CONFERENCEPROCEEDINGS

G20 Youth Forum 2014 Conference

May 7-11, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany

2014 (2)

IntroductionThe G20 Youth Forum (Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, 7-11 May 2014) is the largest international

event organized for young leaders in 2014 and over 1200 young leaders, students and academics, young members of parliaments, representatives of the business world and governments participated in it.

This was the 9th year of the Forum. Previous events were held in:2006 – G8 Youth Summit – Russia (Saint-Petersburg);2007 – G8 Youth Summit – Germany (Berlin);2008 – G8 Youth Summit – Japan (Tokyo);2009 – G8 Youth Summit – Italy (Milano);2010 – G20 Youth Summit – Canada (Vancouver);2011 – G20 Youth Summit – France (Paris);2012 – G20 Youth Summit – USA (Washington D.C.);2013 - G20 Youth Forum – Russia (Saint-Petersburg);

The G20 Youth Forum 2014 had 3 main events that run in tandem with each other:• G20 Youth Summit – resulting in the Communiqué• Conference - with publication of academic articles in the Conference Proceedings• International Young Parliamentarians’ Debate - with Joint Statement

This year a new platform for better cooperation within the participants of the G20 Youth Forum was introduced - Joint Sessions of the G20 Youth Summit, Conference and International Young Parliamentarians’ Debate participants – with Joint enterprise initiatives.

Conference was an international academic event for representatives from the 200 best Universities in the world who are experts in international relations, economics, finance and law.

Eight round tables with presentations by academics and students followed by discussions wereworking in parallel:

1. Economy and Finance2. Law and Human Rights3. World Politics and International relations4. Social Affairs and Medicine5. Ecology, Environment and Energy6. Design, Technology and Innovations7. Education and Youth8. Humanities: history, philosophy, linguistics, arts and journalism

In total, more than 300 presenters 50 countries participated in the G20 Youth Forum Conference 2014 .

The participants of the Conference were representing more than 60 best Universities of their countries:

The articles submitted for the Conference were published in the present Conference Proceedings.G20 Youth Forum is and always will be open for new ideas, researches and reporters to be presented at the

Conference.

• Beijing Normal University (China)• Camosun College (Canada)• Cardiff University (United Kingdom)• Catholic University of Leuven (Belgium)• Centennial College (Canada)• Cercle National de Reflexion sur la Jeunesse (Nigeria)• Chinese Rock Leadership Association (Taiwan)• Curtin University (Australia)• Dalian University of Technology (China)• Deakin University (Australia)• Dominican University College (Canada)• HEC Montreal (Canada)• Higher School of Economics (Russian Federation)• Korea University (South Korea)• Leiden University (Netherlands)• Lord Buddha Education Foundation (Nepal)• Los Andes University (Colombia)• Macquarie University (Australia)• Michigan State University (USA)• Murdoch University (Australia)• Nankai University (China)• National University of Singapore (Singapore)• North-Eastern Federal University (Russian Federation)• North-West University (South Africa)• People’s Friendship University of Russia (Russian Federation)• Physicians for Human Rights (USA)

• Plant-for-the-Planet Foundation (Germany)• Punjab Technical University (India)• Ryerson University (Canada)• Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra (Slovakia)• Surgut State University (Russian Federation)• Swinburne University of Technology (Australia)• Tamkang University (Taiwan)• Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan)• Tomsk Polytechnic University (Russian Federation)• Treasury Investment Company (Nepal)• Tsinghua University (China)• Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (Mexico)• Universite du Quebec a Montreal (Canada)• University of Alberta (Canada)• University of British Columbia (Canada)• University of Cape Town (South Africa)• University of Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania)• University of Indonesia (Indonesia)• University of Macau (China))• University of Manitoba (Canada• University of New South Wales (Australia)• University of Queensland (Australia)• University of the Free State (South Africa)• University of Toronto (Canada)• University of Tsukuba (Japan)• University of Western Ontario (Canada)• Victoria University of Wellington (New Zealand)

Content

ECONOMY AND FINANCE ............................................................................................................................. 14

Session I: Social Issues ................................................................................................................................................. 14

A Financial Literacy Initiative Aimed at Youth .................................................................................................... 15Ms. Anda Shkodra, Student, Camosun College School of Business, Canada

Social Impact Investment: Creating a Global Market ........................................................................................ 18Mr. David Yalong Cao, Student, University of New South Wales, Australia

Young Women Entrepreneurs: An Opportunity to Invest in Change within Civil Society ................... 26Ms. Lesley Anne Brown, Student, Ryerson University, Canada

Session II: Models ......................................................................................................................................................... 30

Using the Youth to Build Economic Resilience – Strategies to Minimise Youth Unemployment ....... 31Ms. Nathalie Frauenfelder, Student, University of New South Wales, Australia

Structural Estimation of Non-transferrable Utility Marriage Matching Models ...................................... 40Ms. Kyoko Matsumura, Student, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

Session III: International Cases ............................................................................................................................... 45

Maintaining Social Warfare with Financial Service:Social Business in Bangladesh, China and the WorldMr. Bolun Li, Student, Tsinghua University, China ................................................................................................. 46

New Forms of International Cooperation.The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean and China ................................................................................ 49Dr. Enrique S. Dussel Peters, Professor, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico

Base Erosion and Profit Shifting: Whose Problem Is It? .................................................................................. 57Mr. Omar Abawi, Student, Macquarie University, Australia

Direct Investment in Asian Economies .................................................................................................................. 61Mr. Hassan Waqar Bhatti, ILOT Scholar Physics and Economics, University of British Columbia, CanadaCo-authors: Ms. Sindhu Jawed, ILOT Scholar International Economics, University of British Columbia, CanadaMr. Qasim Shamim, BSc Honors Economics, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Pakistan

Session IV: National Cases ........................................................................................................................................ 69

The Internationalization of Renminbi and China’s Financial Reform .......................................................... 70Prof. Hong Tu, Professor, Nankai University, China

Fixed Income Portfolio Management: Opportunities for Institutional Investors in Russia ..................86Mr. Andrey Shalyagin, Student, Higher School of Economics, Russian Federation

The Effectiveness of Conditional Cash Transfers: A Case Study of the Philippines ..................................89Ms. Nathalie van Baren, Bachelor of Science in Economics, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium

Explore a New Mode of Economic Growth: How does Consumer Finance Company Impact on Residents` Consumption in China? ..........................................................................................................................93Mr. Wenzhang Sun, Ph.D Student, Dalian University of Technology, China

Internationalizing Education: The Case for Canada ........................................................................................100Ms. Tana Chen, Student, Camosun College, Canada

Importance of Northern Resources from Yakutia to Russia’s Economy,Global Development and Economic Progress ....................................................................................................107Ms. Anisiia Lazareva, Student, North-Eastern Federal University, Russian Federation

Fundamentals of Legal Regulation of Investment in G-20 Countries ........................................................113Ms. Akhmadova Maryam, Student, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Russian Federation

LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS .........................................................................................................................120

Session I: Challenges to Human Rights Realization ......................................................................................120

The Challenges of Applying Gender Equality Principles in the Pacific – the Case of Nauru ..............121Dr. Kate Gleeson, Professor, Macquarie University, AustraliaCo-author: Assoc. Prof. Vijaya Nagarajan, Macquarie University and the Asian Development Bank, Australia

The Law, Human Rights and Double Jeopardy – Being an Indigenous Woman ......................................129Ms. Jennifer Tridgell, Student, Macquarie University, Australia

Breaking the Cycle: An In-depth Look at Violence Against Women ..........................................................134Ms. Amanda Ashley Hooper, Women’s Empowerment Ambassador,Student, Centennial College, Canada

Children and Youths Engagement in Immoralities in Tanzania:Is It Possible to Stop It and How? ...........................................................................................................................139Prof. Alfred Daniel Mdima, Department of Dean of Students, University of Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania

Session II: Migration Issues .....................................................................................................................................144

Civil Society Responses to Forced Migration: Advocating for Human Rights ........................................145Prof. Linda Briskman, Professor, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia

Migration, Movement and Family: The Decline of Family in Canadian Immigration ...........................153Dr. Shauna Erin Labman, Ph.D, Assistant Professor, University of Manitoba, Canada

The Taste of Failure: a Case Study of UNHCR’s Recommendation o Invoke the Cessation Clause on Rwandan Refugees Convention .............................................................158M.A. Guillaume Cliche-Rivard, Teaching Assistant, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada

Session III: Local Laws .............................................................................................................................................164

Law and Human Rights in Mexico ..........................................................................................................................165Dr. Imer B. Flores, Ph.D., Professor-Researcher, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico

You Have (No) Rights: Bills of Rights and the Australian Exception ..........................................................175Mr. Luke Dominish, Student, Macquarie University, Australia

Japanese Law and the Underprivileged ................................................................................................................182Mr. Eric Kwarteng Adjepong, Student, University of Tsukuba, Japan

Have We Found the Best Way to Protect Human Rights in Nations?Or is There a Need for a New Mechanism of Protection to Be Developed? ...............................................188Mr. James Sullivan, Student, Deakin University, Australia

Session IV: Law, Justice and Rights ......................................................................................................................195

What Theories of Law Should Explain: A Utilitarian Approach ...................................................................196Ms. Laura Lim Shi Ying, Student, National University of Singapore, Singapore

The Freedom of Speech on Social Networking Sites:Do We Need Protection Against Our Own Expressions? ...............................................................................201Mr. Richard Steppe, Student, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium

Indignados and Occupy: In Search of a Better Democracy? ..........................................................................211Mr. Thomas Cliquet, Student, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium

Crime, Justice and Unjustice ....................................................................................................................................214Mr. Prince Daniel Ozioma Onyejelem, Student, University of Tsukuba, Japan

From ‘Gift’ to ‘Right’: Moving Beyond Corporate Social Responsibilityto Corporate Accountability ....................................................................................................................................220Mr. Camden Luxford, Honours Candidate, Student , Deakin University, Australia

The ‘Right to Food’: Developing a Strategy That Considers All Stakeholders .........................................227Ms. Melissa Airall, Student, Centennial College, Canada

WORLD POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ......................................................232

Session I: International Relations ..........................................................................................................................232

Multilateral Organizations and the Challenge of International Energy Cooperation ...........................233Dr. Jeffrey D. Wilson, Ph.D., Fellow, Asia Research Centre, Murdoch University, Australia

Regional Economic Integration and Multilateral Politics Among Nation States ....................................242Mr. Brent Hardy, B.A. (GPE Adv.), University of Manitoba, Canada

The Poverty Within .....................................................................................................................................................247Ms. Claire McMullen, Student, Macquarie University, Australia

EITI Global Transparency Policy Regime: Some Praxis and Reality Check on How to End Poverty and Socio-Political Imbalances in Resource-Rich Global South Nations .................................................252Mr. Saidu Ahmed Enagi, National Prsident,Cercle National de Reflexion sur la Jeunesse (CNRJ), Nigeria

A Crisis Mismanaged: The Unhappy Politics of Greece’s Bailouts ..............................................................256Mr. Dylan Zachary Chambers, Student, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand

Feeding the 9 billion: A long-term plan for producing food sustainabilityfor the world’s population in 2050 .........................................................................................................................269Ms. Lina Zdruli, International Relations Major, University of British Columbia, Canada

An Evaluation of China’s Role in the Global Governance of Peacekeeping and Security ....................274Ms. Un Teng Ip, Master Student, University of Macau, China

Session II: Conflicts: particular examples and ways of solution .................................................................279

The Politics of Compassion: Introducing a Humanitarian Imperativeinto the Distribution of Relief Aid in Conflict Zones .......................................................................................280Mr. David Edward Lloyd Pope, Student, University of Queensland, Australia

Global Surveillance in the Digital Age: An Arena of Political Conflict ......................................................285Ms. Natalia Dragojevic, Student, Deakin University, Australia

Natural Resources and Violent Conflicts in Africa:Some Policy Proposals to Dealing with Resource-related Conflicts ...........................................................293Mr. Elikem Tsamenyi, Student, University of Manitoba, Canada

Why There is Recurrence if Territorial Dispute .................................................................................................304Mr. Yi-yi Chen, MA, Nankai University, China

Xinjiang, the New Frontier: Radicalization of Minorities ..............................................................................314Mr. Jose Alejandro Bonilla Solano, International Business Senior Student,Tamkang University, Taiwan

North Korea from the Perspective of a South Korean Student .....................................................................317Ms. Yoon Sun Kim, Student, Korea University, South Korea

The Cracks on BRICS: the Different National Goals .......................................................................................321Ms. Jingyi Sun, Student, University of Macau, China

SOCIAL AFFAIRS AND MEDICINE ..........................................................................................................328

Recognizing and Removing Barriers to Social and Educational Inclusionof Youth with Disabilities in Third World: A Collective International Responsibility .........................329Dr. Michael Baffoe, Professor, University of Manitoba, Canada

Necessity is the Mother of Invention: Developing Countries Taking a Proactive Approach against Burden of Disease ..............................................................................................340Prof. Nicola Isabel Barnard, DST/NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform,North-West University, South AfricaCo-author:Prof. Anne Frederica Grobler, North-West University, South Africa

Why Are We Still Hitting Our Kids? A Case from Psychology for Action on the Use of Physical Punishment on Children ...........................................................................................................................................348Mr. Patrick McGrath, Student, Macquarie University, Australia

The White Man’s Playground: Social Inequality in Sporting Australia ......................................................352Ms. Meredith Jane Allen, Student, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia

Social impact in Maternal Health - Concerns with the Australian healthcare system ...........................357Mr. Zuben Rustomjee, Student, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia

From the Welfare State towards the Enabling State? The New Dutch Social Support Act (Wmo) .....366Ms. Mirrin Middelhuis BA, Student (Msc), Leiden University & Erasmus University Rotterdam,the Netherlands

Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Meltdown: Health Impact and Current Recovery Measures ...................372Mr. Daniel Honggwan Kim, BSc, University of British Columbia, Canada

ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY .....................................................................................376

Session I: Environmental Policy .............................................................................................................................376

Protecting the Rainforests ........................................................................................................................................377Mr. Keng Chong Lao, Master, Graduate Assistant, University of Macau, China

Development of International Cooperation on the Arctic Shelf ..................................................................385Mr. Shamil Yulgushev, Student, Surgut State University, Russian Federation

Shift from ‘Conventional’ to ‘Unconventional’ Energy: An Opportunity to Create New Intercontinental Knowledge-based Markets .......................................................................................................388Dr. Tiago M. Alves, Lecturer, Cardiff University, United KingdomCo-author: Ms. Sarah J. Newnes, Student, Cardiff University, United Kingdom

The Role of ‘Common but Differentiated Responsibilities’ in the Post-2020 Climate Regime .........397Ms. Sophie Eve Duxson, Tipstaff to the Honourable Justice Rachel Pepper,Land and Environment Court, Australia

Session II: Environmental Resources and Ecosystem services ......................................................................404

By Improvement of the Green Infrastructure towards Sustainable Landscapes and Resilient Environments ................................................................................................................................................................405Mr. Attila Toth, MSc in Landscape Architecture, PhD Student,Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, SlovakiaCo-author:prof. Ing. Ľubica Feriancová, Prof. Dr. in Landscape Architecture,Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovakia

The Urban Ecosystem: Integrating Human and Natural Systems ................................................................411Ms. Katherine Berthon, Student, Macquarie University, Australia

Community Participation on Food Security Projects Among Low-income Households of the Sedibeng District Municipality ...............................................................................................................................418Dr. Loraine Boitumelo Mzini, Professor, North-West University, South Africa

The Magic Seed: A Traditional Approach to Water Clarification/Purification Using Seeds of Moringa Oleifera in Nigeria .................................................................................................................................428Mr. Ishaku Lemu Haruna, Student, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia

Challenges and Steps to Launch a Global Youth Movement for a Sustainable Future ...........................434Mr. Felix Maximilian Finkbeiner, Founder, Plant-for-the-Planet Foundation, Germany

DESIGN, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATIONS ............................................................................444

Session I: Theoretical approach ..............................................................................................................................444

Crack the Code of Mass Collaboration: Opportunities and Challenges ....................................................445Dr. Luming Wang, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, University of Manitoba, Canada

Impact of Multicommunication on Interpersonal Communication CompetenceDuring Face-to-face Meeting Between Users and IT Analysts ......................................................................452Mr. Hazim Zouhair, Student, HEC Montreal, CanadaCo-author: Assoc. Prof. Ann-Frances Cameron, HEC Montréal, Canada

IT Driven Organisation Innovation: An Exploration of the Barriers for CIOs .......................................460Mr. Bradley James Kalgovas, Student, University of New South Wales, AustraliaCo-authors:Ms. Christine Van Toorn, Academic, University of New South Wales, AustraliaDr. Kieran Conboy, Ph. D, Academic, University of New South Wales, Australia

New Era Algorithms and Supercomputers: Forging the Third Industrial Revolution ..........................469Dr.Vladimir Okhmatovski, Associate Professor, University of Manitoba, CanadaCo-authors: Mr. Mohammad Shafieipour, Student, University of Manitoba, CanadaDr. Jonatan Aronsson, President, CEMWorks Inc., Canada

Nanotechnology: Small Is the New Big .................................................................................................................476Ms. Francesca Manea, PhD candidate, Protein Structure Group, Macquarie University, Australia

Disaster Response Robotics .....................................................................................................................................485Dr. Min-Fan Ricky Lee, Ph.D. Cornell U., USA, Assistant Professor, Graduate Institute of Automation and Control/National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan

Session II: Practical approach ................................................................................................................................492

«Vessel Traveler» New type of bio-mechanical device ...................................................................................493Mr. Sun Jae Kim, Student, Korea University, South Korea

Microfluidics and Lab-on-a-chip Technology for Cheaper, Better and Faster Health Services .........495Dr. David W. Inglis, Professor, Macquarie University, Australia

Benchmarking a Crystal Spectrometer for Direct Measurement in SNF ..................................................499Mr. Dmitry Prokopyev, Ph.D. Student, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russian Federation

Overview of Intense Pulsed Ion Beam Technology for Applicationin Material Science in Tomsk Polytechnic University ......................................................................................503Ms. Yulia Isakova, Student, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russian FederationCo-authors: Mr. A.I. Pushkarev, Mr. I.P. Khaylov

Applying the Synchrotron Radiation for the Studying Combustionof the Aluminum Nanopowder in Air ....................................................................................................................507Mr. Andrei Mostovshchikov, Student, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russian Federation

Magnetoplasma Technology for Ultradispersed Powders Production ......................................................509Mr. Alexander Pak, Ph.D. Student, Teaching Assistant, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russian FederationCo-authors: Dr. Alexander Sivkov, Professor, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russian FederationMr. Ivan Shanenkov, Master Student, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russian Federation

Innovation Governance: Perspective of Technology and Institution Interaction ..................................513Dr. Runhui Lin, Professor, Business School, Nankai University, China

EDUCATION AND YOUTH ..........................................................................................................................524

Session I: Human Rights and Education ............................................................................................................524

Youth and Education - Breaking Barriers with Technology ...........................................................................525Ms. Patrice Monique Madurai, Student, University of Cape Town, South Africa

A Comparative Study of Australian Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Education ..................................529Ms. Caroline Marguerite Baker, Student, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia

Roles and Responsibilities in Financing Post-Secondary Education:Do Youth Opinions Matter? ......................................................................................................................................535Dr. Andrea D. Rounce, PhD, University of Manitoba, Canada

Breaking down Barriers to Tertiary Educationfor Youth from Lower Socioeconomic Backgrounds .......................................................................................542Dr. Glen W. Bates, Professor, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia

The Role of Youth in a Globalized World .............................................................................................................546Ms. Luisa Fernanda Alvarez Zuluaga, Student, Los Andes University, Colombia

Economic Benefits of Educating Girls in Developing Countries .................................................................551Ms. Natu Rashidi Msuya, Dean of Students, Dar es Salaam University, College of Education, Tanzania

Brain Potentials Reveal Differences between wo (I) and women (we) as Grammatical Subject in Chinese President’s Political Speeches .................................................................................................................563Ms. Meng Zhang, CEO for Alliance for Global Youth Leadership, Beijing Normal University, ChinaCo-authors: Ms. Chunyan Kang, Beijing Normal University, China Ms. Anni Peng, University of Oregon, USA

From the Margins: Building Curriculum for Youth in Transition ...............................................................572Ms. Janice Grant, Student Ambassador, Centennial College, CanadaCo-authors: Mr. Devon Jones, York University, CanadaMs. Rose-Ann Bailey, York University, CanadaMr. Christopher J. Williams, York University, Canada

Session II: Technology in Education .....................................................................................................................578

Exploring the Use of Web Conferencing in Teaching Investment Management and Financeto Actuarial Professionals .........................................................................................................................................579Assoc. Prof. David Pitt, Professor, Macquarie University, AustraliaDr. Timothy Kyng, Department of Applied Finance and Actuarial Studies, Macquarie University, AustraliaDr. Matt Bower, School of Education, Macquarie University, Australia, Ms. Jacqueline Kenney, Macquarie University, Australia,

Learning Technology: Improved Assessment and Feedback through Learning Analytics .................585Mr. Brendan Spackman-Williams, General Secretary, Swinburne Student Union,Swinburne University of Technology, Australia

Gamification in Science .............................................................................................................................................588Ms. Anastasia Petrova, Ph.D., Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russian Federation

Session III: Case Studies ...........................................................................................................................................592

The Necessity of Entrepreneurship Education ...................................................................................................593Ms. Charlotte Chan, Student, University of Alberta, Canada

Critical Reflection on Teaching and Learning in a First Year Family Law Classroom:Lessons to be Learned ................................................................................................................................................601Mrs. Estie Gresse, Lecturer, North-West University, South Africa

Forging Links between the Education Sector, the NGO Sector and the Private Sector in China ......607Ms. Alexandra Grey, Ph.D. Candidate, Macquarie University, Australia

Third Grade Reading Policies in the United States ...........................................................................................617Ms. Hannah Jenuwine, Student, Michigan State University, USA

Sense of Deservingness: What are the Entitlement Beliefs of Studentsin Their Anticipatory Psychological Contract? ..................................................................................................626Mr. Werner Grant Gresse, Student, North-West University, South AfricaCo-authors:Mr. Barend Jacobus Linde, Ph.D., Lecturer North-West University, South AfricaMs. René Schalk, Ph.D., Tilburg University, The Netherlands

Relationship between Parenting Styles and Childhood Trauma:A Study of Children in Limpopo Province ..............................................................................................................641Ms. Mokoena Petronella Maepa, Student, North-West University, South AfricaCo-Author:Idemudia, E.S., North-West University, South Africa

HUMANITIES:HISTORY, PHILOSOPHY, LINGUISTICS, ARTS AND JOURNALISM .............................650

Making History Alive in the Minds of Generation Y ........................................................................................651Mr. Emile Clifford Coetzee, Student, North-West University, South Africa

‘History will be kind to me, for I intend to write it.’The Danger of History as Politics:A Post-modernist Approach to the Australian ‘History Wars” ......................................................................657Ms. Claire Marie Jessica Bennett, Student, Macquarie University, Australia

The Foundations of Human Rights: Human Nature and Jus Gentiumas Articulated by Francisco de Vitoria ..................................................................................................................664Ms. Élaina Gauthier-Mamaril, M.A. candidate, Dominican University College, Canada

Confucius and Mencius : The Definition of Confucianism and It’s Impacton Aisan Culture and Society ...................................................................................................................................672Ms. Eunsol Ellen Ko, Student, Korea University, South Korea

From Development of Thought to Informational Society ..............................................................................676Mr. Georg von Fingerhut, Bachelor, College of International Studies, School of Social and International Studies, University of Tsukuba, Japan

Journalism Training as a Means of Engaging with Mainstream Media:The AuSud Media Project ..........................................................................................................................................684Dr. Karen Farquharson, PhD, Associate Dean (Research & Engagement), Swinburne University of Technology, AustraliaCo-authors: Dr. Timothy Marjoribanks, PhD, Head, Department of Management, La Trobe University, AustraliaDr. Denis Muller, PhD, Senior Fellow, Centre for Advanced in Journalism, the University of Melbourne, AustraliaDr. David Nolan, PhD, Senior Lecturer, School of Culture and Communication, the University of Melbourne, Australia

Living in a Computer Graveyard: an anthropological Analysis of the communityand economy of Agbogboloshie, Accra, Ghana ..................................................................................................689Ms. Kate Beck, Student, University of British Columbia, Canada

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Session II: Environmental Resources and Ecosystem services

By Improvement of the Green Infrastructure towards Sustainable Landscapes and Resilient Environments

Mr. Attila TothMSc in Landscape Architecture, PhD Student

Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, SlovakiaProf. Ing. Ľubica Feriancová, Prof. Dr. in Landscape Architecture

Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovakia

IntroductIon

Most of the European regions can be considered as cultural landscapes as the natural environments have been shaped by man through centuries. Hu-man activities like agriculture, urban development, transportation and industry have all shaped the nat-ural landscape and added a new layer to the original environment. All these interventions have shaped the phenomenon of the cultural landscape - the en-vironment which we perceive all around, except in untouched natural areas.

Cultural landscapes appear in diverse forms, i.e. urban, peri-urban or suburban areas; industrial areas, agricultural or forest landscapes and undergo ongo-ing development and changes. Nowadays, they face challenges of global environmental and climate is-sues. In order to achieve a sustainable development of cultural landscapes and improve their resilience to internal and external factors, strategic landscape planning and design tools are needed to respond to these challenges.

In this paper, we introduce green infrastructure (GI) and urban agriculture (UA) in terms of their relevance for creating sustainable and resilient mul-tifunctional cultural landscapes. Both initiatives have the potential to make the development of European cultural landscapes smarter, more sustainable and resilient. Therefore, they are included in the Europe 2020 Strategy issued by the European Commission. The Europe 2020 along with GI and UA represent the main issues in this paper. All these issues are cru-cial in the contemporary urban ecology and environ-ment.

1. green Infrastructure for sustaInable landscapes

Green infrastructure (GI) is a strategically planned system of natural and semi-natural areas, elements and green spaces in rural and urban areas with environmental components designed and man-aged in order to provide a wide range of ecosystem functions like water management. It includes terres-trial (green spaces) and aquatic ecosystems (blue spaces) and its components provide health-improv-ing elements like fresh and cleaner air or better water resources. In the urban landscape, GI includes also anthropogenic elements like green roofs, ecoducts, cycle trails or restored natural areas. The American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) defines GI as a framework for understanding valuable services provided by nature for human environments. At a national and regional level, interconnected park sys-tem networks and natural corridors sustain ecologi-cal functions, regulate the water system, create envi-ronment for wildlife, create and sustain the balance between built-up areas and natural environments. GI includes all natural elements in settlements which provide ecological and ecosystem services (i.e. parks, green walls, green roofs etc.); they support biodiver-sity and enable the ecosystems to provide functions like interlinking urban, peri-urban and rural areas. The implementation of GI components in the urban environment has also a significant social dimension as it improves the community, initiates volunteering activities of the public and helps to avoid social iso-lation. GI represents a physical, psychological, emo-tional and socio-economic benefit to individuals and the community as a whole (Benedict and McMahon, 2006; European Commission, 2010, 2012, 2013; Naumann and others, 2011; Pauleit, 2012 and oth-ers).

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The proximity of GI to urban areas is associated with a high potential in providing multiple services for the society (Losarcos, Romero, 2012). By effec-tive utilisation of the GI at a settlement level, we are able to reduce energy consumption through passive heating and cooling; filtrate air and water pollut-ants; create clean and temperate air, lower the heat island effect; lower the costs for stormwater infra-structure management; ensure flood protection and food resources; stabilise the soil through prevent-ing or reducing erosion. A document dedicated to multifunctionality of GI states that the role of GI is to improve life in different ways, through its envi-ronmental, social and economic potential based on the multifunctional utilisation of the natural capital (European Commission, 2012).Thanks to all men-tioned attributes, we can state that the GI represents a significant ecological, economic and social benefit to our society and at the same time a tool to reduce the effects of the climate change, creation of healthy environments and improving the life in cities, towns and villages (ASLA, 2013).. GI is a successfully ver-ified tool to ensure ecological economic and social benefits through natural solutions which usually is a high-return investment. Thanks to GI; we under-stand the importance of nature for the human society and for the mobilisation of investments for sustaining and strengthening the natural systems.

GI helps to avoid the dependence on gray infra-structure which is much more expensive to establish and build compared to more permanent natural solu-tions. It is based on the principle that protection and supporting nature and natural processes is accom-panied by several benefits for human society if they are intentionally integrated into spatial planning and development. Compared to the single-purpose gray infrastructure, green infrastructure is not limited to spatial development; it supports natural solutions if they represent the best alternative. Green infrastruc-ture can sometimes offer alternative or comparable solutions to standard forms of gray infrastructure (European Commission, 2013).

GI can be strengthened by strategic and coordinat-ed initiatives which focus on sustaining, restoration, improvement and interconnection of existing and creation of new areas and elements (Naumann and others, 2011). The contemporary research into GI can be divided into two main categories: conceptual

research and practical application (Mell, 2008). Ka-bai (2011) focuses in his work on visual impact of the green infrastructure. He states that the visual func-tion is a significant component of social functions of the GI and must be considered when planning the GI as it can reduce the negative visual impact of rapid urbanisation and contribute thereby to formation of the settlement and landscape image. Melnichuk and Ignatieva (2012) understand GI as a factor of sustain-able urban development and they conducted a wide range of principles for the urban GI.

In order to contribute to creation of a common GI strategy as an efficient tool for protection and cre-ation of sustainable landscapes, it is crucial to con-tinue in the comprehensive research into historic development and current state of the GI. Based on this research, it will be possible to conduct concep-tual tools for implementation of the GI into planning tools and contribute thereby to a sustainable devel-opment of the cultural landscape.

The urban GI includes areas and elements with productive or utilitarian functions. These production areas within and around urban areas in the peri-urban contact zones serve as a proximity food resource im-proving the food resilience of urban environments. Besides the productive functions of these GI com-ponents, their social, environmental and ecological functions are similarly significant. Agriculturally used components of the urban GI located in urban and peri-urban areas are commonly known as urban ag-riculture.

2. urban agrIculture for resIlIent urban food systems

Urban agriculture (UA) plays a key role in two global challenges: urbanisation and food security. It has a potential to contribute significantly to sus-tainable urban development through creation and management of multifunctional urban landscapes (COST-Action UAE, 2012). Lohrberg (2011) de-scribes UA as an initiative for strengthening the re-silience of settlements towards diverse stress factors. Based on this fact, we can define UA as an efficient tool of landscape planning and architecture for cre-ation of sustainable urban green infrastructure. Bry-ant (2012) states that UA has existed as long as there have been urban structures and urban landscapes as such. However, agricultural activities in urban envi-

ronments were not always designated as UA. Also within the urban structures, there were many farmers who focused their production on self food supply or barter. There is a significant share of agricultural land also in urban areas of Slovak settlements, depend-ing on a wide range of morphological, geographical, historic, functional and socio-demographic factors. In Slovak conditions, there are diverse typological categories such as vineyards, orchards; private pro-duction gardens for vegetable or grain production at family houses or blocks of flats; greenhouse produc-tion; allotment gardens and other forms of UA with-in the urban area of the settlement. All these forms are significant components of the Slovak urban green infrastructure and provide a wide range of functions and services which are a contribution to the society and according to Bryant (2012) include preservation of the cultural heritage in the form of historic land-scape and settlements structures; sustaining the ag-ricultural land and water resources; providing spatial resource for leisure and touristic activities; providing educational function and social integration and inclu-sion; enabling food production for involved families and/or urban consumers. The Barcelona Declaration on Urban Agriculture and the Common Agricultural Policy (Lohrberg and others, 2013) defines UA as in-volving all actors, communities, activities, places and economies which focus on ecological production in a spatial context that according to local opinions and professional standards can be considered as ur-ban. In terms of space, UA takes place in urban and peri-urban areas. According to the COST-Action UAE (2012), UA consists of six main components: space, function, market, origin, actors and stake-holders. UA has a new significance in cities all over the world. It is not only about vegetable production in the city, but mainly about discovering and imple-mentation of new ways of achieving multiple targets through food and about the potential of a qualitative conversion of cities to more sustainable and resilient urban environments for inhabitants and urban bio-topes of the green infrastructure (Jäggi, 2011). The popularity of UA increases together with the aware-ness of the public of environmental, economic, cul-tural and social benefits of different forms of UA to the society (Lehrer-Rombouts, 2011). The FAO (2007) defines UA as a dynamic concept including a wide range of diverse systems of livelihood from the basic level of production for self supply and food pro-

cessing in households, up to more commercial forms of agriculture, which are located in diverse areas and in different socio-economic conditions. The main at-tribute of UA is its diversity, as it can be adapted to a wide range of urban situations and to needs of dif-ferent users. According to the FAO, UA must be un-derstood as a permanent and dynamic component of socio-economic and ecological systems of the urban environment, using typical urban resources and com-peting with other land use forms in space and water (except of green roofs), influenced by urban policies and planning and contributing to social and econom-ic urban development. UA represents a permanent or temporary component of settlements and thereby an important attribute of a sustainable urban develop-ment (FAO, 2007).

2.1 contemporary research into urban agriculture at the european level

Currently, there are two main European research projects within the Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) focusing on urban agriculture - the COST-Action Urban Agriculture Europe (UAE) and the COST-Action Urban Allotment Gardens (UAG). While the COST-Action UAE responds to the need for a European approach to the globally emerging research field of UA, the UAG Action fo-cuses on studying the urban allotment gardens and their relevance for sustainable urban development. Both actions conduct research based on reference regions and selected case studies. The UAE Action focuses more on the wider issue of cultivating the land in the urban environment, while the UAG Ac-tion focuses on a particular component of the urban agriculture and green infrastructure and provides a more in-depth research into this component consid-ering diverse issues like urban development, sociolo-gy, ecology and urban design.

The motivation behind both initiatives can be seen in the increasing need for more knowledge of re-silient and sustainable urban green infrastructure and food systems in the context of contemporary urban development facing internal and external challenges.

Resilient food systems represent also an emerging issue and interest of researchers within and outside Europe. At the beginning of this year, an internation-al and interdisciplinary research project has been launched at the University of Canterbury in New

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Zealand, where professionals from different back-grounds look for diverse patterns of UA in the city of Christchurch and work on a resilience model for food system which aims at measuring resilience of contemporary food systems with the ambition to im-prove existing urban food structures.

The UAE Action outcomes will become potential negotiation tools to modify the CAP and convention-al food production and distribution models which do not fully adapt to the changing needs and conditions in the European context and in the long term, they do not seem to be sustainable and resilient.

Considering these contemporary research ini-tiatives, we can conclude that productive elements of the urban green infrastructure stand for a highly relevant research field at both European and global levels.

3. the europe 2020 strategy In the conteXt of envIronmental Issues

The Europe 2020 is a development strategy of the European Union issued by the European Commis-sion in 2010. One of the priorities of the European Union defined in the Europe 2020 strategy is the achievement of a smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. Within the main objectives of the Union, we can find innovation, education, social inclusion and climate/energy. The Europe 2020 strategy defines GI as one of the tools to achieve the main objectives. It is an important step towards protection of the Eu-ropean natural capital and sustainable regional and spatial development. The EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 binds the European Commission to develop a GI strategy. The Europe 2020 deals with global en-vironmental challenges like reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, increasing the share of renewable en-ergy in final energy consumption in order to achieve an increase in the energy efficiency (European Com-mission, 2013).

dIscussIon and conclusIon

The global environmental, ecological and energet-ic issues need to be considered as main topics in con-temporary decision and policy making. Therefore, innovative research initiatives are needed to extend the knowledge of strategic tools with a potential to improve urban planning processes and thus positive-ly influence the global urban development. Human

society needs to respond to current challenges of changing urban environments. Urban ecology and urban food systems need to be improved. Research activities, projects and actions have to look for strate-gies which can answer these challenges. Considering all the benefits provided by the green infrastructure, we can state that it is an efficient landscape and urban planning tool to support sustainable urban develop-ment and creation of healthy environments and land-scapes. The integration of the green infrastructure into the Europe 2020 strategy can thus be considered as a positive step towards ecologically stable envi-ronments. To a similar conclusion arrived Supuka (2011) who states that green spaces in urban struc-tures are very important for environmental and eco-logical sustainability and quality of life in settlements. According to him, the more green spaces there are in a settlement, the higher is the quality and recreation-al potential of the urban environment. Some authors focus on the vegetation component of the urban green infrastructure (Supuka, Feriancova and oth-ers, 2008). Besides urban development, food security and food resilience are also topical and crucial issues that need to be responded by suitable strategic tools. In the context of building resilient food systems, ur-ban agriculture can be understood as a reasonable tool that needs to be researched at the global level. The European research approaches represented mainly by the two ongoing COST Actions - Urban Agriculture Europe (2012-2016) and Urban Allot-ment Gardens (2012-2016) can both be understood as steps towards creating knowledge of productive agricultural lands in urban environments and build-ing resilient urban food systems for future European cities. Besides these Pan-European research projects, there are also research initiatives on UA at nation-al levels (e.g. Supuka, Feriancova and Toth, 2013). We consider the Europe 2020 strategy and the two mentioned COST Actions integrating green infra-structure and urban agriculture as main issues and perspective tools for improvement of the European ecological, environmental and energetic systems and creation of sustainable and resilient multifunctional European cultural landscapes.

references

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• Benedict, M. A., McMahon, E. T. (2006). Green infrastructure – linking landscapes and communities. Washington : Island Press. 299 p. ISBN 1-559-63558-4.0.

• Bryant, R.Ch. (2012). Keynotes: The discovery of Urban Agriculture. In COST Action Urban Agriculture Europe: Documentation of 1st Working Group Meeting. Aachen : COST, ESF, RWTH Aachen University, pp. 5-9.

• COST-Action UAE. (2012). COST Action Urban Agriculture Europe [online]. Available at: http://www.urbanagricultureeurope.la.rwth-aachen.de/ [2013-08-13].

• European Commission. (2013). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Green Infrastructure (GI) — Enhancing Europe’s Natural Capital [online]. Brussels: European Commission, 2013-05-06, [2013-08-16]. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2013:0249:FIN:EN:PDF.

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• European Commission. (2010). Green Infrastructure [online]. Brussels: European Commission, VI 2010 [2013-08-16]. Dostupné na internete: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/info/pubs/docs/greeninfrastructure.pdf. ISBN 978-92-79-15871-1.

• FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). (2007). Profitability and sustainability of urban and peri-urban agriculture: Agricultural management, marketing and finance occasional paper 19. Rome : FAO, 95 p. ISBN 978-92-5-105881-7.

• Jäggi, M. (2011). Urban agriculture as an instrument of sustainable city planning: A case study from Toronto, Canada. In Scales of Nature: 48th IFLA World Congress Proceedings. Zürich : IFLA, BSLA, pp. 69-70.

• Kabai, R. (2011). The role of green

infrastructure in mitigating the visual impact of new development. In Supuka, J., Bihunova, M. (Eds.): Settlement - Park - Landscape V.: Revitalisation of green urban open spaces with consideration to changing environment. Nitra : Slovak University of Agriculture, pp. 281-286. 429 p. ISBN 978-80-552-0540-3.

• Lehrer, M. - Rombouts, Ch. (2011). Sustainable Subsistence - Bringing people and producer together! In Scales of Nature: 48th IFLA World Congress Proceedings. Zürich : IFLA, BSLA, pp. 72-75.

• Lohrberg, F. and others. (2013). Barcelona Declaration on Urban Agriculture and the CAP [online]. Available at: http://www.urbanagricultureeurope. la .rwth-aachen.de/files/130624_barcelona_declaration_on_urban_agriculture.pdf [2013-08-13].

• Lohrberg, F. (2011). Urban agriculture - General aspects and examples from Germany. In Scales of Nature: 48th IFLA World Congress Proceedings. Zürich : IFLA, BSLA, p. 148.

• Losarcos, L., Romero, L. (2012). Green Infrastructure In-depth Case Analysis - Theme 5: Urban Green Infrastructure. In Green Infrastructure Implementation and Efficiency [2013-08-16]. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/docs/implementation.zip

• Mell, C. I. (2008). Green Infrastructure: concepts and planning. In Forum Ejournal, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 69-80. ISSN 1354-5019.

• Melnichuk, I., Ignatieva, M. (2012). St. Petersburg Green Infrastructure as a factor for sustainable development. In Ignatieva, M. et al. (Eds.): Green Infrastructure: from global to local: International conference proceedings. Saint-Petersburg : State Polytechnic University Publishing House, pp. 93-94. 198 p. ISBN 978-5-7422-3540-8.

• Naumann, S. and others. (2011). Design, implementation and cost elements of Green Infrastructure projects: Final report to the European Commission, DG Environment, Contract no. 070307/2010/577182/ETU/F.1, [online]. Ecologic institute and GHK Consulting, 2011-12-16 [2013-08-16]. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enveco/biodiversity/pdf/GI_DICE_FinalReport.pdf.

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Ignatieva, M. et al. (Eds.): Green Infrastructure: from global to local: International conference proceedings. Saint-Petersburg : State Polytechnic University Publishing House, pp. 11-12. 198 p. ISBN 978-5-7422-3540-8.

• Supuka, J. (2011). Development of green spaces at city territory with emphasize to recreational utilization. In Supuka, J., Bihuňová, M. (Eds.): Settlement - Park - Landscape V.: Revitalisation of green urban open spaces with consideration to changing environment. Nitra : Slovak University of Agriculture, pp. 63-70. 429 p. ISBN 978-80-552-0540-3.

• Supuka, L., Feriancova, L., Toth, A. (2013). Mestske polnohospodarstvo - tradicie a nove cesty rozvoja [Urban Agriculture - Traditions and New Ways of Development]. In: Zivotne prostredie: Revue pre teoriu a starostlivost o zivotne prostredie, Bratislava: Institute of Landscape Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences. Vol. 47, 2013, No. 4, pp. 237-241. ISSN 0044-4863.

• Supuka, J., Feriancova, L. and others. (2008). Vegetacne struktury v sidlach: Parky a zahrady [Vegetation Structures in Settlements: Parks and Gardens]. Nitra : SUA Nitra, 2008, 504 p. ISBN 978-80-552-0067-5.

The Urban Ecosystem: Integrating Human and Natural SystemsMs. Katherine Berthon

Student, Macquarie University, Australia

IntroductIon

Humans are still largely dependent on natural resources for economic and social wellbeing. Yet current human activities are degrading these eco-systems at unprecedented rates. Rapid urbanisation represents one of the largest environmental sustain-ability challenges of the 21st century through the consumption of land and resources. This consump-tion negatively impacts on biodiversity and associ-ated ecosystem services. Integration of natural areas into urban landscapes is crucial for provision of eco-system service benefits to urban residents. ‘Green in-frastructure’ in the form of city parks, gardens, green roofs and walls, provides important services such as stabilisation of the urban climate (including reduc-tion of the heat island effect), carbon sequestration, stormwater management, increased food security and enhanced mental health. Most of the urban area that will exist in 2030 is yet to be built, presenting vast opportunities for sustainable city planning. There-fore, understanding and implementation of green infrastructure strategies is essential for long-term en-vironmental sustainability.

1. the problem of urbanIsatIon

More than half the world’s population currently reside in cities and in many countries the proportion of urban residents exceeds 80% (Cities and Biodiver-sity Outlook, 2012). An expanding urban population has led to unprecedented megacities (containing >10 million residents) (Madlener & Sunak, 2011) and encroachment of urban areas upon protected areas (Wade & Theobald, 2010). While expansion of cities themselves is an important environmental issue, the consumption and climatic properties of urban areas generate a number of resource related issues. These are expanded upon below.

1.1 urban expansion

Urban expansion is one of the leading causes of habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation world-

wide and contributes significantly to global loss of biodiversity (Goddard, 2010). For some species, urban development has been the primary cause of their decline (McDonald, Kareiva, & Forman, 2008). Urban areas are expanding faster than the growing urban population, with a projected tripling of urban area between 2000 and 2030 (Cities and Biodiversity Outlook, 2012).

The density and pattern of urban expansion has implications for its environmental impact. Tradition-ally, urban areas have expanded in an unorganised and uneven pattern across the landscape, following site specific topography and water features (Chhetri, Han, Chandra, & Corcoran, 2013). This “sprawling” development is more destructive to the environment than consolidated (high density, compact) develop-ment, due primarily to increased land consumption and high demands on the transportation system lead-ing to a higher carbon footprint (Camagni, Gibelli, & Rigamonti, 2002; Sushinsky, Rhodes, Possingham, Gill, & Fuller, 2013). In Australia, urban consolida-tion policies are being promoted to curb this destruc-tive development (Wallace, 2010). However, urban consolidation limits the extent of green spaces, par-ticularly private gardens, within urban centres and is often perceived by residents as damaging to the social or aesthetic character of their town (Brunner & Coz-ens, 2013).

Greater than 60% of the urban area that will be present in 2030 is yet to be built or is under develop-ment (Cities and Biodiversity Outlook, 2012). There are, therefore, outstanding opportunities for proac-tive urban planning to build more sustainable cities. However, a large majority of this urban expansion will occur in developing countries that are limited in resources to respond with sustainable solutions, and are nested in some of the world’s richest biodiversity hotspots.

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