E-235 VOL. 6 - World Bank Documents & Reports

A4E-235 VOL. 6

KINGDOM OF THAILAND

THE PET ROLEUM AUTHORITY 'OF THAILAND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF

YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT

EGAT - INVESTMENT PROGRAM SUPPORT PROJECT

(WORLD BANK PARTIAL CREDIT GUARANTEE)

FINAL REPORT

MAIN REPORT

PREPARED BY

V\TEAM CONSULTING ENGINEERS CO., LTD.

APRIL 1997

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Our Ref: ENV/1004/970971

April 21, 1997

Mr. Sompong TantisuwanitchayakulProject DirectorYADANA Gas Pipeline ProjectThe Petroleum Authority of Thailand555 Vibhavadi-Randsit RoadBangkok 10900, Thailand

Re: Final Report for the Environmental Impact Assessment of Natural GasPipeline from YADANA field to Ratchaburi Power Plant.

Dear Sir,

It is our pleasure to submit herewith 15 c-opies of the Main Report and theSummary Report for the Environmental Impact Assessment of. This report has beenprepared according to the Contract No.PTT/GAS/3/9/38.

The study team has made its best efforts in conducting this studv such thatall the problem areas could be investigated and evaluated to the maxinum extent. Wehope that this study will lead to the optimization between resource utilization/commitmentand the benefits to be gained bv the implementation of the project.

During the course of this study, we had been given all the needed suDpor!sand cooperation from PTT, including review and comments on the final report wvhichsubmitted earlier. We would like to express our sincere gratitudes for these kindcooperation and assistance.

Sincerely yours,

Amnat PrommasutraExecutive Director

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EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORT

FINAL REPORT


NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FROM

TIE-IN-POINT AT BAN I-TONG TO RATCHABURI POWER PLANT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 1-1

1.2 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1-1

CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 CONSIDERATION ON ALTERNATIVE ROUTES 2-1

2.1.1 Introduction 2-1

2.1.2 Factors Considered in the Preliminary Environmental Evaluation 2-1

2.1.3 Ranking of Alignment Alternatives 2-5

2.1.4 Environmental Qualities Found Along with the Alignment of

Natural Gas Pipeline 2-8

2.1.4.1 Alternative 1 2-8



2.1.5 Selection Process on the Natural Gas Pipeline Alignment Alternatives 2-10

2.2 PIPELINE FACILITIES 2-13

2.2.1 Pipeline Design 2-20

2.2.2 Cathodic Protection 2-20

2.3 PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION METHOD 2-20

2.3.1 Normal Construction Procedure 2-20

ENV10047125:0NTENT.DOC PAGE i

c_~~~~~ ~~~ 9,V *|-S*l rn...,c. r$er.,, ncrtjn

PAGE

CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION (Cont'd)

2.3.2 Pipeline Construction on Hilly Area 2-27

2.3.2.1 Temporary Erosion Control Measures 2-27

2.3.2.2 Permanent Erosion Control Measures 2-28

2.3.2.3 Earthquake Design 2-33

2.3.2.4 Erosion Measures 2-36

2.4 PIPELINE OPERATIONS 2-47

2.4.1 Gas Transmission Facilities 2-47

2.4.2 Pipeline Markers 2-47

2.4.3 Gas Leak Control 2-47

2.4.4 Operations Schedule 2-48

2.5 OVERALL PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM 2-48

2.5.1 Construction Stage 2-48

2.5.2 Operation Stage 2-48

2.5.3 Engineering Plan 2-48

2.6 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 2-50

2.6.1 Financial Analysis 2-50

2.6.2 Economic Analysis 2-50

2.6.3 Effects of Environmental Monitoring Cost on Finance and Economic 2-50

2.6.3.1 Effects on Financial Ratio 2-50

2.6.3.2 Effects on Economical Ratio 2-50

CHAPTER 3: EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION

3.1 TOPOGRAPHY/GEOLOGY/SEISMOLOGY 3-1

3.1.1 Introduction 31

3.1.2 Methodology 3-1

3.1.3 Results of the Study 3-1

ENV100?122S/CONMNT=DOC PAGE ii


PAGE

CHAPTER 3: EXISTiNG ENVIRONAvIENT A'L I0L'nIr.!O (Cont'd!

3.1.3.1 Topography. 3-1

3.1.3.2 Geology 3-2

3.1.3.3 Seismology 3-4

3.2 HYDROLOGY 3-12

3.2.1 Data Collection and Analysis 3-12


3.3 WATER QUALITY 3-22


3.3.2 Study Methodology and Description of the Sampling Stations 3-22

3.3.2.1 Methodology 3-22

3.3.2.2 Description of Sampling Stations 3-24

3.3.3 Results of the Stuay 3-26

3.4 AQUATIC ECOLOGY 3-29



3.4.2.1 Plankton Sample Collection 3-29

3.4.2.2 Benthic Sample Collection 3-32


3.4.3.1 Plankton Organisms 3-32

3.4.3.2 Benthic Organisms 3-32

3.5 SOIL 3-34


3.5.2 Study Methodology 3-34


3.5.3.1 Morphological Features and Soil Series 3-36

3.5.3.2 Soil Preperties 3-37

ENV1004/97126/CONTENT.DOC PAGE iii

CIA Lit- YAUANA NAIUtUAL UAb PIPELINE PHUJEtI FINAL REPORT

PAGE

CHAPTER 3: EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION (Cont'd)

3.5.3.3 Soil Erosion 3-38

3.6 FORESTRY 339

3.6.1 Objectives 3-39

3.6.2 Scopes of Study 3-39


3.6.3.1 Detailed Study 3-40

3.6.3.2 Sampling Piot Sizes 3-40

3.6.3.3 Data Collection 3-41


3.6.4.1 Literature Review 3-42

3.6.4.2 Field Survey Results 3-45

3.6.4.3 Tree Densities and Wood Volumes 3-48

3.6.4.4 Timber Value 3-50

3.6.4.5 Future Timber Values 3-52

3.6.4.6 Ecological Values of Forest 3-54

3.6.4.7 Conservation Value 3-57

3.7 WILDLIFE 3-57

3.7.1 Objective 3-57

3.7.2 Scope of Study 3-58



3.7.4.1 Secondary Data Compilation 3-60

3.7.4.2 Species Diversity and Local Distribution 3-62

3.7.4.3 Wildlde Abundance 3-66

3.7.4.4 WARPA Status 3-71

3.7.4.5 Wildlife Status 3-74

ENVI004J2WC0NTENTZOC PAGE iv


PAGE


3.7.4.6 Migration Tendency of Wildlife 3-76

3.7.4.7 Wildlife Habitats 3-79

3.7.4.8 VVildlife Foodplants 3-81

3.7.4.9 Problems Confronting the Wildlife 3-82

3.8 LAND USE 3-83




3.8.3.1 Residential Area 3-85

3.8.3.2 Agricultural Area 3-85

3.8.3.3 Forestry 3-85.8.^ A fl4r.r.-3.8.3.4 hiel 3-85

3.8.3.5 Water Body 3-86

3.8.4 Watershed Classification 3-86

3.9 TRANSPORTATION 3-90




3.10 COMPENSATION 3-97




3.10.4 The Processes of Compensation 3-109

3.11 SOCIO-ECONOMIC 3-111


3.11.2 Scope of the Study 3-111

3.11.3 Methods of the Study 3-111

ENV100497125/CONTENr.DOC PAGE v

PAGE



3.11.4.1 Overview of the Project Area 3-116

3.11.4.2 Household Study 3-119

3.11.4.3 In-depth Study 3-119

3.12 PUBLIC HEALTH 3-124



3.12.3 Method of Study and Scope 3-127


3.13 ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORICAL VALUE 3-130



3.14 AESTHETIC AND TOURISM 3-134



CHAPTER 4: MAJOR HAZARD ASSESSMENT

4.1 INTRODUCTION 4-1

4.2 METHODOLOGY 4-5

4.2.1 Hazard Identification 4-5

4.2.2 Quantrtative Analysis 4-9

4.3 RESULT OF HAZARDOUS ASSESSMENT 4-13

4.4 HAZARD REDUCTION 4-16

4.4.1 Improve Shut-Down System 4-16

4.4.2 Reduc-tion nf impact 4-20

4.4.3 Reduction of Risk 4-20

4.5 SUMMARY OF MAJOR HAZARD ASSESSMENT 4-20

ENV1804,V725W0NTINTDOC PAGE vi

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECr FINAL REPORT

PAGE

CHAPTER 5: ENVIRONMv.ENTAL IMPPACT ASSESSMENTS

5.1 GEOLOGY/SEISMOLOGY 5-1

5.1.1 Construction and Operation Periods 5-1

5.2 HYDROLOGY AND EROSION 5-3

5.2.1 Construction Period 5-3

5.2.2 Operation Period 5-9

5.3 WATER QUALITY 5-9



5.4 AQUATIC ECOLOGY 5-16



5.5 SiL 5-19



5.6 FORESTRY 5-20



5.6.3 Without Project Development 5-21

5.7 WILDLIFE 5-23


5.7.2 Post-construction Period 5-28

5.8 LAND USE 5-28




5.9.1 Effect on Road Network 5-30

ENV1004A9712/CoNNTMDOC PAGE vii

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECr FINAL MhtUI I

PAGE

CHAPTER 5: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS (Cont'd)

5.9.1.1 Construction Period 5-30

5.9.1.2 Operation Period 5-31

5.9.2 Effect on Navigation 5-31









5.12 PUBLIC HEALTH 5-35



5.13 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH/SAFETY 5-36



5.14 ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORICAL VALUE 5-37

5.15 AESTHETIC AND TOURISM 5-37

CHAPTER 6: MITIGATION MEASURES AND ENVIRONMENTAL

MANAGEMENT

6.1 INTRODUCTION 6-1

6.2 MITIGATION MEASURES 61

6.2.1 Geology / Seismology 6-1


ENVlO4a7t25CONMENT.DOC PAGE viii


PAGE


MANAGEMENT (Cont'd)


6.2.2 Hydrology &17


6.2.2.2 Operation Period 617

6.2.3 Water Quality / Aquatic Ecology C-17

6.2.3.1 Construction Period 617


6.2.4 Soils 6-18



6.2.5 Forestry 6-19



6.2.6 Wildlife 6-20


6.2.6.2 Post-construction Period 6-21

6.2.7 Land Use 6-21



6.2.8 Transportation 6-22



6.2.9 Compensation 6-23



ENV10047I126/CONTENT.OoC PAGE ix

-~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. -…I - rwiLu neruri a

PAGE


MANAGEMENT (Cont'd)

6.2.10 Socio-Economic 6-23



6.2.11 Public Health 6-25



6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT 6-26

6.3.1 PTT Safety Policy 6-26

6.3.2 Operating and Maintenance on Safety of Gas Transmission Facilities 6-27

6.3.3 Environmental and Safety Training 6-28

6.3.4 Recommendations 6-28

CHAPTER 7: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMS

7.1 OBJECTIVE 7-1

7.2 GEOLOGY/SEISMOLOGY 7-1

7.2.1 Construction Period/Operation Period 7-1

7.3 WATER QUALITY / AQUATIC BIOLOGY 7-6

7.4 FORESTRY 7-7



7.5 WILDLIFE 7-8



7.6 SOIL 7-9


ENV100W4I125CONTEFIT.OC PAGE x


PAGE

CHAPTER 7 :ENVIRONMENTAL MONiTORING PROGRAMS (Contd)


7.7 LAND USE 7-10







7.9.1 Construction and Operation Periods 7-10


7.11 PUBLIC HEALTH/OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY 7-12

7.12 CONCLUSIONS 7-13

Appendix A The Detail of Site Selection

Appendix B The Results of Soils Study

Appendix C The Results of Forest Inventory

Appendix D The Results of Wildlife Inventory

Appendix E The Details of Each Land Use Type

Appendix F The Results of Compensation Study

Appendix G List of Key-informant for In-depth Interview

Details of Questionnaires for Socio-economics Study

Appendix H The Results of Public Health Study

Appendix I Detail for Hazardous Assessment

Appendix J Emergency Plan ASME Code for Piping

Appendix K Action Plan for Environmental Mitigation Measures and

Environmental Development of Yadana Natural Gas Pipeline Project

ENV1004j9712S/C0NENT.0OC PAGE xi

LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE PAGE

2.1-1 The Yadana Natural Gas Pipeline Altematives for Consideration 2-2

2.1-2 The Alternatives Gas Pipeline Pass Thru Watershed Classification Area 2-11

2.1-3 The Alternatives Gas Pipeline Pass Thru National Reserved Forest Area 2-14

2.2-1 The Proposed Yadana Natural Gas Pipeline 2-17

2.3-1 Paved Rural Road Crossings 2-15

2.3-2 Directional Drilling Method 2-26

2.3-3 Soft / Ditch Plugs 2-29

2.3-4 Soft / Ditch Plugs with Berm 2-30

2.3-5 Steep Slope - Typical Construction Layout 2-31

2.3-6 Drainage System 2-32

2.3-7 Typical Construction in 20 m Right of Way 2-34

2.3-8 Typical Construction in 30 m Right of Way 2-35

2.3-9 Typical Grading Cross-Section at Side Stepes 2-37

2.3-10 Side Slope Terracing 2-39

2.3-11 Typical Grading Cross-Section at Side Slope Two-Toning Techniques 241

2.3-12 Example of Riprap Application 2-43

2.3-13 Hard Plugs 2-46

2.5-1 An Overview of the Project Implementation Plant for the Gas Pipeline 2-49

3.1-1 The Geological Map of Western Thailand Along Gas Pipeline 3-3

3.1-2 Seismic Source Zone of Burma, Thailand and Indochina

(After Nutalaya et.al, 1985) 3-5

3.1-3 The Major Faults Zone in Thailand 3-6

3.1-4 The Epicenter of Earthquake in Thailand 3-8

3.1-5 Maximum Earthquake Intensity Map of Thailand and Adjacent Areas 3-9

3.2-1 Mean Annual Rainfall in Westem Part of Thailand (mm) Period 1952-1990 3-16

ENV10"725X0NTENTh.DOC PAGE xii


FIGURE PAGE

3.2-2 Depth-Duration-Frequency-Curves at K22A (1966-1983) 3-17

3.2-3 The Dry Season Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curve at K22.A (1966-1991) 3-19

3.3-1 The Water Quality Aquatic Ecology Sampling Station 3-25

3.9-1 The Existing Road Network 3-91

3.10-1 Model M 1 3-101

3.10-2 Model M 2 3-102

3.10-3 Model M 3 3-103

3.10-4 Model M 4 3-104

3.10-5 Model M 5 3-105

3.10-6 Model M 6 3-106

3.10-7 Model M 7 3-107

3.11-1 The Villages of Socio-economic Interviewed 3-112

3.13 1 Ar-haeologirl Qh.es Along the Natural Gas Pipeline 3-131

3.14-1 Tourist Attractives Sites Along the Natural Gas Pipeline 3-135

4.1-1 Hazard Tree for Generalized Production Facility 4-4

4.2-1 Flammable Gas Event Tree 4-6

4.2-2 Gas Releases Event Tree 4-7

5.1-1 Plot of Calculated Maximum Ground Acceleration at the Site Against

Epicentral Distances for Earthquake Magnitudes in the Range 4.00 to 8.00 5-2

5.2-1 Sub-Watershed of Watershed Class 1 A and 1B Along the

Natural Gas Pipeline 5-5

5.3-1 Wet Crossing 5-11

5.3-2 Watercourse Boring Method 5-14

5.4-1 Wet Crossing 5-17

5.4-2 Watercourse Boring Method 5-18

5.6-1 The Position of the Natural Gas Pipeline Pass Thru Sai Yok National Park 5-22

ENVo0047126X/CONTET.DOC PAGE xiii


LIST OF TABLE

TABLE PAGE

2.1-1 Environmental Factors to be Considered Along with the Natural Gas

Pipeline Alignments 2-6

2.1-2 Preliminary Results of Selection on the Natural Gas Pipeline Alignment

Alternatives 2-11

2.3-1 Riprap Installation 2-44

3.1-1 Selected Earthquakes of Magnitude Over 4.0 in Western Thailand Region

(Data Source: Department of Meteorology) 3-7

3.1-2 Modified Mercalli Scale of Earthquake Intensity 3-10

3.2-1 The Results of Meteorological Data 3-14

3.2-2 Dry Season Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency of Station K22A

Huai Mae Nam Noi, A. Sai Yok 3-18

3.2-3 List of Sediment Station, Drainage Area and Mean Annual Suspended

Sediment of Mae Klong River Basin 3-21

3.3-1 Concerned Characteristics of Water Samples 3-23

3.3-2 Water Quality Along the Pipeline Route, June 8-1 1, 1995 3-30

3.3-3 Surface Water Quality by ONEB: Classification and Objectives 3-31

3.4-1 Species Composition and Abundances of Plankton Organisms at

Four Sampling Stations along the Gas Pipeline Route, June 8-11, 1995 3-33

3.4-2 Abundance of Benthic Organisms at Four Sampling Stations along the

Gas Pipeline Route, June 8-11, 1995 3-35

3.6-1 Comparisons of Kanchanaburi's Forest Areas with Those of Combined

Cfentra and Western Region, and of Thailand 'B.'. 2525-2536) 3-43

3.6-2 Protected Areas of Kanchanaburi 3.46

3.6-3 Density of Vegetations Along Pipeline Route 3-49

ENV1004ff7125/CoNTENT.00C PAGE xiv


TABLE PAGE

3.6-4 The Calculation of the Timber Values -53

3.6-5 The Future Timber Values 3-55

3.8-1 Land Use Types and Area Along Gas Pipeline 3-87

3.8-2 Locations Soil and Land Use of Watershed Class 1A 3-88

3.8-3 Locations Soils and Land Use of Watershed Class 1B 3-89

3.9-1 Average Annual Daily Traffic Volume on Five Major Routes

During 1992-1994 3-94

3.9-2 Percentage of Average Annual Daily Traffic Volume

Between Light Vehicles and Heavy Vehicles on Major Routes 3-95

3.10-1 Potential Land Price in 1996-2000 3-99

3.10-2 Land Value in the Project Area (20 Meters Wide) 3-100

3.10-3 Housing Pattems Along the Pipeline Route 3-108

3.10-4 The Value of Crop Compensation a-11

3.11-1 Number of Household Classified by Affected Village 3-115

4.1-1 Composition of Natural Gas from Yadana Natural Gas Pipeline Project 4-2

4.1-2 Characteristic of Natural Gas 4-3

4.2-1 The Criteria for Damage to People and Property from Fire 4-10

4.2-2 Input Data for Hazard Evaluation 4-11

4.2-3 Gas Outflow of the Pipeline Leak Rate at 20% and 100% of

Pipe Diameter 4-12

4.3-1 The Distance from the Center of the Fireball at Radiation Flux (Metre) 4-14

4.3-2 The Distance of Radiation Flux from a Particular Point in the Flame of

Jet Fire to a Receptor 4-15

4.3-3 The Maximum Radius of Flash Fire in Adiabatic Expansion 4-17

4.34 The Maximum Distance of Flash Fire in Jet Dispersion 4-18

4.3-5 Summary for Hazardous Assessment 4-19

ENV100419712§/CONIENT.D0C PAGE xv

------ _, ,_,^.,5 ,.............._ _ ___ ___.INAL KMttUKT

TABLE PAGE

5.2-1 Representative Rates of Erosion from Various Land Uses 57

5.2-2 Estimated Sediment Load Due to On-Site Erosion 5-8

5.3-1 Water Quality in Khlong Phra Ong Chao Chiyanuchit 5-12

6.1-1 Summary of Potential Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measure 6-2

7.1-1 The Environmental Monitoring Program for Natural Gas Pipeline Project 7-2

ENV1004712S/C0NTENT.OOC PAGE xvi


LIST OF PHOTOS

PHOTO PAGE

3.3-1 The Condition of Water Quality / Aquatic Ecology Sampling

Station 1 and 2 3-27

3.3-2 The Condition of Water Quality / Aquatic Ecology Sampling

Station 3 and 4 3-28

3.11-1 Socio-Economic / Attitude Interviewed 3-117

3.11-2 Key Information for In-depth Interview 3-118

ENV100417126/CONTENT.DOC PAGE xvii


CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND

The energy demand in Thailand is rapidly increased in the last decade.

Concerning the demand for natural gas, it has been forecasted to increase from 350

MMCFD in the year 1986 to 2000 MMCFD by the year 2001. To achieve the increasing

requirement and the necessity of supplying adequate natural gas for the country needs, PTT

has decided To import natural gas from the neighbouring country such as Myanrnar. PIT

has engaged TEAM Consulting Engineers Co., Ltd. to prepare the environmental impact

assessment report for the natural gas pipeline from Yadana Field.

The initial environmental evaluation of this natural gas pipeline project was

undertaken in 1994. The studied parameters for the Environmental Impact Assessment

(EIA) include water quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecology, soil and erosion, land use,

transportation, socio-economic, and hazardous assessment. Thus, the content of this EIA

will be emphasized on the above aspects.

1.2 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The main objectives of this study are to prepare the EIA report, and to develop

mitigation measures along with its program for this project.

The specific objectives of the study are:

(1) To investigate and describe the existing characteristics, quality, and value of

the concerned environmental resources of the study area.

(2) To characterize the environmental aspects that would be affected by the

implementation of the proposed project.

ENV1OCAR712S)CHAP-1.DOC PAGE 1-1

riL' ur TAWYML) MIVd I'fi ufl .3^Q r,LIIr rmuJ.Jc.% i FINAL REPORT

(3) To evaluate and forecast the short-term and long-term impacts of the

proposed project upon the environmental resources and values, and to define the degree of

significance and magnitude of the predicted impacts.

(4) To make recommendations on short-term and lona-term measures to

prevent or mitigate the adverse effects and/or to maximize the positive results of the

proposed project.

(5) To recommend the appropriate environmental monitoring programs, base on

the results, for the proposed project during operation.

ENV100471261CHAP-t.OOC PAGE 1-2


CHAPTER 2

PROjECT DESCRIPTiON

2.1 CONSIDERATION ON ALTERNATIVE ROUTES

2.1.1 Introduction

During preliminary surveys and field observations, three potential altemative

routes of the natural gas transmission pipeline connecting between Ban I-Tong, Tambon

Pilog, Amphoe Thongphaphum, Kanchanaburi Province, and Amphoe Muang, Ratchaburi

Province were investigated. Three possible routes have been identified as Alternative 1, 2,

and 3 with the approximate routes are shown in Figure 2.1-1. The most appropriate

alignment of pipeline systems was selected based on the level of environmental impact and

was subsequently studied for more details.

2.1.2 Factors Considered in the Preliminary Environmental Evaluation

Various environmental factors such as forest ecology, wildlife, communities,

water quality, transportation, and archaeological sites, etc. along the transmission pipeline

would be directly affected by the project development. Therefore, it is necessary to

consider the level of impact on these receptors at the beginning stage of the natural gas

transmission pipeline project. Major environmental impacts being taken into consideration

are described as follows:

(1) Socio-economic impacts comprise mostly of relocation and disturbance on

community during construction period. The alignment passed through the community is the

main cause of losses in community farmland. Larger portion of alignment passing through,

more impact of socio-economic change to that community.

ENV100AS7125/CHAP-2.00C PAGE 2-1

S 0~~~~~~S*"

- ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~Wd ' AO .,otca I'~ 5 10 KM >

p' ai.., ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I~~J ~ GRAPH)C SCALE

7; z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

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t"N I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

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I!IFIGURE 2.1-1 THE YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE ALTERNATIVES FOR CONSIDERATION (Cont'd)

w s

Is 1. N

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mphoe 0 5 10 KM

Or GRAPHIC SCALE

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to

W �,Eskw �.Xqj AP

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rr-,k

5. NG

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GAS PIPELM ROUTF

v6 I,� , , 'I v4, lglm

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MFIGURE 2.1-1 THE YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE ALTERNATIVES FOR CONSIDERATION (Cont'd) MER 0


(2) Impacts on forest resources and wildlife habitats are considered in term of

adverse effect on some sensitive areas such as on forest reservation zone, on watershed

class 1-A area, on source of food for wild animals, and on animals' roaming area, etc. The

alignment which causes less impacts on these sensitive areas has higher potential for

development.

(3) Impacts on surface water hydrology: quality of aquatic ecology must be

studied in term of increasing sediment, changes in direction of water flow, and

contamination of oil and lubricant. The alignment which passes small number of rivers.

canals, or water resources is more likely suitable to be developed.

(4) Impacts on local transportation: the alignment which cuts across more roads

or local tracts causing more inconvenience in transportation of local people during

construction period is to be considered as having lower development potential.

(5) Impacts on aesthetic and cultural values: The pipeline alignment which

passes through or side temples, re.igiouss places. historical buildings, or archeological sites

would cause more significant impacts than those which do not pass through the aesthetic

and historical sites.

Environmental factors to be considered along with the three alternatives of

natural gas pipeline alignment from Yadana field are presented in Table 2.1-1. Figure 2.1-1

shows the three alternatives for Yadana's natural gas transmission route and the details of

site selection are shown in Appendix A.

2.1.3 Ranking of Alignment Alternatives

From the environmental principles applied for a number of previous similar

project, evaluation points for each impact aspect had been assigned. Some modification

was made to suite specific characteristic of this project sites and the following is the

evaluation points used in this study.

ENV1004J97125iCHAP-2.DOC PAGE 2-5


TABLE 2.1-1

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED ALONG

WITH THE NATURAL GAS PIPELINE ALIGNMENTS

I i., .IIEnvironmental factors Aternative 1 Ahtemative 2 Aternative 3

Villages Ban WPu Ban Huai Pak Khok

Gui-yae, Dawaoung, Wang Nok Kaew, Wang Muk, Kaeng Raboed, Lum Sa'. Dan Makhamtia.

Thung Jang, Boek Phrai, Koh. Tamniab, Rangmuang, Thung Noi, Nong Song Hong.

Si Yak Khao Ngu. Nong Jok, Bang Pa Nai, Khok Oai

Huai (points) Huai Tea Khoe (2) Huai Khaveng (3E Huai Pak Khok 12)

Huai Khayeng Q3) Huai Prajummat W3) Huai Ptrapummal 14)

Huai (No Name) (8) * Huai Kok Kra Pru i2)

Huai Khao Nisa 111 Huai Teaphosakola t1)

Huai Tea Khoe, Huai Ta Koh, Huai Phoukra, Hua Kang Jo, Hui Hin Poon, Huai Wang Nok

Kaew, Hua Ma Tang Su, Huai Sai Yok. Hua Hin Ta, Huai Tha Sa, Huam Tha Ngo Hin. Huai

Kaeng Serawat, Huai Bong Ri Huai Khao Chang. Huai Ta Mong, Huai Pthu Krai, Huai Lum -

Som Noi. Huai Mae Kaban. Huai Ban Kthao. Huai Lam Sai. Huai Lam Phachee. Huai Ban Kan

River (points) Kwae Noi nver t21

Mae Ktong (1)

Road (points) lateritic tracts (14) lateritic tracts (6) latentics tracts (3)

latentic tracts (84), highway No.3274 It). highway No.3087 (11. highway No4 11i

Railways 1 point

Lenght of Pipeline in the Watershed

Class (km.)

1A 18.07 27.3 26.6

1B 5.24 2.71 1.09

2 8.29 3.67 0.70

ENvtCd4e9lselT2a6t121Xt.AS PAGE 2-6

ElA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORT

TABLE 2.1-1 (Cont'd)

Environmental factors Altemative 1 Alernative 2 Altemative 3

Lenght of Pipeline in the Forest

Reserve Area (km.)

Conservative Forest Area IC) 26.07 28.59 3205

Economic Forest Area (El 64.52 60.68 53 71

Forest Area which is Appropriate 12.58 12.58 12.58

for Agricultural Purposes (Al

Volume

cu.m.fla 57.78 77.240 73.545

cu.mJtree 0 493 0.608 0.511

Density of Trees

Treeslta 110 127 144

Seedlingfta 16.818 15.000 14.677

Saplingtha 1,855 1,188 1,171

Bamboo culmsla 913 502

Species of trees 75 103 62

the gas 2 km 2-5 km the gas 2 km 2-5 km the gas 2 km 2-5 km

Wildlife species of which tracts pipeline radius radius pipeline radius radius pipeline radius radius

can be found - 6 5 5 7 6 4 7 6

6 7 7

Temple/Archaeologicral Sites Wat Wtweg Wax Huai Charoen, Wat Huai Chafoen,

Wat Wiweg Wat Wiweg

Remark * Important species for Conservation.

ENV10o4S712fTNA21-1Y.xLS PAGE 2-7


Impacts Evaluation Points

- Impacts on forest resource 25

impacts on wildlife 25

- Socio-economic impacts: miaration;

and community disturbance 15

- Impacts on surface water hydrology,

water quality, and aquatic ecology 10

- Impacts on local transportation 10

- Impacts on aesthetic and cultural values 15

Total 1 0

The environmental impacts are classified into various levels as follows:

- causing minimal adverse environmental impact (to be multiplied by 0.75)

causing moderate adverse environmental impact (to be muftiplied by 0.50)

- causing high adverse environmental impact (to be multiplied by 0.25)

- causing severe adverse environmental impact (to be multiplied by 0.00)

After each of the weighting value of evaluation scores is multiplied by particular

environmental impacts level, the summation of these product is a total mark of each

alternative alignment. From this result, the altemative alignment with the maximum score

will be selected for subsequent studying for more details.

2.1.4 Environmental Qualities Found Along with the Alignment of Natural

Gas Pipeline

2.1.4.1 Alternative 1

This alignment of the natural gas pipeline is about 260 kilometres long. The

alignment begins from the tie-in point at Ban ITong, Tambon Pilok, Amphoe

Thongphaphum, Kanchanaburi Province. It lays southwards through Ban I-Pu, then runs

ENV1OO07125/CHAP-2.D0C . PAGE 2-8


parallel with the mine access road passing the Pha Pae 4 mine, the Mokara mine, and the

Sattamitre mine into Huai Khayeng Reserved Forest area, hilly area covereu by evergreen

forest for 4 km. Then running parallel with a stream and joining the altemative 2 and 3

alignments at the east side of Ban Rai Pa, running southeastwards passing through the

Thongphaphum Teak Plantation of the Forest Industry Organization and the Wang Yai - Mae

Nam Noi Teak Plantation of the Royal Forest Department for 5 km., running parallel with a

lateritic tract, passing Ban Gui Yae to Ban Dawadoeng, crossing Kwae Noi river, running

parallel with Highway no.323 from Kilometre 86 to Kilometre 52, and crossing Kwae Noi

river again at Ban Kaeng Raboed, running parallel with a lateritic tract passing through Ban

Phu Noi, Ban Lam Sai into the Sai Yok Military Base, and then keeping along with Highway

no.3085, crossing Huai Lam Sai to Ban Tha Maklua, running along the road again to Ban

Tha Phu, crossing Huai Lam Phachi and an asphaltic road of the Office of Accelerated Rural

Development. Running parallel with the road, going roundabout Amphoe Dan Makhamtia to

Highway no.3209 (Dan Makhamtia - Ratchaburi), running parallel wrth the Highway to Mai

Daeng junction, going along with Highway no.3274, crossing Huai Lumphachi, Ban Thung

Jaeng to Ban Dan Thub Ta Ko, running parallel with the Highway no.3087, passing through

Amphoe Chombung to Ban Si Yaek Khao Ngu, crossing the Highway no.3087, running

parallel with the highway to Ratchaburi Province. Finally, the natural gas pipeline crosses

beneath the Highway no.4 and Southem railway to the power plant site in Amphoe Muang

Ratchaburi.


This pipeline alignment is approximately 238 kilometres long. It begins at the

same point with alternative 1 and runs eastwards for 2 km., then turns southwest, passes

Ban I-Pu, runs along the mountain ridge in the east to the Pha Pae mine. The alignment

also passes through forest area which is a part of the Huai Khayeng Reserve Forest area. It

is the area with steep slope and being the elephant tracks. From the Pha Pae mine the

alignment turns south about 2 kilometre long and then runs east along the mountain ridge

ENV7OO497126XNAP-2.DOC PAGE 2-9


for 6 kilometres. Then running parallel with Huai Pracham Mai, crossing the stream for 33

times, turning southeastwards through Thongphaphum forest plantation, joining with

alternative 1 alignment at Ban Rai Pa, and reaching the final destination at Ratchaburi.


This alternative alignment is 238.5 kilometres long. It begins at the same point

with the alternative 1 and 2, but running in the same direction of alternative 2 for 15 km,

then turning northeastwards and running along the mountain ridge for 10 km and joining

the alternative 2 alignment at Ban Huai Pak Khok. The land use type along this alignment is

covered by hill of evergreen forest. Along this alignment, the elephant tracks are clearly

seen. Finally, it joins the alternative 1 alignment at Ban Rai Pa.

2.1.5 Selection Process on the Natural Gas Pipeline Alignment

Alternatives

Since all alternatives of alignment are in common of route for 198 kilometres

from Ban Rai Pa, Amphoe Thongphaphum, Kanchanaburi Province to Amphoe Muang,

Ratchaburi Province, the impacts of project for this portion are the same for all.

For the route from Ban I-Tong to Ban Rai Pa, The topography of the alternative 3

much differs from the others, because most of the areas are high mountain ranges in the

Huai Khayeng Forest Reservation. The dominant natural resources to be considered are

watershed classification, forest, and wildlife. Field surveys and secondary data conceming

watershed management and forest reservation boundary revealed that the alternative 1

alignment causes less disturbance on the watershed class 1A for 18 km, when compared

with 27 and 26 km for the alternative 2 and 3, respectively (Figure 2.1-2).

ENV1004117126/CNAP-2.DCC PAGE 2-10

gSS | Kp5 q q2 2 S ~~ALTERATIVE3 '|T | | *' C-4

ALTERNATIVA 2ATIVE 3 -

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The altemative 1 alignment passes through the forest conservation areas only 26

km., while the altemative 2 and 3 pass through forest conservation areas fIor 28.6 km., and

32 km., respectively (Figure 2.1-3).

Tree diversity along the altemative 1 alignment is 75 species while the diversity

along alternative 2 and 3 alignments are 103 and 82 species, respectively.

Considering on wildlife, no traces of 'protected animal' found along the

alternative 1 alignment while the altemative 2 and 3 have 3 and 4 species of protected

wildlife, respectively. The animals which mostly found are: Elephas maximas, Hylobates Lar,

Ursus malayanus, Ursus thibitanus, Muntiacus feae, Bos gaurus, Naemorhedus sumatrensis

and Buceros bicomis.

Moreover, along the altemative 2 and 3 the elephant tracts are commonly found,

thus, the project construction activity would induce high impacts on nature of the elephant

in the project area.

Based on the toftal evaluation point Table 2.1-2!i the altemative 1 is the

recommended alignment to be developed because obtaining the highest marks (56.25);

10.75% higher than that of the altemative 3; and 14.50% higher than that of the altemative

2. Therefore, all of studying after this step will conduct only with altemative 1 alignment.

2.2 PIPELINE FACILITIES

The pipeline facilities related to this project include new metering controls to be

set up at the Ban I-Tong and Ratchaburi Power Plant a new gas pipeline with diameter of

42 at distance of 260 km onshore from Ban ITong to Ratchaburi, and modifications of the

SCADA equipment and software (Figure 2.2-1).

ENV1OO4712WCHAP-2MOC PAGE 2-13

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TABLE 2.1-2

PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF SELECTION ON

THE NATURAL GAS PIPELINE ALIGNMENT ALTERNATIVES

Alternatives

Environmental Elements I 2 3

Ievel- point level point level point

Forest 125 raint_

11 DOsturbane on the torest resevamtoreas I 15 )

. ConserNaton forest 1 5 1 0.50 2.50 0.50 2.50 025 125

* Watershed Class IA ( 8 I 0.50 4.00 025 2.00 0.25 200

* Watershed Class 1 ( 2 i 0.25 0.50 0.50 1.00 0.75 1.50

1.2 Abunrdance of forest resources I 10 i

- Tree densrty 2 I 0.50 1.00 0.25 0.50 0.25 0.50

- Seolmp density I 2) 0.25 0.50 0.50 1.00 0.50 1.00

- Seedling dtensty ( 2 I 0.25 0.50 0.25 0.50 0.50 1.00

- Bamiboocuirndensity I 2 I 025 0.50 025 0.50 0.50 1t00

- Speaes 1 2 ) 0.50 1.00 025 0.50 0.25 0.50

2. Wildlife (25 point)

- Spes of wildlife fouwd abnS with the I 8 0.75 6.00 025 2.00 0.25 2.00

gas p"- alignmen

D,turance on tood soume I 7 0.50 3.50 050 3.50 0.50 3.50

- Disturbawce on tracs of st tor food I 10 1 0.75 7.50 0.25 2.50 025 2.50

3. SoaoDecouin)ltSPoir

- Dis e dur constructon phae 5 0.50 2.50 0.50 2.50 0.Q0 2.50

* lm On cntrniiy tatndb1Ad I 10 ) 0.50 500 050 500 0.50 5.00

4. Hydrology / Surface Water Olit / Ecology 110 point)

- lpatonhydrology ( 4 I 0.50 2.00 0.25 1.00 0.50 2.00

*Illpact on^werNuWlty I 3 1 0.50 1.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 1.50

-irrpcton aquaticecolgy ( 3 1 0.50 1.50 0.25 0.75 0.50 1.50

5 Transportaton 110 point)

*Ircveanwce ml1as transporaso II 5I 0.50 2.50 0.50 2.50 0.50 2.50

lmpacson roadstuctre ( 5) 0.50 2.50 0.50 2.50 0.50 2.50

6. Archaeologic sites 115 point)

DisturtanreonreligousijnWes ( 7 0.75 525 0.75 5.26 0.75 525

* Distunbace on suucture ot religmous tbmti1g 8 ) 075 600 075 600 0.75 6.00

Total 1100 point) 56.25 42.75 45.50

Note: Letel - level of teironmntliliLt

0.75 Minimal adverse pact

0.50 Moderate adverse npWt

0.25 High adverse pact

0.00 Severe adverse impact

atsndvloosotzw.2tA¶xt2L-s PAGE 2-16

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2.2.1 Pipeline Design

The natural gas pipeline will be designed in accordance with ASME B 31.8, Gas

Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems. The pipe wall thickness and grade will be

designed for a maximum operating pressure of 1250 psig. The wall thickness of the pi-p

will be increased, as required, at crossings of highways, railways, major waterways, and

areas in proximity of inhabited structures as specHfied in the codes.

The pipe will be externally coated to prevent corrosion. Pipe Line block valves

will be located at various points on the pipeline to allow isolation of portions of the system.

The block valves will be equipped with gas driven actuators for ease of operation. Each

valve will be located in a designated fenced/guarded area. Facilities will be provided at the

valve sites to allow venting of the pipeline in the event of an emergency. Scraper traps will

be installed at the Ban I-Tong (launcher), intermediate site, and Ratchaburi Station (receiver).

2.2.2 Cathodic Protection

In addition to the extemal pipe coating, the pipeline will be protected from

corrosion by means of an active cathodic protection system. Testing stations will be located

along the pipelines to allow monitoring of the cathodic protection system.

2.3 PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION METHOD

2.3.1 Normal Construction Procedure

The pipeline construction will basically be a linear assembly line, in which the

equipment and workers move along the pipeline route at a constant pace for each

performing an assigned task. The work process begins with the preparation of right-of-way,

which serves as the work site, and ends with the burial of the pipe and the restoration of

the land surface. The followings are the major work steps involved in the construction

process:

E"v1OO4,9?n2Igc,4AP.z.DoC PAGE 2-20


(1) Right-of-Way Preparation

The purpose of this work function is to provide a smooth and even work

area and to facilitate the movement of equipment onto and along the pipeline route.

(2) Pipe Stringing

Stringing is the delivery and distribution of pipe along the right-of-way.

Specially equipped trucks are used to safely haul the pipe from the storage yard to the

right-of-way.

(3) Trenching

Trenching or ditching is merely the excavation of a trench for laying the

pipe. The trench can be excavated using a backhoe or a specially designed wheel-type

ditching machine. In areas containing rock, blasting is sometimes used if the rock cannot be

economically fractured or fipped using mechanical methods. The depth of the trench is a

function of how much cover is required over the pipe. However, the contractor will be

responsible for providing a minimum of 1 meter of cover over the pipe for the Onshore

Pipelines. Therefore, the minimum trench depth for 42-inch pipeline is approximately 2.1

meters. In some areas along the pipeline route, such as highway and khlong crossings, the

pipeline trench may be deeper than 2.1 meter to meet permitted requirements of

authorities having jurisdiction on those particular crossing or area of construction.

(4) Bending

Individual pipe joints may be bent to ensure that the completed pipeline

contour matches the bottom contour of the trench. The bending will be done alongside the

trench using specialized equipment which handles the pipe with little or no damage to the

exterior coating. Any damage of the coating system shall be repaired prior to installation.

(5) Welding

Welding of the pipe joints is completed in a series of steps, beginning with

the line-up of the two bevelled ends to critical tolerances, and following by numerous

welding passes. Typically, the welding is done manually. On large diameter pipe, two

welders work on one weld, one on inside and another on outside of the pipe. Welds are

ENV100l4"712$iCHAP-2.D0C PAGE 2-21

visually inspected and examined by radiography (x-ray) to determine their quality and

acceptability.

(6) External Coating

After acceptance of the weld, the area adjacent to the weld is cleaned and

coated to prevent corrosion. Prior to movement into the trench, the entire pipeline segment

is tested for coating defects and ff found, those defects are corrected.

(7) Lowering-In

The pipe is normally lowered into the trench in long sections of welded pipe

joints. This critical step is closely coordinated and supervised. The lifting and movement of

the pipe section are done by 'side boom' tractors which have the ability of lifting the pipe

section by making discrete vertical and horizontal movements.

(8) Backfilling

After the pipe has been placed in the trench, the soil taken from the trench

or other selected materials are backfilled. Special care is taken to ensure that there is

sufficient material undemeath and above the pipe, and also to prevent damage to the

coated pipe. Where the pipe is laid in rocky or rough soils, a padding of selected material

(dirt or sand) is used to support and isolate the pipe from large rocks, etc.

(9) Crossings

Pipeline crossings of highways, railways, rivers, or other pipelines or cables

are made in accordance with the requirements of the owners. In general, major highways

shall be crossed without disruption of traffic. To accomplish this, a larger diameter steel

casing pipe is bored and jacked under the highway using specially designed equipment and

then the gas pipeline is welded to the casing pipe and is pulled undemeath to lie across the

highway the crossing (Figure 2.3-1).

At crossings that are navigable by pleasure or commercial craft, contractor

shall comply with all special precautionary measures required by federal, state and local

maritime autholities, to preverit or minimize obstructions to navigation on the water course.

ENV1OW71250CAP-2.DOC PAGE 2-22

m

ELECtRICAL WARNING SI1NT1RANSMISSION LINE INWICATING SliGNl z

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STRAIGIIT PIPE FOR FULL WIDTII OF ROAD RESERVE

FIGURE 2.3-1 PAVED RURAL ROAD CROSSINGm~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~J ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0CM . ..

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Construction of the pipe across rivers and streams shall be performed in

such a manner as to keep to a minimum the damage to shorelines, water crossed, adjacent

drainage areas, and fish and wildlife habitats.

(a) Open Cut Crossinas

Across small streams, the pipeline shall normally be laid by the open

cut method as practicable and, where required, it shall be held in place by means of

concrete set-on weights or concrete coating or screwed anchors.

Cutting of the pipeline ditch in sloped approaches shall not be

undertaken until actual pipe laying is ready to be carried out in order to minimize silt input

into the water course. If necessary, the work area shall be graded, and other precautions

shall be taken, to prevent surface run-off from entering the ditch. In addition, the silt fences,

hay bales or other appropriate means will be applied to control erosion and sediment runoff

at all water channels adjacent to the trench or other earth exposing construction activities.

Following installation of the pipe, the beds of streams and rivers shall

be restored, as neatly as possible, to their former elevations and grade. Spoil, debris, piling,

construction materials, and obstructions resulting from the construction of the pipeline shall

be removed from the crossing to prevent interference with normal water flow and use of

the waterways, and shall be disposed in a satisfactory manner.

Where practicable, stream and river banks shall be backfilled and

compacted to a point above the high water line and, if necessary, sandbagged and, or rip-

rapped to prevent soil and bank erosion. As a minimum, compaction shall be to densities

equivalent to those of the surrounding soils.

(b) Bored Crossings

In certain cases, the jurisdictional authority may require that installation

of the pipeline across the waterway be performed by boring. Bored crossings shall be

instalied using a pilot pipe section. Once the pilot section is in place, the permanent coated

carrier pipe shall be welded onto the pilot section and jacked or pulled through the bore.

The pilot section shall then be cut off and removed.

ENVlOo4a7125/CHAP-2DOC PAGE 2-24

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPEUNE PROJECT FINAL REPORT

(c) Directional Drilling

The installation of the pipeline crossings may be accomplished by the

use of the directional drilling method. A plan and profile of each crossing to be installed by

directional drilling has to be approved. Entry and exit points shall be accurately located.

Where the crossing is installed parallel to an existing pipeline, the crossing design shall

ensure that a minimum of 6 meter separation is maintained between the pipelines

throughout the full length of the crossing. Any drilling fluids, muds or chemical additives

used shall be acceptable to the environmental authorities having jurisdiction, and the

containment and disposal of such drilling fluids shall be in accordance with the permit

requirements. It is anticipated that the Khwae Noi and Mae Klong rivers will be directionally

bored ff the soils containing large boulders and sand are not suitable for directionally drilling

(Figure 2.3-2).

(10)Testing

The completed pipe!ine is subiected to a hydrostatic test to approve its

overall integrity. After venting all air from the completed pipeline, a pressure equivalent to

25 percent higher than maximum testing pressure shall be applied and held for 24 hours.

During this time, the pressure and temperature shall be recorded to determine if there is

any leakage.

The contractor shall use fresh water from Mae Klong river for

hydrostatically testing the pipeline. Therefore, the requirement for adding chemicals in the

hydrotest water will be eliminated. After the hydrotest is completed, the fresh water shall

be returned to the river. For the erosion control, the tested water shall be discharged onto

a splash plate and shall be filtered using a hay bale structure. This hay bale structure shall

be placed in an upland area allowing for additional filtration of the water through natural

vegetation prior to entering the river.

ENV1#007126MCMAP.2.OOC PAGE 2-25

(I1.) DRILLING A PILOT HOLE

PILOT DRILL BIT

1 Z.) ENLARGING THE HOLE 3

( 3.) INSTALLING THE PIPE

RIVER

REAMER

FIGURE 2.3-2 DIRECTIONAL DRILLING METHOD

ENViaWFIGm 22 PAGE 2-26


2.3.2 Pipeline Construction on Hilly Area

The majority of the pipeline route passes through relativeiy fiat terrain which

mostly is agricultural land. Approximately first 40 kilometres of the pipeline route, which

beginning point is closed to Thailand - Myanmar border, passes through relatively hilly

terrain which some part is covered by forest. These hilly areas are in high elevation, about

800 to 900 meters, and in rolling area, which are not suitable for pipeline alignment.

However, in this case, it is necessary to construct in these area, so it is desirable

to select a route which intersects the contours at right angles and avoid side cuts if

possible. Even though, laying on slope will increase construction difficulties, and affect more

works which are required to minimize right-of-way erosion during life time of pipeline

operation.

Following are some recommended control measures for pipeline construction

through hilly terrain.

2.3.2.1 Temporary Erosion Control Measures

Pipeline construction procedure shall be well organized through all phases of the

work to avoid the occurance of right-of-way erosion. Temporary right-of-way grading should

be made in such away that no erosion occurs before the implementation of permanent

erosion control measures. Pipeline stringing, ditching, welding, lowering in, and backfilling

should be well proceeded such that minimal amounts of open ditch and unrestored areas

are left exposed to the effects of heavy rains.

The pipeline contractor must ensure that suitable and adequate temporary

erosion control measures are in place during this phase of construction. Pipeline backfilling

should be followed immediately with implementation of permanent erosion control

measures.

ENV100487125/"CAP.2.D0C PAGE 2-27


2.3.2.2 Permanent Erosion Control Measures

(1) Ditch Plugs

Ditch plugs shall be installed in the ditch prior to backfilling to ensure that no

surface runoff occurs along thn pipeline which would cause wash out of the backfill

materials (Figure 2.3-3 and 2.3-4).

(2) Diversion Berms

Diversion berms are required on all sloping terrain as an erosion mitigation

measure. Each diversion berm should be properly located and staked out to ensure that the

proper direction of flow is achieved. An inclinometer should be used to determine the

correct gradient of the berm. For berms that are lined with crushed rock, a slope of 5% to

10% should be used. If the berms are unlined, 5% of slope should be maintained. Berms

that are too shallow, gradients will quickly fill up with silt deposited on the uphill face and

drained water will flow directly over the berm. Finally, the berm will be breached and

becoming useless (Figure 2.3-5 and 2.3-6).

(3) Terrace (slopes greater than or equal to 20 degrees)

Where side cuts across the hills cannot be avoided, terraces may be

required for pipeline construction. Terrace gradients should be property constructed and

should be a constant connecting and compatible with the adjacent terrain. The width of a

terrace should be 2 to 2.5 metres to ensure its stability. The terrace should be excavated

into undisturbed soil. That is at least half of the terrace surface will comprise of undisturbed

material.

(4) Roach Construction

A roach must be placed over the ditchline from 0.5 to 1.0 metres above

grade to compensate for backfill settlement which will occur over time. In sloping terrain,

without an adequate roach, backfill settlement can result in a channel developing along the

ditchline leading to accelerated backfill erosion. A roach of adequate height and width

effectively sheds water away from the ditchline.

ENv100a7I2kO4aP-2.Doc PAGE 2-28

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c FIGURE 2.3-5: STEEP SLOPE - TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION LAYOUT m

N . 0

I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~m

where required berm .no natural streams rig> t-of-wayZ

crossing the a) _drainage Cright-of-way channels S

large' catcliment area fall zm

-large volume of drainage sump E

runofTfrom higher rock pile acts as pipewater brealcer to

grounda . dissipate energy, ) . drainagesteep side slopes on and pi-event cliannels

both sides extend for a erosion

long section of the A

right-of-way not to PLANscale berm

SECTION drainage ck¢nnels

FIGURE 2.3-6 DRAINAGE SYSTEM -w

N)._

w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.


An opening in the roach of 1.0 metres will be required uphill of all diagonal

diversion berms. An opening in the diversion berm is not necessary where a herringbone

diversion berm pattern is adopted.

(I) Revegetation

The right-of-way should be revegetated as soon as possible after pipeline

construction is completed and, the right-of-way has been cleaned up. Vegetative cover will

provide additional erosion mitigative measures.

(6) Width of Right-of-Way

The right-of-way (ROMV width required to construct a NPS 42 diameter

pipeline for the hilly area or KP.-KP.30 is approximately 20 metres. For the flat terrain the

right-of-way width will be 30 meter. However, during detailed design the right-of-way width

will be sized to allow for necessary side cut in the hilly area (Figure 2.3-7 and 2.3-8).

.3. 2.n E-arhquake lesign

During the engineering design, a stress analysis study will be conducted for the

pipeline and associated facilities. The stress analysis study will incorporate the maximum

earthquake expected over the life of the pipeline based on historical information and

probability predictions. With this information, the stress analysis study will identify any areas

of concern. The results of the study will be used to determine the actual wall thickness of

the pipe in addition to the hoop stress and other combined stresses.

Areas of known earthquake faults zones will be avoided during route selection.

During construction any earthquake fault zones will be crossed using special construction

techniques to minimize the impact during operations of the pipeline. Such techniques

include the use of extra thickness of pipe and excavation, and replacement of selected

backfill material.

ENVIO4"7125CAM.2DCc PAGE 2-33

0

6 m 6m 3m 5m >.4 .. 4--- -. 4 _____

mzm

Additional Construction Area to be

Spoil Pile Pipe lay Area Side Boom Work Area Leased/Acquired as Required atSteep slops area and for Vehicles

9m lm _ Passing area

FIGURE 2.3-7 TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION IN 20 m RIGHT OF WAY >

tm - - -t0

8m 6m 5m Sm 6m

l ~~~Spoil Pile 2.57 Pipe Lay Ar¢a SIde Boom Work Area Other Vehicle Passage Areail

m FIG(JRE 2.3-8: TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION IN 30 m RIGHT OF WAY CA)8

2.3.2.4 Erosion Measures

(1) Minimize Clearing at Sensitive Areas

The whole of the right-of-way shall be cleared of vegetation. However, at

sensitive and critical areas such as steep slopes or river banks, where stripping of

vegetation can result in geotechnical instability, they may be lefted uncleared.

This practice aims to protect areas which are highly sensrtive and easily be

damaged by erosion, particularly, for areas which may take high cost or are difficult to

rectify if damage. Steep and unstable side-slopes shall be undisturbed.

(2) Grading

The purpose of land grading is to form a flat stable working surface suitable

for pipe installation activities, to provide adequate erosion control, and to avoid slope

stability problems (Figure 2.3-9).

Grading shall be done only as required. Particular attention shall be given to

undulating and hilly stretches, areas with transverse slopes, and areas which are

environmentally sensitive. Grading shall be kept to a minimum on native grassland.

Grading Criteria: Grading activities shall fit and utilize existing topography

and desirable natural surroundings to avoid extreme grade modifications. The direction of

slopes shall, wherever possible, conform to the natural pattern of drainage prior to grading.

Prior planning must be made to determine limitations that shall be imposed on the grading

operations related to measures for drainage and water removal and vegetative treatment,

etc.

Grading activities shall conform to the following guidelines:

* Clearing: If clearing has not been completed prior to grading and

extra work space is required, the project shall ensure that soil from the

cut areas is not pushed of the right-of-way into the bush during grading

operations.

ENVY17O1251CMP.2DC PAGE 2-36

ividth

work side spoil sde.'

'I

X X

ie ~FIGRUE 2.3-9: TYPICAL GRADING CROSS-SECTION AT 'SIDE STEPESm

* Positive Drainage: The right-of-way shall be graded to provided

enough positive drainage, within the constraints imposed by operating

requirements, to ensure that rainwater is drained away. Ponding shall

not occur on the right-of-way.

* Slope Protection: Surface water shall be diverted from the face of

all cut and/or fill slopes by the use of diversions and ditches or

conveyed downslope by the use of a designed structure. Slope faces

shall not be subjected to any concentrated flow of water from natural

diches or drains, etc.

* Spoil material: Spoil material from grading operations shall not be

placed where it will interfere with natural drainage such as streams. It

shall not be pushed into the bush of the right-of-way or in other areas

where it cannot be readily removed. Soil shall not be pushed into

streams.

* Slope Cutting: Slope cutting shall be maintained to a maximum

grade of 1:1.5 (vertical:horizontal) or flatter; grading on filed slopes shall

be restricted to its angle of repose or flatter. This is to ensure slope

stability and integrity, and to limit the energy momentum gained by

water run-off.

- Benches: Reverse slope benches or diversions shall be provided

whenever the vertical interval {height) of any 2:1 slope exceeds 4.5 m.

Benches shall be located so as to divide the slope face as equally as

possible and shall convey the water to a stable outlet. Soils, seeps, rock

outcrops, etc., shall also be taken into consideration when designing

benches (Figure 2.3-10).

* Benches shall be wide enough to accommodate the equipment

both during construction and for maintenance.

ENVO009712'CHAP-2.DOC PAGE 2-38

rn

W. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~. ....... -b-n-cli

not to scale z

reverse grade ofmax 2:1 L 5-10% or-flatter

\ maximum 4.5m

FIGURE 2.3-10: SIDE SLOPE TERRACINGmr0-4

* Benches shall be designed viith a reverse grade of 5-10% of flatter

to the toe of the upper slope and with a minimum of 0.3 m in

depth. Longitudinal bench gradient to the outlet shall be about 1 %.

* The water runoff flow length within a bench shall not exceed 250

m.

Banks: Banks resulting from cutting and filling shall be sloped to

prevent injury or death of persons, livestock and wildlide. Slopes shall

not be created so close to property lines as to endanger adjoining

properties without adequately protecting such properties against

erosion, slippage, subsidence or other related damages.

* Finish of Surfaces: Where cut and filled works are created to carry

the rght-of-way across transverse slopes, these finished surfaces shall

not be graded to a smooth surface but shall incorporate a series of

parallel ridges perpendicular to the gradient of the slope, formed by

driving the bulldozer up and down the slope leaving the imprint of its

racks behind. These ridges will help reduce the velocity of surface

water run-off.

* Slopes Exceeding 30% Gradient: Where slopes of 30% gradient

or greater exist in any direction, the project shall minimize the

disturbance to the slopes and grades only that portion of the right-of-

way required to obtain a suitable working space. To avoid excavation

and disturbance to the soil, grading by the 'two-toning' method may be

undertaken, if the cuts are required to provide a suitable working

surface. Two-toning involves grading the right-of-way in two levels; one

level for the pipe and one level for passage of equipment and vehicles

(Figure 2.3-1 1).

1NV1004*?12&CHAP-2M=C PAGE 2-40

m

i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0

2

FIGURE 2.3-11: TYPICAL GRADING-SECTION AT SIDE SLOPE

ct ~~~~TWO-TONING TECHNIQUErn

0

Z>

I 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~mn

2

FIGURE 2.3-11: TYPiCAL GRADiNG-SECTION AT SIDE SLOPE~~~_ _ __ D~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1

* Subsurface Drainage: Subsurface drainage shall be provided where

necessary to intercept seepage and/or springs that would otherwise

adversely affect slope stabiiity or create excessively wet site conditions

that would hinder or prohibit vegetative establishment.

* Fills: All fills shall be compacted as required to reduce erosion,

slippage, settlement, subsidence or other related problems. All fill shall

be placed and compacted by heavy track machineries in layers not to

exceed 20 cm in thickness. Soft, mucky or highly compressible

materials shall not be incorporated into fills.

* Stream Crossing: Ditches and drains shall not be filled for passage

of equipment until and unless the project has obtained the required

written approval. Culverts shall be installed by the project to ensure

drainage is not obstructed in these areas. In small streams and ditches

where it is necessary to maintain flow at the crossing, a flume shall be

installed. All culverts and flumes installed must be adequate to permit

water flow due to heavy storms. No flooding and degradation to water

quality shall occur due to inadequate water passage.

(3) Riprap

Riprap is a layer of loose rock, aggregate or salvaged timber placed over an

erodible soil surface, The purpose of riprap is to protect the soil surface from the erosive

forces of water by dissipating the kinetic energy of water (Figure 2.3-12).

Conditions: Riprap is installed at soil-water interfaces where soil

conditions, water turbulence and velocity, expected vegetative cover, and groundwater

conditions of the right-of-way are such that the soil may erode under design flow conditions

(Table 2.3-1). It is used to protect bends of streams crossing the right-of-way which are

diverted temporarily during construction. Erosion forces of flowing water is greater in bends

than in straight channels. The riprap shall extend across the bottom and up both sides of

the channel. Riprap shall also be used to protect the toes of temporary bridges across

waterways on the right-of-way.

9NV1OOJ712W/HAP42.DOC PAGE 2-42

-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

nprap rqnre ..mdXy

| ~~~~~~~~~altered drainage pattern l

FIGURE 2.3-12: EXCAMPLE OF RIPRAP APPLICATIONnG)mm

_ _ __ - _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

TABLE 2.3-1

RIPRAP INSTALLATION

Stone Mixture Well-graded mixture composed prmarily of larger stone mixes

but with a sufficient mixture of other sizes to fill the

progressively smaller voids between the stones. The stones

shall be hard and angular and of such quality that it will not

disintegrate on exposure to water or weathering.

Installation Height Riprap shall extend up the banks to a height equal to

maximum depth of flow or to a point where vegetation can be

established to adequately protect the channel.

Filter Material layer placed between riprap and underlying surface to

prevent soil movement into and through the riprap. Either

"single layer of plastic filter cloth manufactured for that

express purpose" properly graded layer of sand, gravel, or

stone. Plastic filter shall be protected from punching, cutting or

tearing.

EN4Vt0471251CHAP-2DOC, PAGE 2-44

On ~,r I s*Lfl-1- *r - -- WfL -lO rnwr.MiVC rnLh,CL, rilVMLr nitrvn I

(4) Hard Plugs

Hard Dlugs are blocks of material that shall be left unexcavated in the

trenchline. The function of hard plugs are to interrupt surface water flow and prevent

scouring of the trench bottom. These hard plugs will be removed at the time of pipe

lowering-in (Figure 2.3-13).

Conditions These plugs are needed when trenching at particularly on

long or steep longitudinal slopes especially those greater than 10% gradient. Their

frequency shall be determined according to the length and gradient of the slope and shall

take into account how early will trenching precede the lowering-in activity.

(5) Temporary Covers

Cover in the form of overlapping plastic sheeting, geotextile, sackcloth, palm

fronds of similar materials used to provide temporary protection against rainstorm.

Conditions: Needed for any area in the right-of-way where it is

considered to be particularly vulnerable to erosion, either due to particularly prolonged

inclement weather or due to very unstable slopes or similar circumstances. This protection

shall remain until either the circumstances change or until such time when permanent

control measures and revegetation is instigated.

Situations also requiring such treatment are stored banks of top soil and

circumstances such as a steep cut sandy slope exposed for part of heavy rainy or monsoon

season.

(6) Sediment/Silt Trap

A sediment or silt trap is a small temporary basin formed by excavation of

embankment to intercept sediment laden runoff and to trap and retain the sediment. The

purpose of a sediment trap is to intercept sediment laden runoff and trap the sediment in

order to protect drainageways streams properties, and right-of-way below the sediment trap

from sedimentation. Sediment traps are also used to minimize water pollution and also to

limit suspended solids in the runoff to acceptable limits.

ENVION4IS7126MMHAP-2.0OC PAGE 2-45

.1~~.

0

zz

Hard Plug /_Break in trenching /

/' y -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

zm

/ _< \ . / \ ~~~~~to drain accumulated8- . _ ~~Trench/ run-Off

sO,. . / not to scale

G) FIGURE 2.3-13: HARD PLUGSm

_) C


2.4 PIPELINE OPERATIONS

2.4.1 Gas Transmission Facilities

The overall gas transmission facilities consist of the metering and pressure

control, the 42' pipeline, liquids removal and dewpoint control, onshore compressor station,

and metering facilities. The system will be monitored and controlled via SCADA from the

Operations Center in Chonburi.

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and communications facilities

would be required at Ratchaburi Meter Station. SCADA data would be sent to the

Operations Center near Chonburi where PTT has an existing SCADA and Communications

system for their current pipeline networks.

2.4.2 Pipeline Markers

The onshore portion will be identified by above ground markers which provide a

waming of the presence of the pipeline and phone numbers for contacting PTT. In addition,

kilometer marker will be installed at regular intervals to allow identification from the air as

well as from the ground level.

2.4.3 Gas Leak Control

To control the pipeline, including leak detection, on-line information from the

pipeline inlet and outlet will be monitored; pressure, temperature, density and volumetric

flow. On-line pipeline integrity monitoring software in the SCADA system will perform

overall pipeline mass balances, pipeline hydraulics, and rate of change pressure calculations

to check for small leaks on a long-term basis and for leaks on a short-term basis.

ENV1OO4ig7125lCHAP-2DOC PAGE 2-47

ccr r r..,vW lEA 0 r_ c.a,, ' cc wI r flL.j.I c| FINAL REPORT

2.4.4 Operations Schedule

The new pipeline system is intended to operate continuously. Equipment

requiring maintenance will have stand-by units to allow a shut-down without interruption of

gas flow in the pipeline. Flow rates will vary seasonally and throughout the day in

conjunction with onshore gas demand.

2.5 OVERALL PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM

2.5.1 Construction Stage

The mobilization for the onshore pipeline and meter station construction is

scheduled to commence in 1996. The offshore pipeline should be ready for pre-

commissioning by 1998 (Figure 2.5-1).

Testing and commissionings are scheduled for completion at the mid of 1998.

2.5.2 Operation Stage

Actual gas operations in the new system can begin in 1998.

The number of the operating staffs in the operation phase is approximately 5

persons in each Block Valve Station.

2.5.3 Engineering Plan

The basic engineering will start immediately upon work authorization. The

existing engineering team in Bangkok will be supplemented to handle this work. Specifically

for the early Phase 1, work involving further pipeline route investigations and the selection

of the final pipeline route, a pipeline locating/construction specialist will be added.

ENV1000712&CHAP-2DOC PAGE 2-48

m

AWARD

LSTtC EPC PROJECT COMPLETION

M ~ ~ ~ 2. 's Zi F v{t P HASE I WoRK<r2$3.sQ9tos'Detail Engineering

O PreiOminary * Oesign Basis | Zpdate Preliminary * Civil/Struclural/ArchitecturaI * SCADA & Telecommunicationsz Engineering * Scope of Facilities Design Drawings * Mechanical * Start-up Procedures

T . Preliminary Design * Implementation Plan and Specincations * Instrument/Controls * Operalion & Malntenance Mianuals

r * Survey * Lump Sum EPC LjJ * Freeze Design Basis * Electrical * Training ReccommendallonsC)a * Cost Estimates Cost Estimate O Site work * Pipeline * Spare Parts Recommendations

* Schedules . - -- -_---

cri * Procurement _r* EnvironmentaVl * Construction Drawings * Manuals/Records * Safety Guidelines

3: D Permitting Support r Construction Specifications * Training * As-Built Drawings

Zj Pretiminaly _ t * Spare Parts * Assist Commissioning & Initial Gas Operations

q Procturement * r_cu_reme_nti4Pan _1e

Activities * Long Lead items Im * Purchase Long Lead * Intemational Purchase Order -* Supplineuaity

2 * IntemationallThai * ECA Agreemenls I Z r Orders & Contract Admintstration * Field Procurement

* Content * Traffic & Logistics ( * Award Purchase * Thai subcontracts & * Expediting* Vendor Plan Orders & Purchase Orders * Traffic S logistics

* Negotiation Subcontracts * Supptler Ouality Inspections

* Logistics __ _ _

mSj Preminary m I_ _ _ _ _ _ _I__ _

> Constructlon _____

Activities I Onshore Pipeline Establish Temporary |

* construction ConstructionPlan Facillties s Permanent construction |

Planning * Station Pipeline * Project Offices - New Pipeline * Cathodic Protection System * Mechanical

* Subcontractor Construction Plan * Field Offices * Stations * Maintenance Basis CompletionAgreements C) * Marshaling Yard * Block Valve Statlons * Centrat Control Room * Commissioning

* Right of way Z C Construction Yard* Equipment * Pipe Yards* Materials Warehousing

: Camps

PrelIminary Contract | Financing/

Negotlations Investment Plan* Execution |Commercial | Accounting * Cost Control * Schedule Control * Quality Control * Progress Monitoring

Approach - Ownership Plan| Owner/Contractor & ECA Agreements C

Negotiations

iTi FIGURE 2.5-1 AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT IMF'LEMENTATION PLANT FOR TIHE GAS PIEPLINE D

Co _

riA ur YMLJWANA rMAI UMAL UAi rIMLIWd rMUJtL.I FINAL REPORT

2.6 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

2.6.1 Financial Analysis

The financial analysis will be considered from income of only gas sales and from

operating cost including the following component;

- Compensations;

- Direct operating costs;

- Consulting costs;

- Project executive cost;

- Contingency.

The total costs are about 16,500 Baht. From the financial analysis are found that

the financial interest rate ratio (FIRR) is 63.96% and the Net Present Value (NPV) at 15% of

discount rate is 81,356 M$.

2.6.2 Economic Analysis

The economic interest rate ratio (EIRR) is 55.88% and the Net Present Value

(NPV) at 15% of discount rate is 61,300 MS.

2.6.3 Effects of Environmental Monitoring Cost on Finance and Economic

Environmental monitoring cost predicted (shown in Appendix K Table K-1) is

about 197 MS. This will not be significantly effected on the financial and economic concem

which can be summarized as follow.

2.6.3.1 Effects on Financial Ratio

FIRR will be a little change from 63.96% to 63.72%;

NPV (at 15%) change from 81,356 MS to 81,227 MS.

2.6.3.2 Effects on Economical Ratin

EIRR will be a little change from 55.88% to 55.63%;

NPV (at 15%) change from 61,300 MS to 61,170 MS.

ENV100W41265:FW-2.DOC PAGE 2-50


CHAPTER 3

EXISTING EN4VIRONMEMTAL CNDlITION

3.1 TOPOGRAPHY/GEOLOGY/SEISMOLOGY

3.1.1 Introduction

The scope of this study is to investigate and review the topography, geological

condition, and seismicity along the natural gas transmission pipeline. Main objectives are to

collect data and to assess probable effects of geology and seismology upon project

components.

3.1.2 Methodology

The geological information was collected from available publications and

geological maps by the Department of Mineral Resources, Ministry of Industry. Field checks

were conducted for compiling the preliminary geological and topographic data. The 1:50,000

maps were used as a base map.

Seismological data of the proposed project areas were collected from the

Meteorological Department and other related publications.

3.1.3 Results of the Study

3.1.3.1 Topography

The topography of the western region along the natural gas transmission pipeline

are located in the Tanaosri Mountain-Range. The topography are characterised by

complicated mountain, especially in Thong Pha Phum district which is the border of

Myanma-Thailand. Furthermore, the alluvial lowlands between the highland are confined in

the south of Sai Yok district to Dan Makham Tia district.

ENV1IO4i9712S/=HAP.3DOC PAGE 3-1


For the eastem parts of Chom Bung to Ratchaburi province, topography is flat

alluvial plain from Mae Klong river.

3.1.3.2 Geology

The geological map of western Thailand along gas pipeline is shown in Figure

3.1-1. Based on this map, the ages of rock were classified into three units as Permian,

Jurassic and Quaternary.

A summary of principal rock units is described as follows:

(1) Permian

Rocks of this age are found in Khao Chang Phuak at Ban-l-Tong located at

the west of Thong Pha Phum district, Khao Phu-Thong near Ban Kui-Yae of Thong Pha

Phum district and some areas of Ban Lum Sai at the northwest of Dan Ma Kham Tia

district. They are classified mainly as grey to dark grey limestone deposited in thin bedded

and thick bedded with fossils.

The other types are grey-red to black shale with thin bedded and thickness

bedded, yellow-brown sandstone, silty-sandstone with sand and mica compound and

conglomerate, mudstone, and shale with sand.

(2) Jurassic

Rocks of the Jurassic Period were found in Khao Phu-Thung in the south of

Thong Pha Phum district and in the east of Chom Bung district, Ratchaburi province along

the transmission gas pipeline. They are also composed mainly of grey to dark grey

limestone with thin bedded.

(3) Quaternary

Rocks of this age along with the transmission natural gas pipeline were

found in a small area at Thong Pha Phum district, Kanchanaburi. Most of the transmission

gas pipelines will pass through this rock into the south-ast of Dan Makham T'a district and

the west of Chom Bung district.

ENVIO4,97126cHAP-3.DOC PAGE 3-2

30 30'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

O to 20 KM.

CRAPI4C SCALE Z

C)

K-

0

FUATRNARY AEU3.-L THPOES: R-MER CRAVE SATN. 5tHl ANO CALN

ao- - rEIRACu DEPOS10 0S :E lCOAVPL.N t SAND A CA A O GAS PIPELINEtERnIRY = Sf.ICO5OU()ATDItO 10 KU CONSOUDATtE CONCLOUCRAll, SANDIteHE b0Ct >T C. KANCHANAWRI

I>RASSTC FM DAq>( tO CIGHT 5AtY SANDY UWtSI04E ARD INTERCALATED SHALL*5ti>>N tg/2 REONDS. BADt4 TO RED SllSI0O t A"0 SA4DSI0tC t K/

EF SUBANruuR to sUtRotro. Rto 9sk cE.EmFyEo uutsta-E CD4r0t0EPAftt 0

PtAR..A. [ K//l Q[0 DARr. GRErY. vASSA *o BEDDEDD PARTLY REEr. IMESTONC. A.0 -?Ct S.II)INESDt8||>22^ At

E.DOA. UC-1 0EI. RCCYSIAW .NtW.T ARCILLCtlOUS IIA.OS PlPELt AtJt RO4x2\

BeOIIA TOD.OR,I PHY UTE AIID OUARt211TE1 , t/

9 LAC. SHALE A1) T..s BE&DD O)WUARnt o w 0A

ORDMlAN D ARX CREI U.EST0R[ WPH ARC1UACCOUS rAND S+|0 3

CAMBRIA. C UARrz,rt. SC..IS A.0 MARBLj SEi tr \ ///

DI.| lll RDRI-C. BEDDED D0AR2l1E. AND P.ItUTt )Eg1 S>

PR[ CAMBRIAN C.E.SS. C.tC SIUCAIES aDcKS .. O SCHIST 0t

CRETCEOUS ME<JDIUM TO COARSE CR.IHEEI BIOnTIt UUJSCDATt tRATt 70 M?E

TRIASSIC M |Vt0UU to r,.t ORA-.ED NORNSU.0c al0XXit AND monit CRA^blC\ MI Z7

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~> :

m FIGURE 3.1-1: THE GrEOLOGICAL MAP OF WESTERN THAILAND ALONG GAS PIPELINE E Q . ,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E


The alluvium deposits are generally composed of gravel, sand, silt, clay, and

weakly consolidated sediments. In the study area, the deposits are also the most extensive

for all geologic formations, which present along all main steams including Kwae Noi, Kwae

Yai andJ Mae Kl,ong River.

3.1.3.3 Seismology

(1) Major Fault

The transmission natural gas pipeline are located in Tensasserim Range

seismic source zone (Figure 3.1-2) defined by Nutalaya et al. (1985). This seismic source

zone is characterized by the NS-trending faults in Myanmar and the NW-SE trending faults

in western Thailand. The major faults in this zone are Si Sawat and Three Pagodas faults.

(Figure 3.1-3).

(2) Seismicity

Nutalaya et al. (1985) complied the seismic source areas in Thailand,

Indochina, and part of Myanma and devied.them into 12 seismic source zones (Figure 3.1-

2). The information of seismicity from Department of Meteorology (Table 3.1-1) are shown

with epicenter of earthquake occurring near the proposed project 6 time in 1983-1988 at Si-

Swat District and Thong Pha Phum district. The magnitude were 4.1-4.5 in richter scale by

the Thong Pha Phum meteorology record station (Figure 3.1-4).

Nutalaya et al (1985) produced the maximum earthquake intensity map of

Thailand and adjacent area (Figure 3.1-5). Table 3.1-2 shows the modified Merccalli scale of

Earthquake intensity.

It is clearly illustrated from Figure 3.1-4 and 3.1-5 that the proposed project

areas are nearby the active siesmic source zone or being affected with minor to moderate

earth intensity.

ENV1O009712WOP-.3-DOC PAGE 3-4

EIA OF YANADA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORT

90 100~~~~*o 105

/ / | / ox^io0 - PAOSHAN CHINA20E 5

MYANMA S 7NNAN - XWSC&

Co~~~~~~~~~z fw it~~~~~~SUM

H \ \ \ v \ ZNE C HANOI\ \ \ § r ZONE C ) NZ7N N g / GULF OF 2

. 0 ) ) t X \ T A N G K t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7N GI

FIGURE 1-2 SEISICSOURC ZONE OF BU . T D AD ITHAILANDN

. JV1OO4~I~URE 3.1.2THE NATURAL GAS PIPLINE L

/, / ¢ \/\<RATc~~~RATHASURI > VIETNAM

I !02:yA22DI WrXX4Jo j~~CAMODI

> 1 / | °~~~~~ 100 200 300\ < .t ~MALAYSA V

CODE: 312.DWG

fIGURE .3.1-2 SEISMIC SOURCE ZONE OF SURMA. THAILAND AND INDOCHINA 1

(After Nutoloyo et.oi , 1985)

ENVIO04/FIGURE 3.1-2 P G -


98 100 102 104

20 MYANMA - HEANG SEAN FAULT 20

LAO

18 °)j, 18/R@ \CAMBODIA

b ' O 100 ZOO KS

C,

*D 4.§

16 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6

THAAYILAN

98 1oo 102 104

I CAMBODIA~~~~~~~~~CD 33.W

FIGURE 3.1-3: THE MAJOR FAULTS ZONE IN THAILAND

IEW10041GURE3.1-3 ,PAGE 3-6

TABLE 3.1-1

SELECTED EARTHQUAKES OF MAGNITUDE OVER 4.0 IN WESTERN

THAILAND REGION (DATA SOURCE DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGY)

Date Epicenter Latitude Longitude MagnitudeZ

15 Apr. 1983 Si Sawat, Kanchanaburi 14.9 N 99.0 E 5.3 MB

22 Apr. 1983 Si Sawat, Kanchanaburi 14.9 N 99.1 E 5.9 MB and 59 MS

17 Jul. 1983 Si Sawat, Kanchanaburi 15.20 N 99.021 E 4.7 MB

13 Jan. 1985 Thong Pha Phum, Kanchanaburi 4.1 ML

10 Mar. 1985 Thong Pha Phum, Kanchanaburi . 4.5 ML

28 Nov. 1988 Si Sawat, Kanchanaburi 15.05 99.80 4.5 ML

I_ -

>m

-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.


90 10 06 Aug 1988

6.8.7.2 j 24 Apr 1984 6 Nov 1988

29 ep1989 / \t5.9 6 1.7.3 28 Apr 1971 2529 Stp 1989

5 4 CHINA 5.6

22 Sep. 1965 30 Mor 1989

y Z ~~~~~~~6 znr 98\w 3r4 0

1 Oct. 1989 6\8,7)25.3~~~~~4

: \ MY~~MANMA \ / ( 2 Avg. 1978\ / \ z > ) X ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5.1 _25 July 1986

\ 23 Moy. 1912 \ / 9~ / \4.0

\ ~~~~7.9 B)\ * / 4- Apr. 1989 5.2 * V \ / / 19 Feb. 1988

5 July.t985 ~ ~ +\ tz 5 4.5 20

> 5 0 / ~~CHG - (_J4 Dec. 1930 A- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~22 Dec. 1980

7.3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4.0} i BDT 23 Dec. 1980

S MUY. 1930 Affi 0-1 A * ~~ _ 4.2

73 17 e 95< \ S 24 July. 1978 \ \

15 Apr. 1983 N5.6 )0

5.3ALO' HD 0 _PCT_ 29 twoy. 1978 LA o

15 -

22 Apr. 19B3 \ KBR AL 4.5 )1

5.9 MTA. ; \ ~~~~~THAILAND fMTA

14 Fe 1967 o CAMBODIA

°°° ' ' *°°°) *°(' ,0 :-°0/ '< .0~~~~~~~~~~~~o

* 16 MOy. 1933 THE EPICENTERa

6.5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0

. T EPICENTE OF EARTHOUAKE IN

ENV1 E 3.14N THAILAND

4 Apr. 1983 > 12 Apr 1967 | 0 100 20P 300

< \ * I l . ~~~~~~~~SEfSMOCRAPH STAnON

\ \ .t M~ALAYSI < . < X ( ~~~~~~~~~~~MAGNITUDE (RICHTER)

. _ _ .. _ ._ ._ _ . '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ODE: 314.DWG

TEAM

FIGURE 3.1-4: THE EPICENTER OF EARTHOUAKE IN THAILAND

E N IV I O N M I G U R E & 1 - 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~PA G E 3 -8


80 90 100 110 120

IX ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~HN

)<<(3

VII AL L<- LA

CAMBODIA OE 15OW

FIGURE 3.1-5 MAXIMUM EARTHOUAKE INTENSITY MAP OF THAILAND AND ADJACENT AREAS

ENVIOO4FfCGUOE 3D4 PAGE 3-9

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECTr FINAL REPORT

TABLE 3.1-2

MODIFIED MERCALLI SCALE OF EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY

1. Net felt except by a very few under especially favorable circumstances.

11. Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings.

delicately supended objects may swing.

Ill. Felt quite noticeably indoors, expecially on upper floors, but many people do not

recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibration

like passing truck. Duration estimated.

IV. During the day felt indoors by many, outdoors by few. At night some awakened.

Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make creaking sound. Sensation like

heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rock noticeably.

V. Felt by nearly everone; many awakened. Some dishers, windows, etc., borken; a

few instances of cracked plaster; unstable objects overturned. Dusturbances of trees,

poles, and other tall objects sometimes noticed. Pendulum clocks may stop.

VI. Felt by all; many frightened and run outdoor. Some heavy furniture moved; a few

instances of fallen plaster or damaged chimneys. Damage slight.

VII. Everybody runs outdoors. Damage negligible in buildings of good design and

construction: slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structrues; considerable

in porly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken. Noticed by

persons driving motor cars.

VIII. Damage slight in specially designed structures. condiderable in ordinary

substantial buildings, with partial collapse; great in poorly built structures. Panel

walls thrown out of frame structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns,

movements, walls. Heavy fumiture. overturned. Sand and mud ejected in small

amounts. Changes in wellwater levels. Disturbs persons driving motor cars.

EWV1O04X7126flAB31.2.XLS PAGE 3-10


TABLE 3.1-2 (Cont'd)

IX. Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame

structures thrown out of plumb; great in substantial buildings. withpartial

collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations. Ground cracked conspicuously.

Underground pipes broken. /

X. Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures

destroyed with foundations; ground badly cracked. Rails bent. Landsides

considerable from river banks and steep slopes. Shifted sand and mud. Water

splashed over banks.

Xl. Few, if any, masonry structurs remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Broad fissures

in ground. Underground pipelines completely out f\of service. Earth slumps and

slips in soft ground. Rails bent greatly.

X!!. Damages total. Waves seen on ground surfaces. Lines of sight and level distorted.

Objects thrown upward into the air.

ENV1004i7126TEAB31-2XLS PAGE 3-11

CIR Ltf YAUANA N NA I UOMPL uAb rirmiINt rIluJtL I FINAL REPORT

3.2 HYDROLOGY

The development of the gas transmission pipeline will certainly pass through

streams, creeks, and rivers which may disturb the existing hydrological regime in certain

extent. Therefore, it is necessary to set up the baseline data on the concerned asnerts

which can be furthur used in the hydrological impact assessment.

3.2.1 Data Collection and Analysis

The concerned Hydrological Data include:

- Meteorological Data

- Rainfall Data

- Runoff Data

- Sediment Data/Soil Erosion Data

Analysis of data was carried out from observed data at various stations network

in the project area. The available data for analyzing are belonged to the Meteorological

Department, Royal Irrigation Department, and Department of Energy Affaires.

The long-term means of meteorological data from key stations in Kanchanaburi

province were analyzed on monthly basis. The meteorological data for such analysis are air

pressure, temperature, humidity, evaporation, dew-point, cloudiness, visibility, and wind

speed.

An isohyetal map of the project area was prepared by average annual rainfall

analysis. Besides of this, a probability analysis of rainfall data was carried out to determine

the rain intensities for various return periods and durations.

Runoff and sediment analysis was analized for these parameters relationship for

each sub-catchment area of the project area. Furthermore, estimation of flow and sediment

concentration in each of the sub-basin which is crossed by gas pipeline was also

pelliormed.

ENV10dj7120WCAP-3.OC PAGE 3-12



(1) Weather

Surrounding weather of project site was observed at Kanchanaburi

meteorological station. These weather records were analysed to determine the long-term

means of meteorological data (monthly basis), maximum and minimum of air pressure,

temperature, relative humidity, visibility, cloudiness, evaporation, dew-point, wind speed and

direction. The results of meteorological data analysis are presented in Table 3.2-1.

A summary of meteorological data analysis is given as below:

- Air pressure:

Annual average 1009.51 millibar

Maximum (in January) 1024.28 millibar

Minimum (in June) 998.20 millibar

- Temperature:

Annual average 27.9 degree Celsius

Maximum (in April) 43.5 degree Celsius

Minimum (in January) 5.8 degree Celsius

Relative humidity:

Annual average 68 %

Minimum (in January) 11 %

- Visibility:

Annual average 9.5 km

- Cloudiness:

Annual average 6.0 octta scale

- Evaporation

Annual average 160.9 mm

Mean maximum (in April) 221.7 mm

Mean minimum (in November) 124.6 mm

ENV1004i97125/CHAP-3.D0C PAGE 3-13

z

TABLE 3.2-1

THE RESULTS OF METEROLOGICAL DATA C

Evaporation andAir Pressure Temperature Relative Humidity Vlsibility and Cloudiness Dew Point Wind Spead and

[Month Visibility-km Couldiness- Evap. Dew-Point Direczion

(0-0) (mm. ICeloclus5 I

Mean Ext. Ext. Mean Mean Mean Ext. Ext. Mean Mean Mean Ext. 700 LS Mean Mean Preen- Mean Mean Prevailing Max.GI

Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Mien. Max. Mimn Min. pan Wind Wird Wind tU,

Speed Speed -mz

Jalnuary 1,012.90 1,003.38 1,024.38 25.4 32.3 18.2 38.1 5.8 62 86 40 11 52 7.8 35 137.6 169 21 NE 25 ZFebzruary 1.011.15 1,000.88 1,022.15 27.9 35.1 20.9 40.3 12.1 sO 84 38 12 49 7.0 38 153 18 7 26 SE 25 0Murch 1,009.80 1,000 98 1,022 55 30.0 37.3 23.2 41.9 11.2 57 el 34 13 58 73 4.0 210 5 196 3 W 40 mApri 1,008 36 999.46 1.020.18 31.2 381 25.2 43.5 19.7 59 01 38 15 7.9 93 49 221 7 21.4 31 W 45

Mzy 1.007.12 999.37 1,01508 297 35.5 252 41.2 21.5 70 86 51 22 94 10.7 70 1934 23 31 W 32

June 1,006.77 998 20 1,015 76 28 7 33.7 24 8 40.5 20 2 72 87 57 29 95 112 B.1 1566 22 9 31 W 33July 1.006 93 998 74 1,014.25 28 4 33 3 24.4 39.7 20.2 72 87 56 31 9.5 10 8 82 167 3 22 5 34 W 55

August 1,00695 99876 1,01438 282 33.1 24.4 39.4 21.5 73 88 57 35 93 106 85 161 2 226 34 W 33

Seplember 1,008 04 998.50 1,015.03 27.8 32 8 24.0 37. 21.2 77 91 60 38 8.9 1.4 8 2 139.5 23.1 2 4 W 40

October 1,010.17 1,001.85 1,018.68 27.2 31.7 23.2 37.8 16.2 79 93 63 31 7.8 10 0 7 1 127 9 22 9 2 1 W 30

November 1.012 32 1,004.04 1,021.49 260 30.7 21.3 38.0 11.6 74 91 57 27 72 9.7 5 5 124 6 20.7 2 6 NE 31

December 1,013.57 1004.02 1,024.00 24.6 30.7 18.3 37.2 6.8 66 88 47 24 6 5 8 8 3 7 137.2 17.5 2 6 NE 30

Annual 1.009.51 1,024.38 998 20 27.9 33.7 22.8 43.5 5.8 68 87 50 11 77 95 6 0 160 9 21 0 28 55

Clirnatological Data for the Period 1961 - 1990

1 Knot . 1.852 kmJhour

m Soujrce Meteoroiogy Department

w m

0-4

r~~~~


- Dew-point

Annual average 21 Celsius

- VVind Speed

Annual average 2.8 knots

Maximum (in July) 55 knots

(2) Rainfall

The averages of annual rainfall for various stations in the project area were

estimated to prepare an isohyetal (lines of equal rainfall) map. The prepared isohyetal map is

shown in Figure 3.2-1. The average annual rainfall at Ban -Tong is about 1700 mm and

gradually decreases towards Ratchaburi to about 1000 mm.

The maximum annual rainfall was observed in the year 1961 at Kanchanaburi

equal to 6771.8 mm. The maximum one day rainfall intensity was also observed in the year

1961 at Ratchaburi equal to 320.4 mm.

A iobabhUityr ana!y-sis on hourly rainfall data at the station K22A (Ban Mae

Nam Noi Sai Yok district) was carried out to determine the rain intensities for various return

periods and time durations. The prepared intensityduration-frequency curve is presented in

Figure 3.2-2 as well as in Table 3.2-1. The dry season rainfall intensity, duration, and

frequency at the same station is demonstrated in Table 3.2-2 and Figure 3.2-3.

The maximum one hour rainfall intensity of 25 years return period (which is

about 98 mm) has been recommended for design of drainage system for construction

around the project area.

(3) Runoff

The alignment of the proposed pipe line is crossing some tributaries of river

Kwae Noi. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the discharge data of related rivers, and the

summary of the results are as following:

- The momentary peak discharge on Noi river at station K22A equals to

438.0 cu.m/second (observed on 3 July, 1982);

- The monetary peak discharge of Huai Lin Tin river at station K38 equals

to 71.0 cu.m/second (observed on 17 October, 1988);

ENVlW4,97125/CHAP-3,0OC PAGE 3-15


MYANMA |

THAILAND

KHAOLAE DAM * .- ,. 7-

220 -a " ' -l°°~ -- , I

2100 -- - 100 \'," ,0'','.200~~~~~~ -um 90

.,bo22.A

AGA° !N N DAM ,

o ~~~KANCHAKABIIRI

\ ~~~~SLIAN|PHUNGi/ \ C X S. I I~S.

17~~~~~~~

g ,8'0 ~~~~~~~GULf Of i

) , / ~~~~~~~~THAILAND )

LEGEND

= PIPELINE

K K K22.A 32 17 = HYDROLOGICAL STATION

= STORAGE DAM N

= DISTRICT - ' AC = PROVANCE A

CODE: 321.DWG

FIGURE 3.2-1 MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL IN WESTERN PART OF THAILAND (mm) PERIOD 1952-1990

ENVIO0dURouAE .221 PAGE 3-16


1000~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'1000 -__ C____

900B00 RETURN PERIOD IN YE-ARS700600

-

500 10 - - - I400 ............ 25

50300 1002C0

200 200

i00 100E 90 90s0

E /

EtWltStSlGtt 8700 2-2 PAGE 7060 650 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5040 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~40

C .30 30

- _ _ _ _ __ _ _20

a 87 76 6

4 4

3 -3

2 2

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 6.0 12.0 24.0

Duration- hours

(1966-1983)~~~~~~~~~~~AG 31

ENV1004IFIGU.RE 3.2-2PAE31


TABLE 3.2-2

DRY SEASON RAINFALL INTENSITY - DURATION - FREQUENCY OF

STATION K22.A HUAI MAE NAM NOI, A. SAI YOK

Time Dry Season Rainfall Intensities - mm./hour

Duration Frequencies - Yr.

(hr.) 2 5 10 25 50 100 200

1/4 49.3 89.4 116.0 149.5 174.4 199.1 223.8

1/2 38.6 73.1 95.9 124.8 146.2 167.4 188.6

3/4 29.4 57.0 75.3 98.5 115.7 132.7 149.7

1 23.6 46.2 61.1 79.9 93.9 107.8 121.6

2 12.8 25.0 33.1 43.3 50.9 58.4 65.9

3 9.2 17.7 23.4 30.5 35.8 41.1 46.3

6 4.8 9.1 12.0 15.7 18.4 21.0 23.7

12 2.4 4.6 6.0 7.9 9.2 10.6 11.9

24 1.3 2.4 3.2 4.2 4.9 5.6 6.3

ENV0A,9712h/rAB32Y2J3S PAGE 3-18

EIA OF YANADA NATURAL GAS PIPEUNE PROJECT FINAL REPORT

Intensity - Duration - Frequency Curve at K22.A (1966 - 1991)

1,000 -

_ I I f , I I I fi-..----Tr= 2Yr5!_I_I_I_!_1_1 11 1 1 i I i i i I i-. --- Tr= 5YrY

l : | 1 1 1 1 1 1 < r F I T.I.I I I Tr= 10 YmI ~~~~~~~~Tr = 25Yrs

-7-4- Tr = ti Tll50 Yrs

=t- -3ff fi1111 l~~~~~ -Tr r10 Ym

1 - A_ X l rIIr] '' ''2k T i 1, i1 i ir *.

I~ ~ ~_____ - -1 1-... I I0.1 1.0 D 10.0 100.0Duration - houms

CURVE AT K22.A (1966-1991) 19

Et4VIOORfiGURE 3.2-3 PAGE 3-19


- The momentary peak discharge of Lam Nam Chee river at station K17

equals to 1484.0 cu.m/second (observed on 13 October, 1985).

(4) Soil Erosion

Most of soil erosion causes by heavy rainfall. The falling rain drops detach

the soil particles from its aggregation, and these detached soil particles are then washed

away from the surface runoff water as suspended material to the streams / rivers.

Afterward, some of them sink as bed load material.

For this reason, one of the most popular soil erosion evaluation is calculated

from method that measures suspended sediments in the discharge area, and estimates bed

load material. The total sediment load is the summation of the measured suspended

sediments and the estimated bed load material. Generally, approximately 30% of

suspended sediment is used or bed load.

There are many sediment measurement stations along the Mae Klong river

in the project area. The measured sediment data of 18 gauging stations along the Mea

Klong river were collected from Hydrological Division of Royal Irrigation Department, and

Department of Energy Development and Promotion. These collected sediment data were

analyzed to estimate soil erosion in the project area. The computed results of soil erosion

are given in Table 3.2-3. The summary of these results are given below:

- Average depth of soil erosion over the area is 0.240 mm/year;

- Maximum depth of soil erosion over the area is 0.760 mm/year;

- Minimum depth of soil erosion over the area is 0.056 mm/year.

ENV100I47t2B/CHAP.3DOC PAGE 3-20


TABLE 3.2-3

LIST OF SEDIMENT STATION, DRAINAGE AREA AND

MEAN ANNUAL SUSPENDED SEDIMENT OF MAE KLONG RIVER BASIN

No. River Code D.A. M.A.S. Total Load Vol. Sed. Erosion

(Sq. km.) (Tons) (Tons) (m u3) (mm.)

1 Kwae Noi 140703 5,680 3,900,000 5,070,000 4,333,333 0.760

2 Kwae Noi 140901 2,570 1,110.000 ,443,000 1,233,333 0.480

3 Nam Mae Run Ti 140902 308 37,100 48,230 41,222 0.134

4 Huai Wang Kiang 140903 67 4,490 5,837 4,989 0.075

5 Kwae Yai 020017 4,960 601,924 782,501 668,804 0.135

6 Kwae Yai 020018 5,644 912.795 1.186,634 1,014.217 0.180

7 Kwae Yai 020019 10,500 1,870,306 2,431,398 2,078,118 0.198

8 Kwae Yai 020022 11.353 1,759,922 2,287,899 1,955,469 0.172

9 Kwae Yai 020023 14,037 2,580,189 3,354,246 2,866,877 0.204

10 Kwae Yai 020025 6,512 1,588,392 2,04,910 1,764,880 0.271

11 Mae Klong K.4 26.441 3,824.823 4,972,270 4,249,803 0.161

12 K(wae Yai K.6 10,001 1,792,826 2,330,674 1,992,029 0.199

13 Mae Kbong K.8 26,421 6,922,030 8,998,639 7,691.144 0.291

14 Kwae Noi K.9 6,902 4,016,099 5,220,929 4,462,332 0.647

15 Kwae Noi K.10 7,008 789,477 1,026,320 877,197 0.125

16 Lam Pha Chi K.17 1,355 127.694 166,002 141.882 0.105

1i Kwae Yai K.20 11,184 1,330,360 1,729,468 1,478,178 0.132

18 Huai Samnak Mai Teng K.28 183 9,156 11,903 10,173 0.056

Mean 0.240

Note D.A. : Drainage Area Total Load 1.3 times of M.A.S.

MAS. = Mean Annual Suspended Sediment Vol. Sed. Total Load /1.17

Erosion Vol. Sed. / D.A.

Sources: Hydrology Division, Royal Irrigation Department.

ENV1004A712rrA=23Y.xLS PAGE 3-21


3.3 WATER QUALITY

3.3. 1 IIILIuuuteiorl

During the construction period of the natural gas pipeline, a series of activities

will be involved namely, right-of :way. preparation, trenching, backfilling, crossing, etc. All of

the listed activities will disturb the vegetations which cover along the pipeline route and

effect the quality ot surface runoff, especially, for the suspended solids. Furthermore, the

crossings may have the direct impact on concemed waterways in terms of bank erosion,

stream bed disturbance, sediment, runoff, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the

baseline data for water quality of the concemed waterway prior to the project

implementation. This information will be the basis for impact assessment and further

recommendations.

3.3.2 Study Methodology and Description of the Sampling Stations

3.3.2.1 Methodology

At each sampling station, a water sample was collected by using 2 litre-water

sampler bottles. All of water samples were collected at the middle of the waterway and at

the mid-depth (3 m. below the surface) of the water column. The concemed water

characteristics are shown in Table 3.3-1 and standard methods needed for examination of

water and wastewater by AWWA-APHA-WECF (1992) was employed.

ENVtOC*7t2&VWNoc PAGE 3-22


-TABLE 3.3-11

CONCERNED CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER SAMPLES

Characteristics

Physical Characteristics Chemical Characteristics Biological Characteristics

Depth - m Conductivity (pmhos/cm) Total Coliform

Temperature (air, water) - C pH MPN/100 ml

Dissolved Oxygen - mg/I Faecal Coliform

Total Dissolved Solid - mg/A MPN/100 mg

Suspended Solid - mg/l

Hardness - mgA

Oil and Grease - mg/A

BOD - m3-2

ENVlX04,19126tCKAP-3.D0C PAGE 3-23


3.3.2.2 Description of Sampling Stations

The field survey for water quality was undertaken in June, 1995. The sampling

stations vvere also desigrlated aiong the naturai gas pipeline route as shown in Figure 3.3-1.

Brief description of each sampling station is as follows:

Station 1 : Kwae Noi river

Location : Ban Dao Wa Dung (482913E, 1600575N)

Land Use : Agricultural area (cotton)

Water Usage : Agricultural purpose

Station 2 : Kwae Noi river

Location : Ban Pu Ong Ka (502075E, 1575741N)

Land Use : Agricultural area (sugar cane)

Water Usage : Domestic consumption and agricultural purposes.

Station 3 : Huai Lum Pha Shi

Location : Near Tha Phu's bridge (541082E, 1531516N)

Land Use : Residential and agricultural areas.

Water Usage : Domestic consumption and agricultural purposes.

Station 4 : Mae Klong river

Location : Wat Tha Klong (588407E, 1499061 N)

Land Use : Residential area

Water Usage : Domestic consumption

ENVW100712CP.3DOC PAGE 3-24

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1.\- 0> \ \:M; f t . J\ | m KSAk IN DAM m

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* ST 2 KWAE NOI RIAtR AT!BNKAOR BTO

IST 3 . -UAI LAM PMTA SHI / BAN llA PHU T _ °

*:St A MAE (LONG RIAtR Al! WAT lHAH

BAN ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~IRASLUBT -

m CODE: 2122OWG~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CO:ZSS00 -a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r

* FI.GURE 3.3-1 THE WATER QUALITY IAQUATIC ECOLOGY SAMPLING STATION



(1) Kwae Noi River (2 stations)

The water samples collected at both stations, Ban Dao Wa Dung and Ban

Pu Onq Ka. are similar in tprms of quality (Photo 3.3-1). Concvtra--ons of suspend,ed solids

(SS) were relatively high at both stations (47 and 9 6 mg/A) due to surface runoff from

agricultural area. Levels of pH were on the alkaline side which may be due to the effect of

limestone mountain ranges in the Kwae Noi watershed area. The collected water could be

categorized as soft water with hardness of 60-90 mg/A CaC03. Quantities of dissolved

oxygen were at the acceptable level of 4.0 and 5.4 mg/l. The BOD levels were relatively

low with 0.50 and 0.65 mg/l. However, the trace of contamination from nearby

communities was found in terms of Fecal Coliform Bacterial and oil/grease. Kwae Noi's

water quality was categorized as class 3 of surface water classification which is suitable for

agricultural purpose and can be used for domestic consumption after treatments.

(2) Huai Lum Pha Shi

Huai Lum Pha Shi is a tributary of Kwae Noi river (Photo 3.3-2). The water

sample of this site was turbid with very high SS of 610 mg/l. For the other characteristics:

the hardness in term of CaCO3 is 76 mg/A which is classified as soft water; pH was on

alkaline property; and dissolved oxygen was at acceptable level, 5.0 mg/l. However,

because this sampling station is close to a community, Ban Tha Phu, BOD level was

relatively high with 1.55 mg/I, and oiVgrease and fecal coliform were also detected at 1.4

mg/A and 49 MPN/100 ml, respectively. Huai Lum Pha Shi can be categorized as surface

water in class 3.

(3) Mae Klong River

Mae Klong river at the sampling station near Wat Tha Klong is approximately

200 m wide with local settlements along both sides of the river (Photo 3.3-2). Mae Klong

river water was turbid with SS leve' of 22 mg/I. Waater was classified as soft water

(hardness of 98 mg/I as CaCO3). Dissolved oxygen was at acceptable level for aquatic life

ENV100497I25SEGS31DOC PAGE 3-26


7-E

ST.1 KWAE NOI RIVER (BAN DAO WA DUNG)

__~~~~-' ___ .

ST.2 KWAE NOI RIVER (BAN PHU ONG KA)

PHOTO 3.3-1 THE CONDITION OF WATER QUALITY / AQUATIC ECOLOGY

SAMPLING STATION 1 AND 2

ENV1004/97125/BEC.333.DOC PAGE 3-27


, ?, ¢ 8 ........... .o - - -....... .. -- \'*i^ '* .s : *=

-~~~~~~~~~ -. ;v .4 ^ ~ W , i -<il tkt

ST.3 HUAI LUM PHA SHI (BAN THA PHU)

ST.4 MAE KLONG RIVER (IN FRONT OF WAT THA KHLONG)

PHOTO 3.3-2 : THE CONDITION OF WATER QUALITY / AQUATIC ECOLOGY

SAMPLING STATION 3 AND 4

ENV1004/97125/SEC-333.DOC PAGE 3-28


(4.2 mgA). Due to the relatively densed communities along the river, the contaminations in

form of fecal coliform and oiVgrease were clearly detected. Mae Klong river can be

classified as surface water in class 3 with suitable for agricultural purpose and domestic

consumption after treatments.

The results of water quality in four sampling stations are shown in Table 3.3-

2 and the surface water qualities classified by Office of National Environmental Board

(ONEB) standard are shown in Table 3.3-3.

3.4 AQUATIC ECOLOGY

3.4.1 Introduction

Since several streams and rivers will be crossed by gas transmission pipeline,

disturbance of aquatic ecological systems in vicinity of the crossings will be observed,

especially, for benthic community. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the existing

status of the representative aquatic ecological systems around the areas. These observed

data were utilized as the basis for the impact assessment and recommendations.

3.4.2 Methodology

There were 4 designated sampling stations for aquatic ecological study as shown

in Figure 3.3-1. The sampling stations were located at Kwae Noi river (2 stations), Huai Lam

Pha Shi, and Mae Klong river. For each sampling station, plankton and benthic were

collected as following detail.

3.4.2.1 Plankton Sample Collection

The plankton nets of 70 micron mesh size were used to collect phytoplankton

and zooplankton by filtering 20 litres of water through the net. The collected samples were

preserved in 7% formalin solution and brought back to the Biological Laboratory at Kasetsart

University for further identification and their abundance estimation.

ENV1004197125SEC*333.DOC PAGE 3-29


TABLE 3.3-2

WATER QUALITY ALONG THE PIPELINE ROUTE, JUNE 8-11, 1995

Parameter Station

ST.1 ST.2 ST.3 ST.4

Khwae Noi River Khwae Noi River Huai Lum Pha Shi Mae Kiong River

at Ban Dao Wa Dung at Ban Pu Ong Ka at Ban Tha Phu at Wat Tha Kiong

1. Depth (m) 7 9 3 8

2. Temperature, C

Air 30 28 27 30

Water 27 28 25 27

3. pH 8.2 8.1 8.0 8.0

4. Dissolved Oxygen /mg/A) 4 5.4 5.0 4.2

5. Conductivity Jumhosicm.) 180 150 100 90

6. BOD (mg/i) 0.65 0.50 1.55 0.55

7. Total Dissolved Solid tppm) 80 60 90 80

8. Suspended Solid 1mgAI) 47 96 610 22

9. Hardness ImgAI as CaCO3) 60 90 76 98

10. Oil and Grease rmgfl) 1.2 1.2 1.4 0.81

11. Total Coliform MPNfIOO ml 350 280 920 1600

12. Fecal Colilorm MPIU100 ml 110 79 49 920

ENVI0Jo07I2alrrA833-2.XLS PAGE 3-30


TABLE 3.3-3

SUfRFACE WATER QUALITY BY ONEB; CLASSiFiCATiuN AND uBjECTiVES

Parameter Units Standard Values for Class"'

1 2 3 4 5

1. Temperature IC n' n n n'

2. pH value n 5-9 5-9 5-9

3. Dissolved oxygen mg/l n 6 4 2

4. BOD 15 days, 20 CC mg/A - 1.5 2.0 4.0

5. Coliform Bacteria

- Total Coliform MPN/100 ml - 5,000 20,000

- Fecal Coliform - 1,000 4,000

6. NO, -N mg/l n 5

7. NH3 -N . n 0.5

B. Phenols . n 0.005

9. Cu n 0.1

10. Ni . n 0.1

11. Mn n 1.0

12. Zn n 1.0

13. Cd n 0.005, 0.050

14. Cr (Hexavaient) . n 0.05

15. Pb n 0.05

16. Hg (total) n 0.002

17. As n 0.01

18. CN n 0.005

19. Radioactivity

- Gross a Becquerelil 0.01

- Gross 0 n 1.0

20. Pesticides (Total) mg/ n 0.05

-DDT ug/ n 1.0

-BHC n 0.02

- Dieldrin n 0.1

- Aldrin n 0.1

- Heptachlor & n 0.1

Heptachlor epoxide

- Endrin n none

Note: P = Percentile value

n = Natural

n' = Natural but changing not more than 3 C

= When water hardness not more than 100 mg/i as CaCO3

= When water hardness more than 100 mg/i as CaCO3

*-- = Water Classification

ENVI 04197126rtAB33-3.XLS PAGE 3-31


3.4.2.2 Benthic Sample Collection

An Ekman Dredge was used to collect benthos samples and three sediment

grabs were collected at each site. For each sediment grab, quick observation on the

bedlment texture and composition (sand, gravei, debris, mud, ctay, etc.) was made. Then,

the sediment was sorted through a series of wire sieves to separate benthic organisms.

The benthos samples were preserved in 7% formalin solution for further identification in the

laboratory.


3.4.3.1 Plankton Organisms

From analysis of plankton samples collected from all of four sampling stations on

June 8-11, 1995, the result indicated low plankton diversity and low density due mainly to

fast flowing water in these waterways. As shown in Table 3.4-1, the total 18 genera of

plankton comprising with 18 species were identified. This table also indicates that

zooplankton found at all sample station were very poor both in diversity and density. There

were only total 6 species, and only 3 species in Phylum Arthropoda, Basmina longirrstris,

Calanoid copepod, and Copepod nauplii. The total zooplankton density in each sample

station ranges only 2,000-7,000 cells/cu.m.

Phytoplankton which regularly found at all stations were a green algae,

Pediastrum simplex, and a diatom Denticula sp. The dominant species was Anabaena sp.

with density of 150,000 cells/cu.m. at station 3 (Huai Lam Pha Shi). High percentage of

phytoplankton compared with those of zooplankton was found at all sampling stations with

the range of 90.40-98.50% of phytoplankton and 1.50-3.60% of zooplankton.

ENVtO0409112WSEC33.D0C PAGE 3-32


TABLE 3.4-1

SPECIES COMPOSITON AND AIUNDANCEq OF PLANKTON ORGANISMS

AT FOUR SAMPLING STATIONS ALONG THE GAS PIPEUNE ROUTE, JUNE 8-11. 1995

Unit: ind. per cu.m.

Organisms Station

ST,1 Kwas Noi ST.2 Kwee Noi ST_3 Huai Lum ST.4 Fa e Klong

River at Ban River at Ban Pha Shi at River at Wat

Kheng Re Soft Phu Ong Ka Ban Thaphu The Klong

PHYTOPLANKTON

Phylum Cyanophvta /Bu- green algae)

Anabaena sp. 150,000 20.000

Mernsmopedia tenuissima Lem. 60.r00

Phylum Chlorophyta (Green algae)

Oedogonium sp 20 000 4,00D

Pediastrum simplex /Meyen) Lemm 65 000 46W00 32.00 18.000

Phylum Bacillariophyta (Diatom)

Denticula sp 40,000 25.0O0 2.000 32,000

Diatoma elongarum Agardh 3000 2. 000- 2.500

Eunotia sp. - 2.000

Nitzschea paina (Kuetring) WSmrth 2.000

Rhrzosolenia longiseta Zach . 10.000

Surtrelta renera Gregory 1.000 2.500

Synedra ulna Ehrenberg 20.000 5,000

Phylum Chrysophyta (Yellow-green agae)

DLnobryon sefulabra Ehrenberg 24. OD

Subtotal Phytoplarnton 131000 107.000 215.000 135.000

ZOOPLANKTON

Phylum Protozoa (Protozoan)

Centropyxis ecormsa (Ehr) Leady 2D000

Ddflug,a tucerculara Wallich - 1.000

Phylum Rotlera (Rgffer)

KerateAa tropeca Apstein 7 C00 2.000 - -

Phylum Arthropoda (ArthropoJ)

Bosmina onigrostns (O.F.Muller) 2000 1.000

Calanord copepod 1.0D0 2 000 1.000

CopePod naupiih, 2.000 2.000

Subtotal Zooplankion 2 000 400D 7,000 4.000

GRAND TOTAL 133000 11700W 2220D0 139.000

PERCENTAGE OF PHYTOPLANKTON 9850 9640 9685 9712

PERCENTAGE OF ZOOPLANKTON 1t50 3 60 3 15 288

ENVl004l97l2e2tA&a3-1.XtLS PAGE 3-33


3.4.3.2 Benthic Organisms

Identification of benthos samples collected from four sampling stations on June

8-11, 1995 was shown in Table 3.4-2. The data showed low both in density and in diversity

of benThic organism in the studied area. The density in each station was in range of 44-132

individuals/sq.m. with average of 104.5 individual/sq.m.

For diversity, only five Families of Phylum Arthodopa were found, and all of them

are in class Insecta with larvae form. Insect lavae in Family Ephemeroptera, Caenidae, and

Canaceidae were found at station 1 and 2, 2 and 4, and 2 and 3, respectively, while insect

lavae in Family Hydrophilidae and Dytiscidae were found only at station 2, and 4,

respectively.

3.5 SOIL

3.5.1 Introduction

Soil study and observation were conducted along the transmission gas pipeline

beginning from EGAT Power Plant in Ratchaburi province to Ban ITong in Kanchanaburi

province. The studied area covered 100 meters strip along the entried route of the pipeline

which will recive the direct impacts from project development.

3.5.2 Study Methodology

The study on soil characteristics carried out as the following steps.

(1) Data Collection

All relevant data on soils around the project area are collected from:

- Soil maps of Ratchaburi and Kanchanaburi provinces prepared by Land

Development Department,

- Soil survey reports of Ratchaburi and Kanchanaburi provinces prepared

by Land Development Department.,

ENV104d7125MEC-333.OC PAGE 3-34


TABLE 3.4-2

ABUNDANCE OF BENTHIC ORGANISMS AT FOUR SAMPLING STATIONS

ALONG THE GAS PIPELINE ROUTE, JUNE 8-11, 1995

Unit: ind. per sq.m.

Organisms Sution

ST.1 Kwae Nol ST.2 Kwae Noi ST.3 Huai Lum ST.4 Mae Kiong

River at Ban River at Ban Pha Shi at River at Wat

Khaeng Ra Boet Phu Ong Ka Ban Tha Phu Tha Kiong

Phylum Arthopoda

Class lnsecta (larvae)

Order Ephemeroptera

Family Ephemeroptera 132 44 .

Famiiy Baetidae . .

Family Caenidae 22 22

Order Coleoptera

Family Hydrophilidae 22

Family Dytiscidae . . 22

Order Diptera (midges)

Family Canaceidae 22 132

TOTAL DENSITY 132 110 132 44

PAGE 3-355NvIroOd87126rrAB34.2.XLs


- Pandiromatic aerial photograph by Royal Thai Survey Department at the

scale of 1:50,000, and

- Rainfall data from Meteorological Department.

!2! Field WAIn-k

By using soil maps as references, the survey teams checked the

characteristics of each soil series along the route by augering at depth of 1.50-2.00 metres.

The soil texture, pH, color, and structures were recorded from the field observation.

(3) Office Work

Based on the information obtained from the field surveys, soil maps were

prepared and estimated soil loss was calculated by the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE).


3.5.3.1 Morphological Features and Soil Series

From the soil survey, soil series on seven different landforms were found along

the transmission pipeline as follows:

(1) Soil on Former Tidal Flat

The soil type found in this area is originated from brackish alluvial deposit.

The area is mostly flat, and flooded in rainy season. The soil characteristics are deep, clayey

texture, and poorly drained. The soil series is classified as Bang Len.

(2) Soils on Floodplain and Levee

Soils are generally formed by alluvial deposit. This area is nearly flat and

flooded in rainy season. The soil characteristics are deep in profile, and clayey texture. Soil

series found on this area are classified as Ratchaburi, Bang Pa In, and Tha Muang.

(3) Soils on Semi-recent Terrace

Soils are mainly formed by semi-recent alluvium. The area is nearly flat and

always flooded in rainy season. Most of the soils are deep in profiles, and having the clay

loam to silt loam textures. Soil series observed on this area are Deum Bang, and Chainat.

ENV1007t712SMEC-3.DOC PAGE 3-36


(4) Soils on Low Terrace

Soils are derived from old alluvium. This area is neary flat, and slope ranges

from 0-2%. The soils are generally deep in profile. Their textures range from clayey to

sandy loam. Soil series found on this area are Pak Tho, and Nakhon Phanom.

(5) Soils on Middle to High Terrace

Soils are formed by old alluvium. The area is undulating, and slope ranges

from 2-15%. The soils are deep in profile, and well drained in nature. Their textures range

from clay loam to sandy. Soils series found on this area are Soong Noen, Khorat,

Namphong, Phone Phisai, Si Khiu, and Mae Rim.

(6) Soils on Dissected Erosion Surface and Foot Hill

Soils on this area are formed by colluvium and residium influences. The area

is undulating to rolling with slope ranges from 2-25%. The soil textures are clay loam to

clay. Soil series observed mostly are Takhli, Takhli brown, Pak Chong, Hin Son, Thap

Kwang, Wang Chomphu, Tha Yang, and Lard Ya.

(7) Soil on Hilly Area

Soil is mainly derived from residium. Most of the areas are hilly in

landscape. The soil profile is relatively shallow. Soil series found on this area is slope

complex.

The details of each soil series are shown in Appendix B Figure B-1 and

Table B-1.

3.5.3.2 Soil Preperties

Soil survey team checked the different soil series by augering at a depth of 1.50-

2.00 meters. A typical soil profile of each soil series was examined and some other

characteristics were recorded. Surface soil (0-30 cm) and sub-soil (30-60 cm) samples were

collected and sent to the laboratory for routine analysis. The main characteristics observed

in the field were soil structure, soil permeability and soil drainage. Soil texture and pH were

analyzed in the laboratory (The details of soil properties in the pipeline route are shown in

Appendix B Table B-1).

ENVtAOOJl47125,5EC.333.DWC PAGE 3-37


3.5.3.3 Soil Erosion

The estimations of soil lossed erosion along the gas transmission line were

undertaken for 3 scenarios i.e., without the project, with the project but no measures, and

witn project with measures.

The amount of soil losses was calculated by the Universal Soil Loss equation as:

A = RKLSCP

where A = The average soil losses (Tlha/year)

R = Rainfall erosion index (Metrict Ton/ha/year)

K = Soil erodibility factor

L = Slope length factor (m)

S = Slope steepness factor

C = Cropping management factor

P = Erosion control practice

Since there were 46 soil series occurred along the pipeline route, the area of

each soil series in 20 meters strips on both side of the alignment was measured (data as

shown in Appendix B Table B-2). The value of each factor that affect the soil loss equation

is depended on soil properties, slopes and cultivation practices. Then the amount of soil

loss (tons/rai/year) was also calculated as Appendix B, and Table B-3 was finally reported in

Appendix B Table B-4.

The results in Appendix B Table B-4 have shown the amount of top soil of each

series is eroded in each year. The comparison of soil erosion in the above three scenarios

revealed that the amount of soil erosion with the project and no mitigation measures is very

high, especially, for Slope Complex (2,031 tons/rai/year). In case of project with mitigation

measures, the amount of soil losses is only 20 tons/rai/year which is a little higher than that

when without the project (16 tons/rai/year). Comparing with the other soil series, in case of

with project implementation and mitigation measure, the amount of soil loss is lower than

that when without the project and far below with project and no mitigation measures.

These results indicated that mitigation measures are necessary for the area

where soil surfaces are disturbed. Carefully in land planning and strictly mitigation measures

ENV1OD725jSEC-333.OC PAGE 3-38


must be used in high slope area (more than 35%) such as Slope Complex. This soil serie is

located in watershed class 1 A and 1 B which found mostly in Kanchanaburi province. Hence,

proper measures during construction and operation must be applied for reducing the soil

lossed by erosion.

3.6 FORESTRY

The natural forest is a valuable resource that should be utilized in sustainable

basis and protected stringently for future generations. Human benefits in innumerable

services are obtained from the forest. The direct benefits are sources of food, shelters, and

medicines, and the indirect benefits are for maintaining regular rainfall and for providing

pleasant atmosphere for life qualities.

3.6.1 Objectives

T ne objectives of this stuudy are

- to survey the existing conditions of forests and ground-covering vegetation

along the pipeline routes, concentrating in the 100 m strip along both sides

of the alignment,

- to assess the likely-to-occurred impacts arising from the project development

on the natural forests and ground vegetation, and

- to propose the mitigation measures for such undesirable impacts and their

monitoring measures.

3.6.2 Scopes of Study

This study dealt with the existing forest types in term of general conditions,

dominant tree species and other observed trees, analysis of the average densities of trees,

saplings, seedlings, and bamboos, average volume and net volume of timber, and timber

values that subjected to be extracted by the project development. All details were studied

within the 100 m strip along both sides of the pipeline. Understanding of these details, they

were used to determinate future mitigation and monitoring measures.

ENV1004Sr126,SEC-=.3DC PAGE 3-39


3.6.3 Methodology

3.6.3.1 Detailed Study

(11 A.l of secondary data involvingV the forcst resources in the study area arid in

the neighbouring areas were accumulated, for instance, the various reports of the Royal

Forest Department. Those data were used as baseline information for future studies, and

analyzed for assessing the impacts occurred from the project implement.

(2) Surveying both in the vicinity area and in the study area for topographical

conditions, the forest types, and the concised land use patterns were incorporated. The

topographic maps, scale 1:50,000 was used as aids for surveying and for determining

amounts of the sampling plots.

(3) The sampling method for this study is stratified line plot system. The

practical process is setting the sampling plots along the whole length of the pipeline and in

the area of 100 m on both sides of alignment, so the plots were distributed randomly by

land use types, forest types, altitudes, and topographic condition.

3.6.3.2 Sampling Plot Sizes

In both the preliminary and the detailed studies, three sizes of temporary

sampling plots were used, with the following purposes:2

(1) The circular sampling plots of 17.85 m radius (area of 1,000 m or 0.1

hectare) were used for collecting the data on trees of diameter over 10 cm at breast height.2

(2) The square plots of 5x5 m were used for studclying the samplings which

were those small trees higher than 1.30 m and having the diameter at breast height less

than 10 cm.

(3) The square plots of 2x2 m were used for studying the seedlings which

comprising those lower than 1.30 m in height.

ENV1O04A712515EC-363.OC PAGE 3-40


3.6.3.3 Data Collection

(1) The Circular Sampling Plots

The objective of study for these sampling plots is to determine the

ecological characteristics of trees along the alignment. The collected data were exisitng tree

species, their total and commercial heights, their timber quality (TQ), and numbers of log

timber (5 m each). For timber quality, there are 3 classes as follows:

- First quality. The timbers whose diameters are 30 cm or over, are

further divided into:

* Quality class 1.1 - those of unbranched boles, suitable for all wood

handling processes, with relatively little leftovers.

* Quality class 1.2 - those of less unbranched boles, but can still be

processes economically with relatively high leftovers.

a Quality class 1.3 - those unsuitable for wood-handling processes,

because of their deformed conditions, whether instead hollowed or

naturally destroyed, only suitable for fuelwood or making charcoal.

- Second quality. The timbers whose diameters vary between 10-30

cm are classified as unbranched condition, or usable as round poles.

- Third quality. The timbers whose diameters only larger than 10 cm

are in deformed condition (i.e. twisted, hollowed or badly damaged),

unusable for round poles or being processed. Generally, they are

suitable for fuelwood or making charcoal.

In addition, the observed bamboo clumps in the plots, which are economic

forest plants essential for the livings of rural people, were also studied. The species,

number of clumps, number of poles per clump, and the average of pole diameters were

recorded.

(2) The temporary square plot of 5x5 m

Each plot was placed at the centre of each circular plot. The objective of

study for these plots is to determine the saplings along the alignment. The species,

ENV1OO419712I5SEC-363MDOC PAGE 3-41


numbers, and average height of saplings were noted. Those obtained data were used for

the calculation of the sapling density, for the status assessment of the forest ecology, and

for the expectation of species and density of saplings, as well as for the expectation of the

future niaturai succession to become tree communities.

2~~~~~~~~(3) The temporary square plot of 2x2 m

Each plot was overlaidly placed at the centre of each 5x5 m square plot;

the species and numbers of seedlings, including the undergrowth, were recorded. Then, the

obtained data were used for the analysis of the seedling density, including for the

assessment of the potential of the natural succession that becoming the future sapling

community.


3.6.4.1 Literature Review

The laborious and time-consuming tasks in compilation of available secondary

data concerning the forest and protected areas of Kanchanaburi province were primarily

taken from the relevant govemmental agencies, the Royal Forest Department. The

Province's general forest conditions of the years B.E. 2525-2536 (1982-1993), and protected

areas have been provided with the following details:

(1) Forest Areas

Kanchanaburi has the total area of 12,176,967.5 rais, of which 5,014,375 rais

are the reserved forest areas. The remaining forest area (as existing in B.E. 2536) is

6,713,750 rais or equal to 55.14% of the total provincial area, while the regional forest area,

the combination of central and westem regions, is only 24.30%, and the total country's

figure is only 26.02% (Table 3.6-1). It is evident that Kanchanaburi province still harbours the

large remaining ly orest area. in addition, this province is ranked as the fourth of the country

in possessing the forest areas proportion, less than Chiang Mai (71.72%), Mae Hong Son

(71.37%) and Lampang (64.67%).

ENV1004712BSEC-363.DOC PAGE 3-42

M

TABLE 3.6-1 m

COMPARISONS OF KANCHANABURI'S FOREST AREAS WITH THOSE OF COMBINEDz

CENTRAL AND WESTERN REGION, AND OF THAILAND (B.E. 2525 - 2536) z0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Kanchanaburi's Forest Combined Regional Forest Country's Forest Areas

B.E. Areas Areas Remarks m

Rai Ral FRai m .0

_________ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C-

2525 7,760,625 63.73 11,572,500 27.47 97,875,000 30.52 1. Kanchanaburi has the total

2528 7,226,250 59.34 11,053,125 26.24 94,291,250 29.40 areas of 12,176,967.5 rais.

2531 7,021,250 57.66 10,777,500 25.59 89,876,875 28.03 2. Declared reserved forest areais

2532 7,011,250 57.58 10,764,375 25.55 89,635,625 27.95 as 5,014,375 rais.

2534 6,769,375 55.59 10,385,000 24.64 85,436,250 26.64

2536 6,713,750 55.14 10,234,375 24.30 83,450,625 26.02

Decreasing rate of

forest areas (railyear) 81,041.67 121,647.73 1,311,306.82 .z

>

m .

* Source Royal Forest Department, B.E. 2536. o


During the previous 11 years observation (B.E. 2525-2536), the decreasing

rate of the forest area of Kanchanaburi Province was averagely 81,041.67 raisNyear; while

the decreasing rate of the central and westem region together was averagely 121,647.73

rais/year, and of the country was averagely 1,311,306.82 rais/year. The province decreasing

rate of the forest area is comparatively high, when compared to other provinces in the

central and western regions. Hence, it is one of the province with a high rate of decreasing

forest area. Phetchaburi province is classified as the second rank with the decreasing rate

of 17,556.82 rais/year.

From the above-mentioned data, Kanchanaburi is one of the province still

holding considerable amounts of forest area. The needs for protection and forest

conservation in this particular province are rather urgent for actual implement, in order to

avoid any encroachments of the remaining forest areas. Hence, this natural resource will

benefit all the succeeding generations of Thai people as well as our country.

(2) Protected Areas

As Kanchanaburi province is in the fourth rank of the highest forest areas of

the country, and in the first rank of the region, the Royal Forest Department, in recognition

of this outstanding importance, has already established a network of agencies for protecting

and conserving the forest resources in this province. This network includes four national

parks and one proposed national park, i.e., Erawan National Park with the areas of 343,750

rais, Chalerm Rattanakosin National Park with the areas of 36,875 rais, Sai Yok National Park

with the areas of 312,500 rais, Khao Laem National Park with the areas of 935,625 rais, and

Thong Pha Phum proposed National Park.

As a part of the protection and conservation network, the Royal Forest

Department has also established two wildlife sanctuaries, Salak Phra and Thung Yai, as vital

habitats for important and rare wild animal species. Salak Phra is the country's first wildlife

sanctuary having the total areas of 536,594 rais, and Thung Yai is declared as a World

Heritige site by UNESCO, having the total areas of 2,279,500 rais. Both of them are

encompassing the forest areas both in Kanchanaburi and in Tak provinces.

ENV100"97125A5EC-363DOC PAGE 3-44


Other protected areas established by the Royal Forest Department are two

non-hunting areas, Tham Lawa - Tham Dao Wa Dung and Bung Kreng Kawia non-hunting

areas. Tham Lawo-Tham Dao Wa Dung non-hunting area covers 25,937 rais in total areas,

and has already incorporated into Sai Yok National Park. Bung Kreng Kawia non-hunting

covers 320,00 rais, and presently has already incorporated into Khao Laem National Park.

Details of protected areas in Kanchanaburi province are also shown in Table 3.6-2.

The above-mentioned data strongly reflect that the Royal Forest Department

has recognized the prime importance of the remaining forest areas in Kanchanaburi province

as national resources and essential habitats for diverse species of wildlife. Unfortunately,

the present forest encroachments still can not be controlled efficiently enough to save our

national heritages.

3.6.4.2 Field Survey Results

(1) Natural forests

Along the entire length of the pipeline route, there are good stands of

natural forest only when it passes through the proposed Thong Pha Phum National Park

area, between the grid coordinates 44100 E - 1617500 N and 450000 E - 1613500 N

(Appendix C Table C-1). The vegetation type in this region is the remaining patches of the

dry evergreen forest surrounded by encroached areas which has been abandoned. These

encroached areas are now covered with dense clumps of dwarf bamboo - Phai hiae

(Cephalostachyum virgatum Kurz).

The patches of dry evergreen forest has an average crown cover of 80% of

the patches' area, with dense growth of intermixed saplings and trees. Some parts,

especially around the hill bases with shallow soil surface, are gradually invaded by

deciduous tree species, Phai saang (Dendrocalamus strictus Nees).

ENV1OU4i712SSEC-363DQC PAGE 3-45


TABLE 3.6-2

PROTECTED AREAS OF KANCHANABURI

f~ f I Projected Area Area Encompassed Date of Declaration in

(Rai) Province Government Gazetteer

1. National Parks

1) Erawan 343,750 Kanchanaburi 19 Jun. 1975

2) Chalerm Rattanakosin 36,875 Kanchanaburi 12 Feb. 1980

3) Sai Yok 312,500 Kanchanaburi 27 Oct. 1980

4) Khao Laem 935,625 Kanchanaburi 8 Nov. 1991

5) Thong Pha Phum Kanchanaburi under preparation

2. Wildlife Sanctuaries

1) Salak Phra 536,594 Kanchanaburi 31 Dec. 1965

2) Thung Yai Naresuan 2,279,500 Kanchanaburi, Tak 1 Jan. 1979

3. Non-hunting Areas

1) Tham Lawa - Tham Dao Wa Dung * 25,937 Kanchanaburi 8 Jun. 1976

2) Bung Gerng Grawia and 320,000 Kanchanaburi 1 Jan. 1979

Nong Nam Sab*_

Remarks Presently incorporated into Sai Yok National Park.

** Presently incorporated into Khao Laem National Park.

Source: (1) Royal Forest Department (a).

(2) Royal Forest Department (b).

PAGE 3-46ENV100W71WT534/TA92-X)S


The dominant tree species of the dry evergreen forest are Mang taan

(Schima wallichii Korth.), Pho baai (Sapium baccatum Roxb.) and Lamyai paa (Paranephelium

longifoliolatum Lec.). Besides the trees, at least 7 bamboo species also present along the

pipeline route, such as Phai bong (Bambusa natans Wall.), Phai saang (Dendrocalamus

strictus Nees), Phai hok (Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees), Phai phaak man (Gigantochloa

hasskarliana Back. ex K. Heyne), etc.

The forest canopy is divided into three storeys, upper, middle, and lower

storeys. The upper storey is higher than 20 m, constituted by tree species, such as

Sattaban (Alstonia scholaris R. Br.), Yaang daeng (Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn, f.), Po ee

keng (Pterocymbium javanicum R. Br.), Kanaan pling (Pterospermum acerifolium Willd.), Kho

laen (Nephelium hypoleucum Kurz), etc. Furthermore, at about the grid coordinate 446700 E

- 1612700 N, a dense stand of Yaang naa (Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb.) was observed.

The middle storey is 10-20 m high, in which the smaller size of trees of the

upper layer species were found growing together with the following tree species, Ma taat

(Dillenia indica Linn.), Pho baai (Sapium baccatum Roxb.), Krabao yai (Hydnocarpus

anthelminthicus Pierre), Waa (Eugenia sp.) Lueat raet (Knema globularia Warb.), Langsaat

(Aglaia domestica Pelleg.), Tabaek (Lagerstroemia sp.), Kaasae (Millettia atropurpurea

Benth.), Haat (Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb.), etc.

The lower storey, 3-10 m high, forms a continuous canopy comprising the

saplings of the upper two storeys and other small trees species or shrubs, dominating ones

among them are Chik suan (Barringtonia racemosa Roxb.), Kraphee khruea (Dalbergia

foliacea Wall.), Kraphee khao khwaai (Millettia leucantha Kurz), Lot (Symplocos ferruginea

Roxb.), Hatsakhun (Micromelum minutum Wlght & Arn.), Phekaa (Oroxylum indicum Vent.),

Haen naa (Terminalia glaucifolia Craib), and So (Gmelina arborea Roxb.). Besides those three

storeys, the ground vegetation is a scattered shrubs growing among carpets of herbaceous

plants, the outstanding ones are Khem paa (Pavetta wallichiana Steud.), Phak naam chaang

(Pseudobrassaiopsis polyacantha Bannerjee), and Khaa ling (Alpinia conchigera Griff.).

ENVI004m7125/SEC-363.DOC PAGE 3-47


(2) Forest plantations

The forest plantations passed through by the pipeline route are mostly the

Thong Pha Phum Forest Plantation, which is belonged to the Forest Industry Organization.

This pnantation has kben eessi-ezy plantad in plots from ir°c1O with UdifferLtree

species. Details of the planting are as follows--

In 1985, 2 tree species were planted, Lian (Melia azedarach Linn.) and2

rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.). The former was planted in 3x3 m spacing. The

average DBH height is 17.0 cm and the average tree height is 14 m. The latter was planted

in 3x8 m spacing. The average DBH height is 19.2 cm and the average tree height is 19 m.

In 1986, 2 tree species were planted, rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell.

Arg.) and eucalyptus tree (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn.). The former was planted in 3x62

m spacing the average DBH height is 19.1 cm and the average tree height is 19 m. While

the latter was planted in 4x2 m spacing, the average DBH height is 14.6 cm and the

average tree height is 12 m 2

In 1987, no plots along the pipeline route was planted.2

In 1988, only teak tree (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) was planted in 4x4 m

spacing, the average DBH height is 13.0 cm and the average tree height is 7 m.

3.6.4.3 Tree Densities and Wood volumes

(1) Natural forests

The natural dry evergreen forest along the pipeline route has the average

tree density of 88 trees/ha, the average sapling density of 1,974 saplings/ha, and the

average seedling density of 11,210 seedlings/ha, (Table 3.6-3 and Appendix C Table C-2 to3

C4), and the average wood volume of 81.263 m /ha. The wood volume can be devided by

the log wood quality to be 3 classes. For the 1st class, average DBH values is 30 cm or3

more with straight and branchiess trunks, and volume is 69.289 m /ha. For the 2nd class,

average DBH values is between 10-30 cm with straight and branchless trunks and volume

EN1ItD4712I5EC-363OC PAGE 3-48


3is 2.208 m /ha. Lastly, for the 3rd class, DBH values is 10 cm or less with twisted trunks

which is good only f or fuel wood, and volume is 9.766 m /ha (Appendix C Table C-5).

TABLE 3.6-3

DENSITY OF VEGETATIONS ALONG PIPELINE ROUTE

Type Density (Individuals/Ha)

1. Trees 88

2. Sapling 1,974

3. Seedling 11,210

Apart from the tree species, there are at least 7 bamboo species with the

average density of 513 poles/ha (Appendix C Table C-6).

(2) Forest plantations

(a) 1985 - planted plantations

- Lian (Melia azedarach): the average density is 1,110 trees/ha (the

planting space 3x3 m) and the average wood volume is 91.172

m /ha.

- Rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis): the average density is 416

trees/ha (the planting space 3x8 m) and the average wood volume3

is 24.750 m /ha.

(b) 1986 - planted plantations

- Rubber trees: the average density is 556 trees/ha (the planting

space 3x6 m) and the average wood volume is 20.267 m /ha.

ENV1004/97125,SEC.363DOC PAGE 3-49


- Eucalyptus trees: the average tree density is 1,250 trees/ha (the

planting space 2x4 m) and the average wood volume is 32.7763

rn/ha.

k-) 1988 - pianted piantations

Only the teak trees was planted with the average density of 625 trees/3

ha (the planting space 4x4 m) and the average wood volume of 11.228 m /ha.

3.6.4.4 Timber Value

The calculation of the timber value of the forest is based on the current market

price, and under the assumption that the actual project will be implemented in the

proposed site. The market prices of various wood species differ widely among the 6 tree

groups, as--

1 tree group: teak (Tectana grandis Linn. f.)

2 tree group: Makhaa mong (Afzelia xylocarpa Craib)rd

3 tree group: Pra duu (Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz)

4 tree group: Daeng (W(ylia xylocarpa Taub.)th

5 tree group: Teng (Shorea obtusa Wall.) and

Rang (Shorea siamensis Miq.)

6 tree group: other tree species, apart from the above-mentioned ones.

Furthermore, the timber values are determined into 2 classes, the first class

timber is the straigh and branchless trunk with at least 30 cm DBH (timber quality No.1.1

and 1.2), and the second quality class is the timber which has the DBH value between 10-

30 cm with straight (timber quality No.2), and branchless trunks. The market prices for

these calculations are based principally on those provided by the Kasetsart University (1995)

as:

EWYV100497251SEC-36DOC' PAGE 3-50


r f ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3Tree Group Tree Species Price (Baht/m

Thai Name Scientific Name 1 Class 2 Class

1 Teak (Sak) Tectana grandis 16,000.00 13,000.00

2 Makhaa mong Afzelia xylocarpa 7,000.00 5,500.00

3 Praduu Pterocarpus macrocarpus 6,000.00 4,500.00

4 Daeng Xylia xylocarpa 5,000.00 4,500.00

5 Teng Shorea obtusa 4,000.00 3,500.00

Rang Shorea siamensis

6 Other 3,500.00 3,000.00

The total wood value of the forest is the product of the market price subtract

with the logging expense, the capital interest, the concession cost, and the capital risk cost,

as advised by the Kasetsart University (1995), with the following detail.

UNIT: BATH

thItems 6 Tree Group

1 Class 2 Class

1. Market Price 3,500 3,500

2. Logging Expense 505 505

3. Capital Interest (15% of total expense) 75.80 75.80rid rd

4. Combined Expense (2 item + 3 item) 580.80 580.80St t

5. Preliminary profit (1 item - 4 item) 2,919.20 2,419.20

6. Concession cost (30% of 5 item) and 1,021.70 246.70

Capital risk Cost (5% of 5 item)

7. Net Timber Value (6 item - 5 item) 1,897.50 1,572.50

ENVIO04/9712SISEC-363.DOC PAGE 3-51


3Apart from these, the fuel wood cost of 110 bahts/m and the bamboo cost of 7

bahts/ pole, will not be calculated for the logging expenses. For the bamboos, only those

having the pole diameters of 5 cm or more are considered herein.

Thp c-r cjintinn nf the timbhr values in the forest of the "posed Thong lha

Phum National Park that subjected to be cleared away in the 9-km long and 20-m wide,

reveals that the total 18 ha of forest areas will be cieared with total timber values of

2,555,681.42 bahts. This value comprises of the highest value of the 1 quality class for

2,417,798.30 bahts, the value of the 2 quality class of 62,497.44 bahts, the value of the

3 quality class (Fuel wood) of 19,336.68 bahts, and the value of bamboos of 56,049 bahts

(Table 3.6-4).

3.6.4.5 Future Timber Values

The calculation of the timber values in the future, if the forest trees in the project

area are left to grow there naturally, is base on forest increment. This increment depends

on forest management practice that if no project development is being done.

In general, the increment of the evergreen forest is 2.5% of the existing timber

volume, and of the bamboo forest is 25% of the total number of poles. This annually

gained increment can be sustainably used, without any conflicts to the existing stock value.

The bamboo-collecting concession has been provided the 4-year rotation harvest, i.e. within

4 successive years the bamboos can successfully grow new poles in sufficient numbers to

compensate the harvested ones.

The present study indicated that in the project area of the proposed Thong Pha3

Phum National Park, the annual forest increment is 36.569 m. This volume consists of33

31.18 m of the timber quality class 1, 0.994 m3 of the class 2, and 4.395 m of the class

3. In addition, the annual increment of the bamboos is 2,002 poles. From this data, the

calculated total timber vaiue is 75,224.57 bahts/year, which is 61,210.57 bahts for the trees,

and is 14,014 bahts for the bamboos.

6NV104071255EC-383XOOC PAGE 3-52

TABLE 3.1;-4 >

THE CALCULATION OF THE TIMBER VALUES >

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _> 2

Items Timber Quality Bamboo Grand Total

Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 TotalU,

mI-

3 ITI

Average Volume (m /ha) 69.289 2.208 9.766 81.263 444.84 (poles/ha)m0

Net Volume (m ) 1,247.202 39.744 175.738 1,462.734 8,007 (poles)

Total Value (Baht) 2,417,798.30 62,497.44 19,336.58 2,499,632.42 56,049 2,555,681.42

3 2)Increment (m /year) 31.18 0.994 4.395 36.569 2,002 (poles/year)

Annual Value (Baht/year) 59,164.05 1,563.07 483.45 61,210.57 14,014 75,224.57

Remark (1) Gas Pipeline Pass Along the Forest Area in the National Park about 9 km.

(21 Dry evergreen Forest Increment is 2.5% of Stock Volume (Backer and Openshaw, 1972).

(3) Diameter Over 5 cm. of Bamboo were Computed for Total Value.

(4) Bamboo Increment is 25% of Total pole. >11

C) mm mV01~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


There are two equations for the calculation. Equation (1) is for future timber value

prediction and equation (2) is for present value estimation as follows:

Equation (1)

1(1 +P) -1 ]

p

Equation (2)

n1( +P) -11 F\/

PV = A -=2P (1 +P)

While: FV = future timber value

PV = present timber value

A = net income = annual added value

P = Inflation rate, based on 7%

n = Future period (year)

The future timber values thus calculated show that in the next 10 years the

gained timber volumes, by the sustainable use, will cost 1,039,336.36 bahts or equivalent to

the present values of 528,345.90 bahts. In the next 2 decades, the values will be

3,083.868.28 bahts or equivalent to the present values of 796,930.17 bahts. On reachingth

the 50 year, the future timber values will be 30,580,963.91 bahts or equivalent to the

present values of 1,038,155.21 bahts (Table 3.6-5).

3.6.4.6 Ecological Values of Forest

Ecological system consists of two main parts, structure and function. The

structure is the combination of life and environment, and the function is the cycle that

transfer and recycle carbon and energy.

ENV1004M7125/SEC4-.OC' PAGE 3-54

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJEt FINAL REPORT

TABLE 3.6-5

THE FUTURE TIMBER VALUES

Future Period: n Net Income : A Future Value: FV u(1) Present Value: PV u(2)

(Year) (Baht/year) (Baht) (Baht)

1 75,224.57 75,224.57 70,303.34

10 75,224.57 1,039,336.36 528,345.90

20 75,224.57 3,083,868.28 796,930.17

30 75,224.57 7,105,772.03 933,464.79

40 75,224.57 15,017,465.45 1,002,872.06

50 75,224.57 30,580,963.91 1,038,155.21

A [(l+P) -1]Remark: (1) Future Value FV - _l __

P

While : A = Net income = annual value

P = inflation rate; based on 7%

n = future period (year)

(2) Present Value PV = A It1+P) -11 FV

P(1 p)n 11 +P)L

ENV1004t37134/rAB36r5SABS PAGE 3-55


Forest is an important factor of ecological system. Evolution of forest ecological

value needs to consider the following aspects:

(1) Forest Composition

Important forest .comnositions that need-- to be considered are species

diversity, and proportion of vegetations in different age groups. The area with high species

diversity carries high ecological value. The proportion of vegetations is focussed on variation

of age group, e.g., tree, sapling and seedling. When the ratio of vegetation and age group

are plotted, the pyramid with wide base and point tip with large number of seedlings at the

base reflecting the high regeneration capacity of the system which indicating high ecological

value.

For the project area, there are at least 104 plant species in 47 families

which is relatively high species diversity. Furthermore, for the proportion of vegetations, the

ratio of tree:seedling:sapling is 1:22.4:127.7 which is in a board base pyramid diagram with

steep peak that represent a very good natural forest regeneration. From these data, it can

be then concluded that the forest composition is of high value ecosystem.

(2) Functions of the Forest

The main function of the forest in the ecosystem is to transfer the nutrient

and energy from one to the others. In the area with high biodiversity, the nutrients are

recycled very fast. The plant are continuously growth, so large amount of nutrient are

stored in the plant. When any part of the plant fall, nutrients will be released by rapid

decomposition. In evergreen forest, there are falling of parts from different types of plant

throughout the year, so these organic matter are decomposed for all year round. In addition,

the high humidity in the forest accelerates the decomposition rate. For this reason,

decomposition in this area is quick and continuous advance. From this phenomena, it can

be inferred that the function of this kind of forest in the ecosystem is highly significant.

In the project area where the main forest type is dry evergreen forest with

high humidity, the leaves of different types of trees fall at different times throughout the

year, and the decomposition of these biomass occurs continuously. As a result, the nutrient

ENV1004"7251CD3BOC PAGE 3-56


transfer is highly effective, and the forest in the project area is very important to the

ecosystem.

It can be concluded that, the area that will be affected by the project within

the Thong Pha Phum National Park is dry evergreen forest with high value of forest ecology

both interms of structure and composition.

3.6.4.7 Conservation Value

National park and wildlife sanctuaries are the areas with prime importance interm

of conservation. Therefore, the areas which have been declared as national park or wildlife

sanctuaries can be regarded as high conservation value.

Part of the project area is located within the Thong Pha Phum proposed national

Park which is in the declaration process. This proposed national park is in the center of

other protected area, e.g., Thung Yai Naresuan wildlife sanctuary, Khao Laem National Park,

and Sai Yok National Park. In addition, this area is also connected to Myanmar on the west.

Although this area has not been officially declared as national park, it still can be accounted

as a conservation area.

3.7 WILDLIFE

Wildlife by nature, in close harmony with existing forest, is depending almost

wholly on the forest condition. The more pristine of the wilderness is also shown the more

diversity of the wildlife. Changes in the natural condition will lead to successive readaptation

of all levels and ecological trophics of life.

3.7.1 Objective

- to survey the existing condition of wildlife inhabiting in the project area;

- to assess the impacts likely to occur from the project development on the

habitats and the livings of indigenous wild animals; and

- to propose the mitigation and monitoring measures on such undesirable

impacts.

ENV100l47125ShEC-363.O0C PAGE 3-57


3.7.2 Scope of Study

This present study is described in four main terrestrial vertebrate animals, i.e.

mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. The main study deaft with data collection and

field surveys sole,y along the selected alternative and its environs by focusing on species

diversity, relative abundance, and present status of wild animals, including the migration

tendency of observed wildlife and wildlife foodplants. The study compared the living of

wildlife in the prevailing conditions with the pipeline project and without such project. All

data obtained from the above studies were analysed to assess the impacts occurring from

the project implement together with the proposals of mitigation meesures and the

appropriate monitoring measures for future follow-up activities.

3.7.3 Methodology

(1) Species Diversity

Wildlife is naturally agile and highly active, and tends to avoid the

confrontation with human. Then, the detection of wild animals in their natural habitats is in

low possibility, and does not reflect the actual wildirfe populations. In order to achieve the

desired objectives and study scopes, various survey and sampling techniques were

employed in combination as follow-

(a) Direct count - Direct counting for species diversity and relative

abundance were made as follows:

- carrying observation during the field works in the study area by

direct encounters and detecting their signs of activities, for

examples, tracks, droppings, leaf-feeding signs, nesting sites and

calls, etc. Notes for each particular species were made on their

preferred habitats, food, and shelters, and also on their numbers

and their activities when seen, etc. Surveys were conducted both

by day (6:00-1&.30 hr.) and by night (19:0024:00 hr.). The bounty

ENV1004J9712W5JEC-372,DOC PAGE 3-58

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPtLINE PROJECT FINAL REPORT

system caught also use for our disposal by the native people,

especially for the secretive reptiles and amphibians;

- trapping life which was designed for collecting data on hard-to-

observe small animals by setting trap lines along the gas pipeline.

The mist nets were also used fcr capturing small obscure bird

species in the daytime and bats in the night time. Those animals

trapped by this technique were identified, furthermore, appearance

and other data were also recorded in the field. After that, they

were released at the point of capture.

In case of some animals that were unable to be identified promptly in

the field and those closely-related species that require other intemal detail studies for

proper identification, they were photographed and preserved as voucher specimens in 70%

ethyl alcohol or formalin for further investigation in the laboratory.

(b) Indirect count - This process devided into two parts, secondary data

compilation, and interviewing. Secondary data compilation concemed about studied area and

its environs, while interviewing dealt with the reliable natives, hunters and officials who

have been resided in the study area for a considerable length of time and have been

familiar with the wild animal whereabouts from the past to the present. The purposes of

this technique are to verify occurrences of some animals and to enquire the degrees of the

utilization of the wildlife to assess the present status.

(2) Wildlife Habitat Study

This study employed routine field observation together with series of

photographs, and dealt with the details on the wildlife food plants, water sources, salt licks,

burrows, caves, and other ecological conditions of the wild animals which providing the

basic needs for their good health and safety. In addition, investigation to determine diversity

and quantity of wildlife foods were done in the project area and its environs, by the analysis

of data on the forest resources.

ENV1004712SMEC-372.DOC ' PAGE 3-59



3.7.4.1 Secondary Data Compilation

Some nart of project area is situated in the boundary of Tong Pha Phum

proposed National Park which will be declared in the near future. The margins of the park

are as follow: the north adjoins to Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary, a World Heritage

Site of UNESCO; the east adjoins to Khao Laem National Park; the south adjoins to Sai Yok

National Park; and the west adjoins to the frontier between Thailand and Myanmar which is

covered with lush vegetation. Collection of secondary data comprises all these neighbouring

protected areas which assumed to harbour the same array of wildlife, i.e., Thung Yai

Naresuan WVidlife Sanctuary, Khao Laem National Park and Sai Yok National Park.

Dealing with the wildlife aspect, the compilation of the secondary data have been

extracted from those studies recently done in the surrounding protected areas, i.e. the

Faculty of Forestry (1989)'s work on Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary, who revealed

the existances of the total 420 wildlife species, comprising 68 mammal species, 289 bird

species, 48 reptilian species and 15 amphibian species. The management plan proposed by

Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (1994) for Khao Laem National

Park, indicated that there were at least 268 wildlife species, comprising 50 mammal

species, 186 bird species, 13 reptilian species and 19 amphibian species. Furthermore,

Forest Research Centre of the Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, had conducted the

surveys of the natural resources of the Sai Yok National Park which showed the presences

of the total 223 species of wild animals, comprising 58 mammal species, 114 bird species,

36 reptilian species and 15 amphibian species. The diversity, abundance, present status,

and WARPA (Wild Animals Reservation and Protection Act B.E. 2535) status of four main

wildlife groups existing within the nearby project area are shown in Appendix D Table D-1

to D-4. The data compilation revealed the natural occurrences of some endangered and rare

wild animals within the nearby protected areas, as follow:

ENV11004AIM71SEC-372.1OC PAGE 3-60


(1) Mammals

Among the three protected areas under this study, only in the wilderness

areas of Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary, found upto three species of endangered

animals, Lesser one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus), Asian two-homed rhinoceros

(Dicerorhinus sumatrensis), and Marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata). Khao Laem National

Park has no endangered animal species known living in, but Sai Yok National Park has 2

species found, i.e. Hog-nosed bat (Craseonycteris thonglongyal) and Banteng (Bos

javanicus). Moreover, the endangered mammals which found in -tvo of the three protected

areas were White-handed gibbon (Hylobates Jar), Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus),

Clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosus), Asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus), Fea's muntjac

(Muntiacus feae), Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus), Gaur (Bos gaurus), and Southern serow

(Naemorhedus sumatraensis).

(2) Birds

Five endangered bird species, known as inhabiting solely in Thung Yal

Naresuan Wildife Sanctuary, include Spot-billed pelican (Pelecanus philippensis), Oriental

darter (Anhinga melanogaster), Painted stork (Mycteria leucocephala), Black-necked stork

(Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus), and Rufour hombill (Aceros nipalensis). There are at least three

scarce bird species in Khao Laem National Park habours, Grey faced buzzard (Butastur

indicus), Rufous-bellied eagle (Hieraaetus kieneri,), and Oriental hobby (Falco severus),

whereas Sai Yok National Park has no such rare bird species in its boundary. Those birds of

special importance to conservation purpose that found to dwell in two of the three

protected areas.are White-winged duck (Cairina scutulata), Green peafowl (Pavo muticus),

Brown fish-owl (Ketupa zeylonensis), the Brown hornbill (Anorrhinus tickelit), Plain-pouched

hornbill (Aceros subruficollis), etc.

(3) Reptiles

Dealing with the rare or endangered reptilian species, five species regarded

as the endemics of Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary, since they are found living only

in this protected area, not in other two such areas. They are Impressed tortoise (Manouria

ENV1OO4/57125/SEC.372DOC PAGE 3-61


impressa), Blunt-headed softshell (Pelochelys bibronm), Malayan softshell (Dogania subplana),

Black terrapin (Siebenrockiella crassicollis), and Black monitor lizard (Varanus rudicollis).

Inhabited by 2 turtle species, Sai Yok National Park is the home of Big-headed turtle

(Piatystemon megacephalum) and the Malayan box terrapin (Cuora amboinensis). Khao

Laem National Park has not yet been reported to contain within it any endemic species.

However, some important reptilian species are know to occur in two of the three protected

areas, i.e. Burmese brown tortoise (Manouria emys), Giant softshell (Chitra chitra), Giant

terrapin (Heosemys grandis), etc.

(4) Amphibians

No rare and endangered amphibian species is found in the study area.

Naturally, this group of animal shows more scattered local distribution than other previously-

mentioned groups, because they mostly occur within two of the three protected areas.

Under the present study, the outstanding ones among them are Variegated toad-fros

(Leptobrachium hasseftii), Malayan giant t9ad (Bufo asper), Common brown frog (Rana

nigrovittata), Common bush frog (Polypedates leucomystax), Common burrowing frog

(Kaloula pulchra), Ornate froglet (Microhyla omata), etc.

3.7.4.2 Species Diversity and Local Distribution

The study on the species diversity of the wildlife indigenous to the project were

both by the actual field surveys along the pipeline routes and by the gatherings of reliable

-data on the wildlife species known to occur in the surrounding three protected areas which

are highly believed and assumed to occur in the p•roject area too. In addition, the time-

consuming task of interviewing the local inhabitants that residing in and around the project

area was also done. The study intensively proceeded in three protected areas, the northern-

adjoined Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary, the eastem-adjoined Khao Laem National

Park, and the southem-adjoined Sai Yok National Park. However, while the western

boundary abutting Myanmar had no available data on wildlife for critical detail comparison

ENV10NW447126J5EC=72.DOC PAGE 3-62


between sites, it was assumed that it shares almost the same arrays of wild animal

species.

The criteria for the inclusion of particular animal species living in the project area

are following consideration:

- capability of local movement;

- existing barriers against the in-comings of local wild animals;

- distribution within the country;

- distribution within the region;

- distribution pattem in surrounding areas;

- preferred habitats present in the project area.

The present study result revealed that, within the project area and its

surroundings, the occurrences of the total numbers of 541 indigenous vertebrate species

(excluding the fishes), comprising 98 mammal species classified in 33 families, 347 bird

species in 61 families, 64 reptilian species in 13 families and, 32 amphibian species in 5

families. Of which those actually living and expected to live in the project area numbering

not less than 407 species, which comprising 81 mammal species, 248 bird species, 47

reptilian species and 31 amphibian species, the study details by animal group as follows:

(1) Mammals

At least 81 mammal species have been known or expected to occur in the

present project site; of which 59 species or 72.84% were encountered by the field surveys

and the interviewing. Only 22 species (27.16%) actually dwell within the project areas. Most

of them which were directly and frequently observed by the survey team were small

mammals, such as Himalayan striped squirrel (Tamiops maccleiandil), Pallas's squirrel

(Callosciurus erythraeus), Northern treeshrew (Tupaia belangen), and Indochinese ground

squirrel (Menetes berdmore,).

Concerning the large mammals, only their left-over tracks, droppings, and

signs of daily activities were found along the pipeline routes. Numerous footprints and

scattered droppings of wild elephants (Elephas maximusl were seen along the forest paths,

ENV1040"7125MEC.372.DOC PAGE 3-63


especially, those iying on the hill ridges. Food-foraging tracks among the wet grounds of

wild boars (Sus scrofa) were found practically everywhere on lowland and on the hills. The

positive presence of Sun bears (Ursus malayanus) was indicated by findings of their claw

marks on tree trunks and their sleeping platforms high in the tree crowns. The remains of

consumed scaly fruits of Salacca rumphii palms also showed the abundance of Asiatic black

bear (Ursus thibetanus) in the project area, as well as their frequently-found claw marks.

Furthermore, at the site, the screeching calls of the Malayan flying lemurs (Cynocephalus

variegatus) were also frequently heard both in the morning and at night. A flock of 4-6

insectivorous Lesser false vampire bats (Megaderma spasma) was found roosting under the

ceiling of the abandoned office of the Sattamit Mine.

Of the 24 mammalian species expected to inhabit in the study area, the

majority of them are the highly-mobile bats that roost in the nearby numerous limestone

caves and forage along the forest streams, such as Dawn bat (Eonycteris spelaea), Malayan

horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus malayanus), Himalayan leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros armiger),

etc. Those species reported to occur in the neighbouring areas and distribute widely

throughout the whole study area included Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), Silvered leaf

monkey (Semnopithecus cristatus), Yellow-throated marten (Martes flavigula), Masked palm

civet (Paguma larvata), etc. (see Appendix D Table D-1).

(2) Birds

The total bird species that actually living and expected to live in the project

area are at least 248 species, classified in 50 families; of which 204 species or 82.26%

have been seen or recognized by the present surveys. It was estimated that about 44

species (17.74%) do inhabit in the project site. Those birds commonly observed along the

pipeline routes are mainly small and frequently-seen species, such as Scaly-breasted munia

(Lonchura punctulata), Scarlet-backed flowerpecker (Dicaeum cruentatum), Stonechat

(Saxicola maura), Sooty-headed bulbul (Pycnonotus aurigaster), Lineated barbet (Megalaima

lineata), etc. The encountered forest birds living throughout the study area include Red

junglefowl (Gallus gallus), Thick-billed pigeon (Treron curvirostra), Greater coucal (Centropus

ENV1OO4jg7125/SEC-372.DOC PAGE 3-64


sinensis), Orange-breasted trogon (Harpactes oreskios), etc. Some birds, distinctive call,

were more frequently observed by hearing than appearance. Some of them are Mountain

imperial pigeon (Ducula badia), Hoopoe (Upupa epops), Great hornbill (Buceros bicomis), and

Great barbet (Megalaima virens) (see Appendix D Table D-2).

Dealing specifically with those 44 resident bird species of the project site,

they are also widespread in both the regional and country distributions. However, the

surrounding protected areas was suitable habitats for them. Samples of these bird species

are White-rumped falcon (Polihierax insignis), Grey-headed parakeet (Psittacula finschil),

Large-tailed nightjar (Caprimulgus macrurus), Blue-bearded bee-eater (Nyctyomis atherton:),

Green-eared Barbet (Megalaima faiostricta), Long-tailed broadbill (Psarisomus dalhousiae),

etc.

(3) Reptiles

The reptilian fauna of at least 47 species in 11 families are believed or

expected to exist in the project area. As high as 36 species or 76.60% of them were

observed both by direct field surveys and by indirect interviewing method; whereas those

of 11 species (23.40%) do exist in the project area. The reptilian species found along the

pipeline routes are mainly small in body sizes, such as Common house gecko

(Hemidactylus frenatus), Forest lizard (Calotes emma), Red-headed lizard (Calotes versicolor),

Variable skink (Mabuya macularia), Spotted mountain skink (Sphenomorphus maculatus),

Long-tailed skink (Mabuya longicaudata), etc. (Appendix D Table D-3).

Eleven species are also expected to inhabit in the project area, because of

their occurrences in the neighbouring protected areas and their widespread distributions

throughout the country and the project area. They are Burmese brown tortoise (Manouria

emys), Giant terrapin (Heosemys grandis), Black monitor lizard (Varanus rudicollis), Pointed-

head whip snake (Ahaetulla nasuta), Mountain pit viper (Ovophis monticola), etc.

(4) Amphibians

The amphibian species that actually inhabit or expected to inhabit in the

project area are totally 31 species in number, classified into 5 families. Of which 24 species

ENV1004197125/SEC.372DOC PAGE 3-65


or 77.42% of them were found by the field surveys and the interviewing method, while

only 7 species (22.58%) do exist in the project area. Those commonly-found ones are the

denizens of the forest pools or the forest streams, such as Paddyfield puddle frog

IOccidozyga ima), Common puddie frog (Phrynoglossus martens,), Marsh frog (Rana

limnocharis), Common stream frog (Rana piletat), etc. Some were observed to live on the

forest floors or on the hill slopes away from the water bodies, such as Dwarf toad (Bufo

parvus), Mountain frog (Rana alticola), Litter frog (Rana hascheana), Black-sided froglet

(Microhyla heymonsi), etc. (Appendix D Table D-4).

Seven amphibian species, highly believed to occur in the project area, are

those found living in the surrounding protected areas with widespread distributions through

the country and the region, and their preferred habitats are present in the project area. The

majority of them, five species altogether, are those classified in the family Rhacophoridae,

such as Yellow-webbed flying frog (Rhacophorus bipunctatus), Burmese warted frog

(Theloderma asperum), White-banded dwarf frog (Chinxalus vittatus), etc. The rest of two

species, Malayan giant toad (Bufo asper) is in family Bufonidae, and Yellow frog (Rana

lateralis) is in family Ranidae.

3.7.4.3 Wildlife Abundance

This study has categorized the degree of abundance of each particular species of

wildlife into 4 levels, i.e., very common, common, uncommon and rare.

For the wildlife species observed in the field surveys, their degrees of abundance

have been determined from the numbers of encounters at each survey time, as:

Very Common: those wildlife species of ubiquitous in appearance and

frequent in occurrence; they were found more than 10 times at all survey times;

Common: those infrequently-found in occurrence; they were found 3-10 times

at all survey times;

Uncommon: those rarely-found in occurrence; found only 1-2 times at all

survey times;

ENV1Od97S12SEC-372DOC PAGE 3-66


Rare: those not directly seen by the survey team, but some of their tracks and

signs were found instead; or the whereabouts of their occurrences in this site had been

derived from interviewing the local villagers. Most are large mammals which are wellknown

and rarely encountered.

From the study of abundance degrees of all wildirfe species in the project area

and the surrounding protected areas, total of 541 species, the result showed that those

regarded as common in abundance are the largest group of 243 species (44.92%). The

succeeding groups are the uncommon in abundance of 223 species (41.22%), the rare in

abundance of 49 species (9.06%), and the very common in abundance of 26 species

(4.80%).

The total number of 407 wild animal species that actually inhabit or expected to

inhabit in the project area comprises of 26 very common species (6.36%), 223 common

species (54.79%), 139 uncommon species (34.15%) and 19 rare species (4.67%). More

details of each level of abundance are as follows:

(1) Very Common Wildlife Species

There are altogether 26 species of wild animal being regarded as very

common in abundance, of which comprising 1 mammal species (3.85%), 21 bird species

(80.77%), 2 reptilian species (7.69%), and 2 amphibian species (7.69%).

The only very common mammal species found is Northern treeshrew

(Tupaia belangeri) which is a smalksized terrestrial insectivore of the natural and degraded

forests. It is a highly adaptable one and occurs in large numbers throughout its preferred

habitats.

Twenty one species of bird regarded to be very common in abundance and

found living in the project area are mainly small birds. Most of them live in open degraded

habitats, such as Chinese pond-heron (Ardeola bacchus), Sooty-headed bulbul (Pycnonotus

aurigaster), Grey-breasted prinia (Prinia hodgsonii), Stonechat (Saxicola maura), etc. However,

some of them live in the forested areas, such as Emerald dove (Chalcophaps indica), Green-

billed malkoha (Phaenicophaeus tristis), Black-crested bulbul (Pycnonotus melanicterus), etc.

ENV1004S71261SEC372.DOC PAGE 3-67


Only two reptilian species regarded as very common in abundance, Variable

skink (Mabuya macu/aria) and Spotted mountain skink (Sphenomorphus maculatus). Two

very common amphibians are Marsh frog (Rana limnocharis) and Common burrowing frog

)both of them 'vel, in pauuy eliids at Ban Rai Pa at the southern corner of

the proposed Thong Pha Phum National Park.

(2) Common Wildlife Species

The wildlife species regarded as common in abundance in the project area

are 223 species, which consists of 37 mammal species (16.59%), 149 bird species


Of the 37 common mammal species, most are small mammals, such as

Malayan flying lemur (Cynocephalus variegatus), Short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus sphinx),

Slow loris (Nycticebus coucang), Small-toothed palm civet (Arctogalidia trivirgata), etc.

Furthermore, there are 3 medium-sized mammal species, Wild boar (Sus scrofa), Common

barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak), and Common porcupine (Hystrix brachyura).

The 149 common bird species are mainly smalksized with high adaptability

to changing environment, such as Black-shouldered kite (Elanus caeruleus), Spotted dove

(Streptopelia chinensis), Lesser coucal (Centropus bengalensis), Asian barred owlet

(Glaucidium cuculoides), etc. However, there are some species of less adaptability but being

specific only to this forest habitats, such as Red-breasted parakeet (Psittacula alexandri),

Red-headed trogon (Harpactes erythrocephalus), Oriental' pied hornbill (Anthracoceros

albirostris), Blue-throated barbet (Megalaima asiatica), etc.

The 22 common reptiles found inhabiting in the project area are mostly

small, highly-adaptable species, such as Flat-tailed gecko (Cosymbotus platyurus), Orange-

winged flying lizard, Red-necked keelback (Rhabdophis subminiatus), Banded krait (Bungarus

fasciatus), etc.

For the 15 common amphibian species, the majority of which are small-sized

species. They are ecologically separated into two habitats, forest stream dweller, and pool

dweller habitat. The sample of amphibian in first habitat are Common brown.frog (Rana

ENVT00407125/SEC4372.DOC PAGE 3-68


nigrovittata), Common stream frog (Rana pileata), Copper-cheeked frog (Rana chalconota),

and Variegated toad-frog (Leptobrachium hasseltii), and in the second habitat are Paddyfield

green frog (Rana erythraea), Common bush frog (Polypedates leucomystax), and Painted

froglet (Microhyla pulchra).

(3) Uncommon Wildlife Species

At least 139 uncommon wildlife species are known to inhabit or expected to

inhabit in the project area, comprising 33 mammal species (23.74%), 70 bird species


All 33 uncommon mammal species are only the forest dwellers which

include the smalksized mammals as a varied array of bats in order Chiroptera, such as

Greater long-tongued fruit bat (Macroglossus sobrinus), Greater false vampire bat

(Megaderma lyra), Intermediate leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros larvatus), etc.; the medium-

sized mammals, mostly being the primates in family Cercopithecidae, such as Pig-tailed

macaque (Macaca nemestrina), Bear macaque (Macaca arctoides), Phayre's leaf monkey

(Semnopithecus phayrei), etc. Other outstanding species are Fishing cat (Prionailurus

viverrinus), Large indian civet (Viverra zibetha), Fea's muntjac (Muntiacus feae), etc.; the only

large mammal is the Asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus).

Most of 70 uncommon bird species are small and are forest dweller, such

as Oriental turtle-dove (Streptopelia orientalis), Mountain scops-owl (Otus spilocephalus),

Great-eared nightjar (Eurostopodus macrotis), and Blue-eared kingfisher (Alcedo meninting).

Some of them are medium to large-sized encountered species, such as Crested serpent-

eagle (Spilomis cheela), Changeable hawk-eagle (Spizaetus cirrhatus), Kalij pheasant (Lophura

leucomelanos), and Great hornbill (Buceros bicomis).

The 22 reptilian species regarded as uncomrnion in abundance are all poor-

adapted and inhabit mainly in the forested areas, such as Elongated tortoise (Indotestudo

elongata), Giant terrapin (Heosemys grandis), Blanford's flying lizard (Draco blanfordil),

Striped tree skink (Lipinia vittigera), Black monitor lizard (Varanus rudicollis), Rock python

(Python molurus), and King cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), etc.

ENV1004M7126jSEC-372.OC PAGE 3-69


Some of 14 species of uncommon amphibians are relatively poor-adapted

and forest stream inhabitants, such as Indian cascade frog (Rana livida), Malayan giant frog

(Rana blythii), and Burmese frog (Rana leptoglossa). In addition, some of uncommon

amphibians are small-sized are in family Rhacophoridae who live entirely in the natural

forests, such as Yellow-webbed flying frog (Rhacophorus bipunctatus), Burmese warted frog

(Theloderma asperum), and White-banded dwarf frog (Chirixalus vittatus).

(4) Rare Wildlife Species

Regarding the rare wildlife species found living or expected to live in the

project area, there were total of 19 species comprising 10 mammal species (52.63%), 8

bird species (42.11%), and 1 reptilian species (5.26%). No rare amphibian species is present

in the area.

The 10 rare mammal species are scarcely-seen wild animals which are

important to the conservation purpose both locally and regionally, such as White-handed

gibbon (Hylobates lar), Red dog (Cuon alpinus), Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus),

Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus), Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor),

Gaur (Bos gaurus), and Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus macrourus).

Birds, considered rare in abundance, comprise 8 forest species of extremely

low natural populations. They are scarce both locally and regionally, such as Bar-backed

partridge (Arborophila brunneopectus), Silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera), Grey peacock-

pheasant (Polyplectron bicalcaratum), Pale-capped pigeon (Columba punicea), Alexandrine

parakeet (Psittacula eupatria), Spot-bellied eagle-owl (Bubo nipalensisJ, Brown fish-owl

(Ketupa zeylonensis), and Striated bulbul (Pycnonotus stnatus).

Regarding the rare reptilian species, only the Burmese brown tortoise

(Manouria emys), a large terrestrial species, can survive successfully only in the good

forested areas. No rare species of amphibians is found in the project area.

ENV1004/97125/SEC-372.DOC PAGE 3-70


3.7.4.4 WARPA Status

The legal status of most wildlife species have been determined by the 'vvlid

Animals Reservation and Protection Act B.E. 2535 (1992). The wildlife species were

categorized into the reserved and the protected wild animals. In this study three legal

statuses of the wildlife species are considered as:

(1) Reserved Species - R

Defined as rare species that have been declared by the royal decree in the

appendix list of the WARPA B.E. 2535 (1992), comprising 15 species, i.e., White-eyed river

martin, Asiatic two-horned rhinoceros, lesser one-horned rhinoceros, Kouprey, Wild buffalo,

Eld's deer, Schomburgk's deer, Southem serow, Chinese goral, Gumey's pitta, Sarus crane,

Marble cat, Malayan tapir, Fea's muntjak, and dugong.

(2) Protected Species - P

Those species determined by the ministerial regulation to be as such in 476

items; of which eove-i ng 189 mammalian items, 182 bird items, 63 reptilian ftems, 12

amphibian items, 13 insect items, 4 fish items, and 13 invertebrate items. However, this

study emphasises only 4 vertebrate groups, mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians.

(3) Non-protected Species - NP

Those wildlife species encountered in the study areas, but have not been

listed in the 2 above-mentioned official lists.

The study in the project area and in the surrounding protected areas reveals that

there were totally 6 reserved wild animals or 1.1 1 % of the total wild animal species; and all

of them are mammals, i.e., Marble cat (Pardofelis marmorata), Malayan tapir (Tapirus

indicus), Lesser one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus), Asian two-horned rhinoceros

(Dicerorhinus sumatrensis), Fea's muntjak (Muntiacus feae), and Southern Serow

(Naemorhedus sumatraensis). All six species were reported to exist in Thung Yai Naresuan

Wildlife Sanctuary, the World Heritage Site, to the north of the project area. Only Southern

serow (Naemorhedus sumatraensis) was found in Khao Laem National Park to the east of

the project area; whereas 3 other species were found in Sai Yok National Park to the south,

ENV1004J97126/SEC-372DOC PAGE 3-71


i.e., Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus), Fea's muntiak (Muntiacus feae), and Southern serow

(Naemorhedus sumatraensis). Apart from the reserved wiid animals, there also occur 424

protected species (78.37%) and 111 non-protected species (20.52%) in the project area.

Deaiing with the project area, there were 407 species do existing or expected to

exist. This total species includes 3 mammalian reserved species (0.74%), 311 protected

species (76.41%), and the rest of 93 non-protected species (22.85%). The details of the

study categorized by the legal statuses of the wildlife are as follows:

(1) Reserved Wild Animals

The 3 reserved wild animals found existing in the project area are all

mammals, Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus), Fea's muntiak (Muntiacus feae), and Southem

serow (Naemorhedus sumatraensis). The field surveys indicated that the former 2 species

are distributed in the proposed Thong Pha Phum National Park, but their existances along

the pipeline route are not detected. The latter species inhabits mainly on the limestone

massifs near the site of Sattamit Mine, which are about 500 m north of the pipeline route.

(2) Protected Wild Animals

There are altogether 311 protected species which comprising 58 mammal

species (18.65%), 230 bird species (73.95%), 19 reptilian species (6.11%), and 4 amphibian

species (1.29%).

The 58 protected mammal species found in this area include Sunda pangolin

(Manis javanica), Leschenauft's rousette (Rousettus leschenaulti), Bicolored leaf-nosed bat

(Hipposideros bicolor), Golden jackal (Canis aureus), Hog-badger (Arctonyx collaris), Binturong

(Arctictis binturong), Golden cat (Catopuma temminckii), and Lesser Malay mouse-deer

(Tragulus javanicus), etc.

Sample of the 230 protected bird species that actually dwell or are expected

to dwell in the project area, are Scaly-breasted partridge (Arborophila chloropus), White-

throated kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis), Dollarbird (Eurystomus orientalis), Heart-spotted

woodpecker (Hemicircus canente), Blue pitta (Pitta cyanea), Scarlet minivet (Pericrocotus

ENVIONS712SiSEC-372.OOC PAGE 3-72


flammeus), Golden-fronted leafbird (Chloropsis aurifrons), Grey treepie (Dendrocitta

formosae), and Hill myna (Gracula religiosa), etc.

The 19 protected reptilian species are Common softshell (Amyda

cartilaginea), Garden lizard (Calotes mystaceus), Copper-headed racer (Elaphe radiata),

Common whip snake (Ahaetulla prasina), and Omate tree snake (Chrysopelea omata), etc.

The amphibians listed as protected animals include 4 species, Malayan giant

toad (Bufo asper), Flat-headed toad (Bufo macrotis), Dwarf toad (Bufo parvusJ, and Malayan

giant frog (Rana blythii).

(3) Non-protected Wild Animals

At least 93 species of non-protected wild animals actually inhabit or are

expected to inhabit in the project area. This figure comprises 20 mammal species (21.51 %),

18 bird species (19.35%), 28 reptilian species (30.11%), and 27 amphibian species

(29.03%). However, although they have not yet been protected legally, their occurrences

within the boundary of the proposed Thong Ptha Phum National Park provided them with

strictly protection, according to the National Park Act B.E. 2504 (1961).

The majority of the non-protected mammal species are rodents in the family

Muridae which are usually small mammals with highly adaptable capabilities, such as Roof

rat (Rattus rattus), yellow rajah rat (Maxomys surifer), Lesser bamboo rat (Cannomys

badius), Hoary bamboo rat (Rhizomys pruinosus), Pallas's squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus),

and Variable squirrel (Callosciurus finJaysoni), etc. However, there are some other small

mammals of the same level of adaptability, such as Northern tailless fruit bat (Megaerops

niphanae), and Common palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus). In additional, a medium-

sized adaptable mammal, the Wild boar (Sus scrofa), is also non-protected legally.

The 18 bird species without legal protection are those frequently-seen, have

small size, and are common in the project area. Samples are Spotted dove (Streptopelia

chinensis), Olive-backed pipit (Anthus hodgsoni), Common wood shrike (Tephrodomis

pondicerianus), Abbott's babbler (Malacocincla abbotti), Zitting cisticola (Cisticola juncidis),

and Black-naped monarch (Hypothymis azurea).

ENV1OO4I97M25ISEC-372.DOC PAGE 3-73


For the 28 non-protected reptilian species, half of them are rear-fanged

snakes in family Colubridae, such as Common checkerback (Xenochrophis flavipunctatus),

Pointed-head whip snake (Ahaetulla nasuta), Mock viper (Psammodynastes pulverulentus),

ariu Cormon iirigneck (Liopeiris scriptus). Otner species oT notabie reptiies are also found,

such as Common supple skink (Riopa bowringii), Ground skink (Scincella sp.), Indo-chinese

rat snake (Ptyas korros), and Red-tailed racer (Gonyosoma oxycephalum).

Amphibians are mostly non-protected by law. They are found in this project

area for 27 species, such as Common black-spined toad (Bufo melanostictus), Marsh frog

(Rana limnocharis), Common dwarf frog (Philautus parvulus), Sriracha dwarf frog (Chirixalus

nongkhorensis), and Spotted froglet (Micryletta inomata).

3.7.4.5 WILDLIFE STATUS

The present status of each particular wildlife species follows closely those

provided by Humphrey and Bain (1990) with slight modifications to suit the present

situation. This work determined the statuses of the Thai wildlife by using the population

numbers and distributional patterns as the criteria, as follows:

(1) Endangered Species - E

Those wildlife species whose natural populations have so drastically reduced

and their distributional ranges so seriously dwindled so that they will become extinct in the

near future, if no appropriate conservation measures has been applied.

(2) Threatened Species - T

Those having rapidly decreasing population numbers and shrinking local

distributions, so that without appropriate preventive measures put into effect the extinction

will occur in the near future.

(3) Indeterminate species - I

I ose iacking definite data to indicate their true s'aLuses. i this st-udy it i

also applied to those wild animals with high adaptability to the changing environmental

ENVlOO497125M5EC-3745.DOC PAGE 3-74


conditions, with high natural population numbers, and having widespread distributions in the

project area in both local and regional levels.

The obtained results on the statuses of 541 wildlife species found in the

project area and the surrounding protected areas do reveal that the highest numbers of

them are the indeterminate species, numbering 476 species (87.99%) with those

threatened species of 42 species (7.76%), and those endangered species of 23 species

(4.25%).

Dealing specifically to those 407 species actually present or expected to present

in the project area, the indeterminate species have the highest numbers of 368 species

(90.42%), with the threatened species of 30 species (7.37%), and the endangered species

of 9 species (2.21 %). The details of the study categorized by the groups of wildife statuses

are as follows:

(1) Threatened Wild Animals

There are 30 threatened wild animals that actually exist or expected to exist

in the project area. These comprise the highest number of 19 mammal species (63.33%), 7

bird species (23.33%), and 4 reptilian species (13.33%). This study can not reveal any

threatened amphibian species.

For the 19 threatened mammal species, the majority of 7 are the primates

in family Cercoprthecidae such as Assamese macaque (Macaca assamensis), Pig-tailed

macaque (Macaca nemestrina), and Banded leaf monkey (Presbytis femoralis). The rest of

12 species are medium to large-sized mammals with low natural populations in the project

area, as well as in the whole country. Samples are Golden jackal (Canis aureus), Eurasian

otter (Lutra lutra), Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), Black giant squirrel (Ratufa bicolor),

and Binturong (Arctictis binturong).

The 7 bird species, regarded as threatened, include the 3 pheasants and a

peacock-pheasant in the family Phasianidae, such as Kalij pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos),

Silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera), and Grey peacock-pheasant (Polyplectron

bicalcaratum). Two woodpeckers in family Picidae, are Whrte-bellied woodpecker (Dryocopus

ENV100"4712S.tEC-374S.D0C PAGE 3-75


javensis), and Great slaty woodpecker (Mulleripicus pulveru/entus). The rest is Great hornbill

(Buceros bicornis) in family Bucerotidae, which is of some special importance as an

indicator species of the pristine forest.

Four threateneu rept,iIan secies are, urrnes brown iortoise (Manouria

emys) which is the largest land tortoise of the primary forests, Rock python (Python

molurus) which is one of the giant snakes of the western forests, Marble monitor lizard

(Varanus nebulosus), and Black monitor lizard (Varanus rudicollis). Last two species are

mainly arboreal in feeding habit, especially when being juveniies.

In the project area, there is, at present, no threatened amphibian species

found to inhabit within its area.

(2) Endangered Wild Animals

All nine encountered endangered wild animals are wholly mammals, i.e.

White-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar), Red dog (Cuon alpinus), Leopard (Panthera pardus),

Tiger (Panthera tigris), Gaur (Bos gaurus), Asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus), and three of

them are reserved wild animals of the country, Malayan tapir ITapirus indicus), Fea's

muntjak (Muntiacus feae) and Southem serow (Naemorhedus sumatraensis).

(3) Indeterminate Wild animals

The project area is noteworthy in having in its boundary an exceedingly high

number of 368 indeterminate species of wild animals. These comprise 53 mammal species

(14.40%), 241 bird species (65.49%), 43 reptilian species (11.68%), and 31 amphibian

species (8.42%). This figure indicates that more intensive surveys and serious studies are

urgently needed to be conducted in this area.

3.7.4.6 Migration Tendency of Wildlife

This study focuses on tendency of wildlife moving within the boundary of the

proposed Thong Pha hurm National Park. The objective is to detect the movement

patterns, migration routes, and prevailing habits of moving from place to place in each

season of the indigenous wild animals. The study is emphasis on four groups of importance

ENV1O00D871EC.3745,DOC PAGE 3-76


species to conservation purpose. These gruops are the rare species, the reserved species,

the threatened species and the endangered species. All of these will be impacted from the

project in different level depending mainly on their capabilities of migration and mobility. For

this reason .in this study wildlife was separated into two groups as lowly-mobiled and highly

mobile.

(1) Lowly-mobiled Species

This group includes the terrestrial mammals, reptiles, and amphibians which

require intact level land areas for locai movement. So, their limited movements are hindered

by topographical conditions, seasons, water source, or food source distributions. However,

some may manage to enter in the national park area, but unfortunately a number of man-

made barriers have been established between the protected areas as.-

(a) Between the proposed Thong Pha Phum National park and Thung Yai

Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary to the north, there are 2 provincial highways, numbers 323 and

327, acting as barriers for animal migrations. Moreover, the deteriorated forest patches

around Ban I-Tong village and the long-established human community in this village

regarded as the most important barrier between these two principle protected areas.

(b) Between the proposed Thong Pha Phum National Park and Khao Laem

National Park to the east, there are diferent kinds of barriers such as highway no. 323 Khao

Laem reservoir, and villages scattering in line along the highway no. 323. These villages act

as important obstacles against the local movements of the wild animals.

(c) Between the proposed Thong Pha Phum National park and Sai Yok

National Park to the south, there are a branch road from highway no. 327 towards the

established resettlement area for the local villagers evacuated from Khao Lam Dam project,

and a number of scattered communities in the resettlement area, that becoming barriers for

the movement of the wildlife.

Furthermore, in Sai Yok national Park, there is a large number of a country's

endemic species, Hog-nosed bat (Craseonycteris thonglongyai), residing in numerous

limestone caves. Eventhough this world's smallest bat is agile in flying capability, but it is

ENV1004/9712IS5EC-374.10C PAGE 3-77


believed to keep confined to Sai Yok National Park. The reasons are its foraging distance is

well within the radius of 1 km around its preferred cave, and this tiny bat needs the cave

with constant temperature and a certain level of moisture to roost only. Thus, their

movement out of the Sai Yok area to colonize in the Thong Pha Phum area seems unlikely

to occur.

(2) Highly-mobiled Species

Mainly the bird species equipped with flying capability to move about freely

at will, especially the rare and endangered species, which are low in adaptability to

changing environment, depend entirely on the specific sets of habitat conditions. Thus the

site of destination for them should be abounded with required basic needs and, most of all,

free from human disturbance. Those having superior flying capability can travel for longer

distance than those inferior in flying capability.

The field surveys and observations indicated that, generally, the habitat

conditions of the rare and endangered bird species in Thong Pha Phum area are less

suitable for sustaining life than those of the surrounding protected areas. However, this

particular area is now under the process of official establishment, so forest protection,

wildlife hunting control, and area encroachment control are rarely in practice. Additionally,

this area has already been colonized by high numbers of local populace and occupied by

the mining companies. Some mining areas have deserted, thus forcing the jobless workers

to hunt for food and for collecting wild products for their subsistences. Those activities have

continuously interfered the lives of local wild animals. Furthermore, the long-established

protected areas in the surrounding areas provide better protection to their respective forest

areas and the inhabiting wildlife, so the tendency of the wild animals to migrate into the

Thong Pha Phum area is quite unlikely to occur or occurs in a low level. In addition, some

bird species may leave the project site to safer sites in the surrounding protected areas.

Though the rare and endangered bird species do rarely move away from

their preferred haunts, but the highly-adaptable small birds can certainly move in and out atr

ENV100I,7126tSEC-3745DMC PAGE 3-78


all the time, especially, during the wintering months from October to April, when the

northem migrants escape the severe cold winter to reside temporarily in these study areas.

3.7.4.7 Wildlife Habitats

(1) Forested Areas

The dominant forest type which is found in good condition along the

pipeline route across the westem part of the proposed Thong Pha Phum National Park is

dry evergreen forest that richly covering the central portion of the national park. However,

the southern portion is different that is sparsely covered with degraded mixed deciduous

forests because it has been heavily encroached by villagers for wood for a long time.

These forested areas are important habitats for wildlife because they

naturally provide all their basic needs for sustaining lives. For this reason, a great diversity of

wildlife species inhabit the forests at all levels, from under the ground surface up to the top

of the forest canopy.

The subterranean animals such as bamboo rats in family of Muridae, lead

the underground life-style, while most of the terrestrial animals, from small to large in sizes,

dwell on the forest floors. The sample of these terrestrial animals are those in: the

camivorous group as dogs, bears, otters, civets; the hooved group as tapir, boar, mouse-

deer; rodent group as rats, ground squirrels; and the elephant. Dealing with the ground-

dwelling species, there occur the pheasants and quails, the roosting nightjars, together with

arrays of amphibians and reptiles.

Those canopy-dwelling animal species are mostly birds, especially, the

pigeons and doves, parrots, cuckoos, barbets and woodpeckers, and a wide range of

perching birds, such as the broadbills, pittas, pipits, minivets, leafbirds, bulbuls, drongoes,

and flycatchers. Animals living within the canopy are: mammals such as loris, macaques,

and leaf monkeys; and the reptiles such as geckoes and lizards.

ENV100497125/SEC-374s.DOC PAGE 3-79


Those birds hawking for insects above the canopy are the insectivorous

swifts and some species of hawks, the latter of which also utilize the canopy as their

foraging grounds for preys.( Dstul beu Areds

This habitat type was found scattered in the proposed Thong Pha Phum

National Park, notably the mined-over sites and narrow stretches of lowlands along the

streams in the southern portion where the villagers have invaded to grow field crops.

Wild animals adaptable to this habitat type are small mammals and birds,

together with some reptiles and amphibians. Mammal species are Northern treeshrew

(Tupaia belanger,), Small Asian mongoose (Herpestes javanicus), Roof rat (Rattus rattus),

Burmese hare (Lepus peguensis), etc. Bird species are Greater coucal (Centropus sinensis),

Indian roller (Coracias benghalensis), Common iora (Aegithina tiphia), Streak-eared bulbul

(Pycnonotus blanford,), etc. Reptile species are Red-headed lizard (Calotes versicolor),

Common supple skink (Riopa bowringi:), Copperhead racer (Elaphe radiata), etc. Lastly,

amphibian species are Common black-spined toad (Bufo melanostictus), Paddyfield puddle

frog (Occidozyga lima), Common puddle frog (Phrynoglossus martens,), and Marsh frog

(Rana limnocharis), etc.

(3) Limestone areas

Along the pipeline route, there is a distinctive limestone wildlife habitat at

the site of Sattamit Mine, about 500 m to the north of the pipeline route. It is a limestone

massif about 5 km long that stretching in the northwest-southeast direction. All lives that

successfully live here have adapted themselves so well to live advantageously in such

specific habitat. For examples, Southern serow (Naemorhedus sumatraensis) can climb up

and down the precipitous cliff faces with astonishing agility. Furthermore, the remarkably

high diversity of native bats in families Pteropodidae (fruit bats), Emballonuridae (tomb bats),

Rhinotophidae (horseshoe bats) and Hipposideridae (leaf-nosed bats) have ultimately adapted

to inhabit dark and moist conditions of limestone caves, which few other vertebrate animals

can do in the same levels.

ENV1004J"7125tSEC-374S.DOC PAGE 3-80


(4) Water sources

In the process of laying down the pipeline route, some stretches will overlay

portions of forest streams, i.e. from the grid coordinate 446750 N - 1612750 E and the grid

coordinate 449200 N - 1614150 E, which situating on the branches of Huai Pak Khok which

supports with permanent water all year round. The pipeline route also traverse the branches

of Huai Prachammai at Mokkara and Sattamit Mines, and, at least 2 intermittent branches

of Huai Pak Khok which supports water only in rainy season around the southem part of

the proposed Thong Pha Phum National Park. Apart from the flowing forest streams, the

route also passes through the seasonally-waterlogged paddy fields at Ban Rai Pa village,

and near the permanent Huai Khayeng stream. All of the above-mentioned water bodies are

naturally living and spawning habitats of the native amphibians. The permanent streams also

provide shelters for some reptilian species, such as Common softshell (Amyda cartilaginea),

Water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator), Plumbeous water snake (Enhydris plumbea), and

Common checkerback (Xenochrophis flavipunctatus).

3.7.4.8 Wildlife Foodplants

The field surveys conducted along the pipeline route succeeded in finding at

least 62 species in 31 families of the wildlife foodplants (Appendix D Table D-5). Consumed

by most of wildlife, the wild banana trees (Musa acuminata Colla) were observed. It's

important is that leaves and stems are staple foods of wild elephants; inflorescences

provide nectar and poliens for fruit bats of family Pteropodidae and the nectar-feeding birds

(spiderhunters); ripe fruits are the main foods for various wildlife species, such as the fruit

bats, the fruit-eating birds (bulbuls) and squirrels; fallen overripe fruits on the forest floors

are eaten by the terrestrial-dwelling civets, ground squirrels, Northern treeshrew (Tupaia

belangeri), and porcupines.

In the natural condition, two wildlife groups of the dominant herbivores (plant

feeders), mammals and birds, differently utilize plant parts as foods, depending on their

respective species and feeding habits.

ENV10041971261SEC-374S.0OC PAGE 3-81


Among the indigenous mammals, the hooved herbivores, such as mouse-deer,

deer, gaurs, and serows, browse tender leaves, shoots and twigs of undergrowth plants in

different height levels from the ground floors. Their staple foods are dominant trees as Kuk

(Lannea cor mande.';ca Merr.), Ket daeng (Daibergia dongnaiensis Pierre), Pee chan

(Dalbergia cana Grah.), Phaa sian (Vitex canescens Kurz), and all bamboo species; including

some fallen fruits on the forest floors, such as wild mango - Mamuang paa (Mangifera

caloneura Kurz), Ma taat (Dillenia indica Linn.), wild figs (Ficus spp.), wild rose apples

(Eugenia spp.), Haat (Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb.), etc. Fruit bats, arboreal squirrels,

macaques, and leaf monkeys feed competitively on wild fruits which sporadically present

throughout the wide forested areas, especially those borned by the following trees, wild

rose apples (Eugenia spp.), wild figs (Ficus spp.), Khang khaao (Aglaia pirifera Hance),

Lamyai paa (Paranephelium longifoliolatum Lec.), etc.

Regarding the plant-eating bird species, the fruit-eaters include fruit doves or

green pigeons, parakeets, hornbills, barbets, bulbuls, starlings, and mynas, etc. They are

fond of ripe fruits of the wild figs, wild rose apples, Hatsakhun (Micromelum minutum

Wight & Arn.), Lueat raet (Knema globularia Warb.), etc.; while those nectar-feeders include

leafbirds, spiderhunters, sunbirds and Vernal hanging parrot (Loriculus vemalis), which will

tirelessly suck this sweet secretion from the brightly-coloured flowers of Ngiu paa (Bombax

anceps Pierre), wild banana (Musa acuminata Colia), Lamphuu paa (Duabanga grandiflora

Walp.), Thong laang paa (Erythrina subumbrans Merr.), etc.

3.7.4.9 Problems confronting the wildlife

The most serious problem on the indigenous wildlife inhabiting the project area

in the proposed Thong Pha Phum National Park is the illegal hunting. Even though the

forest-controlling units of the Royal Forestry Department's regional office have regularly

patrolled the whole area and frequenily enter the site with the purpose to prepare the area

for official declaration as a national park, hunting still occur widely at all the time. The

present field surveys had also witnessed the actual illegal hunting of wild boars, the

ENV100457125ISEC-3746.DOC PAGE 3-82


observed hunters were supposed to come from the nearby villages of Ban Rai Pa or Ban

Huai Pak Khok.

Other human activities that clearly show some impacts to the local wildlife, apart

from the illegal hunting, the harvesting of bamboo shoots and dammar oils practised by the

villagers from surrounding villages of the Park. The former activity is so intensively which

may result to lack of bamboo shoots for wildlife foods or for their own growth recovery.

The wild animals, such as gaurs, bantengs, deer, etc., will suffer from this competition and,

ultimately, the whole forest ecosystem will gradually change as the preferred constituent

bamboo species will become vanish, species by species, from the areas.

Another serious problem expected to affect the wild elephants is illegal logging

practised by the villagers from Ban Rai Pa village. The domestic elephants are used as

beasts of burden to pull the logs out of the forests. Contacts between the wild and the

domestic elephants around the camp sites can create competitive pressures on available

foods and living spaces, and, worst of all, the domestic eiephants may spread some fatal

diseases which they are immune to their vulnerable wild cousins.

Therefore, control of bamboo shoot harvesting and control of domestic elephants

introduction into the national park area should be stringently done.

3.8 LAND USE

3.8.1 Introduction

Land use survey was undertaken along the gas pipeline from EGAT Power in

Ratchaburi to Ban I-Tong in Kanchanaburi. The study area covers 100 meters strip on both

side of the gas pipeline.

ENVIOO487125/SEC.3746.OC= PAGE 3-83



The study of land use was carried out as the following steps:

(1) Collecting Secondary Data

Tonogranhic maps and land use maps ware colected from Land

Development Department, and aerial photograph, scale of 1:50,000, was collected from Thai

Survey Department.

(2) Photo Interpretation

The systematic interpretation of aerial photograph was proceeded in the

office prior to the field work.

(3) Field Work

After obtaining the preliminary information from the above sources, field

surveys and observations were conducted in consequences. The purpose of the study is to

compare the information obtaining from secondary data with an actual observation. Revision

and improvement of the detailed identification of land use types were finally analysed after

the results of the actual field surveys and observations had been obtained.


From the study, there are 5 types of land use as:

- Residential area

- Agricultural area

- Forestry

- Others, and

- Water body

The details of each land use type is described as follows:

ENV 10OW7 2SMEC-3745WC PAGE 3-84


3.8.3.1 Residential Area

This land use type includes villages, govemment office, industrial factory,

schools, and temples. It is found from the survey that houses along the route have been

built near the highway route. Most of the houses have one storey and surrounded by fruit

trees. Schools and temples are found at Chom Bung district, Ratchaburi province. Industrial

factories, mostly tapioca product, are found at Muang district, Ratchaburi province.

3.8.3.2 Agricultural Area

This land use type includes mostly paddy field, upland crops, mixed orchard and

pasture.

- Paddy field includes rainfed and irrigated areas.

- Upland crops are found in very wide areas. The crops that are commonly

found are sugarcane, maize, and cassava.

- Mixed orchard composes of many kinds of fruit tree such as mangoes,

coconut jackfruit, and bananas.

- Pasture is usually grown for animal feeding. Many types of grasses such as

Napier, Hybrid Napier, Rusy, and Guinea are commonly grown. Pasture is

found in Sai Yok district, Kanchanaburi province.

3.8.3.3 Forestry

There are 4 types of forestry in the project route, bamboo forest, mixed

deciduous forest, shrubs, and forest plantation.

3.8.3.4 Others

This land use type includes swamps, abandoned mine, and lateritic pits.

ENV1O007t125/SEC-3746.DOC PAGE 3-85


3.8.3.5 Water Body

This land use type is natural water that links mainly between Mae Klong and

Kwae Noi rivers.

The details nf each land use t^ype are shown in Table 3.8-i and Appendix E

Figure E-1.

3.8.4 Watershed Classification

The pipeline route is generally passed through the watershed class 1A and 1B

which are restricted for the project development. The details of each watershed are

described as follows:

(1) Watershed Area Class 1A

The total distance of watershed class 1A is about 18 km, covering the study

area of 1,994 rais (survey areas are covered with 100 m for each side of pipeline). Most of

this covering is in Kanchanaburi province at Tambon Pilok, Tambon Thakhan, Tambon Sai

Yok, and Tambon Lumsum. Mixed deciduous forest, upland crops, and pasture are also

found in this area. The soils of this watershed are mostly Slope Complex and few are Takli,

Pakchong and Thap Kwang series which have more than 35% of slope and are shallow to

very shallow in soil profiles.

(2) Watershed Area Class 1B

The total area of watershed class 1B is approximately 638 rais (with study

area of 100 m on each side of the pipeline). All of them are the area of shifting cultivation

that native grasse' are dominant. The study areas are found mostly in Kanchanaburi

province at Tambon Pilok and Tambon Thakhan. Soil in these areas is classified as Slope

Complex that has more than 35% of slope and the soil profile is shallow in depth. The

details of watershed area 1A and B are shown in Table 3.8-2 and 3.8-3, respectively.

ENvlxO0417l251SEC-374s.DCc PAGE 3-86


TABLE 3.8-1

LAND USE TVPES AND AREA ALONG GAS PIPELINE

Land Use Types . Area Percent

(Rai) (%)

Residential Area

- Villages 84 0.31

- Government Office 201 0.74

- Industrial Estate 19 0.07

Agricultural Area

- Rainfed Paddy 709 2.62

- Irrigation Paddy 401 1.48

- Upiand Crop 12,.785 47T20

- Mixed Orchard 861 3.18

- Pasture 259 0.96

Forest

- Bamboo Forest 169 0.62

- Mixed Deciduous 4,265 15.74

- Shrubs 6,287 23.21

- Forest Plantation 919 3.39

Others

- Swamp 26 0.10

- Laterite Pit 52 0.19

Water Body

- Natural Water 51 0.19

Total Area 27,088 100.00

ENVt00"7126MAB3SiY.XLS PAGE 3-87


TABLE 3.8-2

LOCATIONS SOIL AND LAND USE OF WATERSHED CLASS 1A

No. Location Soil Land Use Area

From To (Rai)

I 0+000 0+200 SC Forest 5

2 0+000 2+000 SC Shifing Cultivation 246

3 3+000 6+000 SC Shifting Cultivation 376



6 12+000 12+950 SC Forest 120

7 14+800 15+400 SC Forest 39

8 15+700 16+700 SC Forest 64

9 16+700 19+700 SC Forest 376

10 19+700 20+600 SC Forest 57

11 20+600 20+900 SC Forest 39

12 20+900 21+100 SC Forest 14

13 21+100 21+400 SC Forest 39

14 22+000 23+550 SC Forest 98

15 25+200 25+800 SC Forest 39

16 27+300 27+600 SC Forest 20

17 83+400 83+800 SC Upland Crops 51

18 83+800 83+400 TwlBq Upland Crops/Pasture 76

19 87+500 87+800 Pc Forest 20

20 87+800 88+200 Tk Forest 26

21 120+300 120+700 Ty-l.ske/Ly-l.ske Forest 26

22 120+700 121+100 Si-sh Forest 26

23 121+100 121+200 Tk Forest 6

Total 1;994

ENVa04?712V1TA38 2.XLS PAGE 3-88

0

TABLE 3.8-3

LOCATIONS SOILS AND LAND USE OF WATERSHED CLASS 1B

No. Location Soil ILand Use Distance Area r-2m

From To (Rai)

1 2+000 3+000 SC Shifting Cultivation 1 125

2 5+900 8+000 SC Shifting Cultivation 2.1 263

3 9+700 10+700 SC Shifting Cultivation 1 125

4 12+950 13+950 SC Shif[ting Cultivation 1 125

Total 638

m)'V0

C,3~1 200 +0 CShfigClivto 2

2 5+900 8+000 SC Shifting Cultivation 2.1 263~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

CD ~ ~ 3 9701+70S hfigCutvto 2

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPEUNE PROJECr FINAL REPORT

3.9 TRANSPORTATION

3.9.1 Introduction

The natu,a, gas transmission pipeiine project includes construction of an access

road to the proposed site for transporting heavy construction equipment and using as

maintenance roads during the operation phase. The construction of the access road, and

the increase of traffic volume on adjacent route have some impact on the environment

along the route. The impact assessment of the project was also studied, especially, during

construction and operation periods.


The information related to transportation network and traffic volumes in the

project vicinity was collected and reviewed. The field observations were made on the main

road networks.


(1) Road Network

There is an existing network of inter-regional, national, secondary, and

provincial highways as shown in Figure 3.9-1. Most of these highways are furnished with

asphaltic surface. However, there are some rural road with single treatment as lateritic

surface linking between communities. The details of each highway are as follow:

(a) Highway No. 323 (KANCHANABURI - THONG PHA PHUM)

This highway extends to the west from highway No. 4 at km 73+000,

passing through several areas including Thamaka, Tha Muang, Sai Yok, and Thong Pha

Phum districts, then ends at Sangkhla Buri district of Kanchanaburi province with the total

length of 330 km. It is an asphaltic surface road. (Figure 3.9-1)

ENV1004IM7S26EC-49DOC PAGE 3-90


IE -IN POINT P ED

4.50

1*.' \~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SR PROVINCl( E }

THE UNION OF WYNMAR

% 16 : ATC-\M

LEGEND…______ GAS PIPELINE

B _ ORDER

{87-= NATIONAL HIGHWAY-- C>- PROWdCIAL HIGHWAY

RIALWAY

< RIVER CANAL

FIGURE 3.9-1: THE EXISTING ROAD NETWORK

ENVIOO4IGURE 3.9-1 PAGE 3-91


(b) Highway No. 3272 (THONG PHA PHUM - BAN RAI)

This highway extends to the west from highway No. 323 at Thong Pha

Phum district. It is an asphaltic surface road with poor condition, and the total length is 75

km. At present, it is the main road for people in local community for travelling to Thong Pha

Phum district. (Figure 3.9-1).

(c) Highway No.3209 (DAN MAKHAM TIA - RATCHABURI)

This highway extends to the north from highway No. 3274 at section

30 km from Chom Bung district. It passes through Dan Makham Tia district and ends at

Muang district, Kanchanaburi province. It is an asphaltic surface road with the total length

about 50 km.

(d) Highway No. 3274 (DAN MAKHAM TIA - CHOM BUNG)

This asphaltic surface highway extends to the north from highway No.

3087 at Chom Bung district. The total length is about 30 km.

(e) Highway No. 3085 (YANG KOH - LUM SAI)

This highway connects between Ban Jorakhae Phoek of Saiyok district

and Muang district, Kanchanaburi province. It is an asphaltic surface road with the total

length of 55 km. It is the main road for travelling to Muang district of Kanchanaburi

province.

(f) Highway No. 3087 (CHOM BUNG - RATCHABURI)

This highway connects between Chom Bung district and Muang district,

Ratchaburi province. The total length is about 70 km. It is an asphaftic surface road.

(g) Highway No. 4

This highway is the main road to the south of Thailand. The route

passes from Bangkok to Nakorn Pathom, Ratchaburi, Petchaburi and ends at Yala province.

The highway is an asphaltic surface road with 4 lanes.

Figure 3.9-1 shows the road network in the Yadana project area and

vicinity region. Besides these main roads, there are a number of existing roads branching to

the main local communities in that region. Most of them are lateritic road.

ENV?0OMWi7l2rSEC-9.DOC PAGE 3-92


(2) Traffic Volume

The average daily traffic (ADT) data on the major road connecting to the

project area around vicinity regions are collected from the Highways Department. The

obtained results are summarized in Table 3.9-1 and 3.9-2.

(a) Highway No. 323: There were 5 stations in the project area as

follows:

- KM. 4+830 (Muni of Kanchanaburi - Kangsen)

- KM. 0+750 (Kaeng Sian - Nong Bua)

- KM. 0+500 (Nong Bua - Sai Yok Noi)

- KM. 59+00 (Sai Yok Noi - Sai Yok Yai)

- KM. 82+200 (Sai Yok Yai - Putong)

The traffic volumes on highway No. 323 at each section were in a

range of 1,700-13,000 vehicles per day in 1992. In 1993, the traffic volume increased about

16-38% and increased slightly in 1994.

(b) Highway No. 3272: There were 2 stations in project area as follows:

- KM. 0+500 (Thong Pha Phum - Ban Lai)

- KM. 14+000 (Thong Pha Phum - Ban Lai)

The total traffic volume was in a range of 2,000-4,000 vehicles per day

in 1993 and increased about 50% in 1994 proportion of light vehicles were about 90%

while heavy vehicles were about 10% (Table 3.9-1).

(c) Highway No. 3209: There were 2 stations as follows:

- KM. 44+750 (Ratchaburi district - Dan Makham Tia)

- KM. 53+300 (Dan Makham Tia - Kong Phasom Sat)

At station of KM. 53+300, the traffic volume was about 1,900 vehicles

per day in 1992 and increased to 2,200 vehicles per day in 1993. In 1994 the traffic volume

decreased slightly.

ENV1004197125ISEC-39.DOC PAGE 3-93


TABLE 3.9-1

AVERAGE ANNUAL DAILY TRAFFIC VOLUME ON FIVE MAJOR ROUTES DURING 1992-1994

Route Control Station Year

No. Section (Km.) 1992 1993 1994

LV HV . Total LV HV Total LV HV Total

301 4.830 11,825 2,024 13,849 15,751 2.289 18,040 17,492 1.706 19,198

302 0+750 4.381 812 5,193 6.021 1.152 7,173 5,912 1,591 7,503

323 400 0+500 2.688 574 3.262 3.203 601 3,804 3.978 1,251 5,229

500 59+000 1,343 455 1,798 1,728 558 2,286 2,364 434 2,798

600 82+200 - - 1,398 329 1.727

3272 101 0+500 1,442 153 1,595 2,998 513 3,511

101 14+000 . 440 25 465 667 34 701

3209 202 44+750 _ . 1.198 618 1,816

301 53+300 1,576 336 1.912 1.729 527 2.256 1.791 235 2026

3274 100 1+000 - . 2.019 445 2464 1,797 382 Z179

3085 100 0+500 1,015 285 1,300 1,030 253 1,283 1,109 185 1,294

101 16+000 4,158 806 4,964 4,351 745 5,096 51.559 833 52.392

3087 102 0+500 1,960 515 2,475 1,9E6 592 2.578 2,592 655 3.247

103 28+000 4,115 470 4.585 3.847 1.125 4,972 5,458 484 5,942

104 0+500 - - - 312 23 335 450 47 497

4 0409 93+580 11,424 8,380 19.804 11,304 9.539 22,843 19.175 9,191 28.365

Remark LV Light Vehicles : Car and Text, Light Bus, Light Truck

HV . Heay Vehicles: Heavy Bus. Medium Truck, HeavV Truxk

Source DeDanment of Highway.

ENV100497129aAS3e-1.XLS PAGE 3-94


TABLE 3.9-2

PERCENTAGE OF AVERAGE ANNUAL DAILY TRAFFICVrrlC Lv'uE

BETWEEN LIGHT VEHICLES AND HEAVY VEHICLES ON MAJOR ROUTES

Route Control Station Year

No. Section (Km.) 1992 1993 1994

LV HV LV HV LV HV

301 4+830 85.39 14.61 87.31 12.69 91.11 8.89

302 0+750 84.36 15.64 83.93 16.07 18.79 21.21

323 400 0+500 82.40 17.60 54.20 15.80 76.07 23.93

500 59+000 74.69 25.31 75.59 24.41 84.48 15.52

600 82+200 - - - 80.94 19.06

3272 101 0+500 - 90.40 9.60 85.38 14.62

101 14+000 - 94.62 5.38 95.14 4.86

3209 202 44+750 - - 65.96 34.04

301 53+300 82.42 17.58 76.64 23.36 88.40 11.60

3274 100 1+000 - 81.93 18.07 82.46 17.54

3085 100 0+500 77.83 22.17 80.28 19.72 85.70 14.30

101 16+000 83.76 16.24 85.38 14.62 86.09 13.91

3087 102 0+500 79.19 20.81 77.03 22.97 79.82 20.18

103 28+000 89.74 10.26 77.37 22.63 91.85 8.15

104 0+500 93.13 6.87 90.54 9.46

4 0404 93+580 57.69 42.31 58.25 41.75 67.60 32.40

Remark LV = Light Vehicles Car and Taxi, Light Bus, Light Truck

HV = Heavy Vehicles: Heary Bus, Medium Truck, Heavy Truck

Source Department of Highway.

ENV1oo04J71261rAa3.2xLS PAGE 3-95


(d) Highway No. 3274: There was 1 station as follows:

- KM. 1+000 (JCT.R. 3219 (Nong Phlap - Yang Chum)

This station had total traffic volume in a range of 2,100-2,400 vehicles

per day in 1993. Light v ehicles and hmam^t veihicle on himhwA,M/ h3dH 3 nr^M ,4^ 0 and

20%, respectively.

(e) Highway No. 3085: There was 1 station as follows:

- KM. 0+500 (JCT.R. 3209 (Yang Koh - Lam Sai)

This station had total traffic volume is a range of 1,200-1,300 vehicles

per day in 1992-1994. The volume slightly changed in each year. Prportion of light vehicles

were about 77-85% while heavy vehicles were about 15-23% (Table 3.9-2).

(f) Highway No. 3087: There were 4 stations in this project area as

follows:

- KM. 16+000 (Ratchaburi - Bypass Chom Bung)

- KM. 0+500 (Bypass Chom Bung)

- KM. 28+000 (Bypass Chom Bung (B) - Bypass Chom Bung (E))

- KM. 0+500 (JCT. Chom Bung)

At first three stations, the traffic volumes on this highway in each

section were in a range of 2,400-5,200 vehicles per day in 1992 and increased to 2,600-

5,200 vehicles per day in 1994. Whereas at KM. 0+500 had only about 330 vehicles per

day. In 1994, the traffic volume in each station increased about 9-25%

(g) Highway No. 4: There was selected 1 station as follow:

- KM. 93+930 - KM. 106-189

The traffic volumes on Highway No. 4 in this section which is nearby

the gas transmission pipeline were in a range of 11,000-20,00 vehicles per day in 1992. In

1994, the traffic volume in this section increased about 40%.

(3) Rail Roads

The major railroad is the Southem railway, destination at Sungai Ko Lok

district bordered to Malaysia. The pipeline intersects this railroad at Amphoe Maung

ENV104I712WJSiC-n.DOC PAGE 3-96


Ratchaburi province. The vicinity railroad system is the Westem railway, this railway crosses

pipeline at Nong Pla Duk Junction to Kanchanaburi province and end at Sai Yok waterfaii.

(4) Navigation

The waterways around the project area are Kwae Noi, Lam Pha Chi, Sai Yok

and Mae Klong rivers which carry water all year round. These rivers are not a major mean

of transportation in the project area.

3.10 COMPENSATION

3.10.1 Introduction

The gas pipeline from Yadana source in Myanma will be joined with the pipeline

in Thailand at Ban I Tong, Tambon Pilok, Kanchanaburi province. The pipeline system will be

laid directly from Ban I Tong to Electric Power Plant in Ratchaburi province with the

distance of 250 km. The study area vjas emphaziced on covering 20 meters strips along

the pipeline route in Thailand.


The assessment of compensation issues along the gas pipeline has been divided

into following tasks:

(1) Identifying and mapping the main land uses requiring for compensation such

as houses and tree crops;

(2) Assessing the land, houses, and crops value in the affected areas land use.


The compensation in the project considered about land, houses and crops value.

The details of each compensation types are described as the following:

ENVIODWg7125S5EC.39,DOC PAGE 3-97


(1) Land

Land value is estimated by:

- Common market price obtained by interviewing local people who reside

in tkh project area, and

- Government price assessed by Land Department. The price of land will

be readjusted in 1996; and it is estimated that 20% will be increased.

In this report the potential of land price in 1996-2000 was used as the

value index.

The compensation value for land is calculated from private land covering

with 20 meters in each side of the pipeline. Total area of 234.5 km long and 40 meters

wide is equal to 5,863 rais. Within this area, only 1,842 rais belong to private properties. In

addition, private land along the route usually has owner holding land tities but some has

not. The estimation of land price is the average land price from common market price and

government price in each Amphoe. The total value of land to be compensated is equivalent

to 334,897,500 baht. The details of land price in each location are shown also in Table

3.10-1 and 3.10-2.

(2) Houses

There are 26 houses and police stations within 20 meters on both side of

the pipeline. Most of the houses are commonly located in Amphoe Muang and Amphoe

Chombung, Ratchaburi province. All of the houses have been classified into 7 pattems.

Each patterns of house will be calculated in terms of the price per unit, cost of demolition

and price of construction for the compensation. The illustration of each house pattern is

shown in Figure 3.10-1 to 3.10-7. The total price for the house compensation is

approximately 3,696,337 baht (Table 3.10-3).

(3) Crops

The results showed that the total areas of 1,665 rais are crop fields

sincluding 1,205 rais of sugarcane, 160 rais of paddy, 127 rais of maize, 102 rai of cassava,

and 37 rai of mixed orchard. The compensation value for these crops is based on the

ENV1004SI25MSEC-39DOC PAGE 3-98


TABLE 3.10-1

POTENTIAL LAND PRICE IN 1996 - 2000

Unit: Baht/rai

Amphoe, Province Potential Government Market Price Average Price

Price

Thongphaphum, Kanchanaburi 12,000 - 60,000 20,000 - 90,000 60,000

Sai Yok, Kanchanaburi 10,000 - 60,000 30,000 - 3,000,000 90,000

Muang, K-h^anaburi 6 000 - 60.000 20,000 - 200,000 50,000

Dan Makham Tiea, Kanchanaburi 20,000 - 240,000 30,000 - 3,000,000 75,000

Chom Bung, Ratchaburi 30,000 - 1,200,000 50,000 - 1,500,000 175,000

Muang, Ratchaburi 80,000 - 4,000,000 20,000 - 5,000,000 600,000

PAGE 3-99ENlV1OO4j97126/TA31O-l.XLS


TABLE 3.10-2

LAND VALUE IN THE PROJECT AREA (20 METERS WIDE)

Amphoe, Province Area Average Price Total

(Ral) (Baht/Rai)

Thongphaphum, Kanchanaburi 297.5 60,000 17,850,000

Sai Yok, Kanchanaburi 509.0 90,000 45,810,000

Muang, Kanchanaburi 107.5 50,000 5,375,000

Dan Makham Tia, Kanchanaburi 200.0 75,000 15,000,000

Chom Bung, Ratchaburi 437.5 175,000 76,562,500

Muang, Ratchaburi 290.5 600,000 174,300,000

Total 1,842 334,897,500

ENV100W712/TAW310.2.VLS PAGE 3-100


2.00 4.00 p2.00,

I 2.00 3.00 , 3.00 , 2.00-

00

00 0C

0 ~~~~~~~~~0o

"M~~~~~~~~~M

FLOOR AREA 16 m

CONSTRUCTION COST = 22.843 BATH

ESTIMATED COMPEN-SATION COST = 13,527 BATH

ILAVERAGE PER SQ.M. 845 BATH

NVlOO4.f4GURE 3 PAG 310

1.20 2.30 4.00 4.00 3.00 3.00

_' 1 I 3 ,L' { II0~~~~~~~~~

0 0

0 .~~~~~~~~~

. _ '~~~4#4

ROOF :ROMAN TILE SHEET

WALL :WOODEN PLANK &BLOCK

FLOOR :CONCRETE

FLOOR AREA 96 m

CONSTRUCTION COST = 241,084 BAHT

ESTIMATED COMPENSATION COST = 148,618 BAHT

AVERAGE PER SQ.M. = 1,548 BAHT

.NVSOO4ffIGU~ 110.2 PTEAM

FIGURE 3.10-2 : MODEL M 2 .z

EWtlGURE ltV2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PAGE 3-102

0 2.00 Z.50 2.50 00 2.50 2.50 1.00

p 1 nr ..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

2012~~~~~~~~~~

ROOF METAL SHEET

WALL WOODEN PLANK

FLOOR WOODEN PLANK

FLOOR AREA 35 Mr



AVERAGE PER SQ.M. = 1.981 BAHT

.v'OO4~I~U~E ~ P TEAM

FIGURE 3.10-3: MODEL M 3E

cpvv04lGUvl;;RE 3 'C.3 PAGE 3-103

3.00 3.00 IC 3.00 3.00

4.00

00~~~~~~~~~~

0

0

0t wi 4~~~~~~~~~~~~--'.7~~~~

ROOF METAL SHEET

~~~~~~' '1"

WALL :BLOCK

FLOOR :CONCRETE

FLOOR AREA :96 m2



AVERAGE PER SQ.M. = 1,594 BAHT|

TEAM

FIGURE 3.10-4: MODEL M 4 E

EwToQ&*'sGuFw 3.10~ -PAGE 3-104

14.00 4.00

4.00 4.00

--- + I ~~~~~;;. NOI

0~~~~~~~~~~~

o ~~~~~~~~~~o

-6-H M

ROOF ROMAN TILE SHEET

WALL BRICK

FLOOR CONCRETE

FLOOR AREA 64 m2

CONSTRUCTION COST = 108.946 BAHT

ESTIMATED COMPENSATION COST = 113.056 BAHT

AVERAGE PER SQ M. = 1.766 BAHT

P 3-15TEAM

FIGURE 3.10-5 : MODEL M 5E

z?4vio0O.-;-RE 3 11 5 PAGE 3-105


3.00 3.00

2.00 3.00

0 . 1'

D~~~~~~

:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;:

-"-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i

WALL :BAMBOO

FLOOR :GROUND

FLOOR AREA :30 m2


ESTIMATED COMPENSAT-ION COST = 15.670 BAHT

AVERAGE PER SQ.M. 522 BAHT|

_ ~~~~~~TEAMFIGURE 3.10-6 : MODEL M 6 .2

ENVION&URE .10- PAGE 3-106

F ~ T003._00 .U 300300 ;.o .oT.f

8 S~*8

ROOF METAL SHEET

WALL

FLOOR GROUND

FLOOR AREA 81 m


ESTIMATED COMPENSATION COST = 34.469 BAHT

AVERAGE PER SOM. = 426 BAHT

- --. | v PTEAMFIGURE 3.10-7: MODEL M 7| E

_t1s 'JC4t^GwRf 3 *Q-- ~~~~~~~~~~PAGE 3-107


TABLE 3.10-3

HOUSING PATTERNS ALONG THE PIPELINE ROUTE

Pattern Unit Price No. of Area Total Value

(sq.meter) Houses (sq.meter) (Baht)

Ml 845 39 156 131,820

M2 1,548 4 549 849,852

M3 1,981 4 359 711,179

M4 1,594 13 593 945,242

M5 1,766 3 198 349,668

M6 522 3 139 72,558

M7 426 14 1,493 636,018

Total 80 3,696,337

ENV100j97126.'TAR3lO3.XL.S PAGE 3-108


information of Royal Irrigation Department. The value per rai is 4,000 bahts for sugarcane,

2,500 bahts/rai for paddy, 1,000 bahts for maize, 2,00O bahts for cassava, and 43,995 bahts

for mix orchard. The total amount of compensation for crops is approximately 8,674,645

bahts (as shown in Table 3.10-4).

The Appendix F Figure F-1 showns location of properties along the gas pipeline

route.

3.10.4 The Processes of Compensation

Timing and processes of compensation are very important for the project. If the

compensation time is delayed for long period or the compensation value is not satisfied by

the affected people, they may created serious trouble to the project. To prevent these

problems, compensation committee should be set up.

(1) Compensation Committee

The main function of this committee is to organize the implemented policies

for compensation payment, including the optimum rates for different categories of

properties, the procedures of compensation payment, and the time schedule. The

committee should consist of the following members:

- Representatives from Ratchaburi and Kanchanaburi province;

- Provincial Land Right Officers from Ratchaburi and Kanchanaburi

provinces;

- Provincial Agricultural officers from Ratchaburi and Kanchanaburi

provinces;

- Provincial Forestry Officers from Ratchaburi and Kanchanaburi provinces,

and

- PTT representative.

ENV1004/971251SEC-39.OC PAGE 3-109

TABLE 3.10-4

THE VALUE OF CROP COMPENSATION

Kind of Crops Area Compensation Total

(Rai) (BahtlRai)

Sugarcane 1,205 4,000 4,820,000

Paddy 160 2,500 400,000

Maize 127 1,000 127,000

Cassava 102 2,000 204,000

Mixed Orchard 71 43,995 3,123,645

Total 1,665 8,674,645

ENVlOOd12SflAU31O4.XCLS PAGE 3-110


(2) Working Groups

The compensation committee has full authorty to appoint the working

groups and to handle the detailed works in each specific area. The working groups will

report directly to the compensation committee.

3.11 SOCIO-ECONOMIC

3.11.1 Objectives

The main purpose of this study is to evaluate socio-economic condition of the

affected people in the study area. This includes the people awareness and attitudes toward

the project as well as the project impact on them. The recommendations and means for

improving situation or reducing people hardship impacted from construction and operation

-of the project are also solicited.

3.11.2 Scope of the Study

The socio-economic survey covered an area within 100 meters from both sides

of the proposed gas pipeline route, around 250 km in length starting from Ban I-Tong of

Thong Pha Phum district in Kanchanaburi province to EGAT power plant at Muang

Ratchaburi district, Ratchaburi province. The study area lies within 6 administrative districts

in 2 provinces, i.e., Thong Pha Phum, Sai Yok, Dan Makham Tha, and Muang Kanchanaburi

districts in Kanchanaburi province, and Chom Bung, Muang Ratchaburi districts of

Ratchaburi province. Details of the study area are shown in Figure 3.11-1.

3.11.3 Methods of the Study

Two methods of study are employed, i.e., collecting information from secondary

data to present the overview of the primary socio-economic information, and field survey to

present an up-date and in-depth information of both affected households and related

organization/agencies.

ENV1004/97125/SEC-31 1.DOC'PAGE 3-111

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op 01 En' -}; 2 ' J E S aRINAKHARIN US \ \ ' ' 1 AANUTHUGIIA I

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(~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' I 'S, tJl

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.~~~~~ y' *^4Ot"U 12 t ff~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.

B.l 40 *AIIIR N ON -F, ,^

C) 00 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~owo 1!AM~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C

m~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

w FIGURE 3.11-1: THE VILLAGES OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC INTERVIEWED


Generally, secondary data refers to various documents and research reports

relating to socio-economic condition of the area. These were reviewed and analyzed for

systematic presentation. The secondary data include:

- Summary report of Kanchanaburi province, 1995,

- Summary report of Ratchaburi province, 1995,

- Summary report of Thong Pha Phum district, 1995,

- Summary report of Sai Yok district, 1995,

- Summary report, of Muang Kanchanaburi district, 1995,

- Summary report of Dan Makham Tia district, 1995,

- Summary report of Chom Bung district, 1995,

- Summary report Muang Ratchaburi district, 1995, and

- Environmental Monitoring Services of PTT-Natural Gas Parallel Pipeline

Project, 1995.

The primary data were obtained frorf- field survey in the study are3. The surey

methods are presented as below:

(1) Population, Sample Size and Sampling Technique:

There are two major types of affected groups observed in the study area.

The first category is the directly affected people who live in the 100 metres strip along both

sides of proposed gas pipeline route, comprising approximately 40 villages. The second

group is the related governmental agencies and business sector in the study area.

The sample size and sampling technique applied for two groups of

populations are different as follows:

(a) For the first group, the population of some communities are found to

be scattered around villages and some of which are at the edge of boundary line, the

others are sparsely populated and have a small number of affected households (less than

10.0%). These villages are excluded from the survey for practical reason. Therefore, the 12

selected villages are the relatively crowded communities and have a large number of

affected households; they are Ban I-Tong, Huai Pak Khok, and Kui Yae villages in Thong Pha

ENV1O04197125/EC-31 1.0DC PAGE 3-113


Phum district; Kaeng Raboet, Yang Thon, Phu Noi, and Dao Wa Dung villages in Sai Yok

district; Lum Sai village in Muang Kanchanaburi; Dan Makham Tia, and Tha Plab in Dan

Makham Tia district; Thung Chaeng of Chom Bung district, and Si Yaek Khao Ngu in Muang

R atcaburl district. About 10.0 percent of households in each sample village are randomly

picked. The sample size was 136 respondents. The data were collected using questionnaire.

More details are shown in Table 3.11-1.

(b) Among the second group, 30 samples from related government

organizations, e.q., Ministry of Commerce, local government organizations, and related

business enterprises such as bank, resorts, and restaurant operators, are selected for the

in-depth interview, (Details are shown in Appendix G Table G-1).

(2) Questionnaire Structure

The questionnaire structure for the first group of sampie composes of 4

major parts as follow: (Details are shown in Appendix G - Form A and B)

(a) Socio-economic of the households, e.g., age, sex, education, working

status, occupation, income, and expenditure;

(b) Awareness and attitude toward the project;

(c) Impacts derived from the project;

(d) Opinion and suggestion to solve undesirable consequences.

The questionnaire for in-depth interview with the second group respondents

covers main issues almost the same as 'the first group questionnaire' but somewhat

shorter.

(3) The Pre-test of Questionnaire

The questionnaire was pre-tested for its validity both in context and in

linguistic ability. The pre-test was done among non-sample households in the study area on

the 13-14 June, 1995. After that, it was revised and improved to be ready for the field

suNrvey.

ENV1t0OMSm1EC,31ID=C PAGE 3-114

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT 1-INAL HtFUH I

TABLE 3.11-1

NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLD CLASSIFIED BY AFFECTED VILLAGE

Village Vill. Sub-District District No. of No. of

Number Households Respondents

1. I-Tong 1 Pi lok Thong Pha Phum 72 8

2. Huai Pak Khok 7 Huai Kayeang Thong Pha Phum 102 10

3. Kui Yae 2 Lin Thin Thong Pha Phum 147 15

4. Kaeng Raboet 4 Tha Sao Sai Yok 101 10

5. Yang Thon 3 Sri Mongkhol Sai Yok 137 14

6. Phu Noi 7 Lum Sum Sai Yok 143 14

7. Dao Wa Dung 6 Sai Yok Sai Yok 55 6

8. Lum Sai 9 Ban kao Muang Kanchanaburi 115 12

9. Dan Makham Tia 1 Dan Makham Tia Dan Makham Tia 124 12

10. Tha Plab (Tha Phu) 10 Dan Makham Tia Dan Makham Tia 137 14

11. Thung Chaeng 2 Kam On Chom Bung 90 9

12. Si Yaek Khao Ngu 3 Ko Plab Pla Muang Ratchaburi 124 12

Total 1.347 136

ENVION4/N71261TA821 1-.DOC PAGE 3-115

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECr FINAL REPO

6.2.2 Hydrology

6.2.2.1 Construction Period

The construction activities between KPO-KP30 must be done during the

season.

Plant Yar Fag (Vertiveria sp.) and Legumes along the pipeline ROW as sc

as the pipe is buried to reduce erosion.

Both sides of the trench should have the slope of less than 60% to prev

erosion.

- Stabilize stream beds to the same condition to prevent stream scouring.

- Set up strip cropping along the slope where suitable to reduce erosion.

- Clean up the stream banks to original condition to reduce erosion

waterways.

6.2.2.2 Operation Period

- Regularly check the stability of slope along the pipeline especially alongt KP30.

- Maintain strip cropping and covering vegetation along the pipeline roL

good condition at all time.

3

6.2.3 Water Quality / Aquatic Ecology

p.


Pt - Do not grade the entire right-of-way in the proximity of the waterway,

only near the ROW enough for the working area.3r - Concentrate the major pipe-laying activities, e.g., grading, clearing, op

crossing, etc. must be between November to May.Iv,

ENV1OO4t71251CHAP-6.0OC PA


INTERVIEW WITH PEOPLES IN BAN THUNG CHANG

INTERVIEW WITH VILLAGE LEADER OF BAN I-TONG

PHOTO 3.1 1-1 :SOCIO-ECONOMIC / ATTITUDE INTERVIEWED

ENV1004/97126ISEC-31 1.OOC PAGE 3-117

_ .. ~ ._..AA A|W ) r X r cLIrm rn.i,j c,. I IlNAL MHcU Iu

T-~1'. - -

- I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rNLK:f)

* '~ '~h

Id~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l

INTERVIEW WITH OFFICER OF PUBLIC HEALTH CENTER, SAI YOK DISTRICT

INTERVIEW WITH MANAGER OF THAI COMMERCIAL BANK,

DAN MAKHAM TIA BRANCH

PHOTO 3.11-2 :KEY INFOMRNT FOR IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW

ENV1'0 :./7125/EC-31 l .OC PAGE 3-118

cu,, W.n- I fw- I r..mnn wr , r rCLIrtC rrnucvt- rlNM^L ntrVj n

The village land area is about 140 rais and 55.5 rais classified as residential area,

and the rest are farmland and common ground for public use. All of the land in this village

is boundary of reserved forest. In addition, the other villages in the project area which are

located in Kanchanaburi province, include Ban Huai Pak Khok, are in the boundary of

reserved forest, or in military, or in co-operative colonization areas.

The second type is being flat land and most of them are in Ratchaburi province,

from Chom Bung to Muang Ratchaburi districts. It is classified as the established farming

communities. The most people are farmers. Major planting crops are cash crops, e.g.,

maize, tapioca, sugar cane, cotton, and fruit trees.

The main occupations of people living along the gas pipeline are farmer and

labour. The wage rate is 60-135 bahts per day for farm work and 60-200 bahts per day for

off-farm work. Those who receive 200 bahts per day are mostly found in factories situated

in the areas of Dan Makham Tia and Tha Plab.

Social structure is expressed dominantly in tradition and custom conservation and

group or community solidarity. Modem social facilities, such as schools, hospitals, village

library, and church or Wat, were found almost in every village. Many villages have small

post-offices. Indicating that living condition in the area is reasonably good with convenient

communication network and social facilities except for those living in Thong Pha Phum and

Sai Yok district where most lands are being high and mountainous.

3.11.4.2 Household Study

(1) Socio-economic Characteristic of Respondents and their

Households

The vast majority of respondents (80.89%) was household heads or their

spouses. Sex of respondents is almost equal with the male ratio being a little higher

(52.21% for male and 47.79% for female). In term of age, 86.03% of them were in the

working age (20-60 yrs.). However, those between 31-40 years were categorized as the

largest group (30.88%), and the average age was 43.15 years old.

ENVI 00"47125M5EC-311IDOC PAGE 3-119


The majority of respondents had low education status, i.e., 69.85% were

completed only primary school level and 11.03% had no schooling. Most of them were

Buddhists (99.26%). More details are shown in Appendix G Table G-2.

MajoriLy ol responuents U/070% were not born'in The study area. Most of

them migrated from villages within the province and nearby provinces in the western

region. The main reason for in-migration was economic situation (62.75%), i.e., to fine job

and seek for agricultural land. The next was social reason (coming with parents 19.61% and

for marriage 13.73%). Only 1.96% in-migrate because they like this atmosphere. These

migrants have lived in this area in considerably long times, average of 23.57 years. More

details are discussed in Appendix G Table G-3.

Family size of respondents' was relatively small, averaging 4.31 persons per

household. The sex ratio of family members was almost identical with female a little larger

(51.28%). The average age of household members was 43.00 years old. In term of working

status, the majority of respondents were employed (64.04%) (details in Appendix G Table

G-4). Among the various occupations, farmer (58.09%) and trading (30.0%) were the main

occupations. The other occupations with smaller percentage were agricultural labour

(4.41%), off-farm labour (94.41%), industrial worker (2.94%), mineral worker (2.21%), and

government/state enterprise services. However, more than a half (53.68%) of respondents

had supplementary occupations mostly hired as labour, trading, and farmer (72.6%, 15.07%,

and 12.33%, respectively). More details are shown in Appendix G Table G-5.

Average monthly income of respondents (9,176 bahts per HH. or 2,129

bahts per person) is lower than national average monthly income (15,619 bahts per person,

cited from NESDB, 1995). In the expenditure side, it was relatively high, average of 8,960

bahts per month per household (or 2,078.89 bahts per person). Details are also shown in

Appendix F Table F-6. Though monthly income is a little higher than expenditure, it is not

enough for productive investment, or for quality of life improvement, or for emergency

expenditure. This situation corresponds with the debts, borrowing for agricultural activities

ENVIlO4M7125SEC-31 1.C PAGE 3-120


(64.29%), for daily consumption (23.81 %), for buying assets (9.52%), and for education

(2.38%). More details are shown in Appendix G Table G-6.

It was reported that each household owns 1.06 houses in the average and

owns considerable large plots of land in average of 47.81 rais per HH (see more details in

Appendix G Table G-7). For residential land status, the majority of respondents (69.12%)

owns their land. Some of them (12.50%) used other people's land for free of charge.

Furthermore, 9.56% were living in the boundary of reserved forest or of military area (more

details in Appendix G Table G-8). For farm land, more than quarter of respondents

(39.56%) own their land, 19.12% cultivating in reserved forest, 15.44% renting the land,

and the rest use other people's land for free of charge (more details in Appendix G Table

G-8).

In case of transportation, more than a half of respondents (58.09%) reported

that they could access to asphalt road which can be used all year round. The rest used

laterite/dirt road and with rough surface. In some parts of the study area; especialiv at Ban

ITong, travelling was inconvenient in the rainy season (more details in Appendix G Table G-

9).

(2) Awareness and Attitude Toward the Project

When asking for their awareness of the project, only 41.18% of

respondents knew about and 58.82% did not. Among those who knew, 42.86% received

the information from neighbours, 35.72% from mass media, and the rest from government

officers, local leaders, and project officials. However, when discussing further, most of them

did not know much in details of the project. The majority of them (80.88%) knew only that

the project would pass their land, while 17.65% considerably understood the project nature,

and 1.47% had good understanding. Showing that most of the villager still do not

understand about the project. However, some of them are worried about the safety of gas

pipeline. About a half of respondent (47.06%) did not trust in the safety measures of the

project, while 25.74% were considerably confident, and only 27.2% were fully confident.

ENV1O04M7125EC-311IOC PAGE 3-121


Even though they did not know much about the project and some still

worries about its safety measures, most of them (79.41%) agreed with having the project

in this area. Reasons of favourable attitudes were ranked as following: increasing of energy

I/ p ver for the niaition 7 economic progress for the community (19.44%); and more

working capacities for local people (8.33%). Only 3.68% of respondents did not agree with

the project. Among those who had unfavourable attitude, their reasons were afraid of gas

leakage and untrust in safety measures. More details are shown in Appendix G Table G-10.

(3) Impacts Derived from the Project

(a) During Construction Period

Based on the interview about impact on individual and family, 64.71%

of respondents believed that the project will contributed positive impact mainly on

economic terms, for example, more job opportunities and employment, active local trading,

and increaseing land price. Another benefit mentioned is anticipated road, because they

think that PTT will construct a road along the pipeline route.

For those who believed in negative impact, they worried about

inconvenient transportation (35.14%), air and noise pollution, and untrust in safety

measures. However, there are some of them concerned about deforestation (5.41 %).

On the view of impacts on the communities and surrounding areas,

most of the opinions are similar to that of impacts on individual and family. In addition,

another expected positive impact was reducing of deforestation. The reason is that some

people may be hired by the project, thus, reducing the need of people deforestation for

survival. More details are also shown in Appendix G Table G-1 1.

From these opinion, it can be concluded that majority of people is

expected in the positive impacts derived from the project.

(b) After Construction Period

Because there are some people had no idea about project impact,

percentage of those who expect positive impacts and negative impacts from the project

decreased. However, percentage of those who expect positive impacts on the communities

ENVI 004,9J25dSEC.311.DOC PAGE 3-122


was greater than impacts on individual and themselves. Positive impacts are mainly related

to economic concem n.m poer to use in intrv annh buness sectors more iob

requirement, active trading, and convenient road for transportation.

Expected negative impacts on individual and family, and communities

and surrounding areas were related to safety rneasures in term of accidents, to Karens'

provocation, and to low value of land price. More details are also shown in Appendix G

Table G-12.

(4) Opinion and Suggestion

(a) Opinion on Compensation

The majority of people agreed to cooperate with the project if there is a

fair compensation, but 13.24% were not confident in cooperation. The cooperation of those

who were not confident depended on PTT's compensation rate, amount of expropriated

land, and majority voice of affected people. Only 1.47% did not agree with any

compensation. Their main reasons were afraid of accidents from gas pipeline leaking, and

afraid of changing of their life.

(b) Opinion on Rights to Use of Land for the Project

The 80.89% of respondents accepted PIT's rights to use of land for

gas pipeline both twithout any condition' (16.18%) and 'with fair/right compensation*

(64.71 %). While 8.82% were not sure but depending on PTT's compensation rate, the

majority voice, and land owner decision. Another 8.82% did not accept. Their main reasons

were concem of gas explosion and expectation in low value of land price. (More details are

shown in Appendix G Table G-13).

(c) Opinion on Appropriate Compensation: Methods and

Conditions

The main criteria needed, according to respondents opinion, was

compensation rate that should be closed to the actual market price and should be

reasonably varied according to the affected conditions (73.53%). Some also raised the point

that the land should be appropriated instead of applying the right over land. The main

ENVlOG417126StEC-311 DOC PAGE 3-123


condition for paying the compensation proposed by respondents was that the compensation

should be paid in lump sum at once (71.32%). Another condition proposed was that the

affected people should be represented in compensation committee, and PTT must provide

n. ' vVh thei familiar cou[i-io (more Udtil aleso shown in Appendix G Tabie

G-14).

In addition, respondents suggested that the project should be

constructed to prevent power shortage (5.56%) and should have effective PR program

(11 .1 1 %). In addition, the project should take particular attention to safety measures and to

accidental / dangerous controls of gas pipeline. (more details are shown in Appendix G

Table G-15).

From the above information, the status of people in the project area can

be concluded under the present socio-economic condition that their income is higher than

their expenditure. Most of them have their own house and land, and they live in small

family size with strong attachment to the communities. Form this information, these

communities have high potential for further development, and should not against the

project. Furthermore, some of communities in the project area have been located in the

reserved forest or military area which easily applying the right-over land. From the overall

information, present socio-economic conditions trend to be beneficial to the implementation

of project.

3.11.4.3 In-depth Study

The in-depth interviews were done among 30 respondents who represented as

local government officials (46.67%), business owners (20.00%), i.e., hotel, food shop and

hardware store, bankers (16.67%), and local leaders (16.67%). Two-third (66.67%) of them

were in the active working age (30-50 yrs.). The average age was 42.10 years old. The

majoriLy of them attained considerably high, education level, i.e., 83.34% completed in

secondary school or higher, and a half held bachelor degree or higher level. More details

are presented in Appendix G Table G-16.

ENV1O4,97125iSEC-31 DO:C PAGE 3-124


They were also asked for their awareness and attitude toward the project, for

*&ei iueas abouft expeted impaCtM. deived from the pef {r add4itiona opinion ortfnl IUtd dLUL Au.IU IIIJO. UerlIVUU IlIJISI LIl .W - S'.1 WtAfLS jII I 'JjJ'VI

suggestions about the project, and for other related results. Results are presented as

below:

(1) Awareness and Attitude Toward the Project

In case of in-depth interview, it was found that all respondents (100.00%)

perceived the project information. Most of them (83.33%) obtained the information from the

other persons, especially, the outsiders, i.e., PTT officials (23.33%), district/provincial

government officials (20.00%), TEAM officials (13.33%), and solders of Thai-Burmese

Border Patrol Military units (more details in Appendix G Table G-17). The period of receiving

information was around one year ago (started from the end of 1994). However, when

observed further about details of the project most of them did not know much in details.

The majority of them (73.33%) knew only where the project is situated (correct answer).

The remaining knew more about the place where the raw gas would be tapped and the

expected impacts on local people. There indicated that some key-persons interviewed still

do not understand about the main activities of project correctly (Appendix G Table G-17).

However, the result of study shows that all of these key-persons (100.00%)

had positive attitude toward the project by expressing their agreement. The favourable

attitude were related with the project's role, ranking from contributing to economic

expansion of the community especially during construction period (43.33%), serving as the

national energy supply in term of producing electricity (36.67%), increasing job opportunity

for locals (30.00%), and providing good relationship between affected people and the state

since the project creates more coordination among government officials and local people

(10.00%). Details are more presented in Appendix G Table G-17.

(2) Expected Impacts Derived from the Project

The majority of respondents did not perceive any impacts from the project

to the following aspects: land use (100.00%), land price (73.33%), education (100.00%),

health aspect (83.33%), and the local landscape and recreational spots (80.00%).

ENVJIODS7I2EjEC-311mc PAGE 3-125


However, the important positive impact of the project, according to their

perception, was that it would stimulate economic expansion in local area, particularly during

the construction period leading to provide additional working opportunity, and to increase

Uemand of coU1stL1UULctiU materia-0's1I, IfUU, 01dIU IUoUIHdi. I ULheImore, 'and wi" beIII UdeleVIU'

in term of emerging industries which use electricity or its derivatives, especially in

Ratchaburi province. In addition, the project could affect the increasing of co-operation

between the public and the private sectors in development of the project area (60.00%).

Main negative impact which they worried about is the project's safety measures

(13.33%), both about gas-pipe system and about disturbance from the minorities around the

border area. More details in Appendix G Table G-18.

(3) Additional Opinions and Suggestions

Among the respondent opinions and suggestions, the highest response

(83.33%) was related with the effective public relation of the project. The next was

concerning about disturbance from hilltribe along Burma border (66.67%). The othrs were

coordinating atmosphere with local government officials (23.33%), and participation rate for

local development (23.33%). In addition, they also suggested in carefully considering and

closely supervising of foreign immigrants worker in the project area. Moreover, the project

officials should closely supervise the sub-contractor to work carefully, systematically, and

seriously on the project. More details are shown in Appendix G Table G-19.

3.12 PUBLIC HEALTH

3.12.1 Introduction

The possible health hazards created by the natural gas pipeline project are air

pollutants, wastewaters, and solids wastes. The improper uses of equipment or lack of

safety measures and health care systems can also directly or indirectly affect the worker

health. In addition, traffic events and other accidents could induce damage to public safety

in the nearby areas. Therefore, mitigation measures need to be emphasized in this report.

ENV1004A7125MSEC.31 DOC PAGE 3-126

ELA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORT

3.12.2 Objectives

(1, To assess al Ol Ve"eCt duin g coWnstruIction ph.ase to public Iea4, Iinlui

accidents of workers, effects of dust, and main impact of environmental change.

(2) To assess the general information of public health with emphasis on the

local inhabitants living nearby the gas pipeline.

(3) To recommend the mitigation measures to avoid or reduce hazardous

impact from the project implementation.

3.12.3 Method of Study and Scope

Health information was collected directly from public health office of Thong Pha

Phum, Saiyok, and Dan Makham Tia district in Kanchanaburi province, and Chom Bung,

Muang Ratchaburi, in Ratchaburi province. The information includes health personnel,

general public health condition and aids, and venereal diseases condition. Some health

personnel were interviewed, and some parts of patient record were reviewed. Influential

groups and members of household in the project area were discussed to determine the

nature and causes of skin and respiratory problems.


(1) Public Health Personnels

(a) Thong Pha Phum District, Saiyok District and Dan Makham

Tia District; Kanchanaburi Province

The maximum number of public health community personnel, the

biggest personnel group, in Thong Pha Phum district is 39, and in Saiyok and Dan Makham

Tia district are 30 and 20, respectively. The second biggest group of the public health

personnel is the technical nurses and the third is the professional nurses. For the physician,

there are 4 physicians each in Thong Pha Phum and Saiyok districts, but there are only two

in Dan Makham Tia district. It is noticed that there are not anesthetist in Sai Yok and Dan

ENVI0041971255EC-31iDOC PAGE 3-127

tIA U- YALANA NA I UMAL jAb FiftLINtI tIiUJtCi FINAL REPORT

Makham Tia district and no dental assistant in Thong Pha Phum and Sai Yok districts. (More

details are shown in Appendix H Table H-1).

The ratios of physician per population in Thong Pha Phum, Sai Yok, and

Dan Makham Tia district are about 1:7419.5, 1:8063, and 1:13,774, respectively.

(b) Chom Bung and Muang District, Ratchaburi Province

There are totally 62 physicians in Muang Ratchaburi district. The ratio of

physician per population is about 1:2,847. The biggest group of health personnel is the

professional nurses (225 persons with the ratio per the population about 1:784), the second

is technical nurses with the number of 167 persons and the ratio 1:1,057. (More details are

shown in Appendix H Table H-2).

In addition, the biggest number of health personnel in Chom Burg

district is the professional nurses. The number of physician is 4 and the ratio per the total

population is 1:14,974 (More details are shown in Appendix H Table H-2).

(2) Major Health Problem

(a) Thong Pha Phum, Sai Yok and Dan Makham Tia Districts;

Kanchanaburi Province

Based on the record of death, the majority cause was senile condition

with the rate per 1,000 population about 0.80, 0.80, and 1.02 in Thong Pha Phum, Saiyok,

and Dan Makham Tha district, respectively. (More details are shown in Appendix H Table

H-3 to H-5). Malaria was also a common disease causing death and illness in Thong Pha

Phum district and could be found a few cases in Saiyok and Dan Makham Tia district.

The other diseases that cause of death were of heart trouble disease,

accidents, murder, commit suicide, fever, cancer, disease of lung, digestive respiratory and

blood pressure system, drowning, faint, and convulsion. The numbers of the above other

diseases were in the range of 0.004-0.063%.

ENV1D048712SjSEC.311DOC PAGE 3-128


As conceming with the record of illness, it was summarized and

tabulated in Appendix H Table H-6 to H-8. The details are presented as below:

The illness condition in Thong Pha Phum, Sai Yok, and Dan Makham Tia

districts are quite similar. The disease of respiratory system was the major problem. The

rate per 1,000 population of this disease was in the range of 310.25-325.69. The disease of

digestive system was the second-rank cause which was found in Sai Yok and Dan Makham

Tia district, but in Thong Pha Phum district, the second-rank cause was symptoms, signs

and abnormal clinical, and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classifiides.

During 1994, venereal disease, AIDS, and HIV-infectious were reported

only in Sai Yok district with 8, 4, and 4 cases, respectively. It is indicated that the spreading

of AIDS was not violently (More details are shown in Appendix H Table H-9).

(b) Ratchaburi Province

The major disease caused of death in Ratchaburi province was the

cancer with the rate of 53.30 per 100,000 population. The second to the fifth ranks were

the diseases of health system, high pressure blood and blood vessel in brian disease,

accidents, and traffic accident with the rate per 100,000 population about 52.36, 34.72,

31.09 and 29.74, respectively. (More detail are shown in Appendix H Table H-10).

In addition, the major diseases causing illness was the disease of the

respiratory system with the rate of 165.14 per 1,000 population. The other outstanding

diseases with high number of patients consist of following diseases; digestive system,

symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical classifieds, and accidents. The rate per 1,000

population of the outstanding disease was in the range of 71.70-165.14. The rate per 1,000

population of the remaining diseases was in the range of 46.58-24.43. (More detail are

shown in Appendix H Table H-1 1).

ENV100CJ9712SISEC-31100C PAGE 3-129


3.13 ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORICAL VALUE

3.13.1 Introduction

The western part of Thailand was occupied by prehistoric people. The evidences

of their existences can be observed along the Kwae Noi and Kwae Yai Valleys in

Kanchanaburi province. They resided in the caves and rock shelters and preferred moving

from places to places in order to search for food by hunting with their chopping tools.

The historical and archaeological sites, along the gas transmission pipeline route

from Ban I-Tong, Thong Pha Phum district to Ratchaburi province, are not found within 100

m strip of the pipe line route. However, the historical and archaeological sites are found in

the vicinity of the pipeline.

These information are collected from the Institute of Western Thai Culture,

Silpakorn University, Division of Archaeology, and Department of Fine Arts.


The historical and archaeological sites nearby the gas pipeline route are shown in

Figure 3.13-1. The vicinity historical and archaeological sites along the natural gas pipeline

route are also presented as follows:

(1) Sai Yok Yai Waterfall Archaeological Site

Period Prehistoric-Historic

Location : Ban Sai Yok, Sai Yok district, Kanchanaburi

province

Topographic coordinated : - 14 29' 24' N

980 41' 35' E

Distance from the pipeline : 3 km

This archaeological site is found on Kwae Noi River bank where Huai Sai

Yok is confluent with Kwae Noi River.

ENVO49712SAEC-31 I.DOC PAGE 3-130

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m FIGURE 3.13-1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES ALONG THE NiATURAL GAS PIPELINE fl -

tIA OF YAUJANA NA I UKAL U.AS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORT

Artifacts found:

- Stoneware : Polished stone adze

- Earthenware : Pottery

- Glazed ware ceramics such as flatten-based bowl from Sukhothai type

of green Chinese ceramic pieces

- Pieces of bronze

(2) Wang Pra Jae Cave Archaeological Site

Period :Prehistoric

Location :Wang Kra Jae Sub-district, Sai Yok district,

Kanchanaburi province

Topographic coordinate : 14 13' 20" N0

99 01' 50'E

Distance from the pipeline :500 m

The site is located in a cave on a mountain named Kwae. This mountain is

paralleled with Kwae Noi River. The mouth of this cave is 50 metres high and 15 metre

width in diameter.

Artifacts found

- Stoneware: Polished stone adze

- Agate beads made from -grey and dark grey stone

- Bone beads

- Burial

- Earthenware

(3) Ban Nong Bua (Rai Nang Sin Thong Eaew) Archaeological Site

Period :Prehistoric - Historic

Location: Ban Nong Bua Chom Bung district,

Ratchaburi province.

Topographic coordinates :13 37' 10" N0

99 34' 10" E

ENV10o0,71SISEC-a11 maC PAGE 3-132


Distance from the pipeline : 2.5 km

This si+e is on-a slo, f +th hi!! n on rho,m Buinn Rasin whic-h is

appropriated for ancient settlement and is a center of other communities.

Artifacts found:

- Stoneware : Polished stone materials made from quartzide

- Earthenware

- Bone : Legs and teeth of animals

- Chinese ceramic pieces

(4) Ban Nong Bua (Rai Chatta Nong Kha)

Period . Prehistoric - Historic

Location : Ban Nong Bua Chom Bung district,

Ratchaburi province.

Topographic coordinated : 13 36' 30 N

99 34'1 O' E


The site is located closely to Rai Nang Sin Thong Eaew Archaeological site.

The distance is about 700 m.

Artifacts found:

- Earthenware potsherds

- 3 yellow beads glass

- Bone

(5) Ban Pak Bung Archaeological Site

Period : Prehistoric

Location Ban Pak Bung, Pak Bung sub-district, Chom

Bung district. Ratchaburi province.

Topographic coordinated : 130 36' 54' N

99 37' 25' E


ENV100"4712WJSEC.311ID0C PAGE 3-133


Burial and ancient material were found in this site. Therefore, it is surmised

that an ancient burial of other communities may live in the metal late age.

Artifacts found:

- Earthenware : 5 pieces of sninrilp

- Stoneware : polished stone adze,

- Bronze :. Bronze rings, Bronze bells, Bronze bangles, and Iron

tools.

(6) Ban Khok Moh Archaeological Site

Period : Historic (Ayutthaya)

Location : Ban Khok Moh, Khok Moh sub-district,

Muang Ratchaburi province.

Topographic coordinated : 130 33' 30' N0

99 49' 35" E

Distance from the pipeline : 700 m

The site is located on the left side of Mae Klong River at Wat Khok Moh

and vicinity. The site is surmised as a large pottery kiln in 21 BC or Ayutthaya period. The

evidence was affirmed by Dr. Kral L. Hutterler that the pieces of pottery in Philippine were

the same soil texture as the pieces were found in this site.

Artifacts found:

- Earthenware : Potteries, Chinese Potteries.

3.14 AESTHETIC AND TOURISM

3.14.1 Introduction

There are several tourist attractive sites, from Thong Pha Phum district,

Kanchanaburi province to Ratchaburi province (Figure 3.14-1). In this section, the major

tourists spot in those two provinces along the pipeline route are presented.

ENVIO 0d9712SiSEC-311.OC PAGE 3-134

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FIGURE 3.14-1 TOURIST ATTRACTIVE SITES ALONG THE N~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATURN KAL GAS PPELIN


These information were collected as follows:

(1) Compilation of data on tourist attractions from the Tourism Authority of

Thailand Office and the Tourism Authority of Thailand's Kanchanaburi office.

(2) Surve,inn the exiqtinn touris,t snnes aono thP Dineline route and vicinitv.


(1) Kanchanaburi Province

Kanchanaburi is the site of world ramous 'Bridge Over The River Kwae'

immQrtalized in books and movies, and is noted for rugged natural beauty where is the

landscape characterised by several water falls, caves once inhabited by Neolithic man,

national parks, and reservoir setting.

The tourist attractions along the natural gas pipeline and vicinity in

Kanchanaburi province are described as follows:

(a) Khao Laem Dam

Khao Laem Dam is located in Thong Pha Phum district, with 152

kilometres far from Kanchanaburi. There is a scenic reservoir with several private raft

complexes offer opportunities for boating, swimming, and fishing.

This reservoir boundary situates at 2 kilometers from the natural gas

pipeline route.

(b) Hin Dat Hot Spring

This hot spring is located in Ban Hin Dat, Thong Pha Phum district at

130 kilometers far form Kanchanaburi of Highway No. 323.

This tourist attraction situates about 10 kilometres from natural gas

pipeline route.

(c) Dao Wa Dung Cave

This cave is found in Bang Dao Wa Dung and situates at 5 kilometres

from natural gas pipeline route.

ENV1004iI712LJSEC-31 1.OC e PAGE 3-136

'EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORT

(d) Sai Yok Yai Waterfall

This waterfall frowns directly into the Kwae Noi River, and is

categorized as the most popular attraction within the 300 square-kilometre of Sai Yok

National Park.

This tourist attractive site situates at 3 kilometres far from the natural

pipeline route.

(e) The Lawa Cave

The cave is far from Kanchanaburi about 75 kilometers. This cave has

stalactites and stalagmites in several chambers. Visitors may take boats from Kwae Noi

River, Pak Saeng Pier at Tambon Tha Sao to explore this cave, and travel afterwards

upstream to the riverine of Sai Yok Yai waterfall.

The tourist attraction situates at about 10 kilometres from natural gas

pipeline route.

(2) Ratchaburi Province

Ratchaburi province has many tourist attractions, because the provincial

areas cover with diversity of physical features, various culture, and many historical places.

The tourist attractions along the natural gas pipeline and vicinity in

Ratchaburi province are related with 2 common sites as follows:

(a) Khao Bin Cave

The cave is located in Maung Ratchaburi district. There are rows of

stalagmites and stalagtites distributed all over area of more than 5 rais. Beside these

stalagmites and stalactites, there is a mineral pond containing water all year round.

The tourist attraction is situated at about 600 meters from natural gas

pipeline route.

(b) The Center Region Literatural Botanical Park

This park is located about 20 kilometres from Ratchaburi province and is

situated at 100 meters from the natural gas pipeline route. Total park area is about 2.032

km and the park boundary is continued to Khao Pratap Chang in Muang and Chom Bung

district.

ENVlOO497125/SEC.31 1.DOC PAGE 3-137


CHAPTER 4

MA ItRP LJA7AMr- ASSESSMENT

4.1 INTRODUCTION

The gas transmission pipeline offers an effective mean of petroleum product

transportation. To maintain the performance and safety to the transmission system, care

has to be taken to ensure that all safety measures are properly planned and maintained.

However, major hazard assessment could be considered because it can damage to

equipment and people.

From characteristic and composition of natural gas which have low molecular

weight, lighter-than air, low density, flash point -500C, ignition of temperature (482-6320C)

(as shown detail in Table 4.1-1 and 4.1-2). If gas is released, it will be immediately

dispersed. Therefore, probability of fire or explosion are nearly zero for most cases.

However, there are still very slim chance of ignition, in case of the following circumstances

occur simultaneously (Figure 4.1-1).

(1) LFL value of Fuel (Natural gas) is 5.00% volume (wind speed must be 0 m/s

and gas release is in close system).

(2) Adequate concentration of oxygen.

(3) Ignition source (such as electrical spark, flashback, open flame, etc.).

For the Yadana Natural Gas Pipeline, the pipe will approximately 1.5 meters from

the surface. So, mos tof the gas released will be adsorbed within soil and other factors

(location, ventilation, dispersion behavior, pressure, gas outflow, etc.) which make it

unsuitable condition for ignition. From this reason, the fire or explosion are not likely.

However, hazard assessment was assumed in worst case and the case study

were selected from the guideline of World Bank.

ENVION4A7125iCHAP-4.DCC PAGE 4-1


TABLE 4.1-1

COMPOSITION OF NATURAL GAS FROM YADANA NATURAL GAS

PIPELINE PROJECT

Component Composition (% mole)

Methane C, 70.26

Ethane C2 1.22

Propane C3 0.18

i-Butane iC4 0.02

n-Butane nC4 0.04

i-Pentane iC5 0.01

n-Pentane nC5 0.01

Nitrogen N2 22.89

Carbon Dioxide CO2 5.28

Oxygen 02 0.09

Gas molecular weight 20.53

Heat of combustion >715 BTU/SCF (HHV)

Temperature 60-1200F

Pressure 1,250 psig

Contaminants: Water Content <7 Ib/MMSCF

Hydrogen Sulfide <85 ppm. W.

Total Sulfer <100 ppm. W.

Mercury <50 ,Lg/NM

ENV10"411WTAB41.IDCC PAGE 4-2

tlA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORT

TABLE 4.1-2

CHARACTERISTIC OF NATURAL GAS

CHARAC-TERISTIC VALUE

- Molecular Weight (g) 20.53

- Boiling Point (0C) -162-130

- Vapour Density 0.7-1.40

- rlash roint -5U

- Explosive Limits (%) 3.8-17

- ignition Temp. (C) 482-632

Reference: Manual of Spills of Hazardous Materials, March 1984.

ENV100497134/TAB41-2XLS PAGE 4-3

FIRE || E LOSION |

| OXYGEN |

SOURCES WHICR CAN BE '

ANTICIPATED BY SENSING

CHANGES IN PROCESS CONDITIONS | LIGHTING

* STATIC ELECTRICITY

FUEL *EUECTRtICAL SHORT

F- * HUMAN INDUCEDr ' , .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ FLASHBACK

OIL SPILL ESCAPING GAS HOT SURFACES

* RUPTURE: * EXHAUST SPARKS

OVER PRESSURE * a OPEN FLAME

LEAK * a FIRE TUBE-

HIT BY OBJECT OIL POLLUTIONMATERIAL OUAUTY

* OPENING A CLOSED SYSTEM

* VENT DISCHARGE INADEQUATE

CONTAINAGE

VESE [ RUPTURE OPENING VENTIFLARE |

OVRFOW8OVERPRESSURE CL*YSE SYSTEM* LEAK

a INFLOW EXCEEDS OUT FLOW * CORROSION * VALVE OPERATION DISCHARGE

EROSION * INADEQUATE SCRUBBER SIZE

MAINTENANCE * SCRUBBER INFLOW

* EXCESSIVE TEMPERATURE' EXCEEDS OUTFLOW

* HIT BY OBJECT

• MATERIAL OUALITY

• SUDDEN FAILURE OF A MECHANICAL

SEAL

SOURCE WHICH CAN BE ANTICIPATED

BY SENSING CHANGES IN PROCESS

CONDITIONS

FIGURE 4.1-1: HAZARD TREE FOR GENERALIZED PRODUCTION FACILITY

ENV10417134F#IGURE4.1-1 PAGE 4-4


4.2 METHODOLOGY

4.2.1 Hazard Identification

The approaches for assessment of the above scenarios were selected from the

recommended method presented in the World Bank Technical paper 'Techniques for

Assessing Industrial Hazards A Manual' (Technica, 1990). Flammable gas event tree (Figure

4.2-1) and Gas release event tree (Figure 4.2-2) was employed in the approaches for hazard

assessment of natural gas leakage. The short description of methodology and related input

data used are as follows:

(1) Release Cases

* A set of release cases was considered according to the facilities of the gas

pipeline system as listed below:

(a) Tie-in-point at Ban I-Tong

- Pipe leak (42' diameter) : 20% of pipe diameter

100% of pipe diameter

- Tie-in-point is surround by idle land with maintainous and about 1

km from Ban I-Tong.

(b) Maintenance Sub-station at Ban Phu Ong Ka

- Pipe leak (42" diameter) : 20% of pipe diameter


- Surrounding area of the maintenance sub-station closed to Kwae

Noi River was occupied by sugar cane.

(c) Ratchaburi Gas Terminal

- Pipe leak (42" diameter) : 20% of pipe diameter


- Surrounding area of the terminal in the 1.5 radius is occupied by

paddy field.

ENV1004A7125/CHAP.4.OOC PAGE 4-5

Fr

'Is Release 'Is There mmedite 'Is The Cloud Iser Is There Delaed 'Does ThRleas Affect

:Instantaneous ? Ignition 7 Than Air aIgnition 7 ,Other Eriuipment on The Site 7

rw ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~Firebvai I Yes rAss|Z- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C

* a , I Flash Fire or p Model Addi8onal Releases r

'Yes Explosion Yes C

Dense Cloud Dispersion Yes |No |bLIpcs|_

Acdbhabic Yes No |a FT

No Expansion 2 r

a F e * Flash Fire or * Morbl AdditionatFa FeMdAinR,etS 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

Neutral/ Explosion Yes 7 rs I No lB~~~~uDVant Dispersion I Ye5 No Io mat

; ; | | ' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~No soC

Model Additional Releases

Jet Flame * *

Y Yes es

Estimate Duration ;

s No Calculate Release Rat eI Flash Fire or I Model Addirional Releases

- ~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~Explosion Yes g7rAss

Dense Cloud Dispersion Yes No

Yes No ,' bEalS

No Jet Dispersion s

Flash Fire or Modal Addrlional Releases

r ' ' Neutral I Explosion " es

No Buoyant Dispersion Y Tes ||l s

cl, ..... FIGURE 4.2-1 FLAMMABLE GAS EVENT TREE0) .... '-


-~~~~~~~~~~

, eas - Relas Tanka Explosion

No Impact ~~~~~~~~~~iui ador LV

Gas Vents Liquid Flashes

to Vapor

r" - I I Pool Slowly i d gnited) Evaporates

Vapor Cloud 'V

Traveis Downwind Poo Fire

(d not ignned) Occurs

Vapor Cioud _Liquid Vapor Plume |

Ignities - Explosions Rainout T

Vapor Cloud Plume Ignites, Expiosion

Igniies - Flashfire Occurs i and/or Flashfire Occurs

No Ignition - Toxic F

Vapor Exposure No ignition - Toxic

Vapor ExPosuLe

Pool Fire

Occurs

FIGURE 4.2-2 GAS RELEASES EVENT TREE

eNVI0o40"7134MGUME4.2-2 PAGE 4-7

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJEC-T FINAL REPORT

(2) Nature of Releases

Nature of releases is divided into 2 types, instantaneous and

noninstantaneous.

in case of thp ninpline and facilities at Ban I-Tong, maintenance sub-station

at Ban Phu Ong Ka, and Ratchaburi terminal, both instantaneous and noninstantaneous

releases are considered in a hazard evaluation.

(3) Ignition

Flammable gases are usuaily only a danger if they ignite. A very important

part of the analysis is to identify the sources and probabilities of ignition. The types of

ignitions are classified into two categories according to the timing of the ignition, as follows:

(a) Immediate ignition : In this case the gas is ignited while it is still

escaping from containment. Immediate ignition can result in a jet flame or a fireball

depending on the nature of the release (instantaneous and noninstantaneous).

(b) Delayed ignition : This occurs after the material has escaped from

containment and has formed a cloud drifting down wind. Delayed ignition can result in an

explosion or a flash fire.

(4) Fires/Fire Damage

Fire can affect the immediate its surroundings primarily through the radiated

heat. The damage caused by heat radiation can be calculated from the dose of radiation

received; a measure of the received dose is the energy per unit area of the surface

exposed to the radiation over the duration of the exposure. The other approaches can be

calculated by using the power per unit area received.

The radiation effect of a fire normally is limited to the area close to the

source of the release (within 200 m as stated in Technica, 1990). This means that in many

cases neighbouring communities are not affected. However, there are many types of fire

which could create a more extensive effect.

ENV1000712V-4CHWJOC ¢ PAGE 4-8


Fires can be categorized as follows:

- Pool fire e.g., a tank fire or a fire from a pool of fuel spread over the

ground or water.

- Jet fire : from the ignition of a jet of flammable material.

- Fireball and BLEVE : (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion)

resulting from the overheating of pressurized vessel by a primary fire.

This overheating raises the intemal pressure and weakens the vessel

shell, until it bursts open and releases its contents as a ,arge and very

intense fireball.

- Flash Fire : involving the delayed ignition of a dispersed vapour cloud

which does not cause blast damage. That is, the flame speed is not as

high as in an unconfined vapour cloud explosion but the fire spreads

quickly throughout the flammable zone of the cloud.

Fire damage can be estimated based upon correlations with recorded

incident radiation flux and damage levels. The criteria for damage to people and property

from fire are given as follows in Table 4.2-1.

4.2.2 Quantitative Analysis

The considerations were made for many cases of hazardous events (Table 4.2-2).

In order to focus on the potential sources of hazard, some of the events were screened out

by considering the following aspects:

(1) Gas Flow

The amount of gas to be released to the environment was calculated based

on the approached listed in Appendix I. The estimation outflow for different cases of

releases are shown in Table 4.2-3.

ENV100M4712SKNHAP-4DOC PAGE 4-9


TABLE 4.2-1

THE CRITERIA FOR DAMAGE TO PEOPLE AND PROPERTY FROM FIRE

Incident Flux Type of Damage Caused2

(kW/m) Damage to Equipment Damage to People

37.5 Damage to process 100% lethality in 1 min.

equipment 1% lethality in 10 sec.

25.0 Minimum energy to ignite 100% letality in 1 min.

wood at indefinitely long Significant injury in 10 sec.

exposure without a flame

12.5 Minimum energy to ignite 1% lethality in 1 min.

wood with a flame; melts 1st degree burns in 10 sec.

plastic tubing

4.0 Causes pain if duration is

longer than 20 sec.

but blistering is unlikely

1.6 Causes no discomfort for

long exposure

E. _ _ _ _ __A_ _ PAGE 4

6"wlooss7125eH^Po4nOC ~~~~~~~~~PAGE 4-10


TABLE 4.2-2

INPUT DATA FOR HAZARD EVALUATION

Facilities Release Cases Nature of Release Ignition Output

Tie-in-Point

(Ban I-Tong)

Pipe diameter 42' Pipe leak: Instantaneous Immediate Fireballs

Pressure 1,250 psig 20% of pipe diameter Delay Flashfire or explosion

Temperature 120'F 100% of pipe diameter Noninstantaneous Immediate Jetfire

Molecular Weight Delay Flashfire or explosion

of gas = 20.53

Ratchaburi Terminal


Pressure 1,250 psig 20% of pipe diameter Delay Flashfire or explosion

Temperature 120*F 100% of pipe diameter Noninstantaneous Immediate Jetfire


of gas = 20.53

Maintenance sub-station

(Ban Phu Ong Ka)


Pressure 1.250 psig 20% of pipe diameter Delay Flashfire or explosion

Temperature 1200F 100% of pipe diameter Noninstantaneous Immediate Jetfire


of gas = 20.53

ENV1w4A7134trAB42-2XLS PAGE 4-11

TABLE 4.2-3

GAS OUTFLOW OF THE PIPELINE LEAK RATE AT 20% AND 100% OF PIPE DIAMETER

Operation Condition % of pipe leak Gas outflow rate! (kgfs)

Tie-in point at Ban l-Tong, Maintenance sub-station at Ban Phu Ong Ka, 20 18,188

and Ratchaburi Gas Terminal 100 455,000

- Pipe diameter 42-

- Pressure 1,250 psig

- Temperature 1200F (322.040 K)

- Molecular weight of gas = 20.53

m


(2) Impact Evaluation

The first step of impact evaluation was conducted by comparison the

concentration of the gas released (for 20% and 100% pipe diameter) with the flammable

limit of natural gas of which lower flammable limit (LFL) and upper flammable limit (UFL)

are 5.00% V and 15.00% V. respectively. If the concentration of either jet or buoyant

dispersion is not in the flammable limit, the ignition will not be induced. Therefore, the

hazardous impact is negligible.

4.3 RESULTS OF HAZARDOUS ASSESSMENT

The potential hazardous cases identified in section 4.2 are at Tie-in-point (Ban

I-Tong), Ratchaburi Terminal, and maintenance sub-station (Ban Phu Ong Ka). These three

facilities will similary used the specific of pressure, diameter of pipe, and the others.

Thus, the assessments of the potential hazardous events are similary as follows:

(1) Instantaneous Release with Immediate Ignitions: Fireballs

The 'Instantaneous releases with 20%7 and 1uu70 pipe leak were calculated

based on the gas volume contained in 42 pipe diameter with 1 km in length. For the 100%

pipe leak with instantaneous release, the mass release will be about 64,448.46 kg (64.45

ton) (detail calculation in Appendix I), the maximum radius of the fireball will be about 99.61

m with radiation intensity of 271 kW/m . The affected gone with radial energy of 37.5 to 42

kW/m were ranged from 267.82 to 820.06 m (Table 4.3-1). The impact from the heat

radiation within this zone is quite significant at 820.06 m causes pain to people if duration is

longer than 20 sec. but blistering is unlikely. Therefore, any development should be within

0.85 km.

(2) Noninstantaneous Release with Immediate Ignitions: Jet Fire

For 20% and 100% pipe leak with noninstantaneous release, the jet flame

model will be employed in estimating thermal radiation effects from a particular point in the

flame to a receptor at distance. The maximum distances for 100% pipe leak at 37.5 to 42

kW/m are 1,392.68 - 4,264.21 m. Table 4.3-2 shows the distance of radiation flux from a

particular point in the flame to a receptor for 20% and 100% pipe leak. The details of the

calculation are in Appendix I.

ENViO04912t251AP4bOC PAGE 4-13

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT

TABLE 4.3-1

THE DISTANCE FROM THE CENTER OF THE FIREBALL

AT RADIATION FLUX (METRE)

Incident Flux Distance from Center of Fireball (m.)

(kW/m ) Pipe Leak: 20% Pipe Leak: 100%

of pipe diameter of pipe diameter

37.5 90.48 267.82

25 110.82 328.02

12.5 156.72 463.90

4 277.04 820.06

EJV1OOtb4g713d~TAB4t3S PAGE 4-14

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL FiEFORT

TABLE 4.3-2

THE DISTANCE OF RADIATION FLUX FROM A PARTICULAR POINT

IN THE FLAME OF JET FIRE TO A RECEPTOR

The Distance from a particular Point

Radiation Flux in the Flame to a Receptor (m.)

2(kW/m ) Pipe Leak: 20% Pipe Leak: 100%


37.5 278.09 1,392.68

25 340.59 1,705.68

12.5 481.66 2,411.64

4 851.47 4,264.21

ENv100871341TA43.2.xLS PAGE 4-15

*IA '[*'~ WL# * I _ ; rirtLirdt r.u.. I FINAL REPORT

(3) Instantaneous Release with Delayed Ignition: Adiabatic

Expansion / Flash Fire

The adiabatic expansion model (Appendix I) were utilized to calculate the

radius of the expanded cloud as a function of time (Table 4.3-3). The percent volume of

expanded gas lower than the LFL of 5.00%V. will be 70.52 and 19.75 m-radius for 100%

and 20% pipe leak, respectively.

(4) Noninstantaneous Release with Delayed Ignition: Jet Dispersion

with Neutral or Buoyant Dispersion / Flash Fire

The jet dispersion model (Appendix I) can calculate the concentration and

the velocity on the jet axis at a given distance from the released spot. The concentrations

of dispersed gas lower than the LFL (5.00% v.) with the maximum distance for 20% and

100% pipe leak are shown in Table 4.3-4. As stated in Table 4.3-5, the maximum distance

of flash fire is 125 and 30 m for 100% and 20% pipe leak, respectively.

The potential sources of hazardous events were summarized in Table 4.3-5.

4.4 HAZARD REDUCTION

In order to reduce hazardous consequences, it is necessary to make profound

changes to the project design. For this reason, a hazard analysis is best carried out at the

design stage, when design, layout and sitting modifications can be made relatively easily.

4.4.1 Improve Shut-down System

If a release dose occur, it is possible to reduce the amount of gas released

from pipeline from the site by checking pressure at Block Valve or pressure at pressure

regulating station. By remote sensing to SCADA system, the gas leak pipeline control will

be operated immediately by shut-down control or relief value operation. Automatic

shutdown will reduce the amount of gas escaping from pipeline and also reduce the

release duration.

ENV104A7122SCHAP-4DOC PAGE 4-16

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL FhtUK I

TABLE 4.3-3

THE MAXIMUM RADIUS OF FLASH FIRE

IN ADIABATIC EXPANSION

LFL 5.00% vol.

% pipe leak Time Core Radius Core Concentration Flash Fire

3of 42" pipe dia. (second) (m) (kg/mr) % vol

100% 10 54.38 0.052 5.62 Yes

20 70.52 0.024 2.57 No

20% 3 17.73 0.060 6.53 Yes

4 19.75 0.043 4.72 No

ENVIO0497134/TAB433.XLS PAGE 4-17

TABLE 4.3-4

THE MAXIMUM DISTANCE OF FLASH FIRE

IN JET DISPERSION

LFL 5.00% vol.

% pipe leak Distance Concentration Flash fire

of 42" pipe dia. (m) (kg/m ) % vol

100% 100 0.06 6.54 Yes

125 0.04 4.36 No

20% 25 0.054 5.88 Yes

30 0.045 4.91 No

ENV100047134lAB43-4XLS PAGE 4-18

tIA LJ TV Lh AI5A 65A i flA _a' { .. . _. _ _.

TABLE 4.3-5

SUMMARY FOR HAZARDOUS ASSESSMENT

Nature of Release Ignition Output % Pipe leak Results of Impact

of 42- pipe dia.

instantaneous immediate - fireball 100% fire damage in the maximum

radial of 820.06 m. from the

release source

20% fire damage in the maximum

radial of 277.04 m. from the

release source

delay - Adiabatic 100% fire damage in the radial of

Expansion 70.51 m. from the release

- flash fire source

20% fire dar,,age in the rddiai or

19.72 m. from the release

source

noninstantaneous immediate jet fire 100% fire damage in the

distance of 4,264.21 m.

from the release source

20% fire damage in the distance

istance of 851.47 m. from

the release source

delay | Neutral / 100% fire damage in the distance

Buoyant of 125 m. from the release

Dispersion source

- flash fire 20% fire damage in the distance

of 25 m. from the release

source

PAGE 4-19ENV1OO007134fTA843.5.XLS

4.4.2 Reduction of Impact

As well as the consequences and risks of release, the analyst should also

consider measures to reduce the impact of these releases. Some possible measures are

given below, arranged in order of increasing involvement of employees and people off-

site.

- provision of bunkering or blast wall at metering station for each factory

- fire wall / fire-proofing of structures

- provision of escape routes for employees

- provision of safety and emergency training for employees

- implementation of emergency procedures on and off-site

- provision of public alert systems and education of public

- planning and training for evacuation

- provision of safety buffer-zone around the station boundary

- provision the emergency plan

4.4.3 Reduction of Risk

If it not possible to reduce the consequence sufficient using reduction of

impact and shutdown system, it may be possible to reduce the risk (or probability) that a

release will occur. The risk of a release can be reduced by using reliability studies or

techniques such as HAZOP to improve the operation and control of the system.

The HAZOP will be developed by the pipeline facilities contractor and reviewed

by PTT to examine the design in detail.

4.5 SUMMARY OF MAJOR HAZARD ASSESSMENT

Results of major hazard assessment was impossible in practical because of

characteristic and other factors' natural gas (as stated in 4.1). Especially, Fireball and jet

fires was immediately ignition. In part of delayed ignition was considered gas dispersion

and concentration level which it must be higher 5.00% volume (LFL) such as if adiabatic

ENVIOOW7125:1a4AP4DOC PAGE 4-20


expansion / flash fire is less 12 sec, gas release must be more 5.00% V. and properly

other condition, the flash fire wras generated and heat radiation was about 57.66 meters,

etc.

In addition, the Yadana Natural Gas Project will have SCADA System,

mitigation measures and HAZOP Study. For this reason, impact of major hazard is

minority.

ENV102Q*A12- HAP4.0= PAGE 4-21


CHAPTER 5I~ItDt~P&A~P~I9 I i"fA EV>s

5.1 GEOLOGY/SEiSMOLOGY

5.1.1 Construction and Operation Periods

The construction procedure of the pipeline route is included with digging up

trench to the average depth of 1.9 m, and at this depth the geological setting of the area is

generally not disturbed.

The seismicity of the Tenasserim Range covering the proposed project area was

not very in records (Nutalaya et. al., 1985). The earthquakes of high magnitude (over 7.0 on

Richter scale) are confined to the large scale faults, i.e., Sagaing fault in Myanmar which are

located more than 100 km away from the site. It should be noted that the magnitudes of

earthquakes recorded within 100 km radius around the site are never exceeded 6.0 on

Richter scale.

The altemative equation used for calculation of maximum ground acceleration at

site due to an earthquake of a given magnitude developed by Japanese Ministry of

Construction is adopted. The equation can be expressed as follows:

0.208m 40686An,a. = 46.0 x 10 (D+10)

Where Ar,na = Maximum ground acceleration (cm/sec)

M = Magnitude acceleration (Richter scale)

D = Epicentral distance {km)

The application of the above equation is shown in Figure 5.1-1. The adopted

equation yields a 0.05 g maximum acceleration at site for epicentral distance of 50 km from

the earthquake of magnitude 6.0. By based on the adopted design value of the pipeline

related structure at 0.1 g (maximum ground acceleration) which is a common design value

ENV100497112S/CHAP*S.DDC PAGE 5-1

M

0.5>

z

z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a - W; i: S-z A,o

G)ww -a

U -u~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~m

< ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~zm

0 5010-5 20

z 0.2 01

0

0.1 *AMAX 0.1 g.....

0 50 .100 150 200'

EPICENTRAL DISTANCE (km)

-- M= 6

+ M 8

FIGURE 5.1-1 PLOT OF CALCULATION MAXIMUM GROUND ACCELERATION AT THE SITE AGAINST >

cr EPICENTRAL DISTANCES FOR EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE IN THE RANGE 4.00 TO 8.00 i-mEl-


for dam construction in western Thailand. However, the project is designed the pipe

structure with high value at 0.2 g, therefore the gas pipeline should not be impacted by the

size of recorded earthquake in the area. In addrtion, the regular monitoring program along

the pipeline route can also assure the safe operation of the pipeline.

Vehicular weekly patrol program is necessary to investigate along the pipeline

route, and to detect any sign of abnormality and third party's activities. Furthermore, the

total pipeline route will be patrolled after the earthquake to detect any sign of soil

movement, or land subsidence. Geometry Pipeline Internal Gauge (GEO PIG) its also applied

(if necessary) to locate any deformations as well as position and orientation of the operating

pipeline. This computerized procedure will result in the indication of pipeline operation which

can be remedied if necessary.

5.2 HYDROLOGY AND EROSION

5.2.1 Construction Period

The hydrological regime around the project area may be temporarily altered due

to the pipeline crossing. Most of the affected streams are intermitted and will retain water

only in the wet season. In addition, the crossing activities are often conducted in the dry

season, and completed within one day for open cross of the small stream. Therefore, the

hydrological pattern will not be affected at all by pipe laying activities. Concerning with the

larger waterways, e.g., Kwae Noi river, Huai Lam Pha Chi, Huai Sai Yok and Mae Kiong

river, the directional drill is applied. This approach will not disturb the stream bed because

the drilling case is adjusted more than 1.5 m under the stream bed. With the application of

this method, hydrological regime are generally not affected.

Due to the ragged terrain towards the pipeline section close to Ban I-Tong, these

topographic conditions limit the construction activities to be conducted mainly during the dry

season (November - Early May). This constraint will also alleviate the impact on surface

water hydrology.

ENVMGC4i9712SICHAP.S.DOC PAGE 5-3

tb1A Ul- YALUANA NA I UFML JAZ rlr-LIIMr r-nv'JMr.

Focusing on the potential erosion induced from the pipeline construction, as

previously mentioned the pipeline section from KP.0 to KP.27 is located in the steep terrain

of Watershed Classification (WSC) 1A (10 km), 1B (4 km) and 2 (13 km). The construction

of the pipeline portions entering into WSC 1A and 1B is described as follows: (Figure 5.2-1)

WSC 1A: (1) KP.20+199 - KP.16+923 with catchment area of 23 sq.km.

(2) KP.1 2+832 - KP.1 1+824 with catchment area of 4 sq.km.

(3) KP.10+641 - KP.7+736 with catchment area of 3 sq.km.

(4) KP.5+937 - KP2+808 with catchment area of 4 sq.km.

(5) KP.1 +858 - KP.0+000 with catchment area of 5 sq.km.

WSC 1B1: (1) KP.14+482 - KP.12+832 with catchment area of 6 sq.km.

(2) KP.12+832 - KP.10+641with catchment area of 3 sq.km.

(3) KP.7+736 - KP.5+736 with catchment area of 4 sq.km.

(4) KP.2+808 - KP.1 +858 with catchment area of 4 sq.km.

Some pipeline sections are also designed with alignment aligned along the

mountainous valley to minimize with any impact on erosion. In addition, the pipeline ROW

should be minimized with depending on the topographic condition but it will not exceed 40

m strip. However, in this study the worst case approach will be observed with these

assumption:

- The affected ROW will be 50 m

- All of the affected ROW will be cleared at the same time

- No protective measures are applied and

- The estimation of erosion rate will be based on the various land uses as

mentioned in Table 5.2-1. The value to be used is 2,000 times higher than

erosion caused from the forest cover.

With the above assumption, the calculations of sediment load from the clear

ROW are shown in Table 5.2-2.

ENV104I712s5cHAP.s.DoC PAGE 5-4

m _ < j % k Y+rJ S S -K2Vu

X m X g E ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4w Fhfi E fi

* | LECEIIC P SC 0

Z

m

2

FIGURE 5.2-: SUB-WATERSHED OF WATERSHED CLASS 1A AND lB ALONG THE NATURAL GAS PIPELINE

4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- .KPI14+482 .y~y1§'~'

CRAPHIC SCALE

- w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ '--

-U

FIGURE 5.2-1: SUB-WATERSHED OF WATERSHED CLASS 1A AND 1B ALONG THE NATURAL GAS PIPELiNE (Contd)

7.j

ONJ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

WlA U1- YAUANNA A I UMAL UP rErcLIINQ r-W I

TABLE 5.2-1

REPRESENTATIVE RATES OF EROSION FROM VARIOUS LAND USES

Land Use Erosion Rate Relative to

2ton/km -yr Forest= 1

Forest 8.5 1

Grassland 85 10

Abandoned Surface Mines 850 100

Crop Land 1,70 200

Harvested Forest 4,250 500

Active Surface Mines 17,000 2,000

Construction 17,000 2,000

Source Center, 1977

ENVlI04i9734/TAS2- 1.XLS PAGE 5-7

TABLE 5.2-2

ESTIMATED SEDIMENT LOAD DUE TO ON-SITE EROSION

WSC KP. Affected Area Sediment Load % of Sediment in

(sq.km.) (Ton/Year) Comparison with

Kwae Noi River (K10)*

1A 20+199 - 16+923 0.1 1,700 0.170

12+832 - 11+824 0.05 850 0.085

10+641 - 7+736 0.1 1,700 0.170

5+937 - 2+808 0.175 2,975 0.300

1+858 - 0+000 0.05 850 0.0850

1B 14+482 - 12+832 0.05 850 0.085

12+832 10+641 0.15 2,550 0.25

7+736 - 5+736 0.05 850 0.085

2+808 - 1+858 0.05 850 0.085

Note * Total Load of Kwae Noi Basin at K10 (Ban Lum Sum)

is 1,026,320 ton/year (as cited in Table 3.2-8)

ENV1004A9713AITABS22.XLS PAGE 5-8


By based on the above assumption on erosion, the overall maximum percentage

of sediment to be washed from cleared ROW is only 1.285% of the total sediment in

Kwae Noi river close to the project area. Therefore, the impact from worst case scenarios

for suitable measures could be minimized the potential impact on this aspect. The proposed

measures will be discussed in more details with the next chapter.

5.2.2 Operation Period

After the completion of pipe laying activities, the following procedures are

mandatory.

- In case of open crossing, the opened up period will not exceed 1 day.

- The stream bed will be manipulated and leveled to make the condition close

to the natural setting.

- Grass varieties of Yar Fag (Vertiveria sp.) and legumes will be planted along

the pipeine route in ̀vWS1 to retain the soil mass and reduce erosion.

With the above practices, it is foreseen that the impacts on hydrology and

erosion along the pipeline can be considered as minimal.

5.3 WATER QUALITY


The natural gas transmission pipeline will connect directly the Yadana Gas field to

Ratchaburi thermal power plant. Along the recommended route, many features of

topographic settings will be encountered; namely, mountainous range near tie-in point at

Ban I Tong, steep hill area sloping towards Kwae Noi river in Amphoe Thong Pha Phum and

Sai Yok, flat area along the river bank especially for Kwae Noi river, and low land area along

Mae Klong river. Most of the waterways crossed by the pipeline are intermitted streams

which are nearly dried up during the dry season. The streams and rivers with water all year

round include Huai Phra Osa, Huai Pracham Mai, Huai Khayeng, Kwae Noi river, Huai Sai

ENV10049712S/CHAP-6.0OC PAGE 5-9


Yok, Huai Mae Kraban, Lam Sai, Lam Phao, Lam Pha Shi, and Mae Klong river. The

potential impacts on these waterways will be caused due to Right-of-WVay (ROW) clearing,

grading, and crossing. Clearing involves with the removals of trees, bush and other

vegetations. The ROW i b graded to provide s.fe .orking surface and minimize pipe

bending. Grading can cause surface disturbance. Cutting and replacing steep slopes may

lead to instability and erosion. As previously mentioned most of the streams meandering

through the steep slope area are mostly intermitted stream and the pipe laying activities in

this particular section will be concentrated during the dry season due to limited access in

the wet season. Thus, the instability and erosion induced by grading practices will be

acceptable. In addition, strict mitigation measures will be enforced for this early section of

the pipeline.

Focusing on the crossing, the open cut crossing or wet crossing will be applied

for the small intermitted streams (Figure 5.3-1). The pipe trench will be stopped at short

distances of watercourse banks to prevent silty trench water from entering watercourses.

The hard trench plugs will be left in place until the installation of stream crossing has been

initiated. In addition, the undisturbed vegetative covers will be maintained adjacent to the

water edge as a buffer zone to limit the potential siltation to be washed into the waterway

during rainfalls. Again, the crossing and trenching activities are often conducted mostly in

the dry season, therefore, the potential impacts due to additional siltation and erosion will

be minor. In addition, the results of water sample analysis of the watercourses in the study

area indicated that the concentration of suspended solids (SS) in Lam Pha Shi was as high

as 610 mg/l in the wet season. Thus, the impact on additional SS is viewed as relatively

minor.

The wet crossing was also practiced at Khlong Phra Ong Chao Chaiyanuchit in

August 1995. It was revealed from the water quality monitoring program that the water

quality for pre-and post dredging is very similar in tLerm of pHi and electrical conductivit.y

(Table 5.3-1). The suspended solids (SS) were 153 mg/A for the pre-dredging period due to

ENVOO44971251tHAP.S.DOC PAGE 5-10


ADOmOtwAL R/WIF REOUIRED

S"'7.-I4ADAD R 1ul 'nAjTW

2 FR~~ENCH*

_ _s- *_T N1. -TOPSOIL

SPOIL PILE _ D PLUG

WATERCOURSE _ T

S t. -B ~ACKHOE f-TPSOIL

SPOILPILE

PIPE WELDED. PRETESTZ-COATED AND WEIGHTED

PLAN VIEWN.T.S.

Notes

1. Schedule construction during low flow period and the appropriate timing window.

2. Obtain permission and stake extra right of way if required. Keep vehicles within stakes.

3. Install vehicle crossing if required.

4. Stop trenching activity short of watercourse bank. Retain hard plugs as long as

possible.

5. Pipe should be welded, pre-tested, coated and weighted prior to initiating pipe

installation.

6. Trench through watercourse, maintaining hard plugs at each bank until just prior to

pipe installation. Lower in pipe and backfill immediately. Trenching and backfilling

should be completed in the same day if possible. Utilize two backhoes to expedite the

crossing.

7. Remove vehicular crossing, restore banks to original condition, and stabilize as

required

FIGURE 5.3-1 WET CROSSING

ENV1004*1GURE S.-1 PAGE 5-11

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT ?INAL ntruM I

TABLE 5.3-1

WATER QUALITY IN

KHLONG PHRA ONG CHAO CHIYANUCHIT

Post-Dredge Data

Parameter Pre-dredge Data

(10/4/95)* Upstream Downstream

pH 7.3 6.9 7.2

SS (mg/A) 153.0 36.0 31.0

Conductivity 450 400 420

(Umho/cm)

Oil and Grease 0.60 1.50 2.50

(mg/A)

Note * There was a heavy rain in the-area on 9/04/95.

Source: Field surveyed by Team Consulting Engineers Co., Ltd.

ENV1004AMMAB534fAE5~l.LS PAGE 5-12


the heavy rain while the post-dredged SS was only 31 mg/l. However, it can be observed

that the concentration of oil and grease wA:as remakablyk high upstream and downstream

from the crossing area (1.5 and 2.5 mg/A) which can be due to the long tail boats travelling

in this Khlong and the rinsing of construction equipment and machineries.

In case of the large waterways, e.g., Kwae Noi river, Lam Pha Shi, and Mae

Klong river, the open cut crossing will not be suitable for such water courses, thus, the

directional drilling will be applied (Figure 5.3-2). This approach will utilize the driller bore

about 2 m underneath the river bed without any disturbance on the river bottom. The

increased suspended solids during the drilling will be nil. The drilling fluids and muds will be

stored in the designated containers and disposed of by the contractor. The containers of

the drilling mud will be located at least 100 m from the watercourses.

During the pipe laying activities, a specific area will be allocated as maintenance

unit and construction site. All of the maintenance, and cleaning will result in discharge of

waste oil. lubricant. water coolant. etc. These wastewater will be collected in the -suitable

containers and drums, and stored for properly disposal at local service facilities.

The construction activities will require about 600 workers (at peak). The

construction camps are expected to be located at Amphoe Thong Pha Phum and Chom

Bung and will not be moved along the pipeline route. Thus, the discharge of domestic

wastes into local streams and waterways is not expected. Within the construction camps,

the sanitary latrines will be adequately provided with the ratio of 15 workers/ 1 latrine. The

amount of BOD load generated from the camps will be about 18 kg/day which are properly

handled in the provided sanitary latrines. The latrines are located at least 100 m from the

waterways, thus, the seepage from the latrines will not contaminate to surface water

around the project area.

ENV00"97125MCHAP..DOC PAGE 5-13


BUr-'S ' DO {0 NOT CLEM OR R,AO_E)

h o.Om uli hO Om_ Ul

,,-SPOIL Pl | w S

BORING MACHIN TPOIL)

= - Bi,O.zgf 50LOL

O2 _ BELLHOI.£ VD4ICL CROSSING

TOPSOILv -I ~ ~ ~ < '-

PLAN VIEWN.T.S

- ,BUF7.R ZONESm

* \ X | _II -RC2@RIS;j ' |V~ORING M4ACH-INE

PROFILEN.T.S

Note

1. Bore (or punch) watercourse crossing to prevent sedimentation of watercourse,

interruption of stream flow, and alteration of stream substrate. This method is

appropriate for crossing irrigation canals and occasionally, for crossing natural

watercourse. The advantage is that in-stream work is eliminated and timing of the crossing

is not restricted. However, this method may not be possible if excessive groundwater is present

or if the substrate consists of large boulders or bedrock.

Obtain geotechnical data prior to commencing boring (or punching)

FIGURE 5.3-2 WATERCOURSE BORING METHOD

PAGE 5-14ENv100AiFlGuRE 5.3.2



Prior to the actual oneration of the nineline; the overall nineline qvctem wi!! be

hydrostatically tested. Fresh water from Mae Kiong river are used for this purpose which

will eliminate the needs for additional chemicals, e.g., corrosion inhibitor and biocide. The

spent freshwater are also returned to the Mae Klong river after the test via an arch

discharge pipe to oxygenate the water and dissipate erosive energy and the de-water

activities will be on a splash plate and vegetated land to reduce any impacts on erosion.

During the normal operation of gas transmission system, no adverse impact is

expected on the water quality. In case of any gas leakage, the overall pipeline systems are

installed with SCADA computerized system to monitor the changes of gas flow, pressure

and volume at all time. In addition, along the overall length of the pipeline will be buried

under the ground of at least 1.5 m of soil on top of the cement coated pipeline.

Furthermore, the pipeline route is clearly marked with sign to prevent any activities that

may damage the pipeline. With all the above precaution measures, the chances of gas

pipeline rupture is very slim.

The operation of the new gas pipeline system will recruit additional staff of 5 in

each station. This group of staff is on duty for 3 shifts, thus, the assessment needs to be

observed on the wastewater generation from the office and staff residents. This amount of

staff will generate BOD load of 1.56 kg/day which is properly treated in the septic system.

Thus, no impact is expected on the nearby waterways.

Concerning the solid waste, the staff of 5 could produce the waste of 5 kg.!

day/station. These small amounts of waste will be disposed by local municipalities.

Therefore, any impacts due to improper waste disposal is not foreseen.

ENV1O04/97125MHAP-S.DOC PAGE 5-15

5.4 AQUATIC ECOLOGY


Throughout the process of pipeline development, the areas posted the impacts

on the aquatic ecosystem are the watercourse approaches and crossings. The nature of

impacts is clearly observed in the forms of increased suspended solids and habitat

disturbances along the pipeline route.

As previously mentioned in the water quality section, most of the waterways in

the study area are small intermitted streams that nearly dry up during the dry season. This

type of stream does not support a large array of benthic organisms due to severe

seasonally change of environmental conditions. The results of the benthic survey in the

main waterways also revealed that the species density and diversity of the concerned rivers

are very low with average of 104.5 individuals/sq.m. The dominant group is Ephimeropteran.

During the pipeline laying period, small streams are trenched approximately 1.2

meters wide across the width of stream (Figure 5.41). The construction are concentrated

mainly during the dry season when most of the streams are nearly dry. In addition, the

crossing will be expedite by utilizing backhoes and trenching, and the backfilling should be

completed within the same day. All of the concemed areas e.g., river bed, and banks will

be stabilized to original condition. With the above practices, the impact on benthic

organisms is minimal.

The planktonic species will receive lesser impact in comparison with the benthic

group due to their mobile nature. Plankton will expose to the high suspended solid at a

relatively short period of time due to the turbulent and drifting characteristic of the

waterways. Thus, the impact is perceived as minimal.

In case of the large rivers, e.g., Kwae Noi, and Mae Klong, the direct drilling or

boring method will be applied (Figure 5.42). This approach is used to prevent sedimentation

of watercourse, interruption of stream flow, and alteration of stream substrate. Therefore,

no impact is expected on the aquatic ecosystem.

ENV1004A7125/CHAP-5.DOC PAGE 5-16


vADOMotLAL R/WIF REQUIRED

STANDARD R/W WIDTH

t1 .. L.TRENCH I>gL-. TOPSOIL

SPOIL PIL _-X- ,..HARD PLUG

.CKHOE,.--CKHOE TOPSOIL

SPOIL - - . A _PiLE

I- PIPE WELDED. PRE.-M7DI COATED AND WEIGHTED

PLAN VIEWN.T.S.

Notes

1. Schedule construction during low flow period and the appropriate timing window.

2. Obtain permission and stake extra right of way if required. Keep vehicles within stakes.

3. Install vehicle crossing if required. I

4. Stop trenching activity short of watercourse bank. Retain hard plugs as long as

possible.

5. Pipe should be welded, pre-tested, coated and weighted prior to initiating pipe

installation.

6. Trench through watercourse, maintaining hard plugs at each bank until just prior to

pipe installation. Lower in pipe and backfill immediately. Trenching and backfilling

should be completed in the same day if possible. Utilize two backhoes to expedite the

crossing.

7. Remove vehicular crossing, restore banks to original condition, and stabilize as

required

TE5-

FIGURE 5.4-1 :WET CROSSING

ENV1004/F1GURtE S.4-1 PAGE 5-17


BUVrE;Z ^tL3 (tBO NOT CLEAR OR -AOC)

O.U I h2 o~UI(

,-SPOIL PILE t.

r J @;-'=;- '_____ |,n, -Sc. -~ ,. ,, -;

~~~-I--- j ~~~~~~~~~~ SPOIL

IA F S3 {\ i I * 1 ̂ &~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ / I_ / B I_ .y#_ ~~~~~~~~~~~~'...LL.JiiI ~ 7 2

,)

< o- = = ^ -DAJU-C} ,)

o _ BELLHOLE VW CLE CROSSINC

TOPSOIL- /

PLAN VIEWN.T.S

BUFr;R ZONES

\ =- -1< -1 l~, i

\-BORING MACHINE

PROFILEN.T.S

Note

1. Bore (or punch) watercourse crossing to prevent sedimentation of watercourse,

interruption of stream flow, and alteration of stream substrate. This method is

appropriate for crossing irrigation canals and occasionally, for crossing natural

watercourse. The advantage is that in-stream work is eliminated and timing of the crossing

is not restricted. However, this method may not be possible if excessive groundwater is present

or if the substrate consists of large boulders or bedrock.

Obtain geotechnical data prior to commencing boring (or punching)

IEiGURE 5.4-2: PTERCOURSE BORING METHOD

ENVIQOOVFGUFIE S.4-2PAE51


Conceming the construction camp, it is located in Amphoe Thong Pa Phum and

Chom Bung and the camps will not be located along the pipeline route. Thus, the potential

impact on human waste contamination is not observed.


The gas transmission system is buried under 1.5 m of soil surface. Therefore,

there will be no adverse impact on the aquatic communities in the study area.

5.5 SOIL


Soils under plant covers are naturally eroded in small amount. If there is no plant

covers or vegetative are cut, the erosion will take place severely especially for sandy or silty

soil on high slope. There are many soil series that have sandy texture and located on high

slope such as Thayang, Lat Ya, Mae Rim, and Slope Complex. These types of soils under

plant covers have the rate of soil erosion about 16-21 tons/rav'ear. After laying gas pipeline

and no vegetation cover, soil erosion will be increased to 69-2,000 tons/rai/year.

The pipeline route is passed through watershed area class 1A and 1B at Tambon

Takhan, and Tambon Sai Yok, in Thong Pha Phum district. Soils in these areas as classified

mostly as Slope Complex with the slope is higher than 35%. If the pipe laying procedure is

done without carefully planning the rate of soil erosion will be very high. (Details of

calculation are shown in section 3.5).

In gently sloping area, the soil erosion will be in high rate if the soil is sandy and

no vegetative covers. Nam Phong and Khorat soil series without plant covers will be eroded

in the rate of 16-23 tons/rai/year and with plant covers the amount of soil erosion is

minimum rate with 5-7 tons/raiNyear. Therefore, the laying gas pipeline in gently sloping area

is also being done with careful planning.

ENV1O4/971251CHAP-S.DOC PAGE 5-19


In flat area, the rate of soil erosion is very low. In Deum Bang soil series which

the topography is flat, the rate of soil erosion without plant covers is 1.73 tons/rai/year

while with plant covers is observed only 0.10 tons/railyear.


The soils within the pipeline route area have been distributed during laying the

pipeline processes. They can be eroded easily if there is not plant covers or revegetative

program is not succeeded. The erosion will cause the damage of surface soil because gully

or in the worst case of mass movement may occur especially for the area of slope is

greater than 35% in WSC 1.

5.6 FORESTRY


During the pipeline laying activities, the forestry resource within Thong Pha Phum

National Park will be cleared for 9 km with ROW of 20 m. The foreseen impact are as

follows:

(1) Clear Cutting of Vegetations

Natural vegetations within the ROW will be all cleared which include 1,584

trees, 35,532 seedling, 202,320 saplings and 9,234 bamboo culms.

(2) Loss of Forest Area

The ROW of natural gas pipeline will be all cleared for trenching and

pipelaying activities. The affected area will be 112.5 rai (18 hectare) located within Thong

Pha Phum National Park.

(3) Loss of Tree Volume

The natural gas pipeline development will induce the loss of tree volume of

1,410.39 cu.m. and bamboo of 9,234 poles. The total value for these resources is

ENVX401i97125/CHAP.5DOC PAGE 5-20

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PBOJECr FINAL REPORT

estimated to be 2,555,681.42 baht (2,499,632.42 baht for tree and 56,049.00 baht for

hbmboo).

(4) Alteration of Forest Ecosystem

The natural gas pipeline ROW will be cleared, thus, the rich ecological

communities will be altered to the pioneer stage with weeds and small plants as the

dominant species. This new phase of the succession has the lower ecological values.

(5) Disturbance of the Reserved Areas

The strip of forest to be disturbed will be located within proposed Thong

Pha Phum national park. The construction activities will have some impacts on this reserved

area. The natural gas pipeline will pass the Sai Yok Natonal park at 2 sections namely: (I)

KP43 to KP47 with approximately 4 km of distance and (ii) Kwae Noi river at Ban Phu Ong

Ka with approximately 400 m of distance along the river the constructional method in this 2

sections will use the Directional Drill to avoid the Sai Yok national park (Figure 5.6-1).


During the operation period, there will be no direct impacts on forest

communities. However, the cleared area will open up the forest canopy and the seedlings

will be exposed to high intensity of sunlight which may inhibit growth of some species of

shaded species. However, the magnitude of impact will be limited because the weeds and

other opportunistic species will rapidly occupy the clear areas and lead to natural

succession. The climax community will be dry evergreen forest. Therefore, the impact

during operation period is minimal.

5.6.3 Without Project Development

Considering the forestry resource without the proposed project, the vegetative

clearing will not be necessary. Thus, the accumulation of biomass will be continuous which

will contribute benefit to mankind, wildlife and ecosystem. Considering only the timber

value in the affected area within the Thong Pha Phum national Park, the annual timber

ENV I 0097126ICHAP-S.DOC PAGE 5-21

2 A ~~~ ~-t~w .AC

pi T

NATUAL GS PIPELINE AT SAI YOK NATINLPR

0 Vb~ ~ ~ ~~~~

m FIGURE 5.6-1 THE POSITION OF THE NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PASS THRU SAl YOK NATIONALS PIPPARK

(SI -V~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-z .

4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r


3

incremental volume will be 36.569 m or worth about 61,210.57 baht and the bamboo of

I A ,0 il-, vialiud at 14A nl0 ba. Thus, the to+o! in.rtemenr ! of the t,mh r -l "

75,224.57 baht. This sustainable yield will be obtained every year with value increase

annually according to the inflation rate i.e. given the inflation rate of 7% per annum, in the

next 10 years the value of incremental timber will be 1,039,336.36 baht and the 20 year

the value will be 3,083,868.28 baht until the 50 year the value will be 30,580,963.91 Baht.

The sustainable yield of timber will be obtained indefinitely. Also without the project

condition, the forest ecology will not be damaged, and sustained.

5.7 WILDLIFE


The impact assessment on the wildlife resource in the construction phase of the

pipeline route, here, will be expressed by degrees of impacts that likely to occur from the

project implementation on 3 wildlife groups and their respective responses to such

undesirable impacts.

(1) Adaptable species

Those wildife species with high adaptability to the changing environmental

conditions, and, the project activities do not cause any declines in the normal populations

and the shrinkages of the local distributions. Also included, are those wild animals known to

inhabit the surrounding protected areas, but still absent in the project area.

(2) Advantageous species

Those highly-adaptable wildlife species can survive well in the changed

environmental conditions, and, the various project activities also enhance the increments of

the populations and the enlargements of the distributions, including their preferred habitats

and ecological riches becoming better in overall conditions.

ENV10004,7125'CHAP-S.DOC PAGE 5-23


(3) Disadvantageous species

Those having low adaptability to changing environmental conditions. A

particular project activity may affect the wildlife species thus resulting in lowering of local

nnniiI;tinn nimhbers in the chrinknaie rif the rrfitrihiitinnq inri in wnprcninri thpir normiirprir-r ------ ----- 7-,-. " - - ;__ -*- -_-_-_-,_-_*-__ n

ecological habitat conditions, or, affecting their basic needs. In addition, some of the project

activities may create more severities, directly or indirectly, to the already-existing problems.

From the present assessment of impacts that likely to occur in the project

construction on the wildlife resource, it is found that of the total 541 wildlife species known

to inhabit the project area and the surrounding protected areas, there are the highest 342

(63.22%) adaptable species, the 135 (24.95%) advantageous species, and, the lowest 64

(11.83%) disadvantageous species.

Dealing solely with the 407 wildlife species that do existing or expected to

exist in the project area, they comprise the highest 209 (51.35%) adaptable species, the

134 (32.92%) advantageous species, and, the lowest 64 (15.73%) disadvantageous species.

The details of each group and its respective impacts are as follows:

(a) Adaptable wildlife species

This group is composed of 209 wildlife species which comprising 27

mammal species (12.92%), 140 bird species (66.99%), 29 reptilian species (13.88%) and 13

amphibian species (6.22%).

The 27 adaptable mammal species can survive successfully in many

types of habitat conditions and possess high natural reproductive rates, such as the

Northern treeshrew (Tupaia belangen), the Common palm civet (Paradoxurus

hermaphroditus), the Small Asian mongoose (Herpestes javanicus), etc.; also some species

with high flying mobility, i.e. the bats, can avoid the undesirable effects of the project

activities.

The 140 adaptable bird species, are mainly those which nnt only beinn

highly-adaptable to changing environmental conditions, but also possessing the power of

flying so capabling to escape from almost all undesirable effects, such es the Scaly-breasted

ENV104a71251CHAP-S.DOC PAGE 5-24


munia (Lonchura punctulata), the Brown-throated sunbird (Anthreptes malacensis), the

Golden-crested myna (Ampeliceps coronatus), the Blue rock-thrush (Monticola solitarius), the

White-bellied yuhina (Yuhina zantholeuca), the House swrft (Apus nipalensis), the Large

hawk-cuchoo (Cuculus sparverioides), etc.

The reptilian species, regarded as adaptables, are composed of 29

species that can adjust themselves well to the changing environmental conditions, but

being low in moving ability. They are usually neglected small animals, such as the Siamese

ground gecko (Phyllodactylus siarmensis), the Long-tailed skink (Mabuya longicaudata), the

Ground skinks (Scincella spp.), the Common whip snake (Ahaetulla prasina), the Mock viper

(Psammodynastes pulverulentus), etc. Other larger species of more efficiency of moving

about on and in water, such as the Indo-chinese rat snake (Ptyas korros), the Common

checkerback (Xenochrophis flavipunctatus), the Copperhead racer (Elaphe radiata), the Water

monitor lizard (Varanus salvator), etc.

The 13 adaptable amphibian species are mainly smaiksized animais

living on the forest floors or around the water bodies; it is fortunate that most are not

esteemed as delicacies by local villagers, such as the Variegated toad-frog (Leptobrachium

hasselti,), the Mountain frog (Rana alticola), the Burmese frog (Rana leptoglossa), the Indian

cascade frog (Rana livida), the Common stream frog (Rana pileata), the Common dwarf frog

(Philautus parvulus), etc.

(b) Advantageous wildlife species

The wildlife species that actually living and expected to live in the

project area, regarded as advantageous species that benefit from the project

implementation, here numbering to 134 species, comprising 1 mammal species (0.75%),

101 bird species (75.37%), 15 reptilian species (11.9%) and 17 amphibian species (12.69%).

Sole advantageous mammal species, the Small Indian civet (Viverricula

indica), is a highly adaptable carnivore that lives near human habitations, from which it hunts

for domestic chicken and ducks and roosts in the rice barns. So the clearance of forests for

the pipeline route will provide it with more foraging grounds.

ENVIO4A97125/CHAP-6.OOC PAGE 5-25


As high as 101 bird species are the advantageous wildlife species, they

are denizens of the open fields and disturbed habitats, in which they seek for insects,

seeds and other smaller animals, such as the Black-shouldered kite (Elanus caeruleus), the

Chinese francolin ([rancolnus plntadeanus), the Plaintive cuckoo (Cacomantis merulinus),

the Grey wagtail (Motacilla cinerea), the Ashy minivet (Pericrocotus divaricatus), the Oriental

magpie-robin (Copsychus saularis), etc.

The 15 advantageous reptilian species are smalksized animals of high

adaptability and being fond of sunning themselves on the exposed perches, so the open

spaces are essential for their daily activities, such as the Flat-tailed gecko (Cosymbotus

platyurus), the Forest lizard (Calotes emma), the Red-headed lizard (Calotes versicolor), the

Variable skink (Mabuya macularia), the indo-chinese rat snake (Ptyas korros), etc.

The project activities will certainly benefit at least 17 amphibian species

which are the common species of open fields and disturbed habitats. So the 20-m forest

clearances by the present project will enhance the presences of their preferred habitats,

such as the Common black-spined toad (Bufo melanostictus), the Common puddle frog

(Phrynoglossus martens,), the Paddyfield green frog (Rana erythraea), the Marsh frog (Rana

limnocharis), together with many species of froglets in the family Microhylidae.

(c) Disadvantageous wildlife species

This wildlife group of 64 species that actually living or expected to live

in the project area, of which comprising the highest 53 mammal species (82.81%), 7 bird

species (10.94%), 3 reptilian species (4.69%) and 1 amphibian species (1.56%).

The 53 disadvantageous mammal species are those sensitive to the

project activities, starting from the presence of the site surveyers, the cutting down of

some vegetations along the pipeline route, and, the introduction of workers and some

machineries into the project area. These human disturbances will certainly drive them away

from the construction sites and/or block their migration routes; in addition, the workers

might be tempted to hunt some wild animals as food. These mammal species include the

Malayan flying lemur (Cynocephalus variegatus), the Phayre's leaf monkey (Semnopithecus

ENVIGO4jI712BICHAP5.DOC PAGE 5-26

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELtNE PROJECT FINAL REPORT

phayre,), the Tiger (Panthera tigris), the Leopard cat (PrionaiJurus bengalensis), the Malayan

tapir (Tapirus indicus), the -Fea s runtjk (Munti3Acus Aae), the Southem serow

(Naemorhedus sumatraensis), etc.

Only a low number of 7 bird species are considered disadvantageous to

the project activities. They are birds of the pristine forest conditions which can not adapt to

inhabit the so-created open habitats along the pipeline route. Their ill adaptability prevents

them from co-existing with human, so their local movements will be substantially limited by

the project implementation. Among them, there are the Bar-backed partridge (Arborophila

brunneopectus), the Scaly-breasted partridge (Arborophila chloropus), the Grey peacock-

pheasant (Polyplectron bicalcaratum), the White-bellied woodpecker (Dryocopus javensis),

the Great slaty woodpecker (Mullenpicus pulverulentus), the Striated bulbul (Pycnonotus

striatus) and the Slaty-backed forktail (Enicurus schistaceus).

The 3 disadvantageous reptilian species are mostly slow-moving forest

animals. The present construction of the pipeline roLite, not only block their local

movements, but the clearances of lush vegetations also expose them to hungry predatory

animals as well as to the project workers. They are the Elongated tortoise (Indotestudo

elongata), the Burmese brown tortoise (Manouria emys) and the Marble monitor lizard

(Varanus nebulosus).

Only 1 amphibian species considered as a disadvantageous wildlife

species, the Malayan giant frog (Rana blythii), is a large-sized frog of the clear forest

streams. The pipeline construction at some sites closed or paralleled to the streams will

unavoidably accumulate more bank debris, which lately washed down into the streams. The

so-created sediment will directly destroy the spawning habitat of this frog, and the frogs

themselves being hunted as foods.

The construction activity at KPO to KP30 will be carried out in dry

season with 2 groups. The first group will be responsible for the section KPO to KP15 and

the section KP30 to the end point at KP20 will be the responsibility of second group. Both

ENV1004097125/CHAP-5.DOC PAGE 5-27


groups will start to work at the some time with the productivity rate of 250-300 metre per

day, thus, this task will be finished within 4.5 months. For the steep slope, especially at

KP20 section with about 250 m of distance, the cable will be employed first by means of

Backhoes which installed the pneumatic hammers.

5.7.2 Post-construction Period

After the construction phase, the available access roads and paths used for

carrying equipments and machineries into the sites should be properly maintained for future

services and maintenances. The 20-m wide forest clearance to accommodate the pipeline

will more or less act as a barrier against the local movements of some arboreal animals,

such as the macaques, leaf monkeys, squirrels, etc. In crossing such wide gap, the small

mammals will have some difficulties to pass without being noticed by the waiting predatory

animals.

5.8 LAND USE


The pipeline route will pass through many kinds of land use pattern such as

community, agricultural area, and forest. The impact on particular types of land use is as

described follows:

(1) Community

This land use type comprises of various houses, row houses, police stations,

and government offices. The high density of houses are located in Amphoe Muang and

Amphoe Chom Bung, Ratchaburi province, However, if the right of way is considered only

20 meters strip on each side of the line, there are only 26 houses that need to be

evacuated. Hence, the impact to the people lived along the pipeline is not high People who

have houses in the right-of-way can move their houses out only a few meters.

ENV1004/9712s/CHAP-S.DOC PAGE 5-28


(2) Agricultural Area

Most of crops -growVI ,ing wit.hin 100 metas strip 'irum the pipeiine route are

upland crops such as sugarcane, cassava, maize and some mixed orchards. The upland

crops are 1 perennial plants except maizes that last only 4 months. They can be harvested

before the project is implemented. In case of mixed orchard, the owners will receive cash

as the compensation.

The impact to agricultural area is considered to be low levels because most

of upland crops are short season and can be harvested before the project start.

(3) Forest

The forest within the right-of-way comprises of dry evergreen trees,

bamboo, and other plantations. Some of them are mostly found in watershed area class 1A

and 1B of Kanchanaburi.

The impacts to forest are related wrth the tree losses which will cause

erosion to hazardous level. Careful measures have to be used and implemented in this

study area.

The project will provide the 2 areas for the stock yard as follows:

For the piep stock yard the project will be provided with 2 station at;

(a) Rental area at Ban Hong Ka Yeng with the area of 50 rais.

(b) Rental area at KM.96 of Highway No.4 with the area of 20 rai.

Since the both areas are agricultural land use type with flat terrain, thus the

impacts on the land use are unforeseen.


It is expected that after the project is operated, the pattern of land use will not

changed. The distance that has effects to land use pattern is very narrow and is specified

for underground. Therefore, the impact on land use in operation period is considered to be

low levels.

ENV1004/7125/CHAP.5.DWC PAGE 5-29


5.9 TRANSPORTATION

5.9.1 Effect on Road Network


The construction phase of the natural gas pipeline will cause two primary effect

on road:

- Temporary traffic interference on every intersections between the gas

pipeline route and the roads

- The increase of traffic load due to the movement of project vehicles.

(1) Traffic Interference at the Intersection

The gas pipeline could intersect 7 highways at 6 points from Tie-in-point at

Ban I Tong to Ratchaburi terminal. At every intersections, the gas pipeline is passed under

highway foundation through a casing which will be designed to carry the extra traffic loads.

Interference on the highway traffic is partially resulted from operation of equipments,

trenching the highway surface, laying the pipeline in the trench, and backfilling. However,

frontage access or detour will be properly provided to improve a temporary inconvenience

during construction at these intersections. This adverse effect is perceived as the short-

term impact. With proper engineering design and construction practices, the construction of

onshore pipeline crossing the road/highway and railway is considered as minor impact.

(2) The Addition of Project Vehicles to the Local Traffic

The coated pipe for the pipeline route is generally transported to the

construction site and continuously moving to the new location by means of the most

appropriate direct route leading to the construction area. During the transportation process,

the project vehicles moving materials and labors will yield the heavy traffic of most

highways and feeder roads heading to the gas pipeline route. However, this effect is only a

short-term, them the effect can be considered as insignificant impact.

ENV1004/97125/CHAP.S.DOC PAGE 5-30

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FiNAL REPORT


life opelation of the pipeline p,oJect will n0t sihlow tIhle impact orI transportation

network because the pipeline is always iocated in underground along the road.

5.9.2 Effect on Navigation


During construction phase of EGAT power plant sections at Ratchaburi province,

the pipe transshipments is used only by Mae Klong river. Then, transportation process will

disturb only for short-term local navigation, and the effects can be considered as minor.

However, this suspended section can create a hazard to navigation, thus the proper

warning buoys to mark the pipe transshipments route is necessary.


In case of the Mae Klong pipe crossing, the exact location of the pipeline route

must be put into navigation chart for proper waming of all vessels. Thus, the effect can be

considered as insignificant levels.

5.10 COMPENSATION


As for previous report mentioned that only 26 houses of 130 people will be

affected by the study project. These people can move their houses and properties only a

few meters from the right-of-way. Hqwever there will be some impacts occurred to the

effected people as follows:

- Fair compensation rate, and

- Negotiation on relocation schedule and price of properties.

ENV10419712W/CHAP-5DOC PAGE 5-31



People who get an effect from the project implementation may confront with

various problems of living either building a house or the orchard due to they can not

affordabie to buy a new iand With the obtained compensation.

5.11 SOCIO-ECONOMIC

Generally, the respondents of both households and key-informants seemed to

agree in opinion that the project does not have serious impacts on the local communities,

i.e., incase of land use, since a large portion of gas pipeline area passes to reserved forest,

national park and by road side, and PTT will not construct road or infrastructure; only the

land used for gas pipeline construction will be restored as good as before. The same view

also expressed about impacts on social issues especially on education and health,

development schemes in term of building or stimulation consciousness, and impacts on

recreation and landscape. However, if PTT develops the areas for tourist attraction, it will

improve the landscape and consequently recreation area considerably. Most of respondents

consistently answered that the project would not affect the local communities strongly.

Nevertheless, by based on the evaluation of project impacts independently from

each source, i.e., household survey, in-depth interview and local situations under specific

social and cultural background, it was found that positive impacts are greater significance

than the negative ones as elaborated below:

5.1 1.1 Construction Period

(1) Positive Impact

- Stimulating economic growth and activities in forms of increased local

employment, more job opportunity and boosting local trade particularly

in ncnsrutinn materials, contraction, lodginin food se!!ing and banking.

ENV1004/971251CHAP-5.DOC PAGE 5-32


- Higher land price especially around the area of Ratchaburi Power Plant

because U lanud uevelopment in the area. Business enterprises and

industry are also expected to increase.

- Stimulating the interest of govemment officials to develop the project

area including the cooperation with people for local administration.

- Health care in the area will be improved by the government and PTT

officials because during the construction period, the members of people

in the project area are increased considerably resulting from increasing

need for better health care services which officials have to pay more

attention in this aspect.

- As for education, the projects activities can be used as a case study for

students in the fields of environment and technological studies and to

improve their knowledge and experiences. This will help in developing

strong awareness of n6irnmen.t.a! issues.

(2) Negative Impact

Though the negative impact is concemed with ecology and occurs in a

relatively short period during the project construction, it should be realized and remedied

accordingly to the main policies that the project does not neglect local people. Most of the

negative impacts are described in the realms of psychological and environmental aspects as

below:

- Psychological effect can be detected in forms of wariness about safety

measures especially during the testing of gas delivery and the anxiety

about harmful acts from the minority groups during the construction

period. Other disturbances are inconveniences in commuting between

home and workplace or outside areas during the construction.

- The environmental effects are mainly the increasing dust and noise

pollution during the construction. These problems are normally come

from trucking, loading/unloading of materials, and working machine. The

ENV1004/97125/CHAP-5.DOC PAGE 5-33


wood cutting in the construction areas is including noise from working

camps and increasing numbers of vehicles. These will affect the

environmental system of habitats and forest.

- The other negative impacts of lesser significant are the economic

condition by some land will be lost, and forest products will be reduced

because of the project construction. Local labour cost will be higher rate

because many of them will be satisfied to work for the project during

the construction. However, this is also a good situation for working

households. Economic impacts can therefore be positive and negative

sides at the same time.


(1) Positive Impact

- Economic gain from having additional electric powers which can be

used in industries and business in addition to household consumption

resulting in economic progress for local communities and a whole.

- Better communication facilities. Though the project does not construct

new roads, the land filled space above the gas pipeline route can be

used for travelling to some degree. In addition, the gas pipeline

operation systems which include safety monitoring procedure and

devices will contribute to villager choices for communication particularly

the track from Ban Rai to Pu Thong will serve as a short-cut between

these two communities.

(2) Negative Impact

- The effect on land price around the gas pipeline areas will be

considerably lower.

- The psychological effect will be strong in actions if there is no proper

public relations program to reduce local people wariness about safety

ENV1OD4/97126/CHAP-S.DOC PAGE 5-34

ELA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORT

measures of the project. The fear of gas leakage and explosion and

violent accienis created by smal' thiliirdbe minority along the bordenine

will make the project less acceptable to local residence.

5.12 PUBLIC HEALTH


Dust from the construction activities such as soil excavatinrg, pipeline laying,

reclamation and equipment installation may be the major causes of diseases of the

respiratory system of the workers. Since more than 70% of gas pipeline transmission will

be laid along the highway strip and the construction requires many heavy equipments such

as Back Holes trucks and motor grader, thus working with carelessness and skillessness

may be the principal causes of accidents and injuries.

It is expected that workforces in construction period is about 600 persons. It is

also forecasted that about 50% of workers which are technicians will be recruited from the

other regions and the remainder will be recruited from the local people. In addition, the

constractors plan to establish construction camp within 2 areas namely, the first area is

located at Amphoe Thong Pha Phum and the second area is located at Amphoe Chom

Bung. Thus, the influx of the workers may affect to the quality of local public health care

services. In addition, the contractors have to provide the first aid unit at the construction

office.

The over-crowded condition, improper ventilation and bad hygiene condition in

workers camps will cause the epidemics such as cholera, food poisoning, and diarrhoea. In

addition, the relaxation at the brothel of the workers will be the main cause of venereal

diseases and aids spreading. These may infect and contact to local communities around the

project site. Thus, this is the responsibility of contractors to set up prevention measures in

order to get rid of these problems.

ENV100419712SICHAP-S.DOC PAGE 5-35


It is also expected that the contractors will provide the mobile temporary offices

accommodated with latrine unit and first aid unit inside. These offices will be moved along

the construction route.


No negative effects on public health is foreseen during the operation period. It is

resulted from the effective safety measures such as the signs showing restricted areas,

and the instruction for any prohibited activities around the pipeline will be set up.

Furthermore, it is ensured on safety and accident prevention that the mobile

inspector will be accommodated within the gas pipeline. It will move along pipeline route all

time to investigate the leak or some damage of the pipeline. And the maintenance will be

carry out suddenly when any damages was found.

5.13 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH/SAFETY


The main impact about occupational health and safety is concerned with the

accidents and injury from construction activities. These activities are related to

transportation, piling, and gas transmission pipe installation. Dust and lound noise will

occurred due to the construction activities and it will be irritate to eyes, respiratory system

and auditory nerve. Since some parts of this proposed transmission gas pipeline will be laid

along the highway route, thus the chaotic condition between construction activities and

local transportation may also occur. However, the impact in this issue due to the noise and

dust will not be adversely because the gas pipeline is laid with some distance from

communities. Thus, disturbance to the local communities will be at a minor level.

ENV10041971251CHAP-S.DOC PAGE 5-36



It i exrct.ed that ther, i on o 4 hea--h and -yfe, in op-ration

period will be negligible. The activities in this period are related to the inspection of pipeline

damage and maintenance. In addrtion, computer network will be set up to control gas

transmitting through the pipeline. Accidents and injuries will be minimized from

maintenance activities, if the staffs are fulfilled with skills and cares.

5.14 ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORICAL VALUE

The proposed project will have no adverse impact on any of the archaeological

sites due to the remote distance of the pipeline from all of the concerned archaeological

sites. The archaeological site nearby the pipeline about 500 m is Wang Pra Jao Cave. Thus,

the impact on this archaeological site is not foreseen.

5.15 AESTHETIC AND TOURISM

The major pipeline route will be paralleled with the road and highway. Most of

the aesthetic/tourist attractions are generally located out of the study area except the area

of Center Region Literatural Botanical Park. However, this pipeline route will be paralleled

with highway No. 3087 and located at opposite side of this park. Thus the effect from the

proposed project on the aesthetic/tourism of this area is considered as minor impact.

ENV1004M712s5cHAP-5.DOC PAGE 5-37


CHAPTER 6

KfITIfrATIr'NI f'ACAL 0r ANDr 'NVIRON0M NfTArrAI RANAEIA MENTIV IaI u-II II %J II 4I P%IJfl LIP-I'dL ITL14VFI I P%L IVI/AmI'mt3IVIarII

6.1 INTRODUCTION

The recommendations and mitigation measures stated in this chapter (Table

6.1-1) are resulted from the assessment of potential impact described in Chapter IV and V.

With the implement of the recommended measures along with the proper engineering

practices, the adversed impacts to be induced from the project should be alleviated at the

acceptable level.

6.2 MITIGATION MEASURES

6.2.1 Geology / Seismology


- Design the pipeline and associated structure to withstand maximum ground

acceleration of 0.2 g.

- Prepare adequate contingency plan prior to construction and communicate

the plan to all construction personnel in case of any accidents or

earthquakes.

- Make minor adjustments along the alignment to minimize any blasting or

disturbance of geological setting in the area.


- Conduct the detail geological and seismicity study in the vicinity of the

pipeline with intension to identify possible active geological/ seismological

structures.

ENV1004/9712S/CHAP6.D0C PAGE 6-1

zTABLE 6.1-1 >

0

SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURE

a zx z

Environmental Component Phase Cause of Impact Mitigation Measure >

t-

m1. Seismology Construction/ The proposed project will be in seismic zone. - Prepare adequate contingency plan prior to construction and communicate jz

mOperation the plan to all construction personnel in case of any accidents or earthquakes. Y;

- Make minor adjustments in alignment to minimize any blasting. m

. Design the pipeline and associated structure to withstand maximum ground

acceleration of 0.2 g.

Conduct the detail geological and seismicity study in the vicinityg of the pipe-

line with intension to identify posible active geological/seismolcgical structures.

2. Hydrology Construction - The erosion to be induced from the pipeline - The construction activity between KPO-KP30 during the dry season only.

construction in watershed class 1A and 1B. * Plant Yar Fag IVetiveria sp. I and Legumes along the pipeline ROW as soon


- Both sides of the trench should have the slope of less than 60Yo to prevent

erosion.

> _ r~-um m

0-40

m Lmg TABLE 6.1-1 (Cont'd) >

0

Environmental Component Phase Cause of Impact Mitigation Measure >

C). $~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

2. Hydrology iCont'dl Construction * Adjust the stream bed to the same condition to prevent stream scouring. v

* Set up strip cropping along the slope where suitable to reduce erosion. mz

- Clean up the stream banks to original condition to reduce erosion into m

waterways. o

Operation - erosion along the pipeline. Regularly check in stability of slope along the pipeline especially along

KPO-KP3O.

. Maintain strip cropping and covering plant along the pipeline route to be in


3. Water Quality Construction Pipe laying will increase the suspended solid - Do not grade the entire right-of-way in the proximity of the waterway, grade

concentration turbidity in the immediate area, only near the ROW eine for the was as working area

* Concentrate the major pipe laying activities, e.g., grading, clearing, open cut

crossing, etc. must be schedule between November to May.

0) mm -0) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0

m M

TABLE 6.1-1 (Cont'd) o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0

-nl

zx~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Environmental Component Phase Cause of Impact Mitigation Measure z

c

3. Water Quality (Cont:di Construction Stop trenching activities short of water course bank to prevent silt-laden En-v-v

water to enter the water course. The recommended minimum plug widgh mz

is 3 m. m

- Leave the undisturbed vegetative area about 10 m from the waler course O0m

until the crossing is imminent. -.

. Do not wash equipment or machinery in waterway.

- Inspect machinery and equipment used for construction to prevent any oil

leakage.

- Restore .the stream bed and restore the banks to their original conditions.

- Plant native vegetations at the disturbed river banks lo speed urp the

recovering period.

- Apply proper erosion and sediment control at all waterways.

- Store backfill material at least 10 m from the river course.

- Grade way from the river course to deduce the silt entering into waterways.

-I,

mm -u~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-0

4.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

TABLE 6.1-1 (Cont'd)0

8 . TABLE 6.1-1 (Cont'd) . m~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1

rA Environmental Component Phase Cause of Impact Mitigation Measure

3 Water Ouality (Cont'd) Operation Discharge of chemical from hydrostatic test - Continuously monitor the pipeline operation leg. gas presure, flow, volume,-e

of the pipeline. etc.) via SCADA. m

- Gas leak from the pipeline. Periodically monitor along pipeline route to detect any protubiled activities m

with in pipeline ROW. 2_ _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~m

4. Aquatic Biology Construction - Habitate blisturbance increase turbity and - The same measure as those for water quality.

suspended solid in water column.

Operation - Gas leakage from the pipeline may affect

aquatic life.

5. Soils Construction - Soil erosion will be very high rate in WSC In high slope area the planning must be careful done to avoid soil erosion.

1A and 1 B if the pipe laying procedure is * In the preparing the land for pipe laying, only big trees are out and must be

done without carefully plan. done in dry season to avoid soil erosion.>

m m-u91 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0

(31

m5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TABLE 6.1-1 (Cont'd)>0

w

.X ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~>X ~ ~ ~~nvrnetlComponent Pha8se Cause of Impact Mitigation Measure

Z

Cj

:>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I

5. Soils ICont'd) Construction After laying the pipe revegetative program by growing legumes covers on >

grass covers must be done immediately. mm

On high slope area, berms or embankment should be done to diverl surface mz-U

water. 20

m

Operation - The erosion will cause surface soil because - To check the condition of plant covers and regrowth the covers if they are

gully or in the worst cse mass movement dead or not grow well.

may occur especially in slope is more than

35% in WSC 1 area.

6. Forestry Construction - Loss the forest area. - During the forest clearing within pipeline ROW, trees have to be forced to

Forest ecology wilt be change. fall towards the centerline of the pipeline to minimize the disturbance on thle

other plant near the RFOW boundary.

- Logging of the trees should be carefully managed.

Z

m ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ma)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0

-4

< TABLE 6.1-1 (Cont'd)

0

z_ Environmental Component Phase Cause of Impact Mitigation Measure

6. Forestry (Contd) Operation - Forest ecology will be change. - PTT has to provide budget for reforestation accoding to RFD's regulation. Cf

The reforestation area will be at least 852 rais.z

- The selected area should be within the national park some with deteriorated m

forest. Only local tree species will be planted in the area. 2- After the pipe laying activities, the pipeline ROW must be left to be covered

with natural vegetation and weeds to reduce the direct sunlight which may

have some impacts on seedlings and shaded species.

- PTr should support the educaticnal program for local communities around

the national park namely; Ban I-Tong, Ban Rai Pu and Ban.Huai Pak Kok to

make these people realize should include participants at all levels from pupil

teenagers and general public. The program should be set up annually until

the pipelaying activities are completed.

:t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'z

m m'91 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0rn~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

z< | TABLE 6.1-1 (Cont'd)

n0

2

_x Environmental Component Phase Cause of Impact Mitigation Measure z

>

C)

7. Wildlife Construction The impact will be on 3 wildlife group 1. Mitigation measures - workers C"

1) Adaptable species the responsibled agency, together with the regional RFD ollicers, must mI-

21 Advantageous species cooperate and issue strict rules to ban all types of hunting in the project m

3) Disadvantageous species area, with strong punishments for the violators; 0m

- no pet animals is allowed to take into the national park areas as well as r,

the project area; in order to avoid their spreading of some contagious

diseases to the wild animals;

- night travelling should be kept to the minimum; not to disturb tIre

natural feeding habits of most wild animals;

- camp sites of the workers should be out of the lorest aiea and away

from the forest streams, for the wild animals can freely come to drink

2. Mitigation measures - construction practices

* keep all the construction noises to the minimum and only necessary

machineries used:

- avoid working at night, so the wild animals will not be dislurbed when

n foragging throughout the nightt;mm mv

0o _ oco .___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.__ _ _ _ _ _ _

TABLE 6.1-1 (Cont'd) >'n

zEnvironmental Component Phase Cause of Impact Mitigation Measure z

7. Wildlife iCont'dl Construction - engineers should be consulted to obtain the narrowest possible cleared >

strip when passing through dense forest stands; the closer the forest ;m

canopy, the easier the passages of arboreal animals; m

m- if possible, the laying down of the pipes at the sites near or parallel

0to the streams should be done in the dry season, in order to avoid

unnecessary fouling of the streams.

3. Mitigation measures - additionals

- The Petroleum Authority of Thailand should support the .regional forest

offices by providing the forest protection unit.

- PTT should sponser the seminars on wildlife conservation to the populace

in surrounding villages, such as the Ban E-tong, Ban Rai Pa, Ban Huai Pak

Khok, etc.

Operation - The small mammals will have some - To keep the cleared strip covered with natural low vegetations by

difficulties to pass the available access successions, where the small mammals can hide themselves successfully

roads and paths used for carrying when moving about across the strip, . >

> equipments and machineries - All access road should be properly paved and used for hunting controls, I-G) . Dm

m~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

mz~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TABLE 6.1-1 (Cont'd)>S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

>

z>

Environmenital Component Phase Cause of Impact Mitigation Measure z-4c

G)

8. Land Use Construction 26 houses have to be evacuated in 40 - Minmize the torest are to be disturbed and cleared by the projec:

meters strip. - Minimnize tree cutting along the ROW. mI-

>

-The trees within ROW will be cutted. - Adjust the route ( if possible) to avoid community. m-o0

Z

mOperation -The distance that has elffects to land use - Maintain the pipeline ROW from third party violationo

is very narrow and underground so the

impact to land use is to be tow.

9. Transportation Construction -Interlace the traffic flow -Transport coated pipe from the part to construction site duting oIl peak houir.

-Increase the traffic volume from Minimize the liming for bore crossing under the major highway e q,

construction activities HW 4,323,3087,3209, 3272 and 3274 and railroad

-Provide proper frontage and access during the crossing construct on

-Map out the transportation route for equipment and coated pipe lo minimnize

traffic.

>

(7)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1

m Mmr0

m0 -4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

TABLE 6.1-1 (Cont'd) >0

0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~zEnvironmental Component Phase Cause of Impact Mitigation Measure z

C)9. Transportation IConitd) Construction Inform local residens about the construction activities/schedules should be rr

-usupport to minimize traffic congestions. C

z- Co-ordinate with local authorities, e.g., potic community leaders and highway m

department, about the construction schedule and this information can be 0

transfered to local communities.

- The railroad should be also considered.

Operation The pipeline will be underground along the road - Put information on pipeline route in the road maps and/or topographic maps.

so the impact is considered insignificant. - Inform the concerned authorities. e.g., Department of Highway, Depart.

of Rural Development. etc., about new pipeline route.

10. Compensation Construction - 26 house on 130 people must be evacuated. - Set up public relation progrm to infgrm affected residents about the project.

- Compensation price should be fair and reflected the market price.

- Compensation process should be speeded up to lessen the impact on

affected communities.

-a C-J -4

TABLE 6.1-1 (Cont'd)0

z


_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -4C

10. Compensation ICont'd} Operation Follow up and assist the affected families along the pipeline routa on their

basic needs. mzm-v

-0

11. Socio-Economic Construction 1. Positive Impact - The project should release and distibute inlormation about the project to rn

Stimulating economic growth and activities local people and other interested parties.

in forms of in crease local employment, - The coordinate and co-operation with concerned organizations to jointly draft

more job opportunity and boosting local workplan the can be reatisticly implement with continuity and in-t me.

trade, contraction lodging and food selling.

Higher land price especially around EGAT

power plant.

Stimulating the interest of government

officials to develop the project's area.

Health care in the area will be improved

both by the government and PTT fficials.

W .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T

m m

0rn~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

TABLE 6.1-1 (Cont'd)8~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Environmental Component Phase Cause of Impact Mitigation Measure

C

11. Socio-Economic ICont'd) Construction - In educational sphere, the project

construction activities can be used as a ii

case of study for students in the lields of

environment and technological studies to c

improve their knowledge and experience.

2. Negative Impact

- Psychological aftect can be dtected in

form of worriness about safety measure.

. Increase dust and noise during

construction.

Operation 1. Positive Impact - PTT officials have to observe the safety rules or regulation strictly at the

* Economic gain irom having additional same time trying to convince local people about their effectiveness with

electric powers. clear and understandable information until the majority people feel that the

- Better communication facilities. projects safety measures are realty effective and can be trusted.

rTm :1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

-. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C

zMTABLE 6.1-1 (Cont'd) >

0

T~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T

Environmental Component Phase Cause of Impact Mitigation Measure Z

r ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~z-4c

11. Socio-Econornic (Contdl Operation 2. Negative Impact >

The land price around the gas pipeline - PTT should participate significantly in local community development in form >U)'a

area which will be considerably lower. of technical and / or financial support in the fields of health and education mm

The psychological affect will be strong if and communication facilities which many villages. . Zm

there is no proper public valuations .

program to reduce local people's worriness r

about safety measure of the project.

12. Public Health Construction - Health problem and accidents - Provide first aid unit at the construction site and camp

Living condition in construction camps - Establish appropriate working condition at construction areas

- Provision of proper health and environmental sanitation improvement in

workers communities.

- Provide adequate safety devices and set stringent regulations.

- Train personnel on usage of safety equipment.

- Spray water on uncovered ground to reduce dust.-n

- Provide the traffic sign showing the construction area. zp

. - Install the warning signal in the dangerous area or during the night lime. r. _ .- m

t~~~~

________ _____ _______________________ ______________________________________ -4

rrTABLE 6.1-1 (Cont'd) >

c

zEnvironmental Component Phase Cause of Impact Mitigation Measure 2

C)

12. Public Hlealth IContid) Operation - Public health and occupational health problems. - Conduct comprehensive training programs, with special attention to pollution en

-ucontrol, safety and fire preventicn. m

zHazardous events from gas leakage. - Keep records of accidents. m

Keep equipment in good working condition. 0C1-

- Set stringent safety regulation.

Maintain pipeline and associated facilities regularly.

Establish proper contingency plans for emergencies.

. Post warning sign along pipeline route.

Follows ASME code for piping.

Provide the measures for protection of gas leakage in this following:

- Provide simultaneous pipeline monitoring program to observe the conditions

on and adjacent to ihe pipeline right-of-way for determine the leakage point,

construction activity other than that performed by the company and any

factors affecting the safety and operation of the pipeline.

. Records of above inspections shall be maintained for the life of facilities. z

X0) -

01 -4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

TABLE 6.1-1 (Cont'd) >

n0

f~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

m~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


12. Public Health (Cont'd) Operation Provision of bunkering or blast walls around block values.

- Firewalls/fire-proffing of structures. mz

- Provision of escape routes for employees. m

- Provision of safety and emergency training for employees. 0

- Implementation of emergency procedures on and off-site.

- Provision of public alert systems and education of public.

- Planning and training for evacuation.

- Provision of safety buffer-zones around the block value boundafy.

13. Archaeological/Historical Value - No impact on the existing archaeological

and historical value

14. Aesthetic/rourism - No impact on the existing aesthetic and

tourism.

m

-0


6.2.2 Hydrology


- The construction activities between KPO-KP30 must be done during the dry

season.

- Plant Yar Fag (Vertiveria sp.) and Legumes along the pipeline ROW as soon


- Both sides of the trench should have the slope of less than 60% to prevent

erosion.

- Stabilize stream beds to the same condition to prevent stream scouring.

- Set up strip cropping along the slope where suitable to reduce erosion.

- Clean up the stream banks to original condition to reduce erosion into

waterways.


- Regularly check the stability of slope along the pipeline especially along KPO-

KP30.

- Maintain strip cropping and covering vegetation along the pipeline route in


6.2.3 Water Quality / Aquatic Ecology


- Do not grade the entire right-of-way in the proximity of the waterway, grade

only near the ROW enough for the working area.

- Concentrate the major pipe-laying activities, e.g., grading, clearing, open cut

crossing, etc. must be between November to May.

ENVI00497 126ICHAP-6.OC PAGE 6-17

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PiPELINE PROJECr FINAL REPORT

- Stop trenching activities short of water course bank to prevent silt-laden

water to enter the water course. The recommended minimum plug width is

3 m.

- Leave the undisturbed vegetative area about 10 m from the water course

until the crossing is imminent.

- Do not wash equipment or machinery in waterways.

- Inspect machinery and equipment used for construction to prevent any oil

leakage.

- Restore the stream bed and restore the banks to their original conditions

after pipe-laying activities.

- Plant native vegetations at the disturbed river banks to speed up the

recovering period.

- Apply proper erosion and sediment control at all waterways.

- Store backfill material at least 10 m from the river course.

- Grade away from the river course to reduce the silt entering into waterways.


- Continuously monitor the pipeline operation (e.g. gas pressure, flow, volume,

etc) via SCADA.

- Periodically monitor along pipeline route to detect any prohibited activities

within pipeline ROW.

6.2.4 Soils


Careful planning must be done to avoid soil erosion. In high slope area, the land

should be clear only when the pipe is ready to be lard. In preparing the land for pipe-laying,

only big trees are out. When the time of laying the pipe comes, all small tree, shrubs or

ENV10049712ICAP-8.DOC PAGE 6-18

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT 'INAL REPORT

grass will be clear. The laying procedure should be concentrated in dry season to avoid soil

erosion. After iaying the pipe revegelative program by groWing legu-inous or grass covers

must be done immediately. On high slope area, berms or embankment should be done to

divert run off water.


Maintain the condition of plant covers and regrowth the covers if they are dead

or not grow well.

6.2.5 Forestry


The foreseen impact during the nature gas pipeline construction period will be

directly from forest clearina which cannot be avoided. However, the magnitude of impact

can be alleviated as follows:

- During the forest clearing within pipeline ROW, trees have to be forced to

fall toward,s the centerline of the pipeline to minimize the disturbance on the

other plant near the ROW boundary.

- Logging of the trees logs should be managed carefully.

- Prohibit construction workers and staff from cutting trees in natural forest

for construction. Strong enforcement has to be practised.

- The construction supervisors and workers need to watch for any illegal

logging in the area and inform the local authority as soon as possible.

- PTT has provided the budget for reforestation according to RFD's regulation.

The reforestation area will be at least 852 rais.

- PTT should support the educational program for local communities around I

along the project site namely; Ban I-Tong, Ban Rai Pa, Ban Huai Pak Khok

and etc. to make these people realize of the forest resource value and

ENV1004/97125/CHAP-SDOC PAGE 6-19


should include participant at all levels from pupils, teenagers and general

public. The program should be set up annually until the pipelaying activities

are completed.

PTT has to provide budget for setting forest protected and forest fire control

unit.


- Monitoring the trees growth within reforestation area will be done

continuously.

- After the pipe-laying activities, the pipeline ROW must be left to be covered

with natural vegetation and weeds to reduce the direct sunlight which may

have some impacts on seedlings and shaded species.

6.2.6 Wildlife


(1) Mitigation measures - workers

- the responsibled agency, together with the regional RFD offices, must

cooperate and issue strict rules to ban all types of hunting in the project

area, with strong punishments for the violators;

- no pet animals is allowed to take into the national park areas as well as

the project area; in order to avoid their spreading of some contagious

diseases to the wild animals;

- night travelling should be kept to the minimum; not to disturb the

natural feeding habits of most wild animals;

%.& Mtgation measures - construction practices

- keep all the construction noises to the minimum and only necessary

machineries used;

ENV100d?126ICHAP4.OOC PAGE 6-20

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJEcT FINAL REPORT

- avoid working at night, so the wild animals will not be disturbed when

foraging throughout the night;

- engineers should be consulted to obtain the narrowest possible cleared

strip when passing through dense forest stands; the closer the forest

canopy, the easier the passages of arboreal animals;

- if possible, the laying down of the pipes at the sites near or parallel to

the streams should be done in the dry season, in order to avoid

unnecessary fouling of the streams.

(3) Mitigation measures - additionals

- The Petroleum Authority of Thailand should support the regional forest

offices by providing forest protection unit.

- PTT should sponser the seminars on wildlife conservation to the

populace in surrounding villages, such as the Ban 1-tong, Ban Rai Pa,

Ban Huai Pak Khok, etc.

6.2.6.2 Post-construction Period

The mitigation measure practised in this phase is to keep the cleared strip

covered with natural low vegetations by successions, where the small mammals can hide

themselves successfully when moving about across the strip.

Also all access road should be properly paved and used for hunting controls.

6.2.7 Land Use


- Minimize the forest area to be disturbed and cleared by the project.

- Minimize tree cutting along the ROW.

- Adjust the route. (if possible) to avoid community.

ENV1O04197125/CHAP-6.DOC PAGE 6-21



- Maintain the pipeline ROW from third party violation.

6.2.8 Transportation


- Transport coated pipe from the pipe yard to construction site during non-

rush hours.

- Minimize the timing for bore crossing under the major highway e.g., HW.

No.4A 323, 3272, 3209, 3274, 3085, 3087 and railroad.

- Provide proper frontage and access roads during the crossing construction.

- Map out the transportation route for equipment and coated pipe to minimize

traffic.

- Inform local residents about the construction activities/schedules to minimize

traffic congestions.

- Co-ordinate with local authorities, e.g., police, community leaders and

highway department, about the construction schedule and transfer

information to local communities.

- The railroad should be also considered as mean of transport pipe from Lam

Chabang Port to the project site.


- Add information on pipeline route in the road maps and topographic maps.

- Inform the concerned authorities, e.g., Dept. of Highway, Dept. of Rural

Development, etc., about new pipeline route.

ENVtO04B712SICHAP4.DOC PAGE 6-22


6.2.9 Compensation


- Set up public relation program to inform affected residents about the project.

- Compensation price should be fair and reflected the market price.

- Compensation process should be speeded up to lessen the impact on

affected communities.


- Follow up and assist the affected families along the pipeline route on their

basic needs.

6.2.10 Socio-Economic


As reported earlier, during the construction period some negative impacts will

occur; this includes psychological affect, from worrying about the project's safety measures,

inconvenient communication and environmental affects such as increasing dust, noise,

forest destruction and so on. All of these need to be remedied to minimize the effects as

best as possible. The important mitigation measures are proposed below:

- The project should release and distribute information about the project to

local people and other interested parties sufficiently; information to

distributed is about the nature of the project, safety measures and devices,

schedule of the construction system, traffic lines and regulation during the

construction period with intension to reduce local inconvenience as much as

possible. For example, conducting heavy construction during daytime, water

spraying to reduce dust, replanting trees etc. The information distributed

should be precise, clear and easy to comprehend. In addition, some

ENV1004S 712S/CHAP.6.DOC PAGE 6-23


misunder-standing or wrong idea about the project's nature, e.g., afraid of

gas dissolved into the soil, polluting the ground water for drinking and

household use, has to be corrected to reduce unnecessary fear of the local

people.

The coordination and co-operation with concerned organizations, e.g., local

government body, private sector and others to jointly draft workplan that can

be realisticly implemented with continuity and in-time. A coordination center

should be established to facilitate working condition and stimulate local

participation or at least not to obstruct the project's work. Local government

officials and PTT should work together for the monitoring of the work

progress and solve problems which may be arisen from various.


The dominant negative question for operation period is about the safety

measures in relation to gas pipe line and gas delivery which many villagers are still worried

about their effectiveness. The main remedy in this case is, therefore, to create confidence

among local people in the project's safety measures. This means that PTT officials have to

observe the safety rules or regulations strictly, at the same, time trying to convince local

people about their effectiveness with clear and understandable information until the majority

people feel that the project's safety measures are really effective and can be trusted.

In addition, to boost PTT image among local communities and organization, PTr

should participate significantly in local community development in forms of technical and/or

financial supports in the fields of heafth and education and communication facilities which

many village expect PTT will develop for them. The employment of local workers to be a

part of PTT's work force will also help create positive attitude toward the project directly.

ENVOO4"97125/CHAP-.6.0C PAGE 6-24


6.2.11 Public Health


- Provide first aid unit at the construction site's and camps.

- Establish appropriate working condition at construction areas.

- Provision of proper health and environmental sanitation improvement in

worker's communities.

- Provide adequate safety devices and set stringent regulations.

- Train personnel on usage of safety equipment.

- Maintain the equipments in good conditions include taking care of

equipments utilization

- Spray water on uncovered ground to reduce dust.

- Provide the traffic sign indicating the construction areas.

- instai! the warninn signal in the dangerous area or during the night time.


- Conduct comprehensive training programs, with special attention to

pollution, with special attention to pollution control, safety and fire

prevention.

- Keep records of accidents.

- Keep equipment in good working condition.

- Set stringent safety regulation.

- Maintain pipeline and associated facilities regularly.

- Establish proper contingency plans for emergencies.

- Post warning sign along pipeline route.

- Follow ASME code for piping.

- Provide the measures for protection of gas leakage.

ENVI/04g9712W/CHAP4.DOC PAGE 6-25


- Provide simultaneous pipeline monitoring program to observe the conditions

on and adjacent to the pipeline right-of-way for determine the leakage point,

construction activity other than that performed by the company and any

factors affecting the safety and operation of the pipeline.

- Records of above inspections shall be maintained for the life of facilities.

- Provision of escape routes for employees at each block value.

- Provision of safety and emergency training for employees.

- Implementation of emergency procedures on and off-site.

- Provision of public alert systems and education of public.

- Planning and training for evacuation.

- Provision of 20 m safety buffer-zones around the block value.

- PTT carries insurance in not more than 30 million US$ per one accident to

cover compensation for damaged properties and loss of life resulting from

the operation of pipeline.

6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT

The Safety and Environment Subdivision of the Gas Pipeline Operation

Department is directly responsible to coordinate the environmental managements and plan

for the Gas Pipeline Project which have been established by the Safety and Environment

Standard Division which is directly under the Deputy Govemor for the Natural Gas

Operation. The managements and operations of this Department will be reported and

instructed by the PTT Safety Administration Committee.

6.3.1 PiT Safety Policy

PTT's policies on safety can be summarized as follows:

(1) PTT realizes its responsibility on the improvement and maintenance of good

working conditions, working environments and working approaches with respect to both

internal and international standards.

ENV1004A7125iCHAP.6.DOC PAGE 6-26


(2) PTT will devote the time and resources in the personnel training towards

ll iRllyll alu 1ill1lU-ll Z Il 3V1li~.

(3) Safety is the responsibility of all personnel and is deemed as a part of the

job. Managements at the department and division levels are required to include their safety

programs in annual planning as the first priority.

(4) It is the responsibility of all management group and personnel of all levels to

inform all accidents occurred (Emergency Plan are shown in Appendix 1).

6.3.2 Operating and Maintenance on Safety of Gas Transmission Facilities

The PTT Natural Gas Parallel Pipeline System has been designed according to

the ASME Code for piping. An American National Standard is shown in Appendix J. The

operating and maintenance for gas facilities during operation period will strictly follow the

above operation manual.

The recommended practices to alleviate impWt. on sfety d'ring construction

period are as follows:

- Provide first aid unit at the construction. site.

- Establish appropriate working conditions at construction site including good

light ventilation systems, proper maintain vehicles/equipments.

- Set stringent safety regulations construction workers to be aware of the

regulation measures by training or provision of the information/education.

- Provide appropriate safety equipment including hard hats, safety glasses, ear

plugs or muffs, gloves, and safety boots for concerned construction

workers.

- Train personnel on use of safety equipment and safety procedures, annually.

- Keep regular records of accidents, causes and damages to prepare monthly

reports on the concerned matter.

- Keep equipments, machineries and vehicles operational conditions to reduce

accident.

ENV10047125/CHAP-6.DOC PAGE 6-27


- Post the warning sign along the pipeline route with clear instruction for any

prohibited activities.

- Proper training of pipeline operators on standard operating procedures and

emergency procedures.

- Maintain pipeline and associated facilities on annual basis.

- Establish proper contingency plans for emergencies including provisions for

notification of public.

- Strictly follow ASME Code for pipeline operation and maintenance (Appendix

J).

6.3.3 Environmental and Safety Training

PTT continuously conduct the environmental and safety training programs for the

pipeline system personnels as follow:

(1) Introductory Course (include Loss Control) : 7 times a year.

(2) Loss Control : twice a year or as required by the organization.

(3) Special Skill : 3 times a year.

(4) Safety : twice a year.

(5) Fire Fighting Training: once a month.

(6) Hazardous Chemicals: 5 times a year.

6.3.4 Recommendations

The PTr Safety and Environmental sub-division of the Gas Pipeline Operation

Department will be the responsible unit for implementation the proposed monitoring

program. The environmental monitoring program will include terrestrial ecology, water/

aquatic biology samples during construction and operation phases. In addition, the

monitoring of land use changes, socio-economic impacts, occupational health/safety,

transportation / navigation and solid waste generations have to be conducted periodically as

details stated in Chapter VII. During both construction and operation period of the pipeline,

ENV100"712BCHAP4.DOC PAGE 6-28

rlrs.vr~ i'I n'fliw5 i.r.Sz sJIinc.~s~o IrErcuLS rlIvJJcI..* FINAL REPORT

PTT will assigned the trained pipeline system and environmental personnel to monitor and

maintain the suitable safety and environmental condition. Furthermore, the desinnated

personnel will be trained in environmental management, safety, fire control, loss control and

hazardous chemical management periodically to enhance their abilities to improve and

maintain the proper environments, working conditions according to internal and international

standards.

ENV1004f97125/CHAP-6.DOC PAGE 6-29


CHAPTER 7

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMS

7.1 OBJECTIVE

Environmental monitoring programs are essential tools to follow up actual

environmental impacts induced by the natural gas pipeline project during on both

construction and operation phases. This program will disclose the actual forms and

magnitude of impacts on the concerned environmental resources with can be benefit in the

modification couple with approved mitigation measures and the action plan of principle

environmental mitigation measure and environmental development as shown in Appendix K

if necessary.

The summary of the environmental monitoring programs is presented in Table

7.1-1 and the details of its are as follows;

7.2 GEOLOGY / SEISMOLOGY

7.2.1 Construction Period I Operation Period

- Parameter: - Install seismological instrument at Ban I-Tong

Tlie in Point to monitor local earthquake events.

- Regularly conduct the maintenance program to

keep pipeline in good operational stage.

- Set up special patrol group to survey along the

pipeline route / Use Geometry Pipeline Internal

Gage (Geopig) to measure deformations along

the pipeline route.

- Station: Along the natural gas pipeline, Ban I-Tong

- Responsible Agencies: PTT

- Estimate Expense: Included the project cost.

ENV1004197125/CHAP.7.DOC PAGE 7-1

f TABLE 7.1-1 >S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

THE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM FOR NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT >

z! ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~>z

Environmental Component I Phase Monitoring Station Monitoring Period Responsible Cost c

Parameter Agency >-

m1. Geology I Seismology Constructiorn r

m- Install seismological instrument Operation - Ban I Tong Troughout the operation phase PTT IncludeJ the project cost D

0- Patrol along the pipeline route Along the pipeline route - Troughout the operation phase PTT ;

lJse GEOPIG to measure deformations

along the pipeline route

2. Water Quality / Aquatic Biology Construction 100 i% upstream and downstream of: - 1 month before crossing activity 600,000 Baht

- Depth Period - Kwae No! river at Ban Dao Wa Dung at each waterways

- 'emperature . Kwae Noi river at Ban Pu Ong Ka - During Crossing Period at

pH Lam Pha Shi at Ban Tha Phu each waterways

Conductivity - Mae Klong river at Wat Tha Klong - 1 month after crossing activity

. Dissolved Oxygen at each waterways

Suspended Solids

- Oil and Grease

- Planktonic samples >

m7) - Benthic samples mm D

r

z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TABLE 7.1-1 (Cont'd) >

0

a.~~~~~~ '

>z

Environmental Component / Phase Monitoring Station Monitoring Period Responsible Cost >z

Parameter Agency >

3. Forestry .

- Monitor logging activities PTT has to Construction - Along the pipeline route in t:he forest - Daily PTT, RFD, 1.64 MB m

coordinate with RFD, FIO to control the Period area. FIO .

tree cutting, check the direction of tree

(ailling to be toward the centerline of the

pipeline, control the trees haulage within

wood hauling way.

- Reforestation along the natural gas Construction Reforestation area along the natural - Annually for 6 years. PTT 66.07 MB

pipeline route of 10,000 rais. and gas pipeline and the natural forest

- Restored natural forest resource along Operation resource to be resotred area. 45 MB

the gas pipeline route of 30,000 rais. period

4. Wildlife

- Surveyed the wildlife key-species Construction - Along the pipeline route in the 3 times/year. PTT 1.5 MB

Period forest area (KP0-KP50).

- Surveyed the wildlife species diversity Operation - Along the pipeline route in the - Twice a year in the wet and PTT 1.0 Baht n

and their habitat Period forest area (KPO-KPSO. the dry season for 5 years.C)err m

a-4 -u~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

m z 7

TABLE 7.1-1 (Cont'd) rnO

,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 11

Environmental Component J Phase Monitoring Station Monitoring Period Responsible Cost Z

Parameter Agency >

n

cn

5. Soil and Land rJse

Observed the tree cutting activity, Operation Along the pipeline route - Monthly PTT Included Project cost Zm

the revegetative, soil erosion and slope Period ..0

stability along the pipeline route rn

- Silte investigation to observed the slope

stability and the floodway

* Observed the revegatatve *

6. Compensation

* Monitoring the problem of compensation Construction - The villages along the pipeline route - Throughout the compensation PTT NAC

process Period process

- Interviewing the effected people about Operation The effected people - Once a year due to the socio- PTT Including in the

their standard of living Period economic monitoring program socio-economic

monitoring ptogram

>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

C) mm0

r~~~~~~~-

TABLE 7.11 (Cont'd) rC

Environmental Component / Phase Monitoring Station Monitoring Period Responsible Cost 2

Parameter Agency

_ ~~~~~~C,

7. Socio-economic .

- Public relation work for local people Construction/ - Nearby communities - 3 times in the first year PTT 10 MgB rr

and organization such as attitude survey, Operaion - 2 times in the second year C

public participation Period Once a year during the first fr

5 years of operation

a Public Health and Occupational Safety

- Workers' health examination records Construction - Construction area Annual Contractor Included project cost

Phase

- Workers' illnesses and accidents Construction - Construction area - Monthty Contractor Included project cost

Phase

- PTT's stalf illnesses and accidents Operation Project location - Monthly PTT Included project cost

Phase

- Public health records of the local Operation - Project vicinity Twice a year PTT Included project cost

residents Phase

rm -r'

-J ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c


7.3 WATER QUALITY / AQUATIC BIOLOGY

- Parameters: - Depth

- Temperature

- pH

- Conductivity

- Dissolved Oxygen

- Suspended Solids

- Oil and grease

- Planktonic samples

- Benthic samples

- Stations: - 100 m. upstream and downstream in the

following waterways: (Figure 3.3-1)

* Kwae Noi river at Ban Kaeng Ra Boet

* Kwae Noi river at Ban Pu Ong Ka

* Lam Pha Shi at Ban Tha Phu

* Mae Klong river at Wat Tha Klong

- Period: Pre-crossing period (1 month before crossing

activity)

- During-crossing period

- Post-crossing period (1 month after crossing

activity)

- Estimated Expenses: 600,000 Baht

ENV10409?U5/tl4AP.7.WOC PAGE 7-6


7.4 FORESTRY

7-4.1 Construction Period

- Parameter: - PTT has to cooperate with RFD, FIO, NGO and

local military base -to check / select the cutting

trees which are the necessarity along the

pipeline route.

- Control the tree cutting to be within gas

pipeline ROW and check the direction of the

feeling to be towards the center of the pipeline.

- Control the log hauling to be within the wood

hauling way along ROW only.

- Set up temporary log check point to protect

logging illegal.

(Appendix K section 5)

- Station: - The section of the pipeline will be passed

through the forest area (KPO-KP50).

- The temporary log checkpoints should be set at

Ban I-Pu and Ban Rai Pa.

- Responsible Agencies: - PTT, RFD, FIO and NGO.

- Estimate Expense: - 16.4 MS.


- Parameter: - PTT has to cooperate with NGO and RFD to

monitor the reforestation survival rate and

efficiency of the plan of 10,000 rais forest

plantation along the pipeline (Appendix K

section 3). In case of any indication for low

ENV1OO49712S/CHAP-7.DOC PAGE 7-7


survival rate or any problems, the corrective

measures have to be implemented immediately.

- PTT has to cooperate with the related

governMental agencies to set up committee to

survey the people who are effectiveness and

attitudes towards natural resource conservation.

- Station: - Reforestation area

- Temporary log checkpoint

- Responsible Agencies: PTT, RFD and NGO

- Estimate Expenses: 111.07 M$

7.5 WILDLIFE


- Parameter: The key species of wildlife.animals as:

- Asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus)

- Bats (Insectivore bats and fruit-eating bat)

- Birds (Horn bill and Limestone wren-Babbler)

- Reptiles and Amphibians (Burmese brown

tortoies, Malayan giant toad)

- Invertebrate animals (Some protected insects,

Rachinee crab)

should be surveyed intensively along the gas

pipeline between KPO to KP50 (Appendix K section

4).

- Station: KPO-KP50

- Period: 3 times/year with 30 days/time (April, 1997 to

March, 1998)

ENVOO4g7125XICHAP-7.DOC PAGE 7-8

EIA OF YADANA NAIURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORT


- Estimate Expenses: 1.5 ,NA


- Parameter: Wildlife species and population surveys in order to

keep watching on changing tendencies (Appendix K

section 4)

- Station: KPO-KP50

- Period: 6 year with 2 times/year (Wet and Dry season)


- Estimate Expenses: 1.0 Ms

-7.6 SOIL


The pipe laying procedure such as land preparation, cutting trees and

revegetative program must be monitor to check the effective measures are implemented.

Soil erosion along the pipeline route will be observed during the construction

activities (See Appendix K section 8).


After completion of construction and during pipeline operations, the right of way

conditions will be monitored continuously to check the effective of all erosion control

measures implemented. Site investigations are also conducted to monitor slope movement

and the floodway to ensure the safety and integrity of the pipeline.

ENV1DD4"97725/CHAP-7.D0C PAGE 7-9


7.7 LAND USE


Duiiny the UUI1sLructiUn peijod, ii is necessary io investigate and monitor ihe

forest to prevent trees from unnecessary cut.


Monitoring the new tree planted by the project every year and replant if some

trees die.

7.8 COMPENSATION


Monitoring the problem during the process of compensation in being done.

Problems should be solved immediately.


The effected people will be interviewed in the first two years to find out their

standard of living. If they have some problems find the way to help them.

7.9 SOCIO-ECONOMIC

7.9.1 Construction and Operation Periods

The Petroleum Authority of Thailand (PTT) will emphasize the project's public

relation, under the good. intention policy. According to succession of project, the

environmental impact will be minimized and the project responsible agencies will have to

promote its image with clear and understandable to the public. The objectives of public

relation are categorized by these target groups, as follow:

ENV1004J97125/CHAP-7.DOC PAGE 7-10


(1) For PTT's staffs, the consultants and the contractors; they have to

understand project's destination, especially in pari o0 environmental impacts. Due to those

staffs will undertake on their duty and be serious to environmental impacts, thus they will

be strict to carry out their work plan. Anyhow, these will create the confidence of

environmental responsibility of the other PTT's projects in the future.

(2) For the govemment agencies both of local and metropolitan; these groups

must understand the project's background, the construction plan, the safety measures and

the environmental mitigation measures, etc. These agencies should smoothly co-operate

follow up by jointly project's work plan and can explain about the project information to the

local people correctly.

(3) For the local leaders and NGO; they should be conviewed with clear and

understandable information of the project's plan, especially, the environmental mitigation

and management wildife and forestry conservation, etc., in order to create the cooperation

together. Finally, this will lead to the sustainabie development.

(4) For the affected people both of directly and indirectly; they will be set up

the confidence and understand in the project's safety measures the personal and national

benefit including the better way of life. Above all, they should be created the realization

about environmental conservation, e.g., wildlife and forestry, and sustainable natural

resources utilization.

(5) For the journalist; they will be understood project's plan and its method,

furthermore, they will be the representatives to give project information about the positive

impact regularly.St

- Period: - 1 period : In 2 years at the beginning of construction

period, PR team of PTT will manage their work plan,

which emphasized on the construction activities and the

main environmental mitigation method.

ENV1004j9712SICHAP-7.OOC PAGE 7-11

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PiPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORT

nd- 2 period : PR team of PTT will continuously monitor

and public relate, not less than 2 years, that stress in

forestry restoration along the pipeline.rd

- 3 period : Monitoring and public relation emphasized on

the result of plantation, wildlife and forestry reservation

conscience, project management and quality of life

development along the pipe. There will take about 2

years.

In addition, the related activities to publics along the natural

gas pipeline as the program for creating the realization on the

natural resource conservation;

(1) Quality of Life Development Project

(2) The Youth RTT Forest Conservation Project

(3) Forest Fire Protection Volunteer Training Project

(4) Natural Surviving Project

as showns in Appendix K section 1 and 2.

- Responsible Agencies: PTT a

- Estimate Expenses: 10 Ms

7.10 TRANSPORTATION

(1) Monthly record on transportation accidents associated with the project

during construction period.

(2) Record of signalling device installations during pipe laying period.

7.11 PUBLIC HEALTH/OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

(1) Provide annual health examinations to all worker.

(2) Monthly record on any illnesses and accidents during construction and

operation phase.

ENV100"A7126/CHAP-7.D0C PAGE 7-12


(3) Update pubhlc health record of the project- vicinity every six month to

oJJseirve any alternation in public heaIt conditions of local residents.

7.12 CONCLUSIONS

The implementation of the Natural Gas Pipeline Project will provide the fuel

supply to EGAT Thermal Cycle Power Plant at Ratchaburi province. In addition, the local

economics will receive source benefits in terms of job opportunities and downstream

businesses.

Nevertheless, there are some potential impacts to be related by the development

of this project, i.e., forestry / wildlife, water quality / aquatic biology, obstruction of

transportation, socio-economics and safety aspects. The anticipated impacts are relatively

minor level of short term impacts. Furthermore, the mitigation measures issued in this

report and the action plan of principle environmental mitigation measure and environmental

develonment of Yadana Gas Pinaline Projert (Appendix n K) will reduce the foreseen Impacts

to the acceptable levels. In order to assure the level of impact and the effectiveness of the

mitigation measures, the. monitoring programs were drawn up for the concerned

environmental parameters include water quality, aquatic biology, socio-economic, public

health and safety. With the measures and programs to be implemented by PTT according

to this study, surrounding environment can be sustained with this development.

ENV1OG4 17125/CHAP7.DOC PAGE 7-13

APPENDIX A.

THF DETAIL OF SITE SELECTION

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APPENDIX A

1. A-1

2. A-1

3. V f V wu A-5

4.2 A-6

4.2.1 LU.Lf~1 A-i 7

4.2.2 LILUTA9w14Drfl~ 2 A-i18

4.2.3 LwNL-14f94 3 A-20

A U)

4.4.1 . A-32

4.4.2 1finfl1?U A-37

4.5 A-37

4.5.1 LLuTAn'llfTn 1 A-37

4.5.2 LLU1Qa4LfDnV 2 A-42

4.5.3 LLu¶,AWWLRnf 3 A-43

5.4.3 ThNT.OC W A-a3

EV04.9745/CONWET00C A-32

EIA OF YADANA NATU.^A' GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REzOpR

APPENDIX A

.,U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U

1-1 LL 1DnJ l n 3 V1'4L&fn A-2

4.1-1 £fl1WlLLLWflvNLS9l A-7

4.1-2 LL fli ¶e4n4 3 aUU)4wLf1en A-9

4.1-3 LLLLU9L11P1Vh1U A-1 1

4.1-4 LLAnI4Ui'nf1?i9l4n-TL5L LL VU1U AV?IUJL AMLn EI A-12

4.1-5 L A-1 3

4.2-1 L A-15

4.5-1 LL4flh110flnnvn4¶Th A-40

Yl AU IUL-hMIhflQULLU4T1; A-44

ENVl000714WCONTENT DOC * UU1 A-b


APPENDIX A

4.1-1 fl1flnUU1q- 1flfl21 4.0 ?ntfrltif v1.ml1oq:hRln

A-14

4.3-1 V:11J1JUbW U 3 LLUW)MlLti9 A-26

4.3-2 LlTSnUfnNt9u1luiLuM4tlA-31

4.4-1 I 14 3 WI3Lt n A-36

4.5-1 f99EJnlnLL1914¶'W 1 A-38

5-1 NTENT DOC 1AW1 A-47

ENVIDD419714EWCONTENT DOC , VIU1 A-c

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT - -

t'4iiiTJnmw

1 LLfl'J,ilJ,t'lIgL9 i(Tiein-point) a-22

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4 LL' o)nlTlN l3'J?IJTLqrULLUfl'A1I Ltfl1nVI 3 A-25

5 LL 4 4 uLL¶4'V)4LtaflT 3 A-33

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ELA OF YADANLA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORT

APPENDIX A

C-

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EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPEUNE PROJECT FIN RXPaTAPENDIX A

w C A-7

EIA OF YADANA '=A>URAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL RE:OR7

APOC-NDIX A

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APPENDIX A

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APPENDIX A4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

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APPENDIX A

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APPENDIX A

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APPENDIX A

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APPENDIX A

47

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APPENDIX A

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iUU iaVieuUsie4 @fY311?I1Ff1Ute lfl4Lusf 1 mlntanfll 2 )n1ivrnn 3

1 n-g Schima wallichii Korth x x x

2 LijU Cinnamomum iners BI. x x x

3 ;n Barringtonia coccinea Kostel x x x

4 uUatXIL¶1 Anaphalis adnata DC. x x x

5 z.J:V1JLLI Achidendron clypearia, Vielsen x x

6 "tVI Memecylon ovatum J.E. Smith x x

7 s Lithocarpus sp. x x

8 nv Macaranga guadvicomis Ridi x x x

9 LItqIl Lagerstroemia tomenwsa Presl x x x

10 uzlhu Dillenia aunea Smith x x x

11 W_r-4 Peltophorum dasyrachis Kurz x x

12 vLaf4flT Wendlanoa panicuiaia A.DC.

13 Li34d11 Pavetta wallichiana Steud. x x

14 LiUtJl Osbeckia watanae Craib x x x

15 1isi:vu Sterculia hypochra Pierre x x x

16 141.2tJ Cephalostachyum virgawm Kurz x x x

17 Turpinia cochinchinensis Meff. x x x

18 mq- Eugenia cumini Druce x x

19 %UL=L51 Vitex sp. x x

20 LU1\l1U Itex umbellulata Loes. x x

21 fn7r)i Mitragyna sp. x

22 A-ti.h Duabanga grandiflora IRoxb. ex DC.) Walp. x x

23 fn4rafn Nyssa javanica IBI.) x

24 m-LAI Ficus sp. x x

25 L15FILLM.4 Dalbergia dongnaiensis Pierre x

26 riuw. Crateva magna DC. x

27 fl1JIu)m Albizia odoratissima Benth. x x

ENVlOO4t95120,rAW-431 irXLS Ml4 A - 26

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT ;1%':L REPORT

A00 ENDIX A

iNStl4Y1 4.3-1 (619)

9lu'u J 1nVIuL2J |1.|lISfl01 1 VImtniznf 2 WAn14L n 3j

28 3jTujwi Mangifera caloneura Kurz x x x

29 M-:LAlUtut Shorea thorellii Pierre ex Laness x x

30 L14flAim4 Croton oblongifolius Roxb. x x x

31 1Jflltj Grewia elaosremo:aes Coll. et Hemsl x x

32 Pterospermum diversifolium 81. x

33 IriiJl Bambusa arundmacea iReta.) Wild. x x

34 6i1lU Macaranga quadricomis Ridl x

35 !Vi1!J Sapium baccatum Roxb. x x x

36 IhA4i-1 / UhlUfl' Macarranga giganta Muell. Arg. x x

37 fi1tiiU Paranephelium longifoliolatum Lec. x x x

38 mnl1 Oroxylum indicum Vent. X X

39 VilW'N Lithocarpus fenestratus Rehd. * x

40 !fi.1U11 Dipterocarpus abatus Roxb. x x

41 s141'iq Xanthophyflum virens Roxb. x

42 2j:LfLnj Cananum subulatum Guill. x x x

43 tnl'um Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn. f. x

44 UUUU Chukrasia venlutina W. & A. x

45 neun-w Quercus kerrii Craib x x

46 nln7 u Milletia brandisiana Kufz x x

47 nflgU Ulmus lancifolia Roxb. x

48 "-.4 Dalbergia cochinchinensis B. x

49 Ii Gigantochloa albociliata Munro x

50 1Plfiku Litsea curbeba Pers x

51 Lt4zlmmn4 Symplocos ferruginea Roxb. x

52 ulMAW Ficus hispida Linn. f. x

53 uA4 Xylia xylocarpa Taub. x x x

54 Pi-munum4 Lagerstroemia calyculara Kurz _ X _

ENn0vs612A 1XLS 1u1 A -27

EIA OF YADANA NATIURAL GAS PIPELiNE PROJECT FINAL REPORT

APPENDIX A

A

1iRIT-1 4.3-1 (9ie)

41U,U itUt,;4 vnai&ns" 1I 1l4LU-*nlj 2 M1Lien-A3

55 atUvwwr Femandoa adienophylla Steenis x x

56 L1fl4 Oialium cochinchinense Pierre x x

57 LLU Stereospermum sp. x x

58 fihUIWflj Dillenia obovata x x

59 f3lJI1 - x

60 :unfiAu Adenantera pavonina Linn. x

61 UtlafliTr Sterculia omata Wall x

62 MflL&fi Aphanamixis polystachya Parker x x

63 =Rsvl Milletria leucantha Kurz x x

64 TIU1,3 Homalium tomentosum Benth x x

65 nttzrn424 Mitragyna brunonis Craib x

66 Fc:fth Schleichera oleosa Oken x x

67 If tru- Homonoia riparia Lour x

68 m m4tnI413J Erythrina suburnbrans (Hassk.) Men. x x

69 tEtlt Termminalia nigrovenulosa Pierre ex Laness x x

70 qlh 8ombax anceps Pierre .x x x

71 J:LW-4n Antidesma laurifolium Airy Shaw x x

72 t i.isn Thyrsostathys siamensis Gamble x x

73 i4iu Dalbergia oliveri Gamble x x

74 -UZM1e Cehis tetradra Roxb. x x

75 LZIAnwru%4an Carallia brachiata Men. x x

76 &UtnfiU Vitex canescens Kurz. x x

77 UuU Terminalia glancifolia x x

78 3=:inp Celtis tetradra Roxb. x x

79 Lf AUtft-:U14 Shorea henryana Pierre x x

80 tiet Streblus asper Lowr. x x

81 Dyospyros Dyospyros sp. x x

82 .U.U Gigantochloa albociliata Munro x x

EP.V1,M/9120/TA943-1XLS 1U4 A - 28


APPENDIX A

F1151431 4.3-1 (lil)

4Su'1u iuLus4 i1iAu1DvI1n1 n1f4LianA 1 WI.31,isnmi 2 nL4i)fl 3

83 u-nfl Spondias pinata (L.f.) Kurz x x

84 UJUMAI Toona cilliata M. Roem. x x

85 LftseIA71t. Knwma sp. x x x

86 ;l Gmelina arborea Roxb. x x

87 PqAiurne11 Hopea odorata Heim x x

88 7]2Aj= Pterocarpus sp. x x x

89 lumlu Wnghtia tomentosa Rowm. & Schult. x x x

90 3ublrInM3 Hydrocarpus curisii King x x

91 ilfl4 - Alpinia conchigera Griff x x

92 fn Malanorhoea glabra R. Br. x

93 tnl.1J-If Dipterocarpus costatus Gaertn. t. x x

94 3=24J Bouea oppositifolia Meissn. * x

95 Mi1lnl Cleistocatyx operculatus Roxb. x x

96 n=,"Ah Dalbergia fulioceal Wall. x x

97 U5i114 Dendrocalamus strictus Nees x x

98 lIjflSlj3j Thespesia lampas Daiz. & Gibs. x

99 'iUUUmiUJW Curcuma aeryginosa Roxb. x

100 nrun x

1ol risfnluun3 Lithocarpus sp. x

102 nsgnis Lithocarpus sp. x

103 tLEs3J'1fJU1 Costus speciosus Smith. x x

104 ulrij Kaempteria marginata Carey. x x

105 lI=t Pterocarpus macrocarpus x

106 ILI-ai4e2JMIin Randia sootepensis x

107 nfl"iti Boesenbergia pandurata Holtt. x x

108 altlIh Adinandra sp. x

109 3L4?J4 Diperterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm. ex. Miq x

110 C cratoxylum formosum Dyer x x

ENV4O 120WTAU3.1 XLS M`I1 A - 29

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112 tEIn X

113 YuitJ31 Shorea floribufda G. Don x

114 fnl&nflwiiw Canarium subulatum Guill x

115 ntun Lithocarpus polystachyns Rehd. x

116 AtumuA341tV Dracaena angustifolia Roxb. x x

117 i)UlduM4 Aeschynanthus hildebrandii Hemel. x x

118 IJflVJfl'1U Eurya acuminata DC. x x

119 1Af ELkaocarpus sp. x x

120 Glocidion Glocidion sp. x x

121 UnLiA&ns Ficus montana Bumr. x x

122 nn Lannea coroamndelica Meff. x x

123 {9as1 Lannea grandis x x

124 SusU Dalbergia nigrescens Kurz x x

125 3=hiunnn Horstieldia gJabra Wrarb. x x

126 a-aat Choerospondias axilaris Burtt & Hill x x

127 iftinuAl4 Cassia tamoriensis DC. x x

128 tU11.141uu Dipterocarmus kerrii King x x

129 AimmanfQ4N Gardinea sootepensis Hutch. x x

130 1"l.i4 Bambusa natans Walls. x x

140 LUZ.nVIIfA Aporusa rilbsa Baill x x

141 nmas- Milleknia atropurpurea Benth x x

142 favoflu Xerospermum internedium Radik. x x x

143 thnf . x x

144 nflit1u Millettia pendula Benth x x

145 SSJl Eugenia formosana Wall x x

146 PlRfil3 Actinodaphne henryi Gamble x x

75 122 82

ENVIOO4/51201TASA3-1LS VUU1 A - 30


APPENDIX A

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4 u'i,4i Muntiacus feae Cervidae lInA,-jnu .u x x x x x x x x

2 ntzV4 Bos gaurus Bovidae InAznrjrUf . x x . x6 ANtfWI Neemorhedus sumatraensis Bovidae In .jit -e -u x . .

8 {41 Elephas maximnus Proboscidae InA: -V uKt x x x x x x x

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EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINA. REPORT

ADOENDx A

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EWNlOO4)9l2WTABA5.1 XLS U iA 39

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPEUNE PROJECT A>ENDCX A

,E,. ,

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ENvIXNS5120:HooSE DOC MUU A - 40

EIA 0 - YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PR_JEVta

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EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL fiEPORT

ADPENDIX a

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ENv; 5> 9-:::-^:: 1 MU-) A - 46

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT , FINAL REZORT

AP^- N2'\ A

5-1

VnnLien

_~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ 3

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ENVIOWD/95123TABS-IXL5 us A - 47

APPENDIX B0

THE RESULTS OF SOILS STUDY

_~~ ~ ~~~ _ i

43SZ Qc~4OOO 1

5AH ~~~r | Oi\ \S

} ' ts \, O 100 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~200nm.

. (P'%O', C 2 ( 2

-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Hrzna GGASi ScaleE\ ~ )

TIE iIAHOEc {t '

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_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" R^ROO Ss\\

PROJECT BOUNDARY 000~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~010 20m

t 11sOOOh ~CHANGWAt INI__ *\

_ __ A).;PHOE LINE \ ' - 0RIVER t\ 8'

SOIL BOUNDARY \9'' \/ >--/

LEGEND SOIL 2 o + ey,

(SEE IN ATTACHED TABBLE) <fi

~>'\~.~'\. Honsnia IrBi cl

NTEAM >

FIGURE B-1 :SOIL MAP ALONG THE YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE zm R BD x_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

lp x~~--GSPIELN \~~

n v ! I l | , , I _~~~I -

0 00 200

( ~~~~~~~~~~~~rSC A ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Verlical GrapicScale

ryaSC 0 2Atm

k Ty Ok Ml X Hor zontal Graphc Scal

SYMBOL la,MiLi ,--

_ _ - PROJECT BOUNDARY (lO1 / *

----- PROJECT SIOUNDARY I 20m) "--

- - GAS PIPE LINE

CHANGWAT k\ .

O AMPHOE <¾> _ N

CHANGWAT LINE

--- AMPHOE LINE

,- = RIVER

@>P POND INDEX\ P

1C60COOGN SOIL BOUNDARY

LEGENO SOIL

.SEE IN ATTACHED TABBLE)

. * ; , I * , * . * . * . ,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~II I a

S L FIGURE B-1 Cont'd |EnM

m ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~zI~11'11

4 *0001 OcO _E_7000F _80,OO

SC C Tk / PCfTk '=

1 '05@S~~~~~~~---'A N <

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SYMBOL

-. PROJECT BOUNDARY (loOm I

PROJECT BOUNDARY I 20 I\

- GAS PIPE LINE

0 CHANGWAT

.* AMPHOE

ROAD PC Tk:RAILROAD X

goo 0o0- CHANGWAT UNE \X,7 \ Rb 940

- - - AMPHOE LINE

RIVER

.;50/6BOUNDARY Ks&Kp&Tm \

LEGEND SOIL

(SEE IN ATTACHED TABBLE)

- _

TEAMw FIGURE B-1 Cont'dwLa.,IQ

*so.oooe49000f 496.C00E X o.oooe

x"Sn

2 <,\S n >, _

. --,,%T Tl/Tk- br ,i

;.IX \ | 0O 100 200m r

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a i~~~~~'N"" . 0 I 2 Km r

Horizontal Graphic Scale

. ---- - -- -,r

SYMBOL \\ \

_ . - PROJECT OUNODARY (¶00.. I .N

----- PROJECT BOUNDARY (201 Wc/ Tk- br g N.

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. b900C0NE* A,, lyN4,

ROAD '''

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\ \' .

PONO \ '& .

SC SOIl BOUNUARY

SC

LEGEND SOIL

JSEE IN ATTACHED TABBLE) I4IC'..9 Tw/90

* +4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*S ' A.

TEAM >

m FIGURE B-1 Cont'd mw . . Z xz

f *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9s ooot sao ooof o.ta

>1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I P;%; A,,I 1-101101 100 tOO 4 0 1 2 Km

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SYMBOL < . 's >

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PAOJCTOUNDY _ _ Po 010i 20n.)

^ * GAS PIPE LINE a V GraphTk iTa-brt) cmAuGA vr kft Ong Ka\\*r"ot

A MPHOED

~~RAIltOAO , \

CHANGWAT LINE eK w s

A - MPHOE LINE / S

SOIL SOUNDARY

5 is 00',. I'. 0 I 2Km

w 501eOuNORY K* t ,p1NTrt l1 I/

A.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~TA

-~~~~~~~~~~~~4 HoIona sloo , .

FIGURE tN Contd TABBt-1

I .1 ,00 SI O ., ,, 0 . i , a t | I I .

- . -PRJc BONAY lO

M. FIUE B1 CotdrA

rtp

- _ - -POETOUNRYI011

f~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S . .. , '!1E4T0 6 5 10.0 15,00E

.C S.;The $.dot

Sey"" \0>\^,\ . o 100 200m .mr

1 o te >> \ \ \\ ' _K sa^ K p dS Tm Vertical G aphic Scale r0 1 2 Km

J *>t> 2 X west 2, Horizontal Graphic Scale

SYMBOL /_~ / Ks & Kp&Tm

m.,Kh...tl)_ _ - PROJECT BOUNDARY 1100m1

PROJECT BOUNDARY 120.II

- - GAS PIPE LINE

*I~T CHANGWAI \ -0

I145S010N ROAD DI\ .. * Cho.iK Csp

RtAILROAD

-- -=- CHANGWAT LINE V/ - x> AI2Ar_

--- AMPHOE LINE ee_*RIVER

__IE_X

. . POND /SOIL BOUNDARY \ \ K

_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -1S.. 1L;.y\\eS :_LEGEND SOIL

ISEE IN ATTACHED TABBLE) I

j | | p .. I , . . 1 1 1 1 11I, *.

TEAM >FIGURE B-1 Cont'd zm

0w.

wf~~~~~~~~c

p T -I -

55 5d~~~~~~~I -sf 0 1 20 m

| Ty-1 5Xp-LY,I-S4t X I-s h | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Vemical Graphic Scale

o X St-;h ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Horio tral : Grapic Scale

W, (MI,t SYMBOL SIS - s 4 oN S h iN_ [ j

= -PROJECT BOUNDARY sm)\

* . \ /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~M Pt x >L |-- CHANGWAT LINE (I)K K&_ _ ANIPHOEUN 1\ Slh

< ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PONO WIN8

RAILR8UOAD YHe <A ^" *

PNO

LEGEND SOIL G Sl-sb

I.S O ISEE IN ATTACHED TABBLE) KS P D It

SIt 0 _ m TEAM >

,c4 CcU E -: Cotd177

, , . I _ez ,,~~~~~~~TI'

\ 8 . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Vertical (3raphic Scale

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 9 2 K m-)l<l

,~~~ ~~~ To\Q M.\ 0

| ~~~~SYMEtOL % > W- WA

,_ IPROjECT EOUNDARY JIM, I MraN/ NO2 OFI____.PROJECT BOUNDARY t20m 1 Ksa8Kp OT <Y

_ _ GAS PIPE LINE * > 9 \ s \ _

0 0 1 CHANGWAT

- .PROAD BOUNDAR Osn .i3

CHANGWAT LINE

- 0 OOON ___ AMPHOE LINEI140 GOON

.=C RIVER , I'

SOIL BOUNDARY '4.12

LEGEND SOIL K* 'SPNg

(SEE IN ATTACHED TABBLE) * I

, . . p I .

TEAM >

C) FIGURE B-1 Cont'd T

2 X-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~

f35 (lJot 540.0001! 545.0E swooofXE

T 'C - >- { 4 ;

~-V. (00,p

g^CI 0; O 100 200 m

KI-mw ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Vertical Graphic Scale

I w^Fw0 1 2IKm

[ ~~~SYMBOL S8 p9r , sL\

530 _.N PROECT OOLNOARY 100 m I .\ KsHa K mua Gr-phic cKap

_ -. PROJECT BOUNDARY t 20m ) g\ )i

- GAkS PIPE LINE K*pm_,s p

CHANGWAT flw \

AMPHOE *

INDEX~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'/~~~~~ ~ ROOU/&} X\

o~~ooooos / t/ 1 s KaK.mwK

_ _ - SOILET BOUNDARY ' J \

- - GA _ PIPHE UINE Ks&PST t 1 I|*

LEGENO SOIL

(SEE IN ArTACHED TABBLE) 0 '" i

AC . TEAMO>

C) FIGURE B-lA Cont'd LINzm CyIZ U)- XE

~~~~~ RIVER

.. , . . . | , I I . I ,. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I I I ****I-**----**-**,*~* 3ufi 54s ODOo 550.Ooof 555 000f 58C00m

&, p sE,.\ &~~~~~~~7 s25t . o KsfKs&K-mw&Kp

/ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2

\ t @1 X X _ / 7 i' il_ - r im"o

r

SY LKs .K ,, w Kp) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 IOC 200 m

vertical Graiphic Scale n

_---. 0ROOECT 1OUNDARs 2Km0m 1 ll 2

l.a N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~orizontal G-raphic Scale

-- GAS PIPE UINE | I

* AFIPHOE j It*\B Is ROAD I

__ _|__ ___ GiVER \ ll i __ _ oft

I Y 1', (ItlON @U SOIL BOUNDARY S PorR KiC BOUoNA , O0 18

CEGEND SOIL I 2 ,

(SEE IN ATTACHEO TABBEE ( i I5

, . ^ .I . , , . * , , I *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~II ' I 'l

API-0ETEAM D

-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

FIGURE ~ ~ RALRA B-i ConCht..w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~HNWTLN0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~MHELN

¶~C. k~I EEE 1 00.0001 040.0 0

0

', 1 I'I z W.1+ t 9, -i

- 0-s\1- \ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 100 20B rn.mm

Vertical Graphic Scale Z

\ AqNI\ n ri n0 1 2 Km

^ . \ * * ,~ a bs r* Horizontal G raphic Scale 2

S The ~~~~~~~~ T-b

*~~~~t KM F;',Sk rn'~~~~~ cr..II a, 9 f..i*r

SYMBOL =

PROJECT BOUNDARY lSDO.) \*

PROJECT BOUNDARY 1 201) aTn'.0 'i\ " - KFk

- - GAS PIPE LINE - ri' -b \ -- '(

(*) CHANGWAT / / Ptit *

* AMPHOE atloeAl rek '- '

ROAD k t -

RAILROAD

I SS YOWL-N CHANGWAT LINE MPHOE BUNG ( -_ _- AMPHOE LINE

= RIVER

POND 1 1i}tDEX

SOIL BOUNDARY

LEGEND SOIL

(SEE IN ATTACHED TABBLE)

TEAM >

,c FIGURE B-1 Cont'd zw .

__

1.6% OOON Sd-ust D~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 0 200 m

Vertical G aphic Scale

Yi ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 1 2 Km

- - GAS PIPE LINE Sc~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

x ~ ~ ~ ~ IOOO *5o CHANG sscoW .rT

|wboN> t < wst | OROADm

/ S~~~~~~~~~~~ _ H~~~~~~~~Forizontal: Graphic Scale

I SYMBOL CA A LINESC S _ PROJECT BOUNDARY 1100m

PROJECT EOUNOARY I 20. 1 W. K,. \

_ _ GAS PIPE LINE \ct

t.SCO.000S I CHANGWAT TABBLE(

AMPHOE~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TA

-ROAOD\

RAILROAD \ v~__

CHANGwAT LINE O

_ _ AMPHOE LINE

F E IVER [

ConEd

POND

> g SOIL BOUNDARY 1~1 INDSX _

LEGEND SOILtL

(SEE IN ATTACHED TA88LEE

> . . ~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TEAM1C)T FIGURE B-1: Cont'd .MD. '_ E

5 ^ S6r Ioot 1.590OXN E95,OcDE 0

-n

>

z

L-

.1 Kh- < T m - r

, ssoswJUl \ z . $~~~~~~~xyopt

C.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I

Tp.e-Kyo-Pth SYMBot tCn- co Rb- coI 10 00 M.

SYMBOL Tp - c - Kyo - Pth Rb-co V~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~enlical Graphic Scale

MAE M4,,,W ~ ~~~~0 1 2 Km

_._PROJECt BOUNDARY (100. I A7 t if a4 v, _K- - PROJECT BOUNDARY (lOOm I Horizontal Graphic Scale--- PRO JECt BOUNDARY (20mi

G AS POPE LINE flHNWAT RATCHAt3UIr

CHANGWAt . /\1_

* AAtPHOIMPNOEROAD

RAILROAD

-- - - CHANGWAT LINE LEGEND SOIL

- - - AMPHOE LINE

I 495 O0ON RIVER

Sc POND (SEE IN ArrAC:HEO TABBLE)

. t<) 501E~~~~~OI BOUNDARY

I~ ~ I I I' .I I *

-o~~~~~~~~~~~~7

TEAM -

M) FIGURE B-1 Cont'd Mw .m

TABLE B-1 M

PROPERTIES OF SOILS IN THE PIPELINE ROUTE 0

Soil Series Land-form Soil exture Soil Structure Soil Permeability Soil Drainage Soil pH Z

Top Soil Sub-Soil Surface Soil Sub-Soil Z

I Dail Sai Dissected efosion surlace/ Sandy Slope Sandy clay loam unstable moderate well dfained 6 5 6

Foot hill _ loam

2 Karnphaeng SaerV SemFiecent tefrace/Semi Sill loanv Silty clay moderately stable/ moderate/moderate/ well drained/well 7/6/ 7i5 5n tn

Karnphaeng Phet/ recent alluviaULevee Silt loarrm oaryclaylioam moderately stable/ moderate drained/imoderatehy m

Thamuang Silty clay loam moderately stable well drained 2

3 Karn Phang SearVnKam Semrirecent Terrace Silt toarm/ Silty clay moderate/moderatei moderate well drain 7/7/6 i 7i7 S

Phing Sean mod/Kham Silt loanV ioamiSilty moderate

Phang Phet Sdt loam clay loarrVClV

4 Korat mod Middle terrace Sandy loam Sandy clay loam unstable moderate moderately drained 6 _ 5 5

5 KoraVSan Pa tong/Ram Middle terrace Sandy loanV Sandy clay unstable moderate/moderate/ modetely well 6 5/6 56 5 5 5/S 5/i 5

Phong Sandy loarrV loamiSandy Rapid drainedimoderately

Sandy loam clay loarrv well drained/well

Sandy loam driined

6 Lat Yailha Yang Dissected erosion sulitrce Sandyt toamr Sandy clay unsstatlefunstable Rapid/Rapid well drained/well 5 56f5 5 55 5

Sandy loam lorrVgfavelty drained

> clay loam > Z

W Zm~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 7 Mae Rim High terrace Sandy loam Sandy loam unstable moderate well drained 7 6 5 0

________ ____ _______ ____ w -l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _rlD

. f ~ ~

TABLE B-1 (Cont'd) mz~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

in~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Soil Series Land-form Soil Texture Soil Structure Soil Permeability Soil Drainage Soil pR-f


0~~ Z

8 Mae Rim/Nam Phong High terrace/Middle terrace Sandy loam/ very gravelly unstable/imstable moderate/Rapid well drained/Some- 6 5/6 5 5.5/5 5 >

Sandy loam sandy clay what excessivelly

loamiloamy sand drained >

9 Nam Phong Middle terrace Sandy loam loamy Sand unstable Rapid Somewhat 6 5 5

m

tO Na Khon Pathom Semi-recent allvium Silty clay loam Silty clay moderately Stable Slow Somewhat poorly drained 6 8 I

11 Pak Chong Dissected erosion surface Clay clay Stable moderate well drained 65 5 5

12 Pak Chong Stony phai Dissected erosion surface Clay gravelly clay Stable moderate well drained 65 55

13 Pak Cliong/Ban Chongl Dissected erosion Surtace Clay/Clay ClaylClay/ Stable/nmoderate moderate/moderate/ well drained/well 8 515 S/7 5 15/.6

Tap Khwang loam/Clay Clay Stable/morderate moderate drained/will drained

loam Stable

14 Pak Cho,g/Takhtr Dissected erosion Surface Clay/Clay - Clay/Clay Stable/Stilble moderate/moderate well drainedAvell 6 5/8 S s/a 5

15 Pak Chong/lHn Son Dissected erosion Surlace Clay/Clay Clay/Gravelly Stable/Stable moderate/moderate well drained/weB 6 5/7 5 /5 5

l6 Slkhio Shallow High terrace loam Clay loam moderatui stable Rapid moderably well 6 5 5

1 7 Sung Noen Middle terrace - Silt loam Silty clay loam moderately stable moderate well drained 6 5 5 5 > >

la Takhli Dissected erosion surface Clay Clay Stable Slow well drained B 8 5 X

CO 4

MTABLE B-1 (Cont'd)

Soil Series Land-form Soil Texture Soil Structure Soil Permeability Soil Drainage Soil pH _

rp Top Soil Sub-Soll Surface Soil Sub-Soil >

19. Takhtl/Ta-klti brown Dissected erosion surface Clay Clay Stable Slow well drained 8 5 x

------------------------ I----------------- ------------- ----.----Cs

20. Thayvng Dissected erosion surface Sandy loam Gravelly clay unstable Rapid well drained 6 6 >

-um21. Tha Y ang/Lat Ya Dissected erosion surface Sandy loamV Gravelty/clay unstabletunstable RapidtRapid wet drainedAwell 6/5 5 6/5 5 2_

zSandy loam loatrVSandy drained m

clay lom2

22. The Yang/Muak Lek/li Dissected erosion surface/ Sandy toamt Gtavelly clay unstable/moderately Rapid/moderale/ well drained/well 6/7Ai5 5/5 5I 5

Dissected erosion surface/ loanVioam loarmClay stabeVunstable moderate drained/well drained

Dissected erosion surface loadVGravelly

tt clay loam

23 U_name Dissected__ erosion------- - s Sandy-- loam_ S loam---- unstable______ Rapid wel dr6 56 -

23. Unname 2 Dissected erosion surface Sandy loam Sandy loam unstable Rapid well drained 6 S 6 5

24. Unname 2 Dissected erosion surface Sandy loam Sarndy loam unstable Rapid wetl drained 6 5 S

25. Want Chomplue/Takli brown Dissected erosion surface Clay/Clay Clay/Clay Stable Slow/moderate well drained 6 5/6 SI8 5

1~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~'26i Yang Talat Middle terface Sandy toam Sandy Wzm unstable moderale mdrately well 7 S 5

27. Yang Talat-mod San Middle terrace/Middle Sandy toarn Sandy oarrV unstablehunstable moderate/moderate moderatetmoderate 7/6 5 5 5/5 5 >

> Patorig terrace Sand loam Sandy clay Z m

m b~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~lamZ W CY) . __

cn- - n -

TABLE B-1 lCont'd)o 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Soil Series Land-form Soil Texture Soil Structure Soil Permeability Soil Drainage Soil pH


ci~~~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ .___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ >0

28 Escarpment f_

C)29 Rock al d f t

m30 Slope Complen Structural mountain and Clay/Sandy Clay/Gravelly Slable/tinstable/ moderate/Rapidl well drained/well 8/8 5 8 S/S S mz

hilly area loam/Rock land loam/tRock Stable Rapid drainedlwell drained r

31 Oeum Bang low terrace Clay Clay Stabe ot Slow Poorly drained 6 6 rt

32 Phon Phisa middle terrace Gravelly loam Gravelly Clay moderetle stable moderate moderate 6 8 8

… ---------- ------- ------ _________ -------- -----

33 Pak Tho low terrace Sandy clay Clay loam moderatety stable to Slow Smoewhat poorly 6 6

loam unstable drained

34 Sadao-ust middle terrace loamy sand Sandy loam unstable moderate Somewhat exces 6 6

…__________________ ---------------- --------- _________ ------------ ------------ ______________ ---- I- - -

35 Colluvial Complex Dissected erosion surface Clay to Clay

loam

36 Gravel Pile

37 That Phanom-c Khan Yol bw terraceAow lerrace Clay loamv Clay loanV moderately stable/ moderate/slow Somewhat poorty 7/6 5 5/5 5

loam Silty clay moderately stable drained/poorly -u >

ITt loam drained Zrnm

-4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

z TABLE B-1 (Cont'd)8 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ _ _ _ 0

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ m1

>4 Soil Series Land-form Soil Texture Soil Structure Soil Permeability Soil Drainage Soil pH >


8 ~_ _ __ _ _ _ ._ __ _ >_

38. Kho Yoi)iNakhon Panom- low terraceftow terrace loamrSilt Silty clay/ moderately stable/ moderate/slow Somewhat poorly 7/1 5 5/5 5 C

brown loam loamtloam moderately stable drained/poofly

39. Bang Pa-in Flood plain Clay Clay Stable Slow poorly drained 6 5.5 r

40. Ratchabuni-ce Food Plain Clay Clay Stable Slw ooorly drained 8 8 m

-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

41. Chinat-ca/Ratchaburisca Flood Plain Silty clay/ clay loam/r moderatety stable/ Slw/Slow Somewhat poorly a 8

loamrclay clay stable drained/Poorly

42. Kham Phang Sean Sime-recent terrace Silt loam Silty clay moderatety egable moderata well drained 7 7

W loam

43. Tha Muang-ca Levee Silty clay loam moderaelty stable moderate moderately/well 7 7

loam drained

44. Bang Lr3n-r Former tidal Flat Clay Ctay Stable Slow Poorly drained 7 a

45. Karal Lddla teirace Sandy loam Santdy loam ; unstable moderate moderately well 6 5 5 5

46. Tak*libiown Dissected erosion surface/ Clay Clay Stable moderate well drained e 6 5

Foot hill slope _'

-u- O

m~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ _ _ co -t I

a" rn~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORTAPPENDIX B

TABLE B-2

SOiL SERIES AND AREAS ALONG THE PiPELINE ROOUTic

No. Soil Series Legend Distance Area %

(km). (Rai)

1. Dan Sai Ds 5.00 125 2.14

2. Kamphaeng Sean/Kamphaeng Phet/ Ks/KpfTm 23.00 576 9.88

Thamuang

3. Kam Phang Sean/Kamphang Saen mod/ Ks/Ks-modlKp 7.00 176 3.02

Khamphang Phet

4. Korat mod Kt 4.00 100 1.72

5. KoratVSan Pa tong/Nam Phong KtSp/Ng 3.00 76 1.30

6. Lat YafTha Yang LlTy 6.80 170 2.92

7. Mae Rim Mr 2.80 70 1.20

8. Mae Rim/Nam Phong Mr/Ng 1.00 26 0.45

9. Nam Phong Ng 2.00 50 0.86

10. Na Khon Pathom Np 5.50 138 2.37

11. Pak Chong Pc 15.30 382 6.55

12. Pak Chong Stony phai Pc-stony 4.10 102 1.75

13. Pak Chong/Ban ChonglThap Khwang Pc/Bc/TW 4.20 106 1.82

14. Pak Chong/Takhli PclTk 10.00 250 4.29

15. Pak Chong/Hin Son Pc/Hs 4.70 118 2.02

16. Sikhio Shallow 13.70 342 5.87

17. Sung Noen SN 1.70 42 0.72

18. Takhli Tk 12.90 322 5.53

19. TakhlilTa-khli brown Tk/Tk-brown 6.80 170 2.92

20. Thayang Ty-hig. base 4.10 102 1.75

21. Tha Yang/Lat Ya Ty-hig. base/Ly 6.50 162 2.78

22. Tha Yang/Muak Lek/Li 0.60 16 0.27

23. Unname 1 UN1 1.30 32 0.55

24. Unname 2 UN2 0.60 16 0.27

25. Wang ChompluelTakli brown WcfTk-BROWN 8.00 200 3.43

ENV I 0041971301TA88-2.0oC PAGE B-19


APPENDIX B

TABLE B-2 (Cont'd)

No. Soil Series Legend Distance Area %

(km) (Rai)

26. Yang Talat Yt 13.90 348 5.97

27. Yant Talat M./Sanpa Thong Yt-mod.well drained/Sp 1.50 38 0.65

28. Escarpment 0.20 6 0.10

29. Rock land 2.10 52 0.89

30. Slope Complex SC 26.30 658 11.29

31. Deum Bang Db 3.00 76 1.30

32. Phon Phisai Pp 2.40 60 1.03

33. Pak tho Pt 3.50 88 1.51

34. Sadao UST. St.udtic 2.50 62 1.06

35. Colluvial Complex CC 2.00 5 0.09

36. Gravel Pit GP 1.00 26 0.45

37. That Phanom-c/Khao Yoi Tp 3.30 82 1.41

38: Kho Yoi/Nakhon Panom-brown Ky/Nm 3.40 86 1.48

39. Bang Pa-in 0.60 16 0.27

40. RatchabunFca Rb-ca. 0.90 22 0.38

41, Chainat-CARatchaburi-CA Cn-ca/Rb-ca. 4.60 116 1.99

42. Kham Phang Saen Ks 3.70 92 1.58

43. Tha Muang-ca Tm-ca 2.00 50 0.86

44. Bang Len-Ove. BI-over 0.50 12 0.21

45. Korat Kt 0.50 12 0.21

46. Takhli-brown Tk-bro. 2.10 52 0.89

Total 5,828 100.00

ENVI0047 1 30fTABB-2.DOC PAGE B-20

z TABLE B-3 n

0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0FACTORS IN SOIL LOSS EQUATION

No. Soil Series K LS C Without C With Project C With Project P Without P With Project P With Project Z

Project and Without and With Project and Without and With

Measures Measures Measures Measutes >C)

1 Dan Sai 030 083 0.55 1 0.1 0.55 1 0.1 r2

2 Kamphaeng SearnKamphaeng Phet/Thamuang 0.23 0 23 0.55 1 0 1 0 55 1 01 1

3 Kam, Phang Sean/Kamphang Saen mod/Khamphang Phet 0 23 0.23 0 55 1 0 1 0.55 1 01 m

4 Korat mod 0 56 0.43, 0.55 I 01 0 55 1 01

5. KoratlSan Pa tong/Nam Phong 138 043 0.55 1 0.1 055 1 0.1

6. Lat YafTha Yang 0.56 1.82 009 1 0.1 0.09 1 01

7 Mae Rim 0 56 1.82 0.55 1 0.1 0.55 1 0 1

8 Mae Rim/Nam Phong 0 96 043 0 55 1 0 1 0 55 1 0.1

9. Nam Phong 0.80 0.43 0.55 1 01 0 55 1 0.1

10 Na Khon Pathom 018 0.18 0.28 1 01 0 28 1 01

11. Pak Chong 0.14 08 0.55 1 . 0.1 0.55 1. 01

12 Pak Chong Stony phai 0.14 08 0 55 1 01 0 55 1 01

13 Pak Chong/Ban ChongiThap Khwang 014 0.8 055 1 01 055 1 01

14 Pak ChongfTakhli 0.14 0.8 055 1 0.1 0 55 1 0.1

15. Pak Chong/Hin Son 0.14 08 055 1 0.1 0.55 1 01

>~ r

m Z mw ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0-

co -t

z TABLE B-3 (Cont'd) r

0

No. Soil Series K LS C Without C With Project C With Project P Without P With Project P With Project z

Project and Without and With Project and Without and With Z

Measures Measures Measures Measures CXF-

_ . . _

16. Sikhio Shallow 0.56 1.28 0.55 1 0.1 0 55 1 01 1m

17. Sung Noen 0.36 OA3 0.55 1 0.1 0 55 1 01 mz1B. Takhli 0.14 0.83 0.55 1 0.1 0 55 1 01 m

19. TaknliVTa-khli brown 0.14 0.83 0.55 1 0.1 0 55 1 01 220. Thayang 0.56 1.82 0.55 1 0.1 0 55 1 0.1 L

21. Tha YanglLat Ya 0.56 1.82 0.55 1 0.1 0 55 1 0.1

22. Tha YanglMuak Lek1Ai 0.56 1.82 0.55 1 0.1 0 55 1 01

23. Unname 1 0.56 I 1.82 009 1 0.1 0 09 1 0 1

24. Unnzime 2 0.56 1.82 0.09 0.1 0.09 1 0 1

25. Wang Chomplue/Takli brown 0.14 0.83 0.55 1 0.1 0.55 1 0 1

26. Yang Talat 0.14 0.83 0.55 1 01 0 55 1 01

27. Yant Talat M./Sanpa Thong 0.56 1.82 0.55 1 0.1 0.55 1 0.1

28 Escarpment 1 01

29. Rock land 1 01

30. Slope Complex 1.68 17.63 0S09 1 0 0.09 101

11 ]. Z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1

0>

) -o -

w ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~xo°M',o UD~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~W-

z TABLE B-3 (Cont'd)0

No. Soil Series K LS C Without C With Project C With Project P Without P With Project P With Project z

Project and Without and With Project and Without and With Z

Measures Measures Measures Measures c

En

31. Deum Bang 014 0.18 0.28 1 0.1 0.28 1 0.1 :i

32 Phon Phisai 0 29 064 0.09 1 01 0 09 1 0.1 C

33. Pak tho 0.14 0.18 0.28 1 0.1 0.28 1 0.1 m

34 Sadao UST 0.56 0.83 0.55 1 0.1 0.55 1 01 0

35 Colluvial Complex 0.56 1.82 * 009 1 0.1 0.09 1 01

36. Gravel Pit

37. That Phanom-clKhao Yoi 0.29 0.43 0.55 . 1 0.1 0 55 1 0.1

38 Kho YoilNakhon Panom-brown 0.14 018 0.28 1 01 0 28 1 0.1

39. Bang Pa-in 0.14 0.18 0.28 1 0.1 0.28 1 01

40. Ratchabunt-ca 0.14 018 0.28 1 0.1 0 28 1 01

41. Chainat-CANRatchaburiCA 0.14 0.18 0.28 1 01 0 28 1 0.1

42 Kham Phang Saen 0.18 0.43 0.55 1 0.1 0 55 1 01

43 Tha Muang-ca 0.23 0.64 0.55 1 01 0.55 1 0 1

44. Bang Len-Ove 0.18 018 0.28 1 01 028 1 01

45 Koral 0.23 0.64 0.55 1 01 0 55 1 01

46. Takhli-brown 014 0.83 0.55 1 01 055 1 01

m ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~>Zm

x0W~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c

EIA FOR YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORT

APPENDIX B

TABLE B-4

AMOUNT OF SOIL LOSSES

(Tons/Rai/Year)

Erosion (TorvRaijYear)

No. Soil Series Legend

W/O With Project With Project

Project and WIO and With

Measures Measures

1. Dan Sai Ds 5.17 17.08 0.17

2. Kamphaeng SearnKamphaeng Phetl Ks/KpWTm 1,10 3.63.04

Thamuang

3. Kam Phang SearVKamphang Saen modt Ks/Ks-mod./Kp 1.10 3.63 0.04

Khamphang Phet

4. Korat mod Kt 500 16.52 0.17

5. KorattSan Pa tong#Nam Phong KV/SPINg 12.37 40.90 0.41

6. Lat Ya/Tha Yang Ly/Ty 0.57 69.92 0.70

7. Mae Rim Mr 21.15 69.92 0.70

8. Mae RimVNam Phong Mr/Ng 8.57 28.32 0.28

9. Nam Phong Ng 7.14 23.60 0.24

10. Na Khon Pathom Np 0.17 2.22 0.02

11. Pak Chong Pc 2.32 7.68 0.08

12. Pak Chong Stony phai Pc-stony 2.32 7.68 0.08

13. Pak Chong!Ban Chong/Thap Khwang P8cfBcW 2.32 7.68 0.08

14. Pak ChoncJTakhli Pc/Tk 2.32 7.68 0.08

15. Pak ChonglHin Son Pc/Hs 2.32 7.68 0.08

16. Sikhio Shallow 14.87 49.17 0.49

17. Sung Noen SN 3.21 10.62 0.11

18. Takhli Tk 2.41 7.97 . 0.08

19. Takhli/Ta-khli brown Tk/Tk4town 2.41 7.97 0.08

20. Thayang Ty-hig. base 21.15 69.92 0.70

21. Tha Yang/tat Ya Ty-hig. base/Ly 21.15 69.92 0.70

22. Tha Yang/Muak LekJLi 21.15 69.92 0.70

23. Unname 1 UNI 0.57 69.92 0.70

24. Unname 2 UN2 0.57 69.92 0.70

25. Wang Chornmpl/Tak!i brown (WcT.B9BRJWN 2.41 7.97 u.08

ENV100497130/ArAB4.DOC PAGE B-24


APPENDIX 8

TABLE B-4 (Cont'd)

(Tonxs,ai/Year)

Erosion (Ton/RaVYear)

No. Sail Series Legend

W/O With Project With Project

Project and W/O and With

Measures Measures

26 Yang Talat Yt 2.41 7.97 0 08

27 Yant Talat MI/Sanpa Thong YI-mod.well dra&nedeSp 21.15 69.92 0.70

28 Escarpment 0.O0 0.00 0.00

29 Rock land 0.00 0.00 0.00

30. Slope Complex SC 16.46 2,031.82 20.32

31. Deum Bang Db 0.14 1.73 0.02

32. Phon Pthisai Pp 0.10 12.73 0.13

33. Pak tho Pt 0.14 1.73 0.02

34. Sadao UST. Studtic 9.65 31.89 0.32

35 Colluvial Complex CC 0.57 69.92 0.70

36. Gravei Pit GP 0 nn 0.00 0.00

37. That Phanom-cjKhao You Tp 2.59 8.55 0.09

38. Kho YoilNakhon Panom-brown Ky/Nm 0,14 1.73 0.02

39.- Bang Pa-in 0.14 1.73 0.02

40. Ratchaburi-ca Rb-ca. 0.14 1.73 0.02

41. Chainat-CAdRatchaburi-CA Cn-ca/Rb.ca. 0.14 1.73 0.02

42. Kham Phang Saen Ks 1.61 5.31 0.0Q

43 Tha Muang-ca Tm-ca 3.05 10.10 .0.10

44 Bang Len-Ove. 81-over 0 17 2.22 0.02

45. Korat Ki 3.05 1010 0.10

46 Takhli-brown Tk-bro. 2.41 7.97 0.08

ENvoo04/97130(tABB-4Dooc PAGE B-25

APPENDIX C

THE RESULTS OF FOREST INVENTORYi ,,- -

SYMBOL

PROJECT BOUNDARY (l0Omn

A? LN USPROJECT BOUNDARY A 2r m I

\ fS S ~~~~~~~~~~~CHANGZ,7

AMPHOE-LINE .AAC | I' POWR P 1 |Ki

. LEGENO ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~LAND USE BOUNDAR

Al I .RlAIEIFD PACOY FIELD I4At4OVIAT RAl'CI4ABURI p H orizonlal Graphic ScaleAlm B. R.ATION PADY flELD I

Al . PALO EROP ___> ___A? * .P00r1o orc00 ro9 \ t | . tNDEX_

Fl I * 0A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~O0 posEs?~~~~~Vrtcl rphcScl

U S , W. LD LA N D0 , FO R ESAll . . RRIATIO PI DOYA t r EL

I A95 GlOON UT LA ERIIE AT

Ml. IAUL * ^E RESOL4CE

Al F LIELOT CRPS

_I * OOII AI ,S ,. , ,, .. ,.

w ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TEAM,2* FIGURE E-1: Cont'd .C;A*

trt~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~i .. D._UOSFAS

mF

(4 ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MT SMS


APPENDIX C

TABLE C-1

SOME SPECIES OF TREES WERE FOUND IN THE 31 SAMPLING PLOTS

ALONG THE GAS PIPELINE ROUTE

No. FamilyNernacular name Scientific name

FAMILY: ANACARDIACEAE

1 Mamuang paa I2tJiI Mangifera caloneura Kurz

2 Kuk (In) Lannea coromandelica Merr.

3 Rak (Fn) Malanorhoea glabra R.Br.

4 Mamuang (:IZ4:i Mangifera indica Linn.

5 Mamue WznI,I Choerospondias axillaris Burtt & Hill

FAMILY: ANNONACEAE

6 Ponyalthia Polyalthia sp.

7 Yaang on (Int4Iu) Polyalthia viridis Craib

FAMILY: APOCYNACEAE

8 Teenped (AULOlM) Aistonia scholaris (L.) R.Br.

FAMILY: ARALIACEAE

9 Phaknaamchang (t:nU-i3A-I) Pseudobrassaiopsis polyacantha Bennerjee

FAMILY: ASCLEPIADACEAE

10 Nomtamlia (Ut3jA)Lf!J Hoya ovalifolia W.& A.

FAMILY BARRINGTONIACEAE

11 Chik (;n) Barnrigronia racemosa Roxb.

FAMILY BIGNONIACEAE

12 Khae (LLI Stereospermum sp.

13 Phekaa (Lyfln)) Oroxylum indicum Vent.

FAMILY BOMBACACEAE

14 Ngiu paa 0-rnTh) Bombax anceps Pierre

FAMILY BURSERACEAE

15 Makoem (I2J:n4) Canarium subulatum Guill.

FAMILY CAPPARIDACEAE

ENV 1O4197130rrABC-1.DOC PAGE C-1


APPENDIX C

TABLE C-1 (Cont'd)

r No. FamilvNVm ar name I niceriatifio. ridm,le

16 Kumnam (n3ju7) Crateva magna DC.

FAMILY: COMBRETACEAE

17 haen (umu) Terminalia glaucifolia Craib

FAMILY COMPOSITEA

18 Naadkhao (lU1-LoJ'1) Anaphalis adnata DC.

FAMILY DILLENIACEAE

19 Saan tk1u) Dillenia obovata IBI.) Hoogl.

20 Mataad (Utn1A) Dillenia indica Linn.

FAMILY: DIPTEROCARPACEAE

21 Yaangna (uw)u1) Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb.

22 Takhien IRtn.teu) Hopea sp.

23 Yaangdang (UEU14M4) Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn. f.

24 Yaang (t1'4) Dipterocarpus sp.

FAMILY EBENACEAE

25 Diospyros Diospyros sp.

FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE

26 LoKhaao (ilorn) Macaranga quadicornis Ridl.

27 Phobaai (iAlu) Sapium baccatum Roxb.

28 Pohuuchang WtI1Mn14) Macarranga giganta Muell. Arg.

29 Plaoluang (LdlflrMNfll) Croton oblongifolius Roxb.

FAMILY: FAGACEAE

30 Ko 16) Lithocarpus sp.

31 Kophuang Inew'7) Lithocarpus tenestratus Rehd.

32 Kophae (6IDUVIZ) Quercus kerrii Craib

FAMILY: FLACOURTIACEAE

33 Krabao yai Hydnocarpus anthelminthicus Pierre

ENVl004/97130/TrAC-l.DOC PAGE C-2


APPENDIX C

TABLE C-1 (Cont'd)

No. FamilyNernacular Scientific name

FAMILY GRAMINEAE

34 Phai-paa (1u"l) Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Wild.

35 Phai-bong (CUkjI: Bambusa natans Wall.

36 Phai-hiae IU'LJL.) Cephalostachyum virgatum Kurz

37 Phai-saang lti'DNI Dendrocalamus strictus I Nees

38 Phai-hok (1xhAn) Dendrocalamus hamiitonii Nees

39 Phai-rai lUli) Gigantochloa albociliata Munro

40 Phai-pak (kUwin) Gigantochloa hasskartiana Back. ex K. Heyne

FAMILY: LAURACEAE

41 Chiat ltim) Cinnamomum iners BI.

42 Cinnamomum Cinnamomum sp.

43 Tonglaad (0%4uo)) Actinodaphne henryi Gamble

FAMILY: LEGUMINOSAE

44 Kachh (T_41t) Millettia leucantha Kurz

45 Kaasae (nlnmv Millettia atropurpurea 8enth.

46 Sabaa l*nlI) Entada pursaetha DC.

FAMILY: LYTHRACEAE

47 Lagerstroemia Lagerstroemia sp.

48 Salao Owli) Lagerstroemia tomentosa Presl

49 Tabaek (pinnin) Lagerstroemia cuspidata Wall.

FAMILY MAGNOLIACEAE

50 Champaa-paa IelU1thI Aromadendron elegans Bl.

FAMILY : MALASTOMATACEAE

51 Khlong khleng (IP141Lfl4) Melastoma polyanthum 81.

FAMILY : MELIAC_A--

52 Mayomhin l;JnUU) Mehosma pinnara Walp.

53 Langsaad (flt1'),ul Aglaia domestica Pelleg.

ENV100J97130TABC 1DOC PAGE C-3


APPENDIX C

TABLE C-1 (Cont'd)

No. I FamilvNernacular name I Rcientific name

54 Maamuichaang (VI1WI4w14) Dysoxylum urens Koord.&Val.

55 Khaangkhaao (Inll) .1) Aglaia pirifera Hance -

56 kadlin (lITiA1u) Walsura trichostemon Miq.

FAMILY: MIMOSACEAE

57 Kaangkheemot (n"14! 210) Albizia odoratissima Benth.

58 Albizia Albizia sp.

59 Chaniang (n:tZlMA) Archidendron jaringa Nielsen

60 Maklamton (nlWn1iiu) Adenathera pavonina Linn.

FAMILY: MORCEAE

61 Madueaplong (l3-!LpI,JfA) Ficus hispida Linn.f.

62 Sai (lI-n) Ficus annulata Bl.

FAMILY: MYRISTICACEAE

63 Maphraonokkok (1vnnQinnn) Horsfieldia glabra Warb.

64 Lueat raet (LflmUJ6P) Knema globularia Warb.

FAMILY: MYRTACEAE

65 Waa (MW') Eugenia cumini Druce

FAMILY: NYSSACEAE

66 Khaangkhaak (flfwin) Nyssa javanica Wang

FAMILY: PAPILIONACEAE

67 Phayuung (OvAZ4) Dalbergia cochinchinensis BI.

68 Ketdaeng .(0 MLLI4) Dalbergia dongnaiensis Pierre

69 Cingchan (i-lt4l) Dalbergia oiiveri Gamble

70 Krapeeklue l 4 !M) Dalbergia foliaceae Wall.

71 Krachoh (,JL1) Millettia leucantha Kurz

72 Ket (CU P) Dalbergia sp.

73 Thonglaangpaa (neDufll4ft ) Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr.

74 Peechan (ilu) Dalbergia cana Grah.

ENV1 004971301TABC1.DC PAGE C-4

EIA OF YAOANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORT

APPENDIX C

TABLE C-1 (Cont'd)

No. FamilyNernacular name Scientific name

FAMILY PROTEACEAE

75 Polaai lLlriuLJ 1l Grewia elatostemoides Coll. et Hemsl

76 Po (1J9) Grewia sp.

77 Grewia Grewia sp.

FAMILY PALMAE

78 Taoraang (uii1f14 Caryota urens Linn.

FAMILY RUTACEAE

79 Hatsakhun (Iff)ru) Micromelum minutum Wight & Am.I~~~~

FAMILY: RUBIACEAE

80 Krathum (nfnlj) Mitragyna sp.

81 Khaengkwaang (Aii42lTl) Wendlandia tinctoria A.DC.

82 Khempaa (LiIl) Pavetta wallichiana Steud.

83 Khatkhao (flt0 )1) Randia parvula Ridl.

FAMILY: SONNERATIACEAE

84 Lamphuupaa (fii1thl Duabanga grandiflora IRoxb. ex DC.) Waip.

FAMILY: STERCULIACEAE

85 Lampaang l1214)Pterospermum diversifolium 81.

86 Poeekeng l,eLni) Pterocymbium javanicum R.Br.

87 Kanaanpling (nIMUl1UlJi;) Pterospermum acerifolium Wild.

88 Potuupfaai liJQudhil) Sterculia omata Wall.

FAMILY SAPINDACEAE

89 Lamyaipa (il1U1) Paranephelium longifoliolatum Lec.

90 Kholaen ('vLsUM) Xerospermum intermedium Radlk.

91 Lacnyai lf1Th) Dimocarpus longan Merr.

92 Takhro (01ZP)7 Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken

ENV1004/97130/TABC.1IDOC PAGE C-5


APPENDIX C

TABLE C-1 (Cont'd)

{ N0 I FamilyNeac;ular nid ame Scientific name

FAMILY: SYMPLOCACEAE

93 Mueatdong WAlImtpw) Symplocos ferrugtnea Roxb.

FAMILY: SIMAROUBACEAE

94 Mayompaa (W-Uj1I) Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alston

FAMILY: STAPHYLEACEAE

95 Muanggom WIil3'T:j) Turpinia cochinchinensis Merr.

FAMILY TILIACEAE

96 Colona Colona sp.

FAMILY THEACEAE

97 Thalo (2 91 u.V-si-) Schima wallichii Korth

FAMILY: ULMACEAE

98 Mahaat (34:U'1P) Celtis tetradra Roxb.

99 Luupleep (IliluI Ulmus lancifolia Roxb.

FAMILY VERBENACEAE

100 Phaasian I.titlU) Vitex canescens Kurz

101 So 4(a) Gmelina arborea Roxb.

FAMILY XANTHOPHYLLACEAE

102 Khaangkhaao (!r9IT'fl) Xanthophyllum virens Roxb.

FAMILY: ZINGIBERACEAE

103 Ammum Amomum sp.

104 Khaaling Hli-f) Alpinia conchigera Griff.

ENV1004/97130/TABC-1 DOC . PAGE C-6


APPENDIX C

TABLE C-2

TREES DENSi i- OF 31 SAMPLING PLOT

No. Vernacular name Scientific name FAMILY Tree No. Tree/ha

1 Krathum (nl5:1j) Mit1ragyna spp. RUBIACEAE 6 1 .9355

2 Khaangkhaak IM1f13N NVss javanica Wang NYSSACEAE 1 0 3226

3 Lamphuupaa(lin'T11l Duabanga grandifbora lRoxb.ex DC.) walp. SONNERATIACEAE 3 0 9677

4 Po (iJI) Gewia spp. PROTIACEAE 9 2 9032

5 Madueaplong (=Mt1j;fl)4I Ficus hispida Unn.i MORCEAE 1 0.3226

6 Ketdaeng (inmum4) Dalbergia dongaiensis Pierre . PAPILIONACEAE 1 0.3226

7 OTHiLagers.) Lagerstroemia spp. LYTHRACEAE 2 0 6452

8 Kaangkneemot (ml11141i011) Albizia odoratissima Benth. MINOSACEAE 1 0.3226

9 Mamuangpaa iu_u14t'l Mangifera caloneuma Kurz ANACARDIACEAE 1 0.3226

10 Polaai (jI)AID) Gewia elatosteroides Coil.et Hemsl PROTIACEAE 3 0.9677

11 Salao (01141 Lagerstroemia tomrentosa Presl LYTHRACEAE 2 0.6452

12 Lampaang IfilNi4) Pterrospermur diversiolium Bl. STERCULIACEAE 1 0.3226

13 Lokhaan IRe11) Macaranga quadicomis RidI. EUPHORBIACEAE 2 0.6452

14 Phobaas (tI.J'1 Sapium baccatum Roxb. EUPHORBIACEAE 8 2.5806

15 OTH . 35 11.2903

16 Huuchaang (!il14I Fiamiana colorata R.Br. EUPHORBIACEAE 1 0.3226

17 Lamyaipaa lie5*luib) Paranephelium longifpliolatum Lec. SAPINDACEAE 7 2.2581

18 Ko (rin) Lithocarpus spp. . FAGACEAE 5 1.6129

19 Koplong (arA11i4) Lithocarpus spp. FAGACEAE 31 10.0000

20 Yaangnaa (Ul4U1) Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. DIPTEROCARPACEAE 2 0.6452

21 Thalo WMlfl) Schtma wallichir Kurth THEACEAE 11 3.5484

22 Khaangkhaao rl4viql) Xanthophyllum virens Roxb. XANTHOPHYLLACEAE 5 1.6129

23 Takhien (WIMAuU Hopea spp. DIPTEROCARPACEAE 1 0.3226

24 Makeum I1_Lnl1j1 Canarium subulatum Guill. BURSERACEAE 2 0.6452

25 Kophae ItribLLWA.) Lithocarpus spp. FAGACEAE 1 0.3226

26 Yomhin (UlJUUi Meioma pinnata Watp. MELIACEAE 1 0.3226

27 KhaengGoung Iut41lTn)4 Wendlandia tincroria A.DC RUBIACEAE 1 0.3226

28 Yaang,Yaangnaa tt14,Ntl4U) Dipterocarpus abtus Roxb. DIPTEROCARPACEAE 23 7 4194

29 Chiat lIAi) Cinnamomum iners Bl. LAURACEAE 5 1.6129

30 Cinnamomum Cinnamomum spp. LAURACEAE 1 0.3226

31 Muetdong ( I)tlA tA1 Symplocos ferruginea Roxb. SYMPLOCACEAE 1 0.3226

32 Thongfaangpaa vivneufl141h Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr. PAPIL(ONACEAE 3 0.9677

33 Sal CiAT) Ficus annulara B MORCEAE 1 0.3226

3' Ch,k ;nl) Barrmgtonia racemosa Roxb. BARRINGTONIACEAE 2 0.6452

Waa MnY . Eugema cumn (L.I Druce MYTRACEAE 9 29032

36 Phaasian (rlinu) Vitex canescens Kurz VERBENACEAE 1 0.3226

ENV100437130TABC.2,OOC PAGE C-7


APPENDIX C

TABLE C-2 (Cont'd)

No. Local name Scientific name FAMILY Tree No. Tree,ha

37 Maphraaonokkok Wzz1'nleunnn) Horsfeldia gbabra Warb. MYRISTICACEAE 0 3226

38 Tonglaat (l9It4fIl)I Acrinodaphne henryi Gamble LAURACEAE 2 0 6452

39 Krachoh 1:tiZ) MilleOia leucantha Kurz PAPILIONACEAE 12 3 8710

40 Teenped I'ULfln) Alstonia scholans (L.) R.Br. APOCYNACEAE 1 0.3226

41 San lalu.J.*lUd) Dallinia obovate (BI.) Hoogl, DILLENIACEAE 4 1.2903

42 Tabaek In:atJ)n Lagerstroernia cuspidata Wall. LYTHRACEAE 7 2.2581

43 Kaasae (nrltIZ-) Millettia atropurpurea Benth. LEGUMINACEAE 2 0 6452

44 Langsaadpaa (Ml1f41111i) Aglaia pirifera Hance MELIACEAE 1 0 3226

45 Saba ltql) Entada pursae,tha DC. MIMOSACEAE 1 0.3226

46 Yornpaa (If]t1,YZ3EJJl Ailanthus triphysaiDennstJ Alston SIMAROUBACEAE 2 0.6452

47 Champaapaa ttIJdIJI) Aromadendron lelepans Bl. MAGNOLIACEAE 2 0.6452

48 Diospyros Diospyros spp. EBENACEAE 3 0.9677

49 Kholaen (rtnLLeU) Xerospemrnum intetmedium Radik. SAPINDACEAE 5 1.6129

50 So (ie) Gne/ina aborea Roxb. VER8ENACEAE 4 1.2903

51 Mamue l(ZYe) Choerospondias axilaris Burtt &*Hill ANACARDIACEAE 2 0.6452

52 Tebia 1 0.3226

53 Abizzia Abizzia spp. MIMOSACEAE 4 1.2903

54 Krabao yaV (ns, IlJ) HydnocarPcs antheiminthicus Pierre FLACOURTIACEAE 1 0.3226

55 Potyalthia Polyafhia spp. ANNONACEAE 5 1.6129

56 Kuk *n) Lannea corwmandelica Merr. ANNONACEAE 1 0.3226

57 Chingchann(i4fu Dalbergia olivem Gamble PAPILIONACEAE 2 0.6452

58 Kha,e (lU) Stereospermum spp. BIGNONIACEAE 1 0.3226

59 Yaang on (t.ltfl4u) Polyaithi uridis Craib. ANNONACEAE 1 0.3226

60 Mahaat (WJZ1I) Cehis tetranda Roxb. ULMACEAE 3 0.9677

61 Po eekeng WIEem4) Pterocymbium javanicum R.Br. STERCUUACEAE 1 0.3226

62 Lueat raet liflenuLL5 Knema giolana Warb. MYRISTICACEAE 1 0.3226

63 Kumnam *lrju1) Crateva magna DC. CAPPARIDACEAE 1 0.3226

64 Yaangdaeng (J14 M4) Dipterwarpus turbinatus Gaeth DIPTEROCARPACEAE 6 1.9355

65 Mataad (=Y114) Dillenia indica DILLENIACEAE 3 0.9677

66 Ammomum Amnmomum sp. ZINGIBURACEAE 1 0.3226

67 Kanaanpling (nfzmutuil.4) Pterospermum acerifolium Criab STERCULIACEAE 1 0.3226

68 Katlin (61fflull Walsura trichostemon Miq. MELIACEAE 1 0.3226

Total 23 8.

LIIAverage/Ha .88.065

ENV00aRa7130frABC-2.O0C PAGE C-8

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORTAPPENDIX C

TABLE C-3

SAPLING DENSITY OF 31 SAMPLING PLOT

No. Local name Scientific name FAMILY Tree no. Average/ha

I Kangkhak (11II Nyssa Javanica (St.) Craz NYSSACEAE 1 i2.90

2 Lokhao 11V'V1.7VTU) Macarranga tanarnua (LI Muefl.Arg EUPHOBIACEAE 3 38.71

3 Kumnam (rpu l( Crateva magna DC. CAPPARIDACEAE 1 12.90

4 Salao (L6Tl Lagerstroemia romenrosa Presi LYTHRACEAE 3 38.71

5 Mamoung iiS4) Mangitera mndica Linn ANACARDIACEAE 1 12.90

6 Thakien (iFtUI) Hopea spp. DIPTEROCARPACEAE 4 51 61

7 Moungkom Nwefw) Turpinia Cocnhnch,nensis 8B. STAPHYLEACEAE 1 12.90

8 Po (1J) Grewia spp. PROTEACEAE 5 64.52

9 Ploalung Croton spp. EUPHOBIACEAE 1 12.90

10 Jik (;n) Barrjngwnia cocciea Kostel BARRINGTONIACEAE 2 25.81

11 Nhad ('U1UN) Anapha;is adnata DC. COMPOSITEA 4 51.61

12 Lumpang Iti1t1.2) Pterospemmum diversirfolum St. STERCULIACEAE 2 25.81

13 OTHILagers.i Lagerstroemia spp. LYTHRACEAE i i2.90

14 Lumpang alThUi1 Paranephelium longifololatum Lac. SAPINDACEAE 2 25.81

15 OTH 22 283.87

16 San ii11n) Dallinia obovata JBLLhoogi. DILLENIACEAE 1 12.90

17 Khoplong ( flfl-si) Lithocarpus spp. FAGACEAE 6 77.42

18 Yang (uV41 Dipterocarpus spp. DIPTEROCARPACEAE 3 38.71

19 Yangna (514141 Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. DIPTEROCARPACEAE 1 12.90

20 KhlongKhleng (LIMS4144) Melastoma polyanthum Bl MELASTOMATACEAE 8 103.23

21 Luupleep (flJflJ1 Ulmus bancifoha Roxb ULMACEAE 1 12.90

22 Thalo (an:) Schima wallichii Kurth . THEACEAE 4 51.61

23 Dyospyros Dyospyros sp. EBENACEAE 1 12.90

24 Chied AtJti) Cmnnamomum ners B LAURACEAE 1 12.90

25 Khiangguang ILi4fnl14) Wendiand,a tinctoria RUBIACEAE 1 12.90

26 Malad WuIri0) Diliennia indica Linn DILLENIACEAE 1 12.90

27 Maduepiong (l4:LneJfle4l Ficus hispica Linni. MORCEAE 7 90.32

28 Langsacpa (fI361a1.-i) Aglaa pinreria Hance MELIACEAE 2 25.81

29 Mamue 74'-.r) Choerospond,as axiilaris Eurn & Hill ANACARDIACEAE 3 38.71

30 Paknamcrnang Iu t4 Pseudobrassaloois poJyaca t5a Bennergee ARALIACEAE 1 12.90

ENv0ooLs713orrAec.3.DOC PAGE C-9


APPENDIX C

TABLE C-3 (Cont'd)

No. Local name Scientific name FAMILY Tree no. Average/ha

31 Kolan lIM6ufuI Xerospermum jnremedium Radlk. SAPINDACEAE 5 654 52

32 Sae MlT) MilletIa leucantha Kurtz PAPILIONACEAE 1 1290

33 Haen (LLuu) Terminalia glaucdolia Craib COMBRETACEAE 1 12 90

34 Tabake plWfln) Lagerstroemia cuspidara Wall. LYTHRACEAE 3 38.71

35 Polai (JflflJu) Grewia elatostemoides Coll.et Hemsl. PROTEACEAE 6 77 42

36 Abizzia Abazea spp. MIMOSACEAE 8 103 23

37 Nieng fltE14,111LMCI) Archidendron jannga Nielsen MIMOSACEAE 4 51.61

38 Kedklue (LAAgtr l Dalbergia sp. PAPILIONACEAE 5 64.52

39 Mhamuichang l¶41j1JtV4) Dysoxylum urens koord. & Val. MEUACEAE 2 25.81

40 Polyothia Pofalthia sp. ANNONACEAE 4 51.61

41 Nguew 01) Bombax anceps Pierre BOMBACACEAE 1 12.90

42 Kalao ltLiL-) Milhettra leucantha Kurz LEGUMINOCEAE 2 25.81

43 Tongbad WtMllf. ) Actmiodaphne honryi Gamble * LAURACEAE 1 12.90

44 Kook Itfn) Lannea coroffandelica Benth. VERBENACEAE 1 12.90

45 Lak ltn) Mabanorrhoea gLabra R.Br. ANACARDIACEAE 1 12.90

46 Hwa luiAIWUmi.) Eugenia spp. MYRTACEAE 5 64.52

47 Lumyai (illht) Dimnrpus longan Lout. SAPINDACEAE 1 12.90

48 Tamlea (-11tUl) Hoya ovalitolia W. & A. ASCLEPIADACEAE 1 12.90

49 Pokheanthao fiJLVuwnIwN Grewia elarostemoides Coll.et Hemsi. TROTEACEAE 1 12.90

50 So 41)l Gmelina arborea Roxb. VERBENACEAE 1 12.90

51 Pofai nJ8e1tj) Enrobena candolei Wall. STERCULIACEAE 2 25.81

52 Pheka itnfl) Oroxylum indicum Vent. BIGNONIACEAE 2 25.81

53 Makho IlN--t Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken SAPINDACEAE 1 12.90

Total 153 1,974.19

Average/ha .1,974.19

ENV100Q97130TrA8c-3.D0c PAGE C-10


APPENDIX C

TABLE C-4

SEEDLiNG uENSi T OF 31 SAIVPLiNC PLOT

No. Local name Scientific name FAMILY Tree No Average/na.

1 Mamoungpa (1-1J'N) Mangifera caloneura Kurz ANACARDtACEAE 2 161290

2 Tak,en !L--1JUU Hopea spp. DIPTEROCARPACEAE 1 80 645

3 Po (hiS) Grewia spp. STERCULIACEAE 6 483 871

4 Lumpang hs1il1h Pterosperrnum dversifoium fi STERClIJ.IAlEAE 2 161 290

5 Nad (1AU1t) Ariaphatis adnata DC COMPOSITEA 1 80 645

6 San (414( Dalilnia coovara (Bl) Hoogl DILLENIACEAE 5 403.226

7 Saao (Ifl"l) . Lagerstroem,a tomentosa Presl LYTHRACEAE 1 80 645

8 OTH . 18 1451.613

9 J,k (fln Barnngtonia cocc,nea Kosiel BARRINGTANIACEAE 3 241.935

10 Pega Iltnhl Oroxyum indicurW Vent BIGNONIACEAE 1 80.645

11 Kho (fil) Lithocarpus spp. FAGACEAE 14 1129.032

12 Yang 0u-I1 Dipterocarpus spp. DIPTEROCARPACEAE 2 161.290

13 Kangkhimod (fl17ciPt Albizia odoratssisma benlh. MOMOSACEAE 11 8?.09?

14 Krapechan (n-nwt'i Dalbergia cana Grah. PAPILIONACEAE 3 241.935

15 Payong lYmzq41 Dalbergra cochinchinensis Bi. PAPILIONACEAE 1 80.645

16 Lookteab (ftnfi) Ulmus lancdoha Rqxb. ULMACEAE 1 80645

17 Thalo (M12tf) Schima wallhchii Kurth THEACEAE 1 80645

18 Phobay (IEnJnti) Sap'um baccatum Roxb EUPHORBIACEAE 1 80.645

19 Madoueplong h24=Lt1jhae4 Ficus hispida Lnn.f MORCEAE 5 403.226

20 Kheangguang (MuiAnr1ah Wendandia rmnctorna RUBIACEAE 2 161.290

21 Ked (wrt) Dalbergia spp PAPILIONACEAE 2 161.290

22 Khempa l&iJ1jlln1j.-1Jl Pavetta wahichrana Stend. RUBIACEAE 11 837.097

23 Lo (Te5JTr) Macarranoa tanarrus (L.) Muell Agr EUPHORBiACEAE 2 161 290

24 Husakhun (uleU) Mcromelum m,nuum Wighi & Am RUTACEAE 1 80.645

25 Sae wunzh Millett;a leucantna Kurz LEGUMINOCEAE 4 322.581

26 Kananplbng (nfrLzX11ojtN) Perospermum acerifolium Craib SrERCULIACEAE 1 80,645

27 Maklumlon 8hnRfl9rriu) Adenarnera pavor.,ca Linn MIMOSACEAE 1 80.645

28 Polai (hIIDlWlI) Grewia elatosremo,des Coll et Hems PROTEACEAE 3 241.935

29 Lai (fl fI PROTEACEAE 6 483 871

30 Kedkhlue IAFlt teg.3 lo 3;eae Wa: PAPILIONACEAE 2 161 290

ENVIOO4I971301TASC.4.DOC PAGE C-11


APPENDIX C

TABLE C-4 (Cont'd)

No. Local name Scientific name FAMILY Tree No. Average/ha.

31 Grewia Grewia spp. PROTEACEAE 1 80 645

32 Paknamchang Cl,nMU11Ui1. Peudobrassa,opsis pooacantta Bennergee ARALIACEAE 3 241.935

33 Khaling Nii4) Alpinia conchigera Grriff. ZINGIBERACEAE 1 80.645

34 Taolang l441*4) Caryota urens Lnn. PALMEAE 2 161 290

35 Khajo (T--An-) Millettia leucantha Kurt PALMEAE 6 483.871

36 Khae IUP) Stereospemmum spp. BIGNONIACEAE 1 80.645

37 Teenped fiiuJfl) Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. APOCYNACEAE 1 80.645

38 Khangcaw (r14Pt') Aglaia pinfera Hance MELIACEAE 1 80.645.

39 Potoobfai (dOet11UI) Erbolaena candodei Wall. STERCULIACEAE 6 483.871

40 Polyothia Potyathia sp. ANNONACEAE 1 80.645

41 KhadKhoa l(MLA1) Randia parvular Ridl. RUBIACEAE 2 161.290

Total 139 11,209.68

Average/Ha. 11,209.68

ENV1004,V713DfrAaC4.D0C PAGE C-12


APPENDIX C

TABLE C-5

TREE VOLUME CLASSIFIED FROM TIMBER QUALITY

(31 SAMPLING PLOTS)

Plot TIMBER QUALITY TOTAL Average

No. 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 3 (Cu. m) (Cu.m/ha.)

1 0.000 0.000 2.074 0.041 0.340 2.455 0.792

2 5.205 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.053 5.258 1.696

3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.524 0.524 0.169

4 0.284 1.980 1.568 0.000 0.000 3.832 1.236

5 3.796 1.915 0.879 0.569 0.253 7.412 2.391

6 0.000 0.284 1.743 0.452 0.812 3.291 1.062

7 0.000 0.000 1.087 0.216 0.325 1.628 0.525

8 0.000 0.000 0.244 0.186 0.527 0.957 0.309

9 0.000 0.000 2.092 0.156 0.412 2.660 0.858

10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.012 0.290 0.302 0.097

11 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.022 0.264 0.286 0.092

12 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.052 0.052 0.017

13 0.478 0.000 0.535 0.000 0.145 1.158 0.374

14 4.781 1.225 3.600 0.056 0.000 9.662 3.117

15 4.162 2.316 0.000 0.000 0.000 6.478 2.090

16 3.782 1.777 3.221 0.052 0.156 8.988 2.899

17 0.861 3.117 0.335 0.000 0.000 4.313 1.391

18 5.487 4.214 0.000 0.052 0.502 10.255 3.308

19 1.035 1.757 0.000 0.000 0.056 2.848 0.919

20 3.817 1 649 0.434 0.598 0.171 6.669 . 2.151

ENV 1004/97 30/TABC-$.DOC PAGE C-13


APPENDIX C

TABLE C-5 (Cont'd)

Plot TIMBER QUALTY TOTAA L A

No. 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 3 (Cu. m) (Cu.m/ha)

21 23.963 1.129 0.720 0.599 0.032 26.443 8.530

22 8.133 1.131 0.000 0.000 0.064 9.328 3.009

23 26.360 0.244 0.000 0.364 0.659 27.627 8.912

24 0.747 1.356 1.410 0.052 0.052 3.617 1.167

25 5.051 0.728 0.000 0.407 0.044 6.230 2.010

26 4.524 0.284 0.000 0.032 0.208 5.048 1.628

27 5.205 18.686 0.000 0.642 0.000 24.533 7.914

28 2.127 3.156 0.000 0.056 0.000 5.339 1.722

29 3.076 0.596 0.000 0.041 0.000 3.713 1.198

30 0.000 8.300 0.000 0.239 0.093 8.632 2.785

31 21.891 21.888 0.000 0.000 0.000 43.779 14.122

TOTAL 135.865 78.932 21.242 6.844 9.034 251.917 81.264

AVERAGE 43.827 25.462 6.852 2.208 2.914 81 .263

Remark 1) Timber Quality No.1.1 and 1.2 defined as 1st class.

2) Timber Quality No.2 defined as 2nd class.

3) Timber Quality No.1.3 and 3 defined as 3rd class.

ENV10047130/TABC-S.DC PAGE C-14

TABLE C-6 m

BAMBOO DENSITY OF 31 SAMPLING PLOT >z

z

No. Local name Scientific name No. of No./Clumb Total of Average/Ha. Diameter

C lumb No. Clumb No. (cm)

m

mz1 Phai-saang (hUla.) Dendrocalamus strictus Nees 1 5 5 0.32 1.61 3 z

2 Phai-paa (ula1) Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Wild 7 12 84 2.26 27.10 7

3 Phai-hok (thThn) Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees 11 15 165 3 55 53.23 8

4 Phai-rai (IUlCl Giantochloa albociliata Munro 14 9 126 4.52 40.65 2

5 Phai-phaak (lkJnl) Giantochloa hasskarliana Back. ex K.Heyne 81 13 1053 26.13 339.68 8

6 Phai-hiae (UtFJtl) Cephalosthacyum verigatum Kurz 7 12 84 2.26 27.10 3

7 Phai-bong (UW) Bambusa natans Wall. 8 9 72 2.58 23.23 11

Total 129 12 1589 41.61 512.58

Average/Ha. 41.61290323 12 512.5806452 . _ -

> zD

m x °~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Z

C)> M~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

U,Z

APPENDIX DT

T"E %~ ~ Ill ~%I11 *~3 IA?.1 Irl t1.I%

THE REULI-b Ut- WVILDLIFE1 II'VEPIN J1T

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FNLRPRAPPENDIX D

C. -

Lu -3

0

Z .2

4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1

0 a~~~~~~~~~~~

C-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~PG -ENloo 73--A0-.0

TABLE D-i ICont'd) >2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

__ 12) 13) 141 - (Sl 0N.. F-mily/Cmm- N.sm Scifnific N..o Disl6b.tio. Abund.c. WARPA SMDUS Pr*eenl Slat.$ Imp.;t A.ss.o.-of ZTSh T Kh S: St V c U R R P NP I T E 0_

Fvanay E8aballo.ad. a

1_ 9lkCbba.dsd lanb bal TlpN.a, a.aljaaaaoon x C

11 Lmog-wagad Scwb bat Tophataa Ianfnwou a x >14 Thobald' bat raphozo tha blc a la x >

Fan.ly C,asowyctoWit '

_ ________ . _ _ _ __ _ _ _ ___ _ _-

IS Hognasad bat Caaawyclis baIhryxopu x rm

mFaly Mogadala.d_ __a1is Losswl his v mys bXI M.Padef,,le WsxaI D

I xxxx

17 Gaalal, fal. pma ba MOSdanri *T x I a I a * a *

Faay RAholphd..

l Csaalt ho. sho baabit Rhindoohuaa co*6p*hAPx a (it x x _19 Paws's hamosho. bet Rhinwaph.s p.aaoni x 1 _ x x a20 Blyth's haseshabt l Rhiaolophaaadaa a x I _ x x _ a21 Mably n hwmatshOb bxl Ahkr~.s pI,,mnxyfna a 1 _ay x a a a X22 Hwrssho.bal bitaal phu DO. a (a1 a _ a a23 Thaws's hNwsshme bal Rhwaklahus thaaaa a X . a a a . .

Fxnaly HlltsWa,Kdx

2d B.calaa,d 1.dfasad bal HWaaida ka oiSla, a x a x - a a25 Sha..d-lacd alaeaaad bat H Vparea /o a a a x _ _26 H n,,,alaa .alalat bat HAPpo,daoa m.n a a lal a a a a -

Ramar 111 Dlambura 121 Aba,dace 131 WARPA Slat. 141 Pasm Smal, 15N ln,Payl AmsanlTh a Thong Yt Nwaasava V a Vary canvon R * Rtarvaadsp-c I . Indalalnala acat 0 . AMlala

W'dd-I SanctlY C . Coan P .PrOvl*d-aloa' I *.-I T l a a a a A I-JaKh .Xhwos.a Naonal Pok U a Uncomon NP . Novolcaed specas f . Endaryr-d spac. D-a .I .. ,> 2So SXIYok NaonWl P Ak R R.r*

- r>5 St S&* .'l Z Mnm SX f hud on ala 5 x °DC) l.aS.ta.d to hld on aa 0

t

IJ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


APPENDIX D

I Z

.1E~~~~~~~~~~~~

E@ foOX97tn0trA50t.00C ........... ~PAGE D-3


APPENDIX D

rii ID -I -, IIT 11 1 T11 f 11TF1i1 1

ENV1004/97130IrABD*l.OC PAGE D-4

TABLE D-1 Cni'd) m

Mar,rar, tD

0

No F-ailylComn- Nea. SO,otlic N.a.e Dittib.tion Ab..d-ne WARPA St.to. P--tea Stat.a ,,paet As--ssamse z

Th Kh S. Si V c U R R P NP I T E >0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

E7 Small Aslo marooa. H,e,Ptart j-oDOiCu- x _ _ _ t_

rF-ly Feoal _s-

sR Golden ctm C jtopuo lteo-rkIa -x _ X _ tj)

93 Jungls oal fell cho a/ _ _ _ tT

t] L,eoPid cml nrraar 'urna bangalanua a a a a a x - - - . m

62 Cluodd l1opald Nteo)el., ,ebulos a = a a = = _

63 LeoPard Pan-tr. Paa fhr5 p-Wrdue a a a t

r 0 grF Paot'rara 1,us a a _ _ _ _ _ - t

65 Marblr oal P.dot.hltarto.t N _ a a

rtor,ty Elaph-trotSae

66 AS-t elephanl E.phtas -..e-uS a a a a * a a a

I 001,1 lopo.ltaa __

67 Malaron apta TopoNa mnad a a a x a _

_ Fordly RrlOCoOaaada __ _

68 Lasle' an. harned (tanactas RalaccarenP aoodacua a_ - _ a a

69 gaSn LOa-hO-nd ft-unoetel Orrlormnus surareosa x _ a_a a

Remark 1l1 Dslrbulan 121 Abundancs 03 WARPA Status Wm Prsaant Star0

, 5I Italot Asal.,e--

th . Throa Y., )susn V . Vety commao R A Ase-al sp-e,s I ldert'mrar ara- 0 . Adftctiat

VIdlile Sanc-ty C . Common p . PrtaOctod sp , Is T Th-earso spa aa . Ad-eo.t -o.a

Kh Kh.s aIm Na.tanel Prk U: Uncommon NP . Nonre otted speS 6E Endrr-gud art as . 0.a1aan.sn-s

Sa . Sn Yok Naronal Por t = RB,.

St . S'dyo ale

X f. OuOd o 1tl t

C) Si *aIXI. p$U-d To tnd oa, s.t Z D

m Z °n

0 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

m § TABILE D-1 7Conitd)

B ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~0 -n8~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 2 |3 -4 (51.1. tD,

No. Family/Common N.m. ScientiliC Nam- Dsutribution Abu,darrc. WARPA Statue Ptaaarrt Status Inipac A .... nra-- t

Ob_ Th Kit<h S. S V C U | T t P NP I I T |

0 ___________…_-

= Fami : S;wov:_ _ _ __ _ _ __ 7 7…………___ >77 La., hA., _ = - = -= = = =) _m

_F.IY Conads. _

72 Sab daar C/.mUAJ a a a a a a = = a ._

73 Hog da.t 4" pro,ru- a = a = a a _

74 tUtks dwu Muotnos -untat a t . taD

76 Fesat Iy wo Munt,a(cv ' a - _ a a - _

Fa-rrly Bdor..

76 G- Bow pcuns a a a

77 Bantang Boa jorrcua a a _

78 Sarthan soaiw NfntvorAds Sunraanr,sa a a a a _ _ a a _ _

Faa,,y Scrndaa,

79 Bmsgtqrl Rtt t. nc squorol a=W a _ aa

BO Pa.l/ca aStoria Caflacoit, uosJ"o It a a a a a _

Vwi..abl t 1Wcosor G t a To o s _ = = _ = *=

e2 O quy-ba 1d sputa) Caa,a3 .u -ip. a a a a aa

93 H-nal.yo avpad iqauts) Tarac aw"0h,a1 a a a a a . a

, t,dochnisa tound sqwuol Manart b8wdrrt a a a _ a a = =

Rat-ar 111 D>O butrion tZI Abwdanc 1 WARPA Stams 141 Prsnt ilam IS) I,mCl AAassasmn

Th Th. qg Vs Nsriaua V . Vary com-n R . Ralaad aitas I . tndita scacas 0 . AdnCtw.a

WI)*le Sioctury C . C c P . Ftatscadspacia T . Thbia,nn7 oacat* . Ay,aar,gt,-.,

Kh . Khoa La Ntinal Patk U . Uncomon NP N tdonotsctd spqcas ES E.oangn. D spac-at.% a. > Z

t S. . S. Yak Natons Put R . RA 1>

C) St Stldy ta

ot X a (otnd n. at 2s

cn 041 . cattd to tinidont ata

< TABLE D01 (Contdl m

o MCOmmflK 0O

0 Ill ~~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(2) 13) lii (si

No iy,'Como n N- m, So-tdilc N-n, DifttiboIi-o: Abund nc. WARPA, Sltatus P.... st.os smpaI I A ... ,.n. >

O Tb Kh S. St V C U R RTP NP I T E 0 >

F -d.' P0,-r,V.daK

35 n'd g-Ao tI,,g vIt-Se, Pel*vSl PtISoOI _ _ t K = _ K-

86 Pao,Iolou.,d 11Y,n K,U,g O Hyi6P0.Is 11bo,e, _ _ _ _ _ r

87 i'9.yK Slo f1 59 wq,-OI HyfOp.l.S ph.yl. K K _ K = - K = = = = = _

En

_ F Km IvMurOOK_ _ _

S8 MMo.S 8K1 Sp M _ _ m

a9 Ro,I,s 6*falSlf Rnu Knu K K . S K - m.9 _ __ __90 Aml RKruSKP I 101 S _ _ _ . _

91 N,ll s lot topld-,mp -11OK tK97 Cello.. talab II AISoO!ys surite, K K K _ K K . m

93 H-oal b -mbooaI Rflh,M,yS prmo-SS _ _ K K

94 L.19 bambool.? RhO6ohy1 Suttr8n-,a S _ X

95 LISS., b6mbKtat Co.nnomysb d-u. I K K K K K K .

_ KmIv Hystrwcd_

98 Common-pobuooo Hya,lxv b.chp.a K_ K K

97 A-,I, tOUIK,hId POKoKK AKOh-oros Sflus K S _ _

S-Vly LKop,,d_

98 ou-m,K h-lK L.pu. PqufloKS __ K K __ K

IoIKI 86 80 59 83 ( 39 *0 18 8 71 21 59 23 ¶8 38 I S9

_ .oo.og. 1%0) 89 39 5102 5918 8 69 1 02 39 8 *40 3t 8 37 (12 72 45 21 43 S02 23 87 I 33 3978 IS 892

Ramobk II) D0s0t,WI 121 b3undano. 1 WARPA Staum A41 P, .. nt StatoN 5I ImpKot A .... -,

Th l Thung Y. N-FKS-n V .Vay co-mmRo R RNo.o-d iDeveKs I a Indolm,nt-- SC-,KO 0 . AdW.ItU

9619d1e SKOOlury C Commoo P K AloKetol KCjPKK 7 * 7rra1nK d O eP'O K N AdKK.rK3KY..

h :Khoo La,m N10 P.rk U n U,,C-ooo NP . Non-oPIM-IP.d -00,55 E . E^,JSop-d 5051 -

So = Sa Yok NK,Ponal k A Ra K

St s Study AKI

C) 8KX 1-sd MIS K' M

[XI plKKOfld tlo fnd pn 01K4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

TABLE D-2 Mz

DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE, AND WARPA STATUS AND PRESENT STATUS OF THE BIRDS SPECIES ALONG THE GAS PIPELINE ROUTE O

ill (2) 13) 44 >Y No Fan ilylcoacnon Na. Snlili Na,. DirlitNlion Ab-nda.-. WAPPA Si..u P...... Saaina Iu'p ant A.,al>

_ PTh K S. St V c U R R P NP I T t 0 _

Lalg..),. Tbb.ntap,Oa a ----

F _ .not PaOaan-n3a4 C)

3 Ci-du.o pdk-. Pn.,A p)l{,'a' a . . a . -. . .a-

Pe---…-- -g

3 O..w ft- o'J.V. 2~~~~~~~~~-

I Cn.M.,. ijlab a aa- -

7 CNn.,. P.A#d.an A. b.nO. a a a a

__ Slack had, n . _ _ a

Y_S G.CI b- . . .bw . . X _

3 r kaaaa alact EwAWnpatuno a*aa * * _ -= = = =a = ' = _

F-, ,W C-,,, d C...,, anr _ _ a a a a = a a

W.-V __ cb ! == = g = = '

[(a.,,itISalcn 0) A.dNndao 01 ((AntAj SitiO Ni Poaa .) -- pac A.-aa.-ITh aThon Y.a N.sat V a hy R,a,n, a (naL an raaaarca aa 0 aA1..aa,a

Widal S-n,na C aC-aaaa P * aaNoad aa.I*ThaaN.-d Adacala

aj a_ e ula bann L.anaa raa U a _jnnan =da =onnana acaa = = _nagna = - =. = Iha .= _

K KN. L- N.-M Pk U ,- NP _~4m __E--

3 a *U d spak-O-.MP SPip. @sa .R__

>_ _ S, a S_ . _ _ _ _C) W

Z rn u _ __m

0 d 5 .-4an)aadanbd

> 9 . SnSef coc m w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0-

TABLE O 2 WCowt'dl m

0

? N I a lvC s hnXe Se fs N gs ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~O.-J",,*S AWW-- S C WAIIPA Sl.l,_ r .. ..... |...n... As

I rb Kbh S Sl V _ _ U R H P NP 1 E o _ >

n -h1akhlwe e Oe -- = =_======-= = >

19 I tssetI+sheagle 'chitrag h>bb1.s w . x x x Z >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NP I 7 E

lb pdbI,..4,.,..adoe

C-W ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~--

_, .- d =-=d __ _ _ _ _ =,1

2 ? Co.nmon b.ll4.d R.-eo t"*eo s _ = _ = = _ = _ _ = = - = =-m

28G C booebehe l PEIl'K D

,12 C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- W-0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~ ~~~

35~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5-5 D.4. - A8110- 95 WARPA 5_ _ _ _ _

TI, , 1, p,5.f.dbE .......... _ - -- R 0

2, Co.''on bancd z r deu, _IO _ _

20 4.o} 9ubEllId 5515 *ol,e..wS 5047*A,. S _ _ _ .

33 3laSXte 5.44 dO p.;,. SPflefdl.,PlE,4, S bl _ _ .

20w X1 Changebul bt_e ba., WRASPI 3I)4*ebl SpMSt Ljs 1. 4 .7r

IVI lll 5ncl9 C .s omm P ,ol llsns I r4,,Ih re S 1 W . .S PS * . 1. Z S .

12 Claoed elne, SCfllP,'flCg,~4e4c0j SU N- *> Wh v lhro~~~~3 tEm awoaS Prl U55cro h gCoer* rc-E .0,1 %bOfœ,,., n*"0499 S. .,, .

C) S . S.u,zk ,.-' P.b 9 R.

| I * fted o^ ts1* .... X °~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

VIS 11.1-` p . I'm d S -. t

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT , FINAL REPORT

APPENDIX D

-2 O __ LLL___ _I__ ... e.

i…-~~~t

_~~~~~~~ _

ZNX0173- PG D-10

EN4o013/rB-.1- PAGED 1


APPENDIX 0

. E I 0wa~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r

* 4 - . .

S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

3 _

ENV1O41971301TABD-2.OC PAGE D-1 1


APPENDIX D

C- ,… - - ,

T F IH ...l I liT I

U

i IN 1AN g 0*i ll x

ENVWI)04I7130WTABD-2.DOC PAGE D-12


APPENDIX D

-~~~~~~

c .- --- L __H si,

E~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

ENV10097130rAO-2 DOC -D PAGE D-13

EIA.OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORT

APPENDIX D

So 'vrrvr T'-r-r-r-'r -T-T-'1-'1-['1-1-1" rt'

* . . ~ ~. . . . . . .

C -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

ENVl°0-W:3A--I2T-0 - PAEI D.14

c I:f I-dITII- i

1E IIEe

ENVIOG44S71J13ABDZ.DOC PAGE D>-14

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORTAPPENDIX D

:2 EF _l _ _ _____ _-+ I

l 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l

-

ENv1004Z37130zTAaD2.Doc PAGE D-15

.N10/73/A0-.0 AED1

TABLE D 2 (Cont'd) m

0

III (~~ ~ ~~~ ~~2) 131 (4) (SI ><

444 N P Frn41yron.4on 44..,. 041.n4199 94.49t f t... V6b.1it - Abnd.-nc. WARPA 04.o4 P4to.4 S4w.. tmop. *d A.-.-omnl >

i; Tb K, 5. S V c U R S P NP I T _ 0

B -~~(4 9444),o.td 5.444tl^_= =4g5. =,.o4o = - = = - -= = -

442 91.-140414d8 b.4WWI Uoc . .cl c _ _ a - .

145 C6p-ulh Cl54 4*04 h-444 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - rFWn0r P__.…

Al- - - - *…146 Spftl .d b.~l rr a__

144 G.4y-appd -dodpc. Oooqo 04414

149 PA.. -dwk. C*0o *44F4P4I4 _

"a P@>- _ " I _ m1i L.t- u- r Pk. IM-to. L. 1.1 . . 4 _ . 0

L1b2 .nlp V-11 p. P*.. flm..ch4 - = -=

143 tc.d W0pk4 P.. -. 4 _ - n - .

154 Wo4*4d 54u P . . x W ..

155 544M4 d P.. W1u 4 -__ . 4 . 4 . * .

157 P..44 044*464 _ _ . 104 4 4 4 4i5a O r hc .b ddW P--Pc cn _ = = -159 C ak hn 94045.45 C44p0 h044 4 4 .4 . . .

,9 614*4444 444.45, au4y4a4 4,,)4d,,.4 4 - x (4 4 * _ _ -

163 Ib)44444d4444 444444494 444441.4 044 4 - _ 4 K - _ _

R..n.. k4 0II) 4 (7) A-4.1 01 W.R(PA'l ....4 (4) Pb-l S.., IN d A--.T h

. S 94,.,ga . Vr A . _l.n d 444-4 I Kd4t.p4o.w 0 =|s * ,.4114b

4)4 )4)4S_.Y4 C .C4n0 P . 1wV4IeIad I 9 * 1

r 4 . 4,f4)4494

54, . lho ~44S4,h 4c4 P.w9 U . Umommo4444 46. 4)044-4414-144 44)440 E * Eodogo4 44)4)4 * l

S . S. YoSk 4lw Pk R R .,

51 * ShrtY 4

X w -nd rp. * p4 nd 1 b W' ' > Z

91.. V)444)4444444444d414444 >

m x

Zm

02~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


APPENDIX D

E

I _ t - -1--

E 93X 40 D -P D-17

-5 -z _ _ __ _ -!, $

0

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ENV1004197130/TABO2.OOC PAGE D-17


_ ~~~APPENDIX D

I. -F W T ...

EV00&M10r8-M A ED1

i 0___ ~__31i

L~~~~~i A I

ENlV10O4*9713Q(TAD2.DOC PAGE D-18


APPENDIX D

Iz

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ENV¶0041971301TABD.2.DOC PAGE D-19


APPENDIX D

a I I i I II 1I -T

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APPENDIX D

* ,. .__TT--_---...-- i o

. _, . ___ . _ _ _ " _ _ . . . . . ._ .

… | Q | : I :: L 1: r | g : F 1 I | | | 2 | ] ] ---. ; g

ENV00"1T2 P D-22

6 3''- |il][1\i\]t|[t\i ]]___te

I 11 lkllw l 11 11 .3.<

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ENV1OO4/9713OtTABDO2.DOC PAGE D-22

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT fINAL REPORT

APPENDIX D

I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

E . .. . . . .f . . . .. . .

.- ~~~~TTT -H-1 1 -

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-G E 4r _ 0 _ t _ b _ _ i_0 _ : _ _ _ } s ffi ! } 1- iF §' 't. | .. i

PAGE D-23ENvtoo4i9? 13ofTA8D-2.DOC

TABLE 0-2 (Contdf m08 Tt

it 124 13) 44 tti >a.No F.miyIComon- N. Sd-ok d N... H-O4r,b44)on Ab.nd.nc-. WARPA Sat.. P,...n SI4.I. Im.d A..P mn >

-------- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0zTh K., S. St V c U R A P NP I I _ >

8 . o C . ; - = -f r- -" l.Z

n __ V.d4444 lNold. E.-V. a4*. 4 _ _ _ _ _ _

___________________=_________= -=_=_= -=_- =_=___=-_ 204 !N444.4d Cio,, -- C

302 16- 4 11C4 .. 4 4- - 4 C 4 _ _ _ _ _

0 5. Pl b404 do4. ,s - _ . . . I _ . . I _. __G

i0m 444 b 4 t-d. C .. 4 . . . . . Tt

30 _ ._ .t. _______ _ _ _ __3 INe Wus* Nim cv" bv- XX

3Di d ll4p44444d4 .44 4 _ _ 4 _ 4 = . __ = . . r205 k.1'. M 4*4444444 cmis4A4 4440- M 30D Awn P6d III.W. p __k c_t

3i Xa FBnasww opdw-

311_ ls o ut F ,Wto X_ " | _

3 .,v ___ 4L,. 4_ _ _=

2312 54 a."4 _ 4 P __ - 4 ' . .. 4 . . 4 ._

3i A__ F -___ _ __-

R b,k IU NJsbda)A.. ) WAFPA S.,. M P-t S-lf fl h,, A--

D4 ,. 440 t rai 4444 V.4 & P . . . I . hd Ar V- O . pd

3 -44 4 W""44 Chh 5 - .C .. P . 1 . V.- . . 4

K44 . tlho L- N44* Pk 44 U .NUeP .- v .E . En = d .

s. S. Y, N-h Pk* R R..

X W . p nt lo lsd on sr > Z .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .

> .M z rzr(a)m3 4MC 04C) * 244,44 444 44*444.4 V * My 444444444 A * 4o444444 444444 4 * .444*4444444 4pM.. 0 A44444440


-

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-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

ENV100A97130rrA80-2.DOC PAGE D-25


APPENDIX D

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4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

i:

* : 1_S1 1? .1:11

E a E

ENVl004ff7l30fTA8D-2MC PAGE D-26

TABLE D-3 mz

_ DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE, WARPA STATUS AND PRESENT STATUS OF THE REPTILES SPECIES ALONG THE GAS PIPELINE ROUTE >i2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-n

III 131 141 1II

w No f.milyi'CwNmon N.- Scln,11fic N... Dintlb.NIon Ab.nd.n. WARPA Sirlu. Pr-nN StetN. Imp-cN A...m-ntb

Ct . Th Kb S. Sl V C U R A P NP I t 0Z

lorga W losludad ____ ____ ___ ____ ___ ____ __ _ … … …… … …… … … …………

2 . b-ogaedt WON ,?fl1 -V.4 N - N NN

……………- - - - - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~cn

G-1 Wt 1 Chg.I_ _ . _ C)

I, 8!ont-tddd NoIINhN PNWO1,IN 660 N- N m

6 Con-n S.1th.11I A ar6g.ea uN

,m? tilnyhd x

. S~~~~~~ Malsyan h NOIIIsNI Dopes NO06 . N . . .

B B,g-odad t.5INN- P)NWNI.-5N -noti,N NN- ~

9 M=.a b= -= C== =- = = = _ = _ _

50 ,mac seias.p.hdb _..ON00

*NSCN _ - _

OnlOyG-OoNd

1- 81FCh

12 S-...a gOOnd gNCO PytdoN~tlJ )M.lN N NN

3 C--oo hsIJN gecko NONOISJ ssat N NN-

14 Fl.a IONS gkO Cuo500 - N N

16 ic ToI - 'geck 6.10 960* Nss N _ N _ = = _

-- g_ _Ck k

ANsoN- 1 illt D bolOc 121 Abold-rc. (31 WARPA So- 14) P,N S,.,. ) 1,pr A,--nl

tic thong Ye NerNsw V . Very c055cn R . NN .S SpODs ) * Ltn h 0 AdNpl.4

WV/dliN SOnctUY C Common P . Pojoosd WO4- -. IFs.Id *C"" . A&e-g-INu.

Kh K.h0 LeeNN Nl.lo. PAsk U . U- -ncom NP N polectId iNNNN I1 * c nd NO * OpN * t>'""'J' "

-> S. S. Yk Nelsa1 POB A RO > N

m) S, .StuiYs Mm X . StoNN rd om

C().p * d NN toNS Ird lon stoIN


APPENDIX D

I1 I I -L .I. t< S : I j 1 S0: . 1'

3I_ I I -ewI

a. 1 - . . 1

-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

I!- 1 .1 1 1-1 11 lFl rCl IWLlsl I 1 1 1 1 1-11 1 1 l 1-

S IliglasiIf'li AIx

E

EzV1004M71WTA811~3-DOC PAGE D-28

ENV10047I3OIA8B3.aDC PAGE D-28


APPENDIX D

0

E-II I-I E C

F T 3T+H9Tt

0 . . P.G D-2

< _ . _... . ____ _ 'G

0 ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, ..I

. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ S

EN1049101A3 3.DO PAED2

0A TABLE 0-3 (Cont dI t

8 R.ptd .. O

III (2) (31 141 1S)7 No. PamlytCommon N.m. Scb.nfiNe N.m. ti,..r.bu1lon Abu dan.. WARPA St.mw. Pmmant StIlu. lmp.ct An. ...ma >

Th MS S. St V C U fl A P NP I T E 0

53 C -o , A[ hnA AA '4 - A _ _ _ A _

5. C_oo __fl _OK hqA%A,SA . _ , __ __ASt C_ .t _k . _ __ __ >kF,nily Ebp_._

_55 MAy. wbISOa CAAA A _ . . _ = = 56 ddA- L 8a) e A _ _ J

57 tad kail b A A _ _ A =

58 ,*.1l eodh N. b .x xW _ _ _ __… … … … ……………...-_ _ _- __ z59 KM W.. 0 op A A . * . m

F..o,d YcoA.O

W R..AhAs W. MAAAA

62 MI. pH Oph. eIw* 1-1**

63 C pht tA u A A I : 1 ._64 F% M.A TIAWASUA A A A .

Tool 4d 13 36 4 2 4 336 0 46 6b 3& 75 2033 5625 73* 313 375 5556 72 O *375 56 7 9763 93 = 5 i 234 U 69

R.-mkt (11 Dt>u 2 051 Ab.On 3 W ARPA s45 so.. PIAAAtI k4, AA,,AAM

Th . Thg Yi NhA,w n V.VY pmo n R A .CAA pu e n I mAS . 0 AdnA W.

W46IA S.A"Y C CAn P . pOdAdd TPAA T * .. Wd pb.A hA- 9t-A

ii, . 131-0 NAA 6. PA. U A NP . Il DAOwd NsAAoA E E fA d AWO - * OAA64AAO9A14

S . Yk II1hb Pk R. .. ,

St * S4W.

X . bwd nc.

A .1d b1 l pi.

mg > Z n->

XmZ

o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

(A)~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~xw)


APPENDIX D

EI

0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -

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0

z-

C. -

C..-

U,

E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~

10

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APPENDIX D

E I

- - I… I i i1ILliI

. L

2 i0

ENo0C jTAD-.0C PAE.-3

e . aX o. a |i i 'f

n -1 I.,.ll |1!11 -X

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APPENDIX D

TABLE D-5

SOME SPECIES OF WILDLIFE FOOD PLANT

No. FamilyNemacular name Scientific name Consumed part

FAMILY: ANACARDIACEAE

1 Mamuang paa a24 Nitl Mangdfera caloneura Kurz Fruns

2 Kuk (In) Lannea coromandebica Merr. FlowersFruits,Leaves

3 Mamue I:f-Uln Choerospondias axillans 9uftt & Hill Fruns

FAMILY: ANNONACEAE

4 Polyathia Polyatlhia sp. Fruits

5 Yaang on I!tfl4u) Polyalrhia viridis Craib Fruits

FAMILY: APOCYNACEAE

6 Teenoed IuttUflI Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. Fiowers

FAMILY BARRINGTONIACEAE

7 Chik (;n) Barnngronia coccinea Kostel Flowers,Leaves

FAMILY BIGNONIACEAE

8 Khae (lLa Srereosperrmum sp. Flowers

9 Phekaa rlinnh) Oroxylum indicum Vent Flowers

FAMILY BOMBACACEAE

10 Ngzu paa 4121I) Bombax anceps Pierre Flowers

FAMILY 9URSERACEAE

11 Makoem Wu:Lnul Canarium subularum Guill. Flowers,Leaves

FAMILY COMBRETACEAE

12 Haen (u7U) .Tefminalia glaucifolia Craib Fruns'

FAMILY: DILLENIACEAE

13 Saan 1(i1u) Dillenia obovara (80.1 Hoogl. Fruits

14 Mataad 1sJ:e11F) Dillenia indica Linn. Fruns

FAMILY EBENACEAE

15 Diospyros Diospyros sp. Fruits.Leaves

FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE

16 LoKhaao (ift1tlhf Macaranga quadncomis Rad). Leaves

17 Phobaai (tVtiftJI) Sapium baccatum Roxb. Fruns.Leaves

FAMILY: FAGACEAE

18 Ko (iti) Lithocarpus sp. Nuts

19 Kophuang Jhwiq4), Lithocarous fenestratus Rehd. Nuts

20 Kophae (rilmYt) Quercus kerrii Craib Nuts

ENV1004,97130/TA8o-5.DOC PAGE D-33


APPENDIX D

TABLE D-5 (Cont'd)

No. FamilyNernacutar name Scientific name Consumed part

FAMILY FLACOURTIACEAE

21 Kraoao yai (n tUlf lurM) Hydnocarpus anthelminthicus Pierre Fruits

FAMILY GRAMINEAE

22 Phai-paa I]-in) Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Wild. Shoot,Stem.Leaves

23 Phai-bong U114til) Bambusa natans Wall. Shoot,Stem,Leaves

24 Phaihiae Itat),j) Cephalostachyum vigatum Kun Shoot,Stem,Leaves

25 Phai-saang UltiN4) Dendrocalamus strnctus Nees Shoot,Stem,Leaves.Rhtzome

26 Pha-hok (Ul4fn) Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees Shoot,Stem,Leaves

27 Pha.rai (JliC) Gigantochloa albociliata Munro Shoot,Stem,Leaves.Rhizcr;e

28 Phai-pak Jifnn) Gigantochloa hasskariana Back. ex K. Heyne Shoot,Stem.Leaves

FAMILY : LYTHRACEAE

29 Lagerstroemia Lagerstroemia sp. Flowers

30 Salao (eLfifi) Lagerstroemia tomentosa Presi Flowers

31 Tabaek (Lr-in) Lagerstroemia cuspidara Wall. Flowers

FAMILY : MELIACEAE

32 Langsaad lNa'4itl) Aglaia domestica Pelleg Fruits

33 Khaangkhaao Ji'n14rn) Aglaia pirifera Hance Fruits

FAMILY MIMOSACEAE

34 Kaangkheemot (nfl'W1t133 Albizia odoratissima Benth Flowers,Leaves

35 Albizia Albizia sp. Leaves

36 Chaniang ll:L,UtNl Archidendron jiiringa Nielsen Leaves

FAMILY MORCEAE

37 Madueapiong W:L= eIJfl4l) Ficus hispida LUnn.t. Fruits

38 Sai (IT)l Ficus annulata Bl. Fruits

FAMILY : MYRISTICACEAE

39 Lueat (lLA10 Knema globularia Warb. Fruns

FAMILY MYRTACEAE

40 Waa lWi1) Eugenia cumini Druce Fruits,Leaves

FAMILY MUSACEAE

41 Kluay paa (nl3ut1')1 Musa acuminata Coia Flowers,Frunts,Leves

ENV1004,97130ftABD-S.1OC PAGE D-34


APPENDIX D

TABLE D-5 (Cont'd)

No. FamilyNemacular name Scientific name Consumed part

FAMILY: PAPILIONACEAE

42 Ketdaeng (hRuA34) Dalbergua dongnaiensis Pierre Leaves

43 Cingcnan 4lfUI Dalbergia oliven Garnble Leaves

44 KraDeeklue In-lMl 1)r Dalbergo foiiacea Wall Leaves

45 Krachoh l-ln- Millentia leucantha Kurz Leaves

46 Peechan ( 9ul Oalbergia cana Grah. Leaves

47 Thongtaangpaa (lt4u1nAf4rliJ Er,rhrina subumbrans IHassk.) Merr. Leaves

FAMILY - PROTEACEAE

48 Polaai W88.lrE1JtianUnI) Gre wia eatostemoAdes CoIl. et hemsl Fruits

FAMILY: RUTACEAE

49 Hatsakhun n^wU) Micromelum minutum Wight & Am. Frurts

FAMILY: SONNERATIACEAE

50 Lamphuupaa Il41qlh) Duabanga grandifda IRoxb. ex DC.) Walp. Flowers

FAMILY STERCULIACEAE

51 Lampaang iiltl4l) Prerospeirmum diversifolium 81 Seeds

52 Poeekeng (JI8DLr41 Prerocymbium javanicrm R.Br. Leaves

53 Kanaanpling ln-ui1uJl4) Pterospermum acerifolium Wild, Seeds

FAMILY: SAPINDACEAE

54 Lamyaipa Iflt81.hl Paranephelium longdfoliolarum Lac. Fruits

55 Kholaen (iSLflul Xerospermum intermedium Radlk. Fruits

56 Lamyai (i'VLtjl Dimocarpus longan Lour. Fruits

57 Takhro IP1:PIn) Schleichera oleosa ILour.) Oken Fruits

FAMILY: SYMPLOCACEAE

58 Mueatdong ILVZI4l Syrrmplocos farmuginea RoxD. Fruns,Leaves

FAMILY: SIMAROUBACEAE

59 Mayompaa MZt.13i5fhl Aiianthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alston Frurls

FAMILY: ULMACEAE

60 Mahaat iUZMIWI) Celtis tetrandra Roxb. Fruis

FAMILY: VER8ENACEAE

61 Phaasian I4411JU) Vitex canescens Kurz Fruhs,Leaves

ENV1004i97130rABD-5.DOC PAGE D-35

APPENDIX E

THE DETAILS OF EACH LAND USE TYPE

'40 0001 44.01_ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

0C .' " z r - X f W r . . ffi w s ' ' '

A mSYMBOL

! ' ~\ * AS1 oO.9ooEw OO

vf 2PROJECT BOUNDARY (l00g' >

z/ /\ 8< \ \ i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PRCUiECT POUNDARY 120m) .jf >/ I t s\ \ \/ --- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~GAS PIPf LINE \ Z

* CHANOWAT -TIE IMPN;,Y/ Kx'>.Z1\ 2AWX

EFTONE(\ \\ s\\si tX ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- ~ RAILAOAD. r| , K >\ K~- ~- CHALANCGWAI LINE O A00 200 m

NSI*_p~~ \,>.-> \ ..r-x ^ - = Vertical Graphc Scale m

POND 0 * 2 Km m

. s^<> \ . g { At ~~~~~~~~} UANO USE BOUNDARY - N.Stooons t \ > > } _ - _ Horizontal Graphic Scale

\K. A ' -- _IsIEK~~~~SF~~~2.-,

LEGEND LAND USE

U2 - VILLAGE*U3 - INSTITUTIONAL LAND

Us * WOUSTRIAL LANO

All1 * RAINFED PAODY FIELO jf*

A1 2 * IRRIGATION PADDY FIELD )

A2 * FIELD CROPS

615DOOli AA I * MiIEO ORCHARDS 7AB * SHIPING CULTIVATION AO.O > -- *\

A? * PAStURE 1 \I.1

Fli4 * BAMBOO FOREST F2.1F. I * MIXEO DECIDUOUS FOREST \/

F3 * FOREST PLANTATION

Mi2 * SHRUBS

s12 . SWAM^P F f2.1 > > ; SMl LATERITE PIT \ ; ' _w * NATURAL WATER RESOURCES

. _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TTEAM

FIGURE E-1 LAND USE MAP ALONG THE YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE r tErnZ n0c

-M-

r 1600551 4855501

SYMBOL

-- PRtOjECT BOUNDARY (IOOTI

j- -@mF 1 - - tANPROJECT BOUNDARY r0I)

F2 - - GAS PIPE LINE

* AMPEA69 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ROAD

(9 '~~~~~'......~~~~~A 6.9 RAILROAD 20m.2. .N ./ --' -. ,CAT LNE0

U7.1 *\ VI-UGE - AMPNOE LINE Velilcal Gr SAale

F21 ' gNSlITUTIONAL tAND F2. 1 \.PONDF2U1SfAl LAND USE BOUNDAAY NorIzontal G aphiC Scale

A -. MXGOCA8.9 \ \

F2t1 . N F22I

__ _ _ __ _ _ _ I .*=E DCOOU OtS 1-4 - ___

LEGEND LAND USE \t

U? * VILLAGE

W INSTITUTIONAL LAND F2.1 X' NUS INDUSTRIAL LAND'

Al A A RANFED PADDY FIELD -''IAl? : RRIGATION PADDY FIELD

A? FIELD CROPS

A4d M * LAED ORCHARDS

AGOa SHIIFING CULTIVATION AT PASTtIJIE

FI B EAMBOO FOREST F AF? I MIXED DECIDUOUS FOREST------

-I bu,I TID,I F3 FOREST PLANTATION A

Ml 2 SIIRUBSMl I SWAMP

MT LArlEflllE Ply

IN * ATURAL WATER RESOURCES

TEAM

> ~ ~ ~ *FIGURE E-1 Cont'dm . Imt ._.

rQ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I

8 4101e01 A'M50OOt *tK)OOOf *n.emf >

c ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0

0 >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0

. 5ytstBOL LEGENO LANO tJSE z A2 z ' 8 \~~~~~2

C-4

_._(/~ A PROIECT SOUNOARY tl01ml U2 V§tLAGE < r 0100200m

~~~ ' ( +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.Y(N\%2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' : ~~~~~~~Vertical Graphic Scale

PROJECl SOUNDYRY t 20m 1 U3 0 1 2 Km m

H-orizontal Graphic Scal.

SYMBOL. LEGENO LAND USE A2 A.. 1 '

P.- lROJECT BOUNDARY (1flOn U2 VILLAGE RT'i \.a.Th.--- PROJECT BOUNDARY 20m i U3 * INSTITUTIONAL LAND

- GAS PIPE LINE U5 * INDUSTRIAL LAND F2. 1

ti CHANGWAT Al i . RAINFEO PADDY FIELD

* AMPHOE 'A 2 * IRRIGATION PADDY FIELD 5".110

ROAO A2 * FIELD CROPS . Y/

RAILROAD AA I MIXED ORCHARDS F. A2 \' ,'

-- - - CIHANGWAT LINE ABS * SHIFING CULTIVATION

AMPHOE LINE AT * PASTURE ' -^ W \, I .

RIVER F14 * BAMBOO FOREST A 2- A A2\

3 POND Fi * MIXEO DECIDUOUS FCIREST F2.1

LAND USE BOUNDARY F3 FOREST PLANTATION

M 12 * SHRUBS

M2.i * SWAMP N12.2

MT * LATERITE PIT a

W NATURAL WATER RESOURCESSW.ng B,w

A?

C) FIGURE E-1 Cont'd TEAMmr

_ .__. _ _ m -.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:

*I¶~~~~~IWIII dIE~~~~~~~49 OcaE 495.(0EEE00M F

-

PROJECT BOUNDARY (100OFIIAI - - - - PROJECT BOUNDARY 2Si I

- GAS PIPE LINE VC' *ol '-i A2' "~ A2. CHANGWAT

*. & >.AMPHOE C\F 1-- ROAD

I $WTWVAId $.ro.A0 ______\,_+ _ RAILROAD

- - --- ~~~~CHANGWAT LINE 0 00200 m rM~l.2 A

->s'3 k Ml. 2 C CHANGWAt LINE Venlical Graphic Scale rRIVER

~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~POND IISE BUNDAR

A ADSS BUDAYHorizontal Graphic Scale

M11.2

LEGEND LAND USE

UT . VILLAGE

U3 . INSTITUTIONAL LAND < 'I' *99 WWI US * INDUSTRIAL LAND So YesI,

Al 1 . RAtNFED PADDY FIELD NO F I

Al 7 . IRRIGATION PADDY FIEND \ \ \

A? . FIELD CROPS \

Ad I MIXED ORCHARDS

A69 * SHIlFING CULTIVATION

A? . PASTURE A 2Fi4 B BAMBOO FOREST \ /FS2 . MIXED OECIDUOUS FORESI '

F3 * FOREST PLANTAtION

Ml? * SHRUBS

M2S * SWAMP T.A A7MT L LATERITE PIT

w NATURAL WATER RESOURCES q \A7". \

TEAMFIGURE E-1 Cont'd *

m Zm x

M.

m

t~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ I IL I/ . 2IJ

a E lI PROJECT EIOUND^RY llEm I N r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 5~~~~~'t\ \ >~ 00_ _ c_o sosEC EONocoo t 0 eia: rpi c

] - C000C00T L U3 | | '.n 1'N s l G 4h ZS sas. |

S Phs Rz I || |-I( - 9HELN

n

LEGEND LAND USE X \ &sX \ t ) L.A2 7N-OP USE: BUNDARY lO -

US,~~ \,o<N\

US ~ ~ ~ ~ -. * -NUTRA -AN 'A PIP \.INE

Al ~ ~ ~ : \ * *ANE CI4ADDA VerELDa Grahi ScaleS,~~~~~~~~~~\ A12N\\ S IRIA71NPHOOY0 FI L \2Km\ m\tn

A2 2R __PIELO_CROPS___ 00-- lAiIl -4 -- CHANGWAT LINE

Fl 4 . E^MeoO fORESI ,/A^ POND

L D LA2D USERU85 Ml2 LAND US_BOUNDY 1 2 1 |

U* I NDUTRIAL LvANDR REORE\ I42 STe \ e

A. . (* RINFED PADDY FIELD

A. , , IRRIAION ,ADDY FIELD , I4 e, o. .

A4~ I_ IE OCAD . .~ _

AT * PASTURE ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~HNGA CN

>~~~~~~~~~~~~F TEA * BABOFRS

cm ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~F FIUR E-1 CoItEd DEIDOU FOES nT

m3 .FOREST PLANxATION ! ((1P

UI? SHUBILLAGE..f.f,

MT * LATEITU ITOA LANDjI

AlI FANEPADFIELDI

m FIGURE E-1~~~~~~A FEL CROPS

A4, MIXE .

-~ ~ ~~~~~~~6- HFN UTVTO

S .

< SCCII SIOrX SISTOOOE

F2 I1D. £04 S1 ."^ SYMBOL

- PROJECT BOUNDARY (100l )

o Xa - \ 6 \nPROJECT BOUNDARY 120m). 0 100 200 m* tP \{1 F2.1 - - GAS PIPE LINE C:

I s£o1ocr0 00 ,\ \\\ ll ij CHANGWAT Vertical Graphic ScaleAMPHOE 0 1 2 Km

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a Wm-i 001

POND

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A4 I . MIXED ORCHAROS /

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A? PASTURE \A F1O BAMABOO FOnE(ST IND2.F2 I . MIXED DECIDUOUS FOREST _O_ ____F21


PA? * SHRUJBS

M2 I SWAMP

MI L LATERITE PIT /W * NATURAL WAFER RESOURCES

I I .1 . . , , _ , I , I I I I I I

TEAMm FIGURE E-1 Cont'dom

. - ~ ~ ~~- m,n . I , , , I z ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~ILVI~~OX520.05Sf 625.0000 z~~~~~~~~~~~~5 V.oy.l s, s uat s0oo tStO

SYMBOL z

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F2. 1 su\CHANGWAT >

\2 %> \ \ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AMPHOE tiE _X

0 100 200 m. -0

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\ \ \ , :=- RIVER Horizontal: Graphic Scale .POND

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At I * MIXED ORCHARDS F2.1 KA5B 2 SHIFING CULTIVATION )'

AT . PASTURE M1.2 A4.1 tl1Pt\ . BiAMBOO FOREST

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>1 * FOIREST PLANIAliON

Ml2 * SHRUtBS - X ' B J\ 4mAR11

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M7 LATERItE PIT A2\ \,m.N.E121I Sbu MuNI

w . NATURAL WATER RESOURCES (

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TEAMmz FIGURE E-1 Cont'd zM

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S 4 * t.. W*4.. 12) b3o :oocot ~ s3s000E 540.OOOE

n_ SYMBOL j

c A PROJECT BOUNDARY 11001m

-i - - - PROJECT BOUNDARY (20n I\ - - GAS PIPE LINE

* AMPHOEF2I ROAO

RAILROAD

---- CHANGWAT LINE 01020M

-- AMPHOE LINE

_ \ ';>> v \ \\ _ - RIVER Vertical Graphic ScalePONO

A? LAND USE BOUNDARY

' s., v>\~ H& \ tANOruSE EOUNOARY ltHizotal G aphic Scale

LEGEND LAND USE I To 1 0-9

U2 * VILLAGE F.I wku3 * INSTITUTIONAL LAND <____/_NO1

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Al . PASTURE

F I * . AMSOO FOREST A2 -:A '0XI- F? I . MIXED DECIDUOUS FOREST

r3 * FOREST PLANTAIION '' / A2UI I * SHRIJSS J £4\M7 I * SWAMP 1 sMI . LATERITE PIT

I I

W N NATURAL WATER RESOURCES A 2

* . .11 11 * .I

.,..

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> FFIGURE E-1 Cont'd ZM

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m~~ - _ m

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B K'OI9'X A C LAND UASE BOLINDARY

*e~~~ K'2A -s> .LEGEND LAStA USE L ,

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U5 INUSTRIAL tAND L USE B

Al E * RAINFED PADDY FUELD >I \; \Al 2 * IRRIGAtION PADDY FIELD

A2 * FIELO CROPS "

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Ar ' PASrURE Il I

F14 B BAMBOO FOREST

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MI? * SHRUBS

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, -/ \\ SYMEOE| Vertical Grarhc Scae~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ YOL0 1 2 K~m

.Z. onal GC |i

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LEGEND LAND USE l 'r< NRAILROAD

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AGB * SHIFING CULTIVATION A2A7 * PASTURE Mt.2F14 * BAMBOO FOREST

F2 I . MIXED Dl DCIOIJIS FOILSIt

sIS DOON F3 * FOREST iLAtTATION B P o'|Mul 2 * S"RuNS > A2 A

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SYMBOLt

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>

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AMHEC,MOI SO sOOONs AGO * SHIFING CULTIVAkIION AftfCOtfN

AT * PASTURE

Fr . BAMBOO FOREsT.

^~~~~~~~~~~~~F MxI *uXED DECIDUOUS fORIESTINE

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ur t LATERITE PIT

w .NArURAL wATER RESOuRcES

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>

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Al 2 * IRRIGATION PAODY FIELD PROJECT BOUNDARY (m00t

A2 * FIELD CROPS - - - - PROJECT BOUNDARY t 20m ) Ml,2A I * MIXED ORCHARDS - GAS PIPE LINE

ASI B SIGIFING CULTIVATION ji CHANGW AT

AT * PASTURE AMPHOE

F14 BAMBOO FOREST ROAD

FJ I * MIXED DECIDUOUS FOREST RAILROAD INDEX. *J FOREST PLANTATION - CHANGWAT LIVE

M1 2 * SHRUBS --- AMPHOE LINE

M2 I SWAMP RIVER

M7 * LATERIIE PIl POND

P W NATURAL WAIER RESOU(ICES ( 2 LAND USE BOUNDARY

I~~~ ~ ~ I

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. \ I - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ROAD- r

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PRATCHAX IRi POWER PLANTI mm

\ " > \ @ PONO A4.1 A2 / '7 ~~~~~~~m

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Ml.2 Ml.2 Ml.2 \: . Al.~~~~112 2|A41\ J

FI.4 A

M.2 MIt _- 0 100 200 m.

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U? VILLAGEL AIA'r - 7,w L $~ 4 F O0 1 2 KmUl ISUO.A LANtUrD A'A A'

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Al PASIUREL [N.1 r1

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1"

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FIGURE E-1 Cont'd A

m - _x

APPENDIX F

THE RESULTS OF CODVIP A T IN SIT"Y

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SYMBOL ! \.t ;\\> t

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SYMBOL "I

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** HOUSEINE

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SYMBOL

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FIGURE F-1 Cont'd 0 >

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SYMBOL \\;%@TtS

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m LM~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~LMJ 2~~~~~~~~~~~~APHELN

o _I

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t . ,,rrDr sss.r oof - s60.r sODA WOW

>

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Vertical Graphic Scale mmB1AI 1Ifl

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------ _ o. p.,n Horiztotal Graphic ScOcW 2

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o INSTITUTION

I £ ~ ~I p I . II| _ I p

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0 100 200mSYMBOL \ / tct-t wY so aLaFc Vertical Graphic Scale

_ PROJECT BOUNDARY lOOI/I

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6a CHANGWAT IN,PEX'

* . RAMPHOE LEGENDROAO

RAILROAD H*. hOUSECANGCWAT LINE SCHOOL

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PONO 0 INSTiTUTiON

I , I , , , I,. .. ,

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me . FIGURE F-i Cont'd Z-n

APPENDIX G

- LIST OF KEY-INFORMANT FOR IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW

- DETAILS OF QUESTIONNAIRES FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORTAPPENDIX G

TABLE G-1

LIST OF KEY-INFORMANI FOR iN-DEPTH ;,N, I`RVI5A

ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT. OF NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT

Name .oirnOrganrzason

1GssstnctenLOiiclal

. 1 Mr THANONG UTHANSAKUL Commercial Provmncal Head Commercial Provncial Ofhce

1.2 Mr BURI THAMMARAK Assistant ot Distrct Oficer lhe Office ot Ihong Pna Pnum District

1.3 Mr. SOMBAT YANGSUNG Public Heatth Ofce Public Health otfice of Thong Pha Phum

District

1 4 Col. WITOON DISSAYABUTR Deputy Thai-Mvanma Border Central Head ThaiMyanrna Border Control Office

1.5 Mr. THANAKORN WICHAIKUL Assistant of Thong Pha Phum Reforestation Otfice Thong Pha Phum Retorestation Office

1 6 Mr. JINDA PHOTHONG Member of Province Parliament

17 Mr. SURAPOL MALIHOM Public Health District Offcer Thong Pha PhLm District Public Health

Office

1.8 Mr PRATHEUNG YEAMYART Assisant District Officer The Office of Sar Yok District

1.9 Mr. WiSOUT WARASUP Assistant District Officer The Office of Dan Makham Tia Distrct

1 10 Mrs. SAMNAO LOPRAKANSIT Public Health District Officer Public Heafth Office of Dan Makham Tia

District

2. Commercial Ban

2.1 Ms WERAWAN KRiSSANALOAM Manager Krung Thai Bank of Thong Pha Phum

Branch

2.2 Mrs. NARUMOL KAMONWARAPHITAK Manager Krung Thai Bank of Sai Yok Branch

2.3 Mr. JUMPOL WANCHALAKAMOL Manager Thai Commercial Bank of Dan Makham Te

Branch

31 Mr. SOMCHAI PRECHA Assistant Manager Green World Hot Sprnng Hotel Resort

and Gotf Club

3.2 Mr PRASIT PHECHOY Phung Wan Resort

3.3 Mr APHIWAT TOKRISSANA Manager Pong Su Da Resort

3.4 Mr. SURACHAI SOTMANEE Manager Surachai Hardware

3.5 Mr. SUNTI SUNTHONG Manager Chonnabot REstaurant

4. LocaLLeader

4.1 Mr. SUNTI AMEKONG Asistant of Subdistrict Chief Pi-Lock Subdistnct

4.2 Mr. SURASAK SUTHI Subdistrict Chief Huai Kaveang Subdistrict

4.3 Mr. WICHIEN THINSAMRAN Subdistrict Chief Lin-Thin Subdistrict

4 4 Mr. SOMSAK SURIYAWONG Village Leader M. 7 Lum Sum Subdistrict

ENVl004fi7t30/TAeG-1.DOC PAGE G-1


APPENDIX G

TABLE G-1 (Cont'd)

Name Posrton COrga':anton

RATCHARURI PROVINCE

1 Lccl Otficial

1.1 Mr PRECHA TERASONG Commercial Provincial Head ComrercAal Provincial Offce

1.2 Mt PHEUMSRI SAWATDHIWAT Chont Bung Dstict Othce

1.3 Mrs BOONPROM INTHAPHIRA Public Health Officer Public Healh Office of Chom Bung Dstnct

1.4 Mrs MALI TABTiMTHCjNG Pubic Heatth Otficer Public Heatth Ofthce ot Ratchaburi Province

2 Commercal Bank

2.1 Mr. SAMPOL APHIKULCHATIKIJ Manager Bangkok Bank of Chorn Bung Branch

2.2 Mr. SAWAI SILAPAPHISUN Manager Bangkok Bank of Ratchabur, Branch

3 BumSIess

31 Mr. JUKREE CHINANGKUL General Manager Golden City Hotel

4. LMaL.Leafet

41 Mr. THAWIL SAMTHONGKLUM Village Head M. 2 kam Oun Sub DIstrict

ENV10oO4f7l30/TABG-l.D0C PAGE G-2


APPENDIX G - FORM A

Number of Questionnaire

Interviewer J

Editor

FORM A


NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT

FROM YADANA FIELD TO RATCHABURI: SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY

Name IHH. Number Village Name Village

Number Sub-district District

Province

1. GENERAL INFORMATION

1.1 Sex

71) Male _2) Female

1.2 Age Yrs.

1.3 Household Status

_1) Household Heads _2) Spouse

_3) Children, Son/Daughter in law _4) Sibling

_5) Other (Specified)

1.4 Education

_1) No Schooling _2) Primary

_3) Secondary School (M1-M3) _4) High School or E,quivalent

5) Vocational Diploma 6) Bachelor Degree

ENV1O04fI7145/QUES-A.DOC PAGE G-3


APPENDIX G - FORM A

1.5 Region

_1) Buddishism _2) Christianity

_3) Islam _4) Other (Specified)

1.6 Originai Domicile

_1) Born here _2) Other Village in the Tambon

_3) Other Tambon in the District _4) Other District in the Province

_5) Other Province in the Region _6) Other the Region

1.7 If Mitigated from other Place the Cause of Migration

_1) Seek Job _2) Foilow Parents/Relatives

_3) Have spouse Here _4) No Agricultural Land

_5) Work Requirement _6) Other (Specified)

1.8 Living Here Since BE. _ _ (In the Case of Continuous Stay).

If not Specify Range of Time Living Here

1.9 Amount of Time Living Here year.

1.10 Present Housing Condition.

_1) Wood House _2) Wood/Concrete House

_3) Concrete Building _....4) Wooden Shophouse

_5) Concrete Shophouse _6) Town House


ENV1004,97145/oUES-A.DoC PAGE G-4


APPENDIX G - FORM A

2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC INFORMATION

2.1 Permanent Household Members _ persons, Male Femalle

No Relationship wnth Sex Age Education OccupationL

Household Head

Pre- In- Highest Main Supplementary

School School Attained occupation occupation

2.

3.

4.

5.

_6. ______- __ ==__ =__ _=__ ____

7.1

Notes: Occupation Code

1) Agriculture 2) Gov. OfficiaVState Enterprise

3) Hired Farmiabour 4) Industrial Worker

5) Business (Trade/Industry) 6) private Employee

7) Service (Clothing, barber, etc.)

8) Other (Specified)

2.2 Present Main Occupation (Check Only One)

_1) Agricufture (Specified)

_2) Hired Farmlabour (Specified)

__3) Trading/Private Career (Specified)

4) Industrial Worker

_5) General Employee/Hired Labour

6) Gov. Officer/Public Enterprise


ENV1004/97145[0UES-A.DOC PAGE G-5


APPENDIX G - FORM A

2.3 Supplementary Occupations

_1) Agriculture (Specified)

_2) Hired Farmlabour (Specified)

_3) Trading/Private Career (Specified)

_4) Industrial Worker

_5) General Employee/Hired Labour

_6) Gov. Officer/Public Enterprise


2.4 Total Household Income Baht/Month

2.5 Estimate Household Expense Baht/Month (Bahttyear)

2.6 Income Sufficiency for Expense

_1) Yes

2) No

2.7 Present Debts Baht, Purpose of Borrow

_1) Household Expense

_2) Buy Asses

3) Product Investment

_4) Children Education

_5) Medical Care


ENV1004/971 AstUES-A.DOC PAGE G-6


APPENDIX G - FORM A

2.8 Land Holding Status

Type of Land Land Holding Land Use Distance from Gas

Holding Status Pipeline (m)

1. Residential land

2. Productive land

Plot 1

Plot 2

Plot 3 _ _ __

Notes: Land Holding Code

1) Owner 2) Rented Land

3) Free Use of Other's Land 4) Other (Specified)21

Land Use Code

1) Cropping (Specified) 2) Animal Raising

3) Idle 4) Other (Specified)

2.9 Household Asset

_1) House Number_ Unit, value Baht/Unit

Total value __= ____ Baht

_2) Land Rai, value Baht/Unit

Total value Baht

2.10 Transportation

2.10.1 Main Road for Travelling or Earring Produces

2.10.2 Type of Regular Use Road

_1 ) Asphaltic

_2) Latterite

3) Dirt


ENV1004197145/OUES-A.OaC PAGE G-7


APPENDIX G FORM A

2.10.3 Road Status

_1) Use all Year Round

_2) Good Only in Dry Season

_3) Rough but can be Use all Year

4) Other (Specified)

3. INFORMATION RECEIVING AND ATTITUDE ABOUT THE PROJECT

3.1 Are you received Information about the Natural Gas Pipeline from Myanma -

Ratchaburi.

_1) No receive

_2) Received the First Information

_1) Letter from PTT

2) PTT staff

3) Local Government Officer

4) Newspaper

_5) Radio

_6) Television

_7) Community Head

8) Neighbour


3.2 You Think How Much You Know about the Project

_1) Not at all

_2) Considerable Understanding

_3) Good/Understanding


ENV1004/97 145I1UES.A.DOC PAGE G-8


APPENDIX G - FORM A

3.3 During Construction Phase, What Kind of Impact you got

Impact on you and Impact on Impact on Neamess

Parents Community Area

Positive Effect

. .. .................. ................. .... .............. ............................. .. ..................................

2..................... ....... ................................ ........................................ ....... ...................................

3..................... ................................... ................................. ...................................Negative Effect

1...........

2...........

~~~~~~~~~~. .................... .............................. .................................... ........... .................... .....

2~~ ~~~~~~~. .................... .......................... ................................... .. .................................3. .................... , ......... .......................... .............................. ...................................3.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.

3.4 During Operating Phase, What kind of Impact you got

Impact on you and I Impact on Impact on Other Other

Parents Community Nearness Area

Positive Effect

1 ...................................................... ....................... .... ...................................

2. ....................................................... ................................... ...................................

3..................... ................................... ................................... .............................

Negative Effect

1..................... ....... ................................... ..............................

2. ....................................................... ................................... ...................................

ENV1004N7i4SIQUES-A.OC PAGE G-9


APPENDIX G - FORM A

3.5 How much you Trust the Safety of the Project

_1) 100% _2) Very much

_3) Considerably _4) Not much

_5) Not at ail _86) Other (Specified)

3.6 Attitude and Reaction of the Project

_1) Agree Because

_2) Worried About

_3) Not Agree Because ....

3.7 What is your Opinion of Land Expropriation

1) Agree with Noncondition

_2) Agree if Received Appropriate Compensation.

_3) Not agree Because

4) Not sure depend on

_5) Other (Specified) .

3.8 What is Your Opinion of Land Acquisition

_1) Agree with Non Condition

2) Agree if Received Appropriate Compensation

_3) Protest Because

_4) Not Sure Deepened On


3.9 Opinion about the Compensation

3.9.1 Have you ever receive information about the compensation of the project.

_1) No

_2) Yes

3.9.2 in the rase of Compensation !nformation, Are you Satisfartion

_1) Not Satisfaction Because

_2) Satisfaction Because

ENVtOoAN7146/0UES-A .XC PAGE G-10


APPENDIX G - FORM A

3.9.3 How the Appropriate Compensation do you think.

4. OTHER OPINIONS/SUGGESTION

ENVIo4lg715 i wUES.A.DOC PAGE G-11


APPENDIX G - FORM B

Number of Questionnaire

Interviewer _ _/_

Editor

FORM B


NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT

YADANA FIELD TO RATCHABURI: SOCIO ECONOMIC STUDY

Interview Name-Surname

Age Yrs. Education

Occupation _ _ Position

Business' Name

Business or Work characteristic

Location Sub District _ District Province

Business Status (Big, Medium, Small)

Number of Employee

Business Economic Status (Good, Average, Poor)

ENV 1O04S7145/COUES8 DOC PAGE G-12


APPENDIX G - FORM B

1. KNOWLEDGE OF PROJECT INFORMATION

- - Information Content

- Source of Information

2. PROJECT IMPACT

- Cost of Land

- Land Use

- Transportation

- Economic Growth

- Wnpact on Socio / Culture

- Government / Community Development

- Awareness Toward Natural Resources

- Public - Health

- Education

- Aesthetic / Tourism

- Other (Specified)

3. ATTITUDE OF THE PROJECT

4. OTHER OPINION AND SUGGESTION

ENV1004A97145IQUES.SBOC PAGE G-13


TABLE G-2

RESPONDENT'S GENERAL INFORMATION

Items Directly affected group

No. Y

Number of Respondent 136 100.00

1 Sex

- Male 71 52.21

- Female 65 47.79

2. Age

< 20 yfs 2 1 47

- 20 - 30 yrs 28 20.59

- 31 - 40 yrs 42 30.88

- 41 - 50 yrs 24 17.65

. 51 -60 yrs 23 16.91

> 60 yrs 17 12.50

Age average (yrs) 43.15

3 Houshold Status

- Leader 75 55.15

- Spouse 35 25.74

- Off springs/in-laws 22 1618

- Brothersisisters 2 1 47

- Parents 2 1.47

4 Education

no schooling 15 11.03

- Primary level 95 69.85

- Secondary level 8 5.88

- Vocational 13 9.56

- University/Collage 5 3.68

5. Religion

- Buddhism 135 99.26

- Christianrty 1 0.74

6 Housing Condition

- One story wooden house 76 55.88

- One story concrete house 48 35.29

- One story half wood, hate concrete house 1 0.74

- Wooden shophouse 6 4 41

- Concrete shophouse 5 3.68

ENv1ss4/97r30TrABG-2.DOC PAGE G-14


TABLE G-3

DOMICILE AND MIGRATION

Items Directly Affected Group

No. %


1. Origin Domicile

- Born here 34 25.00

- Migrated from other village of this subdistrict 9 6.62

- Migrated from other subdistrict of this district 10 7.35

- Migrated from other district of this province 32 23.53

- Migrated from other province of this region 29 21.32

- Minrated from other region 22 16.18

2. Causes of In-migration 102

- To find job 47 46.08

- Follow parents/relatives 20 19.61

- To get married here 14 - 13.73

- No land to work on 16 15.69

- Follow working place 2 1.96

- To work in minimg 1 0.98

- Like the atmosphere here 2 1.96

3. Year of living here

- < 5 years 16 11.76

- 5-0 years 27 19.85

- 11 - 20 years 18 13.24

- > 20 years 75 55.15

Average (Years) 23.57

ENV1OO4/9713OTASG.3.00C PAGE G-15

EIA OF VADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORT

APPENDIX G

TABLE G-4

HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE


No. T %


1. Household members

- Male 2.10 48.72

- Female 2.21 51.28

Average (person/HH.) 4.31 100.00

2. Age of household member (person/1-1H.)

* < 7 years 0.49 11.37

- 7-13 years 0.57 13.23

- 14-20 years 0.63 14.62

- 21-60 years 2.33 54.06

- > 60 years 0.29 6.73


3. Household members education Iperson/HH.)

- No schooling 0.19 4.41

- Being in school (student) 0.96 22.27

- Not reach school age 0.39 9.05

- Primary level 2.23 51.74

- SecondaryNocational 0.36 8.35

- College/University 0.18 4.18

4. Household members working condition 4.31

- Working (person/HH.) 2.76 64.04

- Not working (person/HH.) 1.55 35.96

* Before school age 0.39 25.16

* Students 0.95 61.29

* Old aged 0.10 6.45

* Crippled 0.01 0.65

* Unemployed 0.05 3.23

* Housewife 0.04 2.58

* Ordinated (in monkhoodl 0.01 0.65

ENV100497130frABG-4.DOC PAGE G-16


APPENDIX G

TABLE G-5

OCCUPATION


No.


1. Present household main occupation

Agriculture 79 58.09

Activities

. Tea plantation 5 6.33

* Frui tree (mixed) 17 21.52

. Cashcrops (cotton, maize etc.) 52 65.82

• Silk worm production 5 6.33

Hired farm labour 6 4.41

Activities

. Flowers growing 1 16.67

* Planting and Cultivating 2 33.33

* Carrying bamboo shoot 1 16.67

* Weeding 1 16.67

* Garden keeper 1 16.67

Trading/Business 30 22.06

Activities

* Grocery 18 60.00

* Foed/Candy shop 7 23.33

* Garment shop 2 6.67

* Charcoal selling 1 3.33

* Cash-crop buying/Selling 2 6.67

- Industrial worker 4 2.94

- Wage labour 6 4.41

- Government official/State enterprise 7 5.15

* Mine worker 3 2.21

* Living,on money sent by off-spring 1 0.74

ENVl004J7130/TABG-.SDOC PAGE G-17


APPENDIX G

TABLE G-5 (Cont'd)

Items I Directly Affected Group

No. %


2. Household supplementary occupation

No 63 46.32

- Yes 73 53.68

- Agriculture 9 12.33

Activities

• Tea plantation 1 11.11

* Cash crop growing 8 88.89

- Farm Labour 31 42.47

Ativities

* Flowers growing 2 6.45

. Planting and Cultivating 22 70.97

* Carrying bamboo shoot 2 6.45

* Weeding 5 16.13

- Trading/Business 11 15.07

Activities

* Grocery 5 45.45

. Food/Candy shop 2 18.18

. Garment shop 1 9.09

. Chacoal selling 1 9.09

* BooksNDO business 1 9.09

. Cash-Crop buying/selling 1 9.09

- Industrial work 4 5.48

- Wage labour 18 24.66

ENV 10049713OTABG.SD0C PAGE G-18


APPENDIX G

TABLE G-6

INCOME - EXPENDIT'uRE


No. %

Number of Respondenm 136 100.00

1. Household income 18aht/HH..

< 3,000 16 11.76

- 3.000 - 6,000 61 44.85

- 6.001 - 9,000 24 17.65

- 9.001 - 12,000 14 10.29

- 12,001 - 15,000 7 5.15

- 15,000 14 10.29

Average (BahtiMonth) 9,176

4. Househc.id epedture &aVHlH.)

- <3,000 33 24.26

3,000 - 6,000 49 36.03

* 6,001 - 9,000 21 15.44

9,001 - 12,000 ' 9 6.62

- 12:001 - 15.000 7 5.15

- > 15,000 17 12.50

Average (Baht/Month) 8.960

3. Comparision of inome/expenditere

- Sufficient 108 79.41

* Not sufficient 28 20.59

4. Household debts

- No 94 69.12

. Yes 42 30.88

Outstanding debts (Baht/HH) 24,352

Loan obSeives

- Household expenses 10 23.81

- Buy property 4 9.52

- Produutrve investment 27 64.29

- Educational costs 1 2.38

ENV150A/7130fTA8G-.ODC PAGE G-19


TABLE G-7

HOUSEHOLD PROPERTY


No. %


1. Housing

- Number (unit/HH.) 1.06

- Present cost (Baht/unit) 187,913

- Value (Baht) 199,188

2. Household Land

- Number (rai/HH.) 47.81

- Price according to land document (B/rai)

- Title need/NS. 3 176,830

- Reserved forest 76,888

- Tax receipts (Po Bo To 5/6) 63,235

- So Po Ko 35,000

- Average land price (BahtVrai) 143,744

- Value (Baht) 6,872,401

ENV1004197 M3OITABG.7.DOC PAGE G-20


TABLE G-8

HOUSEHOLD AND LAND USE


No. %

Number of'Respondent 136 100.00

Land holding (rai/HH.)- Maximum 2,005- Minimum 0.01

- Average 47.81

2. Land holding category

Residentia!- Owner with document 94 69.12

- Rent from others 6 4.41

- Allowed to use free of charge 17 12.50

- Mining residential block 6 4.41

- Reserved forest 13 9.56

Farm land- Owner with document 81 59.56

- Rent from others 21 15.44

- Allowed to use free of charge 8 5.88

- Mining residential block 0 0.00

- Reserved forest 26 19.12

3. Land use (raVHH.) 47.81

- Residential 1.17 2.45

- Farm land 46.64 97.55

4. Distance for gas pipeline

- Don't know 115 84.56

- Know 21 15.44

* Residential (m) 137.37. Farm land (m) 145.33

ENV 1004197130fTrASG-S.DOC PAGE G-21


APPENDIX G

TABLE G-9

TRAVELLING / ROAD USE FREQUENCY


No.


1. Main routes for travelling or carrying products

Ban Rai - P-Tong 8 5.88

o Once a week 4 50.00

o Once a month 3 37.50

o 3 times/week 1 12.50

o Once a day

Ban Rai - Thong Pha Phum 11 8.09



o 3 times/week

o Once a day 5 45 45

Phu Thong - Kui Yae 12 8.82


o Once a month -

o 3 times/week

o Once a day

Kanchanaburi - Sangklaburn 9 6.62




o Once a day 6 66.67

Kaeng Raboed - Yang Ton 14 10.29


o Once a month -

o 3 times/week


Yang Thon- Ban Kao 15 11 03



o 3 times/week


Phu Noi - Sai Yok 1I 8.09

o Once a week


o 3 times/week


ENvlI00497130,7ABG 9.D0oc PAGE G-22


APPENDIX G

TABLE G-9 (Cont'd)


No. %

LLun Sai - Huaj Sai Khao 9 6.62


o Once a month .

o 3 nmesiweek .


Dan Makham Tia - Kanchanaburi 24 17.65





Huai Nam Khao - Dan Makham Tia 3 2.21

o Once a week

o Once a month

o 3 times/week


Sai Yok - Dan Makham Tia 2 1.47

c Once a week -

o Once a month

o 3 timesAweek


- Chiom Bung - Ratchaburi 18 13.24


o Once a month -


o Once a day 1 5.56

2. Types of regular used road

- Asphalt 79 58.09

- Laterite 26 19.12

- Dirt 2 1.47

- Party asphaltic, partly latenitic 29 21.32

3. Road condition

- Good all year round 74 54.41

- Good only in dry season 7 5.15

- Rough but can be used all year 55 40.44

ENV o14j/97 3TrASG-9.00C PAGE G-23


APPENDIX G

TABLE G-10

AWARENESS AND ATTITUDE TOWARD THE PROJECT

it mI Directiy Affected GrouD

No. _


1. Project information reception

No 80 58.82

Yes 56 41.18

Information sources (first time)

* PTT officials 3 5.36

* District/provincial officials 5 8.93

* Newspaper 8 14.29

* Radio 7 12.50

* TV 5 8.93

* Kamnan/Village head 4 7.14

* Neighbour 24 42.86

2. Knowledge/Understanding of the project

Not at all 110 80.88

Considerably 24 17.65

Well awared/Good understanding 2 1.47

3. Confidence on gas pipeline safety

Fully (100%) 21 15 44

Very confident 16 11.76

Considerably confident 35 25.74

Not so much confident 59 43.38

Not at all 5 3.68

4. Anitude and reaction toward the project

Agree 108 79.41

Worried 23 16.91

Not agree 5 3.68

Reasons for agreeing

* More work for local people 9 8.33

* more power for the nation 78 72.22

* Improve community economic 21 1944

Reasons for wornness

* Accidents/danger (from gas pipeiine) 23 100.00

Reasons for not agreeable

* Afraid of gas leakage/not safe 5 21.74

ENV100497130rTABGI-o.OOC PAGE G-24


APPENDIX G

TABLE G-1 1

IMPACT DERIVED FROM THE PROJECT DURING CONSTRUCTION PERIOD


No. _


Impacts on self/famiiy

Positive

- No 48 35.29

- Yes (multiple answer) 88 64.71

* More work for local 74 84.09

* PTT may improve road for convenient uses 11 12.50

* Better trading 9 10.23

* High land price 3 3.41

Negative

- No 62 45.59

Yes (multiple answer) 74 54.41

* Reduce forest products 4 5.41

* Afraid of land will be lost 13 17.57

* Inconvenient travelling during construction 26 35.14

* Noise, dust and vibration pollution 21 28.38

* Obstruct ir. occupational pursuing 5 6.76

* Worry about safety 8 10.81

2. Impacts on the community

Positive

No 26 19.12

Yes (multiple answer) 110 80.88

* More work for local 93 84.55

* PTT may improve road for convenient uses 24 21.82

* Better trading 16 14.55


* Reduce forest destruction 3 2.73

Because villagers get job in the project

ENVIOO<NY71301TABGftI -DOC PAGE G-25


APPENDIX I

TABLE 1-7

NONINSTANTANEOLJS RELEASE WITH DELAYED IGNITION

(JET DISPERSION AT 100% PIPE LEAK)

LF!L %do%G = 5.00

Distance, x C, u D, D U.w*

(m) (kg/m3) ppm. | % Volume (MIS) (mvs) (m) (mn) (kg/m3) (kg/rn)

1 4.220 4,604,384 460.44 5.78x105 1.067 1.067 0.88 0.885 1.110 1.209,900 121.00 9.407.200.00

10 0.578 630,020 63.02 4.686.800.00

15 0.391 426.190 42.62 3.120,800.00

20 0.295 321,550 32.16 2.33q.200.00

25 0237 258.330 25.83 1.870.688.00

30 0.198 215.820 21.58 1,558.533.33

35 0.170 185.300 18.53 1,335,657.14

40 0.150 163.500 16.35 1.168.550.00

45 0.130 141,700 14.17 1,038,607.41

50 0.120 130,800 13.08 934,672.00

55 0.110 119,900 11.99 849.64628

60 0.100 109,000 10.90 778,799.99

65 0.090 98.100 9.81 718,859.17

70 0.080 87.200 8.72 667.488.71

75 0.080 87,200 8.72 622,965.33

100 0.060 65,400 6.54 467,168.00

125 0.040 43.600 4.36 373,707.52

150 0.040 43,600 4.36 311,407.99

175 0.040 32,700 3.27 266.911.99

200 0.030 32,700 3.27 233,542.00

300 0.020 21,800 2.18 155.685.33

500 0.010 10,900 1.09 93,40G.72

700 0.009 9.810 0.98 66,717.71

900 0.007 7,630 0.76 51,890.86

1000 0.006 6,540 0.65 46,701.68

ENVI0O4/7134rTABI-7 XLS PAGE 1-21


TABLE G-12

EXPECTED IMPACTS AFirTR THE PROJET'S CONSTRUCTION

HAS BEEN COMPLETED

Items Directly Affected Groups

No.

Numoer of Resoonoents 136 100 00

ImtSacs on selfrsrrmiy

Pcsizive

- No 109 7941

- Yes iMutiole a'svwer! 28 0 z9

* Convenment traveling 4 14 29* More worK for loca! 7 25.00

* Benter tracing and Dusness 4 14.29

* Having electricitY use 14 50 co

Negatlwe

No 60 58 82- Yes (Multiole answefl 56 41. 18

* Atraio of accioents 46 82.14* Material from construcmion may be oDstructed for farming 4 7 14

* Low land orice 11 19.64

2 Impacts on community

Positive

- No 75 55 .15

- Yes IMultipte answerl 61 44.05

* Convenien- travelling 12 19.67

* Economic growth 32 52.46

* Government jnit give more attention to community 13 21.31

* Having electricity use 14 22.95

Negative

- No 69 5074

- Yes (Multiple answer) 67 49,26

* Kareng wil create oroblem/destrov gas pipeline 14 20 90* Afraid of accident/denger 42 62.69* Material from construction may be obstructed for farming 3 4.48

* Pipeline route may be obstructed for farming 3 4 48

* Low land price 10 14.93

3 Impacts on vicinity

Positive

No 108 79.41

- Yes (Multiple answer) 28 20.59

* Convenient travelling 3 10.71

* More work tor locals 5 17.86* Having electricity use 20 71.43

Negative

- No 132 97.06

- Yes (Multiple answerli 4 2.94Kareng will create problem/destrOy gas pipeline 1 25.00

- Low travell because of atratd in accident/danger 3 75.00

ENva0on7s30ttASG.12.DOC PAGE G-27


APPENDIX G

TABLE G-13

OPINION ON LAND APPROPRIATION AND RIGHTS TO USE LAND

FOR GAS PIPELINE


No. %


1. Opinion on land appropriation

Accept without conditton 4 2.94

Accept with right compensation 93 68.38

Not accept 19 13.97

Not sure 18 13.24

No opinion 2 1.47

Reasons for not accept

* Being afraid of having pipeline through the land 12 63.16

* Living here long, don't want to move away 6 31.58

* Afraid of gas explosion 1 5.26

Not sure, depending on

* PTT's proposal for compensation 10 55.56

* Amount of land to be lost 4 22.22

* The malority voice of those having impacts 2 11.11

* Land owner's will decide (tenants) 2 11.11

2. Opinions on rights to use land for gas pipeline

Accept without condition 22 16.18

Accept with right compensation 88 64.71

Not accept 12 8.82

Not sure 12 8.82

No opinion 2 1.47

Not accept

* Receive compensation less than land 2 16.67

appropriation

* Afraid of accident/denger 4 33.33

* Low land price 4 33.33

* Obstruct occupation pursuring 2 16.67

Not sure

* PTT's proposal for compensation 7 58.33

* The majority voice of those having impacts 2 16.67

* Land owner's will decide (tenants) 3 25.00

ENvioo4An7130/TABG.13 DOC PAGE G-28


APPENDIX G

TABLE G-14

OPINION ON APPROPRIATE COMPENSATION


No. %

Number of Respondents 136 100.00

Methods:

- Land appropriation 2 1.47

- Compensation rate should be similared as actual condition 96 70.59

- Land in the reserved forest should be compensated 3 221

- Having many methods according to the affectd condition 4 2.94

- Up to government decision 11 8.09

- No answer 20 14.71

Conditions:

- Affected people should be represented in compensation 5 3.68

committee

- Compensation should be paid all in lump sum 97 71.32

- Find new land with similar condition 3 2.21

- Giving help for affected people who own land and housing 3 2.21

appropriately

- Up to government decision 11 8.09

- No answer 17 12.50

ENV1004/971301TASG-14.DOC PAGE G-29


APPENDIX G

TABLE G-15

ADDITIONAL OPINIONS AND SUGGESTIONS


No. %

Number of Respondents 136 100.00

No 82 60.29

Yes 54 39.71

- Gas pipeline should not be closed to community 7 12.96

- Should be built quickly so that locals can have 6 11.11

work to do

- Should have the effective PR program 13 24.07

- Give importance to safety measures to control 13 24.07

accidents/ dangers from gas pipeline

- Should select area with the least afferted to people 8 14.81

- All affectd people should be surveyed to get 1 1.85

opinion

- Should be constructed to prevent power shortage 3 5.56

- Electrict plant should be built at Kanchanaburi 3 5.56

province

ENV¶104197130,TABG 1s5oC PAGE G-30


TABLE G-16

GENERAL INFORMATION OF IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW RESPONDENTS

Item Number Percentage

Total Number of Respondents 30 100.00

1. Number of respondent classified by work/business

- Local gov't officials 14 46.67

- Bank employee 5 16.67

- Businesses 6 20.00

* Hotels/Inns 4 66.67

* Food shop 1 16.67

* Hardware store 1 16.67

- Local leaders 5 16.67

2. Age (Years)

- Not more than 30 yrs. 2 6.67

- 31 - 40 11 36.67

- 41 - 50 9 30.00

- More than 50 yrs. 8 26.67


3. Education

- Primary 5 16:67

- Secondary / Vocational 10 33.33

- Bachelor ! High Bachelor 15 50.00

ENV1004197130/TABG-16.DOC PAGE G-31


APPENDIX G

TABLE G-17

AWARENESS AND ATTITUDE TOWARD THE PROJECT

Item Indirect Affected Group

. Number T x


1. Project Information Reception

- No 0 0.00

Yes 30 100.00

2. Source of Information (first time)

- PTT offic:als 7 23.33

- District / Provincial Gov't officials 6 20.00

- TEAM officials 4 13.33

- Newspaper 5 16.67

- Thai-Burmese Border Patrol Military 2 6.67

- Total official 1 3.33

- Local villagers 5 16.67

3. Period of Receiving Information

- 1992 3 10.00

1993 3 10.00

- 1994 8 26.67

1995 16 53.33

4. Content of Information Received Imultiple answer)

- Project area / gas pipeline (no details) 22 73.33

- Sources of raw materials 13 43.33

- Expected impacts on local people 14 46.67

S. Attitude and Reactions Toward the Prolect

- Agree 30 100.00

Reasons (multiple answer)

. Improve community economic esp. during construction 13 43.33

* National needs to have more energy to produce electricity 11 36.67

. More workers in the community 9 30.00

* People and state coordinate for good relations i0n__

ENV1OO4,07l3O/TA8G.17.DOC PAGE G-32


APPENDIX G

TABLE G-18

EXPECTED IMPACT DERIVED FROM THE PROJECT


Number |

Total Numoer of Respondents 30 100.00

1. Impact on Land price

No . 22 73.33

Because large portion of gas pipeline passes to reserved forest, 22 100.00

nationat park and by road side

- Positive Impact 6 20.00


* Those hold land in reserved torest will be accepted it PTT 1 16.67

agrees to pay them for their lost produczs

- Negative Impact 2 6.67

* Land price reduces 2 100.00

Because people do no trust the safety of gas pipeline

2. Impact on land use

- No 30 100.00

* Land use for gas pipeline can be used almost the 12 40.00

the same after filling completely

* No road / infrastructure constructure 9 30.00

* viost of gas pipeline has been fixed and prevented from using 9 30.00

3. Impact on Transportation

- No Impact 14 46.67

* PTT will not built or improve road 14 100.00


* PTT most likely to improve road for materials transmprtation 10 71.43

and villagers will benefit from this

* If PTT connect roads frorn Ka-Le-On villagers will have 3 21.43

benefit

* Villages can have a short-cut way if PTT clears area 1 7.14

albng Bang Rai gas pipeline

ENv1 00o47I3oTrASG- I.ooC PAGE G-33

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIl`tLINh [HUJLt;-T HNAL REPOrI

APPENDIX G

TABLE G-18 (Cont'd)


Number T


- Negative Impacts 2 6.67

* More forest land will be distroyed if wood is cut for 2 14.29

the project

4. Impact on Economic Growth

- No Impact 8 26.67

* Period of construction is short 8 100.00

- Positive impact (multiple answeri 19 63.33

* More work for local people 15 78.95

* Boost economic activities (food shops, hard ware, renting 12 63.16

housing, money transfers, etc.i because more people

coming to stay during construction period

* Land improvement for electric plant and conrected 3 15.79

industries in Ratchaburi province

- Negative Impact 3 10.00

* More work may result in labour shortage in some business 3 100.00

5. Impacts on Gov't and People Development Schemes

- No Impacts 12 40.00

- Positive impact 18 60.00

* Gov't and people are interested in the project and ready 12 66.67

to co-operate

* Create coordination between PTT and local gov't unit 6 33.33

6. Impacts on Consciousness and Values of natural Gas

- No 28 93.33

- Yes 2 6.67

* Local NGO's which tend to conserve natural resources 2 100.00

may move to obstruct the project | | 0.00 l

ENV1004/97130rTABG. 18.DOC PAGE G-34


APPENDIX G

TABLE G-18 (Cont'd)


Number %

Total Number of Respondents 30 100100

7, Impacts on security / border problems

- No Impact 11 36.67

* Turst in gas pipeline safety n,esures, border problem 11 100.00

should not be increased

- Ye Imultiple answer) . 19 63.33

* Worry about safety measure 8 42.11

* Afriad to have provokation from minonty groups living 11 57.89

along the border

* Afraid Burmese internal polities will affect the project 6 31.58

8. Impacts on Health

- Positive 5 100.00

* Gov't pay more attention to local heafth unit 2 40.00

* The project may provide support in building improvement 2 40.00

and equipment

* Will improve child heafth considerably 1 2C.Do

(people have more income to buy food)

9. Impacts on Education

- No 27 90.00


* Can be use for study tour of students in local areas 3 100.00

10. Impact on Recreation and landscape

- No 24 80.00


* If PTT develops the area for tourist attraction. it will 6 100.00

improve the landscape and cousequently recreation area

ENV1oLg7130rrABG-lt.O0C PAGE G-35


APPENDIX G

TABLE G-19

ADDITIONAL OPINIONS AND SUGGESTIONS


Number %


Additional Opinions and Suggestions (multiple answer)

- Shou:d have effective PR program 25 83.33

- Shoud have measure to prevent burmese from stopping 20 66.67

gas delivery by contract

- Local Gov't agencies and PTT should coordinate 7 23.33

sufficiently

- PTT should participate in community development work 7 23.33

- Many of local workers are refugees and PTT should 3 10.00

be careful in hiring them

- It is appropriate to sub-contract part of work to reduce 3 10.00

problems of finding labour

- The construction work should be according to designs with 1 3.33

systematically carried out to provide good example for

othe projects 1 3.33

- Family members of those expected to receive negative

impacts from the project should have safety inssurance

provided by the project

ENV I004S97130rrABG. 19.DC)C PAGE G-36

APPENDIX H

THE RESULTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH STUDY

TABLE H-1

0Gi ~~~~HEALTH PERSONNELS IN\ THE AREA OF FKANCHANABURI PROVINCE THAT P

PURPOSED GAS PIPELINE WILL BE PASSED z

z0 -4

No. Persorinels Thong Pha Phum District Sa|yok District Dan Makham Tia District >

Number Personnel/ Number Personnel/ Number Personnel/ mC

(person) Population Ratio (person) Population Ratio (person) Population Ratio m

-n

1. Physicians 4 1:7.419.5 4 1:8,063 2 1:13,774

2. Dentists 1 1:29,678 2 1:16,126 1 1:27,548

3. Pharmacists 1 1:29,678 2 1:16,126 1 1:27,548

4. Professional Nurses 16 1:1,855 14 1:2,304 6 . 1:4,591

5. Aaesthetists 1 1:29,678 - -

6. Technical Nurses 18 1:1,649 1 1:1,792 10 1:2,755

7. Public Health Community Personnel 39 1:761 30 1:1,075 20 1:1,722

8. Dental Assistants - - - - 1 1:27,548

mc>

Zm-

fl Source District Public Health Office, 1994.I -

Mz TABLE H-2 >

o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-ni

HEALTH PERSONNELS IN CHOM BUNG DISTRICT AND MUANG DISTRICT,

RATCHABURI PROVINCE zC, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~z>

0

No. Personnels Chom Bung District Muang Ratchaburi District >U)

Number Personnel/ Number Personnel/ rz(Person) Population Ratio (Person) Population Ratio m

m

1. Physicians 4 1: 14,974 62 1:2,847

2. Pharmacists 2 1:29,949 14 1:12,608

3. Professional Nurses 24 1:2,495 225 1:784

4. Technical Nurses 21 1:2,852 167 1:1,057

5. Pharmacist Assistants 2 1:29,949 15 1:11,768

6. Medicals, Scientists and Technicians 2 1:29,949 8 1:22,065

7. Others 13 1:4,607 50 1:3,530

> Source Provincial Health Office of Ratchaburi Province, 1994. Ma) Z min -

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7


APPENDIX H

TABLE H-3

RECORDS OF THE TOP-TEN CAUSES OF DEATH IN

THONG PHA PHUM DISTRICT, KANCHANABURI PROVINCE, 1994

No. Causes of Death Number of Rate per 1,000

the Patiens

(Person)

1. Senile 23 0.8

2. Disease of Health System 18 0.63

3. Accidents 16 0.53

4. Malaria 11 0.38

5. Murder and Commit Suicide 11 0.38

6. Fever 3 0.1

7. Cancer 3 0.1

8. Disease of Lung System 2 0.07

9. Disease of High Blood Pressure 2 0.07

10. Disease of Digestive System 2 0.07

Source: District Public Health Office of Amphoe Thong Pha Phum, 1994.

ENVI004/9130/TASH-3DOC PAGE H-3


APPENDIX H

TABLE H-4

RECORDS OF THE TOP-TEN CAUSES OF DEATH

IN SAI YOK DISTRICT, KANCHANABURI PROVINCE, 1994

No. Causes of Death Number of Rate per 1,000

the Patients

(Person)

1. Senile 20 0.8

2. Drowning 11 0.15

3. Disease of Hearth System 10 0.46

4. Faint 10 0.46

5. Traffic Accidents 8 0.23

6. Murder 7 0.15

7. Commit Suicide 5 0.31

8. Cancer 5 0.31

9. Failure of Respiratory System 4 0.08

10. Malaria 3 0.69

Source: District Public Health Office of Sai Yok, 1994.

ENV1OO4O97130TABH-4.DC PAGE H-4

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORTAPPENDIX H

TABLE H-5

RECORDS OF THE TOP-TEN CAUSES OF DEATH IN

DAN MAKHAM TIA DISTRICT, KANCHANABURI PROVINCE, 1994

No. J Causes of Death Number of Rate per 1,000

the Patients

(Person)

1. Senile 28 1.02


3. Hearth Failure 8 029

4. Impulse Faint 6 0.23

5. Fever 4 0.14

6. Disease of Lung System 3 0.11

7. Drowning 3 0.11

8. Convulsion 2 0.07

9. Malaria 1 0.04

10. Commit Suicide 1 0.04

Source District Public Health Office of Dan Makham Tia, 1994.

eNV10049713OttA8H-6.D0C PAGE H-5


APPENDIX H

TABLE H-6

RECORDS OF THE TOP-TEN CAUSES OF ILLNESS OF THE OUT

rAlitNi IN i[MI'UNU rMIA rMUM Ul b1lLl, SRN4-1MrMAUnI rnuVir4Y., It::4

No. Causes of Diseases Number of the Rate per 1,000

Patients (Person)

1. Disease of Respiratory System 9,121 317.8

2. Symptoms, Signs and Abnormal Clinical and Laboratory 3.330 116.02

Findings, not Elsewhere Classifides

3. Disease of Digestive System 2,448 85.29

4. Cenain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases 1,928 67.17

5. Disease of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue 1,200 41.81

6. Other External Causes of Morbidity and Mortality 1,088 37.9

7. Disease of the Musculosketal System and Connective Tissue 891 29.65

8. Disease of the Circulatory System 748 26.06

9. Endocrne, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases 741 25.81

10. Poisoning, Toxic Effect, and Their Sequences 507 17.66

Source District Public Health Office of Thong Pha Phum, 1994.

ENV1004I97130/ABH-6DO0C PAGE H-6


APPENDIX H

TABLE H-7

RECORDS OF THE TOP-TEN CAUSES OF ILLNESS OF THE OUT PATIENTS

IN SAI YOK DISTRICT, KANCHANABURI PROVINCE, 1994


Patients (Person)

1. Disease of the Respiratory System 11,233 325.69

2. Disease of the Digestive System 6,932 175.88

3. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases 4,399 163.8

4. Symptoms, Signs and Abnormal Clinical and Laboratory 3.268 151.49

Findings, Not Elsewhere Classifides


6. Accidents 1,908 81.3

7. Disease of Musculosketal System and Connective Tissue 1,891 49.59

8. Disease of the Circulatory System 1,319 37.31

9. Disease of the Genitourinary System 977 35.72

10. Diseasa of the Nervous System 857 32.18

Source District Public Health Office of Sai Yok, 1994.

ENV100"j7130SrA8H-7.DOC PAGE H-7


APPENDIX H

TABLE H-8

RECORDS OF THE TOP-TEN CAUSES OF ILLNESS OF THE OUT PATIENTS

IN DAN MAKHAM TIA DISTRICT, KANCHANABumi PROVINCE, 1994


Patients (Person)

1. Disease of the Respiratory System 8.547 310.25


3. Disease of the Musculosketal System and Connective Tissue 1,849 67.01


5. Symptoms, Signs and ADnormal Clinical Classifides 1.095 39.85

6. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases 1.032 37.46

7. Disease of the Circulatory System 656 23.81


9. Disease o; the Genitourinary System 384 13.94

10. Disease of the Nervous System 273 9.91

Source District Public Health Office of Dan Makham UTa. 1994.

ENv100l,9713OfTABH-8-OOc PAGE H-8

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORTAPPENDIX H

TABLE H-9

AIDS AND VENEREAL DISEASE CONDITION, 1994

No. Items Number of the Patients (Person)

Thong Pha Phum Sai Yok District Dan Makham Tia

District District

1. Venereal Diseases nd 8 0

2. AIDS nd 4 0

3. HIV-Infectious nd 6 0

Source District Public Health Office, 1944.

Remark nd= no data.

ENVI00497130/TABH-9.DOC PAGE H-9


APPENDIX H

TABLE H-10

RECORDS OF THE TOP-TEN CAUSES OF DEATH

IN RATCHABURI PROVINCE, 1994

No. Causes Number of Rate per 100,000

the Patients

(Person)

1. Cancer. 396 53.3

2. Diseases of the Heart System 389 52.36

3. High Blood Pressure and Blood Vessel in 258 34.72

Brain Diseases

4. Other Accidents 231 31.09


6. Murder and Commit Suicide 209 28.13

7. Poisonous Blood 112 16.42

8. Diseases of the Vein System, Lymph and 114 15.34

the Circulatory System

9. Diseases of the Respiratory System 112 15.07

10. Diseases of the Liver and Pancreas System 95 12.79

Source Provincial Public Health Office of Ratchaburi, 1994.

ENVIo00497130rrABH. o.DoC PAGE H-10


APPENDIX H

TABLE H-1 1

RECORDS OF THE TOP-TEN CAUSE OF ILLNESS

IN RATCHABURI PROVINCE, 1994

No. Causes of disease Number of Rate per 1,000

the Patients

(Person)

1. Diseases of the Respiratory System 122,698 165.14

2. Symptoms, Signs and Abnormal Clinical Classifides 75,428 101.52


4. Accidents 53,270 71.7

5. Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases 34,611 46.58

6. Diseases of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue 29,692 39.96

7. Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System and Connective 24,301 32.71

Tissue

8 Diseases of the Nervous System 24,024 32.33

9. Disease of the Circulatory System 19,172 25.8

10. Endocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases 18151 24.43

Source Provincial Public Health Office of Ratchaburi, 1994.

ENVIOOS47130/TASH-1 1DOC PAGE H-1l

APPENDIX I

DETAIL FOR HAZARDOUS ASSESSMENT


APPENDIX:

APPENDIX I

DETAIL FORH DOUS HASEN

1. GAS OUTFLOW

Discharges from pipes containing gas under pressure are calculated

using the following formula

Q =YCAP, [

Where

Y = Outflow coefficient (For critical outflow Y 1.0)

Cd = Discharge coefficient (For a gas release a value should be 1.0)

A, = Area of release (i 2 )

2) (p ~~~~~~6 -2)P, = Process pressure (Nm2) (P1 = 1,250 psig = 8.62x10 Nm

M = Molecular weight (M = 20.53)

y = Specific heats ratio (7 = 1.31)

R = Universal gas constant (J mol'K-') (R = 8,314 Jmol1'K1)

T, = TTemperature of substrate (K) (T = 322.04 OK)

Q = Release rate (kgs;1)

Gas outflow from pipe at Tie-in-point at Ban I-Tong, maintenance sub-

station at Ban Phu Ong Ka, and Ratchaburi gas terminal are the same because of

the specific of pressure, diameter of pipe and the others are used similary. The

composition of natural gas from Yadana that used as data for calculation are

summarized in Table 1-1.

ENV100097143APPENA O PAGE l-1


APPENDIX I

TABLE l-1

COMPOSITION OF NATURAL GAS FROM YADANA

Component Composition(% mole)

Methane C, 70.26

Ethane C2 1.22

Propane C3 0.18

i-Butane 0C4 0.02

r-Butane nC4 0.04

i-Pentane iC5 0.01

n-Pentane nC5 0.01

Nitrogen N2 22.89

Carbon Dioxide C02 5.28

Oxygen 02 0.09

Gas molecular weight 20.53

Heat of combustion > 715 BTU/SCF (HHV)

Temperature 60-120 0F

Pressure < 1,250 psig at Tie-in-point (Ban I-Tong)

> 550 psig at Ratchaburi Gas Terminal

Gas flow rate 900 MMSCFD

Contaminants: Water Content < 7 lb/MMSCF

Hydrogen Sulfide < 85 ppm. W.

Total sulfer < 100 ppm. W.

3Mercury < 50 g/NM

ENV1ONM71431TAI*- TXLS PAGE 1-2


APPENDIX I

1.1 20% of Pipe Diameter (42")

Ar = - (0.20x21 x2.54x 1 20 m)7

2= 0.036 m

Ir_20.53 x 1.31 (

Q = 1.Oxl.OxO.036x(8.62x1 0 6 ) L x 1 (1.8,314 x 322.04- -1.31

= 18,188 kg s1

1.2 100% of Pipe Diameter (42")

22 2 2Ar = -(21 inx2.54x1 1)

7

= 0.894 m2

X ~~~~~~~~~~~(1.31 +)

20.53 x 1.3 2Q = 1.0 x 1.0 x 0.894 x (8.62x10 [ 8 _ 1

N1_8,314 x _ 1.31 +1

= 4.55x10 5 kgs

The results of gas outflow are summarized in Table 1-2.

ENV1O04/971431APPEN-LDOC PAGE 1-3

MIA yr YAuANA NAWURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORT

APPENDIX I

TABLE 1-2

GAS OUTFLOW OF THE PIPELINE LEAK RATE

AT 20% AND 100% OF PiPE DiAMETER

Operation Condition % of pipe leak Gas outflow rate

(kg/s)

Tie-in-point at

Ban I-Tong, Maintenance sub-station 20 18,188.00

at Ban Phu Ong Ka, and

5Ratchaburi Gas Terminal 100 4.55 X 10

- Pipe diameter 42"

- Pressure 1,250 psig

- Temperature 1200F (322.040 K)

- Molecular weight of gas

=20.53

ENV100A497143NTA.1 2 XLS PAGE 1-4


APPENDIX I

2. FLAMMABLE RELEASE WITH IMMEDIATE IGNITION

2.1 Instantaneous Release (Fireballs and BLEVES)

The maximum radius of the fireball is given by:

P, = 2.665M032

where: M is the flammable release mass in kilogrammes

The fireball has a duration, tf, given by:

t,8= 1.089 M 2

The rate of release of energy by combustion is then given by:

Q= TcM

where: h is the combustion efficiency, found to vary with the saturated

vapour pressure of the stored material (in MN/m2) as follows:

h = 0.27 p0

The radiation flux, I, at a distance r from the centre of the fireball is given

by

QTi=7=Cr

Where T is the transmissivity, conservatively taken as 1.

The-estimation of release is based on the volume contained in the pipe of

42 inch diameter and 1 km in length.

ENV1497143fAPPEN+.DOC PAGE 1-5


APPENDIX I

2.1.1 Pipe Leak: 100% of Pipe Diameter

I NM \p5 = 3,448.03 psia (6894.8 psiaJ

6 2= 23.77x10 Nm

= 23.77 MNm 2

T1 = 0.27 P, 032

= 0.27 (23.77).2

= 0.744 MNm 2

Heating Value = 715 BTUISCF

BTU JHc = 715 SCF x 1,055 BTjU

05

= 7.54x10 J/SCF

density of natural gas at 1,250 psig and 120°F

= 4.45 Lbs/ft3

d ensity at standard condition 14.7 psia and 600F

( Lbs\(/ 14 .7 \ (120+460

- .tz 7)k 1,250+14. 60+4607

= 0.058 Lbs/ft3

J 1 SCF 1 LbsHc = 7.54x10 x x

SCF 0.058 Lbs 0.4536 kg

-o2.87x1 0 J/KY

M =pV

ENVIO04/97143/APPEN-I DOC PAGE 1-6


APPENDIX l

2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

0.894 m'V x 1,000 m

1 ft

3= 894m

Lbs 1 ft3 0.4536 kgM = 4.45 - x x x 894 m3

ft3 0.028317 m3 1 lb

= 64,448.46 kg

R, = 2.665 M0327

= 2.665 (64,448.46)0327

= 99.61 m

0 327= 1.089 (64,448.46)3

= 40.70 sec

HcMQ=1

0.744 x 2.87 x 107 x 64,448.46

40.70

- 3.38 x 101 0 J/S

QI = - atR=99.61m

47E2

3.38 x 1010=~~~~~~~4 x22 x (99.61)

7

= 27-1,082.17 J/S m2

ENVWOI4197U43WAPPENW.DOC PAGE 1-7


APPENDIX I

= 2.71 x 105 watt/M2

= 271 kWMm

Estimate r for I = 37.5, 25.0, 12.5 and 4.0 kW/m2

3.38x 10102r =

4 x 22 x I

7

2I = 37.5 kW/m , r = 267.82 m,

I = 25.0 kW/m2, r = 328.02 m,

2I = 12.5 kW/Mr, r = 463.90 m,

= 4.0 kW/mr, r = 820.06m

2.1.2 Pipe Leak 20% of Pipe Diameter-2

Ps = 23.77 MNm

h = 0.744 MNm2

Hc = 2.87x107 Jlkg '

M = pV

20.036 mV 1,000 m

1 ft

= 36 m3

Lbs 1 ft3 0.4536 kgM = 4.45 -x 3 x x36m

ft3 0.028317 m 1 lb

= 2,566.18 kg

FW = 2.665 (2,566.18)0327 = 34.72 m.

= 1.089 (2,566.18)327 = 14.19 sec.

ENV1004f971431APPEN- DOC PAGE 1-8


APPENDIX I

r,HCM 0.744 x 2.87 x 107 x 2,566.18Q = =

14.19

3.86x1l0 J/S

Q 3.86 x 109 2I = - = = 2.55 x10JSm

47Cr2 4 x 22 (34.72)2

7

-= 2.55 x 105 watUmm2

= 255 kW/m2

2at I = 37.5 kWMm, r = 90.48 m2I = 25.0kW/mr, r = 110.82rn

2I = 12.5kW/mr, r = 156.72m

2I = 4.0 kw/m, r = 277.04 m

The results of the calculation are summarized in Table 1-3.

2.2 Noninstantaneous Release (Jet Fire)

The radiated heat, Qp, for a release rate Q and np point sources is given

by

Qp= QHc

where: r9 is an efficiency factor conservatively taken as 0.35

The radiation, I, from a particular point in the flame to a receptor at

distance, r, is given by:

XgQp{ = ~~~~~2

47Cr

where Xg is an emissivity factor which depends on the material being

burnt; for jet fires Xg can be taken as 0.2.

ENVlOO497143/APPEN-I DMC PAGE 1-9


TABLE 1-3

THE DIST.ANCE FROM%. THE CENTER OF THE FIREBALL

AT RADIATION FLUX (METRE)

Incident Flux Distance from Center of Fireball (m.)



37.5 90.48 267.82

25 110.82 328.02

12.5 156.72 463.90

4 277.04 820.06

ENV1 004?i43/TAB1-3.XLS PAGE I-10


APPENDIX I

2.2.1 Pipe Leak 100% of Pipe Diameter (42")

Gas flow = 4.55 x 1 O kg/s '(earlier calculation as shown i n Tiabuvle If-I2I

Qp = 7IQHr

1 = 0.35

Hc = 2.87 x 107 Jkg'l

Qp = 0.35 x 4.55 x 105 sg x 2.87 x10 J

S kg= 4.57x 1012 JS 1

XgQp

4Z247tr

r = [XgQp/4 7t1]J .

at I = 37.5 kW/m2, r = 1,392.68 m

i= 25.0kW/nm, r = 1,705.68m2

= 12.5 kW/m, r = 2,411.64 m

I= 4.0 kW/M2, r = 4,264.21 m

2.2.2 Pipe Leak 20% of pipe diameter (42")

Gas Flow = 18,188 kg/s

QP = tl QHc

Hc = 2.87x 10 7 J/kg

h = 0.35

Q = 18,188 kg/s

Qp = 0.35 x 18,188 kg x 2.87 x 107

- 1.83x 10" J/S

r = [XgQp/4 7t1]

ENVIQO419714VAPPEN4.OOC PAGE l-1 1


APPENDIX I

at I 37.5 kW/m , r = 278.09 m

25.0 kW/M2 , r = 340.59 m

= 12.5 kW/m2 , r = 481.66 m

= 4.0 kW/mr2 r = 851.47 m

The results of the calculation are summarized in Table 1-4.

3. FLAMMABLE GAS RELEASE WITH DELAYED IGNITION

3.1 Instantaneous Release with Adiabatic Expansion

For a gas release, the energy of expansion is:

E = Cv (T1-T2) - Pa (V2-Vl)

Where:

E = Energy of expansion (J)

C, = Heat capacity at constant volume (Jkg-'K-')

T, = Initial temperature (K)

12 = Final temperature (K)

Pa = Atmospheric pressure (Nm 2)

V2 = Final volume (m3)

V, = Initial volume (m3)

As a result of the impulse developed in the expansion, extensive

turbulence is generated. This turbulence in the determining factor for further mixing

of the gas cloud with the surrounding air. Once the expansion energy, E, has been

obtained, the expansion for the turbulent diffusion coefficient, Kd, is:

1/4

Kd = 0.0137 (Vg )1 03E 11212

where: Vg0 = the volume of the gas at standard temperature and

pressure (mi3 )

t = time (s)

ENVO041I9714VAPPEN-.DOG PAGE 1-12


APPENDIX I

TABLE 1-4

THE DISTANCE OF RADIATION FLUX FROM A PARTICULAR POINT

IN THE FLAME OF JET FIRE TO A RECEPTOR

The Distance from a particular Point

Radiation Flux in the Flame to a Receptor (m.)2._



37.5 278.09 1,392.68

25 .340.59 1,705.68

12.5 481.66 2,411.64

4 851.47 4,264.21

ENV100"47143rA8B.4XLS , PAGE 1-13


APPENDIX I

The core radius, r,, and the core concentration, cc, as a function of time

are given by:

rc = 1'.36r4 K t112

cc= 0.0478 V<Oo

[4Kdt]3/2

The core radius and concentration at the end of the turbulence is:

rce = 0.08837 E (Vga)13

Cce = 172.95 E49

At the end of expansion the peripheral cloud radius, rpe, is:

r,, = 1.456 r,,

3.1.1 Pipe Leak: 100% of Pipe Diameter (42")

ISy = 0.402 BTU/lb°F = 1,683.09 J/kg K

T, = 322.04 K

T2 = 301.05 K

Pa = 14.7 psia = 101,353.56 N/rm2

V2 = 3894 m 0.014 m /kg64,448.46 kg- 0.4m/k

V= 0

E = 1,683.09 (322.04 - 301.05) - 101,353.56 (0.014-0)

= 35,328.06 - 1,418.95

= 33,909.11

VgO = Volume of the gas at standard temperature and pressure

(1,250+14. (60+460) 1 ft3psia. .894 m

7) (120+460) 0.028317 m3

- 2,435,206.60 ft3

= 68,957.75 m3

ENV1004/971431APPEN-1 DOC PAGE 1-14


APPENDIX I

K ~~~~~~~~31/(33,909.1 1)12 r _________Kd = 0.0137 (68,957.60 m t (33,909.11) j

= 71.07/t°025

= 1.36 [4Kdt]"2 = 2.72 (Ket)0'

0.0478 x 68,957.75 412.0= C, - [4Kdt] 2

rce = 0.08837 (33,909.11)0' (68,957.75)"" - 82.84 m

cce = 172.95 (33,909.11)4-9 0 .014 kg/m3

rpe = 1.456 (82.84) = 120.62 m

Table D-5 presents the results of the calculation at the various time.

3.1.2 Pipe Leak: 20% of Pipe Diameter (42")

E = 33,909.11 J

(1,250+14.7) (60+460) 1 ft3V O = ~~psia OR °R.36.00 m 3

V90 14.7 (120+460) 0.028317

= 98,062.01 ft3

= 2,776.82 m3 (2,776.82)1/3 1/4

Kd = 0.0137(2,776.82m3) (33,909.11)1/[ 10 25 ~~~~~~t (33,909.1 1).

= 18.64/t025

= 1.36 [4Kdt]12 = 2.72 (Kdt)0'5

0.0478 X 2,776.82 16.59cc- 1.5 .

c ~ [4 KdT] (Kdt)1,

rce = 0.08837 (33,909.11)0.3 (2,776.82)"3 = 28.39 m

Cce = 172.95 (33;909.11)'°'9 0.014 kg/m3

rp= 1.456 (28.39) = 41.34 m

Table 1-6 presents the results of the calculation at the various time.

ENV10041A71431APPEN-ILDOC PAGE 1-15


APPENDIX I

TABLE 1-5

INSTANTANEOUS RELEASE WITH DELAYED IGNITION

(ADIABATIC EXPANSION AT 100% PIPE LEAK)

T Kd -C P. c. R.

(second) (m) (Kg./Cu.M.) ppm. % Volume

0.01 224.74 4.08 122290 8m 82.84 0.014 120.62

0.05 150.30 7.46 20.000 21 799,739.99 2,179.97

01 126.38 9.67 9.170 9,996.023.43 999.60

0.2 106.27 12.54 4210 4.583,357.82 458.33

0.3 96.03 14.60 2.660 2,904,373.87 290.44

0.4 89.37 16.26 1.930 2,101,198.93 210.12

0.5 84.52 17.68 1.500 1,634,747.03 163.47

1 71.07 22.93 0.688 749,575.39 74.95

1.5 64.22 26.70 0.436 475.009.67 47.50

2 59.76 29.74 0.315 343,703.47 34.37

2.5 56.52 32.33 0245 267.381.62. 26.74

3 54.00 34.62 0.200 217,807.22 21.78

4 50.25 38.56 0.145 157,598.00 15.76

5 47.52 41.93 0.112 122,623.91 12.26

10 39.97 54.38 0.052 56200.94 5.62

20 33.61 70.52 0.024 25,768.97 2.57

30 30.37 82.09 0.015 1,633.36 1.63

40 20.26 91.43 0.011 11.816.71 1.18

50 26.73 99.44 0.008 9,191.61 0.92

60 25.54 106.47 0.007 7,486.63 0.75

120 21.47 138,07 0.003 1,434.19 0.34

180 19.40 160.75 0.002 2,176.37 0.22

240 18.06 179.06 0.001 1,573.84 0.16

300 17.08 194 .6 0.001 1,224.42 0.12

NOTE: LFL %VOL = 5.00

ENV1004/97143tTABI-S XLS PAGE 1-16


APPENDIX I

TABLE 1-6

INSTANTANEOUS RELEASE WITH DELAYED IGNITION

(ADIABATIC EXPANSION AT 20% PIPE LEAK)

T Kd R, C, ppm. % Volume PR, C- R.

(second) (m) (Kg.lCu.M.)

0.01 58.95 2.09 36.650 39.952,79529 3.99527 28.39 0.014 41.34

0.05 39.42 3.82 5.990 6,534,96021 653.49

0.1 33.; 5 4.95 2.750 2,996,039.83 299.60

0.2 27.87 6.42 1.260 1,374.112.96 137.41

0.J 25.18 7.47 0.790 870,978.44 87.09

0.4 23.44 8.33 0.580 629,863.56 62.98

0.5 22.16 9.06 0.450 490,301.52 49.03

1 18.64 11.74 0.206 224,700.47 22.47

1.5 16.84 13.67 0.131 142.437.01 14.24

2 15.67 15.23 0.095 103,068.13 10.31

2.5 14.82 16.56 0.074 80,184.53 8.02

3 14.16 17.73 0.060 65,312.47 6.53

4 13.18 19.75 0.043' 47.239.98 4.72

5 12.46 21.47 0.034 36.773.99 3.68

10 10.48 27.85 0.015 16,855.09 1.69

20 8.81 36.11 0.007 7,731.51 0.77

30 7.96 42.05 0.004 4,900.28 0.49

40 7.41 46.83 0.003 3,543.69 0.35

50 7.01 50.92 0.003 2,755.76 0.27

60 6.69 54.53 0.002 2248.57 0.22

120 5.63 70.71 0.001 1,029.77 0.10

180 5.09 82.32 0.001 652.06 0.06

240 4.74 91.70 4.32x10 441.02 0.04

300 4.48 99.70 3.36x10 367.01 0.03

NOTE: E 33.909.11 J

LFL %VOL = 5.00

ENV100A497143TAB.86.XLS PAGE 1-17


APPENDIX I

3.2 Noninstantaneous Release with Jet Dispersion

The equivalent jet emerges from an orifice with an equivalent diameter

Deq, given by:

Pgo. aDeq = Do P'Pg.a

where Do is the diameter of the real orifice used in the outflow calculations.

(m.)

Pgo,a is the relative density of the gas at outflow condition, i.e., the

density immediately after release, relative to air at ambient

- conditions. (kg m 3)

Pg.a is the density of the gas at ambient conditions, relative to air at

the same condition. (kg m 3)

The flow is assumed to reach ambient conditions instantaneously, so that

the equivalent orifice can be considered as being coincident with the real orifice.

The concentration on the axis of the jet at a distance x from the orifice is

given by:

bl + b2cm bl

0.32 x *. +1- PgDeq (ga

where: b1, and b2 are distribution constants, given by:

bi = 50.5 + 48.2 pg.a - 9.95 p2g,a

b2 = 23.0 + 41.0 Pg.,The above equation can easily be rearranged to give x as a function of

cm; this can be used to calculate the length of the jet above a given concentration.

ENVID04/97143JAPPEN-I.DOC PAGE 1-18


APPENDIX I

The concentration profile in a plane at right angles to the axis of the jet is

given by:

CX.y -b2 (ylx)2= e

Cm

where: cX y is the concentration at a point distance x from the orifice, and a

distance y from the axis.

The speed of the jet will drop with distance along the axis, until, at a

certain point on the axis, the jet speed will equal the wind speed. At this point the

release has ceased to be a momentum jet, and must be modelled differently. The

velocity distribution along the axis of the jet is given by:

1 1m PgO.a b1 r X Po.a 1 r Deq 1 2- _* 0LO.32 * + 1-Pg. J L- J

uo Pg,a 4 Deq Pg.a x

where: um is the velocity on the axis at a distance x from the orifice. (ms1 )

uo is the real outflow velocity of the release (ms1 ), calculated as follows:

mOu = _ _ _ _

oCJ pg XC D D2

3.2.1 Pipe Leak: 100% of diameter (42")

The flow is assumed to reach ambient conditions instantaneously, so

that rgoa = rga and the equivalent orifice can be considered as being coincident

with the real orifice.

Do= 1.067 m

Pgo.a = 0.88 kg/mi3

Pg's = 0. 88 kg/mi

ENV1041971431APPENIlDOC PAGE 1-19


APPENDIX I

eq 0.88

= 1.067 m

hr = -505 +(48.2 x 0.88) n.n5 (0.8

= 85.21

b2 = 23.0 + (41.0 x 0.88)

= 59.08

85.21 + 59.0885.21

c =m 0.32x . 0.88 + 1 - 0.88

1.067 (0.88)112

The concentrations varied with the distance x are summarized in Table I-

7.

The velocity distribution along the axis of the jet (Table 1-7) are calculated

as follows:

mO = 4.55 x 105 kg s'

Cd = 1.04.55 x 105

° 1.0 x 0.88 x 22 (1.067/2)

7

= 5.78 x 105 m/s

Um 0.88 85.21 [0.32x 0.88 )2~~~ = * L *= [ - + 1 -0.882 (1.067/x)

578,000 0.88 4 1.067 0.88

At the end of the turbulent mixing phase, the concentration and distance

are:

are: um= 3 m/s

x = 43.79 km

Cm = 1.37x0l kg/m3

ENVID04/97143/APPEN-1 DOC PAGE 1-20


APPENDIX I

TABLE (-7

NONINSTANTANEOUS RELEASE WITH DELAYED IGNITION


LF! %>/OL = 5.QQ

Dislance. x C, U. U. Deo Dt

(m) (kg/m3 ) ppm. | % Volume (mis) (m/s) (m) (m) (kg/rm) (kg/mr)

1 4.220 4.604.384 460.44 t 5.78x10 1.067 1.067 0.88 0.88

5 1.110 1,209.900 121.00 9.407.200.00

10 0.578 630.020 63.02 4,686.800.00

15 0.391 426,190 42.62 3.120,800.00

20 0.295 321,550 32.16 2.339.200.00

25 0 237 258.330 25.83 1.870.688.00

30 0.198 215.820 21.58 1.558,533.33

35 0.170 185.300 18.53 1.335,657.14

40 0.150 163,500 16.35 1,168,550.00

45 0.130 141.700 14.17 1,038.607.41

50 0.120 130,800 13.08 934,672.00

55 0.110 119,900 11.99 849,64628

60 0.100 109.000 10.90 778.799.99

65 0.090 98,100 9.81 718.859.17

70 0.080 87.200 8.72 667,488.71

75 0.080 87,200 8.72 622,965.33

100 0.060 65,400 6.54 467,168.00

125 0.040 43,600 4.36 373,707.52

150 0.040 43,600 4.36 311,407.99

175 0.040 32,700 3.27 266,911.99

200 0.030 32,700 3.27 233,542.00

300 0.020 21,800 2.18 155,685.33

500 0.010 10,900 1.09 93,406.72

700 0.009 , 9.810 0.98 66,717.71

900 0.007 7.630 0.76 51,890.86

1000 0.006 6,540 0.65 46,701.68

ENVI004197143/MASI 7XLS PAGE 1-21


APPENDIX I

3.2.2 Pipe Leak: 20% of diameter (42")

Do = 0.2x1.067 = 0.213m

Pgo.a = 0.88 kg/m3

Pg.a= 0.88 kg/m3

Deq = 0.213 (088)

= 0.213m

b, = 85.21

b2 = 59.08

85.21 + 59.0885.21

cm = 0.32x . 0.88 + 1 - 0.88

0.213 (0.88)1Q

The concentrations varied with the distance x are summarized in Table I-

8.

The velocity distribution along the axis of the jet (Table 1-8) are calculated

as follows:

mO = 18,188 kg/s

cd = 1.0

18,188

u0 = 1.0 x 0.88 x 22 (1.213/2)2

7

= 5.79 X 105 m/s

um 0.88 85.21 0.32x 0.88= - . [ .- + 1 - 0.88](0.213/x)2

5.8x1l 0 0.88 4 0.213 0.88

At the end of the turbulent mixing phase, the concentration and distance

are:

ur = 3 m/s

x = 8.7 km-4 3

Cm = 1.38x10 kg/mr

The summarized results at the end of turbulent mixing phase are

presented in Table 1-9.

ENVIO04/97143/APPEN-1 DOC PAGE 1-22


APPENDIX I_

TABLE 1-8

NONINSTANTANEOUS RELEASE WITH DELAYED IGNITION


LFL %VOL = 5.00

Distanoe,x CU .U, | D,, 0 Do r

(rn) (kgim/) ppm. % Volume (mhs) (mis) (in) (m) (kg'im) (kg/m')

1 1,240 1,351.600.00 135.16 = 1 5.79x105 0.213 0.213 0.88 0.88

5 0.268 292,120.00 29.21 "W_#

10 0.135 147,150.00 14.72 84,167.00

15 0.090 98,100.00 9.81 55,963.11

20 0.068 74.120.00 7.41 d1.916.75

25 0.054 58.860.00 5.89 33506.72

30 0.045 49,050.00 4.91 27,907.44

35 0.039 42,510.00 4.25 23,911.59

40 0.034 37,060.00 3.71 20.916.69

45 0.030 32,700.00 327 18,588.49

50 0.027 29,430.00 2.94 16,726.68

55 0.025 27,250.00 2.73 15,203.87

60 0.023 25,070.00 2.51 13,935.19

65 0.021 22,890.00 2.29 12,861.94

70 0.019 20,710.00 2.07 11,942.18

75 0.018 19.620.00 1.96 11,145.19

100 0.014 15,260.00 1.53 8,356.67

125 0.011 11,990.00 1.199 6,68427

150 0.009 9,810.00 0.98 5,569.63

ENVIOOM714U3rAM-8.XLS PAGE 1-23


APPENDIX I

TABLE i-n

THE RESULTS AT THE END OF THE TURBULENT MIXING PHASE

Pipe Leak X Um Cm Uo

(% of Pipe Diameter) (km) (mis) (kg/m3) (m/s)

20% 4379 3 1.38 x 10 5.79x 10x

100% 8.7 3 1.37x x10 5.79 x 10

Note Wind Speed = 3 m/s

ENViOO/97143JTAR-9 XLS PAGE 1-24


APPEN[IX I

4. DISPERSION IN THE ATMOSPHERE

4.1 Dispersion of a Neutral-Density Cloud

(1) Instantaneous Release

For a release of a mass Q at ground level, the concentration at a time

t after the could has left the source is given by:

2Q* -1 (X ut)2 y2 z2c (x,y,z,t) = Q exp[-{ 2 + f 2

(2TY 3OG 2 (T2 x a y G zJ

where x, y, and z are measured from the source point.

For ground-level concentrations at the cloud centre-line the above

equation reduces to:

2Q* r -1 f (x-ut)2u 1c(x,O,O,t)- .expL-l J I

(27t) QOCSY6 2 Y

(2) Continuous Release

For a release rate of Q at ground level the concentration is given by:

c (x,y,x)= .exp [ -{ + _7C(y6Z u 2 CY2y zZ

where x, y and z are measured from the source point.

For ground-level concentration at the cloud centre-line the above

equation reduces to:

Qc (x,O,0)=

E IAYIPPz u

ENV100"17143NAPPEN I.DOC PAGE 1-25


APPENDIX I

The jet dispersion model does assume a Gaussian concentration

profile. However, the rate of dilution in jet dispersion is greater than the rate in

neutral dispersion so the analyst cannot simply use the true release rate and source

in thp ni trql riiperiorn r-caVui itinnz because this will niv cmncPntrations that are

too high. Instead the analyst must use an upwind virtual source with the same

release rate as the real release rate. The location of this virtual source is found by

matching the centre-line concentration of the end of the virtual cloud with the

concentration at the centre of the jet. The cross wind width of the plume at the

matching point is the diameter of the plume which includes all concentrations down

to 10% of the concentration at the centre-line.

Stability Category Parameter

a b c d

Very unstable (A). 0.527 0.865 0.28 0.90Unstable (B) 0.371 0.866 0.23 0.85Slightly unstable (C) 0.209 0.897 0.22 0.80Neutral (D) 0.128 0.905 0.22 0.76Stable (E) 0.098 0.902 0.15 0.73Very stable (F) 0.065 0.902 0.12 0.67

(3) Dispersion Parameters

As mentioned above, these parameters describe the increase in the

dimensions of the cloud as the cloud drifts down-wind. There are several different

formulae for these parameters. The ones given here are relatively simple ones taken

from TNO (1979). They are:b6T = ax

-y,

6z= cxd

where x is the distance down-wind of the source.

ENV1OO4I971431APPEN1 DOC, PAGE 1-26


APPENDIX I

No formula is given for CT. For instantaneous releases it is assumed

that:

CTx CY

For continuous releases the down-wind dimension of the cloud is

assumed to be negligible. Table above gives the values for the parameters a, b, c

and d suggested by TNO for different stability categories; these values are valid

where x is greater than 100 m.

The model of the dispersion for instantaneous release (100% and

20%) is not used since the concentration of the gas at 100 m is below the LFL

(5.00% vol).

For noninstantaneous release the result is only for 100% pipeleak

from 36" pipe diameter. As stated in Table D-10 the concentration of the gas at 100

m under atmospheric stability are lower than LFL (% vol = 5.00).

4.2 Dispersion of a Buoyant Plume

The dispersion is modelled using the Gaussian model. The ground-level

concentration when the plume is at a distance x down-wind, and a height h above

the ground is given by:

c (x,y,h) = . exp --{ -}]u 2 &T a 2

niCya2 U 2 Gy2y CTz

The result of the study for 100% pipe leak for noninstantaneous release

are summarized in Table 1-11.

ENV¶QO0AWSUA3PPEN-1 DOC PAGE 1-27


APPENDIX I

TABLE 1-10

DISPERSION OF A NEUTRAL - DENSITY CLOUD

FOR NONINSTANTANEOUS RELEASE (100% PiPE LEAK)

LFL %Vol 5.00

Stability Dispersion Parameter Wind Speed Distance, x Ground - Level Concentration, c

(in) at the cloud centre line

Sy SI (mis) (m) (kg/m ) ppm. %volume

A 176.963 170.824 3 100 1.788 1.948.788.63 194.87

B 170.927 164.566 3 100 1.93 2.104.208.18 210.42

C 167.145 161.805 3 100 2.01 2.194,787.94 219.47

D 163.892 160.260 3 100 2.08 2.264,669.58 226.47

E 162.372 159.249 3 100 2.11 2.303.043.98 230.30

F 160.927 158.650 3 100 2.14 2.334.730.43 233.47

ENV1004/97143YTASI-1DXLS PAGE 1-28


APPENDIX I

TABLE I-11

DISPERSION OF A BUOYANT PLUME

FOR NONWNSTANTANEOUS RELEASE (100% PIPE LEAK)

LFL %Vol = 5.00

Stability Dispersion Parameter Wind Speed Distance, x Plume High, h Ground - Level Concentration. c

(m) at the cloud centre line

SI 52 (rmis) (m) (m) (kg/m ) ppm. %volume

A 176.963 170.824 3 100 10 1.78 1.940,177.83 194.02

B 170.927 164.566 3 100 10 1.92 2.094,144.41 209.41

C 167.145 161.805 3 100 10 2.00 2.183,905.48 218.39

D 163.892 160.260 3 100 1*0 2.07 2.253.207.28 225.32

E 162.372 159.249 3 100 10 2.10 2.291.227.11 229.12

F 160.927 158.650 3 100 10 2.13 2.321,700.00 232.17

ENV1004M?714¶3rAf-t1.XLS PAGE 1-29

I

APPENDIX J

EMERGENCY PLAN

ASME CODE FOR PIPING

L-r 39Vd

I,

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APPENDIX J

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ENV1004171.2 /E I-I VWDPAGE7I J1 us I

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ENV~~~~~ i 0049714nAPPE-J IOC PAE J


APPENDIX J

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EfA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT ftPAL REPORT

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APPENDIX J

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APPENDIX J

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ENV¶O417148/APPEN-J .DOC PAGE J-14

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPEUNE PROJECT a . - - .FINAL REPORT

APPENDX J

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EIA.OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORT

APPENDIX J

ASME CODE FOR PIPING

A850 OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES AFFECTING THE

SAFETY OF GAS TRANSMISSION FACILITIES

A850.1

All provision of para.850.1 shall apply unless otherwise stated.

A850.2 Basic Requirements

All provisions of para.850.2 shall apply unless otherwise stated.

A850.3 Essential Features of the Operating and Maintenance Plan

The plan prescribed in para.850.2(a) shall include:

(a) detailed plans and instructions for employees covering operating and

maintenance procedures for gas facilities during normal operations and repairs;

(b) items recommended for inclusion in the plan for specific classes of

facilities which are given in paras. A851.2, A851.3, A851.4, A851.5, A851.6, and A861.2;

(c) plans to give particular attention to those portions of the facilities

presenting the greatest hazard to the public and environment in the event of an

emergency or because of construction or extraordinary maintenance requirements;

(d) provision for periodic inspections along the route of existing pipelines.

A850.4 Essential Features of the Emergency Plan

A850.41 Written Emergency Procedures


ENVi00497148/APPEN-J2.D0C PAGE J-18

EIA OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PtPEUNE POJECT FINAL REPORT

APPENDIX J

A850.42 Training Program


A850.43 Liaison

Each operating company shall establish and maintain liaison with available

offshore fire fighting entities (public and/or privately owned) which might be designated

for any particular offshore area.

A850.44 Educational Program

An educational program shall be established to enable producers and the

general public operating in the offshore area to recognize and report a gas emergency to

the appropriate officials. The educational program called for under this section should be

tailored to the type of pipeline operation and the environment traversed by tne pipeiine

and should be conducted in each language that is significant in the community served.

Operators to transmission systems should communicate their programs to people,

contractors, or others that usually work in the offshore area of concern. The programs of

operators in the same area should be coordinated to properly direct -reports of

emergencies and to avoid inconsistencies.

A850.5 Pipeline Failure Investigation


A850.6 Prevention of Accidental Ignition


fNVIOD"7141APPEN4J2.OC PAGE J-19


APPENDIX J

A850.7 Blasting Effects

Each operating company shall establish procedures for protection of facilities in

the vicinity of blasting activities. The operating company shall:

(1) locate and mark its pipeline when explosive are to be detonated within

distance as specified in company plans. Consideration should be given to the marking of

minimum blasting distances from the pipelines depending upon the type of blasting

operation.

(2) determine the necessity and extent of observing or monitoring blasting

activities based upon the proximity of the blast considering the pipe materials, the

operating conditions, the size of charge, and soil conditions;

(3) consideration should be given to:

(a) the effect of shock waves on the pipeline from blasting;

(b) conducting a leak survey' following completion of the blasting

program.

A851 PIPELINE MAINTENANCE

A851.1 Continuing Surveillance of Pipelines


A851.2 Pipeline Patrolling

Each operating company shall maintain a periodic pipeline patrolling program to

observe conditions on and adjacent to the pipeline right-of-way, indication of leaks,

construction activity other than that performed by the company, and any other than that

performed by the company, and any other factors affecting the safety and operation of

the pipeline. Records of these inspections shall be maintained for the life of the facility.

ENV1040&71¶4APKN-J2.DOC PAGE J-20


APPENDIX J

A851.3 Leakage Survey


A851.4 Above Water and Hyperbaric Repair Procedures for Steel Pipelines

All above water and hyperbaric repair procedures for steel pipelines shall

conform to the requirements of para.851.4 as specified for pipelines operating at or

above 40% of the specified minimum yield strength.

A851.45 Offshore below Water Repair Procedures for Steel Pipelines

Any offshore below water repair procedures shall conform to para.851.4

provisions for pipelines operating at or above 405 of the specified minimum yield

strength.

Repairs shouid be performed under qualified supervisionI by trained personnel

aware of and familiar with the maintenance plan and operating conditions of the pipeline,

the company's safety requirements, and the hazards to public safety and environment.

Evacuation and repair operation should not result in imposed loads of

deformations which would impair the integrity of the pipe materials, weight, or protective

coating.

The use of subsurface equipment equipped with cutters, ejectors, jets, or air

suction systems should be carefully controlled and monitored in avoid damaging the pipe

line, external coating, or cathodic protection system.

When lifting or su porting pipe during repairs, the curvature of a pipe sag bend

and overbend should be controlled and maintained within limits to minimize pipe coating

damage, overstressing, denting or buckling during the repair operation, and lifting

equipment should be selected accordingly.

Wave and current loads should be considered in determining total imposed

stresses and cyclical loads.in'both surface and subsurface repairs.

ENVl0UM714WAPPEN.J2fM PAGE J-21


APPENDIX J

Personnel working on pipeline repairs should understand the need for careful

job planning, be briefed on procedures to be followed in accomplishing repairs, and follow

necessary prPrcuiitinnarv measutres ann procnmrPiires.

When pipe is repaired, damaged coating should also be repaired. Replacement

pipe and components shall be protected from corrosion.

A851.46 Offshore Repair of Flexible Pipe

Flexible pipe shall be repaired by replacement of the damaged section or other

suitable tested repair methods.

A851.5 Testing Repairs to Steel Pipelines Operating at Hoop Stress

Levels at or above 40% of the Specified Minimum Yield Strength

A851.51 Testing of Replacement Pipe Sections


A851.52 Nondestructive Testing of Repairs, Gouges, Grooves, Dents, and

Welds


A851.6 Pipeline Markers and Signs

Permanent markers are not required for offshore pipelines; however, suitable

signs should be posted on platform to serve as a hazard area warning. Where

appropriate, signs should display the operating company identification and emergency

communication procedure.

A851.8 Abandoning of Transmission Facilities


ENV100497148/APPFNJ2.DaC PAGE J-22


APKNDIX J

A853 MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES MAINTENANCE

All provisions of para.853 shall apply unless otherwise stated.

A854 LOCATION CLASS

The concept of location class as expressed in para.854 does not apply to

offshore pipelines.

A856 PIPELINE SERVICE CONVERSIONS

All provisions of para.856 shall apply unless otherwise stated.

A860 CORROSION CONTROL OF OFFSHORE PIPELINES

A861 CORROS!ON CONTROL - GENERAL

A861.1 Scope

This section contains the minimum additive or substitutive requirements and

procedures for corrosion control of external and internal corrosion of offshore piping and

components. Where specific provisions are not set forth herein, the provisions of

para.860 shall apply.

This section is applicable to the design and installation of new piping systems

and to the operation and maintenance of existing piping systems. Other general

requirements are prescribed in para.861.

A861.2 Special Considerations

Since offshore pipelines cannot be readily inspected after installation and there

is the possibility of damage to the coating system, special consideration should be given

to the selection, design, and application of corrosion control coatings, the cathodic

protection system, and othe? corrosion design elements.

fNVlOO14AMPPfIJ2DOC PAGE J-23


APPENDIX J

A862 EXTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL

A862.1 General

Al' submerged steel pipe, valves, and related fittings shall be externally coated

and cathodically protected. All above water. piping and components shall be protected

from the particularly corrosive conditions of the salt water atmosphere and cyclic wetting

and drying.

A862.2 Coating Requirements for Submerged Pipe

(1) Coating Design

The design of coating systems for offshore installation should refiect the

type of environment in which the facility is to be installed. Selection of the protective

coating should be based upon:

(a) low water-absorption;

(b) compatibility with the type of cathodic protection to be applied to the

system;

(c) compatibility with the system operating temperature;

(d) sufficient ductility to minimize detrimental cracking;

(e) sufficient toughness to withstand damage during installation;

(f) resistance to future deterioration in a submerged environment; and

(g) each of repair.

(2) Cleaning and Surface Preparation

The surface preparation required in para.862.1 (a) may not be adequate for

offshore piping systems. There may be additional requirements, such as a near white

metal finish and an anchor pattern to promote a good bond for all epoxy:based thin film

coatings. Welds should be inspected for irregularities which could protrude through the

pipe coating, and any such irregularities should be removed.

ENV100"9714WAPPEN-J2.DOC PAGE J-24


APPENDIX J

(3) Application and Inspection

The coating should be applied under controlled conditions and have a high

resistance to disbondment. Coating application and inspection shall be in accordance with

paras.862.1 12(a) and (b). Further information can be obtained from NACE RP-06-75,

Section 4. A holiday detector, suitable for the type of coating applied, shall be used to

detect flaws. Flaws noted shail be repaired and retested. VWeights or weight coating shall

not damage the protective coating during application or installation.

(4) Coating for Weld Joints, Appurtenances, and Patching

Weld joints and appurtenances shall be coated with material which is

compatible with the basic coating. A holiday detector, designed for the type of field joint

material applied, may be used to detect flaws and flaws shall be repaired and retested.

(5) Field Inspection

The pipe shall be visually inspected prior to installation to assure that

unacceptable damage has not occurred during loading, welding, or other laying activities

prior to submergence of the pipe. Any significant damage to the coating shall be repaired

with material compatible with the pipeline coating. Care should be exercised to minimize

damage to the coating system, particularly during laying and trenching of the pipe.

A862.3 Splash Zone and Atmospheric Corrosion Control

(1) The splash zone area, where the pipeline is intermittent wet and dry, shall

be designed with additional -protection against corrosion. This shall be accomplished by

one or more of the following:

(a) special coating

(b) special protective systems and techniques

(c) other suitable measures, including selection of pipe material

ENM748PPENAO PAGE,J-25

ENV1OO4S714WAPPEN.J2.DOC PAGE J-25


APPENDIX J

(2) Coatings and other protective systems shall be installed upon a properly

prepared surface and in accordance with established specifications or manufacturer's

recommend3tions. The c03tiny should resist %,ater action ntmAsnherir rdptpriorationn

mechanical damage, and cathodic disbondment.

A862.4 Cathodic Protection Requirements

(1) Design Criteria

An offshore facility is considered to be cathodically protected when it

meets one or more of the criteria established in Appendix K.

(2) Impressed Currents

Where impressed current systems are used, the system shall be designed

to minimize outages and the output shall be such that the design criterion is met. Also,

consideration should be, given to minimize the interference effect on other pipeline or

structures.

(3) Galvanic Anodes

Where galvanic anodes are used for protection, consideration shall be

given to the quality of the coating (i.e., the percent of exposed pipe). Also, the design

formula for the system should include the output of the anodes, the desired life of the

system, anode material, and utilization efficiency. Anodes used should be compatible with

the operating temperature of the pipeline and the marine environment.

(4) Other

Consideration should be given to the effects on cathodic protection of

variation in oxygen content, temperature, and water/soil resistivity of the particular

offshore environment in which the pipeline is installed.

ENV10&97148/APPN.J2.DOC PAGE J-26


APPENDIX J

A862.5- Electrical Isolation

Underwater pipeline systems shall be electrically isolated from other metallic

structures so that cathodic protection can be effective. An exception can be made when

both the foreign structure and the pipeline are designed to be protected as a unit. Other

general considerations include:

(1) Tie-ins

Isolation from foreign pipelines at tie-ins may be made by the installation

of insulation flanges, unions or other insulating devices. When making a tie-in of a coated

line to a bare line, the two lines shall be electrically isolated.

(2) Foreign Pipeline Crossing

When crossing a foreign pipeline, care shall be exercised to assure

adequate separation between the two lines so that the possibility for electrical

interference is minimized.

(3) Pipeline Riser Support and Secondary Piping

When installing riser piping at platforms, supporting devices such as

clamps and pipe supports shall isolate the piping from the structure. Insulating devices

shall be installed where electrical isolation of a portion of the piping system from

production piping, tanks, and other facilities is necessary to facilitate application of

cathodic protection. Electrical interference between electrically isolated structures shall be

minimized Wiring and piping connections to an isolated pipeline shall also have insulation

between the pipeline and the platform.

ENVI0049714VAP"EN-AJ2OC PAGE J-27

APPENDIX K

ACTION PLAN FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION

MEASURES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT

OF YADANA NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT


APPENDIX K - ACTION PLAN

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EIA OF YADANA NATUFAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FINAL REPORT


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2. 94,000 5.00 470,000

3. i%LVPflJ 60.000 4.00 240,000

977,000

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(1) A1lisimJ1i9zi-ilAfn 1,000 1lj1V4U x 180 u = 180,000 i2n

(2) ii1L&1Mt 2,000 1jlVI/ITU x 80 5U 160,000 invi

(3) P1isfil 2.000 121I'A/iU x 12 Lhu = 24.000 11n1

(4) Fi 1.ifll?L diieun1rnri 4 flMU f): 6 flS-

'Afln 2 lPStuV I 4 5 Pfl-

10,000 Jl11/flfi x 6 flf4 600,000 12111

(5) f 94fl77UJSU4 = 15,000 121

(6) l = 300,000 1211

Lnfl41Jfl17-ne nli4 1 191tAfmlulunJWil^113(7_

eEiRx6iLu91v 2 fl = 3,888,570 12111

- 6,144,570 1J211

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E-235 VOL. 6 - World Bank Documents & Reports

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