E869v1.pdf - World Bank Documents

E869Volume 1

Islamic Republic of Iran

Ministry of Energy

National Water and Wastewater Engineering Company

SHIRAZ WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATERPROJECT

PHRD NO: TF026482

Environmental Assessment

(Final Report)

Lar Consulting Engineers in collaboration with Iran Ab ConsultingEngineers

No. 23, Sharifi Street Tehran

North of Vanak Square Islamic Republic of Iran

Vali-asr AvenueTehran 19699Islamic Republic of Iran

March 2004

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ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN

MINISTRY OF ENERGY

SHIRAZ WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY(FINAL)

March 2004

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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

POLICY, LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

BASELINE INFORMATION

IMPACTS OF THE PROJECTS

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

* Mitigation of Adverse Environmental Impacts

* Monitoring Plan

* Institutional Strengthening

* Cost Estimate

PUBLIC CONSULTATION

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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BOD Biochemical Oxygen DemandDOE Department of EnvironmentEA Environmental Assessment

EHC Environmental High Council

ESO Environmental and Safety OfficerEMP Environmental Management PlanEU European UnionFAO Food and Agriculture OrganizationMOAJ Ministry of Agriculture JihadMOE Ministry of EnergyMOHME Ministry of health and Medical EducationNGO Non-Governmental OrganizationOP Operational PolicyPMU Project Management UnitQA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality ControlSWWC Shiraz Water and Wastewater CompanyTOR Terms of ReferenceWB World Bank

WHO World Health Organization

WTP Water Treatment PlantWTPO Water Treatment Plant Operator

WWTO Wastewater Treatment OperatorWWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant

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Introduction

Problems such as the present unreliable water supply systems, the inconsistent quality of drinking

water, the poor performance of water distribution networks and the lack of adequate wastewater

collection and treatment systems coupled with rapid growth of population and expansion of urbancentres has prompted the Government of Iran to consider water supply and sanitation projects as a

high priority. Among others currently under development, the Shiraz Water Supply and

Sanitation Project is being developed by the Iranian Ministrv of Energy to provide adequate water

supply and sewerage systems for the city of Shiraz.

Shiraz is the capital of Fars province and is located at approximately 925 km to the south ofTehran. The present population is about 1,200,000 and is projected to reach 1,950,000 by the

year 2027. Shiraz has a rich historical heritage and is close to Persepolis, the most important

archeological site of the country.

It is estimated that more than 99% of the inhabitants of Shiraz are currently connected to the

city's water supply network. Water quality monitoring indicates that the water supply is of

acceptable quality and in compliance with national and WHO standards. Chemical, physical and

bacteriological analyses are conducted on a daily basis at various points including water sources,

storage reservoirs and distribution network. The major problems raised by the Water and

Wastewater Company is the high percentage of unaccounted for water (around 30%) and the need

to rehabilitate a considerable portion of the network. Rehabilitation of the network has been

initiated but is proceeding at a very slow rate due to limited financial resources. Other problems

identified by the Water and Wastewater Company are the relatively low water quality of Alluvial

ground water sources that have high levels of hardness and nitrates, and the insufficient water

pressure in some zones of the distribution network.

Similar to other cities, wastewater collection, treatment and disposal are the main environmental

concern in Shiraz. At present only 8% of the population is connected to the wastewater collection

system. Due to the high water table and low soil permeability, the use of existing seepage pits

has been unsatisfactory causing groundwater contamination. A great part of the wastewater is

discharged in the seasonal rivers of the city or in open drainage channels that run along the roads

adjacent to the residential areas. During the dry periods, the channels become open wastewater

collectors emitting noxious odors, attracting mosquitoes and affecting the health of the residents.

The wastewater collected by the existing sewers is conveyed along Khoshk River that divides the

city in two parts and ultimately discharges in Maharloo Lake.

The impact of wastewater on public health is considered to be less than that experienced in other

cities yet water related diseases such as cholera and gastro enteritis are being reported by the

health centers of the city and have been attributed mainly to the irrigation of raw eaten vegetables

with untreated wastewater. It was also reported that around 21 wells have been decommissioned

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due to contamination, mainly in areas where groundwater is relatively high. In order to improve

public health conditions and to reduce the contamination of the water resources, the Water andWastewater Company has started implementing a wastewater system for the whole city.

The objectives of the Shiraz Water and Sanitation Project are:

(a) improving access of the residents to adequate water supply;

(b) providing satisfactory wastewater collection and treatment;

(c) improving health conditions of targeted population;

(d) reducing surface and ground water pollution, improving environmental conditions

and promoting reuse of treated effluents;

(e) strengthening and developing the capacity of Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company

(SWWC) into a fully autonomous entity to be operated on a commercial basis.

The execution of the project will have positive environmental impacts in terms of reducing

pollution of natural resources, generation of significant economical, social and public health

benefits, and will facilitate the enforcement of existing environmental regulations and standards

by the government.

Potential negative impacts from the proposed project are mainly related to the construction phase

of the project, and are thus of temporary nature. Other negative impacts that might arise from the

project will be mitigated through appropriate measures. The present report summarizes the

findings of the environmental assessment study that was conducted and the environmental

management plan that will be adopted for the project.

Project Description

The feasibility study for Shiraz water and wastewater management has been prepared to meet the

study area requirements up to the year 2027. The study covered the city boundaries established

by the Shiraz Master Plan with a total area of 22,075 ha (6,760 ha in the Emergency Zone and

15,315 ha in the Long Term Zone) having a forecast total population of 1,944,860 (583,460 in the

Emergency Zone and 1,361,400 in the Long Term Zone) in the year 2027. The required works

for water and wastewater will be completed over three phases, with phase one from year 2003 to

year 2007, phase two from year 2008 to year 2017, and phase three from year 2018 to year 2027.

The Shiraz Water and Sanitation Project will cover works to be included in the first phase defined

by the feasibility (2003 to 2007).

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Water supply:

At present 99% of the City's population is served by the water supply network. The total water

demand of the city is 288,600 m3/day and is expected to reach 474,400 m3/day by the year 2027.The current water demands are supplied from surface and ground water resources. Surface water

is provided from the Douroudzam dam located 100 km north-west of Shiraz. The quantity of

water that is currently transferred from the Dam is about 71,700 m3/day, representing 25% of the

present water demand of the city, and is being increased by the Fars Regional Water Board to

reach 155,500 m3/day by the year 2005. The existing water treatment plant utilizes a

conventional water treatment scheme which includes: flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and

chlorination. The remaining supply of the city's water is provided from 69 ground water wells

which supply 261,800 m3/day. Out of the total number of operating wells, there are 16 wells that

are located in the Alluvium aquifer inside the city while the others are located in the Karstic

aquifer. Wells located in the alluvium aquifer supply only 40,600 m3/day of extremely hardwater and will be soon put out of service. As part of the proposed project, the following water

works will be executed:

* Drilling and equipping of 17 new wells tapping Kerstin water resources. Totalwater abstracted by these wells amounts to 82,000 m3/d;

* Laying of 34 km GRP transmission pipelines feeding distribution system andtransmitting water from wells to reservoirs. Diameters range between 500-1200mm;

* Rehabilitation and extension of the water network including installation of pressurereducing valves. Diameters range between 200-400 mm with a total length of 235km of PE pipes;

* Construction of four concrete reservoirs Sonboleh (7500m3 ), Abeverdi (300 m3),R8 (20,000m3), and R20 as well as construction of two pumping stations.

Wastewater:

Shiraz is divided into two major drainage zones, referred to as Emergency Drainage Zone and

Long Term Zone with drainage areas of 6,760 and 15,315 hectares, respectively. The Present

generated wastewater volume is around 206,600 m3 /d (64,500 m3 /d in the emergency zone and

139,100 m3 /d in the long-term zone) and is expected to reach 363,850 m3 /d (115,750 m3 /d in

the emergency zone and 248,100 m3 /d in the long-term zone) by the year 2027.

The wastewater management system has been designed for the year 2027 and includes around

3000 km of collection mains and trunk lines and two secondary treatment plants referred to as the

Emergency plant and the Long Term plant. The necessity for two treatment plants is not related

to the urgency of implementing treatment works, but rather to the fact that the city is divided into

two drainage zones. Both treatment plants are based on the use of activated sludge with effluent

disinfection by chlorination. The Emergency treatment plant has an ultimate capacity of 123,500

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m3 /d , whereas the Long Term plant has an ultimate capacity of 266,000 m3 /d. Treated effluent

of both plants will be reused for irrigation, whereas the generated sludge of the plants will be re-

used as a fertilizer.

At present trunk lines are being laid in the two drainage zones especially where wastewater is

flowing in open streams. The land for the Emergency treatment plant (75 ha in area) has been

acquired and the construction of the first phase works has commenced. A full EA was notperformed prior to the construction of the Emergency wastewater treatment plant. Consequently

and as part of the EA study of the proposed Shiraz Water and Sanitation Project, a post review

was undertaken with respect to the sitting, engineering design, technical and environmental

performance as well as any potential risks related to the operation of the WWTP. Under the

proposed project, the following wastewater works will be executed:

* Construction of 95 km of concrete trunk mains in the emergency and long-termareas. Diameters range between 500- 1200;

* Construction of 740 km of PE laterals and interceptors. Works under this sub-component will cover an area of 5496 ha;

* Construction of 50,000 additional house connections;

* Construction of two modules with a total capacity of 100,000 m3/d in the long-term zone. To optimize the efficiency of the treatment plant, each module isdesigned to be capable of operation in four independent streams. However, as thistreatment plant is proposed to be built under DBO contract. Its design will befinalized during the tendering process;

* Construction of 20 km outfalls to discharge treated effluent for emergency plantand long-term treatment plants as well as sludge storage site.

The land required for the construction of the Long Term wastewater treatment plant has been

recently acquired by the Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company. Pipelines will be laid within

the right of way of public streets, while outfalls from both wastewater treatment plants will be

laid within the right of way of the existing drainage channel.

The process design of the treatment plants was developed based on influent loads that were

estimated from the long term data acquired at Esfahan and Tehran treatment plants with treated

effluent quality as specified by Iranian standards and World Health Organization (WHO). These

effluent standards include concentration limits for BOD, suspended solids, nitrogen, fecal

coliform and intestinal nematodes. Table 2 presents the design influent and effluent criteria for

both treatment plants. It should be noted that since wastewater reuse is one of the project

objectives, the treated effluent of both plants shall also be in compliance with the National

standards for use of wastewater in agriculture, applicable European Union (EU), World Health

Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Guidelines of reuse in

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agriculture. These guidelines and standards include among others, concentration limits of

cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead zinc, and intestinal nematode eggs.

Treated effluent from both treatment plants will be discharged into concrete channels that run

along agricultural areas and ultimately dispose the effluent in Maharloo Lake. The lake has a

surface area of around 200 hectares and an average water depth of 40 cm. The lake water is

brackish with high levels of salts (average NaCl content 188 g/l) and metals including iron,

cadmium and lead.

Sludge treatment is achieved through blending, thickening, and anaerobic digestion, followed by

storage for one year. Sludge produced from the Emergency treatment plant in year 2007 is

estimated at 1825 tons/year and will reach 6000 tons/year by year 2027, whereas the sludge

produced at the Long Term treatment plant is estimated at 2000 tons/year in year 2007 and will

reach 12400 tons/year by year 2027. For the purpose of long term storage of the sludge, areas of

10 and 20 hectares have been allocated at the Emergency plant and Long-Term treatment plants,

respectively. The sludge will be treated to achieve WHO guidelines of less than one nematode

egg per 100 grams dry solids, as well as FAO and EU guidelines for heavy metals content

including cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead and zinc. Following storage of dried sludge for a one

year period; the sludge will be transported to agricultural areas where it will be used as a soil

conditioner. The use of sludge will be restricted to cereals. Sludge re-use guidelines and a

strategy for the control of heavy metal concentrations in the soil will be developed based on the

FAO and EU guidelines.

Policy, Legal and Regulatory Framework

The competent body for EA as defined in Decree 138 of 12/04/1994 is the Iranian Department of

Environment (DOE), under the authority of the Environmental High Council (EHC) which is

composed of senior representatives of govermment ministries, senior academics and advisers to

the Iranian government. Environmental Assessment (EA) in Iran was enabled by Note 82 of the

Law for the Second State Economical, Social and Cultural Development Plan of 1994, amended

by Note 105 of the Third Development Plan. EA was approved by the EHC through Decree 138

and detailed requirements for conducting EA were defined in the Code of Practice of 23/12/1997.

In addition to the defined project types that are subject to EA, the EHC may also require an EA

for any other large project.

In addition to Environmental Assessment, there exist a wide range of regulations regarding

environmental protection including the Environmental Protection Act of 1974 and its executive

by-law dated 1975, the Clean Water Act of 1982 that was amended in 1994, the executive by-law

on the prevention of water pollution (1994), the Air Pollution Abatement Act of 1995 and its

executive by-law dated 1997, the Game and Fish law of 1957 with subsequent amendments made

in 1975 and 1996. Also, there are standards for drinking water, effluent discharges, noise levels

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and ambient air quality. The project will adhere to the aforementioned laws and standards.Furthermore, the treated effluent will meet WHO guidelines for treated wastewater to be used inAgriculture. These guidelines specify a nematode level of less than I egg per liter and fecalcoliform of less than 1000 MPN per 100 ml. With respect to the re-use of sludge as a soilconditioner for agriculture, the project will ensure compliance with the EU Directive with respectto toxic elements, the WHO guidelines including the limit of less than 1 intestinal nematode eggper lOOgms of dry solids as well as the FAO guidelines for sludge reuse.

With respect to industries, existing national legislation provides for control of industrialdischarges. DOE is mandated with the enforcement of the limits for industrial discharges and hassecured so far an impressive record in terms of enforcement of the laws and regulations againstpolluters by issuing warnings, imposing fines and eventually bringing them to courts. Moreover,the project will only provide connections to industries that do not discharge toxic substanceswhich may affect the performance of the sewage treatment plants. The project will ensure thatthe industrial effluent discharges are pre-treated to levels which comply with the World Bank'sPollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, taking into account the treatment efficiency thatcan be achieved by the treatment plant for the various parameters of concern. In summary, theproject will abide by all national laws and standards and will follow internationally accepted bestpractices.

Institutional Arrangement for Environment Management

A number of governmental organizations have responsibilities for managing and monitoringenvironmental impacts. The Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company (SWWC) which is incharge of water supply as well as wastewater collection and treatment will be in charge ofmanaging, operating and maintaining the project. Among its duties, the SWWC will haveresponsibility for ensuring the supply of adequate water quality and quantity. SWWC will also beresponsible for controlling discharges into the wastewater collection system and as such will beresponsible for ensuring that industries pre-treat their wastewater before discharging it into thecollection network.

The DOE will have the responsibility for monitoring the environmental impacts. It will monitorconstruction activities, will check water quality in Maharloo Lake and will ensure compliancewith effluent standards for industries and wastewater treatment plants. The DOE will alsomonitor the quality of treated effluents and sludge to be used for irrigation and soil conditioning.

The Ministry of Agriculture Jihad has responsibility to supervise and regulate the reuse of treatedeffluents and sludge, while the Ministry of Health and Medical Education will be responsible formonitoring water quality and the occurrence of water born diseases.

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Baseline Information

The environmental baseline conditions were investigated within this study area and for adjacent

areas that could potentially be affected by the project. Baseline information has been quantified

within three main topic areas - physical, biological and socio-economic.

The major source of water in Shiraz is groundwater which is primarily used for supplying

drinking water. Groundwater is also used to supply water to industrial facilities and agriculturalareas. There are two groundwater aquifers referred to as Alluvial and Karstic. Alluvial wells areshallow wells with an average depth of 120 m. During the past few years water quality hasconsiderably degraded as a result of illegal industrial discharges, agriculture drainage anduntreated wastewater discharges. Consequently, a number of alluvial wells that used to provide

drinking water have been put out of service. The Karstic wells are deeper than the alluvial withaverage depths exceeding 200 m. These wells are located in the high regions of the city and areless susceptible to pollution. The annual yield of the ground water resources is estimated at 16.72

cum/s.

Also, there are two major seasonal rivers: Khoshk River and Soltan Abad River. The annual flowrates of Khoshk and Soltan Abad rivers are 52.9 MCM and 35.77 MCM, respectively. The two

rivers originate North of Shiraz, flow along the city and discharge into Maharloo Lake. Theyreceive considerable quantities of untreated municipal and industrial wastewater. According to

the Department to Environment, around 20,000 m3/day of raw wastewater are discharged intoKhoskh River. The consequences of the degradation of surface water quality on the environmentare further amplified by the use of the poor river water quality for irrigation purposes. The levels

of several water quality parameters such as heavy metals and Coliforms exceed the limits set foragriculture water. The use of polluted water from the rivers has had a number of negative impacts

on agriculture, soil, and health conditions.

Maharloo Lake is located 23 km south-east of Shiraz. During the rainy season, the lake covers anarea of approximately 200 hectares with a water depth varying between 0.4 and 3.0 meters,

however in the summer season most of the water evaporates and the lake is almost dry. The total

annual flows entering the lake through rainfall, runoff and drainage is estimated at 1.6 billion

cubic meters. In the past, the Lake was an important source of table salt, but in view of the

degraded water quality and the high level of heavy metals, salt extraction has ceased. Moreover,and because of the high water salinity (around 188 g/l), the lake water can not be used for

irrigation purposes. Similar to the rivers in Shiraz, Maharloo Lake receives considerablequantities of untreated municipal and industrial wastewater effluents estimated at 19.7 million

cubic meters annually.

One of the important problems in Shiraz is the threat to public health caused by the unsuitablequality of potable water sourced from the Alluvial wells, the improper discharge of wastewater

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into surface water, as well as irrigation with poor quality water and raw wastewater. These

conditions have caused the spread of many water-borne infectious diseases such as diarrhea and

dysentery.

Shiraz has a rich cultural heritage with several historical places and is considered among the most

prominent historical cities of the country. A number of the historical places are located in the old

city and are threatened by the high water table and the improper discharge of raw wastewater. A

council for the protection and restoration of cultural and historical monuments in Shiraz was

recently formed.

A number of important industrial facilities are located in Shiraz, however only 5 facilities are

located within the project area and include: two food industries, one electronic industry, onerubber industry and one medical industry. The volume of wastewater produced by these

industrial facilities is around 2,160 m3/day. According to current policy that limits the operationof industries to rural areas of the City, no further industrial development within the urban areas of

the City is expected. Furthermore, existing legislation provides for the control of industrial

discharges which are monitored by the Department of Environment.

Agricultural areas are dispersed within Shiraz with the majority located outside the urban area.Major agriculture crops grown in Shiraz are wheat, barley, corn, alfalfa, potato and vegetables.

Agricultural areas in the vicinity of the emergency treatment plant and the long zone treatmentplant are estimated at 1700 ha and 7250 ha, respectively. Present irrigation sources include river

water, wells and springs. However, in view of the limited water sources, an important percentage

of the agricultural areas are rain fed.

The Emergency wastewater treatment plant, which is under construction, is located in the

southeastern part of Shiraz city at 60 to 65 km from the old city. The nearest residential area isTorkan village which is located at 2 to 3 km distance from the treatment plant. The surroundingsof the plant are mainly agricultural areas planted with wheat, corn and barley with an important

percentage of rain fed lands.

The Long Term wastewater treatment plant is located on a derelict plot of land at some 20 km

from the old city of Shiraz. The nearest residential area is around 3 km away from the plant site.The plantations around the site are similar to those surrounding the emergency zone wastewatertreatment plant.

Impacts of the Project

The environmental assessment indicated that the execution of the project will have long termpositive environmental impacts in terms of reducing pollution of natural resources, generation of

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significant economical, social and public health benefits, and will enable the government to

enforce existing environmental regulations and standards.

The project will extend and rehabilitate water networks to ensure 100% water supply coverage, to

provide good quality water on a continuous basis, to cater for population growth and to reduce

unaccounted for water. Thus, the project will provide controlled water supply to the households

and will reduce overdraft of the aquifer. It will improve health conditions of the population by

providing them with adequate water quantity and quality from sustainable sources.

The provision of wastewater collection and treatment facilities will have a strong long termpositive effect on the overall environment and on public health conditions. There will beimprovement in the water quality in the streams and rivers that flow throughout the city. A majorbenefit of the project is the protection of groundwater resources from contamination by untreated

sewage. As a result, economic benefits will occur in terms of increased water volume of good

quality, increased tourism activities, and lower medical costs associated with treating water-bomediseases. There will be considerable benefits to the farmers who are presently using pollutedwater or raw wastewater.

The wastewater treatment facilities will also provide an opportunity to better control industrial

discharges through enforcing pretreatment and connection to the collection system as stipulated inthe Iranian law. Finally it is worth noting that the design of the treatment plants has taken intoconsideration the use of their by-products (treated effluent and generated sludge) with the aim ofprotecting the environment and the scarce water resources. This will generate significanteconomic, social and health benefits and will enable the Government to enforce the law thatprohibits the use of raw wastewater for irrigation.

Major Potential Adverse Impacts of the Project

Drinking Water Quantity and Quality: treated water quantity and quality should meet waterdemand as well as allowable drinking water standards set by the Iranian Government and WHO.

Among the parameters of concern are the bacteriological contamination of the water, theconcentration level of nitrate, the presence of nitrite and the concentration of heavy metals. Inorder to safeguard public health, it is imperative that regular monitoring of raw and treated waterat the treatment plants, storage reservoirs and in the distribution network be implemented toensure that drinking water limits are not exceeded.

Treated Effluent Quality: the treated effluent should be of acceptable quality so that it can besafely discharged into water bodies or re-used for agriculture. This means that the effluentquality should meet the standards for discharge into water bodies and the WHO guidelines foragriculture re-use. One of the major parameter of concern is the level of nematodes eggs whichshould be less than 1 egg per liter for water used in irrigation. The other major concern is the

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concentration level of nutrients such as ammonia, nitrate and phosphate which could result inalgal growth in the receiving water bodies. The level of heavy metals is also of concern andcould have adverse impacts on agriculture and water bodies. Regular monitoring of thesevariables will be required to ensure strict adherence to the prevailing standards.

Sludge Quality: dried sludge will be used by farmers as soil conditioner or fertilizer. In such acase the sludge quality will have to comply with the FAO, EU and WHO guidelines for the use ofsludge in agriculture including the limit of less than one intestinal nematode egg per 100 gm ofdry solids and the limits on the concentration of heavy metals. The adopted treatment processes,the one year storage period, and the control of industrial discharges to the sewage system wouldensure that the WHO nematode standard and EU and FAO guidelines on the level of toxicsubstances would not be exceeded the for the use of sludge in agriculture.

Other Impacts: Adverse environmental impacts during the construction phase might besignificant, however they are only temporary. Typical impacts are those of dust, noise, trafficcongestion, and disturbance to the residents of the area. Good construction practices wouldmitigate most of these temporary impacts to acceptable levels. Moreover, the project will have apositive impact on employment resulting from the increased construction activities.

The project will have no significant long term negative impact on air quality, climate, thebiological environment, the socio-economic conditions, or other development projects.Furthermore, the construction of the project will not lead to resettlement of people.

In summary, once operational, most of the impacts of the Project will be positive.

Analysis of Alternatives to the Project

The option of continuing with the current water supply system and wastewater disposal methodsas well as alternative water supply schemes and other wastewater treatment processes have heenexplored and compared in terms of capital costs, operational costs, land requirements, length oftransmission lines, consumed energy, environmental impacts, management needs, reliability ofthe process and local conditions.

The "no project" option would avoid the temporary environmental impacts of installing pipelinesand constructing treatment plants, however this option is rejected on the grounds of economiccost and adverse long-term environmental and social impacts. It would mean a whole city withpoor water supply quality and no wastewater collection and treatment. Under such conditionssevere adverse environmental impacts such as pollution, flooding, and poor health conditionswould increase and the prevailing environmental conditions will further deteriorate.

Moreover, the economic benefits of the proposed project are greater than the cost of not

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implementing it; taking into account revenues from tariffs for water supply, wastewater, andtreated effluent as an irrigation source, the cost of the degradation of surface and ground waterresources; the cost of treating additional water quantities to compensate for the high unaccountedfor water; the high maintenance cost for the aged water supply system; lost working days due towater related diseases; cost of medical treatment; costs of wastewater disposal by tankers; the useof raw wastewater for irrigation purposes instead of treated wastewater; and the use ofcommercial fertilizer instead of treated sludge.

With respect to wastewater collection and treatment, a number of altematives have beenconsidered including on-site sanitation, decentralized treatment and centralized treatment. On-site sanitation in Shiraz has proved to be difficult to achieve because of the high ground waterlevel. People living in areas served with on-site sanitation facilities face severe difficultiesdisposing their sewage. Furthermore, the govemment has already initiated the construction of anEmergency wastewater treatment plant and various sections of the trunk main are beingimplemented, which would offer a more feasible and reliable method for sewage disposal tohouse owners. Hence, the option of on-site sanitation is rejected. Taking into consideration theenvironmental limits set by the department of environment regarding the construction oftreatment plants within city limits and the construction of a treatment plant for one part of thecity, the option of decentralized treatment for the second part of the city was also rejected basedon cost, availability of land and potential adverse environmental impacts.

The proposed activated sludge process and two other processes: aerated lagoons and stabilizationponds were also evaluated and compared. Since the plot of land for the long-term wastewatertreatment plant has already been acquired, and since the plot has a limited area of 80 hectares,both the stabilization ponds and the aerated lagoons were rejected as they would require largerareas. The activated sludge system was selected in view of reliability and operational flexibility;furthermore, the energy requirements of the activated sludge process was found to be lower thanthat of the aerated lagoons.

Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

The EMP identifies feasible cost effective measures to mitigate any adverse environmentalimpacts that might occur during the construction and operation of the project. The EMP coversmitigation measures, monitoring and institutional strengthening.

Mitigation ofAdverse Environmental Impacts

Mitigation measures have been identified to ensure that the defined objectives of the project areachieved whilst preventing and reducing any adverse environmental impacts. The mitigationmeasures are to be executed by the construction contractor (construction phase) and the treatment

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plant operators (operation phase) with supervision by the SWWC. Tables 4, 5 and 6 summarizethe major impacts and the mitigation measures for the construction and operation phases.

Water Quantity: Geological and hydrogeological studies, geophysical logging, and test pumpingwere undertaken to assess the water quantity of the underground water. Based on these studies,the safe yield of the ground water was found to be about 1,556,000 cum/d which by far exceedthe projected maximum water demand (664,363 cum/d) for the year 2027.

The water balance for the study area during the first phase was prepared on the basis of thepopulation figures (1,240,592 for the year 2003 and 1,360,895 for the year 2007), the maximumwater demand (403,644 cum/d and 452,858 cum/d for the years 2003 and 2007 respectively) andthe yield of wells and the treatment plant capacity at Doroudzan dam (see Table 3). The waterbalance indicates that the total water resources will by far exceed the water demand of the projectarea during the first phase.

Water Quality: Water quality analyses of surface and ground water are summarized in Table 1.The analyses indicate that the water quality is chemically acceptable. The concentrations of allchemnical parameters are below the maximum allowable standards set by the Iranian Government,WHO and CEE. Bacteriological analyses of well water could not be obtained, however availableanalysis of water quality in existing storage reservoirs indicates the absence of bacteriological

contamination and confirm the efficiency of the chlorination system. The provision of awastewater network for collecting and diverting the generated wastewater to a treatment plantwill certainly minimize potential bacteriological contamination of ground water. Furthermore,the proposed project will finance the regular monitoring of water quality. During projectimplementation, a continuous monitoring program would be implemented to ensure that treatedwater will always meet the required standards. The monitonrng program will cover biological andphysical parameters as well as heavy metals and pesticides residues.

Effluent Quality: The proposed secondary treatment level based on activated sludge process pluschlorination would ensure a treated effluent of acceptable quality for discharge in receiving waterbodies and/or re-use in agriculture. This process will result in the removal of nematodes to lessthan one percent of the concentration in the raw wastewater entering the treatment plant.Therefore the presence of nematodes in the treated effluent will be directly related to theirconcentration in the raw wastewater. As soon as the wastewater treatment plants start operating,monitoring of nematodes in the influent and effluent will be conducted to ensure adherence to therequired standard.

The discharge of the final treated effluent of the two plants via the concrete channels to MaharlooLake will occur mostly in the winter season, since in the summer the effluent will be used forirrigation. In view of the treated effluent quality, which will be in compliance with the prevailing

15

standards for discharge to water bodies, and the dilution effects of the rainy season, no adverseimpacts are envisaged on the lake. In fact, the environmental state of the lake is expected toimprove in comparison to the base condition due to improved water quality of the dischargingrivers. Moreover, the implementation of the project will not cause any changes in the salt balanceof the lake since the wastewater flows represent a very small fraction (around 1%) of the totalflows that enter the lake through rainfall and drainage.

Sludge Quality: The sludge treatment processes of the two treatment plants include: sludgeblending, thickening, anaerobic digestion, and sludge dewatering. These processes will ensurethe elimination of toxics and pollutants in the sludge. For the use of dried sludge in agriculture assoil conditioner or fertilizer, the project will ensure compliance with FAO, EU and WHOapplicable guidelines including the limit of less than one intestinal nematode egg per 100 gm ofdry solids by monitoring the quality of treated sludge and ensuring a drying period of one year.

Moreover, national guidelines for sludge re-use would be developed in coordination with lineministries (Ministry of Energy, Department of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture Jihad,Ministry of health and Medical Education, etc.) and concerned stakeholders. These guidelineswould set out good standards of practice and monitoring and define roles and responsibilities.Training workshops on re-use of treated sludge will also be provided to all concernedstakeholders.

Solid Wastes: Generated solid wastes from water and wastewater treatment plants, screening andgrits from the inlet works as well as dried sludge from water treatment plants will be collectedand disposed by the WWCs in the existing landfill sites which are located outside the cities.Considering, the quality of raw surface water and the water treatment processes, the level of toxicsubstances in the sludge generated from water treatment plants can not exceed the EU limits withrespect to the concentration of heavy metals. Nevertheless and as an extra precaution, WWCswill ensure that dried sludge will not be mixed with other types of waste but will be located in aspecific cell and signs will be posted notifying of the special waste contaminations.

Archeological and Historical Sites: Shiraz has many recorded archeological and historical sites.The implementation of the water and sanitation project will not require the demolition of anyknown historical sites, nor will it directly affect any known archeological sites. On the contrary,the project will have a positive environmental impact as it will eliminate the uncontrolled flowsand discharges of wastewater adjacent to historical sites.

The sitting of the all the project works was selected in close coordination with the CulturalHeritage Organization following several site visits so as to ensure that these facilities are remotelylocated from the archeological and historical sites as well as from areas where there is potential offinding archeological remains. During final design stages, further site inspections will be

16

conducted by surveyors and archeologist to check the construction drawings in the field.Construction activities that are close to existing archeological or historical sites will be identified,and special protection and construction procedures will be developed to mitigate any potentialimpact on these sites. Moreover, chance find procedures were developed and will be used by theWWC, Cultural Heritage Organization, contractors and supervision engineers in caseunanticipated archeological materials are encountered during the course of the constructionactivities.

During construction, there are potential indirect impacts on existing archeological sites due tovibration from drilling and compacting equipment; loss of amenity due to dust, noise and visualintrusion. Good construction practices, including special procedures to be adopted in areas inclose proximity to archeological sites would mitigate most impacts to acceptable levels.

The long term permanent impact of the project on the existing archeological sites will thereforebe positive due to proper collection of wastewater, reduced incidence of flooding, improvedamenity and aesthetic quality of the city which would outweigh any temporary adverse impacts.

Industrial Discharges: The discharge of untreated industrial effluents can affect the performanceof the wastewater treatment plants, resulting in a lower quality treated effluent. The project willonly provide connections to those industries that do not discharge toxics that affect theperformance of the wastewater treatment plants. The discharge of industrial effluents will besubject to the approval of both the Director of the treatment plant and the director of the DOE.The project will ensure that the industrial effluent discharges are pretreated to levels whichcomply with the World Bank Environmental Guidelines stated in the "Pollution Prevention andAbatement Handbook", taking into consideration the achievable reductions at the treatment plantsfor all important parameters of concern. For those industries for which their industrial effluentswill not be pre-treated, and/or will not be connected to the network, the DOE will require thateach polluting industrial establishment will prepare a compliance action plan (CAP), which willaddress the pollutants of concem, the type of pre-treatment required and the investments andmonitoring costs of the pre-treatment facility. Operational permits for these industries will besubject to the implementation of the CAP as yearly monitored by the SWWC and enforced by theDOE.

Moreover, under the World Bank funded sewage project for Tehran, standards for industrialeffluent discharge into sewage systems are being developed in close coordination with DOE andother concerned line ministries. These standards include the following industrial sectors: food,textiles, tanneries, pulp and paper, metal, pharmaceutical and electronic industries as well asgeneral standards for the remaining industrial sector. Also, the DOE has promulgated standardsfor industrial discharges to surface waters. The project will ensure compliance with all these

17

standards, where applicable and the promulgation of a national law for the discharge of industrialeffluents to sewage networks.

Other Issues: The general disruption during construction will be mitigated by coordinatedplanning of construction activities. This will include coordination with all concerned authoritiesprior to the start of the construction activities. Other adverse impacts due to constructionactivities will be mitigated through the adoption of Good Environmental Practice Procedures. Forinstance noisy construction activities can be limited to normal working hours and providingmuffler to minimize noise nuisance. Dust emissions can be avoided by using dust suppressionmeasures such as periodically sprinkling water in certain areas, providing appropriate covers andremoval of excess material from the site. Dangerous activities in public areas will be controlledto reduce risk to the public, traffic and warning signs will be placed at construction sites, trencheswill be provided by fences, or railings. The construction contract document will incorporate allrequirements to minimize disturbance from construction activities which will be monitored by theSupervision Engineer and the Environment Officer of SWWC to ensure compliance andimplementation of the required provisions by the Contractor.

The final design process will detail and finalize construction drawings and tender documents ofthe project components. This process has incorporated final review of the designs byenvironmental specialists to ensure that all required environmental issues are properly addressedand tender documents include specific provisions concerning environment, health, safety as wellas the use of archeological chance find procedures in the event that unknown archeological and/orhistorical sites are encountered in the course of construction.

Furthermore, pre-tender conferences will be held to brief pre-qualified contractors on theeffective implementation of mitigation measures. All pre-qualified contractors will be called to apre-tender conference at which environmental, health and safety issues will be outlined. Culturalheritage issues in Shiraz will be also addressed. The contractors will be briefed on: (i) chancefind procedures, (ii) special procedures to be adopted in the vicinity of sites defined as requiringprotection, (iii) penalties for non-compliance, and (iv) coordination with concerned authorities.

Liaison arrangements will be established between the public, contractors, and the ProjectManagement Unit. A procedure will be established to allow the general public to lodgecomplaints at the Project Management Unit about excessive disturbance.

The contractors will provide suitable and reliable equipment for construction, with a formalmaintenance program to ensure efficient operations. SWWC will develop and establishappropriate safety procedures for the operation and maintenance of the water and wastewatertreatment plants. All employees of the contractors and SWWC will get suitable training in

18

occupational health, safety, and emergency preparedness procedures for earthquakes. Safetyequipment will also be provided.

Odors emissions from the wastewater treatment plants will be minimized by careful planning andimplementation of the plant operation and maintenance procedures. Regular Odor emissionsmonitoring from the wastewater treatment plants will be implemented to mitigate any non-compliance by taking appropriate operating measures.

Solid waste generated at the wastewater treatment plants will be properly collected and disposedof in an environmentally acceptable manner. Screenings and grit from the inlet works will bedisposed in the landfill of the city.

The SWWC will develop and implement monitoring programs for raw water, treated water,surface water, raw wastewater, treated effluent and sludge and industrial discharges to thesewage. SWWC will also provide advisory services to industries.

The DOE will establish formal programs for monitoring discharges to the environment from thewastewater treatment plants and industries, treated sludge, surface water, and soil includingactions to be taken in case of non-compliance. It will develop a system of controls on dischargesto Lake Mahraloo, Khosk and Soltan Abad rivers. DOE will also develop a system for theenforcement of standards related to industrial discharges.

The Ministry of Health and Medical Education will establish a program for monitoring drinkingwater quality and the occurrence of water-borne diseases. A public hygiene education campaignwill be also conducted by the Ministry including video tapes, TV programs and distribution ofleaflets.

The Ministry of Agriculture Jihad will establish and implement formal programs for monitoringthe quality of soil and agricultural products on a pilot area located in eastern Shiraz includingactions to be taken in case of deterioration in quality. The Ministry will develop educationalprograms and will develop awareness campaigns on best agricultural and irrigation practices.

Monitoring Plan

Monitoring of construction activities will have to ensure that mitigation measures of constructionimpacts are being implemented properly, while monitoring of operation activities is to ensure thatno unforeseen negative impacts are arising. Tables 7 to 11 give the proposed monitoringrequirements during the construction and operational phases.

During construction, the monitoring program will include dust and noise. Monitoring of thewater supply will include biological, physical and chemical parameters as well as heavy metals

19

and pesticides residues. During the operation of the wastewater system, monitoring will includedata on BOD, COD, suspended solids, phosphates, nitrates, salinity, heavy metals, fecal coliformand nematodes eggs. Water quality monitoring in Maharloo Lake will include data on BOD,suspended solids, pH, phosphates, nitrates, salinity, and heavy metals. The treated sludge will bemonitored for nematodes, coliforms and toxic metals. Soil and agricultural products will bemonitored for significant pollutant levels including heavy metals, Coliforms and nematodes. TheMinistry of Health will monitor the occurrence of water born diseases and the Ministry ofAgriculture Jihad will monitor soil and agricultural products. The DOE will develop andimplement its own monitoring program for Quality Assurance and Quality Control and willgenerate and issue periodic review reports.

If significant adverse impacts are identified by the concerned responsible organizations,appropriate mitigation measures will be taken and arrangements for amendments of theenvironmental management plan will be made. The Ministry of Energy will have the overallresponsibility to ensure that adverse impacts are maintained to acceptable levels and correctiveactions are taken when required.

A project monitoring report will be prepared on the effectiveness of the EMP once every 6months and will be sent to the World Bank after review and approval of DOE.

Institutional Strengthening

The institutional arrangement and capacities of the organizations in-charge with theimplementation and management of the proposed project were reviewed with the intention ofproviding technical assistance and proposing reinforcement of these organizations as required.

Training programs will be designed and implemented with the assistance of local andinternational experts and will include:

> SWWC, Treatment Plant Operators, Shiraz Municipality and Fars DOE: At the initiation ofthe project, a training workshop will be provided to the staff of the SWWC, Ministry ofEnergy, Shiraz Municipality and DOE to raise environmental awareness and to clarify thespecific environmental requirements related to the project. A two day workshop will then beprovided and will cover the following topics:

- Effective implementation of mitigation measures- Project supervision

- Sampling and analysis

- Monitoring and evaluation

> SWWC, Municipality, Fars DOE and Line Ministries: A two day workshop will be providedto the staff of SWWC, Municipality, and representatives of line ministries to strengthencapacities in the application of treated effluent and sludge re-use.

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Laboratory Staff of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants: A one week training workshopwill be provided to strengthen capacities in sampling and analysis methods, environmentalmonitoring, quality assurance and quality control as well as safety procedures.

' Staff at Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants: A one day training workshop onoccupational health, safety and earthquake emergency preparedness procedures will beprovided.

Workshops and awareness campaigns will be also implemented to raise awareness of farmers,NGOs and residents of Shiraz; these would include:

> Local NGOs, communities andfarmers: Training would be provided through 1 or 2 daysworkshop for local NGOs, communities and farmers, focusing on public awareness andon re-use of treated wastewater and sludge for agricultural purposes.

> Awareness campaign and pamphlets: two awareness campaigns will be conducted;pamphlets in Farsi will be distributed to all farmers highlighting the adverse health andpublic safety impacts resulting from the use of untreated effluents; and measures to betaken when using treated effluent and sludge. A public hygiene education campaign willbe also conducted by the Ministry of Education.

An assessment of analytical capacities of the laboratories at the SWWC and at the emergencywastewater treatment plant has been conducted; additional required equipments were alsoidentified and will be supplied as part of the proposed project. For the Long-term zoneWastewater Treatment Plant, a fully equipped laboratory will be provided as part of theconstruction contract.

Technical assistance will be provided to the DOE to set up baseline data on existingenvironmental conditions and to develop a quality assurance and a quality monitoring program aswell as an enforcement program for industrial discharges. Similarly, technical assistance will beprovided to the Ministry of Health and Medical Education to set up baseline data on theoccurrence of water bom diseases and to develop a monitoring program for their occurrence.

Cost Estimate

The cost of the Environmental Management Plan during construction (mitigation measuresincluding additional treatment and monitoring) will be borne mostly by the contractor(construction phase) and the Supervision Engineer who will make the necessary provision as partof their contracts for this project.

During the operation phase, mitigation measures and monitoring activities will be implementedby the operator of each plant. Doroudzan existing water treatment plant and the emergencywastewater treatment plant will be operated by the Fars Water Board and the SWWC,

21

respectively. Hence, the required mitigation measures and monitoring activities will beimplemented by Fars Water Board and the SWWC as part of their mandates. For the Long-temnZone wastewater treatment plant, cost of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements willbe bome by the contractor who will include the necessary provisions as part of his constructionand two years operation and maintenance cost. The contractor will also allocate a provisionalcost for the construction of filters in case the treated effluent does not meet the standards withrespect to nematodes.

A total amount of 1.764 million dollars will be allocated for the implementation of theenvironmental management plan as detailed in Table 12 and will be included in the project cost.It should be noted that the total cost does not include the following:

> Cost of additional treatment incorporated in the design of the project;

> Cost of mitigating negative construction impacts (included in the construction contractcost);

i Cost of mitigation measures and environmental monitoring of the Long-term zonewastewater treatment (included in the construction and operation and maintenancecontract cost);

> Cost of setting up a new laboratory at the Long-Term zone wastewater treatment plant(included in construction cost).

> Cost of Environment and Safety Officer at TSU (included in TSU cost).

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Table 1: Water Quality Analyses for Surface and Groundwater Resources in Shiraz

Analysis Raw Surface Treated Karstic StandardsWater Surface Water Wells _

pH 7.8 7.8 7.50 CEE 6.5 - 8.5Turbidity (NTU) 4 2 Iranian ST 5-25

Calcium (mg/I) 50 49 92 WHO 100Magnesium (mg/I) 17 25 45 CEE 30Sodium (mg/I) 50 31 41 WHO 200Potassium (mg/I) 2 1.39 2.2 CEE 12

Chlorides (mg/I) 58 41 70 WHO 250Sulfates (mg/I) 32 30 161 WHO 250Nitrites (mg/I) 0 0 0 WHO 0Nitrates (mg/I) 4.7 7.79 17 WHO 50

Ammonium (mg/I) 0.08 - 0.06 Iranian ST.055-0.5

Hardness (mg/I) 215 90 410 Iranian ST 500-

Alkalinity (mg/I) 185 172 228

TDS (mg/I) 327 360 575 WHO 1000

Electrical 486 460 900Conductivity(pmho/cm) I

Total Coliforms (MPN/100 ml) 8 0 - WHO 0

Table 2: Influent and Effluent Design Data for Wastewater Treatment Plants

Parameter Unit Raw Wastewater TreatedWastewater

Emergency Zone Treatment Plant:BOD mg/l 250 <25SS mg/l 315 <40Total Coliforms MPN/100 ml 5 x l0o < 1000Nematodes I egg/liter <10 <1

Long-Term Zone Treatment Plant:BOD mg/l 250 <25SS mg/l 300 < 40Total Coliforms MPN/100 ml 5 x 105 < 1000Nematodes I egg/liter <10 <1

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Table 3: Shiraz Water Balance durin the First Planning PeriodPressure Population Maximum Water Water Quantity 2003 Water Quantity 2007 Water Balance

Zones and Demands (m3/day)sub-zones 2003 2007 2003 2007 Alluvial Karstic Surface Alluvial Karstic wells Surface Water 2003 2007

200 207 20 07 wells wells Water wells203 071 2472 2712 804 9022 3744 4107 1218 1367 18662 m3/day3 6969 6548 1942 2179 (existing wells) &

I 4 8028 8806 2612 2930 --- 18662 501I m3/day -1902 +6025 15880 17420 5167 5797 m3/day (new well)6 8491 9314 2763 30997 18620 20426 6058 6797

TOTAL 63204 69333 20564 23071

8 39709 43559 12920 144959 52092 57144 16949 19015

10 21625 23722 7036 7894 7200011 15332 16819 4988 5597 187228 m3/day m3/day12 21052 23093 6849 7685 (existing wells) & from13 117586 128989 38258 42923 40522 187228 72000 --- 77415 water TP & -57176 +5575

2 14 20357 22331 6623 7431 m3/day m3/day mn3/day m3/day(new wells) 84000

15 0 0 0 0 m3/dayv16 154671 169669 50324 56460 Transfer 3088 from increase17 54274 46894 T0r 56605 Transfer m3/day to zones 4 in TP

17o 42# 748 46894 /3909 15605 2182 m3/day &5 capacity18 386746 424250 125833 141175 to zone 419 218380 239557 71053 79716

TOTAL 1090298 1196027 354744 397996

20 2474 2714 805 903 21824 21 5984 6565 1947 2184 m3/day from --- --- 3088m3/day from --- -570 0

TOTAL 8458 9278 2752 3088 zone 2 zone 2

22 3771 4136 1227 1376 4840 m3/dav23 38171 41872 12419 13934 --- 4840 --- --- (existing wells) & --- -11938 0

5 24 9626 10559 3132 3514 m3/day 13984 m3/dayTOTAL 51567 56568 16778 18824 (from zone 2)

103688 --- 103688 m3/day --- +1562 +4883 25 27065 29690 8806 9880 m3/day

GTAND 1240592 1360895 403644 452858 40522 221098 72000 --- 303524 156000 -70025 + 6665

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Table 4: Environmental Mitigation Measures during the Construction Phase

Responsible OrganizationPotential Impacts Mitigation Measures Org _t

Performing QA/QC

Noise generation Restrict work to normal working hours; Contractor monitored DOEUse equipment with appropriate silencers; by ESOOnly run equipment when required.

Contractor monitoredGeneration of dust Employ dust suppression measures such as by ESO DOE

wetting and dust enclosures.

Traffic congestion Restrict movement of construction vehicles to Contractor monitored DOEand from the sites to normal working hours; by ESODiversion of traffic through suitable roads to theexpected traffic loading;Provision of adequate diversion signs;Minimizing lengths of open trench;Expeditious completion of backfill andreinstatement.

Damage to access roads Site access roads will be inspected regularly and Contractor monitored DOEand streets repairs made where necessary; by ESO

All roads and streets used for laying pipes willbe covered and paved.

Damage to archeological Application of protection measures in areas close Contractor monitored Culturalremains to existing historical sites; by Archeologist and Heritage

Implementation of Chance Find Procedures. ESO Organization

Water pollution Collect and dispose wastes, demolition and Contractor monitored DOEexcavated materials at appropriate locations; by ESORestrict surface runoff from the site.

Public safety and site Control access of unauthorized personnel; Contractor monitored DOEsecurity Provide pedestrian access; by ESO

Provide safety barriers and signs.

Air pollution Do not bum wastes on site; Contractor monitored DOERoutine maintenance of construction equipment by ESOand vehicles to minimize exhaust emissions

Generation of wastes Minimize wastes generated during construction Contractor monitored DOEand reuse construction wastes where practicable; by ESOUse appropriate methods for the storage of wastematerials;

I Dispose of wastes to an appropriate site.

ESO: Environment and Safety Officer at Project - PMU

DOE: Department of Environment

25

Table 5: Environmental Mitigation Measures during the Operation Phase of Water SupplySystem

Responsible OrganizationPotential Impacts Mitigation Measures P g

Performing QA/QC

Degradation of water Ensure proper operation and maintenance Water Operator . DOEquality of the water treatment plant. supervised by

ESO* Continuous monitoring of raw water and

treated water as well as water quality atvarious locations within the water supplysystem; avoid cross contamination withsewage;

* Disposal of dried sludge resulting fromwater treatment plants in a separate cell inthe city's landfill site

Reduction in available * Prohibit illegal connections to the Water Operator DOEwater supply network; avoid leakage in the network; supervised by

ensure proper maintenance of the system ESOincluding treatment plant, pumpingstations, pipelines and house connections.

Health and Safety * Maintain hygiene and have medical Water Operator DOEsurveillance; maintain showers and supervised bysanitary facilities; provide first aid and ESOhave an emergency response plan.

* Capacity building and training inoccupational health, safety andearthquake emergency preparednessprocedures and in operation andmaintenance of treatment plants.

* Monitoring of earthquake occurrence,intensity and associated impacts.

26

Table 6: Environmental Mitigation Measures during the Operation Phase of WastewaterSystem

Responsible OrganizationPotential Impacts Mitigation Measures . _Performing QA/QC

Health and * Adequate treatment (retention time) should be WWTO DOEenvironmental risks provided to control the number of nematode supervised byassociated with eggs; chlorine will be used to disinfect the ESOdischarge and re-use of effluent.treated effluent forirrigation ' Regular monitoring of treated effluent; treated

effluent will not be reused in irrigation if itsquality does not meet the standards.

* Development of re-use guidelines for treatedeffluent;

* Capacity building, training and awareness.

Sludge quality and the * Drying beds for one-year storage will be WWTO DOErisk of public and provided to dry and store sludge following de- supervised byfarmers acquiring watering and digestion. ESOinfection

* Monitoring of nematodes, coliforms and heavymetal content of treated sludge.

* Transportation of treated sludge in closedcontainers.


Odor generation from the * Careful planning and implementation of WWTO DOEwastewater treatment operation and maintenance. supervised byplant ESO

* Providing covers to equipments and containersthat are likely to cause odor nuisance.

Health and Safety of the * Maintain hygiene and have medical WWTO DOEemployees surveillance; manage wastewater operations to supervised by

minimize contact of personnel with sewage; ESOmaintain showers and sanitary facilities; providefirst aid and have an emergency response plan.

* Capacity building and training in occupationalhealth, safety and earthquake emergencypreparedness procedures and in operation andmaintenance of treatment plants.

WWTO: Wastewater Treatment Operator

27

Table 7: Environmental Monitoring Program for the Construction Phase

Environmental ResponsibleParameter to Monitoring Frequency Standard Organizationbe monitored _______ Performing QA/QC

Noise At construction Every day 70 dB (A) Supervision DOE

Sites Engineer

monitored by

________ ESO _ _ _ _

Air Quality and At construction Every day 150 pg/m3 Supervision DOE

Dust Sites Engineer

monitored by

ESO

ESO: Environment and Safety Officer at Project - PMU


28

Table 8: Environmental Monitoring Program during the Operation of the Water SupplySystem

Environmental ResponsibleParameter to be Monitoring Frequency Standard OrganizationLocation

monitored Performing QA/QC

pH At Water Every day 6.5 - 8.5 Water MHMETurbidity Sources 5 NTU OperatorColiforms (treatment plant, 0/100 ml Supervised byFecal coliforms dam and wells) 0/100 ml ESOFecal Streptocoques 0/100 ml

Conductivity 400 pS/cmAmmonium 0.05 - 0.5 mg/ilNitrates 0 -45 mg/INitrites 0 mg/IChlorides 25 - 200 mg/lPhosphates At Water 1.0 mg/lCalcium Sources 100 mg/lMagnesium (treatment plant, Every Week 30 - 50 mg/l Water MHMESodium dam and wells) 20 - 150 mg/I OperatorPotassium 10 -12 mg/l Supervised bySulfates 250 mg/I ESOIron 50 - 200 mg/I

Herbicide and Pesticides At Water Every Month 0.1 ,Ig/l Water MHMENi Sources 0.02 mg/l OperatorCr (treatment plant, 0.05 mg/I Supervised byZn dam and wells) 3 mg/l ESOCd 0.003 mg/IPb 0.01 mg/lHg 0.001 mg/l

Ammonium 0.05 - 0.5 mg/lPhosphates 1.0 mg/lNitrites At Water Every day 0 mg/I Water MHMEChlorides Reservoirs 25 - 200 mg/l OperatorTotal coliforms 0/100 ml Supervised byFecal coliforms 0/100 ml ESOFecal streptocoques 0/100 mlResidual chlorine 0.2-0.8 mgtl

Total coliforms At Distribution Every day 0/100 ml Water MHMEFecal coliforms Network 0/100 ml OperatorFecal streptocoques 0/100 ml Supervised byResidual chlorine 0.2-0.8 mg/l ESO

MHME: Ministry of Health and Medical Education

29

Table 9: Environmental Monitoring Program for the Treated Effluent

Environmental Monitoring Responsible OrganizationParameter to be Location Frequency Standard

monitored ____ _____ Performing QAIQC

BOD 25 mg/lCOD 125 mg/l WWTO DOEPH At 6 - 9 Supervised byOil and grease Wastewater Every day 10 mg/I ESOTSS Plants 50 mg/lTotal Phosphorus 10 mg P/ITotal Nitrogen 30 mg N/INematode eggs <1 egg/literFecal coliform. 200 MPN/100 ml

Heavy metals 10 mg/IPhosphate At 5 mg/IlAmmonia Wastewater Every week 10 mg/I WWTO DOENitrate Plants and in 90 mg/I Supervised byFluoride drainage 20 mg/I ESOSulfate channel after 500 mg/lSulfide discharge I mg/lChlorine, total residual 0.2 mg/lPhenols 0.5 mg/ITDS

Cadmium At 0.1 mg/lChromium Wastewater 0.1 mg/l WWTO DOECopper Plants and 0.5 mg/l Supervised byIron drainage Every month 3.5 mg/I ESOLead channel after 0.1 mg/ISelenium discharge 0.1 mg/ISilver 0.5 mg/IZinc 2.0 mg/I

Chlorine At the Every week 0.2 mg/I WWTO DOEdischarge Supervised byfrom the ESO

outfall or at Ikm from the

WWTP . -

WWTO: Wastewater Treatment Operator

ESO: Environment and Safety Officer


30

Table 10: Environmental Monitoring Program for the Treated Sludge

Environmental ResponsibleParameter to be Monitoring Frequency Standard Organization

LocationMonitored _______ Performing QA/QC

Nematode eggs At Every Batch <I WWTO DOE(egg/100gm solids) Wastewater Supervised

Fecal Califorms Plants byESO

Heavy Metals (mg/kgsludge):

Cd At Every Batch 20 - 40 WWTO DOECu Wastewater 1000- 1750 SupervisedNi Plants 300 - 400 by ESOPb 750- 1200Zn 2500 -4000Cr 1625

WWTO: Wastewater Treatment OperatorDOE: Department of Environment

Table 11: Environmental Monitoring Program for Agricultural Soil

Environmental ResponsibleParameter to be Monitoring Frequency Standard Organization

Monitored Location Performing QA/QC

Nematode eggs At Every 6 <I MOJ | DOE(egg/lOOgm solids) Agriculture months Supervised

land byESO

Heavy Metals (mg/kgsoil):

Cd At Every 6 0.15 MOJ DOECu Agriculture months 12 SupervisedNi Land 3 by ESOPb i5Zn 30Cr 3

MOJ: Ministry of Agriculture JihadESO: Environment Safety OfficerDOE: Department of Environment

31

Table 12: Cost Estimate of Environmental Management Plan

Component Quantity Unit Rate Total Cost inThousands US$

SWWC~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SSwwcIntemational environmental consultant to provide technical assistance to 14 months 12000/month 168SWWC 12 months 1 500/month 18

Short term Archeological consultant for monitoring archeological surveys andconstruction works

Environmental Monitoring Program for Water Supply System 60 000/year 300Environmental Monitoring Program for emergency zone WWTP 75 000/year 300

Subtotal 786

Studies, Training and Awareness

Development of baseline data on water related diseases and a monitoring 50program for the occurrence of these diseases

Development and implementation of a QA/QC monitoring program for the 0proposed project to be implemented by Fars DOE 6Development of earthquake emergency preparedness plan 12000 12Development of Compliance Action Plan (CAP) 5 CAPs 6000/CAP 30

Two days workshop to SWWC, Treatment Plant Operators, ShirazMunicipality and Fars DOE on environmental management, monitoring, 2 workshops 7000/workshop 14analysis and evaluation

Two days workshops for SWWC, Municipality, Fars DOE and LineMinistries on treated effluent and sludge re-use 2 workshops 7000/workshop 14

One week training workshop to Staff of Water and Wastewater TreatmentPlants on laboratory sampling, analysis, environment monitoring and QA/QC 4 workshops 4000/workshop 16

One day training workshop on occupational health and safety to staff at Waterand Wastewater Treatment Plants 4 workshops 1000/workshop 4

One day workshop for local NGOs, communities and farmers, focusing onpublic awareness and on re-use of treated wastewater and sludge foragricultural purposes. 4 workshops 1000/workshop 4

Awareness campaigns and pamphlets 50

Subtotal 254

Laboratory Equipment

SWWC 400Emergency zone WWTP 300

Subtotal 700

Monitoring and evaluation at the project level 2MM 12000 24

TOTAL 1764

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Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report

Table of Contents

1 Introduction 1-11.1 Overview 1-11.2 Terms of Reference 1-21.3 Objectives of the Environmental Assessment 1-2

2 Project description 2-12.1 Project Location and Setting 2-12.2 Project Outline 2-22.3 Water Supply 2-42.3.1 Current status 2-52.3.2 Objective of Water Supply Plan 2-122.3.3 Proposed Water Supply Plan Phasing 2-122.3.4 Summary of Water Supply Components 2-192.3.5 Pre-Construction Activities 2-202.3.6 Construction Activities 2-222.3.7 Post-Construction activities 2-222.3.8 Projected costs 2-232.4 Wastewater collection, treatment and disposal 2-232.4.1 Overview 2-232.4.2 Drainage Zones 2-242.5 Existing Facilities 2-242.5.1 Sewage Wells 2-242.5.2 Discharge to Surface Water & On-land Disposal 2-252.5.3 Decentralized Treatment Systems 2-252.5.4 Existing Network 2-252.5.5 Emergency Zone Wastewater Treatment Plant (E WWTP) 2-262.6 Objective of Sanitation Plan 2-292.6.1 Proposed Sanitation Plan Phasing 2-302.7 Project Components 2-312.8 Long-Term Wastewater Treatment Plant 2-322.8.1 Plant Site 2-322.8.2 Outfall 2-332.8.3 Treatment process 2-332.8.4 Effluent quality 2-342.8.5 Treated sludge 2-342.8.6 Chemical and Energy Consumption 2-342.9 Effluent and Sludge Reuse in Agriculture 2-352.9.1 Agricultural Areas 2-352.9.2 Volume of Effluent to be used 2-352.9.3 Irrigation Water Supply 2-352.9.4 Crop Pattem and Irrigation Methods 2-362.9.5 Extent of irrigation Potential 2-362.9.6 Treated effluent for Reuse 2-362.9.7 Sludge Use in Agriculture 2-372.9.8 Quantity of Sludge Available for Reuse 2-382.9.9 Sludge Application Rate 2-382.9.10 Compliance with Prevailing Standards 2-382.9.11 Sludge Quality Monitoring and Application Requirements 2-392.10 Pre Construction Activities 2-39

i


2.11 Construction Activities 2402.12 Post-Construction Activities 2-402.13 Wastewater project projected costs 2-41

3 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 3-13.1 Policy Framework 3-13.1.1 National Policies 3-13.1.2 International Cooperation 3-23.2 Legal Framework 3-33.2.1 Environmental Laws 3-33.2.1.1 Regulations for the Control of Air and Noise Pollution 3-53.2.1.2 Surface and Groundwater Quality 3-53.2.1.3 Discharges of Wastewater 3-73.2.1.4 Disposal and Reuse of Sludge 3-83.2.1.5 Disposal of Solid Waste and Industrial Wastewater 3-93.2.1.6 Pollution Abatement 3-93.2.1.7 Protected Areas and Natural Habitats 3-103.2.1.8 Archaeological and Cultural Heritage 3-123.2.1.9 Environmental Assessment 3-133.2.2 Standards 3-153.2.2.1 Existing Iranian Standards 3-153.2.2.2 Standards Proposed in this EIA 3-173.2.2.3 Comparison of Relevant Standards 3-183.3 Administrative Framework 3-193.3.1 Key Government Organizations 3-193.3.2 Other Government Organizations 3-243.3.3 Overall Environmental Management 3-283.4 Conclusion 3-29

4 Baseline Environmental Data 4-14.1 Introduction 4-14.2 Physical Environment 4-14.2.1 Topography 4-14.2.2 Climate 4-14.2.3 Air Quality 4-34.2.4 Noise Pollution 4-44.2.5 Geology 444.3 Biological Environments 4-224.3.1 Terrestrial Ecosystems 4-224.3.2 Aquatic Ecosystems 4-234.3.3 Sensitive Habitats 4-244.4 Socio-Economic Environment 4-254.4.1 Population Characteristics 4-254.4.2 Social- Cultural 4-294.4.3 Employment Situation 4-294.4.4 Health 4-314.4.5 Land Use 4-334.4.6 Infrastructure Services 4-374.4.7 Tourism 4404.4.8 Cultural Heritage 4-414.4.9 Planned Developments 4-444.4.10 Townscape 4-46


5 Potential Environmental Impacts 5-15.1 Impacts on the Geophysical Environment 5-15.1.1 Changes ofLand Use 5-15.1.2 Relocation of People 5-15.1.3 Disturbance During construction 5-25.1.4 Noise and Vibration 5-35.1.5 Odor 545.1.6 Visual Impact 5-55.1.7 Impacts on Traffic and Transportation 5-65.2 Impacts on the Social and economic Environment 5-75.2.1 Impacts on Population 5-75.2.2 Impacts on Employment and Income distribution 5-85.2.3 Urban Development 5-85.3 Impacts on the Cultural Environment 5-85.3.1 Impacts on Archaeological and Historical Sites 5-85.3.2 Impacts on Public Attitudes 5-95.4 Impacts on Surface Waters 5-105.4.1 Impacts on River Water Quality 5-105.4.2 Impacts on River Water Quantities 5-105.4.3 Impacts Relating to Industrial Discharges 5-115.4.4 Impacts on Maharloo Lake 5-115.4.5 Impacts on Surface Water Supplies 5-125.5 Impacts on Ground Water 5-135.5.1 Impacts on Ground Water Quality 5-135.5.2 Impacts on Ground Water during Construction 5-135.5.3 Impacts on Ground Water Due to Sewer Connections 5-135.5.4 Impacts on Ground Water Resources 5-135.6 Impacts on Agriculture 5-145.6.1 Impact on Crop Production 5-145.6.2 Impact on Fertilizer Consumption 5-145.6.3 Impact on Soil Quality 5-155.6.4 Impact on Crop Quality 5-155.6.5 Impact on Agricultural Practices 5-165.6.6 Impact on Agricultural Workers 5-165.6.7 Impact on Supply of Irrigation Water 5-165.7 Impacts on Health 5-175.7.1 Improvements in Public Health 5-175.7.2 Adverse Impact on Drinking Water Quantity and Quality 5-175.7.3 Adverse Impacts Due to Agricultural Use of Treated Effluent 5-185.7.4 Adverse Impacts Due to Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge 5-195.7.5 Adverse Impacts Due to Chlorination 5-195.7.6 Adverse Impacts Due to Operation of the Sewage Treatment Plant 5-215.7.7 Adverse Impacts Due to Pests 5-215.7.7 Adverse Impacts Due to Asbestos Cement Piping 5-225.8 Impacts on Climate 5-225.9 Impacts on the Biological Environment 5-235.9.1 Impact on Habitats 5-235.9.2 Impact on protected species and habitats 5-235.9.3 Disturbance to Fauna 5-245.9.4 Indirect Ecological Effects Due to Improvements in Surface Water Quality 5-245.10 Impacts on Other Planned Developments 5-245.10.1 Plan for Management of Khoshk River 5-245.10.2 Plan for the development of Maharloo Lake Surroundings 5-245.10.3 Urban Subway System: 5-24

iii


5.10.4 The Gharebagh Water Transfer Plan: 5-255.10.5 The Water Supply Plan to Sarvestan Plain: 5-255.10.6 The Shiraz Industrial Zones 5-255.10.7 The Animal Husbandry Complex: 5-255.11 Impacts due to Seismic Activities 5-255.12 Summary of Environmental Impacts 5-265.13 Major Adverse Impacts of the Project 5-29

6 Analysis of Alternatives to the Proposed Project 6-16.1 Water Supply 6-16.1.1 Option 1: No Project 6-16.1.1.1 Water Resources 6-16.1.1.2 Water Supply System Reliability 6-16.1.1.3 Public Health 6-26.1.1.4 Indirect Environmental Impacts 6-26.1.1.5 Construction Impacts 6-26.1.1.6 Management and Monitoring 6-26.1.1.7 Economic Analysis 6-26.1.2 Option 2: Shiraz Water Supply Project 6-46.1.2.1 Water Resources 6-46.1.2.2 Water Supply System Reliability 6-46.1.2.3 Water Supply Quality 6-46.1.2.4 Public Health 6-46.1.2.5 Construction Impacts 6-46.1.3 Conclusions 6-46.2 Wastewater Collection and Treatment 6-56.2.1 Option 1: No Project 6-56.2.1.1 Surface Water Pollution 6-56.2.1.2 Groundwater 6-66.2.1.3 Agriculture 6-66.2.1.4 Health 6-76.2.1.5 Construction Impacts 6-76.2.1.6 Management and Monitoring 6-76.2.1.7 Economic Analysis 6-76.2.1.8 Conclusions 6-86.3 Altemative Treatment Processes 6-96.3.1 Complete Mix Activated Sludge Plant 6-96.3.1.1 System Design 6-106.3.1.2 Proposed Site and Ground Conditions 6-116.3.1.3 Power 6-116.3.1.4 Quantities of Treated Sludge for Disposal 6-116.3.1.5 Materials 6-116.3.1.6 Staffing 6-116.3.1.7 Schedule 6-126.3.1.8 Impact on Local Population 6-126.3.1.9 Impacts on the Cultural Environment 6-126.3.1.10 Impacts on Surface Waters 6-126.3.1.11 Impacts on Groundwater 6-126.3.1.12 Impacts on Agriculture 6-126.3.1.13 Impacts on Health 6-136.3.1.14 Impacts on Climate 6-136.3.1.15 Impacts on the Biological Environment 6-136.3.1.16 Construction and Operational Costs 6-136.3.2 Sewage Treatment Using Waste Stabilization Ponds 6-13

iv


6.3.2.1 System Design 6-146.3.2.2 Proposed Site 6-146.3.2.3 Pathogen Removal 6-146.3.2.4 Power 6-156.3.2.5 Evaporation from Waste Stabilization Ponds 6-156.3.2.6 Quantities of Treated Sludge for Disposal 6-156.3.2.7 Materials 6-156.3.2.8 Schedule 6-166.3.2.9 Impact on Local Population 6-166.3.2.10 Impacts on the Cultural Environment 6-166.3.2.11 Impacts on Surface Waters 6-166.3.2.12 Impacts on Groundwater 6-176.3.2.13 Impacts on Agriculture 6-176.3.2.14 Impact on Health 6-176.3.2.15 Impacts on Climate 6-176.3.2.16 Impacts on the Biological Environment 6-176.3.2.17 Technical Performance 6-186.3.2.18 Land use 6-186.3.2.19 Visual Impact & landscape structure 6-186.3.2.20 Costs 6-186.3.3 Sewage Treatment Using Aerated Lagoons 6-186.3.3.1 System Desigr. 6-196.3.3.2 Proposed Site 6-196.3.3.3 Power 6-196.3.3.4 Evaporation and Seepage from Aerated Lagoons 6-206.3.3.5 Quantities of Treated Sludge for Disposal 6-206.3.3.6 Materials 6-206.1.1.1 Staffing 6-206.3.3.7 Schedule 6-216.3.3.8 Impact on Local Population 6-216.3.3.9 Impacts on the Cultural Environment 6-216.3.3.10 Impacts on Surface Waters 6-216.3.3.11 Impacts on Groundwater 6-216.3.3.12 Impacts on Agriculture 6-216.3.3.13 Impacts on Health 6-216.3.3.14 Impacts on Climate 6-226.3.3.15 Impacts on the Biological Environment 6-226.3.3.16 Technical Performance 6-226.3.3.17 Land use 6-226.3.3.18 Visual Impact & landscape structure 6-226.3.3.19 Costs 6-226.3.4 Dual Power Multi Cellular Lagoon System (DPMC) 6-236.3.4.1 System Design 6-236.3.4.2 Proposed Site and Ground Conditions 6-246.3.4.3 Power 6-246.3.4.4 Evaporation from Aerated Lagoons 6-246.3.4.5 Quantities of Treated Sludge for Disposal 6-246.3.4.6 Materials 6-246.3.4.7 Staffing 6-246.3.4.8 Schedule 6-256.3.4.9 Impact on Local Population 6-256.3.4.10 Impacts on the Cultural Environment 6-256.3.4.11 Impacts on Surface Waters 6-256.3.4.12 Impacts on Groundwater 6-256.3.4.13 Impacts on Agriculture 6-25

v


6.3.4.14 Impacts on Health 6-256.3.4.15 Impacts on Climate 6-266.3.4.16 Impacts on the Biological Environment 6-266.3.4.17 Technical Performance 6-266.3.4.18 Land use 6-266.3.4.19 Visual Impact 6-266.3.4.20 Costs 6-266.3.5 Comparison of Sewage Treatment Process Altematives 6-276.4 Other Altematives Explored 6-28

7. Environmental Management Plan 7-17.1 Objectives of the Environmental Management Plan 7-17.2 Mitigation Measures 7-27.2.1 Construction Phase 7-27.2.2 Operation Phase 7-127.2.2.1 Water Project 7-137.2.2.2 Wastewater Project 7-177.3 Monitoring Program 7-247.3.1 Construction Phase 7-257.3.2 Operation Phase 7-257.3.2.1 Water Supply System 7-257.3.2.2 Wastewater Systems 7-267.4 Management Requirements 7-307.4.1 Overview of Responsibilities 7-307.4.2 Technical Support Unit 7-317.5 Institutional Strengthening 7-327.6 Cost Estimate 7-34

8 Post Environmental Review of Emergency WWTP 8-18.1 Evaluation ofWWTP Site 8-18.2 Design Basis 8-38.2.1 Influent loads 8-38.2.2 Treatment plant load Progression 8-48.2.3 Effluent Quality Design Criteria 8-48.3 Emergency WWTP -First Phase Process Design 8-58.3.1 Raw wastewater pumping station 8-68.3.2 Screening 8-68.3.3 Grit and grease removal 8-78.3.4 Flow meter 8-78.3.5 Primary settling tanks (PSTs) 8-78.3.6 Anaerobic selectors 8-78.3.7 Aeration tanks 8-88.3.8 Secondary settling tanks 8-88.3.9 The effluent disinfection system 8-88.3.10 Sludge blending tanks 8-98.3.11 Sludge thickeners 8-98.3.12 Anaerobic digesters 8-98.3.13 Biogas storage tank 8-98.3.14 Sludge dewatering 8-108.3.15 Emergency by - pass system 8-108.4 Buildings and other facilities in the plant 8-108.4.1 Guardhouse 8-108.4.2 Administration Building 8-10

vi


8.4.3 Power Supply Building 8-108.4.4 The Chlorination Building 8-118.4.5 Workshop 8-118.4.6 Laboratory 8-118.4.7 Landscaping 8-118.4.8 Power Supply & Equipment Controls 8-118.4.9 Utility Services 8-118.4.10 Safety and Occupational Health 8-128.5 Review of the Design and Environmental Performance of the Emergency

WWTP 8-128.5.1 Effluent Quality and Design Appraisal 8-128.5.2 Solids Production and Quality Requirements 8-138.5.3 Power 8-148.5.4 Chemical Usage 8-158.5.5 Review of Engineering Aspects 8-158.6 Evaluation of Effluent Discharge Impact on Maharloo Lake 8-178.6.1 Maharloo Lake Environmental condition 8-178.6.2 Treated Effluent Loads 8-178.6.3 Iranian Standards of Discharge to Surface Water Bodies 8-188.6.4 Standards of Discharge to Surface Water Bodies 8-198.6.5 Evaluation of Effluent Impact 8-19

9 Public Involvement 9-19.1 Information Dissemination 9-19.2 Information Solicitation 9-19.3 Public Consultation 9-29.3.1 Ministry of Health and Medical Education 9-29.3.2 Ministry of Agriculture Jihad 9-29.3.3 Non-Govemmental Organizations 9-39.3.4 Farmers 9-49.3.5 Public Meeting 9-49.4 Summary

10 List of References 10-1

vii

Shiraz Water Suppiv and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report

List of Tables

Table 2-1 Population and Demand Growth Levels 24

Table 2-2- Doroudzan Dam Water Quality 2-7

Table 2-3- Well Water Quality 2-8

Table 2-4 Population Estimates, Available Resources and Water Balance (year 2003) 2-15

Table 2-5 Water Supply Quality Projection According to Pressure Zones 2-18

Table 2-6 Water Supply Works Projected Costs 2-23

Table 2-7- Existing Wastewater Collection Network Pipeline Components 2-26

Table 2-8 Chemical and Energy requirements of the Emergency WWTP 2-28

Table 2-9 Sanitation Facilities Service Level Development 2-31

Table 2-10 Chemical and Energy requirements of the Long Term WWTP 2-35

Table 2-11 Wastewater Works Projected Costs 2-41

Table 3-1 The Organizations related to the Preservation of Cultural Heritage 3-27

Table 4-1: Heavy Metal Levels in the Soil Around Khoshk River 4-7

Table 4-2: Average Amount of Heavy Metal in Maharloo Lake (ppm) 4-9

Table 4-3: Analysis of Physical, Chemical and Biological Parameters of Maharloo Lake 4-9

Table 4-4: Seasonal variations of Khoshk River Discharge at Baghe Safa Bridge 4-10

Table 4-5: Level of Heavy Metals in Khoshk River 4-11

Table 4-6: Water Quality Measurements at Khoshk River and Comparison with

Relevant Standards. 4-12

Table 4-7: Pollution Sources and Estimated Discharge Volumes in Khoshk River 4-14

Table 4-8: Water Quality Measurements at Soltanabad River and Comparison with

Relevant Standards. 4-15

Table 4-9: Heavy Metals Levels in Soltanabad River 4-16

Table 4-10: Number and Capacities of Ground Water Resources (well, qanats, springs) 4-19

Table 4-11: Water Balance of Groundwater Resources in the Project Area 4-20

Table 4-12: Water Demands of Different Sectors and the Sources of Supply 4-20

Table 4-13: Heavy Metals and Coliform Measurements in 50 selected Wells 4-21

Table 4-14: Population and Growth Rate of Shiraz (1957-1997) 4-25

Table 4-15: Population Projection Throughout the Project Life (1997-2027) 4-25

Table 4-16: Population Density Distribution in Shiraz 4-26

Table 4-17: Immigration Projection (1997-2027) in Shiraz 4-27

Table 4-18: Educational Level in Shiraz 2003 4-28

viii


Table 4-19: Population Data of Villages around the Treatment Plant 4-28Table 4-20: Relative Distribution of Religious Groups in Shiraz 4-29

Table 4-21: Employment Level in Major Economic Activities (1997) 4-30Table 4-22: Distribution of Employment in Different Economic Sectors in Shiraz 4-30Table 4-23: Employment State in Shiraz year 1997 4-31Table 4-24: Water Bome Diseases 2001 4-32Table 4-25: Average Cost of Diarrhoeal and in Dysentery Treatment in Shiraz 4-32Table 4-26: Number of Hospitals and Beds in Shiraz in 2000 4-33Table 4-27: Agricultural Data in Villages adjacent to the Emergency Plant in

1990 (hectares) 4-36Table 4-28: Consumptive Use of Major Crops in Shiraz Valley 4-36Table 4-29: Farming Condition in Gharebagh 4-37Table 4-30: Tour Agencies in Shiraz and Number of Tourists (1986 - 1999) 4-40Table 4-31: Number of Hotels and Guests in Shiraz (1987 - 1995 - 1999) 4-41Table 4-32: Number of Rooms and Guests in Shiraz Guesthouses 4-41

Table 5-1 Summary of environmental impacts (Part A) 5-27Table 5-1 Summary of environmental impacts (Part B) 5-27Table 5-1 Summary of environmental impacts (Part C) 5-28

Table 6-1 Summary of costs of not implementing the proposed water supply project 6-3Table 6-2 Summary of costs of not implementing the proposed sanitation project 6-9Table 6-3 Summary of Financial Analysis of Options in Sewage Treatment 6-27

Table 7-1: Environmental Mitigation Measures during the Construction Phase 7-12Table 7-2: Environmental Mitigation Measures during the Operation Phase of Water

Supply System 7-17Table 7-3: Environmental Mitigation Measures during the Operation Phase of

Wastewater System 7-23Table 7-4: Environmental Monitoring Program for the Construction Phase 7-25Table 7-5: Environmental Monitoring Program during the Operation Phase of the

Water Supply System 7-26Table 7-6: Environmental Monitoring Program of the Wastewater Treatment Centre

at the Operation Phase 7-27Table 7-7: Environmental Monitoring Program for the Treated Effluent 7-28Table 7-8: Environmental Monitoring Program for the Treated Sludge 7-29Table 7-9: Environmental Monitoring Program for Agricultural Soil 7-29

ix


Table 7-10: Cost Estimate of Environment Management Plan 7-35

Table 8-1 Emergency WWTP Design Loads 8-4

Table 8-2 Emergency WWTP Load Progression 84

Table 8-3 Emergency WWTP Effluent Quality Design Criteria & Comparison withPrevailing Standards 8-5

Table 84 Emergency WWTP Solids Production 8-14

Table 8-5 Emergency WWTP Chemical Consumption Rates 8-15

Table 8-6 Emergency WWTP Effluent Quality & Comparison with Iranian Standards8-18

x


List of Figures

Figure No. Title Page/Annex

Figure 2-1 The Study Area of EIA for Shiraz Sanitation Project Annex AFigure 2-3 Major Pressure Zones of Shiraz Water supply Network for Annex A

Year 2027Figure 2-4 Reservoirs Feeding Shiraz Water Supply System at First Annex A

Phase (2007)Figure 2-5 Reservoirs Feeding Shiraz Water Supply System at Third Annex A

Phase (2027)Figure 2-6 Shiraz Wastewater Project Collection System Emergency & Annex A

Long Term ZonesFigure 2-7 Shiraz Wastewater Collection Basin Annex AFigure 4-1 Wind Magnitude & Direction 4-3Figure 4-10 Shiraz Metro Development Project Annex CFigure 4-11 Maharloo Lake, Khoshk River and Industrial Pollution Annex C

LocationsFigure 4-13 Agricultural Lands and Villages Locations Annex CFigure 4-14 Geological Map Annex CFigure 4-2 Potential of Earthquakes in Shiraz Annex CFigure 4-3 Wilcox Diagram of Khoshk River 4-13Figure 4-4 Wilcox Diagram of Soltanabad River 4-17Figure 4-5 Population Density in Shiraz (2027) Annex CFigure 4-6 Population Density in Shiraz (1997) Annex CFigure 4-7 Age Pyramid (1997) 4-27Map 1 Shiraz Township Location Annex ASWWC-IR-1 Shiraz Sewage Project Collection System Emergency & Long Annex A

Term ZonesSWWC-IR-2 Shiraz Sewage Project Collection System Executed Pipes Annex ASWWC-IR-3 Shiraz Sewage Project Collection System Executed and Annex A

Under Construction Areas.SWWC-IR-38 Emergency Treatment Plant-Location Plan Annex CSWWC-IR-40 Long-Term Treatment Plant-Location Plan Annex CSWWC-IR-42 Shiraz Historical and Religious Places Annex CSWWC-IR-43 WWTP Outfall Layout & Location Annex A

xi


List of Annexes

Annex-A: Figures of Project Description Chapter

Annex-B: Review of Policy, Legal and Administrative Chapter

Annex-C: Baseline Environmental Data

Annex-D: Institutional Capacities

Annex-E: List of EIA Preparers

Annex-F: Public Consultations

Annex-G: Project Exhibits

xii


List of Abbreviations

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand

DOE Department of EnvironmentEA Environmental Assessment

EHC Environrnental High Council

ESO Environmental and Safety Officer

EMP Environmental Management PlanEU European Union

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

MOAJ Ministry of Agriculture JihadMOE Ministry of Energy

MOHME Ministry of health and Medical EducationNGO Non-Governmental OrganizationOP Operational PolicyQA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality ControlSWWC Shiraz Water and Wastewater CompanyTOR Terms of Reference

TSU Technical Support Unit

WB World BankWHO World Health Organization

WTP Water Treatment PlantWTPO Water Treatment Plant OperatorWWTO Wastewater Treatment OperatorWWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant

xiii


1 Introduction

1.1 Overview

The Ministry of Energy of the Islamic Republic of Iran has commissioned Lar ConsultingEngineers to conduct an Environmental Assessment Study (EA) for the Shiraz Water Supplyand Sanitation Project. The EA study is a component of Project Feasibility Study required forappraisal by the World Bank.

Shiraz is the capital of Fars province and is located at approximately 925 km to the south ofTehran. The present population is about 1,200,000 and is projected to reach 1,950,000 by theyear 2027. Shiraz has a rich historical heritage and is close to Persepolis, the most importantarchaeological site of the country.

The existing water supply network provides potable water for more than 99% of theinhabitants of Shiraz. Potable water is supplied from ground and surface water resources.Surface water is provided through the Doroudzan Dam and ground water is provided from theAlluvial and Karstic wells in the city. The water supply is of acceptable quality and incompliance with national and WHO standards. The major problems raised by the Water andWastewater Company is the high percentage of unaccounted for water (around 30%) and theneed to rehabilitate a considerable portion of the network. Rehabilitation of the network hasbeen initiated but is proceeding at a very slow rate due to limited financial resources. Otherproblems identified by the Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company are the relatively lowwater quality of Alluvial ground water sources that have high levels of hardness and nitrates,and the insufficient water pressure in some zones of the distribution network.

Wastewater collection, treatment and disposal are the main environmental concem in Shiraz.The most common method of wastewater disposal in Shiraz is through seepage pits. Only 8%of the population is connected to the wastewater collection system. Due to the high watertable and low soil permeability, the use of seepage pits has been unsatisfactory causinggroundwater contamination. Due to the lack of a proper wastewater management system, agreat part of the wastewater is discharged in the seasonal rivers of the city or in open drainagechannels that run along the roads adjacent to the residential areas. During the dry periods, thechannels become open wastewater collectors emitting noxious odours, attracting mosquitoesand affecting the health of the residents. The wastewater collected by the existing sewers isconveyed along Khoshk River that divides the city in two parts and ultimately discharges inMaharloo Lake at xx km from the city. Thus, the uncontrolled discharge of sewage is causingsevere environmental damage and serious health hazards to the inhabitants of the city.

The Ministry of Energy is developing this project to provide adequate and reliable watersupply and wastewater management systems.


1.2 Terms of Reference

The Terms of Reference for this study are issued by the World Bank document entitled"Environmental Assessment of Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project ".

In preparing this Environmental Assessment, reference has been made to the requirements ofthe World Bank Operational Directive OD 4.01 of October 1991entitled 'EnvironmentalAssessment of the Investment Projects and Programme, Scope and Process' by J.A.N Wallis,published by the Economic Development Institute of the World Bank in December 1989,'Environmental Assessment Sourcebook' published by the World Bank EnvironmentDepartment in 1999, and the requirements for Environmental Assessment within the IslamicRepublic of Iran.

The project is classified as Category A in accordance with World Bank classification system,and would therefore require a full EA study.

1.3 Objectives of the Environmental Assessment

The objective of this environmental assessment study is to identify the Project's potentialpositive and negative environmental effects, and to recommend adequate measures tomitigate the predicted negative impacts of the project.

The ELA study will first describe the project in terms of the proposed project components, thecurrent and future needs, the development phases of the project, and the project costs. It willestablish the environmental baseline conditions. It will evaluate the potential impact of theproject in terms of the biological, physical, and socio-economic environments. It will providerecommendations for mitigating the predicted impacts during the construction and operationalphase of the project.


2 Project description

2.1 Project Location and Setting

Covering an area of approximately 133,299 km2, Fars is one of the more important

provinces in Iran, accounting for 8.1% of the country's total area. Located in the southem

region of Iran and neighbouring the provinces of Isfahan, Yazd, Bushehr, Kohkilooyeh

and Booyer Ahmed, Hormozgan and Kerman, Fars consists of 19 townships, 62 districts,

57 towns, 185 rural divisions and 4378 inhabited villages.

The Shiraz Township, the provincial centre of Fars, is composed of 6 districts, 23 rural

districts and 812 villages, spanning an area of 10,531 km2. The location of the project

area is shown on figure 2-1 in Annex A. The township includes the towns of Shiraz,

Kharameh, Zargan, Sarvestan and Kowar. Map 1 (Annex A) shows the location of Shiraz

Township relative to neighbouring towns.

The town of Shiraz is located on a large plain, 120 km long and 15 km wide. The plain

constitutes the "Area of Influence" of the project, which geographically define the extent

of the environmental effects of the project. The average altitude in the plain is

approximately 1,540m above sea level and the average elevation is approximately

1,490m. The topography is such that the low grounds are located in the south and the

southeast regions of the town. It is considered an enclosed area due to the mountain

chains surrounding the area. The north of the township is met by the Baba Koohi heights,

in the east the Shah Ghaib heights, in the south the Ghare Bagh (Sabzpooshan) hills and

in the west the Barfi and Aramoo heights. The town is also limited in the southeast by the

natural salt lake of Maharloo.

Shiraz is the most important historical city in Iran. Sites such as Persepolis, Pasargadae,

the mausoleums of Hafiz and Sa'adi and the Shah Cheragh Mosque in and around the

city have transformed Shiraz into a major tourist site, attracting many domestic and

foreign visitors each year.

During the Karim Khan era, the construction of a barrier dam diverted the Khoshk River

course slightly to the north. Thereafter, the northem boundaries of the town expanded

from the Khan School towards the Koran Gateway. Shiraz lost its initial development

momentum during the Qajjar Dynasty, but recently, the old town's walls and ditches

were replaced by roads, with contemporary road construction tearing up the town's old

2-1


pattern. With the advance of modern civil works, the expansion of Shiraz to the west has

been vigorous and is still continuing today. The growth of the population and the

continued civil works over the course of the last three decades has given the town a dual

image, to the extent that the old and new patterns are quite distinguishable.

The Old Town (Consists of two sections):

The historical part of the town of Shiraz covers an area of 360 hectares and includes the

early town nucleus. The urban pattern in this area is characterized by low-rise, antiquated

and dilapidated buildings and high population density. The transport network is weak and

lacks the necessary efficiency. The presence of desolate and neglected construction in

this area has resulted in low sanitation and has affected the quality of life of the old

town's inhabitants.

The town centre also includes areas which expanded after 1941 and consists of the central

parts of the town of Shiraz, excluding historical sites. It is characterized by densely built

high rise buildings along the main roads. Roads and infrastructure are insufficient with

respect to the intensity of urban activities of central Shiraz.

The New Town

The newer areas of Shiraz developed around the central and older neighbourhoods, and

are characterized by modern urban development such as large boulevards and wide roads.

With the influx of migrants, new neighbourhoods and suburbs have grown around the

town, especially in proximity to the southern perimeter, which are outside the town's

approved master plan boundaries. Furthermore, the low income of the inhabitants has led

to small sized properties and low quality of construction, exasperated by high population

density. With the availability of large tracts of unutilized and arable lands in this area,

further increased urban expansion is expected in the future.

2.2 Project Outline

The feasibility study for Shiraz water and wastewater management has been prepared to

meet the study area requirements up to the year 2027. The study covered the city

boundaries established by the Shiraz Master Plan with a total area of 22,075 ha having a

forecast population of 1,944,860 in the year 2027. In accordance with feasibility study,

the project area can be divided to two identified drainage zones: (1) the Emergency Zone

2-2


having an area of 6,760 ha with a forecast total population of 583,460 for year 2027 and

(2) the Long Term Zone having an area of 15,315 ha with a forecast total population of

1,361,400 in the year 2027 (See figure 2-6 in annex A)

The required water and wastewater works will be completed over three phases. The first

phase is expected to be carried out between the years 2003-2007; the second phase will

commence in 2008 and continue until 2017; and finally, the third phase will begin in

2018, ending with the project's completion in 2027.

The Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project will cover works to be included in the

first phase defined by the feasibility (2003 to 2007).These works can be described by the

following:

Water Supply Component

* Development of new ground water sources to meet the increased water demands

* Expansion of the city's water reservoirs capacity to meet seasonal and daily storage

requirements.

* Expansion and upgrading of the water supply network

* Construction of pumping facilities for network system pressure

* Replacement and rehabilitation of existing distribution system

* Installation of pressure reducing valves for modulating the pressure in various parts

of the network

Wastewater Supply Component

* Construction of main collectors and laterals with diameters between 200 and 400 mm;

* Construction of trunk mains with diameters between 500 and 1800 mm;

* Construction of two treatment modules of the Long Term Wastewater Treatment

Plant

* Construction of the discharge outfalls for conveying the treated effluent of the

Emergency and the Long Term treatment plants to the end disposal point.

The following table presents a summary of the population growth, anticipated connection

rate, corresponding water demand levels and generated wastewater flows that were used

for the development of the feasibility study.

2-3


Table 2-1 Population and Demand Growth Levels

Item Description Priect periodI___________________________ 2003 2007 201 7 2027

l I _______________ _ Population 1,240,592 1,360,895 1,668,362 1,944,858

WATER SUPPLY

2 Population connected to water 1,234,761 1,356,268 1,668,362 1,944,858

l ~~~distribution network

3 Total water demand (lit/s) 3,337 3,744 4,673 5,492

WASTEWATER

4 Population connected to collectionsystem in Emergency Zone 85,500 183,721 375,381 583,457

5 Total wastewater flow in EmergencyZone (lit/s) 172 394 841 1339

6 Population connected to collectionsystem in Long-Term Zone 40,500 238,157 759,105 1,361,401

7 Total wastewater flow in the Long-Term Zone (lit/s) 74 466 1560 2872

2.3 Water Supply

Shiraz is one of the first towns in which a water supply network was constructed, with the

installation of a pipeline network initiated in 1945 through the efforts of the late

Mohammad Namazi (entrepreneur and philanthropist).

The first phase of the water supply project became operational in 1952 and supplied

piped water to 6,000 connections. The system's capacity expanded gradually in parallel

to urban development and the town's increasing water demands.

Currently, the extent of water supply and wastewater service coverage is divided into four

districts administrated by Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company consisting of 25

pressure zone for water supply and two separate wastewater collection networks (Long

term and Emergency).

24


2.3.1 Current status

2.3.1.1 Water Supply Resources

Water is currently supplied to Shiraz from surface and ground water resources.

Approximately 75 % percent, or the majority of the city's water demands, is supplied

from deep wells within the city limits and the surrounding hills, and the remaining supply

is transferred from the Doroudzan Dam on the Kor River.

2.3.1.1.1 Surface Water Resources

The Doroudzan Dam was constructed on the Kor River, located northwest of Shiraz, and

currently provides approximately 72,000 m3 per day of water to Shiraz. The installations

currently operational in the transfer of water from the Dam to Shiraz, are:

* Intake Water Tower

* Pumping Station No. 1: Located at a distance of 15 km from the dam and equipped

with 4 electro-pumps

* Water Treatment Plant: Located on Koohe Sabz hill, at a distance of 40.5 km from

the dam, and consists of the following treatment processes:

o Pre-chlorinationo Destabilizationo Flocculationo Sedimentationo Rapid gravity filter

o Post chlorination

o Treated water reservoir

o 43 Sludge drying beds, having a total area of 11,000 m2 for drying the sludge

generated at the treatment plant.

* Pumping station No. 2: Located on Koohe Sabz hill and equipped with three electro-

pumps

* Pumping Station No. 3: Located along the Shiraz-Marvdasht Road at a distance of 25

km from the dam and equipped with 3 electro-pumps

* A 120 km transfer line from the Doroudzan Dam to the city's reservoirs made of steel

pipes, per following schedule:

2-5


o DN 1400 from Doroudzan Dam to Pumping Station No. I

o DN 1000 from Pumping Station No. 1 to the WTP

o DN 1000 from WTP to Pumping Station No. 3

o DN 1000 from Pumping Station No. 3 to an elevated tank

o DN 1000 from the elevated tank to the Isfahan-Shiraz Police Station

o DN 750 from the Isfahan-Shiraz Police Station to the Pressure Breaking

Reservoir and on to the Ebiverdi Tank inside the city

o DN 750 from the Isfahan-Shiraz Police Station to the Moali Abad Tank inside the

cityThe sludge resulting from the treatment plant operations, mainly from the sedimentation

basins, is applied to drying beds. The sludge is left to dewater for a certain number of

days, wherein the solids concentration in the sludge will increase from approximately 1%

to a minimum concentration of 15%. Following dewatering, the sludge is hauled to

Shiraz landfill for ultimate disposal. Presently, it is estimated that 1900 tons per year of

dewatered sludge at 15% concentration are hauled to the landfill, and it is forecasted that

this quantity will increase to 4200 ton when the plant capacity will be increased to

156,000 m3/day.

2.3.1.1.2 Groundwater resources

The majority of the Shiraz potable water demand is supplied from the groundwater

resources in the Shiraz plains. These resources have always been the traditional, main

sources of water supply.

They are divided into two main groups relative to their geological structure; the alluvial

wells, and the Karstic wells.

Alluvial wells

Thirty four wells are situated in the alluvial formations within the city limits. These wells

are located in zone 3. Of the thirty four wells, only 16 are currently operational, with

water pumped to the network after chlorination.

Based on available data, the amount of water produced by the 16 wells in 2003 amounted

to 469 lit/sec. However, due to high concentration of salts, the hardness of the water

produced, and contamination by household wastewater, the remaining decommissioned

eighteen wells have either been taken out of the circuit, or handed over to the

municipality for irrigating green spaces.

2-6


Thirteen out of the sixteen operating wells deliver water to the network directly by

pumping. The remaining wells transfer the water to the reservoirs.

Karstic Wells

Another major source of groundwater supply is the Karstic wells, which have been drilled

on limestone anticlines around Shiraz. According to year 2003 data, 52 out of a total of

69 Karstic wells are currently operational. Ten wells have been bored recently, but still

have not entered the circuit; and seven were taken out of service.

The distribution of the town's Karstic wells, their operating status, and output capacity is

shown in the following table.

Zone Name/Location Total No. of No. of Operational Total Capacity,Wells Wells I/s

I north-eastern heights of Shiraz 38 34 1,460

2 Derak Wells 17 14 614

4 Sabzpooshan Region 9 4 269

5 northern region of Shiraz 5 5 216

Total Capacity of operating Karstic Wells 2,559

2.3.1.2 Water Supply Quality

Water supplied from the Doroudzan Dam has a high and consistent quality compared

with ground water quality. Table 2.2 provides the water quality of Doroudzan Dam, and a

comparison with WHO standards

Table 2-2- Doroudzan Dam Water Quality

Parameters RAW Treated W.H.O

|BOD (mng/1) 0.30 0.00

LCOD (mg/1) 1.40 0.00

pH 7.88 7.80 6.5-8.5

Salinity as TDS (mg/l) 327 360.10 1000

Alkalinity (mg/l) 172 177.47 -

Conductivity (qs/cn2 ) 486 460.07

| Ammonia (mg/I) 0.08 1.5

2-7


Parameters RAW Treated W.H.O

Nitrates (mg/I) 4.7 4.5 50

Nitrites (mg/i) 0.01 0.00 3

Chlorides (mg/i) 58 41.59 250

Calcium (mg/i) 49.60 48.55 -

Magnesium (mg/i) 17.28 25.71 0.1

Sodium (mg/l) 50 31.11 200

Potassium (mg/I) 2 1.39 -

Sulphates (mg/i) 32 30.00 250

Iron (mg/i) - 0.58 0.3

Total coliforms 8 0 ND

Fecal coliforms <2 0 ND

Fecal streptococcus <2 0 ND

Turbidity (NTU) 4 <2 5

ND: Not detected in 100ml sample

In contrast, the quality of the groundwater in Shiraz has been inconsistent for a long

period of time, with high level of salts concentration. Due to the shallow water table and

the unregulated construction of cess pits, raw wastewater has infiltrated the alluvial

aquifer, resulting in the deterioration of its water quality. Consequently a number of wells

were taken out of service. The amount of salt concentration and the hardness of water

differ from well to well, but, in general, remains within the limits set by potable water

standards.

Based on a series of water quality tests conducted for the operational wells (Annex C),

the average quality of well water was calculated, and is indicated in the table below.

Table 2-3- Well Water QualitY

GROUND WATER lParametersW.O I

Alluvial Karstic

BOD (mg/1) --- l---

COD (mg/i) 1.70 2.05

pH 7.16 7.50 6.5-8.5

T.D.S. (mg/l) 823.00 573.97 1000

Alkalinity (mg/i) 379.74 925.40

2-8


Parameters GROUND WATER W.H.OAlluvial Karstic

Conductivity (ms/cm2) 1244.00 903.01 -

Ammonium (mg/i) NH4+ 0.10 0.06 1.5

Nitrates (mg/i) 24.31 17.32 50

Nitrites (mg/i) 0.00 0.00 3

Chlorides (mg/i) 85.80 69.47 250

Calcium (mg/i) 148.20 92.42 -

Magnesium (mg/i) 64.81 45.97 0.1

Sodium (mg/i) 46.74 40.87 200

Potassium (mg/i) 2.38 2.24 -

Sulphates (mg/1) 221.74 161.58 250

Iron(mg/l) 0.82 0.06 0.3

2.3.1.3 Water distribution network

The Shiraz water distribution network was created in various stages over the last fifty

years and was expanded in parallel to need and urban development. The approximate

length of the Shiraz main water distribution network, which includes pipes of over 100

mm in diameter, is estimated to be 1,015 km.

The material used in pipes in the network include cast-iron and ductile iron for large

pipes, asbestos cement for pipes of 80 to 450mm in size, polyethylene for 63-160 mm

laterals, and finally 1"-4" galvanized pipes.

The majority of the town's main pipes are ordinary cast-iron type and were installed over

45 years ago in old streets and roads in the town centre. Considering service age, most

pipes in the network are corroded, causing a high rate of Unaccounted for Water (UFW)

in the network, which is estimated at 30%.

The town's topographic layout creates a large difference in heights along the various

points of the Shiraz Water Supply Network. The difference in altitude between the

highest and lowest built-up area within the city limits (excluding the Golestan area) is

approximately 220m. If the new expansion zone in the north western parts of Shiraz is

considered, the total difference would reach up to 400m.

2-9


Despite the large differences in altitude, the current water supply network is devoid of

pressure zoning, resulting in variable water pressure. In some areas, water pressure is

high, resulting in high leakage rates, while in other areas the situation is quite the reverse

and intensifies during the summer season.

Currently 1,234,761 individuals, representing 99.53% of the total population are serviced

by the Shiraz Water Supply Network. The remainder of the population obtain their water

from other resources.

2-10


2.3.1.4 Storage Reservoirs

A number of reservoirs and pressure stabilizing reservoirs are operational in various areas

of Shiraz. Moreover, two new reservoirs have recently been completed, but are still not in

service. Due to the topography and the natural slope of the town, all reservoirs in Shiraz

are of the ground type.

As previously mentioned, the water supply network lacks principle zoning and reservoir

tanks' capacities have not been able to provide the storage requirements commensurate

with the network's expansion. Pumping facilities at the reservoirs lack reliability, since

no standby power generation is provided. This has frequently resulted in water supply

interruptions due to power outage.

The present capacity of operational water reservoirs totals 103,500 m3 , which is

equivalent to approximately 31% of the total daily volume of water produced from

existing resources.

The current water supply system has serious shortcomings which can be summarized by

the following:

1. With the exception of Ebiverdi and Moali Abad reservoirs, which are fed water from

the Doroudzan Dam installations, the storage tank capacities are not commensurate

with water demand requirements of their zone. As a result, the reservoirs do not serve

their purpose for storage, but rather function as break tanks for the associated

pumping facilities.

2. The water quality in parts of the supply network remains inconsistent, due to alluvial

well water. Attempts to improve the water quality in these parts of the network by

blending Karstic and alluvial well water with the dam water failed, due to technical

difficulties.

3. Many wells are connected directly to the distribution system without intermediate

storage. This has often led to excessive pressure build up causing leakage, and water

supply interruptions.

2-11


2.3.2 Objective of Water Supply Plan

Due to the major shortfalls described in the preceding section, the current water supply

problems will intensify and aggravate in view of the anticipated increase in population

growth and associated urban development.

The objectives of the Shiraz water and wastewater Plan are to address these problems by

expanding the Shiraz potable water network and upgrading the water supply facilities to

achieve the following:

* Provide water supply quantities up to the year 2027 and

* Provide water quality in accordance with prevailing drinking water quality standards

In order to achieve these objectives, the plan attempts to accomplish the following:

1. Increase the number of surface and ground resources to guarantee the required supply

of water to meet the demand at various stages of the plan;

2. Stabilize water pressure in various points by dividing the city into suitable pressure

zones and improving access to water;

3. Increase water storage capacity in Shiraz through the construction of suitably

designed storage reservoirs to meet peak water demands and to eliminate excessive

pressure build up through direct pumping into the network;

4. Rehabilitate the network, and replace worn-out pipes to reduce UFW to acceptable

standard levels.5. Expand the current work by the construction of new transmission mains.

2.3.3 Proposed Water Supply Plan Phasing

The target year 2027 was selected for the Plan for Expansion of Shiraz Water

Distribution Network based on the results of studies conducted on existing facilities,

projected limits on the physical expansion of the city, the current and-identified resources

of potable water supply and finally, the Ministry of Energy directive, concerning this

region's water supply requirements.

To achieve the objectives set for the year 2027, the project was subdivided into the

following three phases:

* Phase I, 2003 - 2007

2-12


* Phase II, 2008 - 2017

* Phase III, 2018 - 2027

2.3.3.1 Upgrading Works for Distribution Network

In order to meet the increased demand, the plan proposes to install new transmission

lines. The plan includes for the construction of 230 km of transmission mains, with sizes

100 to 1200 mm diameter in phase 1, and 160 km of pipe sizes 100 to 700 mm in phase 3.

Due to the 400 m elevation difference within the city, and to comply with the allowed

system pressure for the urban water network, the proposed plan divides Shiraz into 25

pressure sub-zones, connected to each other by pressure reducing valves. These sub-

zones will make up five main networks, determined by water supply point, location of

reservoirs and urban zoning. The location of pressure zones is shown on figure 2-3 in

Annex A. The plan proposes the installation of 72 pressure reducing valves in 36

locations in phase 1, and 4 pressure reducing valves in two locations in phase 3.

To improve the condition of the current water network and to reduce the high level of

UFW, the plan proposes the gradual replacement of worn-out pipes. During Phase I,

approximately 36 km of pipeline will be replaced. In phase 2 and phase 3, 120 km and

257 km of pipeline will be replaced respectively. These works will include replacing

pipes of 100-450mm in diameter.

2.3.3.2 Upgrading Water Supply Resources

Shiraz water supply resources need to be upgraded throughout the plan duration in order

to provide sufficient water quantities meeting the water demand according to the

population growth.

According to available data, the Fars Regional Water Board is currently expanding the

capacity of the water treatment plant near the Doroudzan Dam, as well as the water

transmission lines to the city. It anticipated that by the end of the first phase, in 2007, this

capacity will be increased to156,000 m3/d. The balance of the water requirement will be

supplied through wells to be bored in different areas. For this purpose one well, with an

average discharge rate of 58 lit/sec will be drilled in Zone 5 (Do Koohak) and 16 others,

with an average flow rate of 56 lit/sec, will be drilled in Zone 4 (Sabzpooshan) in an

attempt to meet maximum water demands during the first phase.

2-13


According to the plan, in phase 2 there will be 20 wells of approximately 56 I/sec in

capacity, and in phase 3, 23 wells of approximately 56 lit/sec in capacity will be needed.

Due to the reasons stated previously, no new alluvial wells are proposed in the supply

plan. However, if appropriate measures are taken to protect the alluvial wells from

pollution and to improve their water quality, they could still be considered as a potential

source of water supply.

Total population coverage and the water demand, water supply, and water balance are

presented in table 2-4, while table 2-5 projects the expected quality of water in the city's

main zones during the three phases of the project.

Based on table 2-4 the total volume of drinking water that will be available by the end of

the first phase (year 2007) is 459,500 m3/day (156,000 m3/day from surface water and

303,500 m3/day from groundwater) which exceeds the total water demand for the year

2007 of 452,900 m3/day.

It should be noted that new water sources developed, and existing sources for that matter,

will be chlorinated for disinfection. Proper safety procedures will be followed for the

transportation and handling of chlorine and other chemicals to ensure the safety of

operators and workers in accordance with Iranian law and internationally accepted Good

Practices.

2-14


Table 24 Population Estimates, Available Resources and Water Balance (year 2003)

MAXIMUM

MAJOR SUB- POPULATION DWATER WATER QUANTITY(m3/day) WaterMAJOSRE PESUB- POUAIN DEMANDS 2003 Balance

ZONES ZONES (m3/day)

2003 2003 ALLUVIAL KARSTIC SURFACE 2003

1 2472 804

2 3744 1218

3 5969 1942

4 8028 26121 _ _ .--- 18662 -1902

S 15880 5167

6 8491 2763

7 18620 6058

TOTAL 63204 20564

8 39709 12920

9 52092 16949

10 21625 7036

11 15332 498840522

12 21052 6849

13 117586 38258

2 14 20357 6623 187228 72000 -57176

15 0 0

16 154671 50324

17 42748 13909 TRANSFER2182

18 386746 125833 TO

19 218380 71053 ZONE "4"

TOTAL 1090298 354744

20 2474 805 2182

4 21 | 5984 1947 FROM ---- ---- -570

TOTAL 8458 2752 ZONE "2"

22 3771 1227

23 38171 12419 4840

TOA24 9626 3132 EX. WELLS -11938

|TOTAL i 51567 16778

3 j 25 27065 | 8806 . 10368 EX WELLS .. 1562

GRAND TOTAL 1240592 403644 40522 221098 72000 -70024

2-15


Table 2-4 Cont'd Population Estimates, Available Resources and Water Balance (year 2007)

MAXIMUMAJOR SUB- POPULATION M WATER WATER QUANTITY(m3/day) Water

MAJOR PRESSURE DEMANDS 2007 Balance

ZONES ZONES (m3/day)

2007 2007 ALLUVIAL KARSTIC SURFACE 2007__________ _________ WELLS WELLS WATER

1 2712 902

2 4107 1367 186623 6548 2179 FROM EX.

4 8806 2930 WELLS& _ +602

5 17420 5797 5011

6 9314 3099 FROM 1 NEWWELL

7 20426 6797

TOTAL 69333 23071

8 43559 14495

9 57144 190157894 ~~~~187228

10 23722 7894 FROM EX

11 16819 5597 WELLS 72000& FROM EX

12 23093 7685 77415 TR PLANT

13 128989 42923 FROM\ 16 NEW S

2 14 22331 7431 WELLS 84000 +5575FROM

15 0 0 EXTENSIO

16 169669 56460 N________ ~~TRNSER OF TR.

17 46894 15605 3088 PLANT

18 424250 141175 TO ZONE"4" &

19 | 239557 79716 13984

TOTAL 1196027 397996

20 j 2714 903 3088

4 21 6565 2184 FROM . 0

TOTAL i 9278 3088 ZONE"2"91 F EX

22 4136 1 1376 4840

5 1 ~23 | 41872 | 13934 FROM EX 5 ~ 2 172 _____WELLS 0

24 10559 3514 & 13984t J ~~~~FROM

TOTAL 56568 1 18824 __________ ZONE"2"

3 25 29690 9880 10368WEXL .... +488_ ~~WELLS | .. |+8

GRAND TOTAL 1360895 452858 303524 156000 +666

2-16


Table 2-4 Cont'd Population Estimates, Available Resources and Water Balance (year 2027)

MAXIMUMMAJOR SUB- POPULATION WATER WATER QUANTITY(m3/day) Water

MAJOR SUB- POPULATION DEMANDS 2027 Balance

ZONES ZONES m3/day)2027 2027 ALLUVIAL KARSTIC SURFACE 2027

WELLS WELLS WATER 2

1 11627 3972 23673

2 30434 10396 FROM EX.

3 | 64290 21961 WELLS &3 64290 21961 65146

4 52539 17947 FROM 13 NEW

5 39251 13408 WELL +5458

6 13140 4489 TRANSFER

7 31791 10860 328

TOTAL 243071 83033 TO ZONE"4"

8 43972 15021

9 57932 19789264643

10 28395 9700 FROM EX.

11 21681 7406 WELLS

12 37473 12801 145152

13 174196 59505 FROM 30 NEWWELLS 156000

2 14 32073 10956 _ FROM 0

15 14323 4893 TR.PLANT

16 299301 102241 TRANSFER

17 52647 17984 3051_________ ~~~~~~~~TO ZONE"4" &

18 545277 186267 16042 TO

19 292997 100088 ZONE"5"_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ & 51 T O

TOTAL 1600267 546651 ZONE"3"

20 2808 959 328FROM

4 21 7082 2419 ZONE"1. 0

& 3051TOTAL 9890 3379 FROM

__ _ _ _ _ _ _ ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ._ _ _ _ _ _ .ZO N E"2"

22 4461 1524 4840FROM EX

5 23 45461 15529 WELLS 0

24 11207 3828 & 16042FROM

TOTAL 61129 | 20882 ZONE"2"

10368 EX

3 25 30501 10419 WELLS . 0& 51FROAf

i__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ZO N E "2" .

GRAND TOTAL | 1944858 664363 513822 156000 | +5458

2-17


Table 2-5 Water Supply Quality Projection According to Pressure ZonesIranian

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Standards

PARAMETERS2007 2027 2007 2027 2007 2027 2007 2027 2007 2027

BOD (mg/l) --- ---

COD (mg/I) 2.05 2.05 1.26 1.47 2.05 2.05 2.05 2.05 2.05 2.05

pH 7.50 7.50 7.62 7.59 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 6.5-9.5

T D. S. (mg/l) 573.97 573.97 491.67 513.10 573.97 573.97 573.97 573.97 573.97 573.97 1500

Alkalinity (mg/l) 925.40 925.40 637.58 712.54 925.40 925.40 925.40 925.40 925.40 925.40

Conductivity (ms/cm2) 903.01 903.01 732.56 776.95 903.01 903.01 903.01 903.01 903.01 903.01

Ammonium (mg/l) 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.5

Nitrates (mg/lI) 17.32 17.32 13.65 14.61 17.32 17.32 17.32 17.32 17.32 17.32 45

Nitrites (mg/l) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.004

Chlorides (mg/l) 69.47 69.47 58.74 61.54 69.47 69.47 69.47 69.47 69.47 69.47 600

Phosphates --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Calcium (mg/l) 92.42 92.42 75.54 79.93 92.42 92.42 92.42 92.42 92.42 92.42 200

Magnesium (mg/l) 45.97 45.97 38.17 40.20 45.97 45.97 45.97 45.97 45.97 45.97 150

Sodium (mg/l) 40.87 40.87 37.11 38.09 40.87 40.87 40.87 40.87 40.87 40.87 200

Potassium (mg/l) 2.24 2.24 1.91 2.00 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24

Sulphates (mg/l) 161.58 161.58 110.95 124.13 161.58 161.58 161.58 161.58 161.58 161.58 400

Iron (mg/l) 0.06 0.06 0.26 0.21 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 1.00

Heavy metals --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Herbicide and Pesticides --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Total coliforms t

Fecal coliforms _ . .

Fecal streptococcus

2-18


2.3.3.3 Expansion of Storage Facilities

Storage reservoirs of adequate capacity need to be constructed to meet daily and hourly

peak water consumption rates. The proposed additional reservoirs will be fed from

ground sources, as such; their volume was calculated based on the wells pumping

capacity and the daily demand variation. The peak daily demand accounted for in these

calculations was estimated at 1.4 times the average daily demand during the year. The

minimum volume required for proposed reservoirs was calculated to be equivalent to

50% (12 hours) of the maximum daily water demand at the end of each phase of the plan.

Six new reservoirs with a total capacity of 115,500 m3 are proposed for the first phase.

The Fars Regional Water Board has accepted the commission to build two of these

reservoirs at a total capacity of 45,000 m3. The layout of the reservoirs for the year 2007

is shown on figure 2-4 in Annex A. In the second phase (year 2017), four reservoirs of

40,000 m3 in total capacity will be constructed, and in the third phase (2027) three

reservoirs of 45,000 m3 in total capacity will be constructed. Total storage capacity in

2027 will be 344,000 m3. The layout of the reservoirs for the year 2027 is shown on

figure 2-5 in Annex A. Problems of land acquisition are not anticipated as the sites

proposed for the construction of the reservoirs are either owned by SWWC or fall within

public sector areas.

As previously mentioned, the storage reservoirs will be supplied mainly with water

pumped from deep wells. As boring wells around each reservoir to supply it with water

(as a result of existing limitations) is not possible, appropriate measures are required to

connect the reservoirs to each other by means of a transmission line. The plan, therefore,

proposes the construction of 35 km of transmission lines during the first phase and 10 km

of transmission lines during the second phase.

2.3.4 Summary of Water Supply Components

The works to be undertaken in the planned expansion and rehabilitation of the Shiraz

water supply system throughout the three phases are as follows:

1. Phase 1 (2003 - 2007)

* Replacing 36 km of pipeline with 100 to 300mm diameter pipes to rehabilitate thenetwork

2-19


* Execution of 230 km of pipeline with pipes of 100 to 1,200 mm in size to transferwater from reservoirs and expand the network

* Drilling 17 Karstic wells

* Construction of 4 reservoir tanks and a pumping break tank with a total capacity of70,500 m3

* Construction of 35 km of transmission lines between reservoirs* Construction of two pumping stations with a total capacity of 47,500 m3/day

* Installing 72 pressure-reducing valves in 36 locations to divide up the network intoappropriate pressure zones

2. Phase 11 (2008 - 2017)


* Construction of 4 reservoir tanks with a total capacity of 40,000 m3

* Execution of 10 km of transmission lines between reservoirs

* Increasing the capacity of pumping stations by 1,500 m3/day

3. Phase III (2018 - 2027)

* Replacing 257 km of pipeline with pipes of 100 to 450 mm in diameter to rehabilitate

the network

* Execution of 160 km of pipeline with pipes of 100 to 700 mm in size to transfer water

from reservoirs and expand the network


* Construction of 3 reservoir tanks with a total capacity of 45,000 m3

* Increasing the capacity of pumping stations by 1,500 m3/day

* Installing 4 pressure-reducing valves in 2 locations to separate the new expansion

zones

2.3.5 Pre-Construction Activities

The most important initiatives required before commencing the execution of the planned

water project are:

1- Land Acquisition

1-1 Land acquisition for main pipelines and laterals

2-20


All the water distribution pipes will be constructed in the city's streets, and therefore

there is no need for land acquisition.

1-2 Land acquisition for reservoirs

The reservoirs will be constructed in public or land already owned by SWWC, therefore

new land acquisition is not required.

1-3 Land acquisition for pumping stations

The construction and equipping of the two pumping stations and their related works canbe undertaken within the perimeters of land already purchased for the construction ofreservoirs; therefore further acquisition of new property is not required or anticipated.

1-4 Land acquisition for the expansion of the Doroudzan Dam

The expansion of Doroudzan Dam water supply facilities is not part of this project, and

falls within the responsibilities of the Fars Regional Water Board, which would addressthe acquisition of new properties for this purpose. However, space availability within the

existing treatment site should be checked, before initiation of any action pertaining toland acquisition for expanding Doroudzan Water Treatment Plant.

2- Resettlement of People

No resettlement of people will be necessary for the construction activities in the project.

3- Planning and Liaison

The construction of the water supply network and the other works of the project will

require that construction activities are carefully planned to minimize disruption and that

good liaison is maintained with other authorities.

The planning and liaison process should commence during the design of the project. At

this stage, consultations with municipality, police traffic department, and various utility

companies are conducted to ensure minimal disturbance to the population, and avoidance

of possible conflict with other utility services.

Of particular importance, is the planning of the works in the historical quarters of the

city. Consultations concerning the project works in these areas will concern all

2-21


stakeholders and particularly the Cultural Heritage Organization. Issues that will bediscussed are planning of works, mitigation measures, and chance find procedures to

ensure that potential impacts of the project are minimized. This subject is discussed

further in Chapter 5 and Chapter 7.

4- Public Consultations

Considering the scale of this project, it is inevitable that the public will suffer in the shortterm from construction disturbances. It is therefore imperative that public awareness ofthe long term benefits of the project be raised at the commencement of the project.

Consultations during the planning phase, as well as other phases, will assist in the smoothrunning of the project. The subject of public consultation is further discussed in Chapter

9.

2.3.6 Construction Activities

Construction of the project is to be carried out under several contracts. It is planned thatseveral contracts be made, covering the first phase works, for the different componentsthe project. A preliminary schedule of the contracts is as follows:

* One contract for the four water reservoirs* Three contracts for the transmission lines* One Contract for rehabilitation the existing pipelines

* Three contracts for well drilling* Multiple contracts for the expansion works

* Two contacts for the pumping stations

2.3.7 Post-Construction activities

Following construction and commissioning of the works, operation and maintenance

activities will comprise mostly of inspections, routine maintenance, and monitoring.

Regular maintenance and inspections of all the projects components will be conducted in

accordance with an agreed maintenance plan. The maintenance and inspection activities

will include among others, physical status of the network, illegal connections, operating

conditions of all the works, and periodic maintenance jobs.

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Monitoring activities will be conducted for raw and treated water quality in all the

components of the supply system to ensure full compliance with Iranian and other

applicable Standards for potable water. Details on this subject are provided in Chapter 7.

2.3.8 Projected costs

The cost estimate of the water supply project throughout its phases is as follows (figures

are in US Dollars):

Table 2-6 Water Supply Works Projected Costs

2003-2007 2008-2012 1 2013-2017 2018-2027

Description First Phase Second Phase Third Phase

Water project 24,660,000 9,697,500 10,026,250 16,148,225

Contingency @10% 2,466,000 969,750 1,002,625 1,614,823

Subtotal 27,126,000 10,667,250 11,028,875 17,763,048

Engineering and construction 1supervision @7% 1,898,820 746,708 772,021 1,243,413

Total 29,024,820 11,413,958 11,800,896 19,006,461

Grand Total 71,246,135

2.4 Wastewater collection, treatment and disposal

2.4.1 Overview

Similar to many urban areas in Iran, Shiraz wastewater management facilities are way

underdeveloped and lack the basic components of a proper wastewater management

system. Presently these facilities comprise mostly of onsite sanitation systems, which

proved throughout the years to be inappropriate, and have led to serious environmental

problems. Due to high ground water levels in the city, the effluent of these systems has

infiltrated the alluvial aquifer, causing its contamination. In many instances during heavy

rains the high water table have caused back flow in these systems to cause flooding inside

dwellings. In view of these conditions, which are causing health hazards, and serious

repercussions on the city's development, the implementation of the Shiraz Sanitation

Project has become a high priority.

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2.4.2 Drainage Zones

Shiraz is divided in two distinguished drainage zones due to the natural topography in the

project area. These zones are called the 'Emergency' and the 'Long Term' zones and are

separated by the Khoshk River, which forms the natural drainage course of the two zones.

The Emergency zone, located to the north east of the river, covers an area of 6,760

hectares. The Long Term zone, located to the south east of the river, covers an area of

15,315 hectares. The location and geographical limits of the two zones are shown on

Drawing SWWS-IR-1 in Annex A. The two zones are further subdivided to twelve

drainage zones; A to L as shown on Figure 2-7 of Annex A.

It should be stated that the terms Emergency and Long term are somewhat confusing, as

under the current project, the works in the Emergency zone do not have a priority over

the works for the Long Term zone. The Emergency zone was simply called that way,

since drainage works commenced initially there.

2.5 Existing Facilities

2.5.1 Sewage Wells

As discussed in the previous paragraph sewage wells or cess pits are the major treatment

and disposal method in Shiraz. The cesspits vary in depth from 5 to 15 m, depending on

the local soil conditions. Under normal operating conditions, sewage entering the cesspits

is allowed to settle, and then to percolate through the soil to get treated by the soil's

adsorptive and filtering capacity. The settled material, termed sludge, is allowed to digest

by the naturally occurring bacteria. As the sludge builds up with time, the cesspits would

require emptying, which normally takes place every few years.

The study of the geological formations in Shiraz plain has revealed that the groundwater

hydraulic gradient moves the water from the north and west to the south east towards

Maharloo Lake, where the water table is highest and reaches 2-3 m below ground levels,

and in heavy rains can reach up to the surface.

In view of the above, the operation of the cesspits has caused serious contamination to the

aquifer by infiltration. Moreover in the older areas of the town, where toilet facilities are

located below ground levels, the groundwater fills the wells and backflows to the toilets

under heavy rains.

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2.5.2 Discharge to Surface Water & On-land Disposal

As the sewage well system has proved inappropriate, and in the absence of central

collection systems, a growing number of buildings, hotels, and hospitals are discharging

their wastewater either in the two rivers that run through the city, or in the city's storm

water canals, or on land in the Fassa Bridge area. This situation, therefore, is causing

severe environmental damage to ground and surface waters, and serious health and

amenity problems to the local inhabitants.

2.5.3 Decentralized Treatment Systems

A number of the newer towns, certain institutions, hospitals, hotels and industrial centres

have installed various wastewater collection and treatment systems. However, most are

still not fully operational due to technical and other difficulties. Therefore, even centres

with potential infrastructure discharge their wastewater to adjacent culverts and rivers, to

make the deteriorating environmental situation even worse.

2.5.4 Existing Network

In an attempt to reduce, to a relative extent, the pollution in the Khoshk and Soltanabad

rivers, which had been turned into main canals for collection and discharge of wastewater

from adjacent areas, the faculty of engineering in association with the Department of the

Environment in Fars proposed a plan to create two main wastewater pipelines with

laterals, of an approximate length of 20 km along the course of Khoshk River. The

pipelines begin at the Moali Abad region and end at the current location of the

Emergency zone WWTP, located to the east of Torkan Village.

This plan has been partially implemented by constructing asbestos cement pipelines of

400 to 1000 mm diameters beginning upstream of Hafiz hospital and ending at Khoshk

River downstream of the Electricity and Electronic College. The network has now been

extended using 1,000, 1,200 and 1,400 mm pipes to reach the Emergency WWTP

location.

Table 2-7 presents the length and size of pipes in the present Shiraz wastewater network:

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Table 2-7- Existing Wastewater Collection Network Pipeline Components

Pipe Diameter Emergency Zone Long term Zone

mm m m

200 67,996 85,786

250 24,742 46,048

300 10,141 16,415

350 6,200 8,168

400 18,162 795

500 11,914 9,197

600 6,552 9,445

800 2,195 8,924

1,000 2,566 2,159

1,200 3,170 4,771

1,400 4,688 700

Total 158,326 205,390

Grand Total j 363,716 meters

The table above indicates that around 66 km of trunk mains and 297 km of secondary

collection lines have been constructed, representing 14% of the total required Shiraz

wastewater collection lines. Thus far, 25,000 individual wastewater connections have

been provided, of which 16,000 are in the Emergency zone and 9000 in the Long Term

zone. Drawing SWWS-IR-3 in Annex A shows existing wastewater network and the

current lines under construction.

2.5.5 Emergency Zone Wastewater Treatment Plant (E WWTP)

The design of the plant began at the same time the works on the wastewater network

started. The plant is comprised of two modules; the first of which is nearing completion.

According to the timetable proposed in the feasibility study, the module should be ready

for operation in 2004. As shown in Drawing SWWS-IR-2 (Annex A), the main

wastewater collection line has been extended to almost reach the Emergency WWTP.

The treatment plant specifications can be summarized by the following:

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Capacity and influent loads

Average BODs TSS

Phase Design No of Modules Population Flow load Loadyear Equivalent

l________ _______________ _______________ m 3/d K g/d K g/d

1 2020 1 435,000 87,500 22.000 27,500

2 2027 2 583,000 118,300 28,400 37,000

Effluent Oualitv

BOD5: 20 mg/l

TSS: 30 mg/l

pH: 6.5-8

Total Coliform: 400/100 ml

Sludge Oualitv

50 % organic matter content

Dry solids content: 25%

Treatment Scheme

The liquid phase is comprised of preliminary treatment by screening and grit removal.

This is followed by primary treatment. Secondary treatment is achieved by conventional

activated sludge with inclusion of anaerobic selector tanks. Finally the treatment process

includes disinfection by chlorination.

The solids treatment phase for the primary and secondary sludge generated is comprised

of sludge blending, gravity thickening, primary and secondary digestion, and dewatering.

Arrangement

The first module is comprised of multiple units. All process units are duplicated, except

for the activated sludge plant and the secondary clarifiers wherein four units are provided.

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Sludge Production

The estimated sludge quantity for the first phase (year 2007) is 1825 tons per year. At

year 2027, the estimated sludge quantity is 6000 ton per year.

Effluent discharge method

The effluent of the plant discharges to an existing earth channel which in turn conveys

the effluent for discharge at Maharloo Lake. (See exhibit 1 in annex G)

The effluent quality of the above plant is in compliance with Iranian standard for

discharge to surface water bodies or for reuse in irrigation.

Chemical and Energ Consumption

The chemical and energy consumption of the treatment plant for each module is

summarized in the table below.

Table 2-8 Chemical and Energy requirements of the Emergency WWTP

Partial Module Module 1, Year Module 2. Year Total forDescription 1, Year 2007 2020 2027 Module 1&2

Treatment plantcapacity (m3/day) 34,000 87,500 31,000 118,500

Total energy 1001504015requirement (Kw) 1,000 1,500 450 1950

Total Chlorinerequirement 120 237.25 85 322.11(tons/year)Total limerequirement 1100 2149 825 2974(tons/year)

Total Poly-electrolyterequirement 13 24.6 9.12 33.72(tons/year)

A detail review of the plant's environmental and technical performance is undertaken in

Chapter 8. However, for the purpose of the discussion in this chapter the following points

summarize the shortcomings of the plant in the context of this project:

The initial load progression estimated by the design consultant of the plant was over

estimated. Therefore, the plant will have to be operated in partial capacity to match the

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incoming loads so that the process is successful. For the year 2007, it is envisaged that

only two of the four activated sludge plants will be operated.

The earth canal that will be used for discharging the final effluent is not suitable as it may

lead to ground water infiltration. Furthermore the canal conveys surface run off as well, it

may not be of adequate capacity to handle all the discharged flows, which would result in

effluent overflowing onto adjacent lands in an uncontrolled manner. A concrete structure

should be constructed in its place. The new canal will be 8 km in length, having a

trapezoidal section, with 1.5 m width at its bottom, and 2.5 m in width at its top. Drawing

number SWWS-IR-43 in annex A, shows the layout and routing of the outfall.

The treated sludge would not comply with WHO standards of one nematode egg per 100

gm, without the provision of long term storage. Therefore an area of 10 hectares will be

allocated within the present site boundary for this purpose.

Further issues relating to effluent and sludge reuse in agriculture are addressed in section

3.6.

2.6 Objective of Sanitation Plan

Due to the major shortfalls described in the preceding section, the current sanitation

problems will intensify and aggravate in view of the anticipated increase in population

growth and associated urban development.

The objectives of the Shiraz Water and Wastewater Project are to address these problems

by expanding the wastewater collection network and developing the required treatment

facilities to achieve the following:

* Improving public health conditions by providing the required wastewater

management facilities

* Protection of ground and surface water sources from pollution, thereby improving

environmental conditions

* Promoting the reuse of treated effluent to conserve water resources and to improve

agricultural practices

* Promote the reuse of sludge to achieve environmentally sound disposal methods and

achieve economic benefits* Achieving short and long-term economic, social and sanitary advantages for the

region

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In order to achieve these objectives, the plan attempts to accomplish the following:

* Expand the existing collection network to provide full coverage of the project area up

to year 2027* Construct a treatment plant in the long term drainage zone and construct the second

module of the emergency treatment plant

* Construct the effluent outfall structure from both treatment plants to the lake for safe

disposal.

2.6.1 Proposed Sanitation Plan Phasing

The target year 2027 was selected for development of the Shiraz Sanitation plan based on

the results of studies conducted on existing facilities, projected limits on the physical

expansion of the city, and the current wastewater generation rates.

To achieve the objectives set for the year 2027, the project was subdivided into the

following three phases:* Phase I, 2003 - 2007

* Phase II, 2008 - 2017

* Phase III, 2018 - 2027

Based on this plan, the number of population served by the end of phase 1 is 421,878

representing 31% of the total population, and generating 76,359 m3/day of wastewater.

By the end of the third phase, there will be full coverage for the whole project area, with

1,944,858 people served generating 365,961 m3/day of sewage. Table 2-9, shows the

population progression, the service level, and the wastewater collected and treated.

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Table 2-9 Sanitation Facilities Service Level Development

Description Phase I 1 Phase 11 I Phase III____________n |!2004 2005 1 2000 || 2007 2 2012 21017 2022 2027

|_________ Emergency Zone .

Population 380,890 389,807 398,932 408,269 454,623 500,509 543,458 583,457

Populationconnected 30 35 40 45 60 75 88 100

(%) I-. .

Populationconnected to a 114,267 136,432 159,573 183,721 272,774 375,381 475,526 583,457collectionsystem ._11

Totalwastewater 22,045 26,247 30,920 35,945 53,827 74,627 96,194 117,673flow (m3

/day)

- ,:. ,lon T Zoner .j 4

Population 888,744 909,549 930,842 952,627 1,060,787 1,167,853 1,268,068 1,361,401

Population _ I _ _ i

connected 10 15 20 25 45 65 84 100

1(% ) ! ! . . IIPopulation

connected to a 88874 136432 186,168 238,157 477,354 759,105 1,065,177 1,361,401collection

system

Totalwastewater 14,376 22,280 30,981 40,414 83,284 134,932 192,943 248,288

flow (m3/day)

-7- >,- 7.77 -oect-Air_Population_ l ojc 1,360,896 A _ _ 1,668,362 1 ,944,858

Population '

connected 31 68 100

connectdhton a l 421,878 1,134,486 1,944,858

|, .sy.s,tem . |

wastewater | l l | 76,359 209,559 365,961|flow (m3/day)|

2.7 Project Components

According to the timetable proposed by the consultant in the feasibility report, all trunk

mains need to be in place during the first phase, as well as the construction of the two

modules for the Long-Term WWTP. As the situation currently stands, the first module of

this plant will be operational by 2006, but works on the second module will only begin in

the middle of 2004, and will continue until the end of 2008. This schedule means that

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construction of the second module of the Long-Term WWTP will begin in the first phase,

but completion and operation will occur only after this phase has ended.

The following lists the works in the Shiraz wastewater project that will be undertaken

during the first phase:

* Installation of approximately 785 km of main collectors and laterals, using pipes of

200 to 400 mm in size, of which 373 km will be installed in the Emergency zone and

412 km in the Long-Term zone* Delivering 75,473 connections, 32,867 connections in the Emergency zone and

42,606 connections in the Long-Term zone* Installation of approximately 377 km of pipelines using pipes of 160 mm in size, with

164 km of pipeline extended in the Emergency zone and 213 km in the Long-Term

zone* Execution of 91 km of main trunks, 23 km in the Emergency zone and 68 km in the

Long-Term zone* Construction of the two modules of the Long-Term WWTP, with a total capacity of

100,000 m3/day

* Construction and rehabilitation of 18 km of outfalls for discharging treated effluents

from the Emergency and Long-Term WWTP to Maharloo Lake

2.8 Long-Term Wastewater Treatment Plant

The Long-Term WWTP is comprised of five treatment modules, with a capacity of

50,000 m3/day per module. Each module is comprised of five streams to allow for

flexibility in the plant's operation. According to the predicted load progression one

module will be operated by year 2007, two modules and three streams by year 2017, and

all five modules by year 2027.

2.8.1 Plant Site

The Long-Term WWTP is located on a plot of land covering 80 hectares (See exhibit 2 in

Annex G). It is bounded from all sides by agricultural fields, which are currently

uncultivated. The prevailing winds are north and north - westerly. The total built up area,

including the treatment works amount to 10 ha. The site has a flat terrain with a minor

slope in the southwest direction. Presently the site is covered with shrubs. There is no

valuable vegetation or special wildlife habitats on adjacent plot of lands.

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The advantage of the site is that the agricultural fields around it offer a perfect

opportunity for the disposal of the effluent as well as for sludge reuse.

The geographical location of the site permits gravity conveyance of the Long Term Zone

sewage flows due to the lower elevation of site with respect to the drainage area. Thus

investment and operational cost of pumping stations are saved.

The size of the plot is properly chosen, as adequate space is available for the plant's

future expansion, and for the long-term storage of sludge and temporary storage of

screenings and grit.

2.8.2 Outfall

The treated effluent will discharge to an existing earth channel leading to Maharloo Lake.

The canal requires rehabilitation and concreting. The existence of this canal precludes

any need for acquisition of new land for the outfall purpose.

A trapezoidal canal measuring 11 km in length, 1.5 m wide at the bottom and 3 m wide at

the top is proposed for rehabilitation of this earthen canal. Drawing number SWWS-IR-

43 in annex A, shows the layout and routing of the outfall.

2.8.3 Treatment process

The proposed treatment process for the Long Term WWTP is based on the conventionalactivated sludge system, which includes the following treatment units:

1- Distribution channel

2- Aerated grit chamber

3- Primary settling tanks

4- Anaerobic selectors

5- Aeration tanks

6- Final settling tanks

7- Chlorination basin

8- Chlorination building

9- Parshall flume

10- Primary sludge pump station

11- Scum sludge pump station

12- Return and excess sludge pump station

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13- Sludge blending tank14- Thickeners15- Thickened sludge pump station

16- Digesters

17- Gas storage tank18- Gas flare19- Digested sludge pump station20- Sludge conditioning and dewatering21 - Long term sludge storage area22- Blowers

Other facilities provided at the plant include:

23- Power distribution building24- Transformer, emergency power plant and main HV & LV distribution panel building

25- Administration building26- Store and workshop27- Guard room28- Canteen

2.8.4 Effluent quality

The effluent produced at the wastewater treatment plant will conform to the WHOmicrobiological standards of nematode eggs and fecal coliforms. The relevant WHOstandards are listed in annex B of this report.

2.8.5 Treated sludge

The sludge production is estimated at 2,000 tons per year at 2007 and 12,400 tons peryear at 2027.

2.8.6 Chemical and Energy Consumption

The chemical and energy consumption of the treatment plant at the end of phase 1 and 3are summarized in the table below.

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Table 2-10 Chemical and Energy requirements of the Long Term WWTP

Descri tion i At year 2007 At year 2027Treatment plant capacity 50,000 250,000

Total energy requirement 620 3100(Kw) j 6

Total Chlorine lrequirement (tons/year) 135 677Total lime requirement 1222 6110(tons/year)

Total Poly-electrolyte 14 71.4requirement (tons/year) I _I

2.9 Effluent and Sludge Reuse in Agriculture

Since effluent and sludge reuse in agriculture are considered to be one of the main

objectives of this project, this section will provide an initial assessment of the reuse

potential. Proceeding Chapters will provide further insight on the agricultural conditions

in the project area, potential impacts of reuse, and mitigation and monitoring measures.

2.9.1 Agricultural Areas

The total agricultural lands identified as available for effluent reuse in the areas of the

Long Term Treatment Plant and Emergency Treatment Plant are 7260 ha and 1700 ha

respectively, which amount to a total of 8960 ha.

2.9.2 Volume of Effluent to be used

The volume of treated effluent will be increasing each year as connections are made. By

the year 2027, the available volume for reuse will reach 118,250 m3/day from the

Emergency WWTP and 250,000 m3/day from the Long Term WWTP.

2.9.3 Irrigation Water Supply

In the area of the Long Term Treatment Plant, irrigation water is being sourced from

local wells and raw wastewater to irrigate an agricultural area of 5160 ha. Irrigation with

raw wastewater accounts for 1000 ha, whereas rain fed lands amount to 2100 ha.

Therefore the potential area for irrigation by the treated effluent at the Long Term

WWTP is 3100 ha.

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As for the emergency WWTP, the sources of irrigation in the identified agricultural lands

downstream of the plant include the Khoshk River and ground water supplies. The main

source of water in these lands is the groundwater since the river is seasonal. The annual

estimated quantity of irrigation water provided from each source is 1.0 million m3 for the

river and 3.8 million m3 from groundwater. These sources account for irrigating 450 ha.

Therefore, the balance agricultural area of 1260 ha can potentially be irrigated with

effluent of the Emergency WWTP.

2.9.4 Crop Pattern and Irrigation Methods

The crops cultivated in the potential reuse area comprise of wheat, barley, beans, as wellas green vegetables. The predominant method of irrigation is by surface methods.

2.9.5 Extent of irrigation Potential

Based on the year 2027 effluent flow rates stated in the preceding paragraphs and anapplication rate of 84 m3/day per hectare, the area that can be irrigated by the EmergencyTreatment Plant is calculated to be 1260 ha, which constitutes all the potential areaavailable for irrigation. As for the Long Term WWTP, the total area that can be irrigatedis calculated to be 2870 ha.

In summary, out of the 8960 ha of agricultural lands available near both treatment plants,the potential area that can be irrigated is 4130 ha at year 2027.

2.9.6 Treated effluent for Reuse

The requirements for reuse in agriculture are governed by several standards as follows:

1- Microbiological standards: less than one nematode egg per litre according to WHOstandards

2- Fecal Coliforms: less than 400/100 ml according to Iranian standard and less than23/100 ml according to EPA standard for surface irrigation and foods eaten raw(unrestricted irrigation)

3- BOD5: Less than 25 mg/l according to EC directive and less than 30 mg/l accordingto EPA standards

4- TSS: Less than 35 mg/l according to EC directive and less than 30 mg/I according toEPA standards

2-36


5- FAO standards for potentially toxic elements (PTE), setting limits for sodium, boron,etc.

With regard to the WHO standard for nematode, studies for activated sludge plants in theTehran area have shown that the effluent level of one nematode per litre was consistentlyattained and that the established removal rate of nematodes by this process is 99%. It isenvisaged that compliance with this standard will be met as long as the influent level ofnematodes remains less than 100/ litre, which has been verified by the Teheran studies.Therefore, it is recommended that continuous monitoring of plant influent and effluent beexercised to ensure strict adherence with this standard.

As for the effluent levels of BOD, TSS, and fecal Coliforms the current processes areadequately designed to meet the requirements of the various standards. The chlorinationfacilities included are suitably designed to attain the lower level of 23 FC/100 ml requiredby EPA standards.

With respect to the FAO standard for PTE, the concentration level of these parameters isnot influenced by the level or type of sewage treatment. Therefore careful monitoring ofthe plant influent and control of potential discharge of PTE at source has to be made toensure compliance with FAO standard.

In summary the treatment plant's effluent will meet the requirements of the variousstandards for reuse of effluent in agriculture; however, careful monitoring of the influentand effluent should be conducted to ensure strict adherence.

2.9.7 Sludge Use in Agriculture

The proximity of agricultural areas to the plant, provides a useful outlet for the sludgegenerated. The advantages of using sludge in agriculture are considerable and can besummarized by:

* Its ability as a fertilizer to provide most nutrients and micronutrients needed for crops

* It broadly facilitates adjusting the ratio between the principle nutrients, nitrogen andphosphorus

* Its high organic content, which can be of value as a soil conditioner in arid zone soils.

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2.9.8 Quantity of Sludge Available for Reuse

At the ultimate capacity of the two plants projected for the year 2027, the availablesludge for reuse on agricultural land amount to 18,400 ton per year; 12,400 tons from theLong Term WWTP and 6000 ton from the Emergency WWTP.

2.9.9 Sludge Application Rate

The sludge will be applied at a rate of 8 tons per hectare per year, the lowest rate which isconsidered practicable. Therefore, at the ultimate plants' capacity the area which willbenefit from sludge application is approximately 2300 hectares. This approximates to 56% of the potential area for irrigation. It is proposed that the sludge application on theidentified area be rotated each year, so that a particular field will receive sludge every 2.4years. In this instance the quantity of sludge would be sufficient for an area of up to 5,800hectares.

This will ensure that over a long period of time, the sludge would be applied uniformly toall the land to minimize the application per hectare of potentially toxic elements.

2.9.10 Compliance with Prevailing Standards

The sludge treated by the plant will comply with WHO standard of less than 1 nematodeegg per 100 gm by the provision of long term storage area of 10 hectares at theEmergency WWTP and 20 hectares at the Long Term WWTP, which will ensure asludge storage time of one year.

Other standards for sludge are the EC standards for heavy metal content. As statedearlier, considering the industrial situation in Shiraz, it is not envisaged that thesestandards be exceeded. Nonetheless, monitoring and the application of a sludgemanagement scheme should be implemented to ensure the success of the applicationprogram, and the compliance with the standards as discussed in the proceedingparagraph.

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2.9.11 Sludge Quality Monitoring and Application Requirements

The sludge applied shall comply with EC directives for reuse and will be subject to therestrictions attached to its use as outlined in chapter 5 (type of crop, applicationfrequency, physical contact, etc).

Another consideration is the use of pesticides in agriculture, which through surface runoff can find their way into the treatment plant to end up in the WWTP sludge. This wouldmake the sludge hazardous and unsafe for use. Standards have also been established inEurope and North America for organic pollutants (egg. PCB <10 mg / kg of dry weight).This issue could be of significance in Shiraz, since the plant is located in an agriculturalarea, and the pesticides can infiltrate to the treatment plant due to the high water table.Therefore close monitoring for pesticides content in the sludge should be carried out atleast initially.

To sum up the monitoring of heavy metals, nematode eggs, and pesticides is required toensure compliance with required standards.

2.10 Pre Construction activities

1- Land Acquisition

* Land acquisition for main pipes and laterals

Wastewater pipes are usually installed on the right side of roads (public property), andtherefore land acquisition will not be required. Location and routing of the pipes howeverwill be coordinated with the authorities responsible for other utility services, such as, theElectricity Board, the Regional Water Board, the Gas Company and the CommunicationsDepartment.

* Land acquisition for treatment plants

Currently the formalities related to the purchase of land required for the construction ofEmergency WWTP have been completed and works on the construction of the firsttreatment module are already in progress. The land for the proposed site of the Long-Term WWTP has already been acquired.

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* Land Acquisition for outfalls

At present there are two dirt channels from the WWTP sites to the Maharloo Lake. In theproposed plan, the same channels will be used as outfalls of the treatment plants aftermodifying their dimensions and providing concrete lining.

2- Coordination with the Department of Environment and the Ministry of Industry toidentify potential industrial users of the sanitary network and to ensure that pre-treatmentof industrial effluents is being affected.

Other pre-construction activities will be the same as those discussed in section 2.3.5

2.11 Construction Activities

Construction of the project is to be carried out under several contracts. It is planned thatseveral contracts be made, covering the first phase works, for the different componentsthe project. A preliminary schedule of the contracts is as follows:

* One contract for each module of the Long Term WWTP (total two contracts)* One contract for each treatment plant outfall (total two contracts)* Three contracts for the Emergency zone trunk mains* Five contracts for the Long Term zone trunk mains* Multiple contracts for the house connections* Six contacts for the lateral pipelines.

2.12 Post-Construction activities

Following construction and commissioning of the works, operation and maintenanceactivities will comprise mostly of inspections, routine maintenance, and monitoring.Regular maintenance and inspections of all the projects components will be conducted inaccordance with agreed maintenance plan. The maintenance and inspection activities willinclude among others, physical status of the network, illegal connections, operatingconditions of all the works, and periodic maintenance jobs.

Monitoring at the treatment plant will comprise of process monitoring for ensuring thatprocess parameters are optimized as well as environmental monitoring for mitigation ofadverse potential impacts. In this instance, monitoring activities will be conducted forraw and treated wastewater quality, treated sludge quality, soil and agricultural products

240


that are subject to reuse applications, and receiving water bodies. Monitoring activitieswill be required to ensure full compliance with Iranian and other applicable Standardsgoverning reuse in agriculture or discharge to a water course.

Post construction activities will also include capacity building activities. These topics areall discussed in detail in Chapter 7.

2.13 Wastewater project projected costs

The estimated costs for the wastewater project throughout the planning andimplementation periods are as follows:

Table 2-11 Wastewater Works Projected Costs

2003-2007 2008-2012 ! 2013-2017 2018-2027Description First Phase Second Phase Third PhaseWastewater project 120,712,375 36,812,500 40,062,500 68,737,500Contingency o10% 12,071,237 3,681,250 4,006,250 6,873,750Subtotal 132,783,612 40,493,750 44,068,750 75,611,250Engineering and constructionsupervision @7% 9,294,853 2,834,563 3,084,813 5,292,788Total 142,078,465 43,328,313 47,153,563 80,904,036

Grand Total 313,464,377

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3 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

In order to successfully implement and operate the proposed water supply andsanitation project for the City of Shiraz, it is essential to have, on the one hand, anadequate legal and regulatory framework, and, on the other hand, an efficientinstitutional and organizational framework to enforce the related legislation, policiesand standards and effectively manage the project.

The construction and operation of the proposed Project will be governed and affectedby the existing legislation and other regulatory controls that are specific to the Projectand the local, regional and national environment.

In this context, this chapter presents the relevant existing policy and legislativeframework as well as the organizational and institutional framework.

3.1 Policy Framework

3.1.1 National Policies

Macro Environmental Policies

The Third Five-Year Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plan of the IslamicRepublic of Iran:

Article 104

In order to protect the environment and achieve sustainable utilization of the naturalresources of the country, the enforcement of the following regulations is necessary:

The utilization of the country's natural resources must pay attention to thepotential of these resources. In order to achieve this, the Government isobliged not only to preserve the rate of increase in the country's productionand to make sustainable use of these resources, but also to take appropriatemeasures to preserve the balance of the natural environment in executingprojects such as preserving pastures for livestock, protecting forest reserves,protecting important cultural assets migrating tribes, and the villagers,achieving harmonious management of essential resources, andinstitutionalizing the participation of people in planning, decision making,and project execution.

The executive regulations of this section include the environmental rules developedby the Department of Environment in collaboration with the Ministry of AgricultureJihad and ratified by Cabinet.

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I. In order to reduce the sources of environmental pollution, especially thepollution of natural resources and the water resources of the country,productive industrial units are obliged to ensure their technical systems arecapable of complying with environmental regulations and are to takeappropriate measures to reduce the risk of polluting the environment. Theexpenses of these pollution control devices are considered as acceptableoutlays for these units. Industrial units which do not follow these regulationsand whose activities damage and pollute the environment are fined inproportion to the damage that they have inflicted on the environment.Financial penalties gained in this way are placed in public funds, which areused, in a yearly budget for environmental improvement projects. Theregulations of this section, including the amount of fines and the conditionsand methods of collecting and spending them, are proposed by theDepartment of Environment to be ratified by Cabinet Committee.

Article 105

All the massive plans and projects for productive units must be studied prior toconstruction and evaluated to stand the test of the regulations proposed by theEnvironmental High Council and ratified by the Ministers' Committee. Observing thestandards is obligatory for the designers and executors of these plans and projects. Itis the duty of the Organization of Planning and Budget to supervise the properexecution of this article. The Department of Environment is obliged to provide thepractical and executive methods for the construction and place such projects underenvironmental protection. As such if environmental articles and standards areobserved, the construction and development projects are pernitted to continue - ifnot the projects are stopped.

3.1.2 International Cooperation

International, regional and bilateral cooperation have been important priorities for theIslamic Republic of Iran in all fields and particularly in areas related to sustainabledevelopment and the environment. Iran is a committed signatory member of mostenvironmental conventions. The Iranian government has ratified a large number ofinternational environmental treaties, among which the followings are of importance.

* The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially waterfowlHabitats, RAMSAR, 1971.

* The Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural Heritage, 1972.

* The Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastesand Other Matters.

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* The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna(CITES) 1973.

* The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985.

* The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movement of HazardousWastes and their Disposal, 1989.

* The Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992.

* The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992.

* The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, 1994.

* The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987.

* The Kyoto Protocol on the Control of Greenhouse Gases, 1997.

* The Kuwait Regional Convention for Cooperation on the Protection of the MarineEnvironment form Pollution, 1978.

* The Kuwait Protocol on the Protection of Marine Environment from Land Basepollution, 1990.

In addition, the Islamic Republic of Iran is a member in several internationalorganizations and committees, among which are:

* The Commission on Sustainable Development.

* The United Nations Environment Program.

* The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources(IUCN).

* The International Water- fowl Research Bureau.

* The Regional Organization for the Protection of Marine Environment (ROPME).

* The South Asian Countries' Environment Program (SACEP).

3.2 Legal Framework

3.2.1 Environmental Laws

The protection of environment finds its highest legal importance in the fiftieth articleof the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, according to which:

In the Islamic Republic, the protection of the environment, in which the presentand the following generations should have a social life of constant development,is a public responsibility. As a result, every economic or other forms of activity,

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the execution of which necessitates the pollution or the irretrievable destructionof the environment is forbidden.

The list of existing Environmental Laws and Legislation in the Islamic Republic ofIran is presented in Annex B-I.

The environmental laws that are of relevance to this project include:

* Environmental Protection & Enhancement Act, 1974 and its amendment of1992.

* Game and Fish Law, 1974 and its amendment approval of 1996.

* The clauses number 81, 82, and 83 on the Laws of the Second Five-YearEconomic, Social, and Cultural Development Plan, 1994.

* The Law of Islamic Punishment, 1996 with amendments of 1997.

* The Law of Just Distribution of Water, 1982.

* The Law for Protection and Utilization of Aquatic Life Resources, 1995.

* The Law of the Amendment of the Fifth Article of the Law of theProtection and Proper Utilization of the Forests and Pastures of Iran, 1975.

* The Law for Reclaimed Coastal Lands, 1975.

* The Law for Protection and Preserving the Natural Resources and ForestRegions of the Country, 1992.

* The Law on Establishment of Water & Wastewater Companies, 1990.

* The Law of Preserving the Efficiency of the Agricultural Lands andGardens, 1995.

* Air Pollution Act, 1995.

* Regulations for prevention of water pollution. These regulations, ratified inMay 7th, 1994, are presented in Annex B-II.

The most relevant executive by-laws and the ratified parliamentary approvals relatedto the environment are:

* The Executive By-law for the Prevention of Water Pollution, 1994.

* The Executive By-law of Air Pollution Act, 2000,

* The Executive By-law for Noise Pollution Control, 1999,

* The Executive Bylaw for Environmental Health, 1992,

* The Executive Bylaw for Environmental Protection & Enhancement Act,1975,

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* The Regulations for the Proper Utilization of the Lands and Construction ofBuildings and Establishments Outside the Legal Boundaries of the Cities,1976 and its amendment of 1994,

* The Criteria for Sitting of Industries (approval of the Cabinet) 1999,

* The ratified approval number 138 of the Environmental High Council aboutthose Projects that should be subject to Environmental Impact Assessment,

* The regulations for Environmental Impact Assessment, as approved by theEnvironmental High Council on their meeting of December 22nd, 1997.These are presented in Annex B-III of this Report.

3.2.1.1 Regulations for the Control of Air and Noise Pollution

The Islamic Consultative Assembly ratified the law for the prevention of Air Pollutionin 1995. This law is organized in six chapters and has 36 articles and 14 comments.According to the law, sources of air pollution are divided into the following threegroups:

* The motorized vehicles.

* The factories, workshop, and power plants.

* The commercial, domestic, and other sources.

According to the law, spreading pollutants above their permissible amount from anyof the above sources is forbidden and will result in legal prosecutions for delinquentperson or organization.

The Department of Environment in collaboration with other related organizations areresponsible to prepare and compile the necessary regulations for the execution of thislaw. Based on this law, various standards to control the pollution emitted from mobile(automobiles) and immobile sources have been compiled and announced.Furthermore, the standards of ambient air concerning the permissible density of theclassic polluting factors, including S02, NOx, SPM, and CO, have been introducedand announced.

According to Article 27 of this law, it is forbidden to pollute the environment withirritating noise. The regulations and the standards for the control of noise pollutionhave been compiled and issued by the Department of Environment.

3.2.1.2 Surface and Groundwater Quality

Other than the 1973 Regulations of the Department of Environment, there are nospecific laws regarding the groundwater quality.

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The organization responsible to control the water pollution in Iran is the Departmentof Environment.

The Department of Environment evaluates the water quality according to theregulations stipulated in the 1975 Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act.

In order to set compatible laws and regulations the Department of Environment aswell as the Ministry of Energy were given authority to classify various waterresources depending on their usage potential. These are as follows:

* Class 1, Potable supply

* Class 2, Fisheries and animal life

* Class 3, Irrigation

* Class 4. Industry

* Class 5, Recreation

* Class 6, Small rivers and road ditches not covered under classes 1 to 5

When water pollution issues are being investigated within Environmental Assessmentstudies, all waters are considered as Class 2, unless other classifications aredetermined.

The discharge of any waste to any of the above classes of water requires a speciallicense from the DOE or other related authorities.

The Regulations for the discharge of wastes to any of the above-mentioned classes ofwater are mainly related to the conditions of the receiving bodies of water, such as:

* For Classes 1 to 5 waters, these conditions encompass increases in temperature,suspended solids (SS) and chemical substances; reductions in dissolved oxygen;and limits on pH.

* For Classes 1, 2, and 5 waters there are additional conditions for toxic substances,limits on settleable solids and exclusion of pathogenic organisms.

* For Class I waters, there is an additional condition on biochemical oxygendemand (BOD5 ). Also, the storage of rubbish and waste materials on riverbanks isprohibited.

* For Class 6 waters, there is an additional condition, which prohibits the dischargeof wastes containing feces or wastes of industrial or agricultural origin into drainsof public roads, although such discharges are allowed under certain conditionswhen the disposal to a public sewer or to underground strata is impossible.

* The effluents shall not emit objectionable odors nor contain organisms.

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* The settleable solids content of the effluent shall not exceed a certain limit.

* Effluents containing industrial or agricultural wastes shall not exceed certainlimits regarding temperature and pH.

* Effluents shall be free of fuels, including petrol and lubricating oil.

The above-mentioned classification does not contain standards, and, as such, theJapanese surface water quality standards are used. Thus, for the purpose of this EIA,the Japanese standards are used to indicate the river water quality that can be used forthe water supply treatment plants. These are presented in Section 3.2.2 (Standards) ofthis Chapter.

Conditions for the discharge of industrial wastewater into public sewers are alsocovered in the Regulations. Permission is required by license from the appropriateauthority for the discharge of all such effluents and in considering an application for adischarge, the authority is required to consider the protection of sewers andwastewater treatment works, the safety of health of personnel, and the cost oftreatment.

Industries are required to construct their own treatment plants but in specialcircumstances they may allowed to directly discharge their wastewater in thesewerage system for treatment elsewhere.

General conditions for the issue of licenses to discharge industrial wastewater aregiven in the Regulations and these include limits on temperature, pH values,suspended solids, oil and grease, and size of particles. They also prohibit certaininflammable and toxic substances. Industries must provide sampling chambers and, ifrequired by the designated authority, flow measurement facilities. In addition, thedesignated authority shall be allowed to take samples of wastewater andmeasurements of flow.

3.2.1.3 Discharges of Wastewater

In order to discharge any waste to any of the above classes of water, a special licensemust be acquired from the Ministry of Energy.

The regulations that exist for various polluting factors are mainly related to thecondition of receiving water bodies. For Class 1 to Class 5 waters, the environmentalconditions are primarily temperature, suspended solids, chemical substances, andreduction in dissolved oxygen and pH changes. For the Class 1 waters there is anadditional condition on Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). There are alsoconditions related to toxic substances that could be examined for waters categorizedunder Classes 1, 2 and 5.

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The conditions set for wastewater discharge to the waters categorized under Classes 1,2 and 5 include limits on suspended solids and exclusion of pathogenic organisms.They also prohibit storage of rubbish and waste materials on riverbanks for Class 1waters. These regulations prohibit the discharge of waste containing feces oragricultural or industrial wastes into the Class 6 waters, unless disposal to publicsewer or underground strata is impossible and in cases that effluents do not emitoffensive odor. In order to discharge these wastewaters a special license must beobtained through the Department of Environment or its local offices. The Departmentis required to consider the protection of sewers, safety and health of personnel andcost of treatment.

Industries may be requested to construct their own treatment plant but in special casesdirect discharge to water bodies is permitted. Generally, the waste being dischargedhas to qualify certain limits on pH, temperature, suspended solids, fat or grease andsize of particles. Discharges of toxic and inflammable substances are also prohibited.The designated authority shall have the permission to take samples of the wastewaterto measure its quality and quantity.

Other than the above-mentioned regulations, the Department of Environment (DO)has published separate standards in 1973 entitled "Maximum Permissible Dischargeof Pollutants to the Environment".

The Clean Water Act 1982 placed new responsibilities for the owners of water wellsand subterranean canals. This Act requires them to control the water pollution withinheir ability and, in cases beyond their ability, to consult with the relevant governmentorganizations. One major initiative of the Clean Water Act is to require institutionsusing water for various purposes to ensure their wastewater is treated. Issues of bothwater quantity and quality are of concem. The reuse of wastewater is one of the mainoptions being considered as a new source of water in regions where water is scarce.The standards required for the safe use of wastewater and the amount and type ofwastewater treatment needed are contentious. Many organizations have been involvedin devising standards for the use of treated wastewater in agriculture.

3.2.1.4 Disposal and Reuse of Sludge

At present, there is no law regarding the disposal and reuse of sludge except what wasincluded in the Regulations for the Prevention of Water Pollution (May, 1994),whereby it is stipulated that the sludge or other solid materials generated bywastewater treatment works must be properly treated before their final disposal,which should not cause any pollution to the environment.

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3.2.1.5 Disposal of Solid Waste and Industrial Wastewater

The following articles are taken from the Regulations for the Prevention of WaterPollution that was ratified on May 7th, 1994 and presented in Annex BII.

Article 7

The Department of Environment is obliged to collect samples of the sewage and thesolid waste materials, according to the previously prepared program, in order todetermine the kind and the rate of pollution related to each source. If the severity ofpollution in any of these sources of pollution exceeds the standard limits of article (5)of the present paper of regulations, the Department will warn the responsible personto take measures in stopping the pollution. In this warning, the type of pollution andits rate will be specified, and with respect to the potentials and equipment available,the deadline to prevent from spreading the pollution will be determined and directlystated.

Note: Considering the industrial complexes and towns which possess their own publicsewer system, the Department will collect samples from the sewers of theindustrial and non-industrial parts of the towns and complexes and will take theappropriate measures in stopping the pollution with the responsibility of thecompany or complex.

If the units established in these towns and complexes have industrial sewagecontaining poisonous substances of heavy metals, which cannot be controlled throughthe municipal sewer system, according to the decision of the Department ofEnvironment, that unit will be asked to construct a system of sewage works.

3.2.1.6 Pollution Abatement

The following articles are taken from the Islamic Penal Code - TAAZIRAT-Approved on 1996.05.23

Article 688

Any act constituting a threat to public health, including the contamination of drinkingwater, or distribution of contaminated drinking water, unsanitary disposal of human ofanimal feces and wastes, pouring poisonous materials into rivers, disposing of trashon the streets, unlawful slaughtering of animals, illegal use of raw sewage or wastewater from sewage treatment plants for agricultural purposes is prohibited, andshould offenders not be liable to stricter penalty under other laws, they shall besentenced to imprisonment of up to 1 year.

Note 1: The task of identifying whether the committing of any one of the offensesmentioned above constitutes a threat to public health or it is merely the pollution of

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the environment shall lie between the Ministry of Health and Medical Education and

the Department of the Environment.

Note 2: Pollution of the Environment is construed as the mixing or scattering of

foreign materials in water, free air, soil or ground to the extent that their physical,

chemical and biological characteristics are changed in such ways as to become

harnful to human, living animals and plants, or damaging to structures and buildings.

Note 83 of Law of the second five-year economic, social, and cultural development

plan of Islamic Republic of Iran:

Note 83: To prevent and eliminate the pollution of water resources caused by

industrial effluents, industries and factories located in cities and industrial townships

are required to establish and operate facilities for the collection and conveying of

effluents and set up industrial waste water treatment installations based on the

standards of the Department of the Environment and with the collaboration and/or

the supervision of water and sewage companies of Provinces.

3.2.1.7 Protected Areas and Natural Habitats

The 1975 Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act, outlines the designation

and protection of the National Monuments and Wildlife Refuges. Presently there are

eight National Parks, forty-six protected regions and fifteen protected rivers in Iran,

which cover a total area of 7.6 million hectares.

Wildlife regulations are being introduced by the Department of Environment, to

protect endangered species, such as Persian fallow deer, Caspian tiger, bear, cheetah,

crocodile, great bustard and Caucasian black grouse.

Some of the most important Regulations Governing about National Parks, national

Nature monuments, Wildlife Refuges and Protected Areas are:

Executive By-Law on the Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act

(Approved by the Council of Ministers on 1975.02.20 with Subsequent Amendments

Thereof)

Article 8

Grazing animals, felling trees, uprooting shrubs, encroachment upon or the

destruction of the environment and , in general , any action that causes damage to and

destruction of vegetation or leads to any form of alteration of ecosystems in the

National Parks and national Nature Monuments shall be prohibited, except for cases

arising from the necessity of protection forest wildlife, improving National Parks and

National nature Monuments or conducting allowed scientific and geological studies in

conformity with the provisions of the Law of the Protection and Exploitation of

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Forests and Ranges, where such actions are executed by the country's Forest and

Range Organization, or by the Department of the Environment, or by other authorized

organizations or persons.(l)

Note: Domestic animals entering National Parks and National Nature Monuments

shall be driven out from these areas by the functionaries of the " Department " and

violator(s) shall be prosecuted according to the provisions of the Law.i

Article 10

Entering and passing through areas referred to in Section 3 part (a) of the

Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act, with the exception of areas where

public roads exist, shall be according to the regulations enacted by the "Department".

Article 11

Felling trees, uprooting shrubs, encroachment upon and destruction of the living

environment, cutting thistles, burning wood into charcoal and, in general, any action

that may lead to the eradication of vegetation and alteration of ecosystems in the

wildlife refuges and protected areas that constitute land belonging to the government

shall be prohibited without acquiring needed permits.(1)

Note 1: Implementing approved industrial and mining projects in the wildlife refuges

and protected areas, in conformity with existing regulations, shall be exempted from

the provisions of this Article.

Note 2: Grazing of animals, in reference to the amount and quality of grazed

material, in wildlife refuges and protected areas shall conform to the agreement

between the Forest and Range Organization and the " Department " and regulations

prepared thereof.

Note 3: Herding animals into and grazing in wildlife refuges and protected areas

without permits or in excess of quantities indicated in the permits issued, which are

contrary to the provisions of this Article, shall be prohibited. The functionaries of the

"Department " shall drive out the animals, and violator(s) shall be prosecuted

according to regulations thereof.(2)

Note 4: Hunting or fishing in wildlife refuges and protected areas and rivers shall

require special permits issued by the "Department." (3)

1- Amendment approved by the Council of Ministers on 19.04.1995.





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Article 12

Ministries and governmental institutes and firms, with prior approval from the

"Department", can conduct their intended studies, investigations and operations in

protected areas and wildlife refuges within the framework of their legal authorities.

Article 14

Designation of areas referred to in Section 19 of the Environmental Protection and

Enhancement Act shall be subject to the fulfillment of at least one of the following

requirements and criteria:

Existence of one or more sources in the area polluting or threatening the pollution of

the environment.

Human activities in industry, agriculture, trade or the like adversely affecting the

environment or causing changes in the natural conditions of the area or threatening

the area with environmental changes.

Existence of large centers of population in the area and the necessity of adopting

precautionary measures to prevent pollutions harmful to human health.

Existence of one or more national parks, national nature monuments, wildlife

refuges or protected areas in the vicinity or within the boundaries of the region, and

the necessity of preventing changes or the degradation of the natural conditions in

these four mentioned areas.

3.2.1.8 Archaeological and Cultural Heritage

The first rule in regard to protection of the cultural inheritance goes to 1930. In this

year 10 legal articles were approved. Some of these important articles are:

In Article 83 of the Iranian Constitution it is stated that:

Buildings and governments properties which are recognized as national heritage

cannot be transferred to others unless by approval of the Islamic Parliament, and if

they are not recognized as having special heritage value.

According to a legal article, approved in 1979, any excavation for antique relics is

prohibited.

Preservation of the Cultural Heritage is considered important in the Islamic laws and

regulations. In Article 558 of these regulations it is stated that:

Any body who damages to some or all buildings lands, yards, or collection of

religious, historical and cultural which are recorded in the list of national Iranian

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relics, in addition to compensation, the perpetrator (s) will be sentenced to prison

from I to 10 years.

The law has identified specific punishments for those who do not respect the laws and

regulations related to the preservation of Cultural Heritage.

According to Article 563 of these regulations anybody, who affects the integrity of

areas of religious and historical lands which are recorded in the list of national Iranian

relics that have not got any private owner, can be sentenced to prison from 6 months

to 2 years.

In addition, according to Regional Urban laws and regulations that were approved in

1987, it was requested that the Urban Land Development Organization and the

Ministry of Housing should be committed to the preservation of the Cultural Heritage

in urban development projects.

3.2.1.9 Environmental Assessment

The Department of Environment is familiar with the environmental impact assessment

concept and has established a special office for following up on the EA issue.

Based on the Environmental High Council (EHC) approval No. 138 of April 13th

1994, the undertaking of environmental assessment for the following projects became

legally mandatory:

1. Petrochemical Plants.

2. Refineries.

3. Power Plants (more than 100 MW capacities).

4. Steel Mills.

5. Dams and other water constructions (man-made lakes, water and irrigation

projects etc.).

6. Industrial Estates (more than 100 hectares).

7. Airports.

Based on consequent approvals of EHC, other development projects were added to

this list as follows:

8. Major road projects

9. Major railroad projects

10. Agro-Industry units,

11. Industrial slaughter houses,

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12. Sitting of urban solid waste landfills for cities with more than 200,000

population,

13. Solid waste recycling or compost units

14. Eco-tourism projects

15. Gas and oil transmission lines projects,

16. Sea oil platform projects

17. Oil storing projects

As previously mentioned, the Environmental High Council ratified the general pattern

of evaluating the environmental impact proposed by the Department of Environment

during its meeting on December 2 2nd, 1997. According to this pattern, the

environmental assessment of construction projects is carried out in two stages; first

briefly and generally and then in detail. The text of the country's policy for

environmental assessment is given in Annex B-III of this Report.

The policy for environmental assessment called, "the Criteria for the Environmental

Assessments for the Seven Kinds of Projects" has been prepared by the Organization

of Planning and Budget and the Department of Environment.

According to Article 1 of the Regulations concerning environmental impacts, ratified

by the Environmental High Council on 22nd December, 1997, the executors of these

seven kinds of projects and plans, while preparing their report for finding and

evaluating the location, should prepare an environmental assessment compatible with

the regulatory outline and guidelines.

According to this policy, the executors of the plans and projects should present a brief

report to the Department of Environment, after proper examination of the case, within

one month, to highlight the critical environmental factors that should be considered.

The executors of the plans will then prepare an environmental assessment report

based on the points announced by the Department of Environment.

The environmental assessment for construction and operation are to be prepared

separately and the experts responsible for preparing the assessment have to indicate

the main activities carried out to reduce the detrimental impacts on the environment as

well as their related costs.

The experts preparing the report on the environmental assessment express their

findings in one of the following three ways:

d The execution of the project without special activities.

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* The execution of the project with special activities to reduce the negative impacts

(expenses of the activities included)

* The non-execution of the project due to the severity and wide extent of its

negative impacts on the environment.

The Department of Environment, on the basis of the above-mentioned regulations,

announces its final opinion within a three-month period.

A committee that consists of experts and academic authorities, representatives of the

Management & Planning Organization, Forest & Rangelands Organization, the

Standard Institution and Industrial Studies as well as a representative of the ministry

or the organization proposing the plan is formed and is headed by Department of the

Environment,

The examination of the reports on the environmental assessments is undertaken in the

headquarters of the Department of the Environment within the Environmental Impact

Assessment Bureau.

3.2.2 Standards

3.2.2.1 Existing Iranian Standards

The existing standards in the Islamic Republic of Iran, which are presented here

below, have been prepared according to articles 3 and 5 of the Regulations for the

Prevention of Water Pollution (1994), in collaboration with the Ministries of

Hygiene, Health and Medical Education, Power (presently Ministry of Energy),

Industries, Mines and Metals, Interior Affairs, and Agriculture Jihad by the

Department of Environment. These are presented in Annex B-IV and include the

following:

* Drinking water standard of the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research

of Iran (Annex B-IV-1).

* Sewage Effluent Standard of the Department of the Environment (Annex B-

IV-2).

* Industrial Discharge Into Sewage Collection System Standard of the Ministry

of Industry (Annex B-IV-3).

* Outdoors Noise Standard of the Department of the Environment (Annex B-

IV-4).

* Air Pollution Standard of the Department of the Environment (Annex B-IV-

5).

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Drinking Water Standard (Annex B-IV-1)

The Management and Planning Organization published the full list of Drinking Water

standards (1992, No 116-3, 1992). But the Water and Wastewater Company no longer

use these standards; instead, the WHO drinking water standards are used. However,

the formal drinking water standard that must be used (June 1997, No 1053) is the one

developed by Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISMRI).

The drinking water standard includes:

* Maximum permissible and desirable levels for different physical parameters, such

as, turbidity, color, odor, pH, taste and oil.

* Maximum permissible limits for toxic metals (e.g., As, Pb, Cr...).

* Maximum permissible limits for toxic organics (e.g., DDT, lindane, THMs...).

* Maximum permissible limits for inorganic substances (e.g., TDS; NO3; NO2;

NH3; Al; Zn . ).

* Maximum permissible limits for microbial parameters will be according to WHO

standards.

Sewage Effluent Standard (Annex B-IV-2)

The sewage effluent standard includes a long list of contaminants whereby the

maximum permissible limits are indicated for the quality of wastewater before its

discharge into (i) surface water bodies; (ii) absorbing wells and (iii) irrigation canals

for agriculture use.

Since the standard covers the wastewater effluent re-use issue, it also sets limits to

microbial pollution; namely, Fecal Coliform No/lOOml; Total Coliform No/lOOml

(MPN) and Nematode egg.

Industrial Discharge Into Sewage Collection System Standard (Annex B-IV-3)

The industrial effluent quality, which is set by the Ministry of Industry, includes a list

of contaminants with their corresponding threshold limit values. These limits shall be

respected by the industries that wish to connect to the sewerage system.

The list of contaminants includes the following parameters: Temperature; PH; Total

oil & grease; Sulphates; Suspended solids (SS); BOD5; Phenol and creosol; heavy

metals; and radioactivity. However, the list does not include the required level for

COD.

Outdoors Noise Standard (Annex B-IV-4)

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The outdoors noise standard set limits for different types of zoning and differentiates

between: Residential area; Residential- commercial area; Commercial area;

Residential-Industrial area; and Industrial area. It also differentiate between noise

levels during day and night time.

Air Pollution Standard (Annex B-IV-5)

The air pollution standard covers major air pollutants, such as, carbon monoxide,

sulfur dioxide, Non-Methane Hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide... and sets limits for

each pollutant on the basis of:

* Annual average levels.

* Maximum 8-hour concentration levels.

* Maximum 1-hour concentration levels.

3.2.2.2 Standards Proposed in this EIA

For the purpose of this EIA, the following standards are proposed to be used, applied

and enforced for the proposed Project:

* Iranian drinking water standard (Annex B-IV-1), which have been developed

by the Iranian Institution of Standards and Industrial Research. This standard

will be supplemented with the Japanese water standards (Annex B-IV-6);

namely, those related to the following:

o Conservation of the Living Environment in rivers.

o Conservation of the Natural Environment and Uses of rivers.

o Environmental Quality Standards for Water Pollutants Regarding

Human Health (annual mean values for different pollutants).

o Monitoring Substances and Guideline Values.

* Sewage Effluent Standards of the Department of the Enviromnent (Iran)

(Annex B-IV-2). The standard's part that deals with the use of treated

wastewater in irrigation, will be supplemented with the following:

o FAO Guidelines for Maximum Permissible Concentration of Elements

in Water Used for Irrigation (Annex B-IV-7).

o WHO Guidelines (1989) for the Recommended Microbiological

Quality for Wastewater Use in Agriculture (Annex B-IV-8).

* Industrial Discharge Into Sewage Collection System Standard of the Ministry

of Industry (Annex B-IV-3). The World Bank Pollution Prevention and

Abatement Handbook, which sets the limits for the different types of

industries, will supplement the Iranian Ministry of Industry standard

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Shiraz Water Supplv and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report

(Induistrial effluent discharges are to be pre-treated to levels that comply with

the limits prescribed in this handbook before their discharge in the wastewater

collection system).

* Outdoors Noise Standards of the Department of the Environment (Annex B-

IV-4).

* Air Pollution Standards of the Department of the Environment (Annex B-IV-

5).

* Since no Iranian standards are available for sludge utilization in agriculture,

the WHO and European Directive (Annex B-IV-9) will be used.

The above-mentioned standards and limits will therefore be used to monitor the

quality of drinking water, wastewater effluent and sludge in this Project. These limits

are also presented in the monitoring program described in Chapter 7 of this Report.

3.2.2.3 Comparison of Relevant Standards

The assessment of the different environmental parameters relevant to the proposed

Project, led to the undertaking of a comparison between the international

environmental standards and those applicable in I.R Iran. In most cases, the higher

standards have been used to indicate the severity of an environmental problem

(surface and ground water pollution) or to ensure the attainment of hygienic quality

(for example in drinking water).

For instance, comparing the WHO drinking water quality Standard with that of the

Iranian; it was found that the former is less stringent on nitrate concentration than the

latter. Both standards compare equally on turbidity, chromium, mercury and nickel,

while for parameters such as total coliforms, TDS, chloride, sulphate, zinc, cadmium

and lead the WHO standard is more stringent than the national one. Thus, since the

WHO standard is more complete and stringent on the majority of the parameters, and

especially on those that have a direct negative impact on health, it is proposed to use

this standard for evaluating the quality of the water.

So far, and as mentioned earlier, there are no standards in the I.R. Iran regarding

surface water quality and sludge use in agriculture. In the absence of such standards,

and for the purpose of this EIA, it is proposed, to supplement the Iranian standards by

using the following standards:

* The Japanese surface water quality standards (Annex B-IV-6) related to the

following:

o Conservation of the living environment in rivers (Refer to table below)

o Uses of river water (Refer to table below)

3-18


* The European Union (EU) Directive on "Sludge in Agriculture"

(86/278/EEC). This directive indicates the maximum permissible

concentration limits of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the sludge to be

applied to agricultural land and the receptive soil. These concentrations are

shown in the table presented further in this Chapter.

As previously mentioned, the reuse of wastewater effluent and sludge in agriculture

are to comply with the applicable European Union (EU), World Health Organization

(WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Guidelines, including

concentrations of cadmium, chromium, nickel, led and zinc.

In addition the World Health Organization (WHO) have three different approaches for

establishing guidelines for the microbiological quality of treated wastewater for reuse

in agriculture. These approaches have different objectives as their outcomes: the

absence of fecal indicator organisms in the wastewater, the absence of a measurable

excess of cases of enteric disease in the exposed population and a model-generated

estimated risk below a defined acceptable risk. The guideline limit for intestinal

nematode eggs is less than 1 per 100 grams dry weight of sludge.

3.3 Administrative Framework

3.3.1 Key Government Organizations

A. The Ministry of Enerav:

The Ministry of Energy oversees major portions of the country's development and

resource exploitation activities. This Ministry is responsible for: generating &

distributing energy for light and heavy industry consumption, supply and

improvement of energy consumption, supply and distribution of water to all sectors of

society, urban sewage system control, quantitative and qualitative protection of water

resources, and implementing river and coastal development plan.

Whilst the Ministry of Energy is the lead entity with overall responsibility for the

implementation of the proposed Project, there are a number of other ministries, local

government departments and service agencies with direct involvement in the

environment. If the Project is to be constructed and operated successfully it is vital

that the actions of these various ministries, organizations and bodies are adequately

coordinated.

B. Department of the Environment:

The Department of Environment (DOE) has the responsibility of protecting the

environment and controlling the pollution in the I.R. Iran. In addition, the DOE is

3-19


responsible to a policy making board called the Environmental High Council,

consisting of representatives from various Ministries.

The DOE is responsible for all aspects of environmental protection, including water

pollution control, effluent discharge standards, and wildlife conservation.

The responsibilities of the Department of Environment with respect to water and

wastewater issues include:

* Conducting economic and scientific research and studies concerning

environmental protection and enhancement.

* Preparing plans for the elimination or reduction of pollution in any area or

province.

* Monitoring and enforcing the regulations.

* Controlling pollution and preventing any disturbance in environmental

balance, by:

o Controlling of any such alterations in the biological, chemical or

physical condition of land, water and air caused by various physical

developments as may induce changes in the natural conditions,

including alteration and degradation of river-beds, degradation of

forests and rangelands, marine ecological changes, disturbance in the

natural drainage of waters and modification in and destruction of

wetlands;

o Recommending standards and criteria for purposes of controlling and

preventing the pollution of water, air and land; discharge of refuse,

including garbage and industrial waste matter; and other issues

affecting the environment.

C. The Ministry of Agriculture Jihad:

During the last decade, the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad (established in 2001 by

merging two ministries together; the Ministry of Agriculture and that of Jihad

Sazandegi) focused its actions for the protection of the environment and sustainable

development. Among the most important measures taken for achieving environmental

protection and economic growth, the Ministry attempted to reduce the consumption of

chemical fertilizers and poisonous pesticides and proposed plans to replace the old

methods of pest control with new techniques. According to the decisions and ratified

criteria of this Ministry (1) no hazardous high-risk pesticide can be imported and used

and (2) the subsidy for buying agricultural chemicals are to be gradually omitted and

(3) additional consumption of additives will be gradually adjusted to the specific need

of the land and the product efficiency.

3-20


The Cabinet meeting on 2nd February, 1994, has set some objectives to the Ministry of

Agriculture Jihad that are directly related to the utilization of water resources. These

were:

* Conducting scientific and economic experiments and studies on different

fields of Agriculture Jihad (including studies concerning proper exploitation

of water resources) and publishing their results.

* Conducting any research or taking any executive and supervisory measures in

order to improve the general knowledge for proper exploitation of water, land,

etc.

* Conducting research studies concerning the water and the soil inside the

specific fields, including correction and renovation of old irrigation systems

and sewage as well as constructing tributary irrigation systems, irrigation

channels, etc.

* Improving the efficiency of irrigation through proper selection of

development projects and by changing inappropriate methods of irrigation.

* Conducting research studies planning and exercising small projects for

developing water resources (subject to approval of Ministry of Energy).

* Fulfilling the responsibilities of executing the law of Just Distribution of

Water

According to the general laws of the country some of the responsibilities concerning

the protection and proper utilization of water and aquatic life resources as well as

forest and pasture resources that were under the responsibility of the Ministry of

Jihad, and were lately transferred to the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, are as follows:

* Conducting comprehensive research studies on the water resource of the

country and presenting plans for proper exploitation of the lands.

* Developing policies and taking the required measures to preserve, renovate,

develop, expand, and put into proper use all the water and aquatic life

resources.

* Policy-making, planning, constructing, developing, and maintaining the

systems of potable water (provision, treatment, transmission, and distribution)

in villages as well as the proper disposal of the wastewater.

3-21


Organizational Chart Of the Department of the EnvironmentSecretariat of Naltional Irainian Head( onnuttee on Sustainable College of thc EIl iromoeotDcNvloprlent t( Nti l'rtsideiit, t Ihe Rtelptblic)

Ensironniental Ofrice of the Flead of 1ielrl

Security Monitoring & t Departne. oI' Putblic Relatiois &

it oControl D)irectorate lnterniatioiial Affairs

Dcputy Head| Deputy Head Deputy Head Deputy HeatdAdministrative & .jducation & Planning Natural linvironnient & tinat FmionnentParliamentarian Aftairs Biological D)iversit

)irectorate of I.egal & En Fironmental l ducation 'rotected Arieas & Ilabilati |ix | on mental Inipac |Pai lianientarian Affairs D)irectoratc D |irectoit As,esSntent )ircrtoi ate

I ictrt flnaiicc public Participation Wildli ic &- A(qUatics A,\iiis r l'oltioll DoCI )irCiaPlann)ir nItorate IN)itrt cto;atc u r Wat'l & Soil P lti

[)itcto-atol Adilinitratall Plannling & Inlormnatiolt Nattim flinbtors Nlustini Wa| & I); l Pollttc| I)il-cbtorats l | D)rector3tc 1'irectorate Directoiate

BUdILget & rganizatioinal ] Marine Enri ~iron ntcent Central L abojatit sDir ctorat r rcctorate

3-22


D. Shiraz Water and Wastewater ComPan':

The Shareholders General Assembly is the supreme decision and major policymaking

body at the Shiraz Water and Wastewater Company. The Company's GeneralAssembly holds the legal responsibilities of the Board of Directors and in fact, acts as

the Board of Directors.

* The Managing Director is elected by the Board as the head of the company

and is responsible for supervising the performance of WWC.

* Six directors work directly under the supervision of the Managing Director

and are in charge of the following:

o Director of Contracts and Legal Affairs

o Director of Security and Confidential Affairs

o Director of Public Relations and Training

o Director of the Monitoring Group and Financial, Economical and

Administrative Evaluation

o Director of Urban Units

o Director of Safety Issues

* Five deputies are in charge of the following departments and work under

direct supervision of the Managing Director:

o Department of Water and Wastewater Operations

o Department of Planning and Improving Management

o Department of Engineering and Development

o Department of Revenues and Customer Affairs

o Department of Finance and Logistics

* All executive managers listed in the chart are under the supervision of the

Managing Director's Deputies.

3.3.2 Other Government Organizations

A. The Ministry of Health and Medical Education:

The articles and the comments of the Regulations conceming the environmentalhealth ratified by the Cabinets in 1992 not only defined the term "potable water" andexplained its various kinds of pollution but also gave the responsibility of constantsupervision on the quality of potable water to the Ministry of Health. According to thesecond section of the third article, govemmental and private companies and

3-23


institutions, which provide potable water, have to observe all the hygienic conditions,

rules, and standards demanded by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education.

According to article number four of this executive bylaw, a Committee for theProtection of Potable Water Resources has been formed in each province and is

headed by the Province Governor General and the membership of provincialmanagers and director generals of the Ministry of Health & Medical Education,

Department of Environment, Regional Water Organization of the province,

Organization of Agriculture Jihad, Management & Planning Organization and Water

& Sewage Company. The committee is to examine possible causes of water pollutionand ways for treatment and protection of water resources.

The Ministry of Health is therefore responsible for public health, control of foodstuff,drinking water and medical care. The Ministry of Health has an important role inmonitoring the effectiveness of the proposed Project in terms of public healthimprovements and in the establishment of public health education programs.

B. Ministry of Housing and Urban Development:

The Ministry of Housing and Urban Development is responsible for the control ofland-use, town planning and building regulations. As such, the Ministry has animportant role in ensuring that the capacity of existing and proposed water andsewerage facilities has been addressed in the future land-use plans of the city.Regarding its building regulation responsibilities, the Ministry has to ensure that newdevelopments make the needed adequate provision for connecting to the public sewer.

C. Ministry of Industries and Mines:

The Ministry of Industries and Mines is responsible for industrial development inIran. Thus, it has an important role in the control of industrial effluent discharges topublic sewers and watercourses.

The Ministry also provides training and advice to industrialists and financialassistance for upgrading or installing treatment facilities. On the other hand, andwhenever necessary, the Ministry enforces relocation of industries.

D. Institute of Standard and Industrial Research:

Affiliated to the Ministry of Industries and Mines, this institute is responsible forsettling and publishing national (official) standards.

3-24


E. Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs:

The Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs is responsible for labor affairs and for

establishing and enforcing occupational safety regulations.

This Ministry will monitor and enforce the application of the occupational safety

regulations during construction and operation of the Project.

F. Universities and Research Institutes:

There are different universities in Iran conducting different environmental activitiesincluding environmental sciences, environmental planning & management,

environmental engineering (water and wastewater, air), natural resources...

Many universities have joint projects with related Ministries in different

environmental fields through their research centers especially for wastewater

management projects. Thus, these universities may play a consultative role and

conduct particular researches regarding special issues such as wastewater and sludge

reuse.

G. City Councils and Municipalities:

City councils are responsible for planning of city management at the macro level and

enforce the plans through related municipalities.

The Municipalities are engaged with environmental issues within cities based on

Section 20 of Article 50 of Municipalities Act of 1955 and are bound to notify any

developer of a new urban development project of the requirements of the DOE

regulations.

The municipalities are supposed to play their role in monitoring the implementation ofthe Project.

H. Cultural Heritace Organization:

According to the laws and regulations the Cultural Heritage Organization has the

following responsibilities:

* Prepare and regulate the ancients' relics research programs in the country.

* Study and recognize of precincts, hills buildings and historical collections andprepare a list of maps.

* Implement all the legal affairs related to cultural heritage and pursue all thepenal claims against the infringers as claimants.

3-25


* Take the necessary action to recognize and reclamation of Iranian cultural

properties.

* Prepare and perform necessary plans to secure and safeguarding, repairing and

revival of master pieces

* Encourage the people to participate in all activities related to recognition, to

save and revival of the cultural heritage.

The Cultural Heritage Organization as well as the Ministry of Research, Science and

Technology are responsible for Archaeological and Cultural Heritage. The Cultural

Heritage Organization is directly responsible for the preservation of the cultural and

historical monuments and artifacts. Cultural Heritage includes ancient relics which

depict the historical development of the human race.

The organizations whose work is related to the preservation of the Cultural Heritage

are set out in Table 3-1.

Table 3-1: The Organizations related to the Preservation of Cultural Heritage

No. Institutions Responsibilities

- Prepare and regulate to carry out researching program about

the remaining the ancients relics

- Prepare and perform necessary plans to secure and

safeguarding, repairing and revival of master pieces.

The Cultural Heritage - Studying and recognition of precincts, hills buildings andOrganization historical collections and preparation list of maps of them

- Exclusive the implementation of all the legal affairs related to

cultural inheritance and pursuing all the penal claims against the

| infringers as claimants.

Preservation of cultural and historical monuments in urban

2 Municipalities development projects; necessary consultation with the Cultural

2 Municipalities Heritage Organization in case of finding any historical

monument or artifact

In charge of punishment of those who do not respect the laws

3 The Judicial Court and regulations related to the preservation of the cultural

_______________ _ ||heritage.

Preservation of cultural and historical monuments and artifacts4 IThe Ministry of 1

4 Heusing of while implementing urban development projects; necessary

Housing consultation with the Cultural Heritage Organization

The Urban Land Preservation of the cultural and historical monuments and

5 Development artifacts

l_ || Organization __

3-26


3.3.3 Overall Environmental Management

The construction phase of the project will be monitored by the Environment and

Safety Officer (ESO) in the Technical Support Unit (TSU) as part of his contract.

The Department of the Environment (DOE) will be responsible for the control of

water pollution. Thus, the DOE will monitor the:

* Water quality in the Khoshk and Soltanabad Rivers and Maharloo Lake.

* The quality of the discharged effluents in the environment (whether it is a

public river or water course...).

and control its compliance with the applicable related standards.

The Ministry of Agriculture Jihad will be responsible for monitoring the use of sludge

and treated wastewater in agriculture under the supervision of the DOE. The qualified

and skillful staff of the Ministry will perform the monitoring program. An evaluation

of responsibilities and capabilities of organizations to fulfill these responsibilities is

provided in Chapter 7 of this Report.

The AWWC however, will have the responsibility for controlling the quality of the

discharged effluents in the wastewater collection network. As such, the AWWC will

be responsible for ensuring that industries treat their wastewater before discharging it

in the collection system or the natural environment.

The rehabilitation of the existing and the construction of both the water network and

sewerage throughout the City will have significant impacts on traffic. The

Municipality will need to be closely involved in the development of traffic mitigation

measures during the implementation of the project.

Monthly monitoring reports will be presented to Shiraz Water and Wastewater

Company (AWWC) during the construction and operation phases of the Project. The

reports will highlight environmental issues, describe the applied mitigation measures

(as proposed in the Environmental Management Plan) and propose corrective actions

and improvements.

An overall project coordination committee needs to be established to ensure proper

coordination among the different representatives of the diverse ministries andorganization involved in the Project.

3-27


3.4 Conclusion

The Islamic Republic of Iran has standards and regulations governing the likely key

environmental parameters for this Project - particularly with regard to:

* water quality (potable water standards and effluent standards;

* air quality;

* protection of rare and endangered species and habitats;

* noise and vibration;

* preservation of cultural heritage.

Iran also has strict policies to protect the environment and to assess significant

development projects through the EIA process. These policies have been enshrined

with new laws, policies and standards, which compare favorably with international

standards.

The only exception is in regard to standards for sludge and surface water where Iran's

standards have not yet been established. In this regard, and for the purpose of this EIA

the use of WHO and EU standards for sludge and Japanese standards for surface

water quality. On the other hand, whenever an existing standard is unclear or outdated

or less stringent than those internationally recognized, it is proposed to use the latter.

Since there are many ministries and governmental agencies, which have managing

and monitoring responsibilities and prerogatives on the issues raised by the proposed

Project, it is recommended to establish an overall project coordination committee to

ensure proper coordination among the different representatives of the various players.

3-28


4 Baseline Environmental Data

4.1 Introduction

In this section the environmental baseline data for the study area of Shiraz WaterSupply and Sanitation Project shall be examined under three headings: Physical,Biological, and Socio-Economic. Since the project effects extend beyond the city ofShiraz, the environmental conditions of the outlying area in Shiraz plain shall also bestudied. This outlying area is termed the "Area of Influence" and is 120 km long by15 km wide.

The City of Shiraz, N 290 37' and E 52° 32', with a total area of 220 km2, is located inthe Shiraz plain. This plain is surrounded by the Babakoohi, Kaftarak and Posht-e-moleh heights in the north, the Qarebaq (Sabz Pooshan) and Soltan Abad heights inthe south, the Derak and Tange Sorkh hills in the west and southwest, and theMaharloo Lake in the east. The location of the project area is shown on figure 2-1Annex A.

4.2 Physical Environment

4.2.1 Topography

Shiraz plain slopes gently in the eastem and southeastem parts. However, in thenorthem and westem parts of the city the topography changes and is characterized bysteep slopes. The highest point in Shiraz is situated in the northwest of the cityreaching an altitude of 1700 m above sea level and the lowest point is in thesoutheastem sections with a minimum altitude of 1490 m. With regard to ShirazPlain, it has an average altitude of 1540 m, with a maximum of 3100 m in the westand the minimum of 1400 m on the banks of Maharloo Lake, located 23 km southeastof the city center.

4.2.2 Climate

4.2.2.1 Temperature

Shiraz climate can be described as dry and warm in general, with climate changes tofall, winter, and spring conditions. The average minimum temperature recorded over atwenty-five years period (1975-2000) was 10.44 °C while the average maximumtemperature recorded over the same period was 25.27 'C. The Mean averagetemperature of Shiraz is 18.5 'C.

4-1


The highest temperature recorded in Shiraz was 43.2 'C in July 1997, while the lowest

recorded temperature was -9.6 'C in January of 1992. The cold season in Shiraz starts

in mid November and lasts until the end of March. The freezing period lasts for an

average of 36 days per year. The longest freezing period recorded is 59 days, which

took place in 1983.

4.2.2.2 Precipitation

The weather fronts from the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf have an important

effect on the winter and spring precipitation of Shiraz. The Mediterranean and the

Polar fronts are the main sources of precipitation during winter. The average

precipitation in Shiraz is 368.3 mm. Records of rainfall for thirty five years (1966 -

2001), indicate that most of the rainfall occurs from November to the end of March,

with 45% of the total precipitation falling between January and February.

4.2.2.3 Relative Humidity

Shiraz has a higher relative humidity than the areas in its vicinity, due to its

surrounding mountains, the Maharloo Lake and the gardens in Ghasroldasht (west of

the city). The average humidity is 38.67% based on twenty five year records (1975-

200). The maximum humidity recorded is 72% in November of 1992 and January of

1984. The minimum relative humidity of 13% was recorded in July 1979 and 1980.

The relative humidity is higher in winter than in summer.

4.2.2.4 Wind

Wind is an important factor because it affects the rate of evaporation and

consequently the amount of water. The dominant winds blow from west and

northwest. The annual average wind velocity is 13.2 km/br, and the maximum wind

speed recorded is 86.4 km/hr in February 1994 and March 1996. The prevailing wind

directions are shown in Figure 4-1.

4-2


Figure 4-1: Wind Magnitude and Direction

4.2.2.5 Evaporation

The average annual evaporation rate in Shiraz Meteorological Station is 2284 mm,

with a recorded maximum rate of 540.1 mm/month during June 1985 and 1986 and a

minimum rate of 138 mm/month recorded during December 1982-83.

4.2.3 Air Quality

Shiraz is one of the seven most polluted cities of Iran. The extension of the pollution

generated in the city has covered all the Shiraz Plain. The concentration of industrial

institutions in the northwest section of Shiraz and the presence of large industrial

plants such as the Cement Factory, vegetable Oil, Dena Tire, communications

industries, etc have caused considerable pollution in the city. Moreover, the recent

development of residential buildings in areas used to be old gardens and public parks

in the western parts have had a compounded adverse effect on air quality.

Vehicles account for 70 to 80 percent of air pollution in Shiraz. It is estimated that

some 96,000 cars and 49,000 motorbikes consume up to 749,000 liters (1988

estimate) of petrol a day. This amount of fuel releases 262 tons of carbon monoxide,

47 tons of hydro-carburant, 101 tons of nitrogen dioxide, 10 tons of sulfur dioxide and

approximately 1 ton of suspended particles in the atmosphere per day.

4-3


4.2.4 Noise Pollution

The movement of all types of vehicles, the proximity of Shiraz airport to the city and

the electricity power plant station in Shiraz are the main sources of noise pollution.

The other noise pollution sources are the industries and the urban construction

development activities.

4.2.5 Geology

The project area is located on the Zagros fault, where Paleozoic, Mesozoic and the

Triassic strata are deposited on top of each other on a single slope. The geological

map of Shiraz plain and Khoshk River Watershed is presented in Figure 4-14 of

Annex C.

4.2.5.1 The Regional Formations

The order of appearance of the regional formations is:

1- The Sachoon Formation (SA): From a lithological point of view this formation has

a very diverse composition and is made up of red marls, white and grey gypsum

and yellow dolomites. It dates back to early Eocene period. It is not an appropriate

basin for water, and in fact reduces the quality of nearby surface and ground

resources, by imparting magnesium carbonate, thus increasing hardness of the

water. It extends to the Bamoo and Kaftarak anticlines in the project area.

2- The Jahrom Formation (JA): From a lithological point of view it is composed of

dolomite and includes caves, crevices and surface Karens. Due to its thickness,crevices and cracks it has many large water basins and many springs. The wells

dug in this formation usually produce good quality water. The formation is spreadthroughout the region.

3- The Asmari Formation (As): This formation is composed of light to dark brown

limestone. It was formed from the Oligocene to early Miocene periods. This

limestone formation has crevices, caves and surface karens. Due to its thickness

and high permeability, it has many water basins. A considerable number of

springs and wells can be observed in this formation, and they produce good

quality water. This formation is sporadically dispersed throughout the region.

4- The Razak Formation (Rz): This formation is composed of red to green and grey

marls with secondary layers of silt-limes. It dates back to early Miocene. Due toits high permeability, it does not have any water basin and has a negative impacton the quality of surface and ground water resources, caused by imparting veryfine particles to the water. This formation is widely spread throughout the area.

4-4


5- The Aghajari Formation (Aj): From a lithological point of view this formation is

made up of calcareous sandstone of brown - grey color, gypsum veins, red marl

and siltstone. It dates back to the upper Miocene and Paleocene period. This

formation cannot hold underground water basin, and through many soluble

substances it will impart dissolved solids, and thus have a negative impact ongroundwater resources. This formation is widely spread in the project area.

6- The Bakhtiari Formnation (Bk): It is formed from cherty limestone conglomerates,

which occur intermittently in sandstones. They are usually hard, compact and

folded. This formation is dispersed in the project area.

7- Quaternary deposits: The most recent and most widespread deposits are theQuaternary era deposits, which are either the result of mountain erosions caused

by seasonal floods and winds or taking shape.

There are two types of sediments in Shiraz Plain: large grains on the foot of the

mountains and the fine granular deposits on the banks of Maharloo Lake. The

sediments in the north and northwest are mostly large grains such as sand, gravel and

pebbles resulting form the erosion of limestone in the mountains (Asmari Jahrom

formations) and conglomerates (the Bakhtiari formation). In the central areas of the

Plain the grains are medium sized and consist of sand and gravel and a mixture of clay

and silt. In the western and southwestem regions the deposits are mostly fine resulting

form the Razak-Aghajari (Fars Group) formations. In the east and southeast and

around the Maharloo Lake the sediments become gradually finer, consisting of clay,

silt, gypsum and marshland or lake sludge. The thickness of alluvial sediments

increases in the southeast and east of the basin reaching to over 300 mm around theLake.

The geological formations in the project area are of alluvial deposit type dating back

to the Quaternary era. They are made up of sand, gravel and silt and have a high

potential to contain ground aquifers. As they are of shallow depths, these aquifers are

subject to contamination by illicit discharges and subject to salt accumulation, which

makes them of inferior quality to the deeper Karstic formation aquifers.

4.2.5.2 Seismology

Fars Province is located an active seismic region of Iran. There are many faults in the

region such as the Sarvestan, Rorandeh (northeastem side of the Kohhe Ghare), Kohe

Ahmadi, Kohe Kaftarak, Baba Koohi, Kohe Sabz Pooshan and the Chenar Rahdar.Shiraz is part of the seismic region of the Zagros chains, with strong and frequentearthquakes. In the past year alone, Jahroum city, located at 200 km from Shirazexperienced four earthquakes measuring more than 4 on the Richter scale. Accordingto data collected over the past hundred years, the eastern parts of Shiraz are subject to

4-5


Shiraz are subject to more frequent occurrence of earthquakes and are thus consideredhigher risk zones. Figure 4-2 in Annex C, classifies the areas in Shiraz according tothe risk of seismic activity. The nearest fault to the study area is located at a distance

of 9 km south of the project area. The second nearest is located at a distance of. 27.5

km to the north of the project area. More than 350 earthquakes of magnitude greaterthan 4 on the Richter scale have been recorded in Fars province; the most devastating

in Shiraz was in 1824 and 1825 causing hundreds of deaths and extensive damage to

buildings. The most recent and important earthquakes in the Province are thefollowing:

Lar city, at 330 km to the south east of Shiraz, experienced an earthquake in 1961

which measured 6.1-6.9 on the Richter scale

Ghir city, at 200 km to the south of Shiraz, experienced an earthquake in 1972 which

measured 6.9-7.1 on the Richter scale

Zanjiran region, at 100 km to the south of Shiraz, experienced an earthquake in 1994

which measured 6.1 on the Richter scale, and resulted in two deaths and more than

100 injured.

Khohmareh Sorkhi region, south of central Zargos mountains, experienced an

earthquake in 1999 which measured 6.5 on the Richter scale, and resulted in twenty

two deaths, more than 100 injured, and twenty thousand people displaced.

4.2.5.3 Soil

The soil in Shiraz is made up of sediments, which are composed of materials eroded

from the mountains and carried by rivers, floods and irrigation waters deposited in

and around the area. Some areas at the foot of the mountains have alternating layers of

gravel and soil. Most of the soil profiles are well developed and have brown colour.

Lime is quite prominent in Shiraz, but calcareous crystals have also been observed in

the southern fields of Shiraz plain. The salt affected soils are located at a distance of

10 km south of Shiraz and extend to the banks of Maharloo Lake in the south east and

to the inner limits of the Plain near Soltanabad to the southwest. In most places the

land is covered with salt crystals and salt mounds.

Soil composition ranges from clay loam to silty clay, clay, and silty clay loam. Most

of the soils are deep and quite suitable for agriculture. Most areas of the Plain are flator have a very gentle slope. Except for the eastern parts, the soil has a very lowsalinity and a pH range of 7.3 to 7.9.

4-6


In the low lands of Maharloo Lake, the soil is deep with heavy to very heavy texture

with high salinity and alkalinity. Groundwater table is high and due the very high

salinity, vegetation is scarce and is limited to plants like Salsola and Salicorina.

Along the banks of Maharloo Lake the presence of Low Humic Gley and

accumulation of lime and salt can be attributed to the high to medium humidity levels.

Topsoil, which comes under the Histosol classification, can also be observed in theregion. Soil in the Shiraz Plain is alluvial, colluvial and brown whereas in the

Maharloo region it is saline, saline gypsiperous and sodic.

Soil specifications in the site of Emergency and Lon z Term Wastewater Treatment Plants

The soil around the Emergency Wastewater Treatment Plant has a loamy texture

consisting of clay, with average conductivity of 8-16 millimohs/cm. The soil erosion

is low due to the gentle slope of the region. Generally the treatment plant's underlying

soil is a layer of fine grain soil made up of silt or silty clay. Crops in the area of theemergency WWTP are limited to barely, wheat, alfalfa.

The soil properties at the Long Term Wastewater Treatment Plant has better qualitysoil then the Emergency WWTP in terms of agricultural use, because soil salinity

ranges from 3 to 8 millimohs, which is suitable for cultivating beans, corn, andvegetables.

Soil Qualitv

Water from Khoshk River in the downstream eastern reaches of the river is used for

irrigation. However, some industries discharge their effluents in the river causing the

soil and agricultural products to be contaminated with heavy metals, as clearly provenby the samples of agricultural lands around the Khoshk River. Table 4-1 shows thelevel of heavy metals (microgram per gram) in the contaminated soils around Khoshk

River.

Table 4-1: Heavy Metal Levels in the Soil Around Khoshk River

Metal AAmount of heavy metal Standards| __________ . (micro gr. /gr.)

Zinc 33 50Nickel 57 40

Iron 383.3 l

Lead 13.3 10Copper 15 20Silver 4 l

Manganese 220 150Chrome 32.4 100Cobalt 8.4 l

Cadmium 2.57 0.06

Ref. General Department of Environment Province of Fars (1997)

4-7


It can be seen from above table that the soil concentration levels of nickel, lead,

manganese and cadmium exceed the permissible levels quoted in the DOE standards.

4.2.6 Water Resources

4.2.6.1 Surface Water Resources

The Maharloo Lake

Maharloo Lake is located at a distance of 23 km southeast of Shiraz and oriented

parallel to the general direction of Zagros fault (NW-SE). The Lake's largest

dimensions occur in the rainy season of December, January, and February; reaching

31 km in length, and 11 km in width. The lake's water is saline with an average salt

concentration of 188 g/l in June.

The average depth of the lake is 40 cm and the deepest point when the lake is full is 3

m. Around 1.625 billion m3/year of rainwater enters the Maharloo Lake's aquifer. Out

of the 1.625 billion mi3 , the lake receives 40 million m3 from the ground resources and

230 million mi3 from surface resources (a total of 270 million) annually. The seasonal

rivers of Khoshk, Soltanabad, Nazarabad, the floodways and the drains in the

Sarvestan Plains are the main sources for water replenishment of Maharloo Lake.

Salt formations such as Hormoz, Sachoon and Razak are the main sources of salinitythat enter the lake by being dissolved in surface and ground flows. A salt layer of I to

60 cm in thickness can be seen covering the lake bottom. The cations of Mg', Ca',

K+ and Na+ and the anions of Cl-, So4-- and HC03- enter the lake through seasonal

rivers.

The Lake has an economical significance, since annually around 150 thousand tons of

industrial salts are extracted from the Lake's waters. In the past years between 15 to3O

thousand tons of edible salt used to be extracted from the lake. However, this is no

longer possible due to the lake's contamination by heavy metals (especially iron, lead

and cadmium), persistent pesticides used in agriculture and organic matters. In Table

4-2 the average concentration of heavy metals in four samples taken from different

areas of Maharloo Lake in 1994 and one sample taken in 1997 is compared with

Iranian standards and the International Codex (affiliated to FAO/WHO) for metal

content in salts.

4-8


Table 4-2: Average Amount of Heavv Metal in Maharloo Lake (ppm)

I I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Iranian InternationalElement Sample Sample ple Dry salt standards standard

1 2 3 4 Sample 1998 on edible Coe

1 2 sample ~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~saltCoxFe_ r 7.53 7.49 7.23 j 7.12 8.4 0.5 0.5

Cu 0.96 0.64 0.61 0.53 0.4 0.5 2Pb 5.8 |[ 5.57 5.35 5.17 3.4 5 2As 2.35 2.18 2.1 1.85 _ _0.5 0.5

Cd 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.8 1.00 - 0.50.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.00 0.1

Ref. General Department of Environment (1999)

As shown in the table the levels of Fe and Cd in the dry salt sample from the

Maharloo Lake exceed the levels required by the prevailing standards.

Currently, all the urban, industrial and agricultural wastewaters from Shiraz are

conveyed to the lake by surface and ground waters, causing severe pollution (See

Exhibits 3 in Annex G) However considering that the lake's water is highly saline,

total and fecal coliforms do not represent a concern. Table 4-3 shows the physical,

chemical and biological parameters in the Maharloo Lake obtained from two series of

test samples. The first (high water season) concerns the results of sampling from 20

stations in various locations in the Lake in January 1999 and the second (low water

season) is the result of sampling from 11 stations in April 1999.

Table 4-3: Analysis of Physical, Chemical and Biological Parameters of Maharloo Lake

Parameter Average AverageReakConcentrations, Jan 99 Concentrations, April 99 Remarks

Salinity g/ 198 319

EC micromoles/cm 158,500 312,200

pH 6.78 - 7.14 6.6 - 7.18

BOD mg/l 6.8 - 10 4.6 - 10.7

DO mg/l 1.28-2.72 (14)-(30) 3.20-6.4 (35)-(71) 1

Total coliforms 90-46000 4-930 2

M PN/lIOOM L__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Fecal coliforms 0-24000 0-230 3

MPN/1OOMLN03 mg/l 8.00 - 12.8 7.00 - 87.5 4

Cd (ppm) 0.3 - 0.49 0.23 - 01.156 5

Pb (ppm) 0.56 -0.82 0.22 - 0.49 6

Cr (ppm) 0.30 -0.50 0.11 -0.28

Cu (ppm) 0.2 - 0.38 0.032-0.041

Fe (ppm) 1.03 - 2.35 2.240-3.13

Ni (ppm) 0.32 - 0.40 0.42-0.65 7

Zn (ppm) 0.22 - 0.36 0.20 - 0.63

4-9


Ref General Department of Enviromnent, Province of Fars (1999)

1 - Figures in bracket show the ratio of saturation in relation to limit of saturation under normal conditions (9 mg/I)

2 and 3 -The high figures of salinity in Maharloo Lake, which destroys the Coliforms, are recorded at the

beginning of the lake (estuary of Khoshk River), gradually decreasing towards the centre.

4- The nitrate level is at its maximum at the estuary of Khoshk River, showing the latter's role in transporting

nitrates to the Lake

5,6 and 7- The level of heavy metals Cd, Pb, and Ni is at its maximum during the high season in the central parts

of the Lake as well as its northeastern section at the Khoshk River estuary.

The Seasonal Khoshk River

1. The hydrology of Khoshk River

The Khoshk River is a 65 km long seasonal river that originates from Ghalat andKelestan heights (northwest of Shiraz). It passes through the middle of the city, andflows southeastward to the Maharloo Lake. The average flow rate of the river is 52.94Mm3 per year, of which 26.43 Mm3 is base flow and 26.50 Mm3 is runoff. The riveris fed by surface runoff of, the Ghasre Ghomsheh and the Tange Sorkh qanats. The

maximum flow occurs in the months of February, March and April and the minimum

flow occurs from July to November. The river is seasonal and starts flowing after amedium rainfall. Seasonal and annual discharges are shown in Table 4-4.

Table 4-4: Seasonal variations of Khoshk River Discharge at Baghe Safa Brid e

Season Parameter Discharge (m3/sec)

Average 2.40Autumn Maximum 22.90

Minimum 0.00

Average 5.20Winter Maximum 54.10

Minimum 0.00Average 4.00

Spring Maximum 37.40Minimum 0.00Average 0.40

Summer Maximum 0.50Minimum 0.40

Average 3.90Annual Maximum 54.10

Minimum 0.02Source: Parab Consulting Engineers, 2002

2. The quality of water in Khoshk River

The river receives urban runoff and wastewaters from industrial developments, hospitals,educational centers, houses and hotels along its banks. Due to these discharges, the river's

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water quality is highly polluted with contaminants (See exhibits 4 & 5 in Annex G) Quality

tests for the river's water confirmed the presence of heavy metals as shown on Table 4-5,

which shows the corresponding limits required by FAO standards for irrigation water. The

pollution level increases towards the down stream end of the river. Thus the river is a major

conduit for conveying pollutants, particularly heavy metals, to Maharloo Lake.

Table 4-5: Level of Heavy Metals in Khoshk River

Id FAO guidelines on permittedParamete 1V series 2nd series concentration of trace elements inr (ppm) (wet season) (dry season) agricultural water

_ _ _ _ _ ~~~~~A B

Cd 0.003 0.003 0.01 0.05

Cr 0.017 0.01 0.1 I

Cu 0.004 0.005 0.2 5

Fe 0.484 0.116 5 20

Ni 0.026 0.035 2 2

Pb 0.017 0.016 5 10

Zn 0.009 0.020 2 10

Hg 0.00 0.00

Ref. General Department of Environment Province of Fars (1999)

A= Long term use for every soil.

B= Waters used for a maximum of 20 years in fine grain soils with a pH value of 6.5 to 8.5

The figures in this table are lower than the limits required by FAO standards for

irrigation. Nonetheless, the presence of heavy metals causes concern since it

accumulates in soil, plant, and water bodies as can be seen from the test results of

Maharloo Lake (Table 4-3).

The results of the chemical and biological analysis of Khoshk River obtained from two series

of tests (March 1999 and April 1999) sampled at its estuary are shown in Table 4-6, along

with the corresponding concentration limits required by Iranian standards for river water

quality.

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Table 4-6: Water Quality Measurements at Khoshk River and Comparison with Relevant

Standards.Standards related to

Average Average FAO guidelines the conservation of

Parameter concentratio concentration, on irrigation the aquaticnlifn, March 99 April 99 water rivers

pH 7.45 7.54 6.5 - 8.4 6.5-8.5

DO mg/l - 4.36 (48)* - 2 mg/l or higher

BOD mg/l 6.8 38 - 10 mg/l or less

COD mg/l 34 173 -

Total 5000 or lesscoliforms 43000 46000 -

MPN/l OOMLFecalcoliforms 15000 24000 -

MPN/1 OOMLno restriction <5

N03- mg/l 17 30 slight tomoderate

restriction 5-30

Ref. General Department of Environment, Province of Fars (1999)

* Figures in bracket show the ratio of saturation in relation to limit of saturation under normal conditions (9 mg/l)

It is clear from above table, that the BOD, Total Coliform levels exceed the limits set

by the Standards. The river water quality also indicates that nitrate levels fall in the

slight to moderate restricted irrigation use per FAO Standards.

The quality of Khoshk River water corresponds to class C3SI in Wilcox Diagram,

which means that it is suitable for irrigation with regard to SAR and salinity

requirements. Figure 4-3 plots the results of tests carried out on Khoshk River

samples (April 1999 and March 1999).

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Specific conductance, in uSlcm at 275C1OO 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 1000 2 3 4 50O0

30m m fl 7 3028

24

22

\ \2100 2507602250 20

0 C CC217C

:518

Ca I0 I

10

Low Jwr Medium Highl _ Very highSalinity h,urd

Figure 4-3: Wilcox Diagram of Khoshk River

3. Sources of pollution in Khoshk River

Domestic Discharges

Around 148,000 m3 of domestic wastewater is generated daily in Shiraz, which isdischarged untreated, either in absorption wells or in the Khoshk and Soltanabadrivers.

Industrial Discharges

Industries that discharge raw wastewater in the river include 6 poultryslaughterhouses, 4 flour mills, 2 soft drink factories, 5 starch factories, 2 processedmeat units, 10 plating units (the most important of which are the electronic industries,the remote commnunications industries, and Siemens communications), 5 pickles andtomato paste factories, the glass wool factory, the Narges Shiraz Vegetable Oil, Dena

4-13


Tires (sanitary wastewater), Golsar Hygienic Products (sanitary wastewater), the IranFila Factory, the Alcohol Distilleries, the Rishmak factory and a number of traditionaldye factories. The plating industries have been a major contributor of heavy metaldischarges to the river, causing water quality degradation and soil contamination.Considerable quantities of chrome, nickel and zinc were being discharged to surfaceand ground water bodies. (Figure 4-1 lf[Annex C]).

The main pollutants in the Khoshk River and the volume of inflowing wastewaterwere estimated by DOE and are shown in Table 4-7.

Table 4-7: Pollution Sources and Estimated Discharge Volumes in Khoshk RiverType of sources and Wastewater volumewastewater volume Number (m3/day)

1- Industrial units- Food industries 16 2835- Electrical industries 8 1600- Chemical industries 3 2402- Medical and health units 5 9953- Services 16 18004- Residential & educational 23 1800complexes 17 29005- Areas dominating the river - 84006- urban runoffs 15007- Miscellaneous (transported by 300tankers)

llTotal 19535

Ref. General Department of Environrnent Province of Fars

In the past, around 19,000 m3 of wastewater were discharged daily into the river alongits course. At the present a portion of this wastewater is collected by the network anddischarged untreated in the canal in Vazirabad region (the current site of EmergencyWastewater Treatment Plant) and conveyed towards Maharloo Lake, causing severewater and soil pollution.

Soltanabad River

Soltanabad is a seasonal river, which originates from the Derak Heights (west ofShiraz) at an altitude of 2700 m above sea level. After passing through the westernlimits of Shiraz Plain, and after receiving the waters of the springs in the SabzpooshanMountains, it joins the Shiraz Airport drainage canal and discharges in MaharlooLake. It has an annual flow rate of 35.77 Mm3, of which 22 Mm3 is from base flowand around 13.8 Mm3 is from the surface runoff.The river flows from west to the east and passes through the city's southern limits. Itbecomes completely polluted when it borders the city conveying only wastewater and

4-14


farm drainage water during the dry seasons. The chemical analysis of samplescollected from Soltanabad River taken at Fassa Bridge on two occasions (March1999 and April 1999) along with the corresponding concentration limits required byIranian standards for river water quality are shown in Table 4-8.

Table 4-8: Water Quality Measurements at Soltanabad River and Comparison with RelevantStandards.

FAO Standards relatedAverage Average guidelines to the

Parameter concentration, concentration, on irrigation conservation ofMarch 99 April 99 water Aquatic Life for

water ~~riversPH 7.48 7.36 6.5-8.4 6.5-8.5

DO mg/l - 5.52 (61)* 2 mg/lor higherBOD mg/I 7.4 6.8 - 10 mg/l or lessCOD mg/l 75.5 114 _

Total coliforMs 11000 24000 5000 or lessMPN/l OOML ______

Fecalcoliforms 2400 9300 l

MPN/ 1 OOML

no restriction<5

N03- mg/l 7 29.8 slight tomoderate

restriction 5-30

Ref. General Department of Environment, Province of Fars (1999)* Figures in bracket show the ratio of saturation in relation to limit of saturation under normal conditions (9 mg/I)

It is clear from above table, that Coliform levels exceed the limits set by theStandards. The river water quality also indicates that nitrate levels fall in the slight tomoderate restricted irrigation use per FAO Standards. Table 4-9 shows the level ofsome heavy metals in the Soltanabad River and the corresponding limits required byFAO standards for irrigation water.

4-15


Table 4-9: Heavv Metals Levels in Soltanabad River

2nd series FAO guidelines on permittedParameter 1" series concentration of trace elements in

(wet season) season) agricultural water_ _ _e__ _o_ _ _)A B

Cd 0.002 0.003 0.01 0.05Cr 0.018 0.002 0.1Cu 0.002 0.004 0.2 5Fe 0.464 0.236 5 20Ni 0.028 0.019 2 2Pb 0.015 0.012 5 10Zn 0.010 0.019 2 10Hg 0.00 0.00 _

Ref. General Department of Environment, Province of Fars (1999)A= Long term use for every soil.B= Waters used for a maximum of 20 years in fine grain soils with pH value of 6.5 to 8.5

The above figures are lower than the limits required by FAO standards but due to theaccumulative characteristics of the heavy metals, the use of the river water forirrigation will certainly cause high build up of heavy metal in plants and soils. In1999, DOE conducted a research to study the effects of heavy metal contamination ofwater on the Shiraz Plain. The concentrations of cadmium, copper, iron, nickel,manganese, cobalt, lead, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium in the plants growingaround the Soltanabad River, were measured. The test results indicate that theconcentration of manganese in canes was equivalent to 649.18 mg/kg of dried plant,which is above the critical limits of (300-500 mg/kg).

According to the Wilcox Diagram for irrigation, the river's water quality at FassaBridge in wet season corresponds to class C4S3, which is unsuitable in terms of SARand Salinity levels. In the dry season, due to a very high EC value, the water quality isbeyond the chart's limits and the water cannot be used in agriculture at all. Figure 4-4(Wiclox Diagram) below, shows a plot of the result for the sample tested in March1999 at Fassa Bridge. This point is at the downstream end of the river, and as the plotindicates, Soltanabad water cannot be used in irrigation. However, for the same periodof time the water in the upstream part of the river has very good quality, and can beused in unrestricted irrigation.

4-16


Specific Sonduc-ance, in aSten- at 25'C

10 XX 2 3 45 6 7 1oo 2 3 .4 5000

FiA m_m_3 FF T 1 30SaL26

20~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~2

a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

LX Mcd L ~ _ . h |V.ry high -

Figure 4-4: Wilcox Diagram of Soltanabad River

The Kor River

The Kor River is geographically located outside the project area, but it is describedhere since it is a main source of water supply for the project area.

1. Hydrology

Kor River is formned by its two tributaries; one is located in the east and the other onein the North and North West of Doroudzan Dam. The river discharges into Bakhteganand Tashk Lakes. The River supplies 15 to 20 percent of potable water of Shiraz bythe reservoir created at Doroudzan Dam. The dam was built in 1972 on this river at adistance of 100 km from the city.

According to the latest data obtained from Fars Regional Water Board, 72,000 m3 ofwater is transferred daily from this dam to Shiraz (total of 26.2 Mm3 per year)

The physical, chemical and biological quality of the water at Doroudzan Dam issuitable for potable water supply (see Table 2-2 in Chapter 2) and all its parameters

4-17


conform to WHO standards during most of the year. It is only during the dry seasonsthat algae grow in the dam's reservoir increasing the colloids concentration.

Runof

There are no precise studies on the hydrological characteristics of surface runoff inShiraz Plain. The average rainfall in this Plain is about 378.5 mm per year, and therate of evaporation and transpiration is estimated to be 53 percent. Therefore,throughout the year around 47 percent either infiltrates the ground or flows as runoff.

Studies in the Shiraz indicate that hard surfaces (buildings, pavement, etc.) amount to15 thousand hectares of surface area. The roads and the rural building areas, estimatedat 60 percent of the region's area, are either asphalted or covered by cobblestone ofnegligible permeability (about 3 percent). For the remaining 40 percent area, apermeability rate of 20 to 30 percent has been estimated.

The average coefficient of permeability of the basin in general is assumed to be 10percent. Therefore the amount of rainfall (average 378.5 mnm/yr) that infiltrates theground is estimated to be around 10.6 million m3 per year.

4.2.6.2 Ground Water Resources

Ground water resources in Shiraz include karstic and alluvial aquifer resources.General water flow direction in the plain is from North West to South East. The Plainis replenished by calcareous formations to its north and northwest and is drained at theextreme east at Maharloo Lake. The maximum of the ground water level is 40 m inthe northwest of Shiraz and minimum water table depth is 0.5 m in the southeasternareas of the plain. Water table fluctuates with the amount of rainfall, and has anupward trend that is quite apparent in the south and southeastern regions of Shiraz.(Based on data collected from 1971 to 2001).

There are two groundwater aquifer types in Shiraz Plain, both of which are alluvial:

Unconfined Aquifer: Shiraz Plain is underlain by an unconfined layer, the depth ofwhich varies between 2 to 50 m.

Confined Aquifer: There are some Artesian wells near Shiraz Airport. The thicknessof these artesian aquifers and their hydrodynamic characteristics are not known. Thepressure of the aquifer is limited such that during summer the flow is very small. Inthe raining season the flow from the artesian wells is between 2 to 10 lit/s. Waterquality in the artesian aquifers is good and can be used as a drinking water source.Groundwater resources in the study area of the Shiraz Plain include wells, springs andQantas.

4-18


Wells (deep and semi-deep): There were totally 1062 wells in the region in the year2001, with an estimated annual discharge rate of 128 million m3. The number of wellsand the volume of water drawn from these wells have decreased during 1999 to 2002.This was caused by urbanization, destruction of agricultural fields and consequentlyelimination of wells. A number of alluvial wells in Shiraz, which were used as potablewater supply, are no more used, due to microbial and chemical contamination.

Springs: There are around 20 large and small springs in the region, most of whichdischarge the water stored in the marginal hard formations. The Karstic formationsprovide the maximum water supply, some of which provide in excess of 100 lit/s,which is not suitable for drinking purposes.

Qanats: The traditional method of supplying potable and agricultural water inShiraz was through qanats. Nowadays with the progress of drilling technology,deep wells are more commonly used. Water drawn from qanats during theirrigation season is mostly used for agriculture, or discharged in the Khoshk Riverand Maharloo Lake during winter. According to the data collected in the year2002, a total of 52 qanats existed in the Shiraz Catchment Basin, of which 42 areoperational and 10 are not operational. The Alimoradkhani Qanat and GhasreGhomsheh (north west of Shiraz) provide the highest water supply volume at 200lit/sec. The number of ground resources and their production capacities in theyears 1994 and 2001 is summarized in Table 4-10.

Table 4-10: Number and Capacities of Ground Water Resources (well, qanats, springs)= ~~~~~No. icago. Discharge N . Discharge Dischargeof N.o icagof rate of . rate of rate of No. of Dischargedeep dep welsemi -dep qanat . rate ofdee dep els depsemi dep qanats springsspig 1swells (I/s) weelp wells(l/s) (u/s) spring os

199 426 168 629 52 45 103 19 56200 435 101 627 27 42 42 20 52

I I_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _

Ref. Parab Fars Consulting Engineers (2002)

The total volume of water discharged to alluvial aquifers in Shiraz Plain is 162.2 Mm3

per year and the total discharge from these aquifers is 143.5 Mm3 per year. The 18.7Mm3 surplus is elaborated in Table 4-11.

4-19


Table 4-11: Water Balance of Groundwater Resources in the Project Area

Feeding resources (million cubic meters per year)

InfiltrationGroundwate Rain Losses in Infiltration from InfiltrationGrinflouwat iflRation water from industrial from surface Totalr inflow infiltration network irrigation and urban runoff

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ I _ _ _ waters

17.02 10.6 2 1 26.3 84 3.3 162.2

Discharge agents (million cubic meters per year)

Alluvial resourcesDrains Evaporation from aquifer Outflow TotalDrainsl

128.8 10.4 0.13 4.16 143.5

Difference between feeding and discharge 18.7

About 14.7 and 7.31 Mm3 of floodwater per year, reach Khoshk and SoltanabadRivers respectively. Moreover, around 3.3 Mm3 of water infiltrate to the groundwaterresources. The highest infiltration rate of 84 Mm3 per year is from industrial andurban effluents.

Currently Ground water resources constitute the main supply source for domesticdemand, industrial, agricultural, and landscaping demand, and only 15 to 20 % ofdomestic water demand is supplied from surface sources (Doroudzan Dam). Theamount of water drawn from ground and surface resources in the project area isshown in Table 4-12.

Table 4-12: Water Demands of Different Sectors and the Sources of Supply

Groundwater SurfaceConsumer sector water Total

Well Spring Qanat Damoroudz

Potable 92 18.7 110.7Industrial 16.1 - - - 16.1

Agriculture and green 66.2 26 24.5 611.7

Ref Parab Fars Consulting Eng. 2002. Figures in million m3.

As far as quality is concemed the groundwater resources are divided into threegroups:

* 60 % of wells are classified as of the Sulfate type* 25 % of wells are classified as of the Chloride type* 15 % of wells are classified as of the Bicarbonate type

4-20


In 1996, the DOE commissioned a testing program for 50 selected wells to test forColiforms and heavy metal concentrations. These results show that all wells testedhad water suitable for irrigation except for one well which had high level of copper.However for drinking water use, the concentration of TC and FC as well as someheavy metals exceeded the limits required by the standards for a number of wells.Table 4-13 shows the results of analysis of pollutants of wells in Shiraz Plain.

Table 4-13: H avy Metals and Coliform Measurements in 50 selected WellsRange of DOE No of wells WHO No of wellsP m RMeasume o standards exceeding standards exceeding

nts for reuse in irrigation for drinking waternts agriculture standards drinking standardsTotal

coliforms 11010ND3MPN/IOOM 0- 100 1000 N.D 3

LFecal

coliforms 0-467 400 - N.D 3L

Ba ppm 0.042-1.265 1 - 0.7 2Ag ppm 0-0.027 0.1 - UCd ppm 0-0.0167 0.05 - 0.003 5Co ppm 0-0.025 0.05 2 -

Cr ppm 0-0.079 1 - 0.05 2Cu ppm 0-0.422 0.2 - 1 3Fe ppm 0.011-2.577 3 - 0.3 6Mn ppm 0-0.547 1 0.1 1Ni ppm 0-0.99 2 0.02 11

N.D.: Not detected in lOOml sample.U: It is unnecessary to adopt a health based guideline value for these compounds because they are nothazardous to human health at concentrations normally found in drinking water.Ref. Department of Environment (1996)

In summary, well water currently supplies more than 75 % of the total water demand.The quality of the well water in general can be described as hard. Alluvial wells, withdepths less than 120 m have high hardness content. Magnesium, sulfates, fluorides,and nitrate content, have exceeded the required limits for a number of wells, whichconfirms the contamination of these wells by uncontrolled discharge of sewage.Furthermore, tests on some of these wells have shown the presence of fecal Coliformsand heavy metals, thus rendering those wells unsuitable for drinking. As a result ofthese conditions, 21 out of 37 wells have been decommissioned. The Karstic wells,although have high hardness with some wells not complying with the standards for

4-21


magnesium, sulfates, fluorides, and nitrate, are less prone to contamination due totheir depths, and thus can offer a more reliable water supply source than the alluvialwells.

4.3 Biological Environments

In this section the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, the fauna, flora and the protectedspecies and the sensitive habitats in the project area are studied.

4.3.1 Terrestrial Ecosystems

Shiraz Plain and the surrounding mountains including Sabzpoushan Mountains andBamoo Mountains form a valuable and diverse habitat, which can be categorized asbrumal-submontane. Shiraz City is located in the submontane-compestral habitat anddue to high rate of evaporation and soil salinity; the area around Maharloo Lake iscategorized as anhydrous habitat.

The Bamoo National Park covering an area of 48,075 hectares is located just north ofShiraz.

4.3.1.1 Flora

The vegetation in the project area is divided into three groups:

Wild vegetation: This type of vegetation is found mainly around the city. Thecomplete list is provided in Annex CIV.

Planted vegetation: This type of vegetation is found mostly in gardens of the city,parks, urban green spaces and the green belt around the city, as well as along the largestreets. The most important gardens in Shiraz are the Gasrol Dasht Garden coveringan area of 1000 hectares and the Chamran Garden, which has an area of 200 hectares.The prominent species in Shiraz gardens are Plane tree, Maple, Poplar, pomegranate,date palm, apple, peach, sour cherry and cherry trees. There are 400 hectares of urbanparks and green belts around Shiraz and 650 hectares of urban green spaces andboulevards. The prominent species in these areas are Plane tree, Maple, Angelica, Elmand sour-orange trees.

Agricultural products, are Wheat, Barely, Alfalfa, Beet root, Cotton, Maize andFallow.

None of the plants (except for the species in the Bamoo National Park as listed inannex C) in the project area are listed in the Red Data Book of Iran as protectedspecies.

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4.3.1.2 Fauna

As a result of urban development and destruction of wildlife habitat, animals havetaken refuge in the surrounding mountains and only a few species such as the goldenjackal, cape hare, wild boar, etc can be seen around the city.

None of the animals (except for species in the Bamoo National Park as listed in annexC) in the project area are classified as protected by IUCN-2002 (Intemational UnitedConservation of Nature). It should however be mentioned that the eagle owl (Bufobufo), the black bellied sand grouse (Pterocles orientatlis), the golden eagle (Aquilachrysaetos) and the tawny eagle (Oenandhe isabellina) are among species protectedby the Department of Environment of Iran. There are also no species of commercialvalue in the project area. Furthermore, these species pass through the project areaduring their migration and are not native of the project area.

4.3.2 Aquatic Ecosystems

* Maharloo Lake

Maharloo Lake is located in a region, covering an area of 20,000 hectares, possessingvarious springs and extensive grasslands, which are created by the submerged estuaryof Khoshk and Soltanabad Rivers. They support various native and migrating birds.The lake and its banks are unique sites in the whole area.At present a major part of the urban and industrial wastewaters are conveyed by the Khoshkand Soltanabad rivers to be discharged into the Lake.

The high salinity of Maharloo Lake has prevented the development of aquatic habitatand no rare or endangered species live in the area; however, the Lake has a largepopulation of Artemia (zooplankton), which has attracted many kinds of waterfowlsand migrating birds.

The lake is not only important as an ecosystem, but also offers many economicalopportunities, since around 15,000 tons of industrial salts are extracted from its watersannually. During spring time, nature lovers from the area visit the lake for recreationalpurposes.

The lake has a high saline environment, which affect the flora and fauna. A swamphas been formed at the point where freshwater flows into the lake, facilitating thegrowth of canebrake and various other plants as well as birds. However, no plants cangrow in the eastem regions of the lake, which is devoid of any freshwater flow, andwhere the rate of evaporation is high resulting in high salinity. Consequently thenumber of bird habitats is also reduced to a great degree. Therefore the lake is mainlyoligotroph (with little nutrient) and the dominant plants around the lake arehalophytes.

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Flora in Maharloo Lake

Halophyte species such as Salsola sp., Salicomia europaea, Typha Sp., Phramitesaustralis, Tamanrx Sp., and Carex Sp have been identified in the saline banks of theMaharloo Lake. Other species identified in the saline grounds next to the lake areSpergolaria marina, Polypogon monspeliensis, Saeda Sp, Cressa cretica, Frankeniapersica, Frankenia pulverulenta, and Awloropus littoralis.

Fauna in Maharloo Lake

Most of the birds living in the Lake belong to the Gruidae, Ralidae and Aratidaefamilies. Other breeding birds belong to the Charadriidae, Sylviidae, Scolopacidaeand Anatidae families. Large populations of migrant birds arrive at Maharloo Lakeduring autumn and winter. The Large area of the lake and its extensive vegetationattract many waterfowls and wading birds. There are more than 126 species of birdsincluding native and migrant species living in the lake. According to the latest DOEstatistics there were 30,060 birds in total living in and around the lake. The results ofthis bird count are presented in [Annex CV]. According to IJCN-2002 classification,the Aquila heliaca and the Falco naumanni are considered among the vulnerable andprotected species.

* Other Aquatic Ecosystems

Other aquatic ecosystems consist of seasonal rivers including Khoshk and Soltanabadrivers, as well as the Borom Shoor, Bolbolak, and Nilgoonak springs, which feed theMaharloo Lake. The seasonal rivers of Khoshk and Soltanabad are devoid ofbiological life. However the majority of the Maharloo Lake's vegetation is found inthe northwestern areas where the Khoshk River and Bolbolak and Nilgoonak Springsmeet the Lake. Canebrakes can also be found in the Barm Shoor Spring area, which isthe breeding ground for other types of birds.

4.3.3 Sensitive Habitats

DOE references identify two sensitive habitats in Shiraz Plain, which are:

Maharloo Lake, which is directly affected by the project. Due to its many habitats andecological value, it is protected by DOE and no hunting is allowed in this region.Moreover since the Lake's characteristics conform to international definitions of amarshland, the Lake is also referred to as a marshland.

Bamoo National Park is also a sensitive habitat in the region, and can be visitedduring certain parts of the year so as not cause year round disturbance to the naturalecological conditions.

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4.4 Socio-Economic Environment

4.4.1 Population Characteristics

4.4.1.1 Shiraz city

* Present population:

During the past four decades (1957-1997) the population of Shiraz has increasedtenfold, however the average annual rate of increase has declined. The average annualincrease rate is now comparable to the national average as shown in Table 4-14below.

Table 4-14: Population and Growth Rate of Shiraz (1957-1997)Year Population Average annual growth

rate1 1957 170659 4.69[ 1967 269865 4.671977 425813 7.141987 848289 2.611997 1073523

Ref: Feasibility Study 2003

* Population Projections:

The population is projected to increase by around 870,000 between 1997 until the endof the project (year 2027), which amounts to 81% increase over 30 years. The annualaverage growth rate is anticipated to decrease significantly to below 1.5 percent in 25years time. The population pyramid will be an aging one although the largest agework group will be those in their 30s. The increase in population however, placesfurther pressure on infrastructure needs.

Table 4-15: Population Projection Throughout the Project Life (1997-2 27)Year Growth rate Population Average age

l __________ (percent)1997 2.43 1073523 20.372002 2.31 1212214 24.82007 2.15 1360895 25.32012 1.92 1515410 27.72017 1.65 1668362 30.12022 1.42 1811526 32.22027 1944858 34.2

Ref: feasibility Study 2003

* Population density:

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Distribution of population density varies between 4 people/hectare to 421people/hectare. Based on the Feasibility Study and Shiraz Master Plan, the populationdensity distribution of Shiraz for the years 1997 and 2027 is according to Table 4-16.

Table 4-16: Population Density Distribution in ShirazNumber of Population Population Area Averageresidents (person) (% (ha) (person per

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ h a )Actual Density Distribution in Yeark.1997?. . ~.

<25 95737 9.1 6558 15

25-75 316708 30.1 6751 47

75-150 346616 32.9 3314 105150-300 245623 23.3 1216 202

>300 48341 4.6 144 335

total 1053025 100 17984 L 59

Projected Density Distribution in Year 2027 .

<25 66245 3.4 3903 17

25-75 350574 18 7080 5075-150 620405 31.9 J 5887 105150-300 778050 40 3795 205

>300 129587 6.7 356 364

total 1944858 100 21021 93

Ref: feasibility study 2003

Figures 4-5 and 4-6 (Annex C) show the population density distribution in the City ofShiraz in 1997 and 2027.

The population density maps of Shiraz show that in 1997, the very high-density pointswere in the center of the city and very low-density points were at the east and west.However, the trend of density increase in Shiraz shows that the high-density increasein population will be in the eastern part and medium density increase in the westernpart.

* Immigration:

Immigration statistics and projections for years 1997 to 2027 show that immigrationwill not have a significant impact on the average growth rate, as shown in Table 4-17.The growth rate can be attributed mostly to natural growth rate.

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Table 4-17: Immigration Projection (1997-2027) in Shiraz

year Net immigration Growth rate due toduring the Plan immigration °O l

1997-2002 62416 I

2002-2007 64191 _

2007-2012 ,[ 66119 0.92

2012-2017 74713 0.94

2017-2022 84428 0.98

2022-2027 95403 1.01

Ref: feasibility study 2003

* Gender Distribution

According to 1997 statistics, the ratio of men to women is 106 to 100.

* Age pyramid of population

The population age pyramid of the year 1997 shows that Shiraz population is youngand that the ratio of 10-14 years age groups is higher than all the others as shown inFigure 4-7. This "bulge" in the population age pyramid will continue to be the highestage group as it moves through the time frame of this project such that by 2027 the 40-44 age group will dominate the pyramid.

AMales 80+ F. emales

75-7970-74 I

65-6960-6455-5950-5445-4940-44

- -35-39

30ZS-34

L 25-2920-241

. 15-1910-145-9

0-4 2

9 6 3 0 0 3 6 9

(Numbers in 10000)

Figure 4-7: Age Pyraniid (1997)

* Literacy situation

According to the 1996 census, 89.7% of people over 6 years of age in Shiraz wereliterate. This means that for every 100 persons, 90 are able to read and write.

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Although about 10% of the population are still illiterate, this literacy rate is acceptablefor Iran.The number of students and number of classes is shown in Table 4-1 8.

Table 4-18: Educational Level in Shiraz 2003Level Number of Students Number of classes

Kindergarten 8196 310Elementary 110775 3728

Junior High school 69029 2065High school 69954 2317

Total 257954 8420

Ref. The statistic summary of Education Department (2003-2004)

4.4.1.2 Population Characteristics in the Villages Around the Treatment Plant

Some of the smaller villages are located in the vicinity of Shiraz treatment plant andwill eventually receive water supply and wastewater collection services. The keyphysical and social conditions of these villages are shown in Table 4-19. Thesevillages are: Aliabad, Gachi, Torkan, Dast-e Khezr, Ghale-Nov,Kooshkak.

Table 4-19: Population Data of Villages around the Treatment Plant

No.of ServicesSanitation/health No.of WorkingVillage residential Population and Utilitiesfacilities families population facilities

IslamicFemale Male Elect. Water

I_Council

Ali Abad Veterinary 168 253 972 23 253 + + +

Gachi Bath, Health 292 369 1,865 15 431 + + +centre

Torkan - 179 195 909 2 216 + + +

Dast-e-Bath 426 454 2,458 15 584 + + +Khezr

Ghale No - 76 96 393 3 97 + + +

Health centre,Kooshkak doctor, medical 89 115 526 0 118 + +

assistant

Ref: General Census, 1996

It should be stated that none of the villages have a central gas utility system

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4.4.2 Social- Cultural

A variety of ethnic groups live in Fars Province including Arians, Arabs, and Turks.The Province has a long cultural history, reflected in its architecture and socialstructure. Key factors in the social environment are discussed below.

* Religion:

Generally, religion is one of the most significant factors shaping the cultural andsocial characteristics of people. Table 4-20 below, shows the distribution of religiousgroups in Shiraz. Religious belief is an important part of the culture and is reflected inthe people's behavior. For instance, many Muslims, particularly the middle aged andthe elderly, consume large volumes of water for hygiene and ablutions according toreligious practice.

Table 4-20: Relative Distribution of Religious Groups in ShirazReligion Shiraz city Urban SuburbMuslim 99.06 98.89 99.7

Zoroastrian 0.065 0.04 0.025Jewish 0.33 0.330

Christian 0.02 0.02Others J 0.43 0.25 0.18

Ref: 1997 Census

* Language

The majority of people speak Farsi but there are some other dialects, given the ethniccomposition. Other languages such as Turkish, Lori, Arabic, Hebrew, Armenian andAssyrian are also spoken.

4.4.3 Employment Situation

The distribution of employed people in different economic activities is an importantindicator of the economic conditions of any city. Table 4-21 gives a general picture ofemployment in Shiraz City.

The ratio of people employed in Shiraz city is higher than other urban regions of theprovince and Township (in all major economic groups but with some exceptions). In1997 the lowest percentage of employment in Shiraz belonged to the mining categoryand the highest to the social and individual service. Hotels, industry and constructioncategories rank lower in decreasing order.

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Table 4-21: Employment Level in Major Economic Activities (1997)Shiraz Number of People Percentage

EmployedFarning, Forest, hunting, 5000 2

fishing

Mine exploration 2433 1Industr 32870 13.1

Electricity, gas, water 4972 2Construction 31714 12.7

Restaurant and hotel 50697 l 20.2Communication, transportation, 27058 10.8

warehouses

Financial services and insurance 3851 1.5Social and individual services 87111 34.8

Unidentified and unclear 4932 2Total 250638 100

Ref: 1997 Census

Table 4-22 shows the distribution of employed people with ten or more years ofexperience in major groups of economic activity over the past three decade of 1997,1987 and 1997. According to this table, Shiraz is maintaining a service sectoreconomy. In 1997 more than 69.2% of people were working in the service sector formore than ten years compared to the national average of 46.3%.

Table 4-22: Distribution of Employment in Different Economic Sectors in ShirazYear Economic Sectors

Aericulture Industry Service1977 2.6 28.7 68.71987 2.3 25.1 72.6

11 1997 2 28.8 69.2 lRef: Iran comprehensive census 1976-1986-1996

The employment state of Shiraz in year 1997 is shown in Table 4-23 according togender for the age group ten years or older. The table shows that within this agegroup, 30.2 % are employed, 3.2% are unemployed, 30.2% are students, and 27.7%are housewives. The rest has an income without a job or can be categorized in othergroups.

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Table 4-23: Employment State in Shiraz year 1997

Female Male Male and female EmploymentPercent Number Percent Number Percent Number State

100.0 403164 i 100.0 427448 100.0 830612 Total8.1 | 32610 57.3 244626 33.4 277236 ActiveN. -________ I_________ .________ _ ________ population7.0 i 28097 52.1 222541 30.2 250638 Employed1.1 4513 5.2 22085 3.2 26598 Unemploed

Inactive91.0 366689 41.3 176788 65.4 543477 population

30.6 123578 29.8 127279 j 30.2 250857 Student56.6 228132 0.5 2281 27.7 230413 Housewife

1.4 5488 5.9 25230 3.7 30718 wIthoutmob2.4 9491 5.1 21998 3.8 31489 Others0.9 3865 1.4 6034 1.2 9899 undeclared

Ref. Feasibility Study 2003

4.4.4 Health

Environmental health is closely related to water quality, hygiene and sanitation aswell as the state of the water and wastewater infrastructure in urban areas. As part ofthe over-all programme for the water supply and wastewater treatment projects in sixcities of Iran, including Shiraz, investigations into water related health issues wereundertaken by the World Bank in 2002. The objectives of the Word Bank'senvironmental health study were twofold:

* To take stock of available statistics and existing literature on water relateddiseases in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and;

* To establish a baseline with regard to direct and indirect water-related diseasesthat would help monitor progress and measure the outcome during and after theimplementation of the water supply and sanitation project.

These objectives were realized using a combination of desktop research andinterviews with relevant government officials.

The study focused on the cluster of diseases traditionally associated with water-borneinfections such as Diarrhoea, Dysentery, Cholera, Intestinal helianthus,Gastroenteritis, Infectious hepatitis A and B, and eye and skin infections. AlsoMalaria, Filariasis, and other vectors, prevalent in certain cities, were alsoinvestigated as they can also cause water-born diseases. Moreover, reproductivedisorders, cancers, nervous system damage and liver damage could be caused by thepresence of high levels of nitrates, nitrites, pesticides, chlorinated solvents and heavymetals such as lead in drinking water.

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Water borne diseases in Shiraz:

A water distribution and treatment network was built in Shiraz 50 years ago,

supplying the inhabitants with safe potable water. However, due to a high

groundwater table and numerous pipe breakages in the aged network, the risk of

water contamination constitutes a serious problem. According to health official

statements, most of the infectious diseases are treated without need for hospitalisation.

Table 4-24 shows the numbers and types of water bome diseases recorded in Shiraz in

2001.

Table 4-24: Water Borne Diseases 2001

Item Unit ShirazDiarrhea Number NA

Amoebiasis Number 165Shigellosis Number 451Fascioliasis Number NA

Typhoid Number 28Cholera Number 0

Eye infection (conjunctivitis) Number l

Hepatit A Number 672Other type of Diarrha Number 1500

Ref: World Bank Study, 2003

Table 4-25 shows the average cost of diarrhoeal and in Dysentery treatment in Shiraz.

Table 4-25: Average Cost of Diarrhoeal and in Dysentery Treatment in Shiraz

Cit= Intervention RialsPrivate out-patient 40000Public out-patient 30000Public In-patient 350000

Pharmacy 10000

Ref. World Bank report 2003

Apart from the issues addressed by the 2002 World Bank Study, there is also concern

with the impact associated with the contamination of the key food products such as

bread. Recent investigations show that high levels of lead were found in bread,

however the source of the contamination could not be identified, although three

possibilities were determined and considered: water, salt (from Maharloo Lake) and

flour.

* Medical Facilities

Shiraz has 23 hospitals, 7 clinics, 3 polyclinics, 4 health centres, 4 medical centres

and laboratories, 16 physical therapy clinics, 34 radiology centres and 88 independent

drugstores.

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Shiraz Water Supphl and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report

The number of hospitals and health centres and the related number of beds in Farsprovince and Shiraz Township are presented in Table 4-26.

Table 4-26: Number of Hospitals and Beds in Shiraz in 2000

Patients/hospital orDescription bed Shiraz Township

l___ TownshipPopulation __1,214,511

No. 63,921 19Hospitals Beds 438 2,773

Matemity wards No. 607,255 2Beds 5,190 234ENT Hospitals No. 303,628 4Beds 7,361 165

Pediatric Hospitals No. 607,255 2Beds 8,865 137Psychological No. 404,837 3

asylums Beds 1,813 670

Others No. 1,214,511 1Beds 23,356 52Total No 39,178 31

Beds 301 4,031

Ref. Statistical Book of Fars province in 2000, Management and Planning Organization Iran,Fars Province

4.4.5 Land Use

The study of land use in the project area addressed two different zones:

1-Urban Land (In this project comprises Shiraz)

2-Farming Land (In this project comprises the lands around the long-term andemergency wastewater treatment plants)

The land use conditions of the City of Shiraz were considered in the Feasibility Study.These studies focused on the possibilities of future urban expansions, and onanalyzing the existing land uses such as business, industries, military, green spaces,roads and housing.

The land use around the long-term, and emergency treatment plants was studied, andthe farming situation was investigated.

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4.4.5.1 Land Use of Shiraz

* City boundaries:

North: The Babakoohi Mountain is located in the north of Shiraz Plain. There hasbeen no urban development in this direction. The agricultural lands around Kaftarakroad can possibly be used in the short-term for service and residential needs.

East: The existence of Maharloo Lake in the east is a limiting factor for development.Also, the high water table in some areas can hinder the development in this region.

West: Qasroddasht Gardens, Qalat and Derak mountains are located in this part.Shiraz municipality, has restricted the development in this area to protect theenvironment.

South: In this area, the plain stretches from southeast to southwest and continues toreach the foot of mountains, beyond which the town of Bonab is located. The largestareas for development are located in this region.

Different Land Uses in Shiraz.

* Commercial regions:

In Shiraz no special zones are designated for service or commercial uses. Themajority of these centers are dispersed throughout the city, especially in the oldquarters. New local commercial centers have been established to meet the demands ofsurrounding communities.

* Industrial regions:

A number of industrial facilities are located within the project area of influenceincluding food, electronics, weaving, metal and wood industries. Among theseindustries only five facilities are located within the project area and could beconnected to the wastewater network if their industrial discharges are pre-treated.These industries include: two food industries, one electronic industry, one rubber industry andone medical industry. The total volume of wastewater produced by these industrial facilitiesis around 2,160 m3/day. Out of these five industrial facilities, the edible oil facility has apretreatment provision for its effluent comprising of grease trap and the tire manufacturingfacility has a neutralization system to treat its effluent prior to disposal to the sewagecollection system.

There are numerous small and light industries around the city boundaries. Accordingto the Master Plan of Shiraz city (1990), an industrial zone, covering an area of 240

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hectares, has been allocated in the south and southwest of the city for theestablishment of factories and light industrial units.

* Military Regions:

According to the Shiraz Master Plan, the police and military barracks occupy an areaof around 320 hectares. There is a plan to relocate these facilities outside the citylimits.

* Green spaces:

According to statistical studies of 1993, Shiraz has 19 public parks covering an areaof 98 ha. The main parks in Shiraz are: The Khold-e Barin Park, the Fanfare and theAzadi Park.

* Roads and pavements:

Due to the population density and the concentration of business and governmentcenters, the existing transportation network in the central area and the old section ofthe city is not adequate and traffic here is very congested. Naturally theimplementation of any development plan in this area would be very difficult. Theroads and streets outside this area are in better condition with easier traffic flow.There are 465 km of roads in Shiraz, of which 234 km are access roads, 83 km aregrade 2 streets, 125 km are grade 1 streets, and 24 km are highways.

4.4.5.2 Agricultural Activities

* The Emergency Treatment Plant:

The Emergency Plant is located near Torkan village southeast of Shiraz. The villagesof Kooshkak, Mah-e Firoozan, Eqbalabad, Morghan, Dast-e Khezr, Abounasr,Torkan, Sharifabad and Kharchool are located adjacent to the outfall route from theEmergency Treatment Plant to Maharloo Lake and along the downstream streches ofKhoshk River. The villages use the river water to irrigate their farms (Figure 4-13[Annex C]). Table 4-27 show agricultural lands that are irrigated with the riverwater. A typical farmland can be seen in exhibits 6 and 7 in Annex G. Shallow wellsare also used in farming, it is estimated that about 1 m3/sec of water is pumped fromshallow wells, for this purpose.

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Table 4-27: Agricultural Data in Villages adjacent to the Emergency Plant in 1990 (hectares)Name of Total Vegetables and Vegetables Potato Wheat BarleyVillage cultivated other crops and

V area irrigated by summer____________ _ ___11______ Khoshk River crops

Kooshkak 134 10 12 12 30 80Mah Firoozan 80 25 10 20 40 10Eqbalabad 130 10 20 10 100Morghan 65 10 20 20 25

Daste Khezr 215 40 100 100 15Aboonasr 140 30 60 60 20

Torkan 110 30 30 30 50Sharif Abad 70 5 10 1 0 40 10Kharchool 166 10 20 40 100 6Total 1110 170 282 302 420 106

Ref. Department of Environment, Fars Province 1997

From the total arable lands, about 282 hectares are irrigated with groundwater and 170hectares by pumping water directly from the river. Consumptive use of major crops isshown in Table 4-28. In this table the overall efficiency of irrigation is considered as50% (Application efficiency x Conveyance efficiency = Overall efficiency).

Table 4-28: Consumptive Use of Major Crops in Shiraz ValleyCrop Net consumptive use Gross Water RequirementP_________ - mm rn/ha (Overall efficiency of 50%)

Wheat 700 7000 14000Barley 650 6500 13000Alfalfa | 1300 13000 26000Beets 1200 12000 24000Cotton T 800 8000 16000Corn 850 8500 17000

* Long-term treatment plant:

The location of long-term plant is in Ghare-Bagh Plain. Land use around this plantincludes agriculture, industry, and animal husbandry. The Industrial zone of Shirazand the Special Electronic Zone are located in this area. The agricultural conditions ofthe villages in this plain is shown in Table 4-29.

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Table 4-29: Farmng Condition in Gharebagh

Total Irrigated DryVillage Arable farms farnming Water supply Crops

. .land ..

Eslamloo 680 650 30 Spring and Rice, wheat, summerI drainage crops

Joestan 1090 584 506 Raw wastewater Wheat, barley, alfalfa,and well fruits,

Jamalabad 250 200 50 Wheat, barley, alfalfa,summer crops and grape

Hasanabad 58 58 - Semi-deep well Rice, wheat, barley,summer crops

Doodman 145 45 100

Soltan Abad 470 300 170 Well and Vegetables, barley (dry)wastewater

Well and Wheat, maize, barley,Sanjanak 254 239 15 drainage grape, summer crops,drainae .vegetables

Shapoorjan 295 295 - Deep well Rice, wheat, maize,._____________ __________ ________________ Barley, alfalfa, broad been

Qarebagh Ali 836 441 395 Raw wastewater Maize, barley (dry)A bad _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Kadooni 103 93 10 Well and Wheat, summer crops,aqueduct maize

Kofn 128 120 8 Spring and well Wheat, barley, summer._____________ ___________ __________ _________ crops, alfalfa

Kooshk bidak 481 476 5 Semi-deep and Water planted wheat,deep well summer crops, vegetables

Wheat, tomato, maize,Kianabad 410 410 - Deep well summer crops

Gachi 590 120 470 Barley (dry)

Zafar abad 615 567 50 Well Wheat, vegetables

Kooshke 550 350 200k h alil __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Wheat, rice, alfalfa, broadMahmoodabad 310 220 90 Well been

Total 7267 5168 2099

Main crops in this region include wheat, barley and maize, which are produced tocater for the high market demands of the city. Twenty seven percent of the farmerspractice dry fanning since water is not enough for irrigation.

4.4.6 Infrastructure Services

Governmental departments offer services for fire fighting, civil defense, abattoirs,cemeteries, mortuaries, waste collection and baths.

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* Energy

1. Heating

The energy needed for heating in houses, industries etc. is generated usingelectricity, gas and kerosene.

2. Electricity

Power plants in Shiraz, Pole Fassa, and the Do-Gonbadan Plants are connected tothe national grid and supply the electricity needs of Shiraz. In 1993 there were222,590 connections in Shiraz, of which 184,707 were of the household types.

3. Gas

Currently a major section of Shiraz and its suburbs are covered by the natural gassupply network, while works continue to expand and complete the gas pipelines.The total number of connections in the year 2001 amounted to 157,291.

* Water Supply, Sewage collection and Treatment

The existing services for these infrastructure facilities were discussed at length inChapter 2.

* Fire Fighting and Civil Defense

There are 9 fire Fighting stations in the city. The Fire Brigade Headquarters is situatedin Golestan Boulevard. This organization has 27 fire engines and 300 firemen.

Under normal conditions all the engines pump their water from the urban waternetwork. However, in case of a fire, they use the closest fire hydrant, pool or stream inthe city to refill their tanks.

Most fire hydrants in the central parts of the city were installed simultaneously withthe early stages of constructing the water distribution network. There are 45 hydrantsconnected to the existing water supply networks.

Fire stations do not own a special well and use the deep wells belonging to the Waterand Wastewater Company and the Municipality. In recent years an average of 4 to 6fire cases were reported daily throughout the city.

* Abattoir

Shiraz city has an abattoir on the Airport Road, covering an area of 46,000 mi2 . Thereare also three private slaughterhouses. The main abattoir has adequate health facilitiesand a wastewater treatment plant. However, factors such as high groundwater levels,infiltration to the treatment units, and the improper use of these facilities have affected

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the efficiency of the plant. The Abattoir's solid wastes are discharged in the sanitarylandfill of the city.

* Cemetery and the Mortuary

Shiraz city has a large cemetery (Darorrahme) with an area of 37 hectares. There arealso 14 other graveyards and 4 cemeteries for the religious minorities. The total areaof the land occupied by closed and operating cemeteries is about 54,000 mi2 . Thewater demands of mortuaries for ceremonial washing and the Martyrs' Plot issupplied from the water distribution network. But the water needed for green space isprovided from wells. There is a shortage of water during summer seasons forirrigation purposes.

* Collection of Municipal Solid Wastes

According to the information obtained from the Recycling Office of ShirazMunicipality, 750 tons of solid waste are generated daily in Shiraz, which arecollected at two main waste collection centers and then transported to Barmshoor areaon Fasa road with appropriate vehicles.

Ten percent of the total waste is collected through a mechanized system, 78% througha semi-mechanized and 12% through a traditional system. The new landfill inBarmshoor area (Fasa road) covers an area of about 40 hectares at a distance of 50 kmfrom Shiaz and 15 km from the airport. The nearest population center and niver are ata distance of 5 and 6 km respectively from the landfill. Operations at the landfillcomprise of waste spreading, compaction, and application of covering material. Thelandfill is provided with a methane gas collection system; however no leachatecollection system is available.

* Public Baths and Toilets

According to the 1998 census about 95% of the total residential units are equippedwith bathrooms. However, Shiraz has 22 public baths, used traditionally for personalhygiene.

Previously most of this public baths had their own wells for water supply, but they arenow connected to the urban water supply network.

The wastewater from these bathrooms is usually disposed through special vehiclesconveying the refuse to rivers or absorption wells.

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4.4.7 Tourism

Shiraz is a national and international tourist centre. In addition to the fair climate ofthe area, historical, cultural, religious points of interest, and unique natural sceneryattract many visitors to the city.

* Tourist Agencies

The yearly number of tour operators in Shiraz is shown in Table 4-30.

Table 4-30: Tour Agencies in Shiraz and Number of Tourists (1986 - 1999)Description Number of licensed No. of tourists

Year agencies with guides Iranian Foreign Total1986 3 1850 5800 76501987 3 1700 5600 73001988 3 1650 6900 85501989 3 1950 6400 83501990 3 2050 7500 95501991 3 1460 8900 103601992 3 1930 9800 117201993 3 3300 10300 113601994 3 3450 10500 139501995 3 3450 12500 15950

I 1999 7 3038 15918 18956Ref The Fars Province Master Plan on Tourism (2000)

According to The Fars Province Master Plan for Tourism, 7,650 tourists including1,850 Iranian tourists and 5,800 foreigners visited Shiraz in 1987. In this year theaverage number of tourists in any tour was about 36 persons.

In 1996 about 15,950 tourists visited the city. They are comprised of 3,450 Iraniantourists (21.6%) and 12,500 foreign tourists (78.4%). In this year, the average numberof tourists in any tour decreased to 15 persons. At present a comprehensive plan forpromotion of tourism is being carried out in Shiraz.

* Accommodation

An important component of tourism is the standard of tourism accommodationincluding guesthouses and hotels. These should have standard hygienic, safety andcomfort facilities. The extent of tourist accommodation and the existing guesthousesin Shiraz are shown in Table 4-31, and Table 4-32 respectively.

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Table 4-31: Number of Hotels and Guests in Shiraz (1987 - 1995 - 1999)No. of hotels No. of beds No. of rooms No. of guests

1987 N 1995 - 1999 1987 19 999 1987 1995 19991 1987 1995 1999-13 16 1 18 1,537 1 1,945 12,247 715 884 998 7,325 22,070 3,700

Ref The Fars Province Master Plan on Tourism (2000)

Table 4-32: Number of Rooms and Guests in Shiraz Guesthouses

Description No. of No. of No. of beds Net change inguest_ouses rooms Facilities ]

Year 1992 2000 1992 2000 1992 12000 guesthouseIroom[IbedShiraz 147 137 3298 |3,016 9,480 | 8,536 -6.8 | -8.6- |10

Ref The Fars Province Master Plan on Tourism (2000)

4.4.8 Cultural Heritage

Shiraz City was founded during the Achaemenian Dynasty (2500 years ago). The Cityhas significant historical and cultural sites, and offers many attractions to tourists.These sites are mostly located in the old quarters and are shown on Drawing No.SWWS-IR_42, in Annex C. A listing of the cultural heritage places is presentedbelow.

Shrines:

Shahecheragh (5 th century) the most important place for pilgrims, located inShahecheragh Square (See Exhibit 8 and 9)

Seyyed Mir Mohammad Shrine

Astaneh Tomb: From Safavid era located in Astaneh square

Ali-ebn-e Hamze: From Azododdole era, located in Isfahan gate

Emamzadeh Ebrahim: Located in Lab-e Ab neighborhood in Sibooyeh boulevard.

Seyyed tajeddin gharib Shrine: Located near Kazeroon gate

Bibidokhtaran Shrine: Located in Mishe clock area.

Historical Mosques:

Masjed Jame Atiq (Friday mosque) (3rd century): The oldest mosque in Shiraz

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Nour mosque: (Shohada) (7th century): One of the largest and the most beautifulmosques of Iran to the west of Shahecheragh

Nasirolmolk Mosque (1305 H.): In Lotf Ali Khane Zand Street (Near Go'd ArabanNeighborhood)

Moshir Mosque (1289 H): Located on the old Qa'ani Street

Hoseinie Moshir: Located on Qa'ani Street

Shiraz Historical Schools.

Agha Baba Khan School (1240): Located on Karimkhane Zand Street

Khan School (1204): Located on Ahmadi Junction

Qavam School: Located on Lotf Ali Khane Zand Street

Hakim School: Located on Ahmadi Street

Nezamie School: Located on Ahmadi Street (Lab-e Ab neighborhood)

Moqimieh School: Located East of Shahecheragh

Mausoleums.

Sa'di (1331) a famous 7th century poet: The mausoleum is located in the north ofShiraz (See exhibit 10

Hafez (1316) a world famous 8th century poet. The mausoleum is located in the northof Shiraz

Khajoo-ye Kerami (1315) one of the famous Sufis of 7 th century. The mausoleum islocated in the north of Shiraz and near the gate.

Vakil Buildings:

These historical monuments are in the heart of the city (Lotfali khan-e Zand street,Municipality Square). Teh area was developed during Karim Khan-e Zand's reign(1163 to 11 93Hijjra) and is called the "Zandieh Ditch".

Some of these buildings have been destroyed, however the remaining ones are:

-Karimkhan's Citadel

-Vakil Bazaar

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-Vakil Mosque

-Vakil Bathhouse

-Divankhaneh building

-Pars Museum and Nazar garden

-The "Haft Tan Tekich" (Graves of seven anonymous Sufis now turned into amuseum)

-The "Chehel Tan Tekieh" (Graves of fourty persons of religious importance)

-Isfahan Gate Bridge.

Famous Gardens:

The Eram Garden: Northwest of Shiraz and one of the most famous gardens of Iran

The Delgosha Garden: Northeast of Shiraz

The Afifabad Garden: West of Shiraz

The Khalili Garden: Centre of the city

The Jahannama Garden: Next to Hafezie

The perimeters of the above mentioned ditch is now limited to Takhti and Ferdowsistreets in the north, to Sibooyeh Boulevard in the south, to Sa'di and Tohid streets inthe west and Sa'di gate and Khatoon square in the east.

Other Historical Monuments:

The Quran portal or the Quran Gate: North of the city

Babakoohi in the northern mountain of Shiraz

The Narenjestan Qavam (Qavam Orange Grove) in Lotfalikhan-e Zand Street

The Abounasr Castle at 8km from the east of the city

Gahvare Did in the northern mountain of Shiraz

Morteza Ali's well on Chehelmaqam Mountain

All of these historical places are protected by law. In the present project, potentialeffects on these places are fully considered and these monuments will not sustain any

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damages. Recently the Council for Protection and Restoration of Cultural andHistorical Monuments in Shiraz was formed with representatives from the Ministry ofHousing and Urbanization, the Municipality, the Cultural Heritage Organization, theFaculty of Engineering of Shiraz University and the city's Islamic Council.

4.4.9 Planned Developments

The most important development plans in Shiraz are:

Plan for Management of Khoshk River:

The objective of the Plan is to develop flood control facilities and improve theaesthetic state of the river's surroundings. These are achieved through theconstruction of a dam to control floodwater, sedimentation and pollution in the Riverand to maintain a continuous flow, thereby creating a suitable environment for leisureactivities.

Plan for the development of Maharloo Lake Surroundings:

The purpose of the plan is to attract tourists by constructing different recreationalfacilities on the banks of Maharloo Lake. To this end, the pollution sources will beidentified and controlled. After which, an appropriate leisure infrastructure will be setup, and the natural landscape improved. Finally a study of the flora and fauna will beundertaken to preserve the natural ecosystem.

Urban Subway System:

The aim of this plan is to solve the structural and operational problems of the currenttransportation system, due to the increased air pollution by developing and operatingan urban train network.

This project involves the construction of 28.5 km of deep, semi-deep and surface railtracts (Figure 4-10 [Annex C]). The deep tunnels will not interfere with other urbaninfrastructure, but the semi-deep tunnels and the surface tracts will undoubtedly affectmany urban facilities.

The Gharebagh Water Transfer Plan:

This project will irrigate an area of 21,000 hectares located 15 km south ofShiraz, by supplying agricultural water to the villages of Jarsaghan, Aliabad,Gachi, thus a total of 1120 families and 206 farmers will benefit from the plan.The objective of the Plan is to guarantee a sustainable supply of water for

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agricultural development, improve water transmission efficiency, to createemployment, and to prevent migration to cities.

The Water Supplv Plan to Sarvestan Plain:

The Plan involves the supply of 95 million m3 of water from ground resources and 48million m3 from surface resources of Khoshk and Chenar Rivers. Eventually 143million m3 of water will be transferred to the Sarvestan Plain to irrigate 17,000 ha ofagricultural fields and to improve the quality and replenish the water resources in thisarea.

The Shiraz Industrial Zones:

Shiraz has three industrial towns called the Large Industrial Town of Shiraz, the AbBarik Industrial town and the Special Electronic Zone. Covering an area of 1134hectares (including the expansion plan), the large Industrial Town of Shiraz is situatedto the southeast of Shiraz and at an approximate distance of 15 km from the city. It isaccessed by the Pole Fassa bypass road. It has a capacity to accommodate 1000industrial units; currently 113 units have been built and only 99 are operational. Theseinclude food industries, electrical and electronic units, textile, non-metal and metalmineral industries, wood and cellulose, chemical, pharmaceutical and hygienicproducts, small industries, service companies, warehouses and workshops. Anindependent wastewater collection and treatment system has been planned for thisindustrial town, and so far the collection works are 90% complete, whereasconstruction of the treatment plant have just started.

The Ab Barik Industrial Town, located outside the project area covers an area of 32hectares and is located at a distance of 26 km from Shiraz along the Shiraz -Marvdasht Road. It has a capacity to accommodate 100 industrial unit, of which 78are in place and 62 are operational. The industrial activities here are quite diverse andresemble those in the Large Industrial Town of Shiraz. This industrial Town has anoperating wastewater collection and treatment system.

The Special Electronic Zone is along the course of the Main Shiraz - Fassa Road andat a distance of 4 km from Shiraz. It covers an area of 1000 hectares, of which 300 areconsidered for development during the first phase. It can accommodate over 860industrial units, but it is so far devoid of any industries. An independent wastewatercollection and treatment system has been included in the design of the Zone.

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The Animal Husbandry Complex:

The objective of the Plan is to resettle all the animal farms in an area outside the citylimits and to improve their efficiency.

4.4.10 Townscape

Shiraz has the following townscape:

Old citv structure:

This is the historical core of the city covering an area of about 350 hectares .It has avery compact urban structure and its buildings are old. It is a very important part ofthe city where the historical monuments and important trading centers areconcentrated. It therefore has a high population density.

Central region:

This region has a significant number of high-rise buildings constructed along theaccess roads, which are not sufficient to cope with the demand on housing. Some ofthe buildings are 40 years old.

Southern part of the city:

This is the poor neighborhood of the city, where the properties are small andpopulation density is high. In the Urban Master Plan (1990), this region was selectedas the first priority area for urban development.

North and northwest:

This region has a low population density due to Qasroldasht gardens and largerproperties and houses, clearly reflecting the higher income groups living in this area.The Urban Master Plan (1990) considered the continuous expansion of the city fromthe western side as impossible due to the existence of mountains, the lack of suitableland for construction, and the presence of Bamoo National Park.

However, slow development of the city in this region could be possible through thedevelopment of suburban towns of Golestan and Shahid Beheshti.

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East and Southeast:

People in this area are considered to be in the middle and poor income groups. Thearea has a high density of low-rise buildings. The population density varies frommedium to dense. Shiraz Airport is also located in this area. Both the long-term andthe emergency treatment plants are located in this area.

Building heights:

Seventy one percent of the buildings in Shiraz are one-storey buildings, 22% are twostorey, while 5.6% are three storey or more.

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Shiraz Water Supply and Wastewater Project Environmental Assessment Report

5 Potential Environmental Impacts

In this chapter, the potential environmental impacts of the various components of the

Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project on the physical, biological, socio-

economic environment will be identified and evaluated.

5.1 Impacts on the Geophysical Environment

5.1.1 Changes of Land Use

Change of land use is a permanent effect, occurring at the Construction phase of theproject. The various component of the project will not cause changes in land use in

view of the following:

* Water supply lines and sewers will be constructed in publicly owned property.

* The sites of the two wastewater treatment plants are already acquired, and noadditional land for future extension is required. The Emergency WastewaterTreatment site, 75 hectares in area, is currently being developed in an agriculturalarea which is compatible with wastewater treatment works and will benefit fromthe reuse potential of the treated effluent and treated sludge. Similarly, the LongTerm Wastewater Treatment plot of land, originally belonging to an organizationaffiliated with the government, occupies an area of 80 hectares that is currentlybarren, and situated in an agricultural area.

* The remaining components of the project comprising of water storage tanks,pumping stations, and pressure relief valves will be constructed on approximately80 hectares that belong to the Natural Resource Department and currently servingno specific use.

5.1.2 Relocation of People

The project will not require relocation of people or demolition of property. As statedin the preceding paragraph, the sewers, water supply lines, water tanks, and pressurereducing valves will be constructed on publicly owned property. As for theWastewater treatment plants, they will be located outside the city of Shiraz. Thenearest residential area to the Emergency Wastewater Treatment Plant is Torkanvillage, located some 2 to 3 km away, whereas the nearest residential area to the LongTerm Wastewater Treatment is located 3 km away. Therefore sufficient bufferdistance is available to mitigate potential odor and noise impacts arising from the

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operation of these treatment facilities. Therefore no relocation of the residents would

be envisaged.

5.1.3 Disturbance During construction

These impacts will occur during the construction period of the various projectcomponents, and will be more significant during the laying out of sewers, and watersupply lines, in view of the networks' location and coverage within the city. Thesenegative impacts will be short term and affect different people at different times andwill cause the following disturbances:

* Restriction on access to buildings

* Noise due to excavation

* Possible effects of vibration on the historical buildings of Shiraz

* Closure of roads or partial closure of roads causing increased traffic andcongestion

* Longer journey times and diversions for commuters and pedestrians

* Dust from construction activities and

* Movement of construction traffic.

For the residents of the streets where sewers and transmission mains are being laid,these impacts can be quite disturbing, but will be felt for a short period of time.

The impacts of constructing the water reservoirs, deep wells will be moderatecompared with the construction of the sewers and water supply lines since they arelocated relatively far from residential centers.

Construction of both Wastewater treatment plants will cause very little disturbancesince they are located outside the city of Shiraz; the Emergency WWTP is located atsome 2 km distance south east of the city, whereas the Long Term WWTP is locatedat some 5.5 km to the south east of the city. The roads leading to both treatment plantsfrom the city are used mostly to access the agricultural area to the south of the cityand to access Torkan village and some other dispersed residential settlements.Therefore there is little traffic movements along these roads, and consequently theimpact of heavy construction traffic will be minimal.

The short term negative impacts due to construction activities should be consideredagainst the permanent positive impact of greatly increased amenity to the streets of

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Shiraz, one of the most prominent historical cities of Iran. The positive impacts of theproject, discussed elsewhere in this chapter, greatly outweigh the constructiondisturbances.

5.1.4 Noise and Vibration

Potential noise impacts exist during both construction and operational phases of theproject. During the operational phase, the noise impact will arise from the operationof electro-mechanical equipment at the wastewater treatment plants and at waterreservoirs housing the pumping equipment. These project facilities will includeequipment producing noise such as pumps, blowers, and electrical power generators.The noise levels produced, however, will be within the acceptable limits specified bythe Iranian Standards and international norms (see annex B), and will be hardly felt atthe two wastewater treatment plants due to their remote locations from residentialcenters. Also at the water reservoirs, the pumping units will be installed in equipmentrooms which will reduce noise levels appreciably, and therefore the noise impact willbe insignificant on the general public.

Noise during the construction phase will be also produced from vehicles carryingconstruction materials and spoil. The construction traffic during the laying of sewersand water supply system within the city of Shiraz will produce significant noiseimpacts on pedestrians and residents of properties adjacent to the sewer and watersupply lines routing. Vehicular traffic is expected to transport some 360 km of watersupply lines, some 870 km of sewers, and appreciable quantity of spoil within the cityof Shiraz. Furthermore, additional traffic will be generated by the vehicles carryingconcrete and other construction materials from concrete factories to the waterreservoir sites, and refuse material from these sites to the sanitary landfill facilitylocated outside the city. The disturbance due to construction traffic for the Long TermWWTP will be less felt, since the plant is located outside the city.

It should be noted though, that phasing of the sewer and water supply network willensure that noise impacts in each location are only for a short period of time and willbe limited to normal daytime working hours. As for the materials that will be hauledto and from the treatment plants and water reservoir construction sites, the traffic willbe spread evenly over the construction period, and given the present high traffic noiselevels in the city, will not result in significant increase in noise levels. Furthermore,no construction will be allowed on Holy days.

Noise impacts, although temporary, will have to be mitigated using standard silencingequipment, such as mufflers or sound enclosures. Iranian and Internationallyrecognized regulations limiting noise will be included in the specifications of all

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contract documents for construction works and supply of mechanical and electrical

equipment.

Drilling and mechanical digging of sites and road surfaces can produce vibrationlevels which could potentially cause structural damage to foundations of old buildingsespecially if they have already been weakened by earthquake activity. The vibrationimpact will be quite significant for the historical buildings and monuments located inthe eastern end of the city. Much of the vibrations will be alleviated by the use ofbored rather than percussive drilling techniques and the use of dead weight rather thanvibratory compaction equipment.

5.1.5 Odor

Potential unpleasant odor emissions for this project will result from the sewagenetwork during its initial operation and from the operation of the two wastewatertreatment plants.

During the commissioning of the sewage network if the number of house connectionsis small, the flows that will be generated will be much less than the design flows ofthe sewers. In this instance, solids deposition will be inevitable and during the warmmonths of the year the solids will decompose to emit unpleasant odors from release ofhydrogen sulfide and other gases. These gases will eventually leave the sewer systemthrough manholes to disturb the public. However, this impact will have short termduration and can be mitigated by the accelerated construction of the houseconnections to reach minimum flow conditions that prevent solids deposition. Theproject will ensure that sufficient connections will be made to the system to reachminimum flow conditions in the shortest possible time by including this requirementin the construction tender documents.

One of the main public concerns regarding sewage treatment is the potential problemof unpleasant odors. Odors from wastewater treatment plants are inevitable althoughtheir impact can be minimized by:

* Maintaining sufficient buffer distance from residential areas.

* Installation of odor control equipment at the treatment plant.

* Careful planning and implementation of plant operation and maintenance toprevent formation and emissions of odorous gases.

Under normal operation of the plant, no significant odor problems should arise. Ifsewage for any reason becomes septic, or raw sludge is stored for long periods of timedue to sludge treatment plant failure, odor problems will probably result.

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For the two wastewater treatments of this project, odors can potentially be emittedfrom preliminary treatment which include mechanical screenings, grit removal andfrom the primary clarifiers. The removed screenings and grit will emit odors, whichcan be mitigated by minimizing their storage time on site and hauling them to asanitary landfill or application of controlled dose of lime. Odors from primaryclarifiers can be released if desludging is not frequently conducted and particularlyduring the summer season when organics tend to be decomposed quickly. Increasedfrequency of desludging and careful implementation of the O&M instructions wouldmitigate this impact.

Odors can also potentially emanate from the sludge handling areas, which includeblending tanks, thickeners, and digesters. The two plants have been designed so thatexposure of raw sludge to the atmosphere will be minimized by:

* Continuous withdrawal of sludge from the blending tanks and thickeners

* Transfer of raw sludge to the primary digesters by enclosed pipelines.

* Anaerobic digestion in sealed tanks

* Using scrubbers before venting the controlled gases from sealed tanks.

It is inevitable that in the summer months odors will increase. Provided that the plantis operated and maintained properly, these will neither be severe nor frequent. It is tobe noted that the nearest residential area to the two treatment plants is 2 km away andin the upwind direction which is predominantly north to northwesterly. Therefore dueto this buffer distance and the dilution effect of the ambient air, slight odors may bediscernible under extreme conditions. Only small properties that are adjacent to thetwo sites will be affected. In all cases these properties do not include housingfacilities.

The overall effect of the project will be a long term reduction in odor problemsthrough the provision of the sewerage system. The current practice of discharging rawsewage to Khoshk and Soltan Abad Rivers which pass through the city is causingsignificant odor problems affecting directly the health and well being of theinhabitants, as well as affecting the tourist industry. The provision and operation ofthe sewerage system will cause a halt to the discharge of raw sewage in these surfacewaters, and thus eliminate the odor emissions within the city.

5.1.6 Visual Impact

Visual impacts will occur at the construction phase and operational phase. By nature,construction activities for the various project components will cause a reduction in the

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visual amenity in some areas. These impacts, however, will be short term and will beof significance close to parks and attractive historical places.

The only permanent visual impact will be that of the water reservoirs, and Emergencyand Long Term wastewater treatment plants. The water reservoirs are generallylocated at higher elevations on the overlooking hills of city, away from residentialquarters. These reservoirs cause a small visual impact since they are maximum 5 m inheight and can be easily shielded by planted trees. (See exhibit 11 annex G)

As for the treatment plants, their layouts are shown on drawings SWWS-JR-38, andSWWS-IR-40. The Emergency WWTP extends over an area of 75 hectares, of whichthe built up area is 20 hectares (10 of which are for long term sludge storage). Thetallest structure at the treatment plant is the anaerobic digester, which is 16 m high.Whereas, the Long Term WWTP extends over an area of 80 hectares, of which thebuilt up area is 32 Hectares (20 of which are for long term sludge storage). Similar tothe Emergency WWTP, the tallest structure at the Long Term WWTP is the anaerobicdigester, which is 16 m high. The visual impacts of both plants are quite similar. Thetwo plants are enclosed by a perimeter wall, which is visible from a distance due tothe flat, agricultural areas that surround these plants. The color of the perimeter wallsrelatively blend with their surrounding ground, and therefore the walls are not visuallyintrusive. Furthermore, since both facilities will include tree planting around theirperimeter walls, the visual impact will be reduced and the aesthetic visual quality ofthe two plants will be improved.

Although the anaerobic digesters and the perimeter walls of the two plants will bevisible from a distance, the wastewater treatment facilities will have no significantnegative visual impact because:

* The developments will not reduce the visual quality of their surroundings anyfurther.

* No residential areas have a view of the site

* The planting of trees around the perimeter wall will allow improvements to bemade to the visual quality.

5.1.7 Impacts on Traffic and Transportation

There will be impacts on traffic flow and the transportation network of Shiraz fromthe following activities:

* Closure and diversion of roads during sewer and water supply networkconstruction

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* Traffic transporting raw materials and spoil during construction of the projectscomponents

* Sludge transport from both wastewater treatment plants to adjacent agriculturallands

Shiraz already suffers from road congestion at peak hours especially in the quartersaccommodating business and government centers, and the densely populated areas.The reduced width of roads during construction and the closure and diversion of roadswill lead to additional delays and congestion. However, these impacts will betemporary.

All construction material and spoil will be transported by road. Thus constructiontraffic will have a negative impact on the already congested traffic flow. However,this impact will be spread evenly over the construction period, and given the presenthigh traffic levels in the city, the impact will be insignificant.

The treated sludge will be hauled from both treatment plants to agricultural lands forreuse as a fertilizer. It is estimated that around 2 lorry trips per day will be requiredfrom the Emergency WWTP and 3 lorry trips per day will be required from the LongTerm WWTP to haul sludge to the agricultural lands using the sludge. These numbersof Lorries have insignificant impact on the vehicular traffic that exists on the serviceroads from the treatment plants.

Although the water treatment plant at Doroudzan Dam is not located within theproject area, nonetheless its sludge disposal operations will have an impact on theproject area since the sludge is disposed at Shiraz landfill. At the year 2027, it isestimated that one lorry per day will be required to haul dewatered sludge from theplant to the landfill. This number is very small, and has virtually no impact on trafficand transportation within the project area.

5.2 Impacts on the Social and economic Environment

5.2.1 Impacts on Population

In accordance with the feasibility study, the current population growth rate isestimated at 2.31% per year and is projected to decrease to 1.42% per year in 2027due to a forecast drop in the birth rate, which can be foreseen in view of thegovernment's family planning campaign. The predicted improvements in health andreductions in infant mortality as a result of the project may make the local populationmore willing to accept the birth control program proposed by the government. Thereduction in disease rates may, however, reduce mortality rates. In conclusion,therefore, it is difficult to predict with any degree of confidence what effect theproject will have on population levels. However, with the reduction in illness

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associated with proper management of sewage and an improved reliable water supplysystem, the life expectancy will increase.

5.2.2 Impacts on Employment and Income distribution

It is estimated that the project will employ over 200 people in management, operation,and maintenance of the treatment plants, water supply and sewage networks, andpumping stations. Most of the positions will be permanent and a few will be created tocover for environmental monitoring. The number of construction jobs to be createdwill not be known until the construction commences for all activities, however it willmost certainly be several thousand. The project will also increase the productivity ofthe agricultural lands in the region downstream of the treatment plants since itincludes for effluent and sludge reuse, which will consequently increase ruralemployment. The project therefore will have a positive and substantial impact onemployment. The staffing requirements will be for engineers, technicians, clerks,skilled labor, and unskilled labor.

Another possible but unquantifiable economic impact of the project, is the consequenteffect on the construction industry in Iran. The scale of engineering work involvedwill engage a sizeable proportion of the country's construction capacity.

It is not possible to assess whether the project would have any effects on incomedistribution, although in the short term it is unlikely.

5.2.3 Urban Development

The provision of a reliable and suitable water supply system as well as a sewagecollection network for the city will remove a major constraint on urban development.The project components will facilitate construction in undeveloped areas of the city.Consequently positive economic impacts in terms of construction activity andemployment will result.

5.3 Impacts on the Cultural Environment

5.3.1 Impacts on Archeological and Historical Sites

Shiraz has a rich archeological setting due to the numerous historical buildingslocated mostly in the old part of the city as discussed in the previous sections.Therefore the project has considered carefully the sensitivity of these sites to avoidand minimize the associated potential adverse impacts.

Historical and cultural sites are potentially affected by three types of impact:

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* Destruction or demolition* Vibration and settlement as a result of construction activities including tunneling

and;* Effect on amenity value of the site.

The project will not require the demolition of any historical or cultural building, norwill directly affect any known archeological sites. The sitting of the wastewatertreatment plants, water reservoirs, pumping stations and water wells was carefullyselected in close coordination with the Cultural Heritage Organization, which is thedesignated authority for the preservation of cultural and historical monuments.Several site visits were made to ensure that these facilities are located away fromareas where there is a potential of finding archeological remains.During construction, there are potential indirect effects on these historical sites due tovibration from drilling and compacting equipment, loss of amenity due to dust, noiseand visual intrusion. Good construction practices, including those described in section5. 1, should mitigate these temporary impacts to acceptable levels.During the extensive excavation of the city's streets it is possible that archeologicalremains may be discovered. The Cultural Heritage Organization will be consulted inthis instance, and the Chance Find procedures discussed in Chapter 7, will beimplemented. The specifications of all contract documents will include reference tothis organization and the Chance Find procedures.

The project will eliminate the uncontrolled flows and discharges of wastewater in thevicinity of the archeological sites. The long term permanent impact of the project onthe existing archeological sites will be positive due to proper collection of wastewater,reduced incidence of flooding, improved amenity and aesthetic quality of the citywhich would outweigh any temporary adverse impacts.

5.3.2 Impacts on Public Attitudes

An assessment has been made of possible conflicts of the projects with social attitudesor customs. Two issues were identified as potential problems:

* Attitudes of fanrmers using human waste products for agriculture; and* Public attitude towards a new system of sewage disposal.

Presently the two rivers passing through the city are polluted with the uncontrolleddischarges of sewage. Also a great number of alluvial wells are polluted by sewagedischarges. Irrigation with these polluted waters is wide spread, despite its potential tospread disease. This indicates that farmers will be willing to use treated effluents thatare safe for irrigation, and are of superior quality. Also, there will be willingness touse treated sludge as a soil conditioner, particularly if it is sold at cheaper prices than

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commercial fertilizers. However, for the sludge and effluent re-use programs tofunction well, there will be a need for enhanced education of the farmers involved.No problems are envisaged concerning the willingness of the citizens of Shiraz fortheir environs to be sewered due to the numerous problems of the current absorptionwells: flooding due to high water table, contamination of ground water, waterbornediseases, etc. the implementation of the sewage disposal system will alleviate theproblems of the current system. However, there may be reluctance by part of thepublic to accept connecting to a new system due to the associated connection fee,annual subscription fees, etc. These direct costs however, should be considered takinginto account the benefits derived from eliminating medical expenses associated withcontaminated groundwater or contaminated vegetables because of the inefficiency ofthe current system. This reluctance should be overcome by a clear and comprehensivepublicity and awareness campaign to inform people of the benefits of this project.

5.4 Impacts on Surface Waters

It is expected that the project will have a direct positive effect on the quality ofsurface water, with consequential health effects, as it has done on other cities, butsuch predictions will be difficult to quantify at this stage and will depend on theeffectiveness of project implementation.

5.4.1 Impacts on River Water Quality

The project will have a significant impact on the quality of Khoshk and SoltanabadRiver, both of which run through the city with significant pollution levels as describedin the chapter 4. There should be a direct improvement in the physiochemical andmicrobiological quality of these rivers due to conveyance and treatment of thewastewater that is currently being discharged in these rivers. Health hazards posed tofarmers and consumers of agricultural products being irrigated with the water of therivers would be greatly reduced.

5.4.2 Impacts on River Water Quantities

The average annual discharge of Khoshk River is 52.93 million cubic meters, out ofwhich about 50% is the basic current. The wastewater flows are currently estimated at7.13 million cubic meters annually, which amounts to 26% of the surface waterentering the river.

The average annual discharge of Soltanabad River is 35.77 million cubic meters, outof which about 61% is the basic current and 39% is surface run-off. This latter

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portion, in dry seasons, mainly consists of only wastewater and drainage from thesouthern lands of the city.

Therefore the discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater in the seweragenetwork will cause a decrease in the rivers discharge quantities. However, this issue isovershadowed by the significant positive impacts foreseen on the qualities of theserivers.

5.4.3 Impacts Relating to Industrial Discharges

The DOE has promulgated a national law for industrial discharge to surface waterbodies and has undertaken a programme for monitoring industrial discharges tosurface waters.

This project will promote the environmental awareness conceming the need to controlindustrial wastewater discharges whether to surface water bodies or to the sewagenetwork. As discussed in Chapter 7, a training workshop is included as part ofinstitutional strengthening, and is expected to contribute towards controlling industrialdischarges. Therefore the project will provide an opportunity to better controlindustrial discharges through enforcing pretreatment and connection to the collectionsystem as stipulated in the Iranian law

Although not related to the project, the planned developments for the establishment ofthe three industrial zones described in the Chapter 4 would greatly reduce the illicitdischarges of industrial wastewater to surface waters, since these industrial zones willhave their own central treatment facility.

With regard to the remaining industries within the city, these will be subject tomonitoring by the DOE, which will ensure that industrial effluents are pre-treated tothe required standards prior to discharge to any central facility. In this respect, it is tobe noted that SWWC currently carries out daily testing of industrial effluents for TSS,pH, COD, TN, and occasionally BOD5 to monitor the quality of these effluents.

Therefore it is expected that this project will contribute towards controlling industrialwastewater discharges, and hence lead indirectly to improvements on the quality ofsurface waters.

5.4.4 Impacts on Maharloo Lake

Through the provision of wastewater collection network, and the control on industrialwastewater discharges as described in the previous paragraph, the quality of thestreams discharging to the salt lake will be greatly improved. The presentenvironmental damage to the lake will be stopped, and therefore the lake's water

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quality will improve over a period of time. The accumulation of heavy metals, such ascadmium, iron, and lead, in the lake will cease.

With regard to the impact of the treated effluent discharged to the lake, this will occurduring the rainy season, and thus the residual loads from the plant will be furtherreduced by dilution and the impact on the lake's water will be minimal. It should benoted that the total annual flows to Maharloo Lake including run off, rainfall anddrainage are estimated at 1.6 billion cubic meters as discussed in Chapter 4. Atpresent, the total wastewater flows generated in the project area and reaching the lakeare estimated at 19.7 million cubic meter representing around 1% of the totalincoming flows; whereas the total annual quantity of treated effluent discharged to thelake at the target year amounts to 33 million cubic meter representing 2% of the totalincoming flows. Based on above, it can be concluded that change in wastewater flowsdischarging to the lake due to the implementation of the project will have insignificanteffect on the salt balance of the lake, since these flows represent very low percentagesof the total annual flows reaching the lake.

As to the possible impact on the lake due to contamination of the effluent outfall byuncontrolled discharges, the project has addressed this issue by making an allowancefor sections of the outfall that run near community developments to be covered by aconcrete slab or to be fenced as appropriate. These provisions would prevent illicitdischarges in the effluent outfall of both plants.

The outfall lengths that run through agricultural lands are unlikely to receive illegaldischarges since no developments exist in these areas.

Based on the above the environmental state of the lake will be greatly enhanced incomparison to the base-line condition due to improved water quality of thedischarging rivers.

5.4.5 Impacts on Surface Water Supplies

The project does not have an impact on the surface water resources within the projectarea, since the provision for future extension of present surface water supplies issourced from the Doroudzan dam, which is located outside the project area.

The Doroudzan dam is fed from Kor River, and currently supplies 72,000 m3/day toShiraz City, and plans for extending the water supply capacity from the Dam to156,000 m3 /day were already undertaken by Fars Water Company. It should be notedthat the current scheme for water supply adopted by the project, relies on a maximum

3of 156,000 m /day from this source at the target year of the project. Ground sourceswill be extended to meet additional quantities to meet increasing demand levels. Thus,the project will not cause diminishing of the dam's water supply capacity.

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5.5 Impacts on Ground Water

5.5.1 Impacts on Ground Water Quality

The project will have a long term positive effect on the quality of ground water, sinceit will greatly reduce the discharge of contaminants to ground water. The use ofcesspools, a major source for pollutant infiltration to the groundwater will begradually phased out as sewers will be constructed to convey the wastewaters totreatment at the designated facilities. With elimination of pathogens, nitrates, harmfulorganics, heavy metals, and through recharge of cleaner surface water, the quality ofthe ground water will be enhanced, and compliance with the prevailing water supplystandards will be met and ensured by the provision of the chlorination facilities.The current practice of irrigation with raw sewage and the use of untreated sludgefrom cesspits will be greatly minimized by the implementation of the project. Thesepractices would cause ground water contamination as a result of their discharge onland, and therefore under the current project they will stop and consequently the waterquality will be improved.

5.5.2 Impacts on Ground Water during Construction

During the construction phase, groundwater quality may be affected by the disposal ofsolid waste such as debris, wash-water of facilities, and accidental spills of oil fromstorage tanks. For this project the impact will be more pronounced due to the highwater table. The implementation of mitigation measures and environmentally soundconstruction practices would greatly reduce the occurrence and scale of such impacts.The potential impacts due to construction are in all cases temporary, and areoutweighed by the positive long term impacts.

5.5.3 Impacts on Ground Water Due to Sewer Connections

The provision of sewer connections would cause the stoppage of groundwaterrecharge through cesspits. Thus it is anticipated that water table levels will drop as aresult, and hence reduce the problems plaguing Shiraz because of this issue.Foundation problems due to high water table, frequent flooding in homes induced bythe rise of the groundwater levels will be greatly reduced.

5.5.4 Impacts on Ground Water Resources

A number of studies have been conducted to assess the ground water reserves of theShiraz aquifer. In accordance with the feasibility study, these studies confirm that thecurrent ground water resources have a safe yield capacity of 1,556,000 m3/day. Underthe current plan adopted by the project, the maximum water supply rate from these

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resources is 646,608 m3/day in the target year of the project representing 75% of thetotal water supply to Shiraz City. Therefore the maximum supply rate from thegroundwater resources is less than 42% of their safe yield capacity; hence the projectwould not diminish the resource capacities.

As stated above, the recharge of the aquifers by the illicit discharges and effluents ofthe cesspits will be stopped, thus reducing the quantities of water recharging thewells. However, this issue is outweighed by the significant reduction of pollutionlevels in the aquifers.

5.6 Impacts on Agriculture

5.6.1 Impact on Crop Production

The project will have a beneficial effect on crop production by ameliorating two ofthe factors currently contributing to low yields, namely:

* Providing an assured supply of a natural fertilizer in the form of treated sewagesludge; and

* Reducing the incidence of seasonal water shortages

There is the potential for the following additional measures to be taken in conjunctionwith the project to further improve crop yields:

* Creation of an effective support service for farmers;* More effective weed control; and* Use of modem high yield wheat varieties.

The increase in the total area of crop production will be dependent on the croppingpattern. As discussed in Chapter 2, based on the current crop pattern, it is projectedthat for the Emergency zone wastewater treatment, the total area of crop productionwill be increased by 700 ha at year 2027, and for the Long Term treatment plant thetotal area of crop production will be increased by 2900 ha at the year 2027. The totalincreased area of crop production amounts to 25% of the total agricultural lands in thearea of the two treatment plants. The cropping pattern of the full scheme is likely tobe very similar to the existing situation.

5.6.2 Impact on Fertilizer Consumption

The three main nutrients required by crops are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.Potassium concentrations are usually very low in both treated sewage effluent andsludge. Current local practice in fertilizer application is to use 400 kg of urea and 45

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kg of ammonium phosphate per hectare for wheat production. Based on the estimatedsludge quantities for both the Long Term and Emergency Wastewater TreatmentPlants of 18,400 tons/year at year 2027, the equivalent quantity of urea provided bythe sludge would be 368 tons, and the equivalent quantity of ammonium phosphatewould be 41 tons. The sludge produced at the treatment plants can therefore reduceconsumption of artificial fertilizer by equivalent amounts, if offered at reduced prices.

5.6.3 Impact on Soil Quality

Sludge will add organic matter to the agricultural soils of the project area. This willhave little effect for many years, however, given the proposed application rate.Current low levels of nitrogen and phosphate will be raised by the use of sludge, andthe effect of this on soil quality will be positive. Furthermore nitrogen and phosphorusin the treated effluent and sludge will supply many of the trace elements required forcrop growth, zinc, iron, manganese, etc

However, it should be noted that there are constraints on the application of treatedeffluent and treated sludge due to heavy metal build up. Guidelines for maximumpermissible concentration of trace elements in irrigation water are provided by FAOaccording to the type of soil and the period of application. These guidelines (annex B)include among others concentration limits of nickel, lead, manganese, cadmium, zinc,chromium, etc. Also EC directives (annex B) provide concentration limits forpotentially toxic elements (PTE) in sludge and soil over a 10 year annual rate ofaddition period.

It would be difficult to assess the extent of heavy metal build up due to the applicationof treated sludge and the irrigation with treated effluent, as this would require anevaluation of heavy metal content of the raw wastewater, and current levels of tracemetals in the soil. As discussed in Chapter 4, previous tests conducted by DOEindicate high levels of cadmium, nickel, lead, and manganese in the soils adjacent toKhoshk river course. It is envisaged that the enforcement of industrial dischargecontrol and the plan to establish the industrial zones will reduce heavy metalconcentration in the raw sewage. Nonetheless, the potential for heavy metal build upin the soils will be there, and is best mitigated by a careful monitoring program oftrace elements in the raw sewage, treated effluent, soil, and plants as described inChapter 7.

5.6.4 Impact on Crop Quality

The potential impact on crops of using treated effluent and sludge in agriculture is theaccumulation of heavy metals. This has implications for human and livestocknutrition and can arise from crops taking up excessive amounts of certain elements

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that are toxic to humans and livestock. The limit values for heavy metals in sludgeand soils are designed to ensure that concentrations in crops do not exceed safe levels.

It is difficult at this stage to determine whether any elements are likely to accumulatein crops at levels that exceed the recommended limits, for the reasons stated in theprevious paragraph.

The impact on crop quality cannot therefore be assessed at this stage. Adverse impactscan be prevented only by detailed monitoring of:

* Treated sludge after storage at the two treatment plants* Treated effluent;* Soils at a number of locations throughout the agricultural area; and* The different crops grown.

5.6.5 Impact on Agricultural Practices

As indicated in Chapter 2, the use of treated effluent as irrigation water will allow theexpansion of the irrigated agricultural area from 5600 ha to 9750 ha and the total cropproduction will increase. It is unlikely that the proportion of different crops grownwill change greatly. The effect of the project on stabilizing and increasing the supplyof irrigation water to the area, and to a lesser extent the nutrient benefits from sludge,may, however, lead to a greater expansion in the areas of land given over tovegetables, and salads than to other crops.

5.6.6 Impact on Agricultural Workers

The WHO guidelines for sludge and effluent reuse in agriculture are designed toprevent health risks to consumers of crops and agricultural workers. Provided thatthese standards are met, there will be no adverse impacts on agricultural workers. Themethods by which effluent and sludge will be applied to the crops will be designed tominimize human contact with sludge. Irrigation will continue to be by flood methodsand sludge will be ploughed into the soil immediately after application. No adverseimpacts will take place if appropriate guidelines will be issued and followed.

5.6.7 Impact on Supply of Irrigation Water

A considerable positive impact of the project will be to augment the supply ofirrigation water to the agricultural areas in the project area. This will have thefollowing beneficial effects:

* An increased area of land will be able to be used for agriculture, and

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* Crop yield per hectare should increase.

5.7 Impacts on Health

5.7.1 Improvements in Public Health

The current routes of infection for waterborne diseases identified as being importantin Shiraz are considered to be primarily associated with the current pattern of humanexcreta disposal and other related activities such as irrigation and direct contact withcontaminated waters.

It is evident therefore, that improvements in the ways in which sewage is collected,treated and disposed of, will have a significant impact on the incidence of these waterrelated illnesses. Furthermore, the rehabilitation of the water supply network and theconstruction of chlorination facilities will ensure that potable water quality is safe andvirtually pathogen free.

Other benefits are considered likely to accrue from implementation of the scheme. Insummary the principal benefits are considered to be those mentioned below.

* Connection to an integrated sewerage system will significantly reduce the amountof sewage disposed of to the local rivers and open watercourses which are used asa source of irrigation water. In addition, direct contact activities (such as from anychild coming in contact with sewage) will also be considerably reduced withcorresponding reduction in the risk of disease transmission.

* Prevention of groundwater contamination with nitrates and possiblymicroorganisms (viruses) are considered to pose the greatest risk in this respect.

* Prevention of cross contamination of potable water supply system throughrehabilitation of old existing network and the disinfection of these supplies withrequired chlorine dose.

* The supply of adequate quantities of water having good quality and compliantwith national and WHO standards.

5.7.2 Adverse Impact on Drinking Water Quantity and Quality

Treated water quantity and quality should meet water demand as well as allowabledrinking water standards set by the Iranian Government and WHO. Among theparameters of concern are the bacteriological contamination of the water, theconcentration level of nitrate, the presence of nitrite and the concentration of heavymetals.

Potable water for Shiraz is supplied from two sources: (1) surface water fromDoroudzan dam and (2) well water. The water from the damn undergoes conventional

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treatment, whereas the well water is chlorinated. Following treatment both surfaceand ground waters are stored in reservoirs for subsequent pumping in the distributionnetwork. The project includes for blending the well water with surface water wherepossible to improve the quality of the well water. Thus potable water in Shiraz canhave three different water qualities.

In the event of an upset in the performance of Doroudzan water treatment plant or thefailure of the chlorination plants at the reservoir, the water quality in this instance maydeteriorate resulting in possible contamination with pathogens or imbalanced pHlevels, etc. Furthermore any damage to the potable water distribution system mayresult in cross contamination with raw sewage and thus present a health hazard to theinhabitants of the city. Also damage to the network and partial stoppage of theDoroudzan water treatment plant may cause water supply shortages.

In order to safeguard public health, it is imperative that regular monitoring of raw andtreated water at the treatment plants, storage reservoirs and in the distribution networkbe implemented to ensure that drinking water limits are not exceeded, and that plantand network are in good operating conditions.

5.7.3 Adverse Impacts Due to Agricultural Use of Treated Effluent

Health impacts arising from the reuse of treated effluent have been a matter ofconsiderable concern and scrutiny in arid and semi-arid zones of the world. One resultof this has been the production of guidelines to protect public health. Most notable ofthese are the so-called Engelberg standards, promulgated under the auspices of theWHO.

It is considered essential to maximize the potential improvements to public healtharising from the implementation of the project. Hence, the sewage treatment processis designed in such a manner to ensure that it can be operated at all times so that thetreated effluent meets the WHO guidelines. These guidelines are based onepidemiological studies concerning health impacts of excreta disposal and effluentreuse. At the present time, they provide the most appropriate guidelines to underpinthe design of sewage treatment processes and effluent and sludge disposal options.The quality objectives applied to the treated effluent are in accordance with theEngelberg standards.

In order to meet the criteria for eggs of intestinal nematodes or helminthes (less than 1per liter) and faecal coliforms (less than 1,000/100 ml) the treatment process must bedesigned in such a way that these criteria are consistently achieved. As described inChapter 2, both plants are designed to employ chlorination in order to achieve thefecal Coliform standard (the health aspects of chlorine are discussed below).

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It is intended that nematode removal be achieved through the combined effects ofprimary and secondary settlement within an essentially conventional activated sludgeprocess. Previous studies undertaken by UNDPE in Teheran indicate that removal ofintestinal nematode eggs through the activated sludge process can achieve compliancewith the WHO standard subject to the levels of nematodes in the influent.

Evidence from operational activated sludge WWTPs (which incorporate secondarysettlement) is that the removal efficiency of intestinal nematode eggs is between 0 and2 orders of magnitude. The final concentration of eggs is a function of the loadentering the works. Thus the final effluent numbers are a direct function of the rawsewage levels. Consistent attainment of the WHO guideline level infers that theconcentration of nematode eggs in the raw sewage must not exceed 100 per liter.Given that the activated sludge sewage treatment system has been designed toproduce a sludge of good settleability and low upflow velocities in the secondarysedimentation tanks, it is predicted that a removal efficiency of 2 orders of magnitude(99%) will be achieved. However, to address the issue of high level of nematode eggs(at concentration greater than 100 eggs per liter) and for consistent performance,continuous monitoring of the influent and effluent levels will be required.

5.7.4 Adverse Impacts Due to Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge

The WHO guideline for intestinal nematode eggs is less than 1 per 100 grams dryweight of excreta or sludge, which can be achieved by storage of sewage sludge for aperiod of one year. The project incorporates this stage by the provision of 10 hectaresof land for the Emergency WWTP sludge storage and 20 hectares of land for the LongTerm WWTP storage, hence, assuring compliance with WHO guidelines with respectto nematodes.

Contamination of sludge with heavy metals or other toxicants has been considered.On the basis of current evidence, it would appear that the contaminants of some healthconcern are cadmium, nickel, and manganese. Appropriate mitigation and monitoringprograms need to be in place with effective implementation to eliminate potentialhealth impacts by heavy metals.

5.7.5 Adverse Impacts Due to Chlorination

Two hazards have been identified arising from the proposed use of chlorine as adisinfectant at the sewage treatment works.

Firstly, the transportation, storage, and use of liquid chlorine pose clearly identifiablerisks of human injury in the event of an accidental release of gas. These risks can beminimized by attention to the design of the chlorine storage and handling facilities at

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the plant. In conjunction, adequate means of ventilation, provision of safetyequipment, and a well defined emergency response procedure must be put in place.For this project the appropriate storage and use of liquid chlorine standards shall beincorporated in the tender documents of the Long Term treatment Plant, as well as theprovision of an emergency response procedure. With regard to the EmergencyTreatment plant, the liquid chlorine has been substituted by Calcium hypochlorite,which has less stringent requirement in handling. Nonetheless, all safety requirementsfor its application shall be incorporated. Chlorine has been successfully and safelytransported in Iran for about 40 years in connection with water treatment plants. Noadditional adverse impact is therefore, envisaged.

The second issue concerns the formation of disinfection byproducts as a result ofadding chlorine to sewage effluents. Chlorinated species such as trihalomethanes andMX (3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(H)-furanone) have been demonstratedin chlorinated sewage effluent. The health impacts arising from the chlorination ofsewage effluents are unclear. In this instance, it is not foreseen that the discharge ofthese byproducts to Maharloo Lake will cause an impact, since there is virtually noaquatic life in the lake, and the lake's water is not used in agricultural or recreationalactivities. However, an appropriate mitigation and monitoring program needs to be inplace and effectively implemented.

Notwithstanding, all efforts should be made to minimize the amounts of disinfectionbyproducts formed by using the smallest dose of chlorine commensurate withachieving the WHO standards for treated effluent.

The disinfection parameters necessary to achieve the WHO standards suggest that adose of 5 mg/l (based on literature) followed by a contact time (after intimate mixing)of not less that 30 minutes will be required. The required dose and chlorine contacttime have been accounted for in the feasibility study and shall be incorporated in thetender documents for constructing the Long Term WWTP. As for the Emergencytreatment plant these requirements have also been incorporated, and are discussedfurther in Chapter 8.

In summary, the design of the facilities incorporates the necessary provisions toachieve the required disinfection levels of WHO standards. Safety requirements forhandling of Chlorine are incorporated in the project, nonetheless monitoring andimplementation of mitigation measures will be required to minimize potential healthhazards associated with Chlorine use.

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5.7.6 Adverse Impacts Due to Operation of the Sewage Treatment Plant

One issue of concern regarding the operation of activated sludge plants is that ofaerosol production and the resultant public health impacts. Studies on the healthimpact of wastewater facilities on surrounding populations have been inconclusive indetermining whether increased reporting rates of illness were significantly associatedwith proximity to the plant or due to socio-economic factors.

A study of the distribution of heterotrophic bacteria in the vicinity of an unenclosedactivated wastewater sludge plant observed that only heterotrophic bacteria remainedat significantly higher than base-line densities beyond 250 m downwind from thecenter of the aeration tanks. Furthermore, this study confirmed similar observationsthat densities were higher at night, presumably due to the lack of the killing action ofsunlight.

Studies of treatment plant workers have produced no evidence to suggest thatexposure to sewage aerosols increase their risk of contracting an infectious disease.

It is reasonable to conclude therefore, that the operation of the Emergency and LongTerm treatment plants will not pose a risk to health of the operators or those who liveor work in the adjacent areas as the distance to the nearest development is more than500m from the perimeter of each plant. Furthermore, the nearest developments nearthe two plants are upwind. Also, workers will follow occupational health & safetypractices in addition to undergoing medical surveillance.

5.7.7 Adverse Impacts Due to Pests

Vermin act as vectors for human diseases, including salmonellosis (cockroaches),malaria (mosquitoes), and leptospirosis (rodents).

It is considered that the project will have little impact on the prevalence of rodentsand cockroaches. Insects that enter the domestic environment may promote diseasetransmission by moving fecal pathogens into houses and onto food. The actualcontribution to human disease via this route is unclear and the direct fecal-oral route isthe more probably major route of transmission.

The removal of human excreta from the immediate vicinity of domestic dwellings willreduce the possibility that transmission of faecal pathogens directly to food mayoccur. The control of human excreta will not eliminate the risk completely sincealternative breeding sites will exist. A program of insecticidal control will be requiredto control the populations of flies and cockroaches. Preventing insects coming intocontact with human excreta should reduce the proportion of the populations which

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harbor pathogens exclusively of faecal origin (such as poliovirus, Hepatitis A,Shigella, Entamoeba histocylitica and the eggs of roundworms and hook-worms).

It is quite probable that flies will breed in the sludge storage areas. Such flies are notmigratory, and since there will be sufficient food in the sludge drying bays, they willnot usually spread further than 100 to 500 m from the breeding sites. Since there willonly be a small number of people working in the vicinity of the sludge drying bedsand hence, within the range of these flies, they are not expected to pose a significanthealth hazard.

5.7.8 Adverse Impacts Due to Asbestos Cement Piping

Although this project does not include provision of asbestos cement piping,nonetheless since the existing water supply network utilizes asbestos cement pipingadverse health impacts can arise from this material. Asbestos is a known humancarcinogen by the inhalation route. Therefore, if replacement of asbestos cementpiping is required, maximum health care should be provided to the workers tominimize risk of asbestos inhalation. Furthermore, the tender documents of the projectshall explicitly disallow the purchase and installation of new asbestos piping, andshall specify safety handling and replacement of such pipes.

5.8 Impacts on Climate

The impact of the project on regional and global climates will, almost certainly, benegligible. Certain aspects of the scheme will however produce emissions of gaseswhich are believed to contribute to global warming. The treatment of sewage andsludge at the STP will convert much of the organic matter in the sewage to methaneand carbon dioxide. It is estimated that some 900 m3/day of gas will be produced byboth plants at year 2027. At the Treatment plants, the methane produced will be usedas fuel to heat the digesters, converting it to carbon dioxide.

It should be recognized that this sewage currently decomposes anaerobically insewage wells through natural processes, producing similar quantities of methane andcarbon dioxide. Since methane has a contribution to global warming approximately 21times that of carbon dioxide on a molecule-for-molecule basis (one molecule ofcarbon is converted to one molecule of carbon dioxide), burning of the methane canbe considered as reducing any contribution from the sewage of Shiraz to globalwarming.

However, the power consumed by the plant will be generated by burning fossil fuelswhich produce carbon dioxide. The average power consumption of the two plants willbe 5 MW (over 24 hour days and seven day weeks). The emissions produced by the

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generation of this additional power will be negligible in comparison with thosealready produced by the country.

Transport requirements of both construction and operational phases will produceemissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. The quantities ofthese will be small in comparison to those produced by the total vehicle usage inShiraz.

At the treatment plant sites, sizeable bodies of water will be exposed to theatmosphere and evaporation will occur. The estimated evaporation rate at year 2027 is8 mm/day. Therefore, it is unlikely to be a sizable variation on current evaporationrates and so relative humidity will be unaffected.

In conclusion, it is considered unlikely that the project will have any significantadverse effects on the local, regional or global climates.

5.9 Impacts on the Biological Environment

5.9.1 Impact on Habitats

The only part of the project which will cause a permanent loss of habitat is the LongTerm Treatment Plant. The land required has already been acquired by SWWC. Thesite is currently barren and has little vegetation of any type. There is almost certainlyno flora or fauna of any value present. With regard to the Emergency WWTP, the firstphase is already under construction, and the impacts of these works on the biologicalenvironment are discussed in Chapter 8.

Construction of the treatment plants provides considerable opportunity for ecologicalenhancement at the vicinity of the two sites. Consideration has been given to theplanting of trees and shrubs around the site perimeters to provide visual & noisescreening, and a new habitat. The overall long term effect of the treatment plants onthe local flora and fauna could therefore, be positive.

5.9.2 Impact on protected species and habitats

No protected species have been recorded in the areas directly affected by the project.As discussed in Chapter 4, some protected species are found in Bamoo Park; howeverno project component is located in or near the Park.

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5.9.3 Disturbance to Fauna

There is some evidence which suggests that certain construction activities can haveadverse effects on animals in the vicinity of the works. This issue will be applicable tothe components of the project constructed outside the city, such as the treatmentplants, and effluent outfalls. The possible disturbance effects of constructing theseworks have been considered. Since the immediate area is almost devoid of animal life,except for the variety of birds described for the Lake and its adjacent areas, it isunlikely that there will be any disturbance as a result of constructing the works. Whilein operation, the treatment plants will result in a slightly higher ambient noise levelaround the site, but experience suggests that birds and other animals adapt to this andsuffer no adverse effects.

5.9.4 Indirect Ecological Effects Due to Improvements in Surface WaterQuality

Implementation of the project is predicted to lead to improvements in surface waterquality for Khoshk and Soltanabad rivers to which they discharge. The ecologicalconsequences of this are uncertain at this stage, but likely to be positive.

5.10 Impacts on Other Planned Developments

5.10.1 Plan for Management of Khoshk River

The objective of the Plan is to develop flood control facilities and improve theaesthetic state of the river's surroundings. The project will have a positive impact onthis development as it will lead to reduction of contaminants such as, sediments,degradable organics, fecal Coliforms and trace metals.

5.10.2 Plan for the development of Maharloo Lake Surroundings

The purpose of the plan is to attract tourists by constructing different recreationalfacilities on the banks of Maharloo Lake. The project will have positive impact on thisplanned development, since it will dramatically reduce all the pollution levels in thelake by treating the contaminants currently discharged to the lake via the two seasonalrivers of the city.

5.10.3 Urban Subway System:

The aim of this plan is to solve the structural and operational problems of the currenttransportation system, due to the increased air pollution by developing and operatingan urban train network. During construction stage of the project interference with the

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development of the subway system may occur. It is expected however, that all partiesconcerned with development of the two projects coordinate the design andconstruction of these works, in a manner to minimize this interference.

5.10.4 The Gharebagh Water Transfer Plan:

This development plan is aimed at providing irrigation water to three villages locatedsome 15 km south of the city. The present project will have a positive impact on thisdevelopment, as it will improve the quality of the waters being provided to thesevillages. Furthermore, the project will improve the overall management of waterresources through the reuse program, which will reduce the over exploitation of theground water resources by the farmers.

5.10.5 The Water Supply Plan to Sarvestan Plain:

The Plan involves the supply of water from ground resources and surface resources ofKhoshk and Chenar Rivers to provide irrigation water for this vast plain. The projectwill have a positive impact on the planned development as described in the previousparagraph.

5.10.6 The Shiraz Industrial Zones

There is no impact by the project on this development. Water supply and sanitationprovisions for this development will be separate from the project works. On the otherhand these industrial zones will have their own central wastewater treatment facilities,and therefore will contribute with the present project in improving the environmentalstate of Shiraz city.

5.10.7 The Animal Husbandry Complex:

There is no impact by the project on this development. Water supply and sanitationprovisions for this development will be separate from the project works

5.11 Impacts due to Seismic Activities

Shiraz is located in a seismically active zone, with many earthquakes recorded in thearea. There are two faults at the distance of 27.5 Km north and 9 Km south from thecenter of Mianrood (the closest epicenter to Shiraz).

In the event of an earthquake the potential impacts could be grave and have seriousrepercussions on public health and on the environment. Water retaining structures,such as sewage holding tanks and water reservoirs, can be severely damaged, and thus

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result in discharge of their contents in an uncontrolled manner. Sewers can break todischarge the sewage in the soil or in groundwater. All these conditions can createhealth hazards to the public.

Potential impacts from seismic activities can only be mitigated by strict adherence toearthquake codes, which should be implemented under extensive QA/QC proceduresduring design and construction of the works. The project will include the Iranian Codefor Protection against Earthquake and other applicable codes in all tender documents.Furthermnore, an earthquake emergency preparedness plan will be developed asdiscussed in chapter 7.

5.12 Summary of Environmental Impacts

The likely direct and indirect environmental impacts of the project are summarized inTable 5.1. The impacts are those predicted providing that suitable mitigative measuresare implemented. Although there are a number of negative impacts predicted, nosevere negative impacts are considered likely in the long term. In many cases,predictions cannot be easily made and the implementation, monitoring andeffectiveness of mitigative measures will determine the significance of many impacts.The major environmental issues are: (a) the impacts of effluent and sludge from theirreuse in agriculture and (b) potable water quality and quantity. The impacts could besignificant without appropriate mitigation measures but not greater than the baseline.The quality of data available will be validated during project implementation.

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Table 5.1 Summary of environmental impacts (Part A)ENVIRONMETANL IMAPCT CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONALSECTOR PHASE PHASEGeographical Change of land use Slight negative NoneEnvironment Relocation of None None

population

Disturbance to people Severe negative NoneNoise Moderate negative InsignificantVibration Moderate negative NoneOdor None Slight negativeVisual impact Moderate negative InsignificantSeismic Activity Moderate Negative Moderate NegativeImpact on traffic and Severs negative Insignificanttransportation

Social and Economic Impact on population None Slight positiveEnvironment levelsImpact on Positive Positiveemployment

Cultural Environment Impact on historical Slight negative Positiveand cultural sites andbuildings

Impact on public None Nonel attitudes

Table 5.1 Summary of environmental impacts (Part B)ENVIRONMETANL IMAPCT CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONALSECTOR | PHASE PHASESurface Waters Sewer connections None Positive

Jubes, qanats and canals None PositiveIndustrial discharges None PositiveSoltanabad & Khoshk None Positivewater quality l l _lSoltanabad & Khoshk None Negativewater quantity ! l _IWater supply None PositiveMaharloo Lake None Positive

Hydrogeology Groundwater resources None NoneGroundwater quality slight negative Positive

Agriculture Crop production None PositiveFertilizer consumption None PositiveSoil quality None Slight negativeCrop quality None Slight negativeImpact on agricultural None PositivepracticesImpact on agricultural None Noneworkers !_I_ IImpact on supply of None Positiveirrigation water

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Table 5.1 Summary of environmental impacts (Part C)ENVIRONMETANL IMAPCT CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONALSECTOR PHASE PHASEHealth General health impacts None Positive

Impact of agricultural use of None Insignificanttreated effluent

Impact of agricultural use of None Insignificantsewage sludge

Impact due to WWTP None Noneeffluent chlorination

Impact due to STP operation None NoneImpact due to water supply None PositivechlorinationImpact due to pests None Insignificant

Climate Impact on local climate None InsignificantImpact on global climate None Insignificant

Biological Impact on habitats Insignificant Positiveenvironmental Impact on protected species None None

and habitants

Disturbance to fauna & flora Insignificant PositiveEcological effects due to None Positiveimproved surface waterquality

Other developments Impact on management of None positiveKhoshk river

Impact on development of None PositiveMaharloo lake

Urban subway system None PositiveImpact on Gharebagh None PositiveImpact on water supply to None PositiveSarvestan Plain

Impact on Shiraz Industrial None PositiveZones

Animal Husbandry complex None Positive

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5.13 Major Adverse Impacts of the Project

Drinking Water Ouantity and Quality

Treated water quantity and quality should meet water demand as well as allowabledrinking water standards set by the Iranian Government and WHO. Among theparameters of concern are the bacteriological contamination of the water, theconcentration level of nitrate, the presence of nitrite and the concentration of heavymetals. In order to safeguard public health, it is imperative that regular monitoring ofraw and treated water at the treatment plant, storage reservoirs and in the distributionnetwork be implemented to ensure that drinking water quality limits are not exceeded.

Effluent Ouality

The effluent should be of acceptable quality so that it can be used in agriculture. Thismeans that the effluent quality should meet WHO quality guidelines for use inagriculture. One of the major parameter of concern is the level of nematodes whichshould be less than I egg per liter for water used in agriculture.

Sludge Ouality

Dried sludge will be used by farmers as soil conditioner or fertilizer. In such a casethe sludge quality will have to comply with the FAO, EU and WHO guidelines for theuse of sludge in agriculture including the limit of less than one intestinal nematodeegg per 100 gm of dry solids and the limits on the concentration of heavy metals. Theadopted treatment processes, the one year storage period, and the control of industrialdischarges to the sewage system would ensure that the WHO nematode standard andEU and FAO guidelines on the level of toxic substances would not be exceeded thefor the use of sludge in agriculture.

Health & Safet

During the construction and operational phase, the project will have potential adverseimpacts on health and safety of workers and the public. Construction activities,treatment plant operation, chlorination facilities, water supply systems, effluent andsludge reuse applications can all cause health hazards and accidents. The provision ofworkers training in safety procedures, public education, and the development ofemergency response procedures will mitigate health and safety impacts.

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Cultural and Archeological Sites

Shiraz has many recorded archeological and historical sites of great culturalsignificance. During construction, there are potential indirect impacts on existingarcheological sites due to vibration from drilling and compacting equipment; loss ofamenity due to dust, noise and visual intrusion. Good construction practices,implementation of special procedures prior to construction, and implementation ofChance find procedures would mitigate most impacts to acceptable levels.

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6 Analysis ofAlternatives to the Proposed Project

The analysis of altematives to the proposed project is addressed separately for the twomain components of the project; (1) water supply and (2) wastewater collection andtreatment. The altematives considered for each component of the project are describedand compared to each other in terms of capital costs, operational costs, landrequirements, length of transmission lines, consumed energy, environmental impacts,management needs, reliability of the process and local conditions.

6.1 Water Supply

6.1.1 Option 1: No Project

The "do nothing" option is that of continuing with the status-quo of using the presentwater supply network. The present network comprises of transmission lines,reservoirs, wells, and other components as described in chapter 2. The networksupplies 71,700 m3/day of surface water from Doroudzan dam and 261,800 m3/dayfrom 69 ground water wells. Out of the total number of operating wells, there are 16wells that are located in the Alluvium aquifer inside the city while the others arelocated in the Karstic aquifer. Wells located in the alluvium aquifer supply 40,600m 3/day of extremely hard water and will be soon put out of service. With increasingwater demand, this option would entail supplying water to part of the population bythe provision of day tanks and trucking water. This section compares this option withthe proposed project.

6.1.1.1 Water Resources

Due to the old and deteriorating network conditions considerable amount of water(30% of total supply) is lost through damaged and leaking pipes, thus valuable waterresources are wasted.

6.1.1.2 Water Supply System Reliability

Due to incomplete network coverage, and leakage caused by excessive pressure buildup in some zones, water pressure is dropping and in many instances peak waterdemands cannot be met.

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6.1.1.3 Public Health

A number of current operating alluvium wells have hard water and contain sulphates,fluoride, nitrates, thus delivering non-compliant water quality which can cause healthrisks. Furthermore, the damaged transmission lines could very well be infiltrated bycontaminated ground water and wastewater resulting in increased cases of waterborne diseases.

6.1.1.4 Indirect Environmental Impacts

The substandard water quality and unreliability of the water supply system may causedistress and frustration among the population. Furthermore, incidents due towaterborne diseases would lead to negative indirect economic effects as described inparagraph 6.1.1.7

6.1.1.5 Construction Impacts

Not constructing the water supply system would avoid many of adverse constructionimpacts associated with the project within the city (such as noise, disturbance, trafficinterruption, and dust).

However hauling water would still be necessary, and as development increases watertransportation could cause disturbance to traffic. It would also cause noise impactsassociated with water pumping in heavily populated areas.

6.1.1.6 Management and Monitoring

Not constructing the water supply system would result in increased managementintervention to address low water quality and poor water distribution problems.Furthermore, it would mean increased monitoring of well water quality, at source andin the distribution system to prevent transmission of non-complying water.

The 'do nothing' alternative would also result in increased public health managementto address the increase in water borne disease cases.

6.1.1.7 Economic Analysis

The economic consequences of not implementing the project are associated with thefollowing:

* Cost of medication associated with water borne diseases

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* Cost of working days lost due to therapy which would be paid directly byindividuals and indirectly by the economy.

* Cost of unaccounted for water, which increases the treatment costs and representslost revenues.

* Indirect loss to economy associated with limitations on development, and thusaffecting internal investments

* Direct costs associated with supplying water on individual basis through provisionof day water tanks and transporting water. These cost can be estimated by thefollowing:

o Cost of 2 m3 water tanks is 400,000 Rials. Annual cost of water tankoperation and maintenance is 10% of the tank cost.

O Cost of transportation per cubic meter of water is estimated at 7,000 Rialso The demand for water is assumed to be 94 litres per capita per day for the

purpose of calculating the costs arising from water supply by truckingwater.

Table 6.1 shows the associated costs of continuing with present methods of watersupply and not implementing the project, though many benefits and costs are difficultto quantify. The total cost of not implementing the project, is estimated at 10,000billion Rials. Costs for the provision of day water tanks, medicines, and working dayslost would be paid directly by individuals and indirectly by the economy. It should benoted that many of the positive benefits from implementing the project such asimproved water supply quality, revenues from tariffs, and decreased maintenancecosts of the water supply system have not been included.

Table 6.1 Summary of Costs of not Implementing the Propos d Water Supply ProjectNo. Item

Net Present ValueBillion Rials Million US

L____ _______________________________________________ DollarsI Medicines for water-borne and parasitic diseases 56.6 7.1(assuming that 50% of the consumption of anti-parasitic drugs in Shiraz is related to water-bornedisease.

2 Lost working days (assuming a daily income of 91.6 11.44,000 Rials, that currently one working day perperson per year is lost due to water-related diseaseand that this would be reduced 25% byimplementation of the proposed project).

3 Lost revenues and additional treatment cost of 453.2 56.7l___ Unaccouted for water4 Cost of day tanks and trucking water 9,476.5 1,184.6

TOTAL 10,078 1,259.8

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6.1.2 Option 2: Shiraz Water Supply Project

This option consists of digging new wells, construction of reservoirs, laying oftransmission lines, construction of water transfer pumping stations, networkexpansion, rehabilitation of the old network, and installation of pressure regulatingvalves. These works and their impacts are described in detail in Chapter 2. The mainbenefits and drawbacks of this option are presented below:

6.1.2.1 Water Resources

The implementation of this project would conserve water resources by reduction ofunaccounted for water.

6.1.2.2 Water Supply System Reliability

This option would ensure that adequate water supplies will be available at all times inthe network by extending network coverage and regulating water pressure.

6.1.2.3 Water Supply Quality

The quality of the supply water will improve, since the project will phase out thealluvium sources and rehabilitate the old network, thus ensuring good compliant waterquality, free of water borne diseases, with decreased hardness levels.

6.1.2.4 Public Health

As a result of the improved water quality, public health is expected to improve due toa considerable decrease of water borne diseases.


The project will result in adverse construction impacts within the city (such as noise,disturbance, traffic interruption, and dust). However these are of temporary nature,limited to the construction period, and can be reduced by adopting adequatemitigation measures.

6.1.3 Conclusions

The "no project" option would avoid the temporary environmental impacts ofinstalling pipelines and constructing reservoirs, however this option is rejected on thegrounds of economic cost and adverse long-term environmental and social impacts. Itwould mean a whole city with poor water supply quality. Under such conditions

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considerable adverse environmental impacts such as pollution, and poor healthconditions would increase and the prevailing environmental conditions will furtherdeteriorate.

Moreover, the economic benefits of the proposed project are greater than the cost ofnot implementing it; taking into account revenues from tariffs for water supply, thecost of the degradation of surface and ground water resources; the cost of treatingadditional water quantities to compensate for the high unaccounted for water; the highmaintenance cost for the aged water supply system; lost working days due to waterrelated diseases; cost of medical treatment; and costs of water supply by tankers.

6.2 Wastewater Collection and Treatment

Currently a wastewater collection system has been implemented for a small part ofShiraz serving about 8 percent of the City's population. The wastewater collected istransferred to the Emergency WWTP, currently under construction, and is thendischarged to a nearby earth channel, which finally discharges to Maharloo Lakewithout any treatment.

The remaining wastewater generated in the city is disposed of by on-site cesspits. Dueto the high level of ground water especially in the central and southem sections, thegeology and soil conditions, cesspits do not function properly and the ground waterhas become polluted. Also in some regions where wastewater disposal by cesspits isnot possible, wastewater is discharged onto nearby lands or directly into KhoshkRiver and the surrounding agricultural fields by tankers.

6.2.1 Option 1: No Project

The "do nothing" option is that of continuing with the status quo of using sewagewells for sewage disposal, with no further construction of sewer networks. Thissection compares this option with the proposed project.

6.2.1.1 Surface Water Pollution

This option would essentially lead to a continuation of the current surface andgroundwater problems described in Chapter 2 and Chapter 5. The situation can beexpected to deteriorate as the population of Shiraz (and particularly the populationdensity) increases. The sewage well system is so dispersed across the city that itwould be much more difficult to monitor and ensure levels of treatment.

The Khoshk and Soltanabad rivers, Qanats, and canals would continue to be pollutedby overflowing sewage wells and illicit discharges, and contain excessive quantities

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of pathogenic micro-organisms, organic matter, solids and potentially toxic elementssuch as heavy metals. The illicit uses of these water conduits would remainhazardous, resulting in the contamination of crops irrigated by the polluted waters. Itis unlikely that all these practices could be eliminated.

The plan of relocation of polluting industrial sources outside Shiraz will result in adecrease in industrial wastewater flows within the city, but some will remain. In manycases provision of on-site treatment would be difficult and failure to provide thisservice would result in pollution of canals or groundwater.

The water quality of Maharloo lake will continue to deteriorate; heavy metal build up,organic loads, and other pollutants will accumulate to cause sever damage to thelake's ecosystem and to destroy the little aquatic life that remains in the lake. Due toheavy metal build up, salt extraction operations for industrial purposes transmit healthrisks to those working in this industry or the end users of the salt.

6.2.1.2 Groundwater

Groundwater levels would continue to rise, causing increased building damage andwaterlogging. Of particular concern are the historical monuments of Shiraz, which arevulnerable to damage by increasing water table levels. Avoidance of waterloggingwould require greatly increased expenditure on pumping to lower the water table andmay not be feasible. Pollution of groundwater would also continue to increase,particularly from ammonia and nitrate nitrogen. This would either pose increasedhealth hazards to consumers or reduce the quantities of water available for drinking,for public baths, etc.

6.2.1.3 Agriculture

The lack of treated sewage effluent for re-use in irrigation of crops on the nearbyagricultural lands would result in the continuous state of using untreated sewage,pausing health hazards to workers and consumers alike. The loss of opportunity to usetreated sludge in agriculture, would result in continued use of commercial fertilizers athigher costs to the local farmers.

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6.2.1.4 Health

Incidences of water-related diseases such as ascariasis and shigellosis in Shiraz couldbe expected to remain high or even increase as the population increases. The costs ofworking days lost and remedial drugs consumed would remain high.


Not constructing the sewer network would avoid many of the adverse constructionimpacts associated with the project within the city (such as noise, disturbance, trafficinterruption, and dust). The Long Term WWTP site would be free for other uses, andthe high costs of concrete & steel requirements associated with construction aspectswould be avoided.

However the regular and widespread construction of sewage wells would still benecessary. This would cause localized disturbances, such as odours and flooding atlocations of high water table, and produce spoil which would need to be disposed of.

Though the WWTP site would not be needed for this option, a sizeable area of landwithin the city itself would be required for on-site sewage treatment. Considering landis much cheaper at the WWTP sites, the "do nothing" option would actually lead toinefficient use of land with consequential economic losses.

6.2.1.6 Management and Monitoring

Not constructing the wastewater collection and treatment system would result inincreased management intervention to address health related issues because ofwaterborne diseases. Furthermore, it would mean increased monitoring of MaharlooLake, Khoshk and Soltanabad Rivers to manage the contaminant levels in thesesurface water bodies.

The no project alternative would also result in increased public health management toaddress the increase in water borne diseases cases.

6.2.1.7 Economic Analysis

The economic consequences of not implementing the project are associated with thefollowing:

Cost of treating illnesses associated with water borne diseases caused by discharge ofraw sewage, such as diarrhoea, hepatitis type A, etc

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Cost of working days lost due to therapy which would be paid directly by individuals

and indirectly by the economy.

* Cost of using alternative irrigation sources instead of treated effluent

* Cost of using fertilizers instead of treated sludge

* Indirect costs of water treatment due to nitrates

* Costs of polluting water resources (eventual clean up and monitonrng)

* Indirect loss to economy associated with limitations on development, and thusaffecting internal investments

* Direct costs associated with the current system through provision of cesspoolswith regular spoil disposal by tankers. These cost can be estimated by thefollowing:

o Cost of digging the cesspits is 1,000,000 Rials. Cost of cesspit operation andmaintenance is estimated at 80,000 Rials per year

o Cost of emptying the cesspit is 220,000 Rials

Table 6.2 shows the costs of continuing with present methods of sewage disposal and

not implementing the project, though many benefits and costs are difficult to quantify.

Costs for the provision of sewage wells, medicines, and working days lost would be

paid directly by individuals and indirectly by the economy. It should be noted that

many of the positive benefits from implementing the project such as improved surface

water quality and decreased competition for water resources between public

consumption and agriculture have not been included.

6.2.1.8 Conclusions

This option is rejected on the grounds of both economic cost and adverse

environmental impacts (on water resources, surface water quality, groundwater levels

and quality and health).

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Table 6.2 Summarv of Costs of not Implementing the Proposed Sanitation Project

Net Present Value

No. Item Billion Million

Rials US$Medicines for water-borne and parasitic diseases (assuming that 50%

1 of the consumption of anti-parasitic drugs in Shiraz is related to water- 56.6 7.07borne disease.Lost working days (assumning a daily income of 40,000 Rials, that currently

2 0.5 working day per person per year is lost due to water-related disease, and 91.6 11.4this would be reduced 25% by the implementation of the project)Use of other water sources for irrigation of agricultural lands (40 65.3 8.16

L Mm3/yr at 65 Rials/m3).Use of artificial fertilizer instead of sludge on agricultural lands(assuming a market value of 10,000 rials/m3). 9.2_____

5 Cost of constructing & operating cesspits 2,891.3 361.4

6 Total 3,114 38918

6.3 Alternative Treatment Processes

This project has adopted the complete mix activated sludge treatment process for both

the Emergency WWTP and the Long Term WWTP. In this section the alternative

processes investigated in the feasibility study shall be explored and compared to each

other in terms of technical performance, costs, and environmental impact. As the

Emergency WWTP is currently under construction the alternatives were developed

for the Long Term WWTP; as such the discussion here will be limited to the Long

term WWTP. The design performance of the different alternatives shall be those

developed by the feasibility study of having an ultimate design capacity of 248,100

m3/day at an influent wastewater concentration of BOD5 250 mg/l and TSS

concentration of 315 mg/I. The effluent design criteria adopted is 20 mg/l for BOD5

and 30 mg/l for TSS.

6.3.1 Complete Mix Activated Sludge Plant

Under this option, the plant is designed to produce secondary effluent quality for

reuse in agriculture following disinfection. The sludge treatment scheme is designed

to have sludge quality suitable for reuse in agriculture. The complete process

description of the plant and relevant design parameters is included in Chapter 2 and

can also be reviewed from the feasibility study. The main features and design

performance of the plant are presented below.

It is to be noted that due to the multiple arrangement of the modules, and the inherent

property of the activated sludge process to handle variable load conditions, the system

has high flexibility, compared to other systems.

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6.3.1.1 System Design

The design is comprised of five modules, each having a capacity of 50,000 m3/day

and consisting of:

* The inlet works; comprising of lift station, two aerated grit chambers 30 m2 each

* Four primary clarifiers 20 m diameter

* Four anaerobic selector units 78 m2 each by 5 m depth.

* Four aeration tanks 10,800 m3 each and 4 m deep

* Four sedimentation tanks 30 m diameter each

* Chlorine tank in two compartments, 780 m3 each

* Chlorination equipment

* Sludge blending tank 223 m3, 9 m diameter

* Two sludge thickeners 14 m diameter

* Four anaerobic digesters 1600 m3 capacity, 15 m diameter each

* Biogas storage tank 50 m2

* Dewatering plant consisting of belt filters having a capacity of 7200 kg/day

* Total built up area 10 ha

* Total installed power 3100 kw

* Lime Consumption: 6110 tons/year

* Chlorine Consumption: 677 tons/year

* Polymer Consumption: 71.4 tons/year

* BOD5 removal efficiency 88%

* Sludge concentration following dewatering 25%

Also the design includes for a sludge storage area of 20 Ha for compliance with WHO

standards; for the purpose of this chapter sludge storage area requirements for the

different altematives shall not be investigated. However, various treatment processeswill have different sludge production rates requiring different sludge storage areas.

Sludge production by the complete mix activated sludge process is highest among allother altemative processes, and thus would require the largest drying area. In all

instances, the total land requirement by the complete mix activated sludge system

would still be the smallest as will be demonstrated in the proceeding paragraphs.

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6.3.1.2 Proposed Site and Ground Conditions

The total land area required for the above option is about 25 hectares (800 m by 300m) as shown on Drawing No. SWWS -IR-40, annex C.

6.3.1.3 Power

Power consumption would be 16,000,000 KWh per annum. There would be 2 diesel

standby generators giving a total output of 1.2 MW to provide sufficient power for

operation of the essential plant and equipment during any power supply failures.

6.3.1.4 Quantities of Treated Sludge for Disposal

The above system should produce a pathogen-free sludge cake containing about 25%

dry solids before long term drying. The expected volume of sludge for disposal is

46,800 cubic meters per year (12,400 dry tonnes per year, or a weight including water

of about 49,600 tonnes per year).

6.3.1.5 Materials

The construction of the wastewater treatment plant would involve 150,000 m3

excavation, 161,000 m3 of concrete and 14,000 tons of steel.

6.3.1.6 Staffing

The wastewater treatment plant would require highly experienced personnel for

operating it. From the technical point of view a plant manager would be required,

operations manager, maintenance manager, chemist, electrical and mechanical

foremen. Other staff would be required for administrative purposes as well as

technicians, helpers, security, etc. Thus relatively large number of personnel will be

required due to:

* Expertise required for process control

* Continuous monitoring of process control parameters

* Regular preventive maintenance and periodic maintenance operations due to thelarge number of electro-mechanical equipment.

* Regular operating jobs for running the plant particularly chemical operations andmachinery adjustment and checking.

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6.3.1.7 Schedule

The facility is expected to be developed in stages. The total construction time is

estimated at 10.5 years.

6.3.1.8 Impact on Local Population

The impacts of disturbance, noise, and dust on the area adjacent to the site would be

moderate since the site is located some 1 km from the planned industrial zone.

Residential areas would not be affected since the closest village is some 3 km away.

Potential odour emissions may occur from the preliminary treatment operations andfrom thickeners. Careful operation of the plant will minimize the odour emissions and

will keep them localized to the site at acceptable levels. Impact of odours on

residential areas and nearby development is not foreseen.

6.3.1.9 Impacts on the Cultural Environment

No negative impact is anticipated.

6.3.1.10 Impacts on Surface Waters

The overall effect of the plant is to improve the surface quality of the City's rivers and

Maharloo Lake, which receive considerable pollutants from domestic sources. Due to

the high efficiency of the activated sludge process, the impact of the residual

constituents on the lake's waters during the wet season is marginal as described in

chapter 5.

6.3.1.11 Impacts on Groundwater

It is unlikely that any appreciable fluids be discharged from the plant to the ground,

since all process water, including effluent are conveyed in pipes or lined conduits.

6.3.1.12 Impacts on Agriculture

Local farmers and those involved in the agricultural sector would benefit

tremendously from the development of the treatment plant due to the availability of

good quality irrigation water and treated sludge for reuse as a fertilizer. As describedin earlier chapters it is anticipated that 2900 hectares per year would benefit fromeffluent reuse and 1550 hectares would benefit from sludge reuse.

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6.3.1.13 Impacts on Health

Impacts on health would be restricted to those who are attending the sight. Although

the plant will be designed to include all required safety provisions, but like any other

development facility involving chemical use, electrical power, process water, etc there

is slight risk to health due to negligence. There maybe a minor impact on health due

to aerosols caused by the action of the diffused aerators. Careful compliance with

safety procedures would ensure that accidents are minimal.

6.3.1.14 Impacts on Climate

The predicted evaporation losses are small in comparison to the atmospheric water

cycle and would have little impact on climate as discussed in chapter 5.

6.3.1.15 Impacts on the Biological Environment

There are no known protected or important species of flora or fauna which are likely

to be affected by the construction of the activated sludge system.

6.3.1.16 Construction and Operational Costs

The construction and operation costs are shown in detail in the proceeding sections.

However it is important to point out to the following:

* The complete mix activated sludge system requires less land compared to othersystems, accordingly the cost of land is the least compared with other treatmenttechnologies.

* Operating personnel would have to be highly trained and in sufficient numbers torun the plant, therefore human resources cost will be higher than other systems.

* Plant operation and maintenance will be higher than other systems since theprocess is energy intensive and require continuous chemical addition. Furthermorespare parts costs and replacement costs will be higher due to the electricalmachinery involved.

* Capital cost is relatively high due to the electro mechanical parts and quantity ofconcrete civil works.

6.3.2 Sewage Treatment Using Waste Stabilization Ponds

The feasibility study considered the use of waste stabilization ponds for proposed

project instead of the conventional activated sludge process. Under this option, the

construction of the sewer network, and the incoming main trunk to the plant would be

the same as for the proposed project. Waste stabilization ponds are a series of shallow

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earthen basins through which sewage flows without mechanical aeration or mixing.

The ponds would be used instead of the treatment plant at WWTP.


A waste stabilization pond system designed for Stage I flows would consist of:

* An inlet works as for the proposed project;

* 40 anaerobic ponds 60 m by 60 m by 4 m deep;

* 60 facultative ponds 290 m by 140 m by 2 m deep;

* Chlorination equipment as for the proposed project.

* Total built up area 275 ha

* Total installed power 650 kw

* Chlorine Consumption: 677 tons/year

* BOD5 removal efficiency 88%

Sludge would be produced in the anaerobic ponds. These would be operated on a 4

year rotation, with 9 of these in operation at a time and 3 used for storing sludge forone year per module. The anaerobic ponds would be lined with concrete to facilitate

the removal of sludge. The facultative ponds embankments would be protected with

concrete to prevent erosion due to wave action and to prevent the growth of

vegetation at water level. Also the bottom of the facultative ponds would be concreted

to prevent seepage due to the high water table. Sludge thickening and digestion

equipment would not be needed.

6.3.2.2 Proposed Site

The total land area required for the above option is about 275 hectares (2700 m by

1000 m). The proposed site of the Long Term Wastewater treatment plant is

inadequate for this.

6.3.2.3 Pathogen Removal

Stabilization ponds normally include maturation ponds for reduction of pathogenic

organism, such as faecal bacteria and viruses. In this instance, the feasibility study did

not include maturation ponds; hence chlorination of the treated effluent would berequired all year long.

The design criteria for waste stabilization ponds assume that the WHO standard of

less than one intestinal nematode egg per litre will be achieved. Evidence from

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investigations of operational waste stabilization pond systems indicates that the

necessary degree of helminthes removal will be achieved provided that the design

criteria are observed. The total retention time of the proposed system, 22 days, is

sufficient for the removal of intestinal nematode eggs without tertiary treatment.

6.3.2.4 Power

The total installed power requirement for works including the effluent pumping

station would be 650 kW. Power consumption would be 7000 MWh per annum. The

stabilization pond system requires the least amount of power among all the

alternatives.

6.3.2.5 Evaporation from Waste Stabilization Ponds

The total surface area of water across the site envisaged for 2027 design year is over

244 hectares, so a considerable quantity of water could be lost by evaporation. Taking

rainfall into account, it is predicted that 4.3 Mm 3 of water would be lost each year (a

mean of 19,000 m3/d or 9 % of the total flow). Perhaps more seriously, the predicted

mean daily water loss during the month of peak irrigation water requirement, June, is

57,000 m3/d, or 27 % of the total raw sewage flow.

Thus the predicted average yearly effluent flow from the waste stabilization pond

system is 231,000 m3/day, about 91 % of the raw sewage flow.


The above system should produce a pathogen-free sludge cake containing about 50%

dry solids. The expected volume of sludge for disposal is 40,000 cubic meters per

year; which is less than the sludge production of the proposed project by 15%.

6.3.2.7 Materials

The waste stabilization pond WWTP would require 2,800,000 m3 of excavation,

315,000 m3 of concrete and 14,000 tonnes of steel. The ponds would have to be

constructed partly above ground due to the shallow water table. There would be

considerably lower requirement for imported specialized equipment than for the

proposed project.

Among the alternatives investigated, this system would require the least manpower

involvement and expertise. Nonetheless professional staff would still be required,

which would include plant manager, maintenance manager, chemist, electrical and

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mechanical foremen. Other staff would be required for administrative purposes aswell as technicians, helpers, security, etc. The main tasks of the plant personnel wouldbe:

* Periodic process control

* Continuous monitoring of process control parameters* Regular preventive maintenance and periodic maintenance operations of influentpumping system

* Regular operating jobs for running the plant

6.3.2.8 Schedule

The timescale for construction of the system would be 10 years in five stages


It is not envisaged that this treatment plant would cause relocation of people or causemajor disturbance to the residents of nearest community since the closest village is 3km from the plant. However, considering the vast area of land that that this systemrequires, and due to flies, odors, as discussed below, potential impacts on the intendeddevelopment of the industrial zone will occur.

Given the nature of the soil and the climate, dust may be a problem to the industrialzone to be developed during construction. Given the scale of the proposed project, itmay be difficult to control dust nuisance.

Anaerobic and facultative waste stabilization ponds can produce strong odors,particularly hydrogen Sulphide, if they are operated at incorrect loadings. The designspresented above use loading rates which should avoid this problem.


The impact on the cultural environment would be the same is that for the project.


The impact on Maharloo Lake could be higher than that of the project, since algaemay grow in the ponds, if not properly controlled, and consequently be discharged viathe effluent in the lake. This will cause a visual impact to the lake, and odor nuisance.

Although effluent total dissolved solids concentration in stabilization ponds, would behigher than that of the project due to evaporation losses; however the total mass

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loading rate would be nearly the same, since the flow quantities are reduced.Therefore dissolved solids impact on the lake would be the same as that of the project.


The feasibility study has considered the stabilization ponds to be lined, hence it isunlikely that any appreciable fluids be discharged from the plant to the ground, sinceall process water, including effluent are conveyed in pipes or lined conduits.

If sludge is stored on site temporarily or for long term, care will have to be taken toensure that leachate does not pollute any adjoining water course or groundwater.


Evaporation and seepage from the ponds would result in a smaller quantity of effluentbeing available for irrigation, and hence, smaller agricultural benefits than for theproposed project. Also it should be noted that due to evaporation, the salinity levels inthe effluent would be higher, and therefore the quality of the irrigation water would beinferior to that of the project.

6.3.2.14 Impact on Health

The possibility that species of Culex mosquitoes may use the open tracts of water asbreeding sites has been considered in the design criteria for the use of the wastestabilization pond system. Mosquito larvae require still water to allow theirdevelopment. The only parts of ponds which can provide such an environment are thebanks which become covered with debris or overgrown with grass or emergentvegetation. Mosquito nuisance can be avoided by the instigation of suitablemaintenance procedures (regular cutting of grass around ponds and removal of debris)


Though the predicated evaporation loss is a significant part of the sewer flow, it isthought that these quantities are small in comparison to the atmospheric water cycleand would have little impact on climate.


There are no known protected or important species of flora or fauna affected by theconstruction of the ponds.

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6.3.2.17 Technical Performance

The stabilization pond system is not subject to shock loads due to the considerablewater body available, and as such the system has higher reliability than the proposedproject in this respect. However the system is very much temperature dependent withdecreased efficiencies during the colder months. Therefore under unexpectedsustained low temperatures that are below design values, the plant effluent qualitywould deteriorate.

6.3.2.18 Land use

Given the large area that has to be developed for the project, large areas of goodagricultural lands will have to be acquired.

6.3.2.19 Visual Impact & landscape structure

Due to the large areas required and due to shallow water table, most of the ponds willhave to be built above grade. Since the site is flat the ponds will be built on fillmaterial, and thus will be visible from a distance, and will cause a marked change inthe original landscape structure.

6.3.2.20 Costs

The construction and operation costs are shown in detail in the proceeding sections.However it is important to point out to the following:

* The stabilization pond system has the highest land requirements among thealternatives.

* Operating skills for the stabilization system are the least demanding among theother systems due to system's operational simplicity.* Mechanical equipment is minimal for this system. Thus capital costs are lowerthan the activated sludge system, and the aerated lagoon system.

6.3.3 Sewage Treatment Using Aerated Lagoons

The feasibility study considered the use of aerated lagoons for the proposed projectinstead of the conventional activated sludge process. Under this option, theconstruction of the sewer network, and the incoming main trunk to the plant would besame as for the proposed project. Aerated lagoons are series of shallow earthen basinsthrough which sewage flows within mechanical aeration.

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An aerated lagoon system designed for the proposed Long term capacity wouldconsist of:

* An inlet works as for the proposed project;* 45 aerated lagoons 153 m by 153 m by 3.3 m deep;* 15 sedimentation basins 175 m by 153 m by 2.5 m deep;* 15 polishing ponds 153 m by 135 m by 1.6 m deep; and* Chlorination equipment as for the proposed project.* Total built up area 180 ha

* Total installed power 11650 kw* Chlorine Consumption: 677 tons/year* BOD5 removal efficiency 91%

Sludge would accumulate in the sedimentation basins. These would be operated on a4 year rotation, with 12 of these in operation at a time and 3 used for storing sludgefor one year. The aerated lagoons will be lined with concrete to prevent scouring. Thesedimentation basins would be lined with concrete to facilitate the removal of sludge.The polishing ponds embankments would be protected with concrete to preventerosion due to wave action and to prevent the growth of vegetation at water level.Also the bottom of the polishing ponds would be concreted to prevent seepage due tothe high water table. Sludge thickening and digestion equipment would not be needed.Also the generated sludge quantities are considerably lower than those generated bythe proposed project.

6.3.3.2 Proposed Site

The total land area required for the above option is about 180 hectares (1500 m by1200 m). The proposed site of the Long Term Wastewater treatment plant isinadequate for this.

6.3.3.3 Power

The total installed power requirements for the entire plant works including theinfluent pumping station would be 11,650 kW. Power consumption would be 107,000MWh per annum, which is much higher than that of the proposed project.

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6.3.3.4 Evaporation and Seepage from Aerated Lagoons

The total surface area of water across the site envisaged for the ultimate Design isover 180 hectares, so a considerable quantity of water could be lost by evaporation.Taking rainfall into account, it is predicted that 4.5 Mm 3 of water would be lost eachyear (5 % of the total flow).

Thus the predicted effluent flow from the waste stabilization pond system is 236,000m3/d that is 95 % of the raw sewage flow.


The above system should produce a pathogen-free sludge cake containing about 50%dry solids. The expected volume of sludge for disposal is 148,000 cubic meters perfour year (74,000 dry tonnes per four year), which is less than the sludge productionof the proposed project by 21%.

6.3.3.6 Materials

The aerated lagoon WWTP would require 2,237,000 m3 excavation, 23,000 m3 ofconcrete and 10,000 tons of steel.

6.3.3.7 Staffing

The wastewater treatment plant would require less experienced personnel for itsoperation than the proposed project. In comparison with the stabilization pond, thelevel of staff experience would be more. Therefore, professional staff would still berequired, which would include plant manager, maintenance manager, chemist,electrical and mechanical foremen. Other staff would be required for administrativepurposes as well as technicians, helpers, security, etc. The main tasks of the plantpersonnel would be:

* Periodic process control

* Continuous monitoring of process control parameters* Regular preventive maintenance and periodic maintenance operations of electro-mechanical equipment.

* Regular operating jobs for running the plant

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6.3.3.8 Schedule

The timescale for construction of the system would be as for the waste stabilizationpond option.


The impacts of relocation, disturbance, noise, and dust on the plant vicinity areawould be similar to those described for the waste stabilization pond option, though notas large, since a smaller area of land would be required.

The most likely source of odour would be the decomposition of settled sludge insedimentation basins. The minimum water depth above the sludge layer must be atleast 1.8 m in warm climates. This figure would be accommodated in the design ofponds in this location, so odour nuisance is unlikely to be of concern.


These would be the same as for the waste stabilization pond option.


The impact of the aerated lagoon on this Maharloo Lake would be marginally lessthan that caused by the proposed project due to the slight increase in systemefficiency. However in the instance algae growth is not controlled at the plant, thisissue could cause a visual impact to the lake.


Impacts on groundwater would be same as for the waste stabilization pond option.


Evaporation from the maturation ponds would result in a slightly smaller quantity ofeffluent being available for irrigation, and hence, smaller agricultural benefits than forthe proposed project.


The risk of mosquito breeding in sedimentation basins and polishing ponds could beavoided by the instigation of suitable maintenance procedures (regular cutting of grass

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around ponds and removal of debris). All health benefits within Shiraz would be sameas for the proposed project.


The predicted evaporation losses are small in comparison to the atmospheric watercycle and would have little impact on climate.


There are no known protected or important species of flora or fauna which are likelyto be affected by the construction of the aerated lagoon system.


The lagoon system is not subject to shock loads due to the considerable availablewater body, and as such the system has higher reliability than the proposed project.However the system is very much temperature dependent with decreased efficienciesduring the colder months. Therefore under unexpected sustained low temperaturesthat are below design values, the plant effluent quality would deteriorate.

6.3.3.18 Land use

Given the large area that has to be developed for the project, large areas of goodagricultural lands will have to be acquired; however these would be less thanstabilization ponds.

6.3.3.19 Visual Impact & landscape structure

Due to the large areas required and due to shallow water table, most of the lagoonswill have to be built above grade. Since the site is flat the lagoons will be built on fillmaterial, and thus will be visible from a distance, and the original landscape structurewill be changed. In this instance, however the anticipated impact will be less than thatfor the stabilization ponds.

6.3.3.20 Costs

The construction and operation costs are shown in detail in the proceeding sections.However it is important to point out to the following:

* The lagoon system requires less land compared to the stabilization pond, but moreland than the proposed project and the DPMC.

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* Operating personnel would have to be professionally trained and in sufficientnumbers to run the plant, therefore human resources cost will be higher thanstabilization ponds, but less than the proposed project.* Mechanical equipment is comprised of surface aerators and pumps. Thereforeplant operation and maintenance requirements will be less than those for theproposed project, but greater than those for stabilization ponds. The energyconsumption however will be higher than both activated sludge system andstabilization ponds.

* Capital cost is the highest among the alternatives due to the mechanical equipmentcost and extensive construction requirements.

6.3.4 Dual Power Multi Cellular Lagoon System (DPMC)

The feasibility study considered the use of DPMC system which is a variation of theaerated lagoon system. It involves the use of complete mixed aerated lagoons in serieswith facultative lagoons followed by polishing lagoons. Under this option, theconstruction of the sewer network, and the incoming main trunk to the plant would besame as for the proposed project.


A DPMC system designed for the proposed Long term capacity would consist of:

* An inlet works as for the proposed project;* 15 complete mix lagoons 107 m by 107 m by 3 m deep;* 30 facultative partial mix lagoons 107 m by 155 m by 2.5 m deep;* 15 polishing ponds 156 m by 107 m by 2 m deep; and* Chlorination equipment as for the proposed project.* Total built up area 95 ha

* Total installed power 1590 kw* Chlorine Consumption: 677 tons/year* BOD5 removal efficiency 90%

Sludge would accumulate in the facultative lagoons. These would be operated on afour year rotation, with 6 of these in operation at a time and 2 used for storing sludgefor one year. The aerated and facultative lagoons will be lined with concrete toprevent scouring. The polishing ponds embankments would be protected withconcrete to prevent erosion due to wave action and to prevent the growth ofvegetation at water level. Also the bottom of the polishing ponds would be concretedto prevent seepage due to the high water table. Sludge thickening and digestion

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equipment would not be needed as they would occur in the facultative lagoons. Alsothe generated sludge quantities are considerably lower than those generated by theproposed project.

6.3.4.2 Proposed Site and Ground Conditions

The total land area required for the above option is about 95 hectares (1200 m by 800m). The proposed site of the Long Term Wastewater treatment plant is inadequate forthis.

6.3.4.3 Power

The total installed power requirements for the entire plant works including theinfluent pumping station would be 1590 kW. Power consumption would be 43,000MWH per annum, much higher than for the proposed project.

6.3.4.4 Evaporation from Aerated Lagoons

The total surface area of water across the site envisaged for the ultimate Design isover 92 hectares, so a considerable quantity of water could be lost by evaporation, butwould remain less than the aerated lagoons. Taking rainfall into account, it ispredicted that 2.6 Mm 3 of water would be lost each year (2 % of the total flow).Thus the predicted effluent flow from the waste stabilization pond system is 245,000m3/d, which amounts to 98 % of the raw sewage flow.


The above system should produce a pathogen-free sludge cake containing about 50%dry solids. The expected volume of sludge for disposal is 148,000 cubic meters peryear (74,000 dry tonnes per year), which is equal to the sludge volumes produced inthe lagoon system and smaller than the sludge production of the project by 21 %

6.3.4.6 Materials

The DPMC WWTP would require 875,000 m3 excavation, 120,000 m3 of concreteand 7200 tons of steel.

6.3.4.7 Staffing

The wastewater treatment plant would require less experienced personnel for itsoperation than the proposed project. The personnel at the DPMC would be similar to

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those at the aerated lagoons, and the tasks that would be conducted will generally beof the same complexity.

6.3.4.8 Schedule

The timescale for construction of the system would be less than that for the wastestabilization pond option by nearly two years.


The impacts of relocation, disturbance, noise, and dust on the plant vicinity areawould be similar to those described for the waste stabilization pond and aeratedlagoon option, though not as large, since a smaller area of land would be required.The most likely source of odour would be the decomposition of settled sludge infacultative lagoons. The minimum water depth above the sludge layer must be at least1.8 m in warm climates. This figure would be accommodated in the design of pondsin this location, so odour nuisance is unlikely to be of concem.


These would be as for the waste stabilization pond option.


The impact of the DPMC on the surface waters of Maharloo Lake will be very similarto that of the aerated lagoon; however evaporation from this system would be less dueto the smaller surface areas.


Impacts on groundwater would be same as for aerated lagoon option.


Evaporation and seepage from the maturation ponds would result in a slightly smallerquantity of effluent being available for irrigation, and hence, smaller agriculturalbenefits than for the proposed project.


The risk of mosquito breeding in maturation ponds could be avoided by theinstigation of suitable maintenance procedures (regular cutting of grass around ponds

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and removal of debris). This risk is less than that of the aerated lagoon system due tothe smaller areas. All health benefits within Shiraz would be same as for the proposedproject.


The predicted evaporation losses are small in comparison to the atmospheric watercycle and would have little impact on climate.


There are no known protected or important species of flora or fauna which are likelyto be affected by the construction of the aerated lagoon system.


The DPMC is very similar in performance to the aerated lagoon system.

6.3.4.18 Land use

The impact on land use would be much smaller than that of aerated lagoons due to thesmaller site area.

6.3.4.19 Visual Impact

Similar to aerated lagoons, this system will cause visual impact, however to a muchsmaller scale due to the smaller land area requirement.

6.3.4.20 Costs

The construction and operation costs are shown in detail in the proceeding section.However it is important to point out to the following:

* The lagoon system requires less land compared to the stabilization pond andaerated lagoons, but more land than the proposed project.* Operating personnel requirement would be very similar to the aerated lagoonoption.

* Mechanical equipment is comprised of surface aerators and pumps. Thereforeplant operation and maintenance requirements will be less than those for theproposed project, but greater than those for stabilization ponds. The energyconsumption will be higher than the proposed project and the stabilization ponds.* Capital cost will be the lowest among the altematives

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6.3.5 Comparison of Sewage Treatment Process Alternatives

The feasibility study contains an economic analysis of four sewage treatment options;the proposed project using a conventional activated sludge system and the threeprocesses described in the preceding sections. A summary of the financial analysis,using market prices currently ruling in Iran, is presented in Table 6.3. These costsinclude the provision of WWTPs themselves and provision for effluent and sludgereuse. Also the recurrent costs considered include power, staffing, consumables. Thebenefits are those accruing from production of irrigation water (treated effluent) andfertilizer (treated sludge).

Table 6.3 Summary of Financial Analysis of Options in Sewage Treatment

Sewage Process TreatmentFinancial l__

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

costs (millions Conventional Wasteof Dollars at Activated Stabilization Aerated

mid-2003 sludge DPMCprices) (proposed Ponds Lagoons

project) l

Capital Cost -44 -41 -49 -37

Recurrent

Cost (per -2.9 -2.2 -3 -2.3year)

Benefits0.5 0.3 0.3 0.35(per year)

l

Net recurrent-2.4 -1.9 -2.7 -1.95

The three alternative sewage treatment processes are shown to have land requirementsthat exceed the available land size.

The three alternative sewage treatment processes are shown to have inferior technicalperformance to that offered by the activated sludge system due to its flexibility andreliability.

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The alternative of sewage treatment using waste stabilization ponds is rejected on thefollowing grounds:

* Land requirements are very high and cannot be accommodated by the size ofavailable land* Potential adverse impacts on close developments due to possible odour emissions* Substantially reduced effluent quantities available for reuse in agriculture due toevaporation and seepage.

* Adverse visual impact and substantial changes to original landscape structure* Loss of agricultural land;

Waste stabilization ponds are normally characterized by lower capital equipment costsand recurrent cost (particularly energy and manpower) but higher land costs thanactivated sludge systems. The viability of this option therefore, is highly sensitive tothe cost of land and the environmental impact of its use as stabilization ponds. In thisinstance the cost of land is high due to the agricultural value of the land, andfurthermore the environmental impacts are by far higher than the impacts of theactivated sludge process.

The alternative of sewage treatment using aerated lagoons is rejected based on thegrounds:

* Land requirements cannot be accommodated

* It would entail much higher economic costs than the alternative of using wastestabilization ponds or the proposed project, due to the high running cost attributedto energy consumption, whilst incurring the same adverse environmental impactsof the stabilization pond. Most of the greatly increased recurrent economic costsare attributable to the provision of aeration.

The alternative of sewage treatment using DPMC is rejected on the grounds that thiswould entail higher energy costs than the proposed project, with greaterenvironmnental impacts. More importantly, the land requirements also exceed the sizeof land available.

6.4 Other Alternatives Explored

A number of other alternatives have been explored. These include:

* On-site sanitation.

This option has been described partly in the 'no project' discussion, but it should befurther mentioned that the government has already initiated the construction of an

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Emergency wastewater treatment plant and various sections of the trunk main arebeing implemented, which would offer a more feasible and reliable method forsewage disposal to house owners. Furthermore, the performance of such systems hasproved to be unsatisfactory due to the resulting contamination of ground water andfrequent flooding of cesspits induced by the high water table in Shiraz.

Hence, the option of on-site sanitation is rejected.

* Decentralized treatment

The DOE has set limitations on the construction of treatment plants within the city.Therefore decentralized treatment plants would have to be located outside the citylimits. Since the Emergency WWTP is currently being constructed, the option ofhaving more than one plant in lieu of the Long Term WWTP was explored during thefeasibility study. It was rejected based on the following grounds:

* The increased cost of influent trunk mains to each treatment plant

* The increased cost of outfalls from each treatment plant to the end disposal pointat Maharloo Lake.

* The prohibitive cost and the difficulty of finding suitable sites for the differentdecentralized plants.

* The potential adverse impacts associated with development of these facilities.

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- - - - - - - -


7. Environmental Management Plan

7.1 Objectives of the Environmental Management Plan

The main objective is to address all the major environmental issues satisfactorily. Themajor environmental issues have been identified earlier in Section 5, Impacts of theProject. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) covers mitigation measures,monitoring, and institutional strengthening for effective implementation (duringconstruction and operation). These are designed to eliminate or minimize adverseenvironmental and social impacts. It also identifies actions needed to implement themitigation measures by (a) identifying a set of responses to be taken; (b) determinerequirements for ensuring that those responses are made effectively in a timelymanner; and (c) describe the means for meeting those requirements.

The purpose of the EMP is to ensure that the defined objectives of the Shiraz WaterSupply and Sanitation Project are achieved whilst preventing or minimizing anypotentially adverse environmental impacts. The EMP will be carefully coordinatedwith the construction programme of the project, to ensure that each relevantmitigative measure is implemented at the most appropriate time and that resources areefficiently allocated.

Baseline In formation

In order to properly gauge the performance of the project as a whole and to set thefuture direction of developments, the situation will be fully monitored and comparedwith the established baseline. Each issue to be affected by the project has beenidentified and a programme of monitoring has been designed to efficiently establish adatum for future changes. Areas of concern will not only include the quality aspectsof water and soil, but also social issues, agricultural production, general public health,and the economic well-being of the community.

Monitoring

It is important to realize that while the collection of data is necessary, the informationgained must be useful. There is no advantage in collecting a wide range of data, if ause for it has not been defined. Programmes and procedures for monitoring have beendeveloped taking full consideration of economic and physical restrictions and budgetallowances.

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7.2 Mitigation Measures

7.2.1 Construction Phase

During the construction of the project particularly the sewerage and water supplynetwork, the potential for causing disruption to public activities is the greatest.Monitoring during this stage will need to be continuous and will cover traffic impacts,noise and dust nuisances, disposal of spoil, and safety. Public liaison would have to bemaintained.

The conditions of the contracts will include requirements for the work to beperformed as per international specifications. If the contracts are properly preparedand supervised, then disturbance will be minimized. Monitoring of the impacts duringconstruction will be undertaken by the Environment and Safety Officer (ESO) in theTechnical Support Unit as part of their contract supervisory duties, and Department ofEnvironment. Dedicated and fully trained personnel will be appointed to carry out thismonitoring.

Monthly reports will be submitted to the SWWC on the environmental impacts ofconstruction with recommendations for dealing with any problems includingcorrective actions that should be taken.

Noise

During construction, all feasible measures (mentioned below) will be undertaken inorder to minimize the impacts of noise on the community. These measures willinclude:

* Selection of up to date, well maintained plant with reduced noise levels ensuredby suitable built-in damping;

* Further screening of plant equipment such as air compressors and dewateringpumps, particularly in the streets of Shiraz by the use of sandbags, wherenecessary;

* Providing residents with advance warning of construction activities;* Confining noisy work to normal working hours in the day, wherever possible;* Providing the construction workers with suitable hearing protection and training

them in its use; and

* Restricting construction traffic movements during the night-time.These measures will be included in the contract documents and undertaken by thecontractor. The TSU will ensure that they are carried out as part of its contractsupervision function.

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Vibration

Vibration impacts from the construction phase will be mitigated by the followingmeasures:

* The use of appropriate equipment that is modem and well maintained;* Limiting the use of percussive equipment in the excavation of sewer trenches andtunnel shafts;

* The use of dead-weight rather than vibration compaction plant when compactingtrenches close to buildings;

* Providing supports for existing buildings that are likely to be disturbed ordamaged; and

* The location of works away from sensitive buildings.These measures will be included in the contract documents and undertaken by thecontractor. The TSU will ensure that they are carried out as part of its contractsupervision function.

As a precaution against excessive compensation claims for damage to property causedby vibration, a programme of pre-construction audits will be developed well inadvance of the construction programme by the TSU's site supervisory staff. Thisprogramme will involve the detailed inspection of all structures likely to be affectedby the project, in order to establish a baseline for defense or the minimization ofclaims. Particularly susceptible buildings will be carefully surveyed to determinesupport requirements for the prevention of damage. The subject of mitigationmeasures for archeological sites is dealt with separately in the proceeding sections.

Dust

The majority of dust problems caused by the construction of the project will bemitigated by the implementation by the contractor of a few simple procedures:* Construction activities causing dust will not be carried out on excessively windydays;

* Unsealed routes for earthmoving equipment and general transport will beregularly sprayed with water during dry weather;* Excavation workfaces will be sprayed with water;* Stockpiles of excavated material will be covered with tarpaulins or sprayed withwater during dry weather; and

* Construction employees will be provided with masks for protection against theinhalation of dust and be trained in their use.

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These measures will be included in the contract documents and undertaken by thecontractor. The TSU will ensure that these are carried out as part of its contractsupervision function. Rather than leaving the perception of nuisance from dust toindividuals, weather conditions in which precautions should be taken by thecontractor will be specified by the TSU and included in the contract documents.

Disruption

Disruption impacts will principally be experienced during the construction period andthese will be mitigated by the following measures:

* There will be liaison between the TSU and the transport, police, electricity,telephone, gas, and water supply authorities at an early stage;

* There will be coordinated planning of traffic diversions by the TSU, police andthe transport authorities and restrictions in accordance with the constructionprogramme, with advance warnings to the affected residents and road users;

* The continual services of the police will be used in the diversion and control oftraffic.

* The TSU will coordinate the planning and construction of the water supply andsanitation system with the construction of any other planned constructionactivities, in order to achieve efficiency of progress.

* The TSU will design and specify the construction works to minimize disruption.* The TSU will identify the locations of all qanats in the vicinity of the works.* Under the supervision of the TSU, the contractor will restrict the length of open

trenches and the amount of materials stored adjacent to the excavation works tothat necessary for construction.

Community Relations

By establishing good community relations, any disruption experienced by thecommunity should quickly become apparent and will consequently be resolved withdue consideration for the community's needs. By providing advance publicity on thework program and through the establishment of liaison arrangements betweenmembers of the public, contractors and the project team, any adverse public reactionto project nuisance can be minimized.

As construction contractors move into a residential area, the TSU will informresidents of the works to take place, their duration, and whom they should addresstheir complaints to. A procedure will be established to enable the public to complainabout excessive nuisance, disruption or disturbance due to the Shiraz Water Supplyand Sanitation Project. The public should be able to do so via both the PublicRelations Unit of the SWWC and the DOE-Fars Province.

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Water Pollution:

Construction activities can generate runoff, which would end in surface water bodiesor in underground water. The latter is likely to occur due to dewatering operationsbecause of the high water table. Measures to mitigate water pollution will include:

* Waste solvents, petroleum products, toxic chemicals or harmful solutions shall not

be disposed in the city's drainage system watercourse, or the two rivers. Solidwaste refuse shall be disposed off at Shiraz landfill or at other approved

designated areas. Construction sites shall be maintained in a sanitary condition atall times; rubbish, surplus spills, and litter shall be disposed off in a controlled andprompt manner.

* The Contractor shall dispose of all fluids and test pumping discharges in a mannerthat does not cause contamination or nuisance. He shall also be responsible tocontrol all run-offs, erosion, etc. Water pumped from the construction site shouldbe disposed of in an appropriate manner so as not cause nuisance or flooding tosurrounding properties.

* Works affecting surface water channels shall allow for the continuous supply ofwater to existing users. The Contractor shall take all reasonable measures tomaintain outflow and to avoid discoloration.

* Where a temporary reduction in downstream flow or discoloration by suspendedsolids from excavations is, in the opinion of SWWC, unavoidable, the Contractorshall make alternative arrangements for supplying water to all effected usersthroughout the period of flow reduction or discoloration.

* Where dewatering of trenches is to occur, care should be taken to ensure that bankcollapses do not occur so as to safeguard workers, the public and to preventstructural damage to properties.

Accidents and Emerjenay Cases:

Potential accidents during construction can be mitigated by adopting the followingmeasures:

* By training all employees in the areas of occupational health and safety prior totheir commencing work and regularly thereafter; any adverse effects on theirhealth and safety will be minimized.

* At the planning level, the design of the WWTP will include measures for

preventing attraction and breeding of pests. A regular eradication programme willbe carried out using the application of biodegradable pesticides at appropriatelevels.

* The contractor will ensure that construction employees are trained in safetyprocedures for all relevant aspects of construction and that these procedures are

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always adhered to. The TSU will make regular checks that the contractor is

following safe practices.

* In order to ensure that all work is carried out safely, every team employed by thecontractor or SWWC will be led by a fully trained supervisor with easy access toemergency services. In addition to this, an appropriate number of site personnelwill be trained in First Aid.

* Formal emergency procedures will be developed for each construction site for theevent of an accident.

* The safety of the public at all stages of the construction will be ensured byappropriate public education and safety measures such as the use of barriers, flags,and bollards.

* On all construction sites, first aid facilities will be provided in an accessiblelocation. The tender documents will include this provision, which will beimplemented by the Contractor. The TSU will make regular checks on all sites toverify this provision.

* Public access to the construction sites will be restricted. For this purpose, the siteswill be fenced where possible. Security guards will prevent unauthorized entry tothese sites.

These measures will be included in contract documents, and as such will be theresponsibility of the contractor. The TSU will ensure these activities are undertaken aspart of their supervisory function.

Traffic and Accessibility:

Many activities such as digging, excavating, pipe laying, transportation of primarymaterials, cause traffic disruption, some severance of pedestrian movement(particularly on footpaths) may limit access to shops, businesses, factories, etcespecially in the old and high density quarters of Shiraz. The following measures willmitigate such potentially disruptive impacts:

* The closure or partial closure of roads, walkways and other public areas will onlybe permitted if approved by the relevant authorities and the closure permit hasbeen issued. The Contractor shall detail for each closure the extent of area to beclosed, the reasons and duration of the closure and, where appropriate, proposeddiversion route. The Contractor shall exhibit the Closure Permit for inspection bySWWC if requested. SWWC shall have the right to order suspension of therelevant works if the Contractor does not produce the Closure Permit.

* Transportation of materials to and from construction sites will not be scheduledduring peak commuting hours, whenever possible.

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* The TSU will coordinate construction activities in the city with Shiraz policedepartment to reduce the traffic congestion around construction sites.Announcement about traffic restrictions will also be made public.

* The contractor will minimize the length of open trenches and amount of storedmaterials during excavation works to cause least disruption to traffic flow. TheTSU will check the implementation by regular supervision.

These measures will be included in contract documents, and as such will be theresponsibility of the contractor. The TSU will ensure that these activities areundertaken as part of their supervisory function.

Soil:

Activities such as excavation, landscaping, demolition, temporary storage of materialsand the clearing of the sites for the treatment plants can cause soil instability anderosion problems or soil contamination. The following measures will be taken by thecontractor to mitigate the potentially negative impacts of construction activities onsoil quality:

* Wherever possible filling or covering will be accomplished by using the sameexcavated material.

* Contaminated soil should be removed from the construction site to a properlandfill centers and not used as fill or cover at the construction sites.

* Vegetation clearance will be kept to minimum at wastewater treatment site.

* Trees and plants will be planted at WWTP site.

* Soil transport will be kept to minimum.

The TSU will regularly check the implementation of these measures.

Seismic Activity:

The potential impacts due to seismic activities are grave as described in the previouschapter. The destructive effects of earthquakes can be avoided at the planning phaseand construction phase of the project.

During the design phase, all structures, pipework, and other works that are subject todamage as a result of an earthquake, shall be designed to the Iranian seismic designcode and other complementary international design codes. All tender documents forthe design and construction works shall include this provision. Tender specificationsshall include QA/QC procedures for implementation during design and constructionof all works in compliance with applicable seismic codes.

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During construction phase, the Contractor shall comply with provisions of the designspecifications and the code requirements. All structures and piping shall beconstructed in strict adherence with Iranian code and the tender and designspecifications. The TSU will implement an extensive inspection procedure to verifythe compliance.

Solid Waste Disposal

Solid waste generated during construction consists mainly of demolition and buildingrubble, chemicals and road building material, containers and packaging for buildingmaterials as well as refuse material from site offices.

All solid wastes shall be temporarily stored at designated locations on the constructionsites. Appropriate sealed containers shall be used for storage whenever this isrequired. Solid waste materials shall be covered during transportation to the disposalfacility. The disposal facility shall be approved by TSU prior to any disposal.

Domestic and biodegradable waste shall be removed daily from the Site. Toxic andhazardous wastes shall be collected separately and be disposed of in accordance withcurrent regulations.

Recyclable materials such as oils and metals will be collected and delivered to anappropriate sorting facility. The TSU will specify the location of this facility in thetender documents.

Comprehensive procedures will be included in the construction tender documents toensure that safe and environmentally sound practices are followed by the contractor.The ESO will supervise the contractors' activities.

TSU will prepare a detailed plan to manage waste and soil spoil. The plan will includeprocedures of recording, reporting and interpretation of data in details. DOE willsupervise the implementation of the plan.

General Housekeeping:

* The Contractor shall maintain the Site and any ancillary areas used and occupiedfor performance of the Works in a clean, tidy and rubbish-free condition at alltimes.

* Upon the issuance of any Taking-Over Certificate, the Contractor shall clear awayand remove from the Site the Contractors' Equipment, surplus material, rubbishand temporary works of any kind, and shall leave the Site in a clean condition tothe satisfaction of SWWC.

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Visual Amenity

Activities such as excavation, pipe laying, storage of construction materials anddebris, workshops, general activities on construction sites can cause a significantvisual impact, particularly in areas with high levels of activities (such as community

facilities, shopping centers, religious centers and the like) and cultural andarcheological places. To mitigate potential impacts, the following measured will be

followed:

* Fences of workshops and construction facilities shall be built with appropriatematerials that blend with the surrounding environment;

* Immediately removing waste and construction debn's and soil wastes from theworks site.

* Planting suitable trees and plants during the construction phase at the treatmentplants site, water tanks and where appropriate within a 500m buffer distance ofthose sites to create a green belt. This will not only obscure construction activitiesbut will also be a permnanent landscape feature that will add visual aesthetic valueto the facility.

These measures will be included in contract documents and as such will be the

responsibility of the contractor. The TSU will ensure these activities are undertaken aspart of their supervisory function.

Archaeolozv and Chance Finds

Shiraz has many recorded archeological and historical sites. The implementation ofthe water and sanitation project will not require the demolition of any knownhistorical sites, nor will it directly affect any known archeological sites. On thecontrary, the project will have a positive environmental impact as it will eliminate theuncontrolled flows and discharges of wastewater adjacent to historical sites.

Mitigation measures were taken at the planning phase by a careful consideration ofworks site. The sitting of the all the project works was selected in close coordinationwith the Cultural Heritage Organization following several site visits so as to ensurethat these facilities are remotely located from the archeological and historical sites aswell as from areas where there is potential of finding archeological remains.

During final design stages, further site inspections will be conducted by surveyors and

archeologist to check the construction drawings in the field.

Furthermore, pre-tender conferences will be held to brief pre-qualified contractors on

the effective implementation of mitigation measures. The contractors will be briefedon: (i) chance find procedures, (ii) special procedures to be adopted in the vicinity of

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sites defined as requiring protection, (iii) penalties for non-compliance, and (iv)coordination with concerned authorities.

During the construction phase, the following mitigation measures shall be

implemented:

* An archaeologist should always be present in the historical quarters throughoutthe construction period for delicate observation.

* A group of competent archeologists in collaboration with the Cultural HeritageOrganization should be ready at all times for rescue excavations, so as not to delaythe construction process and to save and take control over all archeologicalfindings

* Any finding should be directly reported by the supervisor (Archeologist -Forman) to the responsible official authorities or the Cultural Heritage

Organization

* Construction works should be performed with suitable equipment. Use ofexplosives should be prohibited. Moreover, excavation should be monitoredespecially in delicate areas.

* To avoid extensive delays in an area with a high archeological findings potential,it is highly recommended to perform several soundings (Im x 2m to the neededdepth) supervised by an experienced archeologist enabling clearer perspectives ofthe archeological sites.

* If an archeological site or irremovable remains is discovered project activitiesshould be suspended and possible adjustments to the project design discussed andimplemented in order to prevent any loss of archeological and cultural remains.

The following "chance finding procedures" were developed in coordination with theofficial representative of the Cultural Heritage Organization and in compliance withthe Iranian regulations, and the World Bank Operational Policy on Cultural Property.The procedures should be included as standard provisions in construction contracts toensure the protection of cultural heritages. In any chance find, the procedures shouldbe directly executed. Chance find includes new archeological remains, antiquity orany other object of cultural or archeological importance, which is encountered duringthe project construction:

1. Stop construction activities

2. Delineate the discovered site or area

3. Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In case ofremovable antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard should be present untilthe responsible authorities take over

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4. Notify the responsible foreman/archeologist, who in tum should notify the

responsible authon'ties, the Cultural Heritage Organization and the local

authorities immediately (less than 24 hours)

5. Responsible authorities would be in charge of protecting and preserving the site

before deciding on the proper procedures to be carried out. This would require an

evaluation of the finding, which should be performed by the Cultural HeritageOrganization. The significance and importance of the findings should be assessedaccording to various criteria relevant to cultural heritage; those include the

aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values.

6. Decision on how to handle the finding should be reached, that could include

changes in the project layout (such as when finding an irremovable remain of

cultural or archeological importance), conservation, preservation, restoration, or

salvage.

7. Implementation of the authority decision conceming the management of the

finding.

8. Construction work could resume only when permission is given from the Cultural

Heritage Organization after the decision conceming the safeguard of the heritage

is fully executed.

Summara

The environmental mitigation measures discussed in the preceding sections aresummarized in table 7-1.

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Table 7-1: Environmental Mitigation Measures during the Construction Phase

Responsible OrganizationPotential Impacts Mitigation Measures

Performing QA/QC

Noise generation Restrict work to normal working hours; Contractor monitored DOEUse equipment with appropriate silencers; by ESO

Only run equipment when required.

Contractor monitoredGeneration of dust Employ dust suppression measures such as by ESO DOE

wetting and dust enclosures.

Traffic congestion Restrict movement of construction vehicles to Contractor monitored DOEand from the sites to normal working hours; by ESODiversion of traffic through suitable roads to theexpected traffic loading;Provision of adequate diversion signs;Minimizing lengths of open trench;Expeditious completion of backfill andreinstatement.

Damage to access roads Site access roads will be inspected regularly and Contractor monitored DOEand streets repairs made where necessary; by ESO

All roads and streets used for laying pipes willbe covered and paved.

Damage to archeological Application of protection measures in areas close Contractor monitored Culturalremains to existing historical sites; by Archeologist and Heritage

Implementation of Chance Find Procedures. ESO Organization

Water pollution Collect and dispose wastes, demolition and Contractor monitored DOEexcavated materials at appropriate locations; by ESORestrict surface runoff from the site.

Public safety and site Control access of unauthorized personnel; Contractor monitored DOEsecurity Provide pedestrian access; by ESO

Provide safety barriers and signs.

Air pollution Do not bum wastes on site; Contractor monitored DOERoutine maintenance of construction equipment by ESOand vehicles to minimize exhaust emissions

Generation of wastes Minimize wastes generated during construction Contractor monitored DOE

and reuse construction wastes where practicable; by ESOUse appropriate methods for the storage of wastematerials;Dispose of wastes to an appropriate site.

7.2.2 Operation Phase

During the operation of the project different mitigation measures for each projectcomponent will be required on an on-going basis. The operation mitigation measuresare outlined below.

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7.2.2.1 Water Project

Responsibility for undertaking mitigation measures during the operation will residewith the water facilities operator under the supervision of the SWWC.

Seismic Activitv

Critical mitigation measures are undertaken during the design and construction phase.The Safety and Environment officer will provide the needed procedures, as discussedin the next paragraph, to face the accidents in water facilities in case of an earthquake.Furthermore, monitoring of earthquake occurrence and intensity will be conducted bythe TSU, the WTO and WWTO by reviewing the data acquired at the earthquakemonitoring station at Doroudzan dam and other close centers for evaluation of theresulting impacts.

Incidents and Emer-encv Cases

Incidents during operation can involve accidental toxic gas emissions, pipe bursts,tank leakages, occupational hazards, all of which can lead to serious health risks if notaddressed and dealt with in an appropriate manner.

To ensure incidents and emergency cases are dealt with efficiently the followingmitigation measures will be implemented:

* SWWC will organize and mobilize rescue teams to respond to emergencyincidents in a timely and effective manner. Communication with the rescue teammust be reliable, manageable and available at all times. The rescue teams shouldbe located in close proximity to the water chlorination and storage facilities and beable to attend the sites of an incident within the City in the shortest possible timeperiod.

* Well equipped rescue teams with appropriate equipment will undertake periodicinspections of the systems so as to troubleshoot defects before an incident occurs.

* Training of professional staff in the fields of health and safety will take placebefore they commence work or operations. This would minimize the effects ofhealth and safety incidents.

* Public accessibility to the water supply facilities should be restricted. For thispurpose, water supply facilities especially storage reservoirs will be under thesupervision of SWWC guards.

* Both the operator and SWWC shall ensure that training in basic operationalprocedures is fulfilled by the concerned staff. Training will be conducted on anon-going basis so as to ensure that staff is aware of best practice procedures,changes to technology and emergency procedures that may occur throughout thelifetime of the project.

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* To assure proper safety procedures are followed, any subcontractor of the operatoror SWWC should be supervised by a well-trained supervisor who isknowledgeable of and have easy access to emergency services and rescue teams.

* All staff shall be provided with basic training in first aid procedures. The operatorwill appoint a health and Safety Officer who will have in depth knowledge of first

aid procedures.

* Formal procedures on how to respond to emergency cases for facilities should beprepared in the case of incidents. Summaries of these procedures should bedisplayed in key locations and near telephones so that immediate actions aretargeted for obtaining correct assistance in a timely manner. Co-ordination withfire services and hospital services should take place so that the information is keptup to date.

* A formal emergency preparedness plan against earthquakes should be prepared inconsultation with the MOHME, the Iranian Civil Defense and other concernedrelief agencies. This plan should address the emergency response procedures to befollowed by the water system operators and officials of SWWC in case of anearthquake. The plan shall detail the procedures before, dunrng, and after theearthquake, and shall elaborate on preparedness measures such as availability ofsurvival kits, fire extinguishers, securing of heavy items, power shutdown and gasisolation, safety measures, response of individuals, communications with othercolleagues and relief centers, and routine drills for emergency situations. All thetreatment plant staff shall be provided with a one day training workshop inearthquake emergency preparedness procedures.

* SWWC will assure that all operation and maintenance staff at the water supplyfacilities are well informed of the risks in operating the system and machinery. Allstaff must be trained in avoiding contamination of hygienic areas inside andoutside the facilities. Training is also vital to ensure that contamination of waterdoes not take place. All staff will be vaccinated by health officials to protect themagainst infectious diseases.

* Emergency procedures, especially for accidents involving emissions of chlorinegas will be provided to the operator staff and be presented on the displayedemergency procedures cards. A chlorine gas warning device will be providedwherever chlorine gas is used, chlorine storage rooms shall be equipped withautomatic exhaust ventilators discharging gas in a suitable location, emergencyshowers shall be installed outside rooms for emergency wash.

Water QuantitY:

The provision of adequate water supply quantities is one of the main objectives of theproject. To this end, adequate water supply quantities have been addressed at theplanning level, wherein the water supply components to be developed under the

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project will meet the water demand up to the year 2027. In fact the feasibility studyprojects that the water supply from well and surface water sources will exceed thedemand by 5458 m3/day at year 2027. Furthermore, the water supply facilities willinclude adequate storage facilities that are capable of meeting seasonal, daily, andpeak hourly demand. The supply network will be sized to provide the peak hourly raterequired by various consumers.

Mitigation measures during the operational phase will include:

* Responding to emergency leakage situations through an established procedure asdiscussed in the previous section.

* Reducing unaccounted for losses through a comprehensive monitoring plan, thatwill be discussed in the proceeding section. These monitoring programs willprohibit illegal connections to the water supply network and prevent systemleakages.

* The operator of the treatment plant, chlorination, and pumping facilities willadhere to the O&M maintenance procedures and manuals, and will conductregular maintenance and monitoring to ensure that adequate output is maintainedfrom these facilities. The TSU will check the plant's records and verify that properO&M operations are being undertaken

In all instances, SWWC will establish an emergency response program to addresscitizens' complaints in the shortest possible time. These complaints shall be attended,and appropriate mitigation action will be taken to restore water quantity. A reportwill be generated to document such incidents, and will be forwarded to SWWCmanagement for review and evaluation of future required action.

Water Ouality:

The provision of safe and compliant water supply quality is one of the main objectivesof the project. To this end, the water quality of available resources (well and surfaceresources) have been evaluated and were found to be in compliance with WHO andIranian drinking water quality standards after appropriate treatment.

The surface water treatment process will ensure the elimination of bacteriologicalcontamination, and the removal of turbidity and the ground water will be chlorinatedto eliminate any microbial concentration. During project implementation, acontinuous monitoring program will be implemented at the treatment plant, waterreservoir, and supply network to ensure that treated water will always meet therequired standards. The monitoring program, discussed in the proceeding sections,will cover biological and physical parameters as well as heavy metals and pesticidesresidues.

Furthermore proper operation and maintenance of the treatment and chlorinationfacilities will be performed as discussed in the previous paragraph. Routine

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inspections of the network will be required to ensure that no cross contamination by abroken sewer line is taking place.

Table 7-2 below provides a summary of the required mitigation measures.

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Table 7-2: Environmental Mitigation Measures during the Operation Phase of Water SupplySystem

Responsible OrganizationPotential Impacts Mitigation Measures 1

Performing j QA/QC

Degradation of water * Ensure proper operation and maintenance Water Operator DOEquality of the water treatment plant. supervised by

ESO

* Continuous monitoring of raw water andtreated water as well as water quality atvarious locations within the water supplysystem; avoid cross contamination withsewage;

Reduction in available * Prohibit illegal connections to the Water Operator DOEwater supply network; avoid leakage in the network; supervised by

ensure proper maintenance of the system ESOincluding treatment plant, pumping stations,pipelines and house connections.

* Maintain hygiene and have medicalHealth and Safety surveillance; maintain showers and sanitary Water Operator DOE

facilities; provide first aid and have an supervised byemergency response plan. ESO

* Capacity building and training inoccupational health, safety and earthquakeemergency preparedness procedures and inoperation and maintenance of treatmentplants.

* Monitoring of earthquake occurrence andintensity and associated impacts.

7.2.2.2 Wastewater Project

Mitigation measures outlined within this plan will be the responsibility by theoperators of the wastewater installations. SWWC will supervise the appropriateimplementation of these mitigation measures. Key measures to include:

Seismic Activitv

Critical mitigation measures are undertaken during the design and construction phase.The Safety and Environment officer will provide the needed emergency preparednessprocedures to face the accidents in wastewater facilities in case of an earthquake asdiscussed in section 7.2.2.1. Also the wastewater treatment plant staff will attend aone day training workshop on the implementation of these procedures.

Furthermore, monitoring of earthquake occurrence and intensity will be conducted bythe TSU, the WTO and WWTO by reviewing the data acquired at the earthquake

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monitoring station at Doroudzan dam and other close centers for evaluation of theresulting impacts.

Noise

Noise impacts during the operation of the project will be confined to a few pieces ofequipment in the Sewage Treatment Plant. The equipment will comprise of:compressors; pumps, and stand-by generators. There will also be some noise from themovement of vehicles. By specifying appropriate silencers on the equipment andscreening the noisier areas of the WWTP with structures, there will be insignificantimpact on local residents. Traffic will be routed to keep this nuisance to a minimum.Impacts on the WWTP employees will be further reduced as they will be providedwith hearing protection equipment by SWWC and trained in its use. In addition, allplant equipment will be well maintained to maintain their efficiency and noise levels.

A formal maintenance programme will be established by the wastewater treatmentplant operator (WWTO) on- the WWTP site and elsewhere where plant is located.Noise levels will be regularly monitored within this programme and any defectiveequipment will be promptly dispatched for maintenance by WWTO.

It is recommended that land use within 500 meters of the WWTP be formallyallocated as a green/agricultural area. This will restrict the development of housingtowards the site and consequently avoid complaints regarding noise in the short orlong term.

Odor

The WWTO will minimize any problems caused by odor during operation of thetreatment plant and associated works by:

* Designing the WWTP to ensure minimum odor at the site boundary, such asstrategically locating the sludge treatment works with reference to the remainder ofthe WWTP and the neighboring settlements;

* Careful planning and implementation of the WWTP operation and maintenance toprevent the formation and liberation of odors;

* Providing covers to containers and equipment likely to cause an odor nuisance andscrubbing of malodorous vapors; and

* Designating the area around the site as green belt, thus restricting developmenttowards the site.

Screenings Disposal

The screenings from the treatment plant will be disposed of by the WWTO in anenvironmentally acceptable manner by transporting in enclosed containers and

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burying in a municipal landfill. Disposal in the landfill has been designed to ensurethat groundwater or surface runoff from the site will not be contaminated.

Health & Environmental Risks of Effluent Reuse in Agriculture

Reuse of treated effluent and sludge in agriculture has considerable environmentalrisks. Therefore strict implementation of the mitigation measures will be required toensure the safe reuse applications. The following paragraphs address the requiredmitigation measures for effluent reuse in irrigation and sludge reuse as a fertilizer.

The WWTO will implement the mitigation measures under the supervision of SWWCto ensure that WWTP performs satisfactorily and that effluent and sludge from theWWTP complies with the set standards under monitoring by the DOE.

Treated Effluents

In order to assess the performance of the plant and the compliance with requiredstandards, the raw sewage arriving at the WWTP and the final effluent will beregularly monitored by the WWTO for BOD5, suspended solids, total nitrogen, fecalcoliforms, and intestinal nematode eggs. Spot samples will be taken once a day so thatthe operators can respond to any irregularities.

The WWTO will also monitor particular units within the treatment works such as theprimary sedimentation tanks and aeration tanks to assess their performance.Knowledge of the concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids within the aerationtanks and the settleability of the activated sludge will allow optimization of operation.The WWTO will also monitor the operation of the chlorination facilities, and willcheck for residual free chlorine content in the effluent and will verify that contact timeis in accordance with specifications.

Particular attention will be paid by the WWTO to review the performance of WWTPin removing intestinal nematode eggs. If the effluent quality data show that thearithmetic mean number of eggs is greater than the WHO guideline of one egg perliter, then the WWTO will review the treatment process and operations to ensurecompliance with the WHO guidelines. The ESO will supervise all these monitoringoperations to ensure that the operator is conducting all the required checks, and thatsamples are being tested to the correct standard procedures.

The quality of the treated effluent will be carefully controlled at the WWTP to therequired limits, through efficient and up to date methods using accurate analyticalprocedures. All discrepancies detected will be immediately notified to thoseconcerned, and the problem promptly dealt with at source. A suitable response systemwill be developed at the WWTP, in the event that problems develop, and all relevantstaff will be fully trained in the corrective measures to be taken. Provision will bemade for the diversion of non-complying WWTP discharges to nearby surface waters,thereby preventing its discharge to agricultural land. Discharges to the final outfall

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canal leading to the Lake will take place in accordance with established procedureswhich will take account of physical and chemical effects on the canal having regard tothe particular circumstances prevailing at the time.

National guidelines for effluent re-use would be developed in coordination with lineministries (Ministry of Energy, Department of Environment, Ministry of AgricultureJihad, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, etc.) and concerned stakeholders.These guidelines would set out good standards of practice and monitoring and defineroles and responsibilities. Training workshops on re-use of treated effluent will alsobe provided to all concerned stakeholders.

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Sludge Application as a Fertilizer

The reuse of sludge in agricultural applications entails potential adverse impacts dueto microbial presence, and heavy metal content. These parameters can cause serioushealth effects on farmers, agricultural consumers, and the environment through soilcontamination, build up in crops, and ground water contamination. The followingmitigation measures will be implemented:

* For the use of treated sludge as soil conditioner, compliance with the EuropeanUnion (EU), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and WHO Guidelines(including the limit of less than 1 intestinal nematode egg per 100 gms of drysolids) will be ensured by providing adequate treatment including a drying periodof one year. Sludge drying beds are already incorporated in the design of thetreatment facility, and the WWTO will be responsible for application of sludgeonto the beds for drying, under the supervision of the ESO.* Treated sludge disposed of to agricultural land for use as a fertilizer will bemonitored for compliance with the standards for metals in sludge and applicationrates described in the 1986 EC directive on the use of sewage sludge in agriculture(cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, mercy and zinc). Several spot sampleswill be taken from each batch of stored sludge taken to the agricultural lands nearthe WWTP. It will also be necessary to measure sludge moisture content tocalculate the above. These figures and sludge application rates will allowestimation of future compliance with limit values for accumulated metals in soils.In the instance that the treated sludge is not compliant with the applicableregulations, it will be hauled and disposed to Shiraz landfill at designated separatecells having clear signage to indicate the cell's content. In a similar manner thesludge from the water treatment plant operations will also be disposed off inseparate cells at the landfill.

* Soil in areas where effluent or sludge is used in agriculture will be monitored forthe above metals to ensure compliance with the 1986 EC directive on the use ofsewage sludge in agriculture. Concentrations will be measured before anyapplication takes place (baseline) and after each year of application, so each areawill be monitored every 2.5 years. It will also be necessary to measure soil pH.Ministry of Agriculture Jihad will monitor soil quality and the crops of the landsfertilized by sludge. DOE will be responsible for QA/QC.* Sludge shall be transported by trucks in closed containers. Truck drivers should bewell trained and be aware of the health risks of sludge transportation. The operatorof wastewater treatment plant will be responsible for their training under thesupervision of ESO (Environment and Safety Officer).* Prior to any sludge application program, farners will be trained in appropriateprocedures for sludge application, crops that can be cultivated in sludge

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conditioned land, application rates, and health and safety matters. Ministry ofAgriculture Jihad will be responsible for farmers training.* DOE will monitor groundwater to assess the effect of sludge application ongroundwater quality.

* Heavy metals content of industrial discharges to sewers will accumulate in sludge.Therefore wastewaters with heavy metals content will have to be pretreated tomeet the DOE industrial discharges criteria. The project will only provideconnections to those industries that do not discharge toxics that affect theperformance of the wastewater treatment plants. The discharge of industrialeffluents will be subject to the approval of both the Director of the treatment plantand the director of the DOE. For those industries for which their industrialeffluents will not be pre-treated, and/or will not be connected to the network, theSWWC and DOE will require that each polluting industrial establishment willprepare a compliance action plan (CAP), which will address the pollutants ofconcern, the type of pre-treatment required and the investments and monitoringcosts of the pre-treatment facility. Operational permits for these industries will besubject to the implementation of the CAP as yearly monitored by the SWWC andenforced by the DOE.

* TSU and Ministry of Agriculture Jihad will prepare a detailed sludge managementplan. The effects of regular application of sludge and its accumulation in soil willbe fully considered in the plan. Also, the plan will include procedures ofrecording, reporting and interpretation of data in detail.

Health and Safety of the Emplovees

The following mitigation measures will be undertaken to safeguard public health dueto the operation of the wastewater system* The SWWC will ensure that operation and maintenance personnel of the WWTPare fully aware of the hazards involved in the running of a system of this nature.All site employees will be trained in hygienic procedures designed to avoidinfection from wastewaters and sludge. The workers will be educated in thedangers of leptospirosis and provided with documentation to alert medicalpractitioners to the possibility of such an infection when diagnosing them. Theywill also be inoculated against infectious diseases such as polio and tetanus and beunder medical surveillance.

* Formal emergency procedures will be developed by the TSU in conjunction withSWWC for dealing with accidents. These procedures will involve the coordinationof emergency services such as the fire brigade and health services.* In particular, emergency procedures will be developed in the event of the releaseof chlorine gas. A warning device for the detection of chlorine gas will beprovided where chlorine is to be used.

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Table 7-3 provides a summary of the mitigation measures during the operation phaseof the wastewater system.

Table 7-3: Environmental Mitigation Measures during the Operation Phase of WastewaterSystem

Responsible OrganizationPotential Impacts Mitigation Measures

Performing QA/QC

* Adequate treatment (retention time) should be WWTO DOEHealth and environmental provided to control the number of nematode eggs; supervised byrisks associated with chlorine will be used to disinfect the effluent. ESOdischarge and re-use oftreated effluent for * Regular monitoring of treated effluent; treatedirrigation effluent will not be reused in irrigation if its quality

does not meet the standards.

* Development of re-use guidelines for treatedeffluent;


Sludge quality and the * Drying beds for one-year storage will be WWTO DOErisk of public and farmers provided to dry and store sludge following de- supervised byacquiring infection watering and digestion. ESO

* Monitoring of nematodes, coliforms and heavymetal content of treated sludge.

* Transportation of treated sludge in closedcontainers.


Odor generation from the * Careful planning and implementation of WWTO DOEwastewater treatment operation and maintenance. supervised byplant ESO

* Providing covers to equipments and containersthat are likely to cause odor nuisance.

Health and Safety * Maintain hygiene and have medical surveillance; WWTO DOEmanage wastewater operations to minimize contact supervised byof personnel with sewage; maintain showers and ESOsanitary facilities; provide first aid and have anemergency response plan.

* Capacity building and training in occupationalhealth, safety and earthquake emergencypreparedness procedures and in operation andmaintenance of treatment plants

* Monitoring of earthquake occurrence, intensityand associated impacts.

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7.3 Monitoring Program

To ensure the performance, efficiency, and effectiveness of environmental mitigationmeasures programs, it is necessary that these activities be monitored. Monitoringprograms will be necessary for noise, air quality, and dust during the constructionphase. During the operation effluent, sludge, noise, and odor will be required to bemonitored by the Environment and Safety Officer within SWWC. Water qualitymonitoring in Maharloo Lake will include data on BOD, suspended solids, pH,phosphates, nitrates, salinity, and heavy metals, and will be conducted by the DOE.Use of effluent for irrigation and use of sludge as a fertilizer for agricultural crops andsoil conditioning will be required to be monitored by Ministry of Agricultural Jihad.Quality Control and Quality Assurance (QC/QA) of monitoring program at theconstruction and operation phases of wastewater system are the responsibility ofDepartment of Environment (DOE). Quality Control and Quality Assurance (QC/QA)of drinking water is the responsibility of Ministry of Health and Medical Education.The Technical Support Unit is to provide an executive enviromnental program withcomplete details of mitigation measures; so that all those with environmentalmonitoring responsibilities are clear on their role, the frequency of their inputs andlines of reporting.

If significant adverse impacts by any responsible organizations are identified,appropriate mitigation measures will be taken and arrangements for amendments ofthe environmental management plan will be made. The Ministry of Energy will havethe overall responsibility to ensure that adverse impacts are maintained to acceptablelevels and corrective actions are taken when required.

A project monitoring report will be prepared on the effectiveness of the EMP onceevery 6 months and will be sent to the World Bank after review and approval of DOE.Executive monitoring program for the various phases of the project includingmonitoring parameters, location, frequency, and the responsible organization is listedin Table 7-4 to 7-9

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7.3.1 Construction Phase

Table 74: Environmental Monitoring Program for the Construction PhaseEnvironmental Monitoring

Responsible OrganizationParameter to Moniton Frequency Standardbe monitored

Performing QA/QCNoise At construction Every day 70 dB (A) Supervision Engineer DOE

Sites monitored by ESO

Air Quality and At construction Every day 150 ug/m3Supervision Engineer DOEDust Sites

monitored by ESOESO: Environment and Safety Officer at Project SWWC - TSUDOE: Department of Environment

7.3.2 Operation Phase

7.3.2.1 Water Supply System

The quality of the fresh water and water in the distribution system and storagereservoirs will be monitored by the operator of the system continuously. Shiraz Waterand Wastewater Company (SWWC) will supervise the performance of the operator.Quality Control and Quality Assurance will be the responsibility of Ministry of Healthand Medical Education. Monitoring is presented in Table 7-5.

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Table 7-5: Environmental Monitoring Program during the Operation Phase of the Water SupplySvstem

Environmental ResponsibleParameter to be Monitoring Frequency Standard OrganizationLocation monitored L . Performing QA/QC

pH At Water Every day 6.5 - 8.5 Water MHMETurbidity Sources 5 NTU OperatorColiforms (treatment plant, 0/100 ml Supervised byFecal coliforms dam and wells) 0/100 ml ESOFecal Streptocoques 0/100 ml

Conductivity 400 pS/cmAmmonium 0.05 - 0.5 mg/lNitrates 0 -45 mg/INitrites 0 mg/lChlorides 25 - 200 mg/IPhosphates At Water 1.0 mg/lCalcium Sources 100 mg/IMagnesium (treatment plant, Every Week 30 - 50 mg/l Water MHMESodium dam and wells) 20 - 150 mg/I OperatorPotassium 10-12 mg/I Supervised bySulfates 250 mg/I ESOIron 50 - 200 mg/l

Herbicide and PesticidesNi At Water Every Month 0.1 ,ug/l Water MHMECr Sources 0.02 mg/I OperatorZn (treatment plant, 0.05 mg/I Supervised byCd dam and wells) 3 mg/l ESOPb

0.003 mgAHg 0.01 mgl0.001 mg/l

Ammonium 0.05 - 0.5 mg/lPhosphates I 1. mg/lNitrites At Water 0 mg/I Water MHMEChlorides Reservoirs Every day 25 - 200 mg/I OperatorTotal coliforms 0/100 ml Supervised byFecal coliforms 0/1 00 ml ESOFecal streptocoques 0/100 mlResidual chlorine 0.2-0.8 mg/I

Total coliforms At Distribution Every day 0/100 ml Water MHMEFecal coliforms Network 0/100 ml OpcratorFecal streptocoques 0/100 ml Supervised byResidual chlorine 0.2-0.8 mg/I ESO

WSFO: Water Supply Facilities Operator

MHME: Ministry of Health and Medical Education

7.3.2.2 Wastewater Systems

Responsibility for implementing environmental monitoring program in order to control theprobable adverse impacts during the operation of the wastewater system is the responsibilityof the operator. The SWWC will supervise its performance. Quality Control and Quality

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Assurance (QC/QA) is the responsibility of Department of Environment (DOE). Monitoringof odors is set out in Table 7-6.

Table 7-6: Environmental Monitoring Program of the Wastewater Treatment Centre at theOperation Phase

Monitoring ~~~ResponsibleDisarrangement Parameter Monitoring Frequency organizaionPerforming QA/QCGases emitting

odor AroundOdor Mercaptans wastewater Weakly WWTO DOEHydrogen treatment

Sulphide plantsrAmmoniac

WWTO: Wastewater Treatment OperatorDOE: Department Of Environment

Monitoring of treated effluent and resulting sludge will be the responsibility of theoperator and the SWWC will supervise its performance. Quality Control and QualityAssurance of monitoring program will be the responsibility of Department ofEnvironment (DOE). The monitoring program for treated effluent and treated sludgeare shown in Table 7-7 and Table 7-8 respectively.

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Table 7-7: Environmental Monitoring Program for the Treated Effluent

Environmental Monitoring Responsible OrganizationParameter to be Monion Frequency Standard

monitored Locabon Performing QA/QC

BOD 25 mg/1COD 125 mg/l WWTO DOEPH At 6- 9 Supervised byOil and grease Wastewater 10 mg/l ESOTSS Plants Every day 50 mg/lTotal Phosphorus 10 mg P/ITotal Nitrogen 30 mg N/INematode eggs <l egg/literFecal coliform. 200 MPN/I 00 ml

Heavy metals 10 mg/lPhosphate At 5 mg/IAmmonia Wastewater 10 mg/l WWTO DOENitrate Plants and in Every week 90 mg/l Supervised byFluoride drainage 20 mg/l ESOSulfate channel after 500 mg/ISulfide discharge I mg/IChlorine, total residual

0.2 mg/lPhenols 0.5 mg/ITDS

Cadmium At 0.1 mg/IChromium Wastewater 0.1 mg/I WWTO DOECopper Plants and 0.5 mg/l Supervised byIron drainage 3.5 mg/l ESOLead channel after Every month 0. 1 mg/ISelenium discharge 0.1 mg/ISilver 0.5 mg/lZinc 2.0 mg/l

Chlorine At the Every week 0.2 mg/l WWTO DOEdischarge Supervised byfrom the

ESOoutfall or at Ikm from the

WWTPWWTO: Wastewater Treatment OperatorESO: Environment and Safety OfficerDOE: Department of Environment

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Table 7-8: Environmental Monitoring Program for the Treated Sludge

Responsible IEnvironmental Parameter to Monitoring Frequency Standard Organizationbe Monitored Location

Performing QA/QC_ ~~~ ~~~At_Nematode eggs At WWTO(egg/l00gm solids) WPstewater Every Batch Supervised DOEPlants ~~~~by ESO

Heavy Metals (mg/kg sludge):Cd At 20 - 40Cu Wastewater 1000- 1750 WWTrONi Plants Every Batch 300 -400 Supervised DOEPb Plns750 - 1200 by ESOlZn

2500- 4000Cr 16-25

WVWTO: Wastewater Treatment OperatorDOE: Department of Environment

Soil monitoring of agricultural lands and monitoring crops which have been irrigatedwith treated wastewater is the responsibility of Ministry of Agricultural Jihad. QualityControl and Quality Assurance of the monitoring program is the responsibility ofDepartment of Environment (DOE). Monitoring of soils and crop production is set outin Table 7-9.

Table 7-9: Environmental Monitoring Program for Agricultural Soil

Responsible Environmental Parameter Monitoring Frequency Standard Organizationto be Monitored Location

Performing QA/QC

Nematode eggs At MOJ(egg/ I OOgm solids) Agriculturt Every 6 <1 SupeOr DOElands months by ESO

Heavy Metals (mg/kg soil):Cd

0.15Cu At Every 6 12 MOJNi Agriculture mots 3 Supervised DOEPbn Land months 15 by ESOZn 30Cr 3

MOJ: Ministry of Agriculture JihadESO: Environment Safety OfficerDOE: Department of Environment

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7.4 Management Requirements

A comprehensive management plan is required to effectively perform water andwastewater projects mitigation measures. In this plan, goals, activities, andresponsibilities of different units according to their legal responsibilities, workingflow diagrams and reporting will be outlined.

7.4.1 Overview of Responsibilities

There are many different aspects to the administration of the project. Theorganization's structure must have minimal complexity and have clear lines ofcommunication. It is also essential that the annual budget attached to each relevantdepartment or unit truly reflects its responsibilities.

The SWWC is to be responsible for the implementation of the Shiraz water andwastewater project, which includes the design of works, supervision of contractors'operation of the plants and ensuring that measures to mitigate adverse environmentalimpacts will be carried out. It will regulate discharges to the sewerage system andcharge for them. It will inform the public on the use of the sewerage system. It is toestablish a Technical Support Unit (TSU) to implement the project. In closecoordination with DOE, the TSU will set standards for effluent discharges to thesewerage network from domestic and industrial sources and prohibiting those thatexceed the standards. It will also monitor and regulate effluent and sludge from thewastewater treatment plants.

The DOE is to monitor the project impacts during the construction and operationphases.

The Ministry of Agriculture Jihad is to supervise and regulate the re-use of treatedeffluent and sludge. It will monitor crop quality and production. It will inform thefarmers about safe and productive methods of re-use of effluent and sludge. Itrecommend that the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad establish a unit to manage irrigationwith treated effluent and sludge application properly; to ensure the correct and safeapplication of effluent and sludge; to monitor soil and produce; and to provide adviceto farmers in order to realize the full potential of the scheme.The Ministry of Health and Medical Education is to conduct an education campaignto inform the public about general aspects of public health relating to sanitationhygiene and to ensure that drinking water quality is in conformity with the standards.

Involvement of the SWWC

The role of SWWC has been described in Chapter 3.

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Shiraz W'ater Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Report

7.4.2 Technical Support Unit

The structure of the TSU will include the following functions:

Desi3:n and Procurement

Provide detailed design and issue contracts for the projects.

Implementation

Ensure that the works are implemented satisfactorily, on schedule and within theallocated budget.

Environmental

Implement the Environmental Action Plan including the specific mitigation measuresand monitoring for the parameters listed.

The TSU may perform the above activities itself or employ other agencies toundertake them.

Operations

Ensure adequate operation and maintenance of the water supply and sanitationfacilities.

Establishment of a Proiect Liaison Committee

The effective implementation of the project and associated health protection measuresrequires the involvement of several Governmental agencies and Ministries. TheMinistry of Energy will establish a Shiraz Project Liaison Committee. The chair of theCommittee is to be the Deputy Minister of Municipal Water and Sewerage Affairs inthe Ministry of Energy. Its members will be representatives of the followingorganizations:

* The Technical Support Unit

* The Fars Province Water and Sewage Company;* The Ministry of Energy;

* The Fars Province Department of Environmental;* The Fars Regional Water Organization;

* Shiraz Municipality

* The Ministry of Agriculture Jihad

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* The Ministry of Science, Research and Technology* The Ministry of Health and Medical Education* The Ministry of Housing

* The Ministry of Industries and Mining

* The Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs* The Ministry of Post and Telephone

* The Ministry of Roads and Transportation

* The Management and Planming Organization

* Electricity Board

* Traffic Police

The function of the Liaison Committee will be to minimize adverse impacts of theproject on other services and the public. This will minimize interference with theproject's progress due to external factors. The Committee will be responsible forproject coordination. The full committee will meet at least once every 6 months; mostliaisons will take place through several sub-committees, each dealing with a majoraspect of the project.

TSU will have among its staff members an Environment and Safety Officer (ESO) tocarry out monitoring. ESO will be responsible of supervising monitoring activitiesduring both the construction and operation phases of the water supply and sanitationproject. ESO will submit its activities report to TSU on monthly basis.The water operator will be responsible for monitoring water quality while WWTPoperators will be responsible to monitor treated wastewater and sludge. ESO willsupervise their monitoring activities.

Ministry of Agriculture Jihad will be responsible to monitor soil and crops. WhileDOE will be responsible for QA/QC of treated wastewater, sludge, soil, surface waterand ground water.

Ministry of Health and Medical Education will be responsible for QA/QC of drinkingwater as part of its legal responsibilities.

7.5 Institutional Strengthening

A training program is defined in order to increase capability of differentorganizations' staff to carry out Shiraz water and wastewater projects' mitigationmeasures. It should be noted that many water supply and wastewater treatment plantsdo not operate to their full capacity or to prevailing environmental standards due to

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poor maintenance and lack of suitably qualified staff. Training is thus vital if thisproject is to achieve its environmental and social development aims.Training programs will be designed and implemented with the assistance of local andinternational experts and will include:

: SWWC, Treatment Plant Operators, Shiraz Municipality and Fars DOE: At theinitiation of the project, a training workshop will be provided to the staff of theSWWC, Ministry of Energy, Shiraz Municipality and DOE to raise environmentalawareness and to clarify the specific environmental requirements related to theproject. A two days workshop will then be provided and will cover the followingtopics:

- Effective implementation of mitigation measures- Project supervision

- Sampling and analysis

- Monitoring and evaluation

> SWWC, Municipality, Fars DOE and Line Ministries: A two day workshop willbe provided to the staff of SWWC, Municipality, and representatives of lineministries to strengthen capacities in the application of treated effluent and sludgere-use.

> Laboratory Staff of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants: A one week trainingworkshop will be provided to strengthen capacities in sampling and analysismethods, environmental monitoring, quality assurance and quality control as wellas safety procedures.

' Staff at Water Supplies and Wastewater Treatment Plants: A one day trainingworkshop on occupational health, safety, and emergency response proceduresagainst earthquakes will be provided.

Workshops and awareness campaigns will be also implemented to raise awareness offarmers, NGOs and residents of Shiraz; these would include:> Local NGOs, communities and farmers: Training would be provided through 1 or2 days workshop for local NGOs, communities and farmers, focusing on publicawareness and on re-use of treated wastewater and sludge for agriculturalpurposes.

> Awareness campaign and pamphlets: two awareness campaigns will beconducted; pamphlets in Farsi will be distributed to all farmers highlighting theadverse health and public safety impacts resulting from the use of untreatedeffluent; and measures to be taken when using treated effluent and sludge. Publichygiene education campaign will be also conducted by the Ministry of Education.

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An assessment of analytical capacities of the laboratories at the SWWC and at theemergency wastewater treatment plant has been conducted (ref. Annex E); additionalrequired equipment was also identified and will be supplied as part of the proposedproject. For the Long-term zone Wastewater Treatment Plant, a fully equippedlaboratory will be provided as part of the construction contract.

Technical assistance will be provided to the DOE to set up baseline data on existing

environmental conditions and to develop a quality assurance and a quality monitoring

program as well as an enforcement program for industrial discharges. Similarly,

technical assistance will be provided to the Ministry of Health and Medical Education

to set up baseline data on the occurrence of water born diseases and to develop a

monitoring program for the occurrence of water borne diseases.

7.6 Cost Estimate

The cost of the Environmental Management Plan during construction (mitigationmeasures including additional treatment and monitoring) will be borne mostly by the

contractor (construction phase) and the Supervision Engineer who will make the

necessary provision as part of their contracts.

During the operation phase, mitigation measures and monitoring activities will be

implemented by the operator of each plant. For the emergency and long-term

wastewater treatment plants and water supply facilities, cost of mitigation measures

and monitoring requirements will be borne by the contractor who will include the

necessary provisions as part of his construction and two years operation and

maintenance cost. The contractor will also allocate a provisional cost for the

construction of tertiary filters in case the treated effluent at the WWTP does not meet

the standards with respect to nematodes.

A total amount of 1.764 million dollars will be allocated for the implementation of the

environmental management plan as detailed in Table 7-10 and will be included in the

project cost. It should be noted that the total cost does not include the following

costs:

> Cost of additional treatment incorporated in the design of the project;

> Cost of mitigating negative construction impacts (included in the construction

contract cost);

> Cost of mitigation measures and environmental monitoring of the long-term zone

wastewater treatment plants (included in the construction and operation and

maintenance contract cost);

> Cost of setting up new laboratories at the long-term wastewater plants (included

in contract cost).

> Cost of Environment and Safety Officer at TSU (included in TSU cost).

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Table 7-10: Cost Estimate of Environmental Management Plan

Component Quantity Unit Rate Total Cost

inUS$ Thousand

US$

SWWC

International environmental consultant to provide technical assistance to SWWC 14 months 12000/month 168

Short termn Archeological consultant for monitoring archeological surveys and 12 months I 500/month 18construction works

Environmental Monitoring Program for Water Supply System 60 000/year 300

Environmental Monitoring Program for emergency zone WWTP 75 000/year 300

Subtotal 786

Studies, Trainins and Awareness

Development of baseline data on water related diseases and a monitoring 50program for the occurrence of these diseases

Development and implementation of a QA/QC monitofing program for the 60proposed project to be implemented by Fars DOE

Development of earthquake emergency preparedness plan 12000 12

Development of Compliance Action Plan (CAP) 5 CAPs 6000/CAP 30

Two days workshop to SWWC, Treatment Plant Operators, Shiraz Municipalityand Fars DOE on environmental management, monitoring, analysis and 2 workshops 7000/workshop 14evaluation

Two days workshops for SWWC, Municipality, Fars DOE and Line Ministrieson treated effluent and sludge re-use 2 workshops 7000/workshop 14

One week training workshop to Staff of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plantson laboratory sampling, analysis, environment monitoring and QA/QC 4 workshops 4000/workshop 16

One day training workshop on occupational health and safety to staff at Waterand Wastewater Treatment Plants 4 workshops 1000/workshop 4

One day workshop for local NGOs, communities and farmers, focusing onpublic awareness and on re-use of treated wastewater and sludge for agriculturalpurposes. 4 workshops 1000/workshop 4

Awareness campaigns and pamphlets 50

Subtotal 254

Laboratory Eauipment

SWWC 400

Emergency zone WWTP 300

Subtotal 700

Monitoring and evaluation at the project level 2 MM 12000 24

TOTAL 1764

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8 Post Environmental Review of Emergency WWTP

The purpose of the post environmental review of the Emergency WWTP is to provide

an evaluation of the WWTP site, a review of the plant's design basis, an appraisal of

the plant's technical and environmental performance, and an assessment of the

potential risks associated with its operation.

This plant will treat the wastewater flows originating in the Emergency Zone of the

project area, and is being developed in two phases:

* Phase 1, currently under construction, has a capacity of 87,500 m3/day and can

serve the year 2020 flows generated by an equivalent population of 435,000

* Phase 2, to be constructed in the year 2018, shall extend the plant's total capacity

to 118,500 m 3/day to serve a total population equivalent of 584,000.

8.1 Evaluation of WWTP Site

The plant is conveniently located downstream of the Emergency Zone drainage area

at a distance of 2 km south east of Shiraz. It can be accessed through the bypassBushehr - Fasa Road close to Shiraz airport and Torkan Village. (Refer Drawing

SWW-IR-43)

The treatment plant site is situated in an agricultural area growing barley, wheat,

green vegetables, and beans. To the west of the site, at a distance of some 500 m, a

number of workshops are developed, but presently do not appear to be occupied. The

closest residential area is located 2 km to the east of the site at Vazir Abbas village.

The site has a total land area of 75 hectares. It is bounded from all sides by

agricultural fields, which are currently uncultivated. The prevailing winds are north

and north - westerly. As shown on Drawing No SWWS-IR-38 the plot of land has

irregular shape and has a brick wall along all its boundaries. The total built up area,

including the treatment works amount to 10 ha. Immediately to the east of the site, an

earth channel conveys drainage water, mostly polluted with sewage, to the

agricultural areas south of the site. (See exhibit 12, Annex G)

Presently the site is under construction. The aeration tanks, primary and secondary

clarifiers are already built. The construction of administration building, mechanical

plant room, and sludge handling facilities is in progress. The original topographic and

site environmental conditions were changed. Nonetheless it is possible to assess the

site characteristics from adjacent plot of lands. The site has a flat terrain with a minor

slope in the southwest direction. Presently there is no ground cover as the site has

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been cleared. There is no valuable vegetation or special wildlife habitats on adjacent

plot of lands (See exhibit 13 & 14, Annex G).

The advantage of the site is that the agricultural field around it offers a perfect

opportunity for the disposal of the effluent. The reuse of effluent for irrigation

purposes is convenient and provides an alternative source of water in an area wheregroundwater quality has deteriorated due to uncontrolled wastewater discharge.

Effluent reuse in agriculture however is subject to limitations discussed in the

proceeding sections and elsewhere in this report.

Similarly ultimate disposal of sludge is normally a costly operation. Methods of

disposal include incineration, application in a sanitary landfill, or reuse in agriculture.The reuse of sludge in the nearby agricultural land would be ideal as the end result of

it could lead to economic savings in sludge handling and disposal.

The geographical location of the site permits gravity conveyance of the Emergency

Zone sewage flows due to the lower elevation of site with respect to the drainage area.

Thus investment and operational cost of pumping stations are saved.

The size of the plot is properly chosen, as adequate space is available for the plant's

future expansion, and for the long term storage of sludge and temporary storage ofscreenings and grit.

The environmental impacts to the plant site can be described as minimal. The original

topographic conditions were to a large degree retained, since the site is relatively flat

with a favourable minor gradient.

The treatment plant will also have a visual impact. The tallest structure at the

treatment plant is the anaerobic digester, which is 16 m above ground level. The plantis also enclosed by a perimeter wall. Both of these construction features will be

visible from a distance due to the flat, agricultural areas that surround the plant. The

colour of the perimeter wall relatively blends with its surrounding ground, and

therefore the wall is not visually intrusive. Furthermore, since the facility will include

tree planting around their perimeter walls the visual impact will be reduced and the

aesthetic visual quality of the plant will be improved.

Although the anaerobic digesters and the perimeter wall will be visible from a

distance, the wastewater treatment facilities will have no significant negative visual

impact because:

* The development will not reduce the visual quality of the surroundings any

further.

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* No residential areas have a view of the site.

* The planting of trees around the perimeter wall will allow improvements to bemade to the visual quality.

Odours can also be potentially emitted in the plant due to improper operation or septicsewage. However, the impact is localized to the plant and can be mitigated by propermanagement of the facility. Sufficient buffer distance is available between the plantand the nearest residential community to render the effect of any odour emissioninsignificant. The existing workshops to the west of the plant maybe affected byodours under considerable adverse plant operating conditions, however in generalthese developments are upwind and separated by a sufficient distance from the plant.

Noise levels are not expected to cause a significant impact, since the project includesnoise levels standards for operating machinery, and furthermore the site is wallbounded and tree bordered, which will reduce noise to insignificant levels.

In summary, the site is appropriately selected. Its main advantage is the opportunity itoffers for effluent and sludge reuse in agriculture. The visual, odour, and noiseimpacts are minor and localized to the site.

8.2 Design Basis

8.2.1 Influent loads

The design influent loads adopted by Mahab Ghods, the original design Consultant ofthe plant, are based on BOD5 concentration of 250 mg/l and TSS concentration of 315mg/L. The concentrations were derived from data acquired from Tehran wastewatersystem, and not from direct wastewater analysis since no sewer system existed inShiraz at the time of developing the plant design. Both of the above quoted figurescharacterize weak sewage, which can be attributed to the high infiltration ratesestimated at 18% of the total generated flows. The high infiltration rates were justifiedbased on the high water table that exists in Shiraz.

Based on these concentrations and the per capita wastewater production rates of 126I/day for domestic flows and 30 I/day for non domestic flows, the BOD5 per capitageneration would equate to 37 gm/day for domestic flow and 9 gm/day for nondomestic flow. The calculated domestic BOD5 generation rate is slightly smaller thanthe recommended range of 40 to 50 gm per capita per day adopted by the NationalWater and Wastewater Company. The calculated non-domestic BOD5 generation rateappears to be reasonable considering that there are no heavy industries in Shiraz, andthe load contribution of the existing industries is relatively small compared to

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domestic flow contribution. However, it should be noted that neither the feasibilitynor the tender documents include characterization of nitrogen and phosphorus.Furthermore no analysis was performed for seasonal wastewater quality and quantitychanges. Therefore, although the adopted design influent concentrations arejustifiable, nonetheless a full wastewater characterization study needs to be developedonce the wastewater system is operational. This issue is accounted for through themonitoring program included in the Environmental Management Plan, and will assistin the adjustment of the plant operating parameters and any required adjustment in thedesign of the second phase of the plant.

In accordance with the above BOD5 and TSS concentrations, the design loads of thetreatment plant can be summarized by the following:

Table 8.1 Emergency WWTP Design Loads

Phase Design Population Average Flow Average BOD 5 TSSyear Equivalent per Capital Flow load Load

l I/c/d m3/d kg/d kg/d1 2020 435,000 196 87,500 22,000 27,5002 2027 583,000 198 118,300 28,400 37,000

8.2.2 Treatment plant load Progression

In accordance with design concentrations presented in the preceding section and theforecast of flows developed in the feasibility study, the treatment plant forecast loadscan be summarized by the following:

Table 8.2 Emergency WWTP Load Progression

Design year Average Flow BOD load TSS Loadm 3/d kg/d kg/d

2004 20,100 5,000 6,3002007 34,000 8,500 10,7002020 87,500 21,000 27,5002027 118,300 29,500 37,000

8.2.3 Effluent Quality Design Criteria

The treated effluent quality design criteria are dictated by the final disposal method ofthe effluent. For this project, the effluent will be either used in agricultural irrigationof the lands downstream of the site during the dry season, or during the wet seasonwill be discharged to Maharloo Lake via an 8 km long canal. Currently this canal is an

84


earth channel conveying polluted surface waters to the Lake. It will be rehabilitated

and its walls and bottom will be concreted. It will be approximately 2.5 m deep, 3 m

wide and 8000 m long.

The treated effluent quality design criteria adopted by Mahab Ghods are represented

by the following table, which also shows the current prevailing standards.

Table 8.3 Emergency WWTP Effluent Quality Design Criteria & Comparison with PrevailingStandards

Standard BOD5 TSS pH Total.__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Coliform

mg/l mg/l MPN/ 100 ml

Plant adopted Criteria 20 30 6.5 -8 400

*Iranian Standard for surface water 30 40 6.5-8.5 1000discharge

*Iranian Standard for reuse in agriculture 100 6-8.5 1000*WHO for crops likely to be eaten raw <1000(Category A)

* see annex B for other parameters

As can be seen from above table the adopted design criteria are stricter in comparison

with the Iranian standards and WHO standards. However, the stated parameters above

do not include other parameter of concern, which in this instance comprise of the

levels of intestinal nematodes, heavy metals, and other physical and chemical

constituents as required by EEC, WHO, FAO, and Iranian standards (Annex B). The

compliance of the projected effluent quality with the limits required by these

standards is addressed in section 8.5

8.3 Emergency WWTP -First Phase Process Design

As stated earlier in this report, the plant will be developed in two phases. The first

phase with a capacity of 87,500 m3/day is comprised of four identical streams,

whereas the second phase plant has a capacity of 31,000 m3/day and is also comprised

of four streams.

The design of the treatment plant is based on the biological activated sludge treatment

process, which incorporates an anaerobic selector to achieve the targeted effluent

requirements.

The liquid stream is comprised of:

* Preliminary treatment by screening and grit removal

* Primary treatment by circular clarifiers

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* Secondary treatment by anaerobic selector tanks followed by a complete mix

activated sludge units

* Secondary clarification

* Final effluent disinfection by chlorination

The sludge treatment stream is comprised of the following:

* Sludge conditioning

* Sludge thickening

* Primary anaerobic digesters

* Secondary anaerobic digesters

* Dewatering by centrifuges

* Sludge drying beds, which will be incorporated in the long term sludge storage

area.

A brief description of the first phase plant's components is as follows:

8.3.1 Raw wastewater pumping station

Raw wastewater enters the plant from the west side via a 1400 mm concrete pipe. The

hydraulic design of the plant includes for wastewater lifting. Two hand-cleaned bar

racks are provided ahead of the pumps to remove coarse objects and floatable

materials. The bar racks have 50 mm clear spacing. The screenings will subsequently

be hauled off site for disposal at the Shiraz landfill site.

Two duty and one standby Archimedean pumps are provided to transfer the raw

wastewater to the grit removal chambers. The pumps are rated at 750 lit/s each.

8.3.2 Screening

Following pumping, the sewage discharges to the fine screening plant. Two

mechanical screens having clear spacing of 20 mm are provided for removal of the

remaining floating material. A back up hand operated screen is provided in a bypass

channel to remove the screenings in case of maintenance of the mechanical units or in

emergency situation. The mechanical screens are automatically operated by water

level difference upstream and downstream of the screens. The screening plant is

provided with belt conveyors for screening collection and discharge in temporary

8-6


storage tank. The screenings will subsequently be hauled off site for disposal at a

landfill site.

8.3.3 Grit and grease removal

Two aerated chambers are provided for removal of grit and grease. The spiral action

of the introduced air, maintains lighter organic particles in suspension, but allows the

heavier grit to settle. The deposited grit is removed through pumping to a grit washing

unit prior to storage and off site disposal. The grease separated by the action of air is

pumped to the sludge blending tanks for further treatment. The retention time when

both units are operational is 5 min at maximum day flow. The size of each chamber is

211 m3.

8.3.4 Flow meter

Two Parshall flumes flow meters comprised of prefabricated channels and ultrasonic

level sensors are provided downstream of the grit chambers for measuring the flows

entering the plant.

8.3.5 Primary settling tanks (PSTs)

The wastewater flow is distributed to two primary settling tanks using a flow

distribution chamber. Sluice gates are provided for isolating the flow to the clarifiers,

in case these units need to be bypassed.

Two primary clarifiers, each with a surface area of 1257 m2 , are provided for removal

of suspended solids. Each clarifier has a diameter of 40 m, and a volume of 3770 m3 .

At average flow the clarifiers will provide 2.1 hour retention time. The projected

removal rate in the plant design is 30% for BOD5, and 60% removal for TSS.

The settled wastewater discharges from the tank through an overflow weir, whereas

the primary sludge and scum generated are conveyed by pipes to the primary sludge

pumping station.

8.3.6 Anaerobic selectors

The primary effluent flows to the four biological treatment units through a flow

distribution chamber. The inlet end of each stream is provided with an anaerobic

selector tank. The function of this tank is to promote the process conditions which

will eliminate filamentous bacteria, and thus prevent sludge bulking in the

downstream units. The total operating volume of the anaerobic selector tanks is 4500

m3, which provide a detention period of 1.2 hours at average flow conditions.

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8.3.7 Aeration tanks

The aerated activated sludge tank is designed as a complete mix unit. The tankdimensions and the surface aerators are designed in such a manner so as to maintaincomplete mix conditions at all times. The total volume of the tanks is 20,500 m3providing 6 hr detention at average flow conditions. Each aeration tank is oxygenatedand kept completely mixed by the action of five surface aerator units having acapacity of 45 kW each with an oxygen transfer efficiency of 2 kg 02/kw-hr.

8.3.8 Secondary settling tanks

The effluent of the aeration tanks is distributed to 4 secondary settling tanks by a flowdistribution chamber, which is provided with an emergency by pass chamber for flowdiversion in case these tanks are not to be put in service.

The secondary clarifiers are of the circular type and achieve efficient settling of thesludge for recycling to the anaerobic selector tank or for wasting the excess generatedsludge. Each clarifier has a surface area of 1257 m2 , with a diameter of 40 m, and avolume of 3770 mi3 . At average flow the clarifiers will provide 2.5 hour retentiontime.

The settled secondary effluent discharges from the tank through an overflow weir,whereas the secondary sludge generated is conveyed by pipes to the return activatedsludge pumping station. The scum generated is skimmed and transferred by pumps tothe sludge blending tank.

8.3.9 The effluent disinfection system

Disinfection of the effluent is achieved by a controlled dose of chlorine. Previouslychlorine gas was specified; however this was revised to Calcium Hypochlorite, whichis applied in liquid form by injection pumps at the inlet end of the chlorine contacttank. The tank provides a detention time of 15 minutes at the peak flow conditions ofphase I to ensure elimination of Coliforms.

The Hypochlorite will be applied in sufficient quantities to maintain a minimum of1 mg/l free chlorine residual at the outlet end of the tank

8.3.10 Sludge blending tanks

Two sludge blending tanks are provided to mix and condition the primary andsecondary sludge generated by the treatment process. A controlled dose of lime of 250gm/kg of dry solids will be applied to promote sludge conditioning. The total volume

8-8


of the two sludge blending tanks is 340 m3 , providing a sludge retention time of 12hours. Following blending the sludge will be transferred to the thickeners by two dutyand one standby pump.

8.3.11 Sludge thickeners

Two gravity circular thickeners are provided to increase the sludge concentrationprior to digestion. Each thickener has 16 m diameter, and an operating volume of 925mi3 . The sludge is applied at the rate of 300 m 3/day for the two tanks. The thickenerwill achieve a sludge concentration of 5 %. The thickened sludge is pumped bypositive displacement pumps to the first stage digesters whereas the supernatantoverflows to the headworks for re-treatment.

8.3.12 Anaerobic digesters

The thickened sludge is pumped to two circular primary sludge digesters tanks 18 mdiameter and 21 m high, with 16 m above ground level. The design retention time is15 days minimum, and the operating temperature is 35°C. Gas produced by theanaerobic digestion process is stored in the biogas tank and is to be used to heat thesludge in the primary digesters and other heating purposes.

The primary digested sludge is then pumped to two secondary egg shaped digestershaving 18 m diameter and 21 m high. These digesters will also be 16 m above groundlevel. The design retention time is at least 15 days. The resulting liquor from thesecondary digester is returned to the inlet works of the WWTP for treatment.

8.3.13 Biogas storage tank

The 250 m3 floating cover biogas storage tank is designed to store the produced gasesfor one day. The floating cover can be moved using an overhead crane fixed above thetank. The unit is controlled by a pressure gauge and a computer. The crane lifts orlowers the floating cover according to the gas pressure build up inside the tank. Whenthe cover is moved to its maximum, excess gas is vented automatically to theatmosphere through gas flare stacks.

8.3.14 Sludge dewatering

A sludge dewatering system comprising of 2 number of decanter centrifuges isprovided to dewater the digested sludge to a concentration of 30%. Each centrifugehas an operating capacity of 116 m3/day. A measured dose of polymer is appliedahead of the centrifuge feed pumps to assist in the dewatering process. The dewatered

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sludge will be hauled to the sludge drying beds for drying, whereas the filtrate isrecycled to the head end of the plant for treatment.

8.3.15 Emergency by - pass system

An emergency bypass channel 1.75 m wide by 2 m deep is provided at the inlet of theplant and is connected to the effluent end of the plant, downstream of the chlorinationtank. The various treatment units are connected to this bypass line at selected points toallow bypassing of the individual treatment units in case of maintenance oremergency. In emergency situations such as toxic spills or non conforming influentwastewater quality, the bypass can be used for bypassing the plant, and thus preservethe biological system from being lost.

8.4 Buildings and other facilities in the plant

According to tender documents, the plant includes a number of utility buildings asdescribed hereunder:

8.4.1 Guardhouse

The guardhouse is situated at the entrance of the plant to control entry to and exit ofthe staff and visitors. This building has an area of 85 m2, and is furnished with therequired accommodation needs.

8.4.2 Administration Building

This building will be used by the plant operators for administrative and monitoringoperations. It includes a laboratory, canteen, control room, offices, meeting room etc.The total built up area of the building is 855 M2.

8.4.3 Power Supply Building

This building houses the emergency diesel power generators, and power transformer.The power supply building has an area of approximately 270 M2.

8.4.4 The Chlorination Building

This building consists of two adjacent rooms; the first houses the chlorinationequipment, and the second is provided for storage of the Calcium Hypochloritechemical. The building has a total area of 165 m2.

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8.4.5 Workshop

This building houses the facilities required for repair and maintenance of themechanical equipment and electrical switchgear. The total area of the workshop isapproximately 270 m2 .

8.4.6 Laboratory

The laboratory is located in the administration building. It has a plan area of 170 m2 ,and fumished with the required mechanical and electrical installations. However, thelaboratory equipment, tools and reagents were not included in the original tender.These have been identified and are further discussed in the proceeding section.

8.4.7 Landscaping

The plant includes landscaped areas that are lawn planted. Furthermore, numeroustrees are already planted along the perimeter wall and within the facility grounds.Intemal roads and walkways shall be constructed to provide access to all treatmentunits, and facilities of the site. Parking spaces are provided as necessary for parkingvehicles for staff or visitors.

8.4.8 Power Supply & Equipment Controls

The electricity requirements of the plant are supplied by two 20 KV overhead lines.For avoiding power outage due to power cuts, the required number of emergencypower generators is provided.

Control Panels and the central control station at the administration building; facilitateremote and local monitoring of equipment. Instrumentation for monitoring of processvariables is partially provided. The missing instrumentation is identified anddiscussed in the proceeding paragraphs.

8.4.9 Utility Services

The necessary utility services have been checked and were found to be adequate.These include potable water supply, heating, ventilation, drainage, etc.

8.4.10 Safety and Occupational Health

Provision for fire fighting has been included. The specifications require theinstallation of fire hydrants. Where required safety showers have been installed.Nonetheless, the plant requires a provision for a first aid room, where medical


supplies, medical aid kits, and a stretcher can be housed. It is recommended thatappropriate space be allocated for that in the administration building.

8.5 Review of the Design and Environmental Performance of the EmergencyWWTP

The design and environmental performance review is based on information includedin the feasibility study and the current plant tender documents:

8.5.1 Effluent Quality and Design Appraisal

Based on the design loads stated in section 8.2, preliminary design calculations wereperformed to assess the effluent quality and to check the adequacy of the treatmentunits. These calculations indicate the following:

For the projected flow of 87,500 m3/day (year 2021)

1. The liquid stream is adequately sized to achieve the targeted BOD5 and TSS limits

2. The sludge treatment scheme is adequately sized to handle the generated solids atthe plant, based on the assumed process parameters.

For the projected flow of 34. 000 m3/day (2007)

Since the forecast flow is lower than the designed capacity of the plant, it is envisagedthat the following treatment units shall be operated:

o Grit removal tank: 1 tank

o Primary Clarifier: Should be bypassed, in which case the plant would operate inthe extended aeration mode. Alternatively one tank can be operated, but withincreased primary sludge withdrawal rate to prevent solubalization and digestionof the sludge with subsequent release of gases that interfere with the settlingprocess.

o Activated sludge plant: two units should be operated

o Secondary clarifiers: two units should be operated

o Thickeners: two tanks to be operated

o Digesters: one primary and one secondary digester

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Under the above conditions the plant would be producing the designed concentrationlimits.

For the proiected flow of 22, 100 mn3/dav at year 2004

Since the forecast flow is lower than the designed capacity of the plant, it is envisagedthat the following treatment units shall be operated:

o Grit removal tank: one tank

o Primary Clarifier: To prevent development of septic conditions during warm daysdue to prolonged hydraulic detention time, it is preferable to bypass the primaryclarifiers and operate the plant in the extended aeration mode

o Activated sludge plant: one unit should be operated

o Secondary clarifiers: one unit should be operated

o Thickeners: one tank to be operated

o Digesters: one primary and one secondary digester to be operated

Under the above conditions the plant would be producing the designed concentrationlimits.

On the basis of above analysis the following conclusions can be made:

During the first development phase, the plant would be producing the designedconcentration limits of BOD5 and TSS. However, careful attention is required in theselection of the number of treatment units and modules, and in the adjustment of theprocess parameters in accordance with actual hydraulic and organic loads received.

At its designed capacity (year 2021), the plant would be producing the designedconcentration limits of BOD5 and TSS.

8.5.2 Solids Production and Quality Requirements

The estimated solids production generated by the treatment process can besummarized by the following table:

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Table 8.4 Emergency WWTP Solids Production

Phase year Flow Screenings Grit Sludge dry Sludge dryI _ I L_ ____ __ j solids solidsm'/d m3/d j / m 3/month tons/year

1 g 2020 87,500 2 1.3 1098 4,4002@2027 118,500 3 1487 6,000

It is to be noted that screenings and grit generally emit odours although provision forgrit washing is included, therefore it is necessary that these solids be hauled on a dailybasis, and if need be provision for lime application be made to eliminate odouremissions.

The current sludge treatment process is classified as process to significantly reducepathogens (PSRP), which will allow only restricted use of sludge in agriculture(fodder or cereal crops). To allow unrestricted re-use of sludge in agriculture aprocess to further reduce pathogen (PFRP) is required, which entails the provision ofother processes, such as composting, long term storage, etc.

In all cases, this project would be subject to the World Bank guidelines for sludge re-use which would require one year sludge storage for reduction of nematode eggs toless than 1 per 100 gm. Therefore, it is proposed that a total area of 10 hectares beprovided for this, of which 1 hectare to be constructed by the year 2004.

The sludge would be stored in concrete bays with separating walls. Provision fordrainage of liquid should be provided as well as service roads for sludge loadingaround the sludge bays.

The dried sludge would be hauled daily at an estimated rate of one trip over 300 daysper year. The trucks hauling the sludge shall be covered to prevent accidental sludgespills.

8.5.3 Power

The total installed power requirement for the Emergency WWTP is 40 KVA. Powerconsumption is estimated to be 1500 kw-hr per year at 2027. There will be one dieselstandby generator giving a total power output of 2.5 MW to provide sufficient powerfor operation of the essential plant and equipment and maintain levels of treatmentduring any power failures.

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8.5.4 Chemical Usage

The chemicals used in the treatment plant and their application rates at year 2027 canbe summarized in the following table

Table 8.5 Emergency WWTP Chemical Consumption RatesFlow @ 118 ,500 m3/day 2027 Dose Consumption

tons/yearCalcium Hypochlorite, 70 % conc. 5 mg/l 460Lime 260 kg/ton 2974Polymer 5 kg/ton 33 l

The treatment plant includes all the required safety facilities for handling of chlonrnesuch as safety shower, and emergency extraction fans in the Calcium Hypochloritestorage room.

For all chemicals to be transported or handled on site, provisions for safety standardsare included in the tender specifications. These provisions require:

o The posting of information on specifications of chemical, method of storage,application, and remediation measures in case of emergency conditions due tocontact or exposure.

o Installation of safety showers as required

o Wearing of protective clothing

o Emergency plan for serious conditions.

8.5.5 Review of Engineering Aspects

Based on the treatment plant's tender documents, and site visits conducted, a numberof shortcomings to the plant have been identified. These are summarized by thefollowing:

Instrumentation for process Control

* A number of instruments that are necessary for controlling the operation of thetreatment process have not been included, and should be provided. These are:

* Flow meters for monitoring of return activated sludge flow rate, which wouldallow adjustment of the flow rate. Quantity required 4.

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* Flow meters for monitoring of primary sludge flow rate, which would allowcontrol of primary sludge wastage. Quantity required 3.

* Flow meters for monitoring of waste activated sludge flow rate, which wouldallow control of sludge age critical for the process. Quantity required 3.

* Flow meters for monitoring and controlling the amount of dilution water added tothe sludge blending tank. Quantity required three.

* Flow-meters at the outlet of the circulation pumps of sludge digester for a precisecontrol of the amount of sludge being circulated. Quantity required 33.

* Flow-meters at the outlet of each centrifuge are recommended for the dailymeasurement of the amount of sludge dewatered in the treatment plant. Quantityrequired 2.

Revision of Process Piping Design

Provision to return supernatant from thickeners and anaerobic digesters to headworksshould be made since the original plan of diverting the supernatant to sludge dryingbeds is not acceptable.

Filtrate line from sludge drying beds should be re-routed to the headworks in lieu ofthe current routing which shows them discharging to the dilution pumping station.

Laboratory Equipment and Furnishings

Provision for test equipment, tools, utensils, chemicals, and reagents to conductchemical, physical, and bacteriological tests that are required for analyses ofwastewater and sludge as part of the monitoring programme has not been included inthe tender documents. These furnishings were evaluated and included in the costestimate of the Environmental Management Plant, Table 7-11 Chapter 7.

Tender Specifications for Calcium Hvpochlorite

As the chlorination system has been revised from gas chlorination to Calciumhypochlorite, the complete specifications of the latter would be required to ensure thatthe correct materials, capacities, etc are procured and installed in accordance withgood engineering standards.

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8.6 Evaluation of Effluent Discharge Impact on Maharloo Lake

As discussed in the preceding paragraphs, the effluent of the Emergency WWTP willbe discharged in Maharloo Lake during the wet season. Whereas in precedingchapters the impact of the project on the lake was addressed, this section will considerthe impact of the Emergency WWTP effluent discharge in detail.

8.6.1 Maharloo Lake Environmental condition

The environmental state of the lake was considered in depth in Chapter 4; howeverenvironmental aspects which are of relevance to the discussion will be re-presentedhere. The lake's volume fluctuates depending on the season of the year, reaching amaximum of 90 million m3 when the lake's water is at its highest level. When thelake is filling, the water is highly saline due to the geological formations of the area,and the average salt content has been quoted at 188 gm/l. At this salinity level, thebiological environment is very scarce. Certain fauna and flora species have beenidentified, and the most common of which is the Artimia, cane and some aquaticplants. The lake however is an attraction point for the local population, particularly inspring time, when it is full and migrant birds approach it.

Currently the lake is polluted with heavy metals, nitrate, organic contaminants, andColiforms due to the uncontrolled discharge of sewage in Khoshk and SoltanabadRivers which end up in this lake. Measurements of these contaminants wereperformed by the DOE, and are exhibited in tables 4-3, 4-5, 4-6, 4-8, and 4-9 ofchapter 4.

8.6.2 Treated Effluent Loads

The effluent of the Emergency WWTP will be treated to a secondary level, withfollowing parameters:

1. BOD5 < 20 mg/l

2. TSS < 30 mg/l

3. Total Coliforms < 400 MPN/100 ml

4. Nitrogen and Phosphorus would be difficult to predict since no influent levels tothe plant have been established as discussed in the previous paragraphs. However,typical removal rates by the complete mix activated sludge process of nitrogenand phosphorus are 50% and 25% respectively. If we consider the influentconcentrations of Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) and Phosphorus to be in the

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range of 40 mg/l and 8 mg/l respectively the effluent concentrations should be lessthan 20 mg/l for TKN and less than 6 mg/l for phosphorus.

It would be quite difficult to quantify the cumulative effect of effluent disposal on thelake, particularly since the lake volume is variable, and there are other sources ofnutrients and particulate matter that discharge to the lake through surface run off.However, given the effluent concentrations described in the previous paragraph, andthe fact that the discharge will occur during the winter season only, it is anticipatedthat the impact of the residual loads to be small.

8.6.3 Iranian Standards of Discharge to Surface Water Bodies

There are no Iranian standards for effluent discharge to salt water bodies per se.Iranian Standards for effluent discharge to water bodies are classified either for wells,agricultural reuse or to surface water. For the latter, no further classification is madeto distinguish whether the water body is for drinking, recreation, etc. Although thisstandard cannot be entirely applied in this case, since the lake is highly saline andwith very little aquatic life, comparison with this standard is shown in the table belowfor indication purposes.

Table 8.6 Emergency WWTP Effluent Quality & Comparison with Iranian StandardsParameter Iranian WWTP Remark

Standard EffluentBOD5 30 mg/l 20 mg/l okTSS 40 30 mg/l okpH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8 ok

NH 4 2.5 can be If operated as a nitrification system. Seemet paragraph below

NO 3 50 will be Since influent NO3 is negligible and influentmet NH4 is less than 30 partial nitrification will not

lead to effluent NO3 levels exceeding 50P0 4 6 likely to Compliance will depend on influent levels,be met under normal sewage quality, the limits should

be attainedTC 1000/100 ml 400/100 OK

ml

As can be seen from above table, the treated effluent will be in compliance with theIranian standards. It should be noted though, that the required N1H4 concentrationwould require that the process includes a nitrification step. The design of thetreatment plant will achieve partial nitrification, particularly during the summerseason. To ensure nitrification during the winter season, which is the period ofdischarge to the lake, the process parameters have to be modified to ensure that

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nitrification will take place. This will entail longer sludge detention times andreduced mixed liquor concentration, and ultimately lead to increase in plantconstruction and operational costs. Based on average ammonia concentration of 25mg/ in raw sewage, it is anticipated that the treatment process will achieve 60% to70% removal and the effluent ammonia concentration will be less than 10 mg/I. The10 mg/l figure is the standard effluent limits for non-saline water bodies.

8.6.4 Standards of Discharge to Surface Water Bodies

In the absence of the national standards, reference can be made to Internationalstandards goveming effluent discharge to oceans or seas. Normally such standardswould require preliminary treatment with dilution or secondary treatment For instanceeffluent discharge standards to the Mediterranean Sea require secondary treatmentlevel (ref. Barcelona Protocol), with a total nitrogen content of 30 mg/I, which can beachieved by the adopted process. Therefore the treated effluent of the EmergencyWWTP would be actually compliant with relevant international standards.

It should be noted though, that Iranian standards (refer to annex B) also specify limitsof heavy metal. It is not possible at this stage to forecast the heavy metal effluentlevels since no data on the influent is available, however heavy metal concentration inthe influent is not expected to be significant, particularly since all industries will berequired to move to the industrial zone currently under development, which will haveits own central treatment facility. Furthermore, industries with strong wastes will berequired to provide pre-treatment prior to discharge to central sewers according to thecurrent environmental laws.

8.6.5 Evaluation of Effluent Impact

Based on the preceding sections, it can be concluded that the treated effluent will bein compliance with relevant prevailing standards governing the discharge of effluentto Maharloo Lake. The impact of the effluent on the lake can be considered to bemarginal on the lake ecosystem particularly since the loads are insignificant, and thedisposal is occurring for a limited period of time during the year. In fact, as stated inChapter 5, the overall impact of developing the treatment plant on the lake'secosystem is positive and significant when we consider that the current deterioratingconditions of the lake due to the discharge of raw sewage will be put to an end byoperating the treatment plant.

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9 Public Involvement

As an integral part of the EA process of Shiraz Water Supply and Sanitation Project,consultation and communication with various interested groups were undertaken. ThePublic Involvement (PI) is essential to determine individual and communitypreferences, facilitate selection of project altematives, and designing sustainablemitigation plans. Furthermore, PI will assist in understanding likely impacts, and thegathering of environmental data.

The basic components of public involvement is information dissemination,information soliciting, and consultation, all of which promote effective publicinvolvement and occur at various stages of the project development cycle.

9.1 Information Dissemination

Information conceming the project was disseminated very early by the Proponent tovarious stakeholders. Technical, financial, environmental and social issues associatedwith the project were issued to Fars Water Authority, general Public, relevantindustrial institutions, The Shiraz Municipality, The City Council, The Department ofthe Environment, The Ministry of Health and Medical Education, The Ministry ofAgricultural Jihad, The Cultural Heritage Organization, Universities, NGO's (such asthe Green Association) , and Farmers. Terms of Reference for the El studies weredeveloped and shared with the key stakeholders in scoping meetings, which were heldas of August 2002. Relevant documentation about the project was issued throughletters, and project reports. SWWC also issued monthly bulletins and news letters toinform the public about the project. The aim of this dissemination was to provideaccurate information conceming the project objectives, components, likely impacts,environmental concems, and other issues, which would facilitate informationsoliciting, and participation at later stages of the EA, as described in the proceedingparagraphs.

9.2 Information Solicitation

Information that is relevant to the EA and that would provide insights were soughtfrom the various stakeholders throughout the EA study. In brief, the followingoutlines the main inputs of selected stakeholders:

* SWWC: Status of water supply system, sewage system, water and wastewaterquality records.

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* Cultural Heritage Organization: Permit requirements for work adjacent tohistorical sites, latest archeological findings, sitting of the projects componentsadjacent to the cultural sites, review and comments on chance find procedures.* Shiraz Municipality: urban situation, land acquisition, building permits.* Department of Environment: latest update on applicable environmental standards,

well water quality records, Maharloo lake water quality, industrial effluent records* Ministry of Health and Medical Education: Public health in Shiraz City, incidence

of water bome disease

* Ministry of Agriculture Jihad: Agricultural situation, standards of irrigation water,standards for treated sludge

9.3 Public Consultation

Following information dissemination and solicitation, public consultation wasconducted through interviews, group discussions, and public meetings. On severaloccasions discussions about the project were conducted on local TV talk shows andincluded experts, university professors, and SWWC officials. Monthly meetingsbetween SWWC representatives and Fars Province Govemate Technical Officer,including other provincial officials, were held at the Fars Govemor General's office todiscuss the project development and to consult with all concemed officials. Publicconsultation include also other major stake holders as detailed in the followingparagraphs

9.3.1 Ministry of Health and Medical Education

Consultation with the public health authorities of the affected areas covered thefollowing issues:

* The improvement of personal hygiene and public health* The need for effective control of waterbome disease transmission in agricultural

areas and in potable water supply

* The measures to decrease health risks to farmers and consumers through healthypractices: washing of vegetables, wearing of boots for farmers* Measures to control helminthes diseases and livestock diseases* The necessity of public awareness and education

9.3.2 Ministry of Agriculture Jihad

The following points were discussed with agricultural authorities:

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The need for water in the agricultural areas downstream of the plant* The improvement in irrigation water following implementation of the project* The reuse potential of treated effluent and treated sludge* The need for mitigation measures such as controlling heavy metal content in soils

and crops

* Improving current irrigation methods

* The need for agricultural extension services in the agricultural areas of the projectto monitor long term impacts of the project.

* The education of farmers on the use of treated effluent and sludge

9.3.3 Non-Governmental Organizations

The Consultant and the Project Management Unit organized and held a number ofmeetings to consult affected groups and obtain comments from local NGOs. Thecomplaints about the project were then reviewed by the Consultant and the proponent.

The non-governmental organizations consulted were:

The farmers Council

* Independent agronomists

* Environmental researchers

* Independent public health engineers

* Representatives of the city's industrial institutions

* University professors and experts

* Green Association

The view points of the various non-governmental organizations can be summarized asfollows:

The implementation of the project should commence as soon as possible.* The standards for management, pipe laying, construction and monitoring should

be of the highest quality.

* The need for institutional strengthening of all agencies at the provincial levels,including SWWC

* The need for more action , rather than continued endless studies and hesitation* The need fore inter-agency coordination training, education and public awareness.

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* Technology transfer is essential for training of staff at all levels.

* Issues relating to the connection fees, and the need to make them affordable* Reduction of the Unaccounted For Water

* The need to preserve the natural state of Maharloo lake

* The need to exercise utmost care to avoid potential impact on cultural heritagebuildings and monuments.

9.3.4 Farmers

Several meetings were held with farmers and agricultural organizations and thefollowing topics were addressed:

* The improvement to the environment if the project was implemented

* The negative and positive impacts of using treated sludge a soil conditioner* The impacts of reuse of treated effluent in agriculture

* The positive impacts of improved quality of Khoshk and Soltan Abad rivers* The farmers awareness of possible water logging problems and how to use sludge* The public hazard from using contaminated surface and ground water.

The views and concems of the farmers were recorded and assessed. They can besummarized by the following:

The farmers emphasized the importance of improving the quality of the ground waterand surface waters.

* Farmers are concerned about heavy metal pollution of soil and crops leading toavoidance by consumers of crops grown in the area.

* The farmers insisted that the effluent should be of acceptable quality to protecttheir reputation

* The farmers welcomed the reuse of sludge as a soil conditioner, particularly if itwould yield good results and is offered at economical rates.

* However, they expressed concern about the risk of heavy metal build up orhelminthes diseases.

9.3.5 Public Meeting

Annex F presents the proceedings of the public consultation meeting held on the 4 ofJanuary, 2004. More than 150 people representing the main stake holders, and thepublic participated in the meeting. The public meeting discussed the project

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objectives, project description, alternatives to the project and altemate design optionsavailable, positive and negative impacts of the project, major environmental issuesand mitigatory measures available, and feedback from the public. The speakerspresented their discussions using documentary films, power point, and audio visualaids. The main feedback from the public was that the project is urgently needed, itshould be executed to a very good quality, govemment agencies should coordinatewith each other, and SWWC capacity should be enhanced to meet the project needs.The main concern of the participants was the potential adverse impacts of the projectson the following:

* Maharloo lake water quality

* Historical buildings and monuments

* Health concems from sludge and irrigation reuse

The Proponent and the Consultants to the project assured the participants that the EAstudies have addressed these issues very carefully per following:

The project aims at maximizing the reuse of effluent in agriculture. Therefore, thedischarge of effluent in the lake will take place during the wet season only, whereinthe effluent cannot be reused. Furthermore, the treated effluent of the WWTPs wouldbe in compliance with the national standards for surface water discharge. Also toevaluate and detect potential effects on the lake, the project includes a comprehensiveprogram for monitoring the Lake's water quality.

The Consultants clarified that the design of the project works was studied carefully tolocate all facilities and align all underground lines away from historical sites;furthermore the project will ensure compliance with the permit requirements of theSCHO, whose representative will attend the construction sites near cultural heritageareas.

Adequate design provisions have been incorporated in the sludge treatment process,sludge application, sludge and soil monitoring to address all the requirements of thenational and intemational standards for reuse of sludge in agriculture.

9.4 Summary

Numerous govemmental and non-govermmental organizations were consulted atvarious stages of project preparation. At the initiation of the project, technical,financial, environmental and social issues associated with the project were discussedin meetings attended by the design Consultants, representative of the City councils,Shiraz municipality, Fars Water Authority and various other stakeholders. Terms of

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Reference for the El studies were developed and shared with the key stakeholders inscoping meetings, which were held as of August 2002.

The preparation process for the environmental assessment included publicconsultations which were carried out at various stages. The consultations involvedline ministries, city authorities, provincial departments of environment, operatingwater and wastewater companies, local communities, NGOs and the public.

Upon the completion of the draft EA report, the executive summary was translated toFarsi and a public hearing was held on the 4 of January 2004. The meeting wasattended by more than 150 participants from various organizations includingrepresentatives of SWWC, local health authorities, local law enforcement authorities,Fars Water Authority, NGOs, Shiraz municipality, DOE, members of the press,experts and professionals from the community of Shiraz. Invitation letters wereprepared in Farsi and were accompanied with the draft Executive Summary.Announcements about the meeting were also made through the local newspapers andpublic bulletin boards. The meeting was covered by the local newspapers, televisionand radio. The meeting consisted of an opening session, a presentation of the projectfinancial arrangements and the current cooperation between the World Bank andSWWC. This presentation was followed by a short documentary film which showedthe current status of the water and wastewater services in the city and the ongoingworks of these facilities. The film was followed by a presentation of the project'smajor components and the environmental aspect of each component. The commonview held was that the project should be implemented as soon as possible as it wouldresult in improved health and welfare benefits not only to Shiraz but for the wholeregion.

The main concern was expressed by NGO and MOE representatives conceming theimpact of the project on Maharloo Lake, and whether alternative effluent dischargeoptions are available to avoid these impacts. The Consultants of the project clarifiedthat the alternative of reusing the treated effluent in agricultural irrigation is actuallyadopted in the project, and therefore the discharge of effluent in the lake will takeplace during the wet season only, wherein the effluent cannot be reused. Furthermore,the treated effluent of the WWTPs would be in compliance with the nationalstandards for surface water discharge. Also to evaluate potential effects on the lake,the project includes a comprehensive program for monitoring the Lake's waterquality. Other concerns related to the impact of the project on the historical buildingsof Shiraz, was raised by a member of the public, who requested clarifications on themeasures foreseen to mitigate these adverse impacts. The Consultants clarified thatthe design of the project works was studied carefully to locate all facilities and alignall underground lines away from historical sites; furthermore the project will ensure

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compliance with the permit requirements of the SCHO, whose representative willattend the construction sites near cultural heritage areas. A representative of theMOAJ requested clarification on how the project will address the reuse of treatedsludge in agriculture considering the constraints and the health quality limits requiredby various standards. It was clarified that adequate design provisions have beenincorporated in the sludge treatment process, sludge application, sludge and soilmonitoring to address all the requirements of the national and international standards.

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10 List of References

1. A Study of Air Pollution in Shiraz; A.Safari, Organization of Environmental

Protection, Fars Branch, 1999

2. A Study of Contamination and Contamination Resources of Water in Shiraz Plain;

M. Koochmeshkian; Organization of Environmental Protection,1993

3. A Study of Ways for Water Table Drawdown in South-east of Shiraz Plain; Parab

Fars Consulting Engineers, 1991

4. A Synthesis of the Comprehensive Study for Revitalization and Development of

Agriculture and Natural Resources in Fars Province (Parts 6 and 7); Yekom

Consulting Engineers, 2000

5. A Synthesis of the Comprehensive Study for Revitalization and Development of

Agriculture and Natural Resources in Fars Province, Part 19 (Environment);

Yekom Consulting Engineers, 2000

6. Contamination of Water and Soil in Catchment Area of Maharloo Lake; K.

Banani, Organization for Enviromnental Protection, Fars Branch, 1996

7. Draft report -Feasibility Study for water Supply and wastewater Collection

Treatment and Disposal Facilities for City of Shiraz, Iranab Consulting Engineers,

2002

8. Draft report -Feasibility Study for water Supply and wastewater and Disposal

Facilities for City of Shiraz, Iranab Consulting Engineers, 2002

9. Economic-Social-Environmental-Technical Justification of Shiraz Sewerage Plan;

Mahabghods Consulting Engineers, prepared for Shiraz Water and Sewage

Company,2002

10. Environmental Impact Assessments of Shiraz Sewage Treatment Plant during

Construction and Operation; Z.Saboori; Graduation Paper; School of

Environmental Studies, University of Tehran, 2001

11. Environmental Review of Baalbek Water and Wastewater System

12. Final Report- Feasibility Study for water Supply and wastewater Collection

Treatment and Disposal Facilities for City of Shiraz, Iranab Consulting Engineers;

2003

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13. First Interim Report- Feasibility Study for Water Supply and Wastewatercollection Treatment and Disposal for City of Shiraz; Iraanab ConsultingEngineers; Vol. 1 ;2002

14. General Census of People and Houses; Iran Census Center; 1996

15. Identification of Iranian Villages; Iran Census Center; 1999

16. Iran Wild Life (Vertebrae); Eskandar Firooz; University Press Center, 1 999

17. Phase 1 Study Report for Rehabilitation of Shiraz Water network (Parts 1 and 2);Iranab Consulting Engineers, 2001

18. Plan for Development and Extension of Shiraz (Part 5); Parhas ConsultingEngineers, prepared for Fars Housing and City Planning Branch Office, 1996

19. Report on Geo-electrical investigation of groundwater resources of Shiraz;Abkav-Tehran Consulting Engineers, 1971

20. Report on Geology of Catchment Area of Shiraz Khoshk River; Parab Fars-HasebFars Consulting Engineers, 2002

21. Report on Hydrogeology and Water Resources (Rehabilitation Plan of KhoshkRiver in Shiraz); Parab Fars-Haseb Fars Consulting Engineers, 2002

22. Report on Morphology of Shiraz Khoshk River; Parab Fars-Haseb FarsConsulting Engineers, 2002

23. Second Interim Report- Feasibility Study for Water Supply and Wastewatercollection Treatment and Disposal for City of Shiraz; Iraanab ConsultingEngineers; Vol. 2; 2002

24. Soil Study of Shiraz; Center for Investigation of Water and Soil, 1969

25. Study of Contamination of Maharloo Lake Water; Organization forEnvironmental Protection, Fars Branch-Shiraz University, 1998

26. The Birds of Iran, Firooz .E; 1976; Department of the Environment

27. Third Interim Report- Feasibility Study for Water Supply and WastewaterCollection Treatment and Disposal for City of Shiraz; Iraanab ConsultingEngineers; Vol. 3 ;2002

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28. Tracing of Heavy Metals in Water, Soil and some Agricultural Products around

Khoshk River in Shiraz; Moslemi, Jaafar-Zadeh, Abbasi; Organization for

Environmental Protection, Fars Branch

29. Water Supply and Wastewater Collection Disposal (Feasibility Study- draft

Report) Iranab Consulting Engineers, March 2003

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