CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery

(Introduction)By Muslim

June 26, 2013

Beyond Water Flood • Reduce Water Flood Residual

Thermal InjectionChemical InjectionGas Injection

Gas Injecti

onHC gas injection

Nitrogen

Flue Gas

Carbon Dioxid

e

Miscible EOR Screening Criteria

References, EOR field data literature research, Univ of Texas, Austin

•Depth > 1,800 meter•Sor > 35%•MMP < Pi•API > 35

•Visc oil @ Pb < 2 mPa.s•No gas cap present

Nitrogen

Miscible

•Depth > 200 meter•Sor > 50%•API > 13

•Visc oil @ Pb < 600 mPa.s

•No gas cap present•No active water driveImmiscible Gas Flood

• Depth > 1,200 meter• Sor > 30%• API < 24

• Visc oil @ Pb < 5 mPa.s• No gas cap present

HC Miscibl

e• Depth > 600 meter

• Sor > 25%• API > 22• MMP < Pi

• Visc oil @ Pb < 10 mPa.s• No gas cap present

• Temperature reservoir > 86 oF

CO2 Miscibl

e

Gas Injection EOR Project (Producing)

HC gas Injection

• Canada (20 fields) since 1969

Nitrogen Injection

• Canada (Turner Valley field) since 2001

CO2 Injection

• Permian Basin and Wyoming (1972)

• Et al

References, oil and gas journal 2010

Why CO2 ?

1 •Resources

2 •Properties

3 •Utilization

4 •Proved Project

5 •Reducing Emission

Resources of CO2CO2

Resources

Natural / Undergrou

nd ResourcesOil and Gas

Processing

Industrial

Processing North American CO2 Sources

Underground CO2 Sources

CO2 Source Specifications

CO2 Properties

• Viscosity• Density• Compressibility• Solubility in Water

Properties

Density versus Pressure

Example at 1000 psi:CH4 = 0.07 gr/cm3

N2 = 0.08 gr/cm3

CO2 = 0.20 gr/cm3

Higher density makes the gravity segregation lower.

@ Constant P and T IncreaseDensity

Viscosity versus Pressure

Example at 1000 psi:CH4 = 0.013 cpN2 = 0.020 cpCO2 = 0.020 cp

Higher viscosity makes the viscous fingering lower than other gases.

@ Constant T and P

IncreaseViscosity

Compressibility versus Pressure

Compressibility versus Pressure

Compressibility factor of CO2 lower than CH4, N2, H2

Solubility in Water versus Pressure

@ Constant T and P

IncreaseSolubility

Example:@ Pressure 2,000 psi and Temperature 100 F. Solubility CO2 in water is 175 scf/bbl and at T 130 solubility in water is 160 scf/bbl

Solubility CO2 in Water versus Temperature

Solubility

Temperature

In pure water, at 37 C and 10 Mpa the solubility CO2 is 5.1 gr/100 gr of water (C.A Rochelle and Y.A. Moore, 2002)

Phase Diagram of CO2

PC = 1087 PSIA AND TC = 31.1 C

Utilization• For LNGHC gas

• For IndustrialNitrogen

• Emission CO2

Proved Project

Reducing Emission

Advantages of CO2 flooding

• Dense fluid over much of the range of pressure and temperature in reservoirs

• Low MMP (minimum miscibility pressure) and high miscibility with oil

• Low mutual solubility with water• Low cost and abundance

– Naturally occuring source • Environmental benefit if industrial CO2 is used and stored in reservoirs– Capture and sequestration of CO2 from combustion of fossil fuel

Technical challenge• Poor sweep efficiency

– Gravity override– Mobility contrast– Reservoir heterogeneity

• CO2 related problem– Corrosion on facilities– Solid deposition in reservoir formation

• Well spacing– Greater spacing causes sweep efficiency reduction

Thank YouCO2