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From Technologies to Markets
© 2021
DC Charging for Plug-in Electric Vehicles 2021
Sample
Market and Technology
Report 2021
2
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Biographies & contacts
Dr. Milan ROSINA
Dr. Milan Rosina is Principal Analyst, Power Electronics & Batteries, at Yole Développement (Yole), within the Power & Wireless division. Milan has 20
years of scientific, industrial, and managerial experience in equipment and process development. He also has experience in due diligence, technology,
and market surveys in the fields of renewable energy, EV/HEV, energy storage, batteries, power electronics, thermal management, and innovative
materials and devices. Dr. Rosina received his Ph.D. degree from the National Polytechnic Institute (Grenoble, France). He previously worked for the
Institute of Electrical Engineering in Slovakia; Centrotherm in Germany; Fraunhofer IWS in Germany; CEA LETI in France; and at Direction of
Research and Innovation, ENGIE.
E-mail: [email protected]
Abdoulaye LY
Abdoulaye LY is a Technology & Market Analyst specializing in Power Electronic Systems at Yole Développement. As part of the Power Electronics &
Wireless division atYole, Abdoulaye’s expertise is focused on power electronics system design.
Prior to Yole, Abdoulaye served as an electrical engineer and power electronics system engineer at Centum Adetel Transportation Solution for 3
years, where he was in charge of converter design. He also performed simulations for catenary free tramways, tested qualifying auxiliary power
supplies (APS) for railway applications and managed a team developing a new battery cooling system.
Abdoulaye graduated with a technical degree in 2014 from Bethune University Institute of Technology and in 2017 and received an electrical
engineering degree from Grenoble Institute of Technology.
E-mail: [email protected]
DC Charging For Plug-In Electric Vehicles 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
33DC Charging For Plug-In Electric Vehicles 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE DEFINITIONS
• A Charging station is a facility that can include one or several
chargers that allow charging of EVs.
• A Charger is an interface that enables energy transfer from
the grid or from an ESS either directly to the EV battery or
via the on-board charger (OBC). It can be equipped with one
or several charging points. Power conversion devices can be
integrated into a charger cabinet or a separate cabinet.
• A Charging point is a cable equipped with a socket that allows
the charger to connect to the EV plug-in.
• A Charger module is a sub-unit charger (which can be rated
for 10, 15, 30 kW…). With these sub-units, charger
manufacturers will be able to address easily the total market
from 10 kW to 350 kW.
• An OBC is a converter embedded in the EV. It converts
Alternative Current (AC) from the grid to the required Direct
Current Voltage to charge the EV high-voltage battery. In an
EV, the space constraint is very high, which directly impacts
the OBC power rating.
• An Off-Board charger generally includes DC/AC converter(s)
that allows the electricity grid to charge directly the EV high
voltage battery. The charger is off-board so space constraint is
very low. Therefore, the power rating can be higher and
charging time can be reduced dramatically.
Charging station
Charger module
Main charging types
DC EV charger with its power conversion
unit (here in a separate cabinet)
(Image courtesy: Tritium)
44
• Glossary and definitions 2
• Table of contents 6
• Report objectives 9
• Focus of the report and report scope 10
• About the authors 13
• Who should be interested in this report 14
• Companies cited in this report 15
• Yole Group related reports 16
• Three-page summary 17
• Executive summary 21
• EV charging solutions 62
o Where does the demand for charging solutions come from?
o PHEV/BEV charging solutions overview
o Many different technology solutions exist for EV chargers
o Why don’t all car owners buy 100% electric?
o Alternatives to conventional EV charging
o Charging solutions examples
• Market forecasts 69
o Methodology
o Relationship between plug-in electric vehicles and DC charger markets
o 2020-2026 EV DC charger market in units
o 2020-2026 EV DC charger market in units – market share evolution
o Rationale behind the EV DC charger market evolution
o What does the EV DC charger price depend on?
o Charger prices
o 2020-2026 EV DC chargers market value in $M
o 2020 and 2026 EV DC charger market - split by geographic region
o EV DC market: regional specificities
o 2020-2026 power module market for EV DC chargers, in units
o 2020-2026 power device market value for EV DC Chargers, in $M
o 2020-2026 discrete power device market for EV DC chargers
o 2020-2026 discrete power device market value for EV DC chargers, in $M
o 2020-2026 power device market value for EV DC chargers, in $M (split
discretes/power modules, split by device type)
TABLE OF CONTENTS (1/3)• Market trends 91
o Megatrends driving EV DC charger demand
o Main drivers for electric mobility and related charging infrastructure
o Societal and global industrial environment being reshaped by battery revolution
o CO2 emission reduction targets for vehicles as the main EV/HEV driver
o EV/HEV classification
o EV/HEV becomes a part of the global energy ecosystem; Internet of Energy
o Application and supply chain trends
o How much does it cost to charge a plug-in EV?
o Why to charge at home?
• Impact of market trends on semiconductor industry 102
o From EV DC charger to semiconductor wafer
o Driving applications - Historical perspective
o Where does the acceleration of vehicle electrification come from?
o Where is the business opportunity for power electronics?
• Supply chain analysis 109
o BEV/PHEV, electric bus and electric truck manufacturers
o Location of charging infrastructure companies
o DC charging infrastructure manufacturers
o EV charging connector manufacturers – geographic location
o EV charging cable manufacturers – geographic location
o EV DC charging infrastructure supply chain structure
o Where is the highest differentiation in EV DC infrastructure?
o Charging infrastructure supply chain movements
o Mergers, acquisitions & IPOs
o Why invest into charging infrastructure?
o Energy providers leading the EV infrastructure investments
o Partnerships and key drivers for partnerships
o What was the original business of DC charger manufacturers?
o Why are so many players interested in providing a part of charging infrastructure
solution?
o V2H and V2G players
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55
TABLE OF CONTENTS (2/3)
• Technology trends 132
o Main Technology trends in EV DC chargers – Overview
o AC charging vs. DC charging
o Comparison of dedicated power line and battery buffer solution
o Charging station architecture example
o Trends in charger topologies (AC/DC stage, DC/DC stage)
o EV charging modes (Mode 1, 2, 3 and 4)
o EV charging levels (Level 1, 2 and 3)
o Overview of the main technology trends in DC chargers
o Charging infrastructure
o Technology trends in charging connectors
o ChaoJi: toward a unified connector?
o Connector standard timelines
o Technology trends in charger cables
o Charging power range for different applications
o Why is demand for fast charging solutions increasing?
o Fast charging bottleneck – availability of high-power lines
o What factors do reduce the need for fast charging power?
o AC vs. DC charging: DC charging for fast charging
o Most common charging levels by location
o EV users’ needs evolution & trends towards high-power chargers
o Charging time vs. charging power – slow (overnight) charging
o Charging time vs. charging power – fast charging
o Key parameter = kilometers per hour of charging
o Different approaches to increase car driving range
o Technology trends in DC charger power
o Very-high-power DC chargers
o Battery safety issues
o Case study: Hyundai Kona electric vehicle fire issues
o Battery as a charging speed bottleneck
o Towards EV battery higher charging power capability
o Why are very high-power chargers being installed now?
o Multiple DC charger outputs
o High-power charging challenges
o EV DC charging power: two opposing trends observed
o Technology trends in EV DC charger power
o Towards the end of on-board chargers?
o Drivers for low power DC chargers
o Monolithic vs. modular EV charger
o Discrete components vs. power modules in chargers
o Growing potential for power modules in charger modules
o 50 kW EV charger module from Rectifier Technologies
o Towards high power density
o SiC MOSFET power modules for DC chargers
o Si and SiC discrete devices for DC chargers
o What will be the impact of technology trends on passive devices?
o Technology trends in charger voltage
o Towards double-green mobility
o Synergies between DC charging and other markets
o Chargers with electricity battery buffer storage
o New stationary battery segment - buffer battery for EV/HEV charging
o Where are high efficiency chargers sought?
o Do weight, size and form factors of EV DC chargers matter?
o Bi-directional DC chargers
o Vehicle-to-something functionalities
o Mobile power stations for EV charging
o Automated charging solutions
• Alternatives to conventional EV charging solutions 200
o Alternatives to cables in charging
o Alternatives to conventional EV chargingDC Charging For Plug-In Electric Vehicles 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
66
TABLE OF CONTENTS (3/3)• Wireless charging 203
o Take away
o Wireless charging systems
o BMW 2018 530e iPerformance, PHEV – an integrated solution
o Audi A8 e-tron, PHEV
o Plugless charging upgrade for Tesla Model S, EV – an after-market solution
o Qualcomm Halo WEVC technology
o Hyundai wireless charging concept for electric vehicles with automated parking system
o Jaguar I-Pace electric taxis in Norway
o 2020 McLaren Speedtail Hyper-GT hypercar
o WiTricity push for EV wireless charging
o ORNL’s 120kW wireless charging system, a laboratory experiment
o What type of electric vehicle will be the first adopter?
o Wireless charging for small e-mobility
o EV/HEV wireless charging challenges
• Battery swap 231
o Take away
o Battery charging vs. battery swap
o Advantages and challenges for battery swapping
o EV battery swapping – a challenging path to success?
o Battery swap solution from Nio (CN)
o Battery swap solution from BAIC BJEV (CN)
o Aulton New Energy Automotive Technology Co., Ltd.
o Battery swap for small-mobility
o Battery module swap for passenger vehicles from Ample
o Battery swapping for buses, trucks and AGVs
o Battery Swapping station for buses
• Outlook 243
• Yole Group presentation 245DC Charging For Plug-In Electric Vehicles 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
77
FOCUS OF THIS REPORT
Mobility
FCEV ICE Vehicles Small mobility MHEV HEV PHEV/BEV
Charging solutions
DC chargers AC chargers Wireless charging Battery swap
Powertrain Others
For other aspects please refer to our Power Electronics report collection, such as the “Power Electronics for E -mobility 2021” report.
Wireless charging and battery swap technologies and supply chains are also covered in this report.
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88
REPORT SCOPE
Applications – Systems – Technology – Supply chain
Application
Charging infrastructure for plug-in vehicles*
System
DC chargersPackaging type
Discrete components
Power modules
Power device
Si MOSFET
Si IGBT
SiC MOSFET
Applications and technology trends
Supply chain analysis
Your needs are out
of scope of this
report?
Contact us for a custom report:
Covered in this report
• On-board chargers → see the
EV/HEV report
• This report does not analyze the
charging infrastructure for industrial
applications such as AGV, consumer
electronics and other applications
such as rail, aerospace, etc.
*Although some trials to develop rechargeable fuel-cell electric vehicles (with a relatively large battery capacity) were observed in the
past, we do not consider this segment as a viable solution for the future as it would represent the most complex technological solution
for clean mobility.
Not covered in this report
Geographical scope: worldwide
Units, $ million
Units, $ million
Units, $ million*Dedicated charging solutions for buses and trucks, such as
pantograph charger, are considered here.
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99
PHEV/BEV CHARGING SOLUTIONS OVERVIEW
There are two main types of PHEV/BEV charging: AC on-board charging and DCoff-board charging.
Some vehicles are also offered with a wireless charging option.
Off-board Charger
Wireless
Wireless
Charger Location Typical power range
On-board charger (AC) Integrated in the vehicle 3.7-11 kW, up to 22 kW (43 kW)
Wireless charger (AC)Receiver integrated in the vehicle /mounted on the vehicle
Transmitter located outside of the vehicle3.2kW – 11 kW
Off-board charger (DC) Outside of the vehicle Up to 350 kW
Images courtesy of:
WiTricity, Brusa, ABB
Charging station compatible
with AC and DC charging
Hig
h-p
ow
er
AC
ch
arge p
oin
t
PHEVs are typically
designed for lower
charging power than
BEVs
High speed
DC Charging For Plug-In Electric Vehicles 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
10
WHY DON’T ALL CAR OWNERS BUY 100% ELECTRIC?
Higher price, range anxiety, charge anxiety, waiting anxiety
Three of the four main issues hindering customers from buying a full battery electric vehicle are associated with vehicle charging.
Range anxiety Charge anxiety Waiting anxiety
• Larger battery capacity
• More efficient power
electronics and motors i.e.,
less energy losses
• Reduced energy
consumption in auxiliary
devices
• Fuel-cell EVs
• High-power DC
chargers
• Enhanced battery
and battery
thermal
management
• Fuel-cell EVs - five
min refueling time
• Building an extensive
and dense network of
charging / H2 refueling
points
• But many EV owners
do not have the
possibility of charging
at home and no FCEV
owner can refuel H2 at
home.
Can I drive far enough
between recharges?Can I charge/refuel
my car rapidly?
Can I rapidly access a
charging point?
Driving range
Higher EV car price
compared to an ICE car
EV charging-related issues
• Subsidies on car purchase
• Production volume scaling
• Technology improvements at
all levels from raw materials to
devices and system integration
• Car leasing
• Battery leasing
• Cost of ownership instead of
car price evaluation
Solu
tions
Why should I pay more
for an electric car?
ICE EV
Actually, starting
price for an EV is
much higher than
starting price for a
low-end ICE
vehicle.
Especially for
low end cars
DC Charging For Plug-In Electric Vehicles 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
1111
METHODOLOGY
DC charger market forecast
by category in units
DC charger market forecast
by category in $M
Number of active electronic
components by type per
charger
Active electronic components
market forecast by type in units
Active electronic
components ASP by type
Active electronic components
market forecast by type in $M
✓ Analysis
✓ Hypothesis
✓ Aggregation
DC charger ASP by category
Calculation Calculation
Calculation
DC chargers' market in 2019
(in Units)
✓ Discussion with DC charger players
✓ Government incentives & policies
✓ PHEV & BEV market forecast
✓ Desk research
DC Charging For Plug-In Electric Vehicles 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
1212
2020-2026 EV DC CHARGER MARKET
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1313
2020-2026 EV DC CHARGER POWER DEVICE MARKET
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1414
MAIN DRIVERS FOR ELECTRIC MOBILITY AND RELATED CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE
Government regulations to reduce
CO2
emissions Air-pollution issues in
cities
Government incentives to
promote electro-mobility
Stronger involvement from OEMs in electro-mobility
Increase in mileage
capability in electric cars
A shift in consumer perception of electric
cars
Increasing availability of charging
points
Increasing charging speed
Low cost of electricity
compared to petroleum-based fuels
Source: Yole Développement1,000 km
Charging
infrastructure
Charging
infrastructure
Charging
infrastructure
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1515
EV/HEV CLASSIFICATION
To reach significant emission reduction, MHEV and full HEV electrification approaches are not sufficient.
CO2emissions compared to
thermal vehicles (in %)*
Level of electrification
Thermal
vehicle (ICE)Mild-hybrid
EV (MHEV)
Full HEV
Toyota Prius
VW Golf Life 1st eTSI
VW Golf
EV/HEV
Hybrid electric vehicles Full electric vehicles
No battery charging from the grid
ICE taken as a reference
Example of a vehicle for each category is given
Toyota Mirai II
H2
Electric motor only (Zero-emission vehicle)
48V mild-hybrid
vehicles are
included here
* CO2 emission
in car operationICE + electric motor
Diesel/gasoline
0 %
100 %
309-100 gCO2/km
133-90 gCO2/km
156-76 gCO2/km
50 %
FCEV
PHEV
BMW Series 5 PHEV
Battery charging
from the grid
75-31 gCO2/km
Tesla Model S
BEV 0 gCO2/km
Plug-in electric vehicles
The emission reduction is significant starting
from the PHEV electrification type
Charging infrastructure
required here DC Charging For Plug-In Electric Vehicles 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
1616
FROM EV DC CHARGER TO SEMICONDUCTOR WAFER
DC chargers is a new and growing business opportunity for system manufacturers, discrete and power module makers, packaging companies, die manufacturers and wafer manufacturers.
Discrete / Power module level
Device levelWafer level
Charger(here considered with integrated power conversion unit)
Business opportunities here !
• Discretes and power modules
• Encapsulation
• Ceramic substrates
• Electrical interconnections
• Baseplates
• …
• Silicon IGBT
• SiC MOSFETs
• …
• Silicon wafers
• SiC wafers
DC Charging For Plug-In Electric Vehicles 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
1717
SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS
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1818
MAIN TECHNOLOGY TRENDS IN EV DC CHARGERS - OVERVIEW
The technology trends in DC chargers are interlinked with the trends in Li-ion batteries and EV/HEVs.
Technology trends at charging solution level
Automated charging
Charging solutions with integrated or linked battery energy storage solution
Charging solution integrated with renewable energy sources (PV, wind)
Smart charging solution (communication, energy supply/demand management…)
Technology trends at DC charger level
Maximum charging power increase (superchargers, ultrafast chargers…)
Maximum charging power decrease (to offer a DC alternative to low-power AC chargers)
Charger voltage increase
Modular/monolithic systems
Bi-directional chargers for V2G and V2H
Simultaneous charging of multiple cars at the same time using one charger with several outputs
Technology trends at component level
Discretes → Modules
Silicon → Silicon, SiC
These trends are analyzed in the following slides.DC Charging For Plug-In Electric Vehicles 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
1919
TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
DC Charging For Plug-In Electric Vehicles 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
2020
TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
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2121
TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
DC Charging For Plug-In Electric Vehicles 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
22
Contact our
Sales Team
for more
information
22
Contact our
Sales Team
for more
information
YOLE GROUP OF COMPANIES RELATED REPORTS
DC Charging For Plug-In Electric Vehicles 2021 | Sample | www.yole.fr | ©2021
Power Electronics for E-Mobility 2021
Power SiC: Materials, Devices and Applications
2020
Status of the Power Electronics Industry 2020
Status of the Power Module Packaging Industry
2020
Li-ion Battery Packs for Automotive and Stationary Storage Applications 2020
Yole Développement
23
Yole Group of Companies, including Yole Développement,
System Plus Consulting and PISEO, are pleased to provide
you a glimpse of our accumulated knowledge.
We invite you to share our data with your own network,
within your presentations, press releases, dedicated
articles and more, but you first need approval from Yole
Public Relations department.
If you are interested, feel free to contact us right now!
We will also be more than happy to give you updated data
and appropriate formats.
Your contact: Sandrine Leroy, Dir. Public Relations
Email: [email protected]
HOW TO USE OUR DATA?
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24About Yole Développement | www.yole.fr | ©2020
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