BIO-RATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF EGGPLANT FRUIT AND SHOOT BORER, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee,...

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Mainali, R. P., R. B Thapa, P. Pokhrel, N. Dangi and S. Aryal. 2013. Bio- rational management of eggplant

fruit and shoot borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee, (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Lalitpur, Nepal,

Journal of Plant Protection Society 4: 235-247.

Research Article

BIO-RATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF EGGPLANT FRUIT AND SHOOT BORER,

Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee, (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)

IN LALITPUR, NEPAL

RP Mainali1, RB Thapa

2, P Pokhrel

2, N Dangi

1, S Aryal

1

1 Entomology Division - Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Khumaltar, Lalitpur

2Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal

Corresponding email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of different management

treatments as, i) Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner) (Btk) @ 2 g/lt; ii) Nimbecidine

(Azadirachtin 0.003 EC) @ 5 ml/lt; iii) Chinaberry fruit extract (CFE) @ 1: 5 ratio; iv)

Anosom (fraction of Annona squamosa Linnaeus) @ 2 ml/lt; v) Abamectin 1.9 EC @ 1.8

ml/lt; vi) Cypermethrin 10 EC @ 2 ml/lt; and vii) Untreated check against L. orbonalis in

randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at Khumaltar, Lalitpur in

2012. It showed that all treatments significantly lowered fruit infestation by both number and

weight basis and higher marketable yield as compared to the untreated check (p<0.01).

However, no treatments were significantly different from untreated check in terms of shoot

damage. Fruit infestation percent on number and weight basis was the lowest in Abamectin

treated plots (17.42 and 16.13) followed by Cypermethrin (29.13 and 27.80), Btk (31.26 and

29.17), Nimbecidine (35.66 and 33.79), Anosom (42.22 and 39.66), CFE (62.94 and 60.02)

and untreated check (75.84 and 73.58), respectively. The highest marketable fruit yield

(28.75 mt/ha) was obtained in Abamectin treated plots followed by Cypermethrin (23.91

mt/ha), Btk (22.10 mt/ha), Nimbecidine (21.19 mt/ha), Anosom (18.59 mt/ha), CFE (12.23

mt/ha) and untreated check (7.67 mt/ha), respectively. The marketable yield increment over

untreated control was the highest in Abamectin (275%) followed by Cypermetrhirn (212%),

Btk(188%), Nimbecidine (176%), Anosom (142%), CFE (59%), respectively. Similarly, the

highest yield loss reduced by the use of Abamectin (74%), Btk (60%), Cypermethrin (58%),

Nimbecidine (50%), Anosom (43%), CFE(16%) respectively. From this study, it was

concluded that Abamectin and Btk is the most viable bio-rational options for L. orbonalis

management.

Key words: IPM, botanicals, microbials

mailto:[email protected]

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INTRODUCTION

Eggplant, Solanum melongena Linnaeus is one of the most important vegetables in

South and South-East Asia grown on over 678 thousand hectares, which is about 37 percent

of the world eggplant area (FAO, 2007). In Nepal, the production of fresh eggplant during

2011/12 was 121806 mt from 9157 ha with productivity 13 mt/ha accounting 3.69 percent of

total vegetable production (MoAD, 2011/12). The higher yield and longer fruiting and

harvesting period lure the farmer on eggplant production (Ghimire et al., 2001). However,

eggplant production is in threat in recent years, due to increased cost of production on

management of insect pest and disease complex. Among which, eggplant fruit and shoot

borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee is the most destructive and rank the first (Neupane,

2000). It is practically monophagous but attacks other plants of solanaceae family and

attained global importance in recent years (Ahmad et al., 2007). The damaging stage, larva is

an internal feeder that bore and damages the tender shoots and fruits adversely affecting plant

growth, yield and fruit quality making it usually unfit for consumption and yield reduction is

20-30 percent (Bhargava et al., 2008) as high as 70 percent (Islam and Karim, 1991;

Dhandapani et al., 2003) and may up to 80 percent by both yield and content of vitamin C

deteriorating consumer appearance (Sharma, 2002).

There is tremendous misuse of insecticides in an attempt to produce damage-free

marketable fruits (Srinivasan, 2009). Research in Nepal showed that the application of

insecticide ranged 10-12 times in winter and 25 to 30 times or even more in summer and

rainy seasons. The dose of insecticide was much higher during fruiting and harvesting

(Ghimire et al., 2001). The use of systemic insecticides at a very high dose and frequency is

ecologically unsafe, detrimental to human health, induce pest resistance and it also increase

the cost of production (Kabir et al., 1996). The absence of economical, eco-friendly and

socially accepted solutions was a key constraint (IPM CRSP, 2001). Bio-rational approaches

of pest management have been gaining popularity now-a-days for safe control of vegetable

pests. However, a very few researchers have tested against L. orbonalis. Therefore, there is

need to prove the efficacy of eco-friendly measures including microbials, botanicals and safe

chemicals against L. orbonalis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The field experimentation was carried out at the Entomology Division of Nepal

Agricultural Research Council premises in Lalitpur district during summer rainy season of

2012. The field trial was carried out planting Mayalu F1 variety of eggplant on April, 24,

2012 in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The compost and

inorganic fertilizer was applied @ 20 mt/ha and 80:40:40 kg NPK/ha, respectively. The

individual plot size was 4.32 m2 with a spacing of 60 cm x 60 cm between rows and plants,

respectively. Each plot consists of twelve plants. There were seven treatments including

untreated check and the details of treatment are presented in Table 1.

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Table 1. Treatment details used in efficacy test at Khumaltar, Lalitpur, 2012

S.N. Treatments Trade Name Manufacturer Name Dose

T1 Bacillus thuringiensis var.

kurstaki (Berliner) (Btk)

SP

Lipel Agri-Life, A.P., India 2 gm/lt

T2 Azadirachtin 0.03% EC Nimbecidine T. Stanes and Company

Limited, Tamil Nadu, India

5 ml/lt

T3 Chinnaberry fruit extract - - 1:5 ratio

T4 Fraction of Annona

squamosa Linnaeus

Anosom Agri-Life, A. P., India 2 ml/lt

T5 Abamectin 1.9% EC Vertimec Syngenta Crop Protection

Pvt. Limited, Lyonpard

Road, Australia

1.8 ml/lt

T6 Cypermethrin 10% EC Ustaad United Phosphorus

Limited, Gujarat, India

2 ml/lt

T7 Untreated Check (UC) - - -

The first spray started from 62 days of transplanting (28 June, 2012) and repeated at

12 days interval. The amount of treatment required per litre of water was calculated by the

formula,

Treatment per litre of water =Concentration required

Percent a. i. x 100

To determine shoot infestation, the counts were taken one day before first spray and 3,

7 and 11 days after each spray. Five sample plants were selected randomly from each

experimental unit. The information on number of shoot per plant and their infestation was

taken from all sample plant. The mean shoot infestation percent per plot was calculated by

the formula,

Shoot infestation percent =Number of infested shoots

Total number of shoots x 100

The whole market sized fruits were taken to determine percent of fruit infestation. The

separation, counting and weighing of infested and non-infested fruits were done during each

picking and fruit infestation percent by both number and weight basis was calculated by the

formula,

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Fruit infestation percent by number =Infested fruits number

Total number of fruits x 100

Fruit infestation percent by weight =Infested fruit weight (kg)

Total fruit weight (kg) x 100

Again, average fruit and shoot infestation percent was worked out.

In total seven pickings were done from 29 June, 2012 to 31 August, 2012. Total yield,

viz. marketable yield (cumulative non-infested yield), infested yield (cumulative infested

yield) and gross yield (addition of cumulative non-infested yield and cumulative infested

yield) was calculated by adding respective yield of each picking. The per plot yield was

converted to mt/ha and the data were subjected to the statistical analysis.

The data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. For this, the data

from all experiments were recorded, tabulated and managed using spreadsheet. For

heterogeneous data, transformation was worked out as suggested by Gomez and Gomez

(1984). Then, the data was analyzed by MSTAT-C, computer software. For significant

differences among the treatments, Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to

differentiate treatments effect at p<0.05.

While comparing the yield from different treatments percent increase in marketable

yield over control was calculated by the formula,

Increase in yield over control % = T − C

C x 100

Where, T = Marketable yield from treatment plot; C = Marketable yield from untreated check

plot

Similarly, the percent reduction of infested fruit over control was also calculated. The

information was tabulated, analyzed and interpreted to explain the findings.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

There was no significant difference of treatment on mean percent shoot infestation.

This was due to less infestation in field. The hairy shoot of hybrid variety might play role to

unattract L. orbonalis. The coarse shoot at fruiting period reduced the wilting of shoots at

later period of growth (Figure 1). This result is in line with Sharma (2002) that in his

experiment the shoot infestation was negligible in eggplant so he could not draw conclusion

on efficacy of certain insecticides and bio-pesticides against L. orbonalis.

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Figure 1. Effect of treatments on shoot infestation during experimental period, Khumatar,

Lalitpur, 2012

The treatment Abamectin was most efficient and consistent in terms of lower fruit

infestation by both number and weight basis. The efficacy of Cypermethrin slowly decreased

on successive sprays from the fourth spray. This may be due to the resistance gained by

insects against Cypermethrin, while efficacy of Btk increased on successive spray (from

fourth spray) due to self-perpetuating nature or favorable climate for Btk aggression in later

period of plant growth (Figure 2, 3)

Figure 2. Effects of treatments on fruit infestation by number basis during experimental

period, Khumatar, Lalitpur, 2012

y = -0.070x + 2923.

R² = 0.796

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10P

erce

nt

sho

ot

infe

stat

ion

Date

Btk

Nimbecidine

CFE

Anosom

Abamectin

Cypermethrin

Untreated check

y = 0.865x - 35518

R² = 0.924

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Per

cent

fruit

infe

stat

ion

(by n

um

ber

)

Date

Btk

Nimbecidine

CFE

Anosom

Abamectin

Cypermethrin

Untreated check

Linear (Untreated check)

240




Figure 3. Effects of treatments on fruit infestation by weight basis during experimental

period, Khumatar, Lalitpur, 2012

Based on the efficacy the treatments could be arranged in the order Abamectin >

Cypermethrin > Btk > Nimbecidine > Anosom > CFE > Untreated check (Table 2, 3). The

treatment Abamectin was superior in terms of lowest fruit infestation by number and weight

basis (17.42% and 16.13%) and highest marketable yield (28.75 mt/ha). This is in line with

Lasota and Dybas (1990), Zhao et al. (1995), Arrora et al. (1996) and Dey and

Somchaoudhary (2001) that the effectiveness of similar compound Avermectin in reducing

the lepidopteran pests. Pareet (2006) reported that Avermectin 1.9 EC @ 1.5 ml and Bacillus

thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner) 5 percent WP @ 2ml/lt significantly incurred minimum

fruit infestation of 15.62 percent and 1.43 percent with marketable fruit yield 136.33q/ha and

132.33 q/ha, respectively, the present finding is in line with their study. He further showed

that leafhopper population was the lowest in Avermectin treated plots. Abamectin also

showed the higher efficacy against different nematodes of plant and animals. Shahid et al.

(2009) reported that Abamectin for the management of root knot disease with reduction in

root galling and egg-masses significantly compared with untreated control. Cabrera et al.

(2009) used Abamectin as a seed treatement and found that it was effective way of reducing

root infestation of the three different nematodes, viz. Heterodera schachtii Schmidt,

Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood. Pratylenchus zeae Graham on maize,

cotton and sugar beets, respectively at low concentrations and without negative affect on

plant growth. Faske (2006) reported suppression of M. incognita by Abamectin. In addition,

Rolfe (1997) showed that Abamectin also killed gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle. Lasota

and Dybas (1990) reported that the new safer pesticide with novel modes of action and high

selectivity, were highly effective against Lepidopteran pests.

y = 0.863x - 35424

R² = 0.911

0

20

40

60

80

100

120P

erce

nt

fruit

infe

stat

ion (

by

wei

ght)

Date

Btk

Nimbecidine

CFE

Anosom

Abamectin

Cypermethrin

Untreated check

Linear (Untreated check)

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Table 2. Mean percent fruit and shoot infestation by Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee under

Lalitpur condition, 2012

Treatments

Mean percent infestation±SE

Fruit

Shoot

By number By weight

Btk @ 2gm/lt of

water

31.26 de

±0.44 (33.94) 29.17 e ±0.45

(32.63)

4.08±0.045 (2.13)

Nimbecidine @

5ml/lt of water

35.66 d

±0.48 (36.63) 33.79 d

±0.46

(35.50)

4.29±0.042 (2.18)

CFE @ 1: 5 ratio

with water

62.94 b

±0.81 (52.51) 60.02 b ±0.80

(50.78)

5.22±0.037 (2.39)

Anosom @ 2ml/lt of

water

42.22 c ±0.59 (40.52) 39.66

c ±0.54

(39.03)

4.56±0.039 (2.24)

Abamectin @ 1.8

ml/lt of water

17.42 f ±0.34 (24.63) 16.13

f ±0.28

(23.66)

3.21±0.035 (1.91)

Cypermethrin @ 2

ml/lt of water

29.13 e ±0.80 (32.61) 27.80

e ±0.77

(31.76)

4.27±0.035 (2.17)

Untreated check 75.84 a ±1.01 (60.57) 73.58

a ±1.00

(59.07)

6.30±0.041 (2.60)

CV (%) 3.93 3.83 11.49

LSD at 5% 2.808 2.649 0.457

Probability <0.01 <0.01 0.126

Figures in the parentheses indicate arcsine-transformed values (ASIN (SQRT (X/100)) x

57.296) for fruit infestation and square root transformed values (SQRT (X+0.5)) for shoot

infestation; Means followed by same alphabet do not differ significantly by DMRT at p<0.05;

SE = Standard Error; Btk = Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner); CFE = Chinaberry

fruit extract

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Table 3. Effect of treatments on yield of eggplant fruit under Lalitpur condition, 2012

Treatments

Marketable

fruit yield

(mt/ha)

Increase in

yield over

untreated

check (%)

Infested

fruit yield

(mt/ha)

Decrease in

yield over

untreated

check (%)

Gross

yield

Btk @ 2gm/lt of

water

22.10 b 188.02 8.443

d 59.60 30.55

bc

Nimbecidine @

5ml/lt of water

21.19 bc

176.16 10.41 cd

50.19 31.59 abc

CFE @ 1: 5 ratio

with water

12.23 d 59.39 17.42

b 16.65 29.66

bc

Anosom @ 2ml/lt of

water

18.59 c 142.28 11.84

c 43.35 30.43

bc

Abamectin @ 1.8

ml/lt of water

28.75 a 274.69 5.517

e 73.60 34.27

a

Cypermethrin @ 2

ml/lt of water

23.91 b 211.61 8.770

d 58.04 32.68

ab

Untreated check 7.673 e - 20.90

a - 28.58

c

CV (%) 8.81 - 9.56 - 5.07

LSD at 5% 3.012 - 2.023 - 2.81

Probability <0.01 - <0.01 - 0.014

Means followed by same alphabet do not differ significantly by DMRT at p<0.05; Btk =

Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner); CFE = Chinaberry fruit extract

In terms of lowering fruit infestation (29.13%, 27.80%) and for higher yield (23.91

mt/ha), the next best treatment is Cypermethrin, which is superior to other used microbials

and botanicals. This result is supported by Kalawate and Dethe (2012). He recorded higher

yield in Cypermethrin treated plot (16.30 and 21.01 mt/ha) than conventional self formulated

Neem Seed Extract (5%). Similarly, Temurde et al. (1992) reported that Fenvalerate (0.01%),

Cypermethrin (0.01%), Endosulfan (0.05%) gave better control on L. orbonalis and recorded

higher yields than Neemark a neem formulation, the finding of present study is in their line.

Further it was supported by Deshmukh and Bhamare (2006) reported that, among

243




conventional insecticides, Cypermethrin 25 EC @ 0.006 percent proved superior in terms of

efficacy and yield.

The next best treatment Btk have lower fruit infestation (31.28% and 29.17%) with

higher marketable yield of 22.10 mt/ha was at par with Cypermethrin, which is in line with

the reports of Singh (2010) that Bt formulation Halt produced maximum fruit yield 207.52

q/ha which was significantly higher than untreated control, however it was lower and at par

with chemicals. Tandon and Nillana (1987), Yin (1993) and Patnaik and Singh (1997)

reported that spraying of Bt emulsion against L. orbonalis gave good control by reducing the

fruit infestation. Moreover, Ravi et al. (2008) illustrated that the different sequential

application of microbial Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner) (Delfin 25 WG @

1kg/ha) and Neemazol were equally effective as that of sequential application of synthetic

chemical insecticide, viz. Endosulfan 35 EC (@ 350 g a.i./ha), Quinolphos 25 EC (@ 250 g

a.i./ha) and Indoxacarb 14.5 SC (@ 75 g a.i./ha) in reducing Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)

larval population and fruit damage, which is somewhat similar result supporting the present

finding.

Nimbecidine proved next best treatment significantly lower than Abamectin,

Cypermethrin and Btk but efficient than Anosom and CFE. Latif et al. (2010) mentioned that

the efficacy of Azadirachtin 0.03 EC against L. orbonalis was inferior to Abamectin 1.8 EC

and Cypermethrin 10 EC. Singh (1998) reported that emulsifiable concentrate of Neem

formulations; Nimbecidine (1000ml/ha) was effective in controlling infestation of Chilo

partellus (Swinhoe) and shootfly, Atherigona soccata (Rondani) on forage sorghum but they

were found to be inferior to Endosulfan (1250 ml/ha) and B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki

(1000g/ha). Moreover, Shobharani and Nandihalli (2011) reported that Nimbecidine (5

ml/litre) and NSKE @ 5 percent proved significantly superior in reducing the shoot

infestation and higher tuber yields (35.82 q/ha and 33.38 q/ha, respectively) in potato after

each spray followed by Pongamia oil @ 2 percent (30.91 q/ha) and single application of

Neem cake @ 240 kg/ha.

The fragmented Annona squamosa Linnaeus significantly lowered the fruit shoot

infestation and increased marketable yield though not as effective than other bio-rational

treatment, viz. Abamectin, Cypermethrin and Btk. But somewhat contrasting result was

obtained by Ghatak et al. (2009) that reduction of fruit damage in seed extracts of Annona

squamosa Linnaeus was better than seed extract of Strychnos nuxvomica Linnaeus (65.99 to

66.99%), Verticillium leucanii (Zimmerman) (58.67 to 66.79%) and Emamectin Benzoate

(69.93% to 73.04%) with keeping quality of fruit better as compared to Emamectin Benzoate.

The lower efficacy of A. squamosa may be due to the use of either commercial fragmented

product (not seed extract) or at lower dose. But Owosu (2012) showed that the different

concentration of ethanolic leaf extracts of Annona muricata Linnaeus - 0.25 percent, 0.50

percent and 1.0 percent could not completely prevent damage to shoots, flower and fruits of

the eggplant, fairly effective against L. orbonalis, however it significantly reduced the

damage even through not as effective as Dimethoate, which somewhat supports the present

finding.

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However, it is significant with untreated check; Chinaberry (Melia azadirach

Linnaeus) fruit extract, CFE was the least efficient among the treatments. The least efficient

nature of CFE was illustrated by Hammad and McAuslane (2010) that the survival of larvae

of on plants treated with extracts of mature and immature M. azadirach fruit was not

significantly different from that of the control. In addition, the comparative inefficacy might

be due to the availability and use of unripe fruit of chinaberry.

CONCLUSIONS

Field experiment revealed that all treatments significantly lowered fruit infestation

and resulted higher marketable yield as compared to untreated check. The Abamectin

incurred lowest fruit infestation, highest marketable yield. Therefore, it can be recommended

as most viable option to chemical pesticides for management of L. orbonalis. The treatment

Btk being microbial and safe to natural enemies can also be a viable option in IPM.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author is highly grateful to Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Entomology Division

for providing me logistic and technical environment to conduct this research.

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