandan M isser v. Harakh Narain 1 91 3 ; see Har i Charan v . Chand ra
1 4 C . \V.N
. 607 ; 1 1 C . L . J . 2 66. Kumar 34 Cal . 787 ; 1 1 C. W . N . 745
77 . Raghubansv
. P hool Kumar i 32 Banga Chand ra v. Tara Kinkar 1 6 C . WCal . 1 1 30 ; 1 C . L. J . 542 .
N . 973 ; 1 6 C . L . J . 41 2 ; G ir ish7 8 .
Abd u l Hai v . Gajraj 20 I . A . Chand ra v . Golam Kar im 33 Cal . 451 ;
70 ; 20 Cal . 826 ; Guj raj v . S ec . 1 0C .W.N. 347 3 C . L. J 2 35 Amb i ka.o f S tat e 1 7 Cal . 414 ; Janakd hari v . P rosad v . Gopal Baksh I C . L. J . 550.
Gessaia Lal 37 Cal . 1 07 ; 1 3 C . W . N . 83. S . 37 P . D . R . Ac t I I I (B . C . )
LECTURE X . .
D isposal of
sale pr oceed s.
2 78‘
COMPU LSORY: SALES
for ar rear s o f r ent .$ 9 The pu rc haser hav ing power to annul an
inc umb ranc e shou ld fol low the p rocedure laid down in S . 1 67 B . T.
Ac t VI I I of
When assets are real i zed in exec u tion of a c er t ificate, these shal l
be paid (a) the c osts inc u r red by the c er tificate - holder (b) the amount
due under the c er t ific ate (0) any other amount rec overab le under
the c er tificate - p roc edu re and due to the c er tificate- ho lder on the daywhen the assets were real i zed ; the balance shal l be paid to. the
c ertificate- debtor . I f there be any d i spu te regarding the c laim of
the c er tificate - c red i tor to real ize any money al leged d ue s inc e. the
c er t ificate, the Cer t ificate Officer shal l determ ine the d i spu te.
9 1
89. S . 20(3) P. D . R . Ac t I I I (B . C . ) of 1 91 3.
of 1 91 3 ; see S s. 1 58B ,1 59 B . T. Ac t 91 . S . 2 6 P. D . R . Ac t I I I (B . C . ) of
V I I I of 1 885. 1 91 3.
90. Se. 20 62 P . D . R . Ac t I II
L E CT U R E X I.
Com pu lsory Sa les fo r arrears o f Putnirent in Beng a l .
Wh i le by the Permanent Sett lement of 1 793, the p rop r ietor s o f
estates answerable to Government for the revenue assessed on the
es tates were given fu l l power to sett le thei r land s to the tenants
in a way mos t c onduc ive to thei r interes ts , S . 2 R eg . XLI V of 1 793
(subseq uen t l y repealed by Ac t XX IX of 1 8 7 1 ) p ro v ided t hat no
zem indar s s hou ld grant pattahs to raiyats or other per sons fo r th e
c ul t ivat ion of lands for a term exc eed ing ten year s and that every
pattah granted in c ontravent ion of suc h p ro v i s ions s hou ld be nu l l
and vo id . But notwi th stand ing suc h p roh i b i t ion, tenu res wer e
c reated wh ich were permanent,hered i tary and al ienabl e
,though rent
was not in al l cases fixed for ever , there being general ly inser ted in
the leases a cond i t ion for enhancement at c ustomary rates, or wh en
ever there m igh t be a general enhanc ement in the d i s tr ic t.‘
The
M aharaja of B urdwan, who had to pay a very large amount o f
r evenue assessed on the es tates set t led with him , dev i sed an easy
and speedy method of real i z ing r ent from h i s tenants, th us aver t ing
the ine v i table r u in wh ic h wou ld otherwi se befal l on him in de fau l t
of mak ing punc tual payment o f the Governmen t r evenue . Fol lowing the method adopted by the Government to r eal i ze the revenuepermanently settled by sale of the p rop r ietor ’ s estates , the M aharaja
c reated a kind of s ubord inate tenu res known by the name,
“ pu tni
tal uks , that i s,set tled tenures to be he ld at a r ent fixed in perpetu
ity by the lessee and h i s hei r s fo r ever , wh ic h were as per manent
as h i s own es tates had been wi th the Go vernment and s ubjec t to
s im i lar r u les regard ing summary sale for the p unc tual real i zat ion
of r ent permanent ly fixed on them as fo r the Government re venu e
fixed on the es tates , for the punc tual real i zat ion of revenue r eq u i red
the punc t ual real i zat ion of r ent by those who had to pay the revenue.
But,al though the p rov i s ion of S . 2 Reg X L I of 1 793 was
r epealed by S . 2 Reg . V of 1 8 1 2 wh ic h al lowed the p rop r ieto r s
o f lands to grant leases for any per iod wh ic h they m i gh t deem
mos t c on v en ient to them se l ves and the i r tenants and mos t con
d ucive .to the im provement of thei r estate” and the R eg . X VI I I of
1 8 1 2 mo re d i s t inc t ly dec lared that zem indar s were at l iber ty to
g rant tal uks and others leases of the i r lands fix ing the rent in
LECTURE
Defin i t ion.
COMPU LSORY SALES
per petu i ty at th e i r d i sc ret ion,subjec t to the l iab i l i ty of thei r
be ing d i ssol ved on the sale of the es tate fo r ar rear s of Governmen t
r evenue , Reg . VI I I'
o
'
f 1 8 1 9 dec lared the valid i ty o f these tal u ks
c reated be fore the pass ing of Reg . V of 1 8 12 and wh i le the r u les
of S . 2 Reg . XLIV o f 1 793 dec lar ing the val id i ty of tenu res
g ran ted-
for a larger te rm than ten year s was in f u l l fo rc e and
effec t .1 Reg . XLI V of 1 793 was intended to app ly to leases wh ic h
migh t have been avo ided by the g ran tor or h i s he i r s d u r i ng the
time t hat the regulat ion was in fo r c e bu t wh ic h had been ac ted
u pon by both par t ies after the exp i rat ion of ten year s and wer e
treated and c ons idered as in ex is tenc e at the t ime of the pass i ng
of R eg . m iof
A pu tni tal uk i s a tenu re c reated by a p ropr ietor of a perma
nently l
settled es tate u nder d i rec t engagement w i t h Government,
“to he he ld at a r en t fixed in per petu i ty by the lessee and h i s
he i r s fo r e ve r ,” s ti p u lat ing, among o ther th ings
,that “ in case o f an
ar rear oc c u r r ing, the tenu re may be b rough t to sale by the zem indar .
" 3
I t i s t rans ferab le by sale gi ft or otherwi se at the d i sc ret ion,
o f the
ho lder , as we l l as answerable for h i s personal debts and s u bj ec t to
theh
p roc ess of the lou r t of Jud icat u re in the same.
manner as other
r eal p roper ty ,
”4 I t i s not l iab le to be for fe i ted for non - paymen t
o f r en t, e ven i f there be an agreement to that effec t,b u t it i s l iable
to be so ld by pu bl ic au c t ion ac c ord ing to law.
6
The pu tnidar i s ent i t led to su b let the lands in a way mos t
c onduc i v e to h i s interes t bu t su c h sub let t ing_s hal l no t p rej ud ic e the
z em indar ’s.
r igh t to ho ld the, pu tn i answerab le fo r any ar rear o f h i s
r en t in the s tate it,
was granted and f ree f rom al l inc umb ranc es
c reated by the pu tnidar6
The very u se of the word,
‘f pu tni in a lease car r ies w i th i t al l
the inc idents of su c h a tenu re in the absenc e of any c lear intent ion
or s t i pu lat ion to the c ontrary .
7 A pu tn i lease i s not a lease for
1 . S . 2 Reg . V I I I of 1 8 1 9.
2 S heo Per shad v . Kal ly Dass 5 Cal.
543 ; 5 C . L. R . 1 38 .
3. S . 1 Reg . V I I I o f 1 8 1 9.
4. S . 3 (1 ) Reg . V I I I of 1 8 1 9.
5. S . 3 (3) Reg . V I l I of 1 8 1 9 ;
M ohabu t Ali v . Mahomed Fa izu l lah 2
C . \V. N . 455 ; \Vatson v . Co ll . of Rajshaye 1 3 M oo: 1 60; 3 B . L . R . 48 P . C
1 2 \V. P . c . ; Jo tind ra
‘
M ohan v .
Jarao Kumar i 33 I . A 30 33 Cal . 1 40
1 0 C . \V. N . 201 ; 3 C. L .J . 7 .
6 . S . 3 (2 ) Reg . V I II of 1 8 1 9.
7 . Tar in i Charan v . \ Vatson 1 2 \V . R.
41 3 3 B . L . R . A . C . 437 B rindabun v .
B rindabu n 1 I . A . 1 78 2 1 W . R . 32 4i
1 3 B. L. R . 408 ; Krishnamani v . G ur u
gobind 2 S ev. 1 73.
I
COMPU LSORY SAL ES
7 8 o f the Land Reg is trat ion Ac t V I I (B . C .) of A c on
t rac t by a zem indar to pay the poolbnndi c esses payab le by .the
patn idar u nde r the B . E . Ac t I I (B . C.) of 1 88 2 i s not c ont rary tothe pol icy of the law
,nor vo id fo r any other r eason .
22
The mere fac t of the par t ies own ing interes ts wh ic h ar e not
c o - ord inate in deg ree is no bar to a par tition. H enc e,a par t i t ion .
c an be effec ted between a zem indar and a pu tnidar .
” Befor e the
pass ing of T . P . Ac t IV of 1 8 8 2 the doc tr ine of merger did not applyto lands in the m uffassil . Ac cord ingly , a zem indar c ou ld pu r c haseand keep on foot pu tn i taloek wi thou t the nec essi ty of adopt ing the
p rac t i ce wh ic h fo l lowed in E ngland of pu rc hasing tenu res in the .
name of a tr u stee to prevent the merger of them .
”24 Bu t a p u tnic reated s ince the pass ing of T . P . Ac t IV of 1 88 2 i s determ ined on a
p u rc hase of the same by the,zem indar even at a sale for ar rear s of
r ent o r in exec u t ion o f a dec ree for money .
26
Under S . 4 1 Reg . V I I I o f 1 793,the Chowkidari Chak ran land s
.
m us t be taken to have formed par t of the es tate sett l ed wi th the
zem indar s they wer e annexed to the mal gu zar i lands and dec lar ed
r espons i ble for the pu b l ic r evenue assessed on the zem indar i in wh ic h
they wereinc l uded in c ommon wi t h al l the mal gu zar i lands t herein .
2 6
U pon resumption o f ChowkidariChak ran land and t rans fer of the
same to the zem indar,the patn idar i s ent i t led , i f the land i s c overed
by the pu tni lease, to b r ing a su i t for rec overy o f possess ion and no t
fo r spec ific per formanc e of the c on trac t . The per iod of l im i tat ion
o f suc h a su i t i s governed by Ar t. 1 42 o r 1 44 01"S ch . I of the Lim i ta
The pu tnidar i s bound to pay the zem indart ion Ac t I X o f
2 1 . S uku ru l lah v . Bama S undar i 25. P romo tho Nath v . Kal i Prasanna2 4 Cal . 404. 2 8 Cal . 744 ; see also B irend ra Nath
v . Har i Mohan 1 8 C . W . N . 860.
2 6. Kaz i Newaz v . Ram Ja du 34 Cal .
W. N . 201 ; 5 C . L . J . 33.
2 7 . Mukunda D eb v . B id hu S undar
2 2 . S iba P rosad v . Rakhalmani 41
Ca l . 1 30; 1 8 C . W . N . 86 ; 1 8 C . L . J .
2 3. Hemad riNath v . Raman i Kanta2 4 Cal . 575 ; 1 C . W . N . 406 ; Rad ha.
Kan ta v . Bipr o D as 1 C . L . J . 40 ;
U ma S undar i v . B enode Lal 34 Cal .
1 02 6 ; B hagwat Saha i v . B epin Behar i37 LA . 1 98 37 Cal . 91 8 1 2 C .L . J . 2 40.
2 4 . P er Sir B arnes Heacoc k C. J . ,in
Woom esh Ch u nd er v . Rajnarain 1 0 \V. R .
1 5 ; see a lso Sav i v . 25
\V. R . 503 ; Jiban ti v . Gocool 1 9 Cal .
7 60 ; Jogu t 3 C . L . R .
1 59 .
P u nchanun
P r osu nno v .
35 Cal . 336 ; 1 2 C . \V. N . 459 ; 7 C . L .
J . 439 ; Harak Chand v . Char u Chand ra1 5 C . W . N . 5 ; 1 3 C . L . J . 102 ; c f.
Ranj i t S ingh v . Rad ha Chaa 34 Cal .
564 Kash im S he ik v . P r osunno Kumar
33 Cal . 596 ; 1 0 C. W. N . 598 U pend r a
Narain v . Pr o tap Chand ra 31 Cal . 703 ;
8 C . W . N . 320 ; Kaz i Newaz v . Ram
Jad u 34 Cal . 1 09 ; 1 1 e. W . N . 201
5 C . L . J . - 33 Ranj it S ingh v . Kal i Dasi37 Ca1 . 57 1 4 C . W . N . 52 7 .
FOR ARREARS OF P U TNI R ENT IN B ENGAL.
s uc h rent for the r esumed ChowkidariChak ran lands as c or responds LECTU RE XI .
to the propor t ion b etween the g ross c ol lec tions and the pu tn i r ent
former l y payable by him .
28 The zem indar i s enti tled to r e fuse
sett l ement,u nless the pa tn idar agrees to the c ond i t ions as to paym en t
o f the assessmen t made by the Co l lec tor and a p ropor t ionate share in
the profits .
29
A person who gets h i s name regis tered in the zem indar’
s sheris ta
as the r eal owner of the pu tni i s p rima facie bound to pay the r ent
and c anno t get off by al leging that he i s a benamdar on l y.
30 B u t
absence of su c h regi s tration does not bar the p lainti ff's t i tl e o r his
s u i t for dec larat ion of his r i gh ts .
31 The pr imary objec t o f r egis tra
t ion i s to gi v e informat ion to the z em indar as to who i s the tenan t
and u nti l the formal i t ies r eq u i red by the R egu lat ion are c on form ed
w i th,the land lord i s j u s t ified in l ooking to the r egi s te red tenant to
be the per son l iabl e to him for r en t and i s not bound to rec ogn i se
any one exc ep t the on e r egi ster ed in h i s sherista.
32
The zem indar cannot r efu se to r egis ter and o therwi se to gi ve
eff ec t to an al ienat ion o f a pu tn i inc l ud i ng the case o f a sale made in
exec u t ion of a dec ree or j udgment o f Cou r t , al though he m ay demand
h i s fee and su bstantial sec u r i ty f rom the t rans fer ee,the c ond i t ion
o f fu rn i sh ing sec u r i ty to the amount o f hal f the jama or ye ar l y
r en t,being u nde rs tood to be one of the o r iginal l iabi l i ties o f the
tenu re .
33 I f the pu rc haser fa i l to gi ve sec u r i ty and fee w i th in one
month f rom the date o f sal e , the zem indar is enti tled to attac h and
ho ld possess ion of the tenu re u ntil the sec u r i ty and the fee hav e
2 8 . Har i Narain v . Mu kund Lal 4
C . \V . N . 8 1 4 ; Kaz i Newag v . Ram Jadu:34 Cal . 1 09 1 1 C . \V. N . 2 01 5 C . L .
J . 33 ; Harak Chand v . Char u Chand ra1 5 C . W . N . 5 ; 1 3 C . L . J . 1 02 ;
Rajend ra Nath v . H ira Lal 1 4 C . \V. N .
995 Gopend ra Chand ra v . Tarapra
sauna 37 Cal . 598 ; 1 4 C . \V . N . 1 049.
29. Rajend r a Nath v . H i ra Lal 1 4 C .
\V. N . 995 Gopend ra Chand ra v , Tara
p iasanna 37 Cal . 598 1 4 C . \V . N . 1 049.
i
30. U mesh Chand ra v . Khu lna Loan70. 34 Cal . 92 .
31 . S u r end ra Narain v . GOpiS und ar i32 Cal . 1 031 9 C . \V. N . 8 2 4 ( hu nd er
P e r shad v . Shu vad ra Kumar i 1 2 Cal
62 3 ; Joy Kr ishna v . Sar t'
tnnessa 1 5
Cal . 345 ; Harak Chand v . Char uChandr a 1 5
,C . \V. N . 5 ; 1 3 C . L . J .
1 02 Okh oy Coomer v . Mah tab Chun der2 2 \V. R . 299 ; Ganpat S ing h v . Mot iChand 1 8 C . \V. N . 1 03 ; 1 6 C . L . J .
301 but see M ungu l Doss v . D hunpu t
S ing h 2 5 \V. R . 1 52 .
32 . Saibesh Ch and ra v . Moku nda D eb1 0 C. L J . 453 Ram Chu rn v .
Dr ope M oyee 1 7 \V. R. 1 2 2 ; Raghab
i a nath 1 4 \V . R . 489
9 B .L .R . 91 n S u rend ronath v . Tincowry
20 Cal . 2 47 M atanginiv S reenath 7EC .
\V . N . 552 ; Lu ckhi Narain v . Khet tr o
Pal 20 \V. R . 380 1 3 B . L. R . 1 46.
33. S . 5 Big VI I I M I SI 9.
Chand r a. v .
L ECTURE XI . been gi ven .
Transfer of a.share .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
S uc h attac hment shal l be r egarded as t r ust fo r the
benefit and at the r i sk of the pu r c haser and the ac c ount produc ed byAs the
zem indar i s en t i t led of his own au thor i ty to at tac h and ho ld posses
the zem indar shal l be ac c epted as p rima facie c or rec t .84
s ion of the tenu re, a su i t by him in the C iv i l Cou r t fo r sec ur i ty is not
maintianable.
36 B ut h i s r igh t to sue the former tenant i s not affec ted
by t h i s remedy he can proc eed agains t the former tenant , al though
the pu rc haser i s in possess ion.
36 But the zem indar cannot r e fuse
to r ecogn i se the trans feree when no sec u r i ty i s demanded by him .
”
I f the sec u r i ty f u rni shed by the purc haser or t rans feree be not
app roved by the zem indar , an appl ic at ion may be made to the C ivil
Cou r t of the D i s t r i c t wh ic h , if sat i sfied wi th the s uffic iency of the
sec u r i ty , shal l i ssue an injunc t ion on the zem indar to ac cep t it and
g i ve effec t to the trans fer .
38
When su c c ess ion takes place, the per son s uc c eed ing to a pu tni
tenu re has to pay the land lord’ s fee under S . 1 5 B . T. Ac t V I I I
o f . 1 8 85 wh ic h by S . 1 95 (e) shou ld be r ead as s upplement ing the
P u tniRegu lat ion V I I I o f
hav ing the name regi stered i s not requ i red when the p u tni i s sol d
for ar r ear s of rent u nder the R egu lat ion,al though the p ur c haser
B ut th i s paymen t of fee for
may be cal led on to g ive sec u r i ty .
40
A pu tnidar may trans fer h i s interes t in whole or in par t bu t the
zem indar is not bound to recogni ze the t rans feree of a frac t ional
por tion . The t rans fer of a por tion in no way affec ts the ex is tence of
the pu tni in i ts ent i rety or the r i gh ts of the zem indar ,41 exc ept wi t h
h is c onsent wh ich may be p ro ved by the rec eipt g ranted by him to
the t rans feree, c on tain ing a rec i tal t hat the t rans feree’ s name i s
r egi stered in the land lord’ s sherista as the tenant of a por t ion of the
or i g ina l pu tn i at a rent wh ic h i s a por tion of the or ig inal rent .42 B u t
al though the zem indar i s not bound to regi ster the name of a
34. S . 7 Reg . V I I I of 1 8 1 9. 40. S . 5 Reg . V I I I of 1 8 1 9,
35. Joy K ishen v . Jankeenath 1 7 41 . S . GReg . V I I I o f 1 8 1 9 ; Aosu b
\V. R . 47 1 . v . Bissesh uri 8 C . L. J . 554 ; R akhal36. Luchk i Narain v. Khet t ro Pal
1 3 B . L . R . 1 46 ; 20 W . R . 380 ;
Chand ra v . U mapad o 1 8 C . W. N . 629 ;
Sou rendra Mohan v . Sur nomoyi 2 6 Cal .
Ju doonath v.S u rend ronath v . Tincowri20Cal . 2 47 .
37 . Gob inda S under v . S ri K r ishna1 0 C . L . J . 538 .
38 . S . tS Reg . V l I I of 1 8 1 9.
39. Gyanada Kan tho v . B r emomoyi
1 7 Cal . 1 62 Du rga I’ rosad v . B rindabu n
1 9 Cal . 504.
1 03 ; 3 C . W. N . 38 ;
Jadub Chu rn 1 1 \V. R . 2 94 ; B hoopu tee
v . U mbica 1 7 W. R .
.
1 69 ; Watson v .Col l . of Rajshahye 1 3 M 00. 1 60 ; 1 2
\V. R . 43 P . C . 3 B . L . R . 48 P. C .
42 . PyariM ohu u v . Cropal Pai k 2 5Cal 2 C . W. N . 375 (F. B . )
LECTURE XI .
COMPU LSORY SALES
the expired year in the form er c ase and of the c u r rent year u p to
the end of the month of Ass ia in the latter case.
61 I n a d i s tr ic t
where the Fas l i or Am l i year prevai l s the sel l ing at the beginn ingand m idd le o f the year i s perm i s sible.
52 P roc eed ings for the real
zation of ar rear s of p u tn i r ent to b r ing the es tate to sale are m ore
analogou s to the r emedy by d i s tres s than to a sale ; they are not
taken agains t per sons at al l bu t agains t the tenu re i t se l f .”53
The. power of sale gi ven to a zem inda r u nder the R egu lat ion in
case o f defau l t o f r ent of a pu tn i i s subjec t to impor tan t c ond i t ions
the f u lfilment o f wh ic h i s of the u tmos t c onsequenc e, not on l y“
to the
per son hav ing a r igh t to the tal uk bu t al so to al l t hose who have
r igh ts under him . Henc e, al l the fo rmal i t ies r eq u ir ed by R eg‘VI I I
of 1 8 1 9 enac ted for a c er tain and defined po l icy m u s t be s tr ic tly .
comp l ied wi th be fore a summary s ale by au c t ion o f a pu tn i c an
be proc eeded w i th .
“ B u t the om i ss ion though i t render s the sal e
liable to be rever sed does not rende r i t a nu l l i ty .
“
The p r esen tation of the pet i tion to the Co l l ec tor on the fi rs t o f
B ysakh or Kar tic k c ontain ing a spec ificat ion of the balanc e of r en t
d ue i s not a su bs tant ial por t ion of the p roc ess to be obser ved by the
zem indar p rev iou s to sale,as no inj u r y c ou ld resu l t to the p atnidar
or any one ho ld ing under him by the non- p resen tation o f the
pet i t ion wh i c h i s onl y the method presc r i bed by the R egu lat ion for
pu tt ing the exec ut i ve mac h ine ry in forc e . I t may be presen ted on
the sec ond day o f e i t her of the month s when the firs t happens to be
a S unday }?6 The appl icat ion shal l be s tuc k u p
'
i n some c onsp i c u ou s
par t of the c u tc hery w i th a not ic e that i f the who le amount c laimed
in the former case and th r ee four th s of the amou nt c laimed in the
latter be not paid on the fir s t date of the fo l lowing Jy te and Aughan
r espec t i vel y, the tenu re shal l be sold by pu b l ic au c t ion.
67 The
zem indar i s qu i te r ig h t in set t ing ou t in h i s pet i t ion and not i ces
the name of the pu tn i and the name of the pu tnidar as rec orded
in h i s books ss B u t not ic e not con taining any o rder as to the lot s
51 . S . 8 (2 ) (3) Reg . V I I I of 1 8 1 9. w. N . 805 1 3 c . L . J . 404 .
52 . Pitamber v .D amood u r 2 4 W.R . 1 29. 56. Ah sanu l la v . H u r r i Ch u r n 1 7
53.K r isto M oliun v . Aftabooddeen 1 5 Cal . 474, aff . 1 9 I . A . 1 91 20Cal . 86
\V . R . 560.N iamat U llah v . A . H . Forbes 2 C . \V.
54. Bh ugwan Ch und er v . S udde r A l ly N . 459.
4 Cal . 4 1 2 C . L R . 357 Maharajah of 57 . S , 8 (3)Reg. V I I I o f 1 8 1 9.
flu r ql wan v . Tarasu ndari 1 0 I . A . 1 9 ; 58 . Rajnarain v . Ananta Lal 1 9 Cal .9 Cal . 61 9 ; 1 3 C . L . R . 34. 703 Raghah Chu nd er v . B l ’ajanath 1 4
i
55. Ramsona v . Naba Kumar i 1 6 C . \V . R . 48 9 ; 9 L. l l . 91 11 .
FOR ARREARS OF PU 'I‘N I RENT I N BENGAL .
The pet i t ion need not be im Lee'
rumc X I .
m ed iately “ s tuc k up in some consp ic uous par t o f the‘
c utchery .
”
to be so ld i s not in p roper fo rm .
59
B u t i t i s enoug h i f it be s tuc k up wi th in a reasonable t ime beforethe sale.
60
The s tic k ing u p of c er t ified c op ies ins tead o f the o r i ginal pet i t ion,m Noam
o r pos t ing i t in some book wh i c h was not ac c ess i ble to the pu b l icw i thou t the perm i ss ion of the sher i s tadar ,62 or keep ing it in a bund l e
wh ic h was at n ig h t locked u p for safe c ustody and in the dayt ime
kept in a c ous liic uous p lac e at the ent rance of the c u tc hery , any
pe r son being at l i ber ty to inspec t the who le bund le,
63 is a mater ial
ir regu lar i ty and v i tiates the sale . B u t s t icking u p of the not ic es in
the Co l lec to r ’s Offic e Board ou ts ide the Cour t f rom 1 0 A .M . to 5 P .M .
on weekdays and no t at al l on S undays i s suffic ient .“ The notic e i s
to remain stuc k up t i l l taken down at the t ime of sale .
65 A s im i lar
no t ic e shal l be s tu c k up at the sadar c u tc hery of the zem indar him
sel f . A c opy o f the not ic e shal l al so be sent by him to be pu bl i shed
at the c u tc hery or at the p r inc i pal town or v i l lage u pon the land of '
the defau l ter and served by a singl e peon on the defau l ter or- h i s
manage r and in the event of inabi l i ty “ to proc u re a rec ei p t , the s i g
natu res shal l be taken of th ree “substant ial per sons” res id ing in the
neigh bou r hood in p roof of the not ic e hav ing been pu b l i shed on the
spot . I f the people of the v i l lage ref use to s ign thei r names, the
peon shal l go to the M unsiff’
s Cou r t or to the neares t thana and
du ly publ i shed, get a
I f the not ice has been pub
hav ing sworn that the not i ce has been
c er t ificate to that effec t f rom the officer .
lished at any t ime p re v iou s to the fifteen th of the month of Bysakh
o r Kar tic k it shal l war rant the sale on the fi r st of Jy te or A ugh an or
i f i t be a S u ndav then the next s ubsequent day ,not being a hol iday .
66
The zem indar who in i t iates p roc eed ing i s exc l u s i vel y respons i bl e
for the obse r vanc e o f the forms p resc r i bed for the pu b l icat ion of the
no t ic e . I n everv suit b rough t to contes t the legal i ty of the sale,the
59. Bijoy Chand v . A t a lya Charan 63. Rajnarain v . Anan ta Lal 1 9
32 Cal . 953 ; 3 c . L . J . 46. Cal . 703.
60. N iamat U l lah v . A . H . Forbes 2 C .
\V. N . 459 Ahsanu l la v Hu r r i Chu r n 1 7Cal , 474, atf 1 9 I . A . 1 91 ; 20Cal . 86.
61 . B 1Joy Chand v. Atu lya Charan32 Cal . 953 ; 3 C . L . J . 46.
62 . B aikantha Nath v,M ahatah
Chand 1 7 W. R . 447 ; 9 B . L , R . 87 .
64 . Sach i Nandan v . BejOy Chand 1 1
C . \V. N . 729.
65. S . 1 0 R eg . V I II of - 1 8 1 9 ; see
Bijoy Chand v . Atu lya Charan 32 Cal .
953 ; 3 C . L . J , 46.
66. S . 8 (2 )Reg . V I I I of 1 8 1 9 ; S u rnomoy i v . Grish Chunder 1 8 Cal , 363
(F. B .)
LECTURE
COMPU LSORY SALES
onu s i s on the zem indar to p rove the d ue obser vance of al l the forma
lities as to the pu bl icat ion of not ic e, even if no p roof i s g iven in sup
po r t of the pl ea of i ts uonser vic e.“ B u t when the d i spu te i s onl y as
to whether the s tatu tory mode of p roof of s uc h pu bl icat ion was r e
sor ted to, the zem indar i s not to make ou t that the mode in wh ich
suc h publ icat ion i s requ i red to be p roved was obser ved 63
There is no analogy between the case of a sale of a pu tn i and
that for ar rear s of revenue in the former case the bu rden of p rov
ing due pu bl icat ion i s ent i re ly on the zem indar bu t in the latter the
burden o f p rov ing i r regu lar i ty i s on the par ty who impeac hes the
sale.
69 The objec t of a not ic e of sale for ar rear s o f r en t i s not
merel y to give informat ion to the par t ies w i sh ing to buy bu t to the
defau l ter t hat un less the ar r ear be paid by a c er tain day the pr oper ty
wi l l be sold and al so to the u nder tenan ts , mor tgagees and other
inc umbranc er s on the tal uk to enable them to p r eser ve t hei r own
r igh ts ."0 The objec t wou ld be fr u s trated,i f it were suffic ient to
pu b l i sh the not ic e at a d i s tant c u tc hery, or ser ve i t per sonal l y on
the de fau l ter . Ac c ord ingly, i f there i s a c u tc hery on the land of the
defau l t ing pu tnidar , i.e.,
- the land wh ic h i s to be sold for ar rear s of
rent, the c opy o r ext rac t of su c h par t of the not ic e o f sale as may
apply to the tenu re in ques t ion m us t be p ub l i shed in the c u tc her y ,and i f there is no s uc h c u tc hery on the land held by the defau l ter ,the c opy or extrac t m u s t be pu bl i shed at the p r inc i pal town or
v i l lage in the land 7 1 B ut the objec t i s attained i f the not ic e hav ing
been plac ed for a t ime on the c u tc hery of the defau l ter and then
ser ved on him per sonal ly .
7 2 The house where the gomas ta r es ides,
67 . Sona. Beebee v .
' Lal l Chand 9W,R . 69. Sheor u t ton v . Net L011 30 Cal .2 42 ; Doorga Chu rn v . Najunood decn 1 ; 6 C . W . N . 688 .
2 1 \V. R . 397 ; Maharajah of Bu rdwanv . Tarasnndari10 I . A . 1 9 ; 9 Cal . 61 9 ;
1 3 C. L . R . 34 ; Maharan i of Bur dwanv . K r ishna. Kam in i 1 4 I . A . 30; 1 4 Cal .
365 ; Bejoy Chand v . Am r i ta Lal l 2 7Cal . 308 ; Mebesh Narain v . K r ishnanund 9 MOO. 324 ; 5 W. R . 7 P . C .
68 . Bejoy Chand v . Am r ita Lal l 2 7Cal . 308 ; Maharaja of Bu rdwan v .
Tarasundari 1 0 I . A . 1 9 ; 9 Cal . 61 9 ;
1 3 C . L . R . 34 ; Maharan i of Bu rdwanv . K r isto Kam ini 1 4 I . A . 30; 1 4 Cal .
365.
70. S u rnomoyiv . Grish Chunder 1 8
Cal . 363 (F . B . ) Gour ee Lal l v .
Joodhish teer 1 Cal . 359 ; 2 5W . R . 1 41
Raghab Chand ra v . B rajanath 1 4 IV. R .
489 9 B . L . R . 91 11 .
7 1 . Maharan i of Bu rdwan v . K r ishnaKam in i 1 4 I . A . 30 ; 1 4 Cal . 365, afig .
Maharaja of Bu r dwan v . K r isto Kam in i9 Cal . 931 (F . B . ) 1 3 C . L . R . 42 7
Mah omed Zam i r v . Abdu l 1 2 Cal . 67 ;
Ahsauu l la v . Hu r r i Chu rn 1 7 Cal . 474,
aff . 1 9 I . A . 1 91 ; 20Cal .
7 2 . Gou ree Lal l v . Joodhisteer 1 Cal .
359 ; 25 \V. R . 1 41 .
LECTURE
His r igh ts .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
payment o f the ar rear s of r ent by the patnidar,any u nder- tenant
mays tay the sale by paying the amount of the balanc e that may be
d ue on or before the lo t has b een c al led u p fo r sale .
82 Paymen t
into Cou r t or payment to the z em indar i s immater ial ; s taying o f
the sale i s the e ssent ial matter .
83 Where the zem indar was aware
o f the depos i t o f r ent though no not ic e was given to him the sale was
h e ld to be bad .
84 A per son making payment to s tay the sale m u s t
have rec ogni zed r igh ts in the pu tn i .86 B u t the u nder tenant’ s nam e
need not be reg i s ter ed in the zem indar'
s sherista to gi ve him th i s
r i gh t .86 The tender to s top a_
sal e m us t be the who le amount due
and wi thou t any c ond i t ion as to its be ing kep t in depos i t by the
Col lec tor as a s take - ho lder to determ ine by a s ummary inves ti gat ion
to p ro ve whether the r ent i s demandab le.
87
The amount paid by the u nder tenan t s hal l be deduc ted f rom any
c la im of r ent that may be due at the t ime f rom him to the holder
o f the tenu re adver t i sed fo r sale.
88 B u t i f the under tenan t has
al ready paid the whole r ent due f rom h im se l f so t hat the amoun t
pa id i s an advanc e f rom p r i vate funds,s uc h paym ent shal l not be
set off agains t f u tu re demands for rent bu t shal l be c ons idered as a
loan made to the propr ietor of the tenu re preser ved f rom sale bv
suc h means and the tal uk so p reser ved shal l be the sec u r i ty to the
person maki ng the advanc e who s hal l be c ons idered to have a l ien
thereupon in the same manner , as i f the l oan had been made u pon
a m o r tgage of the tenu re and he shal l be ent i t led on appl i ca t ion
made to the Co l lec tor to obta in immed iate possess ion of the tenu re
of the defau l ter in order to r eco ver the amount so advanc ed f rom
any p rofits be longing thereto .
89 A zem indar who afte r sel l ing h i s
zem indar i sues and obtains a dec ree for ar rear s of r ent ac c r ued,due
be fo re the sale,i s not ent i t led to the fi r s t c harge wh ic h p reva i l s
agains t the l ien of a darpu tnidar under S . 1 3 (4 ) R eg . V I I I of
8 2 . S . 1 3 (2 )Reg . V I I I of 1 8 1 9. 8 7 . R u n Ch u rn v . D r op s Moyc e 1 7
83. Tariny Debee v . S hama Chu rn W . B . 1 2 2 .
8 Cal . 954. 88 . S . 1 3 (3)Reg . .VI I I of 1 8 1 9.
84. Tara S oond u r ee v.
' Rad ha S und u r 8 9. S . 1 3 (4) Reg . V I I I of 1 8 1 9 ;
2 4 W. R . 63 ; S sibesh Chand ra v . Jakh nn u l l v . S aroda Prasad 1 7 C . L . J .
Mokunda D eb 10 C . L . J . 453. 604 .
85. K r isto v . Mac k intosh W . R . 90. A . H . Forbes v . Maharaj Bahad u r(1 864) 53. 1 8 C. W . N . 747 , r ever s ing M oharaj86. Khet tu r v . Lu ckhee 1 5 W . R . Bahad ur v . A . H . Forbes 35 Ca] . 737 ;
1 25 ; Lu ckhi Narain v . Khet t ro Pal 7 C . L J . 652 .
1 3 B . L . R . 1 46 ; 20w.
FOR ARREARS OF l‘U
'
I‘
N I R ENT IN B ES CAT
The under tenant’ s possess ion i s that of a usu fru c tuary mor tgagee Ls r'r r nr. X I.
r emaining in possess ion t i l l the amount ad vanced i s paid off by the
p rofits of the pu tn i and a pu r c haser at a sale in exec u t ion of a
dec ree aga ins t the pu tnidar i s not ent i t led to en for c e h is ass i gnment
by operat ion of law w i thou t d i sc harging the inc umbranc e c reated by
law before s uc h ass ignmen t.91 B ut a person who en ter s into posses
s ion of a tenu re as mor tgagee by operat ion o f law i s bound in the firs t
p lace to pay the rent due to the land lord ou t of the c o l lec t ions befo re
apply ing the same to the l i qu idat ion of h is own debt and the defau l ter
i s no t l iab le for the r ents o f tenu re d u r ing the per iod o f the possess ion
by the per son so ho ld ing i t as mo r tgagee.
92 The u nder tenan t who
has c ome into possess ion of the tenu re and i s ent i t led to the profits o f
i t i s bound to gi ve notic e of h i s t i t le to the raiyats . I n the absenc e
of suc h not ic e he canno t r ec over from th em rents al ready paid by
them to the pu tnidar .
93 \Vhere a darpu tnidar fal sel y al leged that
no rent was due,he c annot c la im to set off any por tion of the amount
in a su i t for rent by the pu tnidar .
94 The under tenant ’s posses s ion
of the p u tn i after h is l ien on i t i s ex tingu i shed by sat i s fac t ion of
the debt from the p rofits of the tenu re i s an adverse possess io n .
95
The u nder tenan t i s no t bound to appl y to the Co l lec tor for immed iate
possess ion o f the tenu re bu t i s c ompeten t to su e for the r ec o ve ry of
the amoun t in the ord inary way wi thou t mak ing any su c h app l ica
t ion .
96 Any payment made by an u nder tenant on ac c ou nt of
su bseq uent r ent i s not a c harge under S . I3 (4) R eg . VI I I of
1 8 1 9, nor unde r S . 65 B . T . Ac t V I I I o f 1 885 ; nor,i s i t a c laim
ar i s ing under S . 69 I . C. Ac t IX of
The tal ukdar may c ontes t the zem indar ’s demand of any ar rear
as spec ified in the not ic e adve r t ised and apply for a summary in ves t i
gation at any t ime w i th in the per iod of not ice t hereu pon the
9 1 . Nabo Gopal v . S r inath 8 Cal .
8 77 ; 1 1 C . L . R . 37 ; B oist ub Chu rn v .Tara Chand 1 1 \V . R . 357 Lal i t M ohu u
v . S r inibas 1 3 Cal . 331 1 1 C . L . R . 37 .
92 . B haru b Chand ra v . Lal i t Moh un1 2 Cal . 1 85 ; Kannaye Lal l v . Nisto riny
1 0Cal . 443 Ram j iban v . Tazu ddin 1 5
C . \V. N . 404.
93. Nil Monee v . H i l ls 4 \V. R . (Ac t
X) 38 .
94 . Kamalanand v . Jarao Kumar i1 7. C . L . J . 96. N . 404.
95. Kan t i Chunder v . Baman Doss25 \V. R . 434 ; Jakhomu l l v . Saroda
Prasad 7 C . L . J . 604.
96. U mbika v . P ranh u ree 1 3 W . R . 1
(F. B . ) 4 B . L . R . 7 7 (F . B . ) Lu c khi
Narain v . Khet t ro Pal 20 \V. R . 380
1 3 B . L . R . 1 46 ; Lal i t Mohu n v .
S r in ibas 1 3 Cal . 331 ; 1 1 C . L. R. 37 ;
Nobo Gopal v . S r inath 8 Cal . 8 77 ; 1 1
C . L . R . 37 .
97 . Ram j iban V . Tazuddin 1 5 L'
.\V.
COMPU LSORY SALE S
LECTURE XI . zem indar shal l be cal led u pon to fu r n i sh h i s kabu liat and o th er
p roo fs in order that an award m ay be made before the day appo inted
for sale. B u t i f no awar d be made before the date of sal e, or i f a
su i t brough t by any par ty c ontest ing the r i gh t of the zem indar to
make the sale be s t i l l pend ing and the zem indar ins i s ts on the de
mand,the sale shal l be made on his r espons i b i l i ty
,u n less the amou n t
c laimed be depos i ted by the tal ukdar c ontes t ing the demand .
93
The summary enqu i ry m ust be made wi th in the per iod of not i ce,
i.e.
,1 st Jyte or l st Aughun as the case may be.
99 The Col lec tor may
take u p the po ints c onnec ted not on l y wi th the am ount of the
c laim bu t the saleab le c harac ter or otherwi se of the tenu re. A
putnidar who contes ts the ar rear may depos i t the amount c la imed
after the lot has been c al led u p for sale. But the zem indar c an
dec l ine to ac c ept the tender of payment made by an u nregi s ter ed
t rans feree and if he ins i s t on, the Co l lec tor has no Op t ion to s tay the
sal e bu t i s bound to p roceed w i th it . 100
The sale of a pu tni tal uk shal l be made in open c u tc hery
by the Col lec tor of Land R evenue in whose j u r i sd ic t ion,as defined
by Ac t VI of 1 853, the lands lie,1 01 to the h i gh es t b idder bu t not to
the ac tual de fau l ter , nor h i s under tenan ts . I f the fi fteen per c ent
of the pu rc hase- money be not paid immed iatel y or w i th in two hou rs ,the lot shal l be reso ld on the same day and i f the r emainder of the
pu rc hase- money be not paid by noon of the e i gh th day , not ic e . of
the r esale on
'
the fol lowing day , i.e. ,the n in th day , shal l be gi v en by
heat of d r um and the lot shal l be reso ld at the appo inted t ime at the
r i sk of the firs t pu r c haser who shal l for fe i t the depos i t of fi fteen per
c en t al ready made and be fu r th er answerab le for any amount by wh ic h
the proc eeds of the sec ond sale may fal l shor t of the antec eden t
one . I f on the date of r esale the zem indar ac c epts the ar rear s
f rom the defau l ter and the p u tn i i s not pu t u p for sale, that does
not give any r igh t to the pu r c haser to get a refu nd of the earnes t
money . The defic iency may be le v ied by the p roc ess fo r the
exec u t ion of dec rees o f the C i v i l Cou r t . 1 02 Or ig inal ly, pu tn i sales
u sed to be conduc ted by the Ci v i l Cou r ts bu t suc h c onduc t wast rans fer red by S . 1 6 R eg . V I I of 1 832 to the R evenue officer ,
bu t the wo rds in S . 9 p roper l y appl icable, i f the sal e were to be
c ond uc ted by the C i v i l Cou r ts bu t somewhat mean ingl ess when
98 . S . 1 4 Reg . V I I I of 1 8 1 9. 100. S . 1 4 Reg . V I I I 0f 1 8 1 9.
Ram Chu rn v , D I OPO hInyee IOI . S 3 AC I. V I I I (P) . C . ) Of 1 865,
1 7 w. R . 1 2 2 . 1 02 . s . 9 Reg . V I l I o f 1 8 1 9 .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
LRc'
rnRi. M pu r chaser furni sh ing good and su bstan t ial sec u r i ty when.
so requ i red ,the pu r c haser may app ly to the Ci v i l Cou r t and be pu t in possess ion
o f the lands by the naz i r in the same maner as possess ion i s ob tained
u nder a dec ree of Cou r t. B u t i f the de lay be on ac coun t of the
zem indar ’s c ontes ting the su ffic iency of the sec u r i ty tender ed , the
pu rc haser may apply to the Civ i l Cou r t of the d i s t r ic t wh ic h , i f‘
sat i sfied of the su ffic iency of the sec u r i ty ,shal l i ssue an inj unc tion
on the zem indar to ac c ept i t and gi ve effec t to the t rans fer wi thou t
de lay .
1°9
I f the zem indar wi th ho lds h i s amu ldustak or or der s for posses
s ion and d i sab les the pu rc haser f rom c ol lec t ing rents,i t i s ineq u i tabl e
to al low him to r ec over f rom the pu r c haser the rent wh ic h the
w i thho l d ing of the amu ldustak has p re vented h i s c o l lec t ing .
1 10 I f
the de fau l ter or the ho lder s of tenu res on ass i gnment s der i v ed f rom
him and intermed iate between him and the ac tual c u l ti vator s offer
oppos i t ion or inter fer e wi t h the c o l lec t ions of the p u rc haser f rom
the lands c om pos ing h i s pu rc hase, the pu rc haser may app l y to the
C i v i l Cou r t . A p roc lamation shal l then issue dec lar ing t hat the
new inc umben t hav ing, by pu rc hase at a sal e for ar r ear s of rent due
to the zem indar , ac qu i red the en ti re r i gh ts and p r i v i leges attac h ing
to the tenu re of the late tal ukdar in the s tate in
i
wh ic h i t was
o r ig inal ly der ived by him f rom the zem indar he alone wi l l be
rec ogn i zed as ent i t led to make the zem indar i c o l l ec tions in the
mof u ssi l and n o paym ents made to any other ind i v id ual w i l l on any
ac c oun t be c red i ted to the raiyats o r other s in any s u i t fo r ren t or
on any other oc cas ion whate v er when the same may be p l eaded . I f
after the i s su e of su c h p roc lamat ion the late i nc umbent or h is u n
der tenants s t i l l c ont inue to oppose the ent ry o f the pu r c haser , or i f
ther e be a r eason to appr ehend a b reac h of the peac e,the aid of po l ic e
offic er s and of al l o the r p ub l ic offic er s shal l be gi v en to the p u rc haser
on hi s presen t ing a wr i t ten appl icat ion fo r the sam e .
1 1 1
A pu tn i sa le i s inval id i f th ere was no ar rear of r en t at the date
of sale ,1 1 2 or where the zem indar knows that the rent d ue has been
paid into Cou r t.1 1 3 B u t the depos i t wi th the Co l lec to r has not the
e ffec t o f payment to the zemindar .
m No r , c an a sale s tand i f the
1 09. S . 1 5 (1 )Reg . V I I I of 1 8 1 9 . Ch u nd er 7 W . R . 2 1 8 ; M obar u ck Ali
1 1 0. Bid hoomookhi v. Nilmoney v . Ameer Al i2 1 W . R . 2 52 .
1 C .
L. R . 464 D arimba v . Nilmonee 1 1 3. Tara S oond u ree v . Radha Soond ur
1 5 \V. R . 1 80.2 4 W . R . 63.
1 1 1 . S . 1 5 (3) Reg . V I I I of 1 8 1 9. 1 1 4. K r ishna Mohan v . At'
tabud din
1 1 2 . S hu roop Ch und e r v . I’c r tal » \V. R . 560 ; 8 B . L . R . 1 3 1 .
FOR ARR EARS OF P IITNI R EN 'I‘ IN B ENGAL .
p ro v i s ions of the Reg . V I I I of 1 8 19 are not s tr ic tl y c om pl ied with .
" I5 LRPTU RR X I .
B ut mere inadequacy o f p r ic e i s no g round for sett ing as ide a sal e
r egu lar l y he ld .
1 1 6
I t i s c ompeten t to any par ty des i rous o f c ontest ing the r igh t of
e zem indar to make the sale, wh ether on the g round o f the re ha v ing
been no balanc e due o r on any other g round,to sue the zem i ndar ,
mak ing the pu r c haser a par ty for the r e v er sal o f the sal e and on
es tabl i sh ing a su ffic ien t p lea to ob tain a dec ree w i th c os ts and
damages . 1 1 7 Thu s , an u nregi s tered pr opr ietor o f a pu tn i i s ent i tl ed
to sue to set as ide a sal e .
1 1 8 The suit may be b rough t in any
one of several Cou r ts in whose j u r i sd ic t ion the prope r ty o r a par t
thereof i s s i tuate, al though the sale was held in the (Jo l lec torate of
t her d i s tr ic t.1 1 9 One of the defau l t ing c oshar er s may sue to set
v de the sale making the ot her c oshare rs par ties bu t the su i t m us t
oe for set t ing as ide the sale of the whole pu tn i , fo r the Cou r t cannot‘ec lare the sale to be good or bad in par t bu t mu s t dec ide whether
i s to stand or fal l for the whol e tenu r e.1 20
The l im i tat ion of su i ts to set as ide a pu tn i sal e begins to r un f rom
the date of the c onfirmation of the sale , i.e.,the date o f the paym en t
of the fu l l amount of the pu rc hase- money ,the per iod being one y ear
u nder Ar t . 1 2 (d) S c h . I of the Lim i tat ion Ac t I X o f
When a pu tn i sale i s set as ide the Cou r t shal l indemni fy the pu r
c haser agains t al l loss at the c harge of the zem indar o r the per son at
He i s t herefo re ent i tl ed
to a refund of the pu rc hase - money wi th interes t .”3whose su i t the sale may have b een m ade .
1 22
He may al so
obtain damages and c osts f rom the zem indar)“ He may al so
1 1 5. Bijoy Chand v . Atu lya Charan32 Cal . 953 ; 3 C . L . J . 46 ; S u rno
moyc e v . Grish Chunder 1 8 Cal . 363 ;
Rajnarain v . Ananta Lal 1 9 Cal . 703.
1 1 6. M ungazee v . Sh ibo S oondu r ee 2 1W . R . 369.
1 1 7 . S . 1 4 Reg . V I I I of 1 8 1 9.
1 1 8 . Rajnarain v . Ananta Lal 1 9 Cal .703 ; Joykrishna v . S ar fannessa 1 5 Cal .
345 ; Chunder Pershad v .
Kumari 1 2 Cal . 62 2 con tr a M ungu l
Doss v . D hu npu t S ingh 25 \V . R . 1 52 .
1 1 9. Ben i Madhab v . Jo tind ro Mohun
1 1 C . W. N. 765.
1 20. Ramsona v . Naba Kumar i 1 6C . W. N . 805 1 3 C . L . J . 404 ; R am
Chu rn v . D r opo M oyee 1 7 W . R . 1 22 ;
Shu vad ra
S u resh Chand ra v . AkkoriS ingh 20 Cal .
746 ; U nnoda v . E rsk ine 2 1 \V. R . 68
1 2 B . L . R . 370 ; Gangadhar v . Abd u lAjij 1 4 C . W . N . 1 2 8 ; 1 1 C . L . J . 34.
1 2 1 . Ram sona v . Naba Kumar i 1 6C . \V. N . 805 ; 1 3 C . L . J . 404 Bhu banMohan v . G ir ish Nar ain 1 3 C . L . J . 339.
1 2 2 . S . 1 4 Reg . V I I I o f 1 8 1 9.
1 23. M obar nc k Ali v . Ameer Ali 2 1
IV. R . 252 ; Bejoy Chand v . Am r i ta Lal l2 7 Cal . 308 ; Preo Lal l v . GyanTu runginee 1 3 \V . R . 1 61 ; B aikan tha
V . M ahatab 9 B . L . R . 87 ; 1 7 \V. R .
447 Khel lat Chu nder v . Keshub Chund er 1 6 W. R . 46.
1 2 4 . Abd ool lah v . Comed Ali6 W R .
32 1
LECTURE X I .
Pu r chase byd efau l ter .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
c ompel the zem indar to indemn i fy him on ac c ount of al l payments ofr en t wh ic h he may have made, o r he can set up h i s loss in answer toa l iab i l i ty wh ic h he has inc u r red .
1 25 P ayment of r ent made by a
pu rc haser befor e the sale i s set as ide is no t a vol untary payment
u nder S . 69 of LC. Ac t I X of
Upon the sale be ing set as ide and possession res tored,the pu tn i
dar takes bac k the estate s ubjec t to the obl igat ion to pay the ar rear s
o f rent wh ic h bec ame d ue .
1 2 7 The zem indar i s en t i tled to br ing a
s u i t for the ar rear s under the or d inary Ren t law,as i f no appl icat ion
were made u nder the Regu lat ion . L im i tat ion does not r un so long
as the sale i s not set as ide and the possess ion restored to the putnidar .
I f the zem indar h im se l f pu r c hases the tenu re and c o l lec ts rents f rom
the tenant s , the pu tnidar i s ent i t led to deduc t the amount real i zed
by the zem indar f rom h i s c laim of rent . 1 23 The pu tnidar i s al so
en t i t led to sue the p u rc haser for m esne pr ofits.
1 29 L im i tat ion r uns
U nder Ar t. 109 S ch . I of the Lim i tat ion Ac t IX of 1 908 f rom the
t ime when the p rofits were ac tual l y r ec eived and not f rom the t ime
when the pu tnidar rec overed pos sess ion .
1 30 On a sale be ing set
as ide the former ho lder s of under tenu re get bac k the i r possess ion .
1 31
I f“ they have paid a‘ bonu s to take a f resh l ease f rom the pu rc haser
,
they ar e ent i t led to hav e i t r ef unded .
1 32
A de fau l ter cannot pu r c hase a pu tn i sol d th r ough h is own defau l t ,e i ther in h i s ewn name or in that of any other per son and ac qu i r e a
right'
to annu l a darpu tni c reated by h imsel f or h i s predec essor .
1 83
Not onl y the r ec orded sharehol der s bu t al l ac tual defau l ter s , su c h as
jo int putnidal‘
s, are p roh i b i ted f rom be ing pu r c haser s .
1 34,,I f the
1 25. Nagen'd ra Nath v . Chand ra S ekhar5 C . L . J . 59 Tara Chand v . NafarAn 1 c . L. R . 236 ; Baikantha v. Mahatah9 B . L . R . 87 ; 1 7 \V. R . 447 .
1 2 6. Radha M adhub v . Sasti Ram
2 6 Cal . 82 6.
1 2 7 . S um o Moyce v . Shooshee Mohbee1 2 M00. 2 44 ; 2 B . L. R . (P. C . ) 10; 1 1
W . R . (P. C . )5.
1 2 8. D hunpu t v . Saraswat i 1 9 Cal .
2 67 Mahomed Jeau l lya v . Su kh ean
nessa 1 4 C . \V. N . 446.
1 2 9. Am r i ta Sekhar v . B ejoy Chand4 C . L . J . 547 .
1 30. Peary Mohan v . Khelaram 35
Cal . 996 ; 1 3 C . W . N . 1 5 ; 8 C . L. J .
1 8 1 D hunpu t v . Saraswat i 1 9 Cal . 267
S u rno M oyee v . Sh ooshee M okhee 1 2
M OO . 2 44 2 B . L . R . (P. C .) 1 0 ; 1 1 W. R .
(P . C .)5.
1 31 . S rinarain v . Sm i th 4 Cal . 807
4 C . L . R . 1 48 .
1 32 Tarachand v .
Cal . 778 4 C . L. R . 20.
1 33. S . 9 Reg . V I I I of 1 8 1 9 ; see M i r zaMahomed v. K ishen Mohu n W . R . Sp . 92
S r inath v . Har onath 9 B . L . R . 2 20; 1 8
\V . R . 2 40 Gou r ee Komu l v . Raj K ishen5 “LR . 1 06 Gou r ee Komu l v . R aj Kr isto1 4 W . R . 369 Ram Lal l v . D ebender 8
Cal . 8 ; 9 C . L . R . 337 Kamalanand
v . Jarao Kumar i 1 7 C . L . J . 96 ; M adhub
v . Joy Koomaree 5 \V. R . 201 .
1 34. Gour ee Komu l v . Raj K ishen
Ram Gob ind 4
.L‘
OM J’U LSOR Y SALE S
‘
The pu rc haser is not p r i vy in estate to the d e fau l t ing p rop r ieto r
and he does not der ive h i s t i t le f rom him .
1 42 Anyth ingwh ic h r est r i c ts
or l im i t s the r i gh ts of the pu tnidar and inter fe res wi th h i s enjoym en t
of the pu tni e.g ; , a c u stomary r igh t to app ropr iate tr ee,i s an inc um
branc e.
1 43 S o i s an adver se possess ion .
“ Inc um-branc es and u nder
tenu res are not rip so facto avo ided by the sale, unt i l the p u rc haser
by some over t ac t,snob as
,the ins t i tu t ion of a su i t or otherwi se
,
i nd ic ates h i s intent ion to exer c i se h i s r igh t of avo idanc e .
“ 5
I nc‘
um b ranc es ex i s t ing p re v ious to the date o f the c reat ion of the
p u tn i ar e ne i theri
void no r vo idab l e . When the p u rc haser p roves that
the lands in d i spute ar e inc l uded w i th in the am b i t o f the p u tn i ,the onu s i s on the de fendant to .pro v e that the lands wer e not
h e ld by him o r h i s p redec essor under the l ease .
1 46 The
val id i ty of a pu tni sale cannot be im peac hed c o l lateral l y by way o f
de fenc e in a suit by the pu r chaser for ej ec tment . 1 47 The r ec ei pt
o f r ent fo r 1 5 year s by the p urc haser i s a wai ver on h i s par t to
e v ic t the tenant.“ 8
The per iod o f l im i tation for avo i ding inc um branc es and u nder
tenu res i s 1 2 years u nder Ar t. 1 2 1 Sch. I of the Lim i tat ion Ac t IX
o f 1 908 f rom the date of the c onfirmat ion of sale'
whieh takes effec t
o n the paymen t of ent i r e amount of the pu rc hase - money on the
e igh th day after sale .
“ 9
The p u rc haser shal l not be khu dkast
r a iyat or r esiden t and hered i tary c u l t i vator , nor to annu l any
ent i t led to ejec t a
1 42 . Satish Chand ra v . M unjamati 1 45. T i tu B ib i v . M ohesh Chunde r1 7 c . w. N. 340 ; Tarap rasad v . Ram 683 (F . 1 2 c . L. R . 304 ;
N rising 6 B . L . R . App . 5 1 4 W. R . Satish Chand ra v . M unjamati1 7 C .W. N.
2 83 Radha Gob ind v . Rakhal D as 1 2 340.
Cal . 82 . 1 46. Sash i Bhu san v .
1 43. P rodyote Kumar v . Gop i K r ishna Matain 4 C . L. J . 548 .
37 Cal . 322 ; 1 4 C . IV. N . 487 ; I I C . L . 1 47 .
Mahomed
Ramsona v . Naba Kumar i 1 6J . 209.
1 44 . Satish Chand ra v .
1 7 C . “I
. N . 340 ; P rodyot e Kumar v .Gop i K r ishna 37 Cal . 32 2 1 4 C . \V. N .
487 1 1 C . L . J . 209 Nufl'
er Chand ra v .
R ajend ra Lal 25 Cal . 1 67 Gob inda Nathv . S u r ja Kan ta 2 6 Cal . 460 Karm iKhan v . B rojo Nath 2 2 Cal . 2 44 Har ek( hand v . Bijoy Chand 9 C . \V. N . 795
2 C . L . J . 8 7 Khantom oni v . Bijoy
C aand 1 9 Cal . 7 8 7 ; \Voomesh Chund erv . Rajnarain 1 0\V. R . 1 5.
M unjamati
C . W . N . 805 ; 1 3 C . L . J . 404.
1 48 . Woomanath v. Roghoo Nath 5
\V. R . (Ac t X ) 63.
1 49. T i t u B biv . M ohesh Chund er 9
Ca‘. 683 (F . 1 2 C . L . R . 304
Nu fl’er Chand ra v . Rajend ra Lal 2 5 Cal .1 67 ; Harek Chand v . Bijoy Chand 9C . \V. N . 795 ; 2 C . L . J . 87 S atish
Chand ra v . M unjamati1 7 C . \V. N . 340
see con tra t . e.,fr om the day of sale
Br ojo v. Phl tick I 7 W . R . 407.
FOR ARREARS OF I’U TNI R ENT ‘IN B ENGAL .
buil d /Me“
engagements wi th su c h tenan t , u nl ess i t i s p ro ved in . a Lec rumr.
r egu lar su i t that a h igher r ent wou ld have been demandable at'
the
t ime su c h engagements were contrac tedf 60 The fac t that a raiyat
r es ides in a mouzah other than that in wh ic h the land i s s i tuate does
No r ,
the fac t that the res iden t and h ered i tary c u l t i vator ac q u i red u nde r
not p rec l ude him f rom being t reate d as a r es ident c u l t i vator .
1 51
ar rangement wi th the darpu tnidar m i ras i r i gh t. gi ves the'
pur chaser
a r igh t to ejec t him .
1 52 The c reat ion or g rowth o f a r i ght to app r o
priate trees , whether contrac tual o r c u s tomary,i s a engage
ment wh i c h the pu rc haser c annot annu l . 1 63 I f the zem i ndar him
se l f pu rc hases he is -
not - in a better The pu rchaser
canno t recov er a h igher rent t han h i s p redec essor withou t b r i nging
a r egu lar su i t, e ven it he were t he grantor of the p u tni .”5 - The
ho lder of a kaim i mou rashi jama cn being d i s possessed by‘
the.
pu rc haser c anno t maintain a su i t for es tabl i s h ing h i s r i gh ts, ow n
it the pu rc haser rec ei v ed r ent f rom him and al lowed him to oc c upythe lands fo r se vera l year s .“56 An oc c u pancy o r non - oc cupanc yho ld ing
,it not he l d by a khudkast r a iyat
,is an inc umb ranc e and - no t
p rotec ted f rom ejec tment “57
The pu rc haser i s l iab le fo r the r ent of the month in wh ic h the
zem indar p resented the app l i cat ion u nder S . 8 of the
i t f rom the de fau l ter .
“3 '
su bjec t to a c harge on the tenu re for p rev i ou s ar rear s and a dec ree
Regu
l a t ion and c annot rec ov er The sa le is
for su c h ar rear s has the effec t o f a rent dec ree under S . 65 B . T.
Ac t VI I I of
ac c r u ed may be r eal i zed by the summary p rec ess and the pin-
c hase r
B ut the ar rears that have su bsequent lv
1 50. s . 1 1 (3)R eg . V I I I of 1 8 1 9.
1 51 . Nubokishor e v . Jad ub Chu nder20 \V. R . 42 6 Assanool lah v . Sham sh ir4C . L . R . 1 65 ; Koon tee v . H ridoy 1 6
R . 62 ; B u z loo l Rahman v . Pran Dhun8 W .R . 2 2 2 ; Tarap rasad v . Ram
_
Nrising 6'
E .L . B . App . 5 1 4 \V. R . 2 83 P r od yo te
Kumar v . Gop i K r ishna. 37 Cal . 32 2
\V. R . 206.
1 52 . S arbananda v . Rana Gaz i 1 8 C .
L. J . 334.
1 53. P rodyo te Kumar v . Gop i K r ishna37 Cal . 32 2 ; 1 4 C . \V. N . 48 7 ; 1 1 C . L .
J . 209.
1 54. P rodyote Kumar v . Gop i Kr ishna37 Cal . 322 ; 1 4 C .
\V. N . 487 ; 1 1 C .
L . J . 209 .
1 55. Magaram v. Nilmonee 2 1 \V . R .
32 6 ; 1 3 B . L . R . 1 98 Mad husudan v .Ramdhan 3 B . L. RC 431 1 2 w. R .
383 Golu ckmoniv . Hu ro Chund er 8 \V.
1 4 C . W . N . 48 7 1 1 C . L . J . 209.
1 56. M ohiuiChund er v . Jotirmoy 4
C . L. R . 42 2 .
1 57 . Jogeshwar v . Abed Mahomed 3
C . W. N . 1 3.
1 58 . D arimba v . Nilmonee 1 5 W . R .
1 80 Khoda Buksh v . D ig um bu ree \V. R .
(1 864) 207 .
1 59. S . 1 7 (3) Reg . V I I I o f 1 8 1 9
Peary Mohan v . S reeram 6 C . \V. N.
794 Obhoy Chunder v . N ilambu r W. R .
(1 864) 73.
I l id iii] ILy Of
the pu c haser .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
LECTURE X 1 . cannot escape the l iab i l i ty by plead ing that he has taken possession
of the tenur e af ter a par t of the ar r ear s has ac c r ued.
One per c ent of the sale- p roc eeds shal l be c ar r ied to the ac count
of the Government to meet the expenses of the establ i shment for
carrying into etI ec t the prov i s ions of the Regulat ion.
1 60 Next, the
balanc e on ac count of wh ic h the sal e may have been made shal l be
made good in f u l l (wi th interes t and al l c harges ac tual ly inc u r red
by the zem indar in br inging the tal uk to sale) to the zem indar bu t
the antec edent balanc e, beyond t hat o f the c u r rent year or of t hat
immed iatel y exp i red i f the sale be at the c ommenc ement of the
fo l lowing year , shal l not be inc l uded in the demand s uc h antec edent
balanc e i s a per sonal debt of the patn idar and m ust be r ec over ed
in the same way as other debts by a r egular su i t and not by the
summary r esale of the tenu re under the Regu lat ion, notwhithstanding
a st i pu lat ion in the p u tn i lease that on defau l t of any ins talment o f
r en t , the zem indar shal l be ent i t led to real ize the same by sale of the
pu tni.1m
The remainder of the sale - p roc eeds shal l be h el d in depos i t by
the Col lec tor or A ss i s tant Col lec tor of the d i s tr ic t to answer the
c laims of al l per sons who by ass ignment o f the defaul ter may have
a val uab le interes t on the tenu re or on any par t of it .1 62 A sepu tni
dar , not be ing an ass ignee of the defau l ter,i s not ent i tled to a share
of the sale- proc eeds . 1 63 I t is c ompeten t to a per son hav ing s uc h val u
ab le interest to ins t i tu te, wi th in two month s from the date of sale,a
r egu lar su i t for the p r ic e he may have paid for the same or for a com
pensation for the los s s us tained by him in c onsequence o f the sale,
and the Cou r t may award the c laimant any am ount that may be
deemed j u s t and equ i table under al l the c i rc ums tanc es. I f there
be more c laimants and it the val ue assessed upon the whole c laim
exc eed the amoun t in deposit,s uc h amount S hou ld be d iv ided p ropor
tionately and the remainder.
shal l'
be a per sonal deb t agains t the
defau l ter to be real i sed by the usual p roces s for the exec u t ion of
dec rees .1 64 The sale has not the eff ec t of des t roying the c harac ter
1 60. S . 1 7 (2)Reg . V I I I of 1 8 1 9. 804 ; Jagannath v . Moh iudd in 37 Cal .
1 61 . S . 1 7 (3) Reg . V I I I of 1 8 1 9 ; 747 .
see Sou rendra Mohan v . S u rnomoyi 26 1 62 . S . 1 7 (4)Reg . V I I I of 1 8 1 9.
Cal . 1 03 3 C . W. N . 38 P rangou r v . 1 63. Mot i Lal v . Bisseseu r 3 C.W. N.
Hemanta Kumar i 1 2 Cal . 597 Lu teefun 60.
v. Meah Jan 6 \V. R . 1 1 2 ; Khitish 1 64. S . 1 7 (5)Reg . VI II '
of 1 8 1 9.
Chand ra v . Khu lna Loan Co . 1 6 C . W . N .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
fiECTU RE -X li L imi tat ion Ac t IX of Any person interes ted in a depos i t
may wi thd raw the whole or any par t thereof on s ubst i tu ting G overn“
m ent sec u r 1 ties .
l 75
1 74 . Laksh m i P r iya v . Rama Kanta 1 75. S . 1 7 (8)Reg . V I I I of 1 8 1 9.
30 Cal . 440 7 C W . N . 520.
L ECT U R E X I I .
Com p u lso ry Sa les by D istress.
§ 1 . D IS TRE S S FOR F I NE S AND P E NALTI E S .
When an offender i s sentenc ed to pay a fine,the Cou r t passi ng
the sentence may i ss ue a war ran t for the le vy o f the amoun t by
des tr ess and sale of any mo veab le p roper ty be longing to the off ende r ,
a l though the sentenc e d i r ec ts impr i sonment in defau l t of fine .
1 The
fine may be l ev ied at any t ime wi th in 6 years after the passing o f the .
sentenc e and i f the o ffender be l iable to impr i sonm ent fo r a longe r
pe r iod than six year s,then at any t ime pre v iou s to the expi rat ion o f
that per iod and the death of the off ender does not d i s c harge f rom
the l iab i l i ty any p roper ty whic h wou l d af te r h is death be legal ly
l iabl e for h i s debts .2 Imp r i sonmen t and d i s tress may be s im u l taneou s
ly or dered .
3 But the l iab i l i ty to pay fine does not cease when imp r i sonment i s undergone in de fau l t .‘ Any money (o t her than a fine) payab le by v i r t ue of any order passed under Cr . P . C. Ac t V o f 1 8 98 i s
rec o verab leas i f i t were a fine .
5 F ine can a l so be r ec o v e r ed by
sale of immo veab le p roper ty of a dec eased off ender .
6
\Vhere a bond, taken for the appearanc e o f a per son be fo re a
Cou r t or for any other reason,has been fo r fe i ted and i f s uffic ient
cau se i s not shewn why the penal ty shou ld not be pa id , the Cou r t
may r ec o v er the same by i ssu ing a war rant fo r the attac hmen t and
sal e of the mo veable p roper ty belonging to s uc h per son or h i s es tate
i f he be{
dead.
7 The o r der of the M agistiate I S open to appeal and
r ev i s ion .
8
A publ ic ser vant hav ing any du ty to per fo rm in c onnec t ion w i th
the sale of any proper ty shal l not pu r c hase or bid for the pic
per ty .
9
D I S TR E S S FOR CONTE JII P T OF COU RT.
Contem pt p r imarily s ign ifies d i s respec t to what i s ent i t led to
r egard . I n i ts o r i g in, l egal contempt c on s i s ts in an o ffenc e m ore o r
1 . S . 386 Cr . P . C . Ac t V of 1 898 . C r . 61 .
2 . S . 70 I . P . C . 5. S . 547 Cr . P . C . Ac t V of 1 898 .
3. Queen v. Modoo S ood un 3 \V . R . 6. S . 70 I . P . C . see Q ueen - Empr ess
Cr . 61 Queen v. J ungl i Be ldar 8 B . L . R . v . S i ta Nath 20 Cal . 478 .
App . 49 ; Fargey Rai v . Anju M ian 2 2 7 . S . 51 4 C r . P . C . Ac t V of 1 898 .
Cal . 1 39. 8 . S . 51 5 Cr . P . C . Ac t V o f 1 898 .
4 . Queen v . Modoc Soodun 3 \V. R 9. S . 560C r . P . C . Ac t V o f 1 898 .
Wh at is c on
tem p t. o f
Cou r t
COMPU LSORY SALE S
LECTUR E XI I . less“
d i rec ted agains t the S over e ign as the fountain- head of law and
j us t ic e. Contem pt of Cou r t i s so man i fold in i ts aspec t t hat it
i s d i ffic u l t to lay down any exac t defin i t ion of the offence . Any
conduc t tend ing to br ing the au thor i ty and adm ini s trat ion of the
law into d i srespec t, s uc h as (1 ) ins ul t or res i s tanc e to the per sons
o f the j udges or power s of the Cour t , or (2)d i sobed ienc e to, or neglec t
of,the order of the Cou r t
,or inter ferences W ith the possess ion of
a r ece iver , manager of a bus iness, l i qu idator , r ec e iver , or tr ustee in
bank ruptcy,sher iff after he has sei zed under a wr i t of exec u tion , al l
of whom have been appo inted by , and are therefore officer s of, the
Cou r t i s a contempt . Contempt of Cou r t i s pun i shed not for the
p u r pose of v ind i cat ing the d i gn i ty of the Cou r t or of i ts officer but
to prevent undue inter ferenc e wi t h the adm ini s t ration of j u s tic e.
Wi l fu l d i sobed ienc e to a ju dgment or order r equ i r ing a per son
to do any ac t other than the paymen t of money o r to abstain f rom
do ing any thing is a contempt of Cou r t. The fac t t hat the or der
ough t not to have been made i s not a su ffic ien t excuse for disobe
d ionee. The par ty aggr ieved shou l d apply to the Cou r t for rel ie f .
The breac h of an under taking given to the Cou r t by a per son or
c orporat ion pend ing p roc eed ings on the fai t h of wh ic h the Cou r t
sanc t ions a par tic u lar c ou r se of action or inac t ion i s a m i sconduc t
amount ing to c ontempt . A ttac hment and c omm i ttal are s ummary
p rocesses for pun i sh ing c ontempts and a l so modes of exec ut ion for
enforc ing j udgments and order s .
Th us,a dec ree for spec i fi c moveab le p r oper ty may be exec u ted
by at tac hment of the j udgment- debtor ’ s p roper ty and i f the j u dg
men t- debtor has not obeyed the dec ree, the at tac hed p roper ty may,
on the ex p i rat ion of 6 mon th s from attac hment,be so ld and o ut
of the sal e- proc eeds shal l be given to the dec ree- ho lder s uc h amoun t
as may have been fixed by the dec ree, to be paid as an al ternat i ve to
del i very of mo veab le pr oper ty and in other cases su c h c ompensat ion
as the Cou r t th ink s fit .
10 B u t the p roper ty cannot be at tac hed, i f it
i s not in the possess ion of the j udgmen t - debtor .
u
Again, when a dec ree has been passed for the spec ific per formanc e
o f a c ont rac t , or for res ti tu t ion of conj ugal r i gh ts , or.
fo r an inj une
t ion and the j udgment - debtor hav ing had an oppor tun i ty of obey ing
the dec ree has wi l f u l ly fai led to obey i t, or wh en a dec ree has been
1 0. O. 2 1 , r . 31 C . P . C . Ac t V of 1 1 . P u dmanund y . ChundiD at 1 C .
1 908 .\V. N . 1 70.
COMPU LSORY SALE S
Fai l u r e to attend Cou r t under a pr oc ess , i f wi l fu l , i s a c ontempt
and is p un i shable by at tac hment . When a per son,to whom a sum
mons has been i ssued , e i ther to gi ve ev idenc e o r to p rodu c e a doc u
ment,fai l s to comp l y wi th the summons wi thou t lawfu l eXc u se or
hav ing attended depar ts before the su i t has been d i sposed of,the
Cou r t may mak e an o r der for the at tac hm en t of h i s proper ty not
exc eed ing the amount of the cos ts of attac hmen t and of any fine not
exec eeding five h und red r u pees wh i c h may be imposedf’0
An ac c u sed per son against whom a p roc lamat ion has been i ssu ed
r equ i r ing him to appear at a spec i fied t ime and p lac e m u s t , u nt i l he
has su r r ender ed, be regarded as in c on tempt . Non - attendanc e in
obed ienc e to a proc lamat ion i ss ued by a publ i c ser vant is p u ni s hab le
u n der S . 1 74: I .P .C. The Cou r t i ss u i ng a p roc lamat ion may, at any
t ime,order the at tac hmen t of any proper ty, m oveable or immoveab l e
be longing to the p roc laimed pe rson.
2 l An attac hment may be
s imu l taneou s “
wi t h p roc lamat ion .
2 2 There seem s to be some c onfl ic t
o f Opinion whether or not the und iv ided interes t of an absc ond ingc opar c ener in the p roper ty of a jo int H indu fam i l y or the und iv ided
p roper ty i tsel f cou ld be at tac hed .
”
The prope r ty under attac hmen t s hal l be at the d i s posal of C c
vernm ent.’4 A fter attac hment no t i t le can be c onfer red by an
at tac hment and sale su bsequentl y made in exec u t ion of a money
dec ree by a C iv i l Cou r t . 25
When a c laim i s made to the p roper ty attac hed,the M agis t rate
shou l d s tay the sale to gi ve the c l aiman t t ime to es tab l i sh h i s r i gh t.
26
\Vhen the p rop er ty of a wrong per son i s at tac hed the Government
o r the p r i vate p rosec u tor may be l iab l e in damages .
2 7
The attac hed p ro pe r ty shal l not be so ld u n ti l the expi rat ion of
s i x months f rom the date o f the at tac hmen t,un less i t i s s u bjec t to
speedy and natu ral decay,or the Cou r t c ons ider s that the sale wi l l
be for the benefi t of the owner , o r that the immed iate sal e i s o the r
w i se exped ient.’8 The p u rc haser i s bound to enqu i r e whether the
20. S . 32,O. 1 6, r . r . 1 0
,1 2
,1 3
,2 4. S . 88 Cr . P. C . Ac t V o f 1 898 .
C . P. C. Ac t V of 1 908 . 2 5. Go lam Abed v . Toolseeram 9 Cal .
2 1 . Se. Cr . P . C . Ac t V ef 1 898 . 861 1 2 C . L . R . 4 1 1 .
2 2 . Bhai Lal v . Emperor 2 9 Cal . 41 7 2 6. Q ueen - Empress . v . Km d appa 20
6 C . W . N . 680. M K] . 88 Q ueen - Empress v . Casper 2 2
2 3. Golam Abed v . Tool seeram 9 Cal . Cal . 935.
86 1 1 2 C . L. R . 41 1 Abbo t t v . Abbot t 2 7 . S ec . of S tate v . Jagat M ohini 2 8
5 B . L . R . 38 2 T liama S ing v . Kalid ss Cal . 540 6 C . W. N . 1 75.
5 B . L . R . 386. 2 8 . S . 88 Cr . P . C . Ac t V of 1 898 .
BY D ISTRE SS .
Cou r t has i ss ued a s tatemen t in wr i t ing to the eff ec t t hat the pro Leer r un
c lamat ion was du ly pu b l i shed .
29 Any i r regu lar i ty in the p roc lamat ion
v i t iates the sale.
30 A s there i s no p ro v i s ion fo r r es t i tu t ion , the Ci v i l
Cou r t has j ur i sd ic t ion to enter tain a s u i t fo r set t ing as ide the sale.
“
3 D I S TR E SS FOR R ENT I N B E NGAL .
D i s traint i s an offset of E ngl i s h law wh ic h was o r i ginal l y i ntro
duced into th i s c ountry by R eg . XX I I o f 1 793 wh i c h empower ed
c er tain spec ified land lords to d i st ra in and sel l the c rops and produ c ts
of the ear th of e v ery desc r i pt ion ,the g rain, cat tl e and al l o the r
personal p roper ty (wh ether found in the house or on the p rem ises
of the defau l ter or of any o ther per son) belonging to the tenan ts .
I n S . 2 1 i t was s tated that these p ro v i s ions wou l d aff ord propr ietor s
and farmer s the means of r eal i z ing the i r rents wi th prom p tness and
fac i l i ty and that the u tmos t punc tual i ty wou ld c onseq uent l y be
expec ted f rom th em in the paymen t of thei r r evenue to Go vernment.
Th i s c on t inued to be the law u nt i l 1 859 when the power o f d i s t rai nt
was l im i ted to the p rodu c e of the land on ac c ount of wh ic h the rent
i s due.
32
The land lord’s r i gh t to d i s t rain i s founded on the p r inc iple that
the r ent r eser v ed by h is dem i se i s sues ou t of the land and be dis
tra ins by tak ing possess ion in the natu re of a p ledge of the c r ops
or oth er p r oduc ts of the ear th wh ic h have been grown on the hol d
ing .
33 The term p rodu c t of the ear t h i s to be c onstr ued as eq u iva len t
to that whic h can be gat hered and s tored,c reps of the natu re o f
c ereal or g rass or f ru i t c r ops and i t does not apply to the t rees f romwh ic h f r u i t c rops are gather ed . Tr ees , sh r u bs and p lants g rowing
in a nu r sery g round cannot be d i s t rained, for r ent i s a cer tain p rofit
r eser ved o r ar i s ing ou t of lands or tenement whereunto the lessor
may have r ec ou r se to d i s t rain.
“ The r i gh t of dis tress i s essential and
no payment to wh ic h s uc h r i gh t i s not nec essar i ly inc iden t is s t r ic tl y
rent . Rent m u s t be a. profi t ar i s ing from the th ing dem i sed and not
a par t of the th ing dem i sed i tsel f,or in other words , i t m u s t be a
“reser vat ion and not an exc ept ion.
”35
29. M ian Jan v . Abd u l 2 7 Al l . 572 .
30. Abd u l lah v . J i tu 2 2 All . 2 1 6 ;
Hom er (1 901 ) 1 Ch . 67 1 , per Farwe l l J..
at p . 674 ; S . 1 2 1 B . T . Ac t V I I I o f 1 885
M i nn Jan v . Abd ul 2 7 Al l . 572 ; in r e
S ubbarayar 1 9 M ad . 3.
31 . M ian Jan v . Abdu l 2 7 Al l . 572 .
32 . Ren t Law Comm iss ioner ’
s Repor t
Vol . I p . 6
33. S ee B r i t ish Mu toscope &c . Co . v .
S . 1 1 2 R . R . Ac t X of 1 859 S . 76 0. 1L
Ac t XXI I of 1 88 6.
34. Co . Lit . 47a, 1 42a.
35. Co. Lit . 47a. For defini t ion of
rent see ante pp . 200- 203.
LECTURE XI I .
308 COMP U LSORY sALE s
The r i ght of the land lord to d i s train i s g i ven e i ther by statu te
or by c on trac t . The r i gh t to d i s t rain for an ar r ear Of r en t wh i ch
is not due for more than a year i s g iven by s tatu te bu t the power
to d i s t rain for the rec o very of any sum in exc ess of the rent payab l e
for the p r ec ed ing ag r ic u l tu ral year may be c onfer r ed by s tat u te o r
by a wr i tten cont rac t between the par t ies ?6 A land lor d i s not -fen
t i tled to d i st rain for the rent of the c u r ren t year no r for damages}?7
(l ) A p rop r ietor,i.e. , a per son be ing in possess ion of
,or any
interes t in,an es tate or revenue- f r ee p roper ty as owner thereo f ,
inc l ud ing a farmer and lessee ho ld ing an es tate or r evenue - f ree
p roper ty d i rec t ly f rom o r under the Co l lec tor , or (2) a manager , that
i s,a per son who i s appo inted by the Co l lec tor, the Cou r t of Wards
o r by any C ivi l o r f riminal Cou r t to manage the whole o r any par t
o f any es tate of r e venue- f ree pr ope r t y o r who i s in c har ge of i t on
behal f of a m inor,id io t or l unat ic
, r el i giou s or c har i tab le foundat ion
may d i s train prov ided that in Benga l h i s name and the extent of h is
interes t in the land , in respec t of wh ic h the ar rear i s due,have been
r egis tered ac c ord ing to the pro v i s ions of the L . R . Act V I I (B . C.)of B u t a land lord who has made defau l t in payment of
r e venu e cannot , in the even t of a sale for ar rear s of r evenue, recover
by d i s tres s ar rear s of ren t wh ic h may be due to him af ter the de
fau l t f rom h i s raiyats .39 A tenant canno t deny the r i gh t of a
r egi stered p rop r ietor to d i s train and p lead paymen t Of ren t to a t h i rd
per son whose name i s not regi ster ed .
40
D i s tress itsel f Operates as a demand . I t i s a remedy g iven by
the law wi thou t any r eser vat ion or prov i s ion o f the par ty,al though
i t may be c on tro l l ed by ar rangement of the par t ies and the land lord
may dep r ive h im se l f of the r i gh t by agreement or even by c onduc t.
Th u s , the land lord’s r i gh t to d i s tra in i s los t by h i s ac c ept ing sec u r i ty
fo r the ar rear .
41 The r i gh t to d i s train i s i ndependen t o f,
or in add i
t ion to, any other remedy to wh ic h he i s ent i t led by law .
42 B u t i f
36. S . 1 2 1 B . T . Ac t VI I I of 1 885 ;
S . 1 1 3 R . R . Ac t X of 1 859 ; S . 73 O . R .
Ac t XX I I of 1 8 86.
37 . S heobarat v . Nawrangdeo 2 8 Cal .
364.
38 . 1 2 1 B . T. Ac t VI I I '
of 1 885 ;
s . 3 L . R . Ac t V I I (B . c . ) of 1 8 76 ;
S . 1 1 1 R R . Ac t X o f 1 859 S . 74 0. It .
Ac t XXI I o f 1 88 6.
39. S . 55 B . L . R S . Ac t X I of 1 859.
40. S . 60 B . T. Ac t VI I I of 1 8 85 ;
see Hanuman v . Gob ind Koer 1 C . \V. N .
31 8 .
41 . S . 1 2 1 B . T . Ac t V I I I of 1 885
S . 1 1 2 R . R . Ac t X of 1 859 S . 72 O . R .
Ac t XX I I of 1 886.
42 . S . 1 2 1 B . T . Ac t V I I I of 1 885.
LECTUR E XI I .
iii. r eservedt o t he lessor ,
iv. in ar rear .
COMPU LSORY SALE S
to al ter the rent by a c o l lateral agreeme n t not amount ing to a new
dem i se on ly operates as a per sonal c ontrac t between the par t ies .
62
The r ent reser ved mus t be c er tai n that i s,the amount m u s t e i ther
be c er tain ly men t ioned or be s uc h as by r eferenc e to someth ingel se may be reduc ed to c er tainty . B u t the mer e fac t of r ent be i ng
fl uc tuat ing does not make it uncer tain, nor bar s the r i gh t to
d i s t rain .
The r ent mu s t be r eserved to the l essor and not to a s t ranger
ren t i s someth ing paid by way Of r et r i bu t ion for the land and
there fore ough t to be paid to him f rom whom the land passes . A
land lord has no r i gh t to d i s train for an ar rear al leged to be due
f rom a per son who i s no t in possess ion and who did not ra i se the
c rop.
53 No r, can the land lord d i s train the p rodu c e of any par t of
the ho ld ing wh ic h the tenant has s ub l et wi th h i s wr i tten c onsent .
“
The r ent mu s t be payab le at a c er tain t ime it makes no d i ff er
enc e t hat i t i s payable in advanc e .
65 Rent shou l d or d inar i l y be
r egarded not as ac c r u ing f rom day to day b u t as fal l ing d ue on l y
at s tated t imes ac cord ing to the c ontrac t of tenancy o r the gene ral
law in the absenc e o f suc h c ontrac t .‘56 B ut d i s t ress cannot be made
unt i l after the r ent i s in ar rear ie.,u nti l it i s asc e r tained due and
unpaid and i t i s not in ar r ear u nt i l after the sunset of the day
on wh ic h i t i s d ue e i ther'
u nder the c on trac t or the s tatu te and
th erefor e there c an be no d i s tr ess unt i l the day af ter the rent becomes
d ue .
” Rent payable in ad vanc e may be d i s trained for on the day
fo l lowing that fi xed for payment .
I f r ent has been du l y tendered before or at~
the t ime when i t
fal l s due and the tender has been imp roper l y refu sed,the r ent c anno t
l egi t imate l y be said to be in ar rear .
63 When once the r i gh t to
d i s t rain has ar i sen,noth ing bu t paym ent of the rent wi l l in general
ext ingu i s h it . B u t ar rear s of r ent due to the defau l ter of a re v enue
pay ing es tate on the lates t day of paymen t of re v enue cannot,in the
e ven t Of a sal e, be rec o v erab le by d i s t raint after suc h date.
59
52 . Sm i th v . Maplebec k (1 786) 1 S atyend ra Nath v . Nil kantha 2 1 Ca1 . 383.
Te rm . Rep . 44 1 1 R . R . 2 47 . 57 . D ibb '
e v . B owate r (1 853) 2 2 L . J .
53. M ohinee Dosse v . Ram Coomer Q . B . 396 ; S . 54 B . T . Ac t V I I I ofw. R . 1 8 64. (Act x; 76. 1 8 85.
54. S . 1 2 1 (3) B . T . Ac t V I I I of 58 . Per M ookerjee J .
,in Kiipa S indhu
1 885. v . Annada S undar i 35Ca l . 34 ; 1 155. \Vals li v . Lonsdale (1 8 82 ) 2 1 Ch . 983 ; 6 C . L . J . 2 73.
I ). 9. 59. S . 55 B . L . R . S . Act XI of 1 859.
56. S . 51 L’. T . Ac t V I II of
B Y msr asss . 3 1 1
I n Bengal a ver i fied appl icat ion may be made to the Ci v i l Cou r t
to r ec o v er f rom the raiyat or u nder - raiyat o f the land an ar rear o f
r en t by d is t raining,wh i le in the possess ion o f the c u l ti vator , any
c rops o r o ther p roduc ts Of the ear th (a) s t and ing o r u ngatheredon the ho ld ing (b) wh i c h have been g rown on the ho ld ing and
have been reaped o r gathered and are depos i ted on the hold ing o r
on a th resh ing floor or p lac e for t read ing ou t g rain o r the l i ke,
wheth er in the fields o r wi th in a homes tead .
60 E very su c h appl ic a
t ion sha l l bear a Cou r t - fee s tamp of 8 annas .
61 One appl ic at ion shou ldnot be made for d i s t raint for the rent o f mo re than one ho ld ing .
63
When any c onfl ic t ar i ses be tween the r i gh ts o f a su per io r and
Of an infer ior land lord to d i s t rain the same proper ty , the r i gh t of
the super ior land lord shal l prevai l .63 An or der for d i s traint shal l
p re vai l agains t an o r der i ss ued by a Civ i l Cou r t for the at tac hment
o r sale o f the p roper ty wh ic h i s the su bj ec t of the d i s t raint bu t
the su r pl u s s al e-
proc eeds shal l not be paid to the owner of the p roper ty
w i thou t the sanc t ion of the Cou r t i ssu ing the order o f at tac hmentor sale.
“
The Cou r t may , pend ing the execu tion of an order for d i s t rain
ing the pr odu c e or the rejec t ion of the appl icat ion, make an order
p roh i b i t i ng its removal and when an order i s made at a c ons i derabl e
t ime before the p roduc e i s l i kel y to be c u t or gath ere d, it. may make a
f u r ther o rder pr oh i b i t ing the remo val of the p roduce pending the
exec u t ion of the order fo r d i s t rain t.“
A war ran t Of d i s t ress c reates an impl ied war ranty on the par t
o f the land lo rd that he has the r igh t to d i s train and an impl ied
u nder tak i ng to indemn i fy the bai l iff agains t any ac t p roper l y done
in exerc i se of the au thor i ty g i ven to him .
66 The Offic er appo inted
to d i s train shal l d i s train the p roduc e by tak ing c harge o f it h imsel f,or plac ing some ot her per son in c harge of i t in h i s behal f and pub
lishing a not ificat ion of the d i s traint p rov ided that produc e wh i c h
f rom i ts natu re does no t adm i t of be ing sto red shal l not be d i st rained
at any t ime less than 2 1 days before the t ime when i t wou ld be fit
for reap ing or gat her ing.
67
60. S . 1 2 1 B . T. Ac t V I I I of 1 885. 64 . S . 1 39 B. T . Ac t V I I I of 1 885.
61 . Ar t . 1 para 2 S ch . I I C . F . 65. S . 1 23 B . T . Ac t V I I I Of 1 885.
Ac t VI I of 1 870. 66. Draper v . Thompson (1 829) 4
62 . S heobarat v . Nau rangdeo 2 8 Cal . C . P . 84.
864. 67 . S . 1 24 B . T . Ac t VI I I of 1 885 ;
63. S . 1 38 B . T . Ac t V I I I of 1 885. S . 1 1 8 R . R . Ac t X o f 1 859.
Proc lamat ionof sale.
1 2 COM P U LsORY SALE S
A se i z u re may be e i t her ac t ual or c ons truc t i v e.
63 Any ac ts
ind ic at i ve of an intent ion that an tec eden t s teps shou l d be tr eated
as a d i s tress and assumed by the par t ies to amount to a d i s t ress wi l l
be su ffic ient e v idence of a se i z u re. Goods d i s t rained are f rom the
sei z u re r egarded as be ing taken by a p roc ess of law and not mere l y by
an asser t ion of a p r ivate r i gh t o f the d i s t rainer and the tak ing o f
them ou t of the c u stody o f the d i s trainer before they are impounded
i s regarded in the l i gh t of a r es i s tanc e of lawfu l au thor i ty .
The d i s train ing offi c er shal l ser ve per sonal l y,i f p rac t icable, on
the defau l ter -and i f he be not the owner,on the owner Of the p roper ty
d i s t ra ined as we l l,a wr i tten demand for the ar rear s due and the c os ts
inc u r red in mak ing the d i s traint wi th an ac c oun t exh i b i t ing the
g rounds on wh ic h the d i straint i s made. I f the ser v ic e cannot be
personal l y made, the offic er shal l affix c op ies of the demand an d
ac c ount on a c onsp ic uou s par t of the ou tside of the hou se in wh i c h
he u sual l y r es ides . 69
A d i s t rain t shal l not p revent any per son from reap ing,gathe r ing
o r s tor ing any p rodu ce or do ing any o ther ac t nec essary for i t s
due p reservat ion and on h i s fa i l ure to do so the d i s t raining offic er
shal l cau se the same to be done or whatever e l se may be nec essary
fo r i t s d ue p reser vat ion. B u t in e v ery case the d i s tra ined p roper ty
shal l r emain in c harge of the d i s train ing offic er or of some other
per son appo inted bv him in h i s behal f .70
I f the demand be not immed iatel y sat i sfied, the d i s t rain ing Offic e r
shal l i ssue a p roc lamation to be s tuc k u p on a c onspic uou s p lac e in the
v i l lage in wh ic h the land i s s i tuated,s pec i fying the par t ic u lar s o f
the p roper ty d i s trained and the demand for wh i c h i t is d i s trained ,and noti fy ing the p lac e and the date when the d i s t rained prOpe r tywi l l be sold by pu b l ic au c t ion ; the day of the sale shal l be so
fixed as to adm i t of the produce be ing made ready for s tor ing
before i t s ar rival f’1
I f before the sale of the d i s t rained pr oper ty , the defau l ter or
the owner of the p roper ty , where he i s not the defau l ter , pays into
Cou r t or to the d i s train ing Offic er the amount spec i fied in the
68 .Cramer v .
Mo t t (1 870) L . R. 5 1 1 8 R . R . Ac t X o f'
1 859 ; S . 79 O. R .
O, B . 357 . Ac t xxn of 1 886.
69. S . 1 25 B . T . Ac t VI I I of 1 88 7 1 . S . 1 2 7 B . T . Ac t V I I I of 1 8 85 ;
s . 1 1 6 R. R . Ac t x of 1 859 ; s . 77 O.R . s . 1 2 4 R . R . Ac t x of 1 859 ; s . 84 o. R .
Ac t xxn of 1 886.Ac t xxn of 1 886.
70. 1 20 B . T . Ac t VI I I of 1 885 ; s.
COMPU LSORY SALES
LECTUR E XI I . a c laim for not se l l ing at the bes t p r ic e. The mere fac t that the
Cer t ificate of
sale .
sale has been c ond uc ted i r r egu lar l y does not dep r i ve the p u r chaser
of a good t i t le to the goods ,79 t hough i f the sale is al together
wrongfu l (so t hat in effec t there has been no sale at al l) he ac qu i res
no t i t l e agains t the t r ue owner .
80 I f a fai r p r ic e is not Off ered
to the sale and i f the owner Of the p roper ty app l ies to have the
sale p os tponed t i l l the next day or the next mar ket day, the sale
she‘
l l 2be postponed u nt i l t hat day and shal l be then c omp leted
whatever p r i ce may be Offered for the p roper ty .
8 1
The remedy by d i s tress mu s t not be u sed in an opp ress i ve manner
and the general r ule i s t hat a land lord may not spl i t one en ti re
demand and d i s t rain twic e for the same rent when he m i gh t havetaken enough on the fir s t oc cas ion .
82 B u t where the rent in ar rear
c ons i sts of several ins talmen ts of r ent fal l ing due on d ifferent days,
there may be a separate d i st ress for eac h .
83
The p r ic e Of every lot shal l be paid at the t ime of sale o r as
soon thereaf ter as the Offic er c onduc t ing the sale d i rec ts and in
defau l t of suc h payment the p roper ty shal l be reso ld .
84 When thep u r c hase- money has been paid in fu l l
, the offic er ho ld ing the sal e
shal l g i ve the pu rc haser a c er t ificate desc r i b ing the proper ty pu r
c hased and the pr ic e paid .
85 No appeal l ies f rom any order passed
by a Civ i l Cou r t in r espec t of d i s traint , bu t i f an appl ic at ion fo r
d i s traint has been wrongly al lowed or granted , any per son whose
p roper ty i s d i s t ra ined may ins t i t u te a su i t agains t the app l icant
fo r the r eco v e ry o f c ompensat ion .
86
An‘ i l l egal d i s t ress i s one wh ic h i s wrongfu l in the very ou tset ,
that is to say, e i th er where t here i s no r igh t to d i s train,or wh ere a
wrongfu l ac t was c omm i tted at the beginn ing of the levy invalidat
ing al l su bsequen t p roc eed ings . I n su c h a case the d i s t rainer i s a
t respasser ab initio .
87 When a man u nder c o lou r Of l egal au thor i ty
79. Lyon v . Wel don (1 824) 2 B ing . 83 Gamb rel l v . Falmou th (1 835)
334,4 Ad . E l . 73.
80. Hard ing v . Hal l (1 866) 1 4 L . T. 84. S . 1 32 B . T . Ac t VI I I of 1 885 ;4 1 0 ; K ing v . E ng land (1 864) 33 L. J . Q . S . 1 31 Ac t X of 1 859 ; S . 91 O. R . Ac t
B. 1 45.
XXI I of 1 886.
8 1 . S . 1 31 B . T. Ac t V I I I of 1 8 85 8 5. S . 1 33 B . T . Ac t VI I I of 1 885 ;S . 1 30Ac t X of 1 859 S . 90 O. R . Ac t S . 1 31 R . R . Ac t X of 1 859 ; S . 91 0. R .
XXI I of 1 886. Ac t XXI I of 1 886.
82 . Dawson v . Cropp (1 845) I C . B . 86 . S . 1 40 B . T . Ac t V I II of 1 885.
961 ; Gr unnel l v . \Ve leh (1 905) 2 K . B . . 8 7 . Gr unnel l v . VVelch (1 906) 2 K .
650, aff . (1 906) 2 K . B . 555. B . 555.
B Y D I STRESS .
does that wh i c h makes him a tr espasser ab initio, he i s in the same Lan c e r. X I I .
pos i t ion as i f he were a per fec t s tranger and i t does not lie in h i smou th to say that he has appl ied the goods , wh i c h he has so wrong
fu l l y taken ,for the ad vantage or benefit of the per son f rom whom he
had taken them ,namel y
,to say that the l iab i l i ty to pay the r ent due
has been d i sc ha rged bv h i s app rop r iat ion of the goods in sati s fac tionof the r ent .88 The par ty whose goods hav e been wrongfu l ly sei zedhas a c ho ic e of remed ies open to him . He mav b r ing t respass tor eco ver damages for the tak ing of the goods , bu t i t may be that th i sr emedy is inadequate and the immed iate rec o very of goods t hemse l ves may be of greater c onsequence to him than the rec o v er y of
damages .
”89
Wh ere there has been a d i stress wh ic h i s who l l y i l l egal and not
m er el y i r regu lar or ex c ess i ve, the tenant has h i s r emedy by r epl e v int.e.
,redel i very of the c r ops wrongfu l ly d i s trained. Thu s
,i t l ies where
the r elat ionsh ip of land lord and tenan t did not exi st, or wh ere therewas oc c u pation bu t no dem i se at a fixed rent
,o r where no r en t was
i
in
fac t due or was re leased be fore d i s tress,or where the tenant has
sat i sfied the r ent by payments on behal f of the land lord nec essary
to pr otec t h i s own possession ,or where the t i t le of the person d i s train
ing has exp i red and he i s not ent i t led to the r ent , or where the ent r ywas i l l egal
,o r where the c rops hav e been d i s trained after tender of
r ent and c osts .90
The p roc eed ings m u s t be b rough t by the owner of the c rops,that
i s , the per son who has the proper ty abso l u te or qual ified in the c rops .
A spec ial p roper ty in th em,su c h as
,that of a bai lee or p ledgee i s
su ffic ien t. An exec u to r may sue in r epl ev in to recover h i s tes tator ’ s
goods . A land lor d mav“
sue to set as ide a wrongfu l d i s t raint Of h i s
t enant s c r ops made by a st ranger.
91
A d i s t ress does not,unt i l sale
,d i ves t the tenant. o f the proper ty ii Resc ue
in the goods,or in point of law
,v es t the possess ion of them in the
landlord . A l though a r esc ue i s general l y a b reac h of the law , there
are some c ases in wh ic h i t i s a legal r emedy of an agg r iev ed per son ,
that i s to say , when a d i s t ress i s who l ly w rongfu l and not mere l yi r r egu lar or exc ess i ve.
92 Res c u e in s u c h cases can on ly be l egal l y
8 8 . At tac k v . B ramwel l (1 863) 32 E dn. p . 567 .
L . J . Q . B . 1 46. 9 1 . Hor r o Narain v . | Soodha K r is to89. Per Boxil l C. J .
, in G i bbs v . 4 890 ; 4 C . L . R . 32 .
Cr u i kshank (1 8 73)L . R . 8 C . P . 454. 92 . Keen v . P r ies t (1 859) 2 8 L . J .
90. Foa’
s Land lo r d and Tenant,5 1 11 Ex . 1 57 .
LECTURE XI I.
iii. I njunct ion .
ir . Damages .
(b) I r regu lard ist ress.
COM P U LSOR Y SALE S
made by the tenant or the owner of the goods or his servant or agent
and not by a stranger .
The Cou r ts do not general ly inter fere by inj unc t ion, unless i t
i s a flagrant case wi th the r i gh t of the land lord to d i strain for rent ,
enab l ing him i f the rent i s in ar rear to obtain sec u r i ty for i t s payment , exc ept u pon the cond i t ion of the applicant paying the amoun t
c laimed for rent in Cou r t .93 Lord Cottenham L.O.,laid down the
p r inc i ple -
“The Cou r t ough t not to inter fere for the p u r pose of
prevent ing a par ty from en fo rc ing a legal c laim wi thou t sec u r ing to
i tsel f the means of pu tting him in the same posit ion in the event of
his t u rning out to be r i gh t,as if the Cou r t had not inter fered.
” 9‘
I n the case of an i l legal d i s tress the d i s trainer i s a trespasser
ab initio and the fu l l val ue of the goods wh i c h have been los t to the
p lain tiff wi thou t auv deduc t ion for rent i s recoverable as damages,
unless there are c i rc ums tanc es of m i t igat ion .
95
Where the land lord abu sed h i s power of d i s t raint by d i s t raining
the c r ops wh ic h belong to the tenant on the p retenc e t hat they
belong to another per son, t here has been an invas ion of the r i gh ts of
the tenan t for wh ic h he is ent i tled to a remedy and i s not deprived
of the ord inary r ig h t of ac t ion wh ic h any per son who s uffer s f rom
a tor t iou s ac t has agains t the tor t - feasor .
96
A d i s tress i s i r r egu lar when , al t hough the levy was l egal and in
order , the su bsequent proc eed ings have been c ondu c ted in an un
lawfu l manner . Th u s,sel l ing wi thou t hav ing served not ic e of the
d i s tress , se l l ing before the day fixed for the sale, sel l ing g rowi ng
c rops befor e they are gathered,sel l ing for otherwi se t han the best
pr ic e, improper deal ing wi th any over pl us,detain ing or r emov ing
the good s d i s trained when a tender of rent and costs i s made after
d i stress,are ins tanc es of ir regu lar d i s t ress . For a d i s tress that is
onl y ir regu lar and not i l legal at the ou tset,the d i s trainer i s not t r eat
ed as a t respasser ab initio and a per son who pu r c hases goods under
an ir regu lar d i s t ress ac qu i res a good t i t le to the goods and the
r emedy of the tenan t i s in damages as agains t the land lord .
97
93 . Walsh v . Lonsdale (1 882 ) 2 1 Ch . Koer 1 C . W . N . 31 8 .
D . 9 ; Shaw v . Jer sey (1 879) 48 L . J . 96. S . 1 40 B . T. Ac t V I I I of 1 885 ;Q . B . 308 . Jagdeo S ingh v . Padarath 25 Cal . 2 85
94 . Sanxter v . Foster (1 841 ) Cr . Bishun S ingh v . A . \V . N . Wyat t 1 6
P 11 . 302 . C . W . N . 540 ; Clissold v . Cratchley
95. A ttac k v . B ramwel l (1 8 63) 32 (1 910) 2 K . B . 2 44.
L . J . Q . B . 1 46 ; Gr unnel l v . \Vel c li 97 . \Val lace V . K ing (1 788) 1 H . B l .
(1 906) 2 K . B . 555 ; l lanuman v .Gt)bind 1 3 ; \Vhitwor th v . Sm ith (1 832 ) 5 C .
Lxcr uaa XI I .
Lim itat ion .
Smal l Cau seCou r t .
COMPU LSOR Y SAL E S
In a su i t for damages for exc ess ive d i s t ress the tenan t m us t pr ovewhat los s he ac tual l y su stained .
109 The damages are the fai r val ue
of the goods after deduc t ing r ent and I f no sale has taken
p lac e, the p laint iff i s ent i t led to nom inal,though he p rove no
ac tual damage, s inc e the law w i l l pr esume damage f rom a man
being p r evented f rom deal ing w i th h i s proper ty .
1 1 1 I f the d i s t r ess
i s made for more ren t than is in ar r ear and the tenan t pays the sum
to get rid of the d i s tress , he may r ec o ver the exc ess he was obl i ged
to pay and damages for the annoyanc e he may have su ffer ed .
1 1 2
A mas ter i s l iabl e for any wrong done by h i s ser vant or agent
prov ided the ac t i s done on his behal f and wi th the intent ion o f
ser v ing h i s pu rposes .
“3 B u t i f the ac t was done w i thou t the m as ter ’ s
au thor i ty o r w i thou t h i s knowledge or c onc u r renc e, the mas ter i s
no t l iab le.
1 1 4
The per iod of l im i tat ion for a s u i t for c ompensat ion for an i l legal,
i r regu lar , or exc ess i ve d i s tress in one year fr om the date of the
d i s tress or sei zu re u nder Ar t . 2 8 or 2 9 and not Ar t. 2 S ch . I o f the
Lim i tat ion Ac t IX of
Wher e s tand ing c r ops were se i zed under f rau du l ent. and fic t i t iou s
p roc eed ings of d i s t rain t between a fic t i t iou s land lor d and a fic titiou
tenant, a s u i t for damages i s governed by Ar t . 36 Sc h . I Limitau
t ion Ac t IX of 1 908 , the per iod being two year s .
1 1 6 B u t when c rops
wer e wrongfu l l y r emoved , the per iod of l im i tat ion i s th ree year s
u nder Ar t. 48 or
Under Ar t . 35 (j) S ch. I I of th e P rov inc ial Smal l Cau se Cou r t
Ac t IX of 1 887 , the j u r i sd ic t ion of the Smal l Cau se Cou r t i s exc l uded
in su i t “ for c om pensat ion for i l legal , imp roper or exc ess i v e d i s tress
109. Oojan Dewan v . P rannath 8 W .
R . 2 20 ; Chu nder Kan t v . Hem Lal 1
C . W . N . 463.
1 1 0. Wel l s v . Moody (1 835) 7 C . P .
59 Sheobarat v . Nawrangdeo 2 8 Cal .
364.
1 1 1 . Chandler v . Dou l ton (1 865) 34L . J . E x. 89.
1 1 2 . Fel l v . Wh i t taker (1 87 1 ) L . R .
7 Q . B . 1 20.
1 1 3. S . 1 1 4 R . R . Ac t X of 1 859 ;
I swar Chu nder v . Sat is Chund er 30 Cal .
207 7 C . \V. N . 1 2 6.
1 1 4. Shamasood u ree v . M al lyu t M un
d u l 1 1 \V. R . 1 101 ; Ramjoy v . Kal lym ohu n Mar sh . 2 82 .
1 1 5. Jagatjiban v . S arat Chand ra7 C . W . N . 72 8 Kalicharan v . K ismat
Mo l lah 1 1 C . W . N . lxxv i ; bu t see
Tarinee Chu rn v . Sh umbhoonath 3 W . R .
(Ac t X) 1 39.
1 1 6. Jad u Nath v . Har i Kar 36 Cal .
1 41 : 1 2 C . W . N . 1 090 9 C. L . J . 1 09
Har i Charan v . Har i Kar 32 Cal . 459 ;
9 C . \V. N . 376 see however M augun
J ha v . Golab Koer 25 Cal . 692 .
1 1 7 . Jad u Nath v . Har i Kar 1 7 C L .
J . 206.
B Y DIS T R h sS .
or at tac hment .”1 1 8 B u t where the pla int i ff paid money u nder
the p ressu re of a d i s t ress war rant , the su i t i s not one in tor t bu t fo r
m oney had and r ec e i v ed and c ogn i zable by a Smal l Cau se Cou r t , and
A r t . 35 (j) i s no bar .
1 1 9
I f any pe r son otherwi se than in ac c ordanc e wi th the law for the
t ime be ing in forc e (a) d i s t rains or attemp ts to d i s train,or (b) r es i s ts
a d i s tra int or r emo v es any p roper ty du l y d i s trained , or (c) p re vent s
r eaping ,gather ing
,stor ing r emo v ing or o therwi se deal ing wi th any
p rodu c e o f a ho ld ing,he shal l be deemed to have c omm i tted c r im inal
t respass under S . I .P .C . and one abetting him shal l be deemed
to have abet ted the c omm i ss ion o f c r im inal t respass .1 20
Ou t of the sale proceed s , shal l be paid firs t the costs of the
d i s t raint and sale the rema inder s hal l be appl ied to the d i s c harge
of the ar r ear for wh ic h the d i s t ress was made wi th inter es t t hereon
u p to the day of sal e and the su rpl u s (i f any) shal l be paid to the
per son whose p roper ty has been sol d .
1 2 1
1 1 8 . Hyder Ali v . Jatar Ali 1 Cal . 1 20. S . 1 86 B. T . Ac t VI I I of 1 885 ;
1 83 ; D ewan Roy v . S undar Tewary 2 4 Ss . 1 45 R . R . Ac t X of 1 859.
Cal 1 63 ; Jad geo S ing v . Padarath 25 1 2 1 . S . 1 34 B . T . Ac t V I I I of 1 885 ;
Cal . 2 85 ; Pamu Sanyas i v . Zem indar of S 1 32 R R Ac t X Of 1 859 ; S . 92 0.
Jayapu r 2 5 M ad . 540,R . Ac t XXI I of 1 886 ; S . 1 38 N . W . P .
1 1 9 . Chairman,San t ipu r Mun ic ipal i T . Ac t XI I of 1 88 1 .
ty v . B epin Behar i 3 Ind . Gas 429.
LECTU RE ‘
( II
Trespass .
Sale -
pr ocee ds .
IN D EX .
A c q u isition for P u b lic P u rp os es—emitd . PAG E .
wishes of the owner irrelevant 45
owner’
s objec t ions lim i ted to c ompensat ion 6, 45
Local Government has absolu te d i sc ret ion 45
acquis i t ion for a Com pany made throug h Col lec tor 45
Consent of Local Government nec essary 45
enqu i ry by Local Government before consent 45
owner not requ ired to at tend at the enq u i ry 46ag reemen t w i th Government 46
Company shou ld de term ine on what land works shou ld be c onstr ucted 46
onus of proving bonafides of the Com pany 46
Opinion of the Exec u t i ve final as to suffi c iency of ac commodation work 46
r ight of landlord in B engal to acquire’
tenant’
s hol d ing 46
col lector’
s c er tificate necessary 46
only the immed iate landlord c an acqu ireCol lec tor
’
s c er t ificate not c onc lus i ve as to reasonableness of the
purpose
C i vil Cour t holds j ud ic ial enqu irypu rpose must be f or the good of the hold ingmanufac ture of ind igo not su ffi c ientnor
,inc rease of income
order of Ci v i l Cou r t c onc l us i ve
P r c liména’ries
i . no tification in the Gazette and publ ic notice are cond i tions prece
dent to loc al enqu iryenqu i ry need not be m ade in presenc e of the owner
ent ry withou t not i fic at ion is t respassw i lf ul obs truc t ion to enqu iry is an off enc e
payment of damages done on enqu i ryre ference to Co l lec tor as to suffic iency of the amount paidii. d ec lara t ion in the Gazette , stat ing par t ic u lars of land and pur
pose o f ac quis i t iondec larat ion as to m ines under the land
pu rpose m ust be stated
dec larat ion conc lus i ve ev idenc e o f the pu rpose
publ ic heal th , safety , conven ienc e and ed ucation are publ ic purposesdec larat ion b inds Col lec torCo l lec tor cannot acquire land beyond the boundar ies g i venGo vernment may wi thd raw f rom ac qu is i t ionabandonment of ac qu i s i t ion in c er tain c ases
dec laration c reates a l egal re lat ion of pu rc haser and vendor
d oes not prevent owner f rom deal ing wi th the landbu t c ompensat ion payable no t var iedrigh t to compensation may be assig ned
IN D EX .
A c q u isition for P u b l ic P u rpos es—contd .
iii. notice of intent ion of Governm ent to take possessionnot ice must g i ve par t ic u lars of the land
no t ic e inv i t ing c laimants to state their c la im s
not ice to oc c upiers and persons interestedowners of the interest in the subso i l ent i tled to not ic eChairman of Cal c ut ta Corporat ion may exerc ise the f unc t ions of
Col lec tor
objec t of not iceeffec t of non - compl ianc e with not i ce by persons in terestedw i thou t not ic e Col lec tor ‘s proc eed ings vo id 1 7
,50
defec t i ve notic e good , if not m is lead ingsu it for damages for defec t i ve not i c enotice is not a c ontrac t of sale
iv . enqu iry into objec tion as to (1) area of the land (2) c ompensa
tion to be paid (3) appor t ionm ent
Col lec tor’
s power to summon w i tnesses and to enforc e the produc t ionof doc uments
proceed ing s before Col lec tor are exec u t iveintentional omiss ion to g i ve information is an off enc e
Col lec tor cannot take cogn isanc e o f pe rj u ry and forg ery
C il lec tor not l im i ted to ev idenc e t aken by himlocal au thor i ty or Company may g i ve e v idence as to val ue(a) Col lec tor is to find ou t the prec ise area
he cannot c ure error in the boundar iesproceed ings void , if difi eren t lands are taken(17) land and al l interests therein shou ld be assessed as a whole
(0) Col lec tor cannot dec l ine to dec ide quest ion o f t i tle f or wan t o f
j urisd ic tionnor
,sett le com pensat ion to some of the c laimants only
Col lec tor may apport ion c ompensation or re fer the d ispu te to Cou rtv . par t i c u lars of appor t ionment should be set ou t in an award
Col lec tor’
s ref usal to m ake an award is a breac h of statutory d uty 52, 60
statement when m ines are not needed
award bind ing on Governm ent
Government cannot mod i fy the amoun t
award c onc l us i ve,when c laimants ag ree
award conc lus i ve as to those who did not appear thoug h servedw i th notice
award not binding zon persons not made par t iesnor
,between par t ies inter se
to make an award val id , statute m ust be str ic t ly c ompl ied withCol lec tor cannot reopen the award
High Cau r t cannot revise Collec tor’
s award
tender of payment of compensat ion to persons interested
INDEX .
A c quisition for P ub lic P u rp oses—contd .
deposi t of compensation in Courtcompensation not tendered when mines are not inserted in the
dec laration
R ef er ence
appl ication shou ld state g rounds
time for applying for a reference
payment of compensat ion not necessary for c omplet ion of award
objec t of referencetribunal performs the func tions of CourtJ udge or P residen t is to decide what is fair c ompensation
person recei ving compensat ion under protest can apply for a
reference
referenc e in favor of Local Government or CompanyCol lec tor is to dec ide j ud i c ial ly whether reference shou ld be made
reference of the dispu te as to whether any land is a par t of a house,
manufac tory or bu i ld ingCol lec tor ’s refusal to make a reference is subjec t to rev ision by HighCour t
what must the reference contain
g rounds of reference provide a safeguard against arbitrary award
on a proper reference burden of proof is on the c laimant that com
pensation is inadequateCol lector is not bound by the per iod of l im i tat ion imposed on the
c laimants
notice to persons interestednotic e to Col lec tor when objec t ion is to area and compensation
power of Court defined by statute
legal ity of the acqu isition cannot be questioned
Cou rt’
s power to determ ine c ompensat ion and apportionment
jur isd ic tion not ousted by payment of. compensation
amount awarded cannot be less than what was awarded by Col lec tor
amount awarded cannot exceed the amount c laimed
amount awarded cannot exceed the amount awarded by Col lec tor
when no c laim was made
unless with suffic ient reasonbut quest ion as to how compensation is al lotted to d ifferen t i temsis reopened
Cou r t cannot refuse to dec ide t it le and to appor tion compensationCou r t ac ts as an umpireit deals wi th objec t ion subm i t ted to itquest ions raised for the firs t t imeadd i tion of par ties to contest the award on a g round not raisedwhere the c laimant had su ffi c ient reason for no t mak ing a c laim
IND EX .
Ac quisition for P ublic P u rp os es—count.
withdrawal’
o f a por tion of the money to eff ec t improvements
orde r to inves t meney in sec u r i t iesm oney depos i ted is a debt under S uc c ession Cer tificate Ac t
J udge'
s awar d
what must it c ontain
om iss ion to spec i fy g rounds is an i rreg ularityorder f or investment made in the awardpayment of in terest where Col lec tor
’
s award inadequatec os ts to be paid by Col lec tor when his award no t upheld
unless the appl icant’
s c laim was extravagant or he was neg l igentaward not chargeable with stamp d utyad j ud ication of c om pensat ion or appor tionment is a dec reewhere j udge does not dec ide any th ingawargd refu sing to restore a c ase d isposed of ex p ar te
adj ud ication of t itle between r i val c laimants conc l udes the q uestionadjudicat ion of title in respec t of proper ty not acqu i red not r esj udicataaward s i lent as to damage for severanceaward d ir ec ting ref und of compensation enforceable as an order
Court’
s inh erent .power to com pel rest itutionaward of Tr ibunal enforced by Cou rt of Smal l Causes
Appeal
appeal l ies to High Court f rom an award or par t of it
appeal l ies to High Cour t f rom an award of Tribunal on the cer tificate
of P residentorder for apportionment of c ompensation
order d i rec ting inves tmentaward of c osts
order d i rec ting ref und of money , or r ej ec ting an appl ication by a
person to be m ade a par ty
award of Ass istant Judge c onfirmed by D istr ic t Judge not open to
sec ond appeal
respondent entitled to objec t under 0. 4 1 r . 2 2 C . P . 0.
no appeal l ies to P r i vy Counc i lm emorandum of appeal stam ped as an appeal f rom or ig inalwhere J udge referred the c laimant to a c i v i l su i t, c ou r t - fee payable
is Rs . 2
dec ree in appeal l im i ted to the amount for which c our t - fees havebeen paid
S uit f or nonf casance, misf easance, &c .
su i t for tor tious ac t no t maintainable ‘
wi thou t a mon th’
s notic e in
wr i t ingwhen no no t ice is g i v en, Sec retary of S t ate can get an inj unc t ion
A c quisition tfo r P u b l ic P u rp os es—coon] .
su i t to recover c ompensation improper ly withdrawnsu i t to recover c ompensat ion refused by Col lec tor , governed by
A r t . 1 20S c h . 1 L im i tat ion Ac tAr t . 1 7 refers to a su i t f or c ompensat ion for om iss ion by Col lec torto deposi t m oney in Cou rt
Ar t. 1 8 refers to a su i t f or c ompensat ion for refu sal to c omplete
acquis i t ionAr t . 62 or 1 2 2 refers to a su i t by land lord for money wi thd rawnby tenan t
P ossession
when Col lec tor has made an award he may take possess ionland vests absol u tely in Government f ree f rom enc um brances
enforcement of su rrender of land to Col lec tormak ing a tunnel or throwing an arc h is taking possess ionCol lec tor cannot take possession of land beyond boundaries g i venin the dec larat ion
Judge or Col lec tor cannot rec t ify an er ror in the boundar iesland vests in Government discharged of easements
subsequent u ser wil l not establ ish a new ded icat ion to the pub licm inerals vest
,unless there is a S tatement to the contrary
m ines if not ac qu i red wor ked af ter g i v ing 60 days ’
not iceLocal Government may acqu i re m ines or al low them to be wor ked ,
subjec t to restr ic tionsif no com pensat ion off ered
,m ines worked accord ing to the u sual
manner of wor kingbut damage or obs truc t ion to su r fac e mus t be r epai redac quisit ion w i l l not j us ti fy inf r ingem ent of other
’
s r ightsc onst r uc t ion of rai lway or ac c ommodat ion o f other work s by
R ai lway Companyc ompensat ion f or damag e d one in exer c i se of power
land u sed for any purpose au thor i zed by S tatu teland ac qu i red by Por t Comm i ss ionersRa i lway Company acqu ires solelv f or purposes of railway
R ector/p atent
powers to take land 1 c v cnd what is necessary
power to sel l or lease at enhanc ed value
Taking p ossessioa bef or c award
in cases of u rg ency,Col lec tor may take possess ion of waste or arable
land af ter notice,bu t before award
c om pensat ion for s tand ing c rops and trees
taking possess ion of land in Calc utta cer t ified by M agistrate to be
unheal thy
PAGP .
l ND E X .
A c quisition fo r P u b lic P u rposes—conc ld . Pac e.
Temp or ar y occ up a tion
oc c upat ion and u se of Waste or arable land for not exceed ing 3 yearsd i spu te as to suffic iency of compensat ion or appor tionment
tak ing possess ion on pay ing c ompensation or mak ing referenc e
restorat ion on expi rat ion of term
when land bec omes permanent ly unfit
A dm inis t rator
p ro per ty in the hands o f an— not l iable to sale
A d jou r nm ent—See STAY or SALE
A g r eem en t
to s t ifle c ompetit ion ,f raud u lent
proh ibi t ing al ienat ion
A g ric u l tu ris t
houses and implements of husband ry , not l iable toso is land belong ing to an in the P unjab
Ag r i c u l tu ral P rod u c e—S ee D ISTRESS
appl ic at ion for at tachmentm ode of attachmen t
sale
A nnu lm en t o f S al e
ir reg u lar i ty d oes not v i tiate sale of mo veablesr evenue sale annu l led on the g round of hardship or inj ustice or
non - conform i ty w i th law 25,
sale in exec ut ion of dec ree annu l led on payment wi th in 30 daysf rom sale 25, 1 66,
sa le annu l led on the g rou nd of material irregu lari ty or f raud in
cond uc t ing or publ ish ing sale 25,
mere i rreg u lar i ty or f raud or inadequac y of pr ice not su ffic ient2 5
,1 7 3, 2 49,
c onnec t ion between i rreg u lari ty or f raud wi th inadequacy of pr i c em ust be shewn 25
,
sale annu lled if j udgment - debtor had no saleable interest 2 5,1 7 8
,
o r,for f raudu lent c oncealment of material par tic u lars 25
,
or,where pu rchaser is incompetent to buy 2 6
,1 62
,
sale annu l led by summary appl i cat ion to the Court hold ing sale
32,
exc ept for mat ters not apparent on the proceed ingse, g ,
c ombination to depress bidd ing , f raud or m iscond uc t of bidders
245
2 1 3
1 70
295
1 74
249
1 70
2 12
2 76
32
32
] N I) EX .
A ss es sm ent o f C om p ensation— contd .
land and bu i ld ing s on it valued tog etherl and and trees on it not separately assessed
B . I . Ac t does not effec t a c hang e in the m ethod of L .A . Ac t
market inc l udes a poss ible marke tr igh t to subso i l of publ ic s treet
owner making no use of land,nor obtaining any val ue
subso i l having no mar ket v al uedate o f assessment. is the pub l ic at i on of dec laration
o u t lay or impro vemen ts af ter dec larat ion not taken into ac c ount
l owner m ay add or al ter til l dec laration
m atters wh ich inc rease or reduce value af ter dec laration im
material
owner shou ld cause no wil fu l damage
date o f assessmen t when f resh dec laration is made
r igh t to c ompensation ac c r ues s im u l taneou sly w i th rig h t to
take land
m arket value inc ludes ad vanc es in val ue up to dec laration
rise in value l i kely to ac c rue f rom use of the land
e videnc e of exper ts supported by other ev idencepersonal knowledge and inspec t ion avai led of in valuing landval uat ion not made m erely by inspec tion
r ig h t o f H ig h Cou r t to revise finding s of Special'
Judg e
M odes of d etermining mar ket ’valu e
(a) previous sales of acqu i red landLona firle sales are of g reat u se
inadequate or extravagant c ons ideration paid by purchaserpr i c e paid wi th knowledg e of acquis i t ionamount spen t on purchase and im provement
au c t ion sales not rel iable g uidesprobate valuat ions made by c laimant
(b) c ompensat ion awarded for sim i lar landsrec ent sale o f sim i lar lands in the ne ighbou rhoodbu t mere offer is not ev idenceal lowanc es for d i ff e rences not reduced to any r ule
val uat ion vary ac cord ing to ad vantag es or disad vantages land
possesses
in val u ing house sites val ue o f ad jo in ing land unfit f or bu i ld ingpurposes is not the c riter ion
average of sales or add ing u p re tai l val ues o f smal l plots
sales that instance a barg ain not safe g uides
(c) f rontage land
mode of val uat ion by d i vision into bel ts art ificialf rontag e land is an elem ent in the valu e of lands in popular d ist r ic ts
INDEX .
As s es sm en t o f Com p ensa tion—c ount.
back land not always wor th hal f the f rontag e land
d epth is of g reat impor tanc e
su i table depth depends on the charac ter of the bu i ldings in the locality(d) capi tal ised value—rental
income is a star t i ng point for valuat ionrental pr inc ip les not sat isfactory when proper ty is not de ve lopedvaluation depends on rents ac tual ly c ol lec ted
rent shou ld be normal and not spec u lat i verent payable by tenants at wi l l is the bes t c r i ter ionreasonable rent under ord inary c i rc umstances
r ent of the prem ises used for illegal pur poses
me thod of tak ing average rents d isreg ards ad vantages and dis
ad vantages of part ic u lar propertyval ue of a rent paying proper ty depends on its income
land not val ued p iecemeall i kelihood of vacanc iespresent rental and a supposed inc rease thereonannual value of the produce m ay afford a re l iable g u idec ap ital isat ion of the rental ded uc t ing c ol lec t ion charges , & c .
M un ic ipal assessment redu c ed by one—s i xth for c essesnumber of years
’
purchase depend s on the natu re of property
(e) valuat ion of a hou se
res ident ial proper t ies no t valued on the basis of rent
original c ost considered
(f ) f u tu re ut i l i ty—potent ial val ue, ac tual use wi th al l poten tiali
t ies c onsidered
probable u se of land cons ideredintention to use land f or a par t ic u lar pu rpose immater ialc ompensation in d isregard of possible benefits in f u ture
mar ke t value affec ted by f u tu re u t i l ityfu tu re u t i lity est imated by prudent bus iness calc u lat ionpur pose to which land m igh t be appl iedexpec ted user shou ld be immediately avai lablec on t ingency not ant ic ipated , nor measured
,not c ons idered
land having a spec ial adaptabil itytoo g reat s tress not laid on exis t ing pos i t ion and means o f acce ss
c om pensat ion f or land wi th al l the potent ial i t iesland in the ne ighbou rhood o f a town has a potent ial val ueag ricu ltura l land val ued at more than its valueac cord ing to U . M . Ac t mar ket val ue determ ined ac cord ing to ac tual
disposi tionland not al lowed to be bu i lt upon, not valued as a bu i ld ing s i te(g) re ins tatementwhen land is used f o r s ome par t i c u lar pu rpose c .g .
,a s clu
‘
io l o r ch ur c h
I NDEX .
Assessm en t o f Comp en sation—coma.
owner having a limited interest
1 1 . Compensationf or damages to cr op s
at the date of Col lec tor’
s taking possession
iii. Comp ensationf or severance
where possession of one of several pieces of land gives an enhanc ed
value to others
ac tual and prospec t i ve u se c onsidered
measu re o f damages in the depreciation in value of the remaining
part
c ompensation for inc reased expenses or inc onvenienc e
iv . Comp ensationf or inj uriou s ej ection
when some of the rights in, or over the land are acquired
no person c an c laim c ompensation unless he c laims an interest or
easement
interference with any right gives a title to c ompensat ionwhere a bridge affec ted the work ing of a ferry
for construc tion of works and f or fu ture use
injurious afi ec tion not due to the works construc ted on the c laimant’sland
remedy for anything done c ontrary to Statutory
c ompensation determined ac cording to ru les appl icable to damages
f or tor ts
when damage is not ac t ionablethings done on one
’s own land w ith impunity ,
not subjec t to com
pensation when done f or publ ic benefita c laim f or c ompensation ,
assignable
enhancement or d im inu tion in value consequ ent on c onstruct ion of
au thorized wor k s,exc l uded
enhanc ed value not set elf against damage caused by severance or
injurious aff ec t ioninc rease in the value of other land taken into consideration under
B . I . Ac t
v . Comp ensationf or change of r esidence or p lace of business
locality has value in connec t ion wi th businessa person enjoying special ad vantage in a par tic u lar si te, compensated
t rade is a thing appertaining to the premisesth ings apper taining to the premises are part of the premisesgood will is a part of the val ue of the proper ty . i.
loss of earning s calcu lated on the bas is of what woul d have beenthe earn ing at the par t i c u lar place
bus iness c ar r ied on at a loss
334 ixnsx.
A t tac hm en t—eontd .
i i . I nimoveable p rop er tydesc r ip tion sufiicient for identificationCou r t may requ ire an extrac t f rom Col lec tor
’
s Register
garn i shee exam ined as to means or proper ty of the j udgmentdebtor
exam ination intended to be a c ross - exam inat ionhe may plead proper ty not subjec t to exec u t ionbu t no set elf can in g eneral be pleaded
punishment for d isobed ience of Cour t’s order
Cr oss decr ees
exec ut ion taken ou t only f or the larger sum
rule,applies to assignee of .dec rees
r igh ts of one of several j udgment - debtors to treat his joint dec reeas a c ross - dec ree
where both part ies are ent i tled to recover money f rom each other
remedy need not be of the same nature
as one may recover money by sale of mortgaged property and the
other personal ly
Order f or sale
when appl ication compl ies with requ irements of O. 2 1 rr . 1 1 - 1 4
value of the proper ty at tached shal l c or respond to the amount due
under the dec ree
l ist of immoveable property filed af ter per iod of l im i tationexec u tion f rom Cou rt hav ing no au thor i ty to issue itexecut ion against person and proper ty at the same t ime
Attackment bef ore j udgment
when made
objec t is to prevent debtor f rom delay ing or obstruc ting execu
t ionCou rt may look to the c onduc t of par ties immed iately before sui tattachment before rent or mesne profi ts asc er tainedat tachment of
'
property of a publ ic officer in a su i t in respec t of an
ac t done in his offic ial capac i ty
P r ecep t
attachment by issue of precept
such attachment shal l not c ont inue more than two mon ths
P r op er ty liable to attachment , j udgment - debtor having a disp osing p ower
al l sal eable proper ty subjec t to c ertain exceptions l iable to attachmentr ight of a mortgagee
PAGE.
1 30
1 30
l Nl l EX .
A t tachm en t—c ount
r ight to c laim spec ific performanc e of a contrac t to sel l land
parcel of land com pos ing a pu tn ithe r ig h t of a propr ietor of a revenue pay ing estate af ter defau lt
in payment of revenueshare of a par tner in a par tnersh iplease proh ibi ting lessee f rom al ienat ing landlif c i nterest in a t rust f und
ves ted remaindermoney &c .
,depos i ted as secu r i ty f or due per formanc e of d u ty
rents and profits of a ghatwalitenu re
c o ver con taining ,c ur rency - notes ad dressed to j udgment - deb tor
pol i cy of insu rance
P r op er ty not liabte to attachment , j udgment - debtor not bar ing a disp os
ing p ower
property not transferable w i thou t land lo rd ’
s c onsent
land assigned to Hindu widow for maintenanc erel igiou s office
r igh t of manag ing a temple or offic iat ing at the worsh ipr igh t to oliiciate at f uneral c eremon iesr igh t of a H indu widow to res ide in her h usband '
s fam i ly houseincome of p roperty subjec t to a res traint upon antic ipat ionunasc ertained r igh t in an unasc ertained propertybonu s sanc t ioned by Railway Com pany to thei r servantspor tion of sale -
proceeds of goods sold by au c tioneer , not
represent ing his commissionsettled estates in B engal
en c umber ed estate vested in offic er appo inted by Commissioner 1 32
righ t , t i tle and interest of a ser vant of a temple in land belong ingt o temple attach ed
Fixtu res
duc t s and windows of a bu i ld ing not separately attached
proper ty in the hands of execu tor, adm in istrator , t rustee &c .
goods held by a person in pursuance of a legal process
E xcep tions
(a) necessary wearing apparel , &c .
ornaments on the person of a H indu w i fe(b) tools of ar t isans, implements of husband ry
port ion of agr ic ul tural prod uce necessary f or c u l t i vat ion(0) houses belong ing to an ag ric u l tur ist excep t in exec ut iondec ree for rent thereof
or where it is mor tgaged
(d) ac c ount book s
INDEX .
A t t ac hm en t—cou l d .
(e) righ t to sue for damag es e. g .
,r ight to mesne profits
(f) righ t of personal ser vice
(g) s t ipends and g ratu i t i es allowed to pens ionerspol it ical pens ionsbut not pensions g ranted by Rai lway Com pany(It) al lowances less than salary of any publ ic offic er
(2) expec tancy of suc cession e. g .
,interest of. aHindu reversioner
interest in pre- emp ted property
(j ) r ight to f u tu re maintenanceexcept when it is an interest in property
e. r ight of a vendor to rec ei've annuity f rom purchaser
(ls) moveables exempt f rom sale for recovery of arrear of revenue
xlforl e of attachment
i. M oeeables in j mlgmenl - deblor’
s p ossession
at tac'
hment should be Open and notor iousattachment should be by ac tual seizure
physical contac t wi th goods, not necessaryrequis i tes of a val id seizureseizu re of a part binds whole
aflixing aWarrant of attachment on ou ter door of a warehouse
officer need not execute him sel f
warrant not ei‘
rec uted af ter specified time
en try in a dwel ling house
shop or godown is not a dwel ling houseentry in the house o f a th i rd personresistance to the lawf u l tak ing of proper ty , an ofience
dec ree - holder’
s l iab i l i ty when g oods of a wrong person seized
su i t for compensation for Wrong fu l seizu re brought wi thin one year
measu re of damages is value of goods on date of seizure 0 0
i'
. Ag ricu l tural p r odu ce
mode of at tachment
j udgment - debto r may c ut, gather and store produce
or dec ree - bo lder may do so
su spens ion of execu tion of order of attachment
effec t of seizu re is to vest in oliicer a special proper tygenera l property remains in debtor
exec ut ion c reditor acquires no proper tyg oods pledged in possession of pledg or , not removed
it ] . M ooea l/ les not in p ossession of j udgmeu t - debtor e
(a) mode of attac hment of debt
attachment operates at the time it is made
INDEX .
A t tachm en t—contra.
at tac hment before j udgment subsite for subsequent applicationbu t ceases when suit is d ismisseddoes not rev i ve on reversal of the j udgment on appeal
Claims and obj ections to attachment
investigatedc laimant not depr i ved of his remedy by su i tc laim unnecessary when proper ty is not subjec t to execu tion
righ t of judgment - debtor to prefer objec tionc laim to proper ty attached before j udgmen t
I nvestigation of c laims and obj ection
Cour t by which investigat ion made
sale made by a Court of lower g rade not voidc laimant is to pro ve possession only
inquiry into error or irregular ity of j udgment or exec ution, not made
insol vent j udgment - debtor in a proceeding under Insol vency Ac tmay raise question whe ther proper ty is saleable
exec u tion - c red i tor not bound by estoppels affec ting judgment - debtor
c laimant not bound by recital in dec ree
m or tgag ee in possess ion can c laim to have attachment remanded
Cour t merely determines possession
possession inc ludes const ruc t i ve possession
R eleasef r om attachment
p roperty not in possession of judgment - debtor
when c laim d isal lowedorder for benefit of one decree - hol der does not enu re for benefi t
o f others
Order app ealable in cer tain cases
order al lowing or disal lowing c laim by a party to suit
order made against third person not appealable
or against j udgment - debtor as a trustee on behal f of a person not a
party to suit
order made by Judge in the Original'
Side o f High Cor rt appealable
D ec laratory Suit
su i t to set aside order passed on investigat ionno law presc rib ing extent of invest igationorder d ism iss ing c laim for defaul t
subs tanc e of c laim and order,looked t o
om iss ion to br ing suit conc ludes part iesif no su i t brough t wi th in one year order is c onc lusi ve
p rompt de terminat ion of quest ion raised in exec u t ion
INDEX.
:Attac hment—conc ld . PAGE .
Sal t unnecessary
when dec ree satisfied with in one year
recovery of money paid to wi thd raw attachment
su i t brough t with in 6 years f rom sale
c laim to al l stand ing c rops does not fai l if sold , pend ing inves t igat ionwhen a question has been tried the matter is r es j udica lao rder in favor of one dec ree - holder
in a su i t by decree- holder j udgment - debtor is not a necessary par tybut in a suit .by .a
'
c laimant he is
c laimant may ask f or any fur ther or c onsequential rel iefsuit unnecessary when no or der is passed against a personj udgment - debtor not necessar i ly “
a. par ty against whom an order
is made
reversioner has no r igh t to sue for possession dur ing widow’
s l i fe
plaint chargeable wi th Court - fee s tamp of Rs . 10
Ef ec l of attachment
attachment confers no t i tleorder for sale c reates charge
c laim of Offi c ial Ass ignee for benefit of al l c red i torsinjunc tion does not destroy l ienattachment not d issol ved on death of either par ty
pr i vate al ienation void against c laims enforceable under at tachment
objec t is to prevent f raud on dec ree - holders
renewal or assignment of exis ting obl igation is not a t ransferunless amount sec ured , exceeds that at date of attachment
t ransfer of an easement
transferee is a representative of judgment - debtor
private transfer not absolutely voidnor
,when there is no c laim ou tstanding
rev i val of execution -
proceedingstransfer made to def raud cred i torsCourt may au thor ize al ienation
pu rchase- money paid into Cou r t
sale not absol u te unt i l c onfirmedc onfirmat ion when permission has been g ranted by dilf erent Cou r tswhere transfer is made by guard ian
Au c tion
sale g eneral ly by 1 1 , 1 51
Au c tioneer
misrepresentation by
340 IND EX.
Award ~ See ACQU ISITION res Puau e Puarosizs
B enamd ar
purchase in col lusion with
purchase by—disc ouraged
Bidd er
bid can be retracted before fal l of hammer
b idder enter s into a S tatutory c ontract with Cou rt
bidder’
s obligation to complete sale
b idder ’s ass igneebidder liable f or defic iency on resale
for offence under S . 1 85 I . P . C.
f or c ontempt
exemption
Government is at l ibe rty to withdraw f rom acquisition before pos
session has been taken
B r eac h o f d u ty
pu rchase brought abou t by
B rihaspati
Text of
debt doubled by interest and debtor dead
c red itor ’s righ t to sel l pledge or chattel
B u rd en of proo f—See SAFEGU ARD S OF COMPU LSORY SALES ;
Cer tifi c ate of S al e
need not be re gistered 27, 1 8 1 ,
m ust be stamped
death of judgment - debtor does not suspend Court’
s power to g rant
r ight to obtain—may be assigned
—is the Statutory evidence. of transfer
pu rchaser can establish without
cures irregularities 29,1 81
,245
irregularities not attacked col lateral ly .
C ertificat e S al e
definition of P ubl ic D emandcertificate signed by Cert ificate Offic erP ublic demand due to person other than Col lec tor
c ertificate for costs of part i t ioncer t ificate for c osts of land reg istrat ion proceedingc ertificate for ar rears of rent
I ssue of a cer tificate bars a suit and vice ver sa
c ert ificate for a propor t ionate share of rent
342 INDEX .
Cer tifi cat e S ale—contd .
Ss. 69, 70 I . 0. Ac t apply
appl ication to be adj udged an insol vent, en tertained
m oney due paid by instalments
recovery of amount d ue wi th in terest at 6} per cent . per annumand costs
Cer tificate Ofiicer has au thor i ty to sel l so long as cer tificate
remains unpaid
execution against legal representat i ve of deceased debtor
P r oced ure
Ac t I I I (B . C.) of 1 91 3 is a complete Code
Efi'
ect of p ayment
(a) by a person whose interest is voidable on sale
his r igh ts
(b) by an inferior tenant
his rights
Sale set aside bef ore confirmation
i. p ayment
what amount shou ld be paidorder of Certificate Officer finalbut open to rev iew and rev ision
u . Non- ser vice of notice or ir regu larity
any person whose interest is sfi ec ted by sale may apply
substant ial injury must be shewn
deposit of amount rec overable under cert ificate
iii. Noil - transf erable interest
purchaser may apply
Confir mation of sa le
sale becomes absol u te on
su it to have cert ificate cancel led or mod ified wi th in 6 monthson what g rounds
legal d isabi lity does not suspend per iod of l im itationcer tificate not d u ly made
c ertificate not bad when g reater sum is c laimed
peti t ion of objec tion not determined on ev idence
g rounds for cancel l ing or mod ify ing c ertificate ,
j ur isd ic tion of High Cour t and Court of Smal l Causes
pu rchaser to be made par ty
INDEX .
Cer t ific ate S al e—c onoid .Par: r. .
S uit to set aside a voidable sale
ou what g rounds, m ust be broug ht
emission to bring legal representati ves of d eceased debtor on
the record
appeal to Comm issioner is not the only remedy
su it maintainable af ter confirmat ionc ertific ate of sale no t c onc lusi ve e v idence of its val id i tysubstant ial inj ury m ust be proved
per iod of l im i tat ion is one year f rom confirmat ionappeal to Commissioner does not shor ten period of l imitationsui t to recover possess ion brough t wi th in one year f rom del i very
of possession
per iod of l im i tat ion under Ac t I (B . C. ) of 1 897)
if sale is without j u r isd ic tion,Ac t does not apply
ser v ic es of not i c e on Sec retary of S tate
S ec retary of S tate is a nec essary par ty
bu t not in a sui t to recover possess ionsale set as ide where there was no cer t ificatesu it against cer tified pu rchaser barredquest ions relating to c er t ificate determ ined by order of Certificate
Offic er
suit brought on g rou nd of f raud
refund of pu rchase - money to purchaser
P ur chaser’
s title
purchaser ac qu ires r ig ht, t i tle and interest of debtor
c ertificate in the name of recorded tenant
sale passes interests of j udgment - debtors
evenif enforceable underiS . 67 T. P . Ac t
j udgment - debor hav ing no subs isting interestsale in exec ut ion of c er tificate for arrears of rent passes tenure
purchaser may avo id inc umbrance ac c ord ing to S . 1 67 B . T . Ac t .
D isp osal of sa le-
p roceeds
c os ts and amount rec overable under cer tificate paid firstbalance paid to cer tificate debtor
d ispute regard ing c laim due s ince cer tificate dec ided by Cer tificate
Cfiicer “ c
C er tified p u r c h aser
is the real purc haser
su it against - barred 2 8,1 82
,2 46,
st r ic t c ons truc t ion of ru le 2 8,1 8 2,
“
246
benam i purchase at Cour t - sale discouraged 2 8
t r u s t in favor of th i rd party enf orced 2 8 , 1 83
righ ts of a member of a joint H indu fam i ly or of partner 29, 1 83, 2 1 7
844 IND EX .
C hh o tanagp u r
righ ts Of raiy'at il l 0 0 . 0 0 . t o .
C hina C lay
is a m ineral
C lay—1is not a m ineral
Col lu sion
purchase ia—with benamdar
Combination—See P U RCHASER
mo‘
de of setting aside s ile for
Com pany
acquisit ion of land { ow—through Col lec torComp ens at ion
—S ee Assassusu'
r or COM PENSATION, D rvrsrou or
COMPENSATION
Comp u lsary Sale
sale by mor tgagee is not
nor,
‘
by pawnee
nor , by l im ited owner
nor,with Court
’
spermissmn
nor, by righ t of preemp tion
nor. in enforcement of equ itable rights
definit iond iff erent kinds of
Confirmation
purchaser has an incohate r ight before 26
—essent ial to i
transfer of t i t le 26, 1 79
—does not Val idate void sale 26 “7
protec tion against c laim,
that c ond i tion precedent not c ompl ied wi th 26
purchaser ent itled to benefit of his purchase 26
Cont emp t of Cou r t—See D ISTRESS
Cons t ru c tion—See STATUTE
Cosh ar er
has preferential righ t to buy 22,163 229
Cot enan t—o
—buy ing must reconvey 2 1 , 259
I NDEX?
D ifi t r eS S—c ontd . PAGE .
F or contemp t of _ Cou r t
legal contempt is Off ence against S overeignvarious ‘k inds of c ontemp t
c ontemp t p unished to prevent inter ference with adm inistrat ion of
justice
disobed ience t o Cour t ’s order is cont emp t
fact”
that order ough t not t o have been made is no exc use for
disobedience
agg r ie ved par ty shoul d apply to Cou rt for relief
breach of under tak ing given to Cour t amou nts to c ontempt
punishm ent f or contempt and mode of exec u t ion f or enforc ingj udgmen ts
D elivery of sp ecific moveable
execut ion of de c ree by attachment and sal e
proper ty not in possession of ju dgment - deb tor
Sp ecific p eif ormance
order enfor ced by attachment and sale m .
execu t ion w ithou t noticesuc cessive appl ications
period of l imitat ion
I nj unc tion
m us t be obser ved to the letter 305
attachmen t in c ase of disobedience 10,305
compensat ion when at tachment was appl ied for on insu ffi cient g rounds 305reg ular suit barred when award is m ade 305
limitation for such suit 305
Non- app ear ance in Cou r t
f ai lu re to a ttend Co ur t under process pun ishable by attachment
attachment of p roper ty of = proc laimed fofiender
attachmen t sim u l taneou s wi th proc lamat ionund i v ided in terest of an abscond ing c oporc ener
Sale of , attached p r op er ty
at tac hed proper ty at the disposal of Governmenteffec t Of attachment
c laim to property attached
u hen property of wrong person attached
sale not made before 6 months
pur chaser bound to see that p roc lamation was d uly. publ ishedirreg u lar i ty in p roc lamat i on v i tiates sale
su i t to set aside sale
I NDEX .
D is tress—contd .
F or r ent in B engal
d istraint introduc ed by Reg . XX I I of 1 793
principle on wh ich landlord ’
s r ight to d istrain is foundedwhat is the produ c t of the ear th
rent m ust be a reser vat ion and no t excep tionr ight tO d istrain g i ven ei ther by statu te or by c ontrac t
d istraint for rent of c urrent year not al lowed
Who 26mdistrain
land lord mak ing defau l t in payment of revenue c annot distraintenant cannot d eny r igh t of reg istered propr ietor to d istrainr ight to d is train lost by ag rement or c ond uc t
by accepting secur i ty for ar rearr igh t to d istrain independent of any other remedy
remedy is lost if landlord rec overs judgment for ren t
d is tress by one Of joint tenants on behalf of others is g ood
where they sever,r igh t is g one
Against whom distraint may be made
d istress made against any one of joint t enantsexcept where there are separate demisesno dist ress levied against recei veror Company in l iqu idation
R equisites of a va lid distr ess
i. exist ing demiSe essentialac knowledgment of tenancy suffi c ientor where tenant cont inues in possession wi th c onsent
landlord cannot distrain af ter treat ing tenant as trespassertenancy at sufierance does
’
not au thorize d istressperson hav ing only l imited r igh t of use and enjoyment cannot
distrainu . rent must be cer taincol lateral ag reement Operates as personal c ontraat
rent being fluc tuat ing does not bar r igh t-
reser ved to lessor and not to stranger
c rOps not raised by tenant not d istrainedsuble t t ing wi th writ ten consent of land lord
arrear i. e; , payable at certain t imewhe n rent becomes due
no d istress un til rent is inc arrear
rent «
payable in ad vancerent tendered but refused
arrears of rent du e to defau lter of revenue -
paying es tate
INDEX .
D ist r ess—c ontd .
P r eliminaries
verified applicat ion made to Civil Courtappl icat ion shal l bear Court fee stamp of 8 annas
separate appl ication for each holdingright of superior landlord to distraind istraint prevails against at tachment
payment of surplus sale-
proceeds
distraint prohibited
B y whom levied
implied warrant by landlord that he has right to distrainofficer appointed shal l take charge of p roduce
produce not yet fi t for reaping or gather ing
S eizure of crop s et c .
may be either ac tual or construc t i ve
goods d istrained taken by’
p‘
rocess of law
Wr itten demand of arrearmode of ser viced istraint does not prevent reaping &c .
but property remains in charge of officer
P r oc lamation
what must it contain
d istraint withdrawn on payment
i. by defaul ter of amount specified in the demand
su it contesting legal ity of d istraintii. by inferior tenant
deduc tion of amount f rom rent
suit f or amount
eff ect of land lord withdrawing amount
M ode of sale
place of saleoffi cers cannot purchase
their liabil ity under I . P . C.
demand sat isfied by sale of a por tion
p roperty must be sol d for best pr iceirregular ity at sale does not afiect purchaser
except where sale is wrong ful
sale postponed if fair price not oEeredd istraint twice for same rent not al lowed
separate d istress for each instalment al lowed
350, mums.
D lSLbress—conc ld .
damages are fair value of goods
if no sale has taken p'
,ace plaintiff is enti tled to nominal damag e
recovery of excess paid to g et rid of dis tress
p r inc ipal ’ s l iabi lity for ao ent’
8 ac ts
mas ter l iable f or ser vant ’s wrongacts
'
done withbut master’
s au thor ity
Limitation
u s e O
f or rllegal , 1 rreg ular or excessrve d 1 stress
for”
seiz ing c rops under f raudulent and fict it ious proceed ing sa 0 I
for wrong fu l removal of c rops
Smal l Cause Cour t
su it'
f or compensation does not lie in Smal l Cause Cau rt
but su i t f or '
money paid under distress warrant l ies
, c rim 1nal trespass and abetmen tI C O
Sa le—" P r oceeds—a o
C 0
d 1stribution of
D rv rs l on o f Comp ensation
-P er sons entitled to comp ensation
1 . Owner
persons ent i tled to land shou ld get compensation
persons depri ved of any interests entitled‘
p r unaf acz'
e owner or person in possess ion is interested in landany
'
bther personc larm rng 1nterest bound to,
prove ti tleowner of bu rning ghat or publ ic road
,user of which vest ed in
M unicipal i typerson interested in easement
person acqu i r ing presc r ipt i ve r ight
persons interested inc l ude persons having equ i table interests
person enterrng 1nto contrac t with owner before dec laration
Licensees
persoj
ns entitled to compensation only where there is physicalinterference with their r igh ts
mere l icensees have no c laimwor kmen employed in quarry on land
r igh t to supply ref reshments in theatre‘
IND EX
D ivis ion o f Comp ensat ion—contd.
P ersona l r ights
I
personal r ights not at tached to land conf er no r igh t , to compensat iontenants whose tenanc ies have been determ ined have no r igh t toc ompensat ion
person hav ing an acquitable r igh t to a lease is,bu t person hav ing
a r ight of prescr ipt ion is not , ent i tled to c ompensat ionon
"
breach of contrac t , vendor not ent i tled to S tatu tory al lowance
Tenant
where there are different interests proper me thod is to calc u late
thei r respec t i ve valueshe who can permanent ly employ land to u tmost u t i l i ty is ent i tledto largest amount
tenant’
s interest regarded at the t ime of g i v ing noticeland not acquired unt i l expirat ion of noticewhen lessee g ives not ic e to‘
term inate his leasedifferenc e between rent paid and rent that property is wor th
mul t ipl ied by nunrber of‘
year’
s pu rchase
Government as land lord not ent i tled to more than ord inary land
lord
land held subjec t to covenants
P ermanent tenure
definit ion of permanent tenu re
onus is upon tenant to prove permanencyuse- of worde “
pu tni taluk ,” “tal uk
,
” “ f rom generat ion to genera
t ion,” “estim rari
,
” “rnokarari
u seeof words rnokarariistimrari does not p er se denote her i tablees tate
Cou rt may consider terms of instrument,c ircumstances under which
it was made and intent ion of par t ieslong enjoyment, descent , f requent transf er &c . may prove perma
nency
where orig in of tenancy known, long possess ion or payment of
same rent raises no presump tionwant of reg istrat ion of pu rchaser
'
s name in land lord’
s sher i shtadoes not inval idate his t i tle
transfer completed 011 payment of land lord’
s fee
presumpt ion f rom hold ing at a uniform rent
Court not bound to presume permanency f rom long possessionf or
’
fei tu re c lause in mokararilease does not afiec t its permanencyacfluisition of per
manent righ ts by presc r ip tion . . v
. 50 B . T . Ac t VI I I of 1 885 is usef ul g uide to dec ide permanency
PAGE .
3V
O2 IND EX .
D ivision o f Comp ensation—c oma.
where tenancy permanent,landlord entitled to capitalised value
of rent
also f or chance of enhancement of rent and of lease coming
to end
but
”
to assess this chance is difficu l ttenant entit led to abatem ent of rent
exc ept where he takes the whole c ompensation
covenant that whole c ompensat ion should belong to landlord not
il legal or contrary to publ ic policyd i v ision of compensat ion equal ly between zem indar - and pu tnidar
d isapprovedwhere rent not fixed land lord entitled to something more for
possibil i ty of value of land in future a
l iabil i ty of tenan t to ejec tm ent and enhancement c ons ideredlessee of mines o f sufficien t leng th to exhaust them may be tak entobe absolute owner
lessee ent i tled to year ly profit mu l tipl ied by number of years, lease
has to r un
L imited inter est
lease with
-
p r oviso that lessor wil l re - enter on acquisitionlessee enti tled to c ompensat ion for r ight to renewal of lease
raiyat’
s home and sphere of labour taken into consideration
apport ionment of c ompensat ion between landlord and oc c upancy
raiyat
under—raiyat not enti tled to compensation
except where he has planted trees
year ly tenant and tenan t for a per iod over a year entit led to c om
pensation
appor tionmen t of c ompensation between owners of land and bu ild ing sm t r tgagee
’
s l ien transferred to compensationthere is no lieu where mortgage was effec ted af ter dec larat iond i vision of com pensat ion between Hindu widow and her adopted son
D wel ling Hou se
r igh ts of stranger pu rchasing share
protec ted in Revenue Sale
E q uitab l e Rig h t
sale in enforc ement of—not compulsory
E xec u tion o f D ec r ee—See Arm cmrras r,Exscur ros SALE .
Final Subsisting D ecr ee
definition of decree
execu tion is carrying into eff ec t dec ision of Cour t
PAGE .
91
91
91
91
9 1
IN D EX .
E xec u tion o f D ec r e e—c ontd .
exec u t ion of dec rees passed by Cou r t of Native P rince or S tate
execu t ion of dec ree by Cour t in ter ritorities of Fore ign P r inc eo r S tate
order r ejec ting appl icat ion for t ransfer of d ec ree appealable
iii. Cou r t of Col lec tor
objec t is to preser ve old landed g entry of the c ountry
ju r isdic t ion of Cour t ou sted
bu t m oney realized is at . ite d isposalj u risd i c t ion of o th er Cou r ts no t ou s ted
Col lec tor’
s order is u l tra in'
-
res if he exc eeds his jur i sd i c t ionorder of Col lec tor not appealable
Ter ritor ia l j urisdic tion
ter r i tor ial j u r isd ic t ion is cond i t ion precedent to exec u tion
execu t ion o f mor tgag e - dec ree by sale if some proper ty is ou t
s ide Cou r t ’s j urisd ic t ionor if af ter decree land is placed whol ly ou ts ide ju risd ic tionCourt c anno t exec u te m oney dec ree if proper ty is whol ly ou ts idej u r isd i c t ion
sale o f proper ty par tly w i th in j ur isdic tion
P ecuniary j u r isdic timz
execu t ion of dec rees beyond pec uniary jur isd ic tion ,v oid
excep t dec rees for ren t and m esne profi ts ascer tained subsequent t o
Sui t
Concur r ent j urisdic tion
s imu l taneou s exec u t ion of dec rees in m ore Cour ts than one
sale under d i fferent attachments at once,not al lowed
Constr uc tion of d ecr ee
exec u t ing Cour t not to requ i re proof o f dec ree or order
f unc t ions of exec u t ing Cour t c onfined to effec ting exec utionsexec u t ing Cour t m us t take dec ree as it s tands
decree or order b ind ing on par ties unless set as ideexec u t ing Cour t c anno t enter tain objec t ion to valid i ty of an
ass ignment of dec ree
nor,to leg ality
'
or correc tness of decree or jiu‘isd l c tion of Cou r t
passing it
nor,that dec ree was obtained by f raud
when dec ree is sent wi thou t an orddr f o r exec u t ion 0 0 .
exec u t ing Cou r t cannot al ter , vary or add to the terms of dec ree
but c an c onstrue dec ree
c onstruc t ion based on plead ing s and j udgm ent
IND EX.
E xec u tion of D ec ree—contd .
c onstruc t ion pu t on former occas ionag reement arr i ved at with sanc t ion of Cou r t
M ode gf execution
t ransferred dec ree does not lose its or ig inal charac terexec u t ing Court retains j ur isd ic t ion un t i l exec u t ion is withd rawn
or cert ifiedd ec ree sent to H igh Cou r t f or execu t iondec ree sent to Cour t of Smal l Causes
P er sons comp etent to execute decr ees
i. Joint decr ee- hol der s
d eath of one of several dec ree - holders does not suspend or des troy
r igh t to issue exec u t ionany one of se veral dec ree - holders may exec u te who le dec ree
managing member of a Joint H ind u fam i ly c an exec u te dec rees
Cou r t need not g i ve not ice to other dec ree - hol ders
jo int dec ree not exec u ted p iec emeal
order determ ining quest ions between part ies appealable
ii. Assignee
dec ree- holder’
s r ight ceases upon ass ignmentass ig nment
,v oluntary or involuntary
transferee under oral assignment has no locus slamli
ass ignee by operation of law can execu te dec ree
ass ig nee may take direc tly er through his ass ignort ransferree may be of a por tion only
assignee need not make form al appl icat ion f or subst i tu tion o f his
name
notice to ass ignor and j udgment - debtor absol u telv necessary
transferee may apply to Cour t pass ing dec ree f or trans fernot i c e issued by Cou r t pass ing dec reeass ignee entit led to exec u t ion as of r igh tass ignee of a dec ree for maintenancedec ree for money and costs not separately exec u ted
ass ignee subjec t to equ i t ies ag ainst dec ree- holder
j udgment - debtor’
s r igh t to set off c ross - dec ree
assig nee is a representat i ve of dec ree- holder
ass ignee can maintain su i t for dec laration of his r igh t
iii. J udgment d ebtor
d ec ree trans ferred to j udgment - d eb tor ext ing uishedexc ept when dec ree is separately g i ven agains t ditl
'
c rc n t persons
356 INDEX .
E xecu tion of D ec r ee - contd . PAGE .
or where dec ree ,is against defendant as representative of
persons
su i t f or contribution by one of judgment - debtors purchasing rent~
dec ree
iv . S tranger
stranger may acquire equitable righ t to benefit of execu tion
but he must su e in th e name of a par ty
dec ree- holder attaching decree of his judgment - debtor
v . B enamdar
benamdar cannot exec u te dec ree
real decree- holder may continue execu tion proceed ings commenced
by benamdar
Leave of Cour t
leave of Court unnec essary for execu tion
except when dec ree ag ainst a firm is to be execu ted agains t a
par tner not ser ved with summons
or wh en decree is passed in a suit between c opar tners n o
appointment of Receiver is for benefit of al l parties
property in hands of Receiver not attached withou t leave ofleave obtained af ter applicat ionproperty at tached before order for Receiver is perfec ted
or before order of ad judic ation is madeanticipatory attachment not made
I mmediate execu tion
power of Cou r t extends over every c lass of persons and species of
property w i th in jur isd ic tionexecu tion against ward of Cour t
issue of execu tion f or thwith or withou t demand
decree against Secretary of . S tate or public of ficer
Execution on dormant j udgment
judgment inoperative unti l r i gh t to issue exec ution is reviveddormancy c reated by change in par ties or by lapse of t imenotice of execution necessary in certain cases
when it may be d ispensed withnot ice issued by Court hav ing seizin '
of appl icationobject of issuing notice is to prevent surpriseissue of not ice is cond i tion precedent to exec utionomission to issue notice is an il legal i tynotice issued to wrong person
358 INDEX .
E xecu tion o f D ec r ee—contd . PAGE .
P eriod of limitation for execu tion
law of l im i tation depends upon Cour t which passes decreeexecu tion of dec ree or order of any Cour t establ ished by RoyalChar ter in its Ord inary Original C i v i l Jurisdic tion or order of
His M ajesty in Counc i l made with in 1 2 yearstwel ve years counted f rom rev i vor
, payment or ac knowledgmentto const i tute revivor there m ust be order f or exec ut ionorder w ithout notice u nder 0. 2 1 r . 2 2 C. P . C . does not rev i veexecu tion of dec ree or order of any other Ci v i l Cour t m ade within 3
years or 6 years if reg istered from (1 ) date of decree or order l .o. ,
j udgmentl im i tation runs f rom date of ascer tainment of amount lef t undeter
mined
(2) date of final dec ree or order of Appel late Cou r t
limitat ion runs f rom date of dec ree or order of Appel late Cour tmerepresentat ion of a memorandum of appeal su ffi c ientorder by which appealabates
’
appe‘
a’
l need not relate to whole mat ter in controversy , nor by or
against, al l defendants
exc ept where dec ree contains separate orders against defendan ts
separately
l imitation runs f rom date of dec ree on appeal by one of defendants
ong rounds common to al l
f rom date of order of Appel late Cou r t ref using to set as ideexp ar te dec ree
(3) date of decision on rev iewl imitat ion r uns f rom date of order on rev ieworder determin ing c osts not set tled in judgmentorder rejec t ing review does not save l im i tat ion(4) date of amendment of decree
applicat ion for reconstruc t ion of a lost dec ree does not save l im itation
(5) date of appl icat ion for execu t ion, (a) to proper Cour tCour t to wh i ch ‘
an appeal has been preferred is not proper Court
bu t bonafide appl ication presented to wrong Cour t saves l im i tationt ime r uns f rom date of applying
str iking off appl ication cannot keep dec ree al i veappl icat ion need not be suc cessf u l
when dec ree is attached dec ree- holder cannot take any step to
save l imi tation(b) in acc ordanc e wi th law
.
whether appl icat ion is or is not in ac cordance with law depends
upon c irc umstanc es of each case
bonafi le of appl i cation not of any c onsequenceonly mater ial defec ts v i t iate appl ication
IND EX .
E xec u t ion o f D ec r ee—c ontd .
app l i c at ion agains t persons who are not represent at i ves of j udgment - debtor or against a dead pe rs on
or app l icat ion by t ransferee of a dec ree under an unregis tered
deed of ass ig nment
or appl i cat ion by leg al represen tat i ve o f a dec eased d ec ree - ho lder
w i thout produc t ion of probate or c er t ificateor inf ormal appl i cat ion ac c epted by Cou r tor appl icat ion by a Vak i l al thoug h vakale t - namah is not dated
app l i ca t ion not c omply i ng w i th requ i rements of C .
“
2 1 r r . 1 1—1 4 C. P .
C . is not in ac cordanc e w i th lawbu t if am ended W i th in t ime al lowed 1 t is in ac cordanc e wi th lawS . 2 2 L im i tat ion Ac t does not g or eio exec u t ion proceed ing sapp l icat ion need not be in wr i t ingapp l i cat ion is not in ac cordance w i th law when it is not in ac cord
anc e w i th term s of dec ree
or subsequen tly w i thd rawnor by general at torney of dec ree - holder res ident w i th in j u r isd i c t ion
of Cour t
appl icat ion by one of join t dec ree - holders
1pplication against one o f jo in t j udgment - debtors
dec ree does not c ease to be joint by ar rang em ent among dec ree
holders
(c) to take steps in aid o f exec ut ion,i. e.
,to obtain order in fu r ther
ance of dec ree or to in i t iate execu t ionit m ust be f ramed f or rel ie f which Cenit is c ompetent to g rantwhe ther Cou rt c ou ld g rant rel ief is a ques t ion of f ac t
regard m ust be had to nature of step to be taken
decic c - hol der m ust shew that he has taken steps
S tep s in aid (f exec u tion
appl i cat ion d ur ing c ontinuanc e of a proc eeding taken on a prev iousappl i cat ion
or to enter up satis fac tion of dec ree
o r to pay m oney real i zed in exec u t ionor for subst i tu t ion of name of trans feree of dec ree
or pray ing f or t ime to find ou t add ress of j udgment - debtor or to
issue not i c e 0 1 1 him
or to hav e exec u t ion case struc k offor to 1 ejec t j 1 1 clgment - debt01"s appl ic at ion for se tting as ide sale
or f or t ime to prove ser v i ce of not i c eor to obtain cop ies of j udgment and dec reeor to obtain rest i tu t ion under appel late dec ree
or to issue sale proc lamationor to issue sealed warrant by a P 1 esidency Smal l Cause Court
INDEX .
Exec u t ion of D ec r ee—c m td .
or to have proper ty sold subjec t to mortgage
or to have heirs of dec eased j udgment - debtors subst i tutedor to transfer dec ree for execu tion to another Court
or to del i ver possession to dec reea holder pur chaser
Step s not in aid of exec ution
application by dec ree s holder f or leave t o bid is not necessarily a
.s tep in aid of execu t ionnor, is any ministerial ac t which Court does not sue mowapplication by a dec reeaholder purchaser to c onfirm sale
or. to return copy of dec ree
or to br ing dec ree into c onformity wi th j udgmen tor to release a por tion of proper ty attached
or to be al lowed to set elf pu rchase‘money against dec ree
or.for exec u t ion against su rety
or‘for t ime
or g i v ing c onsent to application for postponement
or resisting or opposing any such appl i c ationor for payment of procesS
a fee
or pray ing that mat ters of appl ication previously applied for m ightbe d isposed of along wi th sim i lar applicat ion
or to obtain c ertificate under S . 0. A c t V I I of 1 889
or for order permitting dec ree- hol der to wi thd raw m oney
et a su i t to establ ish r ight t o at tach a portion of proper ty released
(6) date of issue of notice under 0. 2 1 r . 2 2 C. P . C .
t ime runs f rom date wh en notice is ac tual ly issued
ac tual servic e not necessary
0 0 .
it is immater ial whether not ice ough t or ough t not to have been
issued
(7 ) date when payment is to be made
where’
whole becomes d ue on f ailure of one instalment
where dec ree gives dec ree- hol der option to exec u te whole dec ree
subsequent ac ceptanc e precludes part ies f rom asser ting their r igh tsdec ree d irec t ing annual payment is not dec ree d i rec t ing paym ent
at“c erta in date
0 0 .
where there is no d i rec tion to pay f u ture maintenanc el im i tat ion c ounted f rom date of dec ree
Extension of time
i. f raud or force gives new starting point
“ f raud interpreted in w ider sense than in Eng lish law
lock ing u p hou se to prevent at tachm ent
evad ing process by c on trivanc e or d ishonestyfic tit i ous transfer o f proper ty io def eat or delay execu tion
INDE X .
E xec u t ion o f D ec r ee—coma.
when mat ters direc tly and substant ial ly in iS sue in both appl i cat ionsare same
,e i ther ac tual ly
or,construc t i vely
part ies inmm proceedings are same
l i t igat ing under same t i t lef o rmer applicatic
'
u'
i heard and final ly d ec idedd ec is ions necessary to the determ ination of previous appl i cationwhere rel ief c laimed bu t no t expressly g ranted
where former appl ication t ime barreddec is ion erroneous in law no t 7
enquiry l im i ted to immed iately preced ing appl icat ionwhen judgment - debtor had no notice
, princ iple o f r es j udicata has
no appl icationnot
,where d i fferent appl ications made f or execu tion of d i fferent
decrees
here the case was struc k off quest ion previously adj ud icated not
reopened
dec ree - holder cannot as a mat ter o f righ t d iscontinue exec u t ion
Time limit
t im e l imit is placed upon suc c essive applic ations
appl icat ion barred if presented after 1 2 years f rom date of dec ree
l im it at ion does not ‘
r t‘
m unt i l dec ree is ripe f or exec ut ionbu t once l imitat ion has beg un to run twel ve years
’
per iod computed
f rom that date
or der on appl ication made af ter 1 2 years if presented“
with inperiod
appl icat ion m us t be s ubstant i ve appl icat ionappl i cat ion for sale of p roper ty al ready at tached
or,fo r t rans fer of dec ree to another Court for exec u tion
o r,for exec u t ion when S ale is se t as ide
or,for exec u tion after rem o
'val of obs taslehere execu t ion suspended at ins tance o f suc cessful c laimant to
at tached property
when f ormer appl icat ion was appl icat ion for execu t ion agains tproper ty and latter against personwhen appl icat ion is that cer ta in pro per ty al ready at tac hed shou ld be
released and other property at tached in its stead
or,other add i t ional proper ty shou ld be at tached
app l i c ation to rev i ve p rev ious appl icat ion g overned by A r t . 1 8 1
S ch . 1 L im i tat ion Ac tdelay oc cas i oned by obstac les f or wh i ch dec ree - holder not respon
sible
IND EX .
E xec u t ion S a le (M oney- D ec r ee)—Sen [Cu zc'm '
iox
or D scnrzrz PAGE .
Sa le by Aac tion
sale in exec u t ion shou ld be by public auc tionsale o f negotiable instrument or share in a corpo ration
brokersat is fac tion of decr ee by tem porary a lienat io nprac ticab i l i ty of such sat is fac t ion
F r eelance /Zon
what shou l d iicontainobjec t of i ssu ing proc lamat io nemission to state part ic u lars is i rreg u lar i tyso 1 8 inc orrec t entry
Va l ue of p r op er ty
not requ i red to be stated
bu t: under - s tatemen t o f val ue m ay m is lea d b iddersobjec t ion to valuat ion enqu i red intoobjec t o f statibg val uem isstatemen t of value is material irreg u lari tyjmlgm ent - debtor es toppe d in c er tain cases
order d isal lowing objec t ion not appealable
bu t propr iety of order c hal leng ed by appeal agains t tinal dec ree
m ode of publ icat ion of proc lamation
Time of sa le
how fixed
objec t of fixing ' time o f sale
sale held in a day d i fferent from that not i fiedif t ime fixed is too shor t
,de fec t not remedied by postponement
sale made at im proper plac e
sale wi thou t g i v ing proper not ice not c onfirme d
Adjou rnment of sale
Cou r t’
s power to ad journ sale
f resh proc lamat ion necessary if ad jou rnment is longer than
7 days
emission to issue fresh proc lamation or non - specification o f hou r to
wh ich sale is adjourned is mater ial i rreg ular i tysale '
stopped on payment of debts and c osts
s tay of execu tion and sale, pend ing invest igation o f c laims o r
objec t ionstay by Court exec ut ing dec reeCourt
'
s d iscr etion in g rant ing or refusing stay
364 INDEX .
E xec u tion S al e (M oney - D ec r ee)—c ontd .
f ai l ure to c arry ou t orders of Cou rt is no g round for refus ing s taystay pend ing suit by judgment - deb tors tay of execu tion of Revenue Cou r t dec ree pending in Civil Cour tsale of c rop stayed till c u t or gat h ereds tay to enab le judgment - debtor to raise dec retal amoun tstay pend ing appealexp ar te order for stay
Gr ounds f or S tay
if t h ere is adequate remedy no inj unc tion wil l issueproper ty preserved in slam qu o
pr inciples on Whic h s tay gran tedapplication made wit h ou t unreasonable delaysecu rity g i vensecu r i ty not required f rom Sec retary of Statesecur i ty bond execu ted in exec u tion-
proceedings
order for s tay suspends Cour t’
s power
applicant s h oul d pay c os ts of app l icationCour t may cancel or vary order f or s tayHigh Cour t
’
s power to stay exec u t ioninj unc t i on staying sale until d isposal of su i t to es tab lish title to
attac h ed pr oper tyg rant ing o f temporary injunc tion is a mat ter of judic ial d isc retionprinciple on w hic h injunc tion g ran tedsale not stayed unless it will resu l t in inju ries not suscep tib le t o
pecuniary estimatione. g .
,sale of rel i c s h eir looms
,mem en tos
,& c .
ejec tment f rom h ome or land
sale c louding tit le of t rue owner
af ter dec ree Court has no power to g ran t f u r t h er temporary in
junc tionorder g rant ing or ref us ing inj unc tion open to appeal
r igh t of exec u tion c reditor not des troyed or imper i l led
P m '
ckaser s
i. offi cer h aving any duty to perform in connec t ion wit h sale cannot buyii. h older of dec ree cannot
'
buy Wit h ou t permissionassignee of dec ree under oral ag reemen tdec ree- h older ob taining leaved u ty of dec ree - h o lder before obtaining leavemisrepresentation by dec ree - h older is f raudresponsibility of c onduc ting sale is on Cour tdec ree - h o lder no t permit ted to sec ure proper ty at g rossly inadequate
p l‘ lCe c o . t o . c o .
366 IND EX .
E xec u tion S al e (M oney- D ec r ee)—c ontd . Pau li} .
Sa le of moveables not set aside
salé of moveab l es not set as ide for irreg u larity
person sustaining inj u ry may sue f or c ompensat i onrecover y of specific proper ty w h ere purc h aser is g u i lty
Sale of immoveablep r op er ty set aside
5. by payment'
within 30days f r om sale
f ormal applicat i on no t necessarysimu l taneous app lication under 0. 2 1
‘
rr . 89,90C . P . 0.
applic ation purpor ting to be made under r . 90
any person owning or h olding subs i sting interes t can app lybu t c ont rac t f or sale d oes not of i tsel f c reate any interes t
person acqu i ring title to pr operty before or af ter sale canno t appl ybu t j udgmen t - deb tor af ter he has sold proper ty can
c os h arer , mor tgag ee or benamdar can apply
purc h aser pr ior to at tac hment , under tenan t of purc h aser of non- trans
ferable h o lding c an apply
deposit of 5 pf c . intended sis solarium
depo’
s i t unconditional and payabl e at oncedeposit of Governmen t Security not g ooddeposit retaine
'
d t i l l d isposal of applicat ion for setting aside as p ar le
dec ree
deposit of am ount of sale-
pr oceeds not enoug hmistake of offi c er in cal c ulat i on not suffi cient pleapu rchaser and dec reeholder s h ou ld be made par ties 0 0 . o n .
appl i cat ion made wit h in 30days f rom sale
Cou r t canno t extend t ime'
unless Cour t is c losed on las t day o f the per i odtime d oes not run if final bid remains unac cep tedf raud extendsperiodsale set aside af ter confirmationsu i t to rec over money deposited to set as ide sale of proper ty of
person ot h er t h an j udgment - deb tor does not liewlio is “ interes ted in payment of money which anot h er is boundto pay
”
order passed appealab letes t to determ ine wh et h er person is representativeno second appeal liesrig h t of purc h aser to appeal
r ev i sional j u risdic tion of Hig h Cou rtii. f or material irreg u lar i ty or f raud
saleset as ide on applic ation wit h in 30 days f rom sale
sale set aside on g round of f raud
proof of fraud antecedent to sale
I NDEX .
E xec u tion S al e (M oney- D ec ree)—c onrd .
who can appl y
pu rc h aser f rom j udgmen t - debtor prior to sale c anno tbu t pu rc h aser pr i or to at tac hment of tenure so ld for its own
arrears c an
benefic ial owner canpurc h aser at sale in execu t i on of decree against unreg isteredt ransferee of oc c upancy h o ld ing can
c os h arer canno tat tac h m ent befo re j udgmen t gives no r ig h t to applyappl i cat i on by cojudgmen t - debtor w h ere s im i lar applications by
ot h ers fai ledw h ere appointed g uard ian refused to app lym ater ia l i r reg u lar i tysal e not ip sof acto vo idsale vo id ab initio for i l legal i tyom i ss i on to h ave guardian ad litem appointed is mater i a l irreg u la:ityom iss i on to b r ing l ega l representat i ve o f j udgment - debtor on rec o rdw h en infan t not represen tedi r reg u lar i ty m u s t be c omm i t ted in pub l i s h ing o r c onduc t i ng salee . g .
,w h ere dec ree was obtained w .thou t serv i c e o f summ ons
o r,by f raud
o r, Cou r t had no j u r isd i c t ion to se l l proper ty
o r,exec u t i on was t ime bar red
om i ss ion to at tac h d oes not vit iate sale
sale s h ou ld be open to f ree and f u l l c om pet i t i onc om b inat i on am ong s t b idders not a lways f raudu len tc om b inat i on t o ob tai n proper ty at sac rifi cear rangement be tween dec ree - h o lder and c os h arer of j udgment - debto r
not to bid agai ns t eac h o t h erem pl oymen t of pe rson to bid w h ere sal e is subjec t t o reserved pr i c eem pl oymen t of puff ers t o en h anc e bido ff er i ng b id s t h roug h benam dar c ons iderab ly in excess o f val ue se t
f o r t h in pr oc lam at i onag reem en t wit h a t h i rd person no t to bidsubstan t ial inj u ry m ust be proved mater ia l i rreg u lar i ty o r f raud
w i t h ou t subs tan t ial i nj u ry not enoug hf raud of dec reelrolder or o f pu rc h asers v i t i ates salem ere i r reg u lar i ty d oes not c reate presumpt i on o f i nj u ryw h ere value of p roper ty does not exc eed d ec re ta l am oun t or ir reg u
larities relate to onelot on l yconnec t ion of i rreg u lar i ty or f raud w i t h inadequacy o f pr i ce need
not be pr oved by d i rec t ev idenc e
g reat i nadequacy of pr i c e may ra ise presumption of f raud
i rreg u lar i t ies wai ved
8 68 IND EX .
E xec u tion S al e (M oney- D ec ree)—contd .
waiver presumed as wel l as provedag reemen t to wa i ve irreg u larities val id
g uard ian of minor may waive ir regu lar i tyj udgment - deb tor estopped , if sale is al l owed t o proc c eed wit hou tobjec t ion
w h ere he had no oc cas ion to make obj ec t i on to irregu lar i tyag reement to set as i de sale validno t i c e m ust be given to par tiesbenefic ial owner is not always a necessary par tysale set aside
‘
by ar rangernent w i t h dec ree- h o l der
App ea l
no appeal l ies f rom order re fusing to res tore application dis
m i ssed for defau l torder set t ing as ide sale open to rev iewappeal l ies f rom order d ism i ssing app l i cat ion f or non - appe
'
ar
anc e
appeal l ies f rom order set ting as ide or '
ref us ing t o set as ide sale
no sec ond appeal lies f rom order passed on appeal
appeal l ies to P rivy Councilsec ond appeal l ies on g rounds ot h er t h an irreg u lar i ty o r f raud
appeal l ies against order passed ou review
r ig h t of appeal d oes not depend on who is appel lan t
p roceed ings invo l ve questions re lating to exec u t ion,d i scharge, or
satisfac t ion of dec ree
p roceeding s mus t be taken by appl i cation
p l aint t reated as app l i cat i onw h en dec ree is f raudulen t su i t not bar red "
sale h e ld in c on travent i on of O. 34, r . 1 4 C . P . 0. not nu l l i tydec ree -h older is tre
‘
spasser’
wh'
en process i l leg alh e‘ i s l iab le wit h ou t pr oof
“
of malic e or want of reasonab le or probab lecause
f or d amages ie‘
su l ting f rom ac t done under c over of exec u t ion
pr‘
oc eed ing ,’
Want of‘
reasonable cause and mal i ce mus t be
proved"
fai lu re to bring suit to avoid exec u t i on -
proc eedingsval id i ty of sale quest ioned by way of defence
iii: non - saleab le interestsal e set as idewh ere j udgment - deb tor had no saleab le interestd u ty of purc h aser pr i or to salew h ere j udgment debtor had par tial interes trec overy of pur c h ase - m oney by appl i cat ion or by su i twh ere t h ere was m i srepresen tat ion, su i t l ies
IND EX o
Execu tion S al e (M oney- D ec r ee)—con td .
(a) M or eabl rs
pr oper ty seized delixered to purc h aser1
‘
p roper ty in possess i on of ot h ersdebt not sec u red t by negotiabl e instrumen to ther cases
Immgveable prop er lyin possession o f judgment - debtor or any person on his behal fin possession of tenan tques tion of del i very of possession c omes under S . 47 C . P . 0.
d ec ree eholder cannot proceed by sui tordeif passed on appl icat ion for delivery o f possession not appealab lebut order disposing of objec tio n of j udgmen t debtor appealab le
purc h aser can bring su i t wh en his application is rejec tedpurc h aser o f und ivided shar e
period of lim i tat ion for a suit for possess ions
'
u i t fer possessioia‘
by transferee f rom purc h aser of tenu refo rmé
’
l possession gives new‘
cause of ac t ionbu t does not br eak c on t inuity of adverse possession of third person
and‘
j udgmentfdebtor
r,does preven td imitdtion r unning when j udgment - debtor remains
in possession
Resistance
it‘
pam haser is resisted he may c om p lain within 30days
person obstruc ting detained in civil prisonres i s tanc e by person c laiining
'
possess‘
ion in good fait hsu i t by a person
'
against w h om order is passedfailure to
'
talce speedy remedy"
par ticul ar res i stance or obs truc tion is -
star t ing point f or l i mitat ionwh en any person is d ispossessed by purc h aser he may c omp lainc laim invest igated by execu ting Cou r t; i rrespec tive of value of
proper tyw h endec ree is transferred to Col lec torefi ec t
’
of sym bolical possession on person’in construc tive possession
where’
s pplicant not in possession on his own“
ac count
Ques tion of t i t le not invest igatedobjec tion w h ere blaim under 0. 2 1 r . 58 C. P . C. has been dismissed
possess ion of members of joint Hindu fam i lysons
'
living with°
their fat h er" are not t h ird par t iesc laima’n t in joint possess ion wi t h judgment~debtororder passed on appl i cat ion finalbut su i t m ay be broug h t w i t hin one yearw h ere -no inves tigat ion was msade one year ’s ru le wil l not apply
I ND EX.
Exec u tion S ale (M oney- D ec r ee)—c ontd .
re h ear ing of execu t ion proceeding sorder passed exp ar ts not set aside
d is possession by a purc haser not ot h erwise t h an in due course of
. law 1 87
but i t is ot h erwise, if he does not proceed under 0. 2 1 r . 96 C. P . C. 1 87
S uit to set asid e sale
m ust be broug h t wi t h in one year from c onfi rmationw h ere sale is vo id i t is not necessaryto h ave it set as ideor
,w h ere sale is not au t h or i zed
or , w h ere legal representatives of judgment - debtor were not
proceeded againstor
,w h ere sale was made of proper t ies of persons not par ties
or, .where proper ty is w h olly ou ts ide jurisd i c t ion of Cour tor , w h ere sale has taken p lace on basis of sat isfied judgmentor
,.where proceed ings were f raudu len t
sale not set aside unless sale-
proceeds appl ied for benefi t of a minorare ref unded ,
Ej ect of setting aside sale
(a) Ref und of p urchase- money
appl ic ation made wit hin 3 years f rom date wh en dec ree is set aside
or amended
(h) Restitu tion
Cour t ’s power of rest itu t ion in h erentsuit for mesne profits broug h t wi t h i n 6 years
Vest/371g of p roper ty
proper ty vests f rom salepurc h aser acqu i res good tit le on ly ag ains t person bound byt i t le of purc h aser not afi ec ted by error
,i r regu lar i ty or f raud
he cannot be h eld to h ave not i ce of irreg u lar i tiesdut ies of intending purc h aserrig h ts of bona, fide purc h aser , w h ere judgment - deb tor had c ross
dec ree of hig h er amountor
,w h ere t h ere was i rreg u larity or defec t of procedure
or,w h ere proper ty was not l iab le for sale
or,w h ere execu t ion was f raudu lent or barred
or,w h ere decree was one w h i c h Cour t oug h t not to h ave passed
or,wh ere summons was not du l y served
or,w h ere wrong person was substitu ted in plac e of deceased
j udgmen t - deb torw h ere Cour t had no j u risdic tion to sel l
372 z I ND Ex.
- E xecu tion S al e (M oney- D ec r ee)—
'
contd . Pass.
reversal of dec ree does not affec t purc haser ot h er t h an decree- holder 5 1 9 1
judgment - debtor must seek redress f rom dec ree- h older 1 91
under any ot her r ule confidencewou ld be d issipated 1 91
w h ere proper ty . belong s to infant 1 91
dec ree- h ol der pur c h aser bound to restore p roper ty 1 91
law wil l not permit him to be ignorant of fac ts 1 91
Cour t wil l not permit inj ust ic e to be done by reason of erroneous
t
order 1 92
w h ere d ecree- h o lder sold to bonafide purc h aser f or value 1 92
original pu r c h aser t h oug h guil ty of devices can transmit valid title 1 92
P ur chaser’
s title
righ t, tit le and interest of j udgment passes to purc h aserhe
, ob tains prec i se interest of j udgment - debtortest to determine wh at he purc h asesit is a question o f mixed law and fac thow determinedsaler c er tificate n ot c onc l usive
w h at was sold is determined by order of Cour t and proc lamation . r .
effec t of er ror in order and proc lamationer ror in cer tificate amended
w h ole exec u tion-
proceedings referred to
construc tion of sale- cer tificate
proc lamation has superiority over sal e- cer tificate
documen ts s h ewing mistake in proc lamation ir relevantboundaries given in sale - cer tificate pref erred to areawhat passes at eale in execu tion of dec ree agains t Hindu wid owrig h ts of pu rc h aser of r ig h t , t i t le and i n teres t of mem ber of M eitak
S h ara Joi nt Fam i lysale in exec u t ion of mor tgage - dec ree
where a s h are is mor tgag ed sale in exec u tion of money- dec ree
p asses unencumbered s h are
R ight, . tét le and inter est
m eaning of these wordsc h ange in in terpretat ion of law w i l l not affec t pu rc h aserr ig h t , title and interest in impar t i b le zem indarial ienab let i t le acquired subsequent
'
to at tac h men t passest i tle acqu i red Subsequent to sale
m inor not bound,unless his interests are expressed to be so l d
r ig h t of pu rc h aser to add the t ime j udgment - debto ‘
was in possessionto the time of his own possession
tit le based on‘
dec ree subsequent ly reversed not suppor ted on nu
oth er dec ree
IN D EX .
Execu tion S al e (M oney- D e_c r ee)—concld .
but ;fres h application must bemade
summary‘
enqu iry wh ether d ec ree - h older is benamdarc laim to at tac hmen t not enquired intosuperior Court competen t to de termine c laim to distribu tionwhen dec ree is transferreddis tribution of asse ts not c onc lusive ad j ud i cation of r ig h tsrefund of assets by persons not ent i tled to receive
period of limitation for suits for refund of assetsmere order for payment of money does not g i ve cau se of ac tionappl i cation for re fund _
wit hin 3 years w h en rig h t ac c ruesjudgment d ue to Government entit led to precedencesuit to dec lare t h at dec ree is col lusive maintainab leinsolvency does not atf ect order for rateable dis tributionappeal lies f rom an order. for distr i bu tionHig h Cour t can interfere. under S . 1 1 5 C. P . C.
.E ixecuizion S al e (R ent - D'
ec r ee)—See ATTACHM ENT Exsc ur rou 0s
Rent
definition t o. o r g n o
money payab le,
in respect of f orest rig h t is not rentabwab, mathot »&c . are not rentabwabs not rec overab le even where t h ey h ave beenpaidw h ere sum is consideration for use and oc cupation of land
batta is not abwabagreement to ‘pay abwab in a mukurarilease is valid
c esses are not abwabs
nor,are t h ey rent
dak,c ess payable under c on trac t is rent
moneys recoverable asrentinteres t on
,and damages for , arrears of rent
money payable ou t of rent to t h i rd personass ig nmen t of arrears of rent af ter t h ey fal l duerevenue payable by pu tnidar out of rentren t is firs t c h argesubjec t to t h i s is amount of damages dec reed wh en tenant renounces his c h arac ter as tenant
dec ree obtained. by reg istered proprietor is dec reefor rentdec ree for arrears of rent d ue between date of sale in execu tion of
. ren t dec ree and confi rmation of sale
ag reemen t to pay rent separately to c os h erersdecr ee for s h are of ren t is dec ree for moneyc os h arer cannot' sel l tenure = or h olding for his s h are of rent
IND EX .
Exec u tion S ale (R ent D ec r ee)—c ontd .
” r
w h ere two c osharersobtain dec rees for t h eir s h ares of rentrent is regarded as d ue in respec t o f the tenurelandlord is in the posi t ion of fi rst m or tgag eesu i t against t ransferor and transferee of par t of tenuretenure sold in exec u tion of mor tg ag e dec ree reso ld for arrear of ren tbut wh en so ld for ar rears of rent i t canno t be reso ld for previousar rears
efiec t of vesting of the tenure in Offi cial Ass ignee
Sale of tenure and ‘lzolding
u nderAc t X of 1 859 tenure‘
in arrear only sold
dec ree- h o lder bound to proceed agains t moveab lesfinder Ac t V I I I
‘
of 1 885 landlord can proceed against tenure or
tenant personal lyw h ere dec ree 1 3 or cannot be enforced by sale of tenu re
,c h arge not
enforced 1 1 1 any ot h er waywh ere land l ord has taken mor tgag ew h ere land l ord pur c h ases tenure in execu tion of his money - decree
sing le dec ree for c onsol idated l ent o f several tenuresdec ree in a su i t on an instalmen t bond for ar 1 eare of rent
t dec ree f or rent ag ains t Hindu widowrig h t to bring tenu re to sale belongs exclusively to landlord
person who obtains dec ree af ter he has par ted wit h proper typar t ing w i t h p rop er ty subsequent to dec reedec ree obtained by land l ord who par ts wit h proper ty or by ass ignee
of(ar rear exec u ted as money
- dec ree
so ass ignee of a dec ree merely can execu te it as money - decree
execut ion of dec ree by ass igneestr i c t c ons tru c t ion of the ru le
ass ig nee does not inc lude h eir, nor representative, nor trustee
Limitation
appliration for execu tion of dec ree for sum not exceed ing Rs . 208
dec ree’ ob tained by c os h arer landlord 208
lim i tation r uns f rom date of dec ree 208
spec ial ru le of lim i tation not extended by application of ordinary
“1 163 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t o .
App lication f or execution—owhat m ust it c ontains imu l taneous i ssu e of at tac hment and proc lamation
P r oc lamah on
w h at mus t it contain
3767 IND E X .
“
E xecu tion S al e (R ent - D ec r ee)—c ontd .
tenure or holdingr
at’
fixed r ates; fi rst pu t up to sale , subjec t to regis
tered and no t ified incumb ranceso cc upancy h old ing sold w i t h power to annul al l incumbrances
’
proc lamat i on publ is h ed in‘
land and mal kac h ar isale not held un t i l 30i
days f r om proc lamat i on
R eleaséf r om attachment;
c laini'
to at tac hment not maintainab le“
grounds on w h ich tenu re wi l l be released f rom at tac hmentunder tenure - h o lder may prevent sale by paymen tpurc h aser f rom tenan t judgmen t - deb tortransferee of whol e or por t i on of tenuretransferee of non- transferab le occ upancy h oldingorder to make deposit not appealab le but Open to rev i s ionnot i cegi ven to decree - h o lderand j udgmen t - debtor
Rights gf p ersou making p ayment
amoun t paid is debt secured by mortgag ehe is. entitled to possess i onhe is not bound to bring suit forunderlessee not evic ted w h en lessee su rrenders
s tatu tory lien does not aff ec t any o t h er remedy
ch arge enforced by suit
pu rc h aser at mor tgage - dec ree c annot recover moneyinferior tenan t may ded uc t amoun t f rom rentmor tg age has additional lienc otenant not en tit led to c h argelandlord estopped f rom quest i on ing rig h t of par ty wh en be wit hdraws money
P u r chaser
decree- h older may bidj udgmen t - deb tor cannotrecorded tenan t w h ose in terest was p reviously sold may bid
j udgment - deb tor liab le under S . 1 85 I . P . C.
purc h ase by j udgment - deb tor not void
it is merely voidableat tac h ing c reditor may apply f01 set ting as ide sale
so unreg is tered transferee of occupancy holdingd e01 ee—h olde1 and judgm ent - debtm are necessary par ties to pro
c eeding s
appl i c at ion made wit hin 3 yearsw h e t h er appeal lies f rom order passed
no appeal l ies on be h al f of purc h aser
person not a. party , may b ring su i t
"
PAGE .
37 8 IND EX .
E xec u tion S al e R en t - D ec r ee)—c ontd . PAGE .
sal e passes r igh t , t i t le and interes t o f reg i stered as wel l as u nregis
tered c c - owners
question W h et h er one tenan t represen ts his cosharers is one of fac tonus is upon landlord to s h ew t h at judgment - deb tor was sole re
corded tenantw h ere land lord ac cepted rent f rom some of the h e i rs of rec ordedtenan t
sale in exec u t i on of dec ree agains t recorded oc c u pancy raiyatunrecorded transferee c an c on test sale f raudu len t ly madesales under Ac t X of 1 859
P r otec ted inter ests
purc h aser takes sub jec t to pro tec ted interest stest to de term ine pu rc h aser
’
s r ig h tsbe is en t i t led to real ise ren t d i rec t f rom tenantshe acquires preferential title t o mor tgageeraiyat h old ing at fixed rates is not oc c upancy raiyat by 1 2 year s
’
possess i onr ig h t c reated wi t h wr i t ten consen t of landlord is pro tec ted
plantation inc l udes assem blage of g rowing plan tsbetel leaf bar oj m ay be p lantation
I nc umbranee
inc u 1 1 1branc e erec ted by lac h es or ac quiescenc esale
, gif t , mor tgag e , lease or exc h angem or tgage- dec ree
m or tgag e c reated by operat i on of law
u nder - rai yat ’s lease
M ode of avoiding inc umbrances
sale'
does'
not ip sof ac to cance l inc um brance
p ower of avo id ing inc umb ranc es l ost by waiverser vice of no t i ce is only m ode of avo id ing inc umbrancesappl i cat i on m 1 de to Col lec tor w i t h in one year f rom sale
w h ere inc umbranc es invo l ved purc h aser in a suitapplication not eff ec t i ve, if not made wit hin t im e
m inor'
not en t i t led to f res h period of l imitat i on
por t ion of under tenure not annu l led
superior inc umbranc e mus t'
h s annul led fi rs t
persons seek ing to avo id inc umbranc e m us t s h ow t h at it is incum
b ranc eonus is on the defendant to s h ew t h at it is pro tec ted
D u t tue unnec essary wh ere pu rc h aser and inc umbranc er are
same 0 0 0
IN D EX .
E xec u tion S al e (R en t - D ec r ee)—c omela.
\vhere under - raiyatilease was unregistered and land lord was pu rc h aser
pu rc h aser mus t s h ew t h at no t i ce has been served
serv ic e of not i ce is no bar to appl i cation for set ting as ide sale
pu rc h aser of und iv ided s h are of land canno t annu l inc um b rancenor
, can one of several tenu re - h o lders purc h asing tenure.land lord pu rc h aser canno t ous t m o r tgagee w i t h ou t annu l l ing in
c um branc esexec u t ion pu rc h aser su bsequent l y purc h asing in exec u tion o f ren tdec ree
no f o rm of no t i c e has been presc r i bedno t ic e not spec i fying par t i c u lars not b ad
S ubd i v i s i onal Oflic er has no power to issue no t ic eno t i ce s ig ned by D epu ty Co l lec to r for Co l lec tor notbu t mere appr oval of Co l lec tor does not validate no t i ceCol lec tor 's f unc t i ons merely m in is ter ialser v i c e of no t i ce made in same manner as summonsinc umbr 'nc e annu l led f rom ser vice o f no t i c esu btenan t l iab le for mesne p rofi tsper i od o f l im i tat ion to annu l inc um b ranceno no t i ce to qu i t nec essaryno tice d oes not bar su i t for rente n h anc ement o f rent o f pro tec ted interests
P ur chaser’
s liability
pu rc h aser liab le f or ren t d ue before c onfi rmat i on of sale
he is not l iab le for rent d ue p rior to his pu rc h asear rears due between date o f suit and date of sale
purc h aser bar red by term s of kabu liat
s t ipu lation f or payment of unusual rate of interes tlandlord barred by statemen t in proc lamat ion
D isp ossession
d i spossess ion by de l i very o f possess i on by Cour t is not d i spossess ionby land l ord o . )
su i t to rec over posses s ion not g overned by Ar t . 3, Sc h . l l l
D isp osa l of sale-
p roceeds
mode of d ist ribu tion of proceeds of sal ech arge in respec t of ar rears due between i ns t i tu t i on o f su i t and sal eorder determ ining land l ord s r ig h t to rece i ve m oney is a dec ree
land lord’
s r ig h t to ren t u p to c onfi rmat i on o f sa l ehe is ent i t led to interes tm o r tgagee
’
s nig h t to sale procee ds
su i t by the pu rc h aser of a s h are o f tenu resu i t for a s h are of sale -
pro ceeds nu t c og ni zab le bv S mal l Cause (Join t
380 IND E X .
Execu tor
proper ty in the hands of—not liable to sale 1 4,1 32
Fines—See D ISTRESSrecovery of - by attachment and sale
Fixtu r es
not separately sold
Frau d
sale brough t abou t bysale set aside on g round of
—by purc h aser discouragedassignee of purchaser not affec ted by lat ter
’
s
Good faith—See COU RT’
S D UTY
Gravel
- is mineral
Hard ship—See R ESTRICTIONS on COM PU LSORY SALE
revenue sale set aside on ground of 25, 245
Hindu Wid ow—See REPRESENTATION
Hou se - See Acomsrr ros FOR PU Bmc P URPOS ES
Imp l ement s
i
of Hu sband ry
not liable to sale 1 3, 1 33
I nc umb ran c e
what it inc ludesmode of avoiding
Injunc tion
attac hment and sale in case of disobedience 1 0, 305
I nterp retation - S ee STATUTE
I rr eg u larity
material - vitiates sales 0 0.
connection between material—and inadequacy of
cured by certificate of sale ‘ Q .
Joint Hind u Family
rig h ts of members of a 29, 1 83
K h u d k ast Raiyat
protec ted f rom ejec tment
IND EX .
Offi cial As sig nee
p roper ty in the h ands of—inot l iab le to sale
Par tition
d efinition
part i tion invo l ves d i visionc ompensation for equality of par tition
par tition among c c - owners not h aving same estates
parties m us t h ave ascer tainab le s h ares
power to direc t par tition by sale statu toryw h ere sale ordered instead o f d i v i s ionr u le appl ies to par t i t ion of mor tg agee - rig h tsCour t ’s power abso l u tebu t in absence of request for sale Cour t has no d i sc retionany c otenant ent i t led to ask f or sale
R equestf or sale
made independen tly of pr oceed ingsaf teig preliminary dec ree
on be h al f of any par ty under d i sab i l i tybu t Court m ust be satisfied t h at i t is for his benefi trequest forsale may be wit h d rawn
Cour t’
s enquiry
w h et h er t h ere s h al l be par t i tion by sale or al lo tment is a j ud i c ialques tion
sale o rdered on al legation of one par tyw h ere proper ty cannot be par titioned wi t h ou t des troying its intr ins i c
val ue,sal e s h ou l d be made
person seek ing sale s hou ld s tate g roundsdissen t of o t h er par ties d oes not take away Cou r t ’s j ur isd i c t i onbu rden o f proo f w h ere propriety of par t i tion by sale obvioushow suc h bu rden disc h argedw h ere sale refused and par tition ord ered
onus is on owners o f sm I l ler s h ares des i ring sale
Gr ound s f or ordering sale
sale m ore beneficial t h an d i v is i onw h ere par t i tion made by sale and not by al lo tmentCour t disregards mat ters of sen t imentsreasons must be s h ewn for pre fer r i ng sale to partitionsale o rdered t h oug h fo rb idden by w i l lCour t would not arbitrar i ly inter fere wit h r ig h ts of proper ty
par t i t ion of par t and sal e of ram . i n l erorder for sale is dec ree
INDEX .
Offi cial A ssig nee- c omm.
P u r chaser
sal e su bjec t to reserved b idd ingany s h are h older may bid
h e has pre ferent ial hids h are h o l der may off er to buy s h are of par ty asking for sal ew h ere two or m ore s h are h o lders o ffer to buys h are h older not c ompe l led to se l l
D wel ling house
r ig h ts of st rang er pu rc h as ing s h are in dwel ling h ouse 3,930
s h are h o lder offer i ng to pu rc h ase his s h are 8,930
s h are h older canno t buy w h en dec ree for possession is be i ng exec u ted 230
2 31
231
w h om does word “ fam i l y ” i nc ludem ean i ng of word h ouse
M ode of sale
w h en sale is by H ig h Cou r ts and Cou r t of Recorder of R angoonw h en sale is by ot h er Cou r ts
Confir mation of sale
Cou r t’s power to refuse confi rmationsale not vacated for mere inadequacy of pr ic ew h ere inadequacy w i l l resu l t in an order for resale
Groundsf or setting aside sa le
mus t relate to m i sappre h ens ion or m i sc onduc t at s ale
pu rc h aser en titled to re l y on rec ordsbe is barred by such rec ords
Sale-
p r oceeds
pu rc h aser not bound to see to application of sa le -
proc eed s
proc eeds distr i bu ted in ac cordance wit h r ig h ts of par tiesexc luded person not wi t h ou t remedyorder for sale operates f rom its dater ig h ts of persons not abs o l u tely ent i t led to proper tyrightsof persons h aving l ien protec tedl ien at tac h es to proc eedsc h arg e for owel ty has precedence over mor tgage
P artner
sale of interests of par tner in partners hip proper ty
Pawnee
saleby—not compu lsory
IND EX .
P enal ty
recovery of—by attachment and sale
Permanen t Tenu r e
w hat it means
c ompensation payablerent is fi rs t c h argesale
'
for arrears of rent
P er sonal Rig h t s
c onfer no right to c ompensation money
P olicy of Insu ran c e
liable to sale
P ostponem ent—S ee Sway or SALE
P r ec ep t
attac hment by issue of
P r o- emp tion
sale by rig h t of—~not compu lsoryProc lamation
must specify proper ty t o be sold,time
, place and terms of sale
omission to specify par tic u lars dest roys its‘
value
P rot ec t ed I nt erest
sale-
sub jec ted tow h at is a
P ub lic D emand—See CERTIFI CATE S ALE
P ub lic P olicy—see Rasrmcmous on COM PULSORY SALES
P ur chaser
person competent to enter into c ont rac t can buy 20‘
a”
. officers c onnec ted wit h sale inco‘mpe tent to‘
buy 2 1,1 61
,303
,3 13
princ i p le —du ty in c onflic t wit h in terest 2 1
iii. defaul ting ten ant cannot ' buy 5,2 1
,2 1 1 , 258 , 2 92
owner competent to buy bu t cannot acquire s tatutory rig h ts 5,
co tenant buying mus t reco'
n'
vey'
2 1, 259
iii. dec ree - h ol der canno t,wit h ou t leave
,buy at sales in execu tion of
dec rees f or money ot h er t h an ren t 2 2,1 6 1
iv. cos h arer has preferent ial rig h t to buy 2 29
INDEX .
or ig in of pu tnidefin i t i onnot
‘
f orfeited f or non -
paymen t of rent
pa tn i dar en t i tled to sub le tsal e o f tenu re f or ar rear
i
u se of word,
“pu tni,
”in lease . i .
putn i lease is not f or ag r icu l tu ral pu rposes
pu tnig ranted by Hindu w id owl imitat i on f or set ting as ide suc h set t lement
R ights of a p atnidar
c ovenan t off end ing ru le against perpetu i t iestenu re intermediate between zem indar and pu tnidarpu tnidar canno t t h row u p putn inor
,zem indar bound to ac c ept re l inqu i shm ent
one of several g ran tors canno t g et rid o f pu tnias to his s h areabatement of rent if lands are taken f or pu b lic purposes0 if resumed as C h ak ranor
,if assets fal l s h or t of amoun t s tated in lease
patn idar is not pr opr ietor under L . R . Ac t
c on trac t by zem indar to pay pool bnndi c esses
par t i t i on between zem indar and patnidard oc t r ine of m erger appl ies
Chow/ridarichakm a lauds
annexed to malg uzar i landspu t
c
nidar ent i t led , if covered by leasel im itat i on for su i t to rec over possess i onren t payab ler igh t of zem indar to ref use se t t lement
Liability to p ay r ent
of person reg i s tered in zemindar ’s sherista
abesence of registration does not bar suit f or dec laration of titleo bjec t of reg i strat ion
Transf er by p atnidar
zem indar cannot refuse to reg i sterr ig h ts of zem indar if no sec u r i ty and afee h ave been g i venac c oun t prod uced by zem i ndar ac cep ted, as p rimaf cicie correc tsu i t - f or sec u rity
rm aintainable
zem indar c an proceed against former t enantbu t he canno t ref use to rec ognize t ransferee w h en no sec urityd emanded c "
l ND EX .
P u tni—contd . Pas s .
w h ere secu r i ty is not approved appl i cat i on may be made to C i vi lCour t
payment of land l ord ’
s fee on suc c ess i onfee not requ i red w h en pu tn i is sold under Reg u lation
zemindar not bound to recogn i ze t ransferee of por t ionexcept wh en made wit h hisc onsentt ransfer is not v o idsu i t for c on tr i bu tion by t rans feree o f po r t i onapp l i cat ion or su i t for reg 1 s tration made at any t ime
P eriodical Sales - 4
P u tniRegu lat ionc omp lete ini tsel fnot
'
tou ched by
o
Ren t Ac tsr ight to se l l f or arrears of rentr ig h t to se l l twic eZevery yearw h at app l i cat i on s h ou ld c on tainsaleat beg inn i ng and m i dd le of Fas l i or Am l i year
proceed ing s analbg uous to d is t ressst rict c omp l iance w i t h f ormal i t i es nec essaryom ission does not render sale a nu l l i ty
p resen tat i on of p et i t ion on l st of Bysakh or Kar t iew h en l st is Sundayappl i c a t i on with
'
no tice stu’
ek u p in c onsp i c uous par t of the Cu tc h e rynam e of pu tn i and of patn idar set ou tnoticenot c ontaining any o rder as to l o ts to be so l d
pet i t i on need not be immed iate l y s tuc k up
Notice
st i c k ing up of c er t ified c op i es i ns tead o f o r ig inal pet i tion
pos t ing i t in som e book no t ac c ess i ble to pub lickeep in g i t in b und l est i c k ing up in o ffic e board f iom 1 0 A . M . to 5 M . on week (lay snot i ce taken d own at t im e o f saleno t i ce s tuc k up at sadar Cu t c h ery of zem indaral so publ i s h ed at Cu tc h ery of defau l ter
publii'
ation how provedonus upon zem indar to p ro ve c om pl ianc e w i t h fo n na litic s
xenmidar is no t tomake ou t s ta t u to ry m ode o f p roo f
anal ogy between sal e of pu tn i and t h at f o r ar rears o f reve nue
object o f no t i ce of sal e
pu bl icat ion at d istan t c u tc he t y o r per s on al ser v i c e1 1 10 t Of pub l icat ion
I NDEX .
P u tni—c ontd .
w h at is Cutc h erybad and defec tive not iceev idence of service s h ou ld be in writ ingproof of publication of notice on spo tp lea of non - service of notice or informality taken at any s tageplea m ust be one of substancep leas not considered good
S tay of sale
payment by under tenan t
paymen t into Cou rt or to zemindar is immaterialw h ere zemindar was aware of depositdepos i tor mus t h ave rec ognised r ig h tsunder tenan t ’s name need not be registeredtender must be of w h ole amoun t due and w i t h out any c ondition
U nder tenant’
s rights
amount deduc ted f rom any c laim of rent due f rom him
if no ren t is due under tenan t acqu i res lienhe is en tit led to obtain immediate possess ionhis lien takes prior i ty over dec ree for arrears of ren t ob tainedundertenan t ’s possession is t h at of u suf ru c tuary mor tgagehe is bound to pay ren tto give notice of his title to rai yatseffec t of false al legation t h at no rent was d ue
possession becomes adverse on satisfac tion of deb tsuit f or rec overy of amount
payment made on ac c oun t of subsequent ren t is not a c h arge
Contesting the right to sel l
application for investigation of zemindar ’s demandsale not stayed if no award is made
patnidar may depos i t amoun t to stav sale
tender made by unregis tered transferee
M ode of condu c ting Sa le
sale to hig h est b idder but not to defau l ter , nor his under tenantsfi f teen p . c . paid immed iately and balance on the 9th day
resale in defau l t of eit h erl iab i l i ty of fi rst purc h aser on resale
fif teen p er cen t . not ref unded ,if zeminder acc ep ts ar rear f rom defau l terd efic iency levied by process for exec u tion of decrees
or ig inal l y pu tni sales c ond uc ted by Civil Cour tsdefic iency recovered wi t h ou t su i td u ty of Oflic er c onduc ting sale
390 IND EX .
P u tmi—contd .
benamipu rc h ase not abso l u tely vo idone of defau l ters purc h as ing is as tr ustee for his c osharers
R ights of thep ur chaser
sale‘
g ives parliamentary titleit des tr oys al l
”
incumb rancesunless r ig h t of mak ing t h em eapressly vestedw h ere pu tn i iss old in different s h ares
purc h aser not privy in es tate to d efau l teranyt h ing which
‘
restric ts righ ts of patnidar is inc umb ranc ec ustomary rig h t to appropr iate t rees is inc um branc eso
‘
is‘
adverse possessionincumbrances are not ip so‘f ac to avo idedincumbranc es existing prev iou s to c reation of pp tni
onus w h en land is proved to be w i t h in am bi t of pu tnivalid i ty of sale not impeac h ed c ol lateral lv
receipt of ren t by purc h aser am ounts to wai verlimitation for avoiding incumbrances
Khurlleast raiyat
purc h aser cannot ejec t khu dkast raiyatnor
,annu l bonafide engagements wi t h him
raiyat resident in anot h er mouzahc u l t i vator ac quir ing mirasirig h t under ar rang ementc reation or g rowt h of r igh t - to appropr iate t reeszemindar pu rc h aser is not in bet ter positionpurc h aser canno t rec over h igher ren t t h an his predec essorsu i t by h older of kaim i mourashijama being dispossessed by pu r
c h aserh old ing not h e ld by khudkast raiyat
Liability of the p u r chaser
for rent of mont h in w hic h zem indar presented appl i cationsale su bjec t to c h arg e on tenure for previous yearsdec ree for suc h ar rear is rent dec ree under B . T . Ac t
ar rears subsequent ly ac c rued realized by summary process
D isp osal of sa le-
p r oceeds
one per c ent . carried t o ac c ount of Governm en tbalanc e on ac c oun t of w h i c h sale was m ade
anteceden t balanc e not inc luded in demand
nor,rec overed by summary sale
rema inder h e ld to answer c laim s of ass ignees of val uab le in terestsepu tnidar no t ent i t led to s hare
“IND EX .
P u tni—r c ontd .
sui t by person hav ing val uable i nterest s w i t h i n ‘
2 mont h saward o f c ompensat i on
pr opo rt ionate d iv i s i on am ong c laimants
prev i ous rent dec ree has pr i o r i ty over m o r tg age dec reesurp l us sal e-
proc eeds c on tinue to be proper ty o f defau l terc laim en forc ed on l y by su i tc on t rac t be tween patn i dar and d arpu tnidaram oun t ad vanced by m ortg agee is c h arg er ig h t of under tenants to rec over c ompensat i onif any ren t remain due
,c la im for c om pensat i on canno t be made
s u bstant ial c ompl ianc e w i t h requ i rements o f law
1 emainder paid to pu tnidar af ter two m ont h s
paymen t t o u nder tenants or ass i g nees exe c u t i ng dec reessu i t to recoversu rplns sale -
proc eeds wrong fu l l y taken ou t
w i th drawal of deposit on subs tit u t i ng Government sec u r i t i es
R atifi c ation o f S al e
vo i d sal es c onfi rmed d i rec t l y or by c onduc tw h ere ju dgmept—deb tor rece i ves su rpl u s sale -
proc eedsor
,w h ere sale f pr oeeeds applied to paymen t of his debts
or, {becomes a bidder
refund of purc h ase - money is a c ond i tion precedent to sal e be ingas ide
R ec eiv er
proper ty in h ands of a—not l iab le t o sale
R ec ou pm ent—S ee ACQU IS ITION FOR Pursu e Pt f nr osas
R efer en c e—Seec
Ai
c‘
QU 1s 1'
r tou
'
tion P u rina"FuR I ’osEs
R efund—See SALE - PROCE ED S
R einv es tm ent—S ce Acoms t'
r rox FOR P U B LlC PU RPOSESR e lig iou s E nd owm en t
not l iable t o sale
R en t—See EX ECUTION SALE (R nxr DE t“
REE)
p u rc h ase by de fau l ter of ar rear o f rent
R ep l evin—See D l s'
russs
R ep r esen t ation
sal e in exec u t i on o f dec ree agai ns t one representiug o t h ersag ai ns t the manager or k ur ta of M 1 takshara fam i lyagai nst rec orded tenan tagainst Hind u ' widow
r ig h t of pe l ‘SOD S ’D Ot made parties
'
392 IND EX .
R esal e m
on defau l t of paymen t of purc h ase - m oney 2 3, 1 65, 2 43, 292
R es c ue—S ee D ISTRESS
R esis tanc e
to pu r c h aser taking possess i on 1 8 6,2 94
R es t ric tions on Oom p uisary S al es
i. Hardship
goods no t liabl e to sale,necessary wear ing appare l or personal
ornamen ts 1 3'
1 33
tools of ar tisans 1 3,1 33
h ou ses and imp lemen ts of h usbandry of ag r i cu l turist 1 3, 1 33
w i fe’
s ornaments 1 3,1 33
land bel ong ing to ag r i c u l tu r is t in the P unj ab 1 3
port i on of proper ty 1 3
par t of a h ouse,manufac tory or ot h er build ing 1 3
,43
, 1 32
i.
. P u blic p olicy
rel igious endowment
p roper ty in the h ands of rece i veror of Offic ial Ass ig nee or liquidatoror of exec u to r or adm inistratoror of Cour t of Wards
E xcep tions
sale of oc c upancy rig h t in execu tion of ren t dec reerig h t of a rai yat in C h o ta Nag pu rh ouse of ag r i c u l tur i st
R ev enu e
R evenue Sale Laws since the P ermanent Settlement
g eneral policy is to pro tec t pub l i c revenue
law of summary sale is an evil
D efinition of R evenue
i t inc l udes mal i kanaw h at is an arrear of revenue
paymen t mus t be made k i s t by k i st
pay men t t h r oug h Post OfficeCo l l ec tor ’s du ty w h en m oney - order is ac cep tedappropriat ion of payment
Last day for p ayment
fixed by B oard of R evenue
notice of date fixed s h ould be pub l is h ed
394 INDEX .
R ev enu e—c ontd .
Set t led Es tates
(iii) order of Co l lec tor or Commissioner for exemp tionorder mus t be express
itmust be absol u te exemptionsale af ter acceptance of money bu t wit h ou t order of exemption vo id
Notification of sale
mode of publicationobjec t of not ificationnotification need not c ontain names of al l rec orded proprietorsentry o f name of wrong propr ie tornames of al l m ouzas need not be specifiedexac t share need not be spec ifiedw h ere s h are could not be ascer taineddate of sale mus t be c lear 30 days f rom no t i ficationdefect in notification does not render sale a nu l lity
P r oc lamation
w h ere t o be affixedob jec t is to g ive notic e to tenants and purchaser
Sale of sep arate shar e
when made
m ere appl ic at ion for separation not su fficientw h ere cosharers do not wit hin 10 days purchase for arrear, wh o leestate s h al l be sold
dec laration f or sale of whole es tate need not be notified
ten days r un f rom not i cew h en m ore t h an one s h arer deposited arrears separately
A(yournment of sa le
sales shal l ord inarily be h eld at sadar station
sale ad journed to next daydefec t in notification not c ured by adjou rnmentany person g uil ty of c ontemp t may be punis h ed
M ode of sa le
es tate bearing lowest number pu t up firstsales c onduc ted wit h fairness and impar tial i typurc h aser s h al l immediately pay 25 p . c . of bid
defaul t to mal-te good a bid is contemp tif t h ere be no bid Co llec tor may purc h ase for one rupee
if hig h es t bid insu fficient Col lec tor may pu rc h aseCo l lec to r s h ou ld not c ompete w i t h o t h er biddersf u l l am ount of pu rc h ase- money paid on the 30th day f rom sale
0 0 .
R evenu e—contd .I 'm: E .
resale on defaul td eficiency realised f rom defau l ting bidderCol lec tor need not real i ze difference suo motupaymen t of revenue before sunset of t hird day af ter defaul t
Annu lment of sa le
by Commissioner on appeal and paymen t of c ompensat i onCommissioner ’s order finalc i v i l suit not barred on g round of mater ial i r regularitysuit for rec overy of compensation main tainableby Local Governmentannulmen t of sale pub lic ly notilied
Confi rmation of sale
at noon of 60th day f rom sale
or,f rom dismissal of appeal
Cer tificate of Sale
c er tificate of sale is evidenc e o f tit leno t ificat i on of trans fer by Col lec torc ertificate c ures irreg u larit iesc er t ificate issued before 60th day does not c ure d efec tso bjec tion as to service of notice connot be raisedbu t Cour t may ascertain w h et h er par ty had knowledge o f no t ic ec er t ificate does not c ure defec t in notice itsel f6 . g .
,w h ere notice not served 30 days before sale
or,where no order passed f or ser vice of notice
or,w h ere it was served in a wrong place
Cer tified p ur chaser
suit against c er t ified purchaser barred
provision cons trued s t r ic t lyperson c laim ing t h roug h c er t ified purc h aser not p ro tec tedsu i t for specific per formance of ag reement to c onveyt h i rd par ty may enforce c laim agains t t rue ownermem bers of joint H indu fam i l y may enfo rc e t h eir c la im ag a instmanag ing mem ber
su i t by tr ue owner in possession for dec larat ion of his t i t le maintai l lab le 0 0 .
or,w h ere cer tified pu rc h aser induced anot h er to purc h ase fr om true
purc h aser
B el la ry of possession
by c o l lec tor
purc h aser may sue for ac tual possession wi t h in 1 2 yearse s tate vests in pu rc h aser from date o f defau l tbut the owners h ip remains wit h defau l ter til l sale
5' I ND EX .
R ev enu e—c ontd .
inc um branc es c reated between date of defau l t and date of sale
ar rears of rent are af ter defau l t not recovered b y d is trai n t
purc h aser answerable for revenue due af ter lates t day
S uit to set aside a sa le
(5) ir r egu lar ity
g r ound for set t ing aside sale
p lain tiff m ay proceed in c iv i l or revenue Cour tr ig h t to set as id e sale not c onfined to propr ie torsS ec re tary of S tate not a nec essary par tyadvalorem Cour t - L c hou ld be paid
onu s is upon plaintifi to s h ow t h at s tat u te has been c omplied wit h
(a) su bstan t ial inj ury m us t be provedc onnec t ion between i rreg u lar i ty and inadeq uacy of price proved
or infer redinj ury not presum ed f rom irreg ular i tym iss tatement of revenue does not necessarily cau se any inj ury(b) suit must be broug h t wit h one year
person under d i sab i l i ty d oes not g et extens ion of t imel
. (o) ap peal to Comm i ss ioner essent ialCivil Cou r t can not enter tain su i t w i t h ou t appealappeal preferred af ter time is not su c h appeal
g rounds of obj ec tion S pecified in appeal
ordinar i ly f rau d is no g round for set t ing as ide saledec ree set ting as ide sale of ent i re es tate not affi rm ed as to s h are and
reversed as to res t
(it) il legality
sale is under B L . R . S . Ac t t h ough c ontrary to its prov is i onAc t appl ies to sale w h ere t h ere was no arrear
su i t to set as ide sale w h en t h ere was no ar rear l ies wi t h ou tappeal to Commiss ioner
E fl'
ec t of setting aside a sale
c ond i t ions of resto ring possessi on to dec ree- h o l derrefund of purc h ase - m oney made in exec u t i onsu i t f or c ont r i bu tion by one of several pu rc h asers for c os tsrefund of purc h ase - money by Gevernment
Rights of the p ur chaser
s tatu to ry t i t le g i ven to purc h aser is f or pro tec t i on o f revenue
pu rc h aser d oes no t der ive t i t le f rom defau l terh e is no t pr i vy in estate to himhe may he made a par ty to a pending L . A . proc eeding
398 I ND EX .
R evenu e - c ontd .
onus is on person who alleges protec tion
pu rchaser has benefi t o f c er tain presumptionlands s i tuated in a zamindary is p imaf acz'e, a par t of itne . bard and fast r u le as to burden of proof
where a tenure existed f rotn before Permanent Sett lement, onus
is on purc h aser
E nhancement of rent
taluks exrsting f rom before Permanent Set tlement protec tedrig h ts of purc h aser to enhanc e rent of taluks c reated subsequentto Permanent Se t t lement
zemindar cannot en h ance rent of an independen t taluk
g rounds of enhancemen t of ren t of dependen t tal uksrent not assessed at higher rate t h an that paid before PermanentS et t lement
enhancment of ren t of taluk under B T. Act
E xcep tions
(a) D wel ling house, (t o.
lease does not mean lease f rom zemindar only
leases of land on whic h gardens h ave been subsequently made
proprietor planting agarden
jung lebu ritenure is not p lantation
protec tion extends to lands ac tual ly c overed by bu i lding s &c .
temporary gardens not protec ted
permanent s tructure exis ting in a tenure protec teddwel ling h ouse m us t be of permanent c h arac ter
(b) Occup ancy right
ejec tment and en h anc ement of rent of occupancy raiyatrig h t of oc c upancy in a tankr ig h t of oc c upancy acqu i red since 1 859
onus upon defendan t to s h ew his r ight:
presumption f rom reciept of rent by purchaseral ternative c laim to tnoku rroriand occupancy rig h t
P u r chase by defau l ter
Col lec tor bound to “
sel l to highes t bidder
purc h ase by one j oint tenant is for benefit of al l
purchase not necessarily f raud u len tnor, is c ombination not to bid against eac h ot h erl im i tation to set aside purc h ase by cos h arer
His rights
subjec t to inc umbranc es
INDEX .
R evenu e—conch] .
in
5
purc h ase at anfexecu tion sale af ter defaul t is pu rchase by defau lterpu rc h aser mak ing sec ret arrangemen t wi t h proprietorpu rc h ase in name of anot h er
S har e of an estate
separate account Opened in c ontravent ion of S s . 1 0and 1 1
pm chaser subjec t to encumbrancesmistake by Col lec tor does not aff ec t proprietorvalid moku r rorilease not voidattachm en t is not an incumbranc eenc um brances execu ted f raudu len t ly not pro tec ted
pu rc h aser ac qu i res r ig h t t o resum e al leged lakhraj landenc umbrances c reated af ter defau l t vo idpu rc haser does not take limited interes t of a Hindu widow who
made defau l t
pu rc h aser ac qu i res proper ty of defau l tersales passes und i v ided s h are in the entire es tate
purc h aser does not c laim throug h defau l teradverse possession c omm enc ed before defau l t immater ialad verse possession c omp leted before defaul t makes t respasser defau l terr ig h ts of transferee of share bef ore defau l t passdefau l t made between date of sale and its confirmationmor tgage af ter defaul t invalid
princ i ple of lis p endens applies
App lication of p ur chase- money
m ode of
c laim of c red i tor to residueassig nee of proprietor c laiming on his own be h alfsu i t for resid ue agains t Secretary of S tatem or tgagee
'
s lien transferred to sale proceedsl imitation for suit on mor tgage not s h ortened by sale
sale-
proc eed s avai lable on dec ree becom ing abso lute
R om an Law
execu tion regulated by p l ‘ tC tOl‘
deb tor se i zed as slave
dec lared bankm pt
goods sei zed and so ld
S afeg u ar d s o f Com p u l sory S al e
s tatu tory c ondit ions m us t be fu lfil ledbu rden of proof of com pl iance rests on persons exercis ing statutory
PAGE .
260
069
260
261
261
261
2 61
961
26 1
261
262
2 62
262
powers 1 6,288
IN D EX .
S afeg u ar d s o f Com p u l s o r y S al e—c ontd . mam,
p relim i naries nec essary f or giv ing no t i ce to owner and o t h er persons
—nec essary for i nvit ing c laims t o proper ty—for i nv i t ing buyers
N otice
i . of acquisitionf m'
p ublic purposes
ent ry wit h ou t notic e or award is t respass 1 7 , 47 7 50
1 1 .
-
0f ar r ear of r evenue
wan t of not i c e renders sale vo id 1 7,2 37
6 i i i . of ar r ear of p u tnir ent
ser vi c e essent ial 1 872 87—8
-iv . of cer tifi cate
essen t ial 268
V . of execu tion
under 0. 2 ] r . 2 2 C. P . C. is c ond i t ion prec edent to sale . 1 9,104
S al eablein t er est
j udgment - deb tor h aving no saleab le interest 2 7 , 1 7 8
S a l e p r o c eed s
pu rc h aser not bound to look to app l i cat i on of
Cour t ’s power to order refund o f—paid to wrong persons
S tand s t on e
is not m ineral
S et ting asid e sal e—See ANNULM E NT or SALE
S al e
defin i tionv o l un tary and involun taryby m or tgagee not c om pu l sorynor
,by pawnee
nor,by l imited owner
nor,wi t h Cour t ’s perm i ss i on
nor,by r ig h t of pre- em ption
nor,in enforcement o f eq u i tabl e r ig h t
b roug h t abou t by f raudby b reac h of. du tygeneral l y
.
by pub lic auc tionof negotiab l e ins tr ument or s h are in a c orporation
S u b -
p u r c has er
r ig h ts of
Too l s o f ar tisan
no t l iab le t o sale
T ric k ery—S ee Couar ’
s D U TY
U n fairnes s—See Couar ’
s nu'
rr
V es ting o f p rop er ty
p roper ty ves ts f rom day of sale
r ig h t to measure profi tsl iability for revenue and rent
V oid sal es
sales w i t h ou t j ur isd i c tiont rans fer no tit le to pu rchaserrevenue sale w i t h ou t any ar rear
PAGE.
28,289
acuisition of land d iff erent f rom t h at indec larationCer t i ficate Sale w i t h ou t any cer tificatesale in enforcement of satisfied j udgmentsale vitiated by f raudw h ere m inor is not represented by guardianor w h ere person is not par ty to dec ree or sale
V o lu ntary sal e —See SAL E
W ar ran ty o f tit l e
r u l e of caveat emp tor applies 0 0
no war ranty t h at proper ty was cor rec t ly desc r i bedimplied war ran ty t h at j udgment - deb tor has some interest
W e aring Ap par el
necessary—not l iable to sale
