Constructive Adpositi - IRIS Uni Torino
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19 April 2022 AperTO - Archivio Istituzionale Open Access dell'Università di Torino Original Citation: Constructive Adpositional Grammars Publisher: Terms of use: Open Access (Article begins on next page) Anyone can freely access the full text of works made available as "Open Access". Works made available under a Creative Commons license can be used according to the terms and conditions of said license. Use of all other works requires consent of the right holder (author or publisher) if not exempted from copyright protection by the applicable law. Availability: Cambridge Scholars Publishing This is the author's manuscript This version is available http://hdl.handle.net/2318/1715706 since 2019-11-15T17:21:10Z
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Transcript of Constructive Adpositi - IRIS Uni Torino
19 April 2022
AperTO - Archivio Istituzionale Open Access dell'Università di Torino
Original Citation:
Constructive Adpositional Grammars
Publisher:
Terms of use:
Open Access
(Article begins on next page)
Anyone can freely access the full text of works made available as "Open Access". Works made available under aCreative Commons license can be used according to the terms and conditions of said license. Use of all other worksrequires consent of the right holder (author or publisher) if not exempted from copyright protection by the applicable law.
Availability:
Cambridge Scholars Publishing
This is the author's manuscript
This version is available http://hdl.handle.net/2318/1715706 since 2019-11-15T17:21:10Z
Table of Contents
List of Figures
! !
List of Tables
Legenda
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% A A & C D ' D & D E = E ! F G I Ivx v x !(I ("I I2 I3 I4 I5 L " O Ox x O1 O2 O3 O4 Ox Q OxR S W O4X O1!(X
!(I
("X
("I
Y O2!(Y ("Y Z O3
ChapterOne
Introduction
)x.P(x) T v P(v) T P *¬P T
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Eater Agent food Agent Patient
Food Non-human eater animal Non-human eater
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g C B g + f A C g f
M M M
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S \NP
(S \NP)/NP
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ChapterTwo
Syntax
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ChapterThree
Constructions
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I2cause
ChapterFive
Constructive dictionaries
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1 2 3 4
verb tense person 3rd, singular tense verb 3rd singular person person tense
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""""
' D
S R S C % A
% A S; (Y,S)
& D S; R; (Z,R)
& C S; S; (Z,S)
= E S; (Y,S); R
' D S; (S,R)
C
% A
& D
& C
= E
"illoc = "loc
(Z,R)
!!!!
!
!!I22
""""
R
!!!!
!
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""""$
(& D,S)
!!!!
!
"!
& D
""""$
(& C , S)!
$
(& D,S)
!!!!
!!!!
!
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& D
""""$
(& C ,S)
(Z,S)
!!!!!
!
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2
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$
S
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!
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1
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(& C ,S)
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!
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& C
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(& D, S)!
$
(& C ,S)
!!!!!
!!!!!
!
"!
& C
"""""$
(& D,S)
= E !& D
= E !% A
$
(= E ,S)
!!!!!
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!
!
& D
"""""$
(& D,S)
$
(= E ,S)
!!!
!!
!!!
!!
!
!
% A
"""""$
(% A , S)
& D = E = E % A
! "illoc
& D % A & D & D
st st st "loc "illoc
! % A & D
! ! & D & D
% A & D
! ! % A % A
! % A % A
! % A & C
! & D & D
! % A & D
! & C % A
! ! = E % A
! ! % A & D
! ! % A % A
! = E = E
% A & D
& C & D
& D % A = E & D = E
ChapterSeven
Conclusion
AppendixA
Examples
!"I2
2
()O2 !!
I21
( )O1 ()I2
!!I2
2
( )O2 !"
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( )O1 ()I2
#I0 "I0 !"O ()A ()O !
!I1
1
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2
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1
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1
!O1 I2
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2
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!!I2
2
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I21
O1 ()I2
"I3
3
( )Z !!I32
( )Y !"I3
1
( )X ( )I3
!!I22
( )Y !"I2
1
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!!I22
( )Y !"I2
1
( )X ( )I2
"I3
3
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1
( )X ( )I3
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3
( )Y !!I3
1
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2
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1
( )X ( )I2
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3
( )Z
!!I3
2
( )Y !"I31
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3
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2
Y !"I3
1
X I3
"I3
3
Z !!I32
( )Y !"I31
X I3
!"I3
3
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2
Y !"I3
1
X I3
!
!"I3
3
Z !!I3
2
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X ()I3
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3
Z !!I32
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1
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%%
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1
X I2
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2
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3
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()X I3
I
!I22
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!!I21
&&&O1$$$$I2
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!"O2A O2
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2
Y !"I2
1
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1
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1
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1
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!!I2
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#!"I2
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1
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1
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1
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noun: proper, singular verb: [tense: simplepresent: [3rd person, singular]]
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1
X noun singular !!I1 I 3rd
person singular I1
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X !!I1 I I1 !"
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X !!I1 I I1
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1
#XO O I1
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2
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1
X I2
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2
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1
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1
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1
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2
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1
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aux
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2
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!D !!I2
2
Y !"I2
1
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1
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I22
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2
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aux
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1
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aux
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!!Xact I2 !Yact
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1
Xact I2
aux
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I22
&&Xact I2 !Yact
!!I2
1
&&Xact I2
aux
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2
( )Y !"I2
1
( )X I2
"E > I
( )Xact !"
I22
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2 > A($$$$ )Yact
!"I2
1
($$$$ )Xact!!!I2
mean !Yaux
!!I2
1
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aux
"A > O
O "O!D I
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2
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"I21
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"E > I
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($$$$$ )Yact
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1
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I2mean
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1
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aux
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OO
"O!D I
!I2
2
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!I2
1
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()I2
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"A > O
O O !!OA
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2
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"I11
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!O!D I
!!I2
2
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1
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!"I2
2
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1
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2
E !"I2
2
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1
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2
E !"I2
2
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1
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2
E !"I22
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X I2
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1
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1
O I2
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2 > A( )Ymean
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1
!!Xmean I2
mean !Yaux
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1
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aux
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2 > A( )Ymean
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1
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mean !Yaux
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1
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aux
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2
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2 > A( )Ymean
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1
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mean !Yaux
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1
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2
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2
( )Y
!"I2
1
(!!!)X &&I2mean
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1
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!E > I2
2
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"I2
2
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"AA
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2
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I21
(!!!)X &&I2mean
!Yaux
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1
!X!X X I2
!!I22
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( )I2 > A !Yaux !"
I21
()X I2
!!I22
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()I2 > A ( )Yaux !"
I21
()X I2
!"I2
2
!"Yaux
A$$$$$Ybe !!
I21
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!I2
2
Ymeet
!"I2
1
!Xmeet I2
meet I2
be
!!I2
2
"I22 > Yneed
($$$$$$ )Yfix
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1
($$$$$)Xfix I2
fix
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1
( )Xneed ()I2
need
!!I2
2
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!"I21
($$$$$)Xpaint I2
paint
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1
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req
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I21
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1
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work O Ybe
()I2
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I21
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"A "
O'Xwalk
I1walk
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()I2
!E > I
"I33 > O
Z !!I3
2
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"I22 > E > I
!I2
2
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1
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mean !Yaux
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aux ( )I
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2
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A !"I11
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mean !Yaux
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1
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aux ( )I
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A !"I11
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mean !Yaux
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1
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aux ( )I
"I2
2
Y !!I21
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!Y !"I21
!!X I2 I2
!!I2
2
"I2
2 > Y "
I22 > Y
"I2
2 > Y( )Y
!"I2
1
X I2 !"I2
1
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1
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!"I2
1
X I2
!"I2
2
"I2 > Ylam.
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I22 > A
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!"I2
1
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perd !Yter
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1
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ter ()I2
1
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2
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A()I > A
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"I22
I !"I2
2
($$$$$ )Y
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1
X I2 ( )Y !"I2
1
X I2
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A!D O ( )O
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A!D O ( )O
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!!I2
2
&&"Y &&"A!D !
"I22
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1
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1
X ()I2
!!I22
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got&&"Ygot
"A!D
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2
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1
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1
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aux
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mean&&"Ymean
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&&"A !D !!I22
A > Y !!I21
&&X'I2
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"I21
X I2dep
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2
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X I2gov
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dep X I2
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2
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1
X ()I4dep ( )O
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2
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1
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()O !!I42
( )Y
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1
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( )O !!I4
2
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1
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2
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2
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1
X ()I4 !O
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1
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E !"I11
X !"I1 E ( )I1
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1
X ( )I1
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1
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I > E!!
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1
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E !!I1 X ( )I1 !G
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2
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AE A ()Y !
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1
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AE A
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X I2 !O
!!I2
2
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X I2
"I2+1
3
( )Y !"I2+1
2
X !!I2+1
1
Q ()I2+1cause
"I2+1(1
3
( )Y !"I2+1
2
&&X !!I2+1
1
Q ()I2+1cause
!I4+15
( )W "I4+1
4
()Z !I4+13
( )Y
!"I4+1
2
X !"I4+11
()Q ()I4+1cause
"I2+13
( )Y !"I2+12
X !!I2+11
&&Q''I2cause
!I2+13
( )Y !"I2+1
2
( )X !!I2+11
&&Q''I2cause
!I2+13
( )Y !"I2+1
2
X !!I2+1
1
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!I2+1
3
Y !"I2+12
X !!I2+1
1
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X !!I2+11
&&Q&&I2cause
!I2+1
3
()Y !"I2+1
2
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1
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!"I2
2
#A > Y
O Y ( )I21
!"I2
2
!A > Y
O Y ( )I21
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2
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O Y ( )I21
!!% A!!
I22
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S % A ()(% A , S)
!!& D!!
I22
( )(Z,R) !!I2
1
R & D ()(& D,S)
!!& C!!
I22
( )(Z,S) !!I21
S ( )& C ()(& C ,S)
!!= E
!E( )(Y,S) !
!I2
2
( )R ( )(Y,S)
()(= E ,S)
!"( )' D (Declare)' D
!% A!"
Y"
Y()X = S > A ()Y ()Ix
!"% A()X = S ()% A
!% A( )& D (Itell)% A
!!& D!"
Ix ()Z !#Ix ()Y = R ()Ix
!"& D()X = S ()& D
!!& D( )(Z,R) ( )(& D,S)
!!& C!"
Ix ()Z !#Ix ()Y = S ()Ix
!"& C()X = S ()& C
!Ix ()R
"Ix ()S ()Ix = Y
!"= E
()X = S ()= E
!' D!!
Ix S !"Ix Y = R Ix
!"' DX = S ' D
!!' D!"
I22
"S( )O !
!OA !
!OA O
!!I2
1
R I2 !"' DS ' D
!% A( )% A ()% A
!& D( )& D ()& D
!& C( )& C ()& C
!= E
( )= E ()= E
!"& D( )(& D,S) ( )(& C ,S)
!"& C( )(& C ,S) ( )(& D,S)
!& D( )(= E ,S) (tellme )(& D,S)
!% A( )(= E ,S) ( )(% A ,S)
AppendixB
The FormalModel
C G C G ObjC C
G = {Gi}i-GC !
i-GC Gi = ObjC i, j - GC i " j Gi . G j = / Gi " /
C G =
{Gi}i-GC W - G CG W 0Y1 1 · · · 1 Yn, (z1, . . . , zn)2 n 1 i 1 . . . n Yi - G \ {W} zi - W
C C i W
C G ={Gi}i-GC W - G &P,x P x
"
f j
#
j-P3
P = 0P3, a2 C GW
x C
V - G \ {W} j - P3 f j - HomC(x, y) y - V
V cod &P,x dom &P,x = x P &P,x & j,x f j
$
&P,x
%
x-U P x U
&P,U P U cod &P,U dom &P,U = U P & j,x j x &P,U
& P = 0Y1 1 · · · 1 Yn, (z1, . . . , zn)2 x x Y1, . . . , Yn z1, . . . , zn P &
& &
C G ={Gi}i-GC W - G
& =&
"
f j : x " c(x, j)#
j-P3
'
x-V
P = 0P3 = P1 1 · · · 1 Pn, (a1, . . . , an)2 V ' Q U & k 1 . . . n U = Pk
Q = 0P1 1 · · · 1 Pk(1 1 V 1 Pk+1 1 · · · Pn, (ak, a2 . . . , ak(1, a1, ak+1 . . . , an)2
(x, j1, . . . , jn) - C 1 P3 cod &( j1,..., jn),x = cod '( j1,..., jk(1,x, jk+1,..., jn), jk
C G = {Gi}i-GC W - G
& =&
"
f(y1,...,yn) : x " c(x, y1, . . . , yn)#
y1-P1,...,yn-Pn
'
x-V
P = 0P1 1 · · · 1 Pn, (a1, . . . , an)2 V
' ="
$
g(z1,...zm) : x " d(x, z1, . . . , zm)%
z1-Q1,...,zm-Qm
#
x-U
Q = 0Q1 1 · · · 1 Qm, (b1, . . . , bm)2 U ' + & dom ' = U = cod &
' + & =&
"
g(z1,...zm) + f(y1,...yn)
#
y1-P1,...,yn-Pn,z1-Q1,...,zm-Qm
'
x-V
dom ' + & = dom & = V cod ' + & = cod ' ' + &
0P1 1 · · · Pn 1 Q1 1 · · · 1 Qm, (a1, . . . , an, b1, . . . , bm)2 .
C G = {Gi}i-GC W - G C C G W G 0C,G,W,C2
M C x - ObjC f C dom f - M
cod f = x x - M f = idx
f : a " b C &P,V - C a - V f - &P,a &P,a a &P,V
& - C '1, . . . , 'n C 1
C
A A = 0C,G,U,C2 G
GC = {A, E,O,U} 4"
Ip : p C,G,U#
.
Ip
0C,G = {Gi}i-GC ,W,C2 & 0Y1 1 · · · 1 Yn, (a1, . . . , an)2 x
& ="
f(y1,...,yn) : x " c(x,y1,...,yn)
#
y1-Y1,...,yn-Yn
.
&
xf(y1 ,...,yn)
!! an(yn, an(1(. . . , a1(y1, x) . . .)) = c(x, y1, . . . , yn) - cod & .
x (y1, . . . , yn) &, yk (y1, . . . , yk(1, x, yk+1, . . . , yn)
an(yn, an(1(. . . , ak1(yk(1, a1(x, ak+1(. . . (ak(y1, yk)) . . .)) . . .))
c(x, y1, . . . , yn)
& &
0C,G = {Gi}i-GC ,W,C2
& =&
"
f(x,y1,...,yn) : x " c(x,y1,...,yn)
#
y1-Y1,...,yn-Yn
'
x-V
0Y1 1 · · ·1 Yn, (a1, . . . , an)2 V (y1, . . . , yn) - Y1 1 · · · 1 Yn
'(y1,...,yn) =
"
f(x,y1,...,yn)
#
x-V.
GC '
'
!(L,N) N L
L
a(x, T0) & a(T0, x) &, T1 5 T2 T1 = T [a(x,T0)] T2 = T [a(T0, x)] T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T2 6
5 6
A A x y x 6 y y
T L
T T
T L = T T L T
T = a(T2,T1)
L1 = bk(tk, bk(1(. . . , b1(t1, t0) . . .))
L2 T1 6 L1 T2 6 L2 T1 L1 T2 L2 T 6 a(L2, L1)
T 6 a(L2, bk(tk, bk(1(. . . , b1(t1, t0) . . .)) 6
6 b1(t0, bk(tk, bk(1(. . . , a(t1, L2) . . .)) = L ,
L T
T [T1] T1 T1
6
U U = U 1 {!,",#}
! ! !A !E !O !
M M = M 7 M M M
C C
Ad(C) C 8 Ad(C) C C 8 C 8 Ad(C)
C Ad(C) Ad(C)
!
F T F(T ) !(a, n) a n !(a3, n) a3
F T F T = F T f F t f
F f = F + · · · + F t f
F t F t
R 8 R TR TR
M = 0M,GM ,WM ,CM2 L = 0L,GL,WL,CL2 ( : ObjM " ObjL L C = 0C,G,W,C2
C !M ObjL 7 ObjM M = {!M}
!M L M C L M (
C M !M
M G = GL 7 GM 7 M
C W = WL 7 WM 7 {!M}
C
C = CL 7 CM 7&&
"
' j : x " ((x)#
j-M
'
x-%: % - GM
'
.
C
C M L L ! ' M (
C L M C C M L C
L M
c C S C c f - S f + h f + h - S S c
S 3
f : b " c - S b - S 3 d
g : d " b d - S 3 S c B c S 3 c B
S c c S 3 f : c " b - S b - S 3 d b d3 - S 3 d3 d b c B
c B
c 0O, (!)2 v S c v v
I I
C J c C J(c) c
tc = { f : cod f = c} - J(c) c J(c)
S - J(c) h : d " c C
h,(S ) = {g : cod g = d h + g - S } - J(d) ;
S - J(c) R c h,(R) - J(d) h : d " c
S R - J(c)
0C, J2 J C
S - J(c) J h,(S ) h c h,(S )
J C 0C, J2 Sh(C, J) C Cop " Set 0C, J2 P C c C S - J(c) S " Hom((, c) Hom(S , P) # Hom(Hom((, c), P)
Sh(C, J)
C Sh(C, J)
Sh(C, J) C
G = 0V,!, S , P2 V ! S - V P A " % A - V % - (V 4 !), V ! S P
G = 0V,!, S , P2 G
L(G) =&
x - !, : SG
(" x'
,
G
(" # %, ) - (V 4 !), % # ) v - V % = %3 · v · %33
) = %3 · )3 · %33 (v " )3) - P
L G L = L(G)
G = 0V,!, S , P2 G
("9
V 1 (V 4!), C3 * V 4 ! S
G
(" *
G
("
C C3 7 1 7 1 !
G ObjC {c} c G ObjC C G
(" G = 0C,G, {!},C2 {S , !}
L(G) G P
L(G) S
L(G) G c - !, S
" L(G) G = 0V,!, S , P2
G = 0V,!, S , P2 G3 = 0V 3,!, S , P32 L(G) =L(G3) G3 p3 A " B ·C B,C - V 3 A " a a - !
C, !,
(A " a) - P3 a - GA
(A " B · D) - P3 b - GB d - GD b · d - GA b " b · d d " b · d C, 0GD, (!)2 GB 0GB, (!)2 GD C
C C, (!
v-V 3 Gv
)
4 {!}
*
C, {!} 4+
v-V 3
Gv, {!},C
,
L(G) = L(G3) = GS GS
Notes
" "
gov gov dep adp gc
tr lm tr/lm tr lm
VP
Y X Y Z W Sold Objective Y
Eat A-Eat H-Eat
I > A > Y
$ ! !
I
Zmean
Price
1 3
"
& ' &, '
1 1 G
"
"
Bibliography
Index
" # # A + B + C C A B
#
# +
# +
# #
# #
# #
# +
# ##
##
#
# + +
##
# +
#
# + #
# + #
# + #
# + +
#
# +
#
# + #
# +
#
# + ## "
" ## "
##
## +
## +
## + +
# + +
# + +
## +
## + +
## + +
## + +
#
# + #
# +
#
# +
# +
# +
#
# #
# +
## + +
## +
# +
# + ## +
## +
## +
##
##
##
## +
##
## +
#
# + +
## + +
#
# +
#
# +
# + #
# +
## +
# + +
# +
#
# + # +
# +
#
#
# + #
# +
#
# + #
# + ! #
# + ! #
# + #
# + #
#
# #
# +
# +
# +
#
# +
#
#
# + #
# + #
# + +
# ## +
# # + # # + # # +
## +
## +
## +
# ## +
## +
## +
##
## +
# + +
## +
## +
## +
## +
#
# + +
# + +
# +
## +
## + +
##
##
## +
## + +
## +
##
## +
## + +
# +
# +
##
##
#
# + #
# +
#
# +
## +
#
# #
# +
#
# +
# + #
# + #
# +
#
# +
## +
" ## + +
## + +
#
# +
#
# + #
# + +
#
# #
# + ##
#
# #
# + #
# #
# + #
# +
## +
##
##
##
##
## + +
#
# + #
# + +
#
# +
#
# + + #
# + #
# + #
# + #
# + #
# #
# + +
#
# +
# +
#
# + #
# + $ #
# + #
# +
#
# + #
# + #
# + #
# +
#
# +
## + +
##
## +
#
# +
# #
## +
# +
## + +
## + +
## + +
## +
##
#
# + # #
# + #
# + #
# + +
#
# +
## +
## +
#
#
#
# +
#
# +
##
##
# +
# +
# +
# +
#
# +
#
# + #
# +
#
#
