Antonella Ambrosio, Gianluca Aiello, Maria Rosaria Falcone The Icarus Didactics Group. A challenge...

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The Icarus Didactics Group. A challenge of teaching

method of Diplomatics, Palaeography and Medieval

History

Antonella Ambrosio, Gianluca Aiello, Maria Rosaria Falcone

University of Studies of Naples Federico II

Naples, Italy

[email protected]

Abstract — This paper aims at presenting the educational

activities implementing the digital technologies led by an

international working group of professors and scholars in

History, Paleography and Diplomatics from several European

universities. The group was born within the International Centre

for Archival Research (ICARUS). The University of Naples

Federico II, ICARUS partner within the ENArC Project

(European Network on Archival Cooperation) of the European

Union' Culture Programme 2007- 2013, has been able to manage

its didactic activities building a solid virtual learning

environment. The teaching of Palaeography and Diplomatics has

advanced taking advantage of the Web 2.0 through an

environment known as MOM-CA, and a tool called EditMOM,

developed by the University of Cologne for the management of

medieval charters. The experience gained in the field of the

Digital Didactics has given the University of Naples the role of

coordinator of the educational activities of the ICARUS Didactics

Group. This ensured the possibility to carry out training courses,

workshops and seminars on the digitization and the use of

Monasterium.Net portal and MOM-CA software and to oversee

the start-up process for the creation and management of the

digital archives of Italian and international archival institutions.

Keywords: Virtual learning environment, digital technology,

Diplomatics, archive, medieval charters, University Teaching, Web

2.0.

I. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

ICARUS is an international Centre composed by archives and scientific institutions 1 . Currently, more than 120 institutions from 24 countries. Primary objective of the association is to support the archives in facing the challenges of the digital age building and maintaining electronic infrastructures, digitizing archival documents, but also looking for new strategies of global cooperation in order to preserve our cultural heritage. ICARUS partners have largely benefited from this policy managing to set and carry out numerous transnational projects. Obviously, this support does not end with providing its members archival information technology, services and promoting online content. It actually goes further allowing all the affiliates to join forces free from any borders in order to share their expertise for a common fruitful growth. In fact, the cooperation among universities, archives, research and

1 http://icar-us.eu/

scientific institutions is an essential feature of the ICARUS manifesto. There are many initiatives and opportunities to cooperate in order to plan new projects, upgrade the on-going ones, spawn fresh ideas and set more goals. A bright example of the interchange within the ICARUS network is the establishment of several work groups, which deal with different aspects of the association, although pursuing their own agenda. Their main goal is to spread knowledge of the archives and the European documentation and ensure their development.

II. ICARUS DIDACTICS GROUP

The Didactics work group is one of the cited teams. It was

established during an ICARUS meeting in Poznan (Poland) in June 2011. It is currently made of 27 members (researchers and professors of the Archival Sciences, Paleography, Diplomatics and Medieval History) from 14 European countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Malta, Poland, Czech Republic, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Hungary) and 3 tutors. Several participants of the Didactics group work specifically on theory and methodology in teaching with digital technologies. The ground seemed fertile to constitute a team of European scholars, tutors and archivists and build a solid digital learning environment involving as many partners as possible

2.

The Didactics group has been focused on a variety of goals:

Training university students and graduates by teaching Diplomatics, Paleography and Medieval History using digital technologies as Monasterium.Net portal and MOM-CA software.

Encouraging the physical mobility of I students and teachers throughout Europe in order to foster a profitable exchange of experiences and skills.

Giving graduates who work in the archival field theoretical and practical gears to create and manage digital archives in Monasterium.Net.

2 http://icar-us.eu/?page_id=172 and

http://www.recruitdigitaldoc.org/?page_id=391

SECTION6. Psychology, Sociology and Pedagogy, Social Science


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Carrying out detailed didactic projects involving as many ICARUS members as possible as well as people and/or institutions outside ICARUS.

The University of Naples Federico II (UNINA) coordinates the educational activities of the ICARUS Didactics Group in the person of Antonella Ambrosio, lecturer at the department of Humanities and teacher in Paleography and Diplomatics.

We have always been convinced the use of informatics tools such as databases and multimedia could renew the learning process connecting teachers and students in a virtuous circle of mutual stimulation and energy. We need to point out how, in Italy as well as in other European countries, Diplomatics' didactic models are generally very conservative. Diplomatics is usually taught through a combination of lectures and exercises on documents facsimiles, reproduced mostly on black and white photocopies, plus some rare visit to archives or libraries to give the concrete feeling of charters. Aside the effectiveness of the above methodology, it is sure the impact and potentials of digital technologies inspired a rethinking of academic teaching perspectives and methods. Indeed, today's students need to become proficient with digital technologies: only through combining technical talents with theoretical concepts and notions, they will be trained for further research and involvement in this emergent world.

This is the reason why Antonella Ambrosio has been holding her courses implementing the web portal Monasterium.Net and the tool Edit MOM since 2008. Despite MOM-CA and Edit MOM were not conceived for didactic purposes but specifically for the creation and management of digital archives, they ended to be a valuable resource for the teaching of Diplomatics, raising the interest of the students for the History-Sciences and improving their archival and paleographic skills

3.

Monasterium.Net is one of the most extensive European charters resources available on the Web. With more than 250.000 charters from the Middle and the Early Modern Ages, reproduced through high-resolution photos and stored in 80 digital archives created by several European countries, Monasterium allows a strong and solid collaboration among scholars, researchers, archivists, technicians (software programmers, photographers) and students from the entire continent

4. Thanks to the numerous potentials offered by the

3 A. Ambrosio, ―Teaching Diplomatics with new technologies.

Potentials and food for thought - Insegnare la diplomatica con

le nuove tecnologie. Potenzialità e spunti di riflessione‖, in Sit

liber gratus, quem servulus est operatus. Studi in onore di

Alessandro Pratesi per il suo 90° compleanno, ed. by Paolo

Cherubini - Giovanna Nicolaj, Città del Vaticano (Littera

Antiqua, 19), II, 2012, pp. 1315-1326. 4

K. Heinz, ―Monasterium.Net. On the way to a Central

European charters portal - Auf dem Weg zu einem

mitteleuropäischen Urkundenportal‖, in Digitale Diplomatik.

Neue Technologien in der historischen Arbeit mit Urkunden;

G. Vogeler, in Archiv für diplomatik, 12 (2009), pp. 40-55; A.

Krah, ―Options to provide and develop document collections -

Möglichkeiten der Bereitstellung und Erschließung von

above portal, it is possible to analyze a charter, evaluating its internal and external features, describe it from an archival, diplomatic and historical point of view, consult the data online, do a thorough research through its databases, and so on. Data, such as archival descriptions, abstracts, transcriptions and critical editions are implemented and managed through a specific tool: EditMOM, an XML editor based on Java developed by the University of Cologne for the management of medieval and early modern age charters

5 .

In order to be available, all data, information and photographs, must be supervised and published by a moderator, who is an expert of Diplomatics and/or the Archival Sciences. This way, everything can be easily found, consulted, quickly downloaded and eventually printed. Everybody can take part in the data uploading as long as they have the necessary competence and share their knowledge with a wide virtual community. Moreover, on Monasterium.Net it is also possible to access a section of numerous publications, which is constantly updated

6 .

Nowadays, thanks to the experience gained in the field of the Digital Didactics, UNINA carries out an intense action of seminars, training courses, and workshops on digitization, metadata processing, xml encoding, the use of MOM-CA and Edit Mom in order to transfer its knowledge and competence. UNINA also leads and oversees the start-up process of national and international archival institutions that intend to create a digital archive.

Moreover, UNINA works closely with other ICARUS groups such as The Monasterium Technical Development group, formed by Manfred Thaller (University of Cologne), Jochen Graf (University of Cologne), Karl Heinz (ICARUS),

Urkundenbeständen‖, in Archivalische zeitschrift, 91 (2009),

pp. 221-246; T. Aigner, ―Monasterium.Net European

Documents online - Monasterium.Net, Documenti Europei

online‖, in Archivi v/2 (July – December 2010), pp. 123-

128; A. Ambrosio, ―The project Monasterium in Italy: first

experiences in Naples - Il progetto Monasterium in Italia: le

prime esperienze a Napoli‖, in Archivi 5/2 (July – December

2010), pp. 129-145. 5

B. Burkard, G. Vogeler, S. Gruner, ―Informatics for

Historians: Tools for Medieval Document XML Markup, and

their Impact on the History-Sciences‖, in Journal of universal

computer science, 14/2 (2007), pp. 193-210,

http://www.jucs.org/jucs_14_2/informatics_for_historians_too

ls; B. Burkard, ―Wiki goes Humanities. Collaborative

development of medieval documents – Wiki goes Humanities.

Kollaborative Erschließung mittelalterlicher Urkunden‖, in

Wikis im social web – wikiposium, (2005/06), Stockinger,

J.U. Leitner, Helmut, (Wien 2007), pp. 130-144; B. Burkard,

―EditMOM, a specialized tool for the collaborative

development of documents – EditMOM, ein spezialisiertes

Werkzeug zur kollaborativen Urkunden-Erschließung‖, in

Digitale Diplomatik. Neue Technologien in der historischen

Arbeit mit Urkunden, G. Vogeler, in Archiv für diplomatik, 12

(2009), pp. 255-27. 6 http://monasterium.net/pages/en/publications.php



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Daniel Jeller (ICARUS) and coordinated by George Vogeler (University of Graz), which takes care of the technical development of MOM-CA and Edit MOM

7. The continuous

feedback between UNINA and Monasterium Tech division generates many ideas and advices for better performances on both sides. Indeed, most of functions useful for didactic purposes implemented in Edit MOM are consequences of the above interchange and testing at UNINA.

In this co-working context, we also need to underline the interdisciplinary cooperation with experts of Pedagogy, specifically with the Department of Theory and Methodology in the Human and Social Sciences at the University of Naples. This collaboration led to the constitution of a team formed by Antonella Ambrosio, Maura Striano (Professor of Pedagogy and member of the -project FIRB Rete@ccessibile

8), Corinna

Freda (Ph.D. in Bioengineering), Stefania Fiorentino (Phd in Education) and Gianluca Aiello (Bachelor Degree in History and ICARUS' Didactics Group tutor). They have successfully experimented the testing of courses in Diplomatics using digital technologies on a Moodle platform, Rete@ccessibile, for the Bachelor and Master degrees in History at UNINA. The results of this experience were showed at the 11th European Conference on e-learning, hosted by the University of Groningen in October 2012

9.

III. ACHIEVEMENTS

Managing and supervising the aforementioned didactic

activities produced some relevant achievements.

International e-learning course in Palaeography,

History and Diplomatics

The first one, interesting and ambitious project of the

ICARUS Didactics Group, is the setting up of an international e-learning course in Diplomatics.

Harnessing digital technologies to support higher education access and success could be the Didactics group motto. In order to apply it, we took into account the idea of an international course built on some of the most important matters and macro areas of Diplomatics, through which emphasizes the peculiarities of every country’s documentation and simultaneously highlights the interlinks between the phenomena characterizing the history of documentation from a European perspective. So far, indeed, this kind of approach and the mentioned topics have been usually neglected

10. This is not

7 http://icar-us.eu/?page_id=1208 and

http://www.mom-wiki.uni-koeln.de/ 8 http://www.firbreteaccessibile.it/

9 A. Ambrosio, M. Striano, C. Freda, S. Fiorentino, G. Aiello

―Teaching Diplomatics in a Web 2.0 environment: an

innovative experience of internationalization‖, 11th

European

Conference on e-Learning ECEL-2012, University of

Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, 26-27 October 2012. 10

So far the only project, still ongoing, which set some

didactic goals in a European perspective has been ADEEL -

Album de Diplomatique Europeenne en Ligne, École

Nationale Des Chartes,

only a fascinating and original challenge, but also the realization of the mentioned motto.

We also believe an international course in Paleography, History and Diplomatics will contribute to increasing competencies and ensuring the training of students who could be the next generation of digital diplomatists or archive managers. On the other hand, it could be a remarkable chance to expand the research in History and the Archival Sciences, fundamental to understanding the consequences of these digital innovations and to create theories that help us acknowledge, realize and engage with them.

The course is still at the planning stage but it will be developed in the framework of Monasterium.Net, which can give easy access to thousands of charters with its huge database allowing a powerful interaction among people from different countries. That is perfectly in line with the group purposes: organizing learning activities for university students and fresh graduates concerning Diplomatics, Paleography and, generally, the use of historical sources in a digital environment.

During last workshop of the Didactics group, in the ICARUS Meeting in Einsiedeln (CH), some members presented numerous proposals of didactic units for the course. After the evaluation of all the proposals, the course will be arranged attaching the didactic forms on an e-learning platform

11.

National Courses

Another fundamental target of the Didactics group is to

promote the concept of academic courses implementing MOM-CA and the portal Monasterium.Net. Several European academic teachers, who joined the Didactics Group, have held this kind of courses in Diplomatics and the Archival Sciences since 2009

12. From the experience carried out so far, the

learning process of the mentioned disciplines, which often

http://www.delisle.enc.sorbonne.fr/adeel-album-de-

diplomatique-europeenne-en-ligne.html 11

ICARUS Didactics Group workshop, ICARUS Meeting #9,

Einsielden (CH), 25-27 June, 2012. Didactic units were

proposed by: Nicolás Avila Seoane (Universidad Complutense

de Madrid); Susana Cabezas Fontanilla (Universidad

Complutense de Madrid); Adele Di Lorenzo (University of

Siena/Arezzo); Francesca Klein (State Archives of Florence)

Dominique Stutzmann (Institut de Recherche et d'Histoire des

Testes -Paris); Olivier Guyotjeannin (École Nationale des

Chartes); Paul Bertrand (Institut de Recherche et d’Histoire

des Textes); Sébastien Barret (Institut de Recherche et

d’Histoire des Textes). 12

Academic year 2009/2010: Georg Vogeler, University of

Munich, Germany; Adelheid Krah, University of Wien/IOeG,

Austria. Academic year 2011/2012: Antonella Ambrosio and

Maria Rosaria Falcone, University of Naples Federico II, Italy;

Dominique Stutzmann, École Pratique des Hautes Etudes,

France; Adelheid Krah, University of Wien/IOeG, Austria;

Ludmila Sulitková, University of Jan Evangelista Purkyně,

Czech Republic.



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suffers from a sectorial approach, has become easier and more appreciated to university students.

• Supporting archival operators in the start-up of digital archives in Monasterium.Net

In order to transfer the expertise gained in the field of digitization, UNINA, in close contact with MOM-CA Technical Development group and ICARUS, supports all the institutions that intend to create a digital archive in Monasterium.Net with a supplementary action. This backup activity, led through an e-learning training and the organization of meetings, enables to convey all the necessary skills for the management of a digital archive

13.

UNINA has overseen the start-up of some Italian digital archives, the Historical Archive of Reggio Calabria-Bova and the State Archive of Potenza, and some international ones as the Municipal Historical Archive of Escalona and the Archive of the Cathedral of Cuenca in Spain. Actually, the creation of the two Spanish digital archives was possible thanks to the cooperation between Italy and Spain within the ENArC special program Linking The Neighborhood

14.

Linking The Neighborhood makes possible a collaboration between or among neighboring countries, which are similar not only from a geographic point of view but also for their culture and history, as Italy and Spain

15.

Learning Community In 2011, UNINA sponsored the birth of the Learning

Community within the ENArC project: its imperative goal is

13

P. Sahle, "Digital Archive, Digital Edition - Digitales

Archiv - Digitale Edition. Anmerkungen zur Begriffsklärung",

in Literatur und Literaturwissenschaft auf dem Weg zu den

neuen Medien. Eine Standortbestimmung, M. Stolz, Zurich

2007, (Literaturwissenschaft und neue Medien1), p. 64-84,

http:www.germanistik.ch/scripts/download.php?id=Digitales_

Archiv_und_digitale_Edition; A. Zorzi, "Documenti, archivi

digitali, metafonti", in I medici in rete. Ricerca e progettualità

scientifica a proposito dell'archivio Mediceo avanti il

Principato, Firenze 2003, p. 37-57,

http://www.archiviodistato.firenze.it/nuovosito/fileadmin/temp

late/allegati_media/materiali_studio/convegni/medici/convegn

i_medici_zorzi.pdf; G. Vogeler, "Das Verhältnis von Archiven

und Diplomatik im Netz. Von der archivischen zur

kollaborativen Erschließung", in Digitale

Urkundenpräsentationen, proceedings of the workshop

(Munich, 16 June 2010), edited by J. Kemper – G. Vogeler,

Schriften des Instituts für Dokumentologie und Editorik —

Band 6, Colonia 2011, pp. 61-82. 14

http://www.recruitdigitaldoc.org/?page_id=448 15

With the training provided by UNINA, Susana Cabezas

Fontanilla and Nicolás Avila Seoane (Universidad

Complutense de Madrid), members of the Didactics group,

will soon be able not only to conduct their courses

implementing Monasterium.Net and EditMOM, but also to

assist other institutions willing to create a digital archive in

Spain, following the various stages of the process.

the training of an expert of the historical documentation, a professional with the necessary skills for the job, able to approach our international digital reality with the required gears

16.

Every participant becomes part of a real community17

. They regularly meet to take part in training seminars, workshops, internships on the nature and composition of monastic archives, digitalization, metadata processing, Xml encoding, EditMOM documents description and Monasterium research data. Everyone is informed via an electronic newsletter about the events taking place at UNINA and any other kind of meetings (summer schools, stages and work proposals) in Italy and abroad. So far more than 60 subscribers, Phd candidates, graduates and students who already own the basics of Paleography, Diplomatics and Archival Sciences, have joined the community. They are mostly Italians. However, it is already planned a further expansion with the help of the ICARUS Didactics group that will allow a larger participation from abroad.

We need to underline the chance for the members of the Learning Community to upload their resumes on a dedicated page of the site ENArC UNINA. This increases a database useful for possible future collaborations, fulfilling a training process that, through the participation in seminars, workshops and internships, give members a concrete employment perspective.

Indeed, since 2011 UNINA has conducted many initiatives within the Learning Community in order to engage as many students as possible in the workflow complementary to the creation of digital archives. The practice on the field has yielded fruitful results from an educational point of view and generated a few paid work experiences for some members of the Community.

Students Mobility

Expertise and skills exchange cannot be confined to a

virtual confrontation. Indeed, ICARUS empirically promotes the mobility of students and teachers through specific programs for a more profitable interchange. Last February, e.g., the partnership between ICARUS and UNINA gave Vera Schwarz, a student of the Master in Library and Archival Sciences and Methodology in Research at the University of Naples, the

16

http://www.recruitdigitaldoc.org/?page_id=374 17

According to a sociocultural constructivist approach, we

developed a learning environment based on the community. P.

Ghislandi, "Didactics online - Didattica online", in Elearning.

Didattica e innovazione in università, Università di Trento,

Trento,2007,

http://centri.univr.it/rm/didattica/discussioni/elearning.htm#gh

isl; J.D. Bransford, A.L. Brown, R.R. Cocking, ―How People

Learn. Brain, Mind, Experience, and School‖, the national

academy press, Washington D.C. 1999; E. Wenger,

"Communities of practice. Learning, meaning and identity",

Cambridge University press, Cambridge 1998; J. Brown, A.

Collins, P. Duguid, "Situated Cognition and the Culture of

Learning", in Educational researcher, 18 (1989), pp. 32-42.



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chance to attend ICARUS Spring School with a project on the digital editions of the Neapolitan charters

18.

Sometimes this mobility has been simply virtual. Last academic year, e.g., Antonella Ambrosio and Ludmila Sulitkova promoted a forum for the students of the University of Naples and the University of Jan Evangelista Purkyně in Czech Republic on the e-learning platform Rete@ccessibile in order to allow a productive interchange of studying experiences about MOM-CA. Indeed, an innovative initiative to promote interaction among students from different nations with specific learning needs.

IV. CONCLUSION

After we have briefly highlighted the many activities of the ICARUS Didactics group, we would like to emphasize how much this experience has become compelling and meaningful to each member. Reasoning and discussing about matters regarding the didactics of our disciplines in an international and interdisciplinary context is a unique opportunity, made possible by the cooperation within ICARUS. Working within such a dynamic and wide reality, it has given us not only the chance to have a profitable exchange of knowledge and continuous stimuli to change our perspective, but also concrete goals. In our opinion, they are essential in order to revitalize traditional subjects, which are deeply changing due to the contribution of the digital technologies, preserving their nature and basic methodology. Moreover, they can get us ready for the next challenges: mainly, in this moment of sociocultural transition, teaching those students who were born in the mid-nineties, the so-called digital natives

19.

REFERENCES

[1] A. Ambrosio, ―Teaching Diplomatics with new technologies. Potentials

and food for thought - Insegnare la diplomatica con le nuove tecnologie. Potenzialità e spunti di riflessione‖, in Sit liber gratus, quem servulus est operatus. Studi in onore di Alessandro Pratesi per il suo 90° compleanno, ed. byi Paolo Cherubini - Giovanna Nicolaj, Città del Vaticano (Littera Antiqua, 19), II, 2012, pp. 1315-1321.

[2] K. Heinz, ―Monasterium.Net. On the way to a Central European charters portal - Auf dem Weg zu einem mitteleuropäischen Urkundenportal‖, in Digitale diplomatik. Neue Technologien in der historischen Arbeit mit Urkunden, G,. Vogeler, in Archiv für diplomatik , 12 (2009), pp. 40-55.

[3] A. Krah, ―Options to provide and develop document collections - Möglichkeiten der Bereitstellung und Erschließung von Urkundenbeständen‖, in Archivalische zeitschrift, 91 (2009), pp. 221-246.

[4] T. Aigner, ―Monasterium.Net European Documents online - Monasterium.Net, Documenti Europei online‖, in Archivi v/2 (July – December 2010), pp. 123-128.

[5] A. Ambrosio, ―The project Monasterium in Italy: first experiences in Naples - Il progetto Monasterium in Italia: le prime esperienze a Napoli‖, in Archivi 5/2 (July – December 2010), pp. 129-145.

18

Icarus Spring School 2012, ―Digital Scholarly Editing‖,

organized by Institute for Documentology and Scholarly

Editing (IDE), International Centre for Archival Research

(ICARUS) and Institute for Austrian Historical Research

(IOeG), 6-10 February 2012, Vienna. 19

M. Prensky, ―Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants‖, in On

the Horizon, October 2001, 9 (5). Lincoln: NCB University

Press.

[6] B. Burkard, G. Vogeler, S. Gruner, ―Informatics for Historians: Tools for Medieval Document XML Markup, and their Impact on the History-Sciences‖, in Journal of universal computer science, 14/2 (2007), pp. 193-210.

[7] B. Burkard, ―Wiki goes Humanities. Collaborative development of medieval documents – Wiki goes Humanities. Kollaborative Erschließung mittelalterlicher Urkunden‖, in Wikis im social Web – Wikiposium, (2005/06), Stockinger, J.U. Leitner, Helmut, (Wien 2007), pp. 130-144.

[8] B. Burkard, ―EditMOM, a specialized tool for the collaborative development of documents – EditMOM, ein spezialisiertes Werkzeug zur kollaborativen Urkunden-Erschließung‖, in Digitale Diplomatik. Neue Technologien in der historischen Arbeit mit Urkunden, G. Vogeler, in Archiv für diplomatik, 12 (2009), pp. 255-27.

[9] P. Sahle, "Digital Archive, Digital Edition - Digitales Archiv - Digitale Edition. Anmerkungen zur Begriffsklärung", in Literatur und Literaturwissenschaft auf dem Weg zu den neuen Medien. Eine Standortbestimmung, M. Stolz, Zurich 2007, (Literaturwissenschaft und neue Medien1), p. 64-84.

[10] A. Zorzi, "Documenti, archivi digitali, metafonti", in I medici in rete. Ricerca e progettualità scientifica a proposito dell'archivio Mediceo avanti il Principato, Firenze 2003, p. 37-57.

[11] P. Ghislandi, "Didactics online - Didattica online", in Elearning. Didattica e innovazione in università, Università di Trento, Trento 2007.

[12] P. Ghislandi, "Didactics online - Didattica online", in Elearning. Didattica e innovazione in università, Università di Trento, Trento 2007.

[13] J.D. Bransford, A.L. Brown, R.R. Cocking, ―How People Learn. Brain, Mind, Experience, and School‖, the national academy press, Washington D.C. 1999.

[14] E. Wenger, "Communities of practice. learning, meaning and identity", Cambridge University press, Cambridge 1998.

[15] J. Brown, A. Collins, P. Duguid, "Situated Cognition and the Culture of Learning", in Educational researcher, 18 (1989), pp. 32-42.



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