Climate Change and Governance - Global Nature Fund

DOCUMENTATION

September 8th-12th

2003Norwich, England, UK

8th

Living Lakes Conference

Climate Change and Governance -Managing the Impacts on Lakes

EU LIFE Workshop Session

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Global Nature Fund

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Cover photo

Broads Nationalpark, Norfolk, Great Britain

International Foundationfor Environment and Nature

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Documentation of the 8th Living Lakes Conference

„Climate Change and Governance - Managing the Impacts on Lakes“

Norwich, England

1 Preface

2 History of Living Lakes

3 Summary of 8th Living Lakes Conference

4 Welcome Statements

Prof Kerry Turner, Chairman of the Broads Authority, UK

Marion Hammerl-Resch, President of the Global Nature Fund, Germany

5 Keynote Speech on „Governance of Protected Areas“

Alun Michael, MP, Minister of State for Rural Affairs, Department for Environment, Food andRural Affairs, UK

6 Speeches of Supporters

Dr Graham Gladden, Global Water Initiative Coordinator, Unilever, UK

Sir Frederick Holliday, Chairman of Northumbrian Water Ltd, UK

Dr Klaus Rick, Director Environmental Department, T-Mobile, Germany

7 Governance of Lakes and Wetlands

Overview of Governance of Each Living Lake; Andrew Moore, Environmental Consultant

Conserving Lakes and Wetlands: The Art and Practice of Good Governance;Prof Tim O’ Riordan - University of East Anglia, UK

Inspiring People, Improving Places - Engaging Stakeholders across Society; Tom Flood,BTCV Chief Executive, UK

Managing the Broads: Developing Structures and Processes to Engage with its Stakeholders;Dr John Packman, Broads Authority, UK

8 Panel Presentations on Governance

Letting The Dead Sea Live - Challenges in Governance; David Katz, Friends of the EarthMiddle East (FoEME)

Governance of Poyang Lake; Dai Xingzhao, MRLSD, Jiangxi, China

Lake Peipsi; Margit Säre, CTC, Estonia and Russia

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9 Climate Change and Lakes

Overview of Climate Change and its Impacts on Living Lakes; Prof Mike Hulme, Tyndall Centre,University of East Anglia (UEA)

10 Case Studies on Climate Change and Lakes

Lake Victoria, East Africa; Marisa Goulden, Tyndall Centre, University of East Anglia, UK

Experience across European Lakes; Dr David Viner, Climate Research Unit, University of EastAnglia, UK

Flooding and other Climate Impacts in the Broads; Steve Hayman, Environment Agency, UK

Local Government Action Plan for Climate Change in the Columbia Wetland Region; MarkShmigelsky, Mayor of Invermere, Canada

11 Solar Lakes

12 EU LIFE Workshop

From Vision to Action; Cath Johnson, Conservation Officer Trinity Broads Project Manager,Broads Authority

Managing the Steppe Lakes: La Nava and Boada; Eduardo de Miguel, Fundación Global Nature,Palencia, Spain

Sustainable Wetland Management and Restoration Measures at Nestos Lakes and Lagoons;Hans Jerrentrup, Greece

13 Outlook

Ibero American Living Lakes Conference in Mexico

The 9th Living Lakes Conference in Canada

Addresses and Contacts

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8 thLiving Lakes Conference / Preface

1 Preface

Marion Hammerl-ReschPresident of Global Nature Fund

Earth’s climate has always been changing - ecosystems and species had to adapt anddevelop according to climatic conditions. Lakes formed or disappeared, became smaller

or larger, due to climate changes. But today’s situation cannot be compared with the past. Present climate changesare due to human interferences, the rate of warming is much higher than in the past 10,000 years and extremetemperatures occur more often.

The 8th Living Lakes Conference in the Broads National Park in East Anglia dealt with the implications of theclimate change for lakes and wetlands. Lakes are particularly sensitive to changes in precipitation and temperature -the Living Lakes representatives of 25 lake regions from all over the world, and especially the European delegates,confirmed this fact from their own experience.

What will be the impacts of ongoing climate changes on the water quality, ecosystems, fauna and flora, agriculture,fishery, tourism and last but not least the drinking water supply? How can we minimize the climate change effects?Are the consequences of climate variability incorporated in the long-term lake management plans? How can theLiving Lakes network support the lake partners?

The Tyndall Centre, renowned English Institute for Climate Change Research, on behalf of the Global Nature Fundand the Broads Authority, carried out a study on possible impacts of climate change on the Living Lakes andpresented a prognosis for 23 lakes at the international Living Lakes Conference.

According to this study, Lake Constance and other European lakes will experience warmer winters and a rise inprecipitations and warmer summers with less precipitations. The snowmelt-dominated period will start earlier in theyear and getting shorter but more intensive - with effects on the Alpine tributaries to Lake Constance, especially onthe Rhine. In future, extremely low lake levels over a longer period are expected in summer, with severe consequencesfor the water quality, shore vegetation, water birds and possibly also economic activities such as tourism.

The restoration of deteriorated shore areas, the installation of efficient sewage plants, reduced input of agriculturalfertilisers and pollutants may create additional habitat for fauna and flora, and partly compensate for the negativeimpacts of the climate change. Unfortunately, the authorities responsible for the lake management are often notvery much concerned about that problem, nor do they consult environmental organisations on this topic.

Responsible, sustainable management in the long run is the approximate translation of the English term„governance“. Governance was the second focus of the Living Lakes conference. One of the few positive examplesis the Broads Authority, a Special Statuary Authority for the management of the Broads National Park. Currently theBroads Authority is elaborating the management plan for the coming five years. This plan sets out the overallstrategy involving representatives and people from all walks of life. It contains measurable targets, concretemeasures and significant control indicators. The „Broads Forum“ offers the local people and private organisationsthe opportunity to discuss, on a regular basis, all park-related problems and make suggestions.

The international Unilever Group, global partner of Living Lakes, participated in the Living Lakes conference withrepresentatives of five national Unilever companies and presented concrete examples of the Corporate’scommitment in sustainable lakes management. These include environmentally friendly products and manufacturingprocesses as well as financial support of conservation projects and the input of expertise. Other supporters of theLiving Lakes network - T-Mobile, DaimlerChrysler and Kärcher - presented their contributions to nature conservationand sustainable management of lakes.

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During the Living Lakes conference, the members of the network agreed to admit four more lake partners into thenetwork: Lake Poyang in China, Lake Victoria in East Africa, Lake Peipsi and Lake Vörtsjärv in Estonia and Russia,and Lake Chapala in Mexico. Lake Titicaca in Bolivia and Peru as well as Lake Balaton in Hungary were acceptedas candidates.

Finally, as part of the conference a workshop funded under the EU-LIFE Programme provided insight in wetlandmanagement and planning in Europe. Particular focus was put on case studies from the steppe lakes La Nava andBoada in Spain and the Nestos wetlands in Greece.

I would like to especially thank our local partners from Broads Authority and BTCV for hosting the 8th Living LakesConference. Many thanks also to our local and German supporters of this conference.

The present brochure gives detailed information on the results of the 8th Living Lakes conference. I hope it will beuseful to you.

Marion Hammerl

President of Global Nature Fund

Die Erde war immer Klimaschwankungen unterworfen - zumindest seit es Leben auf unserem Planeten gibt.Ökosysteme und Arten mussten sich anpassen und haben sich abhängig von den klimatischen Verhältnissenweiterentwickelt: Auch Seen wurden kleiner oder größer, entstanden oder verschwanden aufgrund von Klima-veränderungen. Doch die heutige Situation ist nicht mit der Vergangenheit zu vergleichen. Im Gegensatz zu frühersind die Klimaveränderungen durch den Menschen verursacht; die Erwärmung ist höher als alle Veränderungenin den letzten 10.000 Jahren, und extreme Wetterverhältnisse treten immer häufiger auf.

Die 8. internationale Living-Lakes-Konferenz im Broads Nationalpark an der Ostküste Englands beschäftigte sichmit den Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf Seen und Feuchtgebiete. Seen reagieren besonders sensibel aufVeränderungen bei Niederschlägen und Temperaturen - das konnten die Seenvertreter der 25 Living-Lakes-Seenaus aller Welt und speziell die Repräsentanten aus Europa aus eigener Erfahrung bestätigen.

Welche Konsequenzen sind für die Wasserqualität, Ökosysteme, Fauna und Flora, Landwirtschaft, Fischerei,Tourismus und nicht zuletzt für die Trinkwasserversorgung zu erwarten, wenn sich das Klima weiter wie bisherverändert? Wie reagieren wir darauf, wie können wir negative Auswirkungen auffangen oder zumindest abmil-dern? Werden die Folgen des Klimawandels in den langfristigen Managementplänen der Seen berücksichtigt?Was kann das internationale Seennetzwerk Living Lakes beitragen, um die Partner an den Seen zu unterstützen?

Das Tyndall Centre, ein renommiertes englisches Institut für Klimaforschung, realisierte im Auftrag des GlobalNature Fund eine Studie über die Veränderungen des Klimas an den „Living Lakes“ und stellte seine Prognosenfür 23 Seen auf der internationalen Living-Lakes-Konferenz vor.

Danach werden für den Bodensee und andere europäische Seen mildere Winter mit höheren Niederschlägenund heißere Sommer mit geringeren Niederschlägen erwartet. Die Schneeschmelze beginnt früher und wirdkürzer und heftiger sein - mit den entsprechenden Auswirkungen am Bodensee auf die Zuflüsse aus den Alpenund speziell den Rhein. Im Sommer sind extrem niedrige Wasserstände des Sees über längere Zeiträume zuerwarten mit bedenklichen Folgen für Wasserqualität, Ufervegetation, Wasservögel und möglicherweise auch fürwirtschaftliche Aktivitäten wie den Tourismus.

Zusätzliche Lebensräume für Fauna und Flora durch die Renaturierung von zerstörten Uferabschnitten, effizientereKläranlagen, eine weitere Reduzierung der Einträge von Düngemittel und Schadstoffen durch die Landwirtschaftgehören zu den Maßnahmen, mit denen die negativen Auswirkungen des Klimawandels teilweise aufgefangenwerden könnten. Doch wie an den meisten anderen Seen, machen sich die offiziellen Verantwortlichen für dasManagement des Bodensees bisher wenig Gedanken darüber oder schließen die Umweltschutzorganisationennicht in ihre Überlegungen ein.

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Langfristiges, verantwortungsbewusstes nachhaltiges Management - so lässt sich der englische Begriff„Governance“ am besten umschreiben. Governance war der zweite Schwerpunkt der Living-Lakes-Konferenz.Eines der wenigen positiven Beispiele ist die Verwaltungsbehörde des Broads-Nationalparks, die derzeit aneinem neuen Managementplan für die kommenden fünf Jahre arbeitet. Dieser Plan wurde in einem umfangreichenPartizipationsprozess unter Mitwirkung von Vertretern aller Interessengruppen erarbeitet und enthält messbareZiele, konkrete Maßnahmen und aussagekräftige Indikatoren für eine konstante Überprüfung. Das „Broads-Fo-rum“ gibt der lokalen Bevölkerung und den privaten Organisationen die Möglichkeit, regelmäßig mit der Nationalpark-behörde zu diskutieren und Vorschläge einzubringen.

Das internationale Unternehmen Unilever, globaler Partner von Living Lakes, nahm mit Vertretern aus fünf Län-dern an der Konferenz teil und zeigte mit konkreten Beispielen, wie sich dieser global player in das nachhaltigeManagement von Seen einbringt. Umweltfreundlichere Produkte und Produktionsabläufe gehören ebenso dazuwie die finanzielle Förderung von Umweltschutzprojekten und das Einbringen von Fachwissen. Auch T-Mobile,Daimler Chrysler und Kärcher - ebenfalls Förderer des Living-Lakes-Netzwerks - stellten ihre konkreten Beiträgefür den Schutz und ein nachhaltiges Management von Seen vor.

Auf der 8. internationalen Living-Lakes-Konferenz beschlossen die Netzwerk-Mitglieder die Aufnahme von vierweiteren Seenpartnern: den Pojang-See in China, Victoria See in Zentralafrika, die Seen Peipsi und Vörtsjärv inEstland und Russland sowie den Chapala-See in Mexiko. Der Titicaca-See in Bolivien und Peru sowie der Platten-see in Ungarn wurden als Kandidaten aufgenommen.

Als ein Teil der Konferenz ermöglichte schließlich ein vom EU-LIFE Programm unterstützter Workshop Einblick indas Management und die Planung von Feuchtgebieten in Europa. Besonderer Schwerpunkt waren die Fallbei-spiele der Steppenseen La Nava und Boada in Spanien sowie die Nestos Feuchtgebiete in Griechenland.

Ich möchte besonders unseren einheimischen Partnern der Broads Authority und des BTCV für die Organisationund Durchführung der 8. Living Lakes Konferenz in Norwich danken. Ein besonderer Dank geht außerdem an allebritischen und deutschen Förderer für Ihre Unterstützung dieser Konferenz.

Die vorliegende Broschüre informiert ausführlich über die Ergebnisse der 8. Living Lakes-Konferenz. Ich hoffe,die Informationen helfen Ihnen bei Ihrer Arbeit.

Marion Hammerl

Präsidentin des Global Nature Fund

Lake Titicaca: A new member of the Living Lakes network.

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8 thLiving Lakes Conference / History of Living Lakes

2 History of Living Lakes

Living Lakes is an international network and partners-hip whose mission is to enhance the protection,restoration and rehabilitation of lakes, wetlands, otherfreshwater bodies of the world and their catchment areas.The Living Lakes partnership promotes voluntary inter-national collaboration among organisations that carryout projects benefiting lakes, wildlife, and people. LivingLakes is created and co-ordinated by the Global Na-ture Fund (GNF), an international non-governmental andnon-profit organisation, located in Radolfzell at LakeConstance in Germany.

The project was started with four partner lakes in fourdifferent continents: Lake Constance (Germany,Switzerland, Austria), Mono Lake (California, USA), LakeSt. Lucia (South Africa) and Lake Biwa (Japan). Atpresent the network consists of 35 organisations in 28lake and wetland areas. And the network is growingcontinuously.

Until 2002, the Living Lakes Network consisted only ofpartner organisations, which are either full members orcandidates for full membership. There are, however,organisations which would like to join the Network butdo not fulfil the requirements for full membership.Therefore the Living Lakes delegates decided tointroduce the „Associated Membership“. The currentAssociated Partners in the Living Lakes Network arethe Kolindsunds Venner Wetlands in Denmark, LakeSapanka (Turkey), the lake complex Lac Azuéi (Haiti)and Lago Enriquillo (Dominican Republic).

Current full members of the Lake Network are MonoLake (USA), Lake Constance (Germany, Switzerland,Austria), St. Lucia Lake (South Africa), Lake Biwa (Ja-pan), La Nava Lake (Spain), Nestos Lakes (Greece),Lake Baikal (Russia), the Norfolk & Suffolk Broads (UK),the Pantanal-Wetland (Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay), LakeTengiz (Kazakhstan), Dead Sea (Jordan, Israel andPalestine), the Milicz Ponds (Poland), Mar Chiquita(Argentina), Columbia River Wetlands (Canada),Mahakam Lakes (Indonesia), Lake Uluabat (Turkey),Laguna Fuquene (Colombia), Laguna de Bay (Philipp-ines), Lakes Vörtsjärv/Peipsi (Estonia/Russia), LakeVictoria (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda), Lake Chapala(Mexico) and Lake Poyang (China). Candidates are Lake

Balaton (Hungary) and Lake Titicaca (Peru/Bolivia). Thefirst honorary member is Lake Vostok (Antarctica).

At the lakes GNF is cooperating with local NGOs, whovery often collaborate with scientific institutions,governmental authorities or businesses. They share theirexperience and know-how in the field of lakeconservation and management.

Annual Living Lakes conferences are held, therebypromoting the exchange of experiences, formulatestatements, co-ordinate activities and decide about furt-her steps for common activities. Three internet websites(www.globalnature.org, www.livinglakes.org andwww.livingwetlands.org) and an intensive PR are crucialinstruments to present the activities and results of theinternational cooperation to a wide public.

Recent highlights of Living Lakes were the 7th LivingLakes Conference at Lake St. Lucia and thepresentation of the project at the World Summit (WSSD)in South Africa in the year 2002.

In cooperation with Unilever, GNF and Living Lakespartner organisations developed guidelines for theestablishment of partnerships between environmentalorganisations and businesses. In March 2003, theEnglish guidelines entitled „Toolkit“ were presented atthe 3rd World Water Forum in Japan. With over 10,000participants, the Forum was one of the most importantinternational water conferences.

In cooperation with the Japanese foundation ILEC, theInternational Environment Technology Centre UNEP-IETC, LakeNet and others, the Living Lakes networktook part in the elaboration of the World Lake Vision.The World Lake Vision was presented to the public in2003 and is an important call for sustainable use oflakes and underlines the great importance of lakes formen and ecosystems.

Global partner of the Living Lakes project is Unilever, aGlobal Player itself. Unilever supports the world-wideactivities of the Global Nature Fund. Sponsors at inter-national level are DaimlerChrysler and the Germanairline Lufthansa. Living Lakes is also supportedby telecommunication company T-Mobile, DeutscheBundesstiftung Umwelt (German Federal Foundationfor Environment), Kärcher, Ethikbank, GLS Gemein-schaftsbank, Ziemann and middle-sized companiessuch as Kopf AG (Sulz), a pioneer in the field of solarenergy devices. Media partners of the Living Lakes

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8 thLiving Lakes Conference / History of Living Lakes

The Broads, located about 200 kilometres north-east of London,is one of Britain’s finest wetlands with a surface area of about300 square kilometres and precious for its rich wildlife andlandscape.

project are the nature magazine natur&kosmos and thepublishing house Gruner+Jahr, publishing the well-known magazine GEO.

Geschichte von Living Lakes

Das Projekt Living Lakes, ein internationales Netzwerkbedeutender Seeregionen, ist vom Global Nature Fund(GNF) im Jahr 1998 gestartet worden. Eine Untersu-chung der UN besagt, dass schon heute über 1,4 Milli-arden Menschen zu wenig oder schlechtes Wasserhaben. Hier setzt das internationale Seennetzwerk„Living Lakes“ an und zeigt Wege zum wirkungsvollenSchutz der größten und wichtigsten Seen unserer Weltauf.

Das Projekt wurde von vier Seenpartnern in vier Konti-nenten gestartet: Bodensee, Mono Lake (USA), St. Lu-cia See (Südafrika) und Biwa See (Japan). Derzeit sind28 Seen am Projekt beteiligt. Und das Netzwerk wächstkontinuierlich. An den Seen kooperiert der GNF mit lo-kalen Umweltgruppen, die wertvolle Erfahrungen undwichtiges Know-how im Gewässerschutz in das inter-nationale Netzwerk einbringen.

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Chapala, the largest lakeof Mexico, is under severethreat of drying up within thenext few years if waterconsumption is not drasticallyreduced.

Mono Lake is located inthe Californian desert andthreatened by excessivediversion of water from itstributaries to the megalopolisLos Angeles.

The wilderness of theColumbia River Wetlands,Canada, is home to 100,000mammals such as the GrizzlyBear.

According to the legend,it is the sacred water body,where the Inca Empire wasfounded: Lake Titicaca, thehighest navigable lake in theworld in the Bolivian andPeruvian Andes Mountains.

Laguna Fuquene is ashallow water lake situated inthe Colombian Andes at analtitude of 2,500 metres.

The Pantanal, situated inthe heart of South America, isthe world’s largest wetland.

Mar Chiquita in Argentinais breeding place for up to50,000 pairs of Chileflamingo.

The British Norfolk andSuffolk Broads are a primeexample for the restoration oflakes exposed to eutrophication.

Years ago, the Spanishsteppe lake La Nava wasdrained. Thanks to our Spanishpartners, it is a living lake again!

Five million people fromthree countries, Germany,Switzerland, Austria, get theirwater from Lake Constance.

The rich fish stocks of theEstonian-Russian Võrtsjärv-Peipsi lake system providelivelihood for many localfamilies.

Columbia River Wetlands, Canada

Pantanal, Brasilia, Bolivia, Paraguay Milicz Ponds, Poland

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Lake Balaton is one of themost significant naturaltreasures of Hungary, attractingmillions of visitors every year.

Monks in the middle agesmade the bird paradise of theMilicz Ponds in Poland.

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The Dead Sea, 417 metresbelow sea-level, is in dangerof drying up.

The Kazakh Lake Tengizis the largest intact steppe lakeleft in Asia.

Lake Baikal, the „pearl ofSiberia“, is the deepest lake ofthe world and home of the rareBaikal seal.

95 % of the world popu-lation of the endangered Sibe-rian Crane winter at LakePoyang-hu, China’s largestfresh water lake.

Every year, 24 milliontourists visit Lake Biwa,Japan’s largest lake.

The largest lake of thePhilippines, Laguna de Bay, ishighly threatened by theuntreated sewage of themetropolis Manila.

The Indonesian MahakamLakes are the home of the veryrare Irrawaddy freshwaterDolphin.

Lake Biwa, Japan

Lake Baikal, Russia

Lakesor the future”

Intensive farming andillegal rubbish dumps are a bigproblem for the Greek NestosLakes.

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The protection of LakeVictoria, Africa’s largest lake,requires immediate inter-national action.

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Eco-tourism creates jobsin the Greater St. LuciaWetland Park, South Africa’soldest nature reserve.

No other lake in Turkey iscovered with as many waterlilies as Lake Uluabat.

Lake Uluabat, Turkey

St. Lucia Wetland Park, South Africa

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3 Summary of the 8th Living Lakes Conference

8 thLiving Lakes Conference / Summary

The conference participants experience ways of sustainable tourismactivities like canoeing on a field trip in the Broads National Park.

Press Conference with Minister Alun Michael, Prof Kerry Turner,Marion Hammerl-Resch, Tom Flood, Prof Mike Hulme (from left toright).

130 participants from 30 different countries took part inthe 8th Living Lakes Conference in Norwich England,from 7th to 12th September 2003. The conference wasorganised by the Living Lakes partner organisationsBroads Authority and BTCV in cooperation with theGlobal Nature Fund (GNF), the coordinator of the LivingLakes partnership. The two conference themes„Managing the Impacts of Climate Change“ and „TheGovernance of Lake and Protected Areas“ wereexplored in relation to lakes and wetlands, in particularfrom the Living Lakes network, with the objective ofdeveloping brief, focused guidance. Participants hadthe opportunity to learn more about how these twothemes are being addressed by the Broads Authority

during the optional field trips prior to the conference.These were held in the Broads National Park, a LivingLakes partner since the year 2000 and a Ramsarwetland of international importance.

Climate change will have an increasingly majorinfluence on lake regions all over the world. It ispredicted that lakes will be affected by changes in waterlevels and water quality. Changes in globaltemperatures will have impacts on the rich biodiversityof lakes and wetlands and hence on fisheries. Peoplemight face severe reductions in drinking water suppliesand food. By the year 2080 the world’s lakes willexperience a temperature change of up to 5.7 °C causedby greenhouse gas emissions, according to a study bythe renowned Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Re-search delivered to the 8th international Living LakesConference in Norwich, England.

Governance is crucial to the successful managementof protected lakes and wetlands and requires carefulnurturing and tuning to meet local circumstances.Governance covers the ways in which decisions aremade, who makes them, who is accountable, fundingarrangements and organisational structure. Trendsinclude greater participatory management andpartnerships. At the conference, strategies for effectivestakeholder participation and managing changeprocesses were highlighted.

With Lake Victoria, Africa’s largest lake, Lake Poyang,China’s largest freshwater lake, the Lakes Peipsi andVortsjärv of Estonia and Russia, as well as Lake Chapala,Mexico’s largest inland water body, four new lakes wereadmitted into the international network Living Lakes atthe Conference. The network run by the Global NatureFund consists now of 35 organisations from 28 lakeregions.

The Living Lakes new partner organisations are theKenyan non-governmental organisation (NGO)OSIENALA at Lake Victoria, the Chinese NGO MRLSD(Promotion Association for Mountain-River-Lake Regio-nal Sustainable Development) at Poyang-hu, theAmigos del Lago Chapala and the Fundación Lerma atLake Chapala. The Estonian Fund for Nature (ELF) andthe Peipsi Center for Transboundary Cooperation (CTC)are partners of Living Lakes for the Baltic lake complex.New candidates to the network are Lake Titicacarepresented by the Bolivian organisation TROPICO andLake Balaton represented by the Association of Civil

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Organisations of Balaton in cooperation with LakeBalaton Development Coordination Agency.

During the Conference GNF’s „Best ConservationPractice Award“ was awarded to Dr Martin George, BarryBrooks, Richard Southwood and George Batchelor fortheir exceeding achievements and efforts in the field ofnature conservation and environmental education.

In the framework of the Living Lakes Conference aWorkshop „Planning and Implementation of WetlandManagement“ was offered to wetlands managers andexperts.This workshop took place in the context of the

GNF coordinated project „Living Lakes: SustainableManagement of Wetlands and Shallow Lakes“ for whichthe GNF secured a grant under the EU LIFE III programme.

At the 8th Living Lakes Conference it was announcedthat the next international Living Lakes Conference willbe held in the Columbia River Wetlands area, Canada,from September 26 to October 2, 2004.

The conference was sponsored by the Norwich CityCouncil, Suffolk County Council, Norfolk CountyCouncil, South Norfolk District Council, BroadlandDistrict Council, Northumbrian Water, Federal NatureConservaton Agency of Germany and Witley Press ofHunstanton.

Other supporters were Unilever, Lufthansa, DaimlerChrysler, T-Mobile, Kärcher, Ziemann, natur&kosmos,GLS Gemeinschaftsbank and Ethikbank.

EU LIFE Workshop. Hans Jerrentrup, Eduardo de Miguel, CathJohnson and Aitken Clark (from left to right).

Zusammenfassung der 8. Living Lakes-Konferenz

130 Experten und Umweltschützer aus 30 Ländern nah-men an der 8. Living Lakes-Konferenz teil, die vom 7.bis 12. September 2003 in Norwich, England, abgehal-ten wurde. Die Konferenz wurde von den Living Lakes-Partnerorganisationen Broads Authority and BTCV,gemeinsam mit dem Global Nature Fund (GNF) alsKoordinator der Living Lakes-Partnerschaft, organisiert.Die beiden Konferenzthemen „Managing the Impactsof Climate Change“ (Auswirkungen des Klimawandels)und „The Governance of Lake and Protected Areas“(„Governance“ von Seen und Schutzgebieten) wurdenin Bezug auf Seen und Feuchtgebiete behandelt, mitdem Ziel kurzfristig Leitlinien zu entwickeln. Im Vorfeldder Konferenz konnten die Teilnehmer sich an Exkur-sionen beteiligen und so Einblick gewinnen, wie dieBroads Authority diese Themen angeht. Die Ausflügefanden im Broads Nationalpark statt; seit dem Jahr 2000ein Living Lakes-Partner und Ramsar-Feuchtgebiet voninternationaler Bedeutung.

Seenregionen in der ganzen Welt werden immer stärkervom Klimawandel betroffen sein. Es wird vorausgesagt,dass die klimatischen Auswirkungen eine Änderung desWasserpegels und der Wasserqualität zur Folge habenwerden. Globale Temperaturänderungen werden diereiche Pflanzen- und Tierwelt in Seen- und Feucht-gebieten und auch die Fischerei beeinträchtigen. DieMenschen müssen mit Trinkwasser- und Nahrungsmittel-knappheit rechnen. Gemäß einer Studie des renommier-ten Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, dieauf der Konferenz in Norwich vorgestellt wurde, wird biszum Jahr 2080 weltweit ein Temperaturanstieg von 5.7Grad Celsius in Seengebieten durch Treibhausgase-missionen zu erwarten sein.

Governance ist äußerst wichtig für ein erfolgreichesSeen- und Feuchtgebietsmanagement und erfordertsorgfältiges Vorbereiten und Abstimmen, um den örtli-chen Gegebenheiten gerecht zu werden. Governancebeinhaltet den Weg, wie Entscheidungen gefundenwerden, wer sie trifft, wer die Verantwortung trägt,Finanzierungsvereinbarungen und Organisationsstruk-tur. Auf der Konferenz wurden auch Strategien für eineeffektive Beteiligung von Betroffenen und Interessen-vertretern sowie der Umgang mit Änderungsprozessenbehandelt.

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Vier neue Seen wurden auf dem internationalen Mee-ting in das weltweite Seennetzwerk aufgenommen: Afri-kas größter See, der Viktoria See, der Poyang-See, größ-ter Süßwassersee in China, das estnisch-russischeSeengebiet Peipsi/Võrtsjärv und der Chapala-See, Me-xikos größter Binnensee. Das vom GNF koordinierteSeennetzwerk besteht nun aus 35 Organisationen in28 Seenregionen.

Die neuen Partnerorganisationen sind die kenianischeNichtregierungsorganisation OSIENALA am ViktoriaSee, die chinesische NGO MRLSD (PromotionAssociation for Mountain-River-Lake RegionalSustainable Development) am Poyang-See, und amChapala-See die Amigos del Lago Chapala und dieFundación Lerma. ELF (Estonian Fund for Nature) undCTC (Peipsi Center for Transboundary Cooperation)sind die Partner des baltischen Seenkomplexes. NeueKandidaten für das Netzwerk sind der Titicaca See,vertreten durch die bolivianische OrganisationTROPICO und der Plattensee, vertreten durch die un-garische Association of Civil Organisations Balaton, inZusammenarbeit mit der Lake Balaton DevelopmentCoordination Agency.

Während der Konferenz wurde der „Best ConservationPractice Award“ an Dr. Martin George, Barry Brooks,Richard Southwood und George Batchelor für außeror-dentliche Leistungen und besonderes Engagement aufdem Gebiet des Naturschutzes und der Umweltbildungüberreicht.

Die nächste internationale Living Lakes-Konferenz wirdim kanadischen Feuchtgebiet Britisch Kolumbien, vom26. September bis 2. Oktober 2004 stattfinden.

Die Konferenz wurde gesponsert durch Norwich CityCouncil, Suffolk County Council, Norfolk CountyCouncil, South Norfolk District Council, BroadlandDistrict Council, Northumbrian Water, das Bundes-naturschutzamt und Witley Press of Hunstanton.

Die Konferenz wurde gefördert von Unternehmen wieUnilever, Lufthansa, DaimlerChrysler, T-Mobile, Kärcher,Ziemann, natur&kosmos, GLS Gemeinschaftsbank undEthikbank.

The British Minister Alun Michael and the four laureates of theGNF’s „Best Conservation Practice Award“.

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8 thLiving Lakes Conference / Welcome Statements

Prof Kerry Turner, chairman of the Broads Authority, is convinced,that through a partnership ethic adopted across business,government, academia and civil society, a more just andsustainable future is a realistic future for us and our descendents.

4 Welcome Statements

Prof Kerry TurnerChairman of the Broads Authority, UK

Climate change and its impacts and the governance oflakes and wetlands, it is particularly appropriate thatwe are meeting in the new Zuckerman Institute hereat UEA. This University’s School of EnvironmentalSciences and its component research centres havebuilt up an international reputation for excellence inresearch into environmental science and managementissues - and the two foci of climate change andgovernance in the context of environmental changeare core elements in our research programme.

The debate about the nature and severity of climatechange and its consequences continue to reverberatearound scientific and political circles. A majority (butnot a unanimous) view in science is that there issufficient evidence to show that climate change is areal effect and that some of its consequences posesignificant future environmental, and socio-economicdamage and loss risks from a global through to a localscale. But for those of us who also have to deal with the

day-to-day management of precious environmentalassets there is another relevant ‘angle’ in this debate.That is that many of the policy options being suggestedas part of a response to climate change are worthwhileactions in their own right (many are „win/win“ actions)e.g.: energy efficiency measures (of which this buildingis a good example); or a more rigorous application ofthe Polluter Pays Principle which results in technologicaland other innovations which over time can reduce acompany’s resource cost bill - The Factor Four - effect.

All this is NOT to say that all policy responses are win/win and will not involve net costs to some stakeholders;or that these are the only type of responses that arerequired to meet the overall goal of more SustainableDevelopment.

But they do serve to highlight the fact that such policydebate need not be overly adversarial and always castin the context of inevitable winners and losers. It is myown firm belief that through a partnership ethic adoptedacross business, government, academia and civilsociety, a more just and sustainable future is a realisticfuture for us and our descendents.

This brings me to the second focus of this conference -governance. The need for a more inclusionary approachin this context is, I think, widely accepted. But designingand implementing decision making processes that cantruly engage with and win the trust of multiple stake-holders (with different, sometimes competing intents)remains a challenge. Perhaps if I may just mention theefforts that we in the Broads Authority are making in thiscontext. We have already reorganised the way ourAuthority works and hope to make further changes inthe future, in order to ensure that organisationally weare better suited to take forward sustainability principlesand strategy. As part of our „sustainability“ reorgani-sation we have set up a Broads Forum, to which twentyor so representatives come to debate the main policyissues that face the Authority. The Forum membersrepresent all the main stakeholder interests in the Broadsand their ‘advice’ is presented by their independentchair at the full Broads Authority meetings before theBroads Authority members themselves debate matters.We intend to take this consultation and real dialogueprocess further in the future by engaging more with localindividuals and parish councils; as well as on a sub-catchment level to produce management plans thatrepresent a consensus view.

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What we can achieve will not be a utopia. We will neverplease all of the stakeholders all of the time, but ourintention is that levels of trust and accountability will besignificantly enhanced and that a partnership ethic andpractice will become the norm in the Broads, toeveryone’s long-term benefit. Through our discussionsover the coming days I hope we will deepen ourunderstanding of these challenges and how they canbe met.

Prof. Kerry Turner, Vorsitzender Broads Behörde,England

Die Debatte um den Klimawandel und seine Konse-quenzen beschäftigt kontinuierlich wissenschaftlicheund politische Kreise. Die mehrheitliche Meinung in-nerhalb der Wissenschaft ist, dass es ausreichendeBelege für tatsächliche Auswirkungen des Klimawandelsgibt und dass diese ernsthafte Umwelt- und sozioöko-nomische Schäden mit sich bringen können.

Viele der empfohlenen Handlungsmaßnahmen alsReaktion auf den Klimawandel können sich jedoch alslohnende Aktionen im eigenen Interesse (win-win-Situationen) erweisen, wenn z.B. durch Energie-effizienz-Maßnahmen oder strengere Anwendung des„Polluter-Pays Principle“, die zu technischen undanderen Neuerungen führt, langfristig die Produk-tionsmittelkosten eines Unternehmens gesenkt werdenkönnen. Das bedeutet nicht, dass alle Handlungs-maßnahmen diese Vorteile mit sich bringen oder dassnur solche Maßnahmen benötigt werden, um das End-ziel von nachhaltiger Entwicklung zu erreichen. Aberes zeigt, dass diese Grundsatzauseinandersetzung nichtunbedingt nachteilig sein muss. Ich glaube fest daran,dass durch eine ethische Partnerschaft von Unterneh-men, Regierungen, Universitäten und Gesellschafteine gerechtere und nachhaltige Zukunft für uns undunsere Nachkommen realistisch wird.

Das bringt mich zum zweiten Thema dieser Konferenz:Governance. Der Bedarf an ein umfassendes Heran-gehen wird weitgehend erkannt. Entscheidungsprozes-se zu entwerfen und einzuführen, die auf die ver-schiedenen Interessengemeinschaften (mit unterschied-lichen, manchmal auch konkurrierenden Absichten)eingehen und ihr Vertrauen gewinnen, bleibt jedocheine Herausforderung.

In diesem Zusammenhang haben wir innerhalb derBroads Authority schon einige Veränderungen vorge-

nommen und hoffen auf weitere in der Zukunft, damitwir noch besser die Prinzipien und Strategien vonNachhaltigkeit vorantreiben können. Es wurde daherein Broads Forum eingerichtet, in dem etwa 20 Vertre-ter der verschiedenen Interessengruppen Entwick-lungsvorschläge erarbeiten, die dann der BroadsAuthority vorgestellt werden. In Zukunft sollen vermehrtEinzelpersonen und Gemeindevräte in den Dialog mit-einbezogen werden, um konsensfähige Management-pläne zu erstellen.

Dabei werden wir niemals alle Interessengruppen zu-frieden stellen können. Unser Ziel ist es, das Vertrauenund die Verantwortlichkeit deutlich zu steigern und dasseine Partnerschaft zwischen Ethik und Praxis zum Nut-zen aller Beteiligten die Norm in den Broads wird.

Marion Hammerl-ReschPresident Global Nature Fund, Germany

Marion Hammerl-Resch during a field trip on the solar boat„Electric Eel“.

Over the past 100 years the global mean temperaturehas increased by 0.6 °C and in Europe by about 1.2 °C.The 1990s were the warmest decade over the past 150years. Temperatures are projected to increase furtherby 1.4 to 5.8 °C by 2100, with larger increases in Easternand Southern Europe. It is evident that most of thiswarming can be attributed to the emission of greenhousegases and aerosols caused by human activities.Warming-up of the atmosphere is part of changes inclimate and (extreme) weather conditions. If thesechanges persist, they will influence water availability,flood hazards, agricultural productivity, and natural areas.

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Since some years in Central Europe and especially inGermany, we have to deal with natural disasters,specifically high water and floods, low water anddroughts. To be honest, in Germany we all enjoyed thisyear the century summer - the hottest summer in thehistory of weather recording. Sometimes a little bit ofclimate change might not be so bad at first view.

It will require substantial further reductions of theemissions to achieve the Kyoto Protocol target forgreenhouse gas emissions for all signing countries -including the EU. However, energy and transportdemands, and the associated carbon dioxideemissions, are likely to continue to increase. It is unlikelythat current measures, including improvements ofenergy efficiency and increasing the share of renewablesources of energy, will achieve enough to offset theseincreases. Major policy changes will be needed beyondthe Kyoto target dates if sustainable development is notto be seriously jeopardised by climate change.

During the World Summit on Sustainable Development,the Living Lakes network attested that nations failed toagree on global time tables and targets for boosting thelevel of renewable energy. It has been agreed that thereis a need for regional and national targets for renewableenergy. But how can we expect that third world countriesstart to implement solar energy or other renewablesources, if the industrialised countries are notimplementing these sources seriously by themselves.

What we need is a coalition of like-minded partners forthe promotion of renewable energy. I hope that the In-ternational Conference for Renewable Energies asannounced by German Chancellor Gerhard Schröderat the World Summit on Sustainable Development inSeptember 2002 in Johannesburg, will lend furtherimpetus to the dynamic process for the globaldevelopment of renewable energy. This conference willbe hosted by Germany from June 1 to 4, 2004 in Bonn.GNF will present some best practice examples from theLiving Lakes network at this event.

Most natural lakes are used to climate changes becausethey are of catastrophic origin, being formed by glacial,volcanic or tectonic processes that left depressions orbasins in the land surface. But in the past, all creatures hadmuch more time to adapt to climate changes than today.

Today there is evidence of global and regional impactson natural ecosystems, human health, agriculture,

forestry, and fisheries, water resources, energy productionand use as well as vulnerable areas like the Arctic.

Experts predict that global climate change will affectlake water levels, water temperatures, precipitation andevaporation rates, chemical budgets, water quality, andbiodiversity. Increases in global temperatures areexpected to lead to significant local changes inprecipitation and evaporation. Lake levels are highlysensitive to fluctuations in climate.

Taking into account all this knowledge, it is even lessunderstandable, what is happening with Lago deChapala, Mexico’s biggest lake that remains at 25 % ofits natural water volume. Lago de Chapala is in severedanger of being dried up, because the water from RiverLerma is retained for agricultural needs in the upperstream regions. The lake is essential for many reasons,one of them are the climatic conditions in the wholeregion. Up to now, Chapala was known as the place inthe world with the best climate. If the Mexicangovernment will not stop the destruction of the lakeimmediately, Chapala will be known in the future asanother deserted region. So, during this conference wewill discuss about climate change on global and - veryconcrete - at local level.

Climate change - alike education - is a long-termchallenge. One important reference to start withstrategies and actions to change the negative climatechange trend is the World Lake Vision, initiated by theInternational Lake Environment Committee (ILEC). TheLiving Lakes Network is proud to be member of thedrafting committee in cooperation with UNEP, LakeNet,Lake Biwa Research Institute and other organisations.I am sure that the principles for action of the World LakeVision will accompany us during this conference.

Individuals, economy, and governments need to takesteps today - before our window of opportunity closes.This brings me to the second topic of this Living LakesConference: Governance.

It is not so easy to translate „governance“ properly intoGerman. And so is to find good examples of „goodgovernance“. Maybe our Living Lakes partner organi-sation and one of the two local hosts of this conference,the Broads National Park Authority, is one of the fewpositive examples of good Governance worldwide.

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To elaborate a long-term management plan withina participatory approach, to create efficient organi-sational structures, to introduce and use a monitoringsystem, to maintain a common vision and an atmosphereof trust between all stakeholders - all these are importantelements of good governance.

During the Third World Water Forum in March 2003,Living Lakes and our global partner UNILEVERpresented the Living Lakes Toolkit. This toolkit givespractical instructions and examples how to set up andto realise projects in collaboration between NGOs,enterprises and the administration, a precondition toimprove governance.

Dear John Packman and the whole team of the BroadsAuthority, particularly Lydia Taylor, Lesely Sayer,Racheal and Karen Sayer, dear Anita Prosser and KateMacKenzie from the BTCV, dear Stefan, Bettina and Udofrom GNF - thank you all for the good preparation of thisconference.

Dear supporters (Unilever, T-Mobile, Kärcher,DaimlerChrysler, German Federal Agency for NatureConservation and Northumbrian Water, to name justa few), thank you for your important support andassistance.

Marion Hammerl, Präsidentin Global Nature Fund,Deutschland

In den letzen 100 Jahren ist die globale Durchschnitts-temperatur um 0,6 °C und in Europa um etwa 1,2 °Cgestiegen und man nimmt an, dass sie weiter anstei-gen wird. Es ist erwiesen, dass vom Menschen verur-sachte Treibhausgasemissionen dafür verantwortlichsind. Die Folgen sind Klimaveränderungen, extremeWetterbedingungen, Flutkatastrophen und Dürren so-wie eine Beeinflussung der Wasserversorgung und derAgrarwirtschaft.

Um das Kyoto-Protokoll zu erfüllen, müssen Treibhaus-gasemissionen drastisch reduziert werden. Doch derEnergie- und Transportbedarf und die damit verbundenKohlendioxidemissionen werden voraussichtlich wei-ter ansteigen. Es ist unwahrscheinlich, dass diese Zu-nahmen mit den momentanen Maßnahmen, einschließ-lich der Verbesserungen der Energieeffizienz und derNutzung erneuerbarer Energien, aufgehalten werdenkönnen. Daher müssen umfassende politischeStrategieänderungen umgesetzt werden.

Wir brauchen eine Koalition von Gleichgesinnten fürdie Förderung von erneuerbaren Energien. Auf der „Kon-ferenz über Erneuerbare Energien“, die im Juni 2004 inBonn stattfinden wird, stellt der Global Nature Fund ei-nige vorbildhafte Beispiele für den Einsatz nachhalti-ger Energien im Rahmen des Living Lakes-Netzwerkesvor.

Experten sagen als Folge der Klimaerwärmung tiefgrei-fende Veränderungen in vielen Bereichen der globa-len Kreisläufe sowie unseres Lebens voraus. Trotz die-ses Wissens ist zum Beispiel der Lago de Chapala, dergrößte See Mexikos, ernsthaft vom Austrocknen bedroht,da ein großer Teil des Wassers aus dem Zufluss für dieBewässerung in der Landwirtschaft abgeleitet wird.Doch der See ist unter anderem für das Klima der Regionausschlaggebend.

Klimawandel - wie auch Bildung - sind langzeitlicheHerausforderungen. Einen wichtigen Anstoß für die Ent-wicklung neuer Strategien zur Verminderung der nega-tiven Auswirkungen des Klimawandels bietet die „WeltSeen Vision“, die vom Internationalen Umweltkomiteefür Seen (ILEC) und dem UN-Umweltprogramm in Zu-sammenarbeit mit dem Living Lakes-Netzwerk erstelltwurde.

„Governance“, das zweite Konferenzthema, kann mannur schwer ins Deutsche übersetzten. Ein wichtigesElement von Governance ist die Entwicklung von Lang-zeitplänen und effizienten Organisationsstrukturen un-ter Beteiligung aller Interessengruppen.

Auch der von Living Lakes und unserem globalen Part-ner Unilever entwickelte Leitfaden, das „Toolkit“, gibtkonkrete praktische Anleitungen, wie man Projekte inZusammenarbeit mit NGOs, Unternehmen und Regie-rungen durchführen kann.

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8 thLiving Lakes Conference / Governance of Protected Areas

5 Keynote Speech on Theme: Governance of Protected Areas

Alun MichaelMP, Minister of State for Rural Affairs, Department forEnvironment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK

The British Minister Alun Michael, welcoming the delegates atthe conference.

Before I turn to the specific topic of my contribution - thedesignation and Governance of protected areas - I justwant to set the context in personal and political terms. Iam not referring so much to party political perspectives,although as a Labour and Co-operative politician I havea well-developed perspective that is grounded in thesense of the relationship between social, economic andenvironmental priorities. The Co-operative movementin the United Kingdom has been promoting sustainabledevelopment since the days of the Rochdale Pioneers,much more than a century and a half ago, even if theterminology is rather different nowadays. No, my pointis that all of us who want to see change achieved needto understand the politics of change, the obstacles tobe overcome, the opportunities to be seized and theneed to create partnerships and consensus in order tocreate long-term strategies; and I think that echoes one

of the points you were making. We need those who say„this is urgent, please get on with it“, but cooperation,like sustainable development itself, is easier to say thanto deliver. And it involves a lot of listening, a lot of hardwork, and a lot of communication as well as idealism,and that is a challenge for all of us. The sort of coalitionthat Marion [Hammerl, President of Global Nature Fund]referred to needs to be good at those things as well asin its ideals.

Targets set worldwide and in Europe are drivingimprovements on environmental issues, on emissions,on air quality, on a whole range of issues and yet thosewho fully understand the impact of pollution on healthand issues like global warming will say: „we must gofaster“, while ordinary people very often would say„what’s this got to do with me?“, as if air quality andrecycling are just matters for governments rather thanthe outcomes of an aggregation of millions of individualdecisions and choices. Issues for all of us, issues forgovernment, issues for the people, issues for collectiveaction and for individual action.

This conference today is important as a part of thecommunication of the challenges and the opportunitieswhich makes it appropriate to look at the designationand the governance of the areas we need specificallyto protect and to set that in the context of our wholeplanet, not least the threat of global warming to wetlandtreasures like the Norfolk Broads. It is important to havethe powerful intellectual challenge that I know DavidBellamy will be bringing to the conference shortly.

I would also like to pay personal tribute to the Universityof East Anglia: 35 years ago I started, as a youth worker,to run a project, an annual camp, on the Heritage Coastin South Wales, the South Glamorgan Heritage Coast,where young people, many of them young offenders,worked on a conservation programme with myself andwith John Howden, the Heritage Coast Officer at thetime, and his team. It gave the Cardiff police a rest for afew weeks, it had environmental benefits and it costvery little because volunteers and students, includingseven from this university, came as volunteers. And itwasn’t just their time that they contributed but theengagement of minds. Gavin Hudson, a student whocame back year after year, made both the professionalsand the youngsters think about the food that they wereeating, about their own lifestyles, as well as the use ofthe landscapes that we were working on and the tasks

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of the day. I am pleased to see the British Trust ofConservation Volunteers are co-hosts of this conferenceas they bring a lot of experience from that particular field.

We need vision and we need organisation andstructures too, for if ‘without vision so shall the peopleperish’, then without organisation and without structuresto deliver the vision, it will disappear or it won’t bepursued sustainably over the long-term that Marionreferred to. In our case, the 1945 Labour governmenttook the decision to set up National Parks and started toprovide the machinery to deliver on the vision ofprotected landscapes. The present government isrefreshing both the vision and the machinery for ourgeneration and that fits with the key vision of sustainabledevelopment with which I’ve started.

So that brings me to the issue of the governance ofprotected areas. In the United Kingdom we have a rangeof environmental protection designations, but I want tofocus on two which are particularly important in thecontext of this conference: Sites of Special ScientificInterest (SSSIs) and National Parks. I also want to say alittle bit about my department’s aims to promotesustainability in the wider context, because protectedareas don’t exist in a vacuum and other measures arealso necessary to achieve our environmental andrelated social and economic objectives. And I want tolook at the bigger picture and give one or two examplesof how we are applying the principles of sustainabilityboth within and outside our protected areas.

National Parks and Sites of Special Scientific Interestare central to Britain’s system of protected areas forwildlife and landscape. The SSSIs in particular are akey component to meeting our obligations to theEuropean legislation and wider international agreementson protected areas as well as safeguarding nationallyimportant sites. National Parks and Sites of SpecialScientific Interest are not mutually exclusive in terms ofcoverage. For example, in the Broads, which is amember of the National Park family, there are SSSIs,and also Special Areas of Conservation and SpecialProtection Areas - two of the European designations.The Broads area also contains internationally importantwetlands sites designated under the Ramsar Con-vention and it is a protected area in its own right estab-lished under its own Act of Parliament.

So why this multiplicity of designations? Well the answeris each serves a different purpose and we need the full

suite to ensure that different areas get the kind ofprotection that they need. For example, National Parksare concerned with conservation in a wider sense andwith promoting opportunities for open-air recreation andhelping people to understand more about the specialqualities of these areas. On the other hand SSSIs providethe legal basis for safeguarding important ecosystems,including habitats such as wetlands, and importantspecies and geological features. So the fact that anSSSI might be in a National Park does not lessen theneed for both designations.

Effective governance is essential to successfulmanagement of protected areas: that means how youinvolve people in taking the decisions that bring thething alive. In Britain, some of the land in these areas isin public ownership, some is owned by voluntary bodiesbut most is privately owned. Some of the landscape hasbeen shaped over the centuries by agricultural and othereconomic activities so the habitats and the landscapeswhich our protected areas conserve are often man-made, as is the case with the Broads, and need to belooked after by a range of different managementtechniques. And that requires widespread stakeholderinvolvement not only by central and local governmentbut also by land managers and the voluntary sector.Kerry referred to the forum and the engagement ofstakeholders.

England now has over 4000 SSSIs covering over amillion hectares or about 7% of the land area. Theseare designated by English Nature, which is agovernment agency funded by my department. In partthese SSSIs underpin 87 special protection areas, 220candidate areas of special conservation and 78wetland areas designated under the RamsarConvention. Now, I am saying that not only to give yousome statistics, but it is evidence of the importance weattach to the safeguarding of the best of our wildlifehabitats. We reinforced this commitment three yearsago by bringing in new legislation to improve theeffectiveness of the SSSI regime. I believe that we nowhave a very effective system for protecting andmanaging our important sites. Now the main features ofthis regime include these things:

* Consultation with landowners at key stages ofnotification process with emphasis on partnershipand cooperation. There are some very goodexamples of farmers, for example, getting involved

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Broads Nationalpark attracts more than a million visitors a year.

in improvements of their land for environmentalreasons that follow on from Stewardship and thenfinally that actually works economically as well.So the engagement of the land managers has abenefit for them as well as for all of us.

* Secondly the statutory requirements for landownersand public bodies to consult nature conservationagencies before they carry out or consent to anyoperations that could harm the sites.

* Thirdly the powers for entering into managementagreements with the landowners and to providefunding in return for positive management actions.

* And finally robust enforcement powers for thestatutory conservation bodies to be used sparinglyas a last resort, but there to be used as and whenneeded.

Legislation also places a statutory duty on allgovernment departments and public bodies to furtherconservation and enhancement of SSSIs when they areexercising their functions, when they are doing theirdaily job. Now that is a very robust system and it works.Over the last two years, less than 1% of the operationsnoted by owners and occupiers of sites in England havebeen refused consent. More than £ 8 million has beenspent through direct management agreements. That isbecause the consensus is being worked towards.

SSSIs provide important protection to lakes and towetlands, the key theme of this conference. We cannotcompete with other countries for sheer area of wetlands,but the fact that we have more Ramsar sites than anyother contracted party to the convention reflects, Ibelieve, our commitment to the convention’s aims andit shows how much we cherish our wetland and lakeecosystems.

We also cherish our finest landscapes. The first Natio-nal Park in England was designated over 50 years ago.There are now 13, covering over 8 % of England, Walesand Scotland. The most recent, the Caingorms inScotland, came into being only last week; in Scotlandthere weren’t any National Parks until very recently. Partof the promise of devolution, one might say if, like me,you were an advocate of devolution. Proposals havebeen made for two more National Parks in the South ofEngland, although the final decisions at the end of avery careful process are a little way off yet.

Our National Parks are areas of exceptional natural

beauty but, although the landscape of most has a wildand remote quality, British national parks are not truewilderness areas - they do not have the remoteness ofthe National Parks in some parts of the world, even inScotland or Wales or Northumbria. They are landscapeswhere local culture and traditions are still strong. TheParks contain important species and habitats but theyare designated for wider purposes. There are two mainobjectives - the first is to conserve the landscape, wildlifeand the cultural heritage, and the second is to increasepeople’s knowledge and enable them to enjoy themagnificent scenery at first hand. And those objectiveshave to be pursued in ways that promote the economicand social needs of local communities.

That is why last year I brought together our NationalParks Authorities with our Regional DevelopmentAgencies, comparatively new bodies that have theeconomic lead, so that we could look at the environ-mental and social and economic purposes - the sustain-able development purposes - of those designations andlook at them together - because we want a livingcountryside, not museums of the landscape. So thegovernance of the parks is in the hands of these specialbodies which are technically local government bodies,but because of the national importance of these areasthe bodies responsible for the day-to-day administrationare grant aided by my department, by central govern-

ment and a significant proportion of the members areappointed by Ministers.

Now I said earlier that the protection which designationgives to our finest landscapes and wildlife habitats isnot in itself enough to secure a healthy environment inwhich people and wildlife can thrive. For example,

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migratory and other wide-ranging species need moreelbow room than some protected areas can provideand climate change, which you are going to bediscussing in this conference, does not respect admi-nistrative boundaries.

So we have to think holistically. Protected areas play anessential environmental role but we couldn’t claim to begood stewards if our conservation policies relied on themalone. And that is why Defra has a single overarchingaim against which we test all the work that we do.

„Our aim is sustainable development, which means abetter quality of life for everyone, now and for generationsto come, including:

* A better environment at home and internationally,and sustainable use of natural resources,

* economic prosperity through sustainable farming,fishing, food, water and other industries that meetconsumers’ requirements and

* thriving economies and communities in rural areasand a countryside for all to enjoy“.

Balancing the sustainable triangle of environmental,social and economic objectives must be understoodas the key to our future and governments must takethe lead in promoting both the principle and thepractice of sustainable development. In protectedareas, environmental objectives carry a high premiumbut it will also be a factor in how we use naturalresources generally. Sustainability has to be at thecentre of Government policy, not wheeled out only whenconvenient and ignored when it uncomfortablychallenges the status quo.

Now I believe we are facing up to that responsibilitythrough a number of initiatives. I’ll just mention a few.The UK’s Biodiversity Action Plan, first published inDecember 1994, now involves over 400 plans forconserving species and habitats. It makes the conditionof Sites of Special Scientific Interest one of our overallindicators of sustainability and shows how sustainabilitycan be made to work both within and outside protectedareas. This is also a major theme of the biodiversitystrategy for England that we published last year.This strategy set out objectives and a five-yearprogramme of action to ensure biodiversity is an inte-gral part of other key policies such as agriculture,woodland development, water, wetlands, urban areas

and the marine and coastal environment. It alsoidentifies ways in which the business sector and localcommunities can play their part.

I’m talking in this section a lot about targets andobjectives and how we manage these things. And thatdoesn’t set the world alight but, frankly, there’s an oldsaying that ‘what isn’t measured, doesn’t get done’ andunless we are clear about the targets we are trying toachieve and the means by which we will achieve them- and make sure that that is fed into related policy areas- we will end up only having aspirations and notsucceeding on delivery. So again the targets: the WorldSummit on Sustainable Development established atarget to reduce biodiversity loss by 2010 and wealready have our own target to get 95% of the SSSI areain England into favourable condition by then. That is avery challenging task. There are over 32,000 site owneror occupier relationships to manage and complex policyissues to be addressed. The influence of agriculture isa key factor and we are now considering how best toimplement the reforms of the Common Agriculture Policyagreed this summer to facilitate a sustainable andenvironmentally sound agricultural industry. Incidentally,I am really going back to the point I made at the beginningabout recognising the politics of change. We shouldn’tunderestimate some of the things that have beenachieved in recent times. I was struck by the fact thatCharles Clover of the Daily Telegraph - not a man whoit is easy to persuade that things are being donepositively by Government - referred to the outcome ofJohannesburg as ‘a Marshall Plan for the environment’and the achievements regarding the reform of theCommon Agricultural Policy in the talks this summershould not be underestimated given the major forcesagainst change that range right across the EuropeanUnion.

Touching on climate change, low-lying areas like theBroads are particularly vulnerable to impact of risingsea levels and this has profound implications for coastaldefence management. We know that we cannot stopthe sea rising and yet many of our coastal landscapesare protected by national and internationaldesignations. In this part of the world we also have ahighly dynamic shoreline and concrete defencesdesigned to stop the sea would destroy many of theenvironmental features that we cherish and value. Toresolve this problem we have developed a series of

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Traditional reed harvesting in the Broads.

Coastal Habitat Management Plans with support fromthe EU LIFE Nature Programme.

The plans that I refer to provide the informationnecessary that flood management schemes complywith the Habitats and Birds Directives, taking accountof coastal evolution, sea level rise and the need tocontinue to reduce the risks of flooding to people andproperty. In other words, we are fully integrating habitatprotection into our coastal defence policy and planningrather than seeing it as something that is aspirationaland external. Because Coastal Management Plans lookto long-term sustainability - we’re talking about periodsof 30 to 100 years - they force us to think about overallsustainability of the landscape with its people and withits environment. As with lakes this depends on ourworking with natural processes dynamically, takingaccount of a wide range of objectives includingenvironmental, social and economic drivers.

We are also taking action in the National Parks. In Junelast year I launched the National Park SustainableDevelopment Fund. This enables Park Authorities tofund projects in the community aimed at developingand testing new ways of achieving more sustainableliving in the countryside. The aim is to encourage those

who live, work or have other interests in the Parks tocome up with ideas for integrating the environment,communities and the economy in a way that will boostthe enjoyment of their special qualities while conservingand enhancing their natural beauty. The fund is open toindividuals or organisations from private or voluntarysectors, and from within or outside National Parks. Butas far as I’m concerned its main aim is to reach youngpeople and to link those who live in the countryside andthose who live in our towns and cities in order toovercome some of the false perceptions of the rural-urban divide. And to overcome that perceived urban-rural divide means engaging individuals. To date, over100 projects have received support from the fund,focusing on a range of issues including regeneration,recycling, renewable energy, and the food supply chain.It is actually very encouraging to see the way in whichpeople have engaged and responded to thatopportunity - the power of individuals responding is veryexciting and one of the most important influences thatwe have.

To close, then, I have given a very brief survey of ourapproach to safeguarding areas in Britain. I have left alot out. For example, Areas of Outstanding Natural

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Beauty, which are broadly similar to National Parks buthistorically have not had the same cash support or thesystems of governance which the Parks enjoy also aredeserving of attention. New legislation enables us tocorrect some of the anomalies and we are working onthat with the local authorities concerned.

Alun Michael, Minister „Department for Environment, Foodand Rural Affairs“, England

Nationalparks (NP) und Sites of Special ScientificInterests (SSSIs) sind die Kernpunkte von EnglandsSchutzgebietsystem. Im Broads NP gibt es außer SSSIsnoch Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) und SpecialProtection Areas (SPA) - zwei europäische Schutz-kategorien - und Feuchtgebiete nach Ramsar. Jede ein-zelne Ausweisung dient unterschiedlichen Zwecken.Somit wird sichergestellt, dass die verschiedenen Ge-biete den Schutz erhalten, den sie brauchen. Effektive„Governance“, beinhaltet, dass man betroffene Men-schen bei der Entscheidungsfindung mit einbezieht, dasist essentiell für erfolgreiches Management von Schutz-gebieten. In England gehört ein Teil der Fläche inSchutzgebieten der Öffentlichkeit, ein Teil gehört ge-meinnützigen Organisationen, aber der größte Teil istin Privatbesitz. Meistens handelt es sich um Kulturland-schaften, die über Jahrhunderte hinweg durch land-wirtschaftliche oder andere ökonomische Nutzung ge-staltet wurden. Diese müssen mit verschiedenenManagementstrategien gepflegt und dabei Interessen-vertreter der Landes- und lokalen Regierung sowie derGrundstücksverwaltungen und des gemeinnützigenSektors involviert werden.

In England gibt es zur Zeit 4000 SSSIs. Vor drei Jahrenwurde eine neue Gesetzesgebung eingeführt, um dieEffektivität des SSSI Systems zu verbessern.

Die wichtigsten Punkte sind:

* Kontakt und Rücksprache mit Landeigentümern zueinem frühen Zeitpunkt im Ankündigungsprozess mitBetonung auf Partnerschaft und Kooperation.

* Gesetzliche Pflicht für Eigentümer und öffentlicheInstitutionen zur Rücksprache mit Naturschutz-organisationen, bevor sie Maßnahmen zustimmenoder durchführen, die dem Gebiet schadenkönnten.

* Befugnis, mit den Landbesitzern zur Finanzierungvon positiven Managementmaßnahmen zu verhandeln.

* Durchsetzungsbefugnis der Körperschaften desöffentlichen Rechts für Naturschutz, die als letztesMittel eingesetzt werden kann.

NP dienen zum einen dem Schutz und Erhalt von Land-schaften, Wildtieren und Kulturerbe, zum anderen derErholung und der Bildung der Menschen. Diese Zielemüssen so verfolgt werden, dass sie den ökonomischenund sozialen Bedürfnissen der Bevölkerung entspre-chen. Dafür wurden letztes Jahr die Nationalpark-behörden mit neuen Gremien zusammengeführt, den„Regionalen Entwicklungsbüros“, um die ökologischen,sozialen und ökonomischen Ziele gemeinsam zu ver-folgen. Die Governance der NP liegt somit in der Ver-antwortung dieser speziellen Einrichtungen.

Eine weitere Aktivität auf NP-Ebene ist der im letztenJahr eingerichtete „Sustainable Development Fund“.Dieser ermöglicht den NP-Verwaltungen, Gemeinde-projekte mit Schwerpunkten wie Erholung, Recycling,erneuerbare Energien oder Nahrungsversorgungskettefinanziell zu unterstützen.

Die Ausweisung von Schutzgebieten reicht nicht aus, umeine gesunde Umwelt mit Platz für Menschen und Wild-tieren zu erhalten. Nachhaltige Entwicklung ist das ober-ste Ziel, aber es ist nicht einfach, ein Gleichgewicht zwi-schen den unterschiedlichen Ansprüchen zu bewahren.

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8 thLiving Lakes Conference / Speeches of Supporters

Dr Graham Gladden, Unilever Global Water Initiative Coordinator,UK. In developing markets, Unilever has been involved in raisingawareness at a local level helping to build more sustainablecommunities.

6 Speeches of Supporters

Dr Graham GladdenGlobal Water Initiative Coordinator, Unilever, UK

Water for Everyday Needs - A Company’sContribution

We live in a world full of people, a world where manyregions are under serious water stress. In this worldUnilever meets the everyday needs of some 150 millionconsumers with food brands like Lipton and Knorr, andHome and Personal Care brands like Omo, Dove, Luxand Lifebuoy.

Its business is inextricably linked with water. Almost allour products need water: to grow the ingredients, tomake them in our factories or for consumers to be ableto use them. Without water there is no tea, no soup, nobath and no washing: it is that simple.

Further the water issues we face are huge and complex.They are linked to poverty and health, economicdevelopment, involve all members of society, and crosscountry borders.

Unilever brands are sold in 150 countries around theworld, many of them among those predicted to sufferhigh water stress by 2025 - of course there areimplications for our business. As a consequence, Uni-lever has a corporate responsibility towards water. Weare already playing our part - and we want to do more -to help ensure that in the future there is enough cleanwater to meet people’s everyday needs - everywhere.

Since 1998, we have been focusing on water throughour Sustainable Water Initiative which is one of threeUnilever sustainable development initiatives - the othersbeing fisheries and agriculture.

Looked at from Unilever’s point of view, the apparentdilemma is this: ever-wider access to our products helpsmore and more people improve their lives. Butconsumers depend heavily on water to use our productssuccessfully. As our business grows, so - in theory -does pressure on water availability.

Our thinking on this has led us to two conclusions:

* We need to make our own water imprint sustainableso that our business growth and success does notmean more pressure on water availability.

* Secondly, we need to work to raise awareness aboutwater with consumers so that increased use of ourproducts does not increase the pressure on cleanwater.

The task which arises is not an easy one, especiallysince Unilever’s imprint goes from irrigating tea inTanzania and tomatoes in Brazil, to water used byconsumers washing their hair in India, or doing theirlaundry in Japan. This is not a task for businesses likeUnilever to tackle alone; the core of our approach is towork in wide-ranging partnerships which we are lookingto develop, replicate and make ever more effective.

The first step to making the water imprint moresustainable is simply to measure, as well as possible,the current imprint of the business on water. ForUnilever’s water imprint, the water use for all ourproducts is analysed across the full life cycle from rawmaterial sourcing to consumer use. It may not becompletely accurate, but it provides a firm basis formoving forward.

The water imprint analysis confirms that most of thewater impact is in two areas upstream - in the productionand sourcing of ingredients - and downstream, inconsumer use of products.

The biggest user of water is ingredient production inthe Foods business. Two-thirds of raw materials comefrom agriculture and this accounts for about half of theoverall water imprint.

In Home and Personal Care, by far the biggest part ofour water imprint is the water that consumers use whenusing products. We all need clean water to shower or

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bathe, do our laundry and clean our teeth. Without cleanwater much of the portfolio of products would beunusable.

„In house“ manufacturing operations account for only3% of the total water imprint. Even so this is an area thathas been worked on for a long time, and improvementsare still being made. It’s important to remember thatalthough the impact is a small part of the overall pictureat the local level it can be much greater. Last year, waterconsumption was reduced by 16% compared with 2001and overall, it’s been reduced it by 37% since systematicmeasurement started in 1997. Similarly, energyconsumption has reduced by 16% since 1998 andnearly 10% now comes from renewable resources.

Where possible wastewater is regarded as a usefulresource leading to a target, for many of our sites, ofliquid effluent. For example this has been achieved italready in 53 out of 76 sites in India. Treated wastewaterthere is recycled, or used to irrigate land on the site.

It is clear that upstream water use must be a big priority,and the sustainable agriculture team is working closelywith our growers with a focus on the key raw materialsof tea, palm oil, spinach, peas and tomatoes.

Agriculture is the biggest user of freshwater overall, andgetting more ‘crop per drop’ is one of the prioritieshighlighted by the UN Year of Freshwater. Tomatoesare particularly demanding because they need lots ofwater to achieve both yield and fruit quality. Unilever isone of the world’s largest producers of tomato-basedsauces and pastes and some of the tomatoes are grownon over 4,000 hectares of farmland in Australia. There,where drought is a problem, we have worked with ourgrowers to reduce water consumption by convertingfrom furrow to drip irrigation. So far, some 80% of theland has switched to drip irrigation and waterconsumption has more than halved. What is more, ourfarmers in Australia discovered that not only has dripirrigation cut their water use, it also resulted in betteryields - fully 100% better.

Based on the success in Australia, trials of drip irrigationhave been carried out in Brazil where yields increasedby as much as 50% and enabled a 25-50% reductionin fungicide application and a 25% reduction ininsecticides.

For the Home and Personal Care Division, the issueand the opportunities are downstream in consumer use

where complex issues of sustainable consumption ariseand where there is a need to encourage the sustainablesupply and management of water that promoteseconomic development.

Here businesses like Unilever have a responsibility todevelop products and services that allow consumersto meet their aspirations but with less water. At the sametime there is a need to raise awareness with ourconsumers about sustainable water issues and theconsequences of the choices they make.

On the product innovation side, the big challenge is todesign products so they need less water to functionand have less impact on water without compromisingon performance or value. That is at least as important indeveloping markets as in developed ones.

Back in 1998, when addressing the World Detergentsconference, our other chairman, Niall FitzGerald,challenged the detergents industry to „raise the priorityof product development for the toughest conditions,including washing in little water, cold water, grey water...even salt water.“

There is still a lot more to do. It is not something that onecompany can do alone. It involves working in partners-hip with appliance manufacturers and others todetermine what might be the wash process of the future.Sustainable consumption must be firmly in innovationprocesses and in all everyone’s minds. Companiesneed to rethink the boundaries of competition and tosee where co-operating on sustainable developmentadvances benefits all.

As for raising awareness, the issues are even moredifficult. People do have genuine concerns aboutsustainability issues and the world they will leave totheir children. Yet they don’t always make the linkbetween that and their desire to drive their four-wheeldrive people-carriers to the supermarket and what theybuy when they get there. Nor their wish to get thoseclothes washed today even though the machine’s notfull yet.

In Europe there has been a detergents industry approach(the voluntary Code of Good Environmental Practice)agreed with the European Commission. This led to theintroduction of new formulations and innovative products.In parallel, consumers have been provided with usefulinformation on how to optimise their washing habits.This was achieved through a unique pan-European

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communications campaign called ‘Washright’, usingon-pack advice, an internet site and TV advertising. Overthe 5-year period from 1997 to 2001 a significantreduction in the consumption of Household laundrydetergents, poorly biodegradable ingredients and theuse of energy and packaging have been achieved. Thefocus has been very much on helping consumers towash more effectively and more efficiently whilst at thesame time helping to protect the environment.

Therefore, much of the effort goes into to raising awarenessfrom the bottom up. Working together with others, on sharedissues and needs, from a local perspective.

That may mean - in developed markets - partnershipslike the one we are involved with in the Mersey Basin inthe UK, looking at local river catchment conservation.

In developing markets, Unilever has been involved inraising awareness at a local level helping to build moresustainable communities; for example in Indonesia withthe Clean Brantas river basin project. The Brantas is300 km long, the most urbanised river basin on Java,including the industrial city of Surabaya, but still withextensive rice cultivation.

A close partnership has been built up with the villagers,a local university, NGOs and government agencies.Unilever Indonesia has focused much of its effort onhow to motivate the four villages to use and maintainthe sanitation units, waste bins, and composting facilitiesthat have been introduced. As a result the riverbankhas been cleaned up and the villagers have beenencouraged to turn their houses round so they face theriver. What had been a dump waste is now, effectively,the front yard! Merinda trees, whose fruit is prized forexport, have been planted and some small-scale fishfarming commenced, thus providing an element ofeconomic development. It may only be a small part ofthe catchment, but the idea is that the project can bereplicated, by encouraging other companies along theriver to ‘adopt’ their local villages.

Looking even further downstream, we know we need todo more to understand the impact of our products onwater in water-stressed areas. We’re very good atunderstanding the fate of our products where there’seffective wastewater treatment, but what about wherethere isn’t? Unfortunately this situation often happensin areas that also suffer water stress, and whereconcentrations of salts are likely to be higher.

Recognising this concern, Unilever South Africa hasdeveloped a partnership with Rhodes University to openthe Unilever Centre for Environmental Water Quality,with the aim to improve environmental water qualitymanagement in South Africa. Researchers at the centreare investigating the effects of chemicals in waterecosystems, and developing a new method ofcombining water chemistry, biomonitoring andecotoxicology information. The centre also offerstraining to students and employees of the Departmentof Water Affairs and Forestry.

As mentioned briefly before, our water projects all haveone other thing in common - SWIM. SWIM - or Sustain-able Water Integrated Catchment Management -was developed together with UK sustainability orga-nisation Forum for the Future and is based on threeprinciples:

* Water development and management should bebased on a participatory approach, involving users,planners, policymakers and all other appropriatestakeholders, at all levels, taking account of socialand cultural diversity.

* Fresh water is a bounded, finite but infinitelyrenewable and vulnerable resource, essential tosustain life, development and the environment.

* Water has an economic, social and environmentalvalue in all its competing uses.

Our SWIM principles give us a practical partnershipapproach to ensuring that the sustainable water effortswe engage in are firmly rooted at the local river basin orcatchment level, and are effective and successful.

Against this background what can companies like Uni-lever contribute to meeting everyday water needs? Itneeds businesses to

* focus on areas where they have influence to make adifference

* provide people and know-how, for example

* marketing and communications skills

* science and technology expertise.

* make use of the combination of global reach andlocal connections

There’s much still to do here and we know we cannot -any of us - go it alone. We need to multiply the many

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successful community-based water initiatives that arealready out there. And we also need to think afresh todevelop new kinds of wide-ranging and effectivepartnerships, all the while grounded in a river basinperspective.

Dr. Graham Gladden, Global Water Initiative Coordinator,Unilever, England

In unserer Welt gibt es Regionen mit permanentemWassermangel. Unilever und seine Produkte habenuntrennbar mit Wasser zu tun, deshalb hat unser Unter-nehmen eine große Verantwortung in Bezug auf dieseRessource. Wir wollen dazu beitragen, dass in Zukunftalle Menschen überall ausreichend sauberes Wasserzur Verfügung haben. So existiert seit 1998 die Initiative„Nachhaltiges Wasser“, neben Fischerei und Land-wirtschaft eine von drei Initiativen zur nachhaltigenEntwicklung.

Unilever befindet sich in einem Dilemma: je mehr Men-schen Zugang zu unseren Produkten haben, desto mehrDruck entsteht auf die Wasserverfügbarkeit. Das hat zuden Schlussfolgerungen geführt, dass zum einenunser Unternehmenswachstum und -erfolg nicht zueinem größeren Druck auf die Wasserverfügbarkeitführen darf und deshalb unser Umgang mit Wasser„nachhaltig“ werden muss. Zum anderen müssen wirmehr Bewusstsein beim Konsumenten wecken.

Der erste Schritt zur Senkung des Wasserverbrauchsist herauszufinden, wie viel Wasser vom Rohmaterialbis zum Endverbraucher benötigt wird. Die Analyse hatbestätigt, dass die größte Wasserbelastung durch„upstream“-Verbrauch, also der Zutatenproduktion inder Nahrungsmittelindustrie (zu zwei Dritteln Landwirt-schaft) sowie andererseits durch „downstream“ - Ver-brauch der Konsumenten (v.a. für Hausarbeit und Kör-perpflege) entsteht. Der „In house“-Verbrauch steuertnur zu 3% insgesamt bei.

Der „Upstream“-Wasserverbrauch hat eindeutig Prio-rität. Der Wasserbedarf in der Landwirtschaft kann z.B.durch Umstellung auf „Tröpfschen bewässerung“ mehrals halbiert werden, wie es beim Tomatenanbau inAustralien sowie in Brasilien der Fall war. Der Ertragkonnte dabei sogar deutlich verbessert werden.

Im Haus und Körperpflegebereich müssen Produkteentwickelt werden, die den Wünschen der Verbraucherentsprechen, jedoch weniger Wasser benötigen.

Parallel dazu müssen wir die Verbraucher über einenalternativen Wassergebrauch informieren.

In Europa gab es 1997-2001 eine Kampagne„Washright“ von Seiten der Waschmittelindustrie inZusammenarbeit mit der Europäischen Kommission, diezur Entwicklung neuer Waschmittelformeln und-produkten führte. Parallel dazu wurden den Verbrau-chern über Internet, TV-Werbungen und Gebrauchsan-weisungen Tipps zur Optimierung ihrer „Wasch-gewohnheiten“ gegeben. In 5 Jahren kam es so zu ei-ner signifikanten Reduzierung des Waschmittel-verbrauchs sowie des Einsatzes schlecht abbaubarerSubstanzen und Verpackungsmaterialen. Dieser Erfolgist auf eine Zusammenarbeit von vielen Unternehmenund Branchen zurückzuführen.

In Entwicklungsländern ist Unilever beteiligt an Projek-ten, die Bewusstsein auf lokalen Ebenen schaffen sol-len. Ein Beispiel ist das Projekt „Clean Brantas RiverBasin“ in Indonesien, bei dem eine Partnerschaft mitden Dorfbewohnern, der Universität, NGOs undRegierungsorganisationen aufgebaut wurde, um sani-täre Einrichtungen, Mülltonnen und Kompostanlageneinzurichten und ihren Gebrauch zu fördern.

In Südafrika wurde zusammen mit der Rhodes Univer-sität das „Unilever Centre for Environmental WaterQuality“ aufgebaut. Erforschung der Wirkung vonChemikalien auf Wasser und Entwicklung von neuenMethoden, die Kenntnisse aus Wasserchemie, Bio-monitoring und Ökotoxikologie vereint sind Arbeits-schwerpunkte des Zentrums.

Unternehmen wie Unilever sollten Personal und Know-how im Bereich Marketing, Kommunikation, Wissen-schaft und Technologie bereitstellen, sich auf Gebietekonzentrieren, wo sie Einfluss haben und somit etwasbewirken können, und sie sollten ihre lokalen Bezie-hungen und globale Reichweite nutzen, um einenBeitrag zur Reduzierung des täglichen Wasserverbrauchszu leisten.

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Tour on Solar Boat „Ra“. The use of solar powered boats is agreat opportunity to make tourism more sustainable and to reducegreenhouse-gas emission.

Sir Frederick HollidayChairman of Northumbrian Water Ltd, UK

In the time available I must be more categoric anddogmatic than I usually am, but that can be corrected indebate. For example - I accept the phenomenon of glo-bal warming and that it is, in considerable part, the resultof human activities. I accept that an ideal would be anon-carbon-burning future. I believe that the worldcannot accept the present inequalities between nationsin standards of personal development and standards ofliving. In my own limited worlds of water and waste, Ihave seen the dreadful effects on people that lack ofeasy and economic access to potable water and efficientsewerage systems can have.

It is easy to describe the condition of our present worldand we can with varying degrees of uncertaintyconstruct some ideal future world - if we can agree onwhat cultural paradigm it should be founded. Thechallenges are getting from the present to that chosenfuture. How long will it take? How long have we got? Bywhich route should we travel? How much energy willthe journey require and how is it to be supplied?

In considering these matters I have been greatlyinfluenced by the works of two people. Firstly, Lord Bla-ke (1988) who analysed what he termed ‘The tyranny ofDemocracy’ and secondly by Professor John Roberts(1985) who described ‘The triumph of the West’. LordBlake warned that, whilst democracy was perhaps thebest political framework available, it had its weaknesses.Lord Hailsham named the major weakness „electivedictatorship“. It is not easy to be a minority when the

majority always has its way, e.g. in Northern Ireland,parts of the Middle East, Central Africa, and perhapswithin the British legislative and planning systems. It isthis inequality that has led to the creation of a HumanRights Convention to protect minorities. Human Rightsare one thing but what rights do trees and birds have?Or a fragile coastline? I shall return to that issue in amoment. For his part, Professor Roberts postulated thatthe ideologies and lifestyles of the West (ie Europe andlatterly the US) are being adopted world-wide; adoptedeven when the historical cultures are very different.

When the two philosophies are combined, ie democracyand westernisation, then a future is foreshadowed thatneeds approaching with caution. It will, for example,demand high and constant levels of energy input. I knowfrom experience in the water industry that adoptingstandards such as those in the Urban Waste WaterDirective has boosted energy requirementsconsiderably (circa 20%) - and that is but a tiny exampleof what will be a world-wide feature. A sustainable futurecannot be built on low or unreliable energy levels. Thuswe must pursue energy efficiency and new sources ofenergy as a matter of urgency. There is a globalmismatch between the distribution of resources suchas water, food and energy and the distribution and needsof populations (eg in Africa, China, Spain and somesouthern states of America). We must move eitherresources to people or people to resources. Relocatingpeople is difficult in a democracy; to take a localexample, successive British Governments have foughtshy of enforced relocation of industry and people fromthe overcrowded and resource-limited South-East.Economic migrants are another powerful example.World-wide trade thus becomes an essential part ofglobal sustainability. It makes little sense in Britain touse energy to grow ‘sunshine crops’, but we can exportwater in the form of grain or dairy products to countriesshort of water. Already the import of ‘virtual water’ in theform of grain into Egypt is equivalent to a second Nileriver. And grain is an easy way to store water as Josephdemonstrated to the Pharaoh. Underpinning global tradeis the need for sound money and reliable credit facilities,and thus a need for secure banks and credit agencies.

Most of all we need the spread of skills and ingenuity.We are fortunate in having available in the future thepotential intellectual capabilities of large numbers ofso-far under educated and under utilised people in manyhighly populated countries. That brainpower is probably

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the finest untapped resource still available to ourspecies. Finally we shall need space; space on whichto construct houses, schools, hospitals, power sourcesand so on. And it is in this area of available habitablespace that we face some of the most challengingaspects of global warming. For if sea-levels rise, ifflooding and inundation become the norm, iftemperature regimes alter and new deserts appear, thenmany people (perhaps 150 million people according toSir John Houghton, Co-Chairman of the UN GlobalWarming Panel), will be displaced, along with theirschools, factories, farms, etc. And those displacedpeople, although mainly in the East, cannot be ignoredby the West. They will need social integration into thenew world we have envisaged. The present world isfinding increasing difficulty in dealing with refugees,even in hundreds and thousands. In future, we may becontemplating the relocation of a number equal to halfthe population of the United States. I suggest that sucha challenge will be a test for global democracy - sincegovernments must heed the voices of their electoratesif they are to stay in power. Human prejudices as wellas human needs and wants will exert their influencesthrough the democratic processes and will determinegovernment policies. Commerce and industry willsupply the skills and probably the considerable capitalneeded to construct the future, since governments findit difficult to both tax and stay in power.

Where will those democratic decisions leave speciesand habitats? I said earlier that they have no intrinsicrights. How could they? ‘Rights’ are a product of thehuman mind. Whatever rights are conferred, areconferred by humans. Once again I have beeninfluenced by the thoughts of one person - ChristopherStone, an American lawyer who explored whether na-tural objects should have legal rights (Stone 1972). Hisideas, inspired by the work of John Muir, may needrevisiting as globalisation and global warming exert theirpincer power on the earth’s future.

Finally, to the subject of our conference - for it is on thecoastlines of the world that I see the greatest pressuresbeing exerted. It is there that we shall measure the risesin sea level and inundation. They will be the sites forwindfarms, wave and tidal power generators, containerports, sewerage terminals, new cities and new airports.The offshore (shelf) zone is considered less visuallysensitive and therefore more easily developed thanonshore. To deny coastal development may appear to

be denying humanitarian needs and desirable materialadvances. Thus the two global forces of warming andwell-being will in future drive large parts of the worldeconomy. The World Trade Organisation (with Chinaand Taiwan joining) now represents 142 nations, 97%of the world’s people and 90% of world trade. We, ieconservationists must face with realism the implicationsof globalisation and consumerism. We must not bemerely ‘the dogs that bark’ as that mighty caravan passes.

Where can conservationists find their place andcontribute to the sort of future I have outlined? We mustbe neither Canutes nor Luddites, we must develop andre-examine our philosophies and arguments. Humanevolution has produced a powerful industrial andcommercial species that is transforming the earth, but ithas also produced the ideas and values of men likeChristopher Stone and John Muir. We must find more ofthat vision and dedication, in quantity and quality tomatch the changing expectations and rising livingstandards of the world, and argued with convictionenough to influence the democratic processes ofgovernment. For while commerce and industry willprovide the motive power, it is governments whichprovide the laws and the Regulators that determine thedirection of social evolution.

We should also recognise that, while science has animportant contribution to make, it is a limited one.Science and scientists can take sides; science can beused selectively. What is most important in decisiontaking is ‘ideological persuasion’; that is, the belief thatindividuals have of what is right and what is wrong. Andthose beliefs are usually driven by self-interest as muchas by altruism. It is regrettable that many westerncountries seem to have concluded that global warmingis unlikely to be too detrimental to their own interestswhen expressed in terms of gains and losses of GNP.World-wide the sums look very different (ten times so).

Sir Crispen Tickell once famously said - „We know whatto do, what we lack is the will to do it“, and I was recentlyat a debate on these issues when John Houghtonreminded us of the words of Edmunde Burke - „No manmade a greater mistake than he who did nothingbecause he could only do a little“. But at that samedebate a former Astronomer Royal (Sir Arnold Wolfend-ale) asked „Does it matter, in the context of geologicaland evolutionary time, that this generation warms theglobe“?

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Wherries – the Broads’ traditional sailing boats.

Certainly, events of the past tell us that the earth is almostcertain to experience further gross climatic change infuture, regardless of what we do. Perhaps another ice-age which, as in the past, will ‘cap’ much of the northernhemisphere with ice. And looking back, do we feelsorrow or guilt at past cataclysmic events andextinctions? Is it only the vanity of Homo sapiens that isat stake?

The great palaeontologist/theologian Teilhard deChardin (1959) said „With man, evolution becameconscious of itself“. Perhaps it is that evolvingconsciousness that requires and drives us to action.

Sir Frederick Holliday, Vorsitzender Northumbrian WaterLtd, England

Man kann den Zustand unserer gegenwärtigen Weltleicht beschreiben, und wir können mit einigen Unsi-cherheiten eine ideale Zukunft konstruieren. Die Her-ausforderung für uns ist es, zu dieser erwählten Zukunftzu gelangen. Ich wurde stark beeinflusst durch die Ar-beit von Lord Blake mit seiner Analyse „Die Tyranneider Demokratie“ und Professor John Roberts, der den„Triumph des Westens“ beschrieben hat. Obwohl De-mokratie vielleicht den besten politischen Rahmenbietet, birgt sie dennoch einige Schwächen. Minder-heiten haben es schwer in einer Welt, in der Mehrhei-

ten regieren, aber daraus entstanden die Menschen-rechte. Aber welche Rechte haben Bäume, Vögel oderKüsten?

Wenn Demokratie und „westliche Lebensweise“ kom-biniert werden, dann wird das in Zukunft einen hohenAufwand an Energie erfordern. Es existiert ein globalesUngleichgewicht zwischen Ressourcenverteilung undBedürfnissen der Menschen. Wir müssen entweder dieRessourcen zu den Menschen bringen oder anders-herum. Welthandel wird daher zu einem wichtigen In-strument zur globalen Nachhaltigkeit.

Vor allem brauchen wir die Verbreitung von Einfalls-reichtum und Fachwissen. Glücklicherweise gibt es indicht besiedelten Ländern ein großes Potential an in-tellektuellem Leistungsvermögen. Weiterhin brauchenwir Platz, um Häuser, Schulen oder Krankenhäuser zubauen. Und diese werden auch an Standorten stehen,die vom Klimawandel betroffen sein könnten. Es wirdalso in Zukunft eine Menge an Flüchtlingen geben, dieirgendwo leben müssen. All das wird ein Test sein fürdie globale Demokratie.

Küsten werden in Zukunft dem größten Druck durchKlimawandel ausgesetzt sein, denn dort werden dieAuswirkungen des steigenden Meeresspiegels durchÜberschwemmungen zu spüren sein. Dort werden aberauch Windkraftanlagen, Wellen- und Gezeitenkraftwer-ke, neue Städte und neue Flughäfen stehen. Küsten-entwicklung zu verneinen, bedeutet auch menschlicheBedürfnisse zu verleugnen. Wir Naturschützer müssenmit Realismus den Folgen von Globalisierung und Kon-sum entgegentreten.

Naturschützer müssen ihre Philosophien und Argumen-te überdenken und weiterentwickeln, sie müssen mitneuen Visionen und Hingabe den sich ändernden Er-wartungen und steigenden Lebensstandards der Weltgewachsen sein.

Ereignisse der Vergangenheit deuten an, dass es in Zu-kunft zu dramatischen Klimaänderungen kommen wird.Andererseits konnte sich Homo sapiens erst durchKatastrophenereignisse und Artensterben so weit entwi-ckeln. Der Paläontologe und Theologe Teilhard deChardin sagte: „Mit dem Menschen wurde die Evolutionsich ihrer selbst bewusst“. Vielleicht treibt uns dieses sichentwickelnde Bewusstsein zu weiteren Handlungen an!

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Dr Klaus Rick, Director Environmental Department, T-Mobile,Germany. Sustainable corporate management is a clear spur toincrease efficiency and reduce costs.

Dr Klaus RickDirector Environmental Department,

T-Mobile, Germany

Our Responsibility in Shaping the Future

As one of the world’s leading mobile communicationsoperators, T-Mobile provides innovative services whichhave become an indispensable part of the centralnervous system of business and society. As one of thedivisions of the Deutsche Telekom Group, we areconscious of the fact that an integrated balancebetween the aspects of economy, ecology and societyplays a key role in maintaining the long-term prosperityand increasing the profitability of our company.Consequently, management decisions aimed atensuring the healthy economic growth of T-Mobile alsobear an equal responsibility for people and theenvironment.

Sustainable corporate management is a clear spur toincrease efficiency and reduce costs. And this leads toa competitive advantage through organisational andprocess innovation and is documented in the form ofincreased customer satisfaction and employeemotivation. T-Mobile has generated a considerableimpact with sustained business methods and projectsin the areas of education and nature conservation,developed from environmental management andcorporate communication. This reinforces T-Mobile inits efforts to intensify and integrate these activitiesthroughout the group.

Mobile Telecommunication Networks and theirInfluence on Climate Change - On the right Track

Viable economic development can only succeed if thevalue growth is achieved while respecting social andecological interests. The conservation of resources andhigh levels of customer satisfaction therefore hand inhand at T-Mobile: On the technical side, for example,the mobile communications network systems areconstantly being optimized as regards their energyefficiency and their emissions.

And this is the link to this conference. It is not known byeveryone how much energy consumption is inducedby digitalized telecommunication systems - wired orwireless. In 2002 Deutsche Telekom needed overallabout 4.3 Tera Watt Hours (4,300 000 000 000 Wh) inGermany to keep our networks running. All telecommu-nication operators in the European Union need 1,5 %of the energy production in the EU. It is a part of mybusiness to reduce this consumption - and it leads toless Carbon dioxide.

So, we are progressing prudently and in collaborationwith international partners in the roll-out of range of new,3 G third-generation mobile communications servicesfor our customers (UMTS, W-LAN, WCDMA etc).

Operating ten thousands of base stations T-Mobilealready uses more and more ecologically and energyefficient cooling systems for its equipment, increasinglyemploys recyclable, environmentally sound materialsand, in coordination with manufacturers at the planningstage, takes into consideration the end of the lifecycleof the equipment used, always based on the certifiedcorporate environmental management system, in placesince 1998, in line with ISO 14001 and the EuropeanUnion’s Eco-Management and Audit Scheme EMAS.

Regarding the power consumption and in addition theair-conditioning of our technology, we are directly atthe border of a new stage. With 3 G only some monthsago, regrettably, we still were expecting a rise of aboutfactor four in energy consumption for the new parallelmounted mobile network technology of 3 G aside toGSM. Most of the hardware is manufactured focusedon reduced production costs and not on efficientoperating. But there is a change now: The new andjoyful fact we can pronounce today - and you are thefirst to hear this - is that we just have received new andadvanced hardware that will need - this show our newest

33


measures and researches - much less than the expec-ted energy consumption. So as it seems today we cansignificantly reduce our energy prognosis and replanour infrastructure concept for 3 G at T-Mobile. Otherswill follow.

This is a success of cooperation. We were insisting onenergy efficient hardware for years and had intensivecooperation with our suppliers. This development wasnot caused by cost reduction plans as some may think.In comparison to our aggregated infrastructure coststhe price for electrical energy is too low for a businesscase here. It is a proof of our approach and shoulddocument the responsibility of our branch that we worktogether towards sustainability.

Hand-held Systems, Services and Products

The intelligent use of resources in mobile phones allowsthe ecological burden, i.e. the environmental impact ofproduction, normal use, misuse through charger standby losses and disposal, to be further reduced. As T-Mobiledoes not produce these devices itself, it exerts itsinfluence in this area, too. Working together andpassing on customer feedback to the manufacturersgenerates even better concepts: modern mobile phonecharges, for example, need only a fraction of the electricenergy of earlier models, ecologically unsound heavymetal components, battery or display components willsoon be a thing of the past. Nationwide disposal andrecycling systems via the T-Punkt shops have been inplace for years. Since 2003 we sponsor each hand-heldtaken back with 5 Euros for the Deutsche Umwelthilfeat Lake Constance.

With an annual purchasing volume of billions of Euros,T-Mobile exerts its influence on its suppliers at variouslevels: in addition to the ecological compatibility asdescribed, T-Mobile also demands evidence ofcompliance with international social and ethicalstandards in the manufacture of the products andsystems it purchases. In line with the „Global Compact“of the United Nations, we reinforce principles such asthe upholding of human rights and the avoidance ofchild labor.

T-Mobile’s comprehensive sustainability standards onprocurement and processes for networks, equipmentand services are brought together in a manual, the „3 GGreenbook“. This is the basis for future cooperation

with leading manufacturers of mobile communicationssystems, with the focus on future-oriented sustainablesystems and products.

In many areas, the mobile transmission of informationalready generates dematerialization effects, i.e. the lackof physical transport and the reduction of consumption.Examples include e-mail, mobile Internet, short and in-stant messaging or wireless sensor systems. Theseservices help avoid unloaded journeys and incorrectloading with the help of telemetric data transmission.Advanced radio-based traffic routing systems reducetraffic jams and display alternative routes. As reductionin the amount of traveling using the convenientcapabilities of wireless telecommunications and newforms of remote diagnosis promote improved utilizationof resources. T-Mobile will continue to expand thesesustainable product solutions and the opportunitiesthey offer.

It can be seen that there are already many elements ofT-Mobile’s product portfolio and its internal processeswhich either are sustainable or which supportsustainability. Overall, this leads to a considerableimprovement in the utilization and allocation ofresources, not only from the original business-orientedpoint of view, but also from a macroeconomicperspective. T-Mobile and its competitors can be proudto point to the contribution of mobile communicationstechnology to the overall, macroeconomic increase ineconomic and ecological efficiency.

As the generation of profits is no longer seen as anadequate justification of business operations by manyinterest groups and opinion formers (customers,neighbours, investors, politicians), they are demandingadditional aspects in the composition of corporateculture which, as part of sustainable corporatemanagement, are brought together within corporatecitizenship. T-Mobile meets these demands. In theeducational and cultural sector, for example, measureshave been taken to increase the budget for promotingschool and university projects. The field of cultural andsport sponsoring will continue to enjoy broad scope.Apart from eco-sponsoring, activities are also beingintensified for the protection of minors (unsuitablecontent material, children’s protection) and in the fieldof debtor counseling - these are all different aspects ofour overall responsibility to society. New motivationalconcepts are also being implemented for the employees

34


of T-Mobile to help them reconcile professional andfamily demands (work-life balance) and to increaselevels of satisfaction.

Finally, customers, partners and investors will only valueour products and services in the long term if they are ofan excellent quality and, at the same time, do not entailnegative social and ecological side effects. T-Mobilepromises to act accordingly.

Dr. Klaus Rick, Geschäftsführer Umweltabteilung,T-Mobile, Deutschland

Nachhaltiges Unternehmensmanagement ist ein kla-rer Ansporn zur Erhöhung der Produktivität und Kosten-senkung. Dies führt zu einem Wettbewerbsvorteil durchInnovationen im Bereich Organisation und Verarbei-tung, bestätigt durch Kundenzufriedenheit und Motiva-tion der Arbeitnehmerschaft. Prosperierende ökonomi-sche Entwicklung kann nur dann erfolgreich bleiben,wenn Wachstum mit sozialem und ökologischemInteressenausgleich geschieht.

Ein Beispiel: 2002 verbrauchte die Deutsche Telekomüber 4 Tera Wattstunden an Energie. Alle Telekommu-nikationsbetreiber in der EU verbrauchen mehr als 1,5%der gesamten Energieproduktion in der EU. Es ist einemeiner Aufgaben, diesen Verbrauch zu senken - unddamit auch die C02-Produktion. In unseren mehrerenzehntausend Basisstationen setzt T-Mobile mit Nach-druck auf ökologisch unbedenkliche Komponenten,energiesparende Kühlungssysteme und recycelbareMaterialien und berücksichtigt in enger Koordinationmit den Herstellern in der Plannungsphase die Lebens-dauer der Anlagen., Aufbauend auf unsere seit 1998zertifizierten Umweltmanagementsysteme nach ISO14001 und EMAS - wir waren in Europa innerhalb der Bran-che die Ersten-betrachten wir den gesamten Standortmit seinen Auswirkungen. Durch intelligenten Gebrauchvon Ressourcen kann man auch die Umweltbelastungder Endgeräte, die z.B. bei deren Produktion, Nutzung,beim Ladevorgang oder deren nicht fachgerechten Ent-sorgung entstehen, weiter reduzieren. Zusammen mitden Herstellern erarbeiten wir bessere Konzepte: diemodernen Mobilladegerete brauchen nur noch einenBruchteil der elektrischen Energie älterer Modelle, öko-logisch unverträgliche Schwermetallkomponenten inBatterien oder Display-Bausteinen werden bald ganzder Vergangenheit angehören. Deutschlandweit gibt esseit Jahren funktionstüchtige und kundennahe Entsor-

gungs- und Recyclingsysteme über den T-Punkt. Seitdiesem Jahr zahlen wir für jedes abgegebene Handy 5Euro an die Deutsche Umwelthilfe e.V. am Bodensee.

T-Mobile verlangt außerdem Belege für die Einhaltunginternationaler sozialer und ethischer Standards bei derFertigung der Produkte und Systeme, die es erwirbt.Ausgerichtet am „Global Compact“(„Globalvertrag“)der UN unterstützen wir Prinzipien wie die Einhaltungder Menschenrechte und die Vermeidung von Kinder-arbeit.

Die umfassenden Nachhaltigkeitsstandards bei derBeschaffung und der Verarbeitung von Netzwerken,Bauteilen und Dienstleistungen, werden in unserem „3 GGreenbook“ zusammengefasst, welches die Basisdarstellt für die zukünftige Zusammenarbeit mit führendenHerstellern von mobilen Kommunikationssystemen undzukunftsorientierte nachhaltige Systeme, Produkte undDienste anstrebt.

Für viele Interessengruppen ist gevinn allein keineRechtfertigung mehr für Geschäftstätigkeit. Es werdenzusätzliche Aspekte im Aufbau der Unternehmenskulturverlangt, die kombiniert werden mit gesellschaftlichemEngagement des Unternehmens. Im Sektor Bildung undKultur wurde deshalb unser Budget für Schul- undUniversitätsprojekte angehoben und auch der BereichSport- und Kultursponsoring wird in großem Umfangweitergeführt. Zusätzlich zum Ökosponsoring und zumJugendschutz werden unsere Aktivitäten bei derSchuldner beratung verstärkt. Neue verfeinerteKonzepte für unsere Mitarbeiter sollen zur besserenAbstimmung von Beruf und Familie und damit zu mehrZufriedenheit führen - für ein verantwortungsvolles Un-ternehmen selbstverständlich.

Volunteers working in the Broads National Park.

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8 thLiving Lakes Conference / Governance of Lakes and Wetlands

7 Governance of Lakes andWetlands

Overview of Governance of Each LivingLake

Andrew MooreEnvironmental Consultant

Summary

Governance of protected areas is a topic of frequentdiscussion today. Governance may be understood asthe way people decide to lead organisations, places ornatural resources, and communities. A review ofgovernance models and structures at Living Lakesreveals a complex governance picture involving alllevels of government and international bodies, as wellas emerging innovative approaches involving NGOs,corporations, partnerships, and collaborations. Theresults of an opinion survey of Living Lakes memberssuggest the need for further attention to the pursuit,adoption, and spreading of good governance practices.Conference workshops and discussions offer the firstopportunity for a thorough treatment of these issues andpractices. The Living Lakes network could adoptongoing means of proclaiming and promoting goodpractices, and assisting individual members withgovernance challenges and opportunities.

Background

Governance of protected areas, including vitalresources such as the Living Lakes, is a current „hottopic“ of discussion among environment, development,and funding agencies worldwide. The emphasis in thediscussion often falls on topics such as decentralisationand participation. And there is a widespread recognitionthat discussions of governance affect or relate to othertopics - as in this conference, with climate change. Forinstance, the ways decisions get made about climatechange, and who makes the decisions, are relevanttopics tomorrow.

The term „ governance“ itself needs explaining. Ingeneral, governance has to do with the ways peopledecide to lead and manage organisations, places or

natural resources, and communities of any size. Often,discussions of governance hone in on the makeup,operations, responsiveness, and effectiveness of NGOboards, public commissions, and similar governingbodies. Another ongoing topic is the quality and degreeof representation provided by elected and appointedbodies. A frequent viewpoint in current discussions isthe notion that the group of stakeholders for a givenorganization, place, or community has been definedtoo narrowly in the past. Still another view has it thatdiscussing governance leads to clarifying who sets theend purposes for an organisation, and who implementsthe means of pursuing those ends.

At least two of the Rio Treaty principles set a context fordiscussions of natural resource governance. Assummarized by the World Resources Institute, theseinclude principles of:

* making decisions at appropriate level given scale ofresource + Providing access to information, parti-cipation, and redress (Principle 10), and

* integrating the environment into all decisions -„In order to achieve sustainable development,environmental protection shall constitute an integralpart of the development process and cannot beconsidered in isolation from it“ (Principle 4).

The World Resource Institute’s most recent semiannualguide to world resources goes on to provide a lesson -if not a definition - regarding governance: „How wedecide and who gets to decide often determines whatwe decide.“

The Ends-Means Distinction in Governance

This paper and the survey that informs it draw upon animportant distinction that has led many NGOs (includingBTCV, one of the partners involved with Living Lakesmember The Broads) to re-consider their structures andprocesses for governance. That is the distinctionbetween means and ends in governance. John Carver(www.carvergovernance.com) has explored this topicin depth.

Determining, debating, and reshaping ends, also knownas vision, goals, or objectives, are a critical function ofgovernance. For instance, with Living Lakes and otherprotected areas, ends might have to do with natureconservation, science, visitor opportunities, local andindigenous needs, or even with practical economic uses

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such as fisheries and drinking water. Shaping the endswould be the work of the board, partnership, or othermulti-sided group constituted to think strategically abouta Lake. Means, by contrast, have to do with how theends or vision gets pursued, and could fall under theheading of „management“ rather than governance.Means may take the form of powers at a Living Lake, asin powers to plan, regulate, spend, generate revenue,and enter into agreements. Decisions about meansmight be left to professional leaders and staff of thevarious organisations involved.

Employing the ends-means distinction could be usefulfor Living Lakes, as it may clarify the need for eachLake to have a vision developed by a vision-settingbody in consultation with stakeholders - and to have amanagement structure for making and carrying out day-to-day decisions. Putting the distinction into practicefor a Lake is a complex task due to the multipleoverlapping jurisdictions and interests involved. Puttingthe distinction into practice for a Living Lakes memberorganisation would also require some work but wouldpay benefits in effectiveness.

Elements and Levels of Governance

Recent publications on governance of areas ofenvironmental value offer two lists of the „elements“ ofgovernance - the relevant systems, structures, andconsiderations. The World Resources Institutedescribes seven elements :

* Institutions, laws

* Participation rights, representation

* Authority level

* Accountability, transparency

* Property rights, tenure

* Markets, financing

* Science and risk

Also building in a sense of what is important ingovernance, Canada’s Institute on Governanceidentifies five „good governance principles“:

* Legitimacy and voice - participation, decentralisation

* Direction plans, consistent with internationalconventions

* Performance efficiency, capacity

* Accountability

* Fairness

In addition to principles or elements, it is worthwhile toconsider the overlapping levels at which governancemay occur. Governance can be global, national,community-level, or organization-level (the last level isthe immediate concern of the many NGOs taking acloser look at the way they govern themselves). Wealso must not forget, especially with reference tomagnificent natural bodies such as the Living Lakes,that governance can occur at the level of a specificnatural resource - with input nearly certain from the fourother levels.

The Living Lakes Governance Survey 2003

With the importance of governance in mind - and asense that governance makes a difference in progresstoward protecting lakes - most members of the LivingLakes network responded to a survey in August 2003.The survey contained a number of questions seekingdescriptions of the governance structures andprocesses at a Lake, as well as some questions seekingopinions about how well Lake governance is working.

I received a total of 20 survey responses representing18 of 23 Living Lakes members or candidates. Mostsurvey respondents worked for NGOs; one eachrepresented a national government body, a university,a partnership, and a corporation. Five of the responseshad to do with transboundary lakes, 15 with lakescontained within one country. As with many surveys,not all respondents answered every question - and intwo cases, I received more than one survey per Lake.And I learned that the situation at some Lakes did notlend itself to description by the clear-cut answers Iprovided.

For instance, more than one governance model maybe in use at a Living Lake. Lastly, because English wasa second language for many respondents, and becauseuse of language is debatable, different people may havemeant differently by their answers. For instance, someconsidered designation as a Ramsar site to constitutefull protection for the lake, others did not.

The survey helped identify the variety of governancemodels in use at Living Lakes. For example:

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Lake Uluabat, Turkey, is an example for collaborative managementwith the involvement of local communities.

* At The Broads, legal governing authority is vestedin national government, local authorities, andinternational designations. Other structures arealso important, such as:

1 Collaborative management of the Trinity Broadsbetween the Broads Authority, English Nature, andthe Essex & Suffolk WaterCompany;

2 Management by community liaison groupsdeveloping site-specific plans; and

3 Delegated management by NGO Wildlife Trustsof Sites of Special Scientific Interest in agreementwith English Nature.

* At Lake Constance, at least four transnationalcommissions help govern aspects of the lake.

* At Lake Uluabat and Milicz Ponds, models such ascollaborative management and management by localcommunities are in use.

Lake Protection Status

On the issue of lake protection status, the survey wasrevealing. Six respondents consider their lake fullyprotected via national, provincial, or internationaldesignations. Eleven consider their lake partlyprotected, either because only certain geographicfeatures or areas are included in protected zones oronly certain resource aspects receive protection. Threelakes, Võrtsjärv in Estonia, Chapala in Mexico, andVictoria in Kenya/Uganda/Tanzania, describedthemselves as „not protected.“ The needs suggestedby partial or non-protection lead directly to some of therecommendations that appear below.

Involvement in Governance, and Trends toward newGovernance Structures

National governments are involved in most aspects ofgovernance (holding regulatory, planning, spending,revenue-generating powers) at most Living Lakes.Regional or provincial governments are involved insome way in about half the responding lakes, as arelocal authorities. Other bodies involved in someaspect of governance include national or regionalcommissions, transnational commissions, or specialauthorities.

As expected, Living Lakes report that new participatorygovernance structures are taking shape. Collaborativemanagement of some sort is in effect at most respondinglakes. Members of local communities or indigenouspeople have input into governance in some cases. At afew lakes, management functions have been delegatedto NGOs. In at least one case, management has beendelegated to a private sector company.

The types of collaborative management in use at LivingLakes most usually involve a partnership of some sortbetween a public agency and an NGO (the Living Lakesnetwork member). At several lakes, a multi-sided public/private/NGO partnership collaborates on management.At still other lakes, multiple public agencies collaborate.In a smaller number of cases, partnerships exist betweenNGOs, or between public agencies and private companies.

Vision, direction, ends - and means - at the LivingLakes

At most responding Living Lakes, some sort of vision,direction, or ends statement has been created, oftenthrough a formal process. Development of such astatement is reported in process at four of the respondinglakes. At least one lake’s respondent noted that whereasa vision has been established, this has not led to thecreation of concrete goals. One lake lacks a visionaltogether.

As noted above, determining who is responsible forestablishing the ends - and for implementing the meansto reach those ends - is an important exercise inunderstanding how governance really works in anorganisation or in this case with respect to a lake.Respondents to the survey tell us that in most cases,government agencies hold principal responsibility forsetting ends or vision for a Living Lake, often with for-

38


mal or informal input from Living Lakes memberorganizations. Responsibility for means or programmes,by contrast, is split just about evenly between twocategories: government, and partnerships.

In most cases, Living Lakes members report receivingsome funding for establishing ends and pursuingmeans. The most frequent source of these funds is therespective national government. Funds also come fromindividual donations, foundation grants, and internatio-nal donors. Unilever helps support a number of theLiving Lakes members, and other corporate sponsorsprovide support elsewhere. At least four lakes, though,report receiving no funding whatsoever for theirinvolvement in governance.

Opinions regarding Living Lake Governance

The opinion-seeking portion of the survey askedrespondents to rate governance of their lake Strong,Average, or Weak against the Institute on Governance’s„good governance principles.“ Ratings on mostprinciples tended toward Average or Weak, with theexception of Direction. This appears to be consistentwith other survey answers showing that direction hasbeen established for most Living Lakes. Ratings on theother good governance criteria also appear consistentwith other survey answers, and suggest areas forimprovement or discussion regarding how Living Lakesare governed.

When asked about their degree of satisfaction with theircurrent role in lake governance, five respondentsresponded they were satisfied, five responded they werenot satisfied, and ten responded that they were partlysatisfied. Those who were not satisfied made tellingexplanatory remarks, such as „We do most of the workbut have little power“ and „[Our involvement] could bemore strategic“ as well as „We have not achievedhaving the input to the whole process that we considerimportant for the lake’s survival.“

Respondents also provided constructive input regardingwhich groups they consider under-represented ingovernance. Groups cited by many as currently under-represented included the general public/local residents,visitors, and conservation volunteers. Groupsmentioned by several respondents included indigenouspeoples, nontraditional users from minority or ethniccommunities, and NGOs. A few more respondents

described communication between groups seekinginvolvement in governance as sufficient, than did thosewho said it was not sufficient.

Potential next Steps

By launching the survey and devoting time at its 8thConference to the subject of governance, Living Lakeshas taken a bold step to engage with an important set ofissues which it has in common with other areas currentlyprotected or seeking protection around the world. Atworkshops during the conference, Living Lakesmembers would do well to continue clarifying andnoting:

* which governance practices are working well, andwhich need improvement - with regard to governingstructures, engaging with broader groups ofstakeholders, and partnership in particular;

* areas in which sharing of best practices would bemost helpful to other Living Lakes members;

* critical gaps in information or knowledge; and

* groundbreaking efforts to involve previously under-represented groups in lake governance.

To the degree the network of lakes wishes to remainclosely engaged in governance issues, it may want toconsider taking the following steps (and seeking fundingto support them):

* Elaborate a set of „good governance“ principlesspecific to the circumstances of Living Lakes, andprovide members a continuous means to rategovernance at their lake with respect to thoseprinciples;

* Publicize best practices in governance, wherecertain or innovative modes of partnership orcollaboration are working for the benefit of one ormore values;

* Launch a targeted effort to develop and spread goodpractices for involving under-represented groups ingovernance;

* Continue research efforts to understand the varietyand nuances of different approaches to governance.

As a matter of priority, the Living Lakes network will alsolikely want to explore and pursue ways of assistingmember lakes lacking sufficient strategic vision or

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direction, those with inadequate means or powers ofimplementing a vision, and those in need of means togauge performance against concrete objectives.Similarly important would be providing assistance so thatcurrently unprotected Lakes achieve some degree ofprotection. Furthermore, the network may wish to carveout a niche for itself as a specialist in developing andusing more inclusive means of setting and implementingstrategic vision, and in making goals more concrete.

The complete study Overview of Governance of Each Living Lake by Andrew Moore can be downloaded as PDF-file at www.globalnature.org.

Die vollständige Studie „Overview of Governance of Each Living Lake“ von Andrew Moorekann als PDF-Datei von www.globalnature.org heruntergeladen werden.

Andrew Moore, Umweltberater, Kanada

Unter Governance kann die Art und Weise verstandenwerden, wie man Organisationen, Orte oder Ressour-cen und Gesellschaften führt. Ein Überblick über dieModelle und Strukturen der „Lebendigen Seen“ lässtein komplexes Bild von Governance erkennen, das so-wohl alle Regierungsebenen und internationalen Insti-tutionen als auch alle innovativen Ansätze von NGOs,Korporationen, Partnerschaften und Kollaborationeneinschließt. Eine Umfrage bei LL-Mitgliedern hat erge-ben, dass Bedarf an weiterer Annahme und Ausbrei-tung von guten Governance-Praktiken besteht. Kon-ferenzen, Workshops und Diskussionen bieteneine erste Gelegenheit für eine ausführliche Behand-lung dieser Themen. Das Living Lakes Netzwerk könn-te dazu dienen, gute Beispiele für Governance aufzu-zeigen und den einzelnen Mitgliedern bei der Umset-zung in die Praxis zu helfen.

cooperative, involving actors from the public, privateand civic sectors working together in partnerships ofmutual trust. Governance is becoming the norm formanaging complex socio-ecological systems such asliving lakes. This is because the causes of theecological deterioration of almost all living lakes lies inhuman-caused practices and inappropriate regulatoryarrangements. To re-create sustainable living lakes willrequire an applied coordination of managers and social

groups working cooperatively over long time periods todesign the restoration of such living lakes via combi-nation of reliable science and cooperative trust.

The Hickling living lake in the Norfolk and Suffolk Broadsis part of the Upper Thurne catchment of a NationalPark. Its restoration is being made possible through acombination of coordinated scientific monitoring andmodelling, and by the operation of a stakeholderpartnership known as the Upper Thurne Working Group.This participatory body has built a sense of mutual trustin its working arrangements. Because of this trust, thereis a unique opportunity to create a sustainable futurefor this important living lake.

The Hickling Setting

Hickling Broad is the remnant of a man-make lake datingback to the mid 14th century. Its 130 ha of surface watermake it a key element in the Upper Thurne catchmentof four lakes and extensive read fen. The whole area isof international importance due to its inclusion of waterplants such as holly leared naiad the Chara species ofstonewort (notably C. intermedia, C. asperens, and C.conniva). It is also a wintering ground for many speciesof migratory waterfowl, notably gadwill, pochard,widgeon, shoveller, pink-footed geese and mute swan.The marginal reed fen is home to many fen species offlowering plants, grasses and fen plants, dragonfly andassociated birds.

The whole catchment is subject to saltwater intrusion,

Conserving Lakes and Wetlands: The Artand Practice of Good Governance

Tim O’ RiordanUniversity of East Anglia, UK

Governance is a popular term for styles of governingthat are participatory, adaptable, networked and

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The Broads are of international importance. The variety of habitatsgives home to many plant and animal species like the swallowtailbutterfly.

and the dykes and broads are slightly brackish fromtime to time. Agricultural intensification in the area duringthe 1970s has added nitrates and phosphates to thedrainage. New pumps have also introduced ochre (abright orange sediment containing iron hydroxide) tothe lakes.

In summary, the nutrient enrichment of the system isdue to the following sources:

* phosphate rich effluent from surrounding grazingmarshes seeping through via the drainage system

* nitrates from agricultural fertilisation and incomingrainfall

* phosphates and nitrates from bird populations,notably roosting gulls

* release of phosphates from the sediment, nowconsisting of the remains of algae, and Chara.

In addition, the lakes are affected by variable waterquality caused by changes in rainfall, runoff anddrainage pumping. This alters the depth andtemperature of the water, affecting plant growth and algalformation.

The lakes are in poor ecological condition, but containsufficient diverse and internationally significant biomassas to be worthy of international conservation states.Hence the whole area is designated as an international

wildlife reserve under the European Union HabitatsDirective (via candidate status for a Special Area ofConservation - cSAC).

The Conflict

In 1999 the water of Hickling, normally closely becauseof algal growth, cleared. As a consequence, denselawns of Chara intermedia grew to surface level (1.4metres). The outcome of this massive and unexpectedproliferation of biomass was that the customary passageof sailing boats, propeller-driven boats and wind surferswas stopped, virtually for the whole summer. This wasan unprecedented circumstance and led to a huge rowbetween all the navigation and boating interests andthe two principal conservation bodies, English Nature(the regulatory body) and the Norfolk Wildlife Trust (theowner and manager of Hickling Broad).

The cause of the dispute was the initial refusal byEnglish Nature and the NWT to allow any cutting of theChara. This is because the site is subject to Britishinterpretation of EU Habitat Directive rules. These rulesstate that no alteration of biodiversity should occurunless it is proved that there will be no detriment to the„favourable ecological status“ of the cSAC.

Despite the establishment of a scientific Review Panel,convened by the Broads Authority, neither the boatingnor the conservation interests could agree on a commonposition. The Review Panel recommended some experi-mental cutting of the Chara. But this was very late in theseason and only covered an area of 14.5 hectares - lessthan 10 percent of the possible sailing area.

The Building of Confidence

John Packman, the Chief Executive of the BroadsAuthority, notes in his companion chapter, that theAuthority was weakened in its governing style by adecision between navigation and conservationinterests. Both claimed a legal mandate for theiradvocacy. The navigation interests argued for thenational park purpose of a right of navigation, while theconservationists used the EU regulations. The net resultwas an impasse.

This was resolved by a series of four, trust-building,„Hickling Conventions“ held in the winter of 2000-2001.These conversations were preceded by a series ofpersonal interviews held with all key interests in the

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Upper Thurne boaters, conservationists, anglers,wildfowlers, parishes and local tradespeople. Each wasasked what was their vision for the Upper Thurne, whatwas their nightmare, who they trusted and who theydistrusted, and why, and how they felt a series ofprocedures could be established to build a confidence-boosting dialogue for common understanding.

The result was the four conventions on the culture ofboating, the culture of wildife, local use of the area foreconomy and social wellbeing, and the character ofvarious legal arrangements for future sustainablemanagement.

These dialogues were based on a common vision, thebuilding of trust, the attendance of all key people ateach session, and completely independent facilitationof each event. The consequence was the establishmentof the Upper Thurne Working Group with terms ofreference to build up the science, to ensure full sharingof knowledge and feelings and to derive a coordinatedplan of action for managed cutting of the Chara shouldclear water return.

The Hickling Vision

Now the basis of a full management plan for the UpperThurne is in place. This has evolved via four half-year

meetings for the „parliament“, each built on the bestscientific research and a platform for mutual trust.Because all of the main implementation agencies arealso involved in the „parliament“, the management planis a direct outcome of consensual dialogue. It is arguedthat this is the basis of the approach to a living lake, atleast in the mould of western democratic practices.

Converting the vision for the future management of thewhole catchment could be put into practice as follows:

1 Scientific modelling of water quantity, water qualityand saline incursion for the whole catchment. Thiswill be based on four complementary doctoralresearch tasks, one for quantity, one for nutrients,one for ochre and one for saline movement. All ofthese doctorates are co-funded by theimplementation partners, and all are designed toevolve on a collaborative basis. This modelling willform the basis of a comprehensive scientific audit ofhow to manage water flows, water depth,temperature, nutrient limitation and possibledredging of sediment to establish the best conditionsfor a range of freshwater plants, including lowergrowing C. aspera and C. connivens. In this way, itmay be possible to increase biodiversity yet createmore navigable „headroom“ above the plant tips.

20-year vision for the Upper Thurne

The Upper Thurne comprises a healthy, ecologically sound functioning landscape ofgrazing marshes, fens and open water that is maintained by adequate supplies ofnutrient-poor freshwater and suitably buffered from diffuse pollutants arising from

surrounding arable land. The open waters are crystal clear and beneath their surface arediverse assemblages of aquatic plants, which cover the bed and provide food and refuge

for a wealth of aquatic invertebrates, fishes and birds. The littoral margins are healthyand fringed with reed swamp.

This landscape provides the basis of vibrant local communities and economies. Itssuperb and unique open waters provide for waterborne recreation of all types and in all

the kinds of vessels historically and currently enjoyed on these waters. Craft in theUpper Thurne waters reflect in their design, dimensions, standards and state of

maintenance the very high quality of the landscape and natural environment in whichthey operate, particularly embracing quiet non-polluting propulsion systems and low-

wash hull design.

[Generated from the UTWG workshop on 14 November 2002]

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2 Redesign of the associated catchment by raising thewater table, re-establishing low intensity grazing, andcreating more readfen and grasses production inthe fen restoration of the drainage regime. This willinvolve an adjustment to the agri-environmentpackage which is now in offing, and incentives forlandowners to cooperate across property boundariesto establish a single viable ecosystem. This excitingproposal has the full backing of the responsibleregulatory agencies.

3 The basis of an agreement from cutting C. intermediashould re-establish itself in the coming years.

* A good, reliable monitoring regime to ensure thatchanging growth and water quality measures arebrought into a single measure. This shouldprovide reasonable warning of proliferation.An improved regime of cutting with some cuttingat an early period of growth, close to navigationareas. This will help to invigorate the plant, andmaintain sailing depths at a crucial early stage inthe growing and sailing season.

* Detailed monitoring of the cut species to checkfor impairment or betterment of growth, plus aprogramme of investigation for speciestransplanting to ensure restoration of Chara inopen sediment areas where boating is possiblewith lower growth regimes.

* A dredging experiment to discover how best toremove the phosphorus rich surface sediment,ready for new planting or the resurgence of plantspores in the lower sediment.

It is worthy of note that these arrangements are in theprocess of being agreed. The Upper Thurne WorkingGroup has accepted the principles of this plan andcutting regime. This is a huge improvement on thecircumstances of 1999, and a testament to trust buildingfor inclusionary governance for living lakes.

Wider Lessons for the Hickling Experience

The world of the Upper Thurne is far distant from majorliving lakes in other countries. The processes discussedhere are appropriate to a western democracy with arespect for law and regulation, and with a history ofdialogue leading to compromise and consensus. Ascheme such as this has to built on trust, it must be

ready for the unexpected, and it cannot in itself act as atemplate for elsewhere.

For other countries and traditions, much depends onthe vibrancy of non-governmental groups, toleranceby ruling political parties, the rule of law, and the signi-ficance of scientific monitoring and modelling. Some ofthe latter may be possible through local interests beingpart of the scientific recording. Some may be possiblevia incentive schemes for proactive cooperation. Andsome may require the injection of grant aid by interna-tional organisations who recognise their responsibilitiesfor the global stewardship of living lakes.

Whatever the mix, there is much to be gained from aslow period of face to face confidence building, thecreation of a shared vision and shared trust, and theestablishment of a non-threatening dialogue that isinclusive and meets regularly with a joint purpose tocreate a viable management plan. The plan should beconstantly adjusted to new ideas from the monitoringand the science, and to fresh ways in which the variouscommunities come to understand one another.

Tim O’ Riordan, East Anglia Universität, England

Governance wird zur Regel beim Management kom-plexer sozio-ökologischer Systeme wie den LivingLakes, weil anthropogene Störungen und ungeeigneteRegierungsvereinbarungen die Ursachen für die öko-logische Schädigung von beinahe allen „LebendigenSeen“ sind. Um nachhaltige Seen zu erschaffen brauchtman eine Übereinkunft von Entscheidungsträgern undsozialen Gruppen, die über lange Zeiträume hinwegkooperativ zusammenarbeiten, um die Restaurierungdieser Seen durch die Kombination aus zuverlässigerWissenschaft und Vertrauen zu gestalten.

Der Hickling See in den Norfolk und Suffolk Broads istTeil des Upper Thurne Einzuggebietes des National-parks. Seine Renaturierung wird ermöglicht durch dieKombination aus abgestimmtem wissenschaftlichenMonitoring und Modelling sowie durch die Arbeit derUpper Thurne Working Group, einer Partnerschaft derInteressenvertreter.

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The conference participants learn more about the methods ofpractical fen management during the field trips.

Inspiring People, Improving Places -Engaging Stakeholders across Society

Tom FloodBTCV Chief Executive, UK

As a UK Environmental NGO, BTCV sets out toencourage people and the communities in which theylive to improve their Environment. As one of the UK’slargest NGOs, BTCV is currently changing itsGovernance model, and in preparation for its nextStrategic Plan, is seeing how best it engages with itsstakeholders in Society.

Many people have a traditional view of BTCV, transitvans full of volunteers going to the countryside to doenvironmental work. The countryside is still importantto BTCV. But today 80% of our work is in the towns andcities of the UK where people live. The UK is also amulticultural country where the Environment meansdifferent things. Consequently BTCV is having to adjustits products and services to ensure relevance inpeople’s lives.

The change in Board Governance has altered the workof the Board and the relationship with the ChiefExecutive. The Board’s key responsibility is to definethe end goal of BTCV and set executive limitations onthe Chief Executive who is responsible for the deliveryof the ‘ends’ reporting back to the Board onachievements.

BTCV has defined its vision as ‘A better Environmentwhere people feel valued, included and involved’, andwill offer its products in four identified areas:

* Healthy Communities

* Life Skills

* Green Spaces Management

* Commercial Activities

In the preparation of its Strategic Plan, BTCV will needto define ‘whose voices’, does it take into account inthe allocation of resources and ask of itself thesequestions:

* What is the end goal?

* For whom?

* And at what cost?

It needs to learn how to measure outcomes alongsidethe collection of outputs. It has defined its values aspeople, the communities in which they live, and thequality of their Environments and it has listed the corevalues by which it will measure its businessperformance:

* Inclusiveness and Choice

* Support and Empowerment

* Improving the Environment

* Understand the impact of its work

* Having demonstrable Corporate Responsibility

The way in which BTCV will deliver its future goals willbe more inclusive than the traditional white volunteeraudience of the past decade. We have decided torevamp our members’ magazine ‘The Conserver’, sothat it is no longer funded by members’ subscriptions,but by advertising. We will revamp the BTCV website,currently visited by 10,000 people monthly, so it is morein keeping with the values of BTCV. We will seek fundingto develop an inner website area for Community Groupsto acquire access to information and be able to ‘talk’ toother Community Groups. An online Shop will belaunched at the end of 2004.

Next year BTCV celebrates its work on Diversity at aEuropean Conference in Birmingham on March 25thand the launch of its Strategic Plan in the autumn of2004.

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Tom Flood, Geschäftsführer BTCV, England

Die britische Umweltorganisation BTCV will Menschenund Gemeinden dazu ermutigen sich für ihre Umwelteinzusetzen. Die traditionelle Arbeit von BTCV bestanddarin, mit Freiwilligen auf dem Land Umweltarbeit zuverrichten. Heute wird die Arbeit zu 80% in Städtenerledigt und an die unterschiedlichen Bedürfnisseunserer multikulturellen Gesellschaft angepasst. DieseVeränderung der „Governance“ führt auch zu einerVeränderung der Beziehung zwischen Vorstand undGeschäftsführung. Der Vorstand muss die Endzieledefinieren, die Geschäftsführung muss sie verfolgen.Unsere Vision lautet: “Eine bessere Umwelt, in der Men-schen sich wertvoll, berücksichtigt und einbezogenfühlen“. Die Methoden, mit der die Zukunftsziele erreichtwerden sollen, werden umfassender sein als in der Ver-gangenheit.

Im März 2004 wird BTCV auf der Europäischen Konfe-renz in Birmingham seine Arbeit im Bereich Diversitätund den Start des neuen Strategieplans im Herbst feiern.

Dr John Packmann, Chief Executive of the Broads Authority.Governance, in the context of the management of protectedareas, is concerned with the structures and processes by whichthe agenda is set, decisions made and stakeholders involved.

Managing the Broads:Developing Structures and Processesto Engage with its Stakeholders

Dr John PackmanBroads Authority, Executive Director, UK

Summary

This paper considers the common elements betweennotions of governance in environmental decision-making and concepts derived from businessmanagement. It concludes that they have much incommon and in the context of managing protected areassuch as the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads suggests thatfostering an organisational culture that is open andinclusive is central. At the heart of the successfulmanagement of an area such as the Broads is theculture of the organisation and its relationship to itsstakeholders. The paper looks at a number of changesto structures and processes undertaken by the Authorityand evaluates their success in shifting cultural barriers.

Introduction

I hope from the field trips at the beginning of the weekyou have not only seen some of the beauty of the Broads

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buts have also gained an insight into the managementchallenges associated with this important wetland. I havebeen reflecting on the last year’s wonderful conference inSouth Africa and common issues to Living Lakes partners.

What strikes me very strongly after talking to AndrewVenter about St Lucia in South Africa, or Hans Jerrentrupabout Nestos Lakes in Greece or hearing from AnneLevesque and Ellen Zimmerman about the ColumbianWetlands in Canada, is that the managementchallenges faced by Living Lakes partners are verycomplex, much more so than in the commercial world.

The issues we deal with are technically complex, forexample understanding the water chemistry of shallowlakes such as Hickling, or evaluating the impact ofdiffuse pollution from farmland or understanding thebehaviour of bird or mammal species.

We have a huge web of stakeholders with differentinterests, sometimes conflicting, at different levels. In aEuropean context from Directives issues by theEuropean Union which may have a direct impact onthe management of our wetlands down to local userswho have a strong emotional attachment to theirtraditional activities.

Funding is usually a challenge for us. There is notenough and our stakeholders have high expectationsas to what can be achieved. Our ability to influence andchange this environment in which is operated is verylimited and there are many other agencies who have arole. In the context of the Broads English Nature and theEnvironment Agency, national agents of Government,have important roles in relation to biodiversity, waterquality and flood protection.

And on a day-to-day basis we have dedicated staff whoare a challenge to manage because of their strongconvictions and commitment which may leave themopen to stress.

Decisions we need to make have many dimensionsand colleagues at this university have suggested thatnot only do we have to be concerned with questions ofefficiency, equity, legitimacy and effectiveness, but wemust also take account of the impact of institutions,context and scale.

Given the challenging environment in which we workwhat are the lessons we can take from the literature ongovernance and recent management theory?

Governance

Governance, in the context of the management ofprotected areas, is concerned with the structures andprocesses by which the agenda is set, decisions madeand stakeholders involved. Thinking on the subject ofgovernance and its role in environmental decisionmaking suggests that the traditional structures andprocesses for making these decisions are no longeradequate. We need new structures and processes builton the principles of trust and engagement withstakeholders.

The literature talks about open decision makingprocesses, building trust encouraging participation. Itis suggested that public management should be throughnetworks and partnerships rather than traditionalstructures and that this will require significant shifts inour thinking and the development of new structures andprocesses.

Why do we need this? Because the issues in publicpolicy are extremely complex and the traditionalmechanisms of command and control are no longeracceptable. Stakeholders expect to be involved.

Reference is therefore made to a paradigm shift - afundamental change to the way in which an organi-sation works and interfaces with its stakeholders.

Organisational Development

Turning to recent organisational theory, what ideas doesthis offer us in terms of the management of a protectedarea. Key ideas advocate an organisation that candevelop a set of unique capabilities and be responsiveto its external environment. A focus on its customersand their needs, there is also an emphasis on networksand new forms of organisational structure by writerssuch as Charles Handy.

The Common Agenda

So perhaps not surprisingly there is a great deal ofsimilarity in the writings on good modern governanceand good modern management. Both suggest that thetraditional methods of command and control are notappropriate in the modern world and that a paradigmshift is required - a fundamental change in the way werelate to our customers and stakeholders.

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Experience from the Broads Authority

The Norfolk and Suffolk Broads is a unique andinternationally important wetland landscape that hasbeen shaped and nurtured by its inhabitants since atleast Roman times. Broads are shallow, reed-fringedlakes that originated as great pits dug for peat to providefuel during medieval times.

The boundary of the Broads Executive Area is tightlydrawn around the flood plains and lower reaches of thethree main rivers, the Bure, Yare and Waveney. Itencompasses an area of 303 sq.km - a mainly open,undeveloped landscape of water, fens, marshes andwoodland, but including some built-up areas, notablywaterside villages. There is a short coastal strip at Winter-ton, which overlaps with the North Norfolk Coast Areaof Outstanding Natural Beauty, and an estuary atBreydon Water. The extensive inland waterway system,comprising 190 km of navigable and lock-free riversand over 40 broads, is a major attraction.

The Broads Authority, a unique institution set up by itsown act of parliament in 1988, manages the area. TheAuthority has three duties:

It shall be the general duty of the Authority to managethe Broads for the purposes of

* conserving and enhancing the natural beauty of theBroads;

* promoting the enjoyment of the Broads by the public;and

* protecting the interests of navigation.

The first two duties are the same as were given to thenational parks in England and Wales under the 1949Act, but what makes the Broads Authority different is itsrole as the third largest inland navigation authority inEngland.

The Authority comprises 35 members appointed byGovernment, local authorities, various statutory bodiesand local interests. It employs about 100 full-time staffand has a turnover of approximately £ 4.5 million. Itsincome comes from two principal sources: two-thirdsby way of grant from national government and one-thirdfrom navigation tolls, a local tax on boats using theBroads.

The Management Challenge

The challenge for the Broads Authority is considerable.It faces:

A complex physical environment

* We still do not fully understand the science of theseshallow freshwater lakes and for example the rolethat diffuse pollution plays in the boom and bust ofparticular plant species such as Chara intermedia.

* Climate change will have a huge impact on theBroads but how and when is unknown.

A complex human environment

* There are a large number of stakeholders often withconflicting vested interests.

* It operates in an arena with multi-level governance:from a direct relationship to government to needto involve local users.

* There are established rights, particularly navigation,which are defended avidly by local users.

Limited resources and influence

* Although by comparison with some of our LivingLakes partners the budget may look generous, interms of the restoration and management of theBroads it is small, probably a third of what is required.

* The Authority has only limited room for manoeuvreand its ability to change the parameters withinwhich it operates are constrained by for examplethe difficulty of amending the Norfolk and SuffolkBroads Act that established it.

The Broads Authority has been outside the moder-nisation agenda that has swept through local govern-ment in England and Wales. It has therefore had tomodernise itself, taking on the principles of moderngovernance and organisational development.

In terms of modern governance the Authority hasfocused on:

* Building trust with its stakeholders

* Developing networks for stakeholder involvement inthe work of the Authority

* Looking at its decision making such that it is openand participative

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The Broads National Plan is a SMART (Specific, Measurable,Achievable, Realistic and Timely) vision for the future of Britain’slargest protected wetland.

The Authority has developed its own capacity through:

* The empowerment of staff

* A focus on the needs of our stakeholders/customers

* Aiming for outstanding performance built on ourunique capabilities

* Continually adapting to changes in the externalenvironment

* Developing a clear vision

* Strengthening our partnerships and networks

Both have required the implementation of a paradigmshift, a fundamental change in the way we operate, withnew structures and processes for the management ofthe Authority. The environment within which we operateis continually changing and through a series of incre-mental changes we can match that external change.But from time to time organisations go through a periodof ‘flux’ which means that a gap opens up betweenwhere they are and where they need to be - this requiresa transformational change or the demise of theorganisation.

Over the last two years the Broads Authority has changedstructures and processes with the specific aim ofpromoting an integrated approach to the managementof the Broads. This has been carried out as part of theBroads Authority Development Programme. The Pro-gramme has three interrelated objectives: thedevelopment of a long-term strategy to guide the workof the Authority and gain the necessary resources fromGovernment, the modernisation of the Authority’soperations, particularly its decision making anddeveloping mechanisms to encourage all parts of theAuthority and its stakeholders to work together for thegood of the Broads.

Developing a Long-Term Strategy

Critical to the modernisation of the Authority has beenthe development of a new Broads Plan to set the visionfor the future of the Broads for the next 20 years andguide the work of the Authority over the next five years.The document is short - about 30 pages with SMART(Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Timely)targets. It has been prepared in an open way involvingstakeholders throughout the process so that a commonvision for the Broads is set for not just the BroadsAuthority but also other agencies and stakeholders.

Modernising the Authority

The decision-making structure has been simplified bycombining the former separate Navigation and Environ-ment Committees into one new Broads ManagementCommittee so that an integrated approach is taken. TheAuthority has also decided to reduce its membershipfrom 35 to 21. This will require secondary legislation,an order made by the Government Minster.

The management structure has also been changedmoving from five departments based on the responsi-bilities of the Authority to four integrated directorates.Thus in the new structure all the field activities are inone department whilst a new Research and StrategyDirectorate looks across all the work of the Authority interms of developing new policy.

Working Together

The involvement of stakeholders has been a key part ofthe Development Programme and central to this hasbeen the establishment of the new Broads Forum. 50organisations are represented by 20 members of theForum who have the opportunity to debate key issuesbefore the Authority makes a decision. This has, so far,assisted the Authority in making difficult decisions andbeen part of a more open approach to decision making.

Raising the profile of the Authority with stakeholders,visitors and decision makers is critical and the presentname - Broads Authority - does not help. The status ofthe area as a national park is not obvious and the role ofthe Authority is not clear. The Authority has thereforedecided to change its name to The Broads NationalPark. The implementation of this will require anamendment to the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads Act 1988.

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Changing the Culture

Changing structures and processes is important andcan be difficult but what is far more important and farmore difficult is changing the culture of an organisationand the culture associated with its stakeholders.

What is culture? The diagram by Johnson ‘The CulturalWeb’ helps us understand the complexity of culture. Itcan be summarised as ‘an organisation’s view of itselfand its environment’.

We rarely start with a clean sheet where culture isconcerned and there is usually baggage from thepassed that inhibits the bold changes that are necessaryto move an organisation forward. In the case of theBroads, when Aitken Clarke set up the new BroadsAuthority in the late 1980s he inherited responsibilitiesand staff from the Yarmouth Port and HavenCommissioners who brought a set of assumptions andways of thinking that have helped to shape theorganisation.

But what has become clear over the last couple of yearsis that we not only need to change the culture of theBroads Authority but also the culture of the organisationswith whom we work if we are to get the best solutions forthe Broads.

Lessons and Next Steps

In the case of the Broads we face three major barriersin taking the organisation forward and making the shiftsthat writers on governance and management suggestare needed. These barriers to change are: legislative,funding and the attitude of stakeholders and staff.

Firstly, the need for legislative change. The reduction inthe number of members of the Authority from 35 to 21requires legislation which is difficult to achieve.

Secondly, whilst the Broads Authority is well funded bycomparison with some of our overseas partners, its £4.5million turnover is about a third of what we haveestimated we require. Sensible changes like thestreamlining of our planning service require fundingand more office accommodation.

Thirdly, we need to continue to develop a culture withinand without the organisation that embraces theprinciples of:

* The involvement of stakeholders and the widercommunity in our work,

* continuous adaptation to our external environmentand

* The building and strengthening of trust andpartnership.

Dr. John Packman, Geschäftsführer Broads Authority,England

Die Methoden von Governance im Rahmen umwelt-relevanter Entscheidungsfindungen lassen sich gut mitdem Management von Unternehmen vergleichen. BeimSchutz von Gebieten wie dem Broads Nationalpark istes wichtig, eine offene und einschließende Organisa-tionsstrategie zu verfolgen. Im Mittelpunkt eines erfolg-reichen Managements steht dabei die Beziehung derOrganisation zu den verschiedenen Interessensver-tretern, die zum Teil unterschiedliche, wenn nicht garkonträre Ziele als Schwerpunkte sehen.

Seit 1988 wird der Broads Nationalpark von der BroadsAuthority (BA) geleitet. Es handelt sich hierbei auch umdie drittgrößte Schifffahrtsbehörde in England, beste-hend aus 35 Mitgliedern und 100 Vollzeitbeschäftigten.Die besondere Herausforderungen der BA bestehtdarin, auf eine komplexe physikalische Umwelt im Rah-men einer komplexen menschlichen Gesellschaft mitlimitierten Mitteln und Einfluss einzugehen.

Um den Veränderungen in Gesellschaft und Politik ge-recht zu werden, müssen die Organisationenstrukturender BA modernisiert werden. Dazu wurde in den letzten2 Jahren ein Entwicklungsprogramm aufgestellt mit denZielen einer Langzeitstrategie für die Arbeit der BA, derModernisierung aller von der BA durchgeführten Maß-nahmen sowie der Entwicklung von Mechanismen, diealle Beteiligten der Behörde und Interessensvertreterdazu ermutigt sich gemeinsam für die Broads einzuset-zen.

Erschwert werden diese Veränderungen vor allemdurch bestehende Gesetze, ungenügende Finanzie-rung und durch die Einstellung vieler Interessensver-treter und Mitarbeiter.

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Stories & Myths

Rituals & Routines

Control Systems Organisational Structures

Power Structures

Symbols

OrganisationalParadigm

Cultural web - „an organisation’s view of itself & its environment“

Johnson (1992)

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8 thLiving Lakes Conference / Panel Presentations on Governance

The Dead Sea, bordering Jordan, Israel, Palestine, is extremelythreatened due to excessive water withdrawal.

8 Panel Presentations on Governance

Letting The Dead Sea Live - Challengesin Governance

David KatzFriends of the Earth Middle East (FoEME)

The Dead Sea, the lowest point on earth and home tonumerous cultural and ecological treasures, is undersevere threat due to water diversions, uncheckedindustry, and uncoordinated development. The result isa rapidly dropping sea level, the drying up ofcoastal springs and habitats, and land subsidencecausing destruction of infrastructure. Several uniquecircumstances combine to pose challenges togovernance of the basin, including:

* A shared basin between three political entities:Israel, Jordan and Palestine, with disputedsovereignty claims, very tense relationships, and littleofficial communication between governments.

* Upstream water diversion out of the basin, meansthat governance structures based on a watershedapproach alone, will be insufficient.

* The focus of much lake management - managingthe surrounding uplands to protect the lakeecosystem - is inapproprate in the case of theDead Sea, for which primary concern is for harm tosurrounding upland environment because ofmismanagement of the lake.

Traditionally, the governments have workedindependently and either ignored the problems orsought large scale engineering solutions, such as mas-sive canals to import water from the Red Sea. FoEME,working in all three countries, has promoted acoordinated planning process and has served as aconduit for information and ideas between governmentsand stakeholders. One focus of FoEME’s work has beenpromotion of registration of the Dead Sea basin as aUNESCO Biosphere Reserve and/or World Heritage Site,which would require all governments to work jointly todevelop and implement a sustainable development planwith designated areas for conservation. To date, all

countries have responded positively to this idea inprinciple and are investigating what form it might take.

Policymakers have also traditionally ignored thepossiility of restoring the natural flow into the Dead Seabecause, among other reasons, they disregarded po-tential economic gains from conservation. To counterthis, FoEME also undertook an economic study of costsand benefits of conservation value in the basin. Thishas strengthened the rationale for sustainablemanagement. While governance structures in the DeadSea region are still extremely weak and underdeveloped,FoEME’s experience demonstrates the possibility for anongovernmental organisation to take the lead inpromoting coordinated governance structures, whengovernments lack the initiative or ability to do sothemselves.

David Katz, Friends of the Earth Mittlerer Osten (FoEME)

Das Tote Meer ist ernsthaft bedroht durch Wasser-entnahme, Zuführung ungeklärter Industrieabwässerund unkoordinierte Entwicklung. Daraus folgt zum ei-nen ein rapide sinkender Wasserspiegel, dieAustrocknung von Küstenquellen und Küstenhabitatensowie eine Bodenabsenkung, die zur Zerstörung derInfrastruktur führen. Besondere Herausforderungen fürGovernance des Gebietes sind die angespannten Be-ziehungen zwischen den drei Anrainern Israel, Jor-danien und Palästina, Wasserentnahme aus den Zu-flüssen und Missmanagement der Seenregion, das zueiner Zerstörung des Umlandes führt.

Die Regierungen haben bisher unabhängig gearbeitetund entweder die Probleme ignoriert oder an großan-gelegte technische Lösungen gedacht wie gewaltige

51


Kanäle, die Wasser aus dem Roten Meer einbringensollen. Die in allen drei Gebieten aktiven FoEME habenfür einen gemeinsam abgestimmten Planungsprozessgeworben und dienen als Vermittler von Informationenund Ideen zwischen Regierungen und Interessen-vertretern. Ein Arbeitsschwerpunkt ist der Einsatz fürdie Ausweisung des Toten Meeres als Biosphären-reservat und/oder Welterbegebiet. Das erfordert jedochein Zusammenarbeiten der drei Regierungen, um ei-nen nachhaltigen Entwicklungsplan mit Ausweisungenvon Naturschutzgebieten zu erstellen und durchzufüh-ren. Die Länder haben darauf positiv reagiert.

Politiker haben es bisher versäumt, den natürlichenZufluss ins Tote Meer wiederherzustellen, weil u.a.mögliche Einkünfte durch Naturschutz nicht berück-sichtigt wurden. Um dem entgegenzuwirken, habenFoEME eine Studie über Kosten und Nutzen desNaturschutzwertes durchgeführt, die das PrinzipNachhaltiges Management gestärkt hat. Obwohl dieGovernancestrukturen immer noch schwach und un-terentwickelt sind, zeigt die Erfahrung FoEMEs, dassNGOs die Führung beim Vorantreiben vonGovernancestrukturen übernehmen können, wenn esRegierungen an Initiative und Fähigkeiten dazu mangelt.

Governance of Poyang Lake

Dai XingzhaoMRLSD, Jiangxi, China

General Information about Poyang Lake

Poyang Lake, located in China’s Jianxi Province inSoutheast of China, is the largest freshwater lake andthe largest natural resource in China. Five rivers(Ganjiang, Xiushui, Xinjiang, Fuhe and Raohe) from thesouth, east and west feed the lake and in turn emptyinto the Yangtze River. The average rate of flow is152,500 million m3, which is 1.5 times of Dongting Lake’s(the second largest fresh water lake in China) andexceeds the total flow of Yellow River, Hai River andHuai River.

The area of the lake is subject to dramatic changes inwater levels, shrinking to a tenth of this size in winter,

when a complex of shallow lakes, mudflats and wetgrasslands form around the periphery, which makePoyang Lake one of the most important areas for bio-diversity protection in China and even in the world. Itaccommodates 332 kinds of birds, subordinate to 17orders, 55 families. There are 124 species of waterfowlsducks (Anatidae): 32 species, snipes (Scolopacidae):25 species. 10 of them are 1st class species in China’slist of protected species („red list“), amongst them thefamous Siberian white crane (Grus lencugerannus),who is the symbol of Poyang Lake. The others such asHoodeel crane (Grus monacha), Greet Bustard (Otistarda), White stork (Ciconia ciconia) Black stork (Ciconianigra) etc. Each year, about 6751 white cranes spendthe winter at Poyang Lake. There are 44 species in thelist of the national second protected birds: e.g. Whiteibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus) Spoonbill (Platalealeucorodia), White-fronted goose (Anser albifrons) etc.Due to steadily increasing of the Lakes watersheds, thenumber of birds coming to Poyang Lake will raise.

The water quality in Poyang Lake is generallyconsidered to be good with only some small partshaving problems of organic pollution, heavy metals, etc.The main threats to the environment of the lake mainlycome from bad governance.

The Role of the Government in the Protection ofPoyang Lake

The Chinese government pays high attention to theprotection of Poyang Lake. Poyang Lake has beenapproved by the government as one of the 40 nationalA-class nature reserves with the total reserve area of22,400 ha. In 2002, Poyang Lake was further approvedby the national government as one of the 19 NationalSpecial Ecological Function Protection Zones.

The governance of Poyang Lake is mainly in theresponsibility of local county governments (it directlyinvolves 12 counties). Meanwhile, three provincialgovernment agencies join the governance, they are:

* Forest department: responsible for the naturalconservation (land, wetland resources, wildlifeprotection, migratory birds).

* Agricultural department: responsible for the fisheryresource management (aquatic production).

* Transportation department: responsible for the watertransportation.

52


Lake Poyang in China accomodates over 300 bird species.

Challenges for Better Governance of Poyang Lake

Coordinate between different stakeholders

The lake was divided by 11 counties, and there areanother 14 counties nearby the lake, and more than 40million people live within the Poyang Lake watershed. Itis very difficult to meet their interests, and to managethe lake in an ecologically sustainable way at the sametime.

Poverty

Poyang Lake area is one of the poorest areas of China.How to demonstrate a new livelihood for the poor peopleis a priority task.

Watershed Management Strategy - a Way towardsbetter Governance

Better governance of Lake Poyang needs jointresponsibility of many players. The provincial govern-ment has implemented the MRL program throughintegrated watershed planning. The strategy plan wasadopted in 1983 and is based on the recognition thatall parts of the watershed are interdependent. The MRLProgram is one of the priority projects of China’s Agenda21. A master plan concerning the sustainability of thePoyan Lake watershed has been worked out andapproved by the People’s Congress of the JianxiProvince, which is supported by many local and inter-national experts, initiatives and activists.

MRL Commission consists of the relevant provincialdepartments and is headed by the responsible viceprovincial governor. Its mandate is to coordinatethe actions of the departments in the Poyang lakewatershed.

MRLSD’s Role in the Governance of Poyang Lake

MRLSD is the leading support NGO in the region.

Based on the slogan „The only earth we share“,MRLSDs activities are based on four principles:

* Integrated development: Seeking sound measuresto well integrate ecological, economic and socialbenefits and combine poverty alleviation withrestoration and protection of natural resources.

* Participatory approach: Paying special attention tothe poor groups and women’s participation in the

planning, decision making and implementation ofsustainable utilization of natural resources.

* Capacity building: Supporting the development offarmers’ self-help organisations, keeping gooddialogue and cooperation with them.

* Sharing and common progress: Participatingextensively in the national and international dialogueand exchange of skills and expertise, fostercooperation in the areas of sustainable developmentto share practical experiences, information andresearch results.

Dai Xingzhao, MRLSD, Jiangxi, China

Der Poyang-See ist Chinas größter Süßwassersee undwird von 5 Flüssen gespeist. Im Winter unterliegt derSee großen Wasserschwankungen, die zur Ausbildungvon Flachwasserseen, Wattbereichen und Feucht-gebieten führen. Der See wird so zu einem der wich-tigsten Gebiete für den Schutz der Artenvielfalt. U.a. ister Heimat für über 300 Vogelarten, darunter denSchneekranich, Symbolvogel des Poyang-Sees.

Ein Hauptproblem am Poyang-See ist die ungenügen-de Governance. Die chinesische Regierung hat denSee als „A-Klasse“-Naturreservat sowie als „SpecialEcological Function Protection“-Zone ausgewiesen.Insgesamt gibt es 12 involvierte Bezirke und dreiRegierungsbehörden, die für die Governance des Seesverantwortlich sind: das Forstamt (Naturschutz),Landwirtschaftsamt (Fischerei und Ressourcen-management) und Verkehrsamt (Wassertransport). DieProvinzen in der Seenregion gehören zu den ärmstenin China. Es ist schwierig, die Interessen aller Beteilig-ten zu vereinbaren. Zum Schutz und nachhaltigen Ma-

53


nagement des Wassereinzuggebietes wurde das MRL-Programm und ein Masterplan aufgestellt.

MRLSD ist die führende NGO in der Region. Ihre Arbeitbasiert auf den Prinzipien von integrierter Entwicklung,sozialem Ansatz, Aufbau von Kapazitäten und gemein-samen Fortschritt.

Lake Peipsi

Margit SäreCTC, Estonia and Russia

Lake Peipsi/Chudskoe is a shallow lake situated inNorthern Europe and part of the Baltic Sea basin. It isthe fourth largest lake in Europe (3,555 sq.km) and thelargest international lake in Europe. Lake Peipsi isshared between the Estonian Republic (44% of thesurface area) and the Russian Federation (56%).

Lake Peipsi is located in the future EU external borderarea and that is why the water management issues inthis region are of major importance also at Europeanlevel.

Governance issues, sustainable use of resources in in-ternational basins is very important and is quitecomplicated when two or more transition countries sharewater basins. Communities in transition countries areespecially dependent on the local natural resources asthey often rely on agricultural production, fishing as theirmain income. There are also many competing users(tourism, urban development, fisheries) of lake resources

Lake Peipsi is shared between Estonia and Russia.

and many interest groups whose opinions should betaken into account in managing the lake resources.

Main problems related to the water management in LakePeipsi basin:

* the absence of joint complex management programs(Estonia/Russia)

* inefficient interrelations among stakeholders

* weak interstate co-ordination in the lake basin

* NGO’s potential is not used in full force

* complicated border issues

Legal basis for the transboundary water managementin Lake Peipsi basin started to develop after 1991 orafter Estonia’s re-independence. There are four mainlaws relating to the water management and fisheryissues of Lake Peipsi.

The Estonian-Russian Transboundary Water Com-mission was established in 1997 after signing of anintergovernmental agreement on the protection andsustainable use of transboundary water bodies betweenthe Republic of Estonia and the Russian Federation.

Besides the agreement signed in 1997, Estonia andRussia have also set an agreement on fisheries ofLake Peipsi, Lämmi and Pskov (1994), an agreementon mutual fishing relationships (1994) and an agree-ment on environmental protection (1996).

The Estonian-Russian intergovernmental TransboundaryWater Commission organises the exchange ofmonitoring data between countries; defines priority ofscientific studies on sustainable use of transboundarywaters; agrees on common methods for analyses andindicators of quality for transboundary waters; facilitatescooperation between different agencies and ensurespublicity of discussions of questions related to the useand protection of the transboundary waters.

The Transboundary Water Commission is an importantformal mechanism for the organisation of the coope-ration across the borders as well as between localstakeholders on one hand and the two governments onthe other hand. The Commission is working also activelywith civil society organisations; the head of one of itsworking groups „Cooperation with local authorities,NGOs and international organisation“ is lead byEstonian NGO: Peipsi Center for TransboundaryCooperation.

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Peipsi CTC is implementing several internationalprojects in the field of water management, communitydevelopment and border research. In our watermanagement program we have conducted severalseminars and training sessions for local authorities,NGOs and schools; environmental campaigns, socio-logical studies, publications, information disseminationvia e-mail lists, websites etc.

Peipsi CTC research shows that in transition countries,where there has been lack of intergovernmentalcooperation and where cooperation is not formalizedyet, the role of NGOs becomes very important as nongovernmental organisations can play the role of amediator in helping to build trust between partners, inbringing together different stakeholder groups acrossthe border.

Margit Säre, CTC, Estland und Russland

Der in Estland und Russland gelegene Peipsi-See istder viertgrößte See Europas. Die Hauptprobleme beimWassermanagement des Sees liegen im Fehlen eines

gemeinsamen Managementplans, ineffektiven Bezie-hungen zwischen Interessenvertretern, schwacherzwischenstaatlicher Koordination und kompliziertenGrenzangelegenheiten.

1997 wurde die Estnisch-Russische grenzüberschreitendeWasserkommission eingerichtet. Diese organisiert denAustausch von Monitoring Daten, bestimmt die Prioritätvon wissenschaftlichen Studien, erleichtert die Koo-peration zwischen Behörden und kümmert sich umVeröffentlichungen zum Thema Gebrauch und Schutzvon grenzüberschreitenden Gewässern. Sie ist einwichtiges Instrument zur Zusammenarbeit zwischenInteressensvertretern und den zwei Regierungen undarbeitet außerdem zusammen mit bürgerlichen Orga-nisationen.

Die NGO Peipsi Center for Transboundary Cooperation(CTC) führt internationale Projekte im Bereich Wasser-management, Gemeindeentwicklung und Grenz-forschung durch. CTC Untersuchungen haben ergeben,dass NGOs als Vermittler in Übergangsländern mitMangel an zwischenstaatlicher Zusammenarbeit einewichtige Rolle spielen.

55

8 thLiving Lakes Conference / Climate Change and Lakes

9 Climate Change and Lakes

Overview of Climate Change and itsImpacts on Living Lakes

Prof Mike HulmeTyndall Centre, University of East Anglia (UEA), UK

The climate of the Earth has never been stable, least ofall during the history and evolution of life on Earth.Glacial periods, for example, have been (globally) 4°-5°C cooler than now, and some interglacials have been(perhaps) 1°-2°C warmer. These prehistoric changesin climate were clearly natural in origin and occurredon a planet inhabited by primitive societies with farsmaller populations than at present. Ecosystems andspecies have moved, often freely, in response to suchpast changes and have evolved within this climatichistory. Lake systems have risen and fallen many timesduring the Earth’s climatic history.

The causes of contemporary and future changes inclimate, the rate and potential significance of thesechanges for ecosystems and hydrological systems andfor the human species, however, are all notably diffe-rent from anything that has occurred previously in historyor pre-history. The causes are now dominated by hu-man perturbation of the atmosphere, the rate of warmingalready exceeds anything experienced in the last10,000 years and, given the ecological imprint madeby our current and growing population of 6 billion andmore, the significance of this prospect for the naturalworld and for human society is qualitatively differentfrom previously experienced changes in climate.

The atmosphere delivers both resources (e.g. rain, sun,wind) and hazards (e.g. hurricanes, blizzards, droughts)to ecosystems and societies. Ecosystems, hydrologicalsystems and our human cultures and economies are‘tuned’ to the climate in which they evolve. All societieshave therefore evolved strategies to cope with someintrinsic level of climatic variability - for example,nomadic pastoralism, flood prevention, building design,weather forecasting, early warning systems and theweather-hedging industry are all forms of humanresponse to the variability of climate or the extremes ofweather.

Consequently, there exists some level of variation inclimate or some frequency or severity of weatherextremes that can be ‘accommodated’ using existingstrategies or behaviour. Exactly what can be ac-commodated, however, varies greatly within andbetween societies and between ecosystems, so thatvulnerability to weather and climate change is stronglydifferentiated around the world.

So the central concern is not that humans are alteringclimate, but whether these changes in climate can beaccommodated using our existing capacity to adapt,drawing upon our intellectual, regulatory, social orfinancial capital, and whether hydrological systems areresilient enough to survive these climatic perturbationsgiven the other pressures they are subjected to by hu-man development? Additional questions that flow fromthis perspective are: to what extent can we (need we?)predict future climates to assist this process ofadaptation, and to what extent do we need (and desire)to reduce the size of the changes in climate facing us toallow our adaptive potential to sustain an acceptabledynamic equilibrium between climate, ecosystems andsociety?

We face certainly continuing, probably accelerating andpossibly unprecedented changes in the Earth’s climateover the coming years and decades. These changes insuch a fundamental resource for society will introducenew challenges for the way we live with and influenceclimate. Some of these challenges may be broadlyforeseeable, many of them may not. Some of the risksassociated with a rapidly changing climate may bequantifiable, many of them may not. What should be ourresponse? As evidence is emerging that somehydrological and biological systems are alreadyreacting to this human-induced change in climate, andas we know that at least for some regions and for somecommunities and ecosystems climate variability alreadyimposes huge costs, doing nothing is unlikely to be thebest option. Societies, including managers of valuablelake systems, need to develop and implementappropriate strategies to reduce the risks associatedwith a changing climate - to ensure that these changingclimatic resources are appropriately exploited and thatthe adverse impacts of changing climatic hazards areminimised. Mitigation measures are required to reduceglobal greenhouse gas emissions with the intention ofeventually stabilising atmospheric concentrations at

56


Livestock farming in the Broads region.

some level at which an acceptable dynamic equilibriumcould be sustained between climate, ecosystems andhuman society. On the other hand, due to the inertia ofboth the climate system and our energy structures,greenhouse gases accumulated and accumulating inthe atmosphere since the pre-industrial era will continueto affect global climate long into the future. Togetherwith the existing exposure of many communities andwater resources to extremes of weather, adaptivemeasures become essential in order to enhance thecoping abilities of valued lake systems, vulnerablecommunities and exposed infrastructures.

These crucial perspectives about climate change needto be integrated fundamentally into the full range of policymeasures that are demanded by our drive towardssustainable development, an argument equally validfor the nations of the South as for the nations of theNorth, and for managers of lake systems as for othermanaged assets. We all need to come to terms withclimate change.

Generic Impacts of Climate Change on Lakes

Climate change directly affects important charac-teristics of lake systems such as: lake levels; watertemperature; thermal stratification; water quality;productivity; biodiversity. Indirect effects of climate

change also affects lake systems through for example:changes in the characteristics of lake catchment(watershed) areas; climatic influence on socio-eco-nomic activity in and around lakes. In some casescurrent lack of understanding and limited availability ofempirical case studies of lake processes and theirinteractions limits our ability to determine with con-fidence the impacts of climate change on lake hydrologyand ecology. Nevertheless there are certain genericrelationships between climate and lacustrine systemsthat will be common to most, if not all, the Living Lakes.The following section outlines some of these genericlinks between climate and lacustrine systems.

Climate variables likely to directly affect Lakes

Rising average temperatures and changes in extremes

* Rising air temperatures will increase surface watertemperature and influence thermal stratification inlakes. Warmer winters may affect mixing and nutrientrecycling rates in temperate lakes as reducedseasonal cooling, which causes breakdown in thethermal density contrast, may be reduced.

* Higher frequency of extreme temperatures insummer (with possible exceedence of criticalthresholds) and reduced winter freezing in certainlakes are likely to affect thermal stratification andspecies composition.

* Higher surface air and water temperatures willincrease open water evaporation rates and lead to afall in lake levels unless offset by increases inprecipitation or changes in other factors that affectevaporation rates (see below).

Changes in the temporal and spatial characteristics ofprecipitation

* The impacts will vary according to the direction andmagnitude of precipitation change and the hydro-logical characteristics of the lacustrine and anyassociated fluvial system.

* Endorheic (closed) and exorheic (open) lakes arevery dependent on the balance of inflows andevaporation and may be very sensitive to change ineither.

* Increases in precipitation, unless offset by higherevaporation, will increase lake inflows and lake

57


levels, if extreme precipitation events increase infrequency this will lead to greater frequency ofriparian flooding.

* The extent to which lake level fluctuations andchange affect lake productivity and biodiversityvaries according to local conditions of the lake andits catchment.

* Drier conditions, exacerbated by greaterevaporation, will reduce lake inflows and lake levels.Water quality, productivity and biodiversity are likelyto be reduced.

* Seasonal regimes may be reduced or enhanced,depending upon the nature and interaction ofprecipitation and evaporation change, withpotentially significant effects on lake hydrology,ecology and management.

* Lakes fed by snowmelt rivers in spring are likely tosee earlier and faster spring thaws leading to higherriver flows and lake levels in this season.

* Changes in variability over longer timescales, e.g.decades, possibly associated with changes inbehaviour of the El Niño - Southern Oscillation(ENSO) will also affect lake characteristics andmanagement.

Changes in other climate variables, including radiationor cloud cover, relative humidity and wind speed

* Data on factors affecting lake evaporationand catchment evapotranspiration other thantemperature, namely relative humidity, cloud coverand wind speed over the lake and land cover in thecontributing areas, were not available for this study.

* In some instances changes in these variables maycause marked changes in lake systems. Increasedevaporation due to warmer temperatures may eitherbe enhanced, for example by increases in windspeed and radiation, or offset (and sometimes evenreduced) by increases in humidity and cloud cover.

* Changes in wind speed and prevailing wind directionwill also influence mixing processes and thermalstratification in lakes. In tropical lakes mixing is moredependent upon evaporative cooling during thewindy season.

Rise in sea-level

* For low-lying lakes and those with tidal influencesrising mean sea-level and increasing magnitude andpossibly frequency of extremes will be important.

* By the 2080s, global-mean sea level rise is ~0.35 mwith emissions scenario A2 (the full range of possiblesea-level rise by the 2080s as published by the IPCCis from ~0.08 m to ~0.80 m). The increase in meansea-level combined with possible changes instorminess will have wide ranging impacts uponlacustrine and associated fluvial systems.

* Flooding, saltwater incursion, rivers backing up andincreases in lake levels will dramatically alter lakehydrology, ecology and management.

Interaction with non-climate Factors

It is important to note that climate change will not occurin isolation - many other driving forces will operate onlake systems during this century and it may be the casethat for many of the Living Lakes, particularly those withhigh population densities, climate change may play arelatively minor role in affecting future lake conditions.Lake hydrology, water quality and productivity areheavily dependent upon direct and indirect humanactivities. The way in which these activities evolve inthe future will be influenced by climate change and willdetermine the extent and importance of climate impactson lakes and society. Combining changes in climateand society into fully integrated assessments of thefuture state of lakes is beyond this analysis.

Improving our ability to make such integrated assess-ments for lakes, and for ecosystems and society as awhole, is a major challenge for research during thenext few decades.

Overview of Results for the Living Lakes

It is difficult to summarise the implications of climatechange for the Living Lakes for three reasons whichare discussed below: their diversity of characteristics;the range of possible future climate conditions pro-jected for the Lakes; and the interaction between climatechange and human activities.

58


Diversity of characteristics

The Living Lakes include lakes of very different sizes,from relatively small (Mono Lake) to extremely large(Lake Victoria); very different depths, from shallow(Milicz Ponds) to extremely deep (Lake Baikal); somewith coastal influences (Lake St Lucia); diverse climateregimes, tropical (Laguna de Bay), temperate (theBroads), continental (Lake Tengiz) and Mediterranean(Nestos Lakes); whether closed, endorheic (MonoLake) or open, exorheic (the Pantanal); nutrient status,eutrophic (the Broads) and oligotrophic (Lake Baikal);and their physical characteristics, open water lakes(Lake Constance), river valley wetlands (Columbia Riverwetlands), coastal marshes (Lake St Lucia), and so on.

The Range of possible future Climate Conditionsprojected for the Living Lakes

* By the 2080s, all the Living Lakes are projected tobe considerably warmer (>2°C) in „winter“ (DJF) and„summer“ (JJA) than the present day.

* In most of the Living Lakes, „summer“ temperatures(JJA) increase at a faster rate than the rise in globalmean temperature.

* The rise in „winter“ (DJF) temperatures is lesshomogeneous, with roughly equal numbers of lakeswarming slightly faster or at a similar rate to the risein global mean temperature, and a couple of lakeswarming slightly more slowly.

* Three lakes, Lake St Lucia, Laguna de Bay and theMahakam Lakes, have projected warming ratesslightly lower than the rise in global meantemperature in both „winter“ and „summer“.

* Only Lake Larache has precipitation projected todecrease in both seasons and only Lake Baikal hasprecipitation projected to increase in both seasons(a combination of small and large changes in bothinstances).

* Four lakes (Lake St Lucia, the Broads, Lake Constanceand the Columbia River wetlands) have contrastingprecipitation changes in „winter“ and „summer“.

* None of the Living Lakes is projected to have largeincreases in precipitation in both „winter“ and„summer“, nor large decreases in precipitation inboth seasons.

* Ten lakes show an inconsistent pattern ofprecipitation change in „winter“ and seven in„summer“. Three lakes, all located in the Americas,have inconsistent precipitation signals in both„winter“ and „summer“.

* Ten lakes are projected to have either small or largeincreases in „winter“ (DJF) precipitation, only fivelakes are projected to have small increases in„summer“ (JJA) precipitation and no lakes areprojected to have large increases in „summer“precipitation.

* No change in „winter“ or „summer“ precipitation isprojected to occur in only three instances.

* A considerable number of the Living Lakes are fedby tributaries draining mountainous regions and/orareas experiencing very cold winters which are likelyto be affected by earlier and faster spring snowmeltdue to warmer temperatures.

* A considerable number of the Living Lakes arelocated in coastal areas and to some degree areaffected by tidal processes. These lakes are at riskfrom the effects of sea level rise, whereby increasesin mean and flood water levels and increases insaltwater incursion are likely to have significantimpacts on habitat conditions and water quality.

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JJA Precipitation

change

-20

Large decrease

-16

Small decrease

-32

Large decrease

-3

No change

-36

Large decrease

-49

Large decrease

-33

Large decrease

0

Inconsistent

-10

Small decrease

63

Inconsistent

5

Inconsistent

-7

Inconsistent

8

Small increase

13

Small increase

14

No change

7

Small increase

9

Small increase

-7

Small decrease

DJFPrecipitation

change

22

Large increase

17

Small increase

2

Inconsistent

19

Small increase

5

No change

-3

Inconsistent

-18

Small decrease

21

Large increase

10

Small increase

-13

Small decrease

23

Large increase

24

Large increase

36

Large increase

-2

Inconsistent

-4

Small increase

2

Inconsistent

-4

Inconsistent

12

Small increase

JJATemperature

change

3.6

4.6

5.2

3.8

5.4

5.2

4.2

3.5

2.9

4.2

3.8

5.6

5.3

3.3

3.2

2.5

2.4

4.9

DJFTemerpature

change

3.3

4.0

3.0

5.0

3.5

3.2

3.2

2.6

2.5

3.2

6.7

5.7

5.6

4.4

3.3

2.4

2.2

4.4

Location

Norfolk/Suffolk, UK

Germany, Austria,

Switzerland

Castile-León, Spain

Slask, Poland

Hrysoupolis, Greece

Northwestern,

Turkey

Morocco

Uganda, Kenya,

Tanzania

KwaZulu Natal,

South Africa

Israel, Jordan, Palestine

Baltic Sea, Estonia,

Russia

Kazakhstan

Siberia, Russia

Yangtze River, China

Shinga Prefecture,

Japan

East Kalimantan,

Indonesia

The Philippines

British Columbia,

Canada

Lake

The Broads

Lake Constance

Lake La Nava

Milicz Ponds

Nestos Lakes

Uluabat Lake

Lake Larache

Lake Victoria

Lake St. Lucia

The Dead Sea

Lakes Peipsi/

Võrtsjärv

Lake Tengiz

Lake Baikal

Poyang Lake

Lake Biwa

Mahakam Lakes

Laguna de Bay

Columbia River

Wetlands

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JJA Precipitation

change

-19

Inconsistent

-8

Small decrease

-3

Inconsistent

-8

Inconsistent

10

Small increase

DJFPrecipitation

change

16

Inconsistent

-18

Inconsistent

12

Inconsistent

3

Inconsistent

5

Inconsistent

JJATemperature

change

4.7

3.2

3.2

3.8

2.4

DJFTemerpature

change

3.6

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.2

Location

California, USA

Mexico

Andes Mountains,

Columbia

Brazil, Bolivia,

Paraguay

Argentina

Lake

Mono Lake

Laguna de

Chapala

Laguna

Fuquene

Pantanal

Wetland

Laguna Mar

Chiquita

The Interaction of human Activities in the Future

Some of the most important direct and indirect humanactivities that have significance for the future state oflakes include;

* Diversions/Abstractions

* Eutrophication

* Other water quality problems

* Navigation

* Inflows; quality, quantity, variability

* Productivity (livelihoods) - overexploitation

* Habitats and biodiversity

* Invasive species

* Land use change

* Tourism

These activities already pose challenges with varyingdegrees of importance to the Living Lakes and many ofthem will affect, and be affected by, climate change.This makes it extremely difficult to make precisejudgements about the impacts and importance ofclimate change for the Living Lakes.

Having said this, certain key issues emerge collectivelyfrom the analysis of the 23 Living Lakes;

* There is high confidence that temperatures will rise in

Table: A summary of future temperature (°C) and precipitation (%) change for the Living Lakes case studies caused by greenhouse gas emissionsassumed by the SRES A2 scenario. Results are summarised from nine climate model experiments. DJF = Winter, JJA = Summer

all the lakes with implications for water temperature (itwill increase) and water quality. Higher temperaturesare also likely to increase evaporation rates. Lakeswhich freeze over in winter and those fed by snowmeltrivers are likely to experience considerable disruptionto the present temporal characteristics of theseprocesses. Changes in extremes are likely to beparticularly important (increasing spring floods,reduced frequencies of freezing events).

* Most of the Living Lakes are projected to experiencesome degree of precipitation change although thereis less confidence in whether and how much changewill occur for specific lakes. Changes in precipitationregime are likely to have important consequencesfor lakes with the precise detail depending upon thedirection and magnitude of the changes. Some lakes,those with very large catchments, shallow lakes,those fed by major rivers, highly seasonal lakes andso on may exhibit quite pronounced responses tochanges in precipitation regime. Some of the LivingLakes are affected by the influence of El Niño andwill be exposed to the effects of changes in thefrequency and intensity of El Niños that may occuras global climate changes.

* The present use and management of lakes and howthis develops in future will greatly affect theconsequences of climate change. Some lakes arealready experiencing major stresses in terms of

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The complete study Overview of Climate Change and its impacts on Living Lakes by Prof Mike Hulme can be downloaded as PDF-file at www.globalnature.org.

Die vollständige Studie „Overview of Climate Change and its impacts on Living Lakes“ vonProf. Mike Hulme kann als PDF-Datei von www.globalnature.org heruntergeladen werden.

abstractions, fishing, pollution etc. It is difficult todetermine precisely how these stresses will beaffected by climate change for the reasons outlinedabove. In some cases climate change mayexacerbate stresses (e.g. where precipitationdeclines in areas of limited water availability andhigh demand) and in other cases it may offeropportunities (e.g. warmer temperatures mayincrease productivity, increased precipitation mayreduce water quality problems and increase supply).Some of the Living Lakes are at present relativelyunaffected by human activities and will naturallyrespond to climate change as it occurs.

* Capacity to manage lakes now and in the future willdetermine how much a given change in climateaffects lake systems and the people they support.Some of the Living Lakes have establishedprocedures and institutions for effective managementwhich puts them in a good position to plan and adaptto future climate change. Other Living Lakes havevery little capacity to deal with rapid expansion andexploitation of their functions and in these casesclimate change represents another incentive forbuilding capacity in lake management.

Lake Descriptions

The remainder of this report presents climate changescenarios for the 23 Living Lakes and a qualitativeassessment of their implications for the future state ofthe lakes by the 2080s (i.e. the period 2070-2099).Unless otherwise acknowledged specific informationon the Living Lakes has been obtained from the LivingLakes web site: www.livinglakes.org

Prof. Mike Hulme, Tyndall Centre, East Anglia Universität(UEA), England

Die Studie des Tyndall Centre für Klimawandel-forschung beschreibt die Folgen des Klimawandels für

insgesamt 23 Seen, die alle Mitglieder des internatio-nalen Seennetzwerkes Living Lakes sind, darunter auchder Baikalsee in Sibirien und der ostafrikanischeViktoriasee. Laut Studie werden bis zum Jahr 2080 dieTemperaturen an den Seen um bis zu 5,7 Grad steigen.Grund ist der wachsende Ausstoß von Treibhausgasenwie Kohlendioxid und Methan. Eine durchschnittlicheErhöhung der Temperaturen von 4,6 Grad und wenigerRegen in den Sommermonaten prognostiziert die Stu-die für den Bodensee, Deutschlands größten undZentraleuropas zweitgrößten See. Diese Veränderun-gen werden großen Einfluss auf die Tier- und Pflanzen-welt des artenreichen Sees haben.

Der Klimawandel beeinflusst direkt wichtige Eigen-schaften von Seen, wie Wasserspiegel und Wasser-temperatur. Es gibt auch indirekte Auswirkungen, wieveränderte Charakteristiken des Einzuggebietes. Kli-matische Variablen, die Seen direkt beeinflussen kön-nen, sind z.B. steigende Durchschnittstemperaturen,Veränderungen der Niederschlagsverteilung, Verände-rung der Sonneneinstrahlung oder Wind-geschwindigkeit, Anstieg des Meeresspiegels oder Er-höhung des Salzeintrags.

Es muss betont werden, dass der Klimawandel nicht iso-liert auftreten wird - viele andere Belastungen werden indiesem Jahrhundert auf die Seensysteme einwirken, vorallem auf die Seen mit hoher Besiedlungsdichte. Einigewichtige menschliche Aktivitäten haben ebenfalls direkteoder indirekte Auswirkungen auf den zukünftigen Zustandvon Seen, wie z.B. Wasserumleitung, Schifffahrt, Wasser-einträge, Übernutzung, Einführung fremder Arten oderTourismus. Diese können Klimaänderungen beeinflussenund durch sie beeinflusst werden. Diese Wechsel-wirkungen machen es schwierig, die Folgen der Klima-änderungen für die Seen abzuschätzen.

Wir werden vor neue unvorhersagbare Herausforde-rungen gestellt werden und sind gezwungen, neue Stra-tegien zu entwickeln, um die Risiken des Klimawandelszu minimieren.

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8 thLiving Lakes Conference / Case Studies

Full sails on Lake Victoria, East Africa.

10 Case Studies on Climate Change and Lakes

Lake Victoria, East Africa

Marisa GouldenTyndall Centre, University of East Anglia, UK

Human Adaptation to Climate Variability andChange in East African lakes and Wetlands

In order to predict society’s vulnerability to future climatechange and identify possible needs and options foradaptive action we need to understand more about howpeople cope with and adapt to impacts from current-day climate variability. The research being undertakenseeks to understand how people cope and adapt withinthe specific context of climatically driven fluctuationsin tropical lake and wetland resources. Lakes andwetlands in sub-Saharan Africa provide diverselivelihood opportunities such as fishing, agriculture andharvesting of natural swamp products. Although floodingand drought events in the past have caused significantimpacts on lake-side and wetland dwellers, these sameevents can also provide new opportunities for resourceuse, for example as more fish or additional areas offertile land may become available.

The presentation described a PhD research project inits early stages. Field research for this project will takeplace in Uganda in the catchments of Lake Victoriaand Lake Kyoga, in association with Makerere Universityin Kampala. Uganda is a country with open water orwetlands accounting for 22% of its surface area andwhere 80% of the population live in rural areas and aredirectly or indirectly dependent on natural resources.

Livelihoods, adaptation mechanisms and the social andinstitutional relationships that influence these will beanalysed. Both quantitative and qualitative methodssuch as questionnaire surveys and in-depth inter-viewing will be used in several case study villages thathave experienced differing resource fluctuations. Theimpacts of current climate variability will be comparedwith possible future impacts under different scenariosof climate change. This will be done by carrying out aphysical analysis using rainfall data, satellite imagesand a lake water balance modelling approach which

will first use historical climatic variables and thenoutputs from Global Climate Models.

Marisa Goulden, Tyndall Centre, East Anglia Universität,England

Die vorgestellte Dissertation wird in Zusammenarbeitmit der Makerere Universität in Kampala im Einzugsge-biet des Viktoriasees und des Kyogasees in Ugandadurchgeführt. Die Untersuchung beschäftigt sich mitder Anpassung von Menschen an klimatische Verän-derungen in tropischen Seen und Feuchtgebieten.

Offenland oder Feuchtgebiete stellen 22% der Landes-fläche Ugandas. Dort leben 80% der Bevölkerung inländlichen Gebieten, die mehr oder weniger direkt vonden natürlichen Ressourcen abhängig sind. ImUntersuchungsgebiet bieten Fischerei, Landwirtschaftund das Ernten von natürliche Sumpfprodukten ein viel-fältiges Auskommen. Obwohl Überflutungen und Dürre-perioden schon in der Vergangenheit signifikanteAuswirkungen auf Ufer- und Feuchtgebietsbewohnerhatten, bieten sich dadurch aber immer neue Möglichkeitender Ressourcennutzung z.B. durch Entstehung neuerFischgründe oder fruchtbaren Landes.

Mit quantitativen und qualitativen Methoden wie Befra-gungen und tiefergehenden Interviews in Dörfern mitunterschiedlichen Ressourcen-Verfügbarkeiten sollender Nahrungserwerb, die Anpassungsmechanismensowie die sozialen und institutionellen Beziehungenanalysiert werden. Die Auswirkungen der momentanenklimatischen Verschiebungen werden verglichen mitmöglichen Auswirkungen in der Zukunft mit Hilfeeiner Analyse der aktuellen Niederschlagsdaten undSatellitenbildern sowie eines Modells, das auf histori-schen Klimavariablen und Ergebnissen der GlobalenKlimamodelle basiert.

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Figure: A qualitative summary of the IPCC SRES Scenarios (Modified after IPCC, 2001).

Experience across European Lakes

Dr David VinerClimate Research Unit, University of East Anglia, UK

European lakes will respond to both changes in theclimate, the environment and society. The interactionsbetween these need to be understood if we are todetermine how Europe’s freshwater lakes will respond.The IPCC has produced a series of scenarios thatpresent storylines on how society and population willchange. In turn these can be used to estimate futurechanges in climate. The figure shows the qualitativechanges for a range of key socio-economic indicators,population, environment and climate for the IPCC SRES(Special Report on Emissions Scenarios) Scenarios.

Lakes will respond to changes at the regional level, thedrivers here include: societal changes; temperature andprecipitation change; sea level rise and saline intrusion;policies, such as, CAP, Natura 2000 etc.; and Tourismchanges (climate change will impact upon tourismflows which in turn will add or remove pressures uponlakes).

The European Union funded CLIME project is the mainfocus of the research that will address the interactionsbetween lakes, the climate, the environment and societyand to assess, through integrated modelling how lakes willrespond during the 21st Century. The aims of CLIME are:

* To develop a suite of quantitative water quality models

that can be used to simulate the responses of lakesto future as well as past changes in the weather andclimate;

* To quantify through sound scientific investigation theimpact of local changes in the catchment and regionalchanges in the weather and climate on the dynamicsof lakes in Northern, Western and Central Europe.

Dr. David Viner, Fachbereich Klimaforschung (ClimateResearch Unit), East Anglia Universität, England

Europäische Seen reagieren auf Änderungen des Kli-mas, der Umwelt und der Gesellschaft. Das IPCC hateine Serie von Szenarien über Änderungen in der Ge-sellschaft und der Bevölkerung aufgestellt, die für eineAbschätzung der Klimaveränderungen in Zukunftherangezogen werden können. Auf regionaler Ebenekönnen das Änderungen der Temperatur und Nieder-schläge, des Meeresspiegels und Salzeintrags, der po-litischen Maßnahmen wie CAP oder Natura 2000 unddes Tourismus sein.

Das EU-finanzierte Projekt CLIME konzentriert sich aufdie Untersuchung von Wechselwirkungen der ver-schiedenen Einflüsse und will durch Modellerstellungabschätzen, wie sich Seen innerhalb des nächstenJahrhunderts verändern werden. Mit der Erstellungmehrerer Modelle zur Wasserqualität sollen Reaktio-nen der Seen auf Klima- und Wetteränderungen in derZukunft wie auch der Vergangenheit simuliert werden.Es soll wissenschaftlich untersucht werden, wie sich

Scenario Population Economy Environment Equity Technology Globalisation Climate

A1F1

A1B

A1T

B1

A2

B2

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lokale Veränderungen im Wassereinzugsgebiet undregionale Veränderungen beim Wetter und Klima aufdie Dynamik von Seen in Nord-, West- und Zentraleuropaauswirken.

The ecological condition of the Broadland river system andwetlands depends upon an adequate influx of good qualityfreshwater.

Flooding and other Climate Impacts in theBroads

Steve HaymanEnvironment Agency, UK

The Norfolk and Suffolk Broads area (Broadland)extends across 30,000 hectares of flood plain andincludes 43 broads and 190 kilometres of navigablerivers. It enjoys national park status and is recognisedfor its landscape and nature conservation value by arange of national and international designations.

The evolution of the Broadland environment has beengreatly influenced by human activity since Roman times,and the present diversity of wetland habitats isdependent upon the maintenance of flood defences,land drainage and sympathetic land use practices.There are a whole range of natural and social pressureson the area which will be the drivers for continuing

change through the 21st century, including thoseassociated with climate change. The challenge is to beprepared for, and to proactively manage this change ina way which will sustain and, where possible, enhancethe unique character of the area.

Climate change is an overarching issue which willinfluence virtually every aspect of the EnvironmentAgency’s work. Scientific opinion suggests that EastAnglia will see a much more marked seasonality in rain-fall and river flows with an increase in the frequency ofsummer droughts and winter floods. Sea levels arepredicted to rise by 4.5 mm/year due to global warming,which will be in addition to the current 1.5 mm/yearsinking of the land brought about by geologicalprocesses (isostatic adjustment). Furthermore, climatechange is likely to mean increases in storminessresulting in more frequent and severe tidal surges andwave activity at the coastline.

The ecological condition of the Broadland river systemand wetlands depends upon an adequate influx of goodquality freshwater. The Agency carries out extensivewater quality monitoring and can exert some controlthrough the licensing of abstractions and the consentingof discharges. Climate change, therefore, hasconsiderable potential to impact upon the Agency’swater resources and water quality activities in Broad-land, in addition to its responsibilities for riverine andcoastal flood defences.

As a possible foretaste of things to come, during thepast 15 years Broadland has experienced a prolongedperiod of drought conditions, a major fish kill due tosaltwater incursion far into the river system, andbreaching of the tidal flood embankments. Givensufficient time, and favourable conditions, freshwaterhabitats recover from these events. However, under aclimate scenario where such impacts will beexperienced on a regular basis, there will be aprogressive deterioration in ecological status.

The present system of flood defences is crucial insafeguarding the recreation, amenity, landscape andnature conservation interest of the area. These comprise14 kilometres of front-line sea defences along the north-east Norfolk coastline, and 240 kilometres of earthembankments on the tidal river banks. The majority ofthese defences have not had any major improvementsfor nearly 50 years and are currently in poor conditiondue to erosion, settlement and general deterioration.

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The Agency is committed to the alleviation of saltwaterflooding in Broadland, and it proposes to invest nearly£ 100 million over the next 10 years on strengtheningboth the sea defences and tidal flood embankments.Even so, no general increase in the height of thedefences is planned, other than an allowance forsettlement and sea level rise.

The current approach to flood risk management inBroadland is generally one of maintaining the statusquo. Whilst there remain many uncertainties about thelonger term prognosis, it is very unlikely that such astrategy will be sustainable much beyond the next 20years. Acceptance that it is not going to be realistic tosafeguard all the important freshwater habitats againstdisruption by saline incursion, means that opportunitiesneed to be sought to create new wetlands in order toretain the area’s rich biodiversity. The Agency is veryaware that changes to the current flood defencepractices have implications for socio-economicinterests in Broadland as well as the ecological impacts,and it will work in partnership with the Broads Authority,and other key stakeholders, to develop an adaptivestrategy for proactively meeting the challenges posedby a range of possible future climate conditions.

Steve Hayman, Umweltamt, England

Der Nationalpark Norfolk und Suffolk Broads erstrecktsich über 30.000 ha Fläche. Schon seit den Römernhaben Menschen die Broads gestaltet und somit ist diebestehende Vielfalt an Feuchtgebietshabitaten abhän-gig von der weiteren Nutzung und Instandhaltung desGebietes. Es wird eine Reihe von natürlichen und ge-sellschaftlichen Belastungen geben, die durch das 21.Jahrhundert hindurch der Motor für kontinuierliche Ver-änderungen sein werden, Klimaänderungen einge-schlossen.

Für den Osten Englands wird durch Klimaverschie-bungen eine stärkere Saisonalität bei Niederschlägenmit einer höheren Frequenz an Sommerdürren und win-terlichen Überschwemmungen vorhergesagt. Die Mee-resspiegel sollen bis zu 4,5 mm/Jahr ansteigen und eswird voraussichtlich mehr Stürme mit stärkerer Bran-dung und Wellenaktivität an den Küsten geben. Als ei-nen Vorgeschmack haben die Broads in den letzten 15Jahren schon eine Dürreperiode erlebt, ein großesFischsterben und Zusammenbrüche von Dämmen.Sind die Abstände zwischen solchen Ereignissen groß

genug, kann ein Süßwasserhabitat sie überstehen.Kommen sie jedoch in regelmäßigen Abständen vor,wird sich der ökologische Status kontinuierlich ver-schlechtern.

Das momentane System zur Überschwemmungsab-wehr ist ausschlaggebend zur Sicherstellung der Funk-tionen des Gebietes. Es besteht aus 14 km Küsten-schutzvorrichtungen an der Küste Norfolks und 240 kmDämmen an den Flussufern. Seit fast 50 Jahren wur-den diese Vorrichtungen nicht mehr repariert und be-finden sich in schlechtem Zustand. Die Behörde wirddeshalb in den nächsten 10 Jahren etwa £ 100 Millio-nen für Reparaturmaßnahmen ausgeben. Die aktuelleVorgehensweise im Überschwemmungsrisikomana-gement soll zunächst den Status quo erhalten. Obwohlman schlecht langfristige Vorhersagen machen kann,ist es unwahrscheinlich, dass diese Strategie längerals 20 Jahre erfolgreich sein wird. Wenn man annimmt,dass man die wichtigen Süßwasserhabitate so nichtgeschützt werden können, muss man schon jetzt nachMöglichkeiten suchen, um neue Feuchtgebiete für denSchutz der Biodiversität zu erschaffen. Die Verände-rungen der momentanen Schutzmaßnahmen werdensozioökonomische wie auch ökologische Auswirkun-gen haben. Es muss deshalb in Zusammenarbeit mitder Broads Authority und anderen Interessensvertreterneine adaptive Strategie entworfen werden, um den He-rausforderungen frühzeitig zu begegnen.

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Columbia River Wetlands region in British Columbia, Canada.

Local Government Action Plan for ClimateChange in the Columbia Wetland Region

Mark ShmigelskyMayor of Invermere, Canada

Where is Invermere?

* Located between the Rocky and Purcell Mountainsin the Southeastern part of British Columbia Canada.

* Gateway to the Columbia Valley Wetlands.

* Population of 2900 (permanent), Seasonal up to 8000.Valley permanent pop. 8000, Seasonal up to 40,000.

* Economy is dependent on tourism, forestry and mining.

Impacts of Climate Change?

* The region will see less snowfall, with an earlier melt.

* Water for irrigation.

* Domestic water supply.

* Fish habitat.

* More forest fires.

* Infestation from pine beetle.

* Change of habitat.

What is Invermere doing?

* Adopted policy to lead the community in adapting toclimate change.

* Supported the ratification of Kyoto Protocol.

* 106th Climate change partner with Federation of

Canadian Municipalities.

* Implementing a climate change plan.

Invermere’s Action Plan

Step 1

* Lead by example.

* Recognition of impacts and need to adapt.

* Attempt to mitigate the impacts.

Step 2

* Main policy document of local government.

* Identify goals.

* Protect water resource.

Step 3

* Organized workshop with seven other agenciesfocused on impacts in the Basin.

* Directed information to elected officials.

Step 4

* Endorse FCM climate change program.

* Reduce local government emissions.

Step 5

* Manage water resources.

* Water metering.

* Lake management strategy.

Step 6

* Cleaner air program.

* New purchasing policy.

* Retrofit municipal buildings.

* Spread the word!

Conclusion

* Local Governments must be proactive.

* Recognize the impacts of climate change on ourcommunities.

* Must think of long-term planning.

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Mark Shmigelsky, Bürgermeister von Invermere, Kanada

Invermere liegt zwischen den Rocky und den PurcellMountains im südöstlichen Teil Britisch Kolumbien undist das Tor zu den Kolumbien Feuchtgebieten. DieBevölkerung liegt bei 2.900 permanenten und 8.000saisonalen Bewohnern, im Tal steigt die Bevölkerungs-zahl auf bis zu 40.000 in der Saison an. Die Gemeindelebt vom Tourismus, der Waldwirtschaft und dem Berg-bau.

Für die Region werden als Auswirkungen des Klima-wandels u.a. sinkende Schneemengen im Winter so-

wie Wassermangel im Sommer vorhergesagt. Damitzusammenhängend werden z.B. die Fischhabitate klei-ner werden und es werden mehr Waldbrände auftreten.

Invermere will die Gemeinde auf diese Klima-veränderungen vorbereiten. Als Unterstützer der Ratifi-zierung des Kyoto-Protokolls und als ein Partner der„Federation of Canadian Municipalities“, wird ein aussechs Schritten bestehender Aktionsplan durchgesetzt.Als Fazit wird festgestellt, dass die Auswirkungen desKlimawandels auf die Gemeinden anerkannt werdenmüssen. Regierungen sollen deshalb frühzeitig aktivwerden sowie langfristige Aktionspläne erstellen.

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8 thLiving Lakes Conference / Solar Lakes

Emmission-free solar power boats such as the solar ferry „Helio“ at Lake Constance are operating at the Broads and several other lakesand rivers in the world.

11 Solar Lakes

The future supply of energy is crucial for the economic,social and ecological development world wide. Theinternational foundation Global Nature Fund (GNF) aimsto implement concrete projects to reduce greenhousegas emissions. To achieve this, the solar campaign„Solar Lakes“ was initiated. There are already examplesof successful use of promising new solar technologiesin lake regions.

Emission-free Shipping in Harmony with Nature

For some years now, quiet, emission-free solar powerboats have been operating at Lake Constance. Solarpower boats work by harnessing electric energy gainedfrom photovoltaic (PV) cells. There are almost unlimitedpossibilities for the use of solar energy: as solar taxis,boating for pleasure or nature excursions and asresearch vessels. The solar passenger ferry HELIO isoperating between the Swiss border and the Germanborder of Lake Constance. In the Broads, our BritishLiving Lakes partner, a solar catamaran is in use. Withinthe scope of the Solar Lakes Campaign, GNF will pro-mote this environmentally friendly technologyworldwide.

=> www.kopf-solardesign.com

=> www.solarboats.net

ECOCAMPING - Tourism and Solar Energy

14 camping sites in the Lake Constance region and sixat Lago Maggiore in Italy are taking part in this initiativelaunched by the Lake Constance Foundation - a LivingLakes partner. This project demonstrates that the use ofenvironmentally friendly technologies in the tourismsector may considerably reduce the consumption offossil fuels. Camping sites equipped with solar panelsgenerate energy for hot water in showers and heatingsystems. Photovoltaic technology is used for electricitygeneration.

=> www.ecocamping.net

Species Conservation by Introducing Renewables

With the financial support of GNF, a solar power stationwas constructed at Lake Tengiz, Kazakhstan. The energywon from the sun supplies a ranger station with power atthe 1500 km2 large steppe lake. Non-isolated power lineswhich caused the death of a large number of birdsincluding very rare birds such as steppe eagle and spottedeagle in the past have now been removed. Before, 800birds were killed on a stretch of 11 km in the space of onlya few days. The renewable power generation at the stationwill be complemented with a wind mill that will be set up in2003. Donations for this project are welcomed by the GNF.

=> www.globalnature.org

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Removal of the deadly power lines at Lake Tengiz in Kazakhstan.

8 thLiving Lakes Conference / Solar Lakes

Solar Lakes

Der GNF hat die Kampagne „Solar Lakes“ gestartet,um Maßnahmen zum Klimaschutz in Seenregionen zufördern. Schon heute existieren an den Living Lakes-Partnerseen etliche Beispiele für den erfolgreichen Ein-satz zukunftsweisender Solartechnologien.

Emissionsfreie Schifffahrt im Einklang mit der Natur

Seit einigen Jahren bereits fahren geräuschlose undemissionsfreie Solarboote auf dem Bodensee. Ihre Ein-satzmöglichkeiten sind beinahe unbegrenzt. Die Solar-fähre Helio am Bodensee verbindet die schweizerischemit der deutschen Uferseite und wird von Pendlern wieTouristen gern genutzt. Der Living Lakes-PartnerBodensee-Stiftung ist am Betrieb der Helio ebenso be-teiligt wie die Allianz Umweltstiftung, die finanzielleUnterstützung leistet. Beim britischen Living Lakes-Part-ner Broads ist seit 2000 ein Solarkatamaran als Aus-flugs- und Beobachtungsboot in Großbritanniens größ-

tem Feuchtgebiet im Einsatz. Der Partner des GNF, diemittelständische Kopf AG, baut diese solarbetriebenenBoote mit Kapazitäten von 12 bis 120 Personen.

ECOCAMPING - Tourismus mit Solarenergie

14 Campingplätze am Bodensee und sechs am LagoMaggiore in Italien beteiligen sich am ProjektECOCAMPING des Living Lakes-Partners Bodensee-Stiftung. ECOCAMPING zeigt die großen Einspar-potentiale auf, die sich im Tourismus durch dieNutzung erneuerbarer Energien ergeben. Auf denCampingplätzen erzeugen Solarkollektoren Warmwasserfür Duschen und Heizungen. Photovoltaikanlagen die-nen zur Stromerzeugung.

Solaranlage am Tengis-See

Im September 2000 fanden deutsche Naturschützer aneiner 11 km langen Stromleitung am Tengis-See inKasachstan 800 tote Vögel, die durch Anflug an dieStromleitungen oder beim Ansitz auf den Masten durchStromschlag getötet wurden. Dieses Massensterbenseltener Vögel wie Mönchsgeier und Schneeeulebeendeten die kasachischen Living Lakes-Partner vonder hiesigen Nationalparkverwaltung in Kooperation mitdem NABU und GNF, indem eine kleine Siedlung amEnde der Stromleitung mit einer Solaranlage zur Versor-gung mit Strom ausgestattet wurde. Um auch im Winterdiesen störungsfreien Betrieb sicherzustellen, wird einzweiter von der Sonnenstrahlung unabhängiger Strom-erzeuger installiert. Eine Nachrüstung mit einem klei-nen Windbatterielader wird mit Unterstützung des GNFumgesetzt. Durch den Einsatz erneuerbarer Energienwird nicht nur ein Beitrag zum Klimaschutz, sondernauch zum Erhalt seltener Vogelarten geleistet.

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8 thLiving Lakes Conference / EU LIFE Workshop Session

The project areas of the EU LIFE Project „Living Lakes: SustainableManagement of Wetlands and Shallow Lakes“ are the Lakes LaNava and Boada in Spain, and the Nestos Lakes in north-easternGreece.

Cath Johnson, Conservation Officer Trinity Broads Project Manager,Broads Authority. The Broads Plan comprises a concrete actionplan and a strategic plan that sets out a vision and long term aswell as short term aims.

12 EU LIFE Workshop Session „Planning and Implementation of Wetland Management“

Introduction

In the framework of the Living Lakes Conference aworkshop „Planning and Implementation of Wetland Ma-nagement“ was offered to wetlands managers andexperts. This workshop took place in the context of theGNF-coordinated project „Living Lakes: SustainableManagement of Wetlands and Shallow Lakes“ for whichGNF secured a grant under the EU LIFE III programme.

Project areas are the lagoons La Nava and Boada inSpain and the Nestos Lakes in north-eastern Greece.The main goal of the project is to develop and implementa management plan with the local communities focusingon the development of the wetlands while benefitingthe social and economic needs of the local population.

This project focuses on the protection of water andbiodiversity through the conservation of lakes andwetlands. The experiences gained are transferable toother action fields. The two selected demonstrationareas are typical for a great number of wetlands andshallow lakes in Europe.

Expertise comes from project partners in the LakeConstance region and at the Norfolk and Suffolk Broadswho have gained rich experience in finding solutionsfor water management problems. In particular, the LakeConstance Foundation provides know-how in the fieldsof extensive agriculture and organic farming, sustain-able tourism and visitor management in protected areasand environmental education. The Broads Authority hasconsiderable experience and expertise in shallow lakerestoration, particularly with respect to combatingeutrophication by mud pumping, bio-manipulation andother techniques. It has also extensive experience infen management, using grazing animals and spe-cialised harvesting machinery.

The workshop session „Planning and Implementationof Wetland Management“ in the framework of the EULife project is a tool to make the experience andexpertise accessible.

From vision to action

Cath JohnsonConservation Officer Trinity Broads Project Manager,

Broads Authority

The Project „Living Lakes: SustainableManagement of Wetlands and ShallowLakes“ is supported by the EU LifeEnvironment Programme.

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8 thLiving Lakes Conference / EU LIFE Workshop

What is the Broads Plan?

Under the terms of the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads Actthe Broads Authority (BA) are required to produce amanagement plan for the Broads area, and renew itevery 5 years. The Broads Plan is for everyone with astake or interest in the Broads area, includingGovernment, organisations, business, trusts, charitiesand visitors. The plan sets out the BA’s policy withrespect to the exercise of its functions. Consulteesinclude: appointing authorities, Internal DrainageBoards and bodies with an interest in the Broads.

The Broads Plan is a concise 25-page document andissues, objectives and targets are clearly identified.

It provides a framework that includes:

* 20 year strategic plan

* 5 year action plan

Its objectives are Specific, Measurable, Achievable,Relevant & Timely (SMART). It provides a vision for theBroads area and a mission for the BA.

The Process

In 2002 an open, transparent and accountable processof engaging stakeholders began to review the 1997Broads Plan. Over 80 key organisations and interestgroups attended workshops. Many more attendedcommunity held events. The whole process involvedthe guidance of independent consultants and wasoverseen by the BA’s Strategy and ResourcesCommittee. An expert and advisory group of nationallyexpert and influential officers will be able to assist withthe implementation of the Plan.

Types of Engagement

Phase 1 involved Bounded dialogue where stake-holders were able to influence decisions.

Phase 2 involved Consultation where stakeholdersreviewed the Draft Broads Plan.

Strategic Plan

The Plan is in 2 parts:

* The Strategic Plan sets out a vision and long term 20year aims for the future (beyond the life of the Plan).It outlines short-term 5-year objectives. It identifies a

set of guiding principles of sustainable development,which direct the decisions and actions of the BA inthe implementation of the Plan.

* The final section outlines how the Plan will beimplemented and identifies a set of indicators thatwill be used to monitor and evaluate its progress e.g.for the „Maintenance of the Broads landscape“ -a potential indicator would be to monitor thepercentage of flood plain maintained as grazingmarsh.

Action Plan

The second part of the plan is the action plan. It wascompiled with lead organisations and lead partners,year of action; financial resources and links to otherstrategies are clearly identified. The Action Planaddresses the issues concerned with these. It providesachievable and measurable actions. The 16 aims and151 policies contained in the 1997 Broads Plan havemainly been amalgamated into the new Broads Plan asprinciples, objectives and actions. Those not includedhave either been addressed or are no longer applicable.

Key Challenges

Topics for stakeholder discussion at the workshops wereinitially derived from workshop sessions with BAmembers and staff. These were:

* Water quality/quantity: hydrology, abstraction andclimate change.

* Waterways: water space, dredging, bank erosion andancillary facilities.

* Recreation and Tourism: marketing quality, infra-structure, access, hire boat industry.

* Landscape: ESA, fens, Broads Flood AlleviationProject and renewable energy.

* Built and Local Heritage: development control,archaeology, local tradition and skills.

* Promote Understanding: information and education,design quality and physical and social access.

The workshop identified some key challenges andopportunities for the BA.

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Guiding Principles

The long-term management and development of the Broadsarea will be based on the key principles of sustainabledevelopment: „To ensure that human use and developmentdoes not destroy the natural or cultural resource.“

This requires meeting four key objectives:

* Social progress - to recognise the needs of everyone.

* Effective environmental protection.

* Wise use of natural and cultural resources.

* Maintenance of economically and socially viablecommunities.

Action Plan - Some key objectives

To illustrate how a vision becomes an action would beto take an example from the Broads Plan:

Objective: To develop and implement a strategy formonitoring, restoration and management ofrivers and broads;

Action: Implement the Trinity Broads ManagementPlan.

Trinity Broads

The Trinity Broads are isolated from the main riversystem by the Muckfleet drainage channel. The locationof a sluice, constructed in 1850, has meant that thebroads have maintained relatively good water quality,free from the effects of eutrophication and touristdevelopment. The Trinity Broads were designated as acSAC in 2000.

Restoration of Ormesby Broad

In 1995 Essex & Suffolk Water (landowner), BA andEnvironment Agency embarked on an EU Life Projectto: „Create clear water conditions to produce a self-sustaining aquatic macrophyte community.“ Lack ofconsultation led to outrage from the local communityand a deterioration of public support for the project.In 1997 a Project Manager was employed by the BAto „win back“ community support through consensusbuilding.

Partnership Approach

A partnership was formed with BA, EA, ESW and EnglishNature (EN) and formalised through a Memorandum ofAgreement in November 2001.

Several local consultation groups now exist:

Trinity Broads Consultation Group - Parish Councils,anglers, shooting and sailing.

* Trinity Broads Volunteer Wardens

* Trinity Broads Fisheries Conservation Group - anglershave direct involvement.

Management Infrastructure

Communication can occur at any level. Mechanismroutes exist so that community can feed informationback both formally and informally.

Management Framework

The Management Plan 2000-2005 will be reviewed in2004. Bounded dialogue was used to compile thedocument through consultation with community.

It provides a framework to ensure that:

* Wildlife and habitats are protected and enhanced.

* Recreation activities are managed at an appropriatelevel.

Community Involvement

Community involvement at a site specific, local level hasbeen key to the production of an effective, achievablemanagement plan. Local communities are fundamentallythe future of the Broads area. Their involvement is key tothe successful future management of the Broads.

Cath Johnson, Projektleiterin Trinity Broads, BroadsAuthority, England

Die Broads Authority ist gesetzlich dazu verpflichtet allefünf Jahre einen neu überarbeiteten Managementplanfür die Norfolk und Suffolk Broads zu erstellen. Diesersogenannte Broads-Plan schließt alle Interessengrup-pen mit ein, wie Regierung, Organisationen, Wirtschaftund Besucher. Der Broads-Plan enthält eine Langzeit-Vision für die nächsten 20 Jahre sowie einen 5-Jahres-

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Managing the steppe lakes: La Nava andBoada

Eduardo de MiguelFundación Global Nature, Palencia, Spain

Eduardo de Miguel, Fundación Global Nature, Palencia, Spain.In 1990 the Fundación Global Nature initiated an ambitious andinnovative recovery project of the La Nava wetland.

Akionsplan. Die Ziele, die im Broads-Plan aufgeführtwerden, sind präzise, messbar und realisierbar.

Im Jahr 2002 wurden Vertreter aller Interessengruppenin zahlreichen Veranstaltungen und Workshops dazueingeladen, den Broads-Plan von 1997 gemeinsam zuüberarbeiten. Die Kernherausforderungen für dieInteressenvertreter waren Wasserqualität, Wasserwe-ge, Erholung und Tourismus, Landschaften, Kultur- undNaturerbe sowie Umweltbildung.

Die langzeitlichen Ziele des Broads-Plans berücksich-tigen sozialen Fortschritt, effektiven Umwelt- und Na-turschutz, weise Nutzung von natürlichen und kulturel-len Ressourcen sowie die ökonomischen und sozialenBedingungen der Gemeinden.

Im Rahmen des Broads-Plans soll sicher gestellt wer-den, dass Tier- und Pflanzenwelt geschützt und dassFreizeitaktivitäten in einem angemessenen Maß ange-boten werden. Die Einbindung der Bevölkerung spielteine herausragende Rolle zur Entwicklung eines er-folgreichen Managementplans.

The former La Nava Lake

Lake La Nava was one of the biggest steppe lakes ofthe Iberian Peninsula. This endorreical lake was 6.8 kmlong and 4.6 km wide. The flooded area depended onthe rainfalls. Its surface was estimated at 2,000 to 5,000hectares. Due to the Cambo Law, La Nava was drainedin the 40s and 50s, and its basin was dedicated to newagricultural farming lands.

La Nava had a very important role in the local economy.More than 20.000 horses and other domestic animalsgrazed there, and its waters gave shelter to a great varietyof fauna and flora.

The Recovery Project - Restoration Works

In 1990, Fundación Global Nature began the restorationworks of La Nava, and in 1992 the Regional Ad-ministration assumed the management of the wetland.In 1998, Fundación Global Nature began the recoveryof Boada wetland and now it is responsible for its

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management. In the case of La Nava, the use of animportant part of the land is shared with local shepherds.

In La Nava, several kilometres of dykes avoid theflooding of nearby fields. It was necessary to readaptthe former drainage channels to facilitate the watercapture. At present, the water that enters into bothwetlands comes from the Channel of Castilla and notfrom the overflow water.

Now, the Regional Ministry of Environment is the directresponsible for La Nava. The Boada wetland is managedby Fundación Global Nature (NGO). Both MunicipalCouncils (Fuentes de Nava and Boada de Campos)participate in some management aspects, but notregularly. Other stakeholders are not implicated in themanagement of the wetlands.

Nowadays, 307 hectares of La Nava and 70 hectaresof Boada have been restored representing only 10% ofthe former wetland.

At present, La Nava and Boada have following legalstatuses:

International level:

* International Important Wetlands (Ramsar Convention)

* Important Bird Areas

Regional level:

* Natural Park

* Regional Catalogue of Wetlands

In many cases, there is no coordination among the dif-ferent protective legal status.

Biological importance of the Wetlands

La Nava and Boada are a stopover for 10,000 to 15,000Greylag Geese and thousands of ducks every year.During the fall season, hundreds of shorebirds, heronsand passerines rest and feed in the waters of theseshallow wetlands. Black-winged Stilt, Whiskered Ternsand Coots, are some of the breeding species found inthese wetlands.

In spring, these wetlands are covered with helophyticvegetation and subaquatic flora. Some of these plantsare crucial to maintain the water quality.

Problems of the Wetlands

These steppe lakes still present a great variety ofproblems, such as:

* Sewage

La Nava and Boada receive from time to time urbanand industrial sewage (from small local leatherfactories). Low water levels and high temperaturesin summer can accelerate the harmful effects of sewage.

* Agricultural intensification

Farmland landscape has changed dramatically withinfew years. Removal of edges and boundaries, andconcentration of land in big plots, contribute toincrease sediment deposition and the loss of importantnatural habitats. Intensive agriculture uses a greatvariety of products such as fertilizers, biocides, manyof which come through the overflow waters.

* Eutrophication

Sewage water and the accumulation of organicmaterial are responsible for wetlandseutrophication. In La Nava, the existence of greatareas of brushes (Carex or Eleocharis) providesevery year an estimated biomass of 7,000-10,000tons per hectare.

* Few monitoring works

Monitoring is essential to guarantee a high waterquality, such as:

- Water analysis

- Botanical studies

- Limnological studies

* No Management Plan

* Introduction of allochthonous species

LIFE-project: „Sustainable Management ofWetlands and shallow Lakes“

Global Nature Fund is the beneficiary of the project„Sustainable Management of Wetlands and ShallowLakes“, in which Fundación Global Nature and theCouncils of Fuentes de Nava and Boada de Camposare partners. Fundación Global Nature is also partnerof the project „Aquatic Warbler conservation in the IBANava-Campos“, in which Consejería de Medio Ambi-ente (Regional Administration) is the beneficiary. These

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The steppe lake La Nava, Spain, is a key wintering and migrationsite for thousands of birds.

two projects are an essential part of the managementworks carried out in both wetlands.

The LIFE programme „Conservation of Aquatic Warblerin the IBA Nava-Campos“, is carrying out vegetationmanagement works based on grazing, mechanicalremoval, mowing and controlled burning.

Goals of the LIFE Environment Project

Management Plan

Management Plans are the main tool for the correctadministration of any protected area. Fundación Glo-bal Nature, collaborating with local stakeholders, hasdesigned a Management Plan for the protected area.This Plan should be implemented in 2004.

Agri-environmental Plan

To reduce agriculture’s impact, Fundación Global Na-ture is developing some measures in the LIFE project„Sustainable Management of Wetlands and ShallowLakes“. An agro-environmental scheme is beingdesigned, implementing good farming methods and anextensification plan.

This new Spanish agro-environmental scheme wasissued on January 12, 2001. It is based on 9 differentmeasures, applicable throughout the country.

1 Extensification

2 Preservation of endagered varieties of cultivated plants

3 Reduction of agrochemical use

4 Erosion control

5 Protection of wetland flora and fauna

6 Traditional farm systems in the Canary Islands

7 Irrigation water saving

8 Landscape protection and fire control

9 Integrated management of livestock production

We have concluded that the following measures aremore practical and applicable, but they are still underdiscussion with local farmers:

* Agricultural extensification: improvement oftraditional fallow land.

* Agricultural extensification: protection of fauna andflora and improvement of steppe bird habitats.

* Land set-aside: recovery of wild flora and biodiversity.

* Fight against erosion in herbaceous crops.

* Integrated management of livestock production:actions in pasture and stubble fields.

* Integrated management of livestock production:actions in pasture and stubble fields.

Green Filter

Fundación Global Nature will install a green filter in theentry channel of waters of the Boada wetland. Thefloating macrophytes filters are easy to have lowmaintenance costs and permit the primary, secondaryand tertiary water depuration.

Control of Water Quality

Water quality in the Boada wetland, in collaborationwith La Coruña University, is being monitored. TheRoyal Botanical Garden of Madrid is also developingstudies of aquatic flora. These researches permit toforesee contamination problems, which can affect faunaand flora communities.

Buffer Zones

To prevent diffused pollution and erosion, FundaciónGlobal Nature is creating buffer zones in the La Navaand Boada wetlands, through the plantation of ve-getation stripes with species capable of absorbing thesenutrients. Some plots remain as fallow land, and otherhave been sown with thistle, a perennial crop able topump high nutrient quantities.

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Afforestation

In 2003, Fundación Global Nature has planted 10,560trees and bushes of 12 different species. Many of thesebushes and trees have been planted in buffer zones.

Public Use

La Nava and Boada possess a basic infrastructure forpublic use. Both lakes offer trails, paths and bird hidesfor visitors.

The Regional Administration (Junta de Castilla y León)has a Visitors Centre, used by more than 10,000 peoplea year, and in 1992, Fundación Global Nature openedthe „Centro de Estudios Ambientales y Albergue deTierra de Campos“, where environmental education,research and restoration works are being developed.

Environmental Education and Work Camps

Fundación Global Nature holds work camps every yearwhere young people of different nationalities collaboratein the restoration of wetlands and learn to value theirimportance. Environmental issues are also explainedin local schools.

Dissemination (e.g. internet, exhibition, brochures,video, manual)

During the past years, several brochures, reports andpublications about wetlands have been published.Fundación Global Nature is also working on amanagement manual, where works and experiencesof wetlands restoration will be explained.

Eduardo de Miguel, Fundación Global Nature, Palencia,Spanien

Der La Nava See war der größte Steppensee der Iberi-schen Halbinsel, bis er in den 40er und 50er Jahrentrockengelegt wurde, um neue landwirtschaftlichen Flä-chen zu schaffen. 1990 begann die Fundación GlobalNature mit den Renaturierungsarbeiten von La Nava.Mit der Renaturierung der Lagune Boada wurde 1998begonnen. Bisher wurden nur etwa 10% der ursprüng-lichen Seefläche wiederhergestellt.

La Nava und Boada sind gesetzlich geschützt nachRamsar und als Important Bird Areas sowie auf regio-naler Ebene als Naturpark und im Katalog für Feucht-gebiete. Dennoch sind sie einer Vielzahl von Bedro-hungen ausgesetzt, wie z.B. industriellen Abwässern,Intensivierung der Landwirtschaft und damit Eutrophie-rung und der Einführung von nicht heimischen Tier-und Pflanzenarten.

Das EU-LIFE Projekt „Nachhaltiges Management vonFeuchtgebieten und Flachwasserseen“ wird von derFundación Global Nature in Zusammenarbeit mit demGNF durchgeführt. Unter anderem soll bis 2004 einManagementplan unter Einbeziehung lokalerInteressenvertreter aufgestellt werden. Die wichtigstenInhalte des Managementplans sind:

ein Aktionsplan für den Bereich Landwirtschaft (z.B.zur Extensivierung, Reduktion der Pestizideinträge), In-stallierung von Grünfiltern, Monitoring der Wasser-qualität, Erschaffung von Pufferzonen, Wiederauf-forstung, Einrichtung von Infrastrukturen für Besucher,Umweltbildung und Veröffentlichungen.

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Hans Jerrentrup, Society for Protection of Nature andEcodevelopment (EPO), Greece.

Sustainable Wetland Management andRestoration Measures at Nestos Lakes andLagoons, Greece

Hans JerrentrupSociety for Protection of Nature and Ecodevelopment

(EPO)

The Nestos Wetlands

The Nestos Delta in North-eastern Greece expands over500 km2 and has a coastline of about 50 km with theAegean Sea. The river Nestos itself inside the delta isabout 30 km long. Four main ecosystems characterisethe delta:

* The riverbed with large riparian forests, sandy islets,branches of running and still waters, oxbows,meadows, reed beds, tamarix scrubs, inland sanddunes of ca 4,000 ha,

* a coastal strip of 50 km with beautiful white sanddunes, that are the largest in Northern Greece,

* eight shallow lagoons (about 2,700 ha) with extendedsalt marshes, wet meadows and tamarix scrubs,

* and 18 small freshwater lakes (near Hrysoupolis)with reed beds, floating vegetation of water-lilies and

other rare water plants, dry and wet meadows, smallbushy forest patches and traditional agriculture.

Large parts of the delta plain have been drained in the20th century and are intensively used by agriculture,irrigated with water from the Nestos river.

The flora and fauna of the Nestos Delta is extraordinarilyrich due to the variety of biotopes and the geographicallocation at the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Basin,where three bio-geographical regions overlap: theMediterranean, the East-central European and AsiaMinor. The area holds the strongholds of the Greekpopulation of Golden Jackal and Otter. More than 320bird species have been observed, of which about 110are breeding, 180 are migrant visitors and about 120species winter in the area. The breeding populationsinclude Lesser-spotted Eagles, White-tailed Eagles,Spur-winged Plovers, colonies of Grey and Purpleherons, Little Egrets, Little Bittern, Little and CommonTerns, Pratincoles, Stone Curlews, 90 pairs of WhiteStorks, Masked Shrike, Hoopoe, and Bee-Eaters. Nestosis a very important stop-over place for Palaearctic birdmigration for raptors, waders, terns, storks, herons,pelicans, Glossy Ibis, Spoonbills and many songbirds.The wintering species reach up to 50,000 aquatic birds:ducks, geese, swans, divers, Pygmy cormorants andnumbers of large raptors like Imperial, Spotted andWhite-tailed Eagles.

Established Protection Orders

The Nestos Delta with its wetlands is protected by anumber of international and national laws and treaties,such as:

* Ramsar Convention for Wetlands of InternationalImportance,

* European Wild Birds Directive, (EEC/79/409/1979)as „Special Protected Area“,

* European Flora-Fauna Habitats Directive (EU 92/43)as a „Natura 2000“ Site

* Area of „Special Interest“ for European Ornitho-fauna(IBA),

There are two large zones where hunting is prohibitedand there are two totally protected, fenced riparianforest areas of about 1,000 ha, especially for wildlife.

In 1996, the Nestos Delta was declared a National Park byministerial decree for 2+1 years (854/B/5796/Sept.1996),

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but unfortunately no presidential law followed, leavingthe area without the National Park status.

Problems of the Nestos Wetlands

Generally the main problem is the lack of protectionmeasures, a coordinating administration andmanagement authority, clear zones for land use andthe missing determination of boundaries of protectedareas with indications of allowed and prohibited hu-man activities. In consequence, the following activitiesoften cause serious threats and deterioration of naturalareas:

* Intensive agricultural practices with continuouslygrowing need of fertilizers, pesticides and irrigationwater cause eutrophication, pollution and lack offreshwater in lagoons and lakes.

* Drainage and land reclamation schemes stilldevastate natural biotopes.

* Illegal hunting causes serious losses of rare andprotected fauna species and disturbs winteringaquatic birds, forcing them to continuous movementsduring winter.

* Intensive stock grazing in the riparian forest and ondunes causes problems to soils and vegetation.

* Illegal woodcutting inside the riparian forest is still acommon habit of local people.

* Arbitrary building-up areas (without permissions) atthe Nestos mouth and along the coast devastatebiotopes, as well as the expansion of the buildingzones of coastal villages.

* The construction and operation of two hydroelectricdams on the main course of Nestos in the mountainsresult in reduction of water supplies in the delta andin the loss of sediments, necessary to render thedelta’s coast line.

* Over-fishing of stocks in the sea and the lagoons.

* Illegal uncontrolled garbage and sewage dumpsnear every village and generally widespread garbagein landscape and nature.

The EU LIFE Environment Programme

The main goal of the project is to demonstrate howwetlands in the Nestos Area can be restored andmanaged wisely in ways that are compatible withsustainable development. Management plans for theconservation of the wetlands, a plan for agriculturalextensification and sustainable tourism developmentin cooperation with the local communities have beenelaborated. The plans include buffer zones around thelakes to reduce nutrient influx, guidelines for thetreatment of sewage effluent and visitor management.Work camps for youth, as well as training courses forwetland managers will help to spread the expertisedeveloped. Partner to EPO in Greece is AENAK - theDevelopment Agency of the Prefecture of Kavala thatplays an important role in the local implementation ofthe project measures, like the organisation of stake-holder meetings for the management plans and thepermissions to use public land for the installation ofbuffer zones.

Measures and Results in the Nestos Wetlands

A. Management Plans

Management plans for representative parts of the deltawere elaborate with the option of being implementedlater on a larger scale. Three management plans weredeveloped by EPO with the support of GNF and otherexperts and discussed with various stakeholders in anumber of team meetings of two working groups:conservation/wetland management versus agriculturalextensivation and sustainable tourism development. Theplans include the following areas (see Table 1) andactivities:

* An integrated management plan for the conservationof two representative wetlands areas of the NestosDelta was developed and will be applied on about500 ha of wetland zones at four lakes and one lagoon.

* A concept for the extensification of 4.000 haagriculturally used land around the wetlands isintegrated into the management plan andconcrete measures are being proposed as agri-environmental extensivation scheme. The areaaround the lakes is under an ongoing landreorganisation scheme, where areas of lowagricultural value will be set aside for conservation,

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Table: Overview of Project Action Areas at Nestos Lakes & Lagoons.

Purpose Surfacesat the Lagoons

Total Surfaces

Areas for Nature Conservation(Management Plan - Part I)

246.2 ha 498.5 ha

Areas for Agricultural Extensification(Management Plan - Part II)

2654.6 ha 3,976.4 ha

Areas for planting Buffer Strips 6 ha ca 10 ha

Surfacesat the Lakes

252.3 ha

1,321.8 ha

3.5 ha

A series of bilingual GIS Maps was produced for the managementplans, presentations and publications.

offering the unique opportunity to create naturalbiotope - bridges between the different small lakes.At the lagoons intensively farmed land is proposedto be involved in extensivation measures withfinancial incentives for farmers.

* For the development of sustainable tourism in theNestos area first an inquiry was carried out to describethe existing infrastructure and find out problems oftourists and tourism businesses as well as to get firstideas for development measures. Then a sustainabletourism management plan was drawn and discussedwith local stakeholders. The proposals will be thebasis for further programs and measures.

B. Buffer Zones

In rural areas agriculture is the main source of nitrateand phosphate loads to lakes and lagoons. Thereforepractical demonstration measures of managementwere part of the programme including the creation andplantation of buffer zones between agricultural fieldsand the wetlands.

* At the lakes several hectares of buffer zones close tothe shores were densely planted with different treespecies for erosion control and non/point agroeffluents. The buffer zones had to be fenced to preventdamage by grazing stock. At the same time thesezones function as „biotope bridges“ for wildlifespecies reconnecting the different lakes with naturalhabitats.

* At the lagoons a vegetated buffer filter strip of about6 ha was created and planted to remove nitrogenand phosphorus loads from more concentrated

effluents of drainage canals. In this newly installed zone,more than 50,000 water plants (Typha angustifolia,Typha latifolia and Phragmites sp.) were planted in threeadjacent basins. In the phase of the landscapemodelling it was necessary to construct a field path toget access to the area with heavy machinery. More than770 m of old drainage canals were filled in to guaranteecontrolled water flow in the three constructedsuccessive basins. Between the last basins and thelagoon an overflow with an additional earth-gravel filterwas constructed. The filter strip was flooded and drainedwith fresh water three times to wash out surface salt.Afterwards it has been flooded permanently.

All measures described above were mapped in detailand a series of bilingual GIS Maps were produced forthe management plans, presentations and publications(see Map).

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C. Interpretation trail

A nature trail at the Nestos Lakes showing the differentbiotopes and activities was drafted and discussed withrepresentatives of the local authorities, as the townintends to create recreation facilities close to some ofthe lakes. An intensive coordination of all measures iscrucial to avoid conflicts and overlapping.

D. Monitoring and Water Analysis

Water quality measurements are carried out regularlyin the lake and lagoon areas to verify the situation ofwater quality before and after the managementmeasures are taken. At two of the lakes access throughthe reeds was opened with an 80 m long newlyconstructed floating footbridge. This constructionallowed measurements at these lakes for the first timein their history!

E. Dissemination

* In autumn 2003 a regional wetlands managementworkshop was organized with more than 130participants including speakers from six countrieswith Living Lakes partner lakes. In the course of theworkshop two field trips to the wetlands and the actionsites were organized.

* A mobile exhibition with currently 16 boards wasproduced, describing in detail and bilingually theNestos and La Nava wetlands, functions and valuesof wetlands, the LIFE programme and furthermorethe main activities and measures of this LIFE projectwith an emphasis on wetland management, themanagement plans, water quality and monitoring.The inauguration of the exhibition took place at theNestos workshop.

* A bilingual project brochure was elaborated,describing the project, its objectives, the measuressuch as management plans, filter strips and bufferzones, monitoring, environmental education and stakeholder involvement etc., and the achievements aswell as problems encountered and lessons learned.The brochure will be widely disseminated to pupils,tourists and local people to guarantee hightransferability of the project results.

* Also a video/DVD documentation of the project withall important events and meetings will be producedfor wide distribution.

F. Environmental Education

Environmental education with school classes from thebordering towns and villages is a very important activityto „spread the message“ and get more people involvedinto the concerns of nature conservation andmanagement. Educational packages for basic schools,including presentations (talk, slides, maps, games)inside the schools and a full day excursion to thewetlands of the Nestos Delta were organized, involvingabout 680 pupils and teachers in the presentations andfield trips. Also local teachers were supported in theirenvironmental education activities with „teacherinformation folders“, printed materials, direct advice,slide shows etc. Four different leaflets/flyers wereproduced and used for the environmental educationactivities: a brief sheet about the LIFE project, aninformation leaflet about the Nestos Lakes, Lagoonsand the Delta, a list of the Fauna species of the Lakes/Lagoons and a slide series about the Nestos Lakesand Lagoons.

G. Other Benefits of the LIFE Programme

The following long-term outputs of the programme areexpected:

* Improving the ground and surface water quality,

* reducing the over-abstraction of water by thepromotion of extensive agriculture and organicfarming in the catchment area around the lakes andlagoons,

* integrating sustainable wetland use into the land useplans of the communities and the regional authorities,

* public motivation and positive awareness of theimportance of proper preservation of the wetlands,

* establishment of a continuous, fruitful and lastingdebate with all parties involved in the managementof the wetland,

* the actual function of an environmentally friendlymethod of purification of the water of the wetland,through the accumulated expertise and experienceof all project partners.

The construction of the buffer zone and vegetation filterstrip at the lagoon showed quickly very positive resultsand generated a positive feedback from the localpeople, e.g. local fishermen of the cooperatives,

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responsible for the management of five large lagoons,showed great interest in the buffer zone installation.They asked for an intensive collaboration to identifyfurther programmes for the installation of similar filterstrips at other lagoons in the delta with similar problems.Positive comments came also from the local watermanagement board - they suggested to discuss ideasto include irrigation water flow into the construction offuture filter strips at the other Nestos lagoons. This givessome evidence for the great demonstration effect ofthis LIFE project.

H. Practical Lessons Learned

* For managing wetlands you need: Patience, Patience,Patience!

* If you cannot avoid it, do what you have to do at leastthree months before the scheduled time!

* Dialogue and round table procedures are means ofvital effectiveness (don’t forget the coffee!)

* Don’t mess with the Public Sector (even if you arecoming from inside!).

* Environmental NGOs have often excellent on-siteknowledge, great scientific experience andconnections - integrate them!!

Hans Jerrentrup, Society for Protection of Nature andEcodevelopment (EPO), Griechenland

Das Nestos Delta im Nordosten Griechenlands er-streckt sich über 500 km2. Vier Ökosysteme charakteri-sieren das Gebiet: der Nestos Fluss mit seiner angren-

Recently implemented measure: Planted filter strip. Before waterfrom channels enters the lagoon it is filtered inside the vegetationbuffer zone.

zenden Habitaten, ein 50 km langer Küstenstreifen, 8Flachwasserlagunen mit ausgedehnten Salzmarschenund 18 kleine Süßwasserseen. Ein großer Teil der Delta-ebene wurde im 20. Jahrhundert trockengelegt und wirdintensiv landwirtschaftlich genutzt, bewässert mit Was-ser aus dem Nestos Fluss.

Flora und Fauna des Deltas weisen eine außergewöhn-liche Diversität auf, was auf die Vielfalt unterschiedli-cher Biotope und die geografische Lage am östlichenRand des mediterranen Beckens zurückzuführen ist,wo drei bio-geografische Regionen überlappen. DasGebiet ist die Hochburg der griechischen Populationvon Goldschakal und Otter und es wurden über 320Vogelarten beobachtet.

Das Nestos Delta steht unter dem Schutz verschiede-ner internationaler und nationaler Gesetze und Abkom-men. Es ist ausgewiesen als Ramsar-Schutzgebiet,„Special Protected Area“ der EU-Vogelschutzrichtlinie,Natura 2000-Gebiet im Rahmen der FFH-Richtlinie. DieAusweisung als Nationalpark wurde schon 1996 be-gonnen, bisher aber nicht vollendet.

Die Hauptprobleme des Gebietes sind der Mangel anSchutzmaßnahmen, einer koordinierenden Verwaltungund einer Management-Autorität. Dadurch werden dienatürlichen Flächen bedroht durch Trockenlegung, in-tensive Landwirtschaft, illegale Jagd, illegaler Holzein-schlag, nicht genehmigte Bebauungsmaßnahmen u.a.

Das EU LIFE Projekt wird zusammen mit dem griechi-schen Partner AENAK durchgeführt, der eine wichtigeRolle bei der Verwirklichung von Projektmaßnahmenspielt. Zu den Maßnahmen und Ergebnissen, die bishererreicht wurden, zählen: a) Die Entwicklung vonManagementplänen für die Bereiche Schutzmaßnahmenausgewählter Feuchtgebietszonen, Extensivierung derLandwirtschaft und Nachhaltiger Tourismus. Da dasNestos Gebiet sehr groß ist, wurden die Management-pläne zunächst nur für repräsentative Bereiche erstellt.b) Die Einrichtung von Pufferzonen in landwirtschaftlichintensiv genutzten Bereichen. c) Die Planung eines Na-turlehrpfades. d) Wasseranalysen und Monitoring. e)Weitergabe der erlangten Erfahrungen durch Workshops,Ausstellungen, Erstellung von Broschüren und Lehrfil-men. f) Umweltbildungsprojekte mit Schulen.

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13 Outlook

Ibero American Living Lakes Conference in Mexico

In March 2004, an Ibero-American Living LakesCongress will be held at Lake Chapala to discuss waysto preserve the lake ecosystem and to raise awarenesswithin Mexico and throughout the world about thisseverely endangered lake. The congress is organisedby the Mexican Living Lakes partners and theFundación Humedales, Living Lakes partner inColombia. During the congress, a comparative studybetween Laguna de Fúquene and Lago de Chapalawill be presented.

8 thLiving Lakes Conference / Outlook

Im März 2004 wird ein ibero-amerikanischer Kongressam Chapala See stattfinden. Es soll darüber diskutiertwerden, wie das Seenökosystem gerettet und das Be-wusstsein innerhalb Mexikos und in der ganzen Weltfür diesen stark bedrohten See erhöht werden kann.Der Kongress wird vom mexikanischen Living Lakes-Partner und der Fundación Humedales, demkolumbianischen Seenpartner, organisiert. Währendder Tagung wird eine Vergleichsstudie zwischenLaguna de Fúquene und Lago de Chapala vorgestelltwerden.

The 9th Living Lakes Conference in Canada

The 9th Living Lakes Conference will take place fromSept. 26 to Oct. 2, 2004 in the Columbia River Wetlandsin Canada. The conference will be hosted by the LivingLakes partner organisation East KootenayEnvironmental Society (EKES) and the Global NatureFund (GNF).

Poster: The 9th Living Lakes Conference will take place in theColumbia River Wetlands, Canada.

The conference addresses the following issues byfocusing on two key themes:

* Land and Water Use in Recreational DevelopmentManaging development and growth to ensurewetlands and lakes are healthy and enjoyable forgenerations to come.

* Business and Corporate Social ResponsibilityRecognising that healthy lakes and wetlands are apart of a vibrant economic future, and thataccountability for environmentally responsibleeconomic activity rests with business, along withcommunities and government.

Sunset on Lake Chapala, Mexico’s largest lake.

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8 thLiving Lakes Conference / Outlook

The Living Lakes Conference 2004 sets out to

* generate a greater global appreciation for theinternationally relevant ecological attributes of theColumbia Wetlands.

* Create a platform to exchange knowledge and shareideas between international, national and regionaldelegates on the trends, challenges and bestpractices of recreational development in lake andwetland regions around the world.

* Create an opportunity for international, national andregional delegates to discuss the role of business inthe ecologically and socially responsible use ofwater ecosystems.

* Create an opportunity for Canadian corporations andgovernments - regional to national - to demonstratetheir commitment to protect the ecological integrityof critical waterways, such as the Columbia Wetlands.

Conference Location

In November 2000, the Columbia Wetlands weredesignated as Canada’s Living Lake. As the backdropfor this important global gathering, the ColumbiaWetlands, in the heart of the Canadian Rockies, areone of the longest intact wetlands in North America andare home to thousands of species of animals, birds andplants, some of which are now endangered.

9. Living Lakes Konferenz in Kanada

Die 9. Living Lakes Konferenz findet vom 26. Septem-ber bis 2. Oktober 2004 in den Columbia River Wetlandsin Kanada statt. Die Veranstaltung wird von der LivingLakes Partnerorganisation East Kootenay EnvironmentalSociety (EKES) in Kooperation mit dem GNF organi-siert.

Die beiden Schwerpunktthemen der Veranstaltung sind:

* Flächen- / Wasserverbrauch bei der Entwicklung desFremdenverkehrs:Entwicklung und Wachstum so gestalten, dass auchzukünftige Generationen sich noch an Feucht- undSeengebieten erfreuen können.

* Wirtschaft und gesellschaftliche Verantwortung vonUnternehmen:Erkennen, dass intakte Seen und Feuchtgebiete einTeil dynamischer wirtschaftlicher Zukunft sind unddass die Verantwortung für nachhaltige Entwicklungbei Wirtschaft, Gemeinden und Regierungen liegen.

Die Living Lakes Konferenz 2004 soll dazu beitragendie internationale Wertschätzung der ökologischenBedeutung der Columbia River Wetlands zu erhöhen.Zudem bietet sie Gelegenheit

* für einen Austausch mit internationalen, nationalenund regionalen Delegierten über Trends, Herausfor-derungen und positiven Beispielen zur Tourismus-entwicklung in Seengebieten,

* für eine Diskussion mit den Delegierten über dieRolle der Wirtschaft im ökologisch und gesellschaft-lich verantwortlichem Umgang mit Wasser-Öko-systemen und

* für kanadische Unternehmen und Verwaltungsbe-hörden - regional wie national -, ihr Engagementzum Schutz von gefährdeten Feuchtgebieten wieden Columbia River Wetlands zu bekunden.

Veranstaltungsort

Die Columbia River Feuchtgebiete liegen im Zentrumder Kanadischen Rocky Mountains. Sie sind eines dergrößten intakten Feuchtgebiete Nordamerikas und bie-ten Lebensraum für Tausende verschiedener Tier- undPflanzenarten. Die Columbia River Wetlands sind seitdem Jahr 2000 Mitglied im Living Lakes Netzwerk.

84Partner Organisations and Candidates(*C)

AFRICA

St. Lucia Lake; South Africa

The Wilderness FoundationContact Person: Rosanne ClarkP.O. Box 122Himeville 3256, South-Africa (RSA)Tel. +27 33 7021980 (home office),+27 33 7021061 (home), 082 3596736e-mail: [email protected]: www.wild.org/southern_africa/wf.html

Living Lakes Partner Lakes,Condidates and Associates

Coordination and Organisation

Global Nature Fund (GNF)International Foundation for Environment and NatureContact Persons: Udo Gattenlöhner, Stefan Hörmann,Bettina Jahn, Jörg Dürr-Pucher, Marion HammerlFritz-Reichle-Ring 4D-78315 Radolfzell, GermanyTel. +49 7732 99 95-0Fax +49 7732 99 95-88e-mail: [email protected]: www.livinglakes.org;www.globalnature.org;www.livingwetlands.org


Wildlands TrustContact person: Dr. Andrew VenterP.O. Box 57, HiltonKwaZulu-Natal, 3245, South Africa (RSA)Tel. +27-33-343 1975Mobile: +27-83-324 7484Fax +27-33-343 1976e-mail: [email protected]

Victoria Lake; Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda

OSIENALA (Friends of Lake Victoria)Contact Person: Dr. Obiero Ong’ang’aRe-Insurance Plaza, 2nd floorP.O. BOX 4580, 40103 Kisumu, KenyaTel. and Fax: +254-035-23487Mobile: 0733-717124e-mail: [email protected] [email protected], [email protected]: www.osienala.org

ASIA

Dead Sea; Israel, Jordan, Palestine

FoEME - Friends of the Earth Middle East, IsraelContact person: Mr Gidon Bromberg85 Nehalat Benyamin St.Tel-Aviv, IsraelTel. +972-3-560-5383Fax +972-3-560-4693e-mail: [email protected];Website: www.foeme.org

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FoEME - Friends of the Earth Middle East, JordanPO Box 9341Amman 11191, JordanTel. +962-6-5866602/3Fax +962-6-5866604e-mail: [email protected]: www.foeme.org

Laguna de Bay; Philippines

CLEAR-Conservation of Laguna de Bay’sEnvironment and Resources

Tripartite Partnership of:

Society for the Conservation of Philippine WetlandsContact person: Amy Lecciones5/F ALSCO Bldg. Herrer St. Legazpi Village Unit 1006Jollibee CentreSan Miguel AvenueMakati City, PhilippinesTel. + 632 750-6357Fax + 632 750-6357e-mail: [email protected]: www.psdn.org.ph/wetlands/ orwww.psdn.org.ph/clear/

Laguna Lake Development AuthorityChief, Research and Development DivisionContact person: Lennie C. Santos-Borja2nd Floor, Annex Building, EPD ComplexCapitol Compound, Pasig City 1600, PhilippinesTel. and Fax +63-2-637-7581e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]: www.llda.gov.ph

Unilever PhilippinesContact persons: Jika Mendoza-Dalupan;Chito Macapagal1351 United Nations Avenue, 1007, Paco, Manila,PhilippinesTel. +63-2-562-3951Fax +63-2-562-3951e-mail: [email protected]@unilever.com

Lake Baikal; Siberia (Russia)

Club „Firn“ (NGO)Contact person: Larisa BatotsyrenovaKommunisticheskaya Street, 16; 670000 Ulan-Ude,Buryatia, RussiaMail: PO Box 4204, 670017, Ulan-Ude, RussiaTel. +7-3012-21 67 23Fax +7-3012-21 62 50e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]: www.firnclub.ru

Baikal Information Center GRANContact person: Dr. Nina DagbaevaOffice 1, 9 Borsoeva St.Ulan-Ude, Buryatia, Russia, 670000Tel. and Fax +7 (3012) 217073e-mail: [email protected]: gran.baikal.net/

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Lake Biwa; Japan

International Lake Environment CommitteeFoundation (ILEC) and Kosho-NetContact persons: Dr Shinji Ide, Dr MasahishaNakamura1091 Oroshimo-cho, Kusatsu-cityShiga 525-0001, JapanTel. +81-77-568-45 67Fax +81-77-568-45 68e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]: www.ilec.or.jp

Mahakam Lakes; Indonesia

Wetlands International -Indonesia ProgrammeContact person: Nyoman N. SuryadiputraJl. A. Yani No 53 BogorP.O. Box 254/Boo,Bogor, 16002, Jawa Barat, IndonesiaTel. +62-251-312189Fax +62-251-325755e-mail: [email protected]

Poyang-hu; P.R. China

MRLSD - Promotion Association for Mountain-RiverLake Regional Sustainable DevelopmentContact persons: Xiaohong Wang, Xingzhao DaiMRL Office Building, Provincial GovernmentalComplexSouth One Road 007Nanchang City, 330046, ChinaTel. +86-791-6288-748Fax +86-791-6288-747e-mail: [email protected]

Tengiz and Korgaljinski Lakes; Kazakhstan

Korgaljinski Goszapovednik Kazakhstan(Korgaljinski State Nature Reserve)Contact persons: Murat Aitzhanov, Amina Kaukeyeva,Maxim Koshkin474210 Republik of KazakstanAkmolinskaya oblast, KorgaljinTel. +7-31-73 72 16-50Fax +7-31-73 72 10-43e-mail: [email protected]

NABU Deutschland, Tengis ProjectContact persons: Michael Brombacher, Till Dieterich,Martin LenkInvalidenstr. 112, 10115 Berlin, GermanyTel.: +49-30-28 49 84-44Fax +49-30-28 49 84-84e-mail: [email protected];[email protected]; [email protected]

EUROPA

Laguna La Nava; Spain

Fundación (2001) Global Nature EspañaContact persons: Fernando JubeteCorro del Postigo ,1E-34337 Fuentes de Nava, Palencia, SpainTel. +34-979-84 23 98Fax +34-979 84 23 99e-mail: [email protected]: www.fundacionglobalnature.org

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Fundación Global Nature España, Madrid Officec/ Capitán Haya, 23, esc 2, 9°E-28020 Madrid, SpainTel. +34-91-556 93 90Fax +34-91-556 98 95e-mail: [email protected]

Lake Balaton; Hungary (*C)

Association of Civil Organisations of Lake BalatonContact person: Tivadar SzabóFonyód Béke u. 3, Hungary-8640Tel. +36-85-560-320Fax +36-85-560-321e-mail: [email protected]: www.balatonregion.hu/

Lake Balaton Development Coordination Agency(consulting role)Contact person: Dr. Gábor MolnárSiófok Batthyány u. 1, Hungary-8600Tel. +36-84-317-002Fax +36-84-317-002e-mail: [email protected]: www.balatonregion.hu/

Lake Constance; Germany, Switzerland, Austria

Lake Constance Foundation (Bodensee-Stiftung)Contact persons: Patrick Trötschler,Marion Hammerl-ReschParadiesstrasse 13D-78462 Konstanz, GermanyTel. +49 7531 90 98-0Fax +49 7531 90 98-77e-mail: [email protected]: www.bodensee-stiftung.org

Milicz Ponds; Poland

Polish Society of Wildlife Friends „pro Natura“Contact person: Roman GuziakPodwale 75PL-50449 Wroclaw, PolandTel. and Fax +48-71-343 47 49 - 326 (or 333)Mobile: +48-71-600 87 80 06Tel. and Fax +48-71-343 41 77e-mail: [email protected]: www.eko.wroc.pl/pronaturawww.eko.wroc.pl/bocian www.bociany.pl (in Polish only)

Nestos Lakes; Greece

EPO - Society for Protection of Nature andEco-developmentContact person: Hans JerrentrupPO Box 124GR-64200 Hrysoupolis, GreeceTel. +30-2-591-023144Fax +30-2-591-047009e-mail: [email protected]

Norfolk & Suffolk Broads; United Kingdom

The Broads AuthorityContact persons: Dr. Michael Green, Dr. John Packman18 Colegate, NorwichNorfolk, NR3 1BQ, Great BritainTel. +44-1603-6107-34Fax +44-1603-7657-10e-mail: [email protected];[email protected]: www.broads-authority.gov.uk

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British Trust for Conservation Volunteers (BTCV)Contact person: Kate MackenzieBTCV Dragon Cottage, St Ann LaneNorwich, NR1 IQG, Great BritainTel. +44-1603-767400Fax +44-1603-767373e-mail: [email protected] person: Anita Prosser (BTCV, Howbery Park,Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BA, UK)Tel: + 44 (0) 1491 821622Fax +44-(0)-1491 839 646e-mail: [email protected]: www.btcv.org

Uluabat Lake; Turkey

WWF TurkeyContact persons: Mrs. Hatice Dinç, Mr. Ahmet BirselBahçekapi - Sirkeci Istanbul, Turkey (Türkiye)Tel. +90-212-528 20 30Fax +90-212-528 20 40e-mail: [email protected]: www.wwf.org.tr

Võrtsjärv, Estonia and Peipsi; Estonia and Russia

Estonian Fund for Nature (ELF)Contact person: Robert OetjenAddress: P.O. Box 245, Tartu 50002, EstoniaTel. +372-7-428 443Fax +372-7-428 166e-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.elfond.ee

CTC Peipsi Center for Transboundary CooperationContact persons: Margit Säre, Gulnara RollAleksandri Str. 9, 51004 Tartu, EstoniaTel. +372 7 302 302Fax +372 7 302 301e-mail: [email protected]: www.ctc.ee

CENTRAL and SOUTH AMERICA

Lago Chapala, Mexico

Fundación Cuenca Lerma Lago Chapala SantiagoA. C.Contact persons: Manuel Villagomez RodriguezTel. +52-33 38 12 99 21Fax: +52-33 3810 38 17e-mail: [email protected]

Mtro. Salvador Peniche CampsIntegrated Basin Management ProjectCentro Universitario de Ciencias EconómicoAdministrativasUniversidad de GuadalajaraTel. 33-37703394Private and fax +1-36735881,Mobile: +44-333 7227518e-mail: [email protected],[email protected]

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Sociedad Amigos del Lago de Chapala A. C.Contact persons: Luis Aguirre, Justus HauserApdo. postal 353, Madero 20245900 Chapala, JaliscoMexicoPhone: +52-376-76-55755Fax: +52-376-76-55754e-mail: [email protected][email protected][email protected]: www.amigosdelago.org

Laguna Fuquene; Colombia

Fundación HumedalesContact persons: Mauricio Valderrama Barco,GermanI. Andrade Calle 97 N° 21-42 Bogotá, ColombiaTel. +57-1-6164777Fax +57-1-6164777e-mail: [email protected];[email protected]; [email protected]

Mar Chiquita; Argentina

Centro de Zoologia Aplicada ArgentinaUniversidad Nacional de CórdobaContact person: Dr. Enrique H. BucherCasilla de Correos 1225000 Córdoba, ArgentinaTel. +54-351-433 20 55Fax +54-351-424 11 91e-mail: [email protected]: www.efn.uncor.edu/dep/cza/

Pantanal Wetlands; Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay

ECOTROPICA BrazilRua 03, nº 391Boa Esperança - 78.068-370Cuiabá, MT BrazilTel. +55 65 627-6619Fax +55 65 627-66 15e-mail: [email protected]: www.ecotropica.org.br

Titicaca Lake; Peru, Bolivia (*C)

TRÓPICO- Asociación Boliviana para laConservaciónContact person: Jorge Cárdenas and Patricia Erguetac. Alfredo Ascarrunz 2620La Paz - BoliviaTel. +591-2-242 34 95Fax +591-2-242 35 26e-mail: [email protected]: www.tropico.org andwww.magri-amexpress.com.bo

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NORTH-AMERICA

Columbia River Wetlands; BC, Canada

East Kootenay Environmental SocietyContact person: Yossi Cadan, Executive Director495 WallingerKimberley, British Columbia, Canada VIA 2Y5Tel.: +1+250-427-9325Fax +1+250427-3535e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]: www.ekes.orgContact person: Mrs. Ellen ZimmermanPO Box 1496Golden, BC, V0A 1H0CanadaTel. +1-250-348-2225Fax +1-250-344-5225e-mail: [email protected]

Contact person: Anne LevesqueBox 74Invermere, BC, V0A 1K0CanadaTel.: +1- 250-342-2487Fax: +1-250-342-2497e-mail: [email protected]

Mono Lake; California (USA)

Mono Lake CommitteeContact persons: Geoff McQuilkin, Arya Degenhardt,Greg ReisPO Box 29, Lee Vining, California 93541, USATel. +1-760-647-65 95Fax +1-760-647-63 77e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected],[email protected]: www.monolake.org(For request regarding the websitewww.livinglakes.orgplease contact Greg Reis: [email protected])

Associated Partner Organisations

Kolindsund Wetlands, Denmark

Kolindsunds Venner - Friends of KolindsundContact person: Jesper Nielsen, ChairmanLaerkevej 2; Ryomgaard, DenmarkTel. +458639-4318E-mail: [email protected]: www.kolindsund.dk/

Lake Sapanga, Turkey

ADASU Water & Sewage AdministrationContact person: Dr. Suleyman Kocbas, ProjectConsultantAdapazari Metropolitan MunicipalityAdpazari - TURKEYe-mail: [email protected]

Lago Enriquillo and Lac Azurei, HaitiDominikanische Republic

Programa Medioambiental TransfronterizoContact person: Mr. Andreas SchubertCalle Restauración 15, Jimaní, ProvinciaIndependenciaRepública DominicanaTel. +809-248-3220Fax +809-248-3165e-mail: [email protected]

printed on recycled paper

Coordination:

Local Organisers of the 8th Living Lakes Conference:

Norfolk & Suffolk Broads; United Kingdom

The Broads Authority

Contact persons: Dr. Michael Green,

Dr. John Packman

18 Colegate, Norwich

Norfolk, NR3 1BQ, Great Britain

ph. : +44-1603-6107-34

fax : +44-1603-7657-10

e-mail: [email protected];

[email protected]

Website: www.broads-authority.gov.uk

British Trust for Conservation Volunteers (BTCV)

Contact person: Kate Mackenzie

BTCV Dragon Cottage, St Ann Lane

Norwich, NR1 IQG, Great Britain

ph. : +44-1603-767400

fax : +44-1603-767373


Contact person: Anita Prosser (BTCV, Howbery Park,

Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BA, UK)

ph. : + 44 (0) 1491 821622

fax : +44-(0)-1491 839 646


Website: www.btcv.org

International Foundationfor Environment and Nature

Fritz-Reichle-Ring 4

78315 Radolfzell, Germany

ph. : +49 (0)7732 9995-0

fax : +49 (0)7732 9995-88


www.globalnature.org

www.livinglakes.org

Living LakesGlobal Partner:

Living LakesSupporters:

The 8th Living Lakes Conference was organisedin cooperation with

The Broads Authority

Norfolk & Suffolk Broads

British Trust for

Conservation Volunteers

Supported by Bundesamt für Naturschutz - BfN - (Federal Agency for Nature Conservation)

by funds of the Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Power Plant.

The content of the documentation may not correspond to the opinion of the

supporter (Federal Agency for Nature Conservation).

Climate Change and Governance - Global Nature Fund

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