Critical Care Pediatric Nephrology and Dialysis: A Practical Handbook

Sidharth Kumar Sethi • Rupesh Raina Mignon McCulloch • Timothy E. BunchmanEditors

Critical Care Pediatric Nephrology and Dialysis: A Practical Handbook

EditorsSidharth Kumar SethiKidney & Urology InstituteMedanta, The Medicity Kidney & Urology InstituteGurugram, HaryanaIndia

Mignon McCullochRed Cross War Memorial Children’s HospitalUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa

Rupesh RainaDepartment of NephrologyCleveland Clinic Akron General Medical center and Akron Children’s HospitalAkron, OHUSA

Timothy E. BunchmanPediatric Nephrology Children’s Hospital of Richmond at the Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VAUSA

ISBN 978-981-13-2275-4 ISBN 978-981-13-2276-1 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2276-1

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018966698

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Dedicated to our patients who are our teachers

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Part I Acute Kidney Injury in a Sick Child

1 Acute Kidney Injury: Definitions and Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Neziha Celebi and Ayse Akcan Arikan

2 Biomarkers in Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Eileen Ciccia and Prasad Devarajan

Part II Managing a Sick Child with AKI

3 Acute Kidney Injury: Principles of Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Jitendra Meena and Arvind Bagga

4 Fluid Overload and Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Leyat Tal, Manpreet Kaur Virk, and Ayse Akcan Arikan

5 Nutrition in Pediatric AKI and Critical Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Norma J. Maxvold and Timothy E. Bunchman

6 Pharmacology of a Critically Ill Child and Drug Dosing . . . . . . . . . . . 57Joshua Zaritsky and Carl Gerdine

Part III RRT in a Sick Child

7 Acute Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Mignon McCulloch, Sidharth Kumar Sethi, Ilana Webber, and Peter Nourse

8 Vascular Access in a Child with Acute Kidney Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Deepa Chand and Rupesh Raina

9 Hemodialysis Treatment Prescription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Rupesh Raina and Vinod Krishnappa

10 Prolonged Intermittent Renal Replacement Therapy in Pediatric AKI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Sidharth Kumar Sethi

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11 CRRT in a Sick Child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Timothy E. Bunchman

12 Renal Replacement Therapy for Patients Requiring ECMO Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Anna Maslach-Hubbard, Raoul Nelson, and Jamie Furlong-Dillard

Part IV Special Situations

13 Plasmapheresis in Pediatric Renal Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Daniella Levy-Erez and Haewon C. Kim

14 Neonatal Acute Kidney Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Indrani Bhattacharjee, Marissa J. DeFreitas, Maroun Mhanna, and Carolyn Abitbol

15 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Sidharth Kumar Sethi

16 Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Arvind Bagga and Shina Menon

17 Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Uri S. Alon

18 Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215Deepa H. Chand and Meenal Patwardhan

19 Acute Kidney Injury in Children Following Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Call for Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Rajit K. Basu

20 Sepsis-Associated Acute Kidney Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237Rashid Alobaidi and Sean M. Bagshaw

21 Management of Intoxications in Pediatrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251Rupesh Raina, Stephanie Lam, Hershita Raheja, Michelle Bestic, and Martha Blackford

22 RRT in Liver Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285Vimal Chadha and Bradley A. Warady

23 Advances in Liver Failure and Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295Moreshwar Desai and Ayse Akcan-Arikan

24 Hyperammonemia and Metabolic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311Stefano Picca and Carlo Dionisi-Vici

25 Anticoagulation During RRT in the ICU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325Vimal Chadha and Bradley A. Warady

26 Toxic Nephropathy: Uric Acid, Rhabdomyolysis, and Tumor Lysis Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335Timothy E. Bunchman

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Part V Outcomes

27 Outcomes of Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343Hui-Kim Yap and Lourdes Paula R. Resontoc

28 Long-Term Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury in Children: A Practical Approach for Follow-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351Chia Wei Teoh and Michael Zappitelli

Part VI Advances

29 Advances in Paediatric Renal Replacement Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369Malcolm G. Coulthard

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Sidharth Kumar Sethi is a Senior Consultant in Pediatric Nephrology and Pediatric Renal Transplant Medicine at the Kidney and Urology Institute, Medanta, India. He completed his fellowship (International Pediatric Nephrology Association Fellowship) and senior residency in Pediatric Nephrology at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, and the Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplant Immunology at Cedars Sinai Medical Centre, Los Angeles, California. He has been involved in numerous national and interna-tional meetings on pediatric acute kidney injury and

pediatric dialysis. His chief interests include acute kidney injury, dialysis, and pedi-atric renal transplantation. He has been actively involved in the care of children with all kinds of complex renal disorders, including acute kidney injury, nephrotic syn-drome, tubular disorders, urinary tract infections, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. He was honored by Case Western Reserve University for his outstanding contributions to the field in 2014. He was part of an eight-member committee responsible for writing the Indian guidelines on steroid-sensitive nephrotic syn-drome and member of an expert committee involved in the formulation of guide-lines on pediatric renal disorders, including steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and urinary tract infections. He has published several international papers on pedi-atric nephrology and chapters in nephrology textbooks. He is also Co-Convener of the Indian Society of Pediatric Nephrology-CKD Registry. He is currently Secretary of the Indian Society of Pediatric Nephrology and Editor of the Journal of Clinical Pediatric Nephrology.

About the Editors

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Rupesh Raina is an Associate Professor and cur-rently a combined Adult and Pediatric Nephrologist and Director of Medical Research in Internal Medicine at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation’s Akron General Medical Center and the Akron Children’s Hospital. He is also a member of the fac-ulty and research staff at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine. Dr. Raina is a mem-ber of the University Council of Medicine at Northeast Ohio Medical University. His research interests include the pathophysiology and preven-tion of the progression of renal cystic disease, tran-

sition of nephrology care from pediatrics to adults, renal replacement therapy, and high-flow ultrafiltration for management of inborn errors of metabolism. He has a particular interest in developing medical curricula and case-based workshops to enhance medical students’ and residents’ clinical knowledge. He has trained numer-ous scientists and clinical researchers from the United States and abroad and has written several peer-reviewed articles, editorials, and book chapters related to bio-medical research and clinical activities. He is currently a member of the National Kidney Foundation’s Medical Advisory Board; fellow of the American College of Physicians, the American Association of Pediatrics, and the American Society of Nephrology; and fellow and board member of the National Kidney Foundation.

Mignon  McCulloch is currently a Pediatric Nephrologist and Consultant at the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit at the Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, Cape Town, as well as a Senior Lecturer at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. She is also an Honorary Consultant at Evelina London Children’s Hospital, United Kingdom. Her interests include developing pediat-ric nephrology and care of critically ill children, specifically acute kidney injury (AKI), and all forms of dialysis in infants and children especially in poorly resourced regions, adolescent transition, and pediatric transplantation (renal, liver, and cardiac).

She is the current President Elect of the International Pediatric Transplant Association (IPTA), Assistant Secretary of International Pediatric Nephrology Association (IPNA), and President of the African Pediatric Nephrology Association. She is actively involved in the “Saving Young Lives (SYL)” steering committee—providing hands-on training in pediatric dialysis to teams of doctors and nurses at residential courses, including bedside PD catheter insertion, vascular access train-ing, basic resuscitation, and all forms of dialysis.

About the Editors

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Timothy  E.  Bunchman is currently tenured Professor and Division Chief, Children’s Hospital of Richmond at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), USA.  His primary departmental program area is Pediatric Nephrology. He is trained in Pediatric Nephrology from the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. His areas of expertise and interest are pediatric transplantation, acute kidney injury, renal replacement therapy, and vasculitis. He has published papers in international journals and contributed chapters in books on pediatric nephrol-ogy and pediatric critical care. He has multiple awards to his credit and has been nominated by the

American Society of Pediatric Nephrology to the National Advisory Committee on Children and Disasters (NACCD). He is on the editorial board of many reputed international journals including Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Pediatric Nephrology, and Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. He has also been an Associate Editor for the American Journal of Kidney Diseases. He is the organizer and program director of the International Conference on Pediatric Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (PCRRT) endorsed by the International Pediatric Nephrology Association (IPNA) as well as the critical care section of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).

About the Editors