253

Appendix: List of British Officials

253

Addis, John (b. 1914); joined FO, 1938; served on staff, allied forces, HQ, 1942 and in Algiers and Italy, 1942–44; seconded to Treasury and appointed as one of prime minister’s private secretaries, 1945–47; appointed to embassy, Nanking, 1947; served in FO, 1951–54; counsel-lor and consul-general, Peking, 1954–57; transferred to FO, 1957–58; ambassador to Laos, 1959 and consul-general, Vientiane, 1960; attended Centre of International Studies, Harvard University, 1962–63; ambassa-dor to the Philippines, 1963–70 and to China, 1972–74; died 1983.

Brain, Norman (b. 1907); served in Japan Consular Service, 1930–41; employed in FO, 1942; deputy to Dening in SEAC, 1944 and succeeded Dening as political adviser to Mountbatten, 1946; political adviser to Saigon Control Commission, September–October 1945; joined staff, special commissioner, Southeast Asia, Singapore, 1946; transferred to FO, 1948; head, Services Liaison department, 1949; minister, Tokyo, 1953; ambassador to Cambodia, 1956; under-secretary in FO, 1958; ambassador to Uruguay, 1961; died 2002.

Cable, James (b. 1920); served in army, 1941–46; joined FO, 1947; vice-consul, Batavia, 1949 and acted as charge d’affaires, 1951 and 1952; transferred to Helsinki, 1952 and to FO, 1953; served in Budapest, 1956–59 and Quito, 1959; transferred to FO, 1961; head of Southeast Asia department, 1963–66; counsellor, Beirut, 1966–69; head of plan-ning staff, 1971–75; ambassador to Finland, 1975–80; died 2001.

De La Mare, Arthur (b. 1914); served in Japan and Korea during 1930s; first secretary, FO, 1945; consul, San Francisco, 1947; trans-ferred to Tokyo, 1950 and to FO, 1953; head of Security department, 1954; counsellor, Washington, 1956; transferred to FO as head of Far Eastern department, 1960; ambassador to Afghanistan, 1963; assistant under-secretary, FO, 1965–67; high commissioner, Singapore, 1968–70; ambassador to Thailand, 1970–73; died 1994.

Dening, Esler (b. 1897); served in Japan Consular Service; given rank of first secretary in Diplomatic Service, 1941; appointed political adviser to Mountbatten, SEAC, 1943; transferred to FO and promoted assistant

254 Appendix

under-secretary of state, 1946; granted rank of ambassador, 1950 and appointed political representative to Japan with rank of ambassador, 1951, and then ambassador to Japan, 1952–57; died 1977.

Dorman-Smith, Reginald (b. 1899); MP (Conservative), 1935–41; pres-ident, National Farmers Union, 1936–37; minister of agriculture and fisheries, 1939–40; governor of Burma, 1941–46; died 1977.

Gent, Edward (b. 1895); served in CO; assistant secretary, 1939 and under-secretary of state, 1942; governor, Malayan Union, 1946; high commissioner, Federation of Malaya, 1948; killed in air crash, July 1948.

Gilchrist, Andrew (b. 1910); served in Siam Consular Service in the 1930s; served in Force 136 during Pacific War; first secretary and con-sul, Bangkok, 1946; transferred to FO, 1946; consul-general, Stuttgart, 1951; counsellor, Singapore, 1954; envoy and consul-general, Reykjavik, 1956 and ambassador, 1957; consul-general, Chicago, 1960; ambassador to Indonesia, 1963–66; chairman, Highlands and Islands Development Board, 1970–76; died 1993.

Gore-Booth, Paul (b. 1909); director, British Information Services, USA, 1949; ambassador to Burma, 1953; deputy under-secretary of state, 1956; high commissioner to India, 1961–65 on secondment to CRO; permanent under-secretary, 1965–68 and head of Diplomatic Service, 1968–69; died 1984.

Gurney, Henry (b. 1898); served in Kenya, Jamaica and Gold Coast; chief secretary, Palestine, 1946; high commissioner in Malaya, 1948–51; assassinated, October 1951.

Hohler, Harry (b. 1911); appointed to FO, 1934; after 1945 served in Helsinki and Moscow; transferred to FO, 1951 as head of Northern department; minister, Rome, 1956; ambassador to Republic of Vietnam, 1960; minister, Paris, September 1963; assistant under-secretary, 1966–67; died 2001.

Killearn, First Baron (Miles Lampson) (b. 1880); joined FO, 1903; act-ing high commissioner, Siberia, 1920; minister to China, 1926–33; high commissioner, then ambassador, Egypt, 1934–46; special commissioner, Southeast Asia, 1946–48; died 1964.

Kirkpatrick, Ivone (b. 1897); appointed assistant under-secretary of state, 1945 and deputy under-secretary of state, 1948; transferred to Control Commission for Germany, 1950; permanent under-secretary, 1953–57; died 1964.

Appendix 255

MacDermot, Dermot (b. 1906); joined consular service, 1929; served in Japan during 1930s; counsellor, FO, 1947; minister to Rumania, 1954–56 and to Indonesia, 1956–59; assistant under-secretary, FO, 1959–61; died 1989.

MacDonald, Malcolm (b. 1901); son of Ramsay MacDonald; MP (Labour, then National Labour), 1929–35, 1936–45; dominions secre-tary, 1935–38, 1938–39; colonial secretary, 1935, 1938–40; minister of health, 1940–41; high commissioner to Canada, 1941–46; governor-general, Malaya, Singapore, British Borneo, 1946–48; commissioner-general, Southeast Asia, 1948–55; high commissioner to India, 1955–60; co-chairman, international conference on Laos, 1961–62; governor, Kenya, 1963–64; then held various posts in Africa; chancellor, Durham University, 1970–81; died 1981.

Macgillivray, Donald (b. 1906); served in Tanganyika, Palestine, Jamaica; deputy high commissioner, Malaya, 1952; high commissioner, Malaya, 1954–57; died 1966.

Peck, Edward (b. 1915); joined consular service, 1938, served in Barcelona, Sofia, Ankara; counsellor, FO, 1952–55; on staff of com-missioner general, Southeast Asia, 1959–60; assistant under-secretary, 1961–66; high commissioner, Kenya, 1966–68; deputy under-secretary, FCO, 1968–70; permanent representative, North Atlantic Council, 1970–75.

Rance, Hubert (b. 1898); served in army, 1916–46; director of civil affairs, Burma (major-general), 1945–46; held post in Britain, 1946, then governor of Burma, 1946–48; governor, Trinidad and Tobago, 1950–55; died 1974.

Seconde, Reginald (b. 1922); appointed to FO, 1949; second secre-tary, 1950; member, UK delegation to UN, New York, 1951; trans-ferred to Lisbon, 1955 and to Phnom Penh, 1957; transferred to FO, 1959; to Warsaw, 1962, Rio de Janeiro, 1962–69; head, South European department, 1969–70; ambassador to Chile, 1973–76, and to Rumania, 1977–79.

Selkirk, Tenth Earl (b. 1906); paymaster-general, 1953–55; chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, 1955–57; first lord of the Admiralty, 1957–59; high commissioner, Singapore and commissioner-general, Southeast Asia, 1959–63; died 1994.

Tahourdin, John (b. 1913); served in Nanking, 1938–40; vice-consul, Baltimore, 1941; employed in FO, 1942; appointed to Athens, 1946; served

256 Appendix

in FO, 1952; transferred to The Hague, 1955 and to FO, 1957; head of UN department, 1959; died 2007.

Templer, Gerald (b. 1898); director military intelligence, WO, 1946–48; vice-chief, imperial general staff, 1948–50; GOC-in-C, Eastern Command, 1950; ADC to King George VI, 1951; high commissioner and commander-in-chief, Malaya, 1952–54; chief of imperial general staff, 1955–58; lieutenant-general and afterwards field marshal; died 1979.

Thompson, Geoffrey (b. 1898); joined FO, 1920; appointed to Valencia and then Hendaye, 1937; transferred to FO, 1938; served in Baghdad, 1942–46; minister, then ambassador to Thailand, 1946–50; ambassador to Brazil, 1952–57; died 1967.

Warner, Frederick (b. 1918); served in army, 1939–45; appointed to FO, 1946; first secretary, 1950; transferred to Moscow, 1950, Oslo, 1951, Rangoon, 1956 and Athens, 1958; promoted counsellor and head of Southeast Asia department, 1960–64; ambassador to Laos, 1965–67; under-secretary, FCO, 1969; ambassador to UN, 1969–72 and to Japan, 1972–75; died 1995.

Whitteridge, Gordon (b. 1908); joined consular service, 1932 and served in Thailand and Indonesia; employed in FO, 1942; first secre-tary, Moscow, 1948–49; counsellor, Bangkok, 1951–56; consul general, Seattle, 1956–60 and Istanbul, 1960–62; ambassador to Burma, 1962–65 and to Afghanistan, 1965–68; died 1995.

Whittington, Richard (b. 1905); served in consular service, Batavia, and in Thailand during the 1930s; consul, Algiers, 1942–44 and Atlanta, 1945; acting consul-general, Bangkok, 1946, and consul-general, 1947; transferred to FO, 1952; ambassador to Thailand, 1957–61; died 1977.

Notes

Introduction

1. See N. Tarling (ed.), The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia vol.2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992) for a comprehensive survey of the development of the region in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

2. See B. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1991).

3. E.W. Said, Orientalism, reprinted with a new preface (London: Penguin Books, 2003). For interesting, succinct reflections in the light of al-Qaeda’s attack on the West, see I. Buruma and A. Margalit, Occidentalism: A Short History of Anti-Westernism (London: Atlantic Books, 2004).

4. B. Anderson, The Spectre of Comparisons: Nationalism, Southeast Asia and the World (London: Verso, 1998), p. 144.

5. R. Service, Comrades: A World History of Communism (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2007), p. 280.

6. Jung Chang and J. Halliday, Mao: The Unknown Story, paperback edition (London: Vintage Books, 2007).

7. P. Lowe, Containing the Cold War in East Asia: British Policies towards Japan, China and Korea, 1948–53 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997), pp. 99–122. Note the intransigence of Senator William F. Knowland (Republican, California): in a campaign speech, delivered in Fresno, California, on 30 October 1956, Knowland stated ‘As long as I have a voice and a vote in the Senate of the United States, I shall oppose the admis-sion of Communist China into the United Nations’, Knowland papers, box 1, folder, press releases, extracts from speeches, September–October 1956 Stanford, California: Hoover Institution.

8. Anderson, Spectre of Comparisons, p. 207. 9. Said, Orientalism, pp. 107–8.10. See J.M. Brown, Nehru: A Political Life (London: Yale University Press,

2003).

1 The Return of Colonialism, 1945–48

1. See C. Thorne, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Great Britain and the War against Japan, 1941–1945 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1978), C. Bayley and T. Harper, Forgotten Armies: Britain’s Asian Empire and the War with Japan, paperback edition (London: Penguin, 2005), R.J. Aldrich, Intelligence and the War against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000) and N. Tarling, Britain, Southeast Asia and the Onset of the Cold War, 1945–1950 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).

257

258 Notes

2. See J.C. Lebra, Japan’s Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in World War II (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1975) and Japanese-Trained Armies in South-East Asia (Hong Kong: Heinemann, 1977).

3. P. Ziegler, Mountbatten: The Official Biography, paperback edition (London: Phoenix Press, 2001).

4. See D. Oakman, Facing Asia: a History of the Colombo Plan (Canberra: Pandanus Books, 2004) and, for developments in the later 1940s, see T. Remme, Britain and Regional Cooperation in South-East Asia, 1945–49 (London: Routledge, 1995).

5. P. Lowe, Britain in the Far East: A Survey, 1819 to the Present (London: Longman, 1981), pp. 41–8.

6. A. Short, The Communist Insurrection in Malaya, 1948–60 (London: Frederick Muller, 1975), pp. 38–43. See also Chin Peng, My Side of History (Singapore: Media Masters, 2003) pp. 79–84, 146–7, 167–90, as told to I. Ward and N. Miraflor.

7. See P. Krotoschka, The Japanese Occupation of Malaya, 1941–45 (London: C. Hurst, 1998) and T. Harper, The End of Empire and the Making of Malaya (Cambridge: CUP, 1999).

8. See J.C. Lebra, Jungle Alliance: Japan and the Indian National Army (Singapore: Asia Pacific Press, 1971) and M. Hauner, India in Axis Strategy; Germany, Japan and Indian Nationalists in the Second World War (Stuttgart: Klen-Cotta, 1981).

9. Ziegler, Mountbatten, pp. 297–301.10. A.J. Stockwell (ed.), British Documents on the End of Empire, series B, vol. 3,

Malaya, part 1, The Malayan Union Experiment, 1942–1948, no. 15, p. 51, memorandum by E. Gent, 18 May 1943.

11. Harper, End of Empire, pp. 62–83.12. Stockwell, Malaya, part 1, no. 50, p. 122, cabinet conclusions, 3 September

1945.13. Stockwell, Malaya, part 1, no. 73, pp. 199–201, minute by H.T. Bourdillon,

23 February 1946.14. Stockwell, Malaya, part 1, no. 59, p. 172, letter, H. MacMichael to G. Gater,

22 October 1945.15. Stockwell, Malaya, part 1, no. 73, p. 200, minute by Bourdillon, 23 February

1946.16. Stockwell, Malaya, part 1, no. 88, p. 229, Gent to H.G. Hall, 11 May 1946.17. Stockwell, Malaya, part 1, no. 114, p. 294, Onn to Gent, 17 February 1947.18. Ibid.19. Stockwell, Malaya, part 1, no. 131, p. 367, M. MacDonald to A. Creech Jones,

8 November 1947.20. Ibid.21. Stockwell, Malaya, part 1, no. 136, p. 373, Gent to Bourdillon, 22 January

1948.22. Harper, End of Empire, pp. 55–148.23. Harper, End of Empire, pp. 115, 118, 125–7.24. Malaya, part 1, no. 137, p. 374, minute by Bourdillon, 23 January 1948.25. Malaya, part 1, no. 137, p. 375.26. Ibid.27. See L. Allen, Burma: The Longest War (London: Dent, 1984).

Notes 259

28. Thorne, Allies of a Kind, pp. 606–12.29. See Ba Maw, Breakthrough in Burma (New Haven: Yale University Press,

1968).30. W. Slim, Defeat Into Victory (London: Cassell, 1956), p. 520.31. H. Tinker (ed.), Burma: The Struggle for Independence, 1944–1948, vol. 1, no.

163, pp. 272–3, R. Dorman-Smith to L.S. Amery, 22 May 1945.32. Tinker, Burma, 1, no. 124, pp. 274–5, O. Walston to F. Browning, 19 April

1945.33. Tinker, Burma, 1, no. 139, pp. 243–4, Mountbatten to H. Rance, 11 May

1945.34. Tinker, Burma, 1, no. 204, p. 337, Mountbatten to Rance, 18 June 1945.35. Tinker, Burma, 1, no. 233, p. 419, Dorman-Smith to Mountbatten, 27 August

1945.36. Tinker, Burma, 1, no. 265, p. 460, Mountbatten to Aung San, 7 September

1945.37. Tinker, Burma, 1, no. 283, pp. 488–9, Aung San to Mountbatten, 25 September

1945.38. Tinker, Burma, 1, no. 307, p. 524, Dorman-Smith to Pethick-Lawrence,

27 October 1945.39. For discussion of the relationships between the Burmans and the minorities,

see J.F. Cady, A History of Modern Burma (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1958); H. Tinker, The Union of Burma: A Study of the First Years of Independence fourth edition (London: Oxford University Press, 1967) and R.H. Taylor, The State in Burma (London: C. Hurst, 1987).

40. See Ch. 4 for discussion of Frank Owen’s activities.41. Minute, A. Montague-Brown, 22 June 1955, DB1632/52, FO 371/117072.42. On Aung San Suu Kyi, see J. Wintle, Perfect Hostage: A Life of Aung San Suu Kyi

(London: Hutchinson, 2007).43. Tinker, Burma, 1, no. 347, pp. 573–4, Sir San C. Po to Dorman-Smith,

received 19 December 1945.44. Tinker, Burma, 1, no. 370, p. 609, presidential address by Aung San,

20 January 1946.45. Tinker, Burma, 1, no. 381, pp. 629–31, Pethick-Lawrence to Dorman-Smith,

22 January 1946.46. Tinker, Burma, 1, no. 431, p. 698, Mountbatten to Dorman-Smith, 26 March

1946.47. Tinker, Burma, 1, no. 442, pp.714–15, Dorman-Smith to Pethick-Lawrence,

30 March 1946.48. Tinker, Burma, 1, no. 489, p. 773, C.R. Attlee to Pethick-Lawrence, 7 May

1946.49. Tinker, Burma, 1, no. 507, pp. 793–4, Dorman-Smith to Attlee, 17 May

1946.50. Tinker, Burma, 1, no. 536, p. 820, Attlee to Dorman-Smith, 29 May 1946.51. Tinker, Burma, 1, no. 612, p. 898, Pethick-Lawrence to H. Knight, 11 July

1946.52. Tinker, Burma, 1, no. 644, p. 934, Mountbatten to Rance, 5 August 1946.53. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 21, p. 30, Rance to Pethick-Lawrence, 16 September

1946.54. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 25, p. 33, Aung San to Rance, 17 September 1946.

260 Notes

55. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 31, pp. 47–8, Rance to Pethick-Lawrence, 19 September 1946.

56. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 121, p. 170, Kachin Leaders’ Resolution, 3 December 1946.

57. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 127, p. 176, Rance to Pethick-Lawrence, 7 December 1946.

58. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 142, pp. 199–200, memorandum by Pethick-Lawrence, 18 December 1946.

59. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 145, cabinet conclusions, 19 December 1946.60. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 147, pp. 209–10, statement by Attlee, 20 December

1946.61. Ibid.62. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 403, p. 591, Rance to Listowel, 18 June 1947.63. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 405, pp. 595–6.64. Ibid.65. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 280, p. 406, text of the Panglong agreement,

12 February 1947.66. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 299, pp. 433–4, Rance to Pethick-Lawrence, 22 February

1947.67. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 338, p. 493, Rance to Listowel, 26 April 1947.68. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 445, pp. 665–6, Rance to Listowel, 16 July 1947.69. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 451, p. 672, Rance to Listowel, 19 July 1947 and no.

452, p. 673, R.W.D. Fowler to G. Laithwaite, 19 July 1947.70. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 453, p. 674, Rance to Listowel, 19 July 1947.71. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 455, p. 674, Rance to Listowel, 19 July 1947.72. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 460, pp. 679–81, Rance to Listowel, 23 July 1947.73. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 461, p. 681, note 2, Listowel to Attlee, 23 July 1947.74. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 467, p. 690, speech by Thakin Nu, 27 July 1947.75. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 469, pp. 695–8, Rance to Listowel, 28 July 1947.76. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 476, Listowel to Attlee, 29 July 1947.77. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 488, p. 715, Dorman-Smith to Listowel, 10 August 1947.78. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 503, pp. 734–6, Britain-Burma Defence Agreement,

29 August 1947.79. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 515, pp. 748–50, speech by Listowel to Karen Leaders,

8 September 1947.80. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 542, pp. 794–8, Treaty between the Government of

United Kingdom and the provisional Government of Burma, 17 October 1947.

81. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 556, p. 812, Listowel to Rance, 15 November 1947.82. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 580, report from Reuters, 30 December 1947.83. Tinker, Burma, 2, no. 581, p. 837, entry by Rance in the Visitors’ Book of the

Shwedagon, 2 January 1948.84. Tinker, Burma, no. 582, message from Thakin Nu, 4 January 1948.85. See R. Kedward, La Vie en bleu: France and the French since 1900 (London:

Allen Lane, 2005), pp. 245–309.86. P. Lowe, Great Britain and the Origins of the Pacific War: A Study of British Policy

in East Asia, 1937–1941 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), pp. 168–70.87. See W.J. Duiker, Ho Chi Minh: A Biography, paperback edition (New York:

Hyperion, 2000).

Notes 261

88. S. Quinn-Judge, Ho Chi Minh: The Missing Years, 1919–1941 (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2003), p. 53.

89. Ibid., pp. 192–5. 90. See D. Lancaster, The Emancipation of French Indo-China (London: Oxford

University Press, 1961) and E. Hammer, The Struggle for Indo-China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1954).

91. See D. Marr, Vietnam, 1945: The Quest for Power, paperback edition (London: University of California Press, 1997).

92. See Thorne, Allies of a Kind, pp. 628–32 and Aldrich, Intelligence, pp. 124–5, 208, 340–4.

93. See A.L. Hamby, Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995) and H.S. Truman, Memoirs vol. 1, Year of Decisions, paperback edition (New York: Signet Books, 1965).

94. Minute, W. Churchill to H. Ismay, 12 March 1945, F1648, FO 371/46305. 95. Minute, L.H. Foulds, 5 March 1945, F1269, FO 371/46304. 96. Telegram, Paris to FO, 19 February 1945, F1093, ibid. 97. SACSEA to FO, 11 April 1945, F2234, FO 371/46306 and A.C. Wedemeyer

to Mountbatten, 25 May 1945, F3310, FO 371/46307. See also Aldrich, Intelligence, pp. 209–13.

98. Duiker, Ho Chi Minh, pp. 307–45. 99. SACSEA to FO, from Dening, 10 September 1945, F6636, FO 371/43608.100. Minute, Bevin, no date, F6636, FO 371/43608.101. SACSEA to FO, from Dening, 19 September 1945, F7159, FO 371/46308.102. Letter, H.N. Brain to FO, 27 September 1945, F8420, FO 371/46309.103. SACSEA to FO, from Brain, 26 October 1945, F8953, FO 371/46309.104. JPS report, 13 December 1945, F11994, FO 371/46310.105. Despatch, E. Meiklereid to Bevin, 22 November 1946, F17458, FO

371/53969.106. Duiker, Ho Chi Minh, pp. 373–83.107. Meiklereid to Bevin, 22 November 1946, F17458, FO 371/53969.108. Thorne, Allies of a Kind, pp.680–3.109. Ibid., p. 219.110. Letter, V. Perowne, British minister to the Vatican, to Dening, 11 February

1949, F2338, FO 371/76109. Perowne explained that the two papal under-secretaries, Cardinals Tardini and Montini (the future Pope Paul VI) were important in advising Pope Pius XII. They regarded Indonesian national-ists as ‘Communist or crypto-Communist’.

111. See J.D. Legge, Sukarno: a Political Biography, third edition (Singapore: Archipelago Press, 2003).

112. Minute, I. Wilson-Young, 1 October 1945, F7649, FO 371/46392.113. Despatch, Bevin to P. Grey (The Hague), 4 October 1945, F8167, FO

371/469393.114. Ibid.115. FO to The Hague, 16 October 1945, F8219, FO 371/469393.116. Batavia to FO, 24 October 1945, F8889, FO 371/46396.117. Ibid.118. Ibid.119. Cabinet Defence Committee, 5 November 1945, DO(45)12, F9630, FO

371/46398.

262 Notes

120. Batavia to FO, Dening to Mountbatten, 12 November 1945, F9981, FO 371/46400.

121. Ibid.122. Ibid.123. Ibid.124. See correspondence, November 1945, F10394, FO 371/46401.125. SACSEA to FO, from Dening, 4 January 1946, F281, FO 371/53769.126. Minute, Bevin, no date, F281, FO 371/53769.127. FO to The Hague, 5 January 1946, F281, FO 371/53769.128. Questions asked by Phil Piratin (Communist) and L.D. Gammans

(Conservative), 28–29 January 1946, F1693 and F7800, FO 371/53776.129. Brief for British ministers, Joint Anglo-Dutch meeting, 11 April 1946,

F5769, FO 371/53788.130. Batavia to FO, from Clark Kerr, 25 February 1946, 25 June 1946, F2980, FO

371/53781.131. Batavia to FO, 25 June 1946, F9482, FO 371/53799. General Spoor told

General Mansergh, informally but seriously, that ‘in the near future he would undertake operations himself whatever the British thought about it’.

132. Minute, Bevin to Attlee, 29 June 1946, F9482, FO 371/53799.133. Singapore to FO, from Killearn, 10 January 1947, F411, FO 371/63580.134. The Hague to FO, 17 January 1947, F658, FO 371/63580.135. Batavia to FO, from Mackereth, 24 January 1947, F1034, FO 371/63581.136. Batavia to FO, 17 March 1947, F3656, and The Hague to FO, 18 March 1947,

F5723, FO 371/63586.137. Batavia to FO, 17 March 1947, F3723, FO 371/63586.138. FO to The Hague, 20 March 1947, F3723, FO 371/63586.139. Minute, Group Captain D.C. Stapleton to Attlee, 21 March 1947, F3798, FO

371 63572.140. FO to The Hague, 3 April 1947, F3815, FO 371 63572.141. Minute, Bevin to McNeil, 20 May 1947, F6785, FO 371/63592.142. Ibid.143. Ibid.144. Minute, J. Street, 23 July 1947, F9886, FO 371/63605.145. FO to Washington, 21 July 1947, F9928, FO 371/63605.146. Letter, ILP National Administrative Council to Bevin, 28 July 1947,

enclosing a joint statement by the ILP and Common Wealth, F10136, FO 371/63607.

147. Minute by Bevin, no date, F10136, FO 371/63607.148. Minute by Dening, 2 August 1947, F10496, FO 371/63609.149. FO to Washington, 2 August 1947, F10496, FO 371/63609.150. Letter (copy), Lieutenant H.W. Sheldrick, RNVR, to Commander R.K.

Hudson, Naval Intelligence Centre, Singapore, 15 August 1947, F11875, FO 371/63615.

151. Batavia to FO, 5 November 1947, F14575, FO 371/63624. This concerned reports of an American pilot making unauthorised flights to Djojakarta in a privately owned Dakota at night.

152. Despatch, B. Gage to Bevin, 12 February 1948, F2471, FO 371/69757.153. Despatch, F. Shepherd (Batavia) to Bevin, 12 March 1948, F12255, FO

371/69730.

Notes 263

154. Letter, P. Nichols to Dening, 2 September 1948, F12255, FO 371/69772.155. The Hague to FO, 29 September 1948, F13597, FO 371/69775.156. Conversation, Bevin and Marshall, 4 October 1948, F14666/G, FO

371/69777.157. Commissioner-General, Southeast Asia, to FO, 1 December 1948, F17112,

FO 371/69781.158. The Hague to FO, 8 December 1948, F17333, FO 371/69782.159. The Hague to FO, 18 December 1948, F17938, FO 371/69783.160. FO to The Hague, 1 January 1949, F18464, FO 371/69788.

2 The Communist Challenges in Malaya and Indochina

1. See Chin Peng, My Side of History (Singapore: Media Masters, 2003) and C.C. Chin and K. Hack (eds), Dialogues with Chin Peng: New Light on the Malayan Communist Party (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 2004).

2. A.J. Stockwell (ed.), Malaya, part 2, The Communist Insurrection, 1948–1953 (London: HMSO, 1995), hereafter cited as Malaya, part 2, no. 148, pp. 19–20, Gent to Creech Jones, 17 June 1948.

3. Ibid., no. 160, pp. 50–1, cabinet conclusions, 19 July 1948. 4. For an excellent account see A. Short, The Communist Insurrection in Malaya,

1948–1960 (London: Frederick Muller, 1975). 5. Chin and Hack (eds), Dialogues, pp. 150–1. 6. T. Harper, The End of Empire and the Making of Malaya (Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 94–194. 7. On the MNP, see Harper, End of Empire, pp. 115–26. 8. Ibid., pp. 89–91. 9. Stockwell, Malaya, part 2, no. 172, pp. 89–91; letter, H. Gurney to T. Lloyd,

20 December 1948. 10. Ibid., p. 89. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid., p. 90. 13. Stockwell (ed.), Malaya, part 1 (London: HMSO, 1995), p. xxxviii. 14. Malaya, part 2, no. 216, pp. 216–21, report by chiefs of staff, 24 May 1950.

See also COS memorandum, COS(50)274, 26 July 1950, Defe 5/22. 15. Malaya, part 2, no. 216, p. 217. 16. Ibid., p. 221. 17. Ibid., no. 226, pp. 258–9, joint memorandum by E. Shinwell and J. Strachey,

24 October 1950. See also JIAC(FE) memorandum, JIAC(50)(Final), 18 November 1950, Defe 5/25.

18. Malaya, part 2, no. 232, pp. 277–9, summary of meeting called by Attlee, 27 February 1951.

19. Ibid., p. 277. 20. Ibid., p. 278. 21. Ibid. 22. Ibid., p. 279. 23. Ibid., nos. 235, 236, pp. 286–8; letters, Gurney to Lloyd, 19 March 1951,

and Lloyd to Gurney, 5 April 1951.

264 Notes

24. Stockwell, Malaya, part 2, no. 244, pp. 299–300, letter, Gurney to J.D. Higham, 29 August 1951.

25. See Short, Communist Insurrection, pp. 302–21 and Chin Peng, My Side of History, pp. 266–94.

26. Stockwell, Malaya, part 2, no. 246, pp. 301–2, M.V. del Tufo to J. Griffiths, 6 October 1951.

27. Short, Communist Insurrection, p. 326.28. Stockwell, Malaya, part 2, no. 259, p. 356, Lyttelton to Churchill, 4 January

1952.29. Ibid.30. Ibid., no. 262, p. 361, minute, Templer to Churchill, 12 January 1952.31. Ibid.32. Short, Communist Insurrection, pp. 338–44.33. Stockwell, Malaya, part 2, no. 285, pp. 424–5, letter, Lyttelton to Grimond,

10 December 1952.34. Chin Peng, My Side of History, pp. 255–68, and Short, Communist Insurrection,

pp. 309–25.35. Short, Communist Insurrection, pp. 507–8.36. Stockwell, Malaya, part 2, no. 283, pp. 421–2, minute of discussion with

Templer, 3 December 1952.37. Stockwell, Malaya, part 3 (London: HMSO, 1995), no. 308, pp. 12–13,

minute, Lyttelton to Churchill, 16 November 1953.38. Ibid., p. 13, note 5.39. Stockwell, Malaya, part 3 no. 317, pp. 25–6, Templer to Lyttelton, 22 April

1954.40. Stockwell, Malaya, part 3, no. 321, pp. 35–6, Tunku Abdul Rahman to

Lyttelton, 25 May 1954.41. Stockwell, Malaya, part 3 no. 334, pp. 67–8, MacGillivray to Lyttelton, 7 July

1954.42. Stockwell, Malaya, part 3 no. 362, pp. 149–51, telegram to selected repre-

sentatives overseas, 15 August 1955.43. Stockwell, Malaya, part 3, no. 391, pp. 213–26, draft summary by Tunku

Abdul Rahman of verbatim record of Baling talks, 29 December 1955.44. Ibid., p. 215.45. Ibid., p. 216.46. Ibid., p. 217.47. Ibid.48. Ibid., p. 218.49. Ibid., p. 219.50. Ibid.51. Ibid.52. Ibid., p. 221.53. Ibid., p. 222.54. Ibid., p. 223.55. Ibid., p. 226.56. Ibid., p. 226.57. Stockwell, Malaya, part 3, no 462, pp. 408–10, minute, J. Profumo to

Macmillan, 12 August 1957.58. Stockwell, Malaya, part 3, no. 462, pp. 410–12, appendix A.

Notes 265

59. Stockwell, Malaya, part 3, p. 411.60. Stockwell, Malaya, part 3, no. 462, pp. 409–10.61. Letter, R. Clarke to Dening, 7 January 1949 (wrongly dated ‘1948’), with

minute by Bevin, no date, F720/1015/86, FO 371/75960.62. Despatch, F. Gibbs to Bevin, 15 March 1949, F4159/1015/86, FO 371/75961.63. New York Herald Tribune, 17 June 1949, enclosed in F9771/1015/86, FO

371/75965.64. Singapore to FO, 28 November 1949, F17833, FO 371/75977.65. Ibid.66. Singapore to FO, 1 December 1949, F17779/1026/86, FO 371/75977.67. Singapore to FO, 20 December 1949, F19106, FO 371/75982.68. M.A. Lawrence, Assuming the Burden: Europe and the American Commitment to

War in Vietnam (London: University of California Press, 2005), p. 261.69. Letter, Dening to Harvey, 2 March 1950, F1016/79, FO 371/83600.See also JIC

memorandum, 15 March 1950, JIC(50)26(Final), Cab 158/9, part 1. It was noted that the French had failed to inflict decisive defeat on the Vietminh: ‘The French are thus fighting a war of attrition in which time is against them.’

70. Information, Le Roy to R.H. Scott, 21 March 1950, F1016/93, FO 371/83600.71. CRO to High Commissions, 3 April 1950, F1016/93, FO 371/83600.72. Singapore to FO, 2 May 1950, F1015/44, FO 371/83596.73. Paris to FO, 3 May 1950, F1023/5, FO 371/83607.74. P. Lowe, Containing the Cold War in East Asia: British Policies towards Japan,

China and Korea, 1948–53 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997), pp. 190–210, for discussion of Anglo–American relations in the early stages of the Korean conflict. See also N. Tarling, Britain, Southeast Asia and the Impact of the Korean War (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 2005). For a judicious discussion of the impact of Congress on formulation of American policy during the Cold War, see R.D. Johnson, Congress and the Cold War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

75. Minute, E. Davies, 8 November 1950, F1053/27, FO 371/83631.76. It has been argued that de Lattre’s ‘flamboyant, even theatrical personality’

resembled that of Field Marshal Montgomery, F. Giles, The Locust Years: the Story of the Fourth French Republic, 1946–1958 (London, Secker & Warburg, 1991), p. 139.

77. P. Lowe, ‘An Ally and a Recalcitrant General: Great Britain, Douglas MacArthur and the Korean War, 1950–51’, English Historical Review vol. 105, no. 416 (April 1990), pp. 624–53.

78. Conversation between Bevin and de Lattre, 8 December 1950, F1053/35, FO 371/83631.

79. Ibid.80. Letters, Bevin to Shinwell, 15 December 1950 and Strachey to Bevin, 21

December 1950, F1053/35, FO 371/83631.81. Despatch, Gibbs to Bevin, 21 September 1950, F1092/14, FO 371/83640. For

discussion of the role of the Foreign Legion, see D. Porch, The French Foreign Legion: A Complete History (London: Macmillan, 1991), pp. 521–63.

82. Monthly summary, May 1951, H. Graves to H. Morrison, 1 June 1951, FF1073/11, FO 371/92401.

83. Despatch, Gibbs to Bevin, 4 January 1951, FF1015/3, FO 371/92402.84. Letter, Gibbs to J.D. Murray, 1 February 1951, FF1075/19, FO 371/92402.

266 Notes

85. Letter, MacDonald to Graves, 9 July 1951, FF1015/119, FO 371/92407. 86. Ibid. 87. Ibid. 88. Despatch, MacDonald to Morrison, 10 May 1951, FF1015/93G, FO

371/92406. 89. Ibid. 90. Ibid. 91. Letter, O. Harvey to W. Strang, 23 December 1951, FF1052/79, FO 371/92428. 92. Minute, Eden, 6 April 1952, FF10317/59/G, FO 371/101058. 93. FO to UK Permanent Delegation, Paris, 17 December 1952, FF1193/18, FO

371/101077. 94. Letter, M. Joy to Southeast Asia Department, 16 December 1952, FF1201/7,

FO 371/101078. 95. Letter, A. Rumbold to Scott, 7 November 1952, FF10317/127, FO 371/101060. 96. Ibid. 97. Despatch, Joy to Churchill, 29 June 1953, FF1015/62, FO 371/106745. 98. Ibid. 99. Letter, Joy to Tahourdin, 29 July 1953, FF1015/73, FO 371/106746.100. Letter, Joy to Tahourdin, 1 August 1953, FF1015/77, FO 371/106746.101. See Ch. 1 for discussion of the role played by Bao Dai in 1945–6.102. Letter, MacDonald to D. Allen, enclosing note on Bao Dai, 23 September

1953, FF1015/96, FO 371/106746.103. Ibid.104. Ibid.105. Note by Professor B.R. Pearn, 23 October 1953, FF1015/96, FO 371/106746.106. Ibid.107. The Economist, leading article, 4 July 1953, enclosed in FF1016/27, FO

371/106748.108. Minute by R.A. Burrows, 22 June 1953, FF1071/126, FO 371/106767.109. Ibid.110. ‘Anti-Soviet Communism’, JIC memorandum, 29 December 1953, JIC(53)119,

Cab 158/16, part 2.111. Ibid.112. Chen Jian, ‘China and the Vietnam Wars’, in P. Lowe (ed.), The Vietnam

War (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 155–63.113. Porch, French Foreign Legion, pp. 555–63.114. Lowe, Containing the Cold War, pp. 257–8.115. R. Rhodes James, Anthony Eden (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1986),

pp. 361–72. For useful insights into the challenges facing Eden from a per-sonal perspective see C. Eden, Clarissa Eden: A Memoir, from Churchill to Eden ed. C. Haste (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007), pp. 156–71.

116. Ibid., pp. 376–8.117. S. Ambrose, Eisenhower, vol. 2 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1984), pp. 154–68.118. Paris to FO, 24 April 1954, DF1071/314/G, FO 371/112056.119. Conversation at Chequers, 26 April 1954, DF1071/360/G, FO 371/112057.120. Ibid.121. Letter, J. Colville to I. Kirkpatrick, 28 April 1954, DF1071/454/G, FO

371/112060. Colville wrote ‘The Prime Minister gave both the Admiral and Captain Anderson copies of the last volume of his book and this, together

Notes 267

with a lot of champagne and general benignity, sent them away swearing eternal benevolence and fidelity. I hope they arrived in Washington in the same condition.’

122. Geneva Conference to FO, 1 May 1954, DF1071/374/G, FO 371/112057.123. Geneva Conference to FO, 6 May 1954, DF1071/446/G, FO 371/112060.124. Lowe, Containing the Cold War, p. 261.125. Geneva Conference to FO, 20 May 1954, DF1071/574, FO 371/112067.126. Ibid.127. Washington to FO, 28 June 1954, DF1071/792, FO 371/112075.128. Ibid.129. Paris to FO, 14 July 1954, DF1071/846/G, FO 371112077.130. Ibid.131. Ibid.132. Geneva Conference to FO, 13 July 1954, DF1071/848, FO 371/112077.133. Ibid.134. Ibid.135. Geneva Conference to FO, 17 July 1954, DF1071/880, FO 371/112078.136. Ibid.137. Geneva Conference, eighth plenary session, 21 July 1954, DF1071/961, FO

371/112082.138. Ibid.

3 Two Approaches to Containing Communism: The Colombo Plan and SEATO

1. A. Bullock, The Life and Times of Ernest Bevin, vol. 3, Foreign Secretary, 1945–1951 (London: Heinemann, 1983), pp. 43–50. For general discussion of the background, see T. Remme, Britain and Regional Cooperation in South-East Asia, 1945–49 (London: Routledge, 1995) and N. Tarling, Britain, Southeast Asia and the Onset of the Cold War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 315–412.

2. Draft ED(SA) Paper, ‘The Colombo Plan: General Review’, note by Treasury, no date, received in FO, 30 May 1951, FZ1102/475, FO 371/93050.

3. UK Delegation, Sydney, to CRO, 16 May 1959, FZ1102/126, FO 371/84546. See also D. Oakman, Facing Asia: A History of the Colombo Plan (Canberra: Pandanus Books, 2004), pp. 47–8, 50.

4. Draft letter, Scott to Dening, 8 September 1950, FO 371/84584. 5. Minute, G. Muntz, 14 September 1950, FZ11013/87, FO 371/84585. 6. Record of meeting held in FO, 27 September 1950, FZ11013/105, FO

371/84585. 7. Daily Worker, 29 November 1950, enclosed in FZ11013/28, FO 371/84595. 8. Ibid. 9. FO to Washington, 11 January 1951, FZ1102/44, FO 371/93036. 10. Oakman, Facing Asia, p. 60. 11. Singapore to FO, 21 June 1951and FO to Singapore, 4 July 1951, FZ1102/546,

FO 371 93052. 12. Note, Australian embassy, Djakarta, to Indonesian Foreign Ministry, 21

December 1951, FZ1106/1, FO 371/101245.

268 Notes

13. P. Lowe, ‘Uneasy Readjustment, 1945–58’, in I. Nish and Y. Kibata (eds), The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1600–2000, vol. 2 The Political-Diplomatic Dimension, 1931–2000 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), pp. 188–90.

14. Singapore to FO, 17 March 1952, FZ1011/24, FO 371/101248.15. New Delhi to CRO, 25 January 1952, FZ1011/10, FO 371/101248.16. Brief prepared for Strang, 3 October 1953, FZ11014/78, FO 371/106982.17. Ibid.18. Letter, Reading to R. Maudling, 5 August 1954, D1104/109, FO 371/111904.19. Draft letter, Maudling to Reading, 18 August 1954, confirmed in letter,

Maudling to Reading, 24 August 1954, D1104/109, FO 371/111904.20. Minute by Reading, 28 August 1954, D1104/109, FO 371/111904.21. Consultative Committee on Economic Development in South and South-

East Asia, paragraphs for ‘Donor’ Country Chapter, 20 September 1954, D11014/58, FO 371/111911.

22. Short summary of conclusions, report issued at Ottawa, 9 October 1954, D11014/8, FO 371/111912.

23. Oakman, Facing Asia, pp. 111–14.24. Herald (Melbourne), 27 July 1955, cited in Oakman, Facing Asia., p. 111.25. ‘Planning Paper on South and South-East Asia’ SC(59)25(Revise), 11 August

1959, DK6/57, FO 371/144168.26. Ibid.27. Ibid.28. Ibid.29. Ibid.30. Ibid.31. Ibid.32. Ibid.33. Ibid.34. Ibid.35. Ibid.36. Ibid.37. Ibid.38. Despatch, Lansdowne to Home, 16 November 1959, DK6/117, FO

371/144169.39. Ibid.40. Ibid.41. Ibid.42. Eleventh Conference of Consultative Committee of Colombo Plan, adop-

tion of eighth Annual report, DK6/108, FO 371/144169.43. Joint memorandum, Southeast Asia and Economic Relations departments,

requested by Lansdowne for meeting of Consultative Committee, 30 October–18 November 1961, DK6/15, FO 371/160010.

44. Ibid.45. Ibid.46. Letter, King to Pickard, 11 August 1961, DK6/16, FO 371/160011.47. Supplement paper on New Members, UK Delegation private paper,

SEA(61)13(Revised), DK6/27, FO 371/160011.48. Consultative Committee paper, 9 October 1963, CPCC(63)2, T317/838.49. Minute, Stewart to Callaghan, 11 November 1965, FS/65/140, T317/639.

Notes 269

50. Oakman, Facing Asia, p. 281.51. Ibid.52. FRUS, 1952–1954, 12, part 1, pp. 178–9, US minutes of ANZUS Council, 4

August 1952.53. FRUS, 1952–1954, 12, part 1, pp. 354–5, letter, Knowland to Dulles, 16

November 1953.54. Geneva Conference to FO, 22 May 1954, D1074/46, FO 371/111863.55. Memorandum, Tahourdin, 22 May 1954, D1074/74/G, FO 371/111864.56. Ibid.57. Letter, Eden to Makins, 26 May 1954, D1074/89G, FO 371/111869.58. Washington to FO, 18 July 1954, D1074/225, FO 371/111870.59. Washington to FO, 27 July 1954, D1074/269, FO 371/111873.60. Letter, Serpell to Tahourdin, 21 August 1954, D1074/466, FO 371/111881.61. Report, Reading to Eden, 15 September 1954, D1074/106/G, FO 371/111865.62. Ibid.63. Ibid.64. Minute by G. Fitzmaurice, 8 September 1954, D1074/106/G, FO

371/111865.65. Letter, G.H. Redford (WO) to Cable, 3 November 1954, D1074/731, FO

371/111892.66. Letter, Tahourdin to Gage, 26 November 1954, D1074/731, FO 371/111892.67. Minute, Cable, 26 November 1954, D1074/769, FO 371/111894.68. Ibid.69. MOD to British joint staff mission, Washington, 6 December 1954,

D1074/971, FO 371/111895.70. Bangkok to FO, 24 February 1955, D1071/126, FO 371/116921.71. Ibid.72. Ibid.73. Ibid.74. Ibid.75. Report, Loewen to CIGS, 12 July 1955, D1071/365/G, FO 371/116929.76. FO to Singapore, 13 December 1955, D1071/365/G, FO 371/116932.77. On Pote Sarasin, see letter, Whittington to F.S. Tomlinson, 20 September

1958, D1071/176, FO 371/135661 and papers relating to visit, January 1959, D1071/215, FO 371/135662.

78. Letter, Scott to Allen, 29 November 1955, D1071/472, FO 371/116932.79. Ibid.80. Letter, Scott to Allen, 29 November 1955, D1071/501, FO 371/116933.81. Letter, Scott to Allen, 13 December 1955 (second letter), D1071/502. See also

COS memorandum, 30 December 1955, COS(55)356, Defe 5/63.82. Letter, Scott to Allen, 13 December 1955, D1071/502, FO 371 116933.83. SEATO Military Advisers, second meeting, note by secretary, COS,

25 February 1956, COS(56)87, Defe 5/64.84. Report by chairman, JIC, and assistant chief of air staff (intelligence),

27 March 1956, Defe 5/66.85. Ibid.86. See Ch. 4.87. Third Military Staff Planners’ Conference, Singapore, 11–27 June 1956,

report by Pugh, Defe 5/70.

270 Notes

88. ‘Brief for the United Kingdom Military Adviser to SEATO’, note by secretary, 27 August 1956, COS(56)324, Defe 5/71.

89. Ibid. 90. Minute, Cable, 20 July 1956, D1071/441, FO 371/123235. 91. Ibid. 92. Ibid. 93. Minute, Cable, 25 July 1956, D1071/453, FO 371/123235. 94. Letter, Scott to O. Morland, 4 January 1957, D1071/5, FO 371/129346. 95. Draft, memorandum, 22 January 1957, D1071/22, FO 371/129346. 96. Minute, J. McCormick, 16 January 1957, D1071/22, FO 371/129346. 97. Letter, de la Mare, to P. Dalton, 24 May 1957, D10323/1/G, FO 371/129339. 98. Letter, de la Mare to Dalton, 23 July 1957, D10323/2/G, FO 371/129339. 99. Ibid.100. Manila to FO, 13 March 1958, D1071/79, FO 371/135659.101. Minute, D.C. Hopson, 19 September 1958, FO 371/135667.102. Notice, SEATO research fellowships, D1075/27, FO 371/135670.103. FO to Bangkok, 13 January 1958, D1075/1, FO 371/135669.104. Letter, Whittington to Morland, 10 October 1958, D1075/114, FO

371/135673.105. Singapore to FO, 19 April 1958, with minute by McCormick, 21 April 1958,

D1074/12, FO 371 135668.106. Letter, Whittington to Morland, 15 May 1958, D1074/15, FO 371 135668.107. Singapore to FO, 14 October 1958, D1077/23/G, FO 371/135679.108. Minute, Lansdowne, 26 March 1959, D1071/26/G, FO 371/143740.109. Message, Macmillan to Sandys, 3 April 1959, D1071/26/G, FO 371/143740.110. Wellington to FO, 9 April 1959 (two telegrams), D1071/134, FO

371/143740.111. Ibid.112. Ibid.113. Despatch, Lloyd to Peck, 2 September 1959, D1071/165, FO 371/1143741.114. Ibid.115. Minute, Seconde, 29 January 1960, D1073/4, FO 371/152159.116. Minute, Seconde, 7 June 1960, D1073/57, FO 371/152160.117. Letter, Warner to C.W. Wright (MOD), 12 February 1960, D1078/5, FO

371/152172.118. Letter, Warner to de la Mare, 18 February 1960, D1078/9, FO 371/152172.119. Brief for head of British delegation, sixth meeting of SEATO Council,

D1078/54/G, FO 371/152172.120. Ibid.121. Ibid.122. Pote Sarasin, ‘SEATO and the “uncommitted” ’, European-Atlantic Review

(winter 1958–9), pp. 39–40, enclosed in D1071/38, FO 371/152147.

4 Democracy, Communism and Militarism in Burma, 1948–65

1. For the views of the American ambassador, William Sebald, see FRUS 1952–1954 vol. 12, part 2, pp. 74–5, Sebald to State Department, 17 March 1953.

Notes 271

2. See R.H. Taylor, The State in Burma (London: C. Hurst, 1987), pp. 217–90; B. Lintner, Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency since 1948, second edition (Chieng Mai: Silkworm Books, 1999) and M. Smith, Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity (London: Zed Press, 1991).

3. Minute, Bevin, no date,? 4 June 1948, F8360, FO 371/69472. 4. Minute, O. Sargent, 2 June 1948, F8360, FO 371/69472. 5. Minute, P. Grey, 9 June 1948, ibid. 6. Draft cabinet memorandum, 11 June 1948, F8510/G, ibid. 7. Conversation, Bevin with Burmese ambassador, 16 June 1948, F8511/G,

ibid. 8. Draft despatch, Bevin to R. Bowker (Rangoon), 30 July 1948, F9866, FO

371/69473. 9. Rangoon to FO, 9 November 1948, enclosure, Bourne to WO, F15801, FO

371/69486.10. Minute, Professor B.R. Pearn, 26 November 1948, ibid.11. Minute by Murray, 21 June 1948, F8526, FO 371/69472.12. Letter, Murray to P. Vivian (wife of D. Vivian), 29 November 1948, F16570,

FO 371/69475.13. Minute, Dening, 18 August 1948, F10053/69509, FO 371/69475.14. Rangoon to FO, 31 August 1948, FO 371/69475.15. Minute, Murray, 16 September 1948, F12608, FO 371/69475.16. Minute, Grey, 16 September 1948, FO 371/69475.17. Rangoon to FO, 15 September 1948, F12802, FO 371/69475.18. FO to Rangoon, 27 September 1948, F13148, FO 371/69510.19. Rangoon to FO, 19 October 1948, F14650, FO 371/69511.20. Letter, White to Hayter, 26 November 1948, F17365/G, FO 371/69513.21. Letter, MI5 to A.S. Halford, 10 December 1948, F17365/G, FO 371/69513.22. Ibid.23. Daily Worker, 22 December 1948, enclosed, F17365/G, FO 371/69513.24. Minutes by J.D. Murray and M.E. Dening, 6 May 1950, F1151/104, FO

371/83155.25. Minute, Attlee to Bevin, 23 February 1949, F3065/G, FO 371/75708.26. See Singapore to FO, 1 May 1950, FB1201/14, FO 371/83174.27. Statement, E. Shinwell, 5 July 1950, enclosed, FB1201/24, FO 371/83175.28. Notes of meeting, House of Commons, 13 July 1949, with annex, 6 July

1949, F10657/G, FO 371/75683.29. Ibid.30. Rangoon to FO, 1 May 1950, FB1201/12, FO 371/83174.31. Singapore to FO, 1 May 1950, FB1201/14, FO 371/83174.32. Letter, Nu to Shinwell (copy), 21 May 1950, FB1201/18, FO 371/83174.33. Minute by Olver, 29 August 1951, FB1201/46, FO 371/92172.34. Report by Major-General B. Temple, 1 October 1951, FB1201/53, FO

371/92172.35. Memorandum, Speaight, 29 November 1951, FB1201/73, FO 371/92173.36. Report, conversation, Ward with Ne Win, 5 January 1954, DB1192/22, FO

371/111983.37. Letter, P. Gore-Booth to D. Allen, 6 January 1954, DB1192/13, FO 371/111983.38. Despatch, R. Sarell to Macmillan, 12 October 1955, enclosing report by

Berger, 12 October 1955, DB1911/5, FO 371/117082.

272 Notes

39. Minute, D.F. Duncan, 22 November 1957, DB1201/18, FO 371/129425.40. FO to Rangoon, 29 November 1957, DB1201/18, FO 371/129425.41. Note by MOD, 17 August 1953, COS(53)403, Defe 5/48.42. UK Brief for Trade Delegation, February 1954, DB1151/16, FO 371/111977.43. Rangoon to FO, 11 January 1954, DB1151/2, FO 371/111977.44. Letter, Sarell to Tahourdin, 31 March 1954, DB1821/1, FO 371/112008.45. Minute by Pearn, 22 April 1955, DB1751/2, FO 371/117075. Pearn was with-

out doubt correct in saying that Chinese opera would be popular in Burma but it should be noted that Sadler’s Wells Opera (predecessor of English National Opera) offered attractive performances from its home in Rosebery Avenue, London, in some of which starred the Australian soprano, June Bronhill.

46. Minute by J.A. Grant, 10 May 1955, DB1751/2, FO 371/117075.47. Ibid.48. Rangoon to FO, 3 February 1950, FB10110/3, FO 371/83113.49. Letter, Thompson to Scott, 10 February 1950, enclosing report by N.M.

Watkinson, 6 February 1950, FB10110/4, FO 371/83113.50. Letter, Bowker to Scott, 3 March 1950, FB10110/5, FO 371/83113.51. Rangoon to FO, 29 June 1950, FB10110/8, FO 371/83113.52. Report by L.C. Glass, 12 July 1950, FB10110/10, FO 371/83113.53. Bangkok to FO, 14 August 1950, FB10110/22, FO 371/83113.54. See P. Lowe, Containing the Cold War in East Asia (Manchester: Manchester

University Press, 1997), pp. 85–261, for discussion of British policy towards China and Korea between 1948 and 1953.

55. Rangoon to FO, 3 April 1951, monthly report, March 1951, FB1013/7, FO 371/92134.

56. Rangoon to FO, 2 May 1951, monthly report, April 1951, FB1013/10, FO 371/92134.

57. Rangoon to FO, 1 June 1951, monthly report, June 1951, FB1013/11, FO 371/92134.

58. FO to Bangkok, 10 May 1951, FB1019/3/G, FO 371/92140. Information was provided by a CAT pilot who had served previously in the RAF.

59. Washington to FO, 10 May 1951, FB1019/5/G, FO 371/92140.60. Washington to FO, 14 May 1951, FB1019/7/G, FO 371/92140.61. Ibid.62. FO to Washington, 21 June 1951, FB1019/27/G, FO 371/92141.63. FO to Washington, 26 July 1951, FB1019/24/G, FO 371/92140.64. Washington to FO, 31 July 1951, FB1019/34/G, FO 371/92141.65. FO to Washington, 4 August 1951, FO 371/92141.66. Ibid.67. FO to Rangoon, 23 August 1951, FO 371/92141.68. Washington to FO, 24 August 1951, FB1019/44/G, FO 371/92141.69. Rangoon to FO, 30 August 1951, FB1019/49/G, FO 371/92141.70. FO to Washington, 27 September 1951, FB1019/69/G, FO 371/92142.71. Letter, Speaight to Murray, 4 February 1952, enclosing notes, J.P. Duffy, 22

January 1952, FB1018/1, FO 371/101006.72. Despatch, Eden to Speaight, 30 January 1952, FB1041/27/G, FO 371/101008.73. Ibid.74. Letter, G. Jebb to Scott, 30 January 1952, FB1041/36, FO 371/101009.

Notes 273

75. Letter, Scott to Jebb, 11 February 1952, FB1041/37/G, FO 371/101009. 76. FO to Washington, 31 January 1952, FB1041/37/G, FO 371/101009. 77. Minute, Scott, 30 January 1952, FO 371/101009. 78. Minute, Tahourdin, 24 July 1953, FB1041/170, FO 371/106688. 79. Letter, M. Stewart to Tahourdin, 25 July 1953, FB1041/181, FO 371/106689. 80. Letter, Tahourdin to Stewart, 10 August 1953, FB1041/181, FO 371/106689. 81. Bangkok to FO, 29 July 1953, FB1041/177, FO 371/106689. 82. MOD to GHQ, FARELF, for JIB, Singapore, from JIB, London, 7 September

1953, FB1041/198/G, FO 371/106689. 83. Minute, Tomlinson, 11 February 1955, DB1041/1, FO 371/117038. 84. Letter, E.H. Jacobs-Larkcom to J. Grant Purves, 19 January 1955, DB1041/2,

FO 371/117038. 85. Letter, Chancery, Vientiane, to SEAD, 23 May 1955, DB1041/31, FO

371/117038. 86. Minute, J.P. Cloake, 28 June 1955, DB1041/31, FO 371/117038. 87. Minute, D. Allen, 30 June 1995, DB1041/34, FO 371/117038. 88. Letter, D. Allen to Lord Talbot de Malahide, 6 July 1955, FO 371/117038. 89. Minute, Tomlinson, 1 July 1955, FO 371/117038. 90. Report, Warner and Townshend, 7 February 1957, DB1015/6, FO

371/129403. 91. Despatch, R. Allen to Home, 26 January 1962, DB1011/1, FO 371/129403. 92. For discussion of developments in Burma in the later 1950s and early 1960s,

see Taylor, State in Burma, Lintner, Burma in Revolt, and Smith, Burma. 93. Letter, Macmillan to Churchill, 15 June 1955, DB1623/48, FO 371/117071. 94. Minute, Montague-Browne, 22 June 1955, DB1632/52, FO 371/117072. 95. Despatch, Gore-Booth to Eden, 21 February 1955, DB1851/2, FO

371/117079. 96. Conversation, Eden, Nu and Burmese ministers, 2 March 1955, DB1631/7,

FO 371/117070. 97. Despatch, R. Allen to S. Lloyd, 3 July 1957, DB1015/37, FO 371/129404. 98. Ibid. 99. Minute, Tomlinson, 11 July 1957, DB1015/37, FO 371/129404.100. Despatch, R. Allen to Lloyd, 31 July 1957, DB1223/6, FO 371/129428.101. Minute, D.F. Duncan, 5 September 1957, DB1223/6, FO 371/129428.102. Rangoon to FO, 26 September 1958, DB1015/45, FO 371/135729.103. Rangoon to FO, 29 September 1958, DB1015/45, FO 371/135729.104. Letter, Tomlinson to Gore-Booth, 28 August 1956, DB1201/21, FO

371/123351.105. Letter, Maung Myian, to McCormick, 5 July 1956, DB1201/18, FO

371/123351 with minute by Duncan, 9 July 1956, ibid.106. Despatch, R. Allen to Home, 26 January 1962, DB1011/1, FO 371/166368.107. Rangoon to FO, 2 March 1962, DB1011/6, FO 371/166369.108. Minute, Warner, 2 March 1962, DB1011/6, FO 371/166369.109. Minute by Warner, 5 March 1962, DB1015/10, DB1011/6, FO 371/166369.110. Letter, R. Allen to Warner, 21 March 1962, DB1015/22, FO 371/166370.111. Minute, Cable, 28 March 1962, DB1015/22, FO 371/166370.112. Minute, E. Peck, 2 April 1962, DB1015/22, FO 371/166370.113. Letter, R. Allen to Warner, 28 March 1962, DB1015/24, DB1015/22, FO

371/166370.

274 Notes

114. Despatch, R. Allen to Home, 4 April 1962, DB1015/26, DB1015/22, FO 371/166370.

115. Letter, Warner to R. Allen, 11 April 1962, DB1015/22, FO 371/166370.116. Rangoon to FO, 4 May 1962, DB1015/40, ibid. Allen conveyed the views of

MacDonald.117. Letter, MacDonald to Warner, 14 June 1962, enclosing notes on discussions

with Ne Win, 28 April–2 May 1962, DB1015/67, FO 371/166372.118. Letter, Warner to R. Allen, 3 July 1962, DB1015/67, FO 371/166372.119. Rangoon to FO, 8 July 1962, DB1915/70, FO 371/166372, and 10 July 1962,

DB1015/74, FO 371/166372.120. Letter, MacDonald to Warner, 30 June 1962, DB1015/73, FO 371/166372.121. Letter, Cable to S. Hebblethwaite, 5 March 1963, DB1015/11/G, FO

371/169752.122. Letter, G. Whitteridge to Warner, 11 March 1963, DB1015/11/G, FO

371/169752.123. Letter, N.M. Fenn to T.T. Gatty, 13 August 1963, DB1015/51, FO

371/169752.124. Letter, Hebblethwaite to Warner, 7 August 1962, Appendix, DB1015/90, FO

371/166373.125. Letter, Whitteridge to Warner, 10 September 1963, DB1015/61, FO

371/169753.126. For Mountbatten’s visit to Rangoon, see letter, G. Harrison to Mountbatten,

21 January 1964, DB1051/5, FO 371/175115.127. Letter, Hebblethwaite to Cable, 9 October 1963, DB1061/6/G, FO

371/169760. The example given concerned a paper discussing Malaysia and defence preparedness, circulated by the IRD field officer, Malcolm Milman, and apparently read by members of the ruling Revolutionary Council.

128. Minute by Warner, 6 November 1963, DB103110/5/G, FO 371/169756. Warner described the situation inside Burma as very serious, adding that Ne Win had become a prisoner of the communists. Bo Letkyi wanted sup-port from the CIA so that he could organise a counter-coup to remove Ne Win.

129. Letter, Harrison to Mountbatten, 21 January 1964, DB1051/5, FO 371/175115.

130. Conversation, MacDonald, Whitteridge and Ne Win, 31 January 1964, DB1051/10, FO 371/175115.

131. Despatch, Whitteridge to R.A. Butler, 13 April 1964, DB1051/16, FO 371/175115.

132. Note, visit by Ne Win to UK, no date,?11 November 1964, and minute by Cable, 10 November 1964, DB1761/9, FO 371/175141.

133. Minute, J. Wyndham to Macmillan, 31 May 1961, Prem 11/4650.134. Background notes on Mandalay regalia, no date,? November 1964, and

minute by Cable, 10 November 1964, DB1761/7, FO 371/175141.135. Annual review, 1964, despatch, Whitteridge to P. Gordon Walker, 4 January

1965, DB1011/1, FO 371/180224.136. Minute, D. Waterstone, 25 January 1965, DB1011/1, FO 371/180224.137. Despatch, Whitteridge to M. Stewart, 26 July 1965, DB1015/18, FO

371/180225.

Notes 275

5 Ambivalence and Commitment: Vietnam, 1955–65

1. Annual report, 1954, despatch, Stephenson to Eden, 24 February 1955, DF1011/2, FO 371/117093.

2. Ibid. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. Marginal query, Eden, no date, on Singapore to FO, 29 December 1954,

DF1018/5, FO 371/117115. 6. Minute, Eden, no date,? 3 January 1955, DF1018/5, FO 371/117115. 7. Minutes, W. Patterson and Lord Reading, 3 and 5 January 1955, DF1018/5,

FO 371/117115. 8. FO to Singapore, 7 January 1955, DF1018/5, FO 371/117115. 9. The Economist, leading article, 8 January 1955, enclosed, DF1018/11, FO

371/117115.10. Minute, Cable, 10 January 1955, DF1018/11, FO 371/117115.11. Minute, Patterson, 11 January 1955, DF1018/11, FO 371/117115.12. Saigon to FO, 29 April 1955, DF1018/158, FO 371/117118.13. Saigon to FO, 4 May 1955, DF1018/183, FO 371/117119.14. Minute, Macmillan, 10 August 1955, DF1041/112, FO 371/117144.15. Minute, Eden, 1 September 1955, with additional minutes, 3 September

1955, DF1041/132, FO 371/117145.16. Letter, Macmillan to Scott, 12 December 1955, DF1073/26, FO 371/117177.17. The Observer, 22 July 1956, article, D. Bloodworth, who reported on Asian

issues from his base in Singapore.18. Minute, Cable, 26 July 1956, DF1073/26, FO 371/117177.19. Minute, Cable, 12 June 1956, DF1071/279, FO 371/123455.20. Minute, D. Allen, 9 June 1956, DF10340/2, FO 371/123428.21. Letter, Gage to D. Allen, 30 July 1956, DF10340/10/G, FO 371/123428.22. See J.A. Stowe, Siam Becomes Thailand: a Study of Intrigue (London: Hurst,

1991), pp. 90, 235, 249.23. Minute, B.R. Pearn, 10 August 1956, DF10340/10/G, FO 371/123428.24. Ibid.25. Ibid.26. Ibid.27. Minute, J.A. Snellgrove, 23 October 1956, DF10345/12, FO 371/123429.28. Minute, Cable, 17 August 1956, DF10340/8, FO 371/123428.29. Minute, Cable, 11 April 1956, DF1071/127, FO 371/123449.30. Ibid.31. Despatch, Etherington-Smith to S. Lloyd, 28 July 1956, DF1018/44, FO

371/123414.32. Despatch, K.J. Simpson (Hanoi) to Lloyd, 9 September 1957, DF/1016/37, FO

371/129707.33. Despatch, Simpson to Lloyd, 19 February 1958, DV1016/7, FO 371/136118.34. Despatch, Parkes to Lloyd, 10 January 1958, DV1011/1, FO 371/136114.35. Letter, Parkes to Morland, 2 July 1958, DV1015/30/G, FO 371/136117.36. Letter, C. Stewart to G. McDermott, 11 October 1958, with enclosure,

DV1015/43/G, FO 371/136117.

276 Notes

37. Despatch, Stewart to Lloyd, 26 September 1958, DV1015/34/G, FO 371/136117.

38. Letter, Parkes to Morland, 11 June 1958, enclosing report by Stewart, 7 June 195, DV1015/26, FO 371/136117.

39. Despatch, Parkes to Lloyd, 7 January 1959, DV1011/1, FO 371/144387.40. Letter, Parkes to Brain, 13 March 1959, DV1071/13/G, FO 371/144387.41. Letter, M.D. Butler to C.W. Wright, 6 April 1959, DV1071/13/G, FO

371/144387.42. Letter, Moss to M.T. Walker (Hanoi), 16 April 1959, DV1071/13/G, FO

371/144387.43. Letter, Walker to Moss, 8 June 1959, DV1071/36/G, FO 371/144413.44. Minute, Pearn, 21 December 1959, DV1015/1, FO 371/152738.45. Despatch, Stewart to Lloyd, 10 March 1960, DV1015/10, FO 371/152738.46. Letter, Stewart to Warner, 23 April 1960, DV1015/31, FO 371/152739.47. Washington to FO, 11 November 1958, Prem 11/2574.48. Letter, Graves to Tomlinson, 4 June 1956, enclosing text of Kennedy’s

speech, 1 June 1956, DF10345/2, FO 371/123429.49. FRUS, 1958–1960, vol.1, Vietnam, no. 175, letter, Lansdale to Williams, 21

June 1960.50. On Kennedy, see R. Dallek, John F. Kennedy: An Unfinished Life, 1917–1963

(London: Allen Lane, 2003); on Nixon see S. Ambrose, Nixon, vol. 2 The Triumph of a Politician, 1962–73, paperback edition (London: Simon & Schuster, 1989) and Nixon, vol. 3 Ruin and Recovery, 1973–1990 (London: Simon & Schuster, 1991); on Johnson, see Dallek, Johnson, vol. 2 Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).

51. Letter, Menzies to Macmillan, 8 December 1960, Prem 11/3170.52. Letter, Macmillan to Kennedy, 23 January 1961, Prem 11/3609.53. FRUS, 1958–1960, vol. 1, Vietnam, no. 123, p. 349, telegram, Chief of MAAG,

Saigon, to Lansdale, 25 March 1960.54. FRUS, 1958–1960, vol. 1, Vietnam, no. 136, memorandum, Lansdale to dep-

uty assistant secretary of defense for NSC affairs and plans, 14 April 1960.55. FRUS, 1958–1960, vol. 1, Vietnam, no. 146, pp. 410–11, memorandum,

Lansdale to Bonesteel, 25 April 1960.56. FRUS, 1958–1960, vol. 1, Vietnam, no. 140, p. 396, letter, Durbrow to Parsons,

19 April 1960.57. FRUS, 1958–1960, vol. 1, Vietnam, no. 149, pp. 401–4, memorandum,

Durbrow to Williams, 19 April 1960.58. Text of address, Tunku Abdul Rahman, University of Saigon, 15 October

1961, DV1061/6, FO 371/160133.59. See minutes, C. Pestell, 25 March 1965 and letter, D. Murray to W.J. Adams,

31 March 1965, DV1017/14, FO 371/180520. Pestell noted that Lord Walston had erred in a statement made in the House of Lords.

60. On BRIAM and R. Thompson, see P. Busch, All The Way with JFK? Britain, the US and the Vietnam War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 68, 93, 95–6, 122, 129, 159, 161, 169. See also I. Beckett, ‘Robert Thompson and the British Advisory Mission to South Vietnam, 1961–1965’, Small Wars and Insurgencies vol. 8, no. 3 (1997), pp. 41–63.

61. Letter, Stewart to Warner, 10 June 1961, DV1015/100/G, FO 371/160112.

Notes 277

62. Minutes by McGhie, 19 June 1961, Cable, and Warner, 20 June 1961, DV1015/100/G, FO 371/160112.

63. Letter, H. Hohler to E. Peck, 25 September 1961, DV1015/162/G, FO 371/160116.

64. Despatch, Hohler to Home, 9 October 1961, DV1015/168, FO 371/160116.65. Saigon to FO, 27 October 1961, DV1015/80, FO 371/160116.66. Bangkok to FO, 27 October 1961, DV1015/181/G, FO 371/160117.67. Despatch, Home to Hohler, 2 November 1961, DV1015/188, FO 371/160117.68. Brief for E. Heath, 16 January 1962, DV1015/20, FO 371/166698.69. Ibid.70. Ibid.71. Letter, Hohler to Peck, 15 February 1962, DV1015/49/G, FO 371/166700.72. Ibid.73. Letter, Peck to Hohler, 22 February 1962, DV1015/49/G, FO 371/166700.74. Ibid.75. Letter, Thompson to McGhie, 28 February 1962, DV1015/67/G, FO

371/166701.76. Letter, Hohler to Warner, 4 April 1962, DV1015/100, FO 371/166702.77. Ibid.78. Minute, McGhie, 10 April 1962, DV1015/100, FO 371/166702.79. Record of conversation, 28 April 1962, DV1015/120, FO 371/166703.80. FO to Washington, enclosing text of note to Soviet Union, 31 May 1962,

DV1071/75, FO 371/166731.81. Letter, Thompson to Warner, 9 October 1962, enclosing report, 12 September

1962, DV103145/140, FO 371/166723.82. Minute, Warner, 10 December 1962; see also minute, T.J. Everard, 7 December

1962, DV103145/150, FO 371/166724.83. Minute, F. MacGinnis, 17 December 1962, DV103145/150, FO 371/166724.84. Annual report, 1962, Hanoi, Blackwell to Hohler, 18 January 1963, DV1011/1,

FO 371/170088.85. Letter, Hohler to Warner, 13 June 1963, DV1015/34, FO 371/170090.86. Letter, Blackwell to Warner, 23 May 1963, DV1015/35, FO 371/170090.87. Despatch, Hohler to Home, 6 July 1963, DV1015/42, FO 371/170091.88. On Cabot Lodge, see A.E. Blair, Lodge in Vietnam: A Patriot Abroad (New

Haven: Yale University Press, 1995).89. Letter, R.A. Burrows to Warner, 14 August 1963, enclosing reports of meet-

ings, 9–10 August 1963, DV1015/53, FO 371/170091.90. Letter, Burrows to N. Trench, 18 September 1963, DV1015/53, FO

371/170091.91. Despatch, Etherington-Smith to Home, 12 September 1963, DV1015/78, FO

371/170092.92. Minute, Home, no date,? 5 September 1963, DV1015/70G, FO 371/170092.93. Letter, de Zuleuta to Bridges, 10 September 1963, enclosing minute,

Macmillan, 10 September 1963, DV1015/69, FO 371/170092.94. Saigon to FO, 30 August 1963, DV1015/70G, FO 371/170092.95. On Kennedy’s views between September and November 1963, see Dallek,

Kennedy, pp. 674–86, Busch, All the Way, pp. 157–73 and F. Logevall, Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam (London: University of California Press, 1999), pp. 42–73.

278 Notes

96. Despatch, Etherington-Smith to Home, 26 September 1963, DV1015/86/G, FO 371/170093.

97. Minute, Warner, 8 October 1963, DV1015/86/G, FO 371/170093. 98. Minute, Peck, 9 October 1963, ibid. 99. Minute, Caccia, 10 October 1963, ibid.100. Minute, Home, 12 October 1963, ibid.101. Letter, Thompson to Peck, 30 October 1963, DV1017/43/G, FO

371/170102.102. FO to Saigon, 1 November 1963, DV1015/105, FO 371/170094.103. Saigon to FO 4 November 1963, DV1015/109, ibid.104. Letter, Etherington-Smith to Warner, 13 November 1963, DV1015/124, FO

371/170096.105. Despatch, Etherington-Smith to R.A. Butler, 4 December 1963, DV1015/133,

FO 371/170096.106. FO to Saigon, 12 December 1963, DV1015/139, FO 371/170096.107. Ibid.108. Letter, Thompson to Peck, 19 December 1963, DV1015/144, FO

371/170096.109. Minute, T.J. Everard, 23 October 1963, DV1015/144, FO 371/170096.110. Letter, Thompson to Peck, 14 January 1964, DV1017/2, FO 371/175482.

Thompson was in Britain and wrote from his home near Minehead (Somerset).

111. Ibid.112. Letter, Thompson to Peck, 22 April 1964, DV103145/70/G, FO

371/175496.113. Minute, Cable, 25 April 1964, DV103145/70/G, FO 371/175496.114. FO to Washington, 28 February 1964, DV103145/22, FO 371/175494.115. Letter, Cable to Etherington-Smith, 10 March 1964, DV103145/35, FO

371/175494.116. Despatch, Etherington-Smith to Butler, 30 June 1964, DV103145/91, FO

371/175497.117. Minute, P. Neville-Jones, 13 July 1964, DV103145/91, FO 371/175497.118. Hanoi to FO, 11 August 1964, DV103145/134, FO 371/175499.119. FO to Washington, 5 August 1964, DV103145/110/G, FO 371/175498.120. Washington to FO, 21 July 1964, Prem 11/5198.121. Despatch, Greenhill to Butler, 17 August 1964, Prem 11/5198.122. For the formation of the Labour government, see P. Ziegler, Wilson: The

Authorised Life, paperback edition (London: HarperCollins, 1995), pp. 162–206. For discussion of Wilson’s approach to Vietnam, see A. Parker, ‘International Aspects of the Vietnam War’, in P. Lowe (ed.), The Vietnam War (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 196–218.

123. See Dallek, Flawed Giant, pp. 196–218.124. Note for record, meeting, Wilson and Johnson, 7 December 1964, Prem

13/103.125. Ibid.126. Ibid.127. Record of meeting in White House, 8 December 1964, Prem 13/104.128. Ibid.129. Ibid.

Notes 279

130. See J. Ramsden, Man of the Century: Winston Churchill and His Legend since 1945, paperback edition (London: HarperCollins, 2003), pp. 3–36. See also E. Warren, The Memoirs of Earl Warren (New York: Doubleday, 1977), pp. 261–2.

131. Letter, Callaghan to Healey, 31 December 1964, Prem 13/18.132. Record, telephone conversation, Wilson and Johnson, 11 February 1965,

Prem 13/692. See also the American record, FRUS, 1964–1968, vol. 2, no. 103, pp. 229–32, memorandum, 10 February 1965.

133. FRUS, 1964–1968, vol. 2, no. 209, p. 468 ,memorandum, M. Bundy to Johnson, 22 March 1965.

134. FRUS, 1964–1968, vol. 2, no. 254, p. 557, editorial note.135. FRUS, 1964–1968, vol. 2, no. 330, pp. 716–17, memorandum, Bundy to

Johnson, 3 June 1965.136. Ibid.137. FRUS, 1964–1968, vol. 3, no. 6, editorial note.

6 Britain, Cambodia and Laos, 1955–65

1. Letter, M. MacDonald to E. Peck, 20 August 1965, DU1051/22/G, FO 371/180484.

2. Ibid. 3. Annual review, despatch, Heppel to Eden, 31 January 1955, DF1011/1, FO

371/117093. 4. Phnom Penh to FO, 6 September 1955, from Littlejohn Cook, DF1019/102,

FO 371/117127. 5. Minute, D. Allen, 17 May 1955, DF1019/52/G, FO 371/117125. 6. Memorandum, no date, with note by D. Allen, 9 March 1955, stating ‘Sir H.

Caccia and I used this in our talks in Delhi’. 7. Minute, Eden, 15 March 1955, DF1203/19, FO 371/117207. 8. Annual report, 1956, despatch, Brain to Lloyd, 26 February 1957, DU1011/1,

FO 371/129655. 9. Ibid. 10. Letter, Information department, Phnom Penh, to Information Policy

department, FO, 8 March 1957 and letter, A. de la Mare to F.S. Tomlinson, 22 March 1957, DU10345/1, FO 371/129666.

11. FRUS, 1958–1960, vol. 16, no 84, pp. 253–6, memorandum, 30 September 1958.

12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid. 15. Ibid. 16. Letter, R. Scott to D. MacDermot, 20 April 1959, DU10345/4/G, FO

371/144353. 17. Minutes, M.D. Butler, 29 April 1959 and E. St. G. Moss, 1 May 1959,

DU10345/4/G, FO 371/144353. 18. New Delhi to CRO, 8 August 1960, DU1015/100, FO 371/152691. 19. Letter, V. Martin (CRO) to F. Warner, 25 August 1960, DU1015/108, FO

371/152692.

280 Notes

20. Minutes, S. Garner, 2 September 1960 and I. Kirkpatrick, 16 January 1957, DU1015/108, FO 371/152692.

21. Minute, F. S. Tomlinson, 15 January 1957, DU1051/1, FO 371/129698.22. Minute, Snellgrove, 29 July 1957, DU1051/4, FO 371/129698.23. Phnom Penh to FO, 17 August 1957, DU1051/6, FO 371/129698.24. Annual review, 1964, despatch, L. Fielding to P. Gordon Walker, 15 January

1965, DU1011/1, FO 371/180466. Fielding was charge d’affaires: the ambassador was withdrawn in June 1964 owing to the rapid deterioration in relations between Britain and Cambodia.

25. Phnom Penh to FO, 24 October 1961, DU103140/8, FO 371/160089.26. Bangkok to FO, 25 October 1961, DU103140/10, FO 371/160089.27. FO to Phnom Penh, 2 November 1961, DU103140/21/G, FO 371/160089.28. Minute, Warner, 2 November 1961, DU103140/21/G, FO 371/160089.29. Ibid.30. Ibid.31. Letter, MacDonald to Warner, 6 June 1962, DU1022/5, FO 371/166666.32. Ibid.33. Singapore to FO, relaying Pnom Penh, 11 March 1964, DU1051/2, FO

371/175435.34. FO to Phnom Penh, 11 March 1964, DU1051/2, FO 371/175435.35. Despatch, Murray to Butler, 16 March 1964, DU1051/13, FO 371/175435.36. Phnom Penh to FO, 16 March 1964, DU1051/2, FO 371/175435.37. Two telegrams, Phnom Penh to FO, 20 March 1964, DU103196/25, FO

371/175426. See also Phnom Penh to FO, 21 March 1964, DU1051/2, FO 371/175435.

38. FO to Washington, 19 March 1964, DU1051/112, FO 371/175443.39. FO to Washington, 20 March 1964, DU1051/116, FO 371/175443.40. FO to Certain of HM’s Representatives, 22 April 1964, DU1072/151, FO

371/175445.41. Annual review, 1964, despatch, Fielding to Gordon Walker, 15 January 1965,

DU1011/1, FO 371/180466.42. Letter, D.F. Duncan to Cable, 18 May 1965, DU1015/13, FO 371/180467.

Duncan had succeeded Fielding.43. Phnom Penh to FO, 26 April 1965, DU103145/3, FO 371/180474.44. Phnom Penh to FO, 18 October 1965, DU103138/6, FO 371/180472.45. Ibid.46. Letter, MacDonald to Peck, 20 September 1965, DU1051/22/G, FO

371/180484.47. Despatch, Fielding to Butler, 26 June 1964, DU1061/4, FO 371/175436.48. Valedictory despatch, Lord Talbot to Lloyd, 9 May 1956, DF1017/156, FO

371/123404. For discussion of the development of Laos, see M. Stuart-Fox, A History of Laos (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997) and Historical Dictionary of Laos second edition (London: Scarecrow Press, 2001).

49. Washington to FO, 27 April 1963, DF1022/3, FO 371/169818.50. Report, Lt. Colonel V. Wainwright, military attaché, Saigon, to WO, 22

September 1955, DF1202/21, FO 371/117206.51. Report, Wainwright to WO, 7 October 1955, DF1202/22, FO 371/117206.52. Chancery, Paris, to SEAD, 25 November 1955, DF1202/24, FO 371/117206.

Notes 281

53. Minute, Cable, 17 July 1956, referring to US intelligence briefing no. 1863, 21 June 1956, DF1017/210, FO 371/123407.

54. Letter, A. de la Mare to Tomlinson, 26 July 1956, DF1017/228, FO 371/123408.55. Letter, de la Mare to Tomlinson, 19 November 1956, DF1017/311, FO

371/123411.56. Despatch, L.G. Holliday to Lloyd, 10 April 1957, DF1015/116, FO 371/1129470.57. Minutes, Snellgrove, 18 May 1957, J. Riley, 31 July 1957, H. Peters, 9 August

1957, DF1015/116, FO 371/1129470. Riley noted that more should be done via radio transmission. Propaganda on the evils of communism, produced by the IRD, was directed at the elite with the intention of promoting under-standing of communism. Material should be adjusted to local conditions. The IRD officer in Saigon dealt with Cambodia and Laos; more could be done through the appropriate British agencies in Singapore and Saigon.

58. Despatch, Holliday to Lloyd, 6 June 1957, DF1015/167, FO 371/129472.59. Minutes, Snellgrove, 2 July 1957, J. Freeland, no date and J. McCormick,

25 July 1957, DF1015/167, FO 371/129472.60. Letter, Holliday to Morland, 20 August 1957, DF1015/224, FO 371/129474.61. FO to Vientiane, 20 September 1957, DF1015/224, FO 371/129474.62. Valedictory despatch, Holliday to Lloyd, 31 December 1957, DF1015/332,FO

371/129477.63. Brief for meeting of representatives of Co-Chairmen of Geneva Conference,

drafted, P. Marshall, 19 June 1958, DF1071/105, FO 371/135810.64. FO to Vientiane, 30 January 1959, DF1071/23, FO 371/143975.65. Record, talks between Lansdowne and Roshchin, 21 July 1959, DF1071/288,

FO 371/143991.66. Record of talks, 28 July 1959, DF1071/291, FO 371/143991.67. Vientiane to FO, 16 August 1959, DF1071/407, FO 371/143997.68. Minute, D. Tebbit, 14 August 1959 enclosing memorandum, annex B,

DF1071/414G, FO 371/143998.69. Minute, Holliday, 11 August 1959, DF1071/432, FO 371/143999.70. Ibid.71. Ibid.72. Minute, MacDermot, 14 August 1959, DF1071/432, FO 371/143999.73. Record, conversation, Lloyd and C. Herter, 28 August 1959, DF1071/470, FO

371/144001.74. Record, meeting, Chequers, 29 August 1959, DF1071/472A/G, FO 371/144001.75. FO to New York, 17 September 1959, DF1071/564/G, FO 371/140008.76. Bangkok to FO, 21 September 1959, DF1071/612, FO 371/144010.77. Minute, MacDermot, 2 October 1959, DF1071/803/G, FO 371/144020.78. Letter, F. Hoyar Miller to Caccia, 5 October 1959, DF1071/803/G, FO

371/144020.79. Letter, de la Mare to Heppel, 23 November 1959, DF1071/855, FO

371/144021.80. Despatch, J. Addis to Lloyd, 18 May 1960, DF1015/246, FO 371/152334.81. Vientiane to FO, 9 August 1960, DF1015/358, FO 371/152341.82. Vientiane to FO, 13 August 1960, DF1015/395, FO 371/152343.83. FO to Washington, 15 August 1960, DF1015/404, FO 371/152344.84. Minute, D. Ormsby Gore, 23 August 1960, DF1015/467, FO 371/152348.

282 Notes

85. Letter, Addis to Warner, 22 August 1960, DF1015/493, FO 371/152349. 86. Despatch, Addis to Lord Home, 24 August 1960, DF1015/508, FO

371/152349. 87. Despatch, Home to Addis, 16 September 1960, DF1015/508, FO

371/152349. 88. FO to Washington, 12 October 1960, DF1015/710, FO 371/152360. 89. Vientiane to FO, 13 October 1960, DF1015/711, FO 371/152360. 90. Vientiane to FO, 19 November 1960, DF1015/822, FO 371/152365. 91. Letter, Addis to Warner, 23 November 1960, DF1015/858, FO 371/152367. 92. Brief, draft for defence committee, 7 December 1960, DF1015/921, FO

371/152371. 93. Letter, Chancery, Manila, to SEAD, 21 December 1960. The Filipino foreign

minister was reported to be irate at the injudicious statement by his colleague. 94. FO to Washington, two telegrams, 30 December 1960 and 1 January 1961,

DF1015/1073/G, FO 371/152380. 95. Minute, Warner, 17 December 1960, DF1071/113G, FO 371/152396. 96. Letter, Warner to R. Ledward, 19 December 1960, DF1071/113G, FO

371/152396. 97. Washington to FO, 30 December 1960, DF1015/1077, FO 371/152381. 98. Memorandum, 15 May 1961, JIC(61)38(Final), Cab 158/43. 99. Memorandum, no date, ? summer 1961, JI(61)50(Final), Cab 158/44.100. Memorandum, 1 June 1961, COS(61)176, Defe 5/113.101. Memorandum, 24 July 1961, COS(61)238, Defe 5/115.102. Memorandum, 14 September 1961, COS(61)325, Defe 5/117.103. Memorandum, 15 September 1961, JIC(61)83(Final), Cab 158/44.104. Paris to FO, 9 January 1962, DF1015/24, FO 371/166426. Sir Pierson Dixon,

the ambassador in Paris, had dined with Souvanna.105. Moscow to FO, 22 February 1962, DF1015/126, FO 371/166431.106. Ibid.107. Minute, A. Simons, 12 February 1962, on behalf of R. Seconde, DF1015/126,

FO 371/166431.108. The Times, 24 May 1962 and Daily Telegraph, 31 May 1962, enclosed,

DF103145/40, FO 371/166458.109. Bangkok to FO, 23 March 1962, DF1015/181, FO 371/166434.110. FO to Washington, 5 April 1962, DF1015/210, FO 371/1663435.111. Minutes, Warner, 7 June, Peck, 15 June, Caccia, 15 June 1962, DF1015/345,

FO 371/166442.112. Minute, Home, no date, DF1015/345, FO 371/166442.113. Despatch, Addis to Home, 25 May 1962, DF1015/345, FO 371/166442.114. Letter, Warner to Addis, 7 June 1962, DF1015/345, FO 371/166442.115. FO to Washington, 18 April 1963, DF1015/41, FO 371/169808.116. Brief for conversations with Menzies, 20 June 1963, DF1015/95, FO

371/169810.117. Minute, Warner, 28 June 1963, DF1016/8, FO 371/169817.118. Ibid.119. Vientiane to FO, 19 April 1964, DF1015/25, FO 371/175165.120. Vientiane to FO, 19 April 1964, DF1015/27, FO 371/175165.121. Vientiane to FO, 26 April 1964, DF1015/54, FO 371/175166.122. Vientiane to F, 28 April 1964, DF1015/59, FO 371/175166.

Notes 283

123. Letter, Cable to Denson, 4 May 1964, DF1015/72, FO 371/175167.124. Vientiane to FO, 9 May 1964, DF1015/76, FO 371/175167.125. Vientiane to FO, 18 May 1964, DF1015/88, FO 371/175168.126. Paris to FO, 1 June 1964, DF1015/96, FO 371/175168.127. Moscow to FO, 28 July 1964, DF1015/186, FO 371/175210.128. Moscow to FO, 28 July 1964, DF1015/187, FO 371/175210.129. Memorandum, 31 August 1964, Cab 158/53.130. Memorandum, 17 September 1964, COS 228/64, Defe 5/153.131. Annual report, 1964, despatch, Hopson to Gordon Walker, 12 January

1965, DF1041/1, FO 371/180257.132. Letter, Cable to Hopson, 27 January 1965, DF1041/1, FO 371/180257.133. Valedictory despatch, Hopson to Stewart, 30 April 1965, DF1014/1, FO

371/180258.134. Ibid.135. Despatch, Warner to Stewart, 4 July 1965, DF1015/85, FO 371/180263.136. Letter, Cable to Warner, 23 July 1965, DF1015/85, FO 371/180263.

7 Britain, Thailand and the Philippines, 1945–65

1. See J.A. Stowe, Siam Becomes Thailand: A Study of Intrigue (London: Hurst, 1991).

2. See P. Lowe, Great Britain and the Origins of the Pacific War: A Study of British Policy in East Asia, 1937–1941 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), pp. 176–274; R.J. Aldrich, The Key to the South: Britain, the United States and Thailand dur-ing the Approach of the Pacific War, 1929–1942 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 215–373; and N. Tarling, Britain, Southeast Asia and the Onset of the Pacific War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 48–54, 105–11, 179–84, 251–76, 342–52.

3. C. Thorne, Allies of a Kind: the United States, Great Britain and the War against Japan, 1941–45 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1978), pp. 614–21, 679–80.

4. War cabinet memorandum, A. Eden, 13 April 1945, WP(45)249, enclosed, F2389/G, FO 371/46561. See also reports on Operation Panicle, 6 May 1945, F2389/738/G40, FO 371/46562.

5. Appendix E to Panicle report, 6 May 1945, F2389/738/G40, FO 371/46562. 6. Ibid. 7. War cabinet memorandum, C.R. Attlee, 17 February 1945, with enclosures,

F1055/738/G40, FO 371/46560. 8. Letter, Thompson to N. Butler, 24 May 1946, F9031/1663/40, FO

371/54423. 9. DO to high commissioners, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South

Africa, 1 December 1945, F9926/296/40, FO 371/46553. 10. Ibid. 11. Ibid. 12. Text of agreement signed, 1 January 1946, F765/4/40, FO 371/54356. 13. SACSEA to FO, 1 January 1946, F765/4/40, FO 371/54355. 14. Ibid. 15. Ibid.

284 Notes

16. New Statesman, 9 February 1946, enclosed, F2341/4/40, FO 371/54355.17. Ibid.18. Memorandum, 5 January 1946, JIC(45)325(O)(Final), Cab 81/131.19. Memorandum, 19 June 1946, JIC(46)59, Cab 81/133.20. HQ, British Troops, Bangkok, intelligence summary, no date, F9932/21/40,

FO 371/54399.21. Bangkok to FO, 28 June 1946, F9615/327/40, FO 371/54411.22. Bangkok to FO, 4 July 1946, F9857/327/0, FO 371/54411.23. Minute, J. Addis, 1 January 1947, F8/8/40, FO 371/63877.24. Minute, Conference Department, 15 January 1947, F8/8/40, FO 371/63877.25. Minute, G. Whitteridge, 11 December 1946, F3139/8/40, FO 371/63877.26. Bangkok to FO, 22 March 1947, F4065/1565/40, FO 371/63910.27. Bangkok to FO, 26 March 1947, F4204/1565/40, FO 371/63910.28. Ibid.29. Bangkok to FO, 28 March 1947, F4344/1565/40, FO 371/63910.30. Ibid.31. Washington to FO, 28 March 1947, F4829/1565/40, FO 371/63910.32. Despatch, Thompson to E. Bevin, 6 April 1947, F5168/1565/40, FO

371/63910.33. Bangkok to FO, 9 November 1947, F14916/1565/40, FO 371/63911.34. Bangkok to FO, 11 November 1947, F14974/1565/40, FO 371/63911.35. Minute, R. Allen, 9 November 1947, F15065/1565/40, FO 371/63911.36. Bangkok to FO, 19 November 1947, F15371/1565/40/G, FO 371/63911.37. Bangkok to FO, 26 November 1947, F15673/1565/40, FO 371/63912.38. Singapore to FO, 28 November 1947, F15789/1565/40, FO 371/63913.39. Minute, R. Allen, 10 December 1947, F16098/1565/40, FO 371/63914.40. Letter, Lt. Colonel C. Tarver, MI2, WO, to J.O. Lloyd, 13 August 1948,

F11381/21/40, FO 371/69996.41. FO to Washington, 22 April 1948, F5589/21/40, FO 371/69991.42. Minute, E. Dening, 23 January 1948, F16965/1565/40, FO 371/63915.43. Bangkok to FO, 4 March 1949, F3303/1019/40, FO 371/76281.44. Bangkok to FO, 5 March 1949, F3344/1019/40, FO 371/76281.45. Bangkok to FO, 6 March 1945, F3345/1019/40, FO 371/76281.46. Minute, Bevin, no date, F3345/1019/40, FO 371/76281.47. Minute, R. Scott, ibid.48. Letter, Scott to Thompson, 4 April 1949, F5043/1019/40, FO 371/76282.49. Letter, Thompson to Scott, 16 April 1949, F6416/1019/40, FO 371/76282.50. Letter, Thompson to Scott, 30 November 1949, F18520/G, FO 371/76288.51. Letter, Thompson to Scott, 16 December 1949, F19415/1058/40G, FO

371/76288.52. The Economist, 25 March 1950, enclosed, FS1022/1, FO 371/84356.53. The Times, 29 March 1950, enclosed, FS1022/1, FO 371/84356.54. GHQ, Far East Land Forces to MOD, 18 December 1950, FS1022/8/G, FO

371/84356.55. Minute, Lloyd, 6 January 1951, FS1022/8/G, FO 371/84356.56. FO to Bangkok, 20 December 1950, FS1017/21G, FO 371/84352.57. Despatch, R. Whittington to H. Morrison, 16 April 1951, FS1011/1, FO

371/92952.

Notes 285

58. Monthly summary, November 1951, Bangkok to FO, 7 December 1951, FS1013/10, FO 371/92953.

59. Despatch, G. Wallinger to A. Eden, 12 March 1952, FS1015/10, FO 371/101166.

60. Despatch, Wallinger to Eden, 10 September 1952, FS1015/60, FO 371/101168.61. Report, L. Steventon, consul, Chiengmai, FS1041/10, FO 371/101173, and let-

ter, Wallinger to P. Dalton, 27 February 1952, FS1041/12/G, FO 371/101173.62. Letter, Wallinger to D. Allen, 9 September 1953, FS1015/29, FO 371/106885.63. Letter, Wallinger to D. Allen, 28 September 1953, enclosing record of

conversation with Donovan, 24 September 1953, FS1015/32/G, ibid.64. Ibid.65. Despatch, Whitteridge to W. Churchill, 19 May 1953, FS1016/34, FO

371/106887.66. Memorandum, 4 February 1954, JIC(54)14(Final), Cab 158/17, part 1.67. Memorandum, 26 February 1954, JIC(54)25, Cab 158/17, part 1.68. Memorandum, 23 October 1954, JIC(54)75(Final), Cab 158/18, part 2.69. Letter, B. Gage to J. Tahourdin, 15 May 1954, DS1631/3, FO 371/112295.70. Despatch, Gage to Eden, 15 September 1954, DS1631/12, FO 371/112295.71. Minute, D. Allen, 25 January 1955, DS1051/3, FO 371/117347.72. Minute, I. Kirkpatrick, 21 March 1955, DS1631/21, FO 371/117360.73. Minute, Eden, 21 March 1955, DS1631/21, FO 371/117360.74. Letter, Sir M. Adeane (private secretary to Queen Elizabeth II) to A. Rumbold,

23 March 1955, DS1631/21, FO 371/117360.75. Letter, M. Joy to S. Tomlinson, 18 June 1955, DS1631/82, FO 371/117360.76. Despatch, Gage to S. Lloyd, 15 June 1956, DS10345/5, FO 371/123648. The

article was written by Robert Alden and it was published originally in the New York Times, 21 May 1956. It was reprinted in the Bangkok Post, 28 May 1956.

77. Letter, Gage to Tomlinson, 12 May 1957, DS1015/28, FO 371/129611.78. Bangkok to FO, 15 May 1957, and FO to Bangkok, 16 May 1957, DS1015/27,

FO 371/129611.79. Bangkok to FO, 17 September 1957, DS1015/46, FO 371/129611.80. Letter, Whittington to O. Morland, 2 November 1957, DS1015/68, FO

371/129612.81. Minute, C. Curwen, 13 July 1960, DS11345/3, FO 371/152652.82. Despatch, Whittington to Lloyd, 13 December 1957, DS11345/3, FO

371/129626.83. Report, naval attaché, Commander B. Andrew, 31 January 1958, DS1192/1,

FO 371/136044.84. Ibid.85. Report, military attaché, Lt. Colonel W. Potter, 1 January 1958, DS1192/1,

FO 371/136044.86. Ibid.87. Report, air attaché, Group Captain F. Rothwell, 31 December 1957, DS1192/1,

FO 371/136044.88. Despatch, Whittington to Lloyd, 14 February 1959, DS1015/6, FO

371/144295.89. Minute, Curwen, 3 November 1959, DS1015/25, FO 371/144295.

286 Notes

90. Chancery (Bangkok) to SEAD, 22 July 1960, DS1193/1, FO 371/152656 and 3 November 1960, DS11338/2, FO 371/152651.

91. Valedictory despatch, Whittington to Home, 14 May 1961, DS1051/5, FO 371/160075.

92. Minute, F. Warner, 1 June 1961, DS1051/5, FO 371/160075. 93. Minute, Lansdowne, 5 June 1961, DS1051/5, FO 371/160075. 94. Ibid. 95. Minute, R. Stratton, 11 July 1961, DS1051/5, FO 371/160075. 96. Minute, Warner, 12 July 1961, DS1051/5, FO 371/160075. 97. Letter, Chancery to SEAD, 15 September 1961, with minute, J. McGhie, 29

September 1961, DS1015/20, FO 371/160070. 98. Letter, D. Gibson (Chiengmai) to T. Gatty (Bangkok), 2 September 1962,

and letter, J. Dodds to C. Howells, 11 October 1962, DS103145/15/G, FO 371/166619.

99. Despatch, McKeever (Tamsui) to Home, 14 June 1963, DS1941/4, FO 371/170040.

100. Despatch, Morland (Manila) to Home, 11 June 1963, DS1941/6, FO 371/170040.

101. Letter, J. Fisher to P. Wakefield, 15 April 1964, DS1015/7, FO 371/175347.102. Despatch, MacDermot to P. Gordon Walker, 1 January 1965, DS1011/1, FO

371/180409.103. Letter, Rumbold to Peck, 1 April 1965, DS103145/1/G, FO 371/180417.104. Despatch, Gibson to Rumbold (Bangkok), DS1015/28, FO 371/180412.105. Memorandum, JIC(65)18(Final), Cab 158/56.106. Ibid.107. New York Times, 16 March 1955, enclosed, DP1015/3, FO 371/117317.108. Report, R.S. Milward, 9–19 March 1949, F7679/1015/83, FO 371/76274.109. Minute, G. Burgess, 30 May 1949, F7679/1015/83, FO 371/76274.110. Manila to FO, 29 August 1950, FP1017/4, FO 371/84303.111. Letter, Burgess to Ramon J. Fernandez, 11 January 1950, FP1022/1, FO

371/84304.112. Annual review, 1950, Foulds to Bevin, 2 February 1951, FP1011/1, FO

371/92930.113. Ibid.114. Ibid.115. Letter, Lansdale to Jose V. Abueva, 5 November 1962, folder, US

Department of Defense, Office of Secretary of Defense: Abueva, Jose V., 1962, box 36, Lansdale Papers (Stanford, California: Hoover Institution).

116. Ibid.117. Typed note, ‘Funds for Psychological Warfare’, no date, folder, National

Defense, Dept. of, c. 1952, box 34, Lansdale Papers.118. Manila to FO, from J. Ramage, 1 December 1953, FP1013/13, FO

371/105612.119. Despatch, R. Clinton-Thomas to Eden, 1 March 1952, FP1015/7, FO

371/99647.120. Despatch, Clinton-Thomas to Eden, 18 March 1952, FP1011/1, FO

371/99646.

Notes 287

121. Despatch, Clinton-Thomas to Eden, 30 September 1952, FP1194/1, FO 371/99654.

122. Manila to FO, monthly report, 4 May 1953, FP1013/5, FO 371/105612.123. Manila to FO, 1 December 1953, FP1013/13, FO 371/105612.124. Despatch, F. Gibbs to Eden, 2 January 1954, enclosing text of inaugural

address, Magsaysay, 30 December 1953, DP1015/3, FO 371/112244.125. Report, Major M. Reinhold, MI2(B), 7 May 1953, ‘Anti-Government Rebels

in the Philippines’, FP1017/5, FO 371/105614.126. Manila to FO 9 June 1954, DP1013/6, FO 371/112243.127. Despatch, G. Clutton to H. Macmillan, 6 September 1955, DP1015/5, FO

371/117317.128. Minute, Reading, 2 January 1957, DP1631/1, FO 371/123630.129. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 22, no. 383, pp. 640–2, letter, Magsaysay to Dulles,

15 March 1956.130. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 22, no. 384, p. 642, message, Dulles to Eisenhower,

16 March 1956.131. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 22, no. 409, pp. 683–4, editorial note.132. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 22, no. 423, pp. 711–12, JCS to Wilson, 27 February

1957.133. Despatch, Clutton to Lloyd, 26 March 1957, DP1851/7, and letter, C.

Ewart-Biggs to Tomlinson, 20 May 1957, enclosing comments, air attaché, DP1851/9, FO 371/129606.

134. Despatch, Clutton to Lloyd, 26 March 1957, DP1851/6, FO 371/129606.135. Despatch, Clutton to Lloyd, 26 March 1957, DP1851/7, FO 371/129606.136. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 22, no. 724, p. 713, memorandum, Armstrong to

Dulles, 18 March 1957.137. Despatch, Ewart-Biggs to Lloyd, 2 August 1957, DP1015/17, FO 371/129587.138. Minute by Hey-Neane, 15 August 1957 on letter, Ewart-Biggs to Tomlinson,

25 July 1957, DP1081/1/G, FO 371/129590.

8 Britain, Indonesia and the Creation ofMalaysia, 1959–65

1. See J.D. Legge, Sukarno: A Political Biography, third edition (Singapore: Archipelago Press, 2003).

2. See M. Jones, Conflict and Confrontation in South East Asia, 1961–1965 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 1–28.

3. See K. Conboy and J. Morrison, Feet to the Fire: CIA Covert Operations in Indonesia, 1957–1958 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1999).

4. Jones, Conflict and Confrontation, p. 43. 5. Letter, A. Adams (Singapore) to F. Warner, 15 January 1963, DH1193/1, FO

371/169931. 6. Letter, Steele-Perkins to Cable, 1 March 1963, DH1193/1, FO 371/169931. 7. Letter, E. Peck to Adams, 7 March 1963, ibid. 8. See correspondence in FO files, November–December 1964, FO

371/175313. 9. Letter, R. Selby to Cable, 10 January 1963, DH1015/1, FO 371/169879.

288 Notes

10. Letter, A. Gilchrist to Peck, 8 May 1965, DH1015/75, FO 371/18031311. Djakarta to FO, 28 September 1965, DH1051/139, FO 371/180316.12. FO and CRO to Certain Missions, 14 October 1965, IM1016/20, FO

371/181455.13. Jones, Conflict and Confrontation, pp. 275–6.14. Memorandum, 26 April 1965, JIC(65)28(Final), Cab 158/56.15. Minute, Peck, 18 December 1964, DH1015/111/G, FO 371/175251.16. Djakarta to FO, 7 November 1963, DH1015/89, FO 371/169894.17. Letter, Gilchrist to Warner, 4 January 1963, DH1051/3, FO 371/169890.18. Letter, Warner to Gilchrist, 8 January 1963, DH1051/3, FO 371/169890.19. British Documents on the End of Empire, series B, vol. 3, ed. A.J. Stockwell,

Malaya (London: HMSO, 1995), part 1, no. 8, pp. 24–5, CO-FO memoran-dum, August 1942.

20. British Documents on the End of Empire, series B, vol.8 , ed. A.J. Stockwell, Malaysia (London: Stationery Office, 2004), no. 25, pp. 66–8, memorandum,15 July 1960, I. Macleod, hereafter cited as Malaysia.

21. Despatch, Lord Head to CRO, 15 October 1964, Prem 13/428.22. Ibid.23. Stockwell, Malaysia, no. 3, p. 9.24. Stockwell, Malaysia, no. 31, p. 88, despatch, W. Goode to Macleod, 30

December 1960.25. Stockwell, Malaysia, no. 39, pp. 116–17, G. Tory to D. Sandys, 26 May 1961.

This telegram was based on advance information regarding the Tunku’s speech scheduled for the following day.

26. Stockwell, Malaysia, no. 73, p. 219, report for ministers by A. Clutterbuck, 20 October 1961.

27. Stockwell, Malaysia, no. 94, p. 281, letter, Lord Cobbold to R. Maudling, 6 March 1962.

28. Stockwell, Malaysia, no. 125, pp. 335–6, letter, Tunku Yacob to H. Macmillan, 4 July 1962, forwarding message from Tunku Abdul Rahman to Macmillan.

29. Stockwell, Malaysia, no. 128, p. 339, Sandys to Tory, 4 July 1962, enclosing Macmillan’s reply.

30. Stockwell, Malaysia, no. 129, pp. 352–4, report, S. Garner, 10 July 1962 with appendices.

31. Stockwell, Malaysia, no. 140, p. 377, editorial note.32. Ibid.33. Stockwell, Malaysia, no. 140, pp. 385–6, agreement for establishing

Federation of Malaysia.34. Stockwell, Malaysia, no. 136, pp. 373–4, letter, Macmillan to Tunku Abdul

Rahman, 28 July 1962.35. Stockwell, Malaysia, no. 141, pp. 386–90, report, Lansdowne, 10 September

1962.36. Stockwell, Malaysia, no. 149, pp. 411–13, memorandum, White,15 December

1962, with editorial note.37. MOD, situation report no.1, 12 December 1962, Prem 11/3869.38. Stockwell, Malaysia, no. 151, pp. 420–2, letter, Selkirk to Macmillan,

20 December 1962.39. Singapore to FO, from Selkirk, 8 December 1962, Prem 11/3869.40. Manila to FO, 8 December 1962, Prem 11/3869.

Notes 289

41. Stockwell, Malaysia, no. 158, ‘The Communist Conspiracy’, paper authorised by Internal Security Council of Singapore, 1 February 1963.

42. State Department memorandum, 28 December 1962, enclosed, DH103138/2/G, FO 371/169887.

43. Letter, D. Greenhill to Warner, 16 August 1963, DH103145/9, FO 371/169888.44. Djakarta to FO, 6 August 1963, DH1051/44/G, FO 371/169892.45. Report, COS, 27 June 1963, COS 235/63, Defe 5/140.46. Report, Cs-in-C, Far East, endorsed by COS, 16 July 1963, COS 253/63, Defe

5/140.47. Memorandum, 31 January 1963, JIC(63)14, Cab 158/48.48. Memorandum, 23 August 1963, JIC(63)71, Cab 158/50.49. Stockwell, Malaysia, no. 182, p. 510, Selkirk to Sandys, 19 June 1963.50. Ibid.51. Stockwell, Malaysia, no. 192, p. 530, editorial note.52. Stockwell, Malaysia, no. 194, pp. 532–3, editorial note.53. Stockwell, Malaysia, no. 200, pp. 541–2, editorial note.54. Stockwell, Malaysia, no. 206, p. 546, FO to Lord Home, enclosing message,

Macmillan to Kennedy, 4 August 1963.55. Ibid.56. Stockwell, Malaysia, no. 221, pp. 565–6, Sandys to Macmillan, 5 September

1963.57. Stockwell, Malaysia, introduction, p. lviii.58. Minute, Warner, 6 September 1963, DH103145/11, FO 371/169888.59. Minute, Home, 10 September 1963, DH103145/11, FO 371/169888.60. Djakarta to FO, 16–17 September 1963, DH1051/52, FO 371/169892.61. Djakarta to FO, 18 September 1963, two telegrams, DH1051/52, FO

371/169892.62. FO to Certain of HM’s Representatives, 18 September 1963, DH1051/56, FO

371/169892.63. FO to Washington, 18 September 1963, DH103145/13, FO 371/169888.64. Washington to FO, 18 September 1963, DH103145/13, FO 371/169888.65. FO to Certain of HM’s Representatives, 18 October 1963, DH1051/85, FO

371/169894.66. FO to Djakarta, 20 September 1963, DH1051/60, FO 371/169892.67. Minute, Warner, 10 October 1963, DH1071/21/G, FO 371/169909.68. FO to Washington, 15 October 1963, DH1071/22/G, FO 371/169909.69. FO to Washington, 17 October 1963, DH1071/22/G, FO 371/169909.70. Record, meeting in State Department, 16 October 1963, DH1071/31/G, FO

371/169909.71. Ibid.72. Ibid.73. Ibid.74. Djakarta to FO, 14 October 1963, DH1062/103, FO 371/169907.75. Ibid.76. Ibid.77. Djakarta to FO, 12 October 1963, Prem 11/4905.78. Djakarta to FO, 14 October 1963, Prem 11/4905.79. Djakarta to FO, 15 October 1963, Prem 11/4905.80. Letter, Peck to Rumbold, 30 September 1965, IM1193/155/G, FO 371/181529.

290 Notes

81. Ibid. 82. Report, 18 November 1963, COS 376/63, Defe 5/141. 83. Report, 21 January 1964, COS 19/64, Defe 5/147. 84. Report, 16 October 1963, JIC(63)82(Final), Cab 158/50. 85. Report, 26 November 1963, JIC(63)89, Cab 158/50. 86. Report, 12 May 1964, JIC(64)15(Final), Cab 158/51. 87. Report, prepared by JIC(FE), forwarded, C-in-C, Far East, circulated to COS,

8 October 1964, Defe 5/154. 88. On Robert Kennedy, see E. Thomas, Robert Kennedy: His Life (London:

Simon & Schuster, 2000). On Johnson, see R. Dallek, Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).

89. Minute, Lord Dundee, 21 January 1964, DH103145/8, FO 371/175261. 90. Record, conversation at Chequers, 26 January 1964, Prem 11/5196. 91. Ibid. 92. Ibid. 93. Ibid. 94. Ibid. 95. Letter, D. Ormsby Gore to R.A. Butler, 29 January 1964, Prem 11/5196. 96. Ibid. 97. Ibid. 98. Ibid. 99. Ibid.100. Letter, Cable to Addis, 8 April 1964, DH1091/25, FO 371/175274.101. Minute, Butler, 27 June 1964, DH103145/56, FO 371/175264.102. Djakarta to FO, 15 July 1964, DH103145/58/G, FO 371/175264.103. FO to Moscow, 15 July 1964, DH103145/58/G, FO 371/175264.104. Report, approved by COS, 13 January 1965, COS 11/65, Defe 5/156.105. Ibid.106. Ibid.107. Report, 14 January 1965, JIC(65)7(Final), Cab 158/56.108. Statement, E. Shuckburgh for NATO meeting, attached, letter, Shuckburgh

to Peck, 14 January 1965, IM1193/27, FO 371/181525.109. CRO to Kuala Lumpur, 3 June 1965, Prem 13/430.110. Kuala Lumpur to CRO, 11 August 1965, Prem 13/430.111. CRO to British High Commissions, 11 August 1965, Prem 13/430.112. Personal telegram, Lee Kuan Yew to H. Wilson, 21 August 1965, Prem

13/431.113. Report, 16 August 1965, JIC(65)57(Final), Cab 158/59.114. Report, 19 August 1965, JIC(65)44(Final), Cab 158/58.115. Report, 2 August 1965, JIC(65)49(Final), Cab 158/59.116. Letter, J. Cambridge to D. Tonkin, 1 September 1965, DH1015/124, FO

371/18315.117. Djakarta to FO, 1 October 1965, DH1015/140, FO 371/180316.118. The Times, 14 October 1965, enclosed, DH1015/203, FO 371/180319.119. Minute, B. Burrows, 15 October 1965, DH1015/211, FO 371/180319.120. Despatch, Gilchrist to M. Stewart, 8 October 1965, DH1015/215, FO

371/180320.121. Ibid.122. Ibid.

Notes 291

123. FO to Singapore, 6 October 1965, DH1015/167, FO 371/180317.124. Ibid.125. Djakarta to FO, 11 October 1965, DH1015/179, FO 371/180318.126. Minute, A.J. Brown, 15 October 1965, DH1015/179, FO 371/180318.127. Djakarta to FO, 8 November 1965, DH1015/289/G, FO 371/180323.128. Djakarta to FO, 27 November 1965, DH1015/18/G, FO 371/180324.

292

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301

Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj, Tunku, 47–56, 81, 88, 134, 140, 219–43

Abdul Rashid Mahiden, 52Abdul Razak bin Hussein, Dato, 220–2Acheson, Dean, 74, 83Adams, A.C., 191Addis, John, 175–6, 179–81, 235, 253Adenauer, Konrad, 152Afghanistan, 78, 81AFPFL, see Anti-Fascist People’s

Freedom LeagueAhmad Boestamam, 223Aidit, D.N., 217, 237, 241Air America, 206Albania, 65Alexander, A.V., 103Alexandra, Princess, 122, 126Allen, Denis, 105, 132, 160Allen, Richard, 119, 120, 122, 195al-Qaeda, 257n3Alsop, Stewart, 57American Baptist Union, 102Amnesty International, 223Ananda Mahidol, King, 192, 207Anderson, Captain George, 67, 68,

266–7n121Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League

(AFPFL), 18–26, 118, 125ANZUS (Australia, New Zealand,

United States alliance), 8, 71, 83, 234

Aquino, Benigno, 212ASEAN, see Association of Southeast

Asian NationsAssociation of Southeast Asian

Nations (ASEAN), 10, 81Attlee, Clement (1st. Earl Attlee), 1,

13, 15, 20–6, 29–41, 45, 189, 193, 246, 251

Aung Gyi, 105, 122Aung San, 18–26, 41, 98, 99, 101,

122–3, 127Aung San Suu Kyi, 119, 127

Auriol, Vincent, 56, 58Australia

policy of: towards Colombo Plan, 74–81; towards Indonesia, 35–41, 217, 229–43; towards Malaysia, 229–43; towards SEATO, 83–90; towards United States, 8, 71, 83, 156, 234; towards Vietnam, 156

role of, in Commonwealth, 8, 249Austria, 173Azahari, A.M., 222, 240

Ba Maw, 19Ba Swe, 125Ba U, 119Baldwin, J.W., 102–4Baldwin, Stanley (1st. Earl Baldwin),

159Baling talks (1955), 52–5Ball, W. McMahon, 35Bandon, Air Chief Marshal the 5th.

Earl of, 93Bandung conference (1955), 159Bangkok Post, 196, 205Bao Dai, 28, 56–72, 128–30, 196Barwick, Sir Garfield, 229BBC, see British Broadcasting

CorporationBCP, see Burma Communist PartyBeaverbrook, 1st. Baron, 21Bedell Smith, General Walter,

72, 84Belgium, 58Bell, Daniel, 209Berger, Colonel Oliver, 105Bevin, Ernest, 3, 5, 29, 30, 32–40,

59, 73–4, 98–9, 191–2, 194, 251

Bhumibol Adulyadej, King, 192, 200, 204

Binh Xuyen, 128, 130Bird, Willis H., 112, 206

Index

301

302 Index

Bishop, Max, 202Blackburn, Raymond, 101Blackwell, Kenneth, 145Blair, Tony, 250Bland, Sir Nevile, 37Bloodworth, Dennis, 132Blum, Leon, 32Bo Setkya, 125Bolivia, 58Bonnet, Georges, 87Borneo, British, 2, 10, 17, 80, 154,

214, 215, 218–43, 246, see also Sabah

Bose, Subhas Chandra, 14Boun Oum, Prince, 176, 181Bourdillon, H.T., 15, 17Bourne, General Sir Geoffrey, 100Bowker, Richard, 101, 103, 109Brain, Norman, 253, 261n103Brains Trust, BBC programme, 201Brazil, 58BRIAM, see British Advisory Mission,

South VietnamBriggs, General Sir Harold, 45–6British Advisory Mission, South

Vietnam (BRIAM), 7, 140–8, 156British Broadcasting Corporation

(BBC), 144–5, 201British Communist Party, 74–5British Council, 107, 163British Services Mission, Burma

(BSM), 7, 101, 102–6, 247Bronhill, June, 272n45Brown, A.J., 242Brown, Horace, 179Bruce, David, 154, 156, 234, 236Brunei, 10, 215, 218–19, 222–3,

239–40, 246BSM, see British Services Mission,

BurmaBuddhism, 105, 121, 145–7Bundy, McGeorge, 155–6, 224Burgess, Guy, 208–9Burma

army of, 99–127attitudes of, towards SEATO, 120–6colonialism restored in (1945–7),

18–26communism in, 97–127, 247

independence achieved (1948), 26joins Colombo Plan, 75, 80KMT involvement in, 107–18minorities in, 18–26, 97–127relations of: with China, 97–8,

107–27; with Soviet Union, 78, 98–9; with United States, 97, 108–27

Burma Communist Party (BCP), 124–5

Burma Socialist Programme Party, 125Burrows, R.A., 64Bush, George W., 250Butler, R.A., 63, 85, 102, 149, 164–5,

183, 234–6

Cable, James, 86–7, 90–1, 122, 124, 129–30, 132–3, 151–2, 156, 185–6, 235, 253

Cabot Lodge, Henry, 138, 146–52Caccia, Sir Harold, 138, 180Callaghan, James, 82, 155Cambodia, 2, 5, 7, 27, 42, 60, 71, 80,

84, 86, 91, 130, 132, 138, 151, 158–67, 203

Campbell, Alexander, 101, 103–4Can Lao Party, 134, 136Canada, 8, 75, 80, 137, 142Cao Dai, 130Carrington, 6th. Baron, 125Casey, Richard, 76, 87, 94CAT, see Civil Air TransportCatholic Church, see Roman Catholic

ChurchCelebes islands, 217, 233Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),

108, 148, 179–80, 216, 240Ceylon, 3, 4, 9, 18, 73, 77, 84, 106, 176Chamberlain, Neville, 159Chen Tian, 53Chennault, General Claire L., 110, 115Chiang Kai-shek, Generalissimo, 1,

29, 45, 69, 97, 108–9, 114, 169, 206

Chin, 20, 24Chin Peng, 43–4, 50, 52–4China (People’s Republic of China)

British recognition of (1950), 196civil war in, 6

Index 303

China (People’s Republic of China) – continued

Geneva onference (1954) and, 66–72, 158

influence of, in Malaya, 43–5relations of: with Burma, 97,

108–27; with Cambodia, 158; with Indonesia, 229, 241; with Laos, 184; with Thailand, 199; with Vietnam, 58, 132–3, 142, 151–2

views of SEATO towards, 83–96Chou En-lai, 70–2, 158, 173Christison, General Sir Philip, 33–6Churchill, Sir Winston

advocacy of détente (1953–4), 66, 68endorsement of diplomatic solution

in Indochina (1954), 66–8funeral of (1965), 154interest of, in Malaya (1951–5), 45,

47–8, 51meeting with Radford and Anderson

(1954), 67–8, 266–7n121opposition to independence for

colonies (1945–50), 21, 24, 26reconciliation with U Nu over

Burma (1955), 21, 118–19retirement of, as prime minister

(1955), 130–1support for establishment of SEATO

(1954), 67CIA, see Central Intelligence AgencyCivil Air Transport (CAT), 110, 115–16Clark Kerr, Sir Archibald (1st. Baron

Inverchapel), 36Clutton, George, 212–13Cobbold, 1st. Baron, 220Cobbold Commission (1962), 220Collins, General J. Lawton, 129, 130Colombo Plan (1950–), 3, 5, 73–82Cominform Journal, 197–8Comintern, 28Communist Party of Burma

(CPB), 124Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur, 217Congo, 122Conquest, Robert, 92Copnall, Bainbridge, 119Costa Rica, 58

CPB, see Communist Party of BurmaCreech Jones, Arthur, 16, 23, 43Cromwell, Oliver, 99Cuba, 152, 153, 176Curwen, Charles K., 202–3Cyprus, 233Czechoslovakia, 107

D’Abernon, 1st. Viscount, 68Daily Mail, 25, 101Daily Telegraph, 180Daily Worker, 74–5, 102Dalley, Colonel J.D., 195D’Argenlieu, Admiral Thierry, 31–2D’Asta, Monseigneur, 145Davies, Ernest, 59De Gaulle, General Charles, 27–31,

147, 165, 187De la Mare, Arthur, 92, 95, 111,

169–70, 174, 253De Lattre de Tassigny, General

Jean, 59–62De Lattre de Tassigny, Lieutenant

Bernard, 59Dening, Sir Esler, 30, 34–5, 58, 102,

189–91Devonshire, 11th. Duke of, 139Diefenbaker, John, 155Dien Bien Phu, battle of (1954), 42,

66–8, 128, 146Dillon, Douglas, 94Disraeli, Benjamin (1st. Earl of

Beaconsfield), 33Donovan, William J., 138, 198Dorman-Smith, Sir Reginald, 18–26,

41, 101, 254Douglas-Home, Sir Alec, see Home,

14th. Earl ofDriberg, Tom, 25DRV, see Vietnam, Democratic

Republic ofDuff Cooper, Alfred (1st. Viscount

Norwich), 29Dulles, John Foster, 2, 66–72, 83, 87,

131, 161, 174, 212–13Duncan, D.F., 106, 120Dundee, 11th. Earl of, 234Duong Van Minh, General, 149Durbrow, Elbridge, 139, 146

304 Index

Economist, The, 64, 129, 197Eden, Anthony (1st. Earl of Avon)

general election (1955) and, 130–1Geneva Conference (1954) and, 2,

66–72, 131, 158, 171, 173, 250policy of: towards Burma, 25, 102,

114; towards Colombo Plan, 84; towards Indochina, 29, 62, 129–31; towards SEATO, 84–7; towards Thailand, 201

succeeds Churchill as prime minister (1955), 130

Suez crisis (1956) and, 2Eden, Pilot Officer Simon, 119Egypt, 5, 58, 122, 193Eisenhower, General Dwight D., 66–72,

83, 137–8, 150, 170, 176–7, 212–13, 215–16

Elizabeth II, Queen, 119, 201Elysee accords (1949), 56–7Etherington-Smith, Gordon, 147Evening Standard, 156Everard, T.J., 136

Felt, Admiral Harry D., 174Ferguson, Colonel Bernard, 101Field, Brigadier Leonard, 60Fielding, Leslie, 166–7, 280n24Force 136, 20, 99, 196Ford, Gerald, 251Foreign Legion, see French Foreign

LegionFormosa, see TaiwanForrestal, Michael, 234Foulds, L.H., 29, 209France, 6, 10, 27–32, 56–72, 76, 83,

85, 86, 108, 128–33, 162, 169, 172, 193, 246

Franco, General Francisco, 161, 192Franks, Sir Oliver, 110, 112French Foreign Legion, 60

Gage, Sir Berkeley, 132–3, 200, 202Garcia, Carlos P., 213GATT, see General Agreement on

Tariffs and TradeGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and

Trade (GATT), 76Geneva Conference (1954), 2, 9,

66–72, 128, 129–34, 158

Geneva Conference (1962), 168, 180–2

Gent, Sir Edward, 14–17, 43, 254George VI, King, 16, 193Germany, 27, 106Gibbs, Frank S., 57Gilbert, W.S., 30Gilchrist, Sir Andrew, 218, 224,

228–43, 254Gladstone, William E., 33Goldwater, Barry, 152Gollan, John, 74–5Goode, Sir William, 219Gordon Walker, Patrick, 126, 153,

165–6Gore-Booth, Sir Paul, 105, 119, 254Gracey, General Douglas, 29–30Graham, Frank P., 39Grant, J.A., 107Greece, 58Green, Marshall, 242Greenhill, Denis, 152, 224Grey, Paul, 98, 101Griffiths, James, 46Grimond, Jo, 50Gromyko, Andrei, 183Gruening, Ernest, 152Gubbins, General Sir Colin, 101Guinea, 176Gulf of Tonkin incident (1964), 152Gurkha, troops, 109, 237Gurney, Sir Henry, 43–7, 254

Hammarskjold, Dag, 161, 172Harkins, General Paul D., 143, 144Harlech, Lord, see Ormsby Gore,

Sir DavidHarriman, W. Averell, 168, 178, 223,

227–9Harvey, Sir Oliver, 58Hatta, Mohammad, 34, 39, 242Hayter, Sir William, 101Head, 1st. Viscount, 230, 238–9Healey, Denis, 153, 155, 238Heath, Edward, 142Heppel, R.P., 159Herald, The (Melbourne), 78Herter, Christian, 161, 173Hey-Neane, D.R., 214Hirohito, Emperor, 10

Index 305

Ho Chi MinhBritish assessments of, 64–6charisma of, 64–6, 247early career of, 6, 27–8Geneva Conference (1954) and,

66–72, 128leader of Vietminh, 27–32, 128negotiations with France conducted

by (1946), 31–2opposition of, to United States

(1954–69), 134proclamation of DRV (1945) by,

30, 42Hohler, Harry, 141, 143, 145–6, 254Holland, see NetherlandsHolland, Sidney, 9Holliday, Leslie G., 170Home, 14th. Earl of (Sir Alec Douglas-

Home), 121, 142, 147, 153, 176, 180, 228–9, 231, 234, 238

Honduras, 58Hong Kong, 81, 177Hopson, Donald, 184–5Hoyer Millar, Sir Frederick, 174Hukbalahap movement, 208–12Hutton, General Sir Thomas, 101

ICC, see International Control Commission, Cambodia

ICC, see International Control Commission, Laos

ICC, see International Control Commission, Vietnam

ICP, see Indochina Communist PartyILP, see Independent Labour PartyIndependent Labour Party (ILP), 38India

Cambodia and, 132, 133, 160Colombo Plan and, 74, 77, 78–9independence achieved (1947), 3Indian National Army, 14relations of: with Britain, 8–9,

73–82, 86; with Burma, 106; with Cambodia, 8–9, 160–7; with Commonwealth, 8

response of: to Colombo Plan, 73–82; to SEATO, 78, 84, 86

Indochina (1945–54), 27–32, 34, 56–72, 190

Indochina Communist Party (ICP), 27–32

IndonesiaAmerican and British intrigues in,

216, 247communism in, 217, 224,

240–2confrontation over Malaysia,

224–43relations with Burma, 106, 215struggles of, against the

Netherlands, 32–41, 224International Control Commission,

Cambodia, 71, 171International Control Commission,

Laos, 71, 171, 172, 181, 184International Control Commission,

Vietnam, 71, 128, 137, 144, 171Iran, 58, 81Ireland, 27Ismay, General Sir Hastings, 29Italy, 58

Jacobs-Larkcom, E.H., 116Japan

end of Pacific War (1945) and, 4, 12, 28, 32–4

forces in Southeast Asia (1945–6), 32–4

GATT and, 76joins Colombo Plan, 76occupation of Burma (1942–5) by,

106, 215occupation of Indonesia (1942–5)

by, 32–4, 79, 224–5peace treaty (1951) with, 112renewed interest of, in Southeast

Asia, 92, 134Java, 34–5, 217Jebb, Sir Gladwyn, (1st. Baron

Gladwyn), 114Johnson, Lyndon B.

election campaign (1960) and, 138election campaign (1964) and,

150, 153experience of, in Senate, 153funeral of Churchill (1965)

and, 154policy of, towards Indonesia and

Malaysia, 231–43

306 Index

Johnson, Lyndon B. – continuedpolicy of, towards Vietnam, 82,

150–7succeeds Kennedy as president

(1963), 149, 231telephone conversation with

Wilson (1965), 155Jones, Howard M., 228, 230, 235–6Jordan, 58Joy, M.L., 63Judd, Walter H., 138

Kachin, 20, 23, 199Karen, 20–6, 97–102, 118, 124,

199, 206Karenni, 24Katanga, 122Kennedy, John F.

assassination of (1963), 149, 250charisma of, 138, 250election of, as president (1960),

138, 177interest of, in Indochina

(1948–60), 138policy of: towards Indonesia and

Malaysia, 223–32; towards Laos, 177–87; towards Vietnam, 142–9

relationship with Macmillan, 2, 226, 231

Kennedy, Robert F., 231, 233–5Khruschev, Nikita S., 77, 165, 168, 183Killearn, 1st. Baron, 4–5, 36–7King, Harold, 59Kirkpatrick, Sir Ivone, 163, 201, 254Kishi Nobusuke, 92, 134KMT, see KuomintangKnight, Sir Henry, 22–3Knowland, William F., 66, 83, 257n7Kong Le, Captain, 174, 181–3Korea, Democratic People’s Republic

of (North Korea), 58, 109Korea, Republic of (South Korea), 58,

81, 83, 92Korean War (1950–3), 2, 59, 69, 73,

83, 108–11, 155, 178, 250Kuomintang (KMT), 5, 13, 44, 61, 90,

97, 107–19, 168, 191, 198–9, 205–6

Lai Tek, 13, 44Lambton, Viscount, 136Lansdale, General Edward M., 7,

138–9, 209–11Lansdowne, 8th. Marquess of, 79–80,

93, 164, 172, 204–5, 221Laos, 2, 5, 7, 27, 42, 60, 66, 71, 80,

84, 86, 91, 94–5, 130, 132, 138, 150–1, 158, 167–87, 203

Laski, Harold, 24Laurel, Jose P. Jr., 213Lava, Jesus, 212Lawson, Jack, 36Le Van Kim, General, 149Lee, Henry Hau-Shik, 16Lee Kuan Yew, 4, 223, 226–43, 246Lenin, V.I., 6, 28Lennox-Boyd, Alan (1st. Viscount

Boyd), 55Li Mi, General, 111–12, 114Lim Chin Siong, 223Lincoln, Abraham, 119, 120Linggadjati agreement (1947), 37Listowel, 5th. Earl of, 25–6Liu Shao-ch’i, 209Lloyd, J.O., 197Lloyd, Selwyn, 173, 175Lloyd George, David (1st. Earl Lloyd-

George), 9, 100Loewen, General Sir Charles, 88Luang Vichit, 163Lucas, Squadron-Leader J., 191Luxembourg, 58Lyttelton, Oliver (1st. Viscount

Chandos), 48, 50, 51

Macapagal, Diasdado, 206, 213–14, 223, 225, 234

MacArthur, General Douglas, 4, 59, 109–10

MacCleary, A.N., 119MacDermot, Sir Dermot, 163, 174,

206, 255MacDonald, Malcolm

assessments submitted by: of Bao Dai, 57–8, 63–4, 129; of Ne Win, 121, 123

career of, 255

Index 307

MacDonald, Malcolm – continuedcharacter of, 5reports submitted by: on Burma,

103–4, 121–4; on Cambodia, 158–67; on communism, 57–8, 63–4, 129; on Indochina (1945–54), 57–8, 63–4, 129; on Indonesia, 40; on Malaya, 16–18; on Thailand, 195; on Vietnam, 129

MacDonald, Ramsay, 159MacGillivray, Sir Donald, 51, 255MacGinnis, F., 144–5Mackenzie, Colin, 196Macleod, Iain, 218MacMichael, Sir Harold, 15Macmillan, Harold (1st. Earl of

Stockton)approach of: to Indochina (1955–7),

131; to Laos (1959–63), 173–7; to Malaya (1957–62), 55–6, 220–1; to Vietnam (1961–3), 142–3, 144, 147

Cobbold Commission (1962) and, 220, 221

endorsement by, of creation of Malaysia, 220–1

establishment by, of cordial relationship with Kennedy (1961–3), 141–3, 144, 149, 231

persuades Churchill to meet U Nu (1955), 21, 118–19

placates Tunku Abdul Rahman (1962), 220, 221

resignation of, as prime minister (1963), 149, 231

succeeds Eden as prime minister (1957), 55

support of, for BRIAM in Malaya, 140–1, 149

works to improve relations with USA, 131, 142–3, 144, 226, 231

Madagascar, 59Magsaysay, Ramon, 7, 85, 208–14, 248Makins, Sir Roger, 84Malan, D.F., 8Malay Nationalist Party (MNP),

16, 44

Malayachanges in economy and society of

(1945–57), 17–18, 42–56communist rebellion in (1948–89),

6, 42–56Federation of (1948), 43–56independence achieved (1957), 51–6Japanese occupation of (1942–5),

13–15relations of, with Singapore, 42Union of (1946–7), 14–17, 43views in concerning SEATO, 55–6, 88

Malayan Communist Party (MCP), 43–56, 194, 233

Malaysiaantecedents of, 10, 219–21British approach to, 154, 219–43Brunei and, 219Indonesia and, 220–43Philippines and, 223–43Singapore and, 219United States and, 223–43

Maldive Islands, 81Manalan, Manuel, 213Manchester Guardian, 75Mansfield, Mike, 177Mao Tse-tung, 2, 6–7, 44, 69, 178,

196, 207, 247Marshall, David, 52, 54Marshall, General George C., 39Maudling, Reginald, 76, 220Maung Gyi, 101McCarthy, Joseph, 66, 248McNeil, Hector, 38MCP, see Malayan Communist PartyMeiklereid, E., 31Mendes-France, Pierre, 61–2, 70Menon, Krishna, 132Menzies, Sir Robert, 9, 139, 181Meo, 206Merchant, Livingston, 111, 177Milman, Malcolm, 274n127MNP, see Malay Nationalist PartyMocatta, M.M., 106Mohamad Ali, 87Molotov, Viacheslav, 69, 72Montagnard, 136, 150Montague-Brown, Anthony, 118–19

308 Index

Montini, Cardinal (Pope Paul VI), 261n110

Moros, 209Morrison, Herbert, 112Morse, Wayne, 152Moss, E.H. St.G., 136Mossman, James, 144Mountbatten, Admiral Lord Louis

(1st. Earl Mountbatten), 4, 12, 14, 18, 20, 29, 31, 125, 189

Murray, Peter, 100–1Mussolini, Benito, 224

Naga, 24Nai Khuang, 194Nash, Walter, 9, 80, 94Nasution, General Abdul Haris, 217,

224, 232, 237National United Front (NUF), 125NATO, see North Atlantic Treaty

OrganizationNavarre, General Henri, 66Ne Win, General

BSM and, 103–6, 247character of, 104–5, 120–1, 126head of army, 103–6, 118–27Macmillan’s opinion of, 126Malcolm MacDonald’s opinion of,

121, 123reaction of, to incursion by KMT,

117–18seizure of power by (1962),

3, 121–7supports Japan (1940–5), 18, 99

Nehru, Jawaharlalapproach of, toward

Commonwealth, 8–9, 249attitude of, towards

communism, 249foreign policy of, 38, 76–9nonalignment and, 86SEATO and, 86

Nepal, 80Netherlands, 10, 18, 32–41, 246Neville-Jones, Pauline, 152New Guinea, 41, 81, 224, 229, 232New Statesman, 191New York Herald Tribune, 57New Zealand

ANZUS and, 8, 83, 224Colombo Plan and, 80Commonwealth and, 8, 249Indonesia and, 35, 229Malaysia and, 229SEATO and, 83, 85, 93–5Vietnam and, 58, 156

Newsweek, 166Ngo Dinh Diem, 7, 63, 87, 128,

131–49, 164Ngo Dinh Luyen, 142Ngo Dinh Nhu, 130, 134–49Nixon, Richard M., 7, 66, 138, 251Nolting, Frederick, 146North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO), 83, 233Norway, 58Nu, U, 19, 24–6, 41, 97, 99–102,

118–20, 247NUF, see National United Front

Observer, The, 132Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 28,

196, 199Olver, S.J.L., 104Onn bin Jaa’far, Dato, 16, 47, 52Ormsby Gore, Sir David (5th. Baron

Harlech), 152, 174, 228–30OSS, see Office of Strategic ServicesOun Sananikone, 182Owen, Frank, 21, 100–1

Pacific War (1941–5), 3, 10, 27Pakistan

Colombo Plan and, 74–8Commonwealth and, 9independence of (1947), 3membership of SEATO and, 85–96relations of: with Afghanistan, 81;

with Burma, 122; with India, 85, 91

Palestine, 43, 161Panglong agreement (1947), 24Pan-Malayan Islamic Party (PMIP), 52Panorama, BBC programme, 144–5Parkes, Roderick, 134–5Parsons, Jeff, 92, 173, 174Partei Komunis Indonesia (PKI),

215, 217, 227, 234, 240–2, 247

Index 309

Pathet Lao, 168–87Pearce, General C.E., 19Pearn, B.R., 64, 99, 133, 137Pearson, Lester B., 9Peck, Sir Edward, 143, 148, 217,

231–2, 255Pedder, Wing-Commander I.M., 205Peron, General Juan D., 85Persia, see IranPetain, Marshal Philippe, 27Pethick-Lawrence, 1st. Baron, 20, 22Pham Van Dong, 72Pheng Pongsavan, 170Phibul Songkram, Field Marshal,

188–202Philippines, 7, 13, 29, 58, 75, 79, 80,

85–6, 89, 115, 138, 206, 208–14, 223–43, 247

Phoumi Nosavan, General, 174–80Pilsudski, Marshal Josef, 68Pinochet, General Augusto, 195PKI, see Partei Komunis IndonesiaPMIP, see Pan-Malayan Islamic PartyPo, Sir San C., 22Poland, 161Portugal, 20, 58Pote Sarasin, 88, 96Potsdam conference (1945), 29PRC, see People’s Republic of ChinaPridi Phanomyong, 188–95Profumo, John, 55Pugh, General L.H.O., 90Puttucheary, James, 223

Quinim Pholsena, 184Quirino, Elpidio, 211–12

Radford, Admiral Arthur W., 66–9, 266–7n121

Rahman, Abdul, see Abdul RahmanRance, General Sir Hubert, 19–26,

255Reading, 2nd. Marquess of, 76, 85,

134, 212Reagan, Ronald, 250Reinhold, Major Miles, 211Republic of China, see TaiwanReuter’s News Agency, 59Rhee, Syngman, 169, 201

Roberts, Sir Frank, 179Robertson, Walter, 174Rockefeller, Nelson A., 138, 152Roman Catholic Church, 33, 132,

136, 211, 261n110Romulo, General Carlos, 169Roosevelt, Franklin D., 28, 153,

189, 231Roshchin, N.V., 172Rothermere, 2nd. Viscount, 21, 101Royal Dutch Shell Company, 224Rumbold, Sir Anthony, 62, 231Rusk, Dean, 112, 153, 155, 182,

223, 229Russia, see Soviet Union

Sabah, 232, 239, 246Sacks, I. Milton, 64–5Sadler’s Wells Opera Company, 107,

272n45St. Laurent, Louis, 9San Francisco peace treaty (1951), 112Sandys, Duncan, 56, 93–4, 227, 234–5Sao Shwe Thaike, 120Sarawak, 80, 218, 246Sargent, Sir Malcolm, 201Sargent, Sir Orme, 98Sarit Thanarat, Field Marshal, 163,

174, 180, 198, 202–6Saunders, Pamela, 230Saw, U, 20, 25, 26Scott, Sir Robert, 74, 88–9, 91, 93, 109,

114, 131, 162, 196Scranton, William, 152Sea Supply Company, 112SEAC, see Southeast Asia CommandSEATO, see Southeast Asia Treaty

OrganizationSeconde, Reginald, 95, 255Selkirk, 10th. Earl of, 146–7, 222,

226, 255Seni Pramoj, 189, 194Serpell, David, 85Shan, 23–4, 108–20, 206Shell, see Royal Dutch Shell

CompanyShinwell, Emanuel, 46, 104Siam, see ThailandSihanouk Norodom, King, 158–67

310 Index

Singaporecommunism in, 219defence issues concerning, 62, 79,

86, 178, 194, 224Malaya and, 215, 219Malaysia and, 10, 45, 215,

218–19, 238SEATO and, 87, 89–90

Sjahrir, Sutan, 17, 35Slessor, Marshal of the RAF Sir John,

200–1Slim, Field Marshal Sir William,

18, 46Smith, General Walter Bedell, see

Bedell SmithSmith Dun, General, 99–103Smuts, Field Marshal Jan C., 8, 9, 35Snellgrove, J.A., 161, 171Son Ngoc Thanh, 159Souphanouvong, Prince, 170, 180, 183South Africa, Union of, 8, 35, 249Southeast Asia Command (SEAC), 3,

4, 13–14Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

(SEATO), 2, 5, 8, 55–6, 76–7, 83–96, 119–22, 160, 163–4, 205, 247–9

Souvanna Phouma, Prince, 167–87Soviet Union

Geneva conference (1954), 69–72, 158

Geneva conference (1962), 171–2lack of interest of, in Southeast Asia

(1945–53), 6, 44relations of: with Indonesia, 240;

with Thailand, 204renewed interest of, in Southeast

Asia (1954–65), 77–9, 161, 167–87, 204

rivalry of, with China, 179Spain, 58, 206Spanish Civil War (1936–9), 37Speaight, Richard, 104Spender, Sir Percy, 74Stalin, Josef, 6, 24, 28, 44Steele-Perkins, Colonel M.L., 216Stephenson, Hugh, 128, 130Stevenson, Noel, 101Stewart, Cosmo, 136, 141

Stewart, Michael, 82, 155, 241Stikker, Dirk, 39–40Stilwell, General Joseph W., 4Strachey, John, 46Straits Settlements, 14Strauss, Franz-Josef, 152Subandrio, 237Suez crisis (1956), 137, 161, 169–70Suharto, General, 217Sukarno

ambivalence of, toward communism, 216, 241, 247

character of, 215–16health of, 216–18, 237hostility of: toward Britain, 216,

228–43; toward Malaysia, 223–43

policy toward United States, 230–43

political decline of, 8, 10, 242role of army in decline of, 240–2struggle of, against the

Netherlands, 33–41Sullivan, Sir Arthur, 30Sulzberger, C.L., 208Sumatra, 34, 216, 232, 236Sweden, 58, 171, 193Swettenham, Sir Frank, 15Switzerland, 58, 171, 193

Tahourdin, John, 84–6, 255Taiwan (Republic of China)

American support for, 83British representation in, 7, 116end of Chinese civil war and, 7, 107involvement in Laos, 172, 182support for KMT in Burma,

108–18, 205Talbot de Malahide, 8th. Baron, 167Tan Cheng Lock, Sir, 16, 49, 52Tardini, Cardinal, 261n110Taruc, Luis, 212Taylor, General Maxwell D., 12, 144,

151Tebbit, D.C., 172Temple, General Bertram, 103–4Templer, Field Marshal Sir Gerald,

48–51, 200, 256Terauchi Hisaichi, Field Marshal, 31

Index 311

ThailandBritish desire for retribution against

(1945–6), 3, 190–1, 207, 246–7devaluation of pound (1949)

and, 196development of monarchy in,

188, 192dominance of army in, 188, 194–208joins Colombo Plan, 75joins SEATO, 85–96Pacific War and, 132–3, 189, 207,

246–7role of United States in, 198–208Vietnam War and, 206–7

Thant, U, 125–6, 165, 227Thatcher, Margaret (Baroness

Thatcher), 250Thi Han, U, 105Thompson, Major Jim, 196Thompson, Sir Geoffrey, 108, 189,

193–7, 256Thompson, Sir Robert, 7, 140–8, 156Time, 230Times, The, 180, 241Tin Tut, U, 99Tito, Marshal Josip B., 65–6Tomlinson, F.S., 201Tory, Sir Geofroy, 219–20Townshend, Group Captain Peter, 117Tran Van Dong, General, 149Truman, Harry S., 29, 109–10,

154, 210Tulloch, Colonel John C., 100–4Turkey, 107

United Malays National Organization (UMNO), 3, 16, 47–56

United Nations (UN), 39–40, 114, 126, 237

United States of America (USA)policy of: toward Burma, 97–8,

107–18, 122–3; toward Cambodia, 158–66; toward China, 66, 85–96; toward Colombo Plan, 74–80; toward Indochina (1945–54), 57–72; toward Indonesia, 223–43; toward Laos, 167–87; toward Malaysia, 223–43; toward

SEATO, 8, 85–96; toward Thailand, 3, 196–208; toward the Philippines, 208–14; toward Vietnam (1955–65), 128–57

support of, for KMT in Burma, 107–18

van Kleffens, E.N., 33–4van Mook, H.J., 36van Zeeland, Paul, 39Vatican, 33, 58, 261n110Victoria and Albert Museum, 126Vietcong, 136, 145, 150Vietminh, 7, 28–32, 128, 130, 134,

137, 180, 246Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang

(VNQDD), 27Vietnam, Democratic Republic of

(North Vietnam)establishment of (1945), 30Geneva conference and (1954),

69–72intervention of, in Laos, 184recognition of, by China and Soviet

Union (1950), 58SEATO and, 95–6war of: against France (1946–54),

56–72; against United States (1959–75), 137, 152–7

Vietnam, Republic of (South Vietnam)

establishment of (1955), 130–4friction with Cambodia, 161overthrow of Diem (1963), 145–9rise of military in, 147–57United States and, 128–57

Vivian, Captain David, 100VNQDD, see Viet Nam Quoc Dan

Dang

Wa, 24, 112Wainwright, Colonel V.M.,

168–9Wallinger, Geoffrey, 198–9Walshe, General P., 19Ward, Air Commodore E.L.S., 105Warner, Frederick, 95, 117, 121–2,

141, 144, 164, 177, 185, 204, 229, 255

312 Index

Warren, Earl, 154Wedemeyer, General Albert C., 29Western Enterprises, 115Weygand, Marshal Maxime, 68White, Sir Dennis, 222White, Sir Dick, 101Whitteridge, Gordon, 124, 256Whittington, Sir Richard, 92–3, 198,

202, 204–5, 256Wilhelmina, Queen, 33, 39

Williams, General Samuel T., 139

Willkie, Wendell L., 234Wilson, Harold, 2, 9, 82, 153–7, 231,

238–9, 250Woodhall, Sidney, 223

Yao, 206Yugoslavia, 58, 65–6Yunnan, 97, 111, 117, 206