Appendices to Chapter 5 - Brill

Appendices to Chapter 5

Below the results are presented of the screening for "verbal echoes" of some passages from the Ku[Untokai, Narril).ai, and Purananuru. The appendices do not claim to present absolute completeness. The material presented has been restricted to lexemes, the resultant pattern having been considered already sufficiently dense to state the case. Moreover, the inclusion of grammatical elements as well, though as pointed out above involving a number of interesting cases, would make the presentation virtually unmanageable. The number of poems allowed between two instances of the same word has been set at a maximum of nine. Thus, the expression tu[ukal in Kuruntokai 36 and 47 is not noted, nor is uciivii in 145 and 159 (actually the only two instances of the verb uciivutal in the entire Kuruntokai!). When in a poem the same lexeme occurs more than once, only the first instance is mentioned. Thus, of ajipu and ajiyal in 143 only the first one, ajipu is mentioned. Words like pal( a) have not been noted consistently. The pronouns are in the main only noted when used in a specific combination. Thus, yiiT] or eT] have not always been noted down, but yiiT]umar (in 28 and 31) has. To facilitate the retrieval of the words in the original texts they have, if space permitted, been quoted with the following suffixes (e.g. -iT]) and enclitics particles (e.g. -e and -a). For the same reason end-sandhi is maintained (e.g. mu! in 109 against mu.l in 110). However, initial sandhi is resolved.

Herman Tieken - 9789004486096Downloaded from Brill.com03/28/2022 05:58:00PM

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Appendix I: Ku[untokai 1-110 237

Appendix I: Kuruntokai 1-110

0 1 1 pii toti pata k61 kalal 2 pii natpin molimo kamam 3 pii natpe nir ime kol

kOlgu 4 nom nir kal) tiyppu akutal 5 noye patu nir kal) ti ena mel kama kol 6 2 or In[U emu 7 kaJ totiyot mel kotiyot kalal kol

villon 8 ati kai kal moli kiiri

iiran tammir 9 pii nal)i karappu peyya kotumai yayakiyate

atumme kaJ kal)l)in tamiya to[um 10 3 pii nal)iya karantanat paFiyar kotumai yayakiya!e

atti iiran men akalin ulavar II va!ai patu kal) patal kal)l)i naHe ilailku torum

vel moli munaatu 12 ko!!atu kal ure kotu viI 13 nay kal oru kal)l)e peyal natan ulanta

Poem 0 has not been included in the numbering. Note that only two words of it are repeated in the following poems, namely kUI}!il} in 1 and ulake in 6. Most likely it is a later addition, which would account for the fact that the total number of poems of the Ku[untokai is 40 I. Note, however, that Marr has another explanation for this (Marr 1985: 337). According to this scholar, poem 307, which is longer than the other poems, would be a later addition. However, for the same reason 391 would have to be considered a later addition as well, in which case we would end up with 399 poems. As a ka!avu!valttu, or a poem praising god at the beginning of a literary work, poem 0 appears to be redundant before poem I, which is a ka!avu!valttu of a more subtle type. It gives a mythical explanation of the red color of the kantaJ-flowers: on the mountain of the red god Cey (i.e. Murukan), whose elephant has blood-red tusks and whose arrows are red with the Asuras' blood, the kanta!-flowers are red as well. As such it may be compared to the opening verse in Bharavi's Kiratarjuniya, which, very appropriately at the beginning of a text, refers to the Goddess Sri. The attempt to fit poem I into an erotic context seems forced. With these words a girl would reject a present from a lover, saying it, or its red color, is nothing special (see Ludden and Shanmugam 1976: no. 78).

2 The only words connecting poem 6 with ones preceding it are el}!u: el}a in 5, and il}!u: il}!e in 3. Rather, its position after 5 seems to have been determined by contents: in 5 the girl's eyes do not manage to close for sleep (ka!1 parol/ave), in 6 the girl is complaining that while the whole world is asleep, she alone is awake (ulakamum tW7cum i5r mal}!(1 yal} tuiiciitelJe).

3 Poems 9 and 10 agree closely in both contents and form. For (partial) translations of these poems, see Tieken (I 998b: 299, esp. n. 21).


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238

14

15

16

17

18

20

21

22 23 24

25

26 5

27 6

28


nal).ukan lire

ko!pu va!ai kOl).mar

koJiDe

yiir

nallo! kai lir

naD vel tUl).ai POD pUDai

kaJ kamam

kamamo palan

yara!o namakke klintal

tUl).ai name

pOl} pUl}ai

moli cirite cen varntu

moli ma!antai pa!a toli cen toli

pli kal).l).i pa!upa

caral

pli

cirituiciru

ma!antai pirivor

plin makaJir tOl}rU var

pirikirravare maka!e

kOI).!a yaro klintal

karUJikal

kala yarum

karunkal takaa!)

ciDai

palam

ceyko

CIDal malarnta

nir caral

pli

nir

pli

ko!iyor

maka!ir ko!iyol}ai

marukil

akiDre pola pola

ka!var marukil}

akupa

ilanku klira arikatil

arppa kalar mUD

arkkavum

akumati ko!tu nata arinticil}ore

marattu

akaJayil}

avar poy kliril}um

lir maraattu avar

elunta 01).

01).

poyppiD kurukum

poykuvatu

ul).iiyar (takkuvel})

nal yal}umor

perri

pacalai tuncum

a!u ariyum arum kalattiDum

ariyatu lirkke noy

29 7 (tanka) talE nir maka pacun erra kogu ke!kunar urai

30 kegiciD malar takai val).!upa!u

31 takkoDai talJiya kala ma!!ar

32 terru piri vutalai itai

33 lil). 34 teralar ma!!ar

al}l}a

peri De nal

yaDumor

(ival})or iirppu

UrraDai/ura perital

ural elunta tamiyeD maka!ir iitu

makaD tunci

perun tamiyar

lir

lir lir

iDray perun

4 For i~zaimati in this poem, see akumati in 18. 5 For -um in ka!ava!lum, compare kurukum in 25.

nence arita kalam

erru poy vantaDaDe manra

kotu kai kai

variDe poyye

(maDrattu) kurukiD

6 Poem 27 does not contain any words found in the preceding poems. Typically, the only connection is with 26 through ulJfiyar, a synonym of aruntu in 26.

7 For manti "female monkey", compare ka!ava!l "male monkey" in 26.


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Appendix I: Kuruntokai 1-110 239

35 alma pirinticinorkku ila ci!}ai varal ma!}ra pacum

36 kumana!a!} uraittatu tuficu neficu kala!} fiamai ni!}vayi!}a!}e nar noyo

37 8 u!aiyar cemavare ci!}ai a!}pi!}a kai toli peritu

38 ku!}ra na!a!} nir or(anku) atu namu toli kuru!ai

39 u!ai i!ai cema(v)are arkkum 40 utai nir pola akiyaro a!}pu neficam 41 mumil pola fiame a]).il a!u vantu mama

aka peritu urir toli 42 na!a ni!}vayi!}a!}e 43 itai celvar ceyta ikalnta!}a!}e neficam 44 kal ikalnta!}ave mama 45 kalai ce!}ra elli!}a!} ura!}

peri tel 46 tatu mumil irai

ce!}ra pulampu

a!i kol (mamattu)

toli 47 kal itai vi allai kuru!ai yi!} elli varunar

vel} 48 tatir katalar

kalai 49 mutir

rna nIr 50 ilanku VI turai

51 rna katale!} turai kal parakkum

52 ilanku allago nIr cur

53 mutir mumil turai ur cur

54 55 rna ure vanta

uraiyu! 56 nIr varukatil 57 Ural nir

aritu i!aippa!igum 58 kal}

arite paranta!}ru 59 ilankiya naru

arum

kai pa!}i nacm kollo a!}!}a ceyta

cerppa mUI}~akattu a!!!!a

irai ure

mal}i pulampu

va!ai

neficu pal a!}!}a

ur mal}al cerppa!} mUI}!akam pa!}i torum

irai nacainta!}ai vel} pal

vel} pu a!!!!a

kai nala!} kai nal ma]).l

kaiya! ku!avi iru(vem)

kaiyil namu marru marre ku!avi

kuva!ai

ciIu

va!ai ci!}

(kaiy)il vel} noy/nO!}IU

(paric )ilar

cen kavalar pu

cen pu

akiya kakkum

aka

akali!}

8 vejam in this poem is a synonym of ka!iru in 36.


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240 Appendices to Chapter 5

kal)tulkal)tal kai ayil}um

61 ci[u ayil}um kaiyil} pola u[aar

62 p61a na[u kuva!ai itaippata

63 kaimmika 64 mata kal) cey 65 u[aiyunar kiir

U[U 66 matava kal kar 67 01) ceykkum 68 maruntu pi[itu

pal}i acciram 69 varal pi[itu

70 01)

71

kaimmai na[u ku[umaka!

maruntu kal ku[umaka! malai

rna 01}[U rna

72

73 74 75

76

77

78

kal)

kat na[U nalam nayante

yar kal)tal}ai varave

alankal nal

yavatum nal

yavatum

varal pal}i acciram kal malai

yal}ai

malai

iru(kai) 10 il}ite iruntu

nal va!ai il}pu ceyta

nallo!

varumo illorkku vantu noyem vantal}[u nontu

cey akutal

iruntiro il}pu

vara va!ai

marpe illai

onku el}a kamar

a[iyel} el}[u el}il}

ariya to! to!

ultta

varai nata

mel kal}avar

ariyal}

takaiya moli noy

pola el}pa pola

marpe

mel} ceytal}ave na!ti[ natal}

molimo

onku el}pavo tukkum marpar

netu el}il} neW takkal}[e

no kamam el}a

varai nattu cilampir celpa

tole kal}am mel} cel}[orkku

cilampil} cel}[e

79 nal}[U

alankal nayantu yal}ai netufi el}a varai

kal}a kurala ul)ta colliitu

80 utaiyal ampal

81 utaiyal ci[u oru cor nalal}

82 Cl[U pal}i acciram varatore

83 to[Um varum onku ul)tu malai

arum kal)

arum tiinkum

marpe perum

perum

perum

kolunal}

kOl)ta

akuvar kolun

aka Cll}aJ natal}ai

9 After poem 58, which mentions an umUlY, a deaf and mute person, 60 mentions a mu!avUlY, or cripple.

10 The variant reading irukai for irukkai is reported by Krishnambal (1974: 27). The poem describes a cripple (mu!avUlY) without legs but with two hands (or arms; irukai).


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Appendix I: Ku[untokai 1-110 241

84 ampal na[1 85 mutir na[a paI;laQ 86 to[U kural paQi aru 87 peemutir meQ ta!

kUQ[a maraattu 88 varutalum onku arun

perun malai 89 11 peemutir mel pa(iQa!

nal perum 90 tu[ai kaQi meQ to!

kUQ[a cayttun na[U iraviQ 91 tu[ai kaQi taI;l t1 mari iravu

pala 92 kOI;l(amai maraatta oilkiya

93 mika caay ahtu ka(aiye

to!i

94

95

96

97

nalaQ mika kurale perun

taI;l mari toli eQQakuvarkol maru!veQ

malai perun cayal t1

ci[uku(i ku[Umaka! to! paQ peru eQQakuvaikol

naQQutal malai tu[aivaQ ahte alar

nalaQ aki

ma!ai per

ma!ai

aruvi

urkke ma!ai aruvi uraQ

malai aruvi

aruvi

aruvi

uraQe

98 kome naQQutal mari alar ayiQa! naQ[u

99 ko!ave ko(u maruI;l(aQeQ maratta katai toy u!!iQeQ

100 ci[uku(i tole aruvi ko\u

101 calave emakke to! ku[Umaka!

102 caQ[or yam toy u!!iQ 103 katalar nail polvar na\unkanar

vatai varar 104 katalar akuvave 105 a(u akiQ[e na\unkum CI[U 106 nam aruvi

11 teYl'{/m in this poem is a synonym of katal'lI! in 87.

akutale koma kotu ko(iyor

ko!utum ke\kunar na\ar

varai evaQ kaI;l petai yay

na(aQ taruum varaiyi!i

na! ko(un

celave

petai na!

nIr

yay

evaQ

varaiyi!i nIr ci[u

evaQ

ceQ[U cila nIr

ceQ[U uI;la

varai ariya uI;lI;lum

aritu

tarun

maI;latta[ku

tokutta toli valeQ lral

toli vali uI;l(a to!i vali maI;lantu

varai


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107 ko! aki pu toku 108 kontanru 109 12 .~~!

a!UIi paival pu ciru tOli

110 mu! ani va!ai viirar tali

12 As far as I can see this poem is not formally integrated with the preceding poems.


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140

141

142

143

cel pu celku

evaQo pu

Appendix II: Kuruntokai 140-160

Appendix II: Kuruntokai 140-160

kola makka! alintu arintu tankiya

ko! kiJi kaFiyar ka~ na!

ki!i kat paQa~

kai

ila!o

na~a pa~u

ciru arintaQa!o

u~aiyaQ uriyatu malai icai ankalul na~a!) paga!a!) nillamai aliyal (tankutarku)

243

144 ceQ[aQa! uriyatu malai makka! makka!

na!)[e veJ.!~alai pirivil nage pa~utalum

145 u~aitte tuyir 146 pirintorppuJ.!arppor

u~ai

147 pirintore

148 149 onku

pun

tuyil kaQave mayir

ka!)avo a!ito

nillave 150 onku malai

evaQ 151 ariya katali ka[

kulal 152 utaitto katalar

evaQ 153 ar aJittu

kulariQum 154 pirintu ceJ.! mayir ka[

arufi kuru pampi!) 155 kuru 156 pirintorppuf.1arkkum 157 13 pirikkum katalar etir 158 ar aJi

evano pampu 159 etir 160 pirintor katalar

onku

kaJ.! pa!)a! a!)a ci[u naQ[U veJ.l!alai

aQ!)a

ankalul tantOy

nltu tara

u!!i!) uJ.!(luJ)

lcal kUQ[U kurala a!)!)a uWuj)

nil kUQ[a neficam

u!Ji cura aQ!)a

curan

kaiyar

kai kama tankum

ci[aar ci[u

vayi!) na~a!) kol

ci[u pe~ai

kaman a[ikilar kaiya[a

vayi[ aQate kukai

pe~ai kuum arintaQar kol

vantaQ[e taJ.ltu uJ!um paJ.!pin

kural lcal

a!)!)a

neficam ibtu per

paJ.!pinai neficamoru tankal

perai kaiya[a ibto perun

vantaQ[ii1 vanta

CI[U

ci!)ai varar

13 For the onomatopeic word kukka, compare kaum in 154.


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244

330 nIr eem:a piriya

331 nIr eel


Appendix III Kuruntokai 330-350

ila

il paink~yal}ai

kol pu

kol

per pulampum

ka~ naru nInti

pUl}ka~malai

ka~un

ar tali

u~~um ko~u kal}a katun 332 kai eiru uyir naru nIntu arum tali

333 kataina!

kuma painka~yal}ai

eval}a maka!ir na~al}

ili ka~ narun

nayantu na~~iya kal}aval} tali

vir 334 nIr ciru uyir

varuttam eev

kotu u[aiyum tali

oru nal}aippa 335 kai itai

irun nirai painka~(manti)

maka!ir ta~

336 pirinticil}a!e irun varupa

337 mral oru

338 mata vantal}IU VI kataina!

339

eiru

maka!e eila

nal to! eela nal}

pal}i pun kol ka~ ilintu

een perun varuntil}a!

ter kol peru

tere pal}i

pulampa ~~al eIU

ka~ ili peru

u[ai narai

kal}avar viI

pay irunta ilai pay katu

kali pakiya

mulai ve~

pUl}ka~malai

aeaii aka taru

vali paki

tali

340 katai oru

i!ai katalar

eellatu marunkil}

nenee pulampil} varuntun peyar

kali aki irunta tali taru patutal

341 vi a~i

342 kai

343 a~i

kuva!ai

344 irum

pirintu pulam

nirai 345 a~intu

346

nal}al katalar

neneattu

nal}al

ko!aa

na~al}

ko!Ii katalar vara el}a

pal}i ur

ka~pare

talai varun el}a ure

ter

varunta a~~al

eil}ai eUl}al

ta~

cil}ai peyarum

tan peyarum

akiya valel} tali (val})ka~ paga nayantOr pUl}ka~ patu

payntu vali tali ve~ katu

pUl}ka~malai tali

pulampu urai

kali

mulai poru~pi~i

paki aeaii ilai

iva! nal nal

kuva!ai vantu marunkir

natal} eollavum eUl}al nayanta

malai kaqu 347

348

349 350

ma~a itai VI nammotu pulan i~ai

VI namar a~l nan

pirintieil}are

u~ai

el}il} nal}aittalum ka1).Ur

utai

neneam iva! eUl}ai nayanta

ter pal}i kolla

eollil}um pal}i eollatlm

kolla

kal}a

ta~

peyarkkum kal}a

mulai

irukkum

ilai kagu

irunta poru~pi~i


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Appendix IV: Narrir,!ai 42-53 245

Appendix IV: NarriQai 42-53

42 ke!a! arital nIr ulaku palki!ai kural pu nutal ma!ai

ara utai 4314k~W~ arufi

mey pukku iJaiyar

ariyunar navil po!inta

mey aruficurafi celvorkku

ayar varuttu aka ko!Jiya

uvakai afical u\ai irattal

44 ma!ai alku ariyuna! ayar nIr katan palkilai kural ati ilai cel maka!e nltu kal).um vilai mUDril naD

45 utaitte pukku makaJe nIr katal valkkai

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

arutta cela narutum vi!aiyu! nal mID ka\al cemmal lllra puraivato

al).i arite i!amai aruficuram ulakattu kol).\u pulampa pil).i irantu akuvir kal).lf valkkai akam naD

pil).I al).i

aruttu ka!iru aficatu

ari cellatu

navil

ayarum varuttam i\ai

mlDID viDaiyar naru uvakaiyar

mID

ketpar etir

cemu naru alkiDar ariyiD kamalun

ka\ar afici

puku lllmir

ka!iru

cella ayar ariyamai naru

cemmal celal vantu

pacalai

nIr pu emar emarum

nira

pacaJai kal).atu

evaDo puraiyum talJi

to\i kOl).ta

va! to\iyor evaDo mumil

pulampinre nutal to\iyaD

taluukam illai

nutal kaDai kural a\iya peyal lllmirntu ceyvan malai vaDam tal). vIilku

etir al).i a\a peyal

cellem kamal pu vIDal cey

celku arintaDa! polintu

narram varu

malai

valkkai kaDai

evan

akam vInku ilai ilai

14 In u!aimatil we have to do with a word L/fai different from the ones in navu!ai in 42 and u.taitte in 44.


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Appendix V: Purananuru 241-252

241 oJ.! ira va1arkku to!i kai (ka[anka) ne!iyorr U[U til.1

242 koyyar pal.1arr iJaiyor a!avar maynta

243 koy irakkam payntu to!i iJamai kai talntu nlr ne!u aJito makaJir pavai atu natukku itai uyar U[U vali til.1i peru cor cirrai

244 15' iravarr paJ.lar to!i kai 245 mayntarraJ uyir pa!!i payal vel Imattu alla

i!ai oj viraku peritu ma!antai pottiya 246 mayntu tl palJi pay vel Imam kai aHem

i!ai ko!!u perunka!!u collatu 247 nlr tl uyir perunkalU kaJ.lJ.la! iJamai pu[an natunkun

kuntal kolunarr nakar tala virakir ma!a pottiya

248 mayntu aliya kolunarr vel iJaiyam alli pul 249 nlr ko!!u kural kaJ.lJ.laJ nlkki a!u

uyar vali ma!antai cirrai valaiiiar

250 koytu iravalar kolun toti nakar aHi pu1 nlr kurarr nlkki

kuntal perunkanu 251 t1 toti pavai pu[an

ca!ai venu makaJir ati tal virakir aruvi

252 koyyumorre venuvarr vel mata pul (karanku) ca!ai va1ai aruvi col

15 Of 244 only a fragment is available.


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Appendix VI: Puranal!u[U 81-92 247

Appendix VI: Puranal1uru 81-92

The distinction between topical words, that is words, describing the persons and actions of kings and bards, and non-topical words is rather arbitrary. Words may belong to both worlds. A case in point is aficuval in 83, which is part of a description of an heroic scene, and afica in 89, which is part of a a description of a snake in a comparison. 16

non-topical words topical words 81 totutta kai ma!!a!}

pagore peritu 82 pu!}ai kai nayirru Irru poruna!} pore

paga kOl)!u 83 totu pu!}ai kalittu ure kala!}

pagaatu toI). peru aficuval oru/iru

84 kalinta ur vilavu ma!!ar por etirntu to! porkka!am puki!}e

85 oruliru (emm)il mula porunti na!} ur

86 puli ( cirr)i!} u!a!} I!}ra vi!}avuti porkka!atta!}e

87 oru u!a!} poruna!} por etirntu na!} ka!am pukal ompumi!}

88 paga koI).~u to! mulavu vilavu porutum por ompumi!} nar

89 entu vi!}aval nutal polinta porunarum u!aro por u!aro afica poru ma!!arum

90 puli nayiru porunarum u!aro tatakkai peru rna kOl)!u u!avo ka!am puki!}e

91 enti katanta nutar polinta kalal ta~akkai peru rna pa~a kOI).~a ka!am o!!!!ar por

oruva!} 92 ka~anta o!}!}ar

ko!!a

16 If we divide the poems according to poet and king, we may distinguish the following four groups: I 81-82: Cattantaiyar on the Cola King Narki!!i II 83-85: NakkaI).I).aiyar on the same Cola king III 86: 'The answer a so-called heroic women (kilvarpe':l!u) gave to the question where her son is" IV 87-91: Aivaiyar on Afici However, it appears that the repetition of words cuts through this division. Note, for instance, viJ:wvuti in III and vbJaval in IV, and nilyir(r)u in I and IV.


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