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2008/07

The Social Assessment Report on Hubei Stretch from Yichang to Badong of

Highway from Shanghai to Chengdu

(Revised)

Social Survey Research Center of Peking University

Beijing China

July, 2008

IPP307

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Appraisal organization: Social Survey Research Center of Peking University

Address: Room 5207, Department of Sociology,

Law Building, Peking University

Tel: 0086—10—62757189

HP: 13683243230

Fax: 0086—10—62751677

Postal Code: 100871

Email: liuay@mail.disa.pku.edu.cn; liuay@sohu.com

The Social Assessment Report on Hubei Stretch from Yichang to Badong of

Highway from Shanghai to Chengdu

Team Leader of Social Appraisal: Liu Aiyu

Team Leader of Social Appraisal: Liu Aiyu

Staff Members: Liu Aiyu, Xie Zijuan, Liu Juli, Lang Lang

Yan Zhenyong, Liu Jiangbo, Qi Lili, Wang Yao

Wang Yanghong, Wan Fan , Guo Chenglin

Author of the Report: Liu Aiyu

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Preface

Entrusted by the World Bank Financed Project Execution Office (PEO)

under the Hubei Provincial Communications Department (HPCD), the

Social Survey Research Center of Peking University (SSRCPKU)

conducted an independent assessment on the “Project of the Stretch from

Yichang to Badong of the Highway from Shanghai to Chengdu”.

The Yiba stretch of the highway from Shanghai to Chengdu is lying in

the west of Hubei Province which is at the joint of middle reaches and

upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The project area administratively

belongs to Yiling District Yichang City, Zigui County, Xingshang

County and Badong County of Shien Tujia & Miao Autonomous

Prefecture. It adjoins Jianghan Plain in the east, Chongqing City in the

west, Yangtze River in the south and Shengnongjia Forest, Xiangfan City

etc in the north. The highway, extending 173 km, begins in Baihe,

connecting Jingyi highway, and ends up in Badong County in the joint of

Hubei and Sichuan, joining Wufeng highway in Chongqing.

Under the precondition of sticking to the World Bank’s policy, the social

assessment is going to make a judgment of the social impact exerted by

the project, advance certain measures, and in the meanwhile bring

forward supervision and appraisement system.

During July 1st and 9th, 2007, the assessment team conducted the social

investigation in Yiling District Yichang City, Zigui County,

XingshanCounty and Badong County. The content of investigation

mainly contains:

(1) Collecting data on nature, geography, water conservancy, shipping,

transport, environment, and present development of social economy of

all the investigatory area;

(2) Collecting data about nature, geography, shipping, transport,

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environment, and development of social economy of the cities and

counties involved;

(3) Investigating and collecting data about nature, recourses, economy

and social status of Longquan Town Yiling District, Yayueling Town,

Huanghua Xiang, Xiakou Town and Gaoqiao Xiang of Xingshan County,

and Yanduhe Town and Xiqiuwan Xiang of Badong County;

(4) Choosing Qinglong Village and Wanjiafan Village in Longquan Town,

Fenghuangguan Village and Haiyun Village in Yaqueling Town and

Huanghuachang Village and Xinping Village in Huanghua Xiang of

Yiling District, Shijiaba Village and Sixiangxi Village in Xiakou Town

and Zhoujiashan Village in Gaoqiao Xiang of Xingshan County, and

Shujiacao Village and Xibiantang Village in Yanduhe Town and

Xiqiuwan Village and Jiangjunling Village in Xiqiuwan Xiang of

Badong County to investingate in villagers’ houses. Conduct

semi-structural questionnaire survey to 143 houses in 13 villages, which

contains information about family members’ situation, housing condition,

production, labor service export, income and outlay, industrial structure,

labor division and decision making in family, locals’ acquaintance about

the project, expropriation aroused by the project and resettlers’ attitudes

and expectations;

(5) Conducting deep interviews to 70 families or persons in 13 villages,

each of which is about 90 minutes on average.

This assessment gets strong support from World Bank Financed Project

Execution Office (PEO) under the Hubei Provincial Communications

Department (HPCD) and warm help from villagers and governments of

cities (districts) and xiangs (towns) concerned. We here present our

sincerest acknowledgement to Mr. Liu Zhefu, the senior social

development expert of the World Bank, for his many valuable advices

during the process of project design.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1．Introduction to the Project and its Social Assessment .............................................9

1.1 General Introduction of the Project.....................................................................................9 1.2 General Introduction of the Social Assessment of the Project ..........................................10

1.2.1 The Significance and Objective of the Social Assessment....................................10 1.2.2 The Objective of this Social Assessment ............................................................11 1.2.3 Methodology of Social Assessment ......................................................................12 1.2.4 Operation of Social Assessment ..........................................................................13 1.2.5 Sources of Documents & Materials ....................................................................15

2. General Introduction of the Affected Areas of the Project.......................................16 2.1 Directly and Indirectly Affected Areas of the Project .......................................................16 2.2 Geographic Location, Historical Development and Human Cultural Characteristics of Affected Areas.........................................................................................................................17 2.3 Economic Condition of Affected Areas ............................................................................20 2.4 Natural and Human Resources of Affected Areas.............................................................28 2.5 General Situation of the Employment Models of the Local Residents in Affected Areas 32 2.6 Main beneficiaries.............................................................................................................39

3. Socio-Economic Impact of the Project ....................................................................41 3.1 Basic Conditions of Those under Investigation and of Their Villages ..............................41

3.1.1 Affected Villages of Yiling District ........................................................................41 3.1.2 Affected Villages of Xingshan County.............................................................48 3.1.3 The Affected Villages of Badong County...............................................................51

3.2 Basic Conditions of Affected Households.........................................................................55 3.2.1 Basic Characteristics of Households ......................................................................55 3.2.2 The Size and Structure of Family...........................................................................56 3.2.3 Education Distribution of Family Members...........................................................57

3.3 Production and Operation of the Household .....................................................................57 3.3.1 Land and Living of the Villagers............................................................................57 3.3.2 Means of Production and Operation.......................................................................62

3.4 Division of Labor and Way of Employment .....................................................................64 3.4.1 Working Time on Agricultural Production as well as Non-agricultural Production.........................................................................................................................................64 3.4.2 Aanalysis of working out .......................................................................................66

3.5 Housing and living ............................................................................................................69 3.5.1 Housing Area .........................................................................................................69 3.5.2 Time of Building ....................................................................................................71 3.5.3 Cost for House Construction ..................................................................................71 3.5.4 The General Conditions of House and Residence..................................................72

3.6 Income of Household and the Factors...............................................................................74 3.6.1 Structure and Level of Income ...............................................................................74 3.6.2 Priority of Richness for Investigated Families .......................................................78 3.6.3 Prioritization of Reasons for the Poverty of Families ............................................81

3.7 Household’s Expenditure and it’s Structure ......................................................................84

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3.7.1 Expenditure Structure..........................................................................................84 3.7.3 Land, Production, Income and Expenditure of the Typical Household .................87

3.8 Land Expropriation and its Impacts to Households Income .............................................92 3.8.1 Land Expropriation and Its Impacts to Households Income ..................................92 3.8.2 Land Expropriation and Its Impacts on Typical Households’ Income....................97

3.9 Social Support Network oof Household..........................................................................101 3.10 Traveling and Transportations.......................................................................................103

3.10.1 Household Vehicles in Relation with Satisfaction Toward Traffic Conditions ..103 3.10.2 Traveling Frequency in Relation with Degrees of Satisfaction of Those Investigated ...................................................................................................................105 3.10.3 Traveling modes in Relation with Degrees of Satisfaction of Those Investigated.......................................................................................................................................107

4. Women and Project Participation...........................................................................108 4.1 Women’s present status ...................................................................................................108

4.1.1 Women’s Economical Status ................................................................................108 4.1.2 Women’s Political Status...................................................................................113 4.1.3 Women’s educational status .................................................................................114 4.1.4 Women’s Marriage Status.....................................................................................116

4.2 Project Construction and Women’s participation ............................................................118 4.2.1The Impacts that the Construction of the Project May Have on Local Women’s Economic Participation .................................................................................................118 4.2.2 The Impacts that the Construction of This Project Will Have on Local Women’s Political Participation....................................................................................................119 4.2.3 The Impacts of the Construction of the Project on Local Women’s Education and Marriage Status .............................................................................................................121 4.2.4 Women’s Attitudes toward the Project and Its Impact .........................................122 4.2.5 Possible Action Responses of Women When their Wills to Participate Was Not Satisfied.........................................................................................................................124 4.2.6 Negative Impact Caused by the Project and Women’s Reaction .........................129

5. Analysis of the Impacts on Ethnic Minority ..........................................................133 5.1 Demographic Composition and Nationality Characteristics of Hubei Province.............133 5.2 Demographic Composition and Nationality Characteristics of Affected area.................134 5.3 Demographic Composition and Nationality Characteristics of Villages and Towns.......137

6. Influence of the Project and Social Risks ..............................................................147 6.1 Understanding Status of Villagers about the Project .......................................................148 6.2 Attitude towards Expropriation and Migration ...............................................................148 6.3 Expectation of the Ways of Compensation for Expropriation.........................................150

6.3.1 General Characters of the Ways of Compensation for Expropriation ..................150 6.3.2 Expectation to the Ways of Expropriation Compensation from Villagers with Various Characters ........................................................................................................153

6.4 Attitude towards Dismantlement and Removal...............................................................155 6.4.1 Basic Housing Condition of Those Who Need to Remove ..................................155 6.4.2 Attitude towards Resettlement .............................................................................157

6.5 Expectation of the Ways of Compensation for Dismantlement and Removal ................160

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6.6 Expectation to the Compensatory Level for Dismantlement and Removal ....................162 6.7 Willingness of Choosing Places for Houses Rebuilt.......................................................164 6.8 Negative Impact Caused by the Project and Villagers’ Reaction....................................166

6.8.2 General Ways of Response to the Negative Impact from Villagers of Different Characters......................................................................................................................170

6.9 Ways of Reaction to the Discontent with Compensation for Occupation and Dismantlement ......................................................................................................................173

6.9.1 General Action Ways ...........................................................................................173 6.9.2 Ways of Expressing Discontent with Compensation from Villagers of Different Characters......................................................................................................................181

7. Analysis of the Project’s Social Effects .................................................................186 7.1 Effects of communications improvement........................................................................186

7.1.1 Improvement of National Highway Network and Hubei’s Main Road Network.186 7.1.2 Connection with Road Network out of the Region ..............................................188 7.1.3 Join with Waterways out of the Region................................................................188 7.1.4 Join with Railways and Airways out of the Region .............................................189

7.2 Socially Economic Effects except Communications.......................................................189 7.2.1 Helpful to Execute Strategies of “Central Rise” and “Western Development”....189 7.2.2 Constructive to the Development of Chinas’ Yangtze River Economic Belt .......193 7.2.3 Beneficial to Develop and Take Use of Resources and Boost Regional Economy.......................................................................................................................................194 7.2.4 Beneficial to Reinforce Social and Economic Relations and Relations between Regions .........................................................................................................................195

7.3 Social Effects of the Project ............................................................................................197 7.3.1 Level of Social Support to the Project .................................................................197 7.3.2 Influence of Benefit to Main Correlates...............................................................197 7.3.3 Influence to social stability ..................................................................................203 7.3.4 Analysis on Employment Effects .........................................................................205 7.3.5 Promoting the Process of Local Urbanization......................................................206 7.3.6 Promoting the Development of Local Education and Governance ......................207

8. Conclusions and suggestions of social appraisal ...................................................211 8.1 Chief Conclusions ...........................................................................................................211 8.2 Villagers’ Suggestions .....................................................................................................224

8.2.1 Land Expropriation and Compensation................................................................224 8.2.2 Dismantlement and Removal and Compensation ................................................226 8.2.3 Infrastructure and Compensation .........................................................................228 8.2.4 Suggestions to Highway Construction .................................................................228 8.2.5 Safety, Public Security and Other Issues during the Construction of the Project.229

8.3 Suggestions of Government of Xiangs (Towns)..............................................................230 8.3.1 Land Expropriation and Compensation................................................................230 8.3.2 Dismantlement and Removal and Compensation ................................................233 8.3.3 Infrastructure and Compensation .........................................................................235 8.3.4 Suggestions to Road Built ....................................................................................236

8.4 Expert Panel’s Suggestions .............................................................................................237

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8.4.1 Taking Peasants’ Interest into Serious Consideration...........................................237 8.4.2 Compensation for Expropriation, Dismantlement and Removal .........................239 8.4.3 Establish and Encourage the Participation System of Benefactors ......................241 8.4.4 Suggestions to Highway Built and Development.................................................242 8.4.5 Pay Attention to and Promote Propaganda of the Projects................................243 8.4.6 Pay Attention to Effects on the Implementation of Projects by the Past Cadre-ordinary Villagers’ Relationship in Rural Community and Some Historical Issues.......................................................................................................................................244 8.4.7 Highlight the Social Responsibility of the Project Owner ...................................244

Appendix One Member of Social Appraisal Team.............................................................245 Appendix Two Guidelines for the Social Assessment Work on Yiba Highway Project.....246 Appendix Three: Guidelines for the Interviews of Cadres on Yiba Highway Project ..........251 Appendix Four: Guidelines for Individual Interviews on Yiba Highway Project .................254 Appendix Five：Guidelines for Seminar Discussions on Yiba Highway Project ................256

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1．Introduction to the Project and its Social Assessment

1.1 General Introduction of the Project

The highway from Yichang to Badong is an important part of the

highway from Shanghai to Chengdu(abbreviated as Yiba Highway

Project below), which is one of 18 east-to-west lines, according to the

“National Highway Network Program”(network No. 7918). In Hubei, it

begins from Changlingguan at the joint of Hubei and Anhui, passes

Macheng, then enters Wuhan in Huangpo, and runs west between (Wu)

Hanshi(yan) highway (part of Fuyin highway) and (Wu) Hanyi (chang)

highway (part of Huyu highway). Passing Yingcheng, Jingshan, it crosses

Sui (zhou) yue (yang) highway, extends west though Zhongxiang to

connect Xiang (fan) jing (zhou) highway at Jingmen, then enters the Yiba

stretch (this project) from Dangyang, and at last ends up in Huoshaoan at

the joint of Hubei and Chongqing, joining the highway from Wushan to

Fengjie in Chongqing.

The project areas, between 110°04’~111°39’ East Longitude and 30°32’

~31°34’ North Latitude, administratively belongs to Yiling District

Yichang City, Zigui County, Xingshang County and Badong County of

Shien Tujia & Miao Autonomous Prefecture. It adjoins Jianghan Plain in

the east, Chongqing City in the west, Yangtze River in the south and

Shengnongjia Forest, Xiangfan City etc in the north. The highway begins

at Baihe, connecting Jingyi highway, ends up in Huoshaoan at the joint of

Hubei and Chongqing, joining Wufeng highway in Chongqing. The full

length is about 173 km.

According to the communications program of Hubei Province, the

project of Yiba highway with the total loans of 150 million dollars from

the World Bank has been arranged into the World Bank’s programs from

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2007 to 2009.

1.2 General Introduction of the Social Assessment of

the Project

The social assessment on Yiba Highway Project is an important step of

the feasibility report of the project, and it is also an absolutely necessary

reference to the investment of the World Bank. The World Bank Project

Office of Hubei Communication Department entrusted the Social

Research Center of Peking University to form an expert group who will

fully in charge of the social assessment of this project.

1.2.1 The Significance and Objective of the Social

Assessment

1.2.1.1 The Significance of the Social Assessment

Social assessment is a form of feasibility research, a fundamental

condition of the design and implementation of a project and the

supplementation to the analysis of economy, finance, technology and

environment. A project argumentation without social assessment is

incomplete since it cannot be replaced by other argumentations.

1.2.1.2 The Objective of Social Assessment The basic objective of social assessment is to ensure the social benefit,

which includes the social and cultural influence and the potential social

and cultural problems, and correspondingly eliminate or at least decrease

the negative social effects. The social assessment will contribute to the

clearness of the objective of the project and more attention to the

poverty-stricken people in the affected areas of the project and more

support to the fragile group, especially the ethnic minorities and women;

it will also contribute to the constructions of various associations,

organizations and institutions which will provide more opportunities to

locals, and to the communication and understanding between investors

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and those interest-relevant people, and to the enhancement of the

participation and sharing of information; it will also contribute to the

founding of the base of social supervision and appraisal.

1.2.2 The Objective of this Social Assessment

The objective of this social assessment is to understand the direct and

potential influence of the investment of the project on the social and

cultural characteristics in the directly and indirectly affected areas. The

assessment mainly concerns the topics as below:

Project impact analysis. On the basis of the project impact

inventory to be conducted by the design consultants, the social

assessment consultant will carry out further impact analysis, particularly

of farmland acquisition, through analyzing of employment patterns and

income structures of the affected households. It would help understand

more accurately the economic impact of land acquisition upon the

affected farming households and plan necessary resettlement measures.

Gender aspects of the project preparation. Women are a major

stakeholder group of the project. It is important to identify the various

women groups, carry out separate consultations with them, bring out their

perspectives of the project and enable them to participate in the project

preparation and implementation process. It is important that the social

assessment bring out their particular concerns and needs, their views and

understandings of the impact, their views of rehabilitation measures, and

necessary measures to enable their participation in the project. Impacts of the Project and Social Risk. Analyze the relationship

between the attudes of the resettlers’ on land acquisition、dismantle、

resettlement and the action choice they will make, and discuss the

acceptable resettlement plan for the resettlers, and avoid the social risk

such as collective action resulted by the inappropriate resettlement plan.

Ethnic minority communities. The social assessment team will review

relevant data and documents, and confirm If it is need to recommend

necessary measures under the project in line with government and the

World Bank policies on indigenous people.

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Beneficiary assessment. The proposed project is expected to have

broad social, economic and environment benefits. The social

assessment will identify the potential project beneficiaries, evaluate the

expected project impacts upon them and recommend measures to

maximize project benefits for different project beneficiaries.

1.2.3 Methodology of Social Assessment

The assessment group from the SSRC of Peking University combined such methods as participative rural appraisal (PRA) method, the fieldwork survey method in anthropology and questionnaire survey in sociology to conduct the social appraisal on Yiba Highwai Pproject.

Participative Rural Appraisal method depends largely upon the participations of the residents in the local communities of the affected areas. With this method we may collect various kinds of information on their production, life, environment, etc. It is a community development method that entirely depends upon local knowledge, leadership, institution and resources to attribute to the rural development through local people’s participation. With such a participative interaction with local people, the experts get to know the community development, social relationships, structure of resources and local knowledge about the historical development and changes as well as the current social and economic situation.

Participative observation in fieldwork is the fundamental research method in which researchers enter the targeted community, live with locals for a period of time and observe local life, production and rites. This method combines subjective research as well as objective research and conduces to the understanding of the actual living conditions and true thoughts of local people.

Questionnaire survey method is the most frequently used method in modern society to collect information. Its most obvious advantage is to obtain plenty of rich, comprehensive and objective materials in a very short time that can be handled and analyzed quantitatively. As an important component of the social appraisal, the questionnaire survey aims at understanding local people’s comments and attitudes on the

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influence brought by the implementation of the project, and making a comparatively in-depth sociological as well as anthropological analysis, ensuring that the investment of the World Bank will help those poorly-paid people and the fragile group, guaranteeing that men and women enjoy equal opportunities of participation, and building a social supervision and estimation system to achieve the aforementioned goal. Hence the appraisal group initially designed the form titles with “The Social Appraisal Survey Questionnaire on Yiba Highway Projectr Financed by the World Bank”. The analysis on the questionnaire survey will add to the width of the materials collected with the participative rural appraisal and fieldwork survey methods.

1.2.4 Operation of Social Assessment

The social assessment group was formed at the end of April, 2007, and

according to the requirements of the World Bank and the specific

situation of the project and that of the affected area of the project, the

appraisal group designed “Outline of the Social Assessment on Yiba

Highway Project financed by the World Bank in Hubei Province”

(Appendix Two), “Questionnaire Survey on Yiba Highway Project

Financed by the World Bank” and the flow chart of this social appraisal.

Before the survey, the group collected and analyzed relevant documents

and materials of the affected areas of the project as well as the points of

investigation.

At the end of June, the social appraisal group discussed in details as the

objective of this social appraisal, the working process and the choice of

the points of investigation with directors of Hubei Communication

Department and those of the World Bank Project Office, and an

agreement was achieved. Then the social appraisal experts were divided

into two sub-groups, and one group went to the 7 investigation spots and

the other went 6 investigation spots, conducting a 8-day social research.

An strictly order was followed: holding conversations with

representatives of the counties, towns, village cadres and villagers→

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drawing maps(community maps as well as maps of household

distributions) → prioritization(prioritizing the positive and negative

influences of the highway and roads improvement on local people,

prioritizing the factors which may exert influence on local economy,

prioritizing the beneficiaries) →conducting the indoor questionnaire

survey→making in-depth interview with household members.

During the survey, local governments of all levels and local residents

offer great support and help which made it true to finish the survey in the

due time.

Hubei Communications Department, Financed Project Execution Office

under the World Bank, Bureau of Statistics, Antipoverty Office as well as

Communications Department, Bureau of Statistics, Antipoverty Office

and government of Yichang City, Xingshan County and Badong County

were visited during this survey. 10 seminars were organized, 13 village

(town) cadres were interviewed. Altogether 200 questionnaires were

issued and 143 of them were returned effectively (with a rate of 71.5%)

and 70 in-depth interviews with villagers were held as well.

The specific sampling method was to choose 3 counties (districts) and

then 13 investigation sports out of the three districts (counties) to conduct

indoor investigation. The standards of choice are as following: firstly, to

choose 7 villages and towns according to the kind of samples (according

to geographical position, the situation of influence and the level of

economic development); secondly, to specify two administrative villages

among the aforementioned villages and towns by drawing lots; thirdly, to

choose 30-40 households to conduct investigation according to the

influence level of expropriation, dismantlement and removal in each

villages.

What should be pointed out is that, in this social investigation, villages

which would be affected relatively deeply were especially chosen. For

example, the most deeply affected villages will be Jiangjunling Village

and Shujiacao Village (15% of the total area was affected), and the

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secondary villages will be Xinpin Village, Xibiantang Village,

Huanghuachang Village and Fenghuangguan Village. Then families who

will be affected relatively deeply were especially chosen too. The aim of

this method is to try the best to conduct an overall assessment on the

negative influence of expropriation to villagers.

1.2.5 Sources of Documents & Materials

This report was based on the following 4 kinds of documents and materials:

（1） Official statistics and materials supplied by Hubei Communication Department: The Abstract of China’s Statistic Year Book in 2006;

The Statistic Almanac of Hubei Province in 2006; The Feasibility

Research Report of the Stretch from Yichang to Badong of the

Highway from Shanghai to Chengdu; Statistic forms of all

counties, towns and villages under investigation.

（2） Ethnographies. （3） Field Research Materials, including materials from seminars，

intviews with relative government

bureau,questionnaire,deep-interview with families and individual. （4） Data and Materials from network, such as ，e.g.,Network of

Antipoverty Office and Government of Hubei

Province,information network of Statistic Bureau of Badong

County ,Enshi State and Xinshan County,and data

fromhttp://www.bjinfobank.com.

Above all the listed references, three principles were observed strictly: first, use the latest statistic materials; second, use the first-hand materials as far as the statistics of villages are concerned to ensure the objectivity and exactness of them; third, integrate the ideas of peasants’ and local governments of all levels’ to analyze questions we came across to avoid partiality and distorting the true problems so that the appraisal might come nearer to the core of problems.

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2. General Introduction of the Affected Areas of the Project

2.1 Directly and Indirectly Affected Areas of the Project

Hubei province, “E” for short, covers a total area of 185，900 km2,

bordering Anhui Province in the east, Jiangxi Province and Hunan

Province in the south, Chongqing Municipality in the west, Shanxi

Province in the northwest and Henan Province in the north. It is

surrounded by mountains and hills in the east, west and north. An

incomplete basin lies in the south of it. The average height of the west

areas reaches over 1000 meters above the sea level, with mountains

extending from the northwest to the southwest continuously. While in the

southeast and northeast, hills are less than 1000 meters high. In the

middle lies broad and fertile Jianghan Plain which is below 50m.

Altogether mountainous regions cover 50% of the total area of the

province, hills 24%, plains and Lakeland 20%, and other water areas 10%.

That is why it is also called “the province of a thousand lakes”. Besides

that the Yangtze River and Hanjiang River run through it, there are 193

mid and small-sized rivers in the province, with the total length of 35,000

km. Most areas in the province are under the influence of the humid

subtropical monsoon climate. Every year it enjoys 230-300 non-frosty

days. The average yearly rainfall is between 750-1600 mm and the

average temperature 13-18 °C. And it enjoys 1200-2000 hours of sunlight

every year. Now it governs 12 province-level cities, 24 county-level cities

and 41counties and its capital is Wuhan. By the end of 2005, its

population, at the density of 324 per km2, was 60.31 million, accounting

for 4.61% of the national. The overall provincial GDP in 2005 was RMB

652.014 billion yuan, accounting for 3.58% of the national. The

provincial per capita GDP was 10,811 yuan, a little lower than that of the

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nation (14002 yuan), ranked twelfth among 31 provinces/ municipalities/

autonomous states in China.

The length of the stretch from Yichang to Badong in Hubei is 173 km.

Based on the definition by project location and main beneficial districts,

directly affected areas are Yiling District, Xingshan County and Zigui

County of Yichang City and Badong County of Shien Tujia & Miao

Autonomous Prefecture. According to three principles——adjacent to

directly affected areas, connected in the communication networks and

affected after the project, there also are indirectly affected areas, which

contain main cities the highway will pass and other districts connecting

Hubei indirectly through relative motorway networks, such as Shanghai,

Chongqing, Chengdu.

2.2 Geographic Location, Historical Development and

Human Cultural Characteristics of Affected Areas

The project area lies between 110°04’~111°39’ East Longitude and

30°32’ ~31°34’ North Latitude. It administratively belongs to Yiling

District Yichang City, Zigui County, Xingshang County and Badong

County of Enshi Autonomous State of Tujia and Miao nationalities. It

adjoins Jianghan Plain in the east, Chongqing City in the west, Yangtze

River in the south and Shengnongjia Forest, Xiangfan City and so on in

the north.

Lying in the west (south) of Hubei, between 110°15’~112°04’ East

Longitude and 29°56’ ~31°34’ North Latitude, Yichang City locates at

the joint of upstream and midstream of Yangtze River and in the middle

of Exi mountainous districts and Hanjiang Plain, joining Bashu in the

north and Jingxiang in the south. The longest span is 174.08 km from

east to west and 180.6 km from south to north. It borders on Jingzhou

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City and Jingmen City in the east, Shien Tujia & Miao Autonomous

Prefecture in the west, Shimen County Hunan Province in the south and

Shennongjia forest and Xiangfan City in the north. Yichang City governs

5 districts, 5 counties and 3 cities, and these are Xiling District,

Wujiagang District, Dianjun District, Huting District, Yiling District,

Yuan’an County, Xingshan County, Zigui County, Changyang Tujia

Autonomous County, Wufeng Tujia Autonomous County, Yidu City,

Dangyang City and Zhijiang City. In 2006, its land area was 21084 km2,

total population was 4 million at a density of 189 per square kilometer,

and GDP was 68 billion yuan.

As Yichang’s downtown, Yiling District governs 11 towns, 1 street office

and 205 villager committees. Its area was 3,432 km2, the total population

was 517,500 at a density of 150 per square kilometer, and the GDP was

7.466 billion, accounting for 10.98% of that of Yichang in 2006.

Xingshan County lies between 110°45’~113°43’ East Longitude and

31°14’ ~32°North Latitude, on the north of Xiling Gorges of Yangtze

River, which is in area of the world famous the Three Gorgers project. It

is designated as the economic development zone of the Three Gorses

Yangtze River by state department. Gufu Town of the new county is 176

km away from Yichang, 97 km from the Three Gorgers Dam and 60 km

from Muyu Town Shennongjia forest. Xingshan County governs 6 towns,

2 xiangs, 102 administrative villages and 12 residents committees, with

its total area 2,327 km2, population 182,600 at a density of 78 per square

kilometer and GDP 1.975 billion yuan in 2006. As a county, Xingshan

has a history of more than 1700 years.

Lying in the west of Hubei, Zigui County locates between

110°18’~111°0’ East Longitude and 30°38’ ~31°11’ North Latitude, and

it adjoins Hekou of Maoping Town in the east, Liangfengtai of Moping

19

Xiang in the west, Xiangwang hill of Yanglinqiao Town in the south and

Lanbandeng Ya of Shuitianba Xiang in the north. The longest span is

66.1 km from east to west and 60.6 km from south to north. The total

area is 2,427 km2, within which 728.1 km2 is high-mountainous area,

accounting for 30%, 1332.4 km2 is mid mountainous area, accounting for

54.9%, and 366.5 km2 is low mountainous area, accounting for 15.1%.

Zigui County governs 12 towns, 6 resident committees and 186

administrative villages, with total population 388,200 at a density of 160

per square kilometer and GDP 2.543 billion yuan in 2006.

Lying in the west of Hubei, Enshi Tujia & Miao Autonomous Prefecture

locates between 108°23’12”~110°38’08” East Longitude and 29°07’10”

~31°24’13” North Latitude, at the conjecture of Hunan, Hubei and

Chongqing. It borders on Qianjiang District Chongqing Municipality in

the west, Wanzhou District Chongqing Municipality in the north,

Xiangxi Tujia & Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Hunan Province in the

south, Shennongjia forest in the northeast, and Yichang City in the north.

It spans 220 km from east to west and 260 km from south to north,

covers 24,061 km2 area and governs 2 county-level cities (Enshi and

Lizhou) and 6 counties (Badong, Jianshi, Xuan’en, Xianfeng,Laifeng

and Hefeng). There are 88 Xiang-level units (5 Street Office, 37 Towns

and 46 Xiangs). At the end of 2006, its total population was 3.879

million at a density of 146 per square kilometer, among which 1.7

million was the Tujia, accounting for 45%, and 206,000 was the Miao,

accounting for 55%. The GDP was 18.95 billion yuan in 2006.

Badong County, in the northeast Shien Tujia & Miao Autonomous

Prefecture, lies between 110°04’~110°32’ East Longitude and

30°13’~31°28’ North Latitude. There are three mountains (Daba

Mountain, Wu Mountain and Wuling Mountain) lying, two rivers

(Yangtze River and Qing River) running and national-level road No.318

20

extending from east to west and No.209 from south to north. The county

covers the land area of 3354 km2 and governs 10 towns, 2 xiangs, 14

resident committees and 491 administrative villages.

At the end of 2006, its population was 485,500 at a density of 144 per

square kilometer, ethnic minority (Tujia) accounting for 43%. The GDP

was 2.146 billion yuan in 2006.

2.3 Economic Condition of Affected Areas

Generally speaking, Hubei Province is a comparatively developed region

in China. In 2005, the per capita GDP was 10,811 yuan and ranked 12th

among the 31 provinces and municipalities as well as autonomous

regions in mainland China. However, as far as economic development is

concerned, regions differ from each other in the province. The economy

is highly developed in some areas while counties and cities among the

Dabieshan, Qinba and Mushan mountainous areas are still at a low level.

Yichang City Recently, in the process of social and economic development, economic

structure of Yichang was optimized and relationship between three

industries was adjusted. The GDP of the city in 2005 was 60.806 billion

yuan and the per capita GDP is 15247 yuan. The product value of the first,

second and third Industry was 8.5 billion, 31 billion and 21.306 billion

yuan respectively, the ratio of which was 13.98:50.98:35.04. The local

revenue was 2.253 billion. Its main economic indexes, such as total product

value and revenue were ranked first among the same sized cities in Hubei

and it was also among the one hundred cities, which had best

comprehensive strength. In 2006, per capita disposable yearly income of

urban residents was 8,926 yuan and per capita pure yeary income of

country residents was 3,433 yuan.

21

Agriculture plays an important role in social and economic life in

Yichang. In 2005, the total production value of agriculture, forestry,

livestock farming and fishery was 13.86 billion yuan. Among all kinds

of agricultural production, fruits, livestock, fishes, vegetables, tea and

Chinese medicinal materials were characteristic industries in Yichang,

the output value of which accounted for 71% of the total. The tea named

“Cai Hua Mao Jian” has become the most famous one in Hubei, and

also has been chosen as a famous agricultural produce in China.

Industrial economy plays the leading role of social economy. In 2005, the

total output value summed up to 228.541 billion yuan in 2005. Three

backbones of Yichang’s industries were power, chemical technology and

food & medicine industry, the sale of which accounted for 71.9% of the

total amount of all industrial enterprises of certain size. Traditional

industries, such as machinery and produce processing, still contribute a lot.

There are 205 produce processing enterprises, and each annual sale of 18

enterprises reaches more than 100 million yuan. Besides, high and

new-technological industry has been developing recently. There have been

58 corporations in the city which are above provincial level.

Business, finance, tourism, culture & education and service are main

fields of the third industry. Tourism gains rapid development. “Two

Dams and One Gorges” (the Three Gorgers Dam, Gezhou Dam and

Xiling Gorges between the two) project, as the backbone of Yichang’s

tourism, attracted 39.17 million domestic tourists and 1.311 million

foreign tourists, gaining 25.57 billion yuan and 228 million dollars.

Yiling District

As a developed county (city and district) in Hubei, Yiling’s GDP

22

reached 7.466 billion yuan in 2006, increasing by 49% compared with

2003. Output value of the three industries increased 1.41 billion, 2.99

billion and 3.06 billion yuan respectively, up by 6.2%, 22.7% and 15.2%

correspondingly. The ratio of the three industries’ increased value was

adjusted to 18.9:40:41.1 from 20.9:37.5:41.6 in 2005. Compared with

that of the last year, the ratio respectively decreased 2 percent, increased

2.5 percent, and decreased 0.5 percent. The industrial structure has been

further optimized.

Local budget revenue reached 270 million yuan, up by 60.7% from

2003. From 2003 till now, political subsidies that were given to farmers,

such as subsidies of food and seed, subsidies for buying agricultural

machines and returning farmland to forest and so on, has added up to

89.95 million yuan. The overall canceling agricultural tax has saved

13.56 million yuan for farmers. per capita net income of rural residents

had reached 4,072 yuan in 2006, raising more than 300 yuan each year

from 2003. Per capita annual disposable income of urban households

reached 8,812 yuan.

Agriculture is very important to Yiling District’s economy, and 35.4% of

population lives on agriculture. In 2006, the output value of agriculture,

forestry, livestock farming and fishery increased 1.41 billion yuan, up

by 6.2%. The area of cultivated land was 40,661 acres with the total

output 204,000 tons; the area of oil-bearing crop land was 1,983 acres,

with the output 22,000 tons; the area of vegetable land was 13,648 acres,

with the output 370,000tons; the area of orange orchards was 17,537

acres, with the output 267,000 tons. The number of pigs was 755,000.

Three advantageous agricultural industries of Yiling District are orange,

tea and livestock.

In 2006, the total output value of state-owned enterprises and

non-state-owned enterprises (the yearly product sale was more than 5

23

million yuan) was 6.26 billion yuan, gaining product sale 5.46 billion

yuan and profit 560 million yuan and paying tax 950 million yuan,

which increased largely compared with the last year. Five backbones of

Yiling’s industry were food, chemical technology & medicine, new type

building materials, electro machine and textiles packing. “Dao Hua

Xiang” Group was ranked as one of large corporations in the country

wide, and the branded wine enjoyed great reputation in China.

Business, finance, tourism, culture & education and service are the main

parts of the third industry. Tourism develops fast especially. In 2006,

tourists were over 1.5 million, and the total sale of social consumable

was 2.77 billion yuan. The area of real estate developing has added up

to over one million square meters in the recent three years.

Zigui County

Zigui County is a state-identified poor county with an agricultural

population of 330,000 and the non-agricultural population only makes up

15.2% of the total. By the end of 2005, there was 13,590 acres of

cultivated land. As for agricultural population, the per capita amount was

0.62 Mu. Since the population is so large while the land is so little, it is

hard to form large scale production. The basic organizing formation of

production is household responsibility system established in early 1980s.

Agriculture takes the leading position in the national economy, which

mainly includes livestock farming, tobacco baking, fruit & tea, vegetable

and medicine materials.

Industry is comparatively weak, focusing on produce processing.

The third industry mainly contains catering, business, service and

transportation.

24

In 2005, the GDP of Zigui County amounted to 2.271 billion yuan with

the per capita GDP 5,823 yuan, and the output value of the first, second

and third industry was 530 million, 489 million and 1.252 billion yuan

respectively. The rate between the values is 23.3:21.5:55.2. The average

disposable income of urban residents was 7,173 yuan and the annual per

capita net income of peasants was 1,999 yuan. Local budget revenue of

the county totaled 77.09 million yuan and the financial expenditure

totaled 302.05 million yuan, which meant that the income fell short the

payout.

Xingshan County

Xingshan County, as a typical agricultural county, has the agricultural

population of 143,000, accounting for 78.3% of the total. By the end of

2006, there was 130,800 Mu cultivated land with the per capita 1.37 Mu.

Per capita agricultural resources were more than that of Zigui County.

The basic organizing formation of production is household

responsibility system established in early 1980s. The main produces are

food, oil crops, vegetables, fruits and pigs. In 2006, the output value of

agriculture, forestry, livestock farming and fishery increased 394.51

million yuan. The output of main produces was that: 70,448 tons of

food, 6,712 tons of oil crops, 5,151 tons of tobacco, 99,888 tons of

vegetables, 38,382 tons of fruits, 34,611 tons of oranges, 416 tons of tea,

1,322 tons of medicine materials and 271,300 pigs.

Xingshan County’s industry is comparatively weak, which mainly

contains produce processing, minerals, cement，chemical industry of

phosphorus、metallurgy、and structural materials. The industrial output

was 1.078 billion yuan in 2006.

25

The third industry mainly contains business, catering, service and

transportation.

In 2006, the GDP of Xingshan County amounted to 1.975 billion yuan

with the per capita GDP 10,816 yuan. The output value of the first,

second and third industry was 395 million, 824 million and 757 million

yuan respectively. The rate between the values was 20.0:41.7:38.3. Per

capita annual disposable income of urban residents was 7,861 yuan and

per capita net income of rural residents was 2,760 yuan. The financial

income of the county totaled 83.08 million yuan and the financial

expenditure totaled 242.93 million yuan.

Badong County

As another state-identified poor county, Zigui County has an agricultural

population of 430,000, and the non-agricultural population only makes up

8.9% of the total, which makes Zigui a typical agricultural county. By the

end of 2005, there was 34,990 acres of cultivated land with the per capita

1.22 Mu. Based on the basic production organizing formation of

household responsibility system established in early 1980s, the economic

condition is weak. Since the population is so large while the land is so

little, it is hard to form large scale production.

The first industry plays the dominant role in Badong’s economy, and the

produce is mainly wheat, rice, corn, oil crop, peanut and sesame. The

second and third industries develop comparatively slowly, and the

second industry mainly includes water power, produce processing,

minerals, and structural materials etc.

In 2006, the GDP of Badong County amounted to 2.1466 billion yuan

with the per capita GDP 4,682 yuan. The output value of the first, second

and third industry raised 873.22 million, 310.90 million and 962.48

26

million yuan respectively. The rate between the output values was

40.7:14.5:44.8. Per capita annual disposable income of urban residents

was 7,442 yuan and per capita net income of rural residents was 1,813

yuan. The financial income of the county totaled 100.26 million yuan and

the financial expenditure 377.89 million yuan, which meant that the

income fell short of expenditure. Badong is one of twelve financial

difficulty counties identified by Hubei Province.

The primary social and economic indexes can be seen in the table 2.3-2

Table 2.3-2 The Major Social and Economic Standards of the Affected Area

Hubei province

Huhan City

Yichang

City

Yiling

District

Zigui

County

Xingshan County

Enshi

State

Badong

County

Year 2005 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 2006 2006

Ⅰ.Population

Registered Population(10

thousand)

6031.0 801.4 398.8 51.75 39.0 18.26 387.90 48.55

Agricultural population(10

thousand)

2266.0 298.26 271.4 39.47 33.0 14.29 300.62 43.0

Population density

(person/km2)

324 943 189 151 161 78 146 144

Ⅱ.Area of land（km2） 185900 8494 21084 3424 2427 2327 24061 3354

Ⅲ.Total GDP(100 million

yuan)

6520.14 2238.0 608.06 74.66 22.71 19.75 189.50 21.46

Percenage of first industry 16.60 4.90 13.98 18.91 23.34 20.00 38.40 40.70

Percentage of second industry

43.10 45.53 50.98 40.04 21.53 41.72 25.10 14.50

Percentage of tertiary industry

40.31 49.57 35.04 41.05 56.13 38.28 36.50 44.80

GDP per capita（Yuan） 10811 27926 15247 14428 5823 10816 5405 4682

Ⅳ.Employment(10 thousand)

3537.0 421.8 212.3 29.70 19.62 11.90 215.98 24.25

Percenage of first industry 47.70 19.10 46.26 35.35 67.28 55.08 67.26 60.16

Percentage of second industry

20.50 32.64 21.43 18.85 12.79 11.02 8.96 1.82

Percentage of tertiary 31.80 41.74 32.31 45.80 19.93 33.90 23.78 38.02

27

industry

Ⅴ.Rural Employment（10

thousand）

1931.2 129.54 141.1 20.94 18.6318 8.20 180.88 22.31

Ⅵ. gross output value of industry and agriculture(100 million yuan)

7842.54 2466.0 694.47 86.33 19.47 32.23 164.67 21.34

Gross Output Value of Farming, Forestry, Animal Husbandry and Fishery

1775.58 180.60 138.60 23.11 8.692 6.46 108.48 13.15

Gross Output Value of Industry(100 million yuan)

6066.96 2285.4 555.87 63.22 10.78 25.76 56.19 8.19

Percentage of Gross Output Value of Industry(%)

77.36 92.68 80.04 73.23 55.37 79.96 34.12 38.37

Per Capita gross output value of industry and agriculture（Yuan/person）

34610 82680 25588 16682 5900 17650 4990 4395

Ⅶ. Local finance

revenue(100 million yuan)

375.52 94.59 22.53 2.6979 0.7709 0.8308 10.03 1.0026

Ⅷ.Agriculture

Area of cultivated land

year-end（10thousand

mou）

3161.17 137.86 151.69 23.47 13.59 13.08 169.76 34.99

Grain output（10 thousand

ton）

2177.38 137.52 145.62 20.40 11.60 7.45 153.58 20.02

Per capita cultivated land

for agricultural population

（mou/person）

2.09 .69 .84 0.89 0.62 1.37 .85 1.22

Ⅸ. per capita net income of rural residents（yuan/person）

3099 4341 3108 4072 1999 2760 1848 1813

Ⅹ. per capita annual disposable income of urban households（Yuan/person）

8786 10850 7592 8812 7173 7861 7592 7442

ⅩI. per capita housing

area of rural residents

33.68 37.56 41.80 - - - 38.72 36.0

Source :Hubei Statistic Bureau,2005，Hubei Statistic Year Book(2005);Yiling Statistic Bureau,2006,National Economic data of Yiling District of Yichang;Xingshan County Statistic Bureau,,2006,Xingshan Statistic Year Book; Badong County Statistic Bureau,2006, Badong Statistic Year Book; http://www.bjinfobank.com/；Network of local government and statistic bureau.

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2.4 Natural and Human Resources of Affected Areas

2.4.1 Land Resources

The area of Yiling District is 3,424 km2. In 2006, the cultivated land was

23,470 acres, and as for the agricultural population, the per capita amount

of the cultivated land was 0.89 Mu. The area of Xingshan County is 2,327

km2. In 2006, the cultivated land was 13,080 acres, and as for the

agricultural population, the per capita amount was 1.37 Mu. The area of

Zigui County is 2,427 km2. In 2006, the cultivated land was 13,590 acres,

and as for the agricultural population, the per capita amount was 0.62 Mu.

The area of Badong County is 3,354 km2. In 2006, the cultivated land

was 34,990 acres, and as for the agricultural population, the per capita

amount was 1.22 Mu.

In sum, the average cultivated land in the affected areas is lower than that

of provincial population, and in term of land resources, therefore, there

are no advantages in the directly affected areas.

2.4.2 Mineral Resources

The directly affected areas are abundant in mineral resources. Among

mineral resources in Yichang City, the reserves of phosphorus and iron

are the biggest. Reserves of phosphorus make up 5.98% of that in the

country, 40.09% of that in Hubei, and reserves of iron make up 31% of

that in Hubei.

In Zigui County Yichang City, mineral resources were known for various

types, large reserves, high quality and easy development, and has

identified more than twenty types, such as coal, iron，gold, silicon,

dolomite and so on.

29

Those which can be explored for industry are: lime rock used as flux,

fire-resistant clay, lime rock used as cement, hematite, pyrite, anthracite,

silicon, stone coal, vanadium, copper, aluminum, crystal, marble and so

on. The reserve of iron is 73.9 million tons, the reserve of coal is 4.26

million tons, and the reserve of pyrite is 10.11 million tons.

There are 43 kinds of minerals in Enshi, among which selenium is rather

rare in the world. Enshi has the biggest reserves of selenium in China,

amounting to 5 billion tons, which makes it the “the City of Selenium in

China”. Besides, it owns 9 kinds of minerals of over D-level in 15

different places.

2.4.3 Water Resources

The water resources are plentiful in the directly affected area.

Yichang City is rich in water power, the developed amount of which

reaches 30 million kw, making up 8% of that in the country, 15% in the

areas along Yangtze River and 99% in Hubei. Thanks to the development

of Yangtze River and Qing River and the construction of the Three

Gorgers Dam, Gezhou Dam, Geheyan Dam and Gaobazhou Dam,

Yichang will becomg the capital of water power in the world.

The water power reserving in Zigui County is 172,000 kw. After finishing

the the Three Gorgers Dam, the total water areas in the county reach 100

km2, which could be taken use of to develop aquatic product farming,

water tourism and water transportation.

In Xingshan County Yichang City, river resources have been well utilized

to establish power plant.

2.4.4 Plant Resources

30

Main crops in every district and county of Yichang and Badong County

of Shien are rice, corn, wheat, sweet potato, potato, soybean, broad bean,

sesame, rape, cotton, peanut, medicinal materials, tabacoo, chestnut,

orange and China kiwifruit. There is a history of 2000 years to plant

oranges. At present, the total area and of orange orchards in Yichang City

accounts for 46% of that of Hubei, and the output accounts for 60%.

Yiling District, Zigui County and Xingshan County are very important

production bases.

In 2005, the total output of orange was 911,700 tons in Yichang, over

twice than that in 80s of the last century. The output value was 1.15

billion yuan, with the per family cash income over 5,000 yuan. Other

melons, fruits and medicinal materals are also economic crops. In 2005,

the area of medicinal materials planting reached 10,100 Mu in Zigui

County, with output 1,374 tons. There are more than 1000 kinds of

medicinal plants in Enshi, and angelica, gingko, tung oil, fritillaria etc

enjoy world fame. So Enshi has been praised as “Wood Sea in the West of

Hubei”, “Natural Plant Garden”, “China’s Medicine Pool” and so on.

The tea named “Cai Hua Mao Jian” of Yichang City has been

ranked first in the Hubei’s famous teas.

2.4.5 Tourism Resources

The Three Gorgers Dam, Gezhou Dam and Xiling Gorges between them

are high-quality scenic spots in Yichang.

In Zigui County Yichang City, there are magnificent nature scenery in

Xiling Gorges and mysterious humanity view in the hometown of

Quyuan, a poet and statesman in Zhanguo era.

Located in the mid of the Three Gorgers, Badong is the well-known

31

international tourism spot along the Yangtze River, with magnificent

mountains and various historic sites and cultural relics. Originated from

the south of Shennongjia Mountain, Shennong Stream, also named Yandu

River, runs from north to south and flows into the Yangtze River at

Xixiangkou, 2.5 km away from Wu Gorges, extending 60 km. It is also a

world famous tourism spot for its simple, natural and clean character. In

Xizhang Mountain, peaks are majestic and steep, cliffs skyline along the

riversides and gorges are deep and still.

Because of the mountainous landform, the rivers in the project area with

big fall, torrential flow and strong flushing force make drainage areas

become the long and narrow valleys, so that natural tourism like drift and

exploration etc have the most prosperous future.

2.4.6 Human Resources

The human resources in the area affected by the project is abundant.

Firstly, the human resources are abundant. For example, in 2006, there

were 216,511 laborers in the country of Yiling District, 54.5% of the total

suburban population; 82,600 laborers in the country of Xingshan County,

57.8% of the total, and 241,200 laborers in the country of Badong County,

54.7% of the total. Due to the fact of “more people and fewer land”,

many people are eager to take up non-agricultural work or go out to do

business. Meanwhile, the abundance of the resources and products, the

low price for the land as well as low labor cost in this region would

attract more investment from the outside.

Secondly, the labor cost is comparatively low. In 2006, for example, the

average annual salary of urban labors was 10,892 yuan in Yiling District,

while the per capita net income of rural residents was3, 108 yuan; in

Xingshan County, the average annual salary of urban labors was 10,740

32

yuan, while the per capita net income of rural residents 1,999 yuan; in

Badong County, the average annual salary of urban labors was 13,267

yuan, while the per capita net income of rural residents 1,813 yuan.

The third one is the human resources quality is relatively high. Take

Yiling District as an example, in 2006, there were 85 schools of various

kinds with 60,664 full-time students. The enrollment of middle school

was 100%, the strengthen rate of junior mid school was 99.8%, the

complete rate of nine-year education was 95.5%, the further education

rate of middle school graduates was 90.4%, and professionals and

technicians were 16,199, 5.45% of all persons on the job. In Badong

County, there were 161 schools of various kinds with 63,500 full-time

students in 2006. The students of middle school were 29,600, the students

of elementary school were 33,900, and the enrollment of elementary

school among children of the right age was 100%. There were 6,200

professionals and technicians, 2.56% of all persons on the job.

2.5 General Situation of the Employment Models of the

Local Residents in Affected Areas

The last 20-year-long reform witnesses great change in employment

model for Chinese people. As efficiency of agricultural production

improves and jobs in non-agricultural sector increases, the proportion of

agricultural labor force has dropped significantly. Generally, the

proportion of people engaging in primary industry has dropped from

70.5% in 1978 to 46.7%% in 2005, while people in secondary industry

has increased from 17.3% in 1978 to 23.86% in 2005, and the tertiary

industry from 12.2% in 1978 to 29.57% in 2005. More and more people

move out of traditional agricultural production, and people of Yichang

City and Enshi State are no exception.

33

2.5.1 Employment Models of the Local Residents in Affected Areas

Since the 1980s, employment models of urban population in Yichang

City and Enshi State have formed the following characteristics.

Firstly, Job providers have changed from single state-owned

enterprises (SOEs) to diversified entities. The original

state-monopolized system of recourses allocation has been taken place by

diversified systems, and new economic groups represented by

individual-owned, private-owned and foreign-invested enterprises. Since

1992 when Mr. Deng Xiaoping made his inspection tour in the South of

China, non-public sectors have developed substantially, and especially

after the mid-1990s, it has turned to be main provider for new job

opportunities. At the early 1980s, SOEs provided about 75% job

opportunities for urban residents. By now, collective-owned,

share-holding, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan funded, foreign funded,

and private individual economies have developed rapidly and become

major job providers.

Secondly, planned employment has been taken place by contracted

employment that is getting dominant. Before 1980, urban residents got

employed under the direction of labor administration, and enterprises or

working units had no right to choose the working force they needed,

while individuals could not choose their posts according to their own

capability and preference as well. During the period of 1980 to 1992,

though employment system had undergone reforms, such as contracted

employment and optimizing the organization of labor, and the two sides

of employment had to some extend obtained right to choose, employment

model for urban residents, generally speaking, had been dominated by

34

planned employment. Since 1992, employment model had been

increasingly market-oriented, not to mention that non-public sectors

would prefer that, and SOEs have obtained more decision-making rights

to provide opportunity in when, whom, and how to provide job

opportunities. Economic efficiency has more and more becoming the core

factor for managing job opportunity and introduction of punishment

mechanism has ensured its fulfillment. Enterprises would lay off, fire,

and dismiss employees whom they do not need. In acquiring jobs, some

inborn factors, e.g. special identity, are increasingly losing their influence,

but the factors such as power, knowledge, experience, wealth, social

connections and information will affect the capability of getting new jobs.

In the end, stable employment has transformed to flexible

employment. Under planned economic system, enterprises had no

decision-making power on employment, while employees had no right to

choose their jobs, thus the low liquidity decided that people usually

worked for one specific working unit for a life long time. Since 1980s,

many obstacles that had impacted free flow of labor force are gradually

gotten rid of, more employees are on the move, and the stable

employment relationship has been broken. Moreover, facing changing

market and fluctuant demand, enterprises will adjust its need for labor

force accordingly, which makes employment changeable and flexible

Generally, since 1980s, employment model for urban residents in

Yichang City and Enshi State have been changing to pluralized providers,

contracted employment, and flexible relationship. The change brings the

end of permanent employment, and has influenced allocation model for

non-volunteer migrants which is providing posts has been taken place by

providing job opportunities. Before the 1990s, for farms whose lands

were acquisitioned, an important way of migrant allocation had been

35

transforming their identity from farmers to workers, providing a job post

(and recognizing them as urban residents). The work units that were

responsible for land acquisition or local government would allocate

farmers to working in enterprises and institutions. While today when

corporate system and labor system have undergone years of reform, what

the former job providers can do is to provide them job opportunities.

2.5.2 Employment Models of the Peasants in Affected Areas

Since 1979, the reform mainly in form of Household Contract

Responsibility System has been carried through in the rural areas of

Yichang City and Enshi State, which allowed peasants to engage in

non-agricultural activities, and thus peasants had the freedom to change

their professions. In 1984, the central government released the first

document, which allowed Households Doing Special trades and Economy

combos to move to small towns and engage in non-agricultural business.

As a result, Chinese peasants acquired more rights of changing their

residing district. Thereafter some adjustments were made on the

migration of peasants to Cities. These above system reforms gave shape

to the space of free activities, which was propitious to the labor migration

of Chinese peasants. For instance, due to system reforms and some

adjustments of policies, a multi-industry space of free activities was

shaped in the plant production area, and thus the change from an

agriculture of products to an agriculture of commodities began to happen;

due to the ban that peasants couldn’t be in the business and especially the

ban on long-distance traffic business were lifted, a business-dominated

space of free activities was shaped; due to the permission and support of

national policies, a space of free activities of the rural

enterprises(including private enterprises) was shaped, and thus Chinese

rural area was on the way to industrialization; since peasants were

allowed to go to the urban areas to engage in construction, business and

36

other service Industries and some certain state-owned enterprises were

allowed to hire peasants as temporary workers by policy, enterprises of

other ownership forms and self-employed laborers were not banned to

hire peasants from rural areas, a space of free activities for peasants to

come into and work in city was shaped. As a result of the system reform,

the self-decision power over land use and self-workforce, the two free

flow resources playing a role in the above space of free activities, made it

possible for peasants to change professions. With a background like this,

the employment manners of the peasants in the affected areas have the

following characters:

Firstly, the proportion of agricultural laborers to the total laborers

obtaining employment has declined. At the beginning of 1980s, the

proportion of agricultural laborers to the total social labor force was 80%.

In 2006, there were in all 297,000 laborers obtaining employment in

Yiling District, with 105,000 laborers in the first industry, 56,000 laborers

in the second industry and 136,000 laborers in the third industry. The

proportion of the agricultural laborers had declined to 35.35%. In the end

of 2006, there were in all 119,000 laborers obtaining employment in

Xingshan County, with 55.08% of laborers in the first industry, there

were in all 242,500 laborers obtaining employment in Badong County,

with 60.16% in the first industry, and there were in all 196,200 laborers

obtaining employment in Zigui County, with 67.28% in the first industry.

Secondly, the absolute amount of the rural laborers is comparatively

stable, while the amount of the rural laborers engaging in agriculture,

forestry, stock raising and fishing mainly by the means of natural

resources such as land has declined. In 1998, there were 17.7048

million rural laborers in Hubei province, with 12.3285 million of them

engaging in agriculture, forestry, stock raising and fishing, which

37

accounted for 69.93%. In 2005, there were 19.312 million rural laborers

in Hubei province, with 57.05% of them engaging in agriculture, forestry,

livestock farming and fishery. In 2005, there were 1.411 million rural

laborers in Yichang, with 64.59% engaging in agriculture, forestry,

livestock farming and fishery. In 2006, there were 120,400 laborers

engaging in agriculture, forestry, livestock farming and fishery in Yiling

District, accounting for 57.5% of the total labors, 4.05% percent lower

than that of 2003, there were 57,740 laborers engaging in agriculture,

forestry, livestock farming and fishery in Xingshan County, accounting

for 70.36% of the total labors, 6.56% percent lower than that of 2003, and

there were 145,900 laborers engaging in agriculture, forestry, livestock

farming and fishery in Badong County, accounting for 65.4% of the total

labors, 12% percent lower than that of 2003.

Thirdly, non-agricultural Industries were developed and about 30

percent of peasants have changed their professional identities. In

1998, there were 5.3763 million rural laborers in non-agricultural

industry in Hubei province, which accounts for 30.37% of the rural

laborers. In 2005, there were 8.2945 million rural laborers in

non-agricultural industry in Hubei province, which accounts for 42.95%

of the rural laborers.

In 2006, there were 89,000 rural laborers in non-agricultural industry in

Yiling District, which accounted for 42.5% of the rural laborers, 4.05%

higher than that of 2003, there were 22,430 rural laborers in

non-agricultural industry in Xingshan County, which accounted for

29.64% of the rural laborers, 6.56% higher than that of 2003, and there

were 77,200 rural laborers in non-agricultural industry in Badong County,

which accounted for 34.6% of the rural laborers, 12% higher than that of

2003.

38

Fourthly, the amount of rural laborers in the first industry is

declining, while the amount of rural laborers in the second and the

third industry is increasing. In 2006, Yiling District, the employment

structure of rural laborers in the three industries was 57.50: 6.35: 36.15

and the structure was 70.36:4.03:25.61 in Xingshan County,

65.4:1.30:33.3 in Badong County and 72.08:3.06:24.86 in Zigui County.

Although the rates of the agricultural labors there are still higher than that

of the country, the employment structure has been improved greatly,

compared with situation in the early 80s of 20th century.

Fifthly, among the non-agricultural labors, high rate of labors work out.

In Yiling District, 16.8% of the laborers worked out, and the ratio is

23.83% in Enshi State and 23.04% in Badong County.

Sixthly, a large amount of laborers are pluralistic, who cultivate land,

raise pigs, chickens and cows and at the same time take part-time jobs in

nearby towns when it is slack season in farming.

Table 2.5-1 is the comparisons of employment situation the of social

labor force of the affected areas to that of the Hubei province and

national level.

39

Table2.5-1 The Number and Structure of Rural Labor Force of the Affected Areas in Main Years unit：10 thousand; %

China

2005

Hubei

province

2005

Yichang

City

2005

Yiling

District

2006

Zigui

County

2005

Xingshan

County

2006

Enshi

State

2005

Badong

County

2006

Total employment 75825 3537.0 212.3 29.70 19.62 11.90 215.98 24.25 Percenage of first industry

44.73 47.70 46.26 35.35 67.28 55.08 67.26 60.16

Percentage of second industry

23.86 20.50 21.43 18.85 12.79 11.02 8.96 1.82

Percentage of tertiary industry

31.41 31.80 32.31 45.80 19.93 33.90 23.78 38.02

Total rural

employment

50387 1931.2 141.1 20.94 18.63 8.20 180.88 22.31

Agriculture,Hunting,

Forestry and Fishing

59.49 57.05 64.59 57.52 72.08 70.36 57.16 65.40

Industry 11.93 6.34 5.05 6.35 3.06 4.03 2.53 1.30 Construction 7.25 6.06 3.64 4.70 2.95 2.56 3.64 2.64 Transport, Storage and Communication

3.11 2.59 11.60 3.40 8.96 8.69 2.42 4.30

Other

non-agricultural

industries

18.22 27.96 15.11 28.03 12.93 6.16 34.25 26.35

Outgoing labors - 14.37 11.60 16.82 8.96 7.67 23.83 23.04 Notes：those mainly engage in agrictural activities but participate in non-agricultural as well is calculated as

agricultural laborers

Source :Hubei Statistic Bureau,2005，Hubei Statistic Year Book(2005);Yiling Statistic Bureau,2006,National

Economic data of Yiling District of Yichang;Xingshan County Statistic Bureau,,2006,Xingshan Statistic Year Book;

Badong County Statistic Bureau,2006, Badong Statistic Year Book; http://www.bjinfobank.com/；Network of

local government and statistic bureau.

2.6 Main beneficiaries

Based on the principles of the World Bank and on condition that the

security and benefit of the loans, the direct stakeholders of the project

40

mainly include:

(1) Specialized carriers.

(2) Small retailers

(3) Contractors of forests and fruit gardens.

(4) Ordinary villagers.

(5) Enterprises in affected areas of the project.

Indirect beneficiaries and potential beneficiaries:

(1) Women and children.

(2) Peasants in affected areas of the project

(3) Local governments of various levels

41

3. Socio-Economic Impact of the Project

The impact analysis is designed to find out potential social impact to

local residents and their attitude and response. Particularly, by analyzing

employment model and income structure of the affected households, the

study explores the way to mitigate the impact brought by land requisition.

The analysis can help us better understand the economic influence of

land expropriation and better make resettlement plan.

3.1 Basic Conditions of Those under Investigation and

of Their Villages

In order to analyzethe project impacts on main stakeholders ,we

selected Qinglong Village and Wanjiafan Village in Longquan Town,

Fenghuangguan Village and Haiyun Village in Yaqueling Town,

Huanghuachang Village and Xinping Village in Huanghua Township of

Yiling District, Shijiaba Village and Sixiangxi Village in Xiakou Town

and Zhoujiashan Village in Gaoqiao Township of Xingshan County ,

Shujiacao Village and Xibiantan Village in Yanduhe Town and Xiqiuwan

Village and Jiangjunling Village in Xiqiuwan Township of Badong

County as the point of investigation.

3.1.1 Affected Villages of Yiling District

Qinglong Village of Longquan Town

Qinglong Village is 5 kilometers from Longquan Town, 35 kilometers

from Yichang City. Altogether there are 3 village groups under Qinglong

Village and it has 354 households with the population of 1116 people. All

42

the people are Han nationality, the male account for 50.09%, and the

female account for 49.91%.

The village now has 810mou paddy field, 672mou dry land and the

average cultivated land is 1.33mou for each person. Among the 660

laborers, 104 engage in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities,

accounting for 17.33%; 430 work in industry, 30 work in construction, 40

work in transportation, 30 work in wholesale and retail trade and

restaurants and hotels, 20 work in other non-agricultural activities.

Among the people working in non-agricultural industry, about 550 work

out of home, about 436 work outside for long time and they go home only

to spend the new year.

Agricultural is the main industry of Qinglong Village，and the total

output value of the whole village was 12.61 million Yuan in 2006, of

which agricultural output value accounted for 32.7%. The villagers who

engage in agricultural production mainly plant grain, citrus,etc., and the

main crops are wheat, rice, maize and citrus. The per capita net income of

villagers is 4570 Yuan, which is more than the average level of the

peasant's of Yiling District.

Because of the construction of Yichang-Badong expressway, 14

households of Qinlong Village need to move, 54mou cultivated land will

be expropriated, 27 households will be affected and 89mou mountain land

will be occupied.

Wanjiafan Village of Longquan Town

Wanjiafan Village is 3 kilometers from Longquan Town, 33 kilometers

from Yichang City. Altogether there are 6 village groups in Qinglong

Village and it has 775 households with the population of 2559 people. All

the people are Han nationality, the male account for 54.71%, and the

43

female account for 45.29%.

The village now has 6120mou cultivated land, per capita cultivated land is

2.39mou. Among the 1300 laborers in the village, 560 engage in

agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities, accounting for 43.07%;

100 work in industry, 100 work in construction, 50 work in transportation,

10 work in wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels, 500 work

in other non-agricultural activities. Among the people working in

non-agricultural industry, about 500 work out of hometown.

As for the industrial structure of village, agriculture occupies a dominant

position. Total product of village was 23.2 million Yuan in 2006, and the

agriculture product output value accounted for 53.9%. The main crop is

citrus and this village has 5055mou citrus, which is 82.6% of the whole

village area, it contributes 70% of the income to the agriculture, and per

capita income from citrus planting is 2400 Yuan. While the per capita net

income of the whole village was 3800 Yuan in 2006.

Because of the construction of Yichang-Badong expressway, Wanjiafan

Village’s 12 households need to move, 56 households’ cultivated land will

be expropriated.

Haiyun Village of Yaqueling Town

Haiyun Village is 7.5 kilometers from Yaqueling Town, 36 kilometers

from Yichang City. Altogether there are 7 village groups under Haiyun

Village and it has 722 households with the population of 2100 people. All

the people are Han nationality, the male account for 54.28%, and the

female account for 45.72%.

44

The village now has 3228mou paddy field, 282mou dry land and the per

capita cultivated land is 1.54mou. Among the 1327 laborers, 1036 engage

in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities, accounting for

78.07%; 12 work in industry, 18 work in construction, 10 work in

transportation, 21 work in wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and

hotels, 230 work in other non-agricultural activities. Among the laborers

working in non-agricultural industry, about 230 work out of hometown.

As for the industrial structure of village, agriculture occupies a dominant

position. T otal product value of the village was 28.25 million Yuan in

2006, of which the agricultural output value accounted for 83.7%. The

villagers who engage in agricultural production mainly plant grain, citrus

and the main crop is wheat, rice, maize and citrus. The per capita net

income of the whole village was 4970 Yuan in 2006.

In order to build the Yichang-Badong expressway, Haiyun Village’s 14

households should be resettled and 50 households’ cultivated land will be

expropriated.

Fenghuangguan Village of Yaqueling Town

Fenghuangguan Village is 10 kilometers from Yaqueling Town. It has 5

village groups, with 622 households and 2008 people. All the people of

this village are Han nationality, the male account for 54.78%, and the

female account for 45.22%.

The village now has 2560mou paddy field, 334mou dry land and the per

capita cultivated land is 1.44mou .Among the 1198 laborers in the village,

946 engage in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities,

accounting for 78.96%; 50 work in industry, 40 work in construction, 15

work in transportation, 10 work in wholesale and retail trade and

restaurants and hotels, 137 work in other non-agricultural activities.

45

Among the laborers working in non-agricultural industry, about 130 work

out of hometown.

As for the industrial structure of village, agriculture occupies a dominant

position. The production value of the whole village was 26.55 million

Yuan in 2006, of which the agricultural output value accounted for 88.6%.

The main income sources of Fenghuangguan Village are the citrus’,

accounting for 49% of the village’s total income. And the main crops

are citrus, rice, maize, wheat. In 2006, the income from citrus accounted

for 49% of the agricultural income, the income of grain and oil accounted

for 30%, the income of pig-breeding accounted for 10-20%. The per

capita net income of the whole village was 4333 Yuan in 2006.

In order to build the Yichang-Badong expressway, Fenghuangguan

Village’s 16 households should be resettled and 32 households’ cultivated

land will be expropriated.

Huanghuachang Village of Huanghua Township

Huanghuachang Village is next to Huanghua Township and it enjoys a

relatively superior geographical environment. It has 6 village groups, with

1026 households and 3128 people, of which 5 people are ethnic

minorities. The proportion of male and female is basically the same.

The village now has 1290mou paddy field, 410mou dry land and the per

capita cultivated land is 0.54mou .Among the 1691 laborers in the village,

761 engage in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities,

accounting for 45%; 219 work in industry, 95 work in construction, 169

work in transportation, 134 work in wholesale and retail trade and

restaurants and hotels, 313 work in other non-agricultural activities.

Among the laborers working in non-agricultural industry, about 387 work

out of hometown.

46

As for the industrial structure of village, industry occupies a dominant

position. The production value of the whole village was 136.93 million

Yuan in 2006, of which the agricultural output value accounted for 3.4%,

the output value of industry accounted for 48.06%. The per capita net

income of the whole village was 4733 Yuan in 2006.

Xinping Village of Huanghua Township

Xinping Village is 5 kilometers from Huanghua Township. It has 8 village

groups, with 728 households and 2209 people. All the people of this

village are Han nationality, the male account for 51.61%, and the female

account for 48.39%.

The village now has 677mou paddy field, 2088mou dry land and the per

capita cultivated land is 1.25mou .Among the 1698 laborers in the village,

959 engage in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities,

accounting for 56.47%%; 120 work in industry, 174 work in construction,

45 work in transportation, 32 work in wholesale and retail trade and

restaurants and hotels, 368 work in other non-agricultural activities.

Among the laborers working in non-agricultural industry, about 390 work

out of hometown.

As for the industrial structure of village, agriculture occupies a dominant

position. The production value of the whole village was 13.96 million

Yuan in 2006, of which the agricultural output value accounted for 62.3%.

The main crops are citrus, rice, maize, wheat and so on. The per capita net

income of the whole village was 3362 Yuan in 2006.

Table 3-2 The Employment and Economic Conditions of Population and Laborers

47

in Affected Villages of Yiling District

Qinglong

Village

Wanjiafan

Village

Haiyun

Villag

Fenghua-

ngguan

Village

Huanghu

achang

Village

Xinping

Village

Village group 3 6 7 5 6 8

Total household 354 775 722 622 1026 728

Total population 1116 2559 2100 2008 3128 2209

Agricultural population 1116 2559 2089 2008 3128 2199

Late real farming area(mou) 1482 6120 3510 2894 1700 2765

Production value(Million) 1261 2320 2825 2655 13693 1396

Agriculture 412 1250 2364 2300 472 870

Industry 264 180 221 100 6581 211

Construction 253 76 30 15 1392 30

Transportation 80 69 40 10 1452 210

Commercial 50 17 20 20 2073 50

Other industry 202 728 150 210 1723 25

660 1300 1327 1198 1691 1698

104 560 1036 946 761 959

430 100 12 50 219 120

30 100 18 40 95 174

40 50 10 15 169 45

30 10 21 10 134 32

Total laborers

Agriculture, forestry, animal

husbandry and fishery

Industry

Construction

Transport telecommunications

Industries

Wholesale and retail trade and

catering industry

Others

26 480 230 137 313 368

Laborers working out of

hometown

550 560 230 130 387 390

Rural per capita net income

(Yuan)

4570 3800 4970 4333 4733 3362

48

3.1.2 Affected Villages of Xingshan County

Shijiaba Village of Xiakou Town

Shijiaba Village is 10 kilometers from Xiakou Town. It has 7 village

groups, with 444 households and 1444 people. All the people of this

village are Han nationality, the male account for 55.05%, and the female

account for 44.95%.

The village now has 233mou paddy field, 1832mou dry land and the per

capita cultivated land is 1.43mou. Among the 778 labors in the village,

610 engage in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities,

accounting for 78.4%; 50 work in industry, 100 work in construction, 8

work in transportation, 5 work in wholesale and retail trade and

restaurants and hotels, 5 work in other non-agricultural activities. Among

the laborers working in non-agricultural industry, about 150 leave home

and go to Guangdong , Shanxi, Shanghai, Beijing and other places.

As for the industrial structure of village, agriculture occupies a dominant

position. The production value of the whole village was 7.4 million Yuan

in 2006, of which the agricultural output value accounted for 45.95%. The

main crops are maize, wheat, rice, rape, vegetables, citrus, and so on.

There are 2 village-run enterprises, plate mill and factory of citrus, whose

product are mainly sold in Wuhan. The per capita net income of the whole

village was 2500 Yuan in 2006.

In order to build the Yichang-Badong expressway, Shijiaba Village’s 47

households should be resettled and 50 households’ cultivated land will be

expropriated.

49

Sixiangxi Village of Xiakou Town

Sixiangxi Village is 8 kilometers from Xiakou Town. It has 7 village

groups, with 573 households and 1766 people. All the people of this

village are Han nationality, the male account for 51.19%, and the female

account for 48.81%.

The village now has 472mou paddy field, 1988mou dry land and the per

capita cultivated land is 1.39mou. Among the 1172 laborers in the

village,725 engage in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities,

accounting for 61.86%;86 work in industry,32 work in transportation, 329

work in other non-agricultural activities. Among the laborers working in

non-agricultural industry, about 329 work out of hometown.

As for the industrial structure of village, industry occupies a dominant

position. The production value of the whole village was 13.45 million

Yuan in 2006, of which the agricultural output value accounted for

39.25%, the industry output value accounted for 53.9%. The villager who

engages in agricultural production mainly plant maize, wheat, rice, rape,

vegetables, citrus, and so on .The per capita net income of the whole

village was 2895 Yuan in 2006.

There are 7 affected households of Sixiangxi Village altogether. Not only

should they be resettled but their cultivated land will be expropriated as

well.

50

Table 3-2 The Employment and Economic Conditions of Population and

Laborers in Affected Villages of Xingshan County and Badong County

Shijiaba

Village

Sixiangxi

Village

Zhoujias

han

Village

Shujiaca

o Village

Xibianta

ng

Village

Xiqiuwan

Village

Jiangjunl

ing

Village

Village group 7 7 4 10 10 9 8

Total household 444 573 380 316 508 502 347

Total population 1444 1766 1280 1334 1768 3100 1312

Agricultural population 1287 1763 1280 1334 1768 1788 1312

Late real farming area(mou) 2065 2460 1370 1435.7 2200 1200 719.2

Production value(Million) 740 1345 395 318 910 301 255

Agriculture 340 528 295 114 352 210 175

Industry 140 725 6 0 50

Construction 120 - 4 22 65

Transportation 60 - 2 18 285

Commercial 40 - 6 18 108

Other industry 40 92 81 148 50

91 80

Total laborers 778 1172 630 668 1097 1220 688

Agriculture, forestry, animal

husbandry and fishery

610 725 350 380 763 700 120

Industry 50 86 0 0 0 0

Construction 100 0 18 182 0 250

Transport telecommunications

Industries

8 32 10 25 0 25

Wholesale and retail trade and

catering industry

5 - 40 115 120 11

Others 5 329

280

220 130 400 282

Laborers working out of

hometown

150 329 280 242 334 110 280

Rural per capita net income

(Yuan)

2500 2895 1800 1856 1680 1750 1345

51

Zhoujiashan Village of Gaoqiao Township

Zhoujiashan Village is 15 kilometers from Gaoqiao Town. It has 4 village

groups, with 380 households and 1280 people. All the people of this

village are Han nationality, the male account for 53.12%, and the female

account for 46.88%.

The village now has 780mou paddy field,590mou dry land and the per

capita cultivated land is 1.07mou .Among the 630 laborers in the

village,350 engage in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities,

accounting for 55.56%;280 work in other non-agricultural activities,

accounting for 44.46%, most of which are work out of home. Among the

laborers working out of hometown, a majority of which go to

Guangdong, Yichang, Shenzhen, Zhejiang and other places, working in

lapping tool factory, leather shoes factory, electronics factory or working

in construction and restaurant.

As for the industrial structure of village, agriculture occupies a dominant

position. The production value of the whole village was 3.95 million

Yuan in 2006, of which the agricultural output value accounted for

74.68%. And the main crops are rice, wheat, potato, batata, maize, rape

and pea. There are 15 private enterprises and self employed businesses,

selling small commodity or working in transportation industries. The per

capita net income of the whole village was 1800 Yuan in 2006.

There are 25 affected households of Zhoujiashan Village altogether. Not

only should they be resettled but their cultivated land will be

expropriated as well.

3.1.3 The Affected Villages of Badong County

Shujiacao Village of Yanduhe Town

52

Shujiacao village is 20 kilometers from Yanduhe Town. It has 10 village

groups, with 316 households and 1334 people. There are many kinds of

minorities, with the population of 510.Therein, the male account for

60.86%, the female account for 39.14%.

The village now has 1436mou cultivated land and the per capita

cultivated land is 1.07mou .Among the 668 laborers in the village, 380

engage in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities, accounting

for 56.89%;288 work in other non-agricultural activities, accounting for

43.11%, of which 242 are work out of hometown.

As for the industrial structure of village, agriculture has an important

position. The production value of the whole village was 3.18 million

Yuan in 2006, of which the agricultural output value accounted for

35.85%. The non-agricultural output value accounted for 64.15%.

There is no industry enterprise in village. The per capita net income of

the whole village was 1856 Yuan in 2006 which is more than the average

income level of Badong County.

There are 35 affected households of Shujiacao Village altogether whose

houses and cultivated land will be used for expressway construction and

72 households’ cultivated land will be expropriated.

Xibiantang Village of Yanduhe Town

Xibiantang Village is 10 kilometers from Yanduhe Town. It has 10

village groups, with 508 households and 1768 people. There are many

kinds of minorities, with the population of 1105, among which Tujia

minority has an important position .Therein, the male account for

54.19%, and the female account for 44.81%.

The village now has 224mou paddy field, 1976mou dry land, and the per

capita cultivated land is 1.24mou .Among the 1097 laborers in the village,

763 engage in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities,

53

accounting for 69.55%; 334 work in other non-agricultural activities,

most of which are work out of hometown.

As for the industrial structure of village, agriculture has an important

position. The production value of the whole village was 9.1 million Yuan

in 2006, of which the agricultural output value accounting for 38.68%,

the industry output value accounting for 5.49%, the construction output

value accounting for 7.14%, the transportation output value accounting

for 31.32%, other non-agricultural industry accounting for 17.37%.The

per capita net income of the whole village was 1680 Yuan in 2006 which

is less than the average income level of Badong County.

There are 117 affected households of Xibiantang Village altogether

whose houses and cultivated land will be used for expressway

construction.

Xiqiuwan Village of Xiqiuwna Township

Xiqiuwan Village is the seat of the Township government and it enjoys a

relatively superior geographical environment. It has 9 village groups,

with 502 households and 3100 people, among which 1788 engage in

agriculture and Han nationality has an important position. Therein, the

male account for 51.61%, the female account for 48.39%.

The village now has 420mou paddy field, 780mou dry land and the per

capita cultivated land is 0.67mou. Among the 1220 laborers in the

village,700 engage in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities,

accounting for 57.38; 520 work in other non-agricultural activities,

accounting for 42.62%, among which 110 are work out of hometown.

As for the industrial structure of village, agriculture has a dominant

position. The production value of the whole village was 3.01 million

Yuan in 2006, of which the agricultural output value accounting for

69.77%. Villagers mainly plant maize and rice; on the other hand, they

54

also plant apple, pear and tea. Xiqiuwan tea has been very famous in

local areas. There is no industry enterprise in the village also. Beside

non-agricultural industry activities, working out of hometown and

engaging commercial activities are also the main income sources for

villagers. The per capita net income of the whole village was 1750

Yuan in 2006.

Because of the construction of Yichang-Badong expressway, 9

households’ houses need to be removed and 7 households’ cultivated

land will be expropriated.

Jiangjunling Village of Xiqiuwna Township

Jiangjunling Village is 1 kilometers from Xiqiuwan Town and it enjoys a

relatively superior geographical environment. It has 8 village groups,

with 347 households and 1316 people. Han nationality has a dominant

position and minorities account for 23%. Tujia minority is the main

minority, existing by living with Han nationality. Therein, the male

account for 51.83%, the female account for 48.17%.

The village now has 423mou paddy field, 297mou dry land and the per

capita cultivated land is 0.55mou .Beside, there are more than 2000mou

utilizable forest land. Although the main mineral resource of village is

coal, it is forbidden to mine coal in order to protect water and soil and

forest land.

Among the 688 laborers in the village, 120 engage in agriculture, hunting,

forestry and fishing activities, accounting for 17.44%; 250 work in

construction, 25 work in transportation, 293 work in other

non-agricultural activities. Among the laborers working in

non-agricultural industry, about 280 work out of hometown.

As for the industrial structure of village, agriculture has a dominant

position. The production value of the whole village was 2.55 million

55

Yuan in 2006, of which the agricultural output value accounted for

68.6%. Villagers mainly plant rice, maize, coarse cereals and wheat.

There is no industry enterprise in the village. The per capita net income

of the whole village was 1345 Yuan in 2006 which is less than the

average income level of Badong County.

Because of the construction of Yichang-Badong expressway, 31

households’ houses need to be removed and 39 households’ cultivated

land will be expropriated.

3.2 Basic Conditions of Affected Households

3.2.1 Basic Characteristics of Households

Altogether 143 households were investigated and the total family

members of those households are 650 people, among which the basic

personal information of 611 are here but the other 39 are missing.

Among the 611 people, 564 are agricultural population, accounting for

92.3%，and 47 are non-agricultural population, accounting for 7.7%。

The gender structure of family members: there are 315 female and 296

male in 143 households, accounting for 51.6% and 48.4% respectively.

The nationality structure of family members: 448 members are the Han

nationality, accounting for 73.3%, 6 of the family members are Hui

minorities，accounting for 1%, 155 of the family members are Tujia

minorities，accounting for 25.4% and 2 are other minorities, accounting

for 0.3%.

The age structure of the household: Among the 650 people from 143

families, the age information of 51 people is missing, 59 people have not

reach 15 years old, accounting for 9.8%,437 of them are 16-59 years old,

accounting for 73%, and 103 are above 60 years old, accounting for

56

17.2%. Among the male population, those who have not reach 15 years

old account for 11%, those who are 16-59 years old account for 70.9%,

and those who are above 60 years old account for 18.1%. Among the

female population, those who have not reach 15 years old account for

8.6%, those who are 16-59 years old account for 75.2%, and those who

are above 60 years old account for 16.2%.

Age distribution of family members is presented below,see Figure 3-1.

Figure 3-1 Age Distribution of Family Members

3.2.2 The Size and Structure of Family

Family size The family size of the investigated varied from 2 to 9 with

an average of 4.55 people and a median of 4 people. Both average and

median are all much higher than the national average of 3.58 in 2000.

Family Structure As far as family structure is concerned, 9.1% are

57

conjugal families with no children live together and 32.9% families with

parents live with unmarried kids. 55.9% of families’ parents (or one of

them) live with married sons or daughters, 2.1% of families are such

structure as grandpa, grandmamma live with grandchildren.

3.2.3 Education Distribution of Family Members

Members of 6 years old and above in 143 households are 582 person. As

far as educational level is concerned, members of illiterate are 54,

accounting for 9.3%, members with the education primary school are 146

person, accounting for 25.2%，members with junior high school are 226

person, accounting for 39.0%. 92 people finished their senior high

schools and junior vocational schools，making up 15.9% of the people

over 6 years old, 36 people have finished senior vocational school ,

making up 6.2% of the people over 6 years old, and 26 people have the

education level of junior college and above, making up of 4.5% . The

information of 2 members’ education is unknown.

3.3 Production and Operation of the Household

3.3.1 Land and Living of the Villagers

Land is the most fundamental means of production as well as basic

safeguard for living. Generally speaking the Land Resources of directly

affected area is very scarce and per capita cultivated land level is

relatively low. As far as the index of farmland area per capita is

concerned, the average land of each person is 0.84mou in Yichang. In

Yiling District this number is 0.89mou. And in Zigui County this number

is 0.62mou, in Xingshan County this number is 1.37mou. In Badong

County has an average land of 1.22mou.

In affected areas, land as a means of production is made up of five parts:

58

One: fruit garden. About 104 families (72.7%) have fruit gardens. And

they vary from 0.1mou to 23mou with an average of 3.3mou for each

family and 0.92mou for each person.

About 34 families of ethnic minorities have fruit gardens among those

36 investigated. And they vary from 0.3mou to 4mou with an average

of 0.97mou for each family and 0.24mou for each person. See Table

3.3-1.

Table 3.3-1 The Condition of Fruit Garden Ownership

of the Investigated Households in 2006

Villages Mean

Households

investigated

Standard

Deviation

Qinglong Village 2.2563 8 1.59406

Wanjiafan Village 6.1818 11 5.61370

Haiyun Village 11.7857 7 6.37611

Fenghuangguan Village 8.6667 12 3.31205

Huanghuachang Village 6.1417 12 5.67730

Xinping Village 1.1500 6 1.29267

Shujiacao Village .3846 13 .44879

Xibiantang Village .6882 17 .92863

Jiangjunling Village .8375 16 .94083

Xiqiuwan Village .4382 11 1.19148

Shijiaba Village 1.0500 6 .99750

Sixiangxi Village 20.0000 1 .

Zhoujiashan Village 1.7091 11 3.22814

Total 3.3066 131 4.83444

Comparatively, Haiyun Village and Fenghuangguan Village under

Yaqueling Town, Wanjiafan Village under Longquan Town of Yiling

District have much larger fruit gardens for each family. Citrus is the main

crop and planting citrus plays an important role in those household’

economic life. Shujiacao Village and Xibiantang Village under Yanduhe

59

Town, Xiqiuwan Village and Jiangjunling Village under Xiqiuwan

Township have smaller fruit gardens and planting citrus have less effect

in those household’ economic life. The condition of fruit garden

ownership of investigation points household shows in table 3.3-1.

Two: paddy field. According to investigation, 37 households do not have

paddy field, accounting for 25.9%. The paddy field of local people varies

from 0.2mou to 10mou with an average of 1.66mou for each family. As

far as the mean level is concerned, the least is 0.03mou and the most is

3.33mou with an average of 0.44mou for each person. See Table 3.3-2.

Table 3.3-2 The Condition of Paddy Field Ownership

of the Investigated Households in 2006

Villages Mean

Households

investigated

Standard

Deviation

Qinglong Village 2.4225 8 1.57205

Wanjiafan Village 1.4818 11 1.34300

Haiyun Village 3.7571 7 1.24212

Fenghuangguan Village 3.4917 12 2.06858

Huanghuachang Village .6417 12 1.01575

Xinping Village .2500 6 .35071

Shujiacao Village .0000 13 .00000

Xibiantang Village 1.7688 16 2.97629

Jiangjunling Village 1.9667 18 .85061

Xiqiuwan Village .9091 11 .66551

Shijiaba Village .7333 6 .32042

Sixiangxi Village 1.5000 1 .

Zhoujiashan Village 2.2958 12 1.04282

Total 1.6559 133 1.78389

About 24 families of ethnic minorities have paddy field among those

36 investigated. And they vary from 0.5mou to 6.8mou with an average

of 1.9mou for each family and 0.43mou for each person.

60

Comparatively, Haiyun Village and Fenghuangguan Village under

Yaqueling Town, and Qinglong Village under Longquan Town, and

Xiqiuwan Village and Jiangjunling Village under Xiqiuwan Township of

Yiling District have much larger fruit gardens for each family. The main

crops are rice and rape. The consumption of grain and oil mainly depend

on the output of paddy field.

Three: vegetable land. According to investigation, 21 households do not

have vegetable land, accounting for 14.7%. The vegetable land of local

people varies from 0.1mou to 5.5mou with an average of 0.86mou for

each family. As far as the mean level for each person is concerned, the

least is 0.02mou and the most is 1.75mou with an average of 0.21mou

for each person. See Table 3.3-3.

Table 3.3-3 The Condition of Vegetable Land Ownership

of the Investigated Households in 2006

Villages Mean Households investigated

Standard Deviation

Qinglong Village 1.0875 8 1.92905

Wanjiafan Village .4818 11 .38941

Haiyun Village .4000 7 .36056

Fenghuangguan Village .8909 11 1.09950

Huanghuachang Village .8333 12 1.08990

Xinping Village .4667 6 .44121

Shujiacao Village .9154 13 1.43169

Xibiantang Village 1.2529 17 1.45220

Jiangjunling Village .6333 18 .49110

Xiqiuwan Village .7182 11 1.03036

Shijiaba Village .8333 6 .80166

Sixiangxi Village 1.0000 1 .

Zhoujiashan Village 1.3875 12 1.08295

Total .8613 133 1.08444

About 34 families of ethnic minorities have vegetable land among those

36 investigated. And they vary from 0.2mou to 4mou with an average of

61

1.0mou for each family and 0.24mou for each person.

Comparatively, Zhoujiashan Village under Gaoqiao Town, and

Xibiantang Village under Yanduhe Town and Qinglong Village under

Longquan Town have much larger vegetable land for each family. The

villagers plantdifferent kinds of vegetables and the consumption of

vegetables mainly depend on the output of vegetable land.

Four: some watery areas such as pools. 23 families have watery areas,

making up 16.1% of the total families. And they vary from 0.1mou to

4mou with an average of 0.184mou for each family. Households mainly

raise fish in the pools to acquire economic income by selling fish in the

market.

About 5 families of ethnic minorities have fruit gardens among those 36

investigated. And they vary from 0.1mou to 4mou with an average of

1.34mou for each family and 0.23mou for each person.

Five: mountain land. According to investigation, 77 households have

mountain land, accounting for 53.85%. The mountain landof local people

varies from 0.12mou to 60mou with an average of 4.63mou for each

family and 1.18mou for each person.

About 25 families of ethnic minorities have mountain land among

those 36 investigated. And they vary from 1mou to 18mou with an

average of 5.49mou for each family and 1.07mou for each person.

Comparatively, Sixiangxi Village under Xiakou Town, and

Huanghuachang Village under Huanghua Township, and Fenghuangguan

Village under Yaqueling Town have much larger mountain land for each

family. The mountain landof household is responsibility land which

acquired from rural collective in 1980s under the policy of household

62

responsibility system, and the trees planted on the mountain land is

forbidden lopping without the approval of forest management. The

villagers can pick deadwood as fuel. The condition of mountain land

ownership of the investigated households show in table 3.3-4.

Table 3.3-4 The Condition of Mountain Land Ownership

of the Investigated Households in 2006

Villages Mean

Households

investigated

Standard

Deviation

Qinglong Village 1.8750 8 3.56320

Wanjiafan Village 3.5455 11 6.42439

Haiyun Village 3.9714 7 7.28622

Fenghuangguan Village 8.1667 12 10.00757

Huanghuachang Village 11.3333 12 21.30870

Xinping Village .0000 6 .00000

Shujiacao Village 4.8857 14 3.68695

Xibiantang Village 5.5125 16 5.12782

Jiangjunling Village 2.4167 18 2.39270

Xiqiuwan Village .8636 11 1.67468

Shijiaba Village 2.1500 6 4.36062

Sixiangxi Village 25.0000 1 .

Zhoujiashan Village 4.7600 12 6.58596

Total 4.6300 134 8.57932

3.3.2 Means of Production and Operation

Household responsibility system of the collective land has been the

policy in practice since 1980s. With this policy, households contract land

from rural collective according to its population and labor forces, and it

is the basic production and operation unit as well. Household determines

what, how much and the time of production by themselves, and it can

also determine whether to engage non-agriculture activities according to

63

of its economic condition and human resource.

According to the survey, the mode of production and management of the

directly affected farmers has shown diversity features. Household

operating activities relate to many areas such as grain plant, accounting

for 76.9%, other plant accounting for 55.4%, forestry accounting for

11.9%, husbandry accounting for 21.7%, sideline production accounting

for 43.4%, fishery accounting for 9.8%, industry accounting for 2.1%,

commerce service accounting for 9.8%, transportation accounting for

8.4%, building industry accounting for 2.8% and so on.

In fact, a family usually adopts a diversified pattern. A typical family

cultivates most of their land growing vegetables and fruits, some land

growing grains for self use, and at the same time raise pigs, sheep and

cows. Some family members mainly work in non-agricultural production

and do business in the local or work elsewhere.

There is no significant difference between 36 families of ethnic

minorities and the families of Han nationality.

In 2007 the output of three major products and the market are as follows

(See table3.3-5).

Table3-5 Major Product and Their Outputs Unit: jin (half km)

Output For self use For sale Items

Total

sample

minorities Total

sample

minorities Total

sample

minorities

Market

Grains 5321.5 5555.9 3366.7 3782.4 1954.8 1773.5

Mainly in

corresponding

county or city

Vegetables 1297.0 858.3 849.6 459.4 447.4 398.9 Same as the

above

Orange 12451.2 975.0 465.2 332.6 11968.6 642.6 Same as the

above

Pigs 1630.1 1458.6 373.5 552.7 1256.6 905.8 Same as the

above

64

3.4 Division of Labor and Way of Employment

3.4.1 Working Time on Agricultural Production as well as

Non-agricultural Production

The working age of China is that men aged 16-59 and women aged 16-55.

Among the 599 persons with the information of age, working-age

population reach 428, in which men aged 16-59 is 219 and women aged

16-55 is 209, making up 71.5% of the total population. Among the

working-age population, 387 engage in different kinds of social

activities, accounting for 90.42%. In which, 188 work in agriculture

activities, 34 work in non-agricultural activities, 133 work out of

hometown, 7 are state cadres, 1 is in the ranks, 1 is teacher, 23 work in

other social activities. There are 41 who don’t engage any social work,

accounting for 9.58%;of which ,4 person are the laid off or early retiree，

4 are housemakers and 33 are students.

Among the 139 persons with the age information of 36 ethnic minorities

families investigated, working age population reach 116, in which men

aged16-59 is 82 and women aged 16-54 is 34, making up 83.5% of the

total population of ethnic minorities families. Among the working age

population, 109 engage in all kinds of social activities, accounting for

93.96%. In which, 81 work in agriculture, 10 work in non-agricultural

activities, 15 work out of hometown, 3 work in other social activities.

There are 7 persons who don’t engage any social work, accounting for

6.04%;of which, 1 is the people of arranging daily activities and 6 are

students.

65

Table 3.4-1 The Employment Condition of the Working-age Population Person, %

Item Frequency Percent Female Male

Mainly work in

agriculture 188

43.92 96 92

Mainly Work in

non-agricultural activities 34

7.94 18 16

Working out of

hometown 133

31.07 60 73

State cadres 7 1.64 2 5

Solider 1 0.23 0 1

Teacher 1 0.23 0 1

Other labor 23 5.37 10 13

Laid off or early retiree 4 0.93 1 3

houseworker 4 0.93 4 0

Student 33 7.74 18 15

Total 428 100.00 209 219

The working time on agricultural production of the investigated people:

20 people spent less than one month on agricultural production in one

year, accounting for 14.0%; 28 spent four months on agricultural

production, accounting for 19.6%; 92 of them spent over 130 days on

non-agricultural production, accounting for 64.3%; the working time of

the other 2.1% is not clear. Astheworking time on agricultural production

of those 36 investigated families of ethnic minorities: 11.1% of them

spent less than one month on agricultural production in one year, and

25% spent four months on agricultural production and 63.9% of them

spent over four months on agricultural production.

The working time on non-agricultural production of the investigated

people: 49 people do not engage any non-agricultural production in one

year, accounting for 34.3%; 55 spent less than six months on

non-agricultural production, accounting for 38.5%; 36 of them spent over

66

six months on non-agricultural production, accounting for 25.2% ;and the

working time of the other 2.1% is not clear. As for the working time on

non-agricultural production of those 36 ethnic minorities families: 22.2%

of them spent less than one month on non-agricultural production in one

year, and 44.4% spent one to four months on non-agricultural production

and 33.4% of them spent over four months on agricultural production.

On the average, the investigated males spent nearly 174 days on

agricultural production and 115 days on non-agricultural production in

one year, in which, the investigated males of ethnic minorities spent 175

days on agricultural production and 126 days on non-agricultural

production in one year. While the investigated females spend 211 days on

agricultural and 69 days on non-agricultural production, in which, the

investigated females of ethnic minorities spent 178 days on agricultural

production and 118 days on non-agricultural production in one year.

As far as division of time is concerned, quite a lot of time is spent on

working out. From the view of family members, 133 are working out or

doing business to support the whole family, making up 31.07% of

working age population. In the case of the time of working out for family

members, the shortest is 20 days and the longest 360 days, which in other

words they stay out all the year. Major choices for their working places

are as follows: Yichang City, Wuhan City, Guandong Province, Shenzhen

City, Zhejiang Province, Shanghai City and other cities. We get to know

from the survey that those investigated took different jobs, including:

architecture, short-term hired labor, clothes industry, decoration industry

and services, transportation, coal industry, etc.

3.4.2 Aanalysis of working out

As far as division of time is concerned, quite a lot of time is spent on

working out. Many family members are working out for others or doing

67

business to support the whole family.

The gender of persons who work out of home: among the investigated

650 persons from 143 households, 142 persons are working out of home,

in which 9 persons are beyond working age. Therein, the male is 81,

accounting for 57.0%; the female is 61, accounting for 43.0%.

The age of persons who work out of home: the age of them varies from

17 to 68. 90 persons are in the range of 18-30, accounting for 63.4%; 40

persons are in the rang of 31-50, accounting for 28.2%; 7 person are

beyond 51, accounting for 4.9%;5 persons are not clear. The average age

of them is 29.9.

The nationality of persons who work out of home: 107 persons are Han

nationality, making up 24.3% of the total investigated laborers of Han

nationality; 35 persons are minority nationalities，making up 29.3% of the

total investigated labors of minority nationality.

The marital status of persons who work out of home: 38.7% of them are

unmarried and 61.3% of them are married.

The education level of persons who work out of home: 64.1% of them are

with an education of junior high school or below and 35.9% are with the

education of high school or above.

The working time of persons who work out of home: the shortest is 20

days and the longest is 360 days, which in other words they stay out all

the year. About 25% of them work out all year-round and they come

home only to have spring festival.

The working places of persons who work out of home: the working

places spread nationwide, but relatively concentrated in the following

areas: Pearl river delta, Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Shanghai, Zhejiang of

the Yangtze river delta; the county Town of habitation; Wuhan, Yichang

68

and other City in Hubei province; Shanxi, Henan and other provinces.

The occupations of persons who work out of home: from the survey we

find that respondent’s occupations are of various kinds which are mason,

woodworking, hodman, dig-coal, hammal, retail sales, cadge, Clothing,

shoemaking, sailing boat, transportation, service, and odd job.

The income of persons who work out of home: at the Survey Location,

income from working out of home is the main source of the family

income. About the 80 respondents who give the information of family

members’ income of working out in 2006,the average income level of it

reached 14.863 thousand Yuan, accounting for 47.4% that of total family

income. The households of Xinping Village, Qinglong Village, Shujiacao

Village, Jiangjunling Village, Xiqiuwan Village, Shijiaba Village which

showed the income from outgoing labors, and whose income from

outgoing labors have exceeded 50% of total income. The income from

outgoing labors is especially important for the families of minority

nationalities and their average income of working out of home is 14.465

thousand Yuan in 2006, therein, the average income of Shujiacao Village

is 21 thousand Yuan for each minority nationalities family, the average

income of Jiangjunling Village is 11.2 thousand Yuan for each minority

nationalities family, and the average income of Xibiantang Village is 14

thousand Yuan, and the average income of Xiqiuwan Village is 10

thousand Yuan for each person.

69

Table 3.4-2 the Income Status from Outgoing Labors for each Family in Survey Location

Gender

The average income from outgoing labors

Percentage of income from outgoing labors

households investigated

Qinglong Village 22440.00 64.1277 5

Wanjiafan Village 9866.67 16.4621 3

Haiyun Village 3750.00 7.8268 2

Fenghuangguan Village

6333.33 16.1153 6

Huanghuachang Village

10000.00 38.4984 7

Xinping Village 18333.33 73.1647 6

Shujiacao Village 25500.00 51.8120 10

Xibiantang Village 14083.33 40.8848 12

Jiangjunling Village 12592.86 55.2934 14

Xiqiuwan Village 13666.67 53.2796 6

Shijiaba Village 22250.00 68.0939 4

Zhoujiashan Village 10100.00 45.9579 5

Total 14863.75 47.4442 80

3.5 Housing and living

3.5.1 Housing Area

Housing issue plays an important role in the life-world of peasants. And

the peasants always have this wish for long time that they should own a

good house of themselves.

Generally speaking each investigated family has its own house whether it

is good or bad. The area of housing varies from 28 square meters to 2000

square meters with the average number of 297.45 square meters. The per

capita living space varies from 10.89 square meters to 250 square meters

70

with the average number of 69.71 square meters.

117 households have some houses which are not used to reside,

accounting for 81.8% of the investigated households. The area of those

houses varies 4 square meters to 800 square meters with the average

number of 113.36 square meters.

There are no significant differences between minority nationalities and

Han nationality. The housing area of families of ethnic minorities varies

from 80 square meters to 800 square meters with the average number of

314 square meters for each household and 67.1 square meters for each

person.

Table 3.5-1 The Housing Condition of Households Investigated in 2006

Villages

Average housing

areas for each

household

Per Capita

housing area

Household

investigated

Qinglong Village 196.25 55.3750 8

Wanjiafan Village 213.75 57.2708 12

Haiyun Village 194.29 55.5000 7

Fenghuangguan Village 245.25 68.2694 12

Huanghuachang Village 270.83 76.5701 12

Xinping Village 403.50 87.7361 6

Shujiacao Village 302.14 57.0731 14

Xibiantang Village 349.12 78.2647 17

Jiangjunling Village 298.63 71.2945 19

Xiqiuwan Village 503.33 90.5562 12

Shijiaba Village 286.67 69.3333 6

Sixiangxi Village 305.00 66.2500 2

Zhoujiashan Village 252.33 65.6528 12

Total 297.45 69.7149 139

71

3.5.2 Time of Building

Most of these houses are built before 15 years and the earliest ones were

built in 1960 and the latest were built in 2007. The average completing

time of building is 12.12 years, namely, the houses were built around

1994. The average construction completing time of building of 36 ethnic

minority families is 13.3 years and there are no significant differences

between minority nationalities and Han nationality.

3.5.3 Cost for House Construction

Cost for house construction varies from 1700 Yuan to 1.1 million Yuan,

15.5% of which is beyond 0.1 million Yuan. The average expenditure of

building the house is 81.067 thousand Yuan with a median of 45 thousand

Yuan.

There are no significant differences between minority nationalities and

Han nationality in expenditure of building the house. The expenditure of

building the house of ethnic minority families varies from 1.7 thousand

Yuan to 0.55 million Yuan with an average of 83.02 thousand Yuan.

The basic condition for expenditure of the investigated families’ building

are as the table 3.5-2 shown：

72

Table 3.5-2 The Expenditure for House Construction of the Investigated Families

Villages

Average housing areas

for each household

Per Capita

housing area

Household

investigated

Qinglong Village 80714.29 7 60856.975

Wanjiafan Village 44818.18 11 29552.726

Haiyun Village 34285.71 7 15923.926

Fenghuangguan Village 37750.00 12 29784.453

Huanghuachang Village 113909.09 11 131548.816

Xinping Village 118333.33 6 104578.519

Shujiacao Village 49000.00 13 28760.505

Xibiantang Village 57437.50 16 39464.699

Jiangjunling Village 78388.89 18 121777.588

Xiqiuwan Village 246483.33 12 364042.759

Shijiaba Village 57500.00 6 38955.102

Sixiangxi Village 145000.00 2 49497.475

Zhoujiashan Village 38827.27 11 63018.189

Total 81067.42 132 138622.297

3.5.4 The General Conditions of House and Residence

12 households take part of house as the place of trading and the average

number of houses used for trading is 1.75. Other 15 households lodge

some houses and the average number of house lodged is 1.47.

Basic conditions for houses are as Table3.5-3 shown:

73

Table 3.5-3 The General Conditions of House and Residence in Survey

Location Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Total

The

20％

poor

Total

The

20％

poor

Total

The

20％

poor

Total

The

20％

poor

Time of building (years)

0 1 39.0 47.0 12.4 11.9 9.6 11.2

Living area (square meters)

80.0 80.0 2000.0 600 299.0 289.9 114.0 130.7

Living area per

capita (square meters)

10.9 14.3 250 135 70.5 62.9 44.0 24.4

Areas of the yard

(square meters)

18 4 800 250 120.5 85.1 114.0 60.9

Cost (yuan) 1700 5000 1100000 220000 88121 64714 154149.8 60281

Rooms

rent(room)

0 2 3 2 1.43 2 1.34

Rooms for business (room)

0 3 8 3 1.64 3 2.38

Use the yearly average per capita income as the index to rank the

households that investigated; about 20% relatively poverty households

(some families invest so much money in production in 2006 ,though the

family’s per capita net income looks quite lower but the family is not

poor) are selected as the target for analysis.

There are 29 relative poor households in those investigated, accounting

for 20%, per capita income of these families varying from 320 Yuan to

3200 Yuan, with an average of 2068 Yuan which is far below the average

level of non-impoverished family (9835 Yuan).

According to the residence condition of the population of underprivilege

(20%), there are no significant differences between building time, housing

area and the average living space, etc. The main difference is revealed

in housing quality, in other words, the population of underprivilege spend

74

less money than those who are not poor. The housing area for 20%

relatively poor is 289.9 square meters and the average expenditure of

building is 64.714 thousand Yuan. While the housing area for those who

are not relatively poor is 299 square meters and the average expenditure

of building is 88.121 thousand Yuan. (More details are as Table 5.6-1

shown).

On the whole, the investigated people were satisfied with the condition of

house and residence, 84.6% of which were very satisfied or fairly

satisfied, 14% of which were dissatisfied or very dissatisfied , 1.4% of

whom did not care about the condition of house and residence. The

satisfactory degree of the condition of house and residence at present is of

no significant statistical difference between the 20% relatively poor and

the non-impoverished people.

3.6 Income of Household and the Factors

3.6.1 Structure and Level of Income

From the statistical data of local Townships/Towns, the investigated

Villages’ income disparities are serious. In which, the people who live in

each village under Yiling District of Yichang City generally have

relatively high incomes. In 2006 per capita net income of rural residents

was: 3800 Yuan for Wanjiafan Village, 4570 Yuan for Qinglong Village，

4970 Yuan for Haiyun Village，4333 Yuan for Fenghuangguan Village,

4733 Yuan for Huanghuachang Village，3362 Yuan for Xinping Village.

While each village of Badong county and Xingshan Village has lower

incomes. In 2006 rural residents’ average net income was: 1345 Yuan for

Jiangjunling Village, 1750 Yuan for Xiqiuwan Village，1856 Yuan for

Shujiacao Village，1680 Yuan for Xibiantang Village, 1800 Yuan for

Zhoujiashan Village.

75

The investigated households are selected by the influence extent of the

project construction, and there may exist big gap between the

investigated family income and the report average income by

Town/Township govenment. This part mainly assesses the income

structure, level, source and the influence of the project construction on

household income.

Family incomes are divides into ten items: income from farming, from

fishing or raising poultry, from industry, from architecture and business

and services, from transporting, from outgoing laborers, from salaries and

other incomes. Basic conditions of all items for investigated families’

income are as table 3.6-1 shown:

Table 3.6-1 All items for family income in a year

Minimum Maximum Mean

Total sample Minorities Total sample Minorities Total

sample

Minorities

Farming 0 0 100000 4000010406.18 6152.78

Fishing 0 0 10000 3000 483.09 252.78raising poultry/Stock 0 0 48000 25000 4822.35 5052.78

Industry 0 0 20000 9000 272.06 389.89

Construction 0 0 90000 50000 1231.62 1805.56

Business and

services 0 0 300000 100000 7919.12 4361.11

Transportation 0 0 25000 15000 753.68 1319.44

Income from

working out 0 0 64000

600008743.38 8036.11

Salary 0 0 80000 11000 1248.53 416.67

Other incomes 0 0 33500 33500 1382.35 3000

General income 960.0 2500 300000.00 1000037284.4130786.11Net income 960.0 1000 220000.00 1000028266.0221319.44Yearly net income

per capita 200 200 35333.33 20000 6376.13 4375.11

76

It is observed from table 3.6-1 that the general income of investigated

families varies from 960 Yuan to 300，000 Yuan with an average of

37284.4 Yuan. Excluded yearly operational costs in 2006 (fixed asset for

production and other expenditure on production), the family net income

varied from 960 Yuan to 220,000 Yuan with an average of 28266.0 Yuan.

The yearly net income per capita was 6376.1 Yuan, higher than the yearly

net income—4072 Yuan per capita for rural residents under Yiling of

Yichang City in 2006, much higher than the yearly net income—1900

Yuan per capita for rural residents of Enshi Prefecture.

Table 3.6-2 The Income Level of Different Investigated Spots in 2006

Villages

Average

General income

For households

Standard

deviation

Per Capita

Net Income

Standard

deviation

Household

Investigated

Qinglong Village 25137.5000 21693.11527 5702.9167 4229.56392 8

Wanjiafan

Village 34845.4545 24653.77714 8489.3939 8186.52440 11

Haiyun Village 68134.2857 74302.97860 13672.8571 10758.69647 7

Fenghuangguan

Village 37248.3333 20075.55811 8596.2500 6419.00698 12

Huanghuachang

Village 56430.0000 67680.56173 10938.9021 11418.30197 12

Xinping Village 26583.3333 13116.46548 4648.6111 2644.58785 6

Shujiacao Village 49353.3333 38726.80627 6712.6984 5877.62642 15

Xibiantang

Village 29212.5000 18151.87318 3523.4077 2711.57893 16

Jiangjunling

Village 23705.2632 19619.53317 3700.8897 2744.63248 19

Xiqiuwan Village 53541.6667 81415.72841 5174.4907 6096.97217 12

Shijiaba Village 35540.0000 8783.96266 7622.5000 4199.48286 5

Sixiangxi Village 35500.0000 27577.16447 5375.0000 4772.97077 2

Zhoujiashan

Village 16036.3636 10774.43945 2889.6212 1745.54438 11

Total 37284.4118 41639.89459 6376.1345 6585.91958 136

77

There is large gap between these investigated villages. As far as the level

of family per capita net income is concerned, the maximum is Haiyun

Village, Huanghuachang Village is ranked the second, followed by

Fegnhuangguan Village, Wanjiafan Village, Shijiaba Village, Shujiacao

Village, Qinglong Village, Sixiangxi Village, Xiqiuwan Village, Xinping

Village, Jiangjunling Village, Xibiantang Village, Zhoujiashan Village.

As for the level of family per capita net income, the lowest is 960 Yuan,

the maximum is 220,000 Yuan, and the maximum one is 229 times of the

lowest one.

As far as income structure of the household is concerned, income from

farming was 10406.18 Yuan in 2006, making up 27.91% that of the

total，and it was the main income source of villagers. Income from

non-agricultural activities made up 60.4%. Income from working out

was the second important, with 8743.38 Yuan for each household，

making up 23.45% that of the total. Income from business and service

ranked the third, with 7919.12 Yuan for each household，making up

21.24% that of the total, income from raising poultry/ Stock ranked the

fourth, with 4822.35 Yuan for each household，making up 12.93% of the

total income.

Generally speaking，income from farming is still the main source of the

household, but the significance of its importance has decreased in recent

years, and quite a number of households surveyed this time, income from

farming is not the main source of the family any more. Among the family

income, the proportion of the income from farming is 42.14%, income

from non-agricultural activities has reached 57.86% of the family total

income now.

Specially, we analyze the level and structure of income for 36 families of

ethnic minorities. On the whole, the income level of ethnic minority

families is a little lower than the sample. The reason is that those villages

78

with ethnic minorities have a lower income level on the whole. For

example, in 2006 per capita net income of rural residents was: 1345

Yuan for Jiangjunling Village, 1750 Yuan for Xiqiuwan Village，1856

Yuan for Shujiacao Village，1680 Yuan for Xibiantang Village. However,

the income level for investigated families of ethnic minorities is higher

than other people in the same village.

3.6.2 Priority of Richness for Investigated Families

As for the sorting of factors which is of great importance to improve

villagers’ economical status, 46% of the villagers put the factor of

‘knowledgeable, intelligent and do businesses’ in the first place. that those

who had knowledge, a shrewd mind, large social networks, many

information sources and channels could do business successfully. Since

they could grasp nearly all opportunities to make money, they were

endowed with capabilities to become rich. Villagers pointed out that,

peasants in Wenzhou and Shaoxing in Zhejiang province were generally

very rich. Nearly each family had a three-story house and a large amount

of money as savings in banks, because they had knowledge, a shrewd

mind and a good sense of business. Their knowledge was very practical

and differed greatly from that was learned in universities as well as

graduate schools. Lady Peng, a villager from Huanghuachang Village

under Huanghua Township , her family’s gross income was 142000 Yuan,

which belongs to medium and high level of village. She said: “In my

opinion, the most important factor to become rich is to have knowledge,

intelligence and do businesses, and the reason for poverty are frontier

spirit, laziness, incompetent and the absent of knowledge.”

20.1% of the investigated villagers think that some members in the family

worked outside agriculturewas the first important factor to improve

villagers’ economical status. In the countryside there was a large

population while at the same time land was always inadequate., Land can

79

only guarantee peasants food and clothing. Although it cannot bring much

extra disposable money to peasants, working as outgoing laborers is a

good way in rural areas since peasants have almost no employment

opportunity .. Mrs. Liu from Fenghuangguan Village under Yaqueling of

Yiling District, said, ‘Our family has 700 citrus trees. We harvested 40000

Jin citrus last year, which were purchased by outside people with price of

0.7yuan/jin. We also have 1mou vegetable land and the output were all

forself use. 6mou paddy fields grow maize, rice and watermelon. The

grain harvest was 1400 Jin and watermelon harvest was 10000 Jin. We

also raised 20 pigs at home. I always work in farmland except rainy or

snowy days. My husband’s working time on agricultural production is

about four mouths, and the rest time is for working out. Last year, he

helped a local boss to construct a project with 1500 Yuan for each mouth.

It seems to me working out of home is the first factor to get rich.’

13.3% of villagers think that ‘working hard’ is the first important factor to

improve families’ economical status. Lots of villagers acknowledged that

working hard certainly was one of the most important factors for

becoming rich, and laziness was the main source of being poor. Some

investigated villagers pointed out: the reason for poverty mainly is the

absent of knowledge, on the other hand, some persons are afraid of

hardship.” Lady Guo from Xinping Village under Huanghua Township

said, ‘In my opinion, working hard is the most important factor to

become rich, and the second importmantfactor is working out of

hometown.’

10.8% of villagers think that ‘having more land and forest ’is the most

important factor to improve families’ economical status. Villagers think

that they were insecurity if they couldn’t own land, and have more land

and forest is the foundation of getting rich. In 2006, the plant income of

Li from Haiyun Village under Yaqueling of Yiling District was 123200

Yuan, the income of raising pigs was 38000 Yuan, transportation

80

income was 80000 Yuan, Li said, ‘ in my opinion, having more land is the

first important factor to get rich, the next is encountering better

opportunity.’ Mrs. Zhang’s saying is typical. Mrs. Zhang, from

Huanghuachang Village under Huanghua Township, said, ‘the most

important factors to get rich is having more land and forest , the next is

working out of hometown, the third is the character of working hard.

Because the means of production for peasants is land, and it is absolutly

the most important; on the side, working out of hometown can increase

income in the slack season, and working hard is also important to get rich

for farmers.’

7.2% of villagers thought that the factor of ‘setting up shops, having a

stable occupation and growing characteristic plants’ was the most

important for improving families’ economical status. Craftsmen in the

village have more employment opportunities and therefore more sources

for income. Those who have a stable occupation refer to civil servants

who work in governments and enterprises. They are regularly paid every

month and have a fixed income. Since they may provide a stable income

for their family, their yearly income is quite handsome. For those who

grow characteristic plants with high value can gain more than those who

grow rice. Mr. Chen from Shijiaba Village under Xiakou County said,

‘My family has one piggery with 80 pigs and runs one distillery as well.

All works are done by my wife and myself. The economic condition of my

family is in a good state. In my opinion, in order to become rich, the most

important factor is having industry and growing characteristic plants,

and my family is one of these cases. Only cultivating land is impractical.

On the other side， I feel that hardworking is necessary and laziness is

won ' t do.’

1.4% of villagers mentioned the importance of convenient traffic in

improving family’s economic status. Madexing, from Xiqiuwan Village

under Xiqiuwan Township of Badong County, said, ‘There are 6 people in

81

my family and all family members are Tujia nationality. Our village is 40

kilometers from the nearest county. My family has 4mou contracted land.

Total income of my family was 24000 Yuan last year, in which,

commercial income is 20000 Yuan, pigs raising income is 4000 Yuan. I

think the most important factor for getting rich is the convenient traffic;

the next is the factor of knowledgeable, intelligent and being able to do

businesses; the third is countering good opportunity.’

If sorting various factors of influence family’s getting rich, the factor of

‘knowledgeable, intelligent and being able to do businesses’ ranks the

first, followed by‘ working out’, ‘hard-working’, ‘ having more land and

forest’, ‘setting up shops, having a stable occupation and growing

characteristic plants’, ‘convenient traffic ’in turn.

3.6.3 Prioritization of Reasons for the Poverty of Families

About the sorting of factors which are of great importance to cause the

low-level of family income and the poverty, 52.6% of the villagers put the

factor of ‘absent of knowledge and ability, limitations in capability for

life’ in the first place. Those poorly educated have very few employment

opportunities and are not competitive enough on the labor market. For

example, from the questionnaires, we find that there is strong relation

between population quality and poverty. Those with family

houseowner’s education being illiterate and semi-literate, the per capita

net income of the whole family yearly is 2585 Yuan. Those with family

houseowner’s educationbeing primary school level, the per capita net

income of the whole family yearly is 4599 Yuan. Those with family

houseowner’s education being junior middle school level, the per capita

net income of the whole family yearly is 6616 Yuan. Thosewith family

houseowner’s education being junior high school, the per capita net

income of the whole family yearly is 8981 Yuan. Those with family

houseowner’s education being junior college and above, the per capita

82

net income of the whole family yearly is 10697 Yuan.

39.4% of villagers pointed out the factor of ‘inconvenient traffic and

having difficulty in communicating with outside economic market’ was

the main reason for the poverty of family. According to focus group and

the interview with villagers, we found that inconvenient traffic is

backward and the villagers’ characteristic products such as fruits and

vegetables are unable to be transported outside of the local massively.

Even if the output of characteristic products increases year by year, it can

not bring villagers considerable economic benefit. Instead, the villagers

have to sell to merchant who call at the villagers’ families in a lower price

and earn less money even though they have been working hard all the

year. From the investigation of Yingling District, Badong County and

Xingshan County, we find that citrus is widely planted by villagers, but

the selling of citrus mainly depend on purchasing in house by fruits

monger because of the inconvenient traffic. The price of purchasing is

much lower than the market price and the villagers’ gaining from citrus

planting are undoubtedly is discounted. Villagers pointed out that if the

condition of road was improved, their products would be transported

outside massively and the cost of transportation would decrease, the

products could be sold in higher price, and the income would increase.

38.0% of villagers thought that ‘lack of funds, poor information’ was

another important factor for the poverty of family. Many villagers

commented that they had thought of ideas about poverty relief, for

example, setting up shops and undertaking contracted projects, etc.

Unfortunately they could not obtain initial investment, and it is extremely

difficult to get loans from banks and credit cooperatives. They also

thought of borrowing money from relatives and friends, but since nobody

was rich enough they could get very little from them. And finally many

good ideas ended in nothing.In addition, poor information leading that the

villagers do not understand the demand information of outside, lots of

83

peasants who plant characteristic economic crops sell the products in a

lower price. Profit margins are very limited.

32.1% of the villagers pointed out that ‘illness of family members’, ‘less

labor or loss of labor ability ’was the primary cause of poverty. In the 13

villages under social assessment survey, the poverty due to illness is a

very general phenomenon. Mr. Yan’s family, from Xinping Village under

Huanghua Township of Yiling District, is one of cases. Mr. Yan was a

miner since 1967 and had occupational diseases. So Mr. Yan returned to

the rural areas in 1986. Because of early retirement, the current monthly

income is only more than 500 Yuan. His wife fell ill since 29-year-old. At

the beginning it was septicemia, and later the leg fell sick too, and became

paralyzed for three years. And then his wife had other diseases even more.

The wife was outside of the protection from medical insurance owning to

her peasant status. Therefore, the earned money, besides maintained

survival, the rest was the expenditure of seeing a doctor. Mr. Yan said,

‘the money my family spent on seeing a doctor is 6,000 Yuan at least last

year. My wifehas benn ill for a long time and lost labor ability, this is the

most important reasons for my family’s difficulties.’

Other factors for poverty and low income including ‘fewer production

resources’, ‘fewer employment opportunities’, ‘poor foundation of family

economic’, ‘lazy, satisfied with the current situation’, ‘many children,

heavy burden’.

If sorting various factors for low family income and poverty, the first is

‘without education, skill, and limited ability to earn a living’, followed

by ‘inconvenient traffic’, and ‘having difficulty in communicating with

outside economic world’, ‘lack of funds, poor information’, ‘illness of

family member’, ‘less labor or loss of labor ability ’, ‘fewer production

resources’, ‘fewer jobs’, ‘poor foundation of family economic ’and ‘lazy,

satisfied with the current situation’, ‘many children, heavy burden’.

84

3.7 Household’s Expenditure and it’s Structure

3.7.1 Expenditure Structure

In the questionnaire survey such questions about expenditure are raised as:

yearly operational expenditure, foods, clothes, education, medicine and

health, transportation, social activities, support for the aged,

entertainments, fuel, water and electronic, telephone and other

expenditures.

Among all the investigated families in 2006, the lowest expenditure is

2470 Yuan and the highest is 405000 Yuan with an average expenditure of

38261.24 Yuan for each family.

As far as family expenditure is concerned, the lowest expenditure is 500

Yuan and the highest is 100000 Yuan with an average expenditure of

9524.26 Yuan for each family.

As far as family consumption is concerned, the lowest expenditure is

1670 Yuan and the highest is 305000 Yuan with an average consumption

of 21547.94 Yuan for each family.

In all the items foods cost are the major item, accounting for 20.23% of

consumption and the food consumption for each family is 4360 Yuan.

Expenditure for education is ranked the second with an average of 3373

Yuan, accounting for 15.66% of family consumption, and expenditure for

social activities is also a bit burden for peasants and is ranked the third

with an average of 3256 Yuan. Expenditure for medicine and health is

ranked the fourth and the average is 2241 Yuan. Expenditure for clothes is

ranked the fifth and the average is 1951 Yuan.

Basic conditions of investigation family expenditures are as table 3.7-1

shown:

85

Table 3.7－1 All Items for Yearly Family Expenditure

Unit:Yuan

Minimum Maximum Mean

Total

sample

Minorities Total

sample

Minorities Total

sample

Minorities

Foods 100 100 50000 20000 4359.86 3897．22

Clothes 0 200 20000 10000 1951.42 1819.44

Education 0 0 50000 50000 3373.40 4281.94

Medicine and

health 0 0 50000 25000 2240.85 1641.67

Transportation 0 0 12000 12000 1055.74 1447.22

Social activities 0 0 30000 15000 3256.38 3144.44

Support for the

aged 0 0 20000 5000 888.65 869.44

Entertainments 0 0 2000 2000 139.36 86.11

Expenditure on

Fuel for cooking 0 0 7000 3000 931.77 1104.17

Expenditure on

water,electricity 0 0 15000 5500 726.03 785.28

Expenditure on

phone 0 0 8000 8000 1163.83 1323.61

Other

expenditures 0 0 100000 6200 1460.64 1105.56

Consumption

expenditure 1670 2500 305000 115000 21547.9 21506.11

Yearly family operational expenditure

500 500 100000 30000 9524.26 9880.00

3.7.2 Level and Structure for Household’s Expenditure in Different Investigated Points

There exists relatively large gap on the level of expenditures in various

investigated points. As for the total expenditure, Xiqiuwan Village is the

86

highest, with the average annual total expenditure of 45305.8 Yuan; the

next is Shujiacao Village, with the average annual total expenditure of

30286.7 Yuan; the lowest is Zhoujiashan Village, with the average annual

total expenditure of 12658.3 Yuan.

As for the operational cost of the household, the highest is

Huanghuachang Village, followed by Shujiacao Village, and the lowest is

Zhoujiashan Village.

Basic conditions for items of family expenditures are shown in table 3.7-2,

and we can see the gap about expenditure of households between various

investigation points.

Table 3.7-2 All Items for Yearly Family Expenditure in The Investigated

Points in 2006

Villages

Total

expenditure

Yearly family operational expenditure

Consumption

Expenditure

Foods Education Social

activities

Medicine

and

health

Clothes

Qinglong Village 15525.0 3112.5 2687.5 1400.0 3325.0 1518.8 15525.0 3112.5

Wanjiafan Village 12740.0 2592.3 1876.9 2769.2 1276.9 938.5 12740.0 2592.3

Haiyun Village 18995.7 1300.0 4142.9 4285.7 1828.6 2614.3 18995.7 1300.0

Fenghuangguan

Village

13125.8 3133.3 1291.7 2500.0 1495.8 1291.7 13125.8 3133.3

Huanghuachang

Village

28076.7 9000.0 4291.7 4166.7 1150.0 3000.0 28076.7 9000.0

Xinping Village 17521.7 6083.3 5000.0 1666.7 1300.0 550.0 17521.7 6083.3

Shujiacao Village 30286.7 3193.3 9173.3 3900.0 2560.0 2506.7 30286.7 3193.3

Xibiantang Village 23805.9 5941.2 1682.4 5505.9 2158.8 1829.4 23805.9 5941.2

Jiangjunling Village 14217.9 2326.3 2336.8 2284.2 1040.0 1284.2 14217.9 2326.3

Xiqiuwan Village 45305.8 8900.0 3858.3 4833.3 5875.0 3483.3 45305.8 8900.0

Shijiaba Village 22083.3 3600.0 1333.3 4000.0 3100.0 4500.0 22083.3 3600.0

Sixiangxi Village 29349.5 4500.0 6000.0 900.0 5100.0 2800.0 29349.5 4500.0

Zhoujiashan Village 12658.3 2870.0 2237.5 1054.2 2187.5 850.0 12658.3 2870.0

Total 21547.9 4359.9 3373.4 3256.4 2240.9 1951.4 21547.9 4359.9

87

3.7.3 Land, Production, Income and Expenditure of the

Typical Household

The following are four typical households’ on population, land, mode of

production, output as well as income.

Case No.1

A Household of Middle or Upper Income Level

Mrs. Peng from Huanghuachang Village under Huanghua Township of

Yiling District in Yichang City said, ‘I am 43 years old and my husband is

younger than me, 42 years old. I had been in school but only with an

education of junior middle school. My husband is better than me but only

with an education of high school. Although we are agricultural

population, we have little time farming at home, and most of time we are

busy in transportation. I have only one child, a daughter, 20 years old.

She did not study hard, her education level is only in the level of the

middle school. Now she runs a barbershop by herself, life is also ok.

Myr family has 600 citrus trees, which is approximately 12mou. Because

those trees were recently planted, there were no economical benefits last

year. Our family still has 0.5mou vegetable field, the vegetables planted

are only sufficient for our family and are not sold. Last year, the family

also raised 2 pigs, were all sold for 2000 Yuan purchased by some

people. We do not do farm work very often, with less than 60 days a year

on farming work. If someone has spare time, he or she will do some

farming work, for example, fertilizing and watering seedlings. We mainly

engage in transport business and do quite well. Last year our family

earned about 140,000 Yuan in transportation business, the family total

income was 142,000 Yuan with 2000 Yuan of pig-raising income last

88

year. But the more you earn, the more you cost. Only in last year, the

foods expenditure was 15,000 Yuan, the expenditure of buying clothes

was 6,000 Yuan, the expenditure of seeing a doctor was 2,000 Yuan. The

expenditure in transportation is very large because of the transportation

business, it was about 23,000 Yuan. The expenditure of business duties

was about 8,000 Yuan. And because parents-in-law do not live together

with us, every year our family gives them 1,000 Yuan of alimony. The

expenditure of water, gas, and electronic was more than 5,000 Yuan.

Because of doing business, the cost was quite large, with over 4,000

Yuan. Every mouth we will give the employees 800 Yuan as monthly

wages, adding up to 38,400 Yuan a year. The remaining surplus of a year

was 30,000 to 40,000 Yuan. There are color TV, computer, motorcycle,

and automobile in my family. Therefore, generally the economic condition

of our family is in the medium or upper level in this village.

Case No.11

A Household of Middle-income Level

I am 49 years old. There are 6 people in my family, in which, my son is 17

and my daughter is 24. My daughter often works out of home like me.

There are also 2 people of over 70-year-old.

My family now has 1.2mou fruit orchard, 1mou vegetable land. The

annual gain output is about 500 Jin, and it is for family use only. The

production of fruit orchard is 1000 Jin, which are all sold to peddlery.

Last year the family raised 2 pigs, one was for family use, the rest were

sold. My husband and I are all working out of home all year round. I sell

fruits in Yichang, with an average income of 1400 Yuan for each mouth;

my husband has a construction job at the local, with an average income

of about 1000 Yuan for each mouth. The gross expenditure of family

89

management was 3,000 Yuan. The net income of farmland was about 800

Yuan for each mou, the income of fruit orchard was 20,000 Yuan every

year, and the income of working out of home was 20,000 Yuan.

Last year, the consumption expenditure of my family was about 20,000

Yuan, in which, the expenditure on education was the largest, about

10,000 Yuan; foods expenditure was around 2,000 Yuan; human

communication and social duties expenditures and the telephone

expenditure charged about 1,000 Yuan respectively; the purchase of

clothing expenditure was around 700 Yuan; spending on entertainment,

transportation and the fuel cost 500 Yuan respectively; water and

electricity expenses were 200 Yuan; other living expenses were around

2,000 Yuan. The money for savings is almost ten thousand Yuan. I think

our family is in the middle-income level in this village. It is worse than

superiority, better than inferiority.

Case No.13

A Enrichment Household Depending on Diversified Management

I am 43 years old, my family has 6 people, my father, my wife, two sons,

and one daughter. I mainly work in transportation industry and in busy

farming seasons I also help with farming. My wife is younger than me, 42

years old. She is mainly working in farming. My old son is 20 years old

and helps me with transportation. My younger son is 19 and is a solider

now. My old daughter is 22 years old, working in Wuhan, and she will

come back to help with the farming if she has spare time. My father is 82

years old this year.

My family has 23mou fruit orchard and all grows citrus trees. Last year,

90

the production of citrus is 160000 Jin. All the citrus are purchased by the

people who come to buy with a price of 0.7 Yuan. There are still 1mou

vegetable land and 6mou paddy land. The main crop of vegetables land is

watermelon, and the output is 10000 Jin last year. The crop of paddy land

is rice. Last year, the output of rice was 11000 Jin, in which, 5000 Jin

were just for family use and the remaining 6000 Jin were transported

outside to sell by ourselves. The average price was 1.2 Yuan for each Jin.

We also raised 50 pigs, 2 of which were eaten by us when having New

Year or festivals, and the remaining 48 pigs were sold with a price of

800-1000 Yuan for each one.

Beside the management of agriculture, my family also operates a

transportation company. Last year we earned about 80,000 Yuan. As far

as the expenditure of last year is concerned, the food expenditure was

6,000 Yuan, buying clothes spent 7,000 Yuan, seeing a doctor spent 2,000

Yuan, giving a feast spent about 20,000 Yuan. The money gave my parents

was 2,000 Yuan altogether last year. The expenditure of water, gas,

electricity is more than 3,800 Yuan, other aspects of the piecemeal

spending for a total was over 10,000 Yuan. There are automobile and

motorcycle, and we have all the things which we should have. So I think

the economic level of our family is in the middle or upper level of this

village.

Case No.45

A Tujia’s Family with an Average Income in a Poverty District

There are 4 members in my family; and all the people are Tujia

nationality. I am 60 years old and my wife is 59 years old, both of us

cannot read. And now both of us mainly cultivate land and raise pigs. I

have a daughter, who is 28, only with an education of primary school.

91

Now she works in an insurance company of Guangdong with an average

income 2000 Yuan monthly. My son went to Guangdong too after

graduating from junior high school. And now he works in Guangdong

with an average income 1000 Yuan monthly.

My family has 6.2mou cultivated land. Therein, 1.6mou is paddy field,

2mou is dry land, 1mou is fruit orchard, 0.8mou vegetable land, 0.8mou

fishpond. Another 6mou is forest.

The output of gain was 9000 Jin, in which, the rice was 3000 Jin, wheat

was 1000 Jin, maize was 3000 Jin, sweet potato was 1000 Jin, potatoes

was 1000Jin. There were about 7,000 Jin which just for family use,

including the use of raising pig. The remaining 2000 Jin were sold in

county. The output of vegetables was 3000 Jin, but the vegetables were

not sold because there was no market demand. Beside family ate some

vegetables, the rest were used for raising pig too. This year we raised 8

pigs in all, and 2 pigs were eaten by ourselves, the remaining 6 were

purchased by the people who come to buy. The price of pork is very

expensive and the profit is not bad too. My family still raises a cow, which

is used for cultivating land. And every year we can sell a small calf with

the price of about 800 Yuan.

I spend over 300 days in the farmland, and almost work in the farmland

all the year round. My wife is the same to me, engaging in cultivating

land and raising pigs at home. She works in farmland for over 300 days

one year

The total annual production expenditure of my family is 2000 Yuan, the

net income is 1000 Yuan after deducting the costs of various items. The

gross income was 19000 Yuan last year, in which, the income of selling

pig was 4800 Yuan, the income of gain was 3000 Yuan, and the income of

fish-farming was 100 Yuan. My son and daughter are all working out of

home, and both of them give me about 10000 Yuan every year. There are

92

no transportation means in my family, because I am too old and I do not

want to use those things. Last year the total consumption expenditure was

5,300 Yuan, in which, dining spent 500 Yuan; buying clothes spent 400

Yuan; seeing a doctor spent 1,000 Yuan; and cooperative medical system

almost has no effect on decreasing the cost of treating illness. The cost of

transportation was 100 Yuan; various kinds of human communication

spent 1000 Yuan, in which, the cost of attending a marriage was the

main part, at least spent 50 Yuan, and the cost of other parts was not sure.

My family mainly burn gas and honeycomb, and the fuel cost 2000 Yuan;

the cost of water and electricity was 300 Yuan, telephone charges spent

more than 300 Yuan a year. I think the economic state of my family is in

the low level in this village.

3.8 Land Expropriation and its Impacts to Households

Income

3.8.1 Land Expropriation and Its Impacts to Households

Income

Among the 143 households investigated this time, 18.9% of investigated

households（27）whose lands will be expropriated but need not to move,

11.2% of investigated households(16) whose lands house should be

rebuilt but not to be expropriated land, 60.1% of investigated

households(86) whose lands will be expropriated and their house should

be rebuilt as well. For the 6.0% households investigated, the construction

has no direct negative influences to them. The information for 5.6% of

investigated households is not available. In all the valid samples, the

lands of 81.1% (113) of those investigated households will be affected to

some extent.

The lands of 20 households of ethnic minorities will be affected among

93

36 investigated families of ethnic minorities.

Land expropriation of the households varies from 0.46mou to 14.8mou,

with an average of 3.59mou for each household. The lands that would be

expropriated can be divided into three types:

Farmland. Farmland expropriation of the households varies from 0.01mou

to 10mou, with an average of 2.44mou. Land expropriation of households

of ethnic minorities varies from 1mou to 11.9mou, with an average of

3.38mou.

Orchard and mountain land. The orchard and mountain land expropriated

of the investigated households varies from 0.01mou to 9mou, with an

average of 1.15mou. The orchard and mountain land expropriated of

investigated households of ethnic minorities varies from 0.2mou to

5.9mou, with an average of 1mou.

Watery areas. There are 12 households’ watery areas which would be

affected. The watery areas expropriated of the investigated households

vary from 0.1mou to 3mou, with an average of 0.25mou. There are 3

households of ethnic minorities whose watery areas are affected, and the

average affected watery area is 0.20mou.

Among 113 households whose land would be occupied to certain degree,

there are 72 households that provide us with the detailed information of

expropriated land. Among the 72 households, the proportion of

expropriated land accounting for the whole family land varies from

3.07% to 100.0%, with an average of 53.51%. Therein, the proportion of

below 20% is 25%, the proportion of 20－50% accounts for 27.8%, the

proportion of 50－75% accounts for 15.4%, and the proportion of above

75% is 31.8%.

Among ethnic minority households, the proportion of expropriated land

94

accounting for the whole family land varies from 10% to 100.0%, with an

average of 54.87%. Therein, the proportion of below 20% is 20%, the

proportion of 20－50% accounts for 34.7%, and the proportion of above

50% is 45.3%. The income condition of households with land

expropriation in 2006 is as table 3.8-1 shown:Three income items of those

households will be affected by lands expropriation: income from plant

industry, fishery income and the income of raising poultry and livestock.

As for all samples, the proportion of average reducing land for project

construction is 53.51%. If taking the income of plant and fishery in 2006

as reference, the proportion of the average reducing income of fishery and

raising poultry and livestock for project construction could be roughly

estimated is 53.51%, in another words, the average reducing income of

fishery and raising poultry and livestock for each family is 5825 Yuan.

As for the households of ethnic minorities, the proportion of average

reducing land for project construction is 54.87%. The average income of

fishery and raising poultry and livestock is 7204.54 Yuan in 2006, taking

this as reference, the reducing income of plant and raising poultry and

livestock of households because of lands expropriation is about

7204.54×54.87%= 3953 Yuan.

Through forum and interviews with the villagers, we found that there is a

very close relationship between raising poultry and livestock of

households and plant. Villagers basically use their own gain (mainly

maize, sweet potato, etc.) as the feed of pig and chicken. The income of

household raising poultry / livestock is mainly income of raising pig.

According to local villagers’ estimation, if the feed of raising pig are all

bought through market, there will be 20% of the profits getting from the

gross income of selling pigs. If the feed of raising pig are all prepared by

themselves, there will be about 70% of the profits getting from the gross

income of selling pigs. That is to say the plant has the impact of 50% on

95

raising poultry and livestock. On this basis, if taking the scale of raising

poultry and livestock in 2006 as reference, the possible impact on the

income of raising poultry and livestock by reducing lands is

53.51%×50%× 5366＝1435 Yuan. As for the households of ethnic

minorities, the potential impact of reduction of household land for poultry

/ livestock income is 54.87%×50%× 5490＝1506 Yuan.

Generally speaking, the possible reduced income of 72 households

providing the information of land expropriation is 5825＋1435=7260

Yuan. Taking the gross income of 34895.83 Yuan for per family in 2006

as reference, possibly reduced income accounts for 20.8% of the gross

income of the affected households.

As for the investigated households of ethnic minorities, the possible

reduced income is about 3953＋1506=5459 Yuan. Taking the gross

income of 34050.0 Yuan for per family in 2006 as reference, possibly

reduced income accounts for 16.03%of the gross income of affected

families.There may be exist the difference in possible reduced income

between households of different investigateds points because of the

difference of the income structure and land resources expropriated. Land

is very scarce and per capita cultivated land level is relatively low in

Huanghuachang Village and Xinping Village, and planting takes a low

proportion in the total income of household, so the reduced income by

land expropriated takes a low proportion in the total income of household

too. In Fenghuangguan Village, Jiangjunling Village, and Xibiantang

Village, the income of planting and related industry takes a high

proportion in the total income of household. So the proportion of reduced

income in the total income of household by land expropriated is higher

than average level. Land expropriation and its impacts to household

income are as table 3.8-2 shown.

96

Table 3.8-2 Land Expropriation and Its Impacts to Households Income

Villages

General

income

Farming

Fishing

raising poultry/

Stock

the proportion

of average

reducing land

for project

construction

the

proportion

of

possibly

reduced

income

Qinglong

Village

15900.00 3540.00 .00 1320.00 46.9305

12.40

Wanjiafan

Village

42500.00 30000.00 .00 .00 21.8022

15.39

Haiyun

Village

98233.33 49000.00 .00 19733.33 14.4167

8.64

Fenghuangg

uan Village

27250.00 11666.67 4166.67 6833.33 47.6173

33.64

Huanghuach

ang Village

240000.0 .00 .00 .00 100.0000

.00

Xinping

Village

27250.00 750.00 .00 3250.00 85.7143

7.47

Shujiacao

Village

33230.00 7450.00 .00 6980.00 60.2063

19.82

Xibiantang

Village

33272.73 10181.82 454.55 6909.09 58.5914

24.81

Jiangjunling

Village

27120.00 8300.00 660.00 5480.00 71.4712

30.83

Xiqiuwan

Village

34000.00 5571.43 357.14 2857.14 67.0063

14.50

Shijiaba

Village

37000.00 5500.00 .00 5750.00 26.5958

6.02

Zhoujiashan

Village

17200.00 6444.44 .00 3277.78 43.7308

20.55

97

3.8.2 Land Expropriation and Its Impacts on Typical

Households’ Income

The following are four typical families on Land Expropriation and its

Impacts to Typical Households’ Income

Case No.59

A Household with only Forestland Expropriated

Lei from Xiqiuwan Village under Xiqiuwan Township of Badong County:

there are 7 persons in my family. My family has 9.2mou lands, of which

0.2mou is vegetable land, 1mou is paddy land, 3mou is dry land, 5mou is

mountain land. Last year the gain output was 4000 Jin. We still plant rape

and the extracting oil from rape was just for family use, the remaining

part was sold out. The output of vegetables was 3000 Jin, beside family

eat some vegetables, the rest were used for raising pig. This year we

raised 5 pigs in all, and 2 pigs were eaten by ourselves, the remaining 3

were purchased by the monger who comes to buy. The price of pork was

expensive this year, and the price of a pig with 400 Jin was over 1300

Yuan

I spend over 100 days in farmland. Sometimes, I do part time job too,

mainly engaging in construction of the local with average income of

60Yuan every day and 1000 Yuan for each mouth. Last year, I earned

8000 Yuan altogether by doing part time job. My wife is mainly working

at home to cultivate land and raise pigs. She works in farmland for over

300 days all year round. The gross income of last year was 20000 Yuan,

in which, the income of selling pig was 4000 Yuan, the income of selling

rapeseed and some gain was 4000 Yuan. In addition, the income of

working out was 8000 Yuan. The project construction of Yi-Ba mainly

98

occupies the land of my family, 2mou forestlands would be occupied

altogether.

Social assessment expert’s estimate: the occupied forestland has little

effect on the present income of Lei’s family.

Case No. 52

A Household with the Proportion for Land Expropriated Below 20%

Wang is a villager of Xibiantang Village under Yanduhe Town of

Xingshan County in Hubei Province: There are 5 members in my family;

and all the people are Tujia nationality. My family has 18mou land

altogether, in which, 0.4mou is vegetable land, 10mou is dry land, 4mou

is mountain, 9mou is other kinds of land. The output of gain was 9000 Jin,

and 4000 Jin was sold out. The maize was 0.8 Yuan/Jin, wheat was 0.7

Yuan/Jin, peanut was 1.8 Yuan/Jin, rapeseed was 1.8 Yuan/Jin, and the

total income was 8000 Yuan. We raised 15 pigs altogether this year, 4

were eaten by ourselves, and 11 were purchased by the monger who

comes to buy, the total income was 13000 Yuan.

I work in farmland for over 180 days and the remaining time is for

working in a leather shoes factory of Huizhou of Guangdong with the

total income of over 5000 Yuan last year. My husband works in farmland

for over 300 days and works out of home just for over 60 days. He mainly

engaged in building expressway in Shanxi with an average income of 140

Yuan for each day, and the income of last year was over 5000 Yuan. My

family lands will be expropriated and my house should be rebuilt as well.

I estimate 3mou dry land will be expropriated

Social assessment expert’s estimate: the occupied land accounts for 17%

of the family total land, the income of plant may decrease 1500 Yuan, and

99

the income of raising pig may decrease 1200 Yuan. Other effects include

the part which is from the fields output just for family use.

Case No. 24

A Household with the Proportion for Land Expropriated Above 50%

Chen is a villager of Fenghuangguan Village under Yaqueling Town:

there are 3 persons in my family. And my family has 5mou fruit orchard

with the output of 30000 Jin last year. The fruits are all purchased by the

monger who comes to buy, and the price was 0.7 Yuan/Jin with the total

income of 21000 Yuan. There was 0.5 vegetable land and the output was

just enough for family.My family contracts 10mou mountain lands and

there were no profit from mountain land last year. My family raised 6

pigs last year, 5 were sold out at the price of 6 Yuan/Jin, and the total

income was 3600 Yuan. The wage income of working out was 18000

Yuan. Because of the construction of expressway, 6mou land of my family

would be occupied, in which, 3mou is fruits orchard, 3mou is mountain

land.

Social assessment expert’s estimate: the occupied land accounts for

54.5% of the total land of Chen, which is 30% of the mountain land in

possession. The possible reduced income of plant is 11450 Yuan. The

income of raising pig may reduce 980 Yuan. Other effects include the part

which is from the fields output and just for family use.

Case No. 44

A Household with the Proportion for Land Expropriated Above 90%

100

Li from Jiangjunling Village under Xiqiuwan Township of Badong Couty

in Hubei province: there are 3 people in my family, me, my love and my

daughter. I am 63 years old this year.

My family has 9.8mou land altogether, of which 2.5mou is tea garden,

0.8mou is vegetable land, 3mou is paddy land, 1mou is fishpond, 1.3mou

is mountain land, 1.5mou is dry land and other kinds of land.

The output of gain was 3500 Jin last year. 1000 Jin was for family use,

2500 Jin was all sold in county. The output of fruits is 2000 Jin, which

are all sold in county. My family raised 6 pigs last year, and 2 were eaten

by ourselves, and 4 were purchased by the monger who came to buy or

sold in Town. There is a cow, which is mainly used to cultivate land.

I work in farmland for 120 days all year round and the other time is for

raising pigs and chicken at home. My wife is same to me, working in

farmland and house. The gross income of my family was 20000 Yuan last

year, in which, the income of planting was 12000 Yuan, the income of

fishingwas 3000 Yuan, the income of raising poultry and livestock was

5000 Yuan.

My daughter works out of home, but she does not tell us how much money

she earned and does not give us too

My family lands will be expropriated and my house should be rebuilt as

well because of the construction of expressway. There is 6.3mou

cultivated land which will be occupied, in which, 2.1mou is fruit orchard,

1mou is pool.

Social assessment expert’s estimate: the occupied land accounts for 96%

of the total land of Li. The possible reduced income of planting and fish

farming is 14250 Yuan. The income of raising pig may reduce 2400 Yuan.

Other effects include the part which is from the fields output and just for

101

family use.

3.9 Social Support Network oof Household

The social support network(especially relative network of personal

connection)offers extensive support to the individuals. In developing

counties, besides meeting the needs of family, it also offers other support,

such as looking for a job. It can be said that these supports have very

positive functions to the individual and society. The support of money,

emotion and friendship obtained from the social network for the

individual may solve the problem or alleviate the problem and crisis of

daily life, maintain the normal running of daily life, slow down the life

pressure, and it is benefit to the physically and mentally healthily and

personnel happiness.

When individuals encount financial difficulties,they usually ask help from

their social network. Seeking some help from relatives of husband’s

parents or wife’s parents, married son, married brothers and other family

relatives accounts for 48.6%. The next is looking help from cadres of

Villages and Townships, accounting for 17.2%. The third is to find friends,

neighbors, classmates and colleagues to help, accounting for 17.1%.

Relying on self-struggle and efforts is the method local villagers often use

facing economic difficulties as well. The details are as table 3.9-1 shown.

Table 3.9-1The Social Support Networks of Investigated Objects Facing Economic

Difficulties

102

When individuals encounter emotional difficulties, the structure of their

social support network is as follows: 31.8% of respondents seek help

from relatives with blood and marriage relationship firstly, the next is to

find rural cadres to solve the problem (27.3%), the third is depending on

the students, neighbors, colleagues (18.1%). When individuals encounter

emotional difficulties, the support of relatives, comfort of friends, and

self-relief are the most commonly used methods.

Table 3.9-2 The Social Support Network of Investigated Objects Facing

Emotional Difficulties

Frequency Available percent

Relatives of husband’s parents

40 28.6

Relatives of wife’s parents 11 7.9

Married son 10 7.1

Married brothers 7 5.0

Cadres of Village 19 13.6

Cadres of Township 5 3.6

Neighbor 9 6.4

Classmate 1 .7

Colleague 1 .7

Leader of organization 1 .7

Friend 13 9.3

Others 10 7.1

Depend on oneself 13 9.3

Total 140 100.0

103

3.10 Traveling and Transportations

3.10.1 Household Vehicles in Relation with Satisfaction

Toward Traffic Conditions

The major traffic vehicles are motorcycles and bicycles, 50% of

households own a motorcycle, another 15.2% of households intend to buy

later, 29.7% of families own bicycles, another 4.7% of households intend

to buy later. Farm vehicles, tractors and cars have begun to enter into the

family of ordinary villagers, as important means of production and

communication of egression.

Frequency Available percent

Relatives of husband’s parents

25 18.9

Relatives of wife’s parents

12 9.1

Married son 4 3.0

Son 1 .8

Cadres of Village 28 21.2

Cadres of Township 8 6.1

Neighbor 7 5.3

Classmate 4 3.0

Friend 13 9.8

Others 17 12.9

Depend on oneself 7 5.3

No such thing 6 4.5

Total 132 100.0

104

Table 3.10-1 The Condition of Transportation Means Owned by Family

Name

Have Intend to buy later

Don’t intend to buy later

Available case

Motorcycle 50.0 15.2 34.8 132

Tractor 7.0 9.4 83.6 128

Automobile 7.0 19.5 73.4 128

Bicycle 29.7 4.7 65.6 128

Agricultural vehicle

13.3 10.9 75.8 128

From the investigation, we found that the local villagers are relatively

satisfied with the current traffic situation in the rural areas. The responses

of 110 are very satisfied and comparatively satisfied with the current

traffic situation, accounting for 77.5% of the available samples. The

responses of 31 are dissatisfied and very dissatisfied with the current

traffic situation, accounting for 21.9% of the available samples. Among

the households which are dissatisfied with the current traffic situation, the

households of Xingshan and Badong are prevalent.

Further analysis found that there are no significant statisticalrelationship

between the ownership of transportation means for household and the

satisfaction on traffic.

Table 3.10-2 Ownership of Transportation Means for Household and the

Satisfaction on Traffic. Name Pearson Chi-Square

Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Motorcycle 4.031 .854 Tractor 12.377 .135 Automobile 7.201 .515 Bicycle 14.059 .080 Agricultural vehicle

7.509 .483

105

3.10.2 Traveling Frequency in Relation with Degrees of

Satisfaction of Those Investigated

The shortest route to county Town is 0.5 kilometer for villagers

investigated, the longest is 90 kilometers, the average distance from

county town is 31.3 kilometers. An average time of going to county town

is 54.19 minutes, and the average cost is 13 Yuan.

There exist some differences in the investigated points on the distance

from county town, traveling time, and traveling expense. Shujiacao

Village, Zhoujiashan Village and Xibiantang Village are farther from the

county town, Huanghuachang Village and Xinping Village is close to the

county Town. The more details are as table 3.10-2 shown.

Investigations reveal that 15.9% of people investigated go to county town

for less than one times every month, 54.3% of people investigated go to

county town for 1-2 times every month, 13.0% of people investigated go

to county town for 3-4 times every month, and 16.7% of people

investigated go to county town for more than five times every month.

The relation of the degrees of satisfaction on traffic and traveling

frequency is shown in the picture 3.9-1. Statistical analysis finds that

there is no correlation of statistical significance between them.（Pearson

Chi-Square＝.651，Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)＝.722）.

106

Table3.10-3 Distance、Traveling and cost

Villages

Distance from the

nearst County

Seat/City

（Km）

Time needed to

CountySeat

（Minute）

Transportation

Cost needed to

County Seat

（Yuan）

Qinglong Village 24.29 24.63 5.19

Wanjiafan Village 29.59 32.92 6.42

Haiyun Village 34.17 53.57 6.93

Fenghuangguan Village 34.37 46.37 7.80

Huanghuachang Village 9.88 21.75 2.42

Xinping Village 11.30 65.00 6.09

Shujiacao Village 48.00 87.17 29.34

Xibiantang Village 38.97 88.00 19.67

Jiangjunling Village 31.88 49.53 18.82

Xiqiuwan Village 25.17 39.32 15.29

Shijiaba Village 25.75 60.00 6.92

Sixiangxi Village 16.50 18.75 4.25

Zhoujiashan Village 41.64 70.46 15.09

Picture 3.10-1 The Analysis of Traveling frequency and traffic satisfaction of

people investigated

Frequencies of outgoing

5 times and above1-4 timesNever

Coun

t

80

60

40

20

0

Degrees of satisfact

Satisified

Not satisified

107

3.10.3 Traveling modes in Relation with Degrees of

Satisfaction of Those Investigated

Now, the most commonly used method is to use public transport when

villagers go to far place (such as the county), accounting for 71.2%. The

next is riding motorcycles, accounting for 17.4%. The third method is a

combination of several modes, for example, the combination of walking

and public transport, and individual villagers driving to the county town

by themselves.

The analysis of questionnaires reveals that there is relatively close

relationship between the satisfaction on the current traffic situation and

the traveling mode. 【Pearson Chi-Squ are, Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) =. 054】.

On the whole, the people who often use public transport are more

dissatisfied with the traffic situation. The people who walk and ride a

motorcycle are more satisfied with the traffic situation.

108

4. Women and Project Participation

Women are the main stakeholders of the project, so it is necessary to

know what kind of special effects this project has on their lives, what kind

of attitude they have towards it and what level they participate. This

assessment is to analyze what extent local women are related to project

participation in virtue of observing the extent to which women have

participated in social and economic life and the effects that the

construction of this project makes on women’s participation.

Because of the interaction of women’s status and social and economic

participation, women’s status can serve as an analytic tool and an

important angle from which to approach the problem.

4.1 Women’s present status

The macro-scale study of local woman’s status is to research into

women’s social status in virtue of their political status, economical status,

legal status, status of labor force participation and education status. The

micro examination of local women’s status is to research into their

economical status, fertility status, their right to work and their rights of

consuming in the family. This social assessment is to observe women’s

status in virtue of economical status, political status, marriage status,

education status and so on.

4.1.1 Women’s Economical Status

From the social angle, local women can equally participate in

socio-economic activities as men do. However, there are some differences

in their participation field in economic life.

First, women play an important role in agricultural productions. As men

109

flow into cities and towns or work in non-agricultural rural sectors,

women take over most agricultural productions, such as productions of

grains, cotton, oil, vegetables, and fruits, etc. Among 105 men

investigated , 68.9% mainly take over the agricultural productions; among

38 female investigated,81.1% do the same work .58.7% of all respondents

think women play a leading role in adopting new planting techniques of

grains, fruits, vegetables, etc.

Mrs. Wang from Zhoujiashan Village, Gaoqiao Town, Xingshan County

said, ‘the main techniques we are now using are the techniques of fruit

tree planting and poultry raising, as lots of men flow into cities and towns

to work, women take over most agricultural productions, so women play a

leading role in adopting new planting techniques.’ (Case No. 35)

Second, the choice of staying at home and taking over the agricultural

work is made out of most women’s own wills. They make this choice for

the assessment of family economy and the capabilities of their husbands.

Women staying at home think that when men go out to earn more money

for the family, women who stay at home can take better care of their

parents and children. 75.8% of men villagers investigated think it is the

best way for a family that husbands work out of home while wives at

home, but among women villagers investigated, 80.6% have the same

idea. The choice of staying at home made by most women is out of their

own wills to entrust some rights and responsibilities to their husbands.

This situation is different to when women’s right to work was taken over

by their husbands under the system of planed economy. That was a time

when women had no choices at all and did not even realize that they had

rights. This choice is distinctively out of their wills. The permission

granted by the women to entrust their rights to their husbands is an

important criteria of female political autonomy. A party can put its own

fate in the hands of the other party by agreements between two equal

individuals. Women’s permission of granting major economic

110

responsibilities to their husbands and the choice to cultivate at home and

take care of families is a kind of obedience, but is not a form of

traditionally absolute subjection.

Third, the principle of male priority dominates the allocation of job

opportunities. There are comparatively less job opportunities, especially

non-agricultural job opportunities in rural areas due to high population in

rural areas. 71.8% of respondents think that when there are not enough

job opportunities, the allocation of job opportunities should be in favor of

male employees, but 69.5% of women respondents have the same idea. It

appears through the interviews that women employment fields are

presented in a much wider range than they were before the 1980s and

more and more women widened their eyesight by getting to the outside

word to work or engage in business, or work in non-agricultural trades.

However, in all, job opportunities in non-agricultural trades are more in

favor of males than females.

Mrs. Wang from Zhoujiashan Village, Gaoqiao Township, Xingshan

County said,

My husband and I basically make decisions after discussion on more

important affairs in my family. I think, family affairs should be decided

together, there are no divergences between us. No matter who you are,

making a decision is not so good independently. As long as it is the

correct views, and both sides should listen to each other, 80% of my views

are accepted by my husband. If I think my husband's views are wrong, I

will not listen to him, even he opposes, I will not do it. He is often silent at

the beginning, but finally compromise. If my husband does not listen to

my views, as long as I think my view is correct and it is favorable for the

family, I will make decisions by myself. I incline to agree with the

husband should work out and wife should work at home and treat chores,

fewer work opportunities should be given men and his wife should better

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do housework. As for children's education, I think both boys and girls

should accept education, we will leave no means untried to have all

children read no matter how difficult it is. If only a child can study, the

opportunity of reading will depend on the child who wants to read and

read better than others. I feel that women’s influence in our local public

affairs is gradually strengthened. I am the women’s director in this village.

I feel that the opportunities for women going out are increasing, and there

are more chances of contact with the outside things, so political

awareness and consciousness of women are increasing. Coupled with the

majority of the male villagers working out of home and more men are not

at home, more women will participate in the meetings of village and a lot

of public things. So their influence is increasing. Women often put forward

their views in the village committees, and village leaders attach

importance to their views.’ (Case No. 35)

As far as the issues of the rights of family members to dispose family

properties, the rights to manage the family incomes and the rights of

family members to make decisions on family spending are concerned, the

patriarchal system in the families of rural areas is on a transition to

democracy.

First, husbands and wives are in charge of the management of family

properties together. Based on the data obtained from the interviews, in

35.7% of the families the husband takes charge of the management of

family properties, in 14% of the families the wife take charge of the

management of the family properties, and in 45.5% the husband the wife

take charge of the management of the family properties together.

Second, the husband mostly makes decisions on what business to do.

From the interviews, 44.1% of the families base on the opinions of her

husband in deciding what sort of production, 37.1% of households base

on the common decision of marital

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Third, the husband and wife mainly make decisions together on the divide

of work. From the interviews, 48.3% are making-decisions by both parties

on the division of work.

Fourth, the husband and wife mainly make decisions together on the

issues of buying extravagant commodities and major producer goods, but

usually male’s opinions are in a more favorable place than females’. It is

the same situation for the issues of making invests and getting loans.

More details can be seen in table 4-1.

Table 4-1 The Main Gender Division of Labor for Family's Affairs (Unit: %) Items Mainly

decided by husband

Mainly decided by husband

Decided by both

Others

Domestic finance 35.7 14.0 45.5 2.9

What plants should be grown 44.1 11.2 37.1 2.9

Division of labor 35.0 9.1 48.3 4.3

Buying luxurious goods/ big tools of production

28.7 8.4 55.8 5.8

Investment or loans 37.8 4.2 38.5 16.1

Compared with statistics from other surveys conducted in other areas in

China on women’s position at home, we found that women in affected

areas of the project play a more important role in families. For example,

Yang Shanhua found from surveys conducted in Qingpu, Taicang and

Yibin that husbands have more power (50%) as far as domestic

expenditure and finance (assets, investment or loans) are concerned.

(Yang Shanhua etc. Urban and Rural Families: Changes under Market

Economy and Non-agricultural Backgrouds. Zhejiang People Press:

2002.)

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4.1.2 Women’s Political Status

Generally speaking, the political position of local women has been

gradually raised. As far as the legal protection of women’s political status

is concerned, the constitution stipulates that women has the same right to

vote as men do，women participate in government and political affairs like

man do and the state trains and selects cadres from women. As far as

women’s practical political participation is concerned, the proportion of

female cadres, women’s awareness of political participation, women’s

awareness of rights, women’s awareness of participation in social

activities have all been raised gradually. It is observed from this social

assessment research that there are two characteristics about local women’s

political participation:

First, most women take an active part in selecting cadres of local villages.

It is observed from the interviews that women’s votes are mainly based

on that if the competitor can represent their best interests, if the

competitor can be the voice of peasants, if the competitor can make

improve villagers’ economical status. Local women take an active part in

the village conferences, 91.7% of them said that they attended all kinds of

village meetings like their husbands. 73.2% of men said that their wives

took an active part in these activities. 60% of respondents said that

women’s influences on local pubic affairs were becoming stronger. 19.3%

of respondents think women play a leader’s role in local public affairs.

Second, women have more zest in public affairs of local neighborhood. It

is observed from the interviews that local women have more zest in local

neighborhood. Among the 137 respondents that answered the question,

‘how much attention do you pay to the status of your work unit/ village/

neighborhood?’ 47.2% of women said that they were highly concerned of

public affairs in the neighborhood, and they often made remarks and gave

advices about public affairs in the neighborhood. 65.3% of men said they

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were the same. According to the statistical analysis and the examinations,

women are more concerned with public affairs in the neighborhood like

men are, and there are no obvious differences between the participation of

women and men[Pearson Chi-Square＝3.156，Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

＝.532]. More details are as table 4-2 shown. Table4－2 Participation in the Public Affairs of the Community of Male and

Females

Participation in the public affairs of the neighborhood

Being highly

concerned of and

often making

remarks and

giving advises

about public

affairs of the

neighborhood

Paying

attention

and

making

remarks

and

giving

advises

occasion

ally

Being aware

of, but rarely

making

remarks about

public affairs

of the

neighborhood

Only care

about one’s

own job, not

intending to

meddle with

other business

Having no

interest in

the public

affairs in

one’s work

unit/Village

/neighborho

od

Total

Male 38 28 16 19 0 101

37.6% 27.7% 15.8% 18.8% 0% 100.0%

Female 7 10 6 13 0 36

Sex 19.4% 27.8% 16.7% 36.1% .0% 100.0%

45 38 22 32 0 137Total 32.8% 27.7% 16.1% 23.4% 0% 100.0%

4.1.3 Women’s educational status

Among the 143 investigated eliminating default value, we get 578

available cases of six years old and above, including 297 men and 281

women .The condition of men cultural level: The number of primary

school level and below is 86,accounting for 29%. The number of junior

high school is 125, accounting for 42.1%. The number of senior high

school is 51, accounting for 17.2%. The number of secondary, technical

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schools or vocational schools is 20, accounting for 6.7%. The number of

junior college and above is 15, accounting for 5.1%. The condition of

women cultural level: The number of primary school level and below is

112, accounting for 30.6%. The number of junior high school is 99,

accounting for 35.2%. The number of senior high school is 41, accounting

for 14.6%. The number of secondary, technical schools or vocational

school is 16, accounting for 5.7%. The number of junior college and

above is 11, accounting for 3.9%. It is observed from the interviews the

illiterate and semi-literate rates of female are higher than that of male,

while the rate of finishing high school or above are lower than that of

male. There is no statistical significant variance in receiving education

between men and women( Pearson Chi-Square＝10.460，Asymp. Sig.

(2-sided)＝.107).

Table4-3 Education of Local Males and Females above 6 Years Old

Illiterate of semi-literate

Primary school

Junior high school

Senior high school

Secondary, technical schools or vocational school

Junior college and above

Number 19 67 125 51 20 15 297Male Percent 6.4 22.6 42.1 17.2 6.7 5.1 100.0

Number 35 79 99 41 16 11 281Female Percent 12.5 28.1 35.2 14.6 5.7 3.9 100.0

Number 54 146 224 92 36 26 578Total Percent 9.3 25.3 38.8 15.9% 6.2 4.5 100.0

Such an educational situation used to be the result of traditional norms on social sex-roles. It is undergoing changes with economic development now. But it still influences educational idea and behavior orientation of people. It is observed from the interviews that parents pay more attention to their sons’ education investment and opportunities-offered. When they are put to such a question—if you are faced with financial difficulties and cannot afford all your kids’ education, will you prioritize your son’s

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further studies, 45.9% of the investigated represent “accede or comparative accede”. But 54.1% of the investigated think that daughters should receive similar educations as sons. We further study and find that there is no statistical significant variance in this question between men and women.

But though depth interviews we find that most of families will try their

best to afford their kids’ education if they can continue further studies.

Especially after China's Family Planning from 1980s, most family has

only one child, much less than before. As for family has two children, ,

parents normally depend on the standards of performance to decide who

should continue to enjoy the right to education instead of the economic

situation of a family.

It is found from the investigation that most children investigated can

finish the 9 years compulsory education, but owing to the low quality of

educational material facilities and teaching, limited teaching resource in

rural areas, not too much graduates of junior high school can continue

their high level education. After the graduation from junior high school,

most young girls usually go to work outside their hometown with the help

of relatives, or just by themselves, they would work for about 4 or 5 years

before they have to think about their marriage.

4.1.4 Women’s Marriage Status

According to surveys, local women of different nationalities have more

independence in choosing their spouses. Parents no longer arrange

marriages for their children, and only provide more thoughts and concerns

for their offspring’s own choices. There are basically three kinds of love

matches of local youth.

First, falling love and getting married without any arrangements. Most

cases of this kind occur among youth who go out to work. Mr. Liu, the

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accountant of Qinglong Village, Longquan Town said, ‘most youth

couples in my village fell in love and got married without any

arrangements by other people. Most of the youth who work outside the

village will bring girlfriends or boyfriends back.’

Second, being introduced to each other by others and getting married by

their own decisions. Most local marriages are of this kind.

Third, knowing each other by themselves for a while and then getting

their feelings and relationship confirmed by matchmakers. Some young

people get to know and have some feelings for each other when they work

or study together, and then get their feelings for each other and their

relationship confirmed through another person, a matchmaker.

There are four types of housing and living patterns of married couples.

First, the couple lives by themselves. There are more and more couples

choosing this life style.

Second, living with the husband’s parents for a temporary period after

they get married, and then move out to live by themselves, which is the

most popular local living pattern.

Third, live with the husband’s parents permanently. One third of local

married women live like this.

Fourth, live with the wife’s parents due to the young couple’s incapability

of housing for themselves or the need to take care of the aged parents.

The above living patterns increase independence level of local young

married women.

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4.2 Project Construction and Women’s participation

4.2.1The Impacts that the Construction of the Project May

Have on Local Women’s Economic Participation

The construction of the project will have some positive and negative

impacts on local women’s economic participation. They are in the

following three aspects:

First, the construction of the project may have an impact on the women’s

leading role in local agricultural productions. The construction of Project

needs to occupy the land. 83.1% of the families of the respondents’ are

going to be affected by the expropriation of the cultivated land in this area.

53.1% of their plant income and fishery income is going to be reduced,

which accounts for 20.8% of the total family income. The decrease of

cultivated land will reduce women’s contributions to the plant income and

poultry income of the family, who are the main contributors of the

planting income and poultry income of the family.

Second, the construction of the project may have an impact on local

women in businesses and service Industries. Some villagers of

Huanghuachang Village who will have to move away run buffets and

restaurants on the roadside now. Moving away will infect the employment

status of the women who are in these businesses and the main operators of

these businesses.

Mrs. Ding from Huanghuachang Village said, ‘I am 43 years old,

graduated from junior high school. We live in the town and the

transportation is very convenient. Since 2000, we began to operate using

our own house with three floors and about 750 square meters. We run a

restaurant on the first floor. My husband and I deal with all the things in

the restaurant. We earned about 100000 Yuan last year .We need to move

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because of the construction of Yichang-Badong expressway, so it is very

difficult for us to maintain the restaurant. Although my family has land

too, the income of land is very little.’ (Case No. 2)

Third, the construction of the project may provide local women with job

opportunities of non-agricultural industries. 33.3% of female respondents

think the construction of the project can provide them with job

opportunities. The job opportunities could be created in the following

forms:

(1) The non-agricultural job opportunities created by the construction of

the project.

(2) Relocated villagers can take advantage of the location of their new

houses, which will be situated nearby some main roads, and develop new

businesses.

(3) The issued consideration money can be used as the startup money for

them to create non-agricultural job opportunities.

(4) The women who cannot cultivate anymore will be liberated from the

burdensome agricultural production and begin to make preparations for

work of non-agricultural Industries.

The construction will have no impacts on local women’s economic status

other than the above three effects.

4.2.2 The Impacts that the Construction of This Project Will

Have on Local Women’s Political Participation

The construction of the project will mostly have positive impacts on local

women’s political participation. They are in the following aspects:

First, women's rights awareness further awakening. Women are highly

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concerned of their rights and duties in the big issues of land expropriation,

house removal. From the interviews, it seems that women played an

active part in gathering information on the issues of land expropriation

and compensation for villagers’ house removal, and also made great

efforts in achieving the most advantageous results.

Second, women’s awareness of participation has been enhanced more.

The construction of the project enhanced women’s awareness of

participation. Social critics discovered that local women were very active

in the meetings and interviews of this social investigation.

If their wish of participation can not reach, some women expressed that

they would take some actions to make protests (see table 4.5.2). The

strong awareness of participation of local women can be seen from their

responses.

Third, women pay more attention to local social public affairs. They are

very active to inquire about information of the construction of the project

from local village cadres. They are very concerned of government’s

compensation for land expropriation and house removal project. Issues of

social pubic affairs (including issues of construction of the project) have

been their main topics in all their doings. They exert influences on public

affairs through their casual talks, their informal visits in the rural

community.

Fourth, women are more aware of the social supervision over local cadres.

From media and some incidents of nearby villages, local women are

conscious of that some cadres are only concerned of their own interests

on the issues of land expropriation and house removal, so they are highly

concerned of local cadres’ behaviors, especially on the issues of land

expropriation and house removal. This kind of supervision will have a

positive impact on the construction of grassroots-level governance in

China.

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4.2.3 The Impacts of the Construction of the Project on

Local Women’s Education and Marriage Status

On the whole, the construction of the project has no negative impacts on

local women’s education and marriage Status.

Generally speaking, the construction of the project will have some

positive and negative impacts on local women’s economic participation.

The negative impacts brought by the construction of project are mainly on

women’s main role performing in agricultural production and in

businesses and service industries as well. The positive impacts brought by

the construction of project are mainly on non-agricultural employment

opportunities for women, and the incentives for women’s engaging in

non-agricultural activities. The employment pattern that women used to

be in agricultural production will be changed owning to the project

construction. Compared with men, the impacts to women is more. The

construction of the project will mostly have positive impacts on local

women’s political participation, but no negative impacts on local

women’s education and marriage status. There is no positive relation

between women’s economic participation and their political participation,

family power structure, education status. The main reason is: in China the

basic unit of society is family, not individual, especially in rural areas.

The base for status differentiation is mainly more group (families) than

individual. The role of women in economic activities in rural area is

mainly the result of family strategy, and the goal of the strategy is for the

family’s status upgrading as a whole. The logic of this kind of family

strategy is also the reason that the poverty in rural china displays family

poverty other than individual poverty (especially women and children).

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4.2.4 Women’s Attitudes toward the Project and Its Impact

First, most female residents are willing to cooperate with local

government in building Yichang-Badong expressway. 91.9% female

residents surveyed express willingness to cooperate, 2.7% did not

explicitly express their attitude, and 5.4% said directly that they were

unwilling to cooperate.

Table 4-2 The Cooperation Willingness of Different Gender of the

Respondents on the Construction of Project

Willing to corporate

Unwilling to corporate

Do not know Total

Male 88 7 7 102

86.3% 6.9% 6.9% 100.0%

Female 34 2 1 37

Sex

91.9% 5.4% 2.7% 100.0%

122 9 7 139Total 87.8% 6.5% 5.0% 100.0%

Second, most female residents are willing to move. In answering “Will

you be willing to move if the project need you to move?” 25.0% women

said yes, and 69.4% said yes on the condition that they were properly

compensated. Only 5.6% of the women said they did not wish to relocate

very much.

Third, expecting for monetary compensation mainly but assisted by the

social security and other compensation. In answering “what kind of

compensation do you expect if the project needs your land?” 68.4%

women expect money compensation, 26.3% expect land compensation,

15.8% expect money compensation combined with land for lowest

welfare subsidy, and 10.5% expect money compensation combined with

land and job.

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Among people who want money compensation, a fairly large proportion

wants to use the money for lowest welfare subsidy, which is mentioned

by women in meetings and interviews.

Mrs. Li from Zhoujiashan under Gaoqiao Township of Xingshan County

said, ‘The govenment need to construct the project, we people must

support it. So I am willing to support the government to build this

highway. If the construction of road occupied my field, I hope to get the

compensation of land and social security with land compensation

payments. Because the peasants have no social security, we still have

security if our children don’t support us in the future. So having a social

security is well.’ (Case No. 34)

Mrs. Liu from Huanghuachang Village under Huanghua Town said, ‘I do

not want build this expressway. I wish to acquire social security if

occupied my land.’ (Case No. 4)

Fourth, hope open and transparent compensation standard and the sum.

Mrs. Chen from Sixiangxi village under Xiakou Town of Xingshan

County said, ‘as for compensation, if we are not fairly compensated, we

will go to the government for resolution. If it does not work, I will appeal

to the central government.’ (Case No. 64)

Mrs. Zhang from the same Village said, ‘we move here from the Three

Gorges reservoir below in 2005. This house was built at that time,

expending 11 thousand Yuan. It has three floors, and we lived comfortably.

We do not want to move away because of tiredness. We feel uncomfortable

for moving again. We are afraid that our compensation we deserved is

intercepted by some apartments. For example, if the compensation is 10

Yuan, they took away 8 Yuan from 10. It occurred when we move for the

first time, which violated regulations. I think that it is better that policies

get more and more transparent. The compensation money of expressway

should be remitted into our account directly, rather than the account of

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local government, lest that the country makes up 100 a square Yuan, but

we only get the payment of 70 Yuan, 50 Yuan.’ (Case No. 65)

Fifth, expecting self-built houses at geographically convenient sites.

74.3% of women surveyed expressed concern of reasonable compensation

for bottomland. And they want the village to provide a convenient

location for building their own houses.

Mrs. Peng from Huanghuachang Village, Huanghua Town, Yiling District

said, ‘the main income of our family is from the restaurant. I wish to

acquire reasonable compensation if my house is occupied. I hope that the

new foundation for me is at the side of the road, and let me still run hotel.

If the new foundation is arranged in a special remote place, I am sure that

I will not remove firmly.’ (Case No. 1)

4.2.5 Possible Action Responses of Women When their Wills

to Participate Was Not Satisfied

From the interviews and questionnaires, it is observed that when local

women’s wills to participate was not satisfied, they were going to take

actions to fight for their own best interests by attracting more attention

and obtaining a better result.

There are seven kinds of actions taken by local women.

First, appeal to the higher authorities for help by oneself. 31.3% of female

respondents said, if they were not satisfied with the results of land

expropriation and removal, they would appeal to the higher authorities for

help by themselves.

Mrs. Wang from Zhoujiashan Village under Gaoqiao Township of

Xingshan County said,‘ If I was not satisfied with the compensation

standards of resettlement and land requisition, I absolutely do not

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tolerate it. I will directly find relevant government departments to solve

the problem, or appeal to the higher authorities for help by myself. Even

others are not satisfied with the compensation, I will not contact them,

otherwise the government and the other will feel that I disturb the order.

It is unconscionable to contact them, and it is not necessary in relation

with other people, because I do not want excessive demands. If I have

problems, I will report to the government the practical difficulties

independent, I think they will not dodge the responsibility and do things

as far as they could. Let they give me some suggestions, and I will choose

a better one.’(Case No. 35)

Second, put up with the outcome. 25% of female respondents expressed

that if they were unsatisfied with the handlings of land expropriation and

house removal compensation, they would just put up with it.

Mrs. Wang from Jiangjunling Village under Xiqiuwan Township of

Badong County said,‘ my family has 4 people, I mainly engage in working

at home and raising pigs. My husband mainly dose part time job in

Township earning money. My family has 3mou land, paddy field and dry

farmland are about 1.5mou respectively. Building road will occupy my

land, the paddy field and dry land are more than 1mou respectively. I wish

to get the compensation of land lost. If the compensation did not meet my

demand, I do not want to take any actions. It is only tolerance, as long as

I can survive. Because land belongs to the country, we can’t willfully

make trouble unreasonably troublesome.’(Case No. 47)

Third, appeal to the higher authorities for help by oneself. 12.5% of

female respondents said, if they were not satisfied with the results of land

expropriation and house removal, they would appeal to the higher

authorities for help by themselves.

Mrs. Chen from Sixiangxi Village under Xiakou Town of Xingshan

County said,‘ This road will pass through my house, I have to remove. My

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house was built in 2002. There are 2 floors, 400 square meters. The house

spent a total of more than 180,000 Yuan, most of which are loans. The

government makes construction of the Three Gorges and gives me a total

of 29,000 Yuan as resettlement expenses which paidfor two times. As for

living conditions now, I feel very satisfied with it. If the project requires

me to remove, I am willing to do. As for compensation, I only want the

policy to be fair and open; if the policy is not fair, not open, I would

appeal to the higher authorities for help. ’ (Case No. 64)

Fourth, make alliances with other people in appealing to the higher

authorities for help. 12.5% of female respondents said, if they were not

satisfied with the results of land expropriation and house removal, they

would take this kind of actions. Mrs. Guo from Xinping Village under

Huanghua Township of Yiling District said, ‘I am 43 years old this year,

with an education of high school, reading some books. My husband

graduated from high school too. The construction of Yi-Ba expressway

needs us to remove. Our house was built in 2001 by ourselves. There are

two half floors with the top floor, with 11 rooms and we spent nearly

60,000 Yuan. If compensation is suitable, I willing to remove; if

compensation is inappropriate, I will appeal to the higher authorities for

help together with other discontent persons. ’ (Case No. 9)

Fifth, make alliances to go to related government sectors and make

protests. 6.3% of female respondents said, if they were not satisfied with

the results of land expropriation and house removal, they would take this

kind of actions.

Mrs. Liu from Fenghuangguan Village under Yaquqling County said, ‘I

am 56 years old this year, and there are five people in my family. My wife

and I mainly working at home, my son and daughter-in-law go to work

outside, the grand-daughter is just three years old this year, taken care of

by us. Our house was built in 1992 with two hundred square meters,

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spending 20 thousand Yuan, and we live in the house very well. This

highway construction may need us to remove. If I am required to remove,

I am willing to remove as long as the compensation is reasonable, and if I

am dissatisfied with land expropriation and the standard of removal

compensation, I will go to service of government to solve the problem

with others.’(Case No. 22)

Sixth, get the problems solved by legal approaches. 3.1% of female

respondents said, if they were not satisfied with the results of land

expropriation and house removal, they would like to get the problems

solved by legal approaches.

Mrs. Xiang from Xibiantang Village under Yanduhe Township of Badong

County said, ‘ Our family has 4 people, our house was built in 2001 by

ourselves with 400 square meters of housing and 64 square meters of

miscellaneous house, costing 80000 Yuan. Our houses are very spacious, I

am very satisfied. The construction of road will occupy my house and our

family needs to remove. If I am not satisfied with house removal and

compensation standards of land expropriation, I will go to the relevant

government departments or through judicial channels to resolve the

problem. If compensation is appropriate for our benefit, then we will

certainly support, but if the compensation is inappropriate for resolving

the problem, we will not remove. If we have to remove, more attention

must be paid on the value of house. The cost of materials is now higher

than before and the standard of living is better than before too, so our

standard of living must be better after compensation. If compensation is

few and the standard of living is worse than before, it certainly can not

do.’ (Case No. 53)

Seventh, insist on keeping the house. Two female respondents said, if the

compensation is not satisfying, she will insist on keeping the house.

Mrs. Ding from Huanghuachang Village, Huanghua Town, Yiling County

128

said, ‘Our house was built by ourselves in 2000, with three floors and 750

square meters. We lived in the two higher floors and operated a

restaurant on the first floor, from which we earn about 100000 Yuan. The

construction of Yibin—Badong expressway through my house, we are

willing to cooperate with the government work, and I believe the

government will give us reasonable compensation. If I am not satisfied

with the compensation, I will not remove resolutely. ’ (Case No. 2)

Table 4-4 If you are not satisfied with the handlings of land

expropriation and house reconstruction, what kinds of actions will

you take to protest?

Male Female Total Item Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent

To put up with the outcome 8 8.2 8 25.0 16 12.3

To appeal to the higher

authorities for help by myself 9 9.2 4 12.5 13 10.0

To go directly to the related

government sectors to get problems

solved by myself 58 59.2 10 31.3 68 52.3

To seek legal approaches 3 3.1 1 3.1 4 3.1

To make alliances with other

people to appeal to the higher

authorities for help 3 3.1 4 12.5 7 5.4

To make alliance with other

people to go directly to related

government sectors to get problems

solved

11 11.2 2 6.3 13 10.0

Go With pandemic 6 6.1 0 0 6 4.6

To insist on keeping the house 0 0 2 6.3 2 1.5

Others 0 0 1 3.1 1 .8

Total 98 100.0 32 100.0 130 100.0

In general, the most possible actions women expressed for the

dissatisfaction are to go directly to the related government sectors to get

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problems solved by themselves, to put up with the outcome, to appeal to

the higher authorities for help by herself, and to make alliances with other

people to appeal to the higher authorities for help.

There are significant differences between male and female in the

expression of action. Compared with male, female mostly choose to put

up with the outcome、to insist on keeping the house and to appeal to the

higher authorities for help , but male mostly choose to go directly to the

related government sectors to get problems solved by myself and to make

alliance with other people to go directly to related government sectors to

get problems solved .

4.2.6 Negative Impact Caused by the Project and Women’s

Reaction

As for the construction of the project bring socio-economic benefits to

the villages, the Towns and urban communities, it inevitably has negative

impact on villagers because of land expropriation and removing.

Villagers in the affected area are facing a major challenge of how to

maximize the positive effects and to minimize negative effects of roads

construction. The survey found that facing the possible negative impact

of the project, the possible actions in response taken by female villagers

are mainly the following five categories:

Firstly, make good use of the rest of the land and cultivate it

carefully and intensively. Among the female villagers investigated,

41.2% represent that they will take this action. Mrs. Xue from Shujiacao

Village under Yanduhe Town of Xingshan County said, ‘my family has

20mou land altogether, in which, vegetable land is 1.5mou, dry land is

9mou, forest land is 10mou. Because of construction of road, my lands

will be expropriated and my house should be rebuilt as well. The

expropriated land is 1mou dry land. My family will make full use of the

130

remaining land, intensively cultivate and manage, and strive for more

opportunities of working out. These can reduce the negative impact of

expropriated land as much as possible.’ (Case No. 60)

Secondly, try for more work opportunities and increase

non-agricultural income. Among the female villagers investigated,

20.6% represent that they will take this action. Wang from Zhoujiashan

Village under Gaoqiao Township of Xingshan County said, ‘ my family

has 28.8mou contracted land, including 2mou of fruit orchard, 1mou of

vegetable land, 2.2mou of paddy land, 15mou of mountain. The

government informed me of the information of building Yi-Ba expressway.

The construction of this road will occupy my house and 5.5mou of land

including 3.2mou of cultivated land, 2.2mou of fruit orchard. We may use

the compensation money to do some business and strive for more

opportunities of working out at the same time, and using those methods

can reduce the negative impact of expropriated land as much as possible.’

(Case No. 35)

Thirdly, take advantage of payments to do non-agricultural business,

making up for the loss.

Among the female villagers investigated, 14.7% of them represent that

they will take this action. Mrs. Zhang from Haiyun Village under

Yaqueling Town said, ‘my family has 21.4 mou land, including 4mou of

fruit orchard, 0.1mou of vegetable land, 4.6mou of paddy land, 3mou of

fishpond, 9mou of mountain, 0.5mou of housing land, 0.2mou of

miscellaneous land. There are 7 persons in my family. The construction of

this road will occupy my mountain land and forest farm. From my family's

view, we will strive for more opportunities of working out, and use the

compensation money to do some businesses to minimize the negative

impact of land expropriation.’ (Case No. 17)

131

Fourthly, trust to destiny without any ways to compensate for the loss.

Among the female villagers investigated, 8.8% of them represent that

they will take this action. Mrs. Liu from Huanghuachang Village under

Huanghua Township said, ‘my family has 7 people in household

registration, now actually has three people. My family has 1.2mou fruit

orchard, 2mou vegetable land, 60mou mountain land. The village cadres

informed me of the information of building Yi-Ba expressway. This road

will occupy my land and house and the exact number of land expropriated

is not sure, because they don’t chalk the red line now. My family and I

think of no means to make up for the losses suffered, only give hostages to

fortune.’ (Case No. 4)

Fifthly, ensure compensation as much as possible through all kinds

of protests and methods. Among the female villagers investigated, 5.9%

of them represent that they will take this action. Mrs. Li from

Zhoujiashan Village under Gaoqiao Township of Xingshan County

said,‘ as for the losses of land expropriated, if the compensation is

reasonable and we can live and work in peace and contentment, we don’t

protest; if the compensation is not reasonable, I will adopt the method of

through various demurral actions and approaches to ensure

compensation as many as possible.’(Case serial No. 34)

132

Table 4-4 How Will Your Families and You Lower the Loss？

Male Female Total Items Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency percent

Make good use of the rest of the land and cultivate it carefully and intensively

49 51.0% 14 41.2% 63 48.5%

Try for more work opportunities and increase non-agricultural income

30 31.3% 5 14.7% 35 26.9%

Take advantage of payments to do non-agricultural business, making up for the loss

10 10.4% 7 20.6% 17 13.1%

Trust to destiny without any ways to compensate for the loss

3 3.1% 3 8.8% 6 4.6%

Ensure compensation as much as possible through all kinds of protests and methods

4 4.2% 2 5.9% 6 4.6%

Others 0 0 3 8.8% 3 2.3%

Total 96 100.0% 34 100.0% 130 100.0%

133

5. Analysis of the Impacts on Ethnic Minority

5.1 Demographic Composition and Nationality

Characteristics of Hubei Province

According to the data from the Fifth National Census, Hubei is a province with

multi-nationalities. There are 53 minorities except Uzbek and Deang nationalities,

with the population of 2.6 million, which is 4.4% of total population. Minorities with

population more than 10 thousand are those: the Tujia nationality(2.177 million

people)、the Miao nationality (214 thousand) 、the Hui nationality(78 thousand )、the

Dong nationality(70 thousand)、the Man nationality(15 thousand) and the Mongolian

nationality(11 thousand). Minorities with population more than one thousand are

those: the Zhuang nationality、the Bai nationality、the Korea nationality 、the She

nationality、the Yi nationality、the Yao nationality、the Tibetan、the Weiwuer

nationality and the Buyi nationality. Minorities in Hubei Province mainly live in

Enshi Tujia & Miao Autonomous Prefecture (1.992 million)、Yichang(435 thousand)、

Wuhan(54 thousand)、Jingzhou(33 thousand) and Jingmen(15 thousand). Table5.2-1 Demographic Composition and Nationality Characteristics

in Directly Affected Areas in 2000 Unit：person

Nationality Yichang City

Zigui County

Xingshan County

Enshi Prefecture

Badong County

Total 4149308 398043 182691 3775190 485338

Han 3714512 396075 182051 1783554 271630

Hui 3078 17 13 3385 55

Man 1052 16 4 804 39

Tu 128 0 0 22 2

Mongolian 543 34 9 3333 123

Zzhuang 385 3 4 431 7

Korea 50 10 2 1354 38

Miao 2289 18 7 205817 756

Weiwuer 189 9 1 326 58

Buyi 127 10 4 158 12

Tibetan 132 8 7 82 11

134

Tong 417 7 2 67440 46

Yi 231 9 8 544 13

Yao 96 0 0 225 13

Bai 148 0 1 6461 5

Tujia 425548 1819 571 1698703 212424

Xibo 22 0 0 0 0

Li 35 1 1 263 7

Se 34 4 0 1844 41

Da’er 3 1 0 0 0

Gaoshan 5 0 0 12 0

Naxi 10 0 0 8 0

Hani 16 0 0 77 14

Hasake 6 0 0 7 2

Mulao 12 0 0 2 0

Tai 11 0 0 38 2

Wa 9 0 0 2 0

Jingpo 3 2 0 0 0

Qiang 3 0 0 185 1

Lisu 11 0 0 1 0

Sala 6 0 0 4 0

Lagu 5 0 0 3 0

Bulang 1 0 0 1 0

Shui 6 0 0 16 1

Keer-kezhi 2 0 0 0 0

Dongxiang 0 0 0 67 0

Others 183 0 6 21 38

Source：《Collected Data of Fifth National Census of Hubei Province in Year 2000》，edited by Hubei Statistic Bureau，China Statistic Publisher，2002.

5.2 Demographic Composition and Nationality

Characteristics of Affected area

The project of Yi-Ba expressway will through Yiling District, Zigui

County, Xingshan County of Yichang City and Badong County of the

state of Enshi,

Demographic Composition and Nationality Characteristics of those areas

135

are as follows.

The city's total population of Yichang was 400 million by the end of 2006.

The population is mainly Han nationality. According to the data from the

fifth national census in 2000, the total population of Yichang City was

4149308 in 2000. There are 35 minority nationalities, with a total

population of 434,796, accounting for 10.48% of the city's total

population.

Among minority nationalities, the Tujia nationality(425548 people)、the

Hui nationality(3078 ) 、 the Miao nationality(2289) 、 the Man

nationality(1052) 、 the Mongolian nationality(543) and the Dong

nationality(417) are prevalent. The population of other minority

nationalities is small. There is no community for minority nationalities in

Yichang City and minority nationalities scatter everywhere mixed with

the Han population. Yiling District is the urban area of Yichang City and

the distribution characteristics of minority nationalities are similar to

general rehabilitation condition of Yichang City, so there is no

information of minority population separate in Yiling District in the data

from the fifth national census of Hubei province in 2000.

A total population of Zigui County was 3.882 million by the end of 2006,

the population is mainly Han nationality. According to the data from the

fifth national census in 2000, there are 16 ethnic minorities in the county,

with a total population of 3,729, accounting for 0.49% of the county's

total population. Among minority nationalities, the population of the

Tujia nationality(1819)、 the Mongolian nationality(34) 、 the Miao

nationality(18) 、 the Hui nationality(17 )are comparative large. The

population of other minority nationalities is small. There is no community

of minority nationalities in Zigui County and minority nationalities scatter

everywhere mixed with the Han population.

136

The population of Xingshan County is mainly Han and most of other

ethnic minorities are the immigrants of foreign nationality, mixed with

Han. Among minority nationalities, the Tujia nationality is comparative

large. According to the data from the fifth national census in 2000, the

total population of Xingshan County is 640, accounting for 0.35% of the

county's total population. The main ethnic minorities are Tujia nationality

(571) and Hui nationality (13).

Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture has a total population of

3.879 million people by the end of 2006. The population proportion of

Tujia and Miao is large, so this regional became autonomous region in

2000. According to the data from the fifth national census in 2000, the

total population of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture is 3775190, in which,

1783554 is Han, accounting for 47.24% of the prefecture 's total

population and the population of ethnic minorities is 1991636, accounting

for 52.76%. Among the population of ethnic minorities, Tujia (1698703),

Miao (205,817) and Dong (67,440) are in main position.

Badong County subordinates to Enshi Prefecture in administration, with a

total population of 485,500 people by the end of 2006. According to the

data from the fifth national census in 2000, the population of Badong

County was 485,338 people, in which, 271,630 people are Han,

accounting for 56%. The population of ethnic minorities is 213,708,

accounting for 46%. Among the population of ethnic minorities, Tujia

(212424) and Miao (756) are in main position.

Generally speaking, the ethnic minorities and the Han nationality are

mixed and live together in the project area. There is no significant

difference in the normal production activities between ethnic minorities

and Han nationality. Apart from fasting life of pork for Muslim, the

customs are similar to the Han nationality, including "festivals" and eating

the same foods as Han, such as dumplings, rice dumplings, the lantern

and moon-cakes.

137

5.3 Demographic Composition and Nationality

Characteristics of Villages and Towns

5.3.1 Nationality Characteristics of Villages and Towns

Table 5.3-1 is the nationality characteristics of the investigated Villages,

of which four villages have relatively high proportion of minority

population, i.e. Shujiacao Village（61.8%） 、Xibiantang Village

(37.5%) 、Jiangjunling Village (23%) 、Xiqiuwan Village (44%)，

all are in Badong County. The proportion of minority population of

Shujiacao Village is a little bit high than the average level（46%） of the

County, The proportion of minority population of Xibiantang Village and

Jiangjunling Village is lower than the average of the County, and the

proportion of minority population of Xiqiuwan Village is quite similar to

that of the average of the County.Basically , the minority population in

villages are Tujia Nationality. Table 5.3-1 Nationality Characteristics of the investigated Villages

Nationality Characteristics of Villages

Han

%

Hui

%

Tujia

%

Miao

%

Total

（person）

Percentage of the

population of minority

nationalities in

investigated villages

Qinglong Village 100.0 36 0

Wanjiafan Village 100.0 38

Hanyun Village 100.0 26 0

Fenghuangguan Village 97.7 2.3 44 2

Huanghuachang Village 98.1 1.9 54 0.1

Xinping Village 100.0 30 0

Shujiacao Village 37.8 1.2 61.0 82 61.8

Xibiantang Village 38.2 1.3 60.5 76 37.5

Jiangjunling Village 64.3 35.7 84 23.0

Xiqiuwan Village 49.1 50.9 57 44.0

Shijiaba Village 88.9 3.7 7.4 27 0

Sixiangxi Village 100.0 9 0

Zhoujiashan Village 97.9 2.1 48 2

Total 73.3% 1.0 25.4 .3 611

138

Of the 611 person in 143 investigated households in 13 villages, the

percentage of Tujia is 25.4%, Hui is 1 and Miao is 0.3%.The affected

miniorty population are mainly in Shujiacao Village（61.0%） 、

Xibiantang Village(60.5%) 、Jiangjunling Village(35.7%), and Xiqiuwan

Village (50.9%).See table 5.3-1。

5.3.2 Indigenous Peoples in the guidance of staff of the World

Bank and the miniorty population in the investigated areas

The terms "indigenous peoples," "indigenous ethnic minorities," "tribal groups,"

and "scheduled tribes" in the Guidance of the Worldbank OP4.10 describe social

groups with a social and cultural identity distinct from the dominant society that

makes them vulnerable to being disadvantaged in the development process. For the

purposes of this directive, "indigenous peoples" is the term that will be used to

refer to these groups. Indigenous peoples can be identified in particular

geographical areas by the presence in varying degrees of the following

characteristics:

(a) a close attachment to ancestral territories and to the natural resources

in these areas;

(b) self-identification and identification by others as members of a

distinct cultural group;

(c) an indigenous language, often different from the national language;

(d) presence of customary social and political institutions; and

(e) primarily subsistence-oriented production.

If ethnic minorities with characters above are directed affected by the

139

project, special development plan for them are supposed to be established.

During the investigation and evaluation, the problem that experts were

always caring about was whether special development plan was needed

before the project in Badong County where the proportion of Tujia

nationality was relatively high.

According to the investigation in Badong County and its affiliated xiangs

and villages which were directed affected, the characters of Tujia

nationality were as follows:

Ethnic Minorities Division After 1949, Chinese Communist Party and

people’s government attached so great importance upon political,

economic and cultural life of ethnic minorities that they organized experts

to identify ethnic minorities. In Oct. 1956, Tujia nationality was officially

recognized as a unique ethnic minority by the state council, which made

Tujia nationality a member of the big family of ethnic minorities officially

since then. In 1981, the regional party committee and united front work

department of Enshi identified the people with the family name of Tan,

Tan, Deng, Xiang, Tan, Liu, Chen and Zheng as Tujia nationality, but

among Tan family, branches of Zu, De, Wu, Lian and Kui belong to Han

nationality.

Living condition People of Tujia and Han live together instead of living

separately.

Housing and living condition: among 36 households during the

investigation, 34 are Tujia. The area of smallest house is 80 m² and the

biggest is 800 m². The average area of household is 314 m² and the per

capita area is 67.1 m². The average time of the house in use is 13.3 years.

The average expense is 83,020 yuan with the highest 550,000 yuan and

the lowest 1,700 yuan. There is no significant difference statistically,

compared with the general situation.

140

Resources Possession As for farmers, the land is the most important

resource. Compared with the general situation of the whole village, the

level of ethnic minorities, among which Tujia is the biggest group, are a

little higher than that of Han nationality in terms of paddy field, vegetable

field, economic pond and hilly land, but a little lower in terms of wood

land and orchard. There is no significant difference statistically between

them. The details can be seen in the table 5.3-2.

Table 5.3-2 Situation of Land Procession as Productive Resourece unit: mu

Type of land Nationality Minimum Maximunm Average of

Household

Per capita

Whole sample 23 0.1 3.3 0.92 Woodland

and Orchard Ethnic minorities 4 0.3 0.97 0.24

Whole sample 10 0.2 1.66 0.44 Paddy Land

Ethnic minorities 6.8 0.5 1.9 0.43

Whole sample 5.5 0.1 0.86 0.21 Vegetable

Land Ethnic minorities 4 0.2 1.0 0.24

Whole sample 4 0.1 0.184 0.22 Economic

Pond Ethnic minorities 4 0.1 1.34 0.23

Whole sample 60 0.12 4.63 1.18 Hilly Land

Ethnic minorities 18 1 5.49 1.07

Labor Division and Employment Mode The population within working

age accounts for a relatively high proportion in ethnic minorities. Among

labor forces, the number of those who are engaged in agricultural work

indoors is higher than that of those who work outside and is also higher

than general situation. There is no significant difference of working time

of the male who are engaged in agricultural work between ethnic

minorities and the whole village, while there is difference of that of those

who are doing non-agricultural work. The agricultural working time of

female is a little less than the general situation, but the non-agricultural

working time is longer. The details can be seen in the table 5.3-3.

141

Table 5.3-3 Labor Division and Employment Mode

item Ethnic minorities Ethnic minorities

Proportion of People Within Working

Age in the Whole Population

(Male:16-59; Female:16-55)

71.5% 83.5%

The Proportion of Labor Force in the

People With Working Age

90.42% 93.96%

Agricultural Worker 48.6% 74%

Non-agricultural Worker 8.7% 9.2%

Outside Worker 34.3% 13.8%

National Cadre 1.8% 0

Others 6.5% 2.8%

Agricultural Working Time 14.0％: less than 1 month in a year ；

19.6％: 1-4 months in a year ；

64.3％: over 4 months in a year .

2.1％: working time unknown .

11.1%: less than 1 month in a

year,

25%: 1-4 months in a year ；

63.9%: over 4 months in a year.

Non-agricultural Working Time 34.3％: less than 1 month in a year ；

38.5%:1-4 months in a year ；

25.2%: over 4 months in a year.

2.1％: working time unknown .

22.2%: less than 1 month in a

year,

44.4%: 1-4 months in a year ；

33.4%: over 4 months in a year 。

Average Time of Agricultural

Working of Male Annually

174 days 175 days

Average Time of Non-agricultural

Working of Male Annually

115 days 126 days

Average Time of Agricultural

Working of Female Annually

211 days 178 days

Average Time of Non-agricultural

Working of Female Annually

69 days 118 days

Average Income of Working Outside

of Per Householdin 2006

14,863 yuan，accounting for 47.4% of

the whole famity income

14,465 yuan，accounting for over

50% of the whole famity income

142

Income Level and Structure Generally speaking, the income level of

ethnic minorities is a slightly lower than the average level of the whole

sample. It is not because the special situation of those households, but it is

result of general income level of villages with ethnic minorities, which are

relatively poorer than other villages. For example, in 2006 the per capita

income of resident was 1,345 yuan annually in Jiangjunling Village, 1,750

yuan in Xiqiuwan Village, 1,856 yuan in Shujiacao Village and 1,680

yuan in Xibiantang Village. In our investigation, however, the income

level of those households of ethnic minorities was higher than the average

level of the whole village.

Table 5.3-4 Items of Annual Income of Household unit: yuan

Minimum Maximunm Average

Whole

sample

Ethnic

minorities

Whole

sample

Ethnic

minorities

Whole

sample

Ethnic

minorities

Planting 0 0 100000 40000 10406.18 6152.78

Fishery 0 0 10000 3000 483.09 252.78

Raise Poultry and

Livestock 0 0 48000 25000 4822.35 5052.78

Industry 0 0 20000 9000 272.06 389.89

architecture 0 0 90000 50000 1231.62 1805.56

Commercial and

Service 0 0 300000 100000 7919.12 4361.11

Communication and

Transportation 0 0 25000

15000753.68 1319.44

Working Outside 0 0 64000 60000 8743.38 8036.11

Salary 0 0 80000 11000 1248.53 416.67

Others 0 0 33500 33500 1382.35 3000

Sum 960.0 2500 300000.00 10000 37284.41 30786.11

Pure Income

Without Cost of

Business

960.0 1000 220000.00 10000 28266.02 21319.44

Per Capita Pure

Income Annually 200 200 35333.33 20000 6376.13 4375.11

143

Expenditure Level and Structure There is no significant difference of

expenditure level between households of ethnic minorities and the whole

sample, and the number of the previous one is 21,506 yuan, the number of

the latter one 21,547 yuan. The educational expenditure is relatively high

in families of ethnic minorities, ranking the top, while the food

expenditure is highest in families of the investigative sample. Besides,

expenditure of communications and fuel and the charges of water,

electricity and telephone are relatively high in in families of ethnic

minorities.

Table 5.3－5 Items of Annual Expenditure of Household unit: yuan

minimum maximunm average

items of annual

expenditure

Whole

sample

Ethnic

minorities

Whole

sample

Ethnic

minorities

Whole

sample

Ethnic

minorities

Food 100 100 50000 20000 4359.86 3897．22

Clothes 0 200 20000 10000 1951.42 1819.44

Education 0 0 50000 50000 3373.40 4281.94

Healthy Care 0 0 50000 25000 2240.85 1641.67

Communication 0 0 12000 12000 1055.74 1447.22

social intercourse 0 0 30000 15000 3256.38 3144.44

Attending the Old 0 0 20000 5000 888.65 869.44

entertainment 0 0 2000 2000 139.36 86.11

fuel 0 0 7000 3000 931.77 1104.17

Water and

Electricity 0 0 15000 5500 726.03 785.28

Phone 0 0 8000 8000 1163.83 1323.61

Other expenditure 0 0 100000 6200 1460.64 1105.56

Sum of life

expenditure 1670 2500 305000 115000 21547.9 21506.11

Sum of business

expenditure 500 500 100000 30000 9524.26 9880.00

Language and Letter Tujia nationality had its own language in the

history which was an independent language, belonging to Hanzang

144

language branch Zangmian language group. It had no national letters,

using Chinese characters its current letters and now Chinese is the

universal language. According to statistics of the fifth national census,

there were only 50,000 people who spoke Tujia language, accounting for

0.67% of the total population of Tujia nationality, and they are now

mainly living in Xiangxi. In this investigation, all people of Tujia

nationality in Badong County speak Chinese.

Cultural education School education of Tujia nationality began in Yuan

Dynasty (1293-1307 A.D.), got better and better in the Ming Dynasty, and

improved further in Qing Dynasty. Since then, the educational system had

been improving, learning from the Chinese educational mode, so it could

be said that the education of Tujia nationality inherited essence of Chinese

culture. Meanwhile, the culture of Tujia nationality exerted positive and

profound influence on Chinese cultural enrichment and development.

Under the education of Chinese culture, the social life of Tujia nationality

had been changing bit by bit all along. In order to communicate with the

outside world better, it was a good way to learn Chinese language and life

style. Moreover, it was necessary for governors of Han nationality to push

forward their educational style in the old time to better rule ethnic

minorities and strengthen their dominion.The trend of integration and

learning from each other between Tujia and Han is inevitable, despite of

some measures to preserve national characters taken by Chinese

government after 1949. It is shown in this investigation that the

integration develops further when children of Tujia, Hui, Han and other

nationalities are learning together. What should be pointed out is that

more and more children of ethnic minorities can get more education and

development, thanks to favorable policies made by Chinese government

in terms of getting higher educational opportunities (especially the

opportunity of college education).

Consciousness of Ethnic Group The consciousness of ethnic group can

be reflected in many ways, such as sense of national pride, inter-group

145

relationship, caring about policy, cultural inheritance, activities

participation and so on. In the investigation, we found that two out of

three of the population would realize they were Tujia nationalities when

they get higher educational opportunities, and that only 6% of the

population would often said that they were Tujia nationality, but we also

found that one in the three felt pride as Tujia nationality. Almost all of

them prefer to indentify their children as Tujia nationality because of

those favorable policies about bearing and education. 80% of Tujia

nationality would help neither side when people of the same nationality

had fights with those of other nationalities, and 20% would help those

who were doing right things. 50% of those who were investigated knew

roughly about the dance of waving hand, the god of white tight and other

relevant cultural customs of Tujia nationality. About 16% of interviewees

actively paid attention to policies related to Tujia nationality, 50% paid

some attention, and 34% did not care about them. Therefore, we can see

that the consciousness of ethnic group exists without strong influence, and

that it will be maintained as a result of those favorable policies made by

Chinese government.

Social and Political Organization There was no traditional social and

political organization.

Influence of the Project 36 households of ethnic minorities were

investigated and 20 were involved with land occupation. The lowest level

of land occupation in the household was 10%, and the highest was 100%

with the average number 54.7%. 20% of households had their land

occupied less than 20%, 34.7% of households between 20%-50%, and

45.3% of households more than 50%. The economic loss caused by the

project was that the total income in the household was 16.3% less this

year than that in the 2006 with annual income 34,050 yuan per household.

There was no significant difference of the impact between ethnic

minorities in ShujiacaoVillage, Xiqiuwan Village and Jiangjunling Vllage

and the whole sample.

146

Nationalities and cooperative willing 34 villagers of Tujia nationality

and 2 villagers of Hui nationality were investigated. All of them would

cooperate with the project, and 92% of 103 villagers of Han nationality

would cooperate too.

Nationalities and Ways of Expropriation Compensation Among

villagers who were investigated of Han nationality, 77.2% of them would

like monetary compensation, 21.9% land compensation, 21.0% the

combination of monetary compensation and job opportunity, and 17.1%

social insurance purchased by expropriation compensation. Among

villagers of ethnic minorities, 97.2% of them would like monetary

compensation, 19.4% land compensation, 16.7% the combination of

monetary compensation and job opportunity, and 11.1% social insurance

purchased by expropriation compensation. There was no significant

difference among interviewees of various nationalities in terms of

expectation on expropriation compensation.

Nationalities and Attitude on House Removal Among villagers who

were investigated of Han nationality, 92.3% of them would remove with

the appropriate compensation, while among villagers of ethnic minorities,

the number was 90.4%. There was no significant difference among them.

Nationalities and Expectation on House Compensation Among

villagers who were investigated of Han nationality, 82.1% of them would

like to build houses by their own with compensation and distributive

residential land, 14.1% preferred new houses, and 38% expected other

ways. Among villagers of ethnic minorities, 95.2% of them would like to

build houses by their own with compensation and distributive residential

land and 4.8% preferred new houses. It was shown in statistics that

Pearson Chi-Square=2.338，Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)= .311. There is no

significant difference between interviewees of ethnic minorities and Han

nationality in terms of expectation on compensation of house

dismantlement and removal.

147

Nationalities and Ways of Dealing With Negative Impact There was no

significant difference among interviewees of various nationalities in terms

of adopting ways to deal with negative impact caused by the project

(Pearson Chi-Square=6.501，Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)= .260).

Nationalities and Active Ways of expressing There was no significant

difference among interviewees of various nationalities in terms of

adopting ways to express their dissatisfaction on compensation of land

expropriation and house dismantlement and removal (Pearson

Chi-Square=9.291，Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)= .318)

Generally speaking, during the long process of social and economic

development, ethnic minorities had formed good inter-group relationships

with other nationality (including Han) in the coexistence. As

anthropologist Fei Xiaotong said, this pattern of coexistence was a unity

with multiple characters which needs a long time to form. The process of

forming was integration through contact and collection with fading

through separation of many dispersive ethnic minorities. Then gradually,

the unity with multiple characters came into being with deep integration

and collection with each other.

According to analysis above, we believe that no significant difference

exists between ethnic minorities and Han nationality, and the

implementation of the project has no remarkable negative impact on the

ethnic minorities of affected area, so there is no need to plan special

program.

148

6. Influence of the Project and Social Risks

6.1 Understanding Status of Villagers about the Project

Revealed from the survey, all interviewees knew about the construction

of Yiba highway, and they knew it in many ways, among which informed

by the government and getting information from workers who did

measuring job and media (broadcast, TV and newspaper) were the chief

ways. Besides, others heard about it from neighbors and friends. These

can be seen in table 6.1-1.

Table6.1-1 How major stakeholders get to know information about

the projec

Sources Frequency Order

Broadcast, TV or newspapers 58 1

Government 40 2

Relatives and friends 14 5

Neighbors 24 4

Other people (surveyors) 31 3

Shown from seminars and investigation to the cadres of towns and

villages, mobilization meetings about the project execution and some

installment problems, such as dismantlement, expropriation, and

dispensation etc, had been held in the towns and villages of the directly

affected areas. The local TV station had reported some relevant issues

several times, through which many villagers who had TV set got

information about the project.

6.2 Attitude towards Expropriation and Migration

Revealed from the analysis of questionnaire, nearly all the villagers under

investigation (93.5%) would like to cooperate on the highway

construction, and foundation of support exits extensively in the populace.

149

The support could be seen as follows:

Firstly, villagers of different genders under investigation showed

willing to cooperate positively. There were 93.1% of the males were

willing to cooperate, as well as 94.6% of the females.

Secondly, villagers with different expected benefit under

investigation showed willing to cooperate positively. Villagers who

believed that the highway would bring them opportunities would support

the construction absolutely, and 85% were willing to cooperate, even if

among the 39 villagers who did not think so.

Thirdly, villagers of various nationalities under investigation showed

willing to cooperate positively. Tujia and Hui nationalities are main

ethnic minorities in the affected area. 34 villagers of Tujia and 2 villagers

of Hui under investigation were all willing to cooperate, as well as 92%

in 103 villagers of Han.

Fourthly, villagers of different level of education under investigation

showed willing to cooperate positively. There were 92% of villagers

with elementary school educational level and below, 94% of villagers

with middle school educational level, and 97% of villagers with high

school educational level and above willing to cooperate,

At last, nearly all villagers in different investigation spots showed

willing to support the project. The ratio of supporters in each

investigation spots respectively is: 100% in Qinglong Village, 92% in

Wanjiafan Village, 100% in Haiyun Village, 79% in Fenghaunguan

Village, 84% in Huanghuachang Village, 84% in Xinping Village, 100%

in Shujiacao Village, 100% in Xibiantang Village, 100% in Jiangjunling

Village, 100% in Xiqiuwan Village, 100% in Shijiaba County, 100% in

Sixiangxi Village and 91% in Zhoujiashan Village.

150

6.3 Expectation of the Ways of Compensation for

Expropriation

6.3.1 General Characters of the Ways of Compensation for

Expropriation

Five ways of compensation has been advanced though interviews,

seminars and questionnaire.

The first way is to be compensated by money, which is acceptable to

81.8% of villagers under investigation. As land is abundant, the families

whose land was not expropriated too much basically expected monetary

compensation. The villager Li of Haiyun County Yaqueling Yiling

District said:

Both expropriation and dismantlement were required in the highway

construction, and I hoped that compensatory payments for expropriation

could be paid one time, which would make me feel the sense of security.

(Case No.13)

The second way is to acquire land though conciliation in the county or

group, reclamation and so on. Some farmers still hoped to own a piece of

cultivated land, as soil is significant to their life, and 19.6% villagers

under investigation would like the compensation of the land. The villager

Li of Fenghuang County Longquan Town said:

There are five people in my family. My daughter-in-law and I mainly do farming,

my husband and son go out to work frequently, and my grandson is only 3 years old.

At present, I have 11 Mu orchards, 0.4 Mu vegetable land, 0.4 Mu paddy

fields and 2 Mu hilly fields. Crops are usually reserved for families, the

annual output of which is about 2,500 kg. Oranges are sold to dealers;

with annual output about 50,000 kg. We raise 10 pigs, two of which are

female, and one cow. I got news about the highway construction from

151

relatives, and both expropriation and dismantlement will be required, but

the amount of expropriation is still unknown. I would like to be

compensated in the way of soil, because farmers cannot get on without

farmland.

Actually, shown in the seminars and interviews, villagers found that this

way of compensation advanced by themselves were not practical,

because the policy that contract of land is unchangeable within 30 years

is carried out stably by the local government recently, and the per capita

area of local farmers is relatively low. By bringing forward this way of

compensation, farmers wanted to emphasize the meaning of the land to

their life and to get enough compensation.

The third way is to get job opportunities offered by government and

relative department, which is supported by 21% of villagers. Villager

Wang (female) of Zhoujiashan Village Gaoqiaoxiang Xiang Xingshan

County said:

I definitely support national construction and cooperate on the highway

built. I want to get job opportunity as the compensation for expropriation.

Different with the others, in my opinion, I think that money and land can

only be possessed temporarily, and the land quality differs from good to

bad, so only job opportunity could benefit in the long run. I, therefore,

must make plan for the future. (Case No.35)

The fourth way is to transact endowment security for the affected

villagers with compensatory payments, which is supported by 15.4% of

villagers under investigation. Villager Li (female) of Zhoujiashan Village

Gaoqiaoxiang Xiang Xingshan County said:

I hoped to be compensated in the way of money and social security with

payments, if expropriation is needed. I think social security is good for us,

because of which our life can get on without soil and support from

children. (Case No.34)

152

Villager Liu (female) of Huanghuachang Village Huanghua Xiang said: I

would not like the built of the highway, and I want to get social security

if the land occupation is inevitable. (Case No.4)

The fifth way is the combination of money, soil and social security, and

10.5% villagers under investigation hope to combine various ways of

compensation. Villeager Yuan of Haiyun Village Yaque Town said:

We have 19.8 Mu land and 15 Mu of which are orange orchards. Last

year, the output was 40,000 kg. We kept 100 kg for our use, and sold the

rest to dealers, gaining 54,400 yuan totally, with 1.4 yuan per kilogram.

We have 0.2 Mu vegetable land, and the produce is consumed by

ourselves. We also have 3 Mu paddy fields. The output was 1,500 kg last

year, and the produce was not sold. We still have 1.5 Mu hilly fields, and

raising 2 female pigs which did not generate last year. I got known about

the built of the highway from the cadres of village, and I am willing to

cooperate. If the land occupation is required, I would like to combine

compensation of money, soil and social security together, and I do not

mind whether the payments will be paid one time or not. (Case No.16)

Table6.3-1 if your cultivated land will be occupied, which

kind of compensation do you want to get?

Iterm Times Ratio

Money 117 81.8

Soil 30 19.6

Job opportunity offered by government 28 21.0

Social security transacted with payments 22 15.4

Combination of money, soil and social

security

15 10.5

Others 1 0.7

Note: the answer to this question is multinomial, so the percent can not be added.

153

6.3.2 Expectation to the Ways of Expropriation

Compensation from Villagers with Various Characters

The expectation of villagers with various characters differs a little.

Genders and ways of compensation Among male villagers under

investigation, 87.1% of them hope to be compensated in the way money,

19.4% hope for the way of soil, and 23.5% hope for the way of

combination of compensatory payments and job opportunity. Among the

females, that ratio is 68.4%, 26.3% and 10.5% respectively.

Nationalities and ways of compensation Among villagers of Han

nationality under investigation, 77.1% of them would like monetary

compensation, 21.9% would like soil compensation, 21.0% would like

combination of payments and job opportunity, and 17.1% hope to

transact social security with soil compensatory payments. Among

villagers of ethnic minorities, that ratio is 97.2%, 19.4%, 16.7% and

11.1% respectively.

Income condition and ways of compensation Among relatively poor

villagers who account for 20% of total population, 75.9% of them would

like monetary, 24.1% would like soil compensation, 10.3% would like

combination of payments and job opportunity, and 13.3% hope to

transact social security with soil compensatory payments. Among

relatively non-poor villagers, that ratio is 84.1%, 22.7%, 19.7% and

15.2% respectively.

154

Table 6.3-1 expectation of villagers of various characters to ways of compensation

Unit：%

Money Land

Combination of

money and job

opportunity

Transacting

social security

by compensatory

money

Female 68.4 26.3 10.5 15.8Gender

Male 87.4 19.4 23.5 15.5

Han 77.1 21.9 21.0 17.1

Nationality Ethnic minority

97.2 19.4 16.7 11.1

20% relative poor

population 75.9 24.1 10.3 13.8

Income Relative non-poor

population 84.9 21.7 21.7 16.0

Agriculture 79.0 24.0 17.0 20.0

Non-agriculture 90.9 9.1 18.2 0 Occupation

Work outside 83.3 5.6 38.9 11.1

Qinglong Village 70.0 20.0 50.0 30.0

Wanjiafan Village 83.3 25.0 16.7 16.7

Hanyun Village 85.7 14.3 0 14.3

Fenghuangguan Village 66.7 58.3 41.7 33.3

Huanghuachang Village 75.0 8.3 0 8.3

Xinping Village 66.7 50.0 16.7 0

Shujiacao Village 100.0 20.0 6.7 0

Xibiantang Village 94.1 29.4 29.4 23.5

Jiangjunling Village 84.2 5.3 10.5 5.3

Xiqiuwan Village 100.0 0 0 0

Shijiaba Village 66.7 0 66.7 16.7

Village

Sixiangxi Village 100.0 0 0 0

155

Zhoujiashan Village 66.7 33.3% 25.0 41.7

Occupations and ways of compensation Among those who mainly do

farming at home, 79.0% of them would like money as compensation,

24.0% would like soil, 17.0% would like combination of payments and

job opportunity, and 20.0% hope to transact social security with soil

compensatory payments. Among those who mainly do non-agriculture

work at home, that number is 84.1%, 22.7%, 19.7% and 15.2%

respectively.

Villages and ways of compensation In Shujiacao Village, Xiqiuwan

Village and Sixiangxi Village, all those under investigation accept

compensatory payments. In Fenghuangguan Village, Xinping Village,

Xibiantang Village and Sixiangxi Village, most accept compensatory

payments, and also expect compensation of soil. In Shijiaba Village and

Qinglong Village, about half suggest compensatory payments and job

opportunity should be combined. In Qinglong Village, Fenghuangguan

Village, Zhoujiashan Village and Xibiantang Village, quite a few

villagers hope to transact social security with soil compensatory

payments.

6.4 Attitude towards Dismantlement and Removal

6.4.1 Basic Housing Condition of Those Who Need to

Remove

Among 143 families under investigation in this social evaluation, 102

families need to remove. We got lots of information on villagers’

houses, dismantlement and removal, and expectation of compensation

though seminars and interviews into houses.

Some villagers might remove because of the project, the basic housing

condition as following:

156

House area The smallest house area is 28 km2, and the largest is 2,000

km2, with average area 309.74 km2. The smallest per capita house area is

10.89 km2, and the largest is 250 km2, with average area 72.31 km2.

Among families under investigation, 83 houses (81.4%) have

non-residential sundry room. The smallest one is 4 km2, and the largest

one is 800 km2, with average area 119.06 km2.

Time of house built Most of the houses were built in the early 90s of

20th century. The earliest one was built in 1960, and the latest one was

built in 2007. The average building time of houses is 13.34 years, which

means that they were built probably in 1993 or so.

House structure Built with brick and concrete is the chief structure of

houses, accounting for 61.7%, houses built with brick and wood

accounting for 13.8%, houses built with soil and wood accounting for

12.8%, and others accounting for 11.7%.

Expenditure of house built The lowest cost of house built is 1,700 yuan,

and the highest is 1.1 million yuan, with average cost 83,084.04 yuan.

The average cost of per square kilometer is 225.2 yuan.

A small number of farmers (11 households) deal in part of their houses.

Relatively poor population among the removers 102 families under

investigation were ordered by per capita income, and relatively poor

population (19 households), accounting for 20% were identified. In 2006,

the lowest per capita income of the relatively poor population was 320

yuan, and the highest was 3,233.3 yuan, with average amount 2,026 yuan,

as much as 24.3% of that of all removers.

Looking from the housing condition of the relatively poor population,

their houses were built in 1991 or so. The average area is 313.2 km2,

with per capita area 68.25 km2, and the average cost is 47,500 yuan, with

the cost of per square kilometer 155 yuan. 58.8% of houses are built with

brick and concrete. There is no significant difference in house area and

157

built time between poor and non-poor population, while the biggest

difference exists in house quality (structure and cost), for most houses of

the poor are bungalows, but the non-poor live in storied buildings.

Generally speaking, those under investigation are relatively satisfactory

with the present housing condition. 89.2% of them are very content with

it, while 10.8% are rather unsatisfactory. The needy families are also

considerably satisfactory with housing condition, which is almost the

same with the others.

6.4.2 Attitude towards Resettlement

Most families (90.1%) whose dismantlement and removal are required

have showed willing to cooperate on the project and remove. But a few

villagers (9.9%) are unwilling to remove.

According to statistics, no remarkable distinction exists in the attitude to

removal between different genders, nationalities, income situation,

occupation and villages.

According to data from questionnaire, deep indoor interviews and

seminars, it is necessary to give attention to the distinction of the attitude

to removal of villagers from different investigation spots.

Generally, villagers of 7 villages (Qinglong Village, Wanjiafan Village,

Haiyun Village, Shijiaba Village, Sixiangxi Village, Zhoujiashan Village

and Shujiacao Village) will entirely cooperate and will remove when

needed. In Huanghuachang Village and Jiangjunling Village, 90% of

villagers are willing to remove, while in Fenghuangguan Village and

Xinping Village, the level of cooperation is comparatively low.

The detailed situation can be seen in table 6.4-1.

158

Table 6.4-1 attitude of differently characteristic villagers to removal

Unit：%

Willing if

compensation is

satisfactory

%

Unwilling to

remove%

Pearson

Chi-Square

Asymp.

Sig.

(2-sided)

Female 90.5 9.5Gender

Male 92.3 7.7.073 .787

Han 92.3 7.7Nationality

Ethnic minority 90.4 9.6.740 .390

20% relative poor

population 84.2 15.8

Income Relative non-poor

population 90.8 9.2

.699 .403

Agriculture 90.9 9.1

Non-agriculture 88.9 11.1Occupation

Work outside 100.0

2.063 .724

Qinglong Village 100.0 0

Wanjiafan Village 100.0 0

Hanyun Village 100.0 0

Fenghuangguan Village 72.7 27.3

Huanghuachang Village 76.9 23.1

Xinping Village 80.0 20.0

Shujiacao Village 100.0 0

Xibiantang Village 91.7 8.3

Jiangjunling Village 90.9 9.1

Xiqiuwan Village 90.0 10.0

Shijiaba Village 100.0 0

Village

Sixiangxi Village 100.0 0

12.831 .381

159

Zhoujiashan Village 100.0 0

The main reason why some villagers of Fenghuangguan Village are

unwilling to remove is the impact of some historical issues. Jingyi

highway (Jingmen- Yichang), built from 2003, passed through this

village, causing expropriation and dismantlement. The relatively low

compensation standard brought difficulty to the affected residents’

resettlement and negative impact to the recovery of their life. Because of

these previous experiences, villages doubt about the level of

compensation this time. In the investigation of social evaluation, some

villagers are unwilling to remove.

The reason why some villagers of Huanghuachang Village are unwilling

to remove is that the government of Huanghua Xiang is located in this

village, and some villagers’ houses are close to streets with good

position. Therefore, some villagers took advantage of this, made some

reformation on a large scale, and did business and catering service,

gaining substantially. In Huanghuachang Village, four families, living

house to house, gaining substantially from catering, all expressed

opinions not to move.

The chief reason why some villagers of Xinping Village are unwilling to

remove is that land is deficient in this village, with the per capita land

area 0.45 Mu, and few land of good position could be used to build

houses. Besides, villagers are all content with their newly-built houses.

Some villagers of Huanghuachang Village and Xinping Village

suggested that the course of Yiba highway should be optimized, in order

to reduce or avoid dismantlement and removal as much as possible.

160

6.5 Expectation of the Ways of Compensation for

Dismantlement and Removal

Revealed from questionnaire and indoor interviews, most villagers

emphasized that construction owner of the project or towns/xiang/village

should offer appropriate places to build houses, and then they can build

houses with payments by themselves. We could find in the questionnaire

that 85% families hoped for this way of compensation. Mr. Li, one

representative of them in Huanghuachang Village Huanghua Xiang

Yiling District, said:

There are 8 people in my family, and they are my elder son and his wife,

my junior son and his wife, my husband and I. My house is storied house,

with 370 km2, built in 1998. It cost us 30,000 yuan to buy the groundsill,

and more than 60,000 yuan to build the house. Village cadres told us that

the highway would pass through my house. We certainly support national

construction, but the biggest problem is where to settle our house.

Because land is in lack here, it is difficult to find comfortable groundsill.

Removal and rebuilding is acceptable under the precondition of getting

suitable places. Could we enjoy the policy the same as migrants of the

Three Gorges, and find suitable places to move in? There is No. 710 war

industry near to our village, which expropriated 410 Mu land here for

national construction without compensation. I get an idea that we could

use the idle rooms and space of the factory to build our houses.

We also find in the investigation that about 12% of families hope that

construction owner of the project or village cam offer new houses.

Villager Huang of Haiyun Village Yaqueling Town said:

I was informed about Yiba highway construction from broadcast and

cadres of governments of various levels. Even if both occupation and

removal are needed, I will still cooperate with government with pleasure,

as long as compensatory standard is suitable. I hope that government

161

make integral plan and build housing-estate for us.

Shown in the questionnaire, few families (3%) look forward to low-cost

houses to rent or other means as compensation.

The statistical analysis below is about compensatory methods

expected by villagers of different genders, nationalities, income

condition, occupation and location. The basic conclusion is that no

significant difference of the expectation of compensatory methods

exists in the villagers of different genders, nationalities, income

condition, occupation and villages. Detailed data can be seen in

table 6.5-1

Table 6.5-1 Expectation of Compensatory Methods from Villagers with Different Character

Unit：%

Compensate with

money and offer

appropriate places to

build houses

independently

offer

new

houses Others

Pearson

Chi-

Square

Asymp.

Sig.

(2-sided)

Female 86.5 10.8 2.7 Gender

Male 80.0 16.0 4.0 2.385 .665

Han 82.1 14.1 3.8 Nationality

Ethnic minority 95.2 4.8 0 2.338 .311

20% relative poor population 77.8 22.2 0 Income

Relative non-poor population 88.0 9.3 2.7 2.695 .260

Agriculture 86.4 12.1 1.5

Non-agriculture 88.9 0 11.1 Occupation

Work outside 86.7 6.7 6.7

5.151 .741

Qinglong Village 57.1 28.6 14.3

Wanjiafan Village 100.0 0 0

Hanyun Village 66.7 33.3 0

Fenghuangguan Village 90.9 9.1 0

Huanghuachang Village 83.3 0 16.7

Village

Xinping Village 100.0 0 0

29.129 .215

162

Shujiacao Village 100.0 0 0

Xibiantang Village 84.6 15.4 0

Jiangjunling Village 100.0 0 0

Xiqiuwan Village 75.0 25.0 0

Shijiaba Village 66.7 33.3 0

Sixiangxi Village 100.0 0 0

Zhoujiashan Village 70.0 30.0 0

6.6 Expectation to the Compensatory Level for

Dismantlement and Removal

Compensatory standard should be open and clear. Ms. Chen, a

villager of Sixiangxi Village Xiakou Town Xingshan County, said: I will

be content with the compensatory policy as long as it is fair and open,

and I will appeal to the higher authorities for help if it is not that. (Case

No. 64)

Ms. Zhang, another villager of the same village, said:

We moved from the area of the Three Gorgers reservoir up to here just in

2005, when our three-storey house was built with 110,000 yuan. We live

here happily and are unwilling to move. We just settle down and have not

recovered yet from tiredness of the last removal, so it is unpleasing to

move again. I am afraid that some departments would intercept part of

our payments, for example, we are compensated 10 yuan, and they take

away 8 yuan out of it. This situation, out of regulation, happened during

the first removal. In my opinion, the clearer the policy is, the better it is,

and we should get how much we deserve. Compensation for the highway

built ought to be paid directly into our account, rather than governmental

account. Otherwise, for instance, we are finally compensated 70 or 50

yuan of per square kilometer, while the actual number is 100 yuan,

according to the policy. (Case No. 65)

Payments for house could be used to build a new one at the same

163

level of the previous. Villager Chen of Sixiangxi Village Xiakou Town

Xingshan County said:

I have to move because the highway will pass through my house, and I

am willing to move as far as government compensate me money, so I can

build my house by myself. But I think that integral plan about the

housing-estate choosing should be made, for it is difficult to find suitable

place and be warranted by government. The compensatory standard

should be 1,000 yuan for per square meter, or I will suffer great loss. I

have moved once, because I was migrated from the Three Gorges. In the

first removal, everyone was happy, for our previous houses were old and

the national policy was good. We hope, therefore, that this compensation

can be better. We now live in storied houses, rather than the previous

earthy ones, so the price for removal now must be much higher. My

house was built 4 years ago, with more than 1,000 yuan per square meter.

If we have to move again, the government ought to warrant homestead,

compensate for every square meter, and fit water and electricity for the

new houses. (Case No.64)

Mr. Ma, a villager of Xiqiuwan Village Xiqiuwan Xiang Badong County,

said:

Now I have known that the Yiba highway will pass through my house,

and I will cooperate on national construction. I hope to get

compensation of cash payment, choose place freely, and build house

with the payments by myself. The compensatory level should be at least

as much as that of the Three Gorger migrants. I will not move before I

get payments. The point is that compensatory level must be fair, and it

dose not matter if the level is a little low. (Case No.54)

Compensatory standard should take market prices into account.

Villager Li of Huanghuachang Village Huanghua Xiang said:

We now are worried that the market price is too high now while the

164

compensatory standard could be too low, so it is hard for us to rebuild

house. We expect that compensatory standard could take current market

prices into account.

Compensatory payments should be paid directly to families, as soon

as possible. Many villagers think that it is better to open an account for

each family, and pay the compensation directly into it. Villager Fu of

Fenghuangguan Village Longquan Town said:

I would like compensatory payments, the level of which reaches the

highest limit of national policy, and I hope government open accounts

for us, so that the payments can directly go into our accounts, without

through towns and villages government. (Case No.26)

Compensation should take the cost of house decorating into account.

Villager Huang of Haiyun Village Yaqueling Town said: I was informed

about Yiba highway construction from broadcast and cadres of

governments of various levels. My family needs to move. Personally, I

feel that compensatory standard was relatively low before, for the

payments could merely be used to build new house without decorating. I

hope that this compensation can take the cost of house decorating into

account, as the amount of it is really high. (Case No.18)

6.7 Willingness of Choosing Places for Houses Rebuilt

Revealed from questionnaire, 32% of families look forward to integral

program and collective rebuilt, and 68% hope to choose places to resettle

freely.

Statistically, no significant difference in the willingness of choosing

places to resettle exists among those of different genders, nationalities,

income condition and occupations.

165

The willingness, however, differs among those of various villages under

investigation. In Jiangjunling Village and Xiqiuwan Village, 100% of

those under investigation are willing to choose places freely to settle

down, and in Fenghuangguan Village and Wanjiafan Village, the

percentage reaches 90%. But in Qinglongcun Village, Sixiangxi Village

and Shujiacao Village, more villagers want village collective to make

integral plan and to build housing-estate for resettlement.

Table 6.7-1 Willingness of Choosing Places for Houses Rebuilt from

Villagers of Different Character

Unit：%

Integral

program and

collective

rebuilt

Resettle

freely

Pearson

Chi-Square

Asymp. Sig.

(2-sided)

Female 27.4 72.6Gender

Male 46.2 53.83.083 .079

Han 29.5 70.5Nationality

Ethnic minority 42.9 57.11.352 .245

20% relative poor

population 26.3 73.7

Income Relative non-poor

population 31.1 68.9

.163 .686

Agriculture 30.3 69.7

Non-agriculture 25.0 75.0Occupation

Work outside 26.7 73.3

2.567 .633

Qinglong Village 71.4 28.6

Wanjiafan Village 12.5 87.5

Hanyun Village 33.3 66.7

Fenghuangguan

Village 9.1 90.9

Village

Huanghuachang

Village 27.3 72.7

23.538 .023

166

Xinping Village 40.0 60.0

Shujiacao Village 60.0 40.0

Xibiantang Village 38.5 61.5

Jiangjunling Village 0 100.0

Xiqiuwan Village 0 100.0

Shijiaba Village 50.0 50.0

Sixiangxi Village 100.0 0

Zhoujiashan Village 40.0 60.0

6.8 Negative Impact Caused by the Project and

Villagers’ Reaction

6.8.1 General Ways of Villagers’ Reaction to the Negative

Impact

Shown in the investigation, faced with the possible negative impact

caused by the project, villagers may take five ways of response:

Firstly, make good use of the rest of the land and cultivate it carefully and

intensively, which is supported by 48.1% of those under investigation.

Villager Huang of Haiyun Village Yaqueling Town said:

There are three people in my family, and I am the householder. I am 52

years old, the Han nationality, and a registered agricultural resident. My

wife is 50, also the Han nationality, and a registered agricultural

resident. She began to do farming after graduating from elementary

school. We do farming for about over 300 days yearly and my son works

outside. We have 15 Mu orange orchards. Last year, the output of orange

was 25,000 kg, and we sold them to dealers at a price of one yuan per

kilogram, gaining 25,000 yuan totally. We still have 0.5 Mu vegetable

land and 3 Mu paddy-fields, the produce of which were reserved for our

use. Besides, we farmed 15 pigs, and we sold 14 to dealers at a price of

5.4 yuan per kilogram. We just earned 7,280 yuan, for the pork price was

167

pretty low, which is a little higher this year. Generally, agriculture

brought us in 32,280 yuan last year. The land occupation will not be so

much this time. So in order to maintain agricultural income, the most

important method is to make good use of the rest of the land and cultivate

it carefully and intensively to raise output. (Case No.15)

Ms. Xue, a villager of Shujiacao Village Yanduhe Town Xingshan

County, said:

I have 1.5 Mu vegetable land, 9 Mu dry plough and 10 Mu woodland.

Owning to the highway built, both occupation and removal will be

needed to me, and one Mu dry plough will be occupied. My families and I

will make good use of the rest of the land and cultivate it carefully and

intensively, and in the meanwhile, we will try for more work

opportunities, which will reduce the negative impact as much as possible.

(Case No.60)

Secondly, try for more work opportunities and increase non-agricultural

income, which is supported by 27.5% of those under investigation.

Villager Chen of Sixiangxi Village Xiakou Town Xingshan County said:

There are 4 people in my family. I am 50 years old now and graduated

from middle school. I work outside most of the time. My wife is also 50

years old now and graduated from high school. She mainly does farming

at home. I have two daughters. The elder one began to work outside after

graduating technical secondary school, and the other also began to work

outside after graduating middle school. I have 0.5 Mu orchards, 0.2 Mu

vegetable land and 0.3 Mu paddy fields. Basically, the produce just can

be eaten by ourselves, while all cash income is chiefly brought in by

working outside. In my mind, I think that if a family wants to get rich, the

most important factor is working outside. Cadres of village told us that

the course of the highway has not been confirmed yet, but occupation of

my land and house is probably. Someone has measured them already.

168

After occupation, only trying for more work opportunities is available to

us, and doing some non-agricultural business is also feasible. (Case

No.40)

Ms. Zhang, a villager of Haiyun Village Yaqueling Town, said:

The construction needs to occupy my hilly land and woodland. As for my

family, we will try to get more work opportunities and to do some

non-agricultural business. (Case No.17)

Thirdly, take advantage of payments to do non-agricultural business,

making up for the loss, which is supported by 13.0% of those under

investigation.

Villager Li of Haiyun Village Yaqueling Town Yiling District said:

I hope the compensation for expropriation is money, and then I can use it

to deal in transport. (Case No.13)

A villager of the same village said:

We have 7 Mu orange orchards, and we harvested 15,000 kg oranges last

year. We sold them to dealers with 1.34 yuan per kilogram. We have 4

Mu paddy fields, and we harvested 2,250 kg rice last year and ate them

up. We still have 1.3 Mu ponds. We grew lotus and farmed fry just from

last year and gained nothing. We also farmed 10 pigs. We ate one on

festivals and sold the rest to dealers at a price of 700 or 800 yuan per one.

I do farming for 3 months or so a year, and raise bees in the leisure,

gaining about 10,000 yuan annually. My wife is the same with me. I am

61 years old, and just live with my wife. The construction needs to occupy

my land，and I hope for compensatory payments to improve my

bee-raising business, which can reduce the loss to the least. I believe that

the government will not let we farmers suffers big losses, and they will

compensate us. (Case No.21)

Fourthly, ensure compensation as much as possible through all kinds of

169

protests and methods, which is supported by only 4.6% of those under

investigation. Ms. Li of Zhoujiashan Village Gaoqiao Xiang Xingshan

County said:

I will not protest if compensation for the loss of occupation is reasonable,

so that we can live and work contently, and it is really probably that I

will ensure the compensation as much as possible through all kinds of

protest and methods, if the situation is opposite. (Case No.34)

Fifthly, trust to destiny without any ways to compensate for the loss,

which is supported also by 4.6% of those under investigation.

Table 6.8-1 How Will Your Families and You Lower the Loss?

Frequency

Valid

Percent

Cumulated

percent

make good use of the rest of the land

and cultivate it carefully and

intensively

63 48.1 48.1

try for more work opportunities and

increase non-agricultural income 36 27.5 75.6

take advantage of payments to do

non-agricultural business, making up

for the loss

17 13.0 88.5

trust to destiny without any ways to

compensate for the loss 6 4.6 93.1

ensure compensation as much as

possible through all kinds of protests

and methods

6 4.6 97.7

Others 3 2.3 100.0

Sub total 131 100.0

System Missing 12

Total 143

170

It can be seen that the general response of villagers under investigation to

reduce the negative impact are relatively positive. Based on family, they

will make good use of the rest land resource and opportunities in the

market.

6.8.2 General Ways of Response to the Negative Impact

from Villagers of Different Characters

Villagers of different character respond to the negative impact differently.

Detailed data can be seen in table 6.8-2

Genders and ways of response to the negative impact Significant

difference exists in the ways of response to the negative impact between

those of different genders under investigation. (The value of Pearson

Chi-Square is 15.44, and the significance is 0.009). Compared with the

male villagers, the females prefer to make good use of the rest land and

cultivate it carefully and intensively (51.0%), and to try for more work

opportunities to gain non-agricultural income (31.3%). The ratio of those

who will just trust to destiny without any methods is 3.1%, and the ratio

of those who will ensure compensation as much as possible through all

kinds of protests and methods is 4.2%, both of which are relatively low.

Nationalities and ways of response No significant difference exists in

the ways of response to the negative impact among those of different

nationalities under investigation. (The value of Pearson Chi-Square is 6.

501, and the significance is 0.260).

Income condition and ways of response Significant difference exists in

the ways of response to the negative impact among those of different

Income condition under investigation. (The value of Pearson Chi-Square

171

is 24.063, and the significance is 0.000). The largest difference is: 18.5%

of the compared poor population (20% of the total) can not think out

ways to lower loss and merely choose to trust to destiny, the ratio of

which is relatively high, while among the others, the ratio of those who

choose to use payments to deal in non-agricultural business to make up

the loss is 17.2%, which is relatively high.

Occupations and ways of response Significant difference exists in the

ways of response to the negative impact among those of various

occupations under investigation. (The value of Pearson Chi-Square is

36.70, and the significance is 0.013). The chief difference is: outside

workers prefer to try for more work opportunities to gain

non-agricultural income (50%), make good use of the rest land and

cultivate it carefully and intensively (31.3%), and use payments to deal

in non-agricultural business to make up the loss (18.8%). While among

those who mainly do farming at home, they prefer to make good use of

the rest land and cultivate it carefully and intensively (63.6%), try for

more work opportunities to gain non-agricultural income (18.2%), and

ensure compensation as much as possible through all kinds of protests

and methods (18.2%). The ways of those who mainly do farming at

home are relatively dispersive.

Villages and ways of response In Huanghuachang Village and

Xinping Village, the first choice of villagers is to use payments to deal in

non-agricultural business to make up the loss (33.3%), the second choice

is to make good use of the rest land and cultivate it carefully and

intensively, and the next one is to try for more work opportunities to gain

non-agricultural income. What should be paid attention to is that

considerable villagers under investigation there choose to ensure

compensation as much as possible through all kinds of protests and

methods (16.7%).

In Shijiaba Village, Shujiacao Village and Qinqlong Village, the first

172

choice of villagers is to try for more work opportunities to gain

non-agricultural income.

In Sixiangxi Village, Whanjiafan Village, Haiyun Village, Jiangjunling

Village, Xibiantang Village, Xiqiuwan Village and Zhoujiashan Village,

the first choice of villagers is to make good use of the rest land and

cultivate it carefully and intensively.

Table 6.8-2 ways of response to the negative impact from villagers of various

characters in different villages

make good

use of the rest

of the land

and cultivate

it carefully

and

intensively

try for more

work

opportunities

and increase

non-agricultur

al income

take

advantage

of payments

to do

non-agricult

ural

business,

making up

for the loss

trust to destiny

without any

ways to

compensate for

the loss

ensure

compensati

on as much

as possible

through all

kinds of

protests and

methods Others

Female 51.0 31.3 10.4 3.1 4.2 ０Gender

Male 41.2 14.7 20.6 8.8 5.9 8.8

Han 44.3 25.8 15.5 5.2 6.2 3.1Nationality

Ethnic minority 60.6 30.3 6.1 3.0

20% relative poor

population 48.1 25.9 0 18.5% 3.7 3.7

Income Relative non-poor

population 48.5 28.3 17.2 0 5.1 1.0

Agriculture 51.1 27.2 9.8 5.4 3.3 3.3

Non-agriculture 63.6 18.2 0 0 18.2 0Occupation

Work outside 31.3 50.0 18.8 0 0 0

Qinglong Village 22.2 44.4 11.1 11.1 11.1 0

Wanjiafan Village 70.0 20.0 10.0 0 0 0

Hanyun Village 66.7 0 33.3 0 0 0

Fenghuangguan

Village 41.7 25.0 25.0 0 0 8.3

Huanghuachang

Village 25.0 16.7 33.3 8.3 16.7 0

Village

Xinping Village 16.7 16.7 33.3 0 16.7 16.7

173

Shujiacao Village 50.0 50.0 0 0 0 0

Xibiantang Village 58.8 29.4 5.9 0 0 5.9

Jiangjunling

Village 60.0 26.7 6.7 6.7 0 0

Xiqiuwan Village 54.5 18.2 9.1 9.1 9.1 0

Shijiaba Village 33.3 50.0 16.7 0 0 0

Sixiangxi Village 100.0 0 0 0 0 0

Zhoujiashan

Village 45.5 27.3 0 18.2 9.1 0

6.9 Ways of Reaction to the Discontent with

Compensation for Occupation and Dismantlement

6.9.1 General Action Ways

Shown in the investigation, villagers will express their opinions officially

or unofficially on compensatory way, standard and level for land

occupation, house dismantlement and removal. There are 8 ways to

express them:

The first way is to call on relevant administrative department of

government directly to solve problem by their own. 52.7% of

villagers under investigation said that they would take this way to solve

problem, if they were not content with the compensation for occupation,

dismantlement and removal.

Villager Li of Haiyun Village Yaqueling Town said:

I was informed about Yiba highway construction from cadres of village.

If removal is needed, I will cooperate with government as long as

compensatory standard is suitable. I hope to choose place freely to settle

down and build house with compensatory payments by my own. The land

of each family locates differently, so it is inconvenient to live together. I

will appeal to relevant administrative department of government to solve

174

problem by their own, if I am not content with the compensation. (Case

No.15)

Villager Huang, another one of the same village said:

I will appeal to cadres of village directly to solve problem, if I am not

content with the compensation. (Case No.18)

Ms. Wang of Zhoujiashan Village Gaoqiao Xiang Xingshan County said:

I will never tolerate my discontent if I am dissatisfactory with the

compensation. I will appeal to relevant department of government

directly to solve problem, or appeal to higher authority for help by myself.

I think it is unreasonable and unnecessary to collect some others in the

same situation, and I will be regarded as an order destroyer by

government and others if I do so. I do not expect excessive compensation.

If I have difficulty indeed, I will report the actual situation to government

alone. I believe that they will help me as possible as they can instead of

putting it off, and I think they could propose several suggestions from

which I could pick a favorable one. (Case No.35)

The second way is to tolerate discontent as much as possible. 12.2%

of villagers under investigation said that they can do nothing but to

tolerate discontent with the compensation.

Mr. Li of Jiangjunling Village Xiqiuwan Xiang Badong County said:

I got known about the highway construction from newspaper and cadres

of village. Both occupation and removal is required to me. The area of

occupation is 6.3 Mu plow, 2.1 Mu orchards and one Mu pond. I am

willing to cooperate on the construction. I will tolerate my discontent

with the compensation as much as possible, and I will appeal to the

relevant department of government for solution, if I really cannot get on.

(Case No.44)

Another villager Wang said:

175

I have 3 Mu land. One half is paddy field, the other is dry land, and land

occupation is over one Mu respectively. I hope to be compensated by soil,

and I will tolerate my discontent with the compensation as long as I can

get on. Because the land belongs to the country, I cannot get it

unreasonably. (Case No.47)

The third way is to appeal to higher authority for help alone. 9.9% of

villagers under investigation said that they would take this way to solve

problem, if they were not content with the compensation for occupation,

dismantlement and removal.

The husband of villager Kou in Jiangjunling Village Xiqiuwan Xiang

Badong County said:

If I am dissatisfactory with the compensation, I will appeal to relevant

department of government directly to solve problem by myself. I cannot

prevent national construction, but government will certainly help us to

live on. If I cannot live on, I will absolutely to appeal to higher authority

for help, and will not stop appealing to the highest until my problem is

solved. No one has done this before here. I have seen successful appeals

through TV, and I get known that this way is feasible. I think that it is

efficient to appeal even by one alone, as far as unreasonable facts exist.

Nevertheless, I will keep on appealing to ensure my family’s life and

maintain justice for our farmers. I will prosecute those for appropriation

and corruption to have them got punished, as long as I discover these

illegal behaviors, and then get my money back. (Case No.43)

Another villager Wang said:

I heard of this project from neighbors. I know that the construction will

occupy at least my 2 Mu paddies. I think that the project is beneficial to

me, like convenient communications. We could wait my son and daughter

at home, and they could get back directly. I am willing to cooperate on

the project and will move if necessary. I think that the compensatory

176

price and policy should be open, so that I can appeal if cadres do not

conform to the policy, and I also will appeal alone if I am dissatisfactory

with the compensation. (Case No.45)

Ms. Chen, a villager of Sixiangxi Village Xiakou Town Xingshan

County said:

I am willing to move if necessary. I will not appeal unless the

compensatory policy is open and fair. (Case No.64)

The fourth way is to collect others to call on the relevant department

of government for help. 9.9% of villagers under investigation said that

they would take action in this way, if they were not content with the

compensation for occupation, dismantlement and removal.

Villager Wang in Xiqiuwan Village Xiqiuwan Xiang Badong County

said:

I was informed about the project by cadres of village. My 0.5 Mu dry

cultivated land will be occupied. I hope that the compensation would be

suitable. I will collect others to ask the relevant department of

government for help, if I am not content with the compensation, but I will

go with the stream if others do not do so, for it is not worthy for my little

loss. (Case No.58)

A villager of Xinping Village Huanghua Xiang said:

I was informed about the project by cadres of village. The construction

will occupy my orchards and need us to move, but the final amount is still

unknown. I am willing to cooperate on the construction with government

and relevant department. I hope that the compensation for soil could be

paid off only one time, and I will move as long as the compensation is

suitable. I will collect others to appeal or call on the relevant department

of government for help. (Case No.11)

177

Villager Chen of Sixiangxi Village Xiakou Town Xingshan County said:

I will collect others affected by the project to ask the relevant department

of government for help, or will solve problems by law, if I am

dissatisfactory with the compensation for occupation, dismantlement and

removal. In my opinion, I think that those of the same condition should

unite to solve problem. I have no interest in appeal. I moved from the

area of reservoir to my wife’s hometown, for my previous unit did not

supply me with house. Government did not give me expense for migration

because I was not registered as agricultural resident, and nobody paid

attention to me. Lots of people, including me, appealed to higher

authority, and we even went to the Tiananmen Square, but it was useless.

I think, therefore, that it is useless to appeal for solution. It may be

helpful to call on the relevant department of government or higher

authority to solve problems, and I will forget it if it is still useless. (Case

No.40)

The fifth way is to collect others to appeal. 5.3% of villagers under

investigation said that they would take action in this way, if they were

not content with the compensation for occupation, dismantlement and

removal.

Villager Xiong in Jiangjunling Village Xiqiuwan Xiang said:

I know about the highway built, which will occupy my land and need us

to move. Generally, we will get together to appeal to government, if all of

us are dissatisfactory with the ways of dismantlement. Because I think

that problems of only one family will not be settled, while it can be

different when most in the same condition. (Case No.49)

178

Ms. Guo, a villager of Xinping Village Huanghua Xiang Yiling District,

said:

The highway built needs us to remove. My two and a half-storey house

with 11 rooms was built in 2001 with about 60,000 yuan. I will move if

the compensation is suitable, and I will appeal with others in the same

situation, if the compensation is unreasonable. (Case No.9)

The sixth way is to go with the stream. 4.6% of villagers under

investigation said that they would solve problem in line with others, if

they were not content with the compensation for occupation,

dismantlement and removal.

Villager Li of Haiyun Village Yaqueling Town Yiling District said:

Occupation of my land is inevitable, but the final amount has not

confirmed yet. I believe that the government will not leave us farmers

suffering, and will compensate us suitably. But when the compensation is

too low, I will take action in line with others. (Case No.14)

The seventh way is to solve problem by law. 3.1% of villagers under

investigation said that they would solve problem by law, if they were not

content with the compensation for occupation, dismantlement and

removal.

Villager Zhang of Xibiantang Village Yanduhe Town Xingshan County

said:

My three-storey house was built in 2004 with 98,000 yuan. I have 15 Mu

land, and they are 0.4 Mu orchards, 0.4 Mu vegetable land, 2 Mu dry

179

land, 8.5 Mu hilly land and 4 Mu residential land. Both occupation and

expropriation are needed for the construction. I am willing to cooperate

on the construction. I want to be compensated for soil by cash and to be

paid off only one time. I do not want to move, for I am costumed to my

newly-built house. But if removal is inevitable, I would like to get

compensatory payments to build a new one by myself. It would be better

to make an integral plan about the choosing residential place. I support

national construction as long as everything goes on by regulation, and I

will solve problem by law if I am not content with the compensation

(Case No.51)

The eighth way is to refuse to move insistently. 1.5% of villagers

under investigation said that they would refuse to move insistently, if

they were not content with the compensation.

Villager Xiong in Jiangjunling Village Xiqiuwan Xiang said:

There are 5 people in my family. We lived in the village nearby originally,

and moved here according to the government’s requirement, as slide of

mud and stone often happened on the foot of the mountain. I bought the

residential place and spent about 30,000 yuan to build the two-storey

house, which is over 200 km2, so I live here contently, reluctant to move,

and worry about the compensation. I consider that the compensation

must be paid according to national standard and regulation, different

from last time when compensation was just 2,000 yuan. If the

compensatory standard is not open and the compensation is too low, we

will get united and refuse to move. (Case No.46)

Ms. Ding, a villager of Xinping Village Huanghua Xiang Yiling District,

said:

180

My three-storey house was built in 2000, which is 750 km2. We live in

second and third floors, and deal in catering in the first floor, gaining

about 100,000 yuan last year. The highway will pass through my house,

and I will cooperate with the government. I believe that the government

will not leave us farmers suffering, and will compensate us suitably. But

when the compensation is too low, I will refuse to move insistently. (Case

No.2)

To sum up, the dominant way of response to discontent with the

compensation for occupation, dismantlement and removal is “call on the

relevant department of government directly for help alone” (52.7%); the

second way is “tolerate discontent as much as possible” (12.2%); the

third are “collect others to call on the relevant department of government

for help” (9.9%) and “appeal to higher authority for help alone” (9.9%).

Table 6.9-1 How will you express your discontent if you are

dissatisfactory with the compensation for occupation, dismantlement and

removal?

Frequency

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

percent

Tolerate discontent as much as

possible 16 12.2 12.2

Appeal to higher authority for help

alone 13 9.9 22.1

Call on relevant administrative

department of government directly to

solve problem by their own

69 52.7 74.8

Solve problem by law 4 3.1 77.9

Collect others to appeal 7 5.3 83.2

181

Collect others to call on the relevant

department of government for help 13 9.9 93.1

Go with the stream 6 4.6 97.7

Others 1 .8 98.5

Refuse to move insistently 2 1.5 100.0

Sub-total 131 100.0

System Missing 12

Total 143 100.0

6.9.2 Ways of Expressing Discontent with Compensation

from Villagers of Different Characters

Data in the table 6.9-1 reveals general characters of possible ways taken

by villagers under investigation when they are dissatisfactory with the

compensation. So, dose difference in choosing ways exist among

villagers of various characters?

Table 6.9-2 Action ways of expressing discontent from villagers of

different characters

Gender Nationality Income

Male Female

Han Ethnic

minority

20% relative

poor

population

Relative

non-poor

population

tolerate discontent as much as

possible 8.2 25.0 11.5 14.7 15.4 11.0

appeal to higher authority for

help alone 9.2 12.5 11.5 5.9 7.7 11.0

182

call on relevant administrative

department of government

directly to solve problem by their

own

59.2 31.3 52.1 52.9 53.8 52.0

solve problem by law 3.1 3.1 1.0 8.8 7.7 2.0

collect others to appeal 3.1 12.5 5.2 5.9 0 6.0

collect others to call on the

relevant department of

government for help

11.2 6.3 9.4 11.8 15.4 9.0

go with the stream 6.1 0 6.3 0 0 6.0

Others 0 3.1 1.0 0 0 1.0

refuse to move insistently 0 6.3 2.1 0 0 2.0

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Genders and action ways of expressing Significant difference exists in

action ways of expressing discontent with the compensation between

those of different genders under investigation. (The value of Pearson

Chi-Square is 25.155, and the significance is .001). For both men and

women under investigation, though the first choice of action way is to

call on the relevant department of government directly for help alone, but

the number of the men who chooses this way is much higher than that of

women. The next way of men is to collect others to call on the relevant

department of government for help, while women choose to tolerate

discontent as much as possible. Women choose to collect others to appeal

to higher authority more than men do. Generally speaking, in the way of

individual action, men under investigation settle problem though

institutionalized method more than women do, while in way of collective

action, women choose to appeal to higher authority more than men do.

Nationalities and action ways of expressing No significant difference

exists in action ways of expressing discontent with the compensation

among those of different nationalities under investigation. (The value of

183

Pearson Chi-Square is 9. 291, and the significance is .318).

Income condition and action ways of expressing No significant

difference exists in action ways of expressing discontent with the

compensation among those of different income condition under

investigation. (The value of Pearson Chi-Square is 7.387, and the

significance is .496). Both the relative poor population (20% of the total)

and non- poor population firstly choose to call on the relevant department

of government directly to settle problems alone.

Occupations and action ways of expressing Significant difference

exists in action ways of expressing discontent with the compensation

among those of different occupations under investigation. (The value of

Pearson Chi-Square is 100.342, and the significance is .000). Those who

mainly do farming at home firstly choose to call on the relevant

department of government directly to settle problems alone, accounting

for 48.9%. Those who mainly do non-agricultural work at home and who

work outside also firstly choose to call on the relevant department of

government directly to settle problems alone, but the ratio is 70% and

75% respectively, much higher than the first one. Besides, among those

who work outside, the ratio of those who refuse to move reaches 25%,

and the ratio of those who choose to collect others to appeal to higher

authority is comparatively high, reaching 12.5%.

Villages and action ways of expressing Significant difference exists

in action ways of expressing discontent with the compensation among

those of different villages under investigation. (The value of Pearson

Chi-Square is 149.057, and the significance is .000).

In Qinglong Village Longquan Town, 75% of villagers said that they

will call on the relevant department of government directly to settle

problems, if they are dissatisfactory with the compensation, while the

others will either tolerate discontent as much as possible or go with

the stream.

184

In Wanjiafan Village Longquan Town, in the ways of response to the

discontent with the compensation, the first choice is to “call on the

relevant department of government directly to settle problems alone”,

but about one in fifth of villagers will collect others to call on the

relevant department of government.

In Haiyun Village and Fenghuangguan Village Yaqueling Town, the

number of those who choose to “appeal to higher authority alone” is

relatively high.

In Huanghuachang Village and Huanghua Xiang, the ratio of those

who refused to move insistently is the highest. In Xinping Village,

40% of villagers choose to “collect others to appeal to higher

authority” to express possible imparity.

What should be mentioned is that, in Sixiangxi Village, 100% of those

under investigation will appeal to higher authority to solve problems

when they are dissatisfactory with the compensation.The details can

be seen in table 6.93

Table 6.9-3 Action ways of expressing discontent from villagers of different

villages tolerate

disconte

nt as

much as

possible

appeal to

higher

authority

for help

alone

call on relevant

administrative

department of

government

directly to solve

problem by

own

solve problem

by law

collect

others to

appeal

collect others

to call on the

relevant

department of

government

for help

go with

the

stream

Other

s

refuse to

move

insistent

ly

Qinglong

Village 12.5 0 75.0 0 0 0 12.5 0 0

Wanjiafan

Village 18.2 9.1 45.5 0 9.1 18.2 0 0

Hanyun Village 0 16.7 50.0 0 0 0 33.3 0 0

Fenghuangguan

Village 0 25.0 41.7 0 0 16.7 16.7 0 0

Huanghuachang

Village 16.7 8.3 50.0 0 8.3 0 0 0 16.7

185

Xinping Village 0 0 60.0 0 40.0 0 0 0 0

Shujiacao

Village 20.0 0 73.3 0 0 6.7 0 0 0

Xibiantang

Village 5.9 5.9 41.2 23.5 0 23.5 0 0 0

Jiangjunling

Village 22.2 5.6 55.6 0 11.1 5.6 0 0 0

Xiqiuwan

Village 0 0 77.8 0 11.1 11.1 0 0 0

Shijiaba Village 0 16.7 50.0 0 0 16.7 0 16.7 0

Sixiangxi

Village 0 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Zhoujiashan

Village 27.3 27.3 27.3 0 0 9.1 9.1 0 0

There are two reasons that cause the differences in choosing action

ways among villagers.

The first reason is the manner of villages’ formation and social

structure. Villages formed mainly in three manners: formed naturally,

formed through migration and development and construction.

Basically, the villages affected by the project formed in the first

manner, that is they formed through single family’s or several

families’ continuous generation. Villagers may have kindred between

each other more or less, so they can be relative easy to get united to

protect their benefit. Taking the 13 villages under investigation for

example, they generally formed naturally, according to some family

names.

The other reason is the influence of similar events happened to

villagers before.

Which action way villagers would choose has a close collection with

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experiences of previous action. Jingyi highway built began in 2003,

which occupy some villagers’ land and residential places in Haiyun

Village and Fenghuanggaun Village. The compensatory standard for

expropriation was 9,000 yuan per Mu, and 30% of the compensation

was paid to villagers individually, the rest reserved to the collective.

Villagers did not understand the compensatory policy and were not

content very much. They appealed for hundreds of times, and blocked

traffic collectively time after time. The negative influence of migrants’

installation had formed a historical memory and action poor for

villagers.

7. Analysis of the Project’s Social Effects

7.1 Effects of communications improvement

7.1.1 Improvement of National Highway Network and

Hubei’s Main Road Network

At 17th Dec. 2004, State Department approved “National Highway

Network Program”, in order to adapt to rapid development of national

economy, improve communicative capability of roads to save space time,

and ensure to use land resources reasonably and intensively. The highway

network in the program spans 85,000 km, which is at the highest level of

China’s road network. It serves political stability, economic development,

social improvement and military modernization, reflecting the national

demand of strengthening country, raising people’s life, ensuring security

and stability, establishing composite transport system and accelerating

transport modernization. The national highway network chiefly connects

big and mid-sized cities, including centers of national and regional

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economy, and important ports for foreign trade. It undertakes speedy

transport across regions, provinces and big and mid-sized cities, offering

efficient, convenient, secure and comfortable service to ensure transport

security for abrupt incidence like natural disaster.

The highway from Shanghai to Chengdu is one of eighteen east-to-west

highways, according to “National Highway Network Program”, and the

stretch of it in the west of Hubei extends about 800 km. Its building

condition is like this: the project of highway built from Changlingguan

(boundary of Hubei and Anhui) to Changlinggang (Wuhan) has been

reported to the Development and Reformation Committee; the project of

highway built from Changlinggang to Xinji has been in the stage of

design; the highway from Xinji to Dongxihu (the outside circular road of

Wuhan) has been built; the highway from Dongxihu to Jingmen has been

appealed to the Development and Reformation Committee for approval;

the highway from Jingmen to Yichang is under built, and the project of

highway from Wushan to Wanzhou in Chongqing City, which is

expected to work before 2009, has been in the stage of design. As very

important to improve national highway network, the construction of the

project has no time to delay.

The Yiba highway is an important stretch of the highway from

Huangmei to Badong, one of the “five transverse roads” of “six

lengthwise, five transverse and one circular roads” in the main roads

program of 2020 in Hubei. As an important role of link, it will make the

west, middle (Wuhan), and east parts of Hubei connected closely and

accelerate the development of regional economy hugely, therefore, the

construction of the project is actually helpful to form provincial main

road network and make it work practically as soon as possible.

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7.1.2 Connection with Road Network out of the Region

In Hubei Province, the Yiba highway is the west stretch of the highway

from Shanghai to Chengdu, which is one of eighteen east-to-west

highways, according to “National Highway Network Program”, and it

is “the third transverse road” of “six lengthwise, five transverse and

one circular roads” in the main road program in Hubei. It undertakes

communications across the province and long-distance transport in the

province, so that the original ordinary roads can only undertake mid and

short-distance transport in counties, and it collects and disperses vehicles

getting in and out of the highway through crossroads. Considering the

function of road network, a number of crossroads should be built in

suitable positions, so that the Yiba highway can efficiently join national

road No.209, Yixing highway, Baoxing highway, Bawu highway, and so

on.

7.1.3 Join with Waterways out of the Region

In the project area, the chief waterways are Yangtze River, Xiangxi

River, Shennongxi River and reservoir of the Three Gorgers Dam.

After improving the channels condition, ships from Yangtze Rive can

reach Xiakou Port (III-level channel), Pingyikou Port (IV-level

channel), and Yandihe Port (IV-level channel) directly. After the

construction of the project, a three-dimensioned communications

network will be formed, which make the carriage by water and land

complementary, and make the interchange between each other

conveniently.

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7.1.4 Join with Railways and Airways out of the Region

The present railway in this region is the north-to-south Jiaozhi railway in

the east of Yichang City. The stations of Quanhe Temple and Yuquan

Temple of Dangyang City lie near the place where the project begins.

Besides, there is Yi (chang) wan (zhou) railway under built, which

extends in the direction almost the same with the highway in the project.

The highway in the project will join the Yiwan railway in Yichang and

Yesanguan via local road network, in order to transfer cargos and

passengers. Joining with the railways out of the regional will inevitably

arouse huge influence to economic and social development of the regions

above. There are Yichang airport and Enshixujiaping airport in Yichang

City, and the connection between each other through Yiba highway and

relative roads is convenient. So the Yiba highway built is helpful to form

a modernized three-dimensioned communications network.

7.2 Socially Economic Effects except Communications

7.2.1 Helpful to Execute Strategies of “Central Rise” and

“Western Development”

The middle part in China includes six provinces: Shanxi, Henan, Anhui,

Jiangxi, Hubei and Hunan. In 2005, the land area is 1.02 million km2, the

population is 352 million, and the GDP is 3,723 trillion yuan, accounting

for10.7%, 27.4% and 18.8% of the total of the country respectively. The

middle part is the main region of exporting power resources and raw

materials. The details could be seen in table 7.2-1.

Table 7.2-1 main indexes of national economy and social development

divided by region (2005)

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Eastern part Middle part Western part Northeast part

Actual

number

Proportion in

the country

Actual

number

Proportion

in the

country

Actual

number

Proportion

in the

country

Actual

number

Proportion

in the

country

Index Total in the

country

(%) (%) (%) (%)

.Area of land （ 10

thousand km2） 960.0 91.6 9.5 102.8 10.7 686.7 71.5 78.79 8.2

Population of a

year(10 thousand) 130756 46388 36 35202.0 27.4 35976 28.0 10757 8.4

Employment of a

year(10 thousand) 75825 24810 36 19065 28.0 19448 28.6 4704 6.9

GDP(100 million

yuan) 183084.8 109924.6 55.6 37230.3 18.8 33493.3 16.9 17140.8 8.7

First industry 23070.4 8681.8 37.7 6204.6 27.0 5924.6 25.8 2192.6 9.5 Second industry 87046.7 56673.2 58.5 17412.7 18.0 14331.6 14.8 8505.8 8.8 Third industry 72967.7 44569.7 57.2 13613.1 17.5 13237.1 17.0 6442.4 8.3Local finance

revenue(100 million

yuan)

14884.2 8955.0 60.2 2263.7 15.2 2464.8 16.6 1200.6 8.1

Local finance

outlay(100 million

yuan)

25154.3 11564.4 46.0 4713.9 18.7 6252.7 24.9 2623.3 10.4

Total value of imports

and exports (100

million dollar)

14219.1 12781.6 89.9 415.1 2.9 451.3 3.2 571.1 4.0

Total output of main

agricultural

produce(10 thousand

tons)

Grain 48402.2 12766.2 26.4 14778.3 30.5 13438.7 27.8 7419.0 15.3 Cotton 571.4 185.5 32.5 176.4 30.9 209.1 36.6 0.4 Oil crop 3077.1 906.4 29.5 1252.5 40.7 766.3 24.9 151.9 4.9Total output of main

industrial products

Raw coal (100

million ton) 22.1 2.9 12.9 9.2 41.8 8.1 36.9 1.9 8.4

Amount of generating

electricity (100 million

kw/h)

25002.6 11281.9 45.1 5682.8 22.7 6104.3 24.4 1933.7 7.7

Raw steel (10

thousand ton) 35324.0 19497.2 55.2 7502.5 21.2 4555.4 12.9 3768.8 10.7

Cement (10

thousand ton) 106884.8 55137.0 51.6 24078.9 22.5 22055.1 20.6 5613.8 5.3

Communications and

transportation

Mileage of railways in

working order (km) 75437.6 16998 23 17457 23.1 27594 36.6 13388 17.7

Mileage of rods(km) 1930543 515791 27 463507 24.0 780339 40.4 170906 8.9Highway 41005 16724 41 10476 25.5 10530.0 25.7 3273.0 8.0per capita annual

disposable income of

urban households

（Yuan）

10493 13375 8809 8783 8730

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Source :State Statistic Bureau,2006.Chinaese Statistic Year Book,Electronical Press.http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2006/indexch.htm

The west part in China includes Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Chongqing Municipality,

Sichuan Province, Guizhou Province, Yunnan Province, Shanxi Province,

Gansu Province, Qinghai Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. In 2005, the total land area is

6.867 million km2, the population is 3.6 million, and the GDP is 3.34933

trillion yuan, accounting for71.5%, 28.0% and 16.9% of the total of the

country respectively. The west part is also the main region of exporting

power resources and raw materials.

Research and experience show that partial policy and institution are the

important causes of the slow development of the economy in the middle

part. “Central Rise” reflects that the central government thinks highly of

the development of the middle part, so that it will say goodbye to the

pains of the former slow development.

The construction of the project is beneficial to establish the composite

communications and transport system and to exert connective function to

advance industry, capital, technology and human resource transferring

from the east to the west, and it also useful to realize “Central Rise” and

to form a new pattern that the middle part and the west part interact with

complementary advantages and develop together with mutual help.

The west part has broad land with little population. There are border

areas, old revolutionary regions and several ethnic minorities. Owning to

influence of historical, natural, regional factors and so on, there is a big

gap between social and economic development of the west part and the

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east part, and the gap has not been narrowed in the recent 10 years. For

example, in 1995, the per capita GNP of the country was 5,173 yuan, and

number of the east part was the 2.59 times of the number of the west. In

2005, the per capita GNP of the country was 14,040 yuan, and number of

the east part was 23,768, the 2.55 times of the number of the west, which

was 9,338.

The program of accelerating economic development in the middle and

the west part has been arranged as development guidelines of national

economy and society in the beginning of the 21st century by the central

government, and the first item of the corresponding five important

measures is “increase financial support and construction investment to

the middle and the west part step by step, arrange resources development

and infrastructure built with priority”. According to the strategy, Ministry

of Communications has planed to spend 20 years to keep on promoting

to build national arteries in one hand, and focus on executing great

communications project.

Conformed to the central government’s policy of accelerating economic

development in the middle and west part, this project is a practical action

to execute the policy, and it plays an important role in “Western

Development”. The highway from Shanghai to Chengdu collects big

cities closely, such as Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Chongqing, Chengdu

and so on, and the west part and the developed regions in southeast are

linked through it. The construction of the project meets the demand of

“Western Development”.

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7.2.2 Constructive to the Development of Chinas’ Yangtze

River Economic Belt

The Yangtze River economic belt, one of Chinese main economic

development zones, primarily includes seven provinces and two cities

(Jiangsu Province, Anhui Province, Jiangxi Province, Hubei Province,

Hunan Province, Sichuan Province, Yunan Province, Shanghai City and

Chongqing City). In 2005, the land area was accounting for 15% of the

total area of the country, the population was 471.8 million, 36.8% of the

total, and the GDP was 6.37327 trillion yuan, 32.4% of the total. At

present, it is the economic belt of internal rivers’ valley, with the largest

area that can be developed and the widest influence.

The Yangtze River is a dragon, so the delta is the head, Shanghai is the

pearl, the middle reaches is the body, and Chongqing is the tail. In order

to wave the dragon magnificently and forcefully, the key point is the

good coordination of the dragon’s head, body and the tail. The head,

body and the tail has its respective advantage: as an international big city,

Shanghai’ economy is strong; Wuhan, communicating with nine

provinces and lying on the course of Jingjiu railway, has geographical

superiority; Chongqing, the economic center of up reaches region of the

Yangtze River and also the center of shipping in China’s southwest, was

a grand commercial town in history, and has huge potential now. The

gigantic dragon will definitely fly to sky, as long as the three parts

coordinate well.

In 21st century, four big industrial cycles will form in China, the cores of

which are Shnanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan and Chongqing. The four central

cities will be the leaders of economic development and opening to

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outside, the forerunners of institutional reformation and structural

adjustment, the spreader of advanced culture, the repository of

intellective economy, and the creative paradise of new and high-tech

industry. They also take the responsibility to flourish the economy of the

whole Yangtze River’s valley. The Yangtze River economic belt is like a

chain, each part cannot be broken. Some capital cities and regional

central cities, like Hefei, Yichang, etc, undertake the task of transferring

information, communications, and culture & education. Other cities, like

Huangshi, Jingzhou, Jiujiang, etc, also should connect its respective

towns and villages to exert mutual function of collection and spread. In

the Yangtze River economic belt, the formation of city network and the

separation and coordination of different industrial categories need the

support of communications network.

The construction of the project is helpful to boost the cooperation within

the economic belt to realize the complement of predominance and good

interaction, and it is still useful to “introduce from the east”, “enter the

west” and “connect the middle”. Besides, it also can promote the flow of

industries, capital, technology and human resource, which is helpful to

accelerate the structural adjustment of economy and industrial upgrade,

and drive the cooperation and interchange of economy and technology in

the belt.

7.2.3 Beneficial to Develop and Take Use of Resources and

Boost Regional Economy

The Yiba highway built plays an important part to develop and take use

of resources, like water power, minerals, tourism, etc, and to boost

regional economy.

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The areas, at the boundary of Hubei and Chongqing, contain the main

migration area of the Three Gorges, and have fertile land resources,

biologic resources, water power resources, minerals resources and

tourism resources. But owning to the blocked communications and close

hilly area, precious resources has not been developed and utilized. The

main affected areas of the project are rich in agricultural and special

products. The reserve of live trees, the rate of forest coverage and the

reserve of wood layers are on top of Hubei Province; the developed

capability of water power is the top of county-level in the country; 57

kinds of minerals have been proved up. The reserve of phosphorus

reaches more than 1.8 billion tons and the content of phosphorus reaches

30%, which is the highest of six mines in the country. The reserves of

mercury, graphite, iodine, chromium, iron, zinc, manganese, silicon,

silver, alum etc are ranked first in the province. Shennongjia forest,

Zhaojun’s hometown, scene of Fenglan, Sanyoudong natural limestone

cave groups and Shennongxi the first drift are all world famous tourist

attractions. This construction can provide good condition of

communicative facilities to develop and utilize these resources, and

accelerate the development of migrants’ areas of the Three Gorgers and

this project. Tourism will became a new factor of economic increase.

This project has definite and practical meaning in promoting Yichang

City to become a regional center of communications and a world famous

tourism city of water power.

7.2.4 Beneficial to Reinforce Social and Economic Relations

and Relations between Regions

Social and economic development only can be realized in interaction, so

isolation and closing can both prevent internal development and limit

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opportunities that other regions benefit from. Presently, economic

relations and communications of the affected areas are largely limited

because of the inconvenient traffic, so that the flows of materials, people

and information are not smooth.

In the project areas, the ratio of the high-level roads is low at present.

The present roads of concrete in Yichang are 5,204.4 km long, among

which village and xiang-level roads are 4,562.6 km long, accounting for

87.7%, nation-level roads are 78.4 km long, accounting for 1.5%,

provincial-level roads are 213.3 km long, accounting for 4.1%, and

county-level roads are 255 km, accounting for 4.9%. Among all the

present roads of concrete, the roads of levels are 354 km long,

accounting for 6.8%, and among the roads with levels, I, II and III-level

roads are 9.6 km, only accounting for 2.7%.

Generally, in the affected areas, although xiangs and towns connect with

counties and counties connect with Yichang City and Wuhan City by

roads, the level of the roads is pretty low, which prevent economic and

social communications greatly. The relations and communications

between the affected areas and other areas is also restricted by the road

condition, for example, Yichang is connected with Wuhan by railway,

but the schedule is rather rigid, which cannot meet the flexible demand

of social and economic interchange. Under the precondition that the road

quality has got ensured, the biggest merit of road is flexibility and

rapidity. Apparently, the project of Yiba highway built is very important

to reinforce the relation between regions.

The construction of the project will improve the traffic condition

thoroughly, and the capital, technology and information drawn by the

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highway built will promote a series of procedures of industrial

development. Make sure that resources can get out of the area and

information can enter, and transform the predominance of potential

resources to practical advantage to develop economy and improve

people’s life.

7.3 Social Effects of the Project

7.3.1 Level of Social Support to the Project

The analysis of questionnaire shows that most villagers under

investigation (93.5%) will cooperate on the Yiba highway construction,

and the ratio of supporters in each investigation spots respectively is:

100% in Qinglong Village, 92% in Wanjiafan Village, 100% in Haiyun

Village, 79% in Fenghaunguan Village, 84% in Huanghuachang Village,

84% in Xinping Village, 100% in Shujiacao Village, 100% in Xibiantang

Village, 100% in Jiangjunling Village, 100% in Xiqiuwan Village, 100%

in Shijiaba County, 100% in Sixiangxi Village and 91% in Zhoujiashan

Village. Generally speaking, the project enjoys extensive popular

support.

7.3.2 Influence of Benefit to Main Correlates

The construction of the Yiba highway will bring influence to different

individuals and organizations, and these are the main stakeholders

Residents, specialized carriers, dealers, wood and orchard contractors and

enterprises affected by occupation, dismantlement and removal are the

direct beneficial correlates. Government’s department of various levels

and other residents in the affected area are indirect beneficial correlates.

The content below is the brief analysis on the affection of the highway to

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the main beneficial correlates, according to the investigation of social

appraisal.

For the main stakeholders, the influence of the highway built is:

(1) Residents affected by occupation, dismantlement and removal.

Revealed from the investigation, the average ratio of land occupation is

52.51%. Three main items of family’s income which maybe decrease

because of land occupation are crops planting, fishery and poultry &

livestock farming, and the reduced income will make up approximately

20.8% of the entire family’s income. Among ethnic minorities, the

average ratio of land occupation is 54.87%, and the reduced income

because of land occupation will make up approximately 16.03% of the

entire.

The structures of income sources of the families affected by occupation,

dismantlement and removal are various, 42.14% of the income from

agriculture (28% from crops planting), and 57.86% from non-agriculture.

Villagers’ loss of crops planting, fishery and poultry & livestock farming

can be compensated by job opportunities in the first and the second

industry, so that their income could reach at least as much as that before

the construction.

In the light of the investigation, villagers who need to move will be

resettled in back of the original houses and assigned residential places

firstly, so that they will not suffer the physical, mental and social

pressure of losing native land and adjusting to new environment. The

migrants’ social relation network, cultural resources, historical tradition

etc. will not disappear.

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(2) Specialized carriers. Both in seminars and indoor interviews, almost

all the people regard specialized carriers as the biggest beneficiaries,

when talking of the benefit brought by the highway built. There are quite

a few specialized carriers in the investigation spots, and the number in

each spot is: 40 in Qinglong Village, 50 in Wanjiafan Village, 10 in

Haiyun Village, 15 in Fenghaunguan Village, 169 in Huanghuachang

Village, 45 in Xinping Village, 8 in Shijiaba County, 32 in Sixiangxi

Village, 10 Shujiacao Village, 25 in Xibiantang Village 100%, and 25 in

Jiangjunling Village 100%. Villager Li of Huanghuachang Village

Huanghua Xiang Yiling District said:

Our householder deals in transportation. The time and cost of transport

will be greatly saved and the frequency will be increased, if only the

highway has been built, so we can definitely earn much more than before.

(Case No.8)

(3) Dealers. After exerting the project, it is beneficial for dealers and

specialized carriers to transfer local produces to the outside rapidly to

increase their income. The information from questionnaire, interviews

and seminars reveals: in 2006, the average family’s crops harvest of local

villagers was 2,660.5 kg, 977.5 kg of which was sold out; the average

family’s vegetable harvest was 648.5 kg, 223.5 kg of which was sold out;

the average family’s orange harvest was 6,225.5 kg, 5,984 kg of which

was sold out; the average family’s pig was 815 kg, 452.5 kg of which was

sold out. Sold to dealers, then transported by all means and processed, the

produces above would be seen in the market of Wuhua City and even the

whole country. Dealers play important part in the connection on villagers

and market, and will benefit most directly from the highway built. It is

just like what a villager of Qinglong Village Longquan Town Yiling

District said in a seminar:

After the highway built, it will be more convenient for dealers to

purchase our produces, and more rapidly to convey them to the outside,

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so dealers will get the most benefit from the project. (Record of seminar

in Qinglong Village)

(4) Contactors of wood and orchard. The highway built will benefit some

contactors of wood and orchard a lot. Villager Zhang of Haiyun Village

Yaqueling Town said:

A short time before, I have contacted for 60 Mu wood land, where I plant

fruit trees, poplars and rape and raise fish, and I also grow yellow ginger

as medicine medicinal material. Except planting crops, I spend most of

the rest time in this wood land. The cost of managing the wood land is

really high, including spraying pesticide, weeding and guarding, about

5,000 yuan annually. I have invested 200,000 yuan to the fish pond and

fruit trees, but have gained nothing till now. The rape planting is the

program of supporting the poor in the county, but nobody has come here

to buy rape while they have been mature now. I plant yellow ginger for

about 40 Mu, and there is also no one coming here to buy them. Maybe I

will gain mainly from the over 4,000 poplars, for the rest are unprofitable

now. I hope that dealers could come here to buy my rape and ginger.

(Case No.17).

(5) Ordinary villagers. The highway built is beneficial for villagers to go

out to work and do business in one hand, and to open stores and

restaurants at the highway exit in the other hand.

Villager Wang of Jiangjunling Village Xiqiuwan Xiang Badong County

said:

Our village is about 39 km away from the county, and there are 5 regular

buses and some private taxis here. It will cost 30 yuan and nearly one

hour to go to and back from the county. I go to the county only two or

three times a year to buy some products, fertilizer, pesticide and seeds. I

am dissatisfied with the traffic condition, the roads here is bad, unlike

other places, and I do not know why it is like this. As an old revolutionary

area, there is still garrison here. I got known about the project from

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neighbors, it will occupy at least 2 Mu of my paddy fields. I think that the

project is beneficial for me to go out, and for my son and daughter to go

home directly. (Case No.45)

Another villager Xiong said:

I have known the highway built, and I think that it will bring grand

economic future to common people and huge advantage to our offspring.

I have planed to do business because of the convenient communications.

(Case No.49)

Villager Zhang of Fenghuangguan Village Longquan Town said out the

profit that common villagers may gain:

After the highway built, those who engage in transportation will gain

most, because we will ask them to convey our oranges, watermelons and

vegetables frequently. Those who have sense and ways of business can do

business and will also gain a lot. Those who manage stores can go far

away to buy goods more cheaply. The outside workers can go out and

back home more conveniently. In the end, those has redundant rooms can

rent them to other dealers or use them to do business by their own.

(5) Enterprises. Improvement of the communications condition will

reduce the cost of materials flow and benefit enterprises’ long-term

development, for the good communications condition can improve the

local investing environment. For example, local transport of oranges and

processing firms will increase their competitive advantages in the market

for the good road condition.

The indirect and potential beneficiaries mainly are:

(1) Women and children. In the affected area, women take over most

agricultural productions so that they are relatively intensive in this field,

while the female ratio of the non-agricultural workers is relatively low.

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Because of these reasons and the principle of male priority of

employment, sexual gap of engagement has formed to some extent. The

highway built will help part of women affected by occupation to transfer

from planting crops to engaging in the second and the third industry. It

will offer them opportunities to engage in business, service and catering,

so the local sexual gap will be narrowed somewhat. After executing the

project, local information will flow faster and women’s view will be

substantially widened. As women take most responsibility of raising

children, and women’s life condition will directly influent children’s

education and welfare, so increasing women’s benefit will directly

benefit children.

(2) Urban and country residents in the project areas. The construction

and reformation of the project will need large amount of labor force, so

urban and country residents can increase income by join in the

construction. In the meanwhile, they can benefit indirectly from

composite effects like transportation, tourism etc, caused by the Yiba

highway construction. But some villagers, like those in Qinglong Village

and Wanjiafan Village of Longquan Town, said that the close highway

will decrease their benefit, so in order to increase the benefit, the

highway is expected to have more exits.

(3) Governments of various levels in cities (districts), counties and

xiangs (towns). After executing the project, more outside investment will

be drawn into the area, so the financial tax income of governments of

various levels will increase, and the project will promote construction in

villages and towns to accelerate urbanization. More tourists will be

attracted, so that financial tax income of governments of various levels

will increase too.

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7.3.3 Influence to social stability

During the highway built, areas where social stability is affected are the

villages where expropriation and dismantlement are relatively centralized.

Yiba highway was designed with the same conception of Shiman

highway, which prefers to increase investment to reduce expropriation

and migration as much as possible. At present, in the villages, where

social apprise was involved, the amount of expropriation and migration

has largely reduced, so that the potential problems of social stability

decrease greatly.

What should be pointed out is that, as expropriation and migration

receive wide attention in the recent four years, definite policy and

regulation has been made in the country, and instructions on

compensatory standard, compensatory level and compensatory method

are extensively known and accepted by common people. Therefore,

migrants’ removal and perpetual expropriation will not arouse problems

of social stability, as far as compensation and working ways are suitable.

Where the problems of social stability will be easily taken place are the

villages where the amount of individual expropriation and

dismantlement is relatively high. Problems of disturbing of social

stability will not arise, if villagers get substitutable income sources, even

though the land expropriation is large, while the situation can be opposite,

if villagers can not get substitutable income sources. Talking about house

dismantlement and removal, social stability issues will not arise, if the

new position is as good as the previous one and the payments is enough

for rehousing. But issues will probably break out if the new position is

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much worse than the previous, even residential place can not be acquired

for the land shortage in the village.

Whether the issues will arise is also related to the previous experience

about expropriation, dismantlement and removal and negative effect in

the villages. Looking from questionnaire and interviews in this social

assessment, it is not likely for villagers to be assigned ideal places for the

land shortage in Huanghauchang Village and Xinping Village of

Huanghua Xiang, so they will probably take collective actions when they

are dissatisfied with compensation and installment. Besides, in Haiyun

Village and Fenghuangguan Village, villagers will also probably take

collective actions when they are dissatisfied with compensation, for they

live mainly on orange planting, and for the compensatory influence of

Jingyi highway in 2003.

What should also be pointed out is that, in ZhoujianshanVillage Gaoqiao

Xiang Xingshan County, 7 households need to move again, because they

are migrants from the Three Gorgers. Their houses were built a short

time before, so they will resist moving if compensatory level is lower

than that of migrants from the Three Gorgers, although they have

showed willing to support and cooperate on the highway built.

Therefore, policy of expropriation, dismantlement and removal should

be made according to local fact of society and economy, and how to

reduce negative impact to village is the most important job for unit

owners. The conception of “unit owners’ social responsibility” will be

emphasized in the practice of expropriation, dismantlement and removal,

which is a guarantee of stability of project’s construction and local

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society.

7.3.4 Analysis on Employment Effects

(1) Job opportunities during the construction period.

A large amount of job opportunities will be provided during the 4.5 years

construction period of the project.

a) Constructers on the complex project.

b) Service workers for the constructors.

c) Migration and resettlement in the affected area. The highway built

needs some residents to removal and rebuild, so workers are needed for

the construction of new houses. According to estimation of local residents,

it will take 200 workdays to build a house of 100 m2. Calculated by

309.74 m2 per household, the same with the original, it will take 618

workdays.

d) Personnel in charge of project designing, supervising and management

and scientific researchers for the Yiba highway construction.

(2) Job opportunities after the construction of the project is completed.

a) The Managing Company is going to be established after the

construction and personnel in charge of management, service and road

maintenance will be needed.

b) As the construction of the project promotes the economic development

of surrounding areas, the economic development will provide more job

opportunities.

(3) Optimizing social labor force structure

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The development of the second and the third industry is comparatively

slow in the four districts and counties of affected area. In 2006, the

proportion of employment rate of the first, the second and the third

industry in Yiling District was respectively 35.3 percent, 18.85 percent

and 45.80 percent; the proportion in Zigui County was respectively

67.28 percent, 12.79 percent and 19.93 percent; the proportion in

Xingshan County was respectively 55.08 percent, 11.02 percent and

33.90 percent; the proportion in Badong County was respectively 60.16

percent, 1.82 percent and 38.02 percent. Except Yiling District of

Yichang City, the employment rates in the second and the third industry

of the other counties were all much lower than that of provincial average

level (52.3 percent) and national average level (55.3%).

The highway built is going to promote local development of construction,

transportation, business and restaurant business. With the deepening of

local commercialization and marketization, commerce, financial

business and consultation business will gain development as well. The

development of tourism will promote development of related service

industries. All factors above will bring active impacts on optimizing

industry structure of the cities and towns of the affected area.

7.3.5 Promoting the Process of Local Urbanization

Overall, the urbanization level in the affected area is comparatively low.

Revealed from the statistical data in 2006, the agricultural population of

Yiling District accounted for 76.3% of the total population, and the

number was 83.4% in Zigui County, 78% in Xingshan County and

88.5% in Badong County. The ratios in these places were all higher than

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average level of the country, while the urbanization levels were lower.

Looking from the statistical data in 2005, national urban population was

562.12 million, 43% of the total, and agricultural population was 745.44

million, 57% of the total.

Alex Inkeles, a famous American expert on modernization, held up ten

general standards for modernization. One of them is, as a modern

country, the urbanization level should be over 50 percent. From this

angle, the proportion of residents in the four cities and towns of the

affected area is far behind modernization. The construction of Yiba

highway will promote the process of local urbanization by making a part

of rural population become city and town population.

7.3.6 Promoting the Development of Local Education and

Governance

(1) Promoting local education development

Firstly, the improvement of rural roads will certainly promote the local

educational and social development. Firstly, it will be more convenient

for kids and the youth to further their studies. In the investigated areas of

the sub-project, most villagers think it convenient to go to school since

the school is in the village. But when it is time for their children to go to

town or the county, or even the capital of their province and other

provinces to pursue their further education, the improvement of the road

will greatly shorten the distance and provide more convenience for them.

Progress in education will in return play a positive role in the sustainable

improvement of poverty-stricken families and will help relieve poverty

in rural areas.

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Secondly, it will promote villagers to realize the importance of culture &

education. At present, the development level of culture & education is

not high. Among those under investigation, the ratio of illiteracy is 9.3%

of the population above 6, which is higher than that of the countrywide

population (9.08%), according to the fifth census in 2000 in China. Quite

a few people will work outside, do farming at home, or do

non-agricultural work after graduation from middle school, rather than

studying further. Under the condition that social and economic

development demand higher level of education to labors, it is not enough

to only graduate from middle school. Besides, Chinese elementary

education ignores the content of labor and skill seriously. The

construction and the opportunities offered by it will promote some locals

to aware the importance of culture & education, and promote them to put

the awareness into action.

Thirdly, improvement of roads will increase the flows of people,

materials and information. Outsiders will have easier access to villagers

and insiders can more easily get out. Such a communication not only has

positive effect on the economic development but also widens local

people’s horizons and changes their ideas as well as lifestyle gradually.

Under this influence they can gradually depart from the traditional rural

way of life. Such a change has far-reaching influence on villagers.

(2) Promoting the improvement of local management

This construction is a big project with huge investment for the local,

which involves knowledge about geology, hydrology, aerography,

sediment, protection of cultural relics, environmental effects, land

expropriation，migrants’ resettlement, investment estimation, economic

assessment and assessment of social influence. The comprehensive

utilization of knowledge of all the areas is a new experience for local

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governors. Owning to the construction of the project, people of different

departments and groups are going to be mobilized and coordinated;

human resource, material resources and financial resources are going to

be planned and optimized; all of these will promote the level of social

and economic management of local government.

(3) Promoting the innovation of construction ideas of local governors.

World Band Loan Project’s concerns for social equity, participation and

equality will impact and renovate construction ideas of local governors

and constructers. These new construction ideas will have impacts on the

practice of loan projects in china and gain attention to humane concerns

during the construction process of projects so that people of all walks of

life can benefit from projects that aim at promoting local socioeconomic

development.

Actually, local managers have updated some conceptions, according

previous experiences. For example, in the design of Shiman highway

built, expropriation of farmland was reduced to the least amount and

2,500 Mu land was reclaimed along the route, so that the tension of

people and land was alleviated and sustainable development of society

and economy along the route was promoted. In the project of Xiaoxiang

highway, in order to protect tomb group of Zhanguo era in Jiuliandun

Zaoyang, the original design of road was changed to bridge, which cost

nearly 20 million yuan. In the project of Shiman highway built, in order

to protect the fossil of dinosaur’s egg which had a history of 65 million

years, investment was increased to move the highway’s main route to

south twice. In 2004, two roads—— Changshi and Tunban—— in the

village of Enshi City were commended by the World Bank as models to

other developing countries for their high quality. The project of Yiba

highway has not only continued the conception above, but also firstly

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emphasized the conception of “Owners’ social responsibility”, which is

helpful to migrants’ installment, and promote sustainable development of

migrants and harmonious built of the local society.

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8. Conclusions and suggestions of social appraisal

8.1 Chief Conclusions

● In Hubei Province, the Yiba highway is the west stretch of the

highway from Shanghai to Chengdu, which is one of eighteen

east-to-west highways, according to “National Highway Network

Program”(network No.7918). The highway, extending 173 km,

begins in Bahe, connecting Jingyi highway, and ends up in Badong

County in the joint of Hubei and Chongqing, joining Wufeng

highway in Chongqing. The area, where the high way will pass

though, is administratively belong to Yiling District Yichang City,

Zigui County, Xingshang County and Badong County of Shien

Tujia & Miao Autonomous Prefecture. The project of Yiba

highway with the total loans of 150 million dollars from the World

Bank has been arranged into the World Bank’s program from 2007

to 2009.

● The World Bank Project Office of Hubei Communication

Department entrusts the Social Survey Research Center of Peking

University to form an expert group who will be in full charge of the

social assessment of the project.

● The aim of this social assessment is to evaluate the social impacts

brought by the project and provide suggests on how to handle these

impacts under the quides of the World Bank polcies. At the same

time, a monitoring and evaluation system is established on the base

of survey research.

● The goals of this social assessment are: to understand the possible

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social influence to local residents and their attitude; to understand

the special influence to women and their attitude and participation to

the project; to analyze the relationship between influenced migrants’

attitude to expropriation, dismantlement and resettlement and their

chose actions, and discuss and attend migrants’ acceptable

resettlement plan to avoid social risks like collective appeals or

other action ways because of unsuitable resettlement plan; to ensure

main and secondary stakeholders analyze social effects to the

beneficiaries, and commend measures to amplify their benefits as

much as possible.

● A method combining quick participative rural appraisal (PRA) and

fieldwork in anthropology as well as the questionnaire survey in

sociology is adopted for this social appraisal.

● There are various landforms in the project impacted area, with

mountains and hills taking the dominant place. Yiling District, Zigui

County and Xiangshan County locate at the joint of Exi

mountainous districts and Hanjiang Plain. Badong County locates in

the northeast of Enshi Tujia & Miao Autonomous Prefecture, and

three mountains (Daba Mountain, Wu Mountain and Wuling

Mountain) lie in it.

● The development level of project-impacted area varies greatly, and

the level of economic development in Yiling District ranks

relatively high. In 2006, the GDP was 7.466 billion yuan, with per

capita GDP 14,438 yuan. The structure of the output value of the

three major industries was 18.9:40:41.1. The employment structure

was 35.3:18.9:45.8. Per capita net income of rural residents was

4,072 yuan. Per capita disposable income of residents in cities and

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towns was 8,812 yuan, a little higher than the average provincial

level. The level of economic development in Xingshan Village was

ranked in the middle place. In 2006, the GDP was 1.975 billion

yuan, with per capita GDP 10,816 yuan. The structure of the output

value of the three major industries was 23.3: 21.5:55.2. The

employment structure was 55.1:11.0:33.9. In Zigui Village and

Badong Village, the levels of economic development were

relatively low, and they both are state identified poor counties. In

2006, the GDP was 1.975 and 4,682 billion yuan respectively.

● Since 1980s, employment model for urban residents in Xiangfan

has been transiting to pluralized providers, contracted employment,

and flexible relationship. These changes mean the end of

permanent employment. Provision of job Post has been taken place

by providing job opportunities, which has dramatic impacts on job

allocation model for those who need to be resettled.

● Since 1980s, non-agricultural sectors in Chinese rural areas have

developed rapidly. Yichang and Enshi city is no exception.

Development of non-agricultural sectors, free floating space for

peasants and increase of resources has made peasant become an

identity, not an occupation any more. Among the laborers who are

called peasant in Xiangfan, 42.5% are engaged in business in the

second and third industry, and in Xingshan Village, Zigui Village

and Badong Village, the ratio is 30%, 28% and 34.6% respectively.

A large amount of rural laborers are part-time laborers, who

cultivate land, raising poultry and livelihood and do odd jobs in

nearby towns and villages. Among the villages surveyed, the

proportion of laborers engaged in agriculture, forestry, livestock

farming and fishery only accounts for less than 20% of the total

laborers in Qinglong village and Jiangjunling village, the ratio is

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less than 45% in Wanjiafan Village and Huanghuachang Village,

the ratio is about 50% in Xiqiuwan Village, Xinping Village,

Zhoujiashan Village, and Shujiacao Village, and the ratio is

relatively high in Haiyu Village, Fenghuangguan Village, Shijiaba

Village, Xibiantang Village and Sixiangxi Village, about 60%-80%.

● Developments of non-agricultural sectors and diversified

employment patterns in rural areas have drastically changed

income structure of rural residents. According to the income

structure of the surveyed families, in 2006 average household plant

income was 10,406.18 yuan, which is the main part of household

income, accounting for 27.91% of the total. Manual work income

was 8,743.38 yuan, accounting for 23.45%. Business and service

income was 7,919.12 yuan, accounting for 21.24%. Income from

poultry and livestock breeding was 4,822.35 yuan, accounting for

12.93%. Generally, agricultural income still accounted for an

important proportion of household income, but the importance was

gradually decreasing. Among the household income, agricultural

income accounted for 42.41% of total income, while Non-plant

income accounted for 57.86%.

● As for the prioritization of reasons for family’s richness, the order

is like this: “knowledge, mind and sense of business” (46%) which

is the most important reason, some members in the family worked

outside (20.1%),“hard work” (13.3%), “lots of land and forest”

(10.8%), “setting up shops, having a stable occupation and growing

characteristic plants” (7.2%), and “convenient communications”

(1.4%). As for the prioritization of reasons for family’s poverty, the

order is like this: “no culture, no specialty and limited living

capability” as primary reasons (52.6%), “inconvenient

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communications and difficulty of relating to outside economy”

(39.4%),“lack of funds and accesses to latest information”

(38.0%),“illness of family members and few or no laborers”

(32.1%),“few production resources”, “employment opportunities”,

“bad financial condition of family”, “lazy and content with present

condition” and “many kids leading to heavy burden”. All above has

revealed a faction that the factor of human resource is more

important than that of land resource.

● Land expropriation will have negative impacts on household

income of local residents of rural area. According to questionnaire

survey to 143 households, only land occupation will be needed in

the 18.9% of households (27), only removal will be needed in the

11.2% of households (16), both land occupation and removal will

be needed in the 60.1% of households (86), neither occupation nor

removal will be needed in the 6.0% of households, and information

about occupation and removal is unclear in the 5.6% of households.

Among all the valid samples (135), the land of 83.1% of

households (113) will be affected. The least land occupation of

household is 0.46 Mu, the most is 14.8 m, with average number is

3.59 m. The average level of land occupation is 53.51% of the

household’s total. The household with the occupation level under

20% accounts for 25% of the total households, the level between

20% and 50% accounts for 27.8%, the level between 50% and 75%

accounts for 15.4%, and the level above 75% accounts for 31.8%.

In the affected households, the income of crops planting, fishery

and poultry/livestock farming will decrease for the occupation.

Taking average household’s income of in 2006 34,895.83 yuan as

standard, the possible amount of decreased income will be 20.8%

of the total.

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● Among 36 families of ethnic minorities under investigation, 20

families’ land occupation is involved. The least percentage which

occupied land account for of the family’s total land is 10%, and the

most is 100%, with the average percent is 54.87%. The household

with the occupation level below 20% accounts for 20% of the total

households, the level between 20% and 50% accounts for 34.7%,

and the level above 50% accounts for 45.3%. Taking average

household’s income of in 2006 34,050 yaun as standard, the

possible amount of decreased income will be 16.03% of the total.

● Generally, faced with the possible negative impact caused by the

project, villagers under investigation will response actively. Based

on family, they will reclaim, develop and take use of the rest land

and seize market opportunities. The main responses are: “make

good use of the rest of the land and cultivate it carefully and

intensively” (48.1%), “try for more work opportunities and

increase non-agricultural income” (27.5%), “take advantage of

payments to do non-agricultural business, making up for the loss”

(13.0%), “ensure compensation as much as possible through all

kinds of protest and methods” (4.6%), and “trust to destiny without

any ways to compensate for the loss” (4.6%). Villagers’ loss of

crops planting, fishery and poultry & livestock farming can be

compensated by job opportunities in the first and second industry,

so that their income could reach at least as much as that before the

construction.

● Villagers under investigation will express their opinions officially

or unofficially on compensatory ways, standard and level for land

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occupation, house dismantlement and removal. There are 8 ways to

express them: to call on relevant administrative department of

government directly to solve problem by their own (52.7%), to

tolerate discontent as much as possible (12.2%), to appeal to higher

authority for help alone (9.9%), to call on the relevant department

of government for help (9.9%), to collect others to appeal (5.3%),

to go with the stream (4.6%), to solve problem by law (3.1%), and

to refuse to move insistently (1.5%).

● Sexual gap will not widen in the impacted communities. In

impacted areas, women take more responsibilities in agricultural

production. As a result of that, local women are comparatively

concentrated in planting business, while there are a comparatively

small percentage of women working in non-agricultural industries.

Also due to the traditional practice of male preference in

distributing job opportunities, sexual separation in occupation is, to

some degree, observable. The construction of the project will give

opportunities for local women to break away from agricultural

production, and engage in business in the second and the third

industry. As a result of that, it will mitigate local sexual separation

in occupation. As far as women’s practical political participation is

concerned, the construction of the project mainly has positive

impacts on women’s political status. Duos to the construction of

the project, women’s awareness of political participation,

awareness of participation in social activities and awareness of

social supervision over local cadres have all been raised further. As

far as education participation and status in the family are concerned,

the local sexual gap is narrowing, and the construction of the

project has no negative impact on these issues.

● Most female residents are willing to cooperate with local

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government on the construction of the project (91.9%) and are

willing to move (67.4%). Women’s attitudes towards compensation

for land expropriation and rehousing are expecting monetary

compensation, accompanied with social security and so on. They

also hope that open and transparent compensatory standard and

sum should be open and clear, and expect to build houses by

themselves at convenient position. When local women’s

willingness to participate can not be not satisfied, they are going to

take actions to fight for their own best interests by attracting more

attention and obtaining a better result. Four ways most possibly

taken by local women are: to call on relevant administrative

department of government directly to solve problem by their own

(31.3%), to tolerate discontent as much as possible (25%), to

appeal to higher authority for help alone (12.5%), and to collect

others to call on the relevant department of government for help

(12.5%).Significant difference exists in action ways of expressing

discontent between those of different genders. [Pearson Chi-Square

＝25.155，Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) ＝.001 ]. Compared with men,

women more choose to tolerate discontent as much as possible,

refuse to move and appeal to higher authority for help, while men

more choose to call on relevant administrative department of

government directly to solve problem by their own and to collect

others to do this.

● Faced with the possible negative impact caused by the project,

female villagers may take five ways of response. The first way is to

make good use of the rest of the land and cultivate it carefully and

intensively (41.2%); the second way is to take advantage of

payments to do non-agricultural business, making up for the loss

(20.6%); the third way is to try for more work opportunities and

increase non- agricultural income (14.7%); the fourth way is to

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trust to destiny without any ways to compensate for the loss (8.8%),

and the last way is to ensure compensation as much as possible

through all kinds of protest and methods (5.9%).

● 90% of residents in Yiling District are of Han nationality and only

a few are ethnic minorities, such as Tuijia, Hui and Miao. 99.56%

of residents in Xingshan County are of Han, and 99.51% of

residents in Zigui County are also of Han, with the few ethnic

minorities of Tuijia and Hui. Badong County is administratively

subjected to Shien State. The population of ethnic minorities in

Badong is relatively big, which was 213,708, 46% of the total

population, according to the data of the fifth census in 2000.

Among the ethnic minorities, the population of Tuijia (212,424)

and Miao (756) are relatively big. Although the population of

ethnic minorities is relatively big, they are living mixed with the

Han, and there is no apparent difference of daily production

between them. Except most the Hui believe in Islam and do not eat

pork, life style of the minorities is quite similar to that of the Han,

they also eat jiaozi, zongzi, yuanxiao and moon cake on festivals.

● This social assessment conducted questionnaire investigation in 13

villages of directly affected area, 143 households and 650 persons

were involved. Among them, there are 448 persons of Han

nationality, accounting for 73.1%, 155 of Tujia, accounting for

25.4%, 6 of Hui, accounting for 1%, and 2 of others, accounting for

0.3%. Those of ethnic minorities under investigation relatively

concentrated in Shujiacao Village of Yanduhe Town and Xiqiuwan

Village and Jiangjunling Village of Xiqiuwan Xiang in Badong

County. During the questionnaire investigation, affected villagers

of ethnic minorities were especially chosen as investigating objects

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to understand the project’s influence to them and their attitude.

● In the indoor interview and questionnaire investigation, nationality

is an important variable. Large amount of information was

collected on ethnic minorities’ household and marriage,

occupational condition, housing and living, communications and

travels, production and labor division, income and outlay, social

support network, project’s influence, expectation and so on. In the

sections of project’s social and economic influence, project’s

influence, social risks and so on, overall analysis has been made,

taking nationality as an independent variable. No significant

differences of project’s influence are found among nationalities and

no significant differences of expressing expropriation,

dismantlement and benefit are found between ethnic and Han

nationality.

● Revealed from the investigation in towns, Xiangs and

administrative villages of Badong County, no significant difference

of the negative impact brought by the project exists between ethnic

minorities and Han nationalities in Shujiacao Village, Xiqiuwan

Village and Jiangjunling Village. So special program for ethnic

minorities’ development has no need to make.

● The construction of the Yiba highway will bring influence to

different individuals and organizations, and these are the main

beneficial correlates. Residents, specialized carriers, dealers, wood

and orchard contractors and enterprises affected by occupation,

dismantlement and removal are the direct beneficial correlates.

Government’s department of various levels and other residents in

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the affected area are indirect beneficial correlates.

● The construction of the Yiba highway will improve

communications apparently. The appearances are like this: (1)

improving national highway network and promoting to form

provincial main road network and make it work practically as soon

as possible; (2) strengthening the connection with road network out

of the region, and joining national road No.209, Yixing highway,

Baoxing highway, Bawu highway, and so on efficiently; (3)

relating to waterways out of the region, and making carriages by

water and land complementary to form a three-dimensioned

communications network; (4) strengthening the joint with railways

and airways out of the region to form a three-dimensioned

communications network.

● The construction of the Yiba highway has apparent socially

economic benefit except communications. (1) It is beneficial to

execute strategies of “Central Rise” and “Western Development” ;

(2) it is beneficial to promote the development of China Yangtze

River Economic Belt; (3) it is beneficial to develop and take use of

resources, and boost regional economy; (4) it is beneficial to

reinforce social and economic relations and relations between

regions.

● The construction has apparent social effects. (1) The effect of

employment will be significant. Firstly, job opportunities will be

provided during the construction period, including constructers on

the complex project, service workers of the third industry,

personnel in charge of project designing, supervising and

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management, and scientific researchers. The second is job

opportunities after the construction of the project is completed.

Thirdly, social labor force structure will be optimized. (2) The

process of local urbanization will be promoted. (3) Development of

local education and governance will be promoted.

● During the highway built, areas where social stability is affected

are the villages where expropriation and dismantlement is

centralized. Yiba highway was designed with the same conception

of Shiman highway, which prefers to increase investment to reduce

expropriation and migration as much as possible. At present, in the

villages, where social apprise was involved, the amount of

expropriation and migration has largely reduced, so that the

potential problems of social stability decrease greatly.

● Where the problems of social stability will be easily taken place are

the villages where the amount of individual expropriation and

dismantlement is relatively high. Disturbing problems of social

stability will not arise, if villagers get substitutable income sources,

even though the land expropriation is large, while the situation can

be opposite, if villagers can not get substitutable income sources.

Talking about house dismantlement and removal, social stability

issues will not arise, if the new position is as good as the previous

one and the payments is enough for rehousing. But issues will

probably break out if the new position is much worse than the

previous, even residential place can not be acquired for the land

shortage in the village.

● Whether the issues will arise is also related to the previous

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experience about expropriation, dismantlement and removal and

negative effect in the villages. Looking from questionnaire and

interviews in this social assessment, it is not likely for villagers to

be assigned ideal for the land shortage in Huanghauchang Village

and Xinping Village of Huanghua Xiang, so they will probably take

collective actions when they are dissatisfied with compensation and

installment. Besides, in Haiyun Village and Fenghuangguan Village,

villagers will also probably take collective actions when they are

dissatisfied with compensation, for they live mainly on orange

planting, and for the compensatory influence of Jingyi highway in

2003.

● What should also be pointed out is that, in ZhoujianshanVillage

Gaoqiao Xiang Xingshan County, 7 households need to move again,

because they are migrants from the Three Gorges. Their houses

were built a short time before, so they will resist moving if

compensatory level is lower than that of migrants from the Three

Gorgers, although they have showed willing to support and

cooperate on the highway built.

● Therefore, policy of expropriation, dismantlement and removal

should be made according to local fact of society and economy, and

how to reduce negative impact to village is the most important job

for unit owners. The conception of “unit owners’ social

responsibility” will be emphasized in the practice of expropriation,

dismantlement and removal, which is a guarantee of stability of

project’s construction and local society.

● Overall, the project of Yiba highway built enjoys great social

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support. It is not only supported by most experts and all levels of

local governments, but also supported by the majority of the

villagers whose land will be expropriated and who will be resettled.

According to the questionnaire investigation to 143 households of

local rural residents, 93.5% of residents showed they are willing to

cooperate with the construction. 90.1% of the households that will

be rehoused showed that they are willing to move if it is necessary

for the construction of the project.

8.2 Villagers’ Suggestions

8.2.1 Land Expropriation and Compensation

● Villagers under investigation hope for various compensation ways

for soil, among which monetary compensation takes up the greatest

part. 81.8% of villagers under investigation would like monetary

compensation, 21.0% hope to get job opportunities offered by

government and relative department, 19.6% want to be

compensated by soil, 15.4% want to transact endowment security

for the affected villagers with compensatory payments, and 10.5%

would like the combination of money, soil and social security.

● Female expectation of compensation for expropriation is a little

different with that of the male. Among male villagers under

investigation, 87.1% of them hope to be compensated in the way

money, 19.4% hope for the way of soil, and 23.5% hope for the

combination of compensatory payments and job opportunity.

Among the females, that ratio is 68.4%, 26.3% and 10.5%

respectively.

● No significant difference of expectation of compensation for soil

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exists between Han nationality and ethnic minorities. Among

villagers of Han nationality under investigation, 77.1% of them

would like monetary compensation, 21.9% would like soil

compensation, 21.0% would like the combination of payments and

job opportunity, and 17.1% hope to transact social security with

soil compensatory payments. Among villagers of ethnic minorities,

that ratio is 97.2%, 19.4%, 16.7% and 11.1% respectively.

● Among relatively poor villagers who account for 20% of total

population, 75.9% of them would like monetary, 24.1% would like

soil compensation, 10.3% would like the combination of payments

and job opportunity, and 13.3% hope to transact social security

with soil compensatory payments. Among relatively non-poor

villagers, that ratio is 84.1%, 22.7%, 19.7% and 15.2% respectively

● Among those who mainly do farming at home, 79.0% of them

would like money as compensation, 24.0% would like soil, 17.0%

would like combination of payments and job opportunity, and

20.0% hope to transact social security with soil compensatory

payments. Among those who mainly do non-agriculture work at

home, that number is 84.1%, 22.7%, 19.7% and 15.2% respectively.

Among those who work outside, the number is 83.3%, 5.6%,

38.9% and 11.1% respectively.

● As for compensatory methods and standards, they should be made

via consultation between government and villagers. Compensation

should vary according to specific conditions.

● All kinds of compensatory standards are demanded to be opened so

that assignment of compensation can be supervised by all, and

villagers’ rights and interests can be ensured.

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● Villagers are generally worried about compensation for land and

resettlement will be intercepted and embezzled by different levels

of governments. Therefore, they appeal to the direct grant of all the

money to villagers, after confirmation of compensatory amount and

standard. Some of them even suggest that each family should be

issued a savings account so that all the money can be directly put

into individual account to avoid interception and embezzlement.

Local women particularly pointed out that compensatory amount

and standard should be open and clear.

● If some individual land occupation is too much, offering job

opportunities and suitable training should be taken into account, so

that affected villagers can live on non-agricultural work.

● Many villagers express such idea as more local villagers had better

been employed as an indirect compensation way, they also hope

that the government will permit villagers to organize some working

units themselves to provide services and make full use of laborers

in the village. On this base they prefer that projects will start during

the leisurely season since they have enough time participating

construction and implementation of the projects. Women express

the similar wish as men.

8.2.2 Dismantlement and Removal and Compensation

● Compensatory standards should be fair, justice, open and clear, so

that assignment of compensation can be supervised by all, and

villagers’ rights and interests can be ensured.

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● Compensation for houses is expected to combine money with bases

for building new houses, and the money may cover that was used

on the old house. Women also showed the similar participation, and

they hope to be offered good position to build house by their own.

● Compensation for supplementary houses should be taken into

account. Supplementary houses are usually used for raising pigs as

well as poultry, which add more income to the whole family. Old

supplementary houses will be no use, if the main houses are

dismantled, and they will need to be rebuilt after removal.

● Compensatory standard should take market prices into account.

The structural materials was relatively cheap before, and the cost

for hiring workers was relatively low, so compensation should take

market prices into account, as the market price rose rapidly in the

recent five years.

● Compensation should take the cost of house decorating into

account. Many villagers said that they spent much in the previous

house decorating, and the cost also should be compensated

suitably.

● Compensation should be paid directly into households as soon as

possible.

● The date and address of dismantlement should be confirmed and

the payments should be paid as soon as possible, so that time of

removal can be saved. It would better that dismantlement and

removal can be executed after China’s New Year’s Day, so

villagers could spend the New Year with ease.

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8.2.3 Infrastructure and Compensation

● Irrigation facilities affected during the highway construction is

expected to be compensated.

● Infrastructure in the new installment spots should be established,

such as electricity, water and communications. If they can not be

supplied, villagers should be compensated for that and built them

by themselves.

8.2.4 Suggestions to Highway Construction

● Add more passages beneath the highway. Villagers generally

demand that more passages should be built at entrances to villages

and where cultivated fields are compacted to provide convenience

for villagers’ farming and traveling.

● Some villagers think that close highway will not bring them

convenience and opportunities, so they hope to increase exits as

many as possible.

● Environmental and noise pollution. Some villagers think that

construction of the highway will pollute environment and make

noise. In this sense they suggest regulations should be made by

some branches of the government. For example, those vehicles

with lots of tail gas and noise should be forbidden to run on the

highway and there should be no toting at midnight.

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● Some villagers think that houses which are near the highway and

far from noise are obstructed and thus should be pulled down too.

They hope such villagers’ interests also should be taken into

consideration.

● Routine of the highway is expected to be optimized to avoid

intensively resident villages. Villagers expect this more in

Huanghauchang Village and Xinping Village of Huanghua Xiang.

● Routine of the highway should be informed to villagers as soon as

possible for the convenience of the examination and the approval

of their bases for houses.

● Pay attention to environmental protection and avoid soil erosion.

8.2.5 Safety, Public Security and Other Issues during the

Construction of the Project

● During the construction of the highway, pay attention to influence

exerted on local public order. For example, set more strict

regulation to the management of immigrant workers and care about

villagers’ properties.

● During the execution of the projects, pay attention to safety of man

as well as animals along the line.

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● When cannons are needed to bomb hills, villagers should be

informed in advance.

● Entrances should be made more for convenience of villagers’

traveling if possible.

● Pay attention to civilized construction. Villagers proposed that,

during the construction, their opinions should be respected about

the use of water and electricity and temporary occupation, and

compulsion will not be allowed. If conflicts arise, they should be

settled by government’s mediation, rather than extreme measures

and violence. The construction should avoid uncivilized

phenomenon, which ever happened in the Yijing highway built.

● Cadres should persuade rather than instruct villagers to cooperate

with the construction of the projects. If necessary, legal methods

can be used to avoid direct conflict. And administrative ones had

better be used as less as possible.

● Some villagers propose that both time and scope of the project

construction should be limited to affect people’s daily life.

8.3 Suggestions of Government of Xiangs (Towns)

8.3.1 Land Expropriation and Compensation

● Compensatory standards and payments for soil are expected to

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increase to make up the loss of villagers.

● Compensatory standards for fruit trees should be high, taking their

output and important role in farmers’ families into account.

● Compensatory payments for soil must be provided in advance for

the convenience of their cooperation on the construction of the

projects, or else their cooperation cannot get on well to ensure the

built.

● Pay attention to villagers’ present interest as well as long-run

interest. Some village cadres said that it is better for land

compensation be combined money with social security. Lump

compensation may give villagers startup capital for creating

employment opportunity，but many villagers lack the ability of self

employment in non-agriculture. Once villagers spend all the money

and cannot make a living any more, their life will be in severe

difficulty, and if there is such kind of arrangement of social

security or the minimum living standard security , villagers’ life

will be at least safe. Therefore, some village cadres proposed that

whether the plan that part of land compensation is given to farmers

and the rest is saved to transact social security can be taken into

account. But the difficulty is that there is no relevant policy, and no

relevant policy has been made in the province.

● Deal in non-agricultural industry collectively. Some cadres brought

forward that land payments (about 70%) should be controlled by

the village collective to develop collective economy and purchase

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collective production materials, so that the collective can operate

processing industries, pig farming fields and cattle farming fields,

which can be the basic of further development. But the biggest

problem is how to get villagers’ trust, how to and who manage the

industries, and how to dispose the profit.

● Compensation for temporary occupation. Some cadres pointed that

temporary occupation should be compensated, and should not last

long.

● Priority of opportunity. Some cadres proposed that it was difficult

for them to arrange jobs for affected villagers. The national land

policy made land adjustment impossible, so units conducting the

construction are advised to give business opportunities to the

affected villages with priority. For example, some small projects

suitable for local units should be conducted by them, more farmers

should be hired during the construction, and more present

equipments in the villages (road rollers and bulldozers) should be

used. Capturing these chances, the villagers could earn more to

make up the loss.

● The use of the rest land of the construction. Local cadres said that

the rest land of the construction should be used by the villagers

unconditionally. A cadre of Jiangjunling Village Xiqiuwan Xiang

Badong County said: the general method to install the villages

whose land is occupied is to install them in the original spot, for

they are unwilling to move. Another method of transferring outside

workers’ land to those whose land is occupied is practical, but

acceptors should pay a certain amount of crops or cash. Besides,

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they could go to towns to do some business. Wild land in the

village could be reclaimed but the cost will be very high. Villagers

still could consult with those who conduct the construction, and ask

them to put soil to the place where reclamation is agreeable, and

villager committee could lead and organize villagers to find out

more suitable land.

8.3.2 Dismantlement and Removal and Compensation

● Compensatory standard should be fair, justice, open and clear.

Standard of all kinds of compensatory payments should be opened,

and be executed strictly.

● Compensatory standard for resettlement is expected to rise to some

extent, so that villagers can build new houses with enough money.

● In the affected villages and towns of Xingshan County, the

migrants who need to move again hope that compensatory standard

of the Three Gorgers’ migrants could be executed. Cadre of

Shijiaba Village said: migrants will compare the two compensatory

standards, for here is near to the area of the Three Gorgers reservoir,

and our work will be difficult if this standard is not as good as the

other.

● The solution of residential places is a big problem. Some cadres

proposed several suggestions, including: (1) separating a part of

basic farmland for affected villagers to build houses (proposed by

cadres of Huanghuachang Village and Xinping Village in

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Huanghua Xiang). This suggestion refers to the issue of alteration

of land quality, which should be solved by allround coordination,

rather than village’s strength; (2) executing the policy the same as

the Three Gorgers migrants’. The policy is that construction units

and local government work together to arrange installment spots

for villagers, and then villagers can move in. This suggestion also

needs coordination between government and relevant department;

(3) combining dismantlement and resettlement with socialistic new

country built. Liushenlin, a cadre of Qinglong Village Longquan

Town, pointed that, they would take the measure of exchanging

land for land. That is to exchange residential places for

programmed land, and that also is to divide a lot from protected

area of farmland for affected villagers to build houses by

themselves, combining socialistic new country built. The adoption

of this suggestion depends on higher department’s sanction of the

measure of exchanging residential places for programmed land; (4)

cadres of XinpingVillage said that, there was No. 710 war industry

near to their village, which expropriated 410 Mu land there for

national construction without compensation. Whether the idle

rooms and space of the factory could be used by villagers without

residential places to build their houses? (5) villagers without

residential places could buy from those who had, and the general

cost was about 20, 000 yuan, so compensation for houses should

take buying residential places into account.

● Compensation should be paid directly to villagers in time.

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8.3.3 Infrastructure and Compensation

● The affected infrastructure should be compensated. Both the

directly and the indirectly affected infrastructure should be

compensated. Some cadres said that, part of the roads surrounding

the villages were built by villagers’ own with their own money, and

the roads will be blocked for the close highway and will need

rebuilt, so the loss should be considered.

● Infrastructure should be protected during the construction. Some

cadres pointed that, considering the influence to the infrastructure

of the village, over loading should be managed strictly during the

construction, or else the road will be broken badly.

● Infrastructure of power and communications should be recovered.

The construction will exert negative influence to the normal use of

the infrastructure and farmers’ normal life. Recovery of the

infrastructure should be considered in the construction and after the

main project of the highway.

● Supplementary roads in the village are expected to be improved.

Some cadres pointed that supplementary roads, linking to the

highway, were very important to farmers’ production and life, and

they can be improved this time.

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8.3.4 Suggestions to Road Built

● Exits of the highway should increase, so that villagers could share

benefit from the highway built. Nearly at every investigation spots,

experts of social assessment learnt cadres’ suggestion about

increasing exits of the highway. Cadres highlighted that close

highway will only bring limited convenience, and only exits

increase, can local economy be efficiently promoted to develop.

● The routine of the highway is expected to be optimized to avoid

intensively resident villages. Villagers expect more in

Huanghauchang Village and Xinping Village of Huanghua Xiang.

● The route of the highway and the date of construction should be

decided soon. The construction should be executed early to avoid

agriculturally busy season. It is best to begin after August, and

villagers will suffer the lowest loss.

● Benefit of many departments will be involved in the highway built,

so relations must be dealt with well, avoiding disputes and conflicts.

Some local governments respect farmer’s opinions and farmers are

willing to cooperate. There are still some local governments,

however, leaving some historical issues to villagers. So during the

working process, villagers would demand to settle the old issues

first, causing a lot of problems. The local people have bad

memories about road built mainly because of the deficient

compensation during the Jingyi highway built. The compensatory

standard for expropriation was 9,000 yuan per Mu. According to

the lowest living standard——300 yuan per Mu——at that tine in

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Hubei, it was multiplied by 30 years. 30% of the compensation was

paid to villagers individually, and the rest was reserved to the

collective. Villagers did not understand the compensatory policy

and were not content very much. They appealed for the

compensation for hundreds of times, and blocked traffic

collectively time after time, but the problem had not been settled

yet. The negative influence had formed a historical memory and

action poor for villagers. In the light of this experience, cadres

advised that special organization must be established for

coordination, if coordination with cities and towns was needed.

● It should be a civilized construction. Pay attention to security,

social order and other issues.

8.4 Expert Panel’s Suggestions

8.4.1 Taking Peasants’ Interest into Serious Consideration

● We should listen to voices from different villagers and take their

suggestions into comprehensive consideration. Peasants nowadays

are no longer that they used to be in the 1980s. They have been

differentiated into different social groups. Some focus on

agricultural production while some are not at all farming and still

some take up non-agricultural work. Some peasants became rich in

late 1980s and are leading a well-off life while some can only have

adequate food and clothing. Different peasants have their own

demands and attentions. Although the project of Yiba highway built

cannot benefit everyone specifically, it touches some common

interests of the peasants. Generally speaking peasants are much

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concerned their immediate interests and real life. Even most

peasants agree to the construction of the project of Yiba highway

buil, those who have solved their food and clothing issue are more

concerned with whether their interests will be reasonably and

definitely guaranteed. This is the general background of our

understanding about Chinese peasants. Or we may have unpractical

expectations and demands from peasants.

● Pay attention to peasants’ immediate as well as long-run interest,

especially their sustainable development. Township and village

governments should play an active role in leading peasants to grow

characteristic plants and stocks develop secondary and tertiary

industries to absorb more labor forces. They should also instruct

local people to combine the use of compensation money with their

future production and life.

● Protection of Poverty-stricken People and Women’ Interests. The

poorer families, the more fragile groups in this competitive society,

the higher expectations they will have when opportunities come

before them to improve their lives. More attentions should be paid

to those poor people who may hold too high expectations and may

act irrationally. If Governments should make use of those

commercial opportunities and at the same time provide vocational

training to increase employment opportunities for those poor

people and women, which may reduce some villagers’ irrational

acts.

● Pay attention to the peasants’ interests with a gender perspective.

For example, the design and implementation of resettlement action

plan should take women’s voice into consideration. Their opinions,

attitudes and advices about project and resettlement should be

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taken into account.

● Promote propaganda of the projects. Especially, it is important to

set up information channels for women to know the project

construction.

8.4.2 Compensation for Expropriation, Dismantlement and

Removal

● Take World Bank’s policy and conception about migrants’

installment as guidance, strictly conform to relevant policies of the

country about land occupation and house dismantlement, and make

plans of migrants’ installment that is suitable to local facts.

● The key point of migrants’ installment plans is the compensation

for land occupation and house dismantlement and the execution of

it. The precondition of making acceptable compensatory standard is

based on the overall assessment to affected villagers’ social and

economic life and their possible problems.

● Compensation for expropriation, dismantlement and removal

should be able to maintain the level and the quality of the affected

villagers’ life.

● The compensatory standard for expropriation and dismantlement

should reflect the principle of equality, justness and open.

Compensatory policies for soil and houses, the resettlement

processes as well the finance should be fair and open. For example,

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compensation standards, various standards, different classes and

specific number should be published to all villagers so that they

may participate and supervise the whole process. We should also

listen to different voices from peasants and get to know their

difficulties (especially the opinions of women), to make

adjustments if necessary.

● Compensation for land expropriation must be paid in time, leading

to cooperation of villagers and cadres. Disposition of compensatory

payments among villagers and village collectives should be

decided via democratic discussion in the villagers’ conference. The

method that part of compensatory payments is used to transact

social security can be considered, and the adoption of it should be

decided through villagers’ discussion. With the villagers’

willingness, government should cooperate with units’ owners, if

coordination is needed.

● If some individual land occupation is too much, offering job

opportunities and suitable training should be taken into account, so

that affected villagers can live on non-agricultural work.

● In the highway built, it should be better to take use of local labor

forces, structural materials and equipments to increase the affected

villagers’ income.

● Temporary occupation should be compensated, and should not last

long.

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● Villagers’ suggestions should be adopted about using the rest land

of the construction unconditionally.

● Compensation should take market price, cost of acquiring

residential places, function of supplementary houses, and cost of

house decorating into account.

● Compensation should vary according to specific conditions. When

compensating for dismantlement and removal, units’ owners should

consider the special situation of migrants’ second removal in the

affected area.

● Choosing installment spots and acquiring residential places are

vital to smooth removal. If cooperation of units’ owners and

relevant government is needed on the problem of acquiring

residential places, units’ owners should assume the relevant

responsibility, and coordinate among villagers, towns and

governments of various levels.

8.4.3 Establish and Encourage the Participation System of

Benefactors

● Compensatory standard and method of expropriation,

dismantlement and removal should be discussed via conference of

villagers’ representatives. To form a panel made up of villagers

representatives through democratic selection to make compensation

standards and issue compensation fees. It is important to make sure

that at least one women be in the villagers representative group,

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and the women’s voice be heard by the decision-maker through this

way.

● To establish channels for information request as well as feedback.

For example, install exclusive phones and information box.

● To establish negotiating systems. Seminars should be often held

among township governments, village committees as well as

ordinary villagers to negotiate questions concerned. For example,

when measurable standards or calculating standards vary from each

other a lot, seminars are indispensable until a final agreement has

been reached. It is necessary that at least two women be present at

different kind of seminars related to the project and resettlement,

and the opinions of the women should be taken into account.

● To make channels for appeals unblocked. Unblock channels for

villagers’ reflection and appeals of opinions and problems to avoid

deterioration of problems and conflicts.

● Pay attention to the inform channels of spreading news. When

there is any new information, it should be published to villagers to

avoid negative effects brought by gossips. In the informer chains of

information flow in the countryside, women often play an

important part, so attention should be paid to opinions expressed in

the social interaction between women, like chatting, dropping

around, etc.

8.4.4 Suggestions to Highway Built and Development

● The possibility of optimizing the program further should be

thought about, like avoiding intensively resident villages to reduce

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removal. It is worthy to consider whether the routine of the

highway could be redesigned to decrease removal in

Huanghauchang Village and Xinping Village of Huanghua Xiang.

● With the permission of the construction, exits of the highway

should be increased as many as possible, so that more villagers and

villages could share benefit brought by the highway.

● Some important fundamental facilities should be rebuilt in advance.

Those key facilities which are highly related with local people’s

production and life, different from ordinary fields, forests and fruit

gardens, should be put on the top of the list of reconstruction. More

efforts should be paid to repair or rebuild pools and ponds, ditches

and other irrigating facilities, power facilities vital to migrants’ life

and production, damaged rural roads and other traffic facilities to

reduce effects to the least. Other facilities should also be identified

on the base of extensive investigation.

● During the construction of the highway, priority should be given to

relevant construction companies in the affected area under the same

term.

● Enhance the Propaganda of production safety to avoid the loss of

personnel during construction as less as possible

8.4.5 Pay Attention to and Promote Propaganda of the

Projects

● Propagate extensively the significance of the highway and make it

known to everyone in affected areas. From the survey we find that

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in some affected areas villagers know little about the forthcoming

projects. Some villagers get the information from

non-governmental sources like relatives and neighbors, which

indicate that governments have their own limitations. We suggest

making use of broadcast, television, newspaper, bulletin and

regular meeting to spread relative information about the projects

and make villagers get to know it. At the same time, keep a close

eye to the spread channels of informal information and guide

villagers with formal and official one to reduce negative effects

brought by gossips and misleading information.

8.4.6 Pay Attention to Effects on the Implementation of

Projects by the Past Cadre-ordinary Villagers’ Relationship

in Rural Community and Some Historical Issues

8.4.7 Highlight the Social Responsibility of the Project

Owner

● Unit owners’ social responsibility means it is an extensively

human-oriented construction. During the process of planning

compensatory standards for expropriation, dismantlement and

removal and migrants’ installment, the construction and migrants’

life and development should be combined harmoniously, making

sure of migrants’ existence.

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Appendix One Member of Social Appraisal Team

Liu Aiyu Social Survey Research Center of Peking University Sociology Department, Peking University

Professor, PhD.

Wang Yanghong

The World Bank Financed Project Office, Hubei Provincial

Director

Wang Fan The World Bank Financed Project Office, Hubei Provincial

Director of Demolition Department

Guo Chenglin The World Bank Financed Project Office, Hubei Provincial

Director of Demolition Department

Xie Zijuan Social Survey Research Center of Peking University Sociology Department, Peking University

Staff member，Master

Liu Juli Social Survey Research Center of Peking University

Staff memberr

Lang Lang Social Survey Research Center of Peking University

Staff member

Yan

Zhenyong

Social Survey Research Center of Peking University

Staff member，Master

Liu Jiangbo Social Survey Research Center of Peking University

Staff member，Master

Qi Lili Social Survey Research Center of Peking University

Staff member，Master

Wang Yao Social Survey Research Center of Peking University

Staff member，Master

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Appendix Two Guidelines for the Social Assessment

Work on Yiba Highway Project

Objects of Appraisal:

1. The primary objective of the Social Assessment (SA) is to ensure,

through an extensive and structured effort, that social issues are

adequately understood and addressed, particularly those related to

resettlement, cultural property and heritage, low income groups,

women and elderly people, and ethnic minority groups.

2. The SA should assess the likely social impacts of the project and

propose measures to address these impacts in line with Bank policies

(OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement, OP 4.20 on Indigenous People,

OP. 4.11 on Culture Property). The SA should also propose a

monitoring and evaluation system which will provide up to date

information concerning social development outcomes, including the

effectiveness of mitigation plans.

Scope of Work:

The objective of this social assessment is to understand the direct and

potential influence of the investment of the project on the social and

cultural characteristics in the directly and indirectly affected areas. The

assessment mainly concerns the topics as below:

Project impact analysis. The proposed project would create a

run-off reservoir that would require inundation of farmland and

relocation of households, institutions and enterprises. On the basis of

the project impact inventory to be conducted by the design consultants,

the social assessment consultant will carry out further impact analysis,

particularly of farmland acquisition, through analyzing of employment

patterns and income structures of the affected households. This is

important as the project lies in a suburban area. It would help

understand more accurately the economic impact of land acquisition

upon the affected farming households and plan necessary resettlement

measures.

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Gender aspects of the project preparation. Women are a major

stakeholder group of the project. It is important to identify the

various women groups, carry out separate consultations with them,

bring out their perspectives of the project and enable them to

participate in the project preparation and implementation process. It

is important that the social assessment bring out their particular

concerns and needs, their views and understandings of the impact, their

views of rehabilitation measures, and necessary measures to enable

their participation in the project.

Impacts of the Project and Social Risk. Analyze the relationship

between the attudes of the resettlers’ on land acquisition、dismantle、

resettlement and the action choice they will make, and discuss the

acceptable resettlement plan for the resettlers, and avoid the social risk

such as collective action resulted by the inappropriate resettlement

plan.

Ethnic minority communities. The project area is generally known

not to have ethnic minority communities. The social assessment team

will review relevant data and documents, and confirm this general

understanding. If the assessment turns out otherwise, the social

assessment team would need to recommend necessary measures under

the project in line with government and the World Bank policies on

indigenous people.

Beneficiary assessment. The proposed project is expected to have

broad social, economic and environment benefits. The social

assessment will identify the potential project beneficiaries, evaluate the

expected project impacts upon them and recommend measures to

maximize project benefits for different project beneficiaries.

Specified Activities and Procedures:

1. The SA will be conducted on a sample of farming teams and other communities, by using rapid participatory appraisal methodologies. Given the wide geographical extent of the project, it is neither practical nor necessary to cover every impacted production teams and all the communities. However, the production teams selected for the

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social assessment be representative of all major categories of communities with different socioeconomic settings.

2. Major factors to be considered in the selection include: resources structure and regional characteristics, income levels (poor vs. prosperous), occupation (agriculture vs. non-agriculture), means of production, livelihood patterns (cultivation vs. fishing, transport), land ownership (state vs. private), ethnicity and impacts (direct and indirect). The focus will be laid on directly affected production teams.

3. Some sample teams will also be selected outside the direct impact areas for their feedback on the project. Stakeholders include the following four groups: village/township cadres (government), private owners and entrepreneurs, peasants, special groups (women, children, the elderly, ethnic minorities, handicapped people, etc.).We should get to know their interests and their attitudes towards the projects.

4. The social assessment process mainly includes the following four phases: preparation, field interview and survey, arrangements of materials and analyses of data, writing of the report.

Preparation activities Preparation activities will include the following:

• Categorization of the targeted areas based on social, ethnic and economic characteristics. Collect and analyze the secondary socioeconomic data in the targeted areas. HPCD and other Hubei Provincial Government Departments and Agencies, local governments and transport departments, office of minority nationalities, leading group for poverty alleviation, and statistics bureaus are the main sources of the data.

• Standards for the choice of regions of investigation mainly include locality, social, ethnic and economic characteristics, out of which some representative samples will be picked out;

• Prepare guidelines for fieldwork which include objects, scopes, methods, organizations as well as time of the appraisal.

• Preparation of a framework for focus discussions and interviews with stakeholders, and design household questionnaire.

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Field investigation

（1）Ways of Data Collection.

● Field investigation will be carried out in the form of questionnaire survey,

focus-group meetings, individual interviews and participant observation.

Individual in-depth interviews will be the main source of data used in the

analysis. The interviews will mainly consist of open-ended questions and

include a standard set of questions to develop a socio-economic and

demographic profile on each informant. In each selected production team,

separate focus groups will be formed for women, the elderly and for different

ethnic groups in mixed communities. （2）For production teams , villages and towns which are likely to be impacted, information to be collected will cover:

• Village and production team profile, including demographics, ethnicity distribution, resource base;

• Land tenure (household contract system, land leasing and collective reserved resources, possibility of land redistribution etc.);

• Means of production, especially the structure of output, employment patterns (farm and non-farm activities, animal husbandry, forestry, fishing and other activities); development of township enterprises, general situation of the mobility of labor force, average income per capita, working force which may be possibly affected by the implementation of the projects, possible settlement method of residents in affected areas.

• Formal and informal institutions within the village and production team, their role in decision-making and the nature of relationships among them;

• Village infrastructure (schools, hospitals, water supply and sanitation, roads etc.);

（3）For families which are likely to be affected, information to be collected will cover:

• Information about family members, land, watery areas and forestry of peasants, agricultural incomes and expenditures, non-agricultural income, domestic finance and debts, heads of families’ attitudes towards land, employment situation, agricultural income and technology.

• Residents’ (head of family of family member) perception of project impacts, such as land acquisition, restriction of access to resources, potential employment opportunities, improvement of traffic conditions, improvement of

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water supply and sanitation and participation; • Farmers' perception of resettlement strategies (cash compensation, land

redistribution, land in kind);

（4）If ethnic minority groups are impacted in the project area, the following

additional information should be collected on them: • Brief account of their history; • Review of the Chinese legal framework for ethnic minority people; • Distinctive characteristics in their livelihood patterns, resources sharing,

customs and traditions; • Interactions with other ethnic groups; • Possible community impacts on ethnic minority groups; • Need for special measures for the livelihood rehabilitation of the affected ethic minority

groups, their participation in the project and their sharing of the project benefits;

Data Clear up and Analysis After the field interviews, staff members should collect and select relevant

materials, design forms and analyze them. Computerize materials from the

questionnaire and individual interviews and build a database.

Report Writing

On the base of controlling and understanding all these materials and according to

the requirements of the World Bank, we will start to write the appraisal report and

make necessary amendment and supplementation if necessary. The final Chinese

version of the report will be submitted to the World Bank on September 17.

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Appendix Three: Guidelines for the Interviews of

Cadres on Yiba Highway Project

One General Situation of Affected Villages

1. How many production teams are there in the village? 2. Population (number, sex, nationality, religion, number of agricultural

population and non-agricultural one and their ratio); 3. Major crops in villages; 4. Major mineral, land and forestry resources and their exploration;

Two Social and Economic Situations of the Villages

1. What was the GDP of the village last year? (Agricultural as well as non-agricultural one) Developments of major non-agriculture (including the secondary industry), individual economy and private enterprises;

2. Structure of working force (number of laborers and laborers in the agriculture, industry and the tertiary industry );

3. What is the average per capita income of a village? And what is the income of a laborer?

4. Is your village rich or poor compared with other villages in the county?

5. What are the major causes of the poverty of your village? 6. Labor division based on sex. 7. How many women cadres are there in your village? 8. Does there exist any collective economy (township enterprise)?

What are the main products? Where are they sold out? 9. How many cars, trucks, motor cars, bicycles and agricultural

vehicles are there in your village? 10. How many hospitals are there in your village? 11. How many schools (primary schools as well as junior high schools)

are there in your village? 12. Are there any dropouts? What is the reason behind it? Are there

more girls or boys among the dropouts? 13. How many outgoing laborers are there in your village? Where do

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they work? How many women and men among outgoing laborers? 14. How many roads are there in your village? And what is the traffic

flow? 15. How far it is from the village government to the township/town

government? What are the major traffic tools? How long does it take the major traffic tool to get to the county?

16. Is there any railway through your village? How far it is from your village to the nearest railway station?

17. Is there any road in your village? How many? Are there any buses across your village? What is the pavement of the best roads in your village? (Pitch, stone or mud?)

18. How far is it from the center of the village to the nearest road? Are there any buses across the village? How many vehicles run through your village?

19. Are there any important historical and cultural heritages in your village? Will the construction of the road exert any influence on them?

20. How many ditches are there in your village? Are there any reservoirs or hydroelectric stations?

21. Do villagers drink running water or well water or river water? 22. Have phones been installed in your village? When? And how many

phones are in your village? 23. Is there any clan power in your village? What is its function then?

Three Potential influences of the implementation of the projects on villages

1. Types, quantities and attributes of land expropriated? How many people, especially those laborers will be affected?

2. What measures have been taken to resettle those affected people if their lands are expropriated?

3. Are there any buildings on the expropriated land? When were they built? What are their structures? How much did they cost?

4. Will the village government redistribute the land (cultivated land)? 5. Is it possible for land reclamation? 6. If we have a plan for land reclamation (to make use of the extra land from the

projects and transform those wasteland), what form should be taken to carry

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out such an action? Do you prefer that peasants do it by themselves or the constructing unit assign work and the village government supervise the process?

7. What do you require and expect as far as compensation is concerned?

Four Opinions of Building Roads

1. What benefits will villagers enjoy from the construction of the highway in your opinion?

2. How will your village cooperate with the provincial government on the construction of this highway?

3. What difficulties are there in the cooperation? 4. Do you think that the construction of the highway will exert negative effects

on the original ecological environment in your village? 5. Who do you think will benefit the most from the construction of the roads? 6. What opportunities will women in your village get from the construction of

the roads? 7. Are there any specific policies and measure which may restore livelihood of

resettled people at least to their situation before the project? 8. During the lease period of land, will land be re-distributed and adjusted? If it

is to be adjusted, then what are the standards? How much land has been lost to the construction? And how much income will peasants lose correspondingly? Will the loss be compensated with other opportunities？

9. What influences will the project exert on the long-run production and life? 10. .Do you have any other questions and expectations relevant to the projects? (Note: This guideline for individual interviews also applies for group and cadre interviews. Specific topics may vary in different cases. It aims at understanding social, economic and cultural backgrounds and cadres’ opinions of the projects.)

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Appendix Four: Guidelines for Individual Interviews on

Yiba Highway Project

1.Basic Information of Respondent’s household Family member 、sex、age、education、nationality、children

Number of receiving education currently

2.Production and Operation

Total land of the household Type of land，main production mode

Crops that the household grew in 2006

Products and income

Family expenditure on operation in 2006 Type and structure of expenditure？

Work and leisure time arrangement of the respondent in 2006

Work and leisure time arrangement of the respondent’s wife/husband in 2006

Division of labor among family members

Type of employment of family members

Family income and its components in 2006

Income from planting, and who engaged in planting activities?

Incomes from non-agriculture in 2006?

How could these incomes possible? Who engaged in non-agriculture activities? Information about family member’s working outside （where did she/he worked?

How could it possible? Who mainly worked outside？What about the

income？What did the income from outgoing labours contribute to the

family？etc.）

Expenditure on consumption of the whole family in year 2006

3、Living arrangement

Time of house building

Areas of house

Cost of building

House structure Business use or rent about the house？

Distance from town and count, or city

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Evaluation about the living environment 4、Household property and production materials

Main properties

Main production materials 5、Division of Labor and Decision-making in your Family

Division of labor in your household who has the last say in following matters (Domestic finance、What plants should be

grown、Choice of house /Building of house、Division of labor、Purchase of

expensive goods/large production tools、Further studies and occupations of kids、

Attending committee meetings、Investments and loans、Attending weddings and

burial ceremonies) 6、Social Ties

When you are faced with some difficulties, whom would you resort to at first?

What about their education and where do they live? 7、Project impacts and respondents attitude

Have you got to know the construction plan of Yiba Highway Project?

Will you cooperate with the government on the construction of Yiba Highway Project？

How many lands will your family being expropriated during the construction of Yiba

Highway Project, and what about the type of the lands?

Do you know the compensation policy for lands?

If your land is expropriated, what is your request for compensation? What kind of

action will you resort to if you feel unsatisfied? How will you use the compensation money？

What methods are reasonable during the resettlement?

What are the impacts to your family brought by the construction of Yiba Highway

Project?

If you should move, what are your requests about compensation? Who will be benefited from the construction of Yiba Highway Project？

Do you think your village will benefit from the construction of Yiba Highway

Project? What is the benefit?

Do you think the construction will increase the village’s income? What will be the impacts to the women if the Yiba Highway Project in process？Do

you have any special request and suggestions about the construction of Yiba

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Highway Project?(only ask women respondents)?

What will be the impacts to minorities? Do you have any special requests and suggestions?（if the respondent is minority）

Have you ever got any assistance for alleviating poverty? What are the assistances?

What do you think about the effects of the government policy to poverty population?

Do you think that villagers have engaged actively in the activities initiated by

government to alleviate the poverty?

Appendix Five：Guidelines for Seminar Discussions on

Yiba Highway Project

One Map Drawing 1. Roads map in the village 2. Distribution map of households in the village

Two Problems in Public Services Facilities and Housing Arrangements (prioritization) 1. Emergent problems 2. Possible solutions 3. Kinds of help needed

Three How Well You Know about the Projects

1. Whether you get to know relevant facts about the projects, how do you know it and how much you know about it(for example, quantity and time of pulling down houses)

2. Whether villagers know the re-settlement plan about the pulling down of the houses, which includes such detailed questions as location, quality and time for re-settlement. And how well they know about it.

3. What are the questions they most concern about? List and prioritize all of them. As far as compensation issue is concerned, what are they worried about? Due to administrative factors the compensation standards may be reduced and even some money will be embezzled; then what measures should be taken to avoid this?

4. Will the construction affect children’s going to school and villagers’ traveling? 5. Are there any cultural spots affected by the construction? What customs should

the constructor observe and respect? What the municipal governments have done

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to solve these problems? 6. How your village will cooperate with the government to carry out the projects? 7. Who do you think will benefit most from the projects? 8. What do you suggest on the construction of the projects (choice of project, time

and locality)? If you have any suggestion how will you give them to people concerned? (prioritization of organizations you identify with)

9. The choice about wills of re-settlement—why land should be adjusted in the village? Why should we cultivate more land? Which method will be better to cultivate land? How much will it cost to cultivate one mu of land?