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2See John L. Esposito, Islam: The Straight Path, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 1998), p. 18. 3See Heribert Busse, Islam, Judaism, and Christianity: Theological and Historical Affiliations, translated from German by Brown Allison (U.S.A.: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1998), p. 29. 4See Harold Coward, Scripture in the World Religions: A Short Introduction (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2000), pp. 103-104.

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8See Mahmoud Ayoub, “Nearest in Amity: Christians in the Qur’Én and Contemporary Exegetical Tradition,” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations (vol. 8, no. 2, 1997), p. 156.

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12See R.E. Asher (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (U.K.: Pergamon Press Ltd., 1994), vol. 10, pp. 5106-5107. 13Ibid.

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17See Ayoub, “Nearest in Amity:...,” p. 148. 18� ��¹'UÆ��N� �b�N�N�H��� O�Æ�NW � ��N+C ¹X�2N��/&�1����2 ����� /&�1�6��� ��� ������6/��� �N�����N�Æ�Ï� �bN+Ð� Nq��r h�F �7��]��,�� :22[_

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19See Karl-Wolfgang Trogör, “Peace and Islam: In Theory and Practice,” in Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations (vol. 1, no. 1, 1990), pp. 14-15.

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27See Mahmood Ahmed Ghazanfer (ed.), The Call to Islam, (trans.) Muhammad Saeed Siddiqi (Pakistan: Kazi Publications, n.d.), p. 11.

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-���� @A)B���X:L*A*`B� q� ���� 4�2E� [�[50 H .J!�� i�*�J b^�,�� ,WC� 4Ú[� h�(��� �� � % 0*��� %��I� %��-�� B,-�� 7C,D�� ��O+

kO+ �>�� h�(��� 4%+�����47-��� 72M�� ��k)+ 2 Q�3� G�� z*�� `���'� O�d�31 %*2�I� {�)W� K2 ��¹�P ��-� Ò/� ���� z��D��� '()����� 4zH*�� %+��� �h�� �)3 (!�

%*-2I� X+.��.32 B,-�� 7C,D��� "Z8� �6 K�k�� , 86� �6� 76� �(�� �� ?1 4�*#)�� "� X2� :p�h�Q�L��6�M �N� |��}�+/2���� OP�Q�� ������N� |.��*�; �v]7�,�� ?C :138[4

�� ?1� :�.2���92�� �c/2�N� |��M/a�4�� OP�Q�� �������� �!�8��d�; ��h�Qpv]%&~� :20[ �� ?1� 4:

294���'.�� ��� ��� ,|c�.�9!b�� F42W ��2�� H �*+���� F2+�� )%+�(����:4�F(�� '��1987�(² 424.30�� ,|c� 4�+(g�� ��' ��cjWl� H F2+�� :K���� F*+)%2,-�� %-2 :4h2���� y��� %g6�'1984�(4

²91_96�97.31See ’IsmÉÑÊl RÉjÊ al-FÉrËqÊ, “Meta-Religion: Towards a Critical World Theology,” American Journal of Islamic Sciences, vol. 3, no. 1, (1986): 40. 32See Abdulaziz Saddiq Jastaniah, The Islamic State in Light of the Holy Qur’Én and Sunnah (Michigan: University Microfilms International & Howell Information company, 1982), Chap. 3, p. 53.

ì‚î‘@�àİÏ 68

p������N� |��j�; ��h�Qv]/!�,6� :52[ �� ?1� 4:������� ��� 7�9p/&�1/*���� �,V��� �>2�W�4 X%��� ������� :�5*�M�=v]{�,�I� :158[.��M�2 `�(��� NX��N� 4����� Ø ��,E� $�� %V[� Y>Ø�

¾ 4�)�0O2:%����)Universalism ( %D�g�� �������)Egalitarianism(7)��� 4<{�,�I�� %i���� p*~� MP�(� '.)�^� X2 )gD�".33

�6 %3,)j�� %��I� +nD�6 {,)�N+� OT2�O+ �>�� ?��I� �)-�� Gn+< (!�7+�I�.34 K�~ hi.*+ �>�� 4�+�.)�� �< e+,5)�� G�61 p� z��D��� �)-�� �>!�

`��C� `6(��<� `)E��F ±�'�� �)-�� �>! � ��(��� %�VW ������� %�2� zH*��'�(L� M+M�� Rh2���� '�(L� %�VW� ,Wl� K2 �%&�& :�� `21� `��-� h5���

�2-�� X+��F 4YM+M��� '�(L� ��'� b�C ��� 40*6 �8F ^ %g6�,)2 b�M-�,2X2 7(-)+:1^y��� X� %�3 ,|c %0P� (ÜEthos(_2^X2� :��2 h1�W< T0*2

)Ethics(_3^X2� :%3,)j2 %��)P� %+(!)Ethnos.(35

33 49�)F ��L� �.� 7F,�"Ó3 %2¦� ¨|E� $�� %��I� b�M-�,���"4�u6��)%*��� :1����� 4:241997�(² 432.

34See Kamar Oniah Kamaruzzaman, Early Muslim Scholarship in Religionswissenschaft: The Works and Contribution of Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni (Kuala Lumpur: ISTAC, 2003), p. 13.

35+�.� 7F,� r)�I� 9,jX2 7(-)+ �2-�� X+��� Q7< 9H)F ��L� :<�%+� D� %2(|*2 )a system of beliefs(��f 4Ç6 0�� ¯�g8O+ Ô 4�L�� �(P(�� R %�-�� 7�c�� ,|c %0P�"Ethos " �<"World-view"� _�%V(8¿ e1�(2

%V(8¿ %D+,¡ R �#�)� y���� %c�c�� �L�� �(P(�� X2 %*�2� �L� R)a way of life ( h3(�� A� R ��k)�� `)V(8W �)behaviour ( Ç6 ��� `�� ¯�g8+ Ô"Ethics"� _�%+�,E�� �L� M-�,2 �-jO+ ^ X+��� �7I�

X+��� >º)+ 7< }P� 4`6 �*2��� �6 �5)� � �� � �� 4%���6 /�)+ �gW (! �6 4}�5F–G�nF �.� H���"V%i%3,)j2 %��)P� %+(! "Gn+<)a common social identity .( %��)P� ���� /��2 ��@ X+��� �7�F '.)� � �>Ø�

%V(8¿ %H2< �(5.V< X+>�� !��,F< X2 �-j)� :�"%+,|c ��D�"�L� R q���� 4"G����� G�1�W< Gk0*2"�� 4"%+(!%3,)j2 %��)P� "� ¯�g8O+ Ô Ç6 0�"Ethnos ." 49�)F ��L� �.� 7F,� ,|c�"R %F,��� %+,|*� ���� �,-E�� '¡��

7C,D��"4�3!5B� �*�jW� )%*���:4����� 4:1541999�(² 478.

ñŠ•bȽa@pbÔîjİnÛaë@æeŠÔÛa@´i@æbí…þa@‰aìy 69

h! YM+M��� �5��� K2 '�(L� ��'� R 7C,D�� b�C�:

2-1.��!r)�� F���`B� �*B�+)Universal Human Equality(

����� ��2 X2 �� /0D�W X+>�� z�*�� �6 ������ ����� ��M� .����� R� �,-F w.*�"%+,j.�� ������ %�� "H2� 7+�I� ,!(P h! $�� ¯N�ÆgN2� 4�*#)�� �6� G%

(! �� �7< z�< :�� 0*¡�(2� �i�� Ó�(�<� 0�*P< {�)W� :�� %H+(H��� %H+,j.��9��'I� ��W.36 %+(�� �< 4?�� }.�6 X+,WÞ� J(n[� 7�c­� �(¼ �F

4h��)P^� K�(�� �< %��)P^�37 �� ?1 :p��0� ������� ������� ���&�1����� g�h-�� �&�1�;�4 �2 �.2����� �0 g�h-�� �,V��� �2��0��� ��� ���� :�(���" :S��=�4 ��M��/��� -@�;�� ����=/��s ���/��� �������� F��a��� � b�� $%�

:�)*�9�4 /&�1/*���+ �.��" �,V��� -.�� �c��a/4�?��� �,�;v]��*�� :1[.! �� X2 £��O+��(WI�� %+,j.�� %������ ��M�O+ ����� �7< %³,-�� %+l� Y>

�,-E6 �8)+ �F %c�c�� ���(�� �,-F �Df � "j� �3 4%c�c��"%� �b� ���"%+,j.�� %������ %�� :�� ����� M3,� 7(-+ �>�� 4.����� eD+ ^�

� ¯2�)�� �*� ,Wl� K2 `)1��� `�2�� RR `D�� ,Wl� %��,jµ ?(.D�� ���� /�.P�(6 �D�6 ������ '��� � q�r ����)+ ��c�� 4}�5F {�)W^� ��� ^� �nE� ^ 7<� K�~� �6 ������ z�< :�� %*.2 /0�� �,|*�F 4X+,Wl�

K�k�� %D�g2 ,-E��� ?��� pE*�� %2,� 7<� ,j6 :�� ,j.� %g�� ^�.38 >-!� ��< Y½kO+ ^� `��D�� `*+� �.gO+ Q�3 4X+��)2 ����� R zH*�� 7(-+ �

�W�� ���!� �/Æ��� R ��+ 7< `D� X2 �7I 4q�r �,+ y �r� ����� R �W�+ 7<7(���2 0).��< %2��� %\6 �< %2��� %��� .h2���� K�)�� R ,Wl� �>! ½)�O+�

36See Mahmoud Mustafa Ayoub, “Asian Spiritual and Human Rights,” Encounters (vol. 2, no. 1, March 1996), p. 35. 37See Showkat Hussain, Islam and Human Rights (Kuala Lumpur: Budaya Ilmu Sdn. Bhd., 1991), pp. 35-36.

38 4h ([� ��� �.� ,|c�"%c������ X+��� �6 %1���� '¡� R ���­� �,V��� b+��)��"4cjWl� Z�3J 4����� :23%����� %*��� 4–'�rC )z'2(41998² 4�89.

ì‚î‘@�àİÏ 70

� K�× K)�)�+ G*¡�(2%c�c�� �(DL.39 ���1 ,j.�� �6 ������ ����� O½)�N+��jc� �PI bFD#��� 47�(�I�� 4z*PI�� 47+�I� J(*)2 K�)v p�U)� %��<

%�2� 7+�I� J.�<� 4%VW %5���� ����� J.�< �6 ,�#O2� h��� w+� ��E�.

2-2.�?�F�2� ���!r)�� ��*B�5�� )Universal Human Brotherhood(4,j.�� K�~ %V(8º��� ��()�� X2 %QD)j�� h2���� X+��� %D�g�� %���� �7�

�� �,-F ��M�O�%6�,D%H+,j.�� %H���� .�< G��,F �,j.�� �2�)�� � "j� %DDL� Y>!�j�� ,j.�� ��W �� Q7U6 h��� h�(�� ��'ß�(gO+ h-� %��� �< G%�� q�Í R G�2 �(

�� �� ?1� 4X2<�:p�7�8��)�9�� :�;2�5�< /&�"��� ��5�=�� �������� !�"�# $%� &�"��� ���� ����� ������� ������� ���'(�)�� '&*���+ �,-��� -.�� /&�"��/0�� �,-��� ���+ /&�1���! "�� -.�� �2�3�4��5�6��v]b�,kL� :13[

�� Q?�+� %1��8��� 4%������� 4���(�� ��M�O+ ����� X+� Q7< :�� %³,-�� %+l� Y>! R 7(���+� 7(j�+ /! 0�PI %+� /0+��� ���� �V< X2 7�'�5*+ X+>�� ,j.�� �6

X!�,�� y��� �>!.40 %+<� 4zH*�� � %³,-�� %+l� Y>! R `�P(2 h��� �g[�� "%��3�(��2 R G (Ù K��< {�)W� :�� G�� ,j.�� ��j� $�� z*�� %��3 X2 S�c��

/�D.¡� /Ó+�<� 4/�2(1� /Ó�(�<."41 Q7< %cC,D�� %+l� Y>! *� �.O��"��E)�� '�2 �� �2< z�*�� �6�%1,���� %*+��� /����)c� ¨c3 G+<��(D)�� %P'� (! .��t �(D)��� :�� G�'�1 7�c��X+,Wl� K2 '�(� R ?(W��� .¢�µ Gc�c� 7(-+ 7< `� ¯)� $�� h0F

z�*�� �6 ������ ?���� %21�� "[� �Df � G��� X+,Wl� :�� G5)E*2 %��-��".42

39See ÑAbdur RaÍmÉn I. Doi, Non-Muslims under SharÊÑah (Kuala Lumpur: A.S. Noordeen, 1990), p. 39. 40See Jamil Farooqui, “Ummatic Unity: Challenges and Strategies,” The Islamic Quarterly (vol. 48, no. 2, June, 2004), p. 89.

41 4±'.�� S!&Q�b6��� cjWl�T25r�� L; ���56��� )b�"6 :4,V��� ,-E�� '��1997�(² 418.42 4��M1� ��o �(��4�2E� ����9� cjWl��,� 4%%6,��� %i��� � %c�I� %i��� X2 :,!2 :Eg82)�,!D�� :

4%+'k)�� ��,!I� K6g21423!/2002�(² 466�67.

ñŠ•bȽa@pbÔîjİnÛaë@æeŠÔÛa@´i@æbí…þa@‰aìy 71

�� ?� /0Q�3 ��[� �7I %H+,j.�� %H���� �H(WI� �,-E6 X2�+ 7< /��2 Q�-� hi.*+ �>�� .+ /���F!��,F< K2 '�5)+� �2�)+� {'�)+� �+�)� �� 0D�W �".3 �,�< R �� .

"2�� � "j� 4%H+,j.�� %H���� �H(WI� �,-F ��'� h2���� X+��� %��I� �,-E���/0n�6 :�� /0�)Ec�� z�*�� �'D�� ��>�� ��ic^� ����.

2-3.��!r)�� ��*a�!�� Fa2��)Spiritual Unity of Mankind(%�2� ,j.�� �< 7�c�� %��� +V(��� 4,2��I� ?�W X2 SC,D�� Z*�� }¡m

�*2��� �< ������ �+�5)�� `P� :�� �nEO2.�(c3 z�*�� �7< �>! ��'� %�-L�� ��()�� %�.g6 /ӳ� �< /!�D)�� � �� }�� ��6 �F �(E�)W�� 4����� %�2<

��g�� .O+�b+l� R ,j.�� %���,�� ���(�� �,-F B,-�� 7C,D�� ���D :p:����� ������� �.��"��M*�3 ������� �$/*�; �&�1/A�*�� %��A ���; �T��6�1 �� �&���5�� �>�[����� �$��4�h����� �$��!%r�)�� �L%*�)���� �,V��� �@�5�)�3 :F��a���

�����6/�� ����� �,*�3 �2�b���6/���,*�3...v]�,D.�� :213[� _p �2�b���6/���3 :F��a��� :����� -S�� ������� �.��" ������.2�b���6/��� �,*�3 ��M*�3 /&����/*�; �X����� �U%;�4 $�� /���)�W |��M���" �S/2����v]pc(+ :19[.

�� %2���� %��,�� X2 ".-�� M3,)�� �)+l� ��! �� ��,�N+�%+���)�� :%+,j.�� ,j.�� �7< %@,V %�^� R Gn+< "j+ �3 47��P(��� �D)�^� R %+,L�� 4

�� X-� ����� %�2< G�����O'�>¹*O+� ��O���¹,O+ h-� ��,��� �.cI� ��'< �1 %+,j.�� .�5*�� �!< �6 %1���� ¨c3 =� 4�5�� %E�)¿ �,¡ ¨D#.c� q�>��

�M�O� %E�)º��/!E)��� ?�.)�� ��,)�^� ��M�O� 7< X2 G �6 %2(8[�� ������� �.h��,�� q��)�� �dM�O� h-� ,j.�� %���,�� ���(�� :�� %2���� %��,�� MQ3,O��

`Q�3 y��� R �,j.�� p*~� �6 ������� .h��I� <�.�� ���(�� X2 J(*�� �>! 7�(-+� :�� ªE5�� ��,gE�� �M~�� ���(�� 7��(�%���,�� �� �7U6 '�,1�� ?�W X2 zH*�� �6

����� ��' (!� �h� Q�3 ��W.43 %¾I G��� 7�c�� ��¼ Ìi�� y��6 7³���

43See Sayyid Ali Abbas Musawi, “The Relation among Justice, Unity and Security,” Message of Thaqalayn (vol. 8, no. 4, Summer 2003), pp. 40-41.

ì‚î‘@�àİÏ 72

���(�� � Y�(D+� h��,�� q��)��%���,��%��L� %1����� .�,-F /0ENc 7< hi.*+ ^� ���(��%���,��X2 %2���� l� ��� 0�cU3 %.�� ,|c %0P� �+U)�3 0�0ENc �6 4,W

(·%���,���'I� R �� %E�W� 4`�Ec R ���� (! 7�c�� �7I .44 ���(�� X� ".�� "W �'(8�� Y>Ø ����� 7(-F%���,�� X2 q�r� 4,j.��

%�l� %*+��� /!E�� ?�W :<G � :_��g�� ��()��Gc& :gE�� _�,G#�& :%�E*L� _�5����G�6�' :����� X+� %�� .�I3 /!E�� Y>! ¯�()��:

<���_B� *a26��)Absolute Unity of God(X2 z*�� ��,W� � {�� X+��� ���� �'(V � ��g�� ��()�� �,-F "j�

b1(�º��� 4%�.g��� 47gj�� ��.� X2 �< _'(*�� � b��|�� ��.� � �,WI� '0D�� ���(�� �� .�� �.1 X2 ��.��� %�3,j�� '(8�� %������ %)Animism ( �<

���� %+(� }!>2 :1^�< G��' 4`��r 7(-�� :�)�� 47(-�� R 2 Q�-� �7U6 �D)�^� _G�Ec2-7(-�� /Q|*�� �(L� <�.�� h! pE*�� �< 9�,�� Q7U6 �D)�^��.451� �� �

/!�,6�� �� ?1 4��g�� ��()�� � `2(1 �*6 '�(� ?�W X2 :��>��9 #���� L�)�� >�j�� X�3 �U��/2�9�� �k��4�� X%��� :�����J :�����/f�� �h���6�0�� �4�sJ �,*�;�? �&*�Q��!/;�� �g�!�� �U���h�"��

�G/4�?��� �i�����M� �� �i2�1���� �&*�Q��!/;���L���92�M �� �$�� �.2�1�*���� �O���4 �7/*-��� �,/*���+ �$�= ��M���3�L���3�� �R�a�� S �>��9 �7�3�� ��M���3 X%;�4 ��h�Q �>��9 :�)�"/2�"�X%;�4 ��h��Q �>��9 :���s��; �!�M� �� O���4 ��M���3

? X%;�4 X���/��� /&-� $�x�� �>��9 �7�3�� ��M���3�LN������ �c/2� �� �$�� �$��2�"��>��9 :����s��; ��/M�r�� O���4 ��M���3

44See Frithjof Schuon, The Transcendent Unity of Religions (U.S.A.: The Theosophical Publishing House, 1984), p. 110.

45�� X2 �,!x Q�3 Q7U6 �D)�^�|�!,7�c�� 73 =� h5��� 9��,�� X2 %�6c %�.g�� O+Z�8º `��.�� `�Ec �H(�D%��,!x �'(V :�� %�.g�� �)Phenomenal Representation .( z*�� ��g�� ��()�6 7³�� ¯��(+�

�� (!� ���� ��,� G%�6� GD6� Ó��.�+ �(c3 $�� %�.g�� ��(�1 �7<�.See Hakeem Abdul Hameed, “TauÍÊd and ÑAdl,“ Studies in the Islamic Studies (vol. 15, no. 3, July 1978), pp. 178-179.

ñŠ•bȽa@pbÔîjİnÛaë@æeŠÔÛa@´i@æbí…þa@‰aìy 73

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46See Tazimuddin Siddiqui, “TauÍÊd – Oneness of God,” Studies in Islam (vol. 16, no. 2, April, 1979), p. 92. 47See M. Mazahim Mohideen, “Islam, Nonviolence, and Interfaith Relations,” in Islam and Nonviolence, edited by Glenn D. Paige et al. (U.S.A.: Centre for Global Nonviolence Planning Project, University of Hawaii, 1993), p. 132.

48 4'(|*2 X6� ,|c�T!5�� .�`�)b�"6 :� 4'�V '��5� 4.b(.² 4564��2 :"gF,".

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�Ì*�� � ����� (��+ 7< %��,�� 0�� (��� ¨c3 $�� %+��()�� %�.g�� pEc � z*�!�,6��Çh!� 4%v�L�"�!/r�M �� �$�� �.��" ����� :�b*���a �&*�Q��!/;�� ��-��� /q�)�0� �.��p]�5*�� :123.[

±,j�� �.*)v �E*53 �� ���.�+ 7< `�.�<� Ì*�� Gn+< �� ,2<�)Polytheism(�nF�'� 4{�,�� ��()��)Corrupted Monotheism (�� ���'8*��� �(0�.

49h���I� 7��� ,|c� 4�4�5B� F!8�t)b�"6 :4b�(.g��� h���I� %���2 �2341390!/1980�(4²2504��2 :"�,gE��".

50See ´IsmÉÑÊl RÉjÊ al-FÉrËqÊ, “Islam and Other Faiths: The World’s Need for Humane Universalism,” in The Challenge of Islam, edited by Altaf Gauhar (London: Islamic Council of Europe, 1978), p. 92. 51See Ghulam Haider Aasi, Muslim Understanding of Other Religions: A Study of Ibn ×azm’s KitÉb al-FaÎl fÊ al-Milal wa al-AhwÉ’ wa al-NiÍal (Islamabad: IIIT, 1999), 6.

52 �� ?1� :�&*�Q��!/;�� -.��p�L�"�!/r�M �� �$�� �U�� /&���� :�b*���a �,V��� :�6����9 :����� �.��" v]�5*�� :120[Gn+< �� ?1� _:pv�L�M����5 �� %T�!�� ��/M��/W�� �>��9 /&��/W�� �,�;�4 �,�� �>��9 #��]�,D.�� :131[.53 �� ?1� :�!/d�� �S�� :����t2���� �&*�Q��!/;�� �.��" ���p�L�"�!/r�M �� �$�� �.��" ����� :�M��/ �� :�b*���a �.��" $�1���� :��*���v]7�,�� ?C :67[.

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54See Bernard Lewis, et al. (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Islam (Leiden: E. J. Brill, vol. 3, 1986), p. 165 (subject – ×anÊf). 55See Mohideen, Islam, Non-Violence, and Interfaith Relations, pp. 132-133.

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bFD#��� 4z*PI�� 47+�I� J(*)2 K�)v X��� /!"�� .p�6 � a �,6< �1�)Smail Balic ( `6)3 R�Ruf vom Minaret: Weltislam heute-Resaissance

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56 7�� h��� h�(�� Q7U6 , 8.�� � %cC,D�� b+l� Y>! �� "j+�–�� )General ( ²W h���)Special .( <�.�� �>! %�V �,i�� R 7+�I� ���� X2 ��� �6��� 7,D�� X2 S#�� e8*�� R ?�� �1�

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,|c� 476 X2 SC,D�� 7.�� �k�� ��6 p�� 4G�2 �� Gc6 b+l� Y>! b�P $�� 40*�6 %��,��� John Arthur Arberry, Revelation and Reason in Islam (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1957), p. 12.

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59“Islam is a faith for the whole of mankind, and for all ages. All God’s messengers preached the same message. There is, therefore, only one faith that is pleasing to God. This is none other than surrender to God, and being at peace with Him, with oneself and with other men.” As cited by Karl-Wolfgang Troger, “Peace and Islam: In Theory and Practice,” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations (vol. 1, no. 1, 1990), p. 14.

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61 49�)F ,|c�"�*W�W?� i�[10!�B�..."² 431.624h ([� ,|c� "56��F!f�5B� i��"...w²88.63 4'(�� X6� ,!g�� ���� ,|c�!�2�6��� !�!A6��)pc(� :� 4K+�()��� ,j*�� 7(*5� '��341997�(² 425�26.

64See Schuon, The Transcendent Unity of Religions, p. 117. 65 ,�� X6 ��a� 4"#3 X6�&*}5�� .J!�� (`b0)b�"6 :4e�(+ '��1403!/1983�(4T21² 4273.

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72J(�+ %�� �< 4��D��� Y>! 7(�'�+ �(c3 �'8*�� ���� '.3 �7< %DDL� R�.73Walter M. Abbott (ed.), The Documents of Vatican II (New York: American Press, 1966), p. 663; see also Miikka Ruokanen, The Catholic Doctrine of Non-Christian Religions according to the Second Vatican Council (Leiden / New York / Cologne: E.J. Brill, vol. 7, 1992), pp. 76 passim, 88; and David S. Noss & John B. Noss, A History of World’s Religions (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990), p. 520; and Declaration Nostra Aetate Proclaimed by his Holiness Pope Paul VI on October 28, 1965, http://www.vatican.va/archieve/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_1> (accessed on 23 October 2003).

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75IsmÉÑÊl RÉjÊ al-FÉrËqÊ, “Islam and Christianity: Diatribe or Dialogue,” in Muslims in Dialogue: The Evolution of Dialogue, edited by Leonard Swidler (U.S.A.: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1992), p. 30.

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76Walter M. Abbott (ed.), The Documents of Vatican II (New York: American Press, 1966), p. 663. 77See al-FÉrËqÊ, “Islam and Christianity:...,” p. 106. 78Seyyed Hossein Nasr, “Response to Hans Kung’s Paper on Christian-Muslim Dialogue,” The Muslim World (vol. 77, no. 2, April 1978), pp. 98-99.

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82IsmÉÑÊl RÉjÊ al-FÉrËqÊ, “Rights of non-Muslims under Islam: Social and Cultural Aspects,” Journal of Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, vol. 1, no. 1, (Summer 1979), p. 95. 83Al-FÉrËqÊ, “Islam and Christianity: …,” p. 9. 84See Seyyed Hossein Nasr, “Islamic-Christian Dialogue: Problems and Obstacles to Be Pondered and Overcome,” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations (vol. 11, no. 2, July 2000), p. 218-129.

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86See Murad Wilfried Hofman, “Religion after Religion: Secular Anti-Modernism and the Study of Religions,” The Muslim World Book Review (vol. 2, no. 2, 2001), p. 9. 87See Murad Wilfred Hofmann, “The Protection of Religious Minorities in Islam,” Encounters (vol. 4, no. 2, September 1998), pp. 140-141.

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