1

Context of Indus Script semantics of carving drawing

out harosheth and kharoṣṭhī and comparison of kharoṣṭhī

script with Brāhmī Aramaic and Phoenician

kharoṣṭhī is a compound of khār + oṣṭha blacksmith + lip (with a shortening of the voewl a)

The word khār 1 blacksmith is also cognate with radic act of drawing

Thus the expression kharoṣṭhī can be semantically explained as carving and smithy It is well-

attested that kharoṣṭhī was used by metalworkers in mints from Taxila to Karur since many early

coins produced in mints used the script together with Indus Script hieroglyphs The use

of Brāhmī script is also attested from these mints A derivative gloss kārṣāpaṇaacute is attested in

Indian sprachbund as an early weight and also as a gold coin

The speech-form kharoṣṭhī contains also a pun on the word karṣaacute with the semantics drawing

out carving (engraving) and hence aptly refers to an early writing system -- based on

blacksmith speeth (lip) -- used particularly in mints (apart from epigraphs on stone or birch-bark

manuscripts of early Bauddham sacred texts)

The conclusion is emphatic that Indus Script hieroglyphs were used by metalworkers to

document catalogues of metalwork

A confirmation comes from the decipherment of harosheth haggoyim of the Old Bible as smithy

of nations since harosheth is cognate with kharoṣṭhī in the semantics of both blacksmithy

and radic act of drawing

The complete Arapacana Alphabet in the Pantildecaviṃśatisāhasrikā is a ra pa ca na la da ba ḍa ṣa

va ta ya ṣṭa ka sa ma ga stha ja śva dha śa kha kṣa sta jntildea rta ha bha cha sma hva tsa bha ṭha ṇa

pha ska ysa śca ṭa ḍha For more on the theory that the arapacana alphabet is Gāndhārī see

Salomon Richard New Evidence for a Gāndhārī Origin of the Arapacana Syllabary Journal of

the American Oriental Society Vol 110 No 2 (Apr - Jun 1990) pp 255-273

httpwwwvisiblemantraorgarapacanahtml

See httpbharatkalyan97blogspotin201509kharosthi-and-brahmi-scripts-context-

ofhtml Kharoṣṭhī and Brahmi scripts -- context of links with Indus Script hieroglyphs to

catalogue metalwork metalcastings In this note the use of Indus Kharoṣṭhī and Brāhmī scripts in

the context of metalwork in Ancient Near East and Ancient India was underscored

httpbharatkalyan97blogspotin201509harosheth-haggoyim-smithy-of-nationshtml In this

note a suggestion was that an Old Bible expression harosheth haggoyim smithy of nations was

expressed in Proto-Prakritam as kharoṣṭhī goya blacksmith lip nation

httpbharatkalyan97blogspotin201204kharosti-blacksmith-lip-carving-andhtml Etymology

of harosheth is variously elucidated eg haroshet is a noun meaning a carving Semantic

cognates of Indian sprachbund are karṣ m dragging Pāṇ agriculture p IA

2

karṣaṇa n tugging ploughing hurting n cultivated land Bh k rṣati radickr ṣ] Pk

karisaṇa -- n pulling ploughing G karsaṇ n cultivation ploughing OG karasaṇī m

cultivator G karasṇī m -- See kr ṣaṇa -- (CDIAL 2907) p= 3] m radic ) the act of

drawing dragging Pa1n2(with and without ) ploughing agriculture A1p Ya1jn5 ii

217 anything scratched off raquo - - अ mn a weight of gold or silver (= 16 s = 80

Rettis = 1divide4 प = 1divide400 of a = about 176 grains troy in common use 8 Rettis are given to

the and the is then about 280 grains troy) Sus3r VarBr2S ampc पण[p= 2763]

mn (g अ cf ) weighing a a coin or weight of different values (if of gold =

16 s raquo if of silver = 16 पणs or 1280 Kowries commonly termed a Kahan if of

copper = 80 s or about 176 grains but accord to some = only 1 पण of Kowries or 80

Kowries) Mn viii 136 336 ix 282(ifc) worth so many पणs Pa1n2 5-1 29n money

gold and silver Lm pl N of a warrior-tribe g प - m the chief of this tribe ib and 4-1 177

Va1rtt 2 (Monier-Williams Samskritam) karṣ m dragging Pāṇ agriculture p f

kā rṣi -- ploughing S karṣ -- Kapiṣṭh radickr ṣ] Pk karisa -- m dragging kassa -- m mud

Paš kaṣ pulling Or kāsa time or turn of ploughing a field IA karṣaṇa n

tugging ploughing hurting n cultivated land Bh k rṣati radickr ṣ] Pk karisaṇa -- n

pulling ploughing G karsaṇ n cultivation ploughing OG karasaṇī m cultivator G

karasṇī m -- See kr ṣaṇa -- (CDIAL 2907) k rṣati draws pulls R radickr ṣ]Pa kassatē

ploughs Pk karisaiuml kāsaiuml pulls Gy pal kšal -- to drag pull lead arm kaš -- to pull

Ash keṣawā -- to draw out Wg kaṣ -- to pull kaṣā -- to take away by force Kt kṣō --

to creep Pr -- kṣə -- to pull m kaṣāy -- Kal kaṣaleacutem I creep S kasaṇu to tighten

kassaṇ awāṇ kassuṇ WPah bhad kaśṇū P kassṇā rarr Ku kasṇo N kasnu B kasā Or

kasā close -- fisted th kasab to tighten OAw kasaiuml H kasnā O arw kasaiuml

harnesses binds G kasv to tighten kasṇ O kāsaṇe to tie fast --

Seekr ṣ tiAddenda k rṣati f Ir in Shgh kirā x t to drag remove Rosh kirēx t E Sh 1

krāršaya -- kāršaya -- ]WPahkṭg kc k śṇ to tighten tie kaśṇu IA karṣ

furrowing Kapiṣṭh f kā rṣi -- ploughing S karṣū -- f furrow trench Br

radickr ṣ] Pr kṣe_ plough -- iron Paš kaṣ mattock hoe Shum k ṣi spade pickaxe S kasī

f trench watercourse kass m catch drain ravine kassī f small distributing channel

from a canal G k s m artificial canal for irrigation -- m Phal khaṣī small hoe perh

kh nati Addenda karṣ -- kaṣ -- f spade lex ike Av karšivant - cultivator IE

kworsi -- with alternative development of IE o kā rṣi -- kārṣīvaṇa -- cultivator Burrow

BSOAS xxxviii 3 cf karṣū -- kārṣū -- urner BSOAS xxxvi ] IA

k ṣaka m ploughman āṇ radickr ṣ]Pa kasaka -- m Kho or kiṣ lk cultivator -

Paš weg keṣa plough IA 3 kr ṣaṇa pulling ploughing kr ṣ ti radickr ṣ]

Pa kasaṇa -- n ploughing Paš nir keṣen plough WPah bhal kiśni f knotted string for

tightening or loosening a drum Or kasṇā ploughshare kasaṇi degsuṇi drawing tightly

string ring used by archers for protecting fingers H kasan m pain torture IA 3

Semantics furrow kārṣū -- f furrow trench karṣū -- with dial IA a for ā IE o as in

Av karšū ploughed land and in karṣ -- kā rṣi -- T Burrow BSOAS xxxviii 70 Turner

BSOAS xxxvi Pa kāsū -- in aṅgāra -- kāsū -- f fire -- pit IA 3 1a

3

onch-shell cutter śankha kr ṣānu (Rigveda)

Semantics weight coin kārṣāpaṇ mn a partic coin or weight e uivalent to one karṣa

karṣa -- m a partic weight Suśr cf OPers karša -- and paṇa -- or āpana -- EWA i 1

and with lit But from early IA ka hādeg]Pa kahāpaṇa -- mn a partic weight and coin

KharI kahapana -- Pk karisāvaṇa -- mn kāhāvaṇa -- kahdeg m A kaoṇ a coin e uivalent to

1 rupee or 1 paṇas or 1 cowries Bkāhan 1 paṇas Or kāha ṇa 16 annas or 1280

cowries H kahāwan kāhan kahān m OSi brāhmī kahavaṇa Si kahavuṇa degvaṇuva a

partic weight IA 3 Ta kācu gold gold coin money a small copper coin a kāśu

gold money the smallest copper coin Ko kac rupee o kos id Ka kāsu the smallest copper

coin a cash coin or money in general u kāsů an old copper coin worth half a pie a cash e

kāsu a cash a coin in general a gold coin money Go Ko kāsu pice lt Te Voc 663) Cf

Skt karṣa-(DEDR 1431)

Early Aramaic alphabet

httpwwwomniglotcomwritingaramaichtm

Kharoshthi

lap

Bēth

Gāmal

ālath

Waw

3

onch-shell cutter śankha kr ṣānu (Rigveda)

Semantics weight coin kārṣāpaṇ mn a partic coin or weight e uivalent to one karṣa

karṣa -- m a partic weight Suśr cf OPers karša -- and paṇa -- or āpana -- EWA i 1

and with lit But from early IA ka hādeg]Pa kahāpaṇa -- mn a partic weight and coin

KharI kahapana -- Pk karisāvaṇa -- mn kāhāvaṇa -- kahdeg m A kaoṇ a coin e uivalent to

1 rupee or 1 paṇas or 1 cowries Bkāhan 1 paṇas Or kāha ṇa 16 annas or 1280

cowries H kahāwan kāhan kahān m OSi brāhmī kahavaṇa Si kahavuṇa degvaṇuva a

partic weight IA 3 Ta kācu gold gold coin money a small copper coin a kāśu

gold money the smallest copper coin Ko kac rupee o kos id Ka kāsu the smallest copper

coin a cash coin or money in general u kāsů an old copper coin worth half a pie a cash e

kāsu a cash a coin in general a gold coin money Go Ko kāsu pice lt Te Voc 663) Cf

Skt karṣa-(DEDR 1431)

Early Aramaic alphabet

httpwwwomniglotcomwritingaramaichtm

Kharoshthi

lap

Bēth

Gāmal

ālath

Waw

4

Ṭēth

Yodh

Kāp

āmadh

Mem

Nun

Pē

Ṣādhē

Qop

Rēsh

Shin

Taw

Comparison of Kharoshthi and Brahmi scripts with Aramaic Phoenician Attic Greek

Assamese Bengali Devanagari Tamil

Note the remarkable comparison of

Phoenician with tha Tha in Brahmi

Atti

c

Gre

ek

Α Β Γ Δ Ε Υ Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ϻ Ϙ Ρ Σ Τ

Pho

enic

ian

Ara

mai

c

Kha

5

rost

hi

Bra

hmi

Ass

ame

se

Ben

gali

অ ব ভ গ ধ ঢ

দ ড

থ ঠ য ক চ ল ম ন ণ শ

প ফ স খ ছ ৰ ষ ত ট

Dev

ana

gari

अ ब भ ग ध ढ

व द ड

थ ठ य क च ल म न ण श

प फ स ख छ र ष त ट

Ta

mil

அ ப க த ட

வ த ட

த ட ய க ச ல ம ந ண ஶ

ப ப

From this table a reasonable inference is that Kharoshthi script symbols are comparable to

Aramaic while Brahmi script symbols are comparable to Phoenician Thus it is inferred that

both Kharoshthi and Brahmi script symbols -- which get modified as syllables by the addition of

diacritical marks --bear a close resemblance to PhoenicianArmaic alphabets

It is also reasonable to infer that the Meluhha artisans who documented their metalwork

catalogues on Indus Script Corpora were also involved in the harosheth haggoyim smithy of

nations described in the the Book of Judges as the fortress or cavalry base of Sisera commander

of the army of Jabin King of Canaan Sisera had nine hundred iron chariots with which he

fought the Israelites

Judges 413 Context chariots metalwork harosheth haggoyim

Parallel Verses

New International Version Sisera summoned from Harosheth Haggoyim to the Kishon River all his men and his nine

hundred chariots fitted with iron

New Living Translation he called for all 900 of his iron chariots and all of his warriors and they marched from

Harosheth-haggoyim to the Kishon River

English Standard Version

6

Sisera called out all his chariots 900 chariots of iron and all the men who were with him from

Harosheth-hagoyim to the river Kishon

New American Standard Bible Sisera called together all his chariots nine hundred iron chariots and all the people who were

with him from Harosheth-hagoyim to the river Kishon

King James Bible And Sisera gathered together all his chariots even nine hundred chariots of iron and all the

people that were with him from Harosheth of the Gentiles unto the river of Kishon

Holman Christian Standard Bible Sisera summoned all his 900 iron chariots and all the people who were with him from Harosheth

of the Nations to the Wadi Kishon

International Standard Version So Sisera gathered his iron chariots together from Harosheth-haggoyim mdashall 900 of them along

with all the people who were assigned to themmdashand they assembled at the Kishon River

NET Bible he ordered all his chariotry--nine hundred chariots with iron-rimmed wheels--and all the troops

he had with him to go from Harosheth-Haggoyim to the River Kishon

GODS WORDreg Translation So Sisera summoned all his chariots (900 chariots made of iron) and all his troops from

Harosheth Haggoyim to come to the Kishon River

JPS Tanakh 1917 And Sisera gathered together all his chariots even nine hundred chariots of iron and all the

people that were with him from Harosheth-goiim unto the brook Kishon

New American Standard 1977 And Sisera called together all his chariots nine hundred iron chariots and all the people

who were with him from Harosheth-hagoyim to the river Kishon

Jubilee Bible 2000 And Sisera gathered together all his chariots even nine hundred chariots of iron and all the

people that were with him from Harosheth of the Gentiles unto the river of Kishon

King James 2000 Bible And Sisera gathered together all his chariots even nine hundred chariots of iron and all the

people that were with him from Harosheth of the nations to the river of Kishon

American King James Version And Sisera gathered together all his chariots even nine hundred chariots of iron and all the

people that were with him from Harosheth of the Gentiles to the river of Kishon

7

American Standard Version And Sisera gathered together all his chariots even nine hundred chariots of iron and all the

people that were with him from Harosheth of the Gentiles unto the river Kishon

Douay-Rheims Bible And he gathered together his nine hundred chariots armed with scythes and all his army from

Haroseth of the Gentiles to the torrent Cison

Darby Bible Translation Then Sisera gathered together all his chariots nine hundred chariots of iron and all the people

that were with him from Harosheth-Goim to the torrent Kishon

English Revised Version And Sisera gathered together all his chariots even nine hundred chariots of iron and all the

people that were with him from Harosheth of the Gentiles unto the river Kishon

Websters Bible Translation And Sisera collected all his chariots even nine hundred chariots of iron and all the people that

were with him from Harosheth of the Gentiles to the river of Kishon

World English Bible Sisera gathered together all his chariots even nine hundred chariots of iron and all the people

who were with him from Harosheth of the Gentiles to the river Kishon

Youngs Literal Translation and Sisera calleth all his chariots nine hundred chariots of iron and all the people who are with

him from Harosheth of the Goyim unto the brook Kishon

Context

Deborah and Barak hellip12Then they told Sisera that Barak the son of Abinoam had gone up to Mount Tabor 13Sisera

called together all his chariots nine hundred iron chariots and all the people who were with him

from Harosheth-hagoyim to the river Kishon14Deborah said to Barak Arise For this is the day

in which the LORD has given Sisera into your hands behold the LORD has gone out before

you So Barak went down from ount abor with ten thousand men following himhellip

Cross References

Joshua 1716 The people of Joseph replied The hill country is not enough for us and all the Canaanites who

live in the plain have chariots fitted with iron both those in Beth Shan and its settlements and

those in the Valley of Jezreel

Judges 119 The LORD was with the men of Judah They took possession of the hill country but they were

unable to drive the people from the plains because they had chariots fitted with iron

Judges 42

8

So the LORD sold them into the hands of Jabin king of Canaan who reigned in Hazor Sisera

the commander of his army was based in Harosheth Haggoyim

Judges 43 Because he had nine hundred chariots fitted with iron and had cruelly oppressed the Israelites for

twenty years they cried to the LORD for help

Judges 412 When they told Sisera that Barak son of Abinoam had gone up to Mount Tabor

Judges 519 Kings came they fought the kings of Canaan fought At Taanach by the waters of Megiddo

they took no plunder of silver

Treasury of Scripture

And Sisera gathered together all his chariots even nine hundred chariots of iron and all the

people that were with him from Harosheth of the Gentiles to the river of Kishon

gathered Heb gathered by cry or proclamation nine

Judges 4237 And the OR sold them into the hand of abin king of anaan that hellip

chariots of iron Probably chariots armed with iron scythes projecting from the axle on each

side by which the infantry might be easily cut down or thrown into confusion The ancient

Britons are said to have had such chariots

httpbiblehubcomjudges4-13htm

During the 3rd millennium BCE a veritable revolution in the history of civilizations was

unleashed with the invention of the smithy supported by the crucible and the forge The ability to

identify metallic minerals to smelt them to alloy them to create new metals provided for the

next stages of casting ingots and forging metal tools and weapons including ploughshares for the

plows axes harrows sickles swords knives linchpins to hold the hubs of axles of spoked-

wheels of carts and chariots These resultant technological developments led to the establishment

of state power using improved mobility of troops engaged in warfare issues of coins from mints

and development of markets involving improved seafaring and rapid land-transport of surplus

products in bulk for trade activities by caravans of manufactory artisan guilds merchantsrsquo guilds

Social institutions got transformed beyond recognition as cultures evolved from the chalcolithic

era into the bronze-age The invention of smithy was thus developed further as a trans-state

institution of smithy of nations a development recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible

calling this Harosheth hagoyim The smithy guilds operating in a variety of new corporate forms

extended their reach beyond state boundaries to become the smithy of nations to meet the

demand for metals metallic tools and weapons produced in the smithy and merchandising them

across an expansive interaction area of Eurasia This development together with the associated

invention of writing systems for bills of lading and other trade transctions transformed the

lebensraum (living space) of bronze-age civilizations of the Ancient Near East A profound

cultural consequence was the formationevolution of linguistic areas (language unions or

sprachbunds such as the Indian sprachbund) with free exchanges of semantic clusters and other

language features The reconstruction of glosses and other language features of Proto-Indian will

help evaluate conclusively the claims of decipherment of Indus writing This monograph has

not attempted to resolve the polemics of dating and relative chronology of Rigveda and Avestan

9

and directions of migrations of Proto-Indian people Further studies in the identification of

isoglosses demarcating several linguistic features relatable Indian sprachbund will complement

the contributions by studies in Proto-Indo-European and help delineate the cultural framework of

the formation and evolution of languages in Indian sprachbund The apparent semantic links

between Tocharian and Indian sprachbund call for a rethink of Proto-Indo-European (PIE)

dispersal theories

httpmagazineonlinesnetsearchharosheth-hagoyim-smithy-of-nations

Archaeological mystery solved

July 1 2010

Published by Editor at 1049 am under Press Releases

A 3200-year-old round bronze tablet with a carved face of a woman found at the El-ahwat

excavation site near Katzir in central Israel is part of a linchpin that held the wheel of a battle

chariot in place This was revealed by scientist Oren Cohen of the Zinman Institute of

Archaeology at the University of Haifa ldquoSuch an identification reinforces the claim that a high-

ranking Egyptian or local ruler was based at this location and is likely to support the theory that

the site is Harosheth Haggoyim the home town of Sisera as mentioned in Judges 4- rdquo says

Prof Zertal

The El-ahwat site near Nahal lsquoIron was exposed by a cooperative delegation excavating there

during 1993-2000 from the Universities of Haifa and Cagliari (Sardinia) headed by Prof Zertal

The excavated city has been dated back to the end of the Bronze Age and early Iron Age (13th-

10

1 th centuries B E he cityrsquos uni ueness - its fortifications passageways in the walls and

rounded huts - made it foreign amidst the Canaanite landscape Prof Zertal has proposed that

based on these unusual features the site may have been home to the Shardana tribe of the Sea-

Peoples who according to some researchers lived in Harosheth Haggoyim Siserarsquos capital city

he city is mentioned in the Biblersquos narratives as Siserarsquos capital and it was from there that the

army of chariots set out to fight the Israelites who were being led by Deborah the prophetess and

Barak son of Avinoam The full excavation and its conclusions have been summarized in Prof

Zertalrsquos book ldquoSiserarsquos Secret A ourney following the Sea-Peoples and the Song of eborahrdquo

(Dvir Tel Aviv 2010 [Hebrew])

One of the objects uncovered at the site remained masked in mystery The round bronze tablet

about cm in diameter and mm thick was found in a structure identified as the ldquoGovernorrsquos

Houserdquo he object features a carved face of a woman wearing a cap and earrings shaped as

chariot wheels When uncovered in 1997 it was already clear that the tablet was the broken end

of an elongated object but Mr Cohen who included the tablet in the final report of the

excavations did not manage to find its parallel in any other archaeological discoveries

Now 13 years later the mystery has been solved When carrying out a scrutinizing study of

ancient Egyptian reliefs depicting chariot battles Mr Cohen discerned a unique decoration the

bronze linchpins fastening the chariot wheels were decorated with peoplersquos faces - of captives

foreigners and enemies of Egypt He also noticed that these decorations characterized those

chariots that were used by royalty and distinguished people

ldquo his identification enhances the historical and archaeological value of the site and proves that

chariots belonging to high-ranking individuals were found there It provides support for the

possibility which has not yet been definitively established that this was Siserarsquos city of

residence and that it was from there that the chariots set out on their way to the battle against the

Israelite tribes located between the ancient sites of aanach and egiddordquo Prof Zertal

concludes

Photos

11

Chariot linchpin (Moshe Einav)

Two Rondels with Heads

Date ca 1st century Culture Pakistan (ancient region of Gandhara) Medium Bronze

Dimensions Diam 1 58 in (41 cm) Classification Metalwork Credit Line Samuel Eilenberg

Collection Gift of Samuel Eilenberg 1987 Accession Number 1987142280a b

See httpbharatkalyan97blogspotin201111archaeological-mystery-solved-site-ofhtml

Meaning and etymology of the name Harosheth-hagoyim

Harosheth-hagoyim

11

Chariot linchpin (Moshe Einav)

Two Rondels with Heads

Date ca 1st century Culture Pakistan (ancient region of Gandhara) Medium Bronze

Dimensions Diam 1 58 in (41 cm) Classification Metalwork Credit Line Samuel Eilenberg

Collection Gift of Samuel Eilenberg 1987 Accession Number 1987142280a b

See httpbharatkalyan97blogspotin201111archaeological-mystery-solved-site-ofhtml

Meaning and etymology of the name Harosheth-hagoyim

Harosheth-hagoyim

12

Harosheth-hagoyim is the home of general Sisera who was killed by Jaelduring the war

of Naphtali and Zebulun against Jabin king of Hazor in Canaan(Judges 42) The lead players

of this war are the general Barak and the judgeDeborah

The name Harosheth-hagoyim obviously consists of two parts The first part is derived from the

root which HAW Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament treats as four separate

roots (harash I II III amp IV)

The verb (harash I) means to engrave or plough HAW Theological Wordbook of the Old

Testament reads The basic idea is cutting into some material eg engraving metal or plowing

soil Derivatives of this verb are

(harash) meaning engraver

(haroshet) a noun meaning a carving This word is equal to the first part of the name

Harosheth-hagoyim

(harish) meaning plowing or plowing time

(maharesha) meaning ploughshare

(harishi) a word which is only used in Jona 48 to indicate a certain characteristic of the

sun - vehement (King James) or scorching (NIV)

The verb (harash II) most commonly denotes refraining from speech or response either

because one is deaf or mute or because one doesnt want to respond None of the sources

indicates a relation with the previous root and perhaps there is none but on the other hand

perhaps deafness was regarded in Biblical as either being marked or else cut or cut off

The noun (horesh) from root (hrsh III) occurs only in Isaiah 179 and has to do with a

wood or forest The noun (heresh) from root (hrsh IV) occurs only in Isaiah 33 and

probably means magical art or expert enchanter or something along those lines

The second part of the name hagoyim comes from the definite article (haplus the common

word (goy) meaning nation people gentile This word comes from the assumed

root (gwh) which is not translated but which seems to denote things that are surpassed or left

behind Other derivatives are (gaw a and gew) meaning back as in cast behind the back ie

put out of mind (1 Kings 149 Nehemiah 926 Isaiah 3817) (gewiya) meaning body

either dead or alive (Genesis 4718 Judges 148 Daniel 106)

The meaning of the name Harosheth-hagoyim can be found as any combination of the above

NOBS Study Bible Name List reads Carving Of The Nations but equally valid would

be Silence Of The Gentiles orEngraving Of Whats Abandoned

Jones Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names reads Manufactory for Harosheth and of the

Gentiles for Hagoyim

httpwwwabarim-publicationscomMeaningHaroshethhtmlTtGLS7K4q7s

k ṣṭi - ] A learned man -f 1 Drawing attracting

13

A scribe Hence early semantics of kharoṣṭī should be engraving The word kharoṣṭī

(cognate harosheth) should therefore have meant smithy-engraving The word haggoyim

had meant nations Thus the phraseharosheth haggoyim (kharoṣṭīgoi smithy engraving

guils)can be translated as smithy engraving nations as was the engraving of a womans

face (Haritis face) on the chariot linchpin

Philistine linchpin

Discovered at the Philistine site of Ashkelon this bronze linchpin is one of only a handful of

ancient chariot fittings to have been discovered in Israel The 7-inch-long pin would have been

placed through a small hole located between the chariotrsquos wheel and the end of the axle Once

lashed into place (using a leather cord strung through the hole in the head of the pin) the pin

served the crucial function of preventing the wheel from flying off when the chariot was in

14

motion httpmembersbib-

archorgpublicationaspPubID=BSBAampVolume=36ampIssue=6ampArticleID=13

A woman adorns the linchpins kola woman Rebus kolhe smelters kolle blacksmith kol

working in iron

Were the Meluhhans involved in the hidden treasure of arsenical-copper cire perdue artifacts of

Nahal Mishmar

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

September 11 2015

14

motion httpmembersbib-

archorgpublicationaspPubID=BSBAampVolume=36ampIssue=6ampArticleID=13

A woman adorns the linchpins kola woman Rebus kolhe smelters kolle blacksmith kol

working in iron

Were the Meluhhans involved in the hidden treasure of arsenical-copper cire perdue artifacts of

Nahal Mishmar

S Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

September 11 2015