Distribution, microfabric, and geochemical characteristics of siliceous rocks in central orogenic...

Research ArticleDistribution Microfabric and Geochemical Characteristicsof Siliceous Rocks in Central Orogenic Belt China Implicationsfor a Hydrothermal Sedimentation Model

Hongzhong Li12 Mingguo Zhai1 Lianchang Zhang1 Le Gao23

Zhijun Yang23 Yongzhang Zhou23 Junguo He23

Jin Liang23 Liuyu Zhou23 and Panagiotis Ch Voudouris4

1 Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China2Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Geological Processes and Mineral Resource Survey Guangzhou 510275 China3Department of the Earth Sciences Sun YAT-SEN University Guangzhou 510275 China4Department of Mineralogy-Petrology University of Athens Athens 15784 Greece

Correspondence should be addressed to Hongzhong Li lihongzhong01aliyuncom and Junguo He zsu iam001sinacn

Received 3 May 2014 Accepted 9 June 2014 Published 22 July 2014

Academic Editor Grzegorz Racki

Copyright copy 2014 Hongzhong Li et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Marine siliceous rocks are widely distributed in the central orogenic belt (COB) of China and have a close connection to thegeological evolution and metallogenesis They display periodic distributions from Mesoproterozoic to Jurassic with positive peaksin the Mesoproterozoic CambrianmdashOrdovician and CarboniferousmdashPermian and their deposition is enhanced by the tensionalgeological settings The compressional regimes during the Jinning Caledonian Hercynian Indosinian and Yanshanian orogeniesresulted in sudden descent in their distributionThe siliceous rocks of the Bafangshan-Erlihe ore deposit include authigenic quartzsyn-depositional metal sulphides and scattered carbonatemineralsTheir SiO

2content (7108ndash9530) Ba (4245ndash5030 ppm) and

ΣREE (328ndash1975 ppm) suggest a hydrothermal sedimentation origin As evidenced by the Al(Al + Fe +Mn) ScTh (LaYb)119873 and

(LaCe)119873ratios and 120575Ce values the studied siliceous rockswere deposited in amarginal sea basin of a limited oceanWe suggest that

the Bafangshan-Erlihe area experienced high- and low-temperature stages of hydrothermal activitiesThe hydrothermal sedimentsof the former stage include metal sulphides and silica while the latter was mainly composed of silica Despite the hydrothermalsedimentation of the siliceous rocksminor terrigenous inputmagmatism and biological activity partly contributed to geochemicalfeatures deviating from the typical hydrothermal characteristics

1 Introduction

Siliceous rocks are widely distributed in the central orogenicbelt (COB) China and display a close relationship with thehydrothermal metallogenesis In the COB the distributionof siliceous rocks records the tectonic evolution of the wholeorogenic belt [1ndash4] It has been previously suggested that thesiliceous rocks were originated from hydrothermal precip-itation having a close relationship with the metallogenesisof many large hydrothermal ore deposits in China [5ndash7]especially those belonging to the SEDEX-type [8 9] Thesiliceous strata in the above hydrothermal ore deposits in

China are either ore-hosting rocks or country rocks [1 10ndash15]

The siliceous rocks of the COB and their relationshipwith the tectonic evolution andmetallogenesis are still poorlydescribed According to [16] the distribution characteristicsof siliceous rocks in the tectonic belts between two blockshave a close relationship with the tectonic evolution innerdynamic and metallogenesis [16] The relationship betweensiliceous rocks and their associated orebodies has beendiscussed by [1 4 12 17] In addition there are hydrothermalore deposits in the COB whose associated siliceous rocksare of hydrothermal genesis [1 4 17] but these ore deposits

Hindawi Publishing Corporatione Scientific World JournalVolume 2014 Article ID 780910 25 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014780910

2 The Scientific World Journal

Landmass

SN

SKTA

KK

CT

YZ

NQ

LowlandAral seaNeritic facies

Highland Abyssal facies

Figure 1(b)

N30∘

N60∘

(a)

Central orogenic belt

N0 300(km)

Primary tectonic sutureSecondary tectonic suture zoneAltun Tagh fault zoneBoundary of EQL and WQL

City

Wuhan

Xian

Lanzhou

Hanzhong

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DB

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

YZB

NCC(SKC)

Figure 2

Urumqi

zone

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘ Fengtai

(b)

Figure 1 Geographical map and geological sketch of COB and the associated area ((a)mdashreconstruction map of the Middle-Permian paleo-continents [28] (b)mdashgeological framework of central orogenic belt [29 30] TA Tarim KK Karakum SN Sonnen SK Sino-Korean YZYangtze NQ Northern Qiangtang CT Cathaysian EKL Eastern Kunlun M-SQ Middle-South Qilian NQ North Qilian WQL WesternQinling EQL Eastern Qinling SKC Sino-Korean craton YZB Yangtze block and DBDabie orogenic belt)

are regarded to be of orogenic type and formed during theorogeny [12] As one of the typical hydrothermal ore depositsin the COB the Bafangshan-Erlihe SEDEX deposit is a strata-bound Cu-Pb-Zn deposit with siliceous strata hosting andsurrounding ores [5] The siliceous rocks and associatedmineralisation are slightly modified during subsequent oro-genic processes [15 18 19] resulting in redistribution ofmetal sulphides in fissures as commonly observed in oro-genic type deposits [20] The characteristics of Bafangshan-Erlihe ore deposit fit to both hydrothermal sedimentary oredeposits [11] and orogenic ore deposits [12] but no obviousevidence can directly exclude metallogenic sources fromeither hydrothermal seafloor (and subseafloor) precipitationor deposition from orogenic fluidsThus the distribution andcompositional characteristics of the siliceous rocks may helpclarifying the geological evolution and metallogenesis in thearea

The Bafangshan-Erlihe SEDEX deposit is of importanceto understand the mechanism of hydrothermal water evo-lution in the paleo-ocean It is located in the Fengxian-Taibai (or Fengtai) area [5] and is characterized by closerelationships between the metallogenesis and depositionof siliceous strata Previous work [1 4] considered thesiliceous rocks of the Bafangshan-Erlihe ore deposit to be ofhydrothermal genesis however ignoring the mineralogicalcharacteristics evolution mechanism of the hydrothermalwater and relationship between these siliceous rocks andtheir associated metal sulphides In addition the mechanismof hydrothermal convection necessary for the deposition ofthe siliceous rocks remained uncertain and whether thereare similarities to the published literature [21 22] has to beconfirmedThe aimof this paper is to study the characteristicsof temporal and spatial distribution of the siliceous rocks inthe COB their microfabric and geochemical characteristicsand to present a model that incorporates the contribution

of different geological processes during the deposition ofhydrothermal silica and sulphide

2 Geological Setting andPetrological Characteristics

21 Geological Setting The COB has a complex tectonicevolution evidenced by the diversity in the eastern andwestern Qinling orogenic belts The mainland of the presentChina is originated from the matching of several Neopaleo-zoic landmasses (Figure 1(a)) These blocks are Sino-KoreanSonnen Northern Qiangtang Cathaysian Tarim Yangtzeand so forth The COB is located in the middle of Chinaand separated the Sino-Korean craton and Yangtze blockon its north and south (Figure 1(b)) This orogenic belt ismainly made up of Kunlun Qilian Qinling Dabie and Suluorogenic belts and passes through the provinces of QinghaiGansu Shanxi Henan and Anhui China in northwestdirection (Figure 1(b)) The main feature of the COB isthe Qinling collisional orogenic belt [23] The geologicalevolution of theQingling orogenic belt can be divided into theformation of Precambrian basement from Neoarchaean toMesoproterozoic (Ar

3-Pt2) evolution of plate tectonics from

Neoproterozoic to Middle Triassic (Pt3-T2) and intraconti-

nental orogeny from Mesozoic (Late Triassic) to Cenozoic(Mz(T

3)-Kz) [24] Although thewhole ocean basin ofwestern

Qinling starts from the Early Cambrian rift basin and endsup with the Triassic orogeny [25] the tectonic diversityof geological evolution contributed to the subdivision of awestern section and an eastern section within the Qinlingorogenic belt [26 27] The three tectonic cycles of opening-closing for the western Qinling are Early Cambrian sim EarlyDevonianMiddle Devonian sim Late Carboniferous and EarlyPermian sim Late Triassic [27] while the two tectonic phasesof opening-closing for eastern Qinling are Early Cambrian

The Scientific World Journal 3

Xiangzihe-Huangbaiyuan fault

Xiushiyan-Guanyinxia faultWangjialeng-Erlangba fault

Daohuigou-Tuoliyuan fault

tluafuokgnaiJ-gnailnaiduiJ

Hanzhong

Baoji

Taibai

North Chinaplate

Fengxian

Taibai igneous rock

N

Guji

Hekou

Fengxian

XinghongpuGuchaheJiudianliang

Guochang

YinjiabaXiba igneous rock

Wangjialeng

Bafangshan-Erlihe area

Erlangping

Xiangzihe

Jiangkou

Geological boundury

FaultSynclinorum

Pb-Zn ore deposit

Mesozoic igneous rock

Triassic microclastic rock

Cretaceous clastic rock

Permian phyllite limestone carbonaceous siliceous rock

Devonian clastic rock carbonate rock siliceous rock

Precambrian volcanic rock and sedimentary rock

Carboniferous phyllite limestone siliceous rock

Silurian clastic rock siliceous limestone phyllite slate

0 10(km)

Figure 3

106∘ 107∘ 108∘

33∘

34∘

Lueyang

Figure 2 Geological sketch-map of the Fengxian-Taibai ore concentration area (after-[33])

sim Late Silurian and Early Devonian sim Late Triassic [26]It is considered that the ocean basin of the COB is neriticin the Middle Permian [28] but whether there is a similargeographical pattern in the Devonian will be examinedthrough the present study of the siliceous rocks from theFengtai area

The Fengtai metallogenic area is located in the centralpart of the western Qinling orogenic belt In the Fengtaimetallogenic area (Figure 2) there are many polymetallic oredeposits in the Bafangshan-Erlihe Bijiashan DengjiashanQiandongshan Yinmusi Shoubanya and Fengya areas Thetectonic frame is trending in NW direction as expressedby the Guchahe-Yinjiaba multiple downfolds and largefaults (eg Xiushiyan-Guanyinxia Wangjialeng-Erlangbaand Daohuigou-Tuoliyuan faults)The Fengtai area is locatedin the pull-apart basin of the northern region of Qinlingmicroplate whose southern and northern boundaries areLiuba peel thrust faults and the Shangzhou-Danfeng faultrespectively Additionally it is a secondary basin controlledby cross-basin synfaults [31] which are named Fengxian-Fengzhen-Shanyang and Jiudianliang-Zhenan-Banyanzhenfaults [1 32]

There is a diversity of sedimentary strata in the Fengtaiarea The siliceous rocks associated with the metallogenesisof the Bafangshan-Erlihe ore deposit are mainly concen-trated in the Middle-Upper Devonian strata (Figure 2) TheMiddle-Upper Devonian strata include clastic rocks of theWangjialeng Formation carbonate rocks of the GudaolingFormationmetamorphic debris with interlayers of carbonaterocks of the Xinghongpu Formation and fine-grained clasticrocks of Jiuliping Formation

N

Bafangshan ore segment

Erlihe ore segment

Strata boundry

Fault

Pb-Zn orebody withorehosted siliceous rock

Cu orebody withorehosted siliceous rock

Diorite dyke

AB

C

Concealed orebody

0 200(m)

D3

D2

D3x22 phyllite limestone

D3x11 siliceous rock

D3x21 chlorite-sericite phyllite

D2g2 carbonate rockD3x1

1 phyllite

D3x12 sericite phyllite

A998400

B 998400

C998400

Figure 3 Geologicalmap of the Bafangshan-Erlihe area (after-[33])

22 Geology of Ore Deposit The Bafangshan-Erlihe oredeposit is one of the significant hydrothermal ore depositsin the Fengtai metallogenic area located in the northwesternFengtai basin (Figure 1) The strata belong to the MiddleDevonian Gudaoling Formation (D2) and to the UpperDevonian Xinghongpu Formation D3 (Figure 3)

The Upper Devonian Xinghongpu Formation is made upof clastic rocks (siltstones and sandstones) with some foliated


limestones [32 34] The strata of the Xinghongpu Formationare divided into three different lithological sections as followsthe first section of the Xinghongpu Formation includesarenaceous phyllite the second section of the XinghongpuFormation is comprised of carbon-bearing phyllite andsericitic phyllite the third section is mainly composed ofbanded lamellar limestone and calcitic-sericitic-phyllite Inthe bottom of the first section there are ferrodolomitesericitic phyllite and siliceous rocks which were the countryrocks of the Cu-Pb-Zn orebody

The Middle Devonian Gudaoling Formation occupiesthe entire Bafangshan-Erlihe ore deposit (Figure 3) Thisformation extends downward to the lower part beneath theearthrsquos surface to make up the core of the Bafangshan-Erliheanticlinal This formation is divided into two parts the firstpart is a clastic series including sandstones and shales and thesecond part is composed of carbonate rocks

The hydrothermal sedimentary sequence is located inthe interface between the Middle Devonian Gudaoling For-mation and the Upper Devonian Xinghongpu FormationThis sedimentary sequence is composed of siliceous rockssiliceous ferrodolomites silicified limestones and lime-stonesThe stratumof the siliceous rocks ranging from 1m to30m belongs to the ore-bearing strataThere are boudinagedsiliceous rocks and aggregates of siliceous ankerite in the ore-bearing strata The siliceous rocks are exposed on the surfaceat the Bafangshan areawhereas they extend downwards to theErlihe area In addition some of the orebodies are hosted inlimestones or ferrodolomites

The Bafangshan-Erlihe ore region is intensively foldedand faulted (Figure 3) The Cu-Pb-Zn orebodies are con-trolled by the Bafangshan-Erlihe anticline There are twotypes of faults the normal faults striking NNE-SSW andNNW-SSE are widely distributed across the study area withan angle of dip of 70∘ the compression-shear faults strikingEW with hades ranging from 48∘ to 73∘The area is character-ized by a weak magmatic activity related to the emplacementof some dikes along NE-striking normal faults The dykesinclude quartz-porphyries and quartz-diorite-porphyries

23 Distribution of Orebody The Cu-Pb-Zn ore depositsin the Bafangshan-Erlihe area are controlled by anticlines(Figure 3) [32 34] The Bafangshan-Erlihe ore deposit isdivided into two segments which are located in the Bafang-shan and Erlihe areas Because of denudation at the top ofthe anticlines the orebodies of the Bafangshan segment areexposed at the surface In the core of the anticlines the orestrata are distributed with the shape of an irregular circlearound the limestone They stretch eastward and becomeunderground toward the Erlihe ore area In the Erlihe areathe orebodies are concealed at a depth of up to 800 metersThe proven orebodies are mostly developed on the arch bendof the anticlines in longitudinal profile (Figures 3 and 4)Orebodies are stratabound and generally contact with theadjoining country rocks conformably The primary orebodyis consistent with the construction of the anticlines and it ismore than 2300 meters in length and ranges from 100 metersto 300 meters in width [34] On the incline the primary

Pb-Zn ore body with ore-hosted siliceous rockCu ore body with ore-hosted siliceous rock

Discontiguous siliceous rock some parts feebly mineralized

1700m

1700m1800m

1800m

1700m

1600m

1500m

1400m

289 ∘45 998400

199∘45998400

A-A998400

B-B998400

C-C998400

Figure 4 Cross-sections of ore body and siliceous rock in theBafangshan-Erlihe Cu-Pb-Zn ore deposit For location see Figure 3(After-[12])

orebodies stretch downwards and becomenarrower fromeastto west

There are obvious horizontal and vertical mineralizationcharacteristics (Figure 4) At the Bafangshan ore deposit theore grade decreases with depth [34 35] thus all copper leadand zinc are distributed in the upper part of the depositAlong strike the Bafangshan ore deposit generally extendsfrom east to west and can be grouped into the east middleand west parts without clear mineralization boundariesbetween them [35] The eastern part is characterized bymineralised zones of copper lead and zinc dominated bychalcopyrite sphalerite and galena respectively The middlepart is mainly composed of lead and zinc sulphides (eggalena and sphalerite) The main mineralization in the west-ern part consists of chalcopyrite with traces of galena andsphalerite

24 Petrological Characteristics In the Bafangshan-Erlihe oredeposit mineralization is hosted in siliceous rock and fer-rodolomite breccias The breccias are cemented by chalcopy-rite (Figure 5(a)) galena sphalerite and pyrite Some of theferrodolomite-bearing siliceous rocks are oxidised and dis-play alternating layers of siliceous rocks and ferrodolomites(Figure 5(b)) The ores exhibit brecciated stockwork andlamellar structures The pure siliceous rocks without min-eralisation are grey compacted and hard with brecciatedmassive (Figure 5(c)) and banded structures (Figure 5(b))Microscopically the siliceous rocks are composed of finelycrystalline quartz forming close-packed or interlocking tex-tures (Figure 5(d)) which are similar to slightly recrystallizedsiliceous rocks of hydrothermal genesis [36] Minor idiomor-phic carbonateminerals are also present in the siliceous rocks(Figure 5(e)) In addition there are also some recrystallizedquartz grains with much larger grain sizes (Figure 5(f))surrounded by the finely crystalline quartz grains in thematrix


Chalcopyrite

Covelline

(a)

Ferrodolomite

Silica

(b)

(c)

04mm

(d)

Calc

02mm

(e)

QtzRQtzR

QtzR

04mm

(f)

Figure 5 Ores and siliceous rocks from the Bafangshan-Erlihe ore deposit ((a) copper ore (b) ferrodolomite-bearing siliceous rocks withlamellar structures the lamellae of the ferrodolomite were oxidised (c) pure siliceous rock (d) finely crystalline siliceous rock under parallelnicols (e) idiomorphic calcite in parallel nicols (f) recrystallized quartz in crossed nicols Calc-Calcite QtzR-recrystallized quartz)

3 Samples and Experiments

During the pretreatment processes fresh samples (includingore-hosting siliceous rocks and pure siliceous rocks with-out mineralization) of Bafangshan-Erlihe polymetallic oredeposit were selected cleaned in ultrapure water dried andthen divided into two groups namely one polished into thinsections (le003mm) and the other crushed into grains of03 cm-equivalent spherical diameter in a clean corundumjaw-breaker A subsample from the latter group was selectedcleaned redried and ground to 0075mm diameter particlesin an agate ball mill (NO XQN-500x4) Additionally all the

ore-hosting siliceous rocks were repeatedly separated fromthe ore to ensure their purification

The pretreatment and analysis of each samplersquos majorelements were carried out in Guilinrsquos Research Instituteof Geology and Mineral Resource Test Centre and theresults are shown in Table 1 The SiO

2content was analysed

by potassium hexafluorosilicate titration to an accuracy ofbetween 1 and 15 The Al

2O3constituents were analysed

with ultraviolet spectrophotometry (to contents below 1by mass using instrument type UV-120-02 at an accu-racy of 05 to 1) or by EDTA titration (for contentsabove 1 to an accuracy of 15) The Na

2O K2O and


Table1Major

elementanalysis

data(

)for

siliceous

rocksfrom

Bafang

shan-Erlihe

area

NO

Descriptio

nof

samples

SiO

2TiO

2Al 2O

3Fe

2O3

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na 2O

K 2O

P 2O

5LO

ITo

tal

FE001

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7108

000

054

019

108

008

088

1384

001

007

006

1213

9996

FE002

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8916

006

226

010

096

006

077

179

003

057

002

310

9887

FE003

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8113

001

057

023

238

010

147

625

001

011

003

749

9978

FE00

4Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7557

007

196

028

388

012

189

586

003

057

003

885

9911

FE005

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7564

000

019

049

407

013

225

686

001

005

000

975

9943

FE00

6Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7456

022

555

051

240

011

135

606

007

161

006

748

9997

FE007

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8308

006

173

058

264

008

117

409

002

045

002

576

9968

FE008

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

9530

005

098

006

118

012

028

117

015

010

001

059

9997

FB001

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8240

007

288

018

218

010

288

256

004

085

005

464

9883

FB002

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8127

009

400

386

178

012

106

164

007

109

009

526

10033

FB003

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8688

003

123

017

233

012

118

328

002

032

006

496

10058

FB00

4Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8884

008

212

065

048

002

050

356

008

066

005

361

10065

FB005

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8192

013

387

246

185

005

133

346

007

108

004

454

10080

FB00

6Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

9204

004

215

035

166

008

113

072

006

068

006

176

10073

Aver

mdash8410

007

218

069

183

009

114

401

005

059

004

515

9994

lowastlowastSamples

ofFB

001toFB

006arefrom

literature[

1]


MgO constituents were analysed by atomic absorption spec-troscopy (instrument type HITACHI Z-5000 to an accuracyof 1) The CaO was analysed by atomic absorption spec-troscopy (for contents below 10 using a HITACHIZ-5000instrument with an accuracy of 1) or by EDTA titrationmethod (for contents above 10 at an accuracy of 15)The P

2O5was analysed by ultraviolet spectrophotometry

(for contents below 1 using instrument type UV-120-02 with an accuracy of between 05 and 1) The TiO

2

and MnO constituents were analysed by inductively cou-pled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) withinstruments iCAP 6300 RADIAL and iCAP 6301 RADIALwith accuracies between 05 and 15 The FeO andFe2O3contents were obtained by potassium dichromate

titrationAn inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-

MS Instrument Model PE Elan6000) with an analyticalaccuracy of 1 to 3 was used to test for trace and rareearth elementsThe test solutionwas prepared by acid-solubledissolution and the experiment was performed in accordancewith standard protocols Samples weighing 100mg wereplaced in a sealed Teflon container and lmL of concentratedHF and 03mLof 1 1HNO

3were added Following ultrasonic

oscillation the samples were placed on a hot plate at 150∘Cand then evaporated to dryness remixed with the sameamount of HF and HNO

3 and heated under confinement

for a week (at approximately 100∘C) After evaporationand dissolution in 2mL of 1 1 nitric acid the sample wasadded to an Rh internal standard diluted to 12000th ofits original concentration and tested in the PE Elan6000ICP-MS

Pretreatment for Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffrac-tion (XRD) analyses was performed in the GuangdongProvincial Key Laboratory of Geological Processes andMineral Resource Survey Raman analysis was performedin the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes andMineral Resources where the Renishaw RM-1000 inviamicroconfocal instrument was used for the Raman exper-iments with excitation by the 5145 nm line of an Ar+laser Raman spectra were recorded to a resolution of1 cmminus1 from 50 cmminus1 to 1800 cmminus1 An XRD analysis wascarried out in the laboratory of the College of Chemistryand Chemical Engineering of Sun Yat-Sen University XRDdata were collected with an X-ray powder diffractometer(instrument type DMax-2200 vpc) in reflection focusinggeometry mode (Cu K120572 radiation 40 kV30mA scanningspeed 012 s per step step length 002∘ continuous scanningmode) Over a range of 5∘ le scanning angle le 100∘ thedata were postprocessed by JADE-50 software based on theeight highest peaks for the identification of several mineraltypes

The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and EnergyDisperse Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis were carried out by theState Key Laboratory of Chinarsquos University of GeosciencesThe ring scanning electron microscopy instrument was aQuanta 200F environmental scanning electron microscopy-energy spectrum-electron backscatter diffraction system(SEM-EDS) with a resolution of 35 nm and a magnificationof 7 to 1000000

0

10

20

30

40

O D C P JGeological period

Num

ber o

f loc

ality

Pt2 Pt3 120598 S T

Jinni

ng m

ovem

ent

Cale

doni

an m

ovem

ent

Her

cyni

an m

ovem

ent

Indo

sinia

n m

ovem

ent

Yans

han

mov

emen

t

Figure 6 Column diagram of number for localities of siliceousrocks in the COB (data were calculated from literatures [32 37ndash40])

4 Analytical Results

41 Distribution Characteristics The COB trending in aNW direction mainly includes the provinces of QinghaiGansu Shanxi Henan and Anhui China (Figure 1(b)) Inthe present study the numbers and localities of siliceousrocks were calculated from these five provinces based onlocation and formation as themain parametersThe localitiesof the siliceous rocks were calculated from the regional geol-ogy of Zhejiang Jiangxi Hunan Guangdong and Guangxiprovinces [32 37ndash40] In locations where there is a uniformdistribution of siliceous rocks within diverse strata thesesiliceous rocks were separated on the basis of Formation unitAdditionally the Precambrian strata were divided intoMeso-proterozoic and Neoproterozoic (Sinian) strata according tothe literatures [32 37ndash40]

411 Temporal Distribution In theCOB themarine siliceousrocks display a periodic quantitative distribution fromMeso-proterozoic to Jurassic There were positive peaks of theirdistribution number in the Mesoproterozoic Cambrian simOrdovician and Carboniferous sim Permian (Figure 6) Thehighest distribution of siliceous rocks occurs during theMesoproterozoic possibly related with the sustained break-up of Columbia supercontinent with a relatively long geolog-ical history [41 42] The distribution numbers of siliceousrocks increased suddenly at the beginning of Cambrianwhich quite agreed with the beginning of collapse of theQinling orogenic belt [27] Another sudden increase intheir distribution number started from the beginning ofCarboniferous which agreed well with the extensional tec-tonic setting of the whole Qinling orogenic belt [26 27]FromMesoproterozoic to Jurassic there were several suddendecreases in the distribution number of the siliceous rocks


which started from the beginning of Sinian Permian andTriassic respectively In the previous study [16 37ndash40]the cratonisation of Rodinia continent took place betweenMesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic and was contributedby the Jinning orogenyTheCaledonian orogeny took place inLate Silurian in accordance with the decline in distributionnumber of siliceous rocks in Silurian Additionally there wasa sudden decrease in their distribution number in Triassicwhich is in accordance with the Hercynian orogeny at theend ofDevonianDuring the geological evolution ofCOB theextensional tectonics of different tectonic cycles started fromthe beginning of Cambrian and Middle Devonian [26 27]which quite agreed with the sudden increase in distributionnumbers of siliceous rocks Collision of continental platesduring the Jinning Caledonian and Hercynian movementsresulted in compressional regimes and a sudden decrease indistribution numbers of siliceous rocks The siliceous rocksfaded away since theHercynianmovements at the end of Per-mian as well as in the following Indosinian and Yanshanianmovements The marine siliceous rocks disappeared sincethe end of Jurassic due to the regression of the whole COBThus the geological setting was tensional in the tectonic erasof Caledonian (from Sinian to Late Silurian) and Hercynian(fromDevonian to Late Permian) periods when the siliceousrocks had the largest distribution number with the widestdistribution On contrary the Jinning Caledonian Hercy-nian Indosinian and Yanshanian movements contributedto compressional setting and resulted in negative peaks ofdistribution numbers for the siliceous rocks with smallerdistribution scale According to this the widest distributionsof siliceous rocks agreed with the tensional setting whereasthe decreasing numbers of siliceous rock were attributed bythe compressional settings Previous studies show there isperiodic distribution of the siliceous rocks in the Qinlingorogenic belt [25] which quite agree with the present studySo the siliceous rocks were preferential to develop morewidely in tensional settings in the COB and decreasedquantitatively due to the compressional settings

412 Spatial Distribution The siliceous rocks were mainlylocated in the border area of suture zones (Figure 7) Thesiliceous rocks are widely distributed in the central areaof China mainly within the COB and its adjacent areas(Figure 7) Because there was a clear geological diversitybetween eastern and western Qinling orogenic belt [26 27]the COB was divided into eastern section (including easternQinling and Dabie orogenic belts) and western section(including western Kunlun Qilian and Western Qinlingorogenic belts) The siliceous rocks are widely distributedin the Precambrian strata of the COB without a cleardiversity between eastern and western sections (Figure 8(a))In the Eopaleozoic strata (Figure 8(b)) the siliceous rocksare extensively distributed mainly in the eastern COB Thedistribution of Neopaleozoic siliceous rocks is relatively weak(Figure 8(c)) mainly in the western COB Finally the Meso-zoic siliceous rocks was very weakly and sporadically dis-tributed in both eastern and western sections (Figure 8(d))According to the aforementioned the siliceous rocks are


Gansu

N0 300(km)

Primary tectonic suture zoneSecondary tectonic suture zoneAltun Tagh fault zone

Boundary of EQL and WQLSiliceous rockCityProvincial boundary

Qinghai

Shanxi HenanAnhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DB

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

YZB

NCC (SKC)

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

Figure 7 Spatial distribution of total siliceous rocks in the COB(EKL eastern Kunlun M-SQ Middle-South Qilian NQ NorthQilian WQL Western Qinling EQL Eastern Qinling SKC Sino-Korean craton YZB Yangtze block DB Dabie orogenic belt Datasources [32 37ndash40])

variously distributed in time and space along the COB theyare concentrated along the suture zones mainly extending inCaledonian and Hercynian strata in the eastern and westernsections of COB respectively During tectonic evolutionthe suture zones underwent extensional stress with manynormal faults facilitating magma emplacement and transportof hydrothermal fluids [16 43] In the COB siliceous rockswith a more preponderant distribution became youngerfrom the eastern section to the western section which ispossibly attributed to the compressional setting of the easternsection and tensional setting of the western section due tothe Neopaleozoic expanding of the paleo-tethys ocean [27]Additionally the collisional orogeny during the Indosinianand Yanshanian movements contributed to compressionalsettings and therefore resulted in the quantitative reduce ofsiliceous rocks in the Mesozoic In summary the siliceousrocks were mainly developed in tensional settings with apreferential distribution next to the suture zones

42 Major and Trace Elements Geochemical information(eg major- trace- and rare earth element data) of the anal-ysed siliceous rocks from the Bafangshan-Erlihe ore depositas well as the data from [1] used to examine their sedimentarydepositional environment genesis and geological context issummarized below

(1) The major elemental analysis results and geochemicalindices for the siliceous rocks are listed in Tables 1 and 2 Thegeochemical characteristics of major elements indicated thefollowing

(a) A hydrothermal genesis of the siliceous rocks issuggested according to themajor element characteristics withtheir formation process influenced by biological activitiesThe SiO

2content of the siliceous rocks ranges from 7108


Table2Major

elem

entsandrelated

geochemicalindicesfor

siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

NO

SiA

lMnO

TiO

2K 2

ON

a 2O

SiO

2(K

2O+N

2O)

SiO

2Al 2O

3Fe

2O3FeO

SiO

2MgO

Al(Fe

+Al

+Mn)

Al(Al+

Fe)

Al 2O

3(A

l 2O3

+Fe

2O3)

FeTi

(Fe+

Mn)Ti

Al 2O

3TiO

2

FE001

11560

4598

538

85639

13114

018

8114

022

023

074

97208

103145

32494

FE002

3485

096

1962

1491

03954

011

11579

058

059

096

2209

2332

3654

FE003

12568

717

862

6490

314258

009

5523

013

013

072

25088

26014

4264

FE00

43402

172

1962

12638

3860

007

3994

024

024

088

7829

8051

2863

FE005

35465

7852

877

135798

40234

012

3366

003

003

028

350366

360504

11271

FE00

61183

048

2363

4451

1342

021

5535

056

057

092

1698

1760

2542

FE007

4240

143

2059

17490

4811

022

7089

027

027

075

7013

7198

2958

FE008

8537

259

064

3873

89685

005

34653

033

035

094

3548

3883

2185

FB001

2522

143

2125

9258

2861

008

2861

045

046

094

4337

4521

4114

FB002

1791

133

1557

7006

2032

217

7667

034

034

051

7567

7740

4444

FB003

6226

400

1600

25553

7063

007

7363

024

025

088

1072

911245

4100

FB00

43694

025

825

12005

4191

135

1776

8057

058

077

1726

1758

2650

FB005

1866

038

1543

7123

2117

133

6159

039

039

061

4052

4102

2977

FB00

63774

200

1133

12438

4281

021

8145

042

043

086

6400

6659

5375

Aver

5427

528

1381

2696

76156

044

13670

036

037

082

13205

13887

5620

lowastlowastSamples

FB001toFB

006fro

mliterature[1]


Central orogenic beltPrimary tectonic suture zoneSecondary tectonic suture zoneAltun Tagh fault zone


Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(a)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(b)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(c)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(d)

Figure 8 Distribution of siliceous rocks in central orogenic belt of China ((a) Precambrian (b) Eopaleozoic (c) Neopaleozoic (d)Mesozoic EKL eastern Kunlun M-SQ Middle-South Qilian NQ North Qilian WQL Western Qinling EQL Eastern Qinling SKC Sino-Korean craton YZB Yangtze block DB Dabie orogenic belt Data sources [32 37ndash40])

to 9530 with an average of 8410 The SiAl ratios rangebetween 1183 and 12568 which are lower than that of puresiliceous rock with ratios usually in the range from 80 to1400 [46] The Al(Al + Fe + Mn) ratios range from 003 to058 which are consistent with that of typical hydrothermalsiliceous rock of below 04 [47] Taking into account thatMgO is depleted in modern ocean ridges and was zero inthe hydrothermal water at 350∘C from the East Pacific [48]the MgO content of the analysed siliceous rocks (015 to288 ) is higher than that of pure hydrothermal siliceousrocks In addition the (Fe + Mn)Ti ratios of the siliceousrock varies from 1559 to 103145 which is consistent withthat of typical hydrothermal sediments (higher than 20 plusmn 5[49]) The Fe

2O3FeO ratios range from 001 to 217 and are

lower than that of the siliceous rocks of hydrothermal genesis

(typically 051 [50]) These characteristics as well as the asso-ciated geochemical discrimination diagrams of Al

2O3-SiO2

(Figure 9(a)) and Mn-Al-Fe (Figure 9(b)) strongly supporttheir genesis by hydrothermal sedimentation Moreover thesiliceous rocks plotted in the Fe

2O3FeO-SiO

2Al2O3and

SiO2(K2O + Na

2O)-MnOTiO

2diagrams indicated biologi-

cal influences during their formation processes (Figures 9(c)and 9(d))

(b) The siliceous rocks of the Bafangshan-Erlihe oredeposit were formed in a marginal sea basin According to[54] the Al(A1 + Fe + Mn) ratios of siliceous rocks arediverse depending upon sedimentary processes and theydecrease from 0619 in the continental margin to 0319 inoceanic basins or islands with a lower value 000819 atthe mid-ocean ridge This gradual reduction showed the


Non hydrotherm

al sed

imentat

ion

Hyd

roth

erm

al se

dim

enta

tion

Deep sea sedimentation

0 4 8 120

20

40

60

80

100

16 20

I

III

II

SiO2

()

Al2O3 ()

(a)

Mn

Al

FeHydrothermal sedimentary siliceous rocks

Biologically depositedsiliceous rocks

I

II

(b)

0 1 2 3 4 50

100

200

300


Hydrothermal sedimentarysiliceous rocks

I

II

SiO2

Al 2

O3

Fe2O3FeO

(c)

00

2

4

6

8



I

II

200 400 600SiO2(K2O + Na2O)

MnO

TiO

2

(d)

Figure 9 Major element discrimination diagrams supporting hydrothermal and biological processes for the genesis of siliceous rocks of theBafangshan-Erlihe area (After (a)mdash[51] (b)mdash[52] (c) (d)mdash[53])

progressive influences of hydrothermal precipitation TheAl(Al + Fe + Mn) ratios of the studied siliceous rocks rangefrom 003 to 059 which are approximately equal to that ofsiliceous rocks from ocean basins or continental marginsThe contents of terrigenous Al and Ti are higher at thecontinental margin and they decrease with distance fromthe marginal sea The MnOTiO

2ratios range from 025 to

4598 which is higher than that of typical samples at thecontinental margin with ratios below 05 at the continentalmargin [52] In addition the Al(Al + Fe) ratios range from

003 to 059 which is lower than that of the bedded siliceousrocks along the continental margin [48] The Al

2O3(Al2O3

+ Fe2O3) ratios range from 051 to 096 which is close to

that of typical siliceous rock from marginal seas [53] Theabove characteristics agreewith the associated discriminationdiagram (Figure 10)

(c) There was no obvious volcanic activity during theprecipitation of hydrothermal silicaTheK

2ONa2Oratios for

the analysed siliceous rocks range from 064 to 2363 whichis much higher than that of the siliceous rocks deposited


01

10

100

1000

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Pelagic region

02 04 06 08 10

Fe2O3T

iO2

Al2O3(Al2O3 + Fe2O3)

Figure 10 Fe2O3TiO2versus Al

2O3(Al2O3+ Fe2O3) discrimina-

tion diagram indicating the formation environment of the siliceousrocks of the Bafangshan-Erlihe area (After [53])

by submarine volcanism [48] The SiO2(K2O + Na

2O)

ratios of the siliceous rocks ranged from 4451 to 85639which is much higher than that of the siliceous rocks fromchemical deposition related to volcanic eruptions [55] TheSiO2Al2O3ratios and the SiO

2MgO ratios range from 1342

to 14258 and from 2861 to 64933 respectively which ismuchhigher than that of siliceous rock related to magmatism withSiO2Al2O3lt 137 [14] The SiO

2MgO ratios range from

2861 to 64933 which is much higher than that of typicalsiliceous rocks related to magmatism [14] Despite the factthat there was no obvious volcanic activity during theirformation process some analysed siliceous rocks plot in thecategory related to volcanism (in Figure 11)Thismay indicatea magmatic contribution related to the deep faults

(2) The analytical results of trace elements are listed inTable 3 Trace element geochemistry indicates the following

(a) The siliceous rocks were originated from hydrother-mal precipitationThe Ba content of the siliceous rock rangesfrom 4245 ppm to 50300 ppmwith an average of 19664 ppmand is between that of the MORB (1200 ppm [57 58])and the crustal rocks (707 ppm [59]) The U ranges from007 ppm to 153 ppm with an average of 048 ppm whichis also between that of the MORB (010 ppm [57 58]) andthe crustal rocks (130 ppm [59]) These values are similarto those of hydrothermal sedimentary siliceous rocks andcontrast from those from terrestrial sediment [60]The UThratios range from 007 to 491 which is slightly lower thanthat of hydrothermal sediments [61] The BaSr ratios rangefrom 014 to 2597 which is in accordance with that ofhydrothermal siliceous rocks (BaSr gt 1 [62]) Additionally ahydrothermal genesis of the siliceous rocks is supported from


Volcanogenicsiliceous rock

105

105

104

104

103

103102

102 106

Al2O3 (times10minus6)

Na 2

O +

K2O

(times10

minus6)

Figure 11Major element discrimination diagram indicating biolog-ical and volcanic processes for the genesis of the Bafangshan-Erlihearea (After-[56])

Non hydrothermalsedimentation

Hydrothermal sedimentation MnFe

I

II

(Cu + Co + Ni) times 10

Figure 12 Trace element discrimination diagram indicating mostlyhydrothermal genesis for siliceous rocks from the Bafangshan-Erlihe area (After-[63])

the discrimination diagram of Mn-(Cu + Co + Ni) times 10-Fe(Figure 12)

(b) The siliceous rocks were deposited in a continentalabyssal environment The ScTh ratios of the siliceous rocksrange from 010 to 1385 which agree well with that of thesiliceous rocks formed in the continental margin [61] TheUTh ratios range from 007 to 491 which denote a deposi-tional environment that was remote from the mainland [61]TheV(V +Ni) ratios range from 009 to 072 which suggeststhat the deposition occurred in an oxygen-rich environmentwith V(V +Ni) lt 046 [64]The SrBa ratios range from 004to 695 with an average of 095 which indicate an abyssal seaor stagnant shallow sea [65] In the discrimination diagram


Table3Tracee

lementanalysis

result(times10minus6 )andrelated


siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

NO

ScTi

VCr

Mn

Co

Ni

CuZn

Ga

Ge

RbSr

ZrNb

CsBa

Hf

TaPb

ThU

YTiV

VY

UTh

ScTh

V(V

+Ni)

VC

rNiC

oSrBa

FE001

108

2668

336

526

42330

098

357

1109

4493

042

194

221

1614

014

0009

101

21400

003

000

1467

093

007

792

793

042

007

116

049

064

363

075

FE002

094

29300

1207

1276

17230

2176

2901

361

4873

0407

1423

1640

1782

2463

155

118

12680

020

007

163520

099

021

082

2428

1479

021

094

029

095

133

014

FE003

008

9310

381

1546

74810

196

848

784

6658

045

607

450

6167

2625

109

071

21420

011

003

2545

030

011

186

2442

205

036

025

031

025

432

029

FE00

416

04312

01538

1703

39850

1753

2435

11140

775760

349

1428

2418

2962

379

039

073

3190

0053

011

103520

143

153

220

2804

699

107

112

039

090

139

009

FE005

166

1014

01216

1095

121900

318

475

14030

42680

206

318

1153

12410

1345

300

018

4245

008

002

195340

012

017

1009

834

121

143

1385

072

111

150

292

FE00

6005

5972

890

896

20340

129

1270

476

1243

030

004

209

35600

1058

080

064

5123

006

001

4870

024

120

340

671

262

491

020

041

099

987

695

FE007

091

26020

1071

1136

49600

1729

1668

1576

0316540

184

817

1333

3300

314

019

021

8051

026

006

88590

095

042

187

2430

574

044

096

039

094

096

041

FE008

104

60090

1383

1524

34550

292

996

4518

12490

228

064

462

7208

1570

141

117

33050

025

013

4873

053

019

403

4345

344

037

197

058

091

341

022

FE00

9015

11010

777

2034

17030

505

880

37640

mdash313

729

712

1063

1337

090

080

2478

0016

003

986580

082

096

049

1417

1576

117

018

047

038

174

004

FE010

147

31270

1305

2367

4894

04348

4874

769100

2210

015

1520

1283

3596

708

036

042

7060

064

009

mdash14

1021

261

2396

500

015

104

021

055

112

051

FE011

114

4113

01370

1668

1473

014320

14530

2099

021410

291

1228

2352

1036

1207

054

026

1596

0029

009

42310

137

032

112

3002

1220

023

083

009

082

101

006

FE012

004

11300

682

2436

2177

0355

1001

3274

113410

125

817

661

1937

1012

100

239

50300

021

003

23550

042

039

081

1658

837

093

010

041

028

282

004

Aver

085

23444

1013

1517

4192

32185

2686

72365

124138

197

679

1075

7767

1180

094

081

19664

023

006

147015

079

048

310

2102

655

097

188

040

073

276

104

lowastmdashoutwith

detectionlim

itsof

theinstrum

ent


00

20

40

60

80

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Ocean basin

1000 2000 3000

V (times

10minus6)

Ti (times10minus6)

Figure 13 Trace element discrimination diagram demonstratingformation environment at a marginal sea basin for the siliceousrocks of the Bafangshan-Erlihe area (After-[46])

of Ti-V the siliceous rocks plot into the category of marginalsea (Figure 13)

(c)There was slight influence from themaficmagmatismAccording to [64] the VCr gt 2 and NiCo gt 4 reflectan anoxic depositional environment while the VCr lt 2and NiCo lt 4 indicates an oxygen-rich depositional envi-ronment The VCr ratios of the analysed siliceous rocksrange from 025 to 111 which indicate that the depositionalenvironment was oxygen-rich The NiCo ratios range from096 to 987 which indicate either an oxygen-rich deposi-tional environment or a participation of mafic magmatism[64] The presence of mafic magmatic activity could alsocontribute to the high Cr content in the siliceous rocks [66]According to the ScTh UTh and SrBa ratios the VCr andNiCo ratios were probably influenced by the mafic magmarather than an aerobic environmentThe associatedmagmaticactivity should be related to the deep faults such as Fengxian-Fengzhen-Shanyang and Jiudianliang-Zhenan-Banyan faults[1 32 34] Although there was no volcanic activity during thedeposition process (Figure 11) the deep faults in the Fengtaiarea could also have provided favorable conditions for themafic magmatism to affect hydrothermal convection

(3) The analytical results of the rare earth element areshown in Table 4 and they indicated the following

(a)The siliceous rocks originated fromhydrothermal pre-cipitation with slight influences from terrigenous materialsThe ΣREE values of the siliceous rocks range from 328 ppmto 1975 ppm with an average of 983 ppm which is consistentwith that of siliceous rocks of hydrothermal sedimentarygenesis [67] Normalized by the PAAS [44] (Figures 14(a)and 14(b)) the siliceous rocks are divided into two groupsOne group is tilted to the left with positive Eu anomalies andslightly weak Ce negative anomalies (Figure 14(a)) which is

consistent with those of siliceous rocks with hydrothermalgenesis The other group is similar to that of the non-hydrothermal siliceous rock with negative Eu anomalies(Figure 14(b)) but does not support the nonhydrothermalgenesis because of their inclination to the left Because theocean basin was insufficiently wide to prevent the terrestrialmaterials from influencing the original sedimentation pro-cess the REE were only slightly affected by the terrestrialinput with negative Eu anomalies (Figure 14(b))

(b) The siliceous rocks were deposited in a marginal seabasin The (LaYb)

119873ratios of the analysed siliceous rocks

range from 010 to 152 similarly to that of siliceous rockdeposited in the basin of the marginal sea [68] The 120575Cevalues of siliceous rocks are typically 029 at the mid-oceanridge increasing gradually to 055 in the ocean basin andrange from 090 to 130 in the marginal sea next to thecontinent [68 69] In this study the present 120575Ce values (from080 to 092) are consistent with those of siliceous rocksdeposited in the basin of a marginal sea [69] The (LaCe)

119873

ratios of siliceous rocks are typically 1 when deposited inmarginal seas [53] which reflect the influences of terrigenousinput [70]The (LaCe)

119873ratios of the analysed samples range

from 085 to 146 which coincides with that of siliceous rockfrom marginal seas [53] Also the (LaLu)

119873ratios (from 013

to 137) from the analysed siliceous rocks are approximatelyequal to that of siliceous rock deposited in marginal seas[67] The hydrothermal diagenesis is represented by a Eu-positive anomaly [71] whose 120575Eu value generally decreasesfrom 135 at the mid-ocean ridge to 102 at 75 km from themid-ocean ridge [53 67] The 120575Eu values (from 028 to 184)of the analysed rocks did not match that of the siliceous rockformed at the mid-ocean ridge [69] In the Al

2O3(Al2O3

+ Fe2O3)-(LaCe)

119873discrimination diagram (Figure 15) the

siliceous rocks plot in and next to the marginal sea field

43 Raman Spectroscopy Raman analysis was performed onthe points (A rarr G) as shown in the microphotographs ofFigures 16(a) and 16(b) The micrographs illustrate deformedquartz grains and carbonate minerals The ellipses in Figures16(a) and 16(b) represent the straining ellipse for granularquartz formation which was analysed in parallel (A B andE) and oblique crossing (C to G) directions in relation to themacroaxis In the Raman analysis the points were analysed insitu in certain directions (the direction in parallel with pointsA B and E while the oblique crossing direction includingpoints C D E F and G) The spectral configurations forall the points are discussed elsewhere [15] As shown in thespectrogram of the analysis points (ArarrG) (Figure 16(c))the peaks are mainly caused by the SindashO bond of quartzand the CO

3

2minus ion of carbonate mineral In Figure 16(c) thepeaks at 464 cmminus1 exhibit 120572-quartz according to previouswork [72] and they were treated as a characteristic Ramanshift In addition the peaks at 1112 cmminus1 were also controlledby the SindashO bond according to previous studies [73ndash75]There are remarkable scattering peaks at 1091 cmminus1 andthey fall into the overlapping range of the antisymmetricvibration peak (from 1010 cmminus1 to 1125 cmminus1) of SindashO and theR vibration peak of the V-band for CO

3

2minus (from 1050 cmminus1


Table4RE

Eanalysisresults

(times10minus6 )andrelated


siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

No

LaCe

PrNd

SmEu

Gd

TbDy

YHo

ErTm

YbLusumRE

E120575Ce120575Eu

(LaCe)119873

(LaYb

) 119873(LaLu

) 119873FE

001

309

646

086

349

086

038

112

023

136

792

027

075

011

068

010

1975

092

184

100

033

037

FE002

225

320

030

089

015

002

015

002

015

082

003

010

002

013

002

743

090

072

146

133

127

FE003

062

136

019

092

026

007

026

005

033

186

006

018

003

019

003

455

091

128

095

024

027

FE00

4339

553

059

194

032

005

032

006

038

220

009

025

004

029

005

1329

090

068

128

086

083

FE005

091

222

037

194

078

021

112

025

159

1009

034

088

012

065

008

1145

088

105

085

010

013

FE00

618

8321

040

161

033

006

035

006

036

340

007

019

003

017

002

872

085

077

122

084

101

FE007

181

301

034

127

029

002

028

006

033

187

007

021

004

025

004

802

089

028

125

053

050

FE008

224

458

060

249

056

019

058

010

058

403

012

037

006

041

006

1293

091

158

102

041

040

FE00

9072

137

018

082

017

002

016

002

009

049

002

004

001

004

001

366

087

063

110

144

136

FE010

285

474

053

202

048

005

046

008

050

261

011

035

005

039

007

1266

089

047

125

054

047

FE011

351

553

054

160

020

001

019

003

017

112

004

014

002

017

003

1217

093

015

132

152

137

FE012

070

124

014

057

013

002

013

002

012

081

003

008

001

009

002

328

091

060

117

055

053

Aver

200

354

042

163

038

009

043

008

050

310

010

029

004

029

004

983

090

084

116

072

071

ndash119873representn

ormalized

byPA

AS[44]120575Ceand120575Cec

omefrom

[45]120575Ce=

CeCelowast

=Ce 119873

(La119873timesPr119873)1

2and120575Eu

=Eu

Eulowast

=Eu119873(Sm119873timesGd 119873

)12


Sam

ple

PAA

S

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(a)

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

Sam

ple

PAA

S

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(b)

Figure 14 PAAS normalized REE pattern for siliceous rocks from the Bafangshan-Erlihe area

0 02 040

1

2

3

4

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Deep sea

06 08 1Al2O3(Al2O3 + Fe2O3)

(La

Ce)

N

Figure 15 Al2O3(Al2O3+ Fe2O3) minus (LaCe)

119873discrimination

diagram for siliceous rock of the Bafangshan-Erlihe area (After-[53])

to 1090 cmminus1) According to the Raman shift of calcite [76]and other carbonate minerals [77] the peaks at 1091 cmminus1should be attributed by the vibration of the V

1-zone for the

carbonate ions (CO3

2minus) Additionally the peaks at 1091 cmminus1are in accordance with the weak peak of the V

4-zone at

722 cmminus1 for carbonate ions which are similar to peaks ofankerite In the spectrograms two weak peaks at 840 cmminus1and 1186 cmminus1 could have originated from the metamorphicreaction between silica and carbonate which exhibit sym-metric and antisymmetric stretching vibration peaks for SindashOndashR and they are too weak to accurately estimate The

peaks at 1608 cmminus1 which are attributed to the CndashC bondin benzene rings came from the organic gum used in theexperiment The weak peaks at 280 cmminus1 falling into therange of silicate mineral scattering peaks [78 79] could havearisen from the metamorphic reaction between silica andcarbonate There are peaks on curves C to G for both quartzand carbonate minerals in the spectrogram (Figure 16(c))This phenomenon demonstrates the carbonate compositioninfiltrating the quartz through the discontinuous portioncaused by stress during orogeny In addition the degree ofinfiltration increases from the edge to the centre of the quartzgrain [15]

The crystallinity and degree of order for the quartz grainsincreased during recrystallization [80 81] which could bedenoted by the Gaussian best-fit to the characteristic Ramanpeaks at 464 cmminus1 for the quartz grains [82 83] Figure 17suggests a Gaussian fitting for the characteristic Raman shiftsat 464 cmminus1 from points C to G In the Gaussian fitting thefull width at half maximum (FWHM) values ascends fromthe centre outwards in concert with the crystallinity anddegree of order but abruptly descends at the edge closest tothe carbonate periphery According to previous work [80]the crystallinity increases during the upper evolution of thequartz minerals from the centre to the quartz edge Basedon this finding the FWHM values ascend from the centreoutwards meaning that the decline in crystallinity mightbe a result of the autorecrystallisation of quartz The abruptincrease in crystallinity exists at the edge of quartz and thisshould be contributed by the fluids during orogeny

According to Figure 18 the Gaussian fitting of character-istic Raman shifts at 464 cmminus1 indicates discrepancies in adirection parallel to themacroaxis In Figure 16(b) the pointsof A B and E lay parallel to the macroaxis of the quartzgrains and their FWHM values also showed some slightdiscrepancies According to the discrepancy in the FWHMvalue there are slight deviations of crystallinity parallel to themacroaxis of the straining ellipse These deviations should


FG

20120583m

(a)

A

B

CDE

20120583m

(b)

Inte

nsity

(au

)

200

1608

1186

11121091

840

722

464

280

(G)(F)

(E)(D)

(C)(B)(A)

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800Raman shift (cmminus1)

(c)

Figure 16 Points of Raman analysis for siliceous rocks of Bafangshan-Erlihe areaMicrophotographs in Figures 16(a) and 16(b) under parallelnicols

450

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

70727476788082

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

455 460 465 470 475 480 485

G-FWHM= 709F-FWHM = 793E-FWHM = 707D-FWHM = 721C-FWHM = 708

FWH

M(c

mminus1)

C D E F G

Raman shift (cmminus1)

Figure 17 Gaussian fitting to characteristic Raman shift of quartzin siliceous rock from Bafangshan-Erlihe area

relate to external factors during orogeny such as the stressfield and fluid effectsTherefore there are overall geochemicalstabilities for the siliceous rocks with slight changes in thecrystallinity

44 XRD X-ray powder diffraction (Figures 19(a) and 19(b))of the pure siliceous rock indicates quartz as the majormineral Trace impurities such as carbonate and clay min-erals are concealed in the analytical results There are two

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

66687072747678808284

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

A-FWHM = 761

B-FWHM = 720

E-FWHM = 707

FWH

M(c

mminus1)

A B E


Figure 18 Gaussian fitting to a characteristic Raman shift forsiliceous rock of the Bafangshan-Erlihe area

types of quartz in the siliceous rocks (Figure 19(b)) One(Qtz) is hexagonal with space group P3

121(152) the crystal

cell parameters of which were 119886 = 119887 = 4913 A 119888 =5405 A and 119885 = 3 that is identical to those of standard120572-quartz The other (Qtzs) is rhombohedral having shortercrystal cell parameters and is similar to a quartz with spacegroup P312(149) as noted elsewhere [15 18] The crystal cellparameters were 119886 = 119887 = 4903 A 119888 = 5393 A and 119885 = 3


20

0500

1000150020002500300035004000450050005500600065007000

Inte

nsity

(au

)

40 60 802120579 (∘)

2120579=2088d=425

2120579=2668d=334

2120579=3090d=289

2120579=3658d=245

2120579=3950d=228 2120579=4032d=224

2120579=4248d=213 2120579

=5535d=166

2120579=5998d=154

2120579=6404d=145

2120579=6776d=138

2120579=6832d=137

2120579=7350d=129

2120579=7569d=126

2120579=7770d=123

2120579=8148d=118

2120579=8384d=115

2120579=7592d=125

2120579=7992d=120

2120579=4584d=198

2120579=5016d=182

2120579=5491d=167

(a)In

tens

ity (a

u)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

2

20 40 60 802120579 (∘)

QtzQtzs

n Overlap

(b)

Figure 19 XRD diagram for siliceous rock of the Bafangshan-Erlihe area

The crystal cell parameters should be similar under uni-form crystallizing environments and evolutionary processesAccording to previous work changes in crystal cell param-eters can be effected by four factors as follows temperature[84] stress [85] transformation into different crystal forms[86 87] and isomorphous substitution [88] In this studycrystal cell parameter shortening was possibly controlled bythe primary factors of temperature and stress during theevolution of the COB while the other factors could only havelengthened the cell parameters

45 SEM In the Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD)images of mineralized siliceous rock (Figure 20(a)) there arethree principal phases namely quartz carbonate mineral(calcite or dolomite) and metal sulphides (such as galenasphalerite or pyrite) The quartz particles of low crystallinityoccupy the main body of the siliceous rocks while thecarbonates and metal sulphides are scattered with dissemi-nated distribution (Figures 20(a) and 20(b)) The carbonateparticles (Figure 20(c)) and pyrite (Figure 20(d)) sometimesshow idiomorphic crystals which indicates that they wereoriginated from primary sedimentation Metal sulphideswere probably deposited at the end of high-temperaturesedimentation Although the siliceous rocks were involvedin subsequent orogeny (Figure 20(b)) the metal sulphidesare mainly disseminated without fracture-filling distribution(Figures 20(a) to 20(c)) Although the distribution of metalsulphides retained the primary characteristics of sedimentarygenesis a few metal sulphides with fracture-filling distribu-tion might have been affected by the orogeny These typesof metal sulphides are distributed near the weaker part ofthe siliceous rocks such as the fissures of the quartz and thecarbonate mineral (Figure 20(b)) Therefore it is suggestedthat the silica and metal sulphides were simultaneously

deposited and the metal sulphides are also precipitationproducts of hydrothermal sedimentation The dominantminerals show low automorphism which is attributed bytheir rapid deposition with insufficient time to crystallize andgrow

5 Discussion

51 Mineralogical and Geochemical Evolution The studiedsiliceous rocks underwent mineralogical adjustments withmaintenance of geochemical stability In nature elevatedtemperatures and pressures result in deformation of differentrocks [89] The quartz grains show plastic deformationunder the strain rate of 0sim10minus13s and temperature of 300∘C[90] Microscopically we observed recrystallized quartz withlarger grain size in the siliceous rocks withoutmineralizationwhich exhibits directional arrangement to some extent In theRaman analysis the FWHM values of characteristic peaks(next to 464 cmminus1) showed inhomogeneity in the degree ofcrystallinity in diverse directionsThis indicated that the crys-tallinity is different in the microareas of an individual quartzgrain As shown in the XRD analysis the recrystallizationof quartz was witnessed by the shortening cell parameterof quartz grains Thus the recrystallization of quartz isevidenced by both XRD analysis and Raman in situ analysisAlthough the quartz underwent clear recrystallisation underthe influences of temperature and stress during the orogeny(according to [91]) these changes could only account forfabric changes It is demonstrated that the degrees of orderin silica minerals may increase without exterior influence[76] and that geochemical stability of the total rocks canbe still maintained with increasing crystallinity degree [80]For the studied siliceous rocks there is a high consistency tothe hydrothermal genesis model based on the geochemical


Carb

Ms

150120583m

(a)

Carb

Ms

150120583m

(b)

Carb

50120583m

(c)

Pyr

30120583m

(d)

Figure 20 EBSD images for siliceous rock of the Bafangshan-Erlihe area (Carb carbonate mineral Ms metal sulphide Pyr pyrite)

and microfabric characteristics as well as the geochemicaldiscrimination diagrams of formation environment Ourstudy suggests that there is high stability for the originalgeochemical characteristics of the siliceous rocks and thatthese were maintained without any change in the total rocks

52 Genesis of Siliceous Rocks It is suggested here that thesiliceous rocks in Central Orogenic Belt China and theBafangshan-Erlihe ore districts are hydrothermal precipi-tates The siliceous rocks in addition to clay rock clastic andcarbonate rocks are the most widely distributed sedimentaryrock in this orogenic belt [3 19 92] and their formationis previously attributed to biogenesis [93] metasomatosis(or silicification) [94 95] or chemical deposition [49 96]On a large scale the sedimentary siliceous rocks couldhardly be deposited in the marine environment with onlyterrigenous silica contribution The high purity and largequantity of silica consumed for the deposition of the siliceousrocks could not be completely caused by any terrigenousand nonhydrothermal deposition system [97ndash99] This sup-ports the idea that the massive sedimentary siliceous rockswere originated from hydrothermal precipitation accordingto [100] The pure siliceous rocks could only have beendeposited if the silica was present at a higher concentration

in solution than other chemical components resulting inhigh deposition rates of silica and favouring deposition ofsiliceous rocks instead of other sediments (carbonate clayand metallic minerals) [16] In this way high rates of puresilica accumulation would develop without interference fromother sediments Terrigenous silica is difficult to precipitateduring themigration process because of its very low solubility[101] Even if there was rapid precipitation of silica at a lowconcentration it was still difficult to deposit the siliceoussediments at a large scale with high purity after long-termand sustained transportation or other extreme conditions[99] Furthermore the SiO

2was extremely low in the normal

seawater and this could contribute to a low deposition rate[16 97] while the quartz grains would grow better andbigger due to the adequate crystallizing time The quartzgrains in the siliceous rocks from the Bafangshan-Erlihe areaseem to have insufficient crystallization and growth whichis in contrast to quartz originated from the deposition ofterrigenous silica with a low deposition rate The micropho-tographs and EBSD indicate the silica minerals exhibitedlow-degree crystallinity which was in accordance with thetypical siliceous rocks of hydrothermal genesis [36] Duringthe hydrothermal precipitation the quartz grains could notfully crystallise at high deposition rates of silica and they


therefore showed close-packed structures as a consequenceof their rapid accumulation of the silica

The ore-bearing siliceous rocks of Bafangshan-Erlihe areawere considered to be of hydrothermal genesis also on thebase of their geochemical characteristics Some geochem-ical indices such as the average Ba (19664 ppm) ΣREEvalues (983 ppm) and ratios of Al(Al + Fe + Mn) (036)FeTi (33544) (Fe + Mn)Ti (34780) and BaSr (807)all suggest their genesis through hydrothermal depositionIn the geochemical discrimination diagrams the siliceousrocks fall into the category of hydrothermal genesis andthis is in agreement with their REE patterns Therefore itis considered that the siliceous rocks were deposited from aconvective hydrothermal system within a crustal extensionalsetting On the other hand the MgO ΣREE SiAl andUTh of several samples disagree with the hydrothermalcharacteristics and indicate that the sedimentary systemswere affected by the input of nonhydrothermalmaterials (egterrigenous and biological substances) The contribution ofterrigenousmaterials is strongly supported by the presence ofdetrital zircons in the siliceous rocks [12] Microorganismscarrying terrigenous substances were also involved in theprecipitation process of the hydrothermal silica and resultedin the observed fluctuations fromnormal hydrothermal char-acteristics Therefore the ore-bearing siliceous rocks in theBafangshan-Erlihe area were originated from hydrothermalprecipitation with some additional influence from terrige-nous and biological sources

53 Depositional Environment of Siliceous Rocks The sili-ceous rocks of the Bafangshan-Erlihe area were deposited ina limited basin of a marginal sea They were conformablydeposited over the Middle Devonian marine limestonewhich indicates their deposition in a marine environmentwith deep to shallower water The geochemical indicessuch as the Al(Al + Fe + Mn) Al

2O3(Al2O3+ Fe2O3)

ScTh (LaYb)119873 (LaCe)

119873 and (LaLu)

119873 demonstrate

that the siliceous rocks were deposited in a marginal seabasin in coincidance with the geochemical discrimina-tion diagrams The K

2ONa2O SiO

2(K2O + Na

2O) and

SiO2Al2O3ratios are significantly higher than those of

volcanism-related siliceous rocks and indicate that therewas no obvious volcanic activity during the formation pro-cess However magmatic bodies emplaced at depth andunder extensional conditionsmay have caused hydrothermalconvection through deep faults by providing heat in thesystem The associated magma was mafic according to theVCr and NiCo ratios The V(V + Ni) ratios indicate thatthe sedimentation conditions were slighlty oxidative whichshould reflect intermingling with terrigenous substances Inprevious studies [102ndash104] it has been suggested that theocean basin of the COB was width-limited and narrowwhich strongly supports the input of terrigenous materialsduring the hydrothermal precipitation In agreement with theprevious studies [102 104] a deposition of siliceous rocks inrelatively shallow seawater is also supported by the fact thatthese rocks are located on top of carbonate rocks ofGudaolingFormation According to the geochemical characteristics

NCYZ WQL

Basement of pre-devonian

Silica

MagmaConvective sea water

Pb-Zn-Cu sulfide silica

Tensional stressSea water

N

Terrigenous input

Middle devoniangudaoling formation

Sea water Sea water

Hydrothermal water withsulfides and (or) silica

Hydrothermal chimney

1205903

1205903

1205903

Figure 21 Hydrothermal precipitation model of the Bafangshan-Erlihe area (YZ Yangtze block WQL western Qinling block NCNorth China block)

and the presence of detrital zircons in the siliceous rocks[12] terrigenous materials participated in the sedimentationprocess of hydrothermal silica The hydrothermal activityattracted many elements with an affinity to silicon [105]and this attraction might induce the biological productionwithin a large population of organisms [106 107] Theseorganisms can carry nonhydrothermal substances because oftheir long-distance activities and needs for special elementssuch as phosphorus [108] Under this situation the organismswhich were involved in the sedimentation process exhibitalso terrigenous characteristics and their dead bodies andcatabolites have been deposited together with hydrothermalsediments according to [106] Both terrigenous material andbiological activities partly contributed to the formation ofthe siliceous rocks as may be expected to be the case ina geological setting of a limited ocean basin [102ndash104] Byexpanding previous studies that the COB was neritic faciesduring the Middle Permian [28] this work suggests that thewhole COB was a limited ocean basin with deep to shallowerseawater neritic facies since the Middle Paleozoic

54 Hydrothermal Model The hydrothermal sedimentationat the Bafangshan-Erlihe area was controlled by the exten-sional tectonic setting during Devonian times and under-went different stages with diverse contribution of hydrother-mal fluids (Figure 21) In general the entire process ofhydrothermal activity experienced an evolution from high-temperature precipitation of sulphide to low-temperatureprecipitation of silica (see below)Within the broad spectrumof exhalative-inhalative deposits the two end-members forexample sedimentary exhalative deposit (SEDEX) [109 110]and volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit (VMS) [111 112]are diverse in respect to their country rocks and ore-hosting rocks as well as their fluid origin and characteris-tics According to published literatures [113 114] sulphide-bearing hydrothermal solution exhaled at the initial stagesof hydrothermal activity under high temperatures followedby exhalation of the silica-enriched hydrothermal waters ata lower temperature with low dissolving capacity Therefore


the silica rich hydrothermal water and sulphide-bearinghydrothermal solutions belonged to part of an evolvinghydrothermal system Previous studies delineate two modelsfor the formation of SEDEX deposits one considers tec-tonic activity and the geothermal gradient during sedimentcompaction (diagenesis) as the key factors for ore elementmigration in a highly saline formational brine while theother considers hydrothermal fluids generated from seawaterconvection driven by a magma chamber intruding intosediments and synsedimentary fault activity as key factors inmineralization [115ndash118] According to the VCr and NiCoratios and discrimination diagrams the siliceous rocks aswell as the metal sulphides of the Bafangshan-Erlihe oredeposit were originated from the convection of hydrother-mal water Similarly other trace elements could have beenintroduced from the hydrothermal water to form ore deposits(according to [8 9]) In the Bafangshan-Erlihe region the seabasin was formed as a result of the extensional tectonics (egrifting) Normal basin-bounding faults related to the exten-sional tectonic setting near the suture zones could facilitateemplacement of magmas as proposed by [16] The exten-sional tectonics could also provide a favorite environment todrive the hydrothermal convection [43] The hydrothermalwater moved upward along the syn-sedimentary fracturesin the Bafangshan-Erlihe area precipitating hydrothermalsediments on the seafloor within the basin after mixing withcold seawater

During the final stages of magmatic activity high tem-perature hydrothermal water with high potential solubilityand dissolution of silica were analogous to those precip-itating modern metal sulphide chimneys (black smokers)[119] In the ores from the Bafangshan-Erlihe Cu-Pb-Zn oredeposit [120] the isotopic 206Pb204Pb (from 1802 to 1815)207Pb204Pb (from 1556 to 1581) and 208Pb204Pb (from 3799to 3866) are similar to those of modern oceanic sedimentswhich suggest their sources from both the upper crust andmantle In addition the 12057534S values of sulphides range from603permil to 1186permil and indicate a genesis of sulphides bysulphate reduction from seawaterThese isotope geochemicalcharacteristics strongly support the hypothesis that the oreswere deposited in a marine context during hydrothermalconvection as also evidenced by the distribution of metalsulphides in the ore-bearing siliceous rocks Furthermore theorebodies were located at the bottom of the siliceous rockswhich suggests that their precipitation predates that of silicaand took place at the onset of the hydrothermal activity athigher temperatures

A decrease in silica solubility at lower temperaturesresulted in precipitation of pure silica Since the solubilityof silica is higher than that of metal sulphides at lowtemperatures [113] pure silica could only deposit at a relativelow temperature At this time the hydrothermal precipi-tation process was akin to that of colder silica-enrichedhydrothermal water (white chimney) [114] Previous studiesdemonstrated that SiO

2solubility in the seawater at 150∘Cwas

600 ppm [100] while it was ten times higher at 200∘C than50∘C [121] Therefore the hydrothermal fluid was capable todissolve silica and other trace elements from the sedimentary

strata and became silica-enriched By discharging on theseafloor the silica-rich hydrothermal fluid mixed with thecold seawater and the temperature dropped to cause silicaprecipitation as a consequence of SiO

2oversaturation [122]

The hydrothermal- and tectonic activities were con-temporaneous at the Bafangshan-Erlihe area Following thehydrothermal activity deposition of the clastic rock forma-tion (later metamorphosed to phyllites) and limestones tookplace The hydrothermal system contributed to the precipita-tions of metal sulphide and siliceous rocks with geochemicalcharacteristics of hydrothermal genesis Terrigenous mate-rial magmatism and biological activity resulted in somegeochemical deviation compared with classic hydrothermalsediments but without changing the hydrothermal charac-teristics of the whole sedimentary formation

6 Conclusions

(1) Siliceous rocks of the Bafangshan-Erlihe ore deposit wereoriginated from hydrothermal precipitation In micropho-tographs andEBSD images the lowdegree of crystallinity andclose-packed quartz grain texture indicates their hydrother-mal genesis The SiO

2content varies from 7108 to 9530

with an average of 8410 The hydrothermal genesis of thesiliceous rocks is witnessed by the Al(Al + Fe + Mn) ratioranging from 003 to 058 (Fe +Mn)Ti ranging from 1559 to103145 Ba ranging from 4245 ppm to 50300 ppm and ΣREEvalues ranging from 328 ppm to 1975 ppm

(2) Siliceous rocks of the Bafangshan-Erlihe region weredeposited in marginal sea basin according to the geochem-ical discrimination diagrams Additional geochemical dataindicating that the deposition environment was a basin ofa marginal sea are Al(Al + Fe + Mn) ratios ranging from003 to 058 ScTh ratios ranging from 010 to 1385 (LaYb)

119873

ratios ranging from 010 to 152 (LaCe)119873ratios ranging from

085 to 146 and (LaLu)119873ratios ranging from 013 to 137

(3) The siliceous rocks in the Central Orogenic BeltChina had a periodic distribution in geological history andwere mainly developed under periods of continental riftingThere were three depositing phases for the marine siliceousrocks with broader distribution from Mesoproterozoic toJurassic The periods for the positive peaks of distributionnumber were Mesoproterozoic Cambrian simOrdovician andCarboniferous sim Permian During the Caledonian (fromSimian to Late Silurian) and Hercynian (from Devonianto Late Permian) periods the siliceous rocks are widelydistributed as a result of extentional tectonics favoring theirformation The Jinning Caledonian Hercynian Indosinianand Yanshanian orogenies contributed to compressionalsetting and resulted in a sudden decrease in distributionnumbers of siliceous rock

(4) Hydrothermal fluids ascended along syn-sedimentaryfaults in the Bafangshan-Erlihe area discharging hydrother-mal sediments on the seafloor after mixing with cold seawa-ter The hydrothermal activity of the Bafangshan-Erlihe oredeposit evolved from initial high-temperature towards latelow-temperature stages High-temperatured hydrothermalsediments include metal sulphides and silica while low-temperature sediments were mainly composed of silica


Apart from the hydrothermal sedimentation terrigenousinput magmatism and biological activity partly contributedto some geochemical indicators deviating from typicalhydrothermal characteristics

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This study was financially supported by the Natural ScienceFoundation of China (Grant 41303025) the 973 Programof China (Grant 2012CB406601) the Natural Science Foun-dation of China (Grants 41373025 and 41273040) and theSubject and Special Fund of theMinistry of Science andTech-nology of the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processesand Mineral Resources (Grant GPMR200804) Professor GRacki Y Watanabe and Professor M Santosh are greatlyacknowledged for their helpful and constructive commentson the manuscript Professor G Racki is especially thankedfor the editorial handling of the paper

References

[1] W Fang F Liu R Hu and Z Huang ldquoThe characteristics anddiagenetic-metalogenic pattern for cherts and siliceous fer-rodolomitites from Fengtai apart-pull basin Qinling orogenrdquoActa Petrologica Sinica vol 16 no 4 pp 700ndash710 2000

[2] S Feng H Zhou C Yan Y Peng X Yuan and J He ldquoGeo-chemical characteristics of hydrothermal cherts of erlangpinggroup in east qinling and their geologic significancerdquo ActaSedmentological Sinica vol 25 no 4 pp 564ndash573 2007

[3] C Zhang D Zhou G Lu J Wang and RWang ldquoGeochemicalcharacteristics and sedimentary environments of cherts fromKumishi ophiolitic melange in southern Tianshanrdquo Acta Petro-logica Sinica vol 22 no 1 pp 57ndash64 2006

[4] H Li Y Zhou Z Yang et al ldquoGeochemical characteristics andtheir geological implications of cherts from Bafangshan-Erlihearea in Western Qinling Orogenrdquo Acta Petrologica Sinica vol25 no 11 pp 3094ndash3102 2009

[5] G Tu Geochemistry of the Stratabound Ore Deposits in Chinavol 1 Science Beijing China 1984

[6] J Mao Z Zhang J Yang G Zuo and D Ye The Metallo-genic Series and Prospecting Assessment of Copper Gold Ironand Tungsten Polymetallic ore Deposits in the West Sector ofthe Northern Qilian Mountains Geological Publishing HouseBeijing China 2003

[7] D Fan T Zhang and J Ye Chinese Black Rock Series and Rel-evant Ore Deposits Science Publishing House Beijing China2004

[8] N Tribovillard T J Algeo T Lyons and A Riboulleau ldquoTracemetals as paleoredox and paleoproductivity proxies an updaterdquoChemical Geology vol 232 no 1-2 pp 12ndash32 2006

[9] S E Calvert and T F Pedersen ldquoChapter fourteen elementalproxies for palaeoclimatic and palaeoceanographic variabilityin marine sediments interpretation and applicationrdquo Develop-ments in Marine Geology vol 1 pp 567ndash644 2007

[10] S Qi ldquoDevonian hydrothermal sedimentary Pb-Zn deposits inQinling mountainsrdquo Journal of Changan University vol 15 no1 pp 27ndash34 1993

[11] S Qi and Y Li ldquoThe metallogenic series related to exhalativesedimentation in devonian metallogenic belt south QinlingrdquoJournal of Xirsquoan College of Geology vol 19 no 3 pp 19ndash26 1997

[12] R T Wang F L Li E H Chen J Z Dai C A Wang and X FXu ldquoGeochemical characteristics and prospecting prediction ofthe Bafangshan-Erlihe large lead-zinc ore deposit Feng CountyShaanxi Province Chinardquo Acta Petrologica Sinica vol 27 no 3pp 779ndash793 2011

[13] C Xue J Ji L Zhang D Lu H Liu and Q Li ldquoThe Jingtieshansubmarine exhalative-sedimentary iron-copper deposit inNorth Qilian mountainrdquo Mineral Deposits vol 16 no 1 pp21ndash30 1997

[14] F Zhang ldquoThe recognition and exploration significance ofexhalites related to Pb-Zn mineralizations in devonian forma-tions in qinling mountainsrdquo Geology and Prospecting vol 25no 5 pp 11ndash18 1989

[15] H Li Z Yang Y Zhou et al ldquoMicrofabric characteristics ofcherts of Bafangshan-Erlihe Pb-Zn ore field in the westernQinling orogenrdquo Earth Science vol 34 no 2 pp 299ndash306 2009

[16] H Li M Zhai L Zhang et al ldquohe distribution and compositioncharacteristics of siliceous rocks from Qinzhou Bay-HangzhouBay Joint Belt SouthChina constraint on the tectonic evolutionof plates in South ChinardquoThe ScientificWorld Journal vol 2013Article ID 949603 25 pages 2013

[17] C XueDevonian Hydrothermal Sedimentation in Qinling XirsquoanMap Press Xirsquoan China 1997

[18] H Li Y Zhou Z Yang et al ldquoDiagenesis and metallogenesisevolution of chert in west Qinling orogenic belt a case fromBafangshan-Erlihe Pb-Zn ore depositrdquo Journal of JilinUniversity(Earth Science Edition) vol 41 no 3 pp 715ndash723 2011

[19] H Li Y Zhou Z Yang et al ldquoA study of micro-area com-positional characteristics and the evolution of cherts fromBafangshan-Erlihe Pb-Zn ore deposit in Western Qinling Oro-genrdquo Earth Science Frontiers vol 17 no 4 pp 290ndash298 2010

[20] YChenHChen Y Liu et al ldquoProgress and records in the studyof endogenetic mineralization during collisional orogenesisrdquoChinese Science Bulletin vol 45 no 1 pp 1ndash10 2000

[21] S Vearncombe M E Barley D I Groves N J McNaughtonE J Mikucki and J R Veancombe ldquo326 Ga black smoker-typemineralization in the Strelley Belt Pilbara CratonWesternAustraliardquo Journal of the Geological Society vol 152 no 4 pp587ndash590 1995

[22] H Ohmoto and M B Goldhaber ldquoSulfur and carbon isotoperdquoin Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits H L BarnesEd pp 517ndash612 John Wiley amp Sons New York NY USA 3rdedition 1997

[23] G Zhang B Zhang and X Yuan Qinling Orogen and Conti-nental Dynamics Science Beijing China 2001

[24] G Zhang Y Dong and A Yao ldquoThe crustal compositionsstructures and tectonic evolution of the Qinling orogenic beltrdquoGeology of Shanxi vol 15 no 2 pp 1ndash14 1997

[25] R Zeng S Liu C Xue and J Gong ldquoEpisodic-fluid processand effect of diagenesis and mineralization in evolution ofpaleozoic basins in SouthQinlingrdquo Journal of Earth Sciences andEnvironment vol 29 no 3 pp 234ndash239 2007

[26] W Yang ldquoOpening and closing history in east Qinling areardquoEarth Science vol 12 no 5 pp 487ndash493 1987


[27] J Liu M Zheng J Liu Y Zhou X Gu and B Zhang ldquoGeo-tectonic evolution and mineralization zone of gold deposits inwesternQinlingrdquoGeotectonica etMetallogenia vol 21 no 4 pp307ndash314 1997

[28] X GeWMa J Liu S Ren and S Yuan ldquoProspect of researcheson regional tectonics of Chinardquo Geology in China vol 40 no 1pp 61ndash73 2013

[29] J Ren Y Chen B Niu Z Liu and F Liu Tectonic Evolution andMineralization of the Continental Lithosphere in Eastern Chinaand Adjacent Regions Science Beijing China 1990

[30] M G Zhai and M Santosh ldquoMetallogeny of the North ChinaCraton link with secular changes in the evolving EarthrdquoGondwana Research vol 24 no 1 pp 275ndash297 2013

[31] K McClay and T Dooley ldquoAnalog modeling of pull-apartBasinsrdquo AAPG Bulletin vol 81 no 11 pp 1804ndash1826 1997

[32] Shanxi Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources RegionalGeology of Shanxi Province Geological Publishing HouseBeijing China 1989

[33] Q Hu Y Wang R Wang J Li J Dai and S Wang ldquoOre-forming time of the Erlihe Pb-Zn deposit in the Fengxian-Taibaiore concentration area Shaanxi Province evidence from theRb-Sr isotopic dating of sphaleritesrdquoActa Petrologica Sinica vol28 no 1 pp 258ndash266 2012

[34] M Tian X Yuan Y Zhang and L Wang ldquoDiscussion of geo-logical prospecting in Erlihe Pb -Zn deposit FengxianrdquoMineralResources and Geology vol 18 no 2 pp 134ndash138 2004

[35] R Lv and H Wei ldquoThe geological characteristics and geneticinvestigation of Bafangshan stratabound polymetallic ores inShanxi provincerdquo Journal of Changrsquoan University vol 12 no 4pp 10ndash17 1990

[36] Y Zhou ldquoSedimentary geochemical characteristics of chertsof Danchi basin in Guangxi Provincerdquo Acta SedimentologicaSinica no 3 pp 75ndash83 1990

[37] Qinghai Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources RegionalGeology of Qinghai Province Geological Publishing HouseBeijing China 1991

[38] Gansu Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources RegionalGeology of Gansu Province Geological Publishing House Bei-jing China 1989

[39] Henan Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources RegionalGeology of Henan Province Geological Publishing House Bei-jing China 1989

[40] Anhui Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources RegionalGeology of Anhui Province Geological Publishing House Bei-jing China 1987

[41] G-C Zhao Y-HHe andM Sun ldquoTheXionger volcanic belt atthe southern margin of the North China Craton petrographicand geochemical evidence for its outboard position in thePaleo-Mesoproterozoic Columbia Supercontinentrdquo GondwanaResearch vol 16 no 2 pp 170ndash181 2009

[42] M l Cui L C Zhang B L Zhang and M T Zhu ldquoGeochem-istry of 178 Ga A-type granites along the Southern margin ofthe North China Craton implications for Xiongrsquoer magmatismduring the break-up of the supercontinent Columbiardquo Interna-tional Geology Review vol 55 no 4 pp 496ndash509 2013

[43] H Li Y Zhou L Zhang et al ldquoStudy on geochemistry anddevelopment mechanism of Proterozoic chert from XiongrsquoerGroup in southern region of North China Cratonrdquo ActaPetrologica Sinica vol 28 no 11 pp 3679ndash3691 2012

[44] S M Mclennan ldquoRare earth elements in sedimentary rocksinfluences of provenance and sedimentary processesrdquo Reviewsin Mineralogy vol 21 pp 169ndash200 1989

[45] S R Taylor and S M McLennan The Continental Crust ItsComposition and Evolution Blackwell Scientific PublicationsOxford UK 1985

[46] R W Murray M R B T Brink D C Gerlach G P RussIII and D L Jones ldquoRare earth major and trace elementcomposition of Monterey and DSDP chert and associated hostsediment assessing the influence of chemical fractionationduring diagenesisrdquo Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta vol 56no 7 pp 2657ndash2671 1992

[47] K Bostrom and M N A Peterson ldquoThe origin of aluminum-poor ferromanganoan sediments in areas of high heat flow onthe East Pacific RiserdquoMarine Geology vol 7 no 5 pp 427ndash4471969

[48] R Sugisaki and T Kinoshita ldquoMajor element chemistry ofthe sediments on the central Pacific Transect Wake to TahitiGH80-1 cruiserdquo in Geological Survey of Japan Cruise Report AMizuno Ed vol 18 no 293ndash312 1982

[49] P A Rona ldquoHydrothermal mineralization at oceanic ridgesrdquoCanadian Mineralogist vol 26 pp 431ndash465 1988

[50] G Zhang and H Cai ldquoDiscussion on Origin of Dachang poly-metallic ore deposit in Guangxi Provincerdquo Geological Reviewvol 33 no 5 pp 426ndash436 1987

[51] P G Spry and L T Bryndzia Regional Metamorphism of OreDeposits and Genetic Implications VSP Utrecht The Nether-lands 1990

[52] MAdachi K Yamamoto andR Sugisaki ldquoHydrothermal chertand associated siliceous rocks from the northern Pacific theirgeological significance as indication od ocean ridge activityrdquoSedimentary Geology vol 47 no 1-2 pp 125ndash148 1986

[53] R W Murray ldquoChemical criteria to identify the depositionalenvironment of chert general principles and applicationsrdquoSedimentary Geology vol 90 no 3-4 pp 213ndash232 1994

[54] M Baltuck ldquoProvenance and distribution of tethyan pelagic andhemipelagic siliceous sediments pindos mountains GreecerdquoSedimentary Geology vol 31 no 1 pp 63ndash88 1982

[55] Z Tang and Y Zeng ldquoPetrology geochemistry and origin ofcherts in the uraniferous formations Middle Silurian WestQinling rangerdquo Acta Petrologica Sinica no 2 pp 62ndash71 1990

[56] D Wang ldquoCharacteristics and origin of siliceous rocks fromYarlung Zangbo deep fracture in Tibet Chinardquo in TibetanPlateau Comprehensive Survey Group of Chinese Academy ofScience Sedimentary Rocks in South Tibet pp 1ndash86 SciencePress Beijing China 1981

[57] S S Sun ldquoLead isotopic study of young volcanic rocks frommid-ocean ridge ocean islands and island arcsrdquo PhilosophicalTransactions of the Royal Society of London vol A297 no 1431pp 409ndash445 1980

[58] A D Saunders and J Tarney ldquoGeochemical characteristics ofbasaltic volcanism within back-arc basinrdquo in Marginal BasinGeology B P Kokelaar and M F Howells Eds pp 59ndash76 TheGeological Society London UK 1984

[59] B L Weaver and J Tarney ldquoEmpirical approach to estimatingthe composition of the continental crustrdquo Nature vol 310 no5978 pp 575ndash577 1984

[60] V Marchig H Gundlach P Moller and F Schley ldquoSomegeochemical indicators for discrimination between diageneticand hydrothermal metalliferous sedimentsrdquo Marine Geologyvol 50 no 3 pp 241ndash256 1982

[61] G H Girty D L Ridge C Knaack D Johnson and R K Al-Riyami ldquoProvenance and depositional setting of paleozoic chertand argillite Sierra Nevada Californiardquo Journal of SedimentaryResearch vol 66 no 1 pp 107ndash118 1996


[62] J M Peter and S D Scott ldquoMineralogy composition and fluid-inclusionmicrothermometry of seafloor hydrothermal depositsin the Southern Trough of Guaymas Basin Gulf of CaliforniardquoCanadian Mineralogist vol 26 pp 567ndash587 1988

[63] K Bostrom T Kraemer and S Gartner ldquoProvenance and accu-mulation rates of opaline silica Al Ti Fe Mn Cu Ni and Coin Pacific pelagic sedimentsrdquo Chemical Geology vol 11 no 1-2pp 123ndash148 1973

[64] KM Yarincik RWMurray TW Lyons L C Peterson andGH Haug ldquoOxygenation history of bottomwaters in the CariacoBasin Venezuela over the past 578000 years Results fromredox-sensitive metals (Mo V Mn and Fe)rdquo Paleoceanographyvol 15 no 6 pp 593ndash604 2000

[65] S Sun Q Zhang and Q Qin ldquoSedimentary geochemistrysignificance of SrBa-VNirdquo inNewExploration ofMineral Rockand Geochemistry Z Ouyang Ed pp 128ndash130 EarthquakePublishing House Beijing China 1993

[66] Y Sui GWu and C Qi ldquoMafic-ultramafic rock association andthe mineralization-forming specialization of Cr-Ni depositrdquoJournal of Jiling University vol 34 no 2 pp 201ndash205 2004

[67] R W Murray M R Buchholtz Ten Brink D C Gerlach G PRuss III and D L Jones ldquoRare earth major and trace elementsin chert from the Franciscan Complex and Monterey GroupCalifornia assessing REE sources to fine-grained marine sed-imentsrdquo Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta vol 55 no 7 pp1875ndash1895 1991

[68] R W Murray M R Buchholtz Ten D L Brink D C Gerlachand P G Russ ldquoRare earth elements as indicators of differentmarine depositional environments in chert and shalerdquo Geologyvol 18 no 3 pp 268ndash271 1990

[69] R W Murray M R Buchholtzten Brink H J Brumsack DC Gerlach and G P Russ III ldquoRare earth elements in JapanSea sediments and diagenetic behavior of CeCelowast results fromODP Leg 127rdquo Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta vol 55 no 9pp 2453ndash2466 1991

[70] H Elderfield R Upstill-Goddard and E R Sholkovitz ldquoTherare earth elements in rivers estuaries and coastal seas and theirsignificance to the composition of ocean watersrdquo Geochimica etCosmochimica Acta vol 54 no 4 pp 971ndash991 1990

[71] A Michard F Albarede G Michard J F Minster andJ L Charlou ldquoRare-earth elements and uranium in high-temperature solutions from east pacific rise hydrothermal ventfield (13 ∘N)rdquo Nature vol 303 no 5920 pp 795ndash797 1983

[72] J F Scott and S P S Porto ldquoLongitudinal and transverse opticallattice vibrations in quartzrdquo Physical Review vol 161 no 3 pp903ndash910 1967

[73] Y Ke and H Dong Analysis Chemistry The Third VolumeAnalysis spectrum Chemical Industry Press Beijing China 2ndedition 1998

[74] M Ostroumov E Faulques and E Lounejeva ldquoRaman spec-troscopy of natural silica in Chicxulub impactite MexicordquoComptes Rendus Geoscience vol 334 no 1 pp 21ndash26 2002

[75] M Yoshikawa K Iwagami N Morita T Matsunobe and HIshida ldquoCharacterization of fluorine-doped silicon dioxide filmby Raman spectroscopyrdquo Thin Solid Films vol 310 no 1-2 pp167ndash170 1997

[76] B Y Lynne K A Campbell J N Moore and P R LBrowne ldquoDiagenesis of 1900-year-old siliceous sinter (opal-Ato quartz) at Opal Mound Roosevelt Hot Springs Utah USArdquoSedimentary Geology vol 179 no 3-4 pp 249ndash278 2005

[77] S Bernard K Benzerara O Beyssac et al ldquoExceptional preser-vation of fossil plant spores in high-pressure metamorphic

rocksrdquo Earth and Planetary Science Letters vol 262 no 1-2 pp257ndash272 2007

[78] P Xu R Li Y Wang Z Wang and Y Li Raman Spectrum inthe Earth Science Shanxi Science and Technology Press XirsquoanChina 1996

[79] F Pan X Yu X Mo et al ldquoRaman active vibrations of alumi-nosilicatesrdquo Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis vol 26 no 10pp 1871ndash1875 2006

[80] Y Zhou W Fu Z Yang et al ldquoMicrofabrics of chert fromYarlung Zangbo Suture Zone and southern Tibet and its geo-logical implicationsrdquo Acta Petrologica Sinica vol 22 no 3 pp742ndash750 2006

[81] H Li M Zhai L Zhang et al ldquoStudy on microarea character-istics of calcite in late archaean BIF fromWuyang area in southmargin of north China craton and its geological significancesrdquoSpectroscopy and Spectral Analysis vol 33 no 11 pp 3061ndash30652013

[82] TArguirov TMchedlidzeVDAkhmetov et al ldquoEffect of laserannealing on crystallinity of the Si layers in SiSiO

2multiple

quantum wellsrdquo Applied Surface Science vol 254 no 4 pp1083ndash1086 2007

[83] B Champagnon G Panczer C Chemarin and B Humbert-Labeaumaz ldquoRaman study of quartz amorphization by shockpressurerdquo Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids vol 196 pp 221ndash226 1996

[84] M A Carpenter E K H Salje A Graeme-Barber B WruckM T Dove and K S Knight ldquoCalibration of excess thermody-namic properties and elastic constant variations associated withthe 120572 larrrarr 120573 phase transition in quartzrdquoAmericanMineralogistvol 83 no 1-2 pp 2ndash22 1998

[85] B Olinger and P M Halleck ldquoThe compression of 120572 quartzrdquoJournal of Geophysical Research vol 81 no 32 pp 5711ndash57141976

[86] S Shen and Z Li Materials Technology of Minerals and RocksChina University of Geosciences Press Wuhan China 2005

[87] D Ge H Tian and R Zeng Oryctognosy Concise TutorialGeological Press Beijing China 2006

[88] O W Florke B Kohler-Herbertz K Langer and I TongesldquoWater in microcrystalline quartz of volcanic origin agatesrdquoContributions to Mineralogy and Petrology vol 80 no 4 pp324ndash333 1982

[89] G Hirth and J Tullis ldquoDislocation creep regimes in quartzaggregatesrdquo Journal of Structural Geology vol 14 no 2 pp 145ndash159 1992

[90] M Stipp H Stunitz R Heilbronner and S M Schmid ldquoTheeastern Tonale fault zone a ldquonatural laboratoryrdquo for crystalplastic deformation of quartz over a temperature range from250to 700∘Crdquo Journal of Structural Geology vol 24 no 12 pp 1861ndash1884 2002

[91] C W Passchier and R A J Trouw Microtectonics SpringerBerlin Germany 2nd edition 2005

[92] Y Zhou W Fu Z Yang et al ldquoGeochemical characteristicsof Mesozoic chert from Southern Tibet and its petrogenicimplicationsrdquoActa Petrologica Sinica vol 24 no 3 pp 600ndash6082008

[93] F Han and R W Harrison ldquoEvidence for exhalative origin forrocks and ores of the Dachang tin polymetallic field the ore-bearing formation and hydrothermal exhalative sedimentaryrocksrdquoMineral Deposits vol 8 no 2 pp 25ndash40 1989

[94] S Zhang T Li and L Wang ldquoGeochemistry and genesis of thechangkeng large superlarge gold silver deposit guangdongprovincerdquoMineral Deposits vol 17 no 2 pp 125ndash134 1998


[95] H Liang H Yu P Xia and X Wang ldquoCharacteristics and gen-esis of Changkeng gold-hosting siliceous rock in the rimof southwestern Sanshui Basin middle Guangdong ProvinceChinardquo Geochimica vol 38 no 2 pp 195ndash201 2009

[96] E C Dapples ldquoSilica as an agent in diagenesisrdquo in Diagenesisin Sediments G Larsen and G V Chilingar Eds Diagenesis inaediments pp 323ndash342 Diagenesis in Sediments Amsterdam1967

[97] J Liu and M Zhen ldquoNew origin of siliceous rocksmdashhydro-thermal sedimentationrdquo Acta Geologica Sichuan vol 11 no 4pp 251ndash254 1991

[98] C Feng and J Liu ldquoThe investive actuslity and mineralizationsignificance of chertsrdquoWorld Geology vol 20 no 2 pp 119ndash1232001

[99] H Li Chert sedimentary system and its indications on tectonicevolution petrogenesis and mineralization in northern andsouthern margins of Yangtze Platform China [PhD thesis] SunYat-Sen University GuangZhou China 2012

[100] K B Krauskopf ldquoFactors controlling the concentrations ofthirteen rare metals in sea-waterrdquo Geochimica et CosmochimicaActa vol 9 no 1-2 pp 1ndash32 1956

[101] S E Calvert ldquoSedimentary geochemistry of siliconrdquo in SiliconGeochemistry and Biogeochemistry S R Aston Ed pp 143ndash186Academic Press London UK 1983

[102] G Zhang Q Meng and S Lai ldquoTectonics and structure ofQinling orogenic beltrdquo Science inChinaB vol 25 no 9 pp 994ndash1003 1995

[103] Q Meng G Zhang Z Yu and Z Mei ldquoLate Paleozoicsedimentation and tectonics of rift and limited ocean basin atsouthern margin of the Qinlingrdquo Science China Earth Sciencesvol 26 pp 28ndash33 1996

[104] S Lai G Zhang and X Pei ldquoGeochemistry of the Pipasiophiolite in the Mianlue suture zone South Qinling and itstectonic significancerdquo Geological Bulletin of China vol 21 no8-9 pp 465ndash470 2002

[105] K A Kormas M K Tivey K von Damm and A TeskeldquoBacterial and archaeal phylotypes associated with distinctmineralogical layers of a white smoker spire from a deep-seahydrothermal vent site (9∘N East Pacific Rise)rdquo EnvironmentalMicrobiology vol 8 no 5 pp 909ndash920 2006

[106] G Racki and F Cordey ldquoRadiolarian palaeoecology and radio-larites is the present the key to the pastrdquo Earth Science Reviewsvol 52 no 1ndash3 pp 83ndash120 2000

[107] Y Furukawa and S E OrsquoReilly ldquoRapid precipitation of amor-phous silica in experimental systems with nontronite (NAu-1)and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1rdquoGeochimica et CosmochimicaActa vol 71 no 2 pp 363ndash377 2007

[108] Y Li K O Konhauser D R Cole and T J Phelps ldquoMineralecophysiological data provide growing evidence for microbialactivity in banded-iron formationsrdquo Geology vol 39 no 8 pp707ndash710 2011

[109] IM Samson andM J Russell ldquoGenesis of the silvermines zinc-lead barite deposit Ireland fluid inclusion and stable isotopeevidencerdquo Economic Geology vol 82 no 2 pp 371ndash394 1987

[110] D R Cooke S W Bull R R Large and P J McGoldrickldquoThe importance of oxidized brines for the formation of Aus-tralian Proterozoic stratiform sediment-hosted Pb-Zn (sedex)depositsrdquo Economic Geology vol 95 no 1 pp 1ndash18 2000

[111] R W Hutchinson ldquoVolcanogenic sulfide deposits and theirmetallogenic significancerdquo Economic Geology vol 68 no 8 pp1223ndash1246 1973

[112] J KMortensen B VHall T Bissig et al ldquoAge and paleotectonicsetting of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in the Guerreroterrane of central Mexico constraints from U-Pb Age and Pbisotope studiesrdquo Economic Geology vol 103 no 1 pp 117ndash1402008

[113] S Wu Study of Hydrothermal Chimneys in the Mariana TroughChina Ocean Press Beijing China 1995

[114] Z Hou F Han L Xia et al Modern and Ancient Subma-rineHydrothermalMineralized Activities Geological PublishingHouse Beijing China 2003

[115] J W Lydon ldquoChemical parameters controlling the origin anddeposition of sediment-hosted stratiform lead-zinc depositsrdquo inShort Course in Sediment Hosted Stratiform Lead-Zinc DepositsD F Sangster Ed pp 175ndash250 Mineralogical Association ofCanada Victoria Canada 1983

[116] M J Russell ldquoMajor sediment-hosted zinc + lead depositsformation from hydrothermal convection cells that deependuring crustal extensionrdquo in Short Course in Sediment HostedStratiform Lead-Zinc Deposits D F Sangster Ed pp 251ndash282Mineralogical Association of Canada Victoria Canada 1983

[117] D L Huston B Stevens P N Southgate P Muhling and LWyborn ldquoAustralian Zn-Pb-Ag ore-forming systems a reviewand analysisrdquo Economic Geology vol 101 no 6 pp 1117ndash11572006

[118] D L Leach D C Bradley D Huston S A Pisarevsky R DTaylor and S J Gardoll ldquoSediment-hosted lead-zinc depositsin earth historyrdquo Economic Geology vol 105 no 3 pp 593ndash6252010

[119] FN Spiess KCMacdonald TAtwater et al ldquoEast PacificRisehot springs and geophysical experimentsrdquo Science vol 207 no4438 pp 1421ndash1433 1980

[120] S Qi Y Li Z Zeng W Liang H Wei and X Ning Lead-Zinc (Copper) Deposits of SEDEX Type in Qinling MountainsGeological Publishing House Beijing China 1993

[121] H D Holland ldquoGangue minerals in hydrothermal systemrdquo inGeochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits H L Barners Edpp 382ndash436 John Wiley amp Sons New York NY USA 1967

[122] P A Rona K Bostrom and S Epstein ldquoHydrothermal quartzvug from the Mid-Atlantic Ridgerdquo Geology vol 8 no 12 pp569ndash572 1980


Landmass

SN

SKTA

KK

CT

YZ

NQ

LowlandAral seaNeritic facies

Highland Abyssal facies

Figure 1(b)

N30∘

N60∘

(a)


N0 300(km)

Primary tectonic sutureSecondary tectonic suture zoneAltun Tagh fault zoneBoundary of EQL and WQL

City

Wuhan

Xian

Lanzhou

Hanzhong

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DB

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

YZB

NCC(SKC)

Figure 2

Urumqi

zone

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘ Fengtai

(b)

Figure 1 Geographical map and geological sketch of COB and the associated area ((a)mdashreconstruction map of the Middle-Permian paleo-continents [28] (b)mdashgeological framework of central orogenic belt [29 30] TA Tarim KK Karakum SN Sonnen SK Sino-Korean YZYangtze NQ Northern Qiangtang CT Cathaysian EKL Eastern Kunlun M-SQ Middle-South Qilian NQ North Qilian WQL WesternQinling EQL Eastern Qinling SKC Sino-Korean craton YZB Yangtze block and DBDabie orogenic belt)

are regarded to be of orogenic type and formed during theorogeny [12] As one of the typical hydrothermal ore depositsin the COB the Bafangshan-Erlihe SEDEX deposit is a strata-bound Cu-Pb-Zn deposit with siliceous strata hosting andsurrounding ores [5] The siliceous rocks and associatedmineralisation are slightly modified during subsequent oro-genic processes [15 18 19] resulting in redistribution ofmetal sulphides in fissures as commonly observed in oro-genic type deposits [20] The characteristics of Bafangshan-Erlihe ore deposit fit to both hydrothermal sedimentary oredeposits [11] and orogenic ore deposits [12] but no obviousevidence can directly exclude metallogenic sources fromeither hydrothermal seafloor (and subseafloor) precipitationor deposition from orogenic fluidsThus the distribution andcompositional characteristics of the siliceous rocks may helpclarifying the geological evolution and metallogenesis in thearea

The Bafangshan-Erlihe SEDEX deposit is of importanceto understand the mechanism of hydrothermal water evo-lution in the paleo-ocean It is located in the Fengxian-Taibai (or Fengtai) area [5] and is characterized by closerelationships between the metallogenesis and depositionof siliceous strata Previous work [1 4] considered thesiliceous rocks of the Bafangshan-Erlihe ore deposit to be ofhydrothermal genesis however ignoring the mineralogicalcharacteristics evolution mechanism of the hydrothermalwater and relationship between these siliceous rocks andtheir associated metal sulphides In addition the mechanismof hydrothermal convection necessary for the deposition ofthe siliceous rocks remained uncertain and whether thereare similarities to the published literature [21 22] has to beconfirmedThe aimof this paper is to study the characteristicsof temporal and spatial distribution of the siliceous rocks inthe COB their microfabric and geochemical characteristicsand to present a model that incorporates the contribution

of different geological processes during the deposition ofhydrothermal silica and sulphide

2 Geological Setting andPetrological Characteristics

21 Geological Setting The COB has a complex tectonicevolution evidenced by the diversity in the eastern andwestern Qinling orogenic belts The mainland of the presentChina is originated from the matching of several Neopaleo-zoic landmasses (Figure 1(a)) These blocks are Sino-KoreanSonnen Northern Qiangtang Cathaysian Tarim Yangtzeand so forth The COB is located in the middle of Chinaand separated the Sino-Korean craton and Yangtze blockon its north and south (Figure 1(b)) This orogenic belt ismainly made up of Kunlun Qilian Qinling Dabie and Suluorogenic belts and passes through the provinces of QinghaiGansu Shanxi Henan and Anhui China in northwestdirection (Figure 1(b)) The main feature of the COB isthe Qinling collisional orogenic belt [23] The geologicalevolution of theQingling orogenic belt can be divided into theformation of Precambrian basement from Neoarchaean toMesoproterozoic (Ar

3-Pt2) evolution of plate tectonics from

Neoproterozoic to Middle Triassic (Pt3-T2) and intraconti-

nental orogeny from Mesozoic (Late Triassic) to Cenozoic(Mz(T

3)-Kz) [24] Although thewhole ocean basin ofwestern

Qinling starts from the Early Cambrian rift basin and endsup with the Triassic orogeny [25] the tectonic diversityof geological evolution contributed to the subdivision of awestern section and an eastern section within the Qinlingorogenic belt [26 27] The three tectonic cycles of opening-closing for the western Qinling are Early Cambrian sim EarlyDevonianMiddle Devonian sim Late Carboniferous and EarlyPermian sim Late Triassic [27] while the two tectonic phasesof opening-closing for eastern Qinling are Early Cambrian






Hanzhong

Baoji

Taibai

North Chinaplate

Fengxian

Taibai igneous rock

N

Guji

Hekou

Fengxian


Guochang


Wangjialeng


Erlangping

Xiangzihe

Jiangkou

Geological boundury

FaultSynclinorum

Pb-Zn ore deposit









0 10(km)

Figure 3

106∘ 107∘ 108∘

33∘

34∘

Lueyang





N


Erlihe ore segment

Strata boundry

Fault



Diorite dyke

AB

C

Concealed orebody

0 200(m)

D3

D2





1 phyllite


A998400

B 998400

C998400












1700m

1700m1800m

1800m

1700m

1600m

1500m

1400m

289 ∘45 998400

199∘45998400

A-A998400

B-B998400

C-C998400






Chalcopyrite

Covelline

(a)

Ferrodolomite

Silica

(b)

(c)

04mm

(d)

Calc

02mm

(e)

QtzRQtzR

QtzR

04mm

(f)










2O K2O and


Table1Major

elementanalysis

data(

)for

siliceous

rocksfrom

Bafang

shan-Erlihe

area

NO

Descriptio

nof

samples

SiO

2TiO

2Al 2O

3Fe

2O3

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na 2O

K 2O

P 2O

5LO

ITo

tal

FE001

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7108

000

054

019

108

008

088

1384

001

007

006

1213

9996

FE002

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8916

006

226

010

096

006

077

179

003

057

002

310

9887

FE003

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8113

001

057

023

238

010

147

625

001

011

003

749

9978

FE00

4Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7557

007

196

028

388

012

189

586

003

057

003

885

9911

FE005

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7564

000

019

049

407

013

225

686

001

005

000

975

9943

FE00

6Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7456

022

555

051

240

011

135

606

007

161

006

748

9997

FE007

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8308

006

173

058

264

008

117

409

002

045

002

576

9968

FE008

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

9530

005

098

006

118

012

028

117

015

010

001

059

9997

FB001

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8240

007

288

018

218

010

288

256

004

085

005

464

9883

FB002

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8127

009

400

386

178

012

106

164

007

109

009

526

10033

FB003

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8688

003

123

017

233

012

118

328

002

032

006

496

10058

FB00

4Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8884

008

212

065

048

002

050

356

008

066

005

361

10065

FB005

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8192

013

387

246

185

005

133

346

007

108

004

454

10080

FB00

6Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

9204

004

215

035

166

008

113

072

006

068

006

176

10073

Aver

mdash8410

007

218

069

183

009

114

401

005

059

004

515

9994

lowastlowastSamples

ofFB

001toFB

006arefrom

literature[

1]





2










0

10

20

30

40


Num

ber o

f loc

ality

Pt2 Pt3 120598 S T

Jinni

ng m

ovem

ent

Cale

doni

an m

ovem

ent

Her

cyni

an m

ovem

ent

Indo

sinia

n m

ovem

ent

Yans

han

mov

emen

t









Gansu

N0 300(km)



Qinghai

Shanxi HenanAnhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DB

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

YZB

NCC (SKC)

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘








Table2Major

elem

entsandrelated


siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

NO

SiA

lMnO

TiO

2K 2

ON

a 2O

SiO

2(K

2O+N

2O)

SiO

2Al 2O

3Fe

2O3FeO

SiO

2MgO

Al(Fe

+Al

+Mn)

Al(Al+

Fe)

Al 2O

3(A

l 2O3

+Fe

2O3)

FeTi

(Fe+

Mn)Ti

Al 2O

3TiO

2

FE001

11560

4598

538

85639

13114

018

8114

022

023

074

97208

103145

32494

FE002

3485

096

1962

1491

03954

011

11579

058

059

096

2209

2332

3654

FE003

12568

717

862

6490

314258

009

5523

013

013

072

25088

26014

4264

FE00

43402

172

1962

12638

3860

007

3994

024

024

088

7829

8051

2863

FE005

35465

7852

877

135798

40234

012

3366

003

003

028

350366

360504

11271

FE00

61183

048

2363

4451

1342

021

5535

056

057

092

1698

1760

2542

FE007

4240

143

2059

17490

4811

022

7089

027

027

075

7013

7198

2958

FE008

8537

259

064

3873

89685

005

34653

033

035

094

3548

3883

2185

FB001

2522

143

2125

9258

2861

008

2861

045

046

094

4337

4521

4114

FB002

1791

133

1557

7006

2032

217

7667

034

034

051

7567

7740

4444

FB003

6226

400

1600

25553

7063

007

7363

024

025

088

1072

911245

4100

FB00

43694

025

825

12005

4191

135

1776

8057

058

077

1726

1758

2650

FB005

1866

038

1543

7123

2117

133

6159

039

039

061

4052

4102

2977

FB00

63774

200

1133

12438

4281

021

8145

042

043

086

6400

6659

5375

Aver

5427

528

1381

2696

76156

044

13670

036

037

082

13205

13887

5620

lowastlowastSamples

FB001toFB

006fro

mliterature[1]




Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(a)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(b)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(c)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(d)






2O3-SiO2


2O3FeO-SiO

2Al2O3and

SiO2(K2O + Na

2O)-MnOTiO





Non hydrotherm

al sed

imentat

ion

Hyd

roth

erm

al se

dim

enta

tion


0 4 8 120

20

40

60

80

100

16 20

I

III

II

SiO2

()

Al2O3 ()

(a)

Mn

Al



I

II

(b)

0 1 2 3 4 50

100

200

300



I

II

SiO2

Al 2

O3

Fe2O3FeO

(c)

00

2

4

6

8



I

II

200 400 600SiO2(K2O + Na2O)

MnO

TiO

2

(d)






2O3(Al2O3




2ONa2Oratios for



01

10

100

1000

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Pelagic region

02 04 06 08 10

Fe2O3T

iO2






2O)










105

105

104

104

103

103102

102 106


Na 2

O +

K2O

(times10

minus6)




I

II






Table3Tracee

lementanalysis



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

NO

ScTi

VCr

Mn

Co

Ni

CuZn

Ga

Ge

RbSr

ZrNb

CsBa

Hf

TaPb

ThU

YTiV

VY

UTh

ScTh

V(V

+Ni)

VC

rNiC

oSrBa

FE001

108

2668

336

526

42330

098

357

1109

4493

042

194

221

1614

014

0009

101

21400

003

000

1467

093

007

792

793

042

007

116

049

064

363

075

FE002

094

29300

1207

1276

17230

2176

2901

361

4873

0407

1423

1640

1782

2463

155

118

12680

020

007

163520

099

021

082

2428

1479

021

094

029

095

133

014

FE003

008

9310

381

1546

74810

196

848

784

6658

045

607

450

6167

2625

109

071

21420

011

003

2545

030

011

186

2442

205

036

025

031

025

432

029

FE00

416

04312

01538

1703

39850

1753

2435

11140

775760

349

1428

2418

2962

379

039

073

3190

0053

011

103520

143

153

220

2804

699

107

112

039

090

139

009

FE005

166

1014

01216

1095

121900

318

475

14030

42680

206

318

1153

12410

1345

300

018

4245

008

002

195340

012

017

1009

834

121

143

1385

072

111

150

292

FE00

6005

5972

890

896

20340

129

1270

476

1243

030

004

209

35600

1058

080

064

5123

006

001

4870

024

120

340

671

262

491

020

041

099

987

695

FE007

091

26020

1071

1136

49600

1729

1668

1576

0316540

184

817

1333

3300

314

019

021

8051

026

006

88590

095

042

187

2430

574

044

096

039

094

096

041

FE008

104

60090

1383

1524

34550

292

996

4518

12490

228

064

462

7208

1570

141

117

33050

025

013

4873

053

019

403

4345

344

037

197

058

091

341

022

FE00

9015

11010

777

2034

17030

505

880

37640

mdash313

729

712

1063

1337

090

080

2478

0016

003

986580

082

096

049

1417

1576

117

018

047

038

174

004

FE010

147

31270

1305

2367

4894

04348

4874

769100

2210

015

1520

1283

3596

708

036

042

7060

064

009

mdash14

1021

261

2396

500

015

104

021

055

112

051

FE011

114

4113

01370

1668

1473

014320

14530

2099

021410

291

1228

2352

1036

1207

054

026

1596

0029

009

42310

137

032

112

3002

1220

023

083

009

082

101

006

FE012

004

11300

682

2436

2177

0355

1001

3274

113410

125

817

661

1937

1012

100

239

50300

021

003

23550

042

039

081

1658

837

093

010

041

028

282

004

Aver

085

23444

1013

1517

4192

32185

2686

72365

124138

197

679

1075

7767

1180

094

081

19664

023

006

147015

079

048

310

2102

655

097

188

040

073

276

104

lowastmdashoutwith

detectionlim

itsof

theinstrum

ent


00

20

40

60

80

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Ocean basin

1000 2000 3000

V (times

10minus6)

Ti (times10minus6)










119873






2O3(Al2O3

+ Fe2O3)-(LaCe)




3


3



Table4RE

Eanalysisresults



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

No

LaCe

PrNd

SmEu

Gd

TbDy

YHo

ErTm

YbLusumRE

E120575Ce120575Eu

(LaCe)119873

(LaYb

) 119873(LaLu

) 119873FE

001

309

646

086

349

086

038

112

023

136

792

027

075

011

068

010

1975

092

184

100

033

037

FE002

225

320

030

089

015

002

015

002

015

082

003

010

002

013

002

743

090

072

146

133

127

FE003

062

136

019

092

026

007

026

005

033

186

006

018

003

019

003

455

091

128

095

024

027

FE00

4339

553

059

194

032

005

032

006

038

220

009

025

004

029

005

1329

090

068

128

086

083

FE005

091

222

037

194

078

021

112

025

159

1009

034

088

012

065

008

1145

088

105

085

010

013

FE00

618

8321

040

161

033

006

035

006

036

340

007

019

003

017

002

872

085

077

122

084

101

FE007

181

301

034

127

029

002

028

006

033

187

007

021

004

025

004

802

089

028

125

053

050

FE008

224

458

060

249

056

019

058

010

058

403

012

037

006

041

006

1293

091

158

102

041

040

FE00

9072

137

018

082

017

002

016

002

009

049

002

004

001

004

001

366

087

063

110

144

136

FE010

285

474

053

202

048

005

046

008

050

261

011

035

005

039

007

1266

089

047

125

054

047

FE011

351

553

054

160

020

001

019

003

017

112

004

014

002

017

003

1217

093

015

132

152

137

FE012

070

124

014

057

013

002

013

002

012

081

003

008

001

009

002

328

091

060

117

055

053

Aver

200

354

042

163

038

009

043

008

050

310

010

029

004

029

004

983

090

084

116

072

071


ormalized

byPA

AS[44]120575Ceand120575Cec

omefrom

[45]120575Ce=

CeCelowast

=Ce 119873

(La119873timesPr119873)1

2and120575Eu

=Eu

Eulowast

=Eu119873(Sm119873timesGd 119873

)12


Sam

ple

PAA

S

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(a)

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

Sam

ple

PAA

S

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(b)


0 02 040

1

2

3

4

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Deep sea

06 08 1Al2O3(Al2O3 + Fe2O3)

(La

Ce)

N





1-zone for the

carbonate ions (CO3


4-zone at






FG

20120583m

(a)

A

B

CDE

20120583m

(b)

Inte

nsity

(au

)

200

1608

1186

11121091

840

722

464

280

(G)(F)

(E)(D)

(C)(B)(A)


(c)


450

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

70727476788082

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

455 460 465 470 475 480 485


FWH

M(c

mminus1)

C D E F G





1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

66687072747678808284

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

A-FWHM = 761

B-FWHM = 720

E-FWHM = 707

FWH

M(c

mminus1)

A B E







20

0500

1000150020002500300035004000450050005500600065007000

Inte

nsity

(au

)

40 60 802120579 (∘)

2120579=2088d=425

2120579=2668d=334

2120579=3090d=289

2120579=3658d=245

2120579=3950d=228 2120579=4032d=224

2120579=4248d=213 2120579

=5535d=166

2120579=5998d=154

2120579=6404d=145

2120579=6776d=138

2120579=6832d=137

2120579=7350d=129

2120579=7569d=126

2120579=7770d=123

2120579=8148d=118

2120579=8384d=115

2120579=7592d=125

2120579=7992d=120

2120579=4584d=198

2120579=5016d=182

2120579=5491d=167

(a)In

tens

ity (a

u)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

2

20 40 60 802120579 (∘)

QtzQtzs

n Overlap

(b)





5 Discussion



Carb

Ms

150120583m

(a)

Carb

Ms

150120583m

(b)

Carb

50120583m

(c)

Pyr

30120583m

(d)











2O3(Al2O3+ Fe2O3)


119873 and (LaLu)

119873 demonstrate


2ONa2O SiO

2(K2O + Na

2O) and



NCYZ WQL


Silica




N

Terrigenous input


Sea water Sea water



1205903

1205903

1205903













6 Conclusions





119873









Acknowledgments


References






















































































2multiple
















































Hanzhong

Baoji

Taibai

North Chinaplate

Fengxian

Taibai igneous rock

N

Guji

Hekou

Fengxian


Guochang


Wangjialeng


Erlangping

Xiangzihe

Jiangkou

Geological boundury

FaultSynclinorum

Pb-Zn ore deposit









0 10(km)

Figure 3

106∘ 107∘ 108∘

33∘

34∘

Lueyang





N


Erlihe ore segment

Strata boundry

Fault



Diorite dyke

AB

C

Concealed orebody

0 200(m)

D3

D2





1 phyllite


A998400

B 998400

C998400












1700m

1700m1800m

1800m

1700m

1600m

1500m

1400m

289 ∘45 998400

199∘45998400

A-A998400

B-B998400

C-C998400






Chalcopyrite

Covelline

(a)

Ferrodolomite

Silica

(b)

(c)

04mm

(d)

Calc

02mm

(e)

QtzRQtzR

QtzR

04mm

(f)










2O K2O and


Table1Major

elementanalysis

data(

)for

siliceous

rocksfrom

Bafang

shan-Erlihe

area

NO

Descriptio

nof

samples

SiO

2TiO

2Al 2O

3Fe

2O3

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na 2O

K 2O

P 2O

5LO

ITo

tal

FE001

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7108

000

054

019

108

008

088

1384

001

007

006

1213

9996

FE002

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8916

006

226

010

096

006

077

179

003

057

002

310

9887

FE003

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8113

001

057

023

238

010

147

625

001

011

003

749

9978

FE00

4Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7557

007

196

028

388

012

189

586

003

057

003

885

9911

FE005

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7564

000

019

049

407

013

225

686

001

005

000

975

9943

FE00

6Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7456

022

555

051

240

011

135

606

007

161

006

748

9997

FE007

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8308

006

173

058

264

008

117

409

002

045

002

576

9968

FE008

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

9530

005

098

006

118

012

028

117

015

010

001

059

9997

FB001

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8240

007

288

018

218

010

288

256

004

085

005

464

9883

FB002

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8127

009

400

386

178

012

106

164

007

109

009

526

10033

FB003

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8688

003

123

017

233

012

118

328

002

032

006

496

10058

FB00

4Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8884

008

212

065

048

002

050

356

008

066

005

361

10065

FB005

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8192

013

387

246

185

005

133

346

007

108

004

454

10080

FB00

6Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

9204

004

215

035

166

008

113

072

006

068

006

176

10073

Aver

mdash8410

007

218

069

183

009

114

401

005

059

004

515

9994

lowastlowastSamples

ofFB

001toFB

006arefrom

literature[

1]





2










0

10

20

30

40


Num

ber o

f loc

ality

Pt2 Pt3 120598 S T

Jinni

ng m

ovem

ent

Cale

doni

an m

ovem

ent

Her

cyni

an m

ovem

ent

Indo

sinia

n m

ovem

ent

Yans

han

mov

emen

t









Gansu

N0 300(km)



Qinghai

Shanxi HenanAnhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DB

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

YZB

NCC (SKC)

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘








Table2Major

elem

entsandrelated


siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

NO

SiA

lMnO

TiO

2K 2

ON

a 2O

SiO

2(K

2O+N

2O)

SiO

2Al 2O

3Fe

2O3FeO

SiO

2MgO

Al(Fe

+Al

+Mn)

Al(Al+

Fe)

Al 2O

3(A

l 2O3

+Fe

2O3)

FeTi

(Fe+

Mn)Ti

Al 2O

3TiO

2

FE001

11560

4598

538

85639

13114

018

8114

022

023

074

97208

103145

32494

FE002

3485

096

1962

1491

03954

011

11579

058

059

096

2209

2332

3654

FE003

12568

717

862

6490

314258

009

5523

013

013

072

25088

26014

4264

FE00

43402

172

1962

12638

3860

007

3994

024

024

088

7829

8051

2863

FE005

35465

7852

877

135798

40234

012

3366

003

003

028

350366

360504

11271

FE00

61183

048

2363

4451

1342

021

5535

056

057

092

1698

1760

2542

FE007

4240

143

2059

17490

4811

022

7089

027

027

075

7013

7198

2958

FE008

8537

259

064

3873

89685

005

34653

033

035

094

3548

3883

2185

FB001

2522

143

2125

9258

2861

008

2861

045

046

094

4337

4521

4114

FB002

1791

133

1557

7006

2032

217

7667

034

034

051

7567

7740

4444

FB003

6226

400

1600

25553

7063

007

7363

024

025

088

1072

911245

4100

FB00

43694

025

825

12005

4191

135

1776

8057

058

077

1726

1758

2650

FB005

1866

038

1543

7123

2117

133

6159

039

039

061

4052

4102

2977

FB00

63774

200

1133

12438

4281

021

8145

042

043

086

6400

6659

5375

Aver

5427

528

1381

2696

76156

044

13670

036

037

082

13205

13887

5620

lowastlowastSamples

FB001toFB

006fro

mliterature[1]




Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(a)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(b)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(c)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(d)






2O3-SiO2


2O3FeO-SiO

2Al2O3and

SiO2(K2O + Na

2O)-MnOTiO





Non hydrotherm

al sed

imentat

ion

Hyd

roth

erm

al se

dim

enta

tion


0 4 8 120

20

40

60

80

100

16 20

I

III

II

SiO2

()

Al2O3 ()

(a)

Mn

Al



I

II

(b)

0 1 2 3 4 50

100

200

300



I

II

SiO2

Al 2

O3

Fe2O3FeO

(c)

00

2

4

6

8



I

II

200 400 600SiO2(K2O + Na2O)

MnO

TiO

2

(d)






2O3(Al2O3




2ONa2Oratios for



01

10

100

1000

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Pelagic region

02 04 06 08 10

Fe2O3T

iO2






2O)










105

105

104

104

103

103102

102 106


Na 2

O +

K2O

(times10

minus6)




I

II






Table3Tracee

lementanalysis



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

NO

ScTi

VCr

Mn

Co

Ni

CuZn

Ga

Ge

RbSr

ZrNb

CsBa

Hf

TaPb

ThU

YTiV

VY

UTh

ScTh

V(V

+Ni)

VC

rNiC

oSrBa

FE001

108

2668

336

526

42330

098

357

1109

4493

042

194

221

1614

014

0009

101

21400

003

000

1467

093

007

792

793

042

007

116

049

064

363

075

FE002

094

29300

1207

1276

17230

2176

2901

361

4873

0407

1423

1640

1782

2463

155

118

12680

020

007

163520

099

021

082

2428

1479

021

094

029

095

133

014

FE003

008

9310

381

1546

74810

196

848

784

6658

045

607

450

6167

2625

109

071

21420

011

003

2545

030

011

186

2442

205

036

025

031

025

432

029

FE00

416

04312

01538

1703

39850

1753

2435

11140

775760

349

1428

2418

2962

379

039

073

3190

0053

011

103520

143

153

220

2804

699

107

112

039

090

139

009

FE005

166

1014

01216

1095

121900

318

475

14030

42680

206

318

1153

12410

1345

300

018

4245

008

002

195340

012

017

1009

834

121

143

1385

072

111

150

292

FE00

6005

5972

890

896

20340

129

1270

476

1243

030

004

209

35600

1058

080

064

5123

006

001

4870

024

120

340

671

262

491

020

041

099

987

695

FE007

091

26020

1071

1136

49600

1729

1668

1576

0316540

184

817

1333

3300

314

019

021

8051

026

006

88590

095

042

187

2430

574

044

096

039

094

096

041

FE008

104

60090

1383

1524

34550

292

996

4518

12490

228

064

462

7208

1570

141

117

33050

025

013

4873

053

019

403

4345

344

037

197

058

091

341

022

FE00

9015

11010

777

2034

17030

505

880

37640

mdash313

729

712

1063

1337

090

080

2478

0016

003

986580

082

096

049

1417

1576

117

018

047

038

174

004

FE010

147

31270

1305

2367

4894

04348

4874

769100

2210

015

1520

1283

3596

708

036

042

7060

064

009

mdash14

1021

261

2396

500

015

104

021

055

112

051

FE011

114

4113

01370

1668

1473

014320

14530

2099

021410

291

1228

2352

1036

1207

054

026

1596

0029

009

42310

137

032

112

3002

1220

023

083

009

082

101

006

FE012

004

11300

682

2436

2177

0355

1001

3274

113410

125

817

661

1937

1012

100

239

50300

021

003

23550

042

039

081

1658

837

093

010

041

028

282

004

Aver

085

23444

1013

1517

4192

32185

2686

72365

124138

197

679

1075

7767

1180

094

081

19664

023

006

147015

079

048

310

2102

655

097

188

040

073

276

104

lowastmdashoutwith

detectionlim

itsof

theinstrum

ent


00

20

40

60

80

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Ocean basin

1000 2000 3000

V (times

10minus6)

Ti (times10minus6)










119873






2O3(Al2O3

+ Fe2O3)-(LaCe)




3


3



Table4RE

Eanalysisresults



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

No

LaCe

PrNd

SmEu

Gd

TbDy

YHo

ErTm

YbLusumRE

E120575Ce120575Eu

(LaCe)119873

(LaYb

) 119873(LaLu

) 119873FE

001

309

646

086

349

086

038

112

023

136

792

027

075

011

068

010

1975

092

184

100

033

037

FE002

225

320

030

089

015

002

015

002

015

082

003

010

002

013

002

743

090

072

146

133

127

FE003

062

136

019

092

026

007

026

005

033

186

006

018

003

019

003

455

091

128

095

024

027

FE00

4339

553

059

194

032

005

032

006

038

220

009

025

004

029

005

1329

090

068

128

086

083

FE005

091

222

037

194

078

021

112

025

159

1009

034

088

012

065

008

1145

088

105

085

010

013

FE00

618

8321

040

161

033

006

035

006

036

340

007

019

003

017

002

872

085

077

122

084

101

FE007

181

301

034

127

029

002

028

006

033

187

007

021

004

025

004

802

089

028

125

053

050

FE008

224

458

060

249

056

019

058

010

058

403

012

037

006

041

006

1293

091

158

102

041

040

FE00

9072

137

018

082

017

002

016

002

009

049

002

004

001

004

001

366

087

063

110

144

136

FE010

285

474

053

202

048

005

046

008

050

261

011

035

005

039

007

1266

089

047

125

054

047

FE011

351

553

054

160

020

001

019

003

017

112

004

014

002

017

003

1217

093

015

132

152

137

FE012

070

124

014

057

013

002

013

002

012

081

003

008

001

009

002

328

091

060

117

055

053

Aver

200

354

042

163

038

009

043

008

050

310

010

029

004

029

004

983

090

084

116

072

071


ormalized

byPA

AS[44]120575Ceand120575Cec

omefrom

[45]120575Ce=

CeCelowast

=Ce 119873

(La119873timesPr119873)1

2and120575Eu

=Eu

Eulowast

=Eu119873(Sm119873timesGd 119873

)12


Sam

ple

PAA

S

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(a)

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

Sam

ple

PAA

S

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(b)


0 02 040

1

2

3

4

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Deep sea

06 08 1Al2O3(Al2O3 + Fe2O3)

(La

Ce)

N





1-zone for the

carbonate ions (CO3


4-zone at






FG

20120583m

(a)

A

B

CDE

20120583m

(b)

Inte

nsity

(au

)

200

1608

1186

11121091

840

722

464

280

(G)(F)

(E)(D)

(C)(B)(A)


(c)


450

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

70727476788082

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

455 460 465 470 475 480 485


FWH

M(c

mminus1)

C D E F G





1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

66687072747678808284

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

A-FWHM = 761

B-FWHM = 720

E-FWHM = 707

FWH

M(c

mminus1)

A B E







20

0500

1000150020002500300035004000450050005500600065007000

Inte

nsity

(au

)

40 60 802120579 (∘)

2120579=2088d=425

2120579=2668d=334

2120579=3090d=289

2120579=3658d=245

2120579=3950d=228 2120579=4032d=224

2120579=4248d=213 2120579

=5535d=166

2120579=5998d=154

2120579=6404d=145

2120579=6776d=138

2120579=6832d=137

2120579=7350d=129

2120579=7569d=126

2120579=7770d=123

2120579=8148d=118

2120579=8384d=115

2120579=7592d=125

2120579=7992d=120

2120579=4584d=198

2120579=5016d=182

2120579=5491d=167

(a)In

tens

ity (a

u)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

2

20 40 60 802120579 (∘)

QtzQtzs

n Overlap

(b)





5 Discussion



Carb

Ms

150120583m

(a)

Carb

Ms

150120583m

(b)

Carb

50120583m

(c)

Pyr

30120583m

(d)











2O3(Al2O3+ Fe2O3)


119873 and (LaLu)

119873 demonstrate


2ONa2O SiO

2(K2O + Na

2O) and



NCYZ WQL


Silica




N

Terrigenous input


Sea water Sea water



1205903

1205903

1205903













6 Conclusions





119873









Acknowledgments


References






















































































2multiple



















































1700m

1700m1800m

1800m

1700m

1600m

1500m

1400m

289 ∘45 998400

199∘45998400

A-A998400

B-B998400

C-C998400






Chalcopyrite

Covelline

(a)

Ferrodolomite

Silica

(b)

(c)

04mm

(d)

Calc

02mm

(e)

QtzRQtzR

QtzR

04mm

(f)










2O K2O and


Table1Major

elementanalysis

data(

)for

siliceous

rocksfrom

Bafang

shan-Erlihe

area

NO

Descriptio

nof

samples

SiO

2TiO

2Al 2O

3Fe

2O3

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na 2O

K 2O

P 2O

5LO

ITo

tal

FE001

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7108

000

054

019

108

008

088

1384

001

007

006

1213

9996

FE002

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8916

006

226

010

096

006

077

179

003

057

002

310

9887

FE003

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8113

001

057

023

238

010

147

625

001

011

003

749

9978

FE00

4Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7557

007

196

028

388

012

189

586

003

057

003

885

9911

FE005

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7564

000

019

049

407

013

225

686

001

005

000

975

9943

FE00

6Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7456

022

555

051

240

011

135

606

007

161

006

748

9997

FE007

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8308

006

173

058

264

008

117

409

002

045

002

576

9968

FE008

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

9530

005

098

006

118

012

028

117

015

010

001

059

9997

FB001

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8240

007

288

018

218

010

288

256

004

085

005

464

9883

FB002

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8127

009

400

386

178

012

106

164

007

109

009

526

10033

FB003

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8688

003

123

017

233

012

118

328

002

032

006

496

10058

FB00

4Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8884

008

212

065

048

002

050

356

008

066

005

361

10065

FB005

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8192

013

387

246

185

005

133

346

007

108

004

454

10080

FB00

6Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

9204

004

215

035

166

008

113

072

006

068

006

176

10073

Aver

mdash8410

007

218

069

183

009

114

401

005

059

004

515

9994

lowastlowastSamples

ofFB

001toFB

006arefrom

literature[

1]





2










0

10

20

30

40


Num

ber o

f loc

ality

Pt2 Pt3 120598 S T

Jinni

ng m

ovem

ent

Cale

doni

an m

ovem

ent

Her

cyni

an m

ovem

ent

Indo

sinia

n m

ovem

ent

Yans

han

mov

emen

t









Gansu

N0 300(km)



Qinghai

Shanxi HenanAnhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DB

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

YZB

NCC (SKC)

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘








Table2Major

elem

entsandrelated


siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

NO

SiA

lMnO

TiO

2K 2

ON

a 2O

SiO

2(K

2O+N

2O)

SiO

2Al 2O

3Fe

2O3FeO

SiO

2MgO

Al(Fe

+Al

+Mn)

Al(Al+

Fe)

Al 2O

3(A

l 2O3

+Fe

2O3)

FeTi

(Fe+

Mn)Ti

Al 2O

3TiO

2

FE001

11560

4598

538

85639

13114

018

8114

022

023

074

97208

103145

32494

FE002

3485

096

1962

1491

03954

011

11579

058

059

096

2209

2332

3654

FE003

12568

717

862

6490

314258

009

5523

013

013

072

25088

26014

4264

FE00

43402

172

1962

12638

3860

007

3994

024

024

088

7829

8051

2863

FE005

35465

7852

877

135798

40234

012

3366

003

003

028

350366

360504

11271

FE00

61183

048

2363

4451

1342

021

5535

056

057

092

1698

1760

2542

FE007

4240

143

2059

17490

4811

022

7089

027

027

075

7013

7198

2958

FE008

8537

259

064

3873

89685

005

34653

033

035

094

3548

3883

2185

FB001

2522

143

2125

9258

2861

008

2861

045

046

094

4337

4521

4114

FB002

1791

133

1557

7006

2032

217

7667

034

034

051

7567

7740

4444

FB003

6226

400

1600

25553

7063

007

7363

024

025

088

1072

911245

4100

FB00

43694

025

825

12005

4191

135

1776

8057

058

077

1726

1758

2650

FB005

1866

038

1543

7123

2117

133

6159

039

039

061

4052

4102

2977

FB00

63774

200

1133

12438

4281

021

8145

042

043

086

6400

6659

5375

Aver

5427

528

1381

2696

76156

044

13670

036

037

082

13205

13887

5620

lowastlowastSamples

FB001toFB

006fro

mliterature[1]




Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(a)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(b)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(c)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(d)






2O3-SiO2


2O3FeO-SiO

2Al2O3and

SiO2(K2O + Na

2O)-MnOTiO





Non hydrotherm

al sed

imentat

ion

Hyd

roth

erm

al se

dim

enta

tion


0 4 8 120

20

40

60

80

100

16 20

I

III

II

SiO2

()

Al2O3 ()

(a)

Mn

Al



I

II

(b)

0 1 2 3 4 50

100

200

300



I

II

SiO2

Al 2

O3

Fe2O3FeO

(c)

00

2

4

6

8



I

II

200 400 600SiO2(K2O + Na2O)

MnO

TiO

2

(d)






2O3(Al2O3




2ONa2Oratios for



01

10

100

1000

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Pelagic region

02 04 06 08 10

Fe2O3T

iO2






2O)










105

105

104

104

103

103102

102 106


Na 2

O +

K2O

(times10

minus6)




I

II






Table3Tracee

lementanalysis



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

NO

ScTi

VCr

Mn

Co

Ni

CuZn

Ga

Ge

RbSr

ZrNb

CsBa

Hf

TaPb

ThU

YTiV

VY

UTh

ScTh

V(V

+Ni)

VC

rNiC

oSrBa

FE001

108

2668

336

526

42330

098

357

1109

4493

042

194

221

1614

014

0009

101

21400

003

000

1467

093

007

792

793

042

007

116

049

064

363

075

FE002

094

29300

1207

1276

17230

2176

2901

361

4873

0407

1423

1640

1782

2463

155

118

12680

020

007

163520

099

021

082

2428

1479

021

094

029

095

133

014

FE003

008

9310

381

1546

74810

196

848

784

6658

045

607

450

6167

2625

109

071

21420

011

003

2545

030

011

186

2442

205

036

025

031

025

432

029

FE00

416

04312

01538

1703

39850

1753

2435

11140

775760

349

1428

2418

2962

379

039

073

3190

0053

011

103520

143

153

220

2804

699

107

112

039

090

139

009

FE005

166

1014

01216

1095

121900

318

475

14030

42680

206

318

1153

12410

1345

300

018

4245

008

002

195340

012

017

1009

834

121

143

1385

072

111

150

292

FE00

6005

5972

890

896

20340

129

1270

476

1243

030

004

209

35600

1058

080

064

5123

006

001

4870

024

120

340

671

262

491

020

041

099

987

695

FE007

091

26020

1071

1136

49600

1729

1668

1576

0316540

184

817

1333

3300

314

019

021

8051

026

006

88590

095

042

187

2430

574

044

096

039

094

096

041

FE008

104

60090

1383

1524

34550

292

996

4518

12490

228

064

462

7208

1570

141

117

33050

025

013

4873

053

019

403

4345

344

037

197

058

091

341

022

FE00

9015

11010

777

2034

17030

505

880

37640

mdash313

729

712

1063

1337

090

080

2478

0016

003

986580

082

096

049

1417

1576

117

018

047

038

174

004

FE010

147

31270

1305

2367

4894

04348

4874

769100

2210

015

1520

1283

3596

708

036

042

7060

064

009

mdash14

1021

261

2396

500

015

104

021

055

112

051

FE011

114

4113

01370

1668

1473

014320

14530

2099

021410

291

1228

2352

1036

1207

054

026

1596

0029

009

42310

137

032

112

3002

1220

023

083

009

082

101

006

FE012

004

11300

682

2436

2177

0355

1001

3274

113410

125

817

661

1937

1012

100

239

50300

021

003

23550

042

039

081

1658

837

093

010

041

028

282

004

Aver

085

23444

1013

1517

4192

32185

2686

72365

124138

197

679

1075

7767

1180

094

081

19664

023

006

147015

079

048

310

2102

655

097

188

040

073

276

104

lowastmdashoutwith

detectionlim

itsof

theinstrum

ent


00

20

40

60

80

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Ocean basin

1000 2000 3000

V (times

10minus6)

Ti (times10minus6)










119873






2O3(Al2O3

+ Fe2O3)-(LaCe)




3


3



Table4RE

Eanalysisresults



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

No

LaCe

PrNd

SmEu

Gd

TbDy

YHo

ErTm

YbLusumRE

E120575Ce120575Eu

(LaCe)119873

(LaYb

) 119873(LaLu

) 119873FE

001

309

646

086

349

086

038

112

023

136

792

027

075

011

068

010

1975

092

184

100

033

037

FE002

225

320

030

089

015

002

015

002

015

082

003

010

002

013

002

743

090

072

146

133

127

FE003

062

136

019

092

026

007

026

005

033

186

006

018

003

019

003

455

091

128

095

024

027

FE00

4339

553

059

194

032

005

032

006

038

220

009

025

004

029

005

1329

090

068

128

086

083

FE005

091

222

037

194

078

021

112

025

159

1009

034

088

012

065

008

1145

088

105

085

010

013

FE00

618

8321

040

161

033

006

035

006

036

340

007

019

003

017

002

872

085

077

122

084

101

FE007

181

301

034

127

029

002

028

006

033

187

007

021

004

025

004

802

089

028

125

053

050

FE008

224

458

060

249

056

019

058

010

058

403

012

037

006

041

006

1293

091

158

102

041

040

FE00

9072

137

018

082

017

002

016

002

009

049

002

004

001

004

001

366

087

063

110

144

136

FE010

285

474

053

202

048

005

046

008

050

261

011

035

005

039

007

1266

089

047

125

054

047

FE011

351

553

054

160

020

001

019

003

017

112

004

014

002

017

003

1217

093

015

132

152

137

FE012

070

124

014

057

013

002

013

002

012

081

003

008

001

009

002

328

091

060

117

055

053

Aver

200

354

042

163

038

009

043

008

050

310

010

029

004

029

004

983

090

084

116

072

071


ormalized

byPA

AS[44]120575Ceand120575Cec

omefrom

[45]120575Ce=

CeCelowast

=Ce 119873

(La119873timesPr119873)1

2and120575Eu

=Eu

Eulowast

=Eu119873(Sm119873timesGd 119873

)12


Sam

ple

PAA

S

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(a)

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

Sam

ple

PAA

S

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(b)


0 02 040

1

2

3

4

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Deep sea

06 08 1Al2O3(Al2O3 + Fe2O3)

(La

Ce)

N





1-zone for the

carbonate ions (CO3


4-zone at






FG

20120583m

(a)

A

B

CDE

20120583m

(b)

Inte

nsity

(au

)

200

1608

1186

11121091

840

722

464

280

(G)(F)

(E)(D)

(C)(B)(A)


(c)


450

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

70727476788082

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

455 460 465 470 475 480 485


FWH

M(c

mminus1)

C D E F G





1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

66687072747678808284

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

A-FWHM = 761

B-FWHM = 720

E-FWHM = 707

FWH

M(c

mminus1)

A B E







20

0500

1000150020002500300035004000450050005500600065007000

Inte

nsity

(au

)

40 60 802120579 (∘)

2120579=2088d=425

2120579=2668d=334

2120579=3090d=289

2120579=3658d=245

2120579=3950d=228 2120579=4032d=224

2120579=4248d=213 2120579

=5535d=166

2120579=5998d=154

2120579=6404d=145

2120579=6776d=138

2120579=6832d=137

2120579=7350d=129

2120579=7569d=126

2120579=7770d=123

2120579=8148d=118

2120579=8384d=115

2120579=7592d=125

2120579=7992d=120

2120579=4584d=198

2120579=5016d=182

2120579=5491d=167

(a)In

tens

ity (a

u)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

2

20 40 60 802120579 (∘)

QtzQtzs

n Overlap

(b)





5 Discussion



Carb

Ms

150120583m

(a)

Carb

Ms

150120583m

(b)

Carb

50120583m

(c)

Pyr

30120583m

(d)











2O3(Al2O3+ Fe2O3)


119873 and (LaLu)

119873 demonstrate


2ONa2O SiO

2(K2O + Na

2O) and



NCYZ WQL


Silica




N

Terrigenous input


Sea water Sea water



1205903

1205903

1205903













6 Conclusions





119873









Acknowledgments


References






















































































2multiple












































Chalcopyrite

Covelline

(a)

Ferrodolomite

Silica

(b)

(c)

04mm

(d)

Calc

02mm

(e)

QtzRQtzR

QtzR

04mm

(f)










2O K2O and


Table1Major

elementanalysis

data(

)for

siliceous

rocksfrom

Bafang

shan-Erlihe

area

NO

Descriptio

nof

samples

SiO

2TiO

2Al 2O

3Fe

2O3

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na 2O

K 2O

P 2O

5LO

ITo

tal

FE001

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7108

000

054

019

108

008

088

1384

001

007

006

1213

9996

FE002

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8916

006

226

010

096

006

077

179

003

057

002

310

9887

FE003

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8113

001

057

023

238

010

147

625

001

011

003

749

9978

FE00

4Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7557

007

196

028

388

012

189

586

003

057

003

885

9911

FE005

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7564

000

019

049

407

013

225

686

001

005

000

975

9943

FE00

6Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7456

022

555

051

240

011

135

606

007

161

006

748

9997

FE007

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8308

006

173

058

264

008

117

409

002

045

002

576

9968

FE008

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

9530

005

098

006

118

012

028

117

015

010

001

059

9997

FB001

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8240

007

288

018

218

010

288

256

004

085

005

464

9883

FB002

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8127

009

400

386

178

012

106

164

007

109

009

526

10033

FB003

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8688

003

123

017

233

012

118

328

002

032

006

496

10058

FB00

4Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8884

008

212

065

048

002

050

356

008

066

005

361

10065

FB005

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8192

013

387

246

185

005

133

346

007

108

004

454

10080

FB00

6Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

9204

004

215

035

166

008

113

072

006

068

006

176

10073

Aver

mdash8410

007

218

069

183

009

114

401

005

059

004

515

9994

lowastlowastSamples

ofFB

001toFB

006arefrom

literature[

1]





2










0

10

20

30

40


Num

ber o

f loc

ality

Pt2 Pt3 120598 S T

Jinni

ng m

ovem

ent

Cale

doni

an m

ovem

ent

Her

cyni

an m

ovem

ent

Indo

sinia

n m

ovem

ent

Yans

han

mov

emen

t









Gansu

N0 300(km)



Qinghai

Shanxi HenanAnhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DB

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

YZB

NCC (SKC)

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘








Table2Major

elem

entsandrelated


siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

NO

SiA

lMnO

TiO

2K 2

ON

a 2O

SiO

2(K

2O+N

2O)

SiO

2Al 2O

3Fe

2O3FeO

SiO

2MgO

Al(Fe

+Al

+Mn)

Al(Al+

Fe)

Al 2O

3(A

l 2O3

+Fe

2O3)

FeTi

(Fe+

Mn)Ti

Al 2O

3TiO

2

FE001

11560

4598

538

85639

13114

018

8114

022

023

074

97208

103145

32494

FE002

3485

096

1962

1491

03954

011

11579

058

059

096

2209

2332

3654

FE003

12568

717

862

6490

314258

009

5523

013

013

072

25088

26014

4264

FE00

43402

172

1962

12638

3860

007

3994

024

024

088

7829

8051

2863

FE005

35465

7852

877

135798

40234

012

3366

003

003

028

350366

360504

11271

FE00

61183

048

2363

4451

1342

021

5535

056

057

092

1698

1760

2542

FE007

4240

143

2059

17490

4811

022

7089

027

027

075

7013

7198

2958

FE008

8537

259

064

3873

89685

005

34653

033

035

094

3548

3883

2185

FB001

2522

143

2125

9258

2861

008

2861

045

046

094

4337

4521

4114

FB002

1791

133

1557

7006

2032

217

7667

034

034

051

7567

7740

4444

FB003

6226

400

1600

25553

7063

007

7363

024

025

088

1072

911245

4100

FB00

43694

025

825

12005

4191

135

1776

8057

058

077

1726

1758

2650

FB005

1866

038

1543

7123

2117

133

6159

039

039

061

4052

4102

2977

FB00

63774

200

1133

12438

4281

021

8145

042

043

086

6400

6659

5375

Aver

5427

528

1381

2696

76156

044

13670

036

037

082

13205

13887

5620

lowastlowastSamples

FB001toFB

006fro

mliterature[1]




Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(a)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(b)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(c)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(d)






2O3-SiO2


2O3FeO-SiO

2Al2O3and

SiO2(K2O + Na

2O)-MnOTiO





Non hydrotherm

al sed

imentat

ion

Hyd

roth

erm

al se

dim

enta

tion


0 4 8 120

20

40

60

80

100

16 20

I

III

II

SiO2

()

Al2O3 ()

(a)

Mn

Al



I

II

(b)

0 1 2 3 4 50

100

200

300



I

II

SiO2

Al 2

O3

Fe2O3FeO

(c)

00

2

4

6

8



I

II

200 400 600SiO2(K2O + Na2O)

MnO

TiO

2

(d)






2O3(Al2O3




2ONa2Oratios for



01

10

100

1000

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Pelagic region

02 04 06 08 10

Fe2O3T

iO2






2O)










105

105

104

104

103

103102

102 106


Na 2

O +

K2O

(times10

minus6)




I

II






Table3Tracee

lementanalysis



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

NO

ScTi

VCr

Mn

Co

Ni

CuZn

Ga

Ge

RbSr

ZrNb

CsBa

Hf

TaPb

ThU

YTiV

VY

UTh

ScTh

V(V

+Ni)

VC

rNiC

oSrBa

FE001

108

2668

336

526

42330

098

357

1109

4493

042

194

221

1614

014

0009

101

21400

003

000

1467

093

007

792

793

042

007

116

049

064

363

075

FE002

094

29300

1207

1276

17230

2176

2901

361

4873

0407

1423

1640

1782

2463

155

118

12680

020

007

163520

099

021

082

2428

1479

021

094

029

095

133

014

FE003

008

9310

381

1546

74810

196

848

784

6658

045

607

450

6167

2625

109

071

21420

011

003

2545

030

011

186

2442

205

036

025

031

025

432

029

FE00

416

04312

01538

1703

39850

1753

2435

11140

775760

349

1428

2418

2962

379

039

073

3190

0053

011

103520

143

153

220

2804

699

107

112

039

090

139

009

FE005

166

1014

01216

1095

121900

318

475

14030

42680

206

318

1153

12410

1345

300

018

4245

008

002

195340

012

017

1009

834

121

143

1385

072

111

150

292

FE00

6005

5972

890

896

20340

129

1270

476

1243

030

004

209

35600

1058

080

064

5123

006

001

4870

024

120

340

671

262

491

020

041

099

987

695

FE007

091

26020

1071

1136

49600

1729

1668

1576

0316540

184

817

1333

3300

314

019

021

8051

026

006

88590

095

042

187

2430

574

044

096

039

094

096

041

FE008

104

60090

1383

1524

34550

292

996

4518

12490

228

064

462

7208

1570

141

117

33050

025

013

4873

053

019

403

4345

344

037

197

058

091

341

022

FE00

9015

11010

777

2034

17030

505

880

37640

mdash313

729

712

1063

1337

090

080

2478

0016

003

986580

082

096

049

1417

1576

117

018

047

038

174

004

FE010

147

31270

1305

2367

4894

04348

4874

769100

2210

015

1520

1283

3596

708

036

042

7060

064

009

mdash14

1021

261

2396

500

015

104

021

055

112

051

FE011

114

4113

01370

1668

1473

014320

14530

2099

021410

291

1228

2352

1036

1207

054

026

1596

0029

009

42310

137

032

112

3002

1220

023

083

009

082

101

006

FE012

004

11300

682

2436

2177

0355

1001

3274

113410

125

817

661

1937

1012

100

239

50300

021

003

23550

042

039

081

1658

837

093

010

041

028

282

004

Aver

085

23444

1013

1517

4192

32185

2686

72365

124138

197

679

1075

7767

1180

094

081

19664

023

006

147015

079

048

310

2102

655

097

188

040

073

276

104

lowastmdashoutwith

detectionlim

itsof

theinstrum

ent


00

20

40

60

80

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Ocean basin

1000 2000 3000

V (times

10minus6)

Ti (times10minus6)










119873






2O3(Al2O3

+ Fe2O3)-(LaCe)




3


3



Table4RE

Eanalysisresults



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

No

LaCe

PrNd

SmEu

Gd

TbDy

YHo

ErTm

YbLusumRE

E120575Ce120575Eu

(LaCe)119873

(LaYb

) 119873(LaLu

) 119873FE

001

309

646

086

349

086

038

112

023

136

792

027

075

011

068

010

1975

092

184

100

033

037

FE002

225

320

030

089

015

002

015

002

015

082

003

010

002

013

002

743

090

072

146

133

127

FE003

062

136

019

092

026

007

026

005

033

186

006

018

003

019

003

455

091

128

095

024

027

FE00

4339

553

059

194

032

005

032

006

038

220

009

025

004

029

005

1329

090

068

128

086

083

FE005

091

222

037

194

078

021

112

025

159

1009

034

088

012

065

008

1145

088

105

085

010

013

FE00

618

8321

040

161

033

006

035

006

036

340

007

019

003

017

002

872

085

077

122

084

101

FE007

181

301

034

127

029

002

028

006

033

187

007

021

004

025

004

802

089

028

125

053

050

FE008

224

458

060

249

056

019

058

010

058

403

012

037

006

041

006

1293

091

158

102

041

040

FE00

9072

137

018

082

017

002

016

002

009

049

002

004

001

004

001

366

087

063

110

144

136

FE010

285

474

053

202

048

005

046

008

050

261

011

035

005

039

007

1266

089

047

125

054

047

FE011

351

553

054

160

020

001

019

003

017

112

004

014

002

017

003

1217

093

015

132

152

137

FE012

070

124

014

057

013

002

013

002

012

081

003

008

001

009

002

328

091

060

117

055

053

Aver

200

354

042

163

038

009

043

008

050

310

010

029

004

029

004

983

090

084

116

072

071


ormalized

byPA

AS[44]120575Ceand120575Cec

omefrom

[45]120575Ce=

CeCelowast

=Ce 119873

(La119873timesPr119873)1

2and120575Eu

=Eu

Eulowast

=Eu119873(Sm119873timesGd 119873

)12


Sam

ple

PAA

S

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(a)

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

Sam

ple

PAA

S

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(b)


0 02 040

1

2

3

4

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Deep sea

06 08 1Al2O3(Al2O3 + Fe2O3)

(La

Ce)

N





1-zone for the

carbonate ions (CO3


4-zone at






FG

20120583m

(a)

A

B

CDE

20120583m

(b)

Inte

nsity

(au

)

200

1608

1186

11121091

840

722

464

280

(G)(F)

(E)(D)

(C)(B)(A)


(c)


450

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

70727476788082

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

455 460 465 470 475 480 485


FWH

M(c

mminus1)

C D E F G





1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

66687072747678808284

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

A-FWHM = 761

B-FWHM = 720

E-FWHM = 707

FWH

M(c

mminus1)

A B E







20

0500

1000150020002500300035004000450050005500600065007000

Inte

nsity

(au

)

40 60 802120579 (∘)

2120579=2088d=425

2120579=2668d=334

2120579=3090d=289

2120579=3658d=245

2120579=3950d=228 2120579=4032d=224

2120579=4248d=213 2120579

=5535d=166

2120579=5998d=154

2120579=6404d=145

2120579=6776d=138

2120579=6832d=137

2120579=7350d=129

2120579=7569d=126

2120579=7770d=123

2120579=8148d=118

2120579=8384d=115

2120579=7592d=125

2120579=7992d=120

2120579=4584d=198

2120579=5016d=182

2120579=5491d=167

(a)In

tens

ity (a

u)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

2

20 40 60 802120579 (∘)

QtzQtzs

n Overlap

(b)





5 Discussion



Carb

Ms

150120583m

(a)

Carb

Ms

150120583m

(b)

Carb

50120583m

(c)

Pyr

30120583m

(d)











2O3(Al2O3+ Fe2O3)


119873 and (LaLu)

119873 demonstrate


2ONa2O SiO

2(K2O + Na

2O) and



NCYZ WQL


Silica




N

Terrigenous input


Sea water Sea water



1205903

1205903

1205903













6 Conclusions





119873









Acknowledgments


References






















































































2multiple












































Table1Major

elementanalysis

data(

)for

siliceous

rocksfrom

Bafang

shan-Erlihe

area

NO

Descriptio

nof

samples

SiO

2TiO

2Al 2O

3Fe

2O3

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na 2O

K 2O

P 2O

5LO

ITo

tal

FE001

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7108

000

054

019

108

008

088

1384

001

007

006

1213

9996

FE002

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8916

006

226

010

096

006

077

179

003

057

002

310

9887

FE003

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8113

001

057

023

238

010

147

625

001

011

003

749

9978

FE00

4Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7557

007

196

028

388

012

189

586

003

057

003

885

9911

FE005

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7564

000

019

049

407

013

225

686

001

005

000

975

9943

FE00

6Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

7456

022

555

051

240

011

135

606

007

161

006

748

9997

FE007

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8308

006

173

058

264

008

117

409

002

045

002

576

9968

FE008

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

9530

005

098

006

118

012

028

117

015

010

001

059

9997

FB001

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8240

007

288

018

218

010

288

256

004

085

005

464

9883

FB002

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8127

009

400

386

178

012

106

164

007

109

009

526

10033

FB003

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8688

003

123

017

233

012

118

328

002

032

006

496

10058

FB00

4Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8884

008

212

065

048

002

050

356

008

066

005

361

10065

FB005

Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

8192

013

387

246

185

005

133

346

007

108

004

454

10080

FB00

6Siliceous

rock

with

outm

ineralization

9204

004

215

035

166

008

113

072

006

068

006

176

10073

Aver

mdash8410

007

218

069

183

009

114

401

005

059

004

515

9994

lowastlowastSamples

ofFB

001toFB

006arefrom

literature[

1]





2










0

10

20

30

40


Num

ber o

f loc

ality

Pt2 Pt3 120598 S T

Jinni

ng m

ovem

ent

Cale

doni

an m

ovem

ent

Her

cyni

an m

ovem

ent

Indo

sinia

n m

ovem

ent

Yans

han

mov

emen

t









Gansu

N0 300(km)



Qinghai

Shanxi HenanAnhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DB

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

YZB

NCC (SKC)

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘








Table2Major

elem

entsandrelated


siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

NO

SiA

lMnO

TiO

2K 2

ON

a 2O

SiO

2(K

2O+N

2O)

SiO

2Al 2O

3Fe

2O3FeO

SiO

2MgO

Al(Fe

+Al

+Mn)

Al(Al+

Fe)

Al 2O

3(A

l 2O3

+Fe

2O3)

FeTi

(Fe+

Mn)Ti

Al 2O

3TiO

2

FE001

11560

4598

538

85639

13114

018

8114

022

023

074

97208

103145

32494

FE002

3485

096

1962

1491

03954

011

11579

058

059

096

2209

2332

3654

FE003

12568

717

862

6490

314258

009

5523

013

013

072

25088

26014

4264

FE00

43402

172

1962

12638

3860

007

3994

024

024

088

7829

8051

2863

FE005

35465

7852

877

135798

40234

012

3366

003

003

028

350366

360504

11271

FE00

61183

048

2363

4451

1342

021

5535

056

057

092

1698

1760

2542

FE007

4240

143

2059

17490

4811

022

7089

027

027

075

7013

7198

2958

FE008

8537

259

064

3873

89685

005

34653

033

035

094

3548

3883

2185

FB001

2522

143

2125

9258

2861

008

2861

045

046

094

4337

4521

4114

FB002

1791

133

1557

7006

2032

217

7667

034

034

051

7567

7740

4444

FB003

6226

400

1600

25553

7063

007

7363

024

025

088

1072

911245

4100

FB00

43694

025

825

12005

4191

135

1776

8057

058

077

1726

1758

2650

FB005

1866

038

1543

7123

2117

133

6159

039

039

061

4052

4102

2977

FB00

63774

200

1133

12438

4281

021

8145

042

043

086

6400

6659

5375

Aver

5427

528

1381

2696

76156

044

13670

036

037

082

13205

13887

5620

lowastlowastSamples

FB001toFB

006fro

mliterature[1]




Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(a)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(b)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(c)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(d)






2O3-SiO2


2O3FeO-SiO

2Al2O3and

SiO2(K2O + Na

2O)-MnOTiO





Non hydrotherm

al sed

imentat

ion

Hyd

roth

erm

al se

dim

enta

tion


0 4 8 120

20

40

60

80

100

16 20

I

III

II

SiO2

()

Al2O3 ()

(a)

Mn

Al



I

II

(b)

0 1 2 3 4 50

100

200

300



I

II

SiO2

Al 2

O3

Fe2O3FeO

(c)

00

2

4

6

8



I

II

200 400 600SiO2(K2O + Na2O)

MnO

TiO

2

(d)






2O3(Al2O3




2ONa2Oratios for



01

10

100

1000

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Pelagic region

02 04 06 08 10

Fe2O3T

iO2






2O)










105

105

104

104

103

103102

102 106


Na 2

O +

K2O

(times10

minus6)




I

II






Table3Tracee

lementanalysis



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

NO

ScTi

VCr

Mn

Co

Ni

CuZn

Ga

Ge

RbSr

ZrNb

CsBa

Hf

TaPb

ThU

YTiV

VY

UTh

ScTh

V(V

+Ni)

VC

rNiC

oSrBa

FE001

108

2668

336

526

42330

098

357

1109

4493

042

194

221

1614

014

0009

101

21400

003

000

1467

093

007

792

793

042

007

116

049

064

363

075

FE002

094

29300

1207

1276

17230

2176

2901

361

4873

0407

1423

1640

1782

2463

155

118

12680

020

007

163520

099

021

082

2428

1479

021

094

029

095

133

014

FE003

008

9310

381

1546

74810

196

848

784

6658

045

607

450

6167

2625

109

071

21420

011

003

2545

030

011

186

2442

205

036

025

031

025

432

029

FE00

416

04312

01538

1703

39850

1753

2435

11140

775760

349

1428

2418

2962

379

039

073

3190

0053

011

103520

143

153

220

2804

699

107

112

039

090

139

009

FE005

166

1014

01216

1095

121900

318

475

14030

42680

206

318

1153

12410

1345

300

018

4245

008

002

195340

012

017

1009

834

121

143

1385

072

111

150

292

FE00

6005

5972

890

896

20340

129

1270

476

1243

030

004

209

35600

1058

080

064

5123

006

001

4870

024

120

340

671

262

491

020

041

099

987

695

FE007

091

26020

1071

1136

49600

1729

1668

1576

0316540

184

817

1333

3300

314

019

021

8051

026

006

88590

095

042

187

2430

574

044

096

039

094

096

041

FE008

104

60090

1383

1524

34550

292

996

4518

12490

228

064

462

7208

1570

141

117

33050

025

013

4873

053

019

403

4345

344

037

197

058

091

341

022

FE00

9015

11010

777

2034

17030

505

880

37640

mdash313

729

712

1063

1337

090

080

2478

0016

003

986580

082

096

049

1417

1576

117

018

047

038

174

004

FE010

147

31270

1305

2367

4894

04348

4874

769100

2210

015

1520

1283

3596

708

036

042

7060

064

009

mdash14

1021

261

2396

500

015

104

021

055

112

051

FE011

114

4113

01370

1668

1473

014320

14530

2099

021410

291

1228

2352

1036

1207

054

026

1596

0029

009

42310

137

032

112

3002

1220

023

083

009

082

101

006

FE012

004

11300

682

2436

2177

0355

1001

3274

113410

125

817

661

1937

1012

100

239

50300

021

003

23550

042

039

081

1658

837

093

010

041

028

282

004

Aver

085

23444

1013

1517

4192

32185

2686

72365

124138

197

679

1075

7767

1180

094

081

19664

023

006

147015

079

048

310

2102

655

097

188

040

073

276

104

lowastmdashoutwith

detectionlim

itsof

theinstrum

ent


00

20

40

60

80

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Ocean basin

1000 2000 3000

V (times

10minus6)

Ti (times10minus6)










119873






2O3(Al2O3

+ Fe2O3)-(LaCe)




3


3



Table4RE

Eanalysisresults



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

No

LaCe

PrNd

SmEu

Gd

TbDy

YHo

ErTm

YbLusumRE

E120575Ce120575Eu

(LaCe)119873

(LaYb

) 119873(LaLu

) 119873FE

001

309

646

086

349

086

038

112

023

136

792

027

075

011

068

010

1975

092

184

100

033

037

FE002

225

320

030

089

015

002

015

002

015

082

003

010

002

013

002

743

090

072

146

133

127

FE003

062

136

019

092

026

007

026

005

033

186

006

018

003

019

003

455

091

128

095

024

027

FE00

4339

553

059

194

032

005

032

006

038

220

009

025

004

029

005

1329

090

068

128

086

083

FE005

091

222

037

194

078

021

112

025

159

1009

034

088

012

065

008

1145

088

105

085

010

013

FE00

618

8321

040

161

033

006

035

006

036

340

007

019

003

017

002

872

085

077

122

084

101

FE007

181

301

034

127

029

002

028

006

033

187

007

021

004

025

004

802

089

028

125

053

050

FE008

224

458

060

249

056

019

058

010

058

403

012

037

006

041

006

1293

091

158

102

041

040

FE00

9072

137

018

082

017

002

016

002

009

049

002

004

001

004

001

366

087

063

110

144

136

FE010

285

474

053

202

048

005

046

008

050

261

011

035

005

039

007

1266

089

047

125

054

047

FE011

351

553

054

160

020

001

019

003

017

112

004

014

002

017

003

1217

093

015

132

152

137

FE012

070

124

014

057

013

002

013

002

012

081

003

008

001

009

002

328

091

060

117

055

053

Aver

200

354

042

163

038

009

043

008

050

310

010

029

004

029

004

983

090

084

116

072

071


ormalized

byPA

AS[44]120575Ceand120575Cec

omefrom

[45]120575Ce=

CeCelowast

=Ce 119873

(La119873timesPr119873)1

2and120575Eu

=Eu

Eulowast

=Eu119873(Sm119873timesGd 119873

)12


Sam

ple

PAA

S

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(a)

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

Sam

ple

PAA

S

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(b)


0 02 040

1

2

3

4

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Deep sea

06 08 1Al2O3(Al2O3 + Fe2O3)

(La

Ce)

N





1-zone for the

carbonate ions (CO3


4-zone at






FG

20120583m

(a)

A

B

CDE

20120583m

(b)

Inte

nsity

(au

)

200

1608

1186

11121091

840

722

464

280

(G)(F)

(E)(D)

(C)(B)(A)


(c)


450

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

70727476788082

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

455 460 465 470 475 480 485


FWH

M(c

mminus1)

C D E F G





1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

66687072747678808284

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

A-FWHM = 761

B-FWHM = 720

E-FWHM = 707

FWH

M(c

mminus1)

A B E







20

0500

1000150020002500300035004000450050005500600065007000

Inte

nsity

(au

)

40 60 802120579 (∘)

2120579=2088d=425

2120579=2668d=334

2120579=3090d=289

2120579=3658d=245

2120579=3950d=228 2120579=4032d=224

2120579=4248d=213 2120579

=5535d=166

2120579=5998d=154

2120579=6404d=145

2120579=6776d=138

2120579=6832d=137

2120579=7350d=129

2120579=7569d=126

2120579=7770d=123

2120579=8148d=118

2120579=8384d=115

2120579=7592d=125

2120579=7992d=120

2120579=4584d=198

2120579=5016d=182

2120579=5491d=167

(a)In

tens

ity (a

u)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

2

20 40 60 802120579 (∘)

QtzQtzs

n Overlap

(b)





5 Discussion



Carb

Ms

150120583m

(a)

Carb

Ms

150120583m

(b)

Carb

50120583m

(c)

Pyr

30120583m

(d)











2O3(Al2O3+ Fe2O3)


119873 and (LaLu)

119873 demonstrate


2ONa2O SiO

2(K2O + Na

2O) and



NCYZ WQL


Silica




N

Terrigenous input


Sea water Sea water



1205903

1205903

1205903













6 Conclusions





119873









Acknowledgments


References






















































































2multiple















































2










0

10

20

30

40


Num

ber o

f loc

ality

Pt2 Pt3 120598 S T

Jinni

ng m

ovem

ent

Cale

doni

an m

ovem

ent

Her

cyni

an m

ovem

ent

Indo

sinia

n m

ovem

ent

Yans

han

mov

emen

t









Gansu

N0 300(km)



Qinghai

Shanxi HenanAnhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DB

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

YZB

NCC (SKC)

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘








Table2Major

elem

entsandrelated


siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

NO

SiA

lMnO

TiO

2K 2

ON

a 2O

SiO

2(K

2O+N

2O)

SiO

2Al 2O

3Fe

2O3FeO

SiO

2MgO

Al(Fe

+Al

+Mn)

Al(Al+

Fe)

Al 2O

3(A

l 2O3

+Fe

2O3)

FeTi

(Fe+

Mn)Ti

Al 2O

3TiO

2

FE001

11560

4598

538

85639

13114

018

8114

022

023

074

97208

103145

32494

FE002

3485

096

1962

1491

03954

011

11579

058

059

096

2209

2332

3654

FE003

12568

717

862

6490

314258

009

5523

013

013

072

25088

26014

4264

FE00

43402

172

1962

12638

3860

007

3994

024

024

088

7829

8051

2863

FE005

35465

7852

877

135798

40234

012

3366

003

003

028

350366

360504

11271

FE00

61183

048

2363

4451

1342

021

5535

056

057

092

1698

1760

2542

FE007

4240

143

2059

17490

4811

022

7089

027

027

075

7013

7198

2958

FE008

8537

259

064

3873

89685

005

34653

033

035

094

3548

3883

2185

FB001

2522

143

2125

9258

2861

008

2861

045

046

094

4337

4521

4114

FB002

1791

133

1557

7006

2032

217

7667

034

034

051

7567

7740

4444

FB003

6226

400

1600

25553

7063

007

7363

024

025

088

1072

911245

4100

FB00

43694

025

825

12005

4191

135

1776

8057

058

077

1726

1758

2650

FB005

1866

038

1543

7123

2117

133

6159

039

039

061

4052

4102

2977

FB00

63774

200

1133

12438

4281

021

8145

042

043

086

6400

6659

5375

Aver

5427

528

1381

2696

76156

044

13670

036

037

082

13205

13887

5620

lowastlowastSamples

FB001toFB

006fro

mliterature[1]




Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(a)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(b)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(c)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(d)






2O3-SiO2


2O3FeO-SiO

2Al2O3and

SiO2(K2O + Na

2O)-MnOTiO





Non hydrotherm

al sed

imentat

ion

Hyd

roth

erm

al se

dim

enta

tion


0 4 8 120

20

40

60

80

100

16 20

I

III

II

SiO2

()

Al2O3 ()

(a)

Mn

Al



I

II

(b)

0 1 2 3 4 50

100

200

300



I

II

SiO2

Al 2

O3

Fe2O3FeO

(c)

00

2

4

6

8



I

II

200 400 600SiO2(K2O + Na2O)

MnO

TiO

2

(d)






2O3(Al2O3




2ONa2Oratios for



01

10

100

1000

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Pelagic region

02 04 06 08 10

Fe2O3T

iO2






2O)










105

105

104

104

103

103102

102 106


Na 2

O +

K2O

(times10

minus6)




I

II






Table3Tracee

lementanalysis



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

NO

ScTi

VCr

Mn

Co

Ni

CuZn

Ga

Ge

RbSr

ZrNb

CsBa

Hf

TaPb

ThU

YTiV

VY

UTh

ScTh

V(V

+Ni)

VC

rNiC

oSrBa

FE001

108

2668

336

526

42330

098

357

1109

4493

042

194

221

1614

014

0009

101

21400

003

000

1467

093

007

792

793

042

007

116

049

064

363

075

FE002

094

29300

1207

1276

17230

2176

2901

361

4873

0407

1423

1640

1782

2463

155

118

12680

020

007

163520

099

021

082

2428

1479

021

094

029

095

133

014

FE003

008

9310

381

1546

74810

196

848

784

6658

045

607

450

6167

2625

109

071

21420

011

003

2545

030

011

186

2442

205

036

025

031

025

432

029

FE00

416

04312

01538

1703

39850

1753

2435

11140

775760

349

1428

2418

2962

379

039

073

3190

0053

011

103520

143

153

220

2804

699

107

112

039

090

139

009

FE005

166

1014

01216

1095

121900

318

475

14030

42680

206

318

1153

12410

1345

300

018

4245

008

002

195340

012

017

1009

834

121

143

1385

072

111

150

292

FE00

6005

5972

890

896

20340

129

1270

476

1243

030

004

209

35600

1058

080

064

5123

006

001

4870

024

120

340

671

262

491

020

041

099

987

695

FE007

091

26020

1071

1136

49600

1729

1668

1576

0316540

184

817

1333

3300

314

019

021

8051

026

006

88590

095

042

187

2430

574

044

096

039

094

096

041

FE008

104

60090

1383

1524

34550

292

996

4518

12490

228

064

462

7208

1570

141

117

33050

025

013

4873

053

019

403

4345

344

037

197

058

091

341

022

FE00

9015

11010

777

2034

17030

505

880

37640

mdash313

729

712

1063

1337

090

080

2478

0016

003

986580

082

096

049

1417

1576

117

018

047

038

174

004

FE010

147

31270

1305

2367

4894

04348

4874

769100

2210

015

1520

1283

3596

708

036

042

7060

064

009

mdash14

1021

261

2396

500

015

104

021

055

112

051

FE011

114

4113

01370

1668

1473

014320

14530

2099

021410

291

1228

2352

1036

1207

054

026

1596

0029

009

42310

137

032

112

3002

1220

023

083

009

082

101

006

FE012

004

11300

682

2436

2177

0355

1001

3274

113410

125

817

661

1937

1012

100

239

50300

021

003

23550

042

039

081

1658

837

093

010

041

028

282

004

Aver

085

23444

1013

1517

4192

32185

2686

72365

124138

197

679

1075

7767

1180

094

081

19664

023

006

147015

079

048

310

2102

655

097

188

040

073

276

104

lowastmdashoutwith

detectionlim

itsof

theinstrum

ent


00

20

40

60

80

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Ocean basin

1000 2000 3000

V (times

10minus6)

Ti (times10minus6)










119873






2O3(Al2O3

+ Fe2O3)-(LaCe)




3


3



Table4RE

Eanalysisresults



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

No

LaCe

PrNd

SmEu

Gd

TbDy

YHo

ErTm

YbLusumRE

E120575Ce120575Eu

(LaCe)119873

(LaYb

) 119873(LaLu

) 119873FE

001

309

646

086

349

086

038

112

023

136

792

027

075

011

068

010

1975

092

184

100

033

037

FE002

225

320

030

089

015

002

015

002

015

082

003

010

002

013

002

743

090

072

146

133

127

FE003

062

136

019

092

026

007

026

005

033

186

006

018

003

019

003

455

091

128

095

024

027

FE00

4339

553

059

194

032

005

032

006

038

220

009

025

004

029

005

1329

090

068

128

086

083

FE005

091

222

037

194

078

021

112

025

159

1009

034

088

012

065

008

1145

088

105

085

010

013

FE00

618

8321

040

161

033

006

035

006

036

340

007

019

003

017

002

872

085

077

122

084

101

FE007

181

301

034

127

029

002

028

006

033

187

007

021

004

025

004

802

089

028

125

053

050

FE008

224

458

060

249

056

019

058

010

058

403

012

037

006

041

006

1293

091

158

102

041

040

FE00

9072

137

018

082

017

002

016

002

009

049

002

004

001

004

001

366

087

063

110

144

136

FE010

285

474

053

202

048

005

046

008

050

261

011

035

005

039

007

1266

089

047

125

054

047

FE011

351

553

054

160

020

001

019

003

017

112

004

014

002

017

003

1217

093

015

132

152

137

FE012

070

124

014

057

013

002

013

002

012

081

003

008

001

009

002

328

091

060

117

055

053

Aver

200

354

042

163

038

009

043

008

050

310

010

029

004

029

004

983

090

084

116

072

071


ormalized

byPA

AS[44]120575Ceand120575Cec

omefrom

[45]120575Ce=

CeCelowast

=Ce 119873

(La119873timesPr119873)1

2and120575Eu

=Eu

Eulowast

=Eu119873(Sm119873timesGd 119873

)12


Sam

ple

PAA

S

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(a)

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

Sam

ple

PAA

S

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(b)


0 02 040

1

2

3

4

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Deep sea

06 08 1Al2O3(Al2O3 + Fe2O3)

(La

Ce)

N





1-zone for the

carbonate ions (CO3


4-zone at






FG

20120583m

(a)

A

B

CDE

20120583m

(b)

Inte

nsity

(au

)

200

1608

1186

11121091

840

722

464

280

(G)(F)

(E)(D)

(C)(B)(A)


(c)


450

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

70727476788082

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

455 460 465 470 475 480 485


FWH

M(c

mminus1)

C D E F G





1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

66687072747678808284

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

A-FWHM = 761

B-FWHM = 720

E-FWHM = 707

FWH

M(c

mminus1)

A B E







20

0500

1000150020002500300035004000450050005500600065007000

Inte

nsity

(au

)

40 60 802120579 (∘)

2120579=2088d=425

2120579=2668d=334

2120579=3090d=289

2120579=3658d=245

2120579=3950d=228 2120579=4032d=224

2120579=4248d=213 2120579

=5535d=166

2120579=5998d=154

2120579=6404d=145

2120579=6776d=138

2120579=6832d=137

2120579=7350d=129

2120579=7569d=126

2120579=7770d=123

2120579=8148d=118

2120579=8384d=115

2120579=7592d=125

2120579=7992d=120

2120579=4584d=198

2120579=5016d=182

2120579=5491d=167

(a)In

tens

ity (a

u)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

2

20 40 60 802120579 (∘)

QtzQtzs

n Overlap

(b)





5 Discussion



Carb

Ms

150120583m

(a)

Carb

Ms

150120583m

(b)

Carb

50120583m

(c)

Pyr

30120583m

(d)











2O3(Al2O3+ Fe2O3)


119873 and (LaLu)

119873 demonstrate


2ONa2O SiO

2(K2O + Na

2O) and



NCYZ WQL


Silica




N

Terrigenous input


Sea water Sea water



1205903

1205903

1205903













6 Conclusions





119873









Acknowledgments


References






















































































2multiple















































Gansu

N0 300(km)



Qinghai

Shanxi HenanAnhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DB

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

YZB

NCC (SKC)

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘








Table2Major

elem

entsandrelated


siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

NO

SiA

lMnO

TiO

2K 2

ON

a 2O

SiO

2(K

2O+N

2O)

SiO

2Al 2O

3Fe

2O3FeO

SiO

2MgO

Al(Fe

+Al

+Mn)

Al(Al+

Fe)

Al 2O

3(A

l 2O3

+Fe

2O3)

FeTi

(Fe+

Mn)Ti

Al 2O

3TiO

2

FE001

11560

4598

538

85639

13114

018

8114

022

023

074

97208

103145

32494

FE002

3485

096

1962

1491

03954

011

11579

058

059

096

2209

2332

3654

FE003

12568

717

862

6490

314258

009

5523

013

013

072

25088

26014

4264

FE00

43402

172

1962

12638

3860

007

3994

024

024

088

7829

8051

2863

FE005

35465

7852

877

135798

40234

012

3366

003

003

028

350366

360504

11271

FE00

61183

048

2363

4451

1342

021

5535

056

057

092

1698

1760

2542

FE007

4240

143

2059

17490

4811

022

7089

027

027

075

7013

7198

2958

FE008

8537

259

064

3873

89685

005

34653

033

035

094

3548

3883

2185

FB001

2522

143

2125

9258

2861

008

2861

045

046

094

4337

4521

4114

FB002

1791

133

1557

7006

2032

217

7667

034

034

051

7567

7740

4444

FB003

6226

400

1600

25553

7063

007

7363

024

025

088

1072

911245

4100

FB00

43694

025

825

12005

4191

135

1776

8057

058

077

1726

1758

2650

FB005

1866

038

1543

7123

2117

133

6159

039

039

061

4052

4102

2977

FB00

63774

200

1133

12438

4281

021

8145

042

043

086

6400

6659

5375

Aver

5427

528

1381

2696

76156

044

13670

036

037

082

13205

13887

5620

lowastlowastSamples

FB001toFB

006fro

mliterature[1]




Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(a)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(b)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(c)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(d)






2O3-SiO2


2O3FeO-SiO

2Al2O3and

SiO2(K2O + Na

2O)-MnOTiO





Non hydrotherm

al sed

imentat

ion

Hyd

roth

erm

al se

dim

enta

tion


0 4 8 120

20

40

60

80

100

16 20

I

III

II

SiO2

()

Al2O3 ()

(a)

Mn

Al



I

II

(b)

0 1 2 3 4 50

100

200

300



I

II

SiO2

Al 2

O3

Fe2O3FeO

(c)

00

2

4

6

8



I

II

200 400 600SiO2(K2O + Na2O)

MnO

TiO

2

(d)






2O3(Al2O3




2ONa2Oratios for



01

10

100

1000

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Pelagic region

02 04 06 08 10

Fe2O3T

iO2






2O)










105

105

104

104

103

103102

102 106


Na 2

O +

K2O

(times10

minus6)




I

II






Table3Tracee

lementanalysis



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

NO

ScTi

VCr

Mn

Co

Ni

CuZn

Ga

Ge

RbSr

ZrNb

CsBa

Hf

TaPb

ThU

YTiV

VY

UTh

ScTh

V(V

+Ni)

VC

rNiC

oSrBa

FE001

108

2668

336

526

42330

098

357

1109

4493

042

194

221

1614

014

0009

101

21400

003

000

1467

093

007

792

793

042

007

116

049

064

363

075

FE002

094

29300

1207

1276

17230

2176

2901

361

4873

0407

1423

1640

1782

2463

155

118

12680

020

007

163520

099

021

082

2428

1479

021

094

029

095

133

014

FE003

008

9310

381

1546

74810

196

848

784

6658

045

607

450

6167

2625

109

071

21420

011

003

2545

030

011

186

2442

205

036

025

031

025

432

029

FE00

416

04312

01538

1703

39850

1753

2435

11140

775760

349

1428

2418

2962

379

039

073

3190

0053

011

103520

143

153

220

2804

699

107

112

039

090

139

009

FE005

166

1014

01216

1095

121900

318

475

14030

42680

206

318

1153

12410

1345

300

018

4245

008

002

195340

012

017

1009

834

121

143

1385

072

111

150

292

FE00

6005

5972

890

896

20340

129

1270

476

1243

030

004

209

35600

1058

080

064

5123

006

001

4870

024

120

340

671

262

491

020

041

099

987

695

FE007

091

26020

1071

1136

49600

1729

1668

1576

0316540

184

817

1333

3300

314

019

021

8051

026

006

88590

095

042

187

2430

574

044

096

039

094

096

041

FE008

104

60090

1383

1524

34550

292

996

4518

12490

228

064

462

7208

1570

141

117

33050

025

013

4873

053

019

403

4345

344

037

197

058

091

341

022

FE00

9015

11010

777

2034

17030

505

880

37640

mdash313

729

712

1063

1337

090

080

2478

0016

003

986580

082

096

049

1417

1576

117

018

047

038

174

004

FE010

147

31270

1305

2367

4894

04348

4874

769100

2210

015

1520

1283

3596

708

036

042

7060

064

009

mdash14

1021

261

2396

500

015

104

021

055

112

051

FE011

114

4113

01370

1668

1473

014320

14530

2099

021410

291

1228

2352

1036

1207

054

026

1596

0029

009

42310

137

032

112

3002

1220

023

083

009

082

101

006

FE012

004

11300

682

2436

2177

0355

1001

3274

113410

125

817

661

1937

1012

100

239

50300

021

003

23550

042

039

081

1658

837

093

010

041

028

282

004

Aver

085

23444

1013

1517

4192

32185

2686

72365

124138

197

679

1075

7767

1180

094

081

19664

023

006

147015

079

048

310

2102

655

097

188

040

073

276

104

lowastmdashoutwith

detectionlim

itsof

theinstrum

ent


00

20

40

60

80

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Ocean basin

1000 2000 3000

V (times

10minus6)

Ti (times10minus6)










119873






2O3(Al2O3

+ Fe2O3)-(LaCe)




3


3



Table4RE

Eanalysisresults



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

No

LaCe

PrNd

SmEu

Gd

TbDy

YHo

ErTm

YbLusumRE

E120575Ce120575Eu

(LaCe)119873

(LaYb

) 119873(LaLu

) 119873FE

001

309

646

086

349

086

038

112

023

136

792

027

075

011

068

010

1975

092

184

100

033

037

FE002

225

320

030

089

015

002

015

002

015

082

003

010

002

013

002

743

090

072

146

133

127

FE003

062

136

019

092

026

007

026

005

033

186

006

018

003

019

003

455

091

128

095

024

027

FE00

4339

553

059

194

032

005

032

006

038

220

009

025

004

029

005

1329

090

068

128

086

083

FE005

091

222

037

194

078

021

112

025

159

1009

034

088

012

065

008

1145

088

105

085

010

013

FE00

618

8321

040

161

033

006

035

006

036

340

007

019

003

017

002

872

085

077

122

084

101

FE007

181

301

034

127

029

002

028

006

033

187

007

021

004

025

004

802

089

028

125

053

050

FE008

224

458

060

249

056

019

058

010

058

403

012

037

006

041

006

1293

091

158

102

041

040

FE00

9072

137

018

082

017

002

016

002

009

049

002

004

001

004

001

366

087

063

110

144

136

FE010

285

474

053

202

048

005

046

008

050

261

011

035

005

039

007

1266

089

047

125

054

047

FE011

351

553

054

160

020

001

019

003

017

112

004

014

002

017

003

1217

093

015

132

152

137

FE012

070

124

014

057

013

002

013

002

012

081

003

008

001

009

002

328

091

060

117

055

053

Aver

200

354

042

163

038

009

043

008

050

310

010

029

004

029

004

983

090

084

116

072

071


ormalized

byPA

AS[44]120575Ceand120575Cec

omefrom

[45]120575Ce=

CeCelowast

=Ce 119873

(La119873timesPr119873)1

2and120575Eu

=Eu

Eulowast

=Eu119873(Sm119873timesGd 119873

)12


Sam

ple

PAA

S

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(a)

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

Sam

ple

PAA

S

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(b)


0 02 040

1

2

3

4

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Deep sea

06 08 1Al2O3(Al2O3 + Fe2O3)

(La

Ce)

N





1-zone for the

carbonate ions (CO3


4-zone at






FG

20120583m

(a)

A

B

CDE

20120583m

(b)

Inte

nsity

(au

)

200

1608

1186

11121091

840

722

464

280

(G)(F)

(E)(D)

(C)(B)(A)


(c)


450

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

70727476788082

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

455 460 465 470 475 480 485


FWH

M(c

mminus1)

C D E F G





1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

66687072747678808284

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

A-FWHM = 761

B-FWHM = 720

E-FWHM = 707

FWH

M(c

mminus1)

A B E







20

0500

1000150020002500300035004000450050005500600065007000

Inte

nsity

(au

)

40 60 802120579 (∘)

2120579=2088d=425

2120579=2668d=334

2120579=3090d=289

2120579=3658d=245

2120579=3950d=228 2120579=4032d=224

2120579=4248d=213 2120579

=5535d=166

2120579=5998d=154

2120579=6404d=145

2120579=6776d=138

2120579=6832d=137

2120579=7350d=129

2120579=7569d=126

2120579=7770d=123

2120579=8148d=118

2120579=8384d=115

2120579=7592d=125

2120579=7992d=120

2120579=4584d=198

2120579=5016d=182

2120579=5491d=167

(a)In

tens

ity (a

u)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

2

20 40 60 802120579 (∘)

QtzQtzs

n Overlap

(b)





5 Discussion



Carb

Ms

150120583m

(a)

Carb

Ms

150120583m

(b)

Carb

50120583m

(c)

Pyr

30120583m

(d)











2O3(Al2O3+ Fe2O3)


119873 and (LaLu)

119873 demonstrate


2ONa2O SiO

2(K2O + Na

2O) and



NCYZ WQL


Silica




N

Terrigenous input


Sea water Sea water



1205903

1205903

1205903













6 Conclusions





119873









Acknowledgments


References






















































































2multiple












































Table2Major

elem

entsandrelated


siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

NO

SiA

lMnO

TiO

2K 2

ON

a 2O

SiO

2(K

2O+N

2O)

SiO

2Al 2O

3Fe

2O3FeO

SiO

2MgO

Al(Fe

+Al

+Mn)

Al(Al+

Fe)

Al 2O

3(A

l 2O3

+Fe

2O3)

FeTi

(Fe+

Mn)Ti

Al 2O

3TiO

2

FE001

11560

4598

538

85639

13114

018

8114

022

023

074

97208

103145

32494

FE002

3485

096

1962

1491

03954

011

11579

058

059

096

2209

2332

3654

FE003

12568

717

862

6490

314258

009

5523

013

013

072

25088

26014

4264

FE00

43402

172

1962

12638

3860

007

3994

024

024

088

7829

8051

2863

FE005

35465

7852

877

135798

40234

012

3366

003

003

028

350366

360504

11271

FE00

61183

048

2363

4451

1342

021

5535

056

057

092

1698

1760

2542

FE007

4240

143

2059

17490

4811

022

7089

027

027

075

7013

7198

2958

FE008

8537

259

064

3873

89685

005

34653

033

035

094

3548

3883

2185

FB001

2522

143

2125

9258

2861

008

2861

045

046

094

4337

4521

4114

FB002

1791

133

1557

7006

2032

217

7667

034

034

051

7567

7740

4444

FB003

6226

400

1600

25553

7063

007

7363

024

025

088

1072

911245

4100

FB00

43694

025

825

12005

4191

135

1776

8057

058

077

1726

1758

2650

FB005

1866

038

1543

7123

2117

133

6159

039

039

061

4052

4102

2977

FB00

63774

200

1133

12438

4281

021

8145

042

043

086

6400

6659

5375

Aver

5427

528

1381

2696

76156

044

13670

036

037

082

13205

13887

5620

lowastlowastSamples

FB001toFB

006fro

mliterature[1]




Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(a)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(b)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(c)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(d)






2O3-SiO2


2O3FeO-SiO

2Al2O3and

SiO2(K2O + Na

2O)-MnOTiO





Non hydrotherm

al sed

imentat

ion

Hyd

roth

erm

al se

dim

enta

tion


0 4 8 120

20

40

60

80

100

16 20

I

III

II

SiO2

()

Al2O3 ()

(a)

Mn

Al



I

II

(b)

0 1 2 3 4 50

100

200

300



I

II

SiO2

Al 2

O3

Fe2O3FeO

(c)

00

2

4

6

8



I

II

200 400 600SiO2(K2O + Na2O)

MnO

TiO

2

(d)






2O3(Al2O3




2ONa2Oratios for



01

10

100

1000

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Pelagic region

02 04 06 08 10

Fe2O3T

iO2






2O)










105

105

104

104

103

103102

102 106


Na 2

O +

K2O

(times10

minus6)




I

II






Table3Tracee

lementanalysis



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

NO

ScTi

VCr

Mn

Co

Ni

CuZn

Ga

Ge

RbSr

ZrNb

CsBa

Hf

TaPb

ThU

YTiV

VY

UTh

ScTh

V(V

+Ni)

VC

rNiC

oSrBa

FE001

108

2668

336

526

42330

098

357

1109

4493

042

194

221

1614

014

0009

101

21400

003

000

1467

093

007

792

793

042

007

116

049

064

363

075

FE002

094

29300

1207

1276

17230

2176

2901

361

4873

0407

1423

1640

1782

2463

155

118

12680

020

007

163520

099

021

082

2428

1479

021

094

029

095

133

014

FE003

008

9310

381

1546

74810

196

848

784

6658

045

607

450

6167

2625

109

071

21420

011

003

2545

030

011

186

2442

205

036

025

031

025

432

029

FE00

416

04312

01538

1703

39850

1753

2435

11140

775760

349

1428

2418

2962

379

039

073

3190

0053

011

103520

143

153

220

2804

699

107

112

039

090

139

009

FE005

166

1014

01216

1095

121900

318

475

14030

42680

206

318

1153

12410

1345

300

018

4245

008

002

195340

012

017

1009

834

121

143

1385

072

111

150

292

FE00

6005

5972

890

896

20340

129

1270

476

1243

030

004

209

35600

1058

080

064

5123

006

001

4870

024

120

340

671

262

491

020

041

099

987

695

FE007

091

26020

1071

1136

49600

1729

1668

1576

0316540

184

817

1333

3300

314

019

021

8051

026

006

88590

095

042

187

2430

574

044

096

039

094

096

041

FE008

104

60090

1383

1524

34550

292

996

4518

12490

228

064

462

7208

1570

141

117

33050

025

013

4873

053

019

403

4345

344

037

197

058

091

341

022

FE00

9015

11010

777

2034

17030

505

880

37640

mdash313

729

712

1063

1337

090

080

2478

0016

003

986580

082

096

049

1417

1576

117

018

047

038

174

004

FE010

147

31270

1305

2367

4894

04348

4874

769100

2210

015

1520

1283

3596

708

036

042

7060

064

009

mdash14

1021

261

2396

500

015

104

021

055

112

051

FE011

114

4113

01370

1668

1473

014320

14530

2099

021410

291

1228

2352

1036

1207

054

026

1596

0029

009

42310

137

032

112

3002

1220

023

083

009

082

101

006

FE012

004

11300

682

2436

2177

0355

1001

3274

113410

125

817

661

1937

1012

100

239

50300

021

003

23550

042

039

081

1658

837

093

010

041

028

282

004

Aver

085

23444

1013

1517

4192

32185

2686

72365

124138

197

679

1075

7767

1180

094

081

19664

023

006

147015

079

048

310

2102

655

097

188

040

073

276

104

lowastmdashoutwith

detectionlim

itsof

theinstrum

ent


00

20

40

60

80

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Ocean basin

1000 2000 3000

V (times

10minus6)

Ti (times10minus6)










119873






2O3(Al2O3

+ Fe2O3)-(LaCe)




3


3



Table4RE

Eanalysisresults



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

No

LaCe

PrNd

SmEu

Gd

TbDy

YHo

ErTm

YbLusumRE

E120575Ce120575Eu

(LaCe)119873

(LaYb

) 119873(LaLu

) 119873FE

001

309

646

086

349

086

038

112

023

136

792

027

075

011

068

010

1975

092

184

100

033

037

FE002

225

320

030

089

015

002

015

002

015

082

003

010

002

013

002

743

090

072

146

133

127

FE003

062

136

019

092

026

007

026

005

033

186

006

018

003

019

003

455

091

128

095

024

027

FE00

4339

553

059

194

032

005

032

006

038

220

009

025

004

029

005

1329

090

068

128

086

083

FE005

091

222

037

194

078

021

112

025

159

1009

034

088

012

065

008

1145

088

105

085

010

013

FE00

618

8321

040

161

033

006

035

006

036

340

007

019

003

017

002

872

085

077

122

084

101

FE007

181

301

034

127

029

002

028

006

033

187

007

021

004

025

004

802

089

028

125

053

050

FE008

224

458

060

249

056

019

058

010

058

403

012

037

006

041

006

1293

091

158

102

041

040

FE00

9072

137

018

082

017

002

016

002

009

049

002

004

001

004

001

366

087

063

110

144

136

FE010

285

474

053

202

048

005

046

008

050

261

011

035

005

039

007

1266

089

047

125

054

047

FE011

351

553

054

160

020

001

019

003

017

112

004

014

002

017

003

1217

093

015

132

152

137

FE012

070

124

014

057

013

002

013

002

012

081

003

008

001

009

002

328

091

060

117

055

053

Aver

200

354

042

163

038

009

043

008

050

310

010

029

004

029

004

983

090

084

116

072

071


ormalized

byPA

AS[44]120575Ceand120575Cec

omefrom

[45]120575Ce=

CeCelowast

=Ce 119873

(La119873timesPr119873)1

2and120575Eu

=Eu

Eulowast

=Eu119873(Sm119873timesGd 119873

)12


Sam

ple

PAA

S

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(a)

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

Sam

ple

PAA

S

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(b)


0 02 040

1

2

3

4

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Deep sea

06 08 1Al2O3(Al2O3 + Fe2O3)

(La

Ce)

N





1-zone for the

carbonate ions (CO3


4-zone at






FG

20120583m

(a)

A

B

CDE

20120583m

(b)

Inte

nsity

(au

)

200

1608

1186

11121091

840

722

464

280

(G)(F)

(E)(D)

(C)(B)(A)


(c)


450

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

70727476788082

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

455 460 465 470 475 480 485


FWH

M(c

mminus1)

C D E F G





1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

66687072747678808284

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

A-FWHM = 761

B-FWHM = 720

E-FWHM = 707

FWH

M(c

mminus1)

A B E







20

0500

1000150020002500300035004000450050005500600065007000

Inte

nsity

(au

)

40 60 802120579 (∘)

2120579=2088d=425

2120579=2668d=334

2120579=3090d=289

2120579=3658d=245

2120579=3950d=228 2120579=4032d=224

2120579=4248d=213 2120579

=5535d=166

2120579=5998d=154

2120579=6404d=145

2120579=6776d=138

2120579=6832d=137

2120579=7350d=129

2120579=7569d=126

2120579=7770d=123

2120579=8148d=118

2120579=8384d=115

2120579=7592d=125

2120579=7992d=120

2120579=4584d=198

2120579=5016d=182

2120579=5491d=167

(a)In

tens

ity (a

u)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

2

20 40 60 802120579 (∘)

QtzQtzs

n Overlap

(b)





5 Discussion



Carb

Ms

150120583m

(a)

Carb

Ms

150120583m

(b)

Carb

50120583m

(c)

Pyr

30120583m

(d)











2O3(Al2O3+ Fe2O3)


119873 and (LaLu)

119873 demonstrate


2ONa2O SiO

2(K2O + Na

2O) and



NCYZ WQL


Silica




N

Terrigenous input


Sea water Sea water



1205903

1205903

1205903













6 Conclusions





119873









Acknowledgments


References






















































































2multiple














































Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(a)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(b)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(c)



Gansu

N

Qinghai

ShanxiHenan

Anhui

Wuhan

XianLanzhou

HanzhongHefei

EKL

NQ

WQLEQL

SL

M-SQ

DBYZB

NCC (SKC)

0 300(km)

Beijing

Chengdu

UrumqiHarbin

YZ

NCC (SK)TA

CT

1000 km

N34∘

E108∘

(d)






2O3-SiO2


2O3FeO-SiO

2Al2O3and

SiO2(K2O + Na

2O)-MnOTiO





Non hydrotherm

al sed

imentat

ion

Hyd

roth

erm

al se

dim

enta

tion


0 4 8 120

20

40

60

80

100

16 20

I

III

II

SiO2

()

Al2O3 ()

(a)

Mn

Al



I

II

(b)

0 1 2 3 4 50

100

200

300



I

II

SiO2

Al 2

O3

Fe2O3FeO

(c)

00

2

4

6

8



I

II

200 400 600SiO2(K2O + Na2O)

MnO

TiO

2

(d)






2O3(Al2O3




2ONa2Oratios for



01

10

100

1000

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Pelagic region

02 04 06 08 10

Fe2O3T

iO2






2O)










105

105

104

104

103

103102

102 106


Na 2

O +

K2O

(times10

minus6)




I

II






Table3Tracee

lementanalysis



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

NO

ScTi

VCr

Mn

Co

Ni

CuZn

Ga

Ge

RbSr

ZrNb

CsBa

Hf

TaPb

ThU

YTiV

VY

UTh

ScTh

V(V

+Ni)

VC

rNiC

oSrBa

FE001

108

2668

336

526

42330

098

357

1109

4493

042

194

221

1614

014

0009

101

21400

003

000

1467

093

007

792

793

042

007

116

049

064

363

075

FE002

094

29300

1207

1276

17230

2176

2901

361

4873

0407

1423

1640

1782

2463

155

118

12680

020

007

163520

099

021

082

2428

1479

021

094

029

095

133

014

FE003

008

9310

381

1546

74810

196

848

784

6658

045

607

450

6167

2625

109

071

21420

011

003

2545

030

011

186

2442

205

036

025

031

025

432

029

FE00

416

04312

01538

1703

39850

1753

2435

11140

775760

349

1428

2418

2962

379

039

073

3190

0053

011

103520

143

153

220

2804

699

107

112

039

090

139

009

FE005

166

1014

01216

1095

121900

318

475

14030

42680

206

318

1153

12410

1345

300

018

4245

008

002

195340

012

017

1009

834

121

143

1385

072

111

150

292

FE00

6005

5972

890

896

20340

129

1270

476

1243

030

004

209

35600

1058

080

064

5123

006

001

4870

024

120

340

671

262

491

020

041

099

987

695

FE007

091

26020

1071

1136

49600

1729

1668

1576

0316540

184

817

1333

3300

314

019

021

8051

026

006

88590

095

042

187

2430

574

044

096

039

094

096

041

FE008

104

60090

1383

1524

34550

292

996

4518

12490

228

064

462

7208

1570

141

117

33050

025

013

4873

053

019

403

4345

344

037

197

058

091

341

022

FE00

9015

11010

777

2034

17030

505

880

37640

mdash313

729

712

1063

1337

090

080

2478

0016

003

986580

082

096

049

1417

1576

117

018

047

038

174

004

FE010

147

31270

1305

2367

4894

04348

4874

769100

2210

015

1520

1283

3596

708

036

042

7060

064

009

mdash14

1021

261

2396

500

015

104

021

055

112

051

FE011

114

4113

01370

1668

1473

014320

14530

2099

021410

291

1228

2352

1036

1207

054

026

1596

0029

009

42310

137

032

112

3002

1220

023

083

009

082

101

006

FE012

004

11300

682

2436

2177

0355

1001

3274

113410

125

817

661

1937

1012

100

239

50300

021

003

23550

042

039

081

1658

837

093

010

041

028

282

004

Aver

085

23444

1013

1517

4192

32185

2686

72365

124138

197

679

1075

7767

1180

094

081

19664

023

006

147015

079

048

310

2102

655

097

188

040

073

276

104

lowastmdashoutwith

detectionlim

itsof

theinstrum

ent


00

20

40

60

80

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Ocean basin

1000 2000 3000

V (times

10minus6)

Ti (times10minus6)










119873






2O3(Al2O3

+ Fe2O3)-(LaCe)




3


3



Table4RE

Eanalysisresults



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

No

LaCe

PrNd

SmEu

Gd

TbDy

YHo

ErTm

YbLusumRE

E120575Ce120575Eu

(LaCe)119873

(LaYb

) 119873(LaLu

) 119873FE

001

309

646

086

349

086

038

112

023

136

792

027

075

011

068

010

1975

092

184

100

033

037

FE002

225

320

030

089

015

002

015

002

015

082

003

010

002

013

002

743

090

072

146

133

127

FE003

062

136

019

092

026

007

026

005

033

186

006

018

003

019

003

455

091

128

095

024

027

FE00

4339

553

059

194

032

005

032

006

038

220

009

025

004

029

005

1329

090

068

128

086

083

FE005

091

222

037

194

078

021

112

025

159

1009

034

088

012

065

008

1145

088

105

085

010

013

FE00

618

8321

040

161

033

006

035

006

036

340

007

019

003

017

002

872

085

077

122

084

101

FE007

181

301

034

127

029

002

028

006

033

187

007

021

004

025

004

802

089

028

125

053

050

FE008

224

458

060

249

056

019

058

010

058

403

012

037

006

041

006

1293

091

158

102

041

040

FE00

9072

137

018

082

017

002

016

002

009

049

002

004

001

004

001

366

087

063

110

144

136

FE010

285

474

053

202

048

005

046

008

050

261

011

035

005

039

007

1266

089

047

125

054

047

FE011

351

553

054

160

020

001

019

003

017

112

004

014

002

017

003

1217

093

015

132

152

137

FE012

070

124

014

057

013

002

013

002

012

081

003

008

001

009

002

328

091

060

117

055

053

Aver

200

354

042

163

038

009

043

008

050

310

010

029

004

029

004

983

090

084

116

072

071


ormalized

byPA

AS[44]120575Ceand120575Cec

omefrom

[45]120575Ce=

CeCelowast

=Ce 119873

(La119873timesPr119873)1

2and120575Eu

=Eu

Eulowast

=Eu119873(Sm119873timesGd 119873

)12


Sam

ple

PAA

S

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(a)

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

Sam

ple

PAA

S

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(b)


0 02 040

1

2

3

4

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Deep sea

06 08 1Al2O3(Al2O3 + Fe2O3)

(La

Ce)

N





1-zone for the

carbonate ions (CO3


4-zone at






FG

20120583m

(a)

A

B

CDE

20120583m

(b)

Inte

nsity

(au

)

200

1608

1186

11121091

840

722

464

280

(G)(F)

(E)(D)

(C)(B)(A)


(c)


450

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

70727476788082

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

455 460 465 470 475 480 485


FWH

M(c

mminus1)

C D E F G





1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

66687072747678808284

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

A-FWHM = 761

B-FWHM = 720

E-FWHM = 707

FWH

M(c

mminus1)

A B E







20

0500

1000150020002500300035004000450050005500600065007000

Inte

nsity

(au

)

40 60 802120579 (∘)

2120579=2088d=425

2120579=2668d=334

2120579=3090d=289

2120579=3658d=245

2120579=3950d=228 2120579=4032d=224

2120579=4248d=213 2120579

=5535d=166

2120579=5998d=154

2120579=6404d=145

2120579=6776d=138

2120579=6832d=137

2120579=7350d=129

2120579=7569d=126

2120579=7770d=123

2120579=8148d=118

2120579=8384d=115

2120579=7592d=125

2120579=7992d=120

2120579=4584d=198

2120579=5016d=182

2120579=5491d=167

(a)In

tens

ity (a

u)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

2

20 40 60 802120579 (∘)

QtzQtzs

n Overlap

(b)





5 Discussion



Carb

Ms

150120583m

(a)

Carb

Ms

150120583m

(b)

Carb

50120583m

(c)

Pyr

30120583m

(d)











2O3(Al2O3+ Fe2O3)


119873 and (LaLu)

119873 demonstrate


2ONa2O SiO

2(K2O + Na

2O) and



NCYZ WQL


Silica




N

Terrigenous input


Sea water Sea water



1205903

1205903

1205903













6 Conclusions





119873









Acknowledgments


References






















































































2multiple












































Non hydrotherm

al sed

imentat

ion

Hyd

roth

erm

al se

dim

enta

tion


0 4 8 120

20

40

60

80

100

16 20

I

III

II

SiO2

()

Al2O3 ()

(a)

Mn

Al



I

II

(b)

0 1 2 3 4 50

100

200

300



I

II

SiO2

Al 2

O3

Fe2O3FeO

(c)

00

2

4

6

8



I

II

200 400 600SiO2(K2O + Na2O)

MnO

TiO

2

(d)






2O3(Al2O3




2ONa2Oratios for



01

10

100

1000

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Pelagic region

02 04 06 08 10

Fe2O3T

iO2






2O)










105

105

104

104

103

103102

102 106


Na 2

O +

K2O

(times10

minus6)




I

II






Table3Tracee

lementanalysis



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

NO

ScTi

VCr

Mn

Co

Ni

CuZn

Ga

Ge

RbSr

ZrNb

CsBa

Hf

TaPb

ThU

YTiV

VY

UTh

ScTh

V(V

+Ni)

VC

rNiC

oSrBa

FE001

108

2668

336

526

42330

098

357

1109

4493

042

194

221

1614

014

0009

101

21400

003

000

1467

093

007

792

793

042

007

116

049

064

363

075

FE002

094

29300

1207

1276

17230

2176

2901

361

4873

0407

1423

1640

1782

2463

155

118

12680

020

007

163520

099

021

082

2428

1479

021

094

029

095

133

014

FE003

008

9310

381

1546

74810

196

848

784

6658

045

607

450

6167

2625

109

071

21420

011

003

2545

030

011

186

2442

205

036

025

031

025

432

029

FE00

416

04312

01538

1703

39850

1753

2435

11140

775760

349

1428

2418

2962

379

039

073

3190

0053

011

103520

143

153

220

2804

699

107

112

039

090

139

009

FE005

166

1014

01216

1095

121900

318

475

14030

42680

206

318

1153

12410

1345

300

018

4245

008

002

195340

012

017

1009

834

121

143

1385

072

111

150

292

FE00

6005

5972

890

896

20340

129

1270

476

1243

030

004

209

35600

1058

080

064

5123

006

001

4870

024

120

340

671

262

491

020

041

099

987

695

FE007

091

26020

1071

1136

49600

1729

1668

1576

0316540

184

817

1333

3300

314

019

021

8051

026

006

88590

095

042

187

2430

574

044

096

039

094

096

041

FE008

104

60090

1383

1524

34550

292

996

4518

12490

228

064

462

7208

1570

141

117

33050

025

013

4873

053

019

403

4345

344

037

197

058

091

341

022

FE00

9015

11010

777

2034

17030

505

880

37640

mdash313

729

712

1063

1337

090

080

2478

0016

003

986580

082

096

049

1417

1576

117

018

047

038

174

004

FE010

147

31270

1305

2367

4894

04348

4874

769100

2210

015

1520

1283

3596

708

036

042

7060

064

009

mdash14

1021

261

2396

500

015

104

021

055

112

051

FE011

114

4113

01370

1668

1473

014320

14530

2099

021410

291

1228

2352

1036

1207

054

026

1596

0029

009

42310

137

032

112

3002

1220

023

083

009

082

101

006

FE012

004

11300

682

2436

2177

0355

1001

3274

113410

125

817

661

1937

1012

100

239

50300

021

003

23550

042

039

081

1658

837

093

010

041

028

282

004

Aver

085

23444

1013

1517

4192

32185

2686

72365

124138

197

679

1075

7767

1180

094

081

19664

023

006

147015

079

048

310

2102

655

097

188

040

073

276

104

lowastmdashoutwith

detectionlim

itsof

theinstrum

ent


00

20

40

60

80

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Ocean basin

1000 2000 3000

V (times

10minus6)

Ti (times10minus6)










119873






2O3(Al2O3

+ Fe2O3)-(LaCe)




3


3



Table4RE

Eanalysisresults



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

No

LaCe

PrNd

SmEu

Gd

TbDy

YHo

ErTm

YbLusumRE

E120575Ce120575Eu

(LaCe)119873

(LaYb

) 119873(LaLu

) 119873FE

001

309

646

086

349

086

038

112

023

136

792

027

075

011

068

010

1975

092

184

100

033

037

FE002

225

320

030

089

015

002

015

002

015

082

003

010

002

013

002

743

090

072

146

133

127

FE003

062

136

019

092

026

007

026

005

033

186

006

018

003

019

003

455

091

128

095

024

027

FE00

4339

553

059

194

032

005

032

006

038

220

009

025

004

029

005

1329

090

068

128

086

083

FE005

091

222

037

194

078

021

112

025

159

1009

034

088

012

065

008

1145

088

105

085

010

013

FE00

618

8321

040

161

033

006

035

006

036

340

007

019

003

017

002

872

085

077

122

084

101

FE007

181

301

034

127

029

002

028

006

033

187

007

021

004

025

004

802

089

028

125

053

050

FE008

224

458

060

249

056

019

058

010

058

403

012

037

006

041

006

1293

091

158

102

041

040

FE00

9072

137

018

082

017

002

016

002

009

049

002

004

001

004

001

366

087

063

110

144

136

FE010

285

474

053

202

048

005

046

008

050

261

011

035

005

039

007

1266

089

047

125

054

047

FE011

351

553

054

160

020

001

019

003

017

112

004

014

002

017

003

1217

093

015

132

152

137

FE012

070

124

014

057

013

002

013

002

012

081

003

008

001

009

002

328

091

060

117

055

053

Aver

200

354

042

163

038

009

043

008

050

310

010

029

004

029

004

983

090

084

116

072

071


ormalized

byPA

AS[44]120575Ceand120575Cec

omefrom

[45]120575Ce=

CeCelowast

=Ce 119873

(La119873timesPr119873)1

2and120575Eu

=Eu

Eulowast

=Eu119873(Sm119873timesGd 119873

)12


Sam

ple

PAA

S

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(a)

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

Sam

ple

PAA

S

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(b)


0 02 040

1

2

3

4

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Deep sea

06 08 1Al2O3(Al2O3 + Fe2O3)

(La

Ce)

N





1-zone for the

carbonate ions (CO3


4-zone at






FG

20120583m

(a)

A

B

CDE

20120583m

(b)

Inte

nsity

(au

)

200

1608

1186

11121091

840

722

464

280

(G)(F)

(E)(D)

(C)(B)(A)


(c)


450

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

70727476788082

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

455 460 465 470 475 480 485


FWH

M(c

mminus1)

C D E F G





1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

66687072747678808284

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

A-FWHM = 761

B-FWHM = 720

E-FWHM = 707

FWH

M(c

mminus1)

A B E







20

0500

1000150020002500300035004000450050005500600065007000

Inte

nsity

(au

)

40 60 802120579 (∘)

2120579=2088d=425

2120579=2668d=334

2120579=3090d=289

2120579=3658d=245

2120579=3950d=228 2120579=4032d=224

2120579=4248d=213 2120579

=5535d=166

2120579=5998d=154

2120579=6404d=145

2120579=6776d=138

2120579=6832d=137

2120579=7350d=129

2120579=7569d=126

2120579=7770d=123

2120579=8148d=118

2120579=8384d=115

2120579=7592d=125

2120579=7992d=120

2120579=4584d=198

2120579=5016d=182

2120579=5491d=167

(a)In

tens

ity (a

u)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

2

20 40 60 802120579 (∘)

QtzQtzs

n Overlap

(b)





5 Discussion



Carb

Ms

150120583m

(a)

Carb

Ms

150120583m

(b)

Carb

50120583m

(c)

Pyr

30120583m

(d)











2O3(Al2O3+ Fe2O3)


119873 and (LaLu)

119873 demonstrate


2ONa2O SiO

2(K2O + Na

2O) and



NCYZ WQL


Silica




N

Terrigenous input


Sea water Sea water



1205903

1205903

1205903













6 Conclusions





119873









Acknowledgments


References






















































































2multiple












































01

10

100

1000

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Pelagic region

02 04 06 08 10

Fe2O3T

iO2






2O)










105

105

104

104

103

103102

102 106


Na 2

O +

K2O

(times10

minus6)




I

II






Table3Tracee

lementanalysis



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

NO

ScTi

VCr

Mn

Co

Ni

CuZn

Ga

Ge

RbSr

ZrNb

CsBa

Hf

TaPb

ThU

YTiV

VY

UTh

ScTh

V(V

+Ni)

VC

rNiC

oSrBa

FE001

108

2668

336

526

42330

098

357

1109

4493

042

194

221

1614

014

0009

101

21400

003

000

1467

093

007

792

793

042

007

116

049

064

363

075

FE002

094

29300

1207

1276

17230

2176

2901

361

4873

0407

1423

1640

1782

2463

155

118

12680

020

007

163520

099

021

082

2428

1479

021

094

029

095

133

014

FE003

008

9310

381

1546

74810

196

848

784

6658

045

607

450

6167

2625

109

071

21420

011

003

2545

030

011

186

2442

205

036

025

031

025

432

029

FE00

416

04312

01538

1703

39850

1753

2435

11140

775760

349

1428

2418

2962

379

039

073

3190

0053

011

103520

143

153

220

2804

699

107

112

039

090

139

009

FE005

166

1014

01216

1095

121900

318

475

14030

42680

206

318

1153

12410

1345

300

018

4245

008

002

195340

012

017

1009

834

121

143

1385

072

111

150

292

FE00

6005

5972

890

896

20340

129

1270

476

1243

030

004

209

35600

1058

080

064

5123

006

001

4870

024

120

340

671

262

491

020

041

099

987

695

FE007

091

26020

1071

1136

49600

1729

1668

1576

0316540

184

817

1333

3300

314

019

021

8051

026

006

88590

095

042

187

2430

574

044

096

039

094

096

041

FE008

104

60090

1383

1524

34550

292

996

4518

12490

228

064

462

7208

1570

141

117

33050

025

013

4873

053

019

403

4345

344

037

197

058

091

341

022

FE00

9015

11010

777

2034

17030

505

880

37640

mdash313

729

712

1063

1337

090

080

2478

0016

003

986580

082

096

049

1417

1576

117

018

047

038

174

004

FE010

147

31270

1305

2367

4894

04348

4874

769100

2210

015

1520

1283

3596

708

036

042

7060

064

009

mdash14

1021

261

2396

500

015

104

021

055

112

051

FE011

114

4113

01370

1668

1473

014320

14530

2099

021410

291

1228

2352

1036

1207

054

026

1596

0029

009

42310

137

032

112

3002

1220

023

083

009

082

101

006

FE012

004

11300

682

2436

2177

0355

1001

3274

113410

125

817

661

1937

1012

100

239

50300

021

003

23550

042

039

081

1658

837

093

010

041

028

282

004

Aver

085

23444

1013

1517

4192

32185

2686

72365

124138

197

679

1075

7767

1180

094

081

19664

023

006

147015

079

048

310

2102

655

097

188

040

073

276

104

lowastmdashoutwith

detectionlim

itsof

theinstrum

ent


00

20

40

60

80

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Ocean basin

1000 2000 3000

V (times

10minus6)

Ti (times10minus6)










119873






2O3(Al2O3

+ Fe2O3)-(LaCe)




3


3



Table4RE

Eanalysisresults



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

No

LaCe

PrNd

SmEu

Gd

TbDy

YHo

ErTm

YbLusumRE

E120575Ce120575Eu

(LaCe)119873

(LaYb

) 119873(LaLu

) 119873FE

001

309

646

086

349

086

038

112

023

136

792

027

075

011

068

010

1975

092

184

100

033

037

FE002

225

320

030

089

015

002

015

002

015

082

003

010

002

013

002

743

090

072

146

133

127

FE003

062

136

019

092

026

007

026

005

033

186

006

018

003

019

003

455

091

128

095

024

027

FE00

4339

553

059

194

032

005

032

006

038

220

009

025

004

029

005

1329

090

068

128

086

083

FE005

091

222

037

194

078

021

112

025

159

1009

034

088

012

065

008

1145

088

105

085

010

013

FE00

618

8321

040

161

033

006

035

006

036

340

007

019

003

017

002

872

085

077

122

084

101

FE007

181

301

034

127

029

002

028

006

033

187

007

021

004

025

004

802

089

028

125

053

050

FE008

224

458

060

249

056

019

058

010

058

403

012

037

006

041

006

1293

091

158

102

041

040

FE00

9072

137

018

082

017

002

016

002

009

049

002

004

001

004

001

366

087

063

110

144

136

FE010

285

474

053

202

048

005

046

008

050

261

011

035

005

039

007

1266

089

047

125

054

047

FE011

351

553

054

160

020

001

019

003

017

112

004

014

002

017

003

1217

093

015

132

152

137

FE012

070

124

014

057

013

002

013

002

012

081

003

008

001

009

002

328

091

060

117

055

053

Aver

200

354

042

163

038

009

043

008

050

310

010

029

004

029

004

983

090

084

116

072

071


ormalized

byPA

AS[44]120575Ceand120575Cec

omefrom

[45]120575Ce=

CeCelowast

=Ce 119873

(La119873timesPr119873)1

2and120575Eu

=Eu

Eulowast

=Eu119873(Sm119873timesGd 119873

)12


Sam

ple

PAA

S

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(a)

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

Sam

ple

PAA

S

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(b)


0 02 040

1

2

3

4

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Deep sea

06 08 1Al2O3(Al2O3 + Fe2O3)

(La

Ce)

N





1-zone for the

carbonate ions (CO3


4-zone at






FG

20120583m

(a)

A

B

CDE

20120583m

(b)

Inte

nsity

(au

)

200

1608

1186

11121091

840

722

464

280

(G)(F)

(E)(D)

(C)(B)(A)


(c)


450

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

70727476788082

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

455 460 465 470 475 480 485


FWH

M(c

mminus1)

C D E F G





1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

66687072747678808284

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

A-FWHM = 761

B-FWHM = 720

E-FWHM = 707

FWH

M(c

mminus1)

A B E







20

0500

1000150020002500300035004000450050005500600065007000

Inte

nsity

(au

)

40 60 802120579 (∘)

2120579=2088d=425

2120579=2668d=334

2120579=3090d=289

2120579=3658d=245

2120579=3950d=228 2120579=4032d=224

2120579=4248d=213 2120579

=5535d=166

2120579=5998d=154

2120579=6404d=145

2120579=6776d=138

2120579=6832d=137

2120579=7350d=129

2120579=7569d=126

2120579=7770d=123

2120579=8148d=118

2120579=8384d=115

2120579=7592d=125

2120579=7992d=120

2120579=4584d=198

2120579=5016d=182

2120579=5491d=167

(a)In

tens

ity (a

u)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

2

20 40 60 802120579 (∘)

QtzQtzs

n Overlap

(b)





5 Discussion



Carb

Ms

150120583m

(a)

Carb

Ms

150120583m

(b)

Carb

50120583m

(c)

Pyr

30120583m

(d)











2O3(Al2O3+ Fe2O3)


119873 and (LaLu)

119873 demonstrate


2ONa2O SiO

2(K2O + Na

2O) and



NCYZ WQL


Silica




N

Terrigenous input


Sea water Sea water



1205903

1205903

1205903













6 Conclusions





119873









Acknowledgments


References






















































































2multiple












































Table3Tracee

lementanalysis



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

NO

ScTi

VCr

Mn

Co

Ni

CuZn

Ga

Ge

RbSr

ZrNb

CsBa

Hf

TaPb

ThU

YTiV

VY

UTh

ScTh

V(V

+Ni)

VC

rNiC

oSrBa

FE001

108

2668

336

526

42330

098

357

1109

4493

042

194

221

1614

014

0009

101

21400

003

000

1467

093

007

792

793

042

007

116

049

064

363

075

FE002

094

29300

1207

1276

17230

2176

2901

361

4873

0407

1423

1640

1782

2463

155

118

12680

020

007

163520

099

021

082

2428

1479

021

094

029

095

133

014

FE003

008

9310

381

1546

74810

196

848

784

6658

045

607

450

6167

2625

109

071

21420

011

003

2545

030

011

186

2442

205

036

025

031

025

432

029

FE00

416

04312

01538

1703

39850

1753

2435

11140

775760

349

1428

2418

2962

379

039

073

3190

0053

011

103520

143

153

220

2804

699

107

112

039

090

139

009

FE005

166

1014

01216

1095

121900

318

475

14030

42680

206

318

1153

12410

1345

300

018

4245

008

002

195340

012

017

1009

834

121

143

1385

072

111

150

292

FE00

6005

5972

890

896

20340

129

1270

476

1243

030

004

209

35600

1058

080

064

5123

006

001

4870

024

120

340

671

262

491

020

041

099

987

695

FE007

091

26020

1071

1136

49600

1729

1668

1576

0316540

184

817

1333

3300

314

019

021

8051

026

006

88590

095

042

187

2430

574

044

096

039

094

096

041

FE008

104

60090

1383

1524

34550

292

996

4518

12490

228

064

462

7208

1570

141

117

33050

025

013

4873

053

019

403

4345

344

037

197

058

091

341

022

FE00

9015

11010

777

2034

17030

505

880

37640

mdash313

729

712

1063

1337

090

080

2478

0016

003

986580

082

096

049

1417

1576

117

018

047

038

174

004

FE010

147

31270

1305

2367

4894

04348

4874

769100

2210

015

1520

1283

3596

708

036

042

7060

064

009

mdash14

1021

261

2396

500

015

104

021

055

112

051

FE011

114

4113

01370

1668

1473

014320

14530

2099

021410

291

1228

2352

1036

1207

054

026

1596

0029

009

42310

137

032

112

3002

1220

023

083

009

082

101

006

FE012

004

11300

682

2436

2177

0355

1001

3274

113410

125

817

661

1937

1012

100

239

50300

021

003

23550

042

039

081

1658

837

093

010

041

028

282

004

Aver

085

23444

1013

1517

4192

32185

2686

72365

124138

197

679

1075

7767

1180

094

081

19664

023

006

147015

079

048

310

2102

655

097

188

040

073

276

104

lowastmdashoutwith

detectionlim

itsof

theinstrum

ent


00

20

40

60

80

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Ocean basin

1000 2000 3000

V (times

10minus6)

Ti (times10minus6)










119873






2O3(Al2O3

+ Fe2O3)-(LaCe)




3


3



Table4RE

Eanalysisresults



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

No

LaCe

PrNd

SmEu

Gd

TbDy

YHo

ErTm

YbLusumRE

E120575Ce120575Eu

(LaCe)119873

(LaYb

) 119873(LaLu

) 119873FE

001

309

646

086

349

086

038

112

023

136

792

027

075

011

068

010

1975

092

184

100

033

037

FE002

225

320

030

089

015

002

015

002

015

082

003

010

002

013

002

743

090

072

146

133

127

FE003

062

136

019

092

026

007

026

005

033

186

006

018

003

019

003

455

091

128

095

024

027

FE00

4339

553

059

194

032

005

032

006

038

220

009

025

004

029

005

1329

090

068

128

086

083

FE005

091

222

037

194

078

021

112

025

159

1009

034

088

012

065

008

1145

088

105

085

010

013

FE00

618

8321

040

161

033

006

035

006

036

340

007

019

003

017

002

872

085

077

122

084

101

FE007

181

301

034

127

029

002

028

006

033

187

007

021

004

025

004

802

089

028

125

053

050

FE008

224

458

060

249

056

019

058

010

058

403

012

037

006

041

006

1293

091

158

102

041

040

FE00

9072

137

018

082

017

002

016

002

009

049

002

004

001

004

001

366

087

063

110

144

136

FE010

285

474

053

202

048

005

046

008

050

261

011

035

005

039

007

1266

089

047

125

054

047

FE011

351

553

054

160

020

001

019

003

017

112

004

014

002

017

003

1217

093

015

132

152

137

FE012

070

124

014

057

013

002

013

002

012

081

003

008

001

009

002

328

091

060

117

055

053

Aver

200

354

042

163

038

009

043

008

050

310

010

029

004

029

004

983

090

084

116

072

071


ormalized

byPA

AS[44]120575Ceand120575Cec

omefrom

[45]120575Ce=

CeCelowast

=Ce 119873

(La119873timesPr119873)1

2and120575Eu

=Eu

Eulowast

=Eu119873(Sm119873timesGd 119873

)12


Sam

ple

PAA

S

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(a)

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

Sam

ple

PAA

S

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(b)


0 02 040

1

2

3

4

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Deep sea

06 08 1Al2O3(Al2O3 + Fe2O3)

(La

Ce)

N





1-zone for the

carbonate ions (CO3


4-zone at






FG

20120583m

(a)

A

B

CDE

20120583m

(b)

Inte

nsity

(au

)

200

1608

1186

11121091

840

722

464

280

(G)(F)

(E)(D)

(C)(B)(A)


(c)


450

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

70727476788082

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

455 460 465 470 475 480 485


FWH

M(c

mminus1)

C D E F G





1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

66687072747678808284

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

A-FWHM = 761

B-FWHM = 720

E-FWHM = 707

FWH

M(c

mminus1)

A B E







20

0500

1000150020002500300035004000450050005500600065007000

Inte

nsity

(au

)

40 60 802120579 (∘)

2120579=2088d=425

2120579=2668d=334

2120579=3090d=289

2120579=3658d=245

2120579=3950d=228 2120579=4032d=224

2120579=4248d=213 2120579

=5535d=166

2120579=5998d=154

2120579=6404d=145

2120579=6776d=138

2120579=6832d=137

2120579=7350d=129

2120579=7569d=126

2120579=7770d=123

2120579=8148d=118

2120579=8384d=115

2120579=7592d=125

2120579=7992d=120

2120579=4584d=198

2120579=5016d=182

2120579=5491d=167

(a)In

tens

ity (a

u)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

2

20 40 60 802120579 (∘)

QtzQtzs

n Overlap

(b)





5 Discussion



Carb

Ms

150120583m

(a)

Carb

Ms

150120583m

(b)

Carb

50120583m

(c)

Pyr

30120583m

(d)











2O3(Al2O3+ Fe2O3)


119873 and (LaLu)

119873 demonstrate


2ONa2O SiO

2(K2O + Na

2O) and



NCYZ WQL


Silica




N

Terrigenous input


Sea water Sea water



1205903

1205903

1205903













6 Conclusions





119873









Acknowledgments


References






















































































2multiple












































00

20

40

60

80

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Ocean basin

1000 2000 3000

V (times

10minus6)

Ti (times10minus6)










119873






2O3(Al2O3

+ Fe2O3)-(LaCe)




3


3



Table4RE

Eanalysisresults



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

No

LaCe

PrNd

SmEu

Gd

TbDy

YHo

ErTm

YbLusumRE

E120575Ce120575Eu

(LaCe)119873

(LaYb

) 119873(LaLu

) 119873FE

001

309

646

086

349

086

038

112

023

136

792

027

075

011

068

010

1975

092

184

100

033

037

FE002

225

320

030

089

015

002

015

002

015

082

003

010

002

013

002

743

090

072

146

133

127

FE003

062

136

019

092

026

007

026

005

033

186

006

018

003

019

003

455

091

128

095

024

027

FE00

4339

553

059

194

032

005

032

006

038

220

009

025

004

029

005

1329

090

068

128

086

083

FE005

091

222

037

194

078

021

112

025

159

1009

034

088

012

065

008

1145

088

105

085

010

013

FE00

618

8321

040

161

033

006

035

006

036

340

007

019

003

017

002

872

085

077

122

084

101

FE007

181

301

034

127

029

002

028

006

033

187

007

021

004

025

004

802

089

028

125

053

050

FE008

224

458

060

249

056

019

058

010

058

403

012

037

006

041

006

1293

091

158

102

041

040

FE00

9072

137

018

082

017

002

016

002

009

049

002

004

001

004

001

366

087

063

110

144

136

FE010

285

474

053

202

048

005

046

008

050

261

011

035

005

039

007

1266

089

047

125

054

047

FE011

351

553

054

160

020

001

019

003

017

112

004

014

002

017

003

1217

093

015

132

152

137

FE012

070

124

014

057

013

002

013

002

012

081

003

008

001

009

002

328

091

060

117

055

053

Aver

200

354

042

163

038

009

043

008

050

310

010

029

004

029

004

983

090

084

116

072

071


ormalized

byPA

AS[44]120575Ceand120575Cec

omefrom

[45]120575Ce=

CeCelowast

=Ce 119873

(La119873timesPr119873)1

2and120575Eu

=Eu

Eulowast

=Eu119873(Sm119873timesGd 119873

)12


Sam

ple

PAA

S

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(a)

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

Sam

ple

PAA

S

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(b)


0 02 040

1

2

3

4

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Deep sea

06 08 1Al2O3(Al2O3 + Fe2O3)

(La

Ce)

N





1-zone for the

carbonate ions (CO3


4-zone at






FG

20120583m

(a)

A

B

CDE

20120583m

(b)

Inte

nsity

(au

)

200

1608

1186

11121091

840

722

464

280

(G)(F)

(E)(D)

(C)(B)(A)


(c)


450

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

70727476788082

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

455 460 465 470 475 480 485


FWH

M(c

mminus1)

C D E F G





1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

66687072747678808284

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

A-FWHM = 761

B-FWHM = 720

E-FWHM = 707

FWH

M(c

mminus1)

A B E







20

0500

1000150020002500300035004000450050005500600065007000

Inte

nsity

(au

)

40 60 802120579 (∘)

2120579=2088d=425

2120579=2668d=334

2120579=3090d=289

2120579=3658d=245

2120579=3950d=228 2120579=4032d=224

2120579=4248d=213 2120579

=5535d=166

2120579=5998d=154

2120579=6404d=145

2120579=6776d=138

2120579=6832d=137

2120579=7350d=129

2120579=7569d=126

2120579=7770d=123

2120579=8148d=118

2120579=8384d=115

2120579=7592d=125

2120579=7992d=120

2120579=4584d=198

2120579=5016d=182

2120579=5491d=167

(a)In

tens

ity (a

u)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

2

20 40 60 802120579 (∘)

QtzQtzs

n Overlap

(b)





5 Discussion



Carb

Ms

150120583m

(a)

Carb

Ms

150120583m

(b)

Carb

50120583m

(c)

Pyr

30120583m

(d)











2O3(Al2O3+ Fe2O3)


119873 and (LaLu)

119873 demonstrate


2ONa2O SiO

2(K2O + Na

2O) and



NCYZ WQL


Silica




N

Terrigenous input


Sea water Sea water



1205903

1205903

1205903













6 Conclusions





119873









Acknowledgments


References






















































































2multiple












































Table4RE

Eanalysisresults



siliceous

rocksfrom

theB

afangshan-Erlih

earea

No

LaCe

PrNd

SmEu

Gd

TbDy

YHo

ErTm

YbLusumRE

E120575Ce120575Eu

(LaCe)119873

(LaYb

) 119873(LaLu

) 119873FE

001

309

646

086

349

086

038

112

023

136

792

027

075

011

068

010

1975

092

184

100

033

037

FE002

225

320

030

089

015

002

015

002

015

082

003

010

002

013

002

743

090

072

146

133

127

FE003

062

136

019

092

026

007

026

005

033

186

006

018

003

019

003

455

091

128

095

024

027

FE00

4339

553

059

194

032

005

032

006

038

220

009

025

004

029

005

1329

090

068

128

086

083

FE005

091

222

037

194

078

021

112

025

159

1009

034

088

012

065

008

1145

088

105

085

010

013

FE00

618

8321

040

161

033

006

035

006

036

340

007

019

003

017

002

872

085

077

122

084

101

FE007

181

301

034

127

029

002

028

006

033

187

007

021

004

025

004

802

089

028

125

053

050

FE008

224

458

060

249

056

019

058

010

058

403

012

037

006

041

006

1293

091

158

102

041

040

FE00

9072

137

018

082

017

002

016

002

009

049

002

004

001

004

001

366

087

063

110

144

136

FE010

285

474

053

202

048

005

046

008

050

261

011

035

005

039

007

1266

089

047

125

054

047

FE011

351

553

054

160

020

001

019

003

017

112

004

014

002

017

003

1217

093

015

132

152

137

FE012

070

124

014

057

013

002

013

002

012

081

003

008

001

009

002

328

091

060

117

055

053

Aver

200

354

042

163

038

009

043

008

050

310

010

029

004

029

004

983

090

084

116

072

071


ormalized

byPA

AS[44]120575Ceand120575Cec

omefrom

[45]120575Ce=

CeCelowast

=Ce 119873

(La119873timesPr119873)1

2and120575Eu

=Eu

Eulowast

=Eu119873(Sm119873timesGd 119873

)12


Sam

ple

PAA

S

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(a)

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

Sam

ple

PAA

S

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(b)


0 02 040

1

2

3

4

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Deep sea

06 08 1Al2O3(Al2O3 + Fe2O3)

(La

Ce)

N





1-zone for the

carbonate ions (CO3


4-zone at






FG

20120583m

(a)

A

B

CDE

20120583m

(b)

Inte

nsity

(au

)

200

1608

1186

11121091

840

722

464

280

(G)(F)

(E)(D)

(C)(B)(A)


(c)


450

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

70727476788082

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

455 460 465 470 475 480 485


FWH

M(c

mminus1)

C D E F G





1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

66687072747678808284

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

A-FWHM = 761

B-FWHM = 720

E-FWHM = 707

FWH

M(c

mminus1)

A B E







20

0500

1000150020002500300035004000450050005500600065007000

Inte

nsity

(au

)

40 60 802120579 (∘)

2120579=2088d=425

2120579=2668d=334

2120579=3090d=289

2120579=3658d=245

2120579=3950d=228 2120579=4032d=224

2120579=4248d=213 2120579

=5535d=166

2120579=5998d=154

2120579=6404d=145

2120579=6776d=138

2120579=6832d=137

2120579=7350d=129

2120579=7569d=126

2120579=7770d=123

2120579=8148d=118

2120579=8384d=115

2120579=7592d=125

2120579=7992d=120

2120579=4584d=198

2120579=5016d=182

2120579=5491d=167

(a)In

tens

ity (a

u)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

2

20 40 60 802120579 (∘)

QtzQtzs

n Overlap

(b)





5 Discussion



Carb

Ms

150120583m

(a)

Carb

Ms

150120583m

(b)

Carb

50120583m

(c)

Pyr

30120583m

(d)











2O3(Al2O3+ Fe2O3)


119873 and (LaLu)

119873 demonstrate


2ONa2O SiO

2(K2O + Na

2O) and



NCYZ WQL


Silica




N

Terrigenous input


Sea water Sea water



1205903

1205903

1205903













6 Conclusions





119873









Acknowledgments


References






















































































2multiple












































Sam

ple

PAA

S

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(a)

La Pr Eu Tb Y Er Yb

(Pm

)

Ce

Nd

Sm Gd

Dy

Ho

Tm Lu

Sam

ple

PAA

S

10

1

10minus1

10minus2

10minus3

10minus4

(b)


0 02 040

1

2

3

4

Mid ocean ridge

Marginal sea

Deep sea

06 08 1Al2O3(Al2O3 + Fe2O3)

(La

Ce)

N





1-zone for the

carbonate ions (CO3


4-zone at






FG

20120583m

(a)

A

B

CDE

20120583m

(b)

Inte

nsity

(au

)

200

1608

1186

11121091

840

722

464

280

(G)(F)

(E)(D)

(C)(B)(A)


(c)


450

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

70727476788082

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

455 460 465 470 475 480 485


FWH

M(c

mminus1)

C D E F G





1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

66687072747678808284

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

A-FWHM = 761

B-FWHM = 720

E-FWHM = 707

FWH

M(c

mminus1)

A B E







20

0500

1000150020002500300035004000450050005500600065007000

Inte

nsity

(au

)

40 60 802120579 (∘)

2120579=2088d=425

2120579=2668d=334

2120579=3090d=289

2120579=3658d=245

2120579=3950d=228 2120579=4032d=224

2120579=4248d=213 2120579

=5535d=166

2120579=5998d=154

2120579=6404d=145

2120579=6776d=138

2120579=6832d=137

2120579=7350d=129

2120579=7569d=126

2120579=7770d=123

2120579=8148d=118

2120579=8384d=115

2120579=7592d=125

2120579=7992d=120

2120579=4584d=198

2120579=5016d=182

2120579=5491d=167

(a)In

tens

ity (a

u)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

2

20 40 60 802120579 (∘)

QtzQtzs

n Overlap

(b)





5 Discussion



Carb

Ms

150120583m

(a)

Carb

Ms

150120583m

(b)

Carb

50120583m

(c)

Pyr

30120583m

(d)











2O3(Al2O3+ Fe2O3)


119873 and (LaLu)

119873 demonstrate


2ONa2O SiO

2(K2O + Na

2O) and



NCYZ WQL


Silica




N

Terrigenous input


Sea water Sea water



1205903

1205903

1205903













6 Conclusions





119873









Acknowledgments


References






















































































2multiple












































FG

20120583m

(a)

A

B

CDE

20120583m

(b)

Inte

nsity

(au

)

200

1608

1186

11121091

840

722

464

280

(G)(F)

(E)(D)

(C)(B)(A)


(c)


450

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

70727476788082

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

455 460 465 470 475 480 485


FWH

M(c

mminus1)

C D E F G





1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

66687072747678808284

Inte

nsity

(au

)

Points

A-FWHM = 761

B-FWHM = 720

E-FWHM = 707

FWH

M(c

mminus1)

A B E







20

0500

1000150020002500300035004000450050005500600065007000

Inte

nsity

(au

)

40 60 802120579 (∘)

2120579=2088d=425

2120579=2668d=334

2120579=3090d=289

2120579=3658d=245

2120579=3950d=228 2120579=4032d=224

2120579=4248d=213 2120579

=5535d=166

2120579=5998d=154

2120579=6404d=145

2120579=6776d=138

2120579=6832d=137

2120579=7350d=129

2120579=7569d=126

2120579=7770d=123

2120579=8148d=118

2120579=8384d=115

2120579=7592d=125

2120579=7992d=120

2120579=4584d=198

2120579=5016d=182

2120579=5491d=167

(a)In

tens

ity (a

u)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

2

20 40 60 802120579 (∘)

QtzQtzs

n Overlap

(b)





5 Discussion



Carb

Ms

150120583m

(a)

Carb

Ms

150120583m

(b)

Carb

50120583m

(c)

Pyr

30120583m

(d)











2O3(Al2O3+ Fe2O3)


119873 and (LaLu)

119873 demonstrate


2ONa2O SiO

2(K2O + Na

2O) and



NCYZ WQL


Silica




N

Terrigenous input


Sea water Sea water



1205903

1205903

1205903













6 Conclusions





119873









Acknowledgments


References






















































































2multiple












































20

0500

1000150020002500300035004000450050005500600065007000

Inte

nsity

(au

)

40 60 802120579 (∘)

2120579=2088d=425

2120579=2668d=334

2120579=3090d=289

2120579=3658d=245

2120579=3950d=228 2120579=4032d=224

2120579=4248d=213 2120579

=5535d=166

2120579=5998d=154

2120579=6404d=145

2120579=6776d=138

2120579=6832d=137

2120579=7350d=129

2120579=7569d=126

2120579=7770d=123

2120579=8148d=118

2120579=8384d=115

2120579=7592d=125

2120579=7992d=120

2120579=4584d=198

2120579=5016d=182

2120579=5491d=167

(a)In

tens

ity (a

u)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

2

20 40 60 802120579 (∘)

QtzQtzs

n Overlap

(b)





5 Discussion



Carb

Ms

150120583m

(a)

Carb

Ms

150120583m

(b)

Carb

50120583m

(c)

Pyr

30120583m

(d)











2O3(Al2O3+ Fe2O3)


119873 and (LaLu)

119873 demonstrate


2ONa2O SiO

2(K2O + Na

2O) and



NCYZ WQL


Silica




N

Terrigenous input


Sea water Sea water



1205903

1205903

1205903













6 Conclusions





119873









Acknowledgments


References






















































































2multiple












































Carb

Ms

150120583m

(a)

Carb

Ms

150120583m

(b)

Carb

50120583m

(c)

Pyr

30120583m

(d)











2O3(Al2O3+ Fe2O3)


119873 and (LaLu)

119873 demonstrate


2ONa2O SiO

2(K2O + Na

2O) and



NCYZ WQL


Silica




N

Terrigenous input


Sea water Sea water



1205903

1205903

1205903













6 Conclusions





119873









Acknowledgments


References






















































































2multiple















































2O3(Al2O3+ Fe2O3)


119873 and (LaLu)

119873 demonstrate


2ONa2O SiO

2(K2O + Na

2O) and



NCYZ WQL


Silica




N

Terrigenous input


Sea water Sea water



1205903

1205903

1205903













6 Conclusions





119873









Acknowledgments


References






















































































2multiple




















































6 Conclusions





119873









Acknowledgments


References






















































































2multiple















































Acknowledgments


References






















































































2multiple






































































































2multiple











































Distribution, microfabric, and geochemical characteristics of siliceous rocks in central orogenic...

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