Characteristics of back-arc regions

Tecfonophysics, 102 (1984) l-16

Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.. Amsterdam - Printed in The Netherlands

CHARACTERISTICS OF BACK-ARC REGIONS *

D.A. BROOKS, R.L. CARLSON, D.L. HARRY, P.J. MELIA, R.P. MOORE, J.E. RAYHORN and

S.G. TUBB

Department of Geophysics and Geodynamics Research Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX

77843 (U.S.A.)

(Received April 28, 1982; accepted March 5, 1983)

ABSTRACT

Brooks, D.A., Carlson, R.L., Harry, D.L., Melia, P.J., Moore, R.P., Rayhorn, J.E. and Tubb, S.G., 1984.

Characteristics of Back-arc Regions. In: R.L. Carlson and K. Kobayashi (Editors), Geodynamics of

Back-arc Regions. Tectonophysics, 102: I-16.

A compilation is given of the geophysical and geological characteristics of 21 back-arc regions published before April, 1982.

INTRODUCTION

Back-arc regions may be classified according to whether they were formed by

active back-arc spreading, ocean-continent collision, or entrapment of oceanic crust

(Karig, 1971a; Uyeda and Kanamori, 1979). Regions formed by active back-arc

spreading may be further subdivided as presently active or inactive.

It has been proposed that the evolution of back-arc regions is a direct conse-

quence of the mode of subduction (Uyeda and Kanamori, 1979; Uyeda, 1982). The

mode of subduction in any region can be recognized by the geophysical and

geological character of the trench-arc-back-arc system. The criteria defining the

mode of subduction are the state of stress and nature of coupling in the back-arc

region, the subduction rate, and the dip of the Benioff zone. Uyeda defined two

basic modes of subduction; Chilean-type with compressional stress in the back-arc

region, and Mariana-type with tensional stress in the back-arc region. Chilean-type

subduction has strong coupling, a slow subduction rate, and a shallow Benioff zone.

Mariana-type has weak coupling, a fast subduction rate, and a steeply dipping

Benioff zone. But are there other important characteristics that these regions might

have, or not have that could help explain the geodynamics of back-arc regions?

* Texas A&M Geodynamics Research Program, Texas A&M Geodynamics Research Program Contribu- tion No. 33.

~40-1951/84/$03.~ Q 1984 Etsevier Science Publishers B.V.

1 Columbia Basin

Grenada Trough hltiplano Platmcw Scotia Sea

Boring S-0 Soa of Okhotok Kvrilr Barin S-a of Japan Shikoku Bo~in

10 Okinawa Trough 11 Porrcr-V-la Booin 12 Mariona Trough

14 15

16 17

18 19 20 21 22

23 24 25

13 W-et Philippinr Basin 26

Sulu s.a C.lrbro %.a

S. Chino Sma Andaman S-s Sumdo S.o

Jaw S-a Bmda S-a Birmarck Sea Fiji Platomu Lou Booin N-w Habrider Basin S. Fiji Eaoin Havr., Trough

Fig. 1. Index map of back-arc regions.

3

Questions of this kind are difficult to answer partly because pertinent data on

back-arc regions are so widely scattered in the literature. Thus, this paper presents a

compilation of the geophysical and geological characteristics for various back-arc

regions. It was compiled to establish an initial summary of existing data.

DATA COMPILATION

The published data on twenty-six back-arc regions (Fig. 1) are compiled and

presented in Table I. An arbitrary cutoff date of April, 1982, was imposed on the

data collection; therefore, no data published since that date are included in this

compilation. The back-arc regions of the world were divided among the authors. All

compilations began with computer literature searches and each author independently

supplemented the computer literature search for their regions. No claims are made

for uniformity of data coverage. Both the amount of published information and its

accessibility vary from region to region. We do not claim that this compilation is

complete.

DISCUSSION

The data in Table I agree with Uyeda’s hypothesis. It is generally possible to

correlate the mode of subduction with the origin of the back-arc region. Our

correlations are based on information from twenty-four of the twenty-six regions.

No data were found on the nature of coupling and the direction of the overriding

plate for the South China Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk, and these areas were not used

in our correlations.

The strongest correlation observed is between regions with weak coupling and

active or inactive back-arc spreading. All areas of weak coupling are spreading, or

have a history of spreading. The direction of the overriding plate in these areas may

be retreating, stationary, or advancing. Weak coupling seems to imply active or

inactive spreading. However, spreading, or a history of spreading, does not neces-

sarily imply weak coupling. Areas exist with strong coupling and either active or

inactive back-arc spreading. All of these areas, however, are believed to have an

advancing overriding plate. Areas with no history of back-arc spreading have strong

coupling and advancing overriding plates. The range of subduction rates and Benioff

zone dips indicate that the definitions of Chilean-type and Mariana-type subduction

are end members in a continuum of subduction types. No other correlations were

observed that might modify or expand the commonly used classification systems.

TABLE I

Characteristics of back-arc regions (references in parantheses)

P

Characteristic

Columbia Basin

Grenada Trough

Altiplano Plateau

Associated trench

Subducted plate

Overriding plate

Type

Origin

Age (Ma)

Magnetic lineations

Heat flow (hfu)

range/mean

Free air gravity (mgal)

Seismicity

Seismic attenuation

Mean depth (km)

Depth to Moho (km)

Maximum depth at trench (km)

Petrology

Back-arc spreading rate (mm/a)

Age of subducted plate

at trench (Ma)

Dip of Benioff zone

Maximum depth of the

Benioff zone (km)

~~

Middle America (1)

Lesser Antilles (1)

Peru/Chile (1)

cocos (1)

North America (1)

Nazca (1)

North America/Caribbean (1)

Caribbean (1)

South America (1)

inactive (71)

inactive (71)

inactive (40); continental (71)

trapped (68). (71)

spreading (?) (71)

early Tertiary (68)

late Mesozoic (40)

-

E - W, irregular (9)

NE - SW (9)

_~__~

0.8 - 1.7 (9)

1.2 - 2.111.6 (9)

-120 to +llO (9), (72)

-25 to +25 (9)

-200 to +50 (54)

shallow focus (9), (19)

aseismic (9)

shallow to deep focus (40). (57)

____

pP norm1

(3)

pP normal (3)

Sn high (3), (40)

_____.~_____

3.5 (68)

3 (25)

3.8 (66)

11 (68)

12 (25)

70 (40)

6.6 (27)

9.2 (27)

8.1 (27)

oceanic crust (9)

oceanic crust (68)

elastic sediment (40)

70 (55)

80 - 95 (27)

41 (27)

___

60" (19), (36)

50" (67); 65" (64)

8" - 30" (57), (71)

200 (19), (36)

230 (64)

150 - 290 (71); 650 (Si)

_s_--__

Direction of absolute motion

of the overriding plate

Subduction rate (mm/a)

(absolute motion)

Convergence rate (@m/a)

Nature of coupling

advancing (12)

50 - 80 (1)

53 (48); 90 (71)

strong (71)

stationary (?) (12)

advancing (12). (71)

-l_l..

10 (1)

60 (1)

22 (1)

52 - 60 (48); 90 - 110 (71)

weak (71)

strong (71)

____ _ ..-. _ --- . ..-_

TABLE I (continued)

Characteristic

Scotia Sea

Bering Sea

Associated trench

South Sandwich (1)

Aleutian (1)

Subducted plate

South America (1)

Pacific-(L)

Overriding plate

Sandwich/Scotia (1)

North America (1)

Type

active (66), (71)

inactive (15). (43), (71)

OriKiIl

spreading (71)

trapped (15), (71)

Age (Ma)

30 (34); late Miocene (66)

Oligocene (15)

Magnetic lineations

ENE - WSW (17); sub-parallel Antarctica (34) N - S (15)

Sea of Okhotsk

Kurile (1)

Pacific (1)

North America (1)

inactive (43). (66)

trapped (7)

mid-Tertiary (66)

Heat flow (hfu)

rangelmean

1.9/1.9 (82)

0.9 - 1.3/1.1 (66)

1.5 - 3.0/2.3 (66); 1.9 (74)


+200 (17)

0 to + 20 (15), (76)

+4O (76)

Seismicity

shallow to intermediate focus (17), (36)

intermediate to deep focus (2)


Seismic attenuation

PP normal (3)

pP, Sn nozmal (66)

pP high (3)‘ (66)

Mean depth (km)

3.2 (66); 4 (17)

4.7 (66)

4.2 (66)

Depth to Moho (km)

10 (4)

11 - 15 (15)


8.3 (17)

7.7 (27)

10.5 (27)

Petrology

basalt/andesite (4)

tholeiitic basalt/andesite (15)

andesite/granite (7)

Back-arc spreading rate (mm/a) 60 (4)


50 - 70 (17)

50 (27)

110 (55)

at trench (Ma)

Dip of Benioff zone

71° (71)

65' (22)

4o" (37)

Max0num depth of the

Benioff zone (km)

170 (66), (71)

260 (22). (65)

610 (66)



retreating (12)



(absolute motion)

Convergence rate (mm/a)

Nature of coupling

55 (4)

00 (1)

27 (48); 30 (66)

52 - 80 (71); 53 - 63 (48): 60 (66) a0

(66); 93 (71)

weak (71)

StFOnR (71)

vt

TABLE I (continued)

Characteristic

Kurile Basin

Sea of Japan

Shikoku Basin

Associated trench

Subducted plate

Overriding plate

Type

Origin

&82 (Ma)

Magnetic lineations

Heat flow (hfu)

range/mean


Seismicity

Seismic attenuation

Mean depth (km)

Depth to Moho (km)


Petrology



at trench (Ma)

Dip of Benioff zone


Benioff zone (km)

Kurile (1)

.Japan/Nankai Trough (1)

Iru-Benin (1)

Pacific (1)

Pacific/Philippine

(1)

Pacific (1)

North America (1)

Eurasia (1)

Philippine (1)

inactive (71)

inactive (66), (71)

inactive (43), (71)

spreading (71)

spreading (71)

spreading (71), (75), (81)

14 - 25 (74)

14 - 25 (66), (74); late Cretaceous (33) 3 (68); 19 - 24 (75)

E - NE (49)

--__~

NNw (75)

2.2 (74)

2.2 (49), (66), (74)

0.1 - 5.0/2.4 (74)

+lO (61); +I0 to +20 (49)

+15 (76)

shallow focus, strike-slip (71) shallow focus, strike-slip (26). (71)

shallow focus (63)

high from 50 - 250 km (37)

pP, Sn high (61). (63). (66); Pn low 13) pP high (61)

3 (1)

4.2 (66)

G (76); 4.5 (61)

20 (23)

6.2 (49)

6.1 - 6.3 (75); 13.i (61: _

10.5 (27)

4.9 (27)

9.8 (27)

basalt/rhyolite (49)

tholeiitic basalt (42)

102 - 118 (27)

22 - 42 (b9), (75)

102 - 118 (27)

40" (37)

140 (27)

--

65" (62)

30" (37)

45" (37), (41)

advancing (8), (12)

400 (37); 610 (66)

500 (37), (41)




(absolute motion)


Nature of coupling

80 (66); 79 - 85 (48)

strong (71)


retreating (12)

-----

--.-_

80 (61)

80 (61). (71)

88 - 90 (48). 90 (66)

50 (71)

strong (71)

____~

TABLE I (continued)

ci-L

ara

cter

isti

c Okinawa Trough

Associated trench

Ryukyu (43)

Subducted plate

Philippine (1)

Overriding plate

Eurasia (1)

Type

inactive (43)

Origin

spreading (El)

Age (Ma)

Pliocene (El)

Magnetic lineations

none observed (81)

Parece-Vela Basin

Mariana Trough

Mariana/yap (1)

Mariana (1)

Pacific (1)

Pacific (1)

Philippine (1)

Mariana (1)

inactive (43), (44), (66). (71)

active (43), (66), (71)

spreading (53). (71)

spreading (71)

25 - 26 (44), (53), (66)

Pliocene (66); late Miocene (44)

N - S poor (53)

questionable (81)

Heat flow (hfu)

range/mean

6.2 - 9.0/4.4 (74)

0.1 - 5.0/2.1 (53), (69); 2.0 (74)O.l - 8.0/1.5 (74); 0.1 - 8.312.5 (66)


+5 (61)

0 to +25 (531, (76)

+40 (76)

Seismicity

shallow focus, normal faulting (81) aseismic (41)

shallov focus, normal faulting (71)

Seismic attenuation

Sn high (66)

pP, Sn high (66)

Mea" depth (km)

2.7 (58)

5 (441, (53), (69)

4 (44), (66)

Depth to Moho (km)

4.2 - 5.3 (74)


7.5 (27)

8.5 - 11 (27)

11 (27)

Petrology

basalt/diorite (81)

tholeiitic basalt (53), (69)

tholeiitic basalt (44), (45)


100 (44)


53 (27)

50 (27)

140 (27)

at trench (Ma)

Dip of Benioff zone

45"(41)

90"(41)

90" (41)


Benioff zone (km)

280 (41)

700 (41)

680 (41). (66)



advancing (12)

retreating (12)

retreating (12). (71)


(absolute motion)

71 (71)

73 (71)

73 (71)

Convergence rate (m/a)

84 (71)

90 (48)

90 (66)

Nature of coupling

weak (71)

weak (71)

.J

__

_

TABLE I (continued)

2

Characteristic

West Philippine Basin

Sulu Sea

Celebes Sea

Associated trench

Subducted plate

Overriding plate

Type

Origin

Age (Ma)

Magnetic lineations

Heat flow (hfu)

range/mean


Seismicity

Seismic attenuation

Mean depth (km)

Depth to Moho (km)


Petrology



Mariana/Yap/Palau

(1)

Sulu (1)

North Sulawesi (80)

Pacific (?), (1)

Philippine (?)/Eurasia (?) (28) Eurasia (80)

Philippine (?), (1)

Philippine (?)/Eurasia (7) (28) Philippine (?) (80)

inactive (43), (66), (71)

inactive (28). (43)

inactive (43)

spreading (81)

trapped (33); spre&ing

(81)

trapped (33); spreading (81)

early Tertiarv (66), (69)

early Miocene (28); 14 - 25 (74) mid-Oligocene (80); 40 - 50 (74)

NW - SE (81)

none observed (69) ___

N650E (80)

_~-_ ____-

1.45 (69), (74)

1.8 (74)

1.6 (74). (80)

-

+lO (69)

+50 to +75 (78)

+30 to +60 (78)

aseismic (1)

aseismic (28); shallow (?) (69) shallow to deep focus (24), (311, (36j

Sn normal (66)

-._--

5.5 (69), 5.8 (66)

4 (58), (69)

4.5 (80)

________~_.

9.5 - 11.5 (69)

6.0 - 7.0 (80)

8.0 - 11.0 (27)

10.5 (27)

10.5 (27)

tholeiitic basalt (45)

oceanic crust (69)

oceanic crust (69), (80)

44 (81)

-.

50 (27)

100 - 125 (27)

100 - 125 (27)

Dip of Benioff zone


Benioff zone (km)

90" (41)

___

_____I_

_~______.

700 (41)

600 (24), (28)




(absolute motion)


Nature of coupling

retreating (12)

73 - 77 (71)

90 (48)

weak (71)

advancing (12)

advancing (12)

TABLE I (continued)

Characteristic

Associated trench

Subducted plate

Overriding plate

Type

Origin

Age (Ma)

Magnetic lineations

South China Sea

Palavan (I), (65)

Eurasia (1)

Philippine (?), (I)

inactive (28). (43)

14 - 25 (69). (74): 14 - 36 (65)

E - W (33), (69); N80aE (81)

Sunda Sea

Sunda (1)

Australia (1)

Eurasia (1)

inactive, continental (71)

Triassic (28)

none observed (35)

Banda Sea

TimorlCeram (1)

Eurasia (28): Australia (39), (69). (7

3)

Australia (28); Eurasia (39). (69), (73)

active (?) (69)

trapped (?)/spreadina (?) (5) .(6),(33),(69)

60 (69)

N60" to N70'E (5): NNE - SSW (69)

Heat flow (hfu)

range/mean

1.0 - 3.512.0 (69). (74)

2.5 (18)

0.5 - 1.8 (38); 1.5 (5); 1.8 (6)


+30 (78)

+45 (78)

50 (6). (10)

SeiSUIiCiCy

aseismic (31): shallow focus (?) (69)

asei

smic

(l

a),

(71)

intermediate to deep focus (2). (68)

Seismic attenuation

PP low (3)

pP low (3)

3 Mean de th (km)

4.0 65)

(69

Depth to Moko (km)

10 - 12 (65), (69)

9 - 10 (56), (69)


2 - 3 (65)

6 (28); 7.4 (27)

3.6 (39): 7 (6). (28)

Petrology

oceanic crust (69)

continental crust (71); melange (28) oceanic crust (51% (lo), (39)


50 - 58 (65)


40 (27)

at ttench (Ma)

Dip of Benioff zone

60" (24)

55" (24)


Benfoff zone (km)

200 (28). (35); 300 (31)

100 (24), (38)




(absolute motion)


Nature of coupling

advancing (12)

60 (31)

42 - 56 (52); 60 (48)

strong (71)

advancing (12)

107 (31)

50 - 90 (6)

strong (71)

iD

TABL

E I

(continued)

C

Characteristic

Bismarck Sea

Fiji Plateau

New Hebrides Basin

-..

Associated trench

New Britian (1)

New Hebrides (I)

New Hebrides (1)

Subducted plate

Solamon (1)

Australia (1)

Australia (1)

-_..

Overriding plate

Bismarck (If

Pacific (?) (1)

Pacific (?) (1)

---

Type

active (71)

inactive

(43).

(66); active (71)

active (71)

----...

Origin

spreading (14); leaky transform (71)

spreading (81); leaky transform (71)

spreading (?) (51)

-.-..

Age (Ma)

2.5 (16)

late Tertiary (42)‘ (65)

3 (13)

-~___.,_-_~_...

Magnetic linearions

E - W (14)

NW - SE (29)

---.-~_

______

Heat flow (hfu)

0.0 - 5.6/2.4 159); 1.4 - 10.0/2.9(66);

range/mean

2.5 (60); 2.9 (74)

1.3 - 2.8 (50)

~____~_

Free air gravity fmgal)

+60 (14)

+40 (11)

~_.__.

Seismicity

strike-slip faulting (14)

shallow focus (21)

shallow to intermediate fccus (36; ..-_-.

Seismic attenuation

pP, Sn high (3), (ZG), (66)

pP high (201

.-

-^

.-..

Mean depcb (km)

2.0 (14)

2 - 3 (111, (66)

3 (1) __r-~_l-~--___

Depth to Maho (km)

18.0 (14)

_._~__


8.3 (27)

7.1

(27)

9.2 (27)

~___

__-_..

Petrology

basalt/andesite (131, (14)

tholeiieic basalt (29)

tholeiitic basalt/andesite 113)

Back-arc spreading ra

te (

m/a

) 80

asy

mm

etric

(14)

15 (29): 30 - 39 (:I)

-I_____-

___._".__


50 - 65 (27)

35 - 42 (27)

70 - 82 (27)

at trench (Ma)

..~-.--.

Dip of Benioff zone

45" (36)

70" (20), (71)

YO" (201, (361, (71)

--_l--.---__

Maximum depth

of the

Benioff tone (km)

200 - 600 (14), (34)

300 - 660 (la), (66), (71)

300 - 5317 ,:

!o! I, I

<::j



advancing (12)

unclear ('1); adYaxing

:i:.;


~~-~_._"__"_~~I-~._

__-.

(absolute motion)

100 (1)

SO -60 (1) --..-_

._ .---_.-.


90 (66)

_-.--..

.~

-#ature of coupling

weak (71)

weak 171)

weak (71)

~.

TABLE I (continued)

Characteristic

South Fiji Basin

Java Sea

Associated trench

Kemadec

(?) (1)

Sunda (1)

Subducted plate

Pacific (?) (1)

Australia (1)

gp

Overridin

late

Type

inactive (43), (66), (71)

inactive, continental (71)

origin

trapped (71)

Age (Ma)

early to mid-Tertiary (13), (66), (74)

Cretaceous (28)

Magnetic lineations

RRR triple junction = N - S. NE - SW.

none observed (35)

E - W (77). (81)

Heat flow (hfu)

range/mean


Seismicity

0.5 - 1.7/1.1 (601, (66)


1.9 - 2.5 (18)

+35 (78)

deep focus (2). (35)

Mean depth (km)

Depth to Moho (km)


Petrology

4.6 (66)

10.8 (74)

10 (27)

andesitic basalt (42)

0.3 (69). (71)

5 - 7 (27). (28). (52)

continental crust, granite (28); metamorphic

rocks (18)


at trench (Ma)

Dip of Benioff zone


Benioff zone (km)



Subduction rate (m/a)

(absolute motion)

Convergence rate (m/a)

Nature of coupling

105 - 121 (27)

53' - 65' (71)

550 - 650 (71)

retreating (12); advancing (51)

50 - 100 (1)

47 (48)

40 (27)

60" - 65" (24), (27), (28), (35)

500 - 600 (24), (28). (31)

advancing (12)

49 (31)

49 (48); 57 - 75 (52)

strong (71)

TABLE i ~continuedl

L

-~_~___-__._.

_

Characteristic

Havre Trough

Andaman Sea

Lau Basin

__II-

Associated trench

Kemadec (1)

Andaman (I)

Tonga (1)

__l_l_

Subducted plate

Pacific (I)

Australia (1)

Pacific (I)

-

Overriding plate

Australia (ij

Emma/Eurasia (1). (16)

Australia (1) -~-~_I--_________

Type

active 143), (661, (71)

active (69j, (71)

-____

-

active (43f, (66). (71)

_

Origin

spreading. (Bi)

spreading (12). (32), (35j, (47):

spreading. (71), (8!j

leaky transform (20)

---

A@ (aa)

Pliocene (42). (

66)

3 (46)

0 - 3 (30); Pliocene (66)

~._~

--_

-_..

Mamatic lineations

N - S (79)

NW - SE (46), (81)

?I - S (79); NW - SE (30!__ ___

___

----_

Heat flow Chfuj

0.5 - 3.8/2.: (66)

0.9 - 5.313.5 ie;, (69)

0.3 - 6.7/2.ij (30); ;I,: I_ '_.j.

i, I'm ,

rang&em

2.: (60)

_~--

--

-~..-_.

l.--

.___.

Free air gravity (ragal)

-25 (78)

.-I____-.._._~

shallow focus. normai faulting (7!), (iV1

shallow focus, serike-slip (16), (2!), (46);

sha:lov focus, nowai innit:ne !7:i

Seismicity

shallow focus, normal faulting (6Vj, (71);

intermediate focus (Zj, (21)

--

_~___

..__

Seismic attenuation

PP. Sn hi& (66)

normal (2)

__dP, Sn high '3Laz!

,__,_~~

Hean depth (km)

2.4 (65)

___1___~

2 (16)

_____

2 - 3 (3

0)

A

_il?

,_._

x _.

___.

--

- Depth to Moho (km)

--

Maximum depth at trench fkm)

10 (27)

3.0 - 3.: (52)

10.9 (27)

-_-..- ~_....__._

__,

Iwxo

logY

tholeiicic basalt (42)

_basalt (16)

tholeiicic basllc (30)

-

‘

~__

.~

“.._

_~

Back-arc spreading rate (m/a)

19 (16), (461, (69)

38 (79)

-

_._____".I__

Age of subducted plait@

105 - 121 (2i)

55 - 70 (55)

105 - 121 (27)

at trench Maa)

--____~.

".____. .

_

Dip of Benioff zone

65' (71)

50" (ilj

45" (301, (71)

-..

_ ._____."

.,.

maximum depth of the

Benioff zone fkmj

660 (66)

LOO (?I)

b6G (66)‘ (:i)

--_"_l__

~.

~___^___.___

__l~_ll^_---.~----_-__-__-

_.

Direction of absolute notiOn

retreating (i2j; advancing (5i)

recreating (71)


rerrearing

;ij

it.

*. :

.,< ,.

-~

_--

..--_

_ _

- Subduction rate (mm/a)

(absolute motion)

iO0 - 105 (ij

_~

-

-_____.-_~--___

Con

verg

ence

ra

te h

da)

80 (66)

7 - 20 (711

80 (66). 91 (48) __~_

__

xatute of coupling

weak (71)

weak (71)

weak (7:)

13

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This paper was prepared as a class project at Texas A&M University. The

authors are listed alphabetically. We wish to thank the Geophysics Department For

providing funds for the initial computer literature searches. We also wish to thank

Jane Denoux for typing the compilation. A preliminary version of this paper was

presented as a poster at the 1982 Texas A&M Geodynamics Symposium; this is

contribution No. 33 of the Texas A&M Geodynamics Research Program.

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Characteristics of back-arc regions

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