Tecfonophysics, 102 (1984) l-16
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.. Amsterdam - Printed in The Netherlands
CHARACTERISTICS OF BACK-ARC REGIONS *
D.A. BROOKS, R.L. CARLSON, D.L. HARRY, P.J. MELIA, R.P. MOORE, J.E. RAYHORN and
S.G. TUBB
Department of Geophysics and Geodynamics Research Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
77843 (U.S.A.)
(Received April 28, 1982; accepted March 5, 1983)
ABSTRACT
Brooks, D.A., Carlson, R.L., Harry, D.L., Melia, P.J., Moore, R.P., Rayhorn, J.E. and Tubb, S.G., 1984.
Characteristics of Back-arc Regions. In: R.L. Carlson and K. Kobayashi (Editors), Geodynamics of
Back-arc Regions. Tectonophysics, 102: I-16.
A compilation is given of the geophysical and geological characteristics of 21 back-arc regions published before April, 1982.
INTRODUCTION
Back-arc regions may be classified according to whether they were formed by
active back-arc spreading, ocean-continent collision, or entrapment of oceanic crust
(Karig, 1971a; Uyeda and Kanamori, 1979). Regions formed by active back-arc
spreading may be further subdivided as presently active or inactive.
It has been proposed that the evolution of back-arc regions is a direct conse-
quence of the mode of subduction (Uyeda and Kanamori, 1979; Uyeda, 1982). The
mode of subduction in any region can be recognized by the geophysical and
geological character of the trench-arc-back-arc system. The criteria defining the
mode of subduction are the state of stress and nature of coupling in the back-arc
region, the subduction rate, and the dip of the Benioff zone. Uyeda defined two
basic modes of subduction; Chilean-type with compressional stress in the back-arc
region, and Mariana-type with tensional stress in the back-arc region. Chilean-type
subduction has strong coupling, a slow subduction rate, and a shallow Benioff zone.
Mariana-type has weak coupling, a fast subduction rate, and a steeply dipping
Benioff zone. But are there other important characteristics that these regions might
have, or not have that could help explain the geodynamics of back-arc regions?
* Texas A&M Geodynamics Research Program, Texas A&M Geodynamics Research Program Contribu- tion No. 33.
~40-1951/84/$03.~ Q 1984 Etsevier Science Publishers B.V.
1 Columbia Basin
Grenada Trough hltiplano Platmcw Scotia Sea
Boring S-0 Soa of Okhotok Kvrilr Barin S-a of Japan Shikoku Bo~in
10 Okinawa Trough 11 Porrcr-V-la Booin 12 Mariona Trough
14 15
16 17
18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25
13 W-et Philippinr Basin 26
Sulu s.a C.lrbro %.a
S. Chino Sma Andaman S-s Sumdo S.o
Jaw S-a Bmda S-a Birmarck Sea Fiji Platomu Lou Booin N-w Habrider Basin S. Fiji Eaoin Havr., Trough
Fig. 1. Index map of back-arc regions.
3
Questions of this kind are difficult to answer partly because pertinent data on
back-arc regions are so widely scattered in the literature. Thus, this paper presents a
compilation of the geophysical and geological characteristics for various back-arc
regions. It was compiled to establish an initial summary of existing data.
DATA COMPILATION
The published data on twenty-six back-arc regions (Fig. 1) are compiled and
presented in Table I. An arbitrary cutoff date of April, 1982, was imposed on the
data collection; therefore, no data published since that date are included in this
compilation. The back-arc regions of the world were divided among the authors. All
compilations began with computer literature searches and each author independently
supplemented the computer literature search for their regions. No claims are made
for uniformity of data coverage. Both the amount of published information and its
accessibility vary from region to region. We do not claim that this compilation is
complete.
DISCUSSION
The data in Table I agree with Uyeda’s hypothesis. It is generally possible to
correlate the mode of subduction with the origin of the back-arc region. Our
correlations are based on information from twenty-four of the twenty-six regions.
No data were found on the nature of coupling and the direction of the overriding
plate for the South China Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk, and these areas were not used
in our correlations.
The strongest correlation observed is between regions with weak coupling and
active or inactive back-arc spreading. All areas of weak coupling are spreading, or
have a history of spreading. The direction of the overriding plate in these areas may
be retreating, stationary, or advancing. Weak coupling seems to imply active or
inactive spreading. However, spreading, or a history of spreading, does not neces-
sarily imply weak coupling. Areas exist with strong coupling and either active or
inactive back-arc spreading. All of these areas, however, are believed to have an
advancing overriding plate. Areas with no history of back-arc spreading have strong
coupling and advancing overriding plates. The range of subduction rates and Benioff
zone dips indicate that the definitions of Chilean-type and Mariana-type subduction
are end members in a continuum of subduction types. No other correlations were
observed that might modify or expand the commonly used classification systems.
TABLE I
Characteristics of back-arc regions (references in parantheses)
P
Characteristic
Columbia Basin
Grenada Trough
Altiplano Plateau
Associated trench
Subducted plate
Overriding plate
Type
Origin
Age (Ma)
Magnetic lineations
Heat flow (hfu)
range/mean
Free air gravity (mgal)
Seismicity
Seismic attenuation
Mean depth (km)
Depth to Moho (km)
Maximum depth at trench (km)
Petrology
Back-arc spreading rate (mm/a)
Age of subducted plate
at trench (Ma)
Dip of Benioff zone
Maximum depth of the
Benioff zone (km)
~~
Middle America (1)
Lesser Antilles (1)
Peru/Chile (1)
cocos (1)
North America (1)
Nazca (1)
North America/Caribbean (1)
Caribbean (1)
South America (1)
inactive (71)
inactive (71)
inactive (40); continental (71)
trapped (68). (71)
spreading (?) (71)
early Tertiary (68)
late Mesozoic (40)
-
E - W, irregular (9)
NE - SW (9)
_~__~
0.8 - 1.7 (9)
1.2 - 2.111.6 (9)
-120 to +llO (9), (72)
-25 to +25 (9)
-200 to +50 (54)
shallow focus (9), (19)
aseismic (9)
shallow to deep focus (40). (57)
____
pP norm1
(3)
pP normal (3)
Sn high (3), (40)
_____.~_____
3.5 (68)
3 (25)
3.8 (66)
11 (68)
12 (25)
70 (40)
6.6 (27)
9.2 (27)
8.1 (27)
oceanic crust (9)
oceanic crust (68)
elastic sediment (40)
70 (55)
80 - 95 (27)
41 (27)
___
60" (19), (36)
50" (67); 65" (64)
8" - 30" (57), (71)
200 (19), (36)
230 (64)
150 - 290 (71); 650 (Si)
_s_--__
Direction of absolute motion
of the overriding plate
Subduction rate (mm/a)
(absolute motion)
Convergence rate (@m/a)
Nature of coupling
advancing (12)
50 - 80 (1)
53 (48); 90 (71)
strong (71)
stationary (?) (12)
advancing (12). (71)
-l_l..
10 (1)
60 (1)
22 (1)
52 - 60 (48); 90 - 110 (71)
weak (71)
strong (71)
____ _ ..-. _ --- . ..-_
TABLE I (continued)
Characteristic
Scotia Sea
Bering Sea
Associated trench
South Sandwich (1)
Aleutian (1)
Subducted plate
South America (1)
Pacific-(L)
Overriding plate
Sandwich/Scotia (1)
North America (1)
Type
active (66), (71)
inactive (15). (43), (71)
OriKiIl
spreading (71)
trapped (15), (71)
Age (Ma)
30 (34); late Miocene (66)
Oligocene (15)
Magnetic lineations
ENE - WSW (17); sub-parallel Antarctica (34) N - S (15)
Sea of Okhotsk
Kurile (1)
Pacific (1)
North America (1)
inactive (43). (66)
trapped (7)
mid-Tertiary (66)
Heat flow (hfu)
rangelmean
1.9/1.9 (82)
0.9 - 1.3/1.1 (66)
1.5 - 3.0/2.3 (66); 1.9 (74)
Free air gravity (mgal)
+200 (17)
0 to + 20 (15), (76)
+4O (76)
Seismicity
shallow to intermediate focus (17), (36)
intermediate to deep focus (2)
intermediate to deep focus (2)
Seismic attenuation
PP normal (3)
pP, Sn nozmal (66)
pP high (3)‘ (66)
Mean depth (km)
3.2 (66); 4 (17)
4.7 (66)
4.2 (66)
Depth to Moho (km)
10 (4)
11 - 15 (15)
Maximum depth at trench (km)
8.3 (17)
7.7 (27)
10.5 (27)
Petrology
basalt/andesite (4)
tholeiitic basalt/andesite (15)
andesite/granite (7)
Back-arc spreading rate (mm/a) 60 (4)
Age of subducted plate
50 - 70 (17)
50 (27)
110 (55)
at trench (Ma)
Dip of Benioff zone
71° (71)
65' (22)
4o" (37)
Max0num depth of the
Benioff zone (km)
170 (66), (71)
260 (22). (65)
610 (66)
Direction of absolute motion
of the overriding plate
retreating (12)
advancing (12). (71)
Subduction rate (mm/a)
(absolute motion)
Convergence rate (mm/a)
Nature of coupling
55 (4)
00 (1)
27 (48); 30 (66)
52 - 80 (71); 53 - 63 (48): 60 (66) a0
(66); 93 (71)
weak (71)
StFOnR (71)
vt
TABLE I (continued)
Characteristic
Kurile Basin
Sea of Japan
Shikoku Basin
Associated trench
Subducted plate
Overriding plate
Type
Origin
&82 (Ma)
Magnetic lineations
Heat flow (hfu)
range/mean
Free air gravity (mgal)
Seismicity
Seismic attenuation
Mean depth (km)
Depth to Moho (km)
Maximum depth at trench (km)
Petrology
Back-arc spreading rate (mm/a)
Age of subducted plate
at trench (Ma)
Dip of Benioff zone
Maximum depth of the
Benioff zone (km)
Kurile (1)
.Japan/Nankai Trough (1)
Iru-Benin (1)
Pacific (1)
Pacific/Philippine
(1)
Pacific (1)
North America (1)
Eurasia (1)
Philippine (1)
inactive (71)
inactive (66), (71)
inactive (43), (71)
spreading (71)
spreading (71)
spreading (71), (75), (81)
14 - 25 (74)
14 - 25 (66), (74); late Cretaceous (33) 3 (68); 19 - 24 (75)
E - NE (49)
--__~
NNw (75)
2.2 (74)
2.2 (49), (66), (74)
0.1 - 5.0/2.4 (74)
+lO (61); +I0 to +20 (49)
+15 (76)
shallow focus, strike-slip (71) shallow focus, strike-slip (26). (71)
shallow focus (63)
high from 50 - 250 km (37)
pP, Sn high (61). (63). (66); Pn low 13) pP high (61)
3 (1)
4.2 (66)
G (76); 4.5 (61)
20 (23)
6.2 (49)
6.1 - 6.3 (75); 13.i (61: _
10.5 (27)
4.9 (27)
9.8 (27)
basalt/rhyolite (49)
tholeiitic basalt (42)
102 - 118 (27)
22 - 42 (b9), (75)
102 - 118 (27)
40" (37)
140 (27)
--
65" (62)
30" (37)
45" (37), (41)
advancing (8), (12)
400 (37); 610 (66)
500 (37), (41)
Direction of absolute motion
of the overriding plate
Subduction rate (mm/a)
(absolute motion)
Convergence rate (mm/a)
Nature of coupling
80 (66); 79 - 85 (48)
strong (71)
advancing (12). (71)
retreating (12)
-----
--.-_
80 (61)
80 (61). (71)
88 - 90 (48). 90 (66)
50 (71)
strong (71)
____~
TABLE I (continued)
ci-L
ara
cter
isti
c Okinawa Trough
Associated trench
Ryukyu (43)
Subducted plate
Philippine (1)
Overriding plate
Eurasia (1)
Type
inactive (43)
Origin
spreading (El)
Age (Ma)
Pliocene (El)
Magnetic lineations
none observed (81)
Parece-Vela Basin
Mariana Trough
Mariana/yap (1)
Mariana (1)
Pacific (1)
Pacific (1)
Philippine (1)
Mariana (1)
inactive (43), (44), (66). (71)
active (43), (66), (71)
spreading (53). (71)
spreading (71)
25 - 26 (44), (53), (66)
Pliocene (66); late Miocene (44)
N - S poor (53)
questionable (81)
Heat flow (hfu)
range/mean
6.2 - 9.0/4.4 (74)
0.1 - 5.0/2.1 (53), (69); 2.0 (74)O.l - 8.0/1.5 (74); 0.1 - 8.312.5 (66)
Free air gravity (mgal)
+5 (61)
0 to +25 (531, (76)
+40 (76)
Seismicity
shallow focus, normal faulting (81) aseismic (41)
shallov focus, normal faulting (71)
Seismic attenuation
Sn high (66)
pP, Sn high (66)
Mea" depth (km)
2.7 (58)
5 (441, (53), (69)
4 (44), (66)
Depth to Moho (km)
4.2 - 5.3 (74)
Maximum depth at trench (km)
7.5 (27)
8.5 - 11 (27)
11 (27)
Petrology
basalt/diorite (81)
tholeiitic basalt (53), (69)
tholeiitic basalt (44), (45)
Back-arc spreading rate (mm/a)
100 (44)
Age of subducted plate
53 (27)
50 (27)
140 (27)
at trench (Ma)
Dip of Benioff zone
45"(41)
90"(41)
90" (41)
Maximum depth of the
Benioff zone (km)
280 (41)
700 (41)
680 (41). (66)
Direction of absolute motion
of the overriding plate
advancing (12)
retreating (12)
retreating (12). (71)
Subduction rate (mm/a)
(absolute motion)
71 (71)
73 (71)
73 (71)
Convergence rate (m/a)
84 (71)
90 (48)
90 (66)
Nature of coupling
weak (71)
weak (71)
.J
__
_
TABLE I (continued)
2
Characteristic
West Philippine Basin
Sulu Sea
Celebes Sea
Associated trench
Subducted plate
Overriding plate
Type
Origin
Age (Ma)
Magnetic lineations
Heat flow (hfu)
range/mean
Free air gravity (mgal)
Seismicity
Seismic attenuation
Mean depth (km)
Depth to Moho (km)
Maximum depth at trench (km)
Petrology
Back-arc spreading rate (mm/a)
Age of subducted plate
Mariana/Yap/Palau
(1)
Sulu (1)
North Sulawesi (80)
Pacific (?), (1)
Philippine (?)/Eurasia (?) (28) Eurasia (80)
Philippine (?), (1)
Philippine (?)/Eurasia (7) (28) Philippine (?) (80)
inactive (43), (66), (71)
inactive (28). (43)
inactive (43)
spreading (81)
trapped (33); spre&ing
(81)
trapped (33); spreading (81)
early Tertiarv (66), (69)
early Miocene (28); 14 - 25 (74) mid-Oligocene (80); 40 - 50 (74)
NW - SE (81)
none observed (69) ___
N650E (80)
_~-_ ____-
1.45 (69), (74)
1.8 (74)
1.6 (74). (80)
-
+lO (69)
+50 to +75 (78)
+30 to +60 (78)
aseismic (1)
aseismic (28); shallow (?) (69) shallow to deep focus (24), (311, (36j
Sn normal (66)
-._--
5.5 (69), 5.8 (66)
4 (58), (69)
4.5 (80)
________~_.
9.5 - 11.5 (69)
6.0 - 7.0 (80)
8.0 - 11.0 (27)
10.5 (27)
10.5 (27)
tholeiitic basalt (45)
oceanic crust (69)
oceanic crust (69), (80)
44 (81)
-.
50 (27)
100 - 125 (27)
100 - 125 (27)
Dip of Benioff zone
Maximum depth of the
Benioff zone (km)
90" (41)
___
_____I_
_~______.
700 (41)
600 (24), (28)
Direction of absolute motion
of the overriding plate
Subduction rate (mm/a)
(absolute motion)
Convergence rate (mm/a)
Nature of coupling
retreating (12)
73 - 77 (71)
90 (48)
weak (71)
advancing (12)
advancing (12)
TABLE I (continued)
Characteristic
Associated trench
Subducted plate
Overriding plate
Type
Origin
Age (Ma)
Magnetic lineations
South China Sea
Palavan (I), (65)
Eurasia (1)
Philippine (?), (I)
inactive (28). (43)
14 - 25 (69). (74): 14 - 36 (65)
E - W (33), (69); N80aE (81)
Sunda Sea
Sunda (1)
Australia (1)
Eurasia (1)
inactive, continental (71)
Triassic (28)
none observed (35)
Banda Sea
TimorlCeram (1)
Eurasia (28): Australia (39), (69). (7
3)
Australia (28); Eurasia (39). (69), (73)
active (?) (69)
trapped (?)/spreadina (?) (5) .(6),(33),(69)
60 (69)
N60" to N70'E (5): NNE - SSW (69)
Heat flow (hfu)
range/mean
1.0 - 3.512.0 (69). (74)
2.5 (18)
0.5 - 1.8 (38); 1.5 (5); 1.8 (6)
Free air gravity (mgal)
+30 (78)
+45 (78)
50 (6). (10)
SeiSUIiCiCy
aseismic (31): shallow focus (?) (69)
asei
smic
(l
a),
(71)
intermediate to deep focus (2). (68)
Seismic attenuation
PP low (3)
pP low (3)
3 Mean de th (km)
4.0 65)
(69
Depth to Moko (km)
10 - 12 (65), (69)
9 - 10 (56), (69)
Maximum depth at trench (km)
2 - 3 (65)
6 (28); 7.4 (27)
3.6 (39): 7 (6). (28)
Petrology
oceanic crust (69)
continental crust (71); melange (28) oceanic crust (51% (lo), (39)
Back-arc spreading rate (mm/a)
50 - 58 (65)
Age of subducted plate
40 (27)
at ttench (Ma)
Dip of Benioff zone
60" (24)
55" (24)
Maximum depth of the
Benfoff zone (km)
200 (28). (35); 300 (31)
100 (24), (38)
Direction of absolute motion
of the overriding plate
Subduction rate (mm/a)
(absolute motion)
Convergence rate (mm/a)
Nature of coupling
advancing (12)
60 (31)
42 - 56 (52); 60 (48)
strong (71)
advancing (12)
107 (31)
50 - 90 (6)
strong (71)
iD
TABL
E I
(continued)
C
Characteristic
Bismarck Sea
Fiji Plateau
New Hebrides Basin
-..
Associated trench
New Britian (1)
New Hebrides (I)
New Hebrides (1)
Subducted plate
Solamon (1)
Australia (1)
Australia (1)
-_..
Overriding plate
Bismarck (If
Pacific (?) (1)
Pacific (?) (1)
---
Type
active (71)
inactive
(43).
(66); active (71)
active (71)
----...
Origin
spreading (14); leaky transform (71)
spreading (81); leaky transform (71)
spreading (?) (51)
-.-..
Age (Ma)
2.5 (16)
late Tertiary (42)‘ (65)
3 (13)
-~___.,_-_~_...
Magnetic linearions
E - W (14)
NW - SE (29)
---.-~_
______
Heat flow (hfu)
0.0 - 5.6/2.4 159); 1.4 - 10.0/2.9(66);
range/mean
2.5 (60); 2.9 (74)
1.3 - 2.8 (50)
~____~_
Free air gravity fmgal)
+60 (14)
+40 (11)
~_.__.
Seismicity
strike-slip faulting (14)
shallow focus (21)
shallow to intermediate fccus (36; ..-_-.
Seismic attenuation
pP, Sn high (3), (ZG), (66)
pP high (201
.-
-^
.-..
Mean depcb (km)
2.0 (14)
2 - 3 (111, (66)
3 (1) __r-~_l-~--___
Depth to Maho (km)
18.0 (14)
_._~__
Maximum depth at trench (km)
8.3 (27)
7.1
(27)
9.2 (27)
~___
__-_..
Petrology
basalt/andesite (131, (14)
tholeiieic basalt (29)
tholeiitic basalt/andesite 113)
Back-arc spreading ra
te (
m/a
) 80
asy
mm
etric
(14)
15 (29): 30 - 39 (:I)
-I_____-
___._".__
Age of subducted plate
50 - 65 (27)
35 - 42 (27)
70 - 82 (27)
at trench (Ma)
..~-.--.
Dip of Benioff zone
45" (36)
70" (20), (71)
YO" (201, (361, (71)
--_l--.---__
Maximum depth
of the
Benioff tone (km)
200 - 600 (14), (34)
300 - 660 (la), (66), (71)
300 - 5317 ,:
!o! I, I
<::j
Direction of absolute motion
of the overriding plate
advancing (12)
unclear ('1); adYaxing
:i:.;
Subduction rate (mm/a)
~~-~_._"__"_~~I-~._
__-.
(absolute motion)
100 (1)
SO -60 (1) --..-_
._ .---_.-.
Convergence rate (mm/a)
90 (66)
_-.--..
.~
-#ature of coupling
weak (71)
weak 171)
weak (71)
~.
TABLE I (continued)
Characteristic
South Fiji Basin
Java Sea
Associated trench
Kemadec
(?) (1)
Sunda (1)
Subducted plate
Pacific (?) (1)
Australia (1)
gp
Overridin
late
Type
inactive (43), (66), (71)
inactive, continental (71)
origin
trapped (71)
Age (Ma)
early to mid-Tertiary (13), (66), (74)
Cretaceous (28)
Magnetic lineations
RRR triple junction = N - S. NE - SW.
none observed (35)
E - W (77). (81)
Heat flow (hfu)
range/mean
Free air gravity (mgal)
Seismicity
0.5 - 1.7/1.1 (601, (66)
intermediate to deep focus (2)
1.9 - 2.5 (18)
+35 (78)
deep focus (2). (35)
Mean depth (km)
Depth to Moho (km)
Maximum depth at trench (km)
Petrology
4.6 (66)
10.8 (74)
10 (27)
andesitic basalt (42)
0.3 (69). (71)
5 - 7 (27). (28). (52)
continental crust, granite (28); metamorphic
rocks (18)
Age of subducted plate
at trench (Ma)
Dip of Benioff zone
Maximum depth of the
Benioff zone (km)
Direction of absolute motion
of the overriding plate
Subduction rate (m/a)
(absolute motion)
Convergence rate (m/a)
Nature of coupling
105 - 121 (27)
53' - 65' (71)
550 - 650 (71)
retreating (12); advancing (51)
50 - 100 (1)
47 (48)
40 (27)
60" - 65" (24), (27), (28), (35)
500 - 600 (24), (28). (31)
advancing (12)
49 (31)
49 (48); 57 - 75 (52)
strong (71)
TABLE i ~continuedl
L
-~_~___-__._.
_
Characteristic
Havre Trough
Andaman Sea
Lau Basin
__II-
Associated trench
Kemadec (1)
Andaman (I)
Tonga (1)
__l_l_
Subducted plate
Pacific (I)
Australia (1)
Pacific (I)
-
Overriding plate
Australia (ij
Emma/Eurasia (1). (16)
Australia (1) -~-~_I--_________
Type
active 143), (661, (71)
active (69j, (71)
-____
-
active (43f, (66). (71)
_
Origin
spreading. (Bi)
spreading (12). (32), (35j, (47):
spreading. (71), (8!j
leaky transform (20)
---
A@ (aa)
Pliocene (42). (
66)
3 (46)
0 - 3 (30); Pliocene (66)
~._~
--_
-_..
Mamatic lineations
N - S (79)
NW - SE (46), (81)
?I - S (79); NW - SE (30!__ ___
___
----_
Heat flow Chfuj
0.5 - 3.8/2.: (66)
0.9 - 5.313.5 ie;, (69)
0.3 - 6.7/2.ij (30); ;I,: I_ '_.j.
i, I'm ,
rang&em
2.: (60)
_~--
--
-~..-_.
l.--
.___.
Free air gravity (ragal)
-25 (78)
.-I____-.._._~
shallow focus. normai faulting (7!), (iV1
shallow focus, serike-slip (16), (2!), (46);
sha:lov focus, nowai innit:ne !7:i
Seismicity
shallow focus, normal faulting (6Vj, (71);
intermediate focus (Zj, (21)
--
_~___
..__
Seismic attenuation
PP. Sn hi& (66)
normal (2)
__dP, Sn high '3Laz!
,__,_~~
Hean depth (km)
2.4 (65)
___1___~
2 (16)
_____
2 - 3 (3
0)
A
_il?
,_._
x _.
___.
--
- Depth to Moho (km)
--
Maximum depth at trench fkm)
10 (27)
3.0 - 3.: (52)
10.9 (27)
-_-..- ~_....__._
__,
Iwxo
logY
tholeiicic basalt (42)
_basalt (16)
tholeiicic basllc (30)
-
‘
~__
.~
“.._
_~
Back-arc spreading rate (m/a)
19 (16), (461, (69)
38 (79)
-
_._____".I__
Age of subducted plait@
105 - 121 (2i)
55 - 70 (55)
105 - 121 (27)
at trench Maa)
--____~.
".____. .
_
Dip of Benioff zone
65' (71)
50" (ilj
45" (301, (71)
-..
_ ._____."
.,.
maximum depth of the
Benioff zone fkmj
660 (66)
LOO (?I)
b6G (66)‘ (:i)
--_"_l__
~.
~___^___.___
__l~_ll^_---.~----_-__-__-
_.
Direction of absolute notiOn
retreating (i2j; advancing (5i)
recreating (71)
of the overriding plate
rerrearing
;ij
it.
*. :
.,< ,.
-~
_--
..--_
_ _
- Subduction rate (mm/a)
(absolute motion)
iO0 - 105 (ij
_~
-
-_____.-_~--___
Con
verg
ence
ra
te h
da)
80 (66)
7 - 20 (711
80 (66). 91 (48) __~_
__
xatute of coupling
weak (71)
weak (71)
weak (7:)
13
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper was prepared as a class project at Texas A&M University. The
authors are listed alphabetically. We wish to thank the Geophysics Department For
providing funds for the initial computer literature searches. We also wish to thank
Jane Denoux for typing the compilation. A preliminary version of this paper was
presented as a poster at the 1982 Texas A&M Geodynamics Symposium; this is
contribution No. 33 of the Texas A&M Geodynamics Research Program.
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