Anth.340 Ppt. lecture-17: The Philistines, Iron Age 1 (1200-1000 BC): Sources for study, origins...

ANT 340 / 640:

The Archaeology and History of the “Bible Lands”:

Ancient (Syria)-Palestine.Notes and images compiled by Gregory Mumford © 2020

Lecture 17:Iron Age I: Philistines (Days of the Judges)

Table of contents: The Philistines

1. The Sea Peoples’ arrival in Canaan: The P-l-s-t & others 4

2. Sea Peoples’ arrival in Canaan: P-l-s-t & others, historical sources 6

3. The Sea Peoples’ arrival in Canaan: The initial settlement 26

4. The Philistines: Settlement patterns at the main sites 34

5. The Philistines: Settlement patterns in general 43

6. The Philistines: Settlement patterns in the periphery of Philistia 49

7. The Philistines: Settlement patterns –Philistia & NW Negev 63

8. The Philistines: Settlement patterns –the Philistine emergence 72

9. The Philistines: Settlement patterns –planning, walls & layout 82

10. The Philistines: Settlements, public buildings & significance 90

11. The Philistines: Settlements, residential areas 94

12. The Philistines: Settlements, temples & shrines 97

13. The Philistines: Religion & culture, cult figurines 112

14. The Philistines: Religion & culture, ritual vessels 117

15. The Philistines: Religion & culture, cultic significance 127

16. The Philistines: Material culture, glyptic art and writing 131

17. The Philistines: Mortuary material culture, burial customs 134

18. The Philistines: Demise of the Philistines 142

19. Summary of main points 150

20. Selected sources 155

Instructor tips for lectures, etc.:

(1). Attend class regularly (& listen) …→ Many clarifications, tips, announcements,

reinforcement & reviews of materials/concepts.

(2). Take notes on lectures, etc. …→ The act of writing down notes, even with

most course materials and instructions online,

serves as an invaluable aid to one focusing on

a class topic and retaining information better.

(3). Complete the required textbook

readings, and/or review the ppt.,

prior to the specific class day …→ This will provide greater clarity and

comprehension of the material, and will enable

asking focused questions where something

may be less clear (in the textbook or lecture).

(4). Ask questions during the class if

you are confused/wish more data→ The class is an ideal place to ask for more

clarity or further information not contained in

the textbook, ppt., and/or lecture (If nobody

asks questions, the lecture proceeds …).

(5). Complete optional materials:→ Additional reinforcement, studying & bonus?

https://howtostudyincollege.com/how-to-get-good-grades/note-taking-strategies/

https://howtostudyincollege.com/how-to-get-good-grades/note-taking-strategies/

Iron Age I:

(1,200 – 1,000 BCE)

The Sea Peoples’

arrival in Canaan:

The P-l-s-t & others …

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Settlement of Philistines and other

Sea Peoples:

• The “Sea Peoples” represent many

ethnic groups who arrived & settled in

the Levant in late LB 2B - early Iron I.

• The best known group = the Peleset

= biblical “Philistines”

• The anc. textual materials are relatively

sparse regarding the Sea Peoples,

thereby making the archaeological

record the most important source for

understanding this time period.

• The increasing excavation of Philistine

sites and defining of their material

culture assemblage is enabling a much

better understanding of their settlement

in the southwest coastal plain.

E.g., Trude Dothan excavations

Other excavations

The “P – l – s – t”→ Peleset (Egyptian)

→ Philistines (biblical texts)

Iron Age I:

(1,200 – 1,000 BCE)

The Sea Peoples’

arrival in Canaan:

The P-l-s-t & others:HISTORICAL SOURCES

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Historical sources:

• Individual groups in the Sea Peoples’

coalition are attested prior to 1200 BC:

Mid-late 14th cent. BC Amarna Letters:

- Sherden appear as mercenaries in

Egypt’s army.

- The Lukka appear as sea raiders.

13th cent. BC:

- Sherden attested as auxiliaries in the

Egyptian army under Ramesses II,

in the Battle of Kadesh against Hatti.

- 5 groups of “foreigners from the sea”

fight with the Libyans against Egypt

during Merenptah’s reign:

- Sherden

- Shekelesh

- Lukka

- Tursha (Teresh)

- Akawasha (Ekwesh)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Historical sources:

• Individual groups in the Sea Peoples

coalition are attested prior to 1200 BC:

Mid-late 14th cent. BC Amarna Letters:

- Sherden appear as mercenaries in

Egypt’s army.

- The Lukka appear as sea raiders.

13th cent. BC:

- Sherden = attested as auxiliaries in

the Egyptian army under Ramesses II,

in the Battle of Kadesh against Hatti.

- 5 groups of “foreigners from the sea”

fight with the Libyans against Egypt in

Merenptah’s reign: late 13th cent. BC

- Sherden (i.e., allies & enemies)

- Shekelesh

- Lukka (sea raiders elsewhere)

- Tursha (Teresh)

- Akawasha (Ekwesh)

During LB Age …

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Historical sources:

- The Sea Peoples are best described

in Ramesses III’s Medinet Habu texts

regarding the their invasion in year 8,

which focused on ‘Hatti’, Cilicia (Kode),

W.Anatolia (Arzawa), Cyprus (Alashya)

- They are described as gathering in

Amurru (Lebanon; SW of Kadesh) in

preparation to attack Egypt’s N. empire

- Ramesses III claims victory against

both land forces in Palestine,

and a sea invasion of the delta.

- Plst (Philistines) = freq. cited in Bible

- Shekelesh

- Weshesh

- Tjekel (or Shkl) = sea raiders; at Dor

- Dnn (Denyen; Dnnym) → Cylicia

- Sherden (other R-III texts)

- Teresh(other R-III texts)

Medinet Habu: Ramesses III

ArzawaCilicia

Cyprus

HATTI

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Historical sources:




which focused on Hatti, Cilicia (Kode),




preparation to attack Egypt’s N.Empire





- Shekelesh

- Weshesh


- Dnn (Denyen; Dnnym) → Cylicia


- Teresh (other R-III texts)

Amurru:

• Mainly a Hittite controlled

and dominated area in the

northern Levant …

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Historical sources:




which focused on Hatti, Cilicia (Kode),




preparation to attack Egypt’s N. empire





- Shekelesh

- Weshesh


- Dnn (Denyen; Dnnym) → Cilicia


- Teresh (other R-III texts)


Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Historical sources:

• Medinet Habu battle scenes illustrate:

- Bird-headed ships for Sea Peoples

with square/rectilinear sails.

- 3 Sea Peoples’ ships have warriors

wearing “feathered”/flaring helmets,

with captions elsewhere designating

such persons as:

a. Peleset (= Philistines)

b. Denyen

c. Tjekel

- 2 Sea Peoples’ ships have warriors

wearing helmets with a pair of horns,

who are elsewhere designated as

d. Sherden

- The Sea Peoples in general fight with

a. Long swords

b. Spears

c. Circular shields

Feathered helmets =

worn by 3 Sea Peoples:

Not just Peleset !

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Historical sources:

• In land battle scenes, the Sea Peoples

= depicted wearing “feathered” helmets

in 6-spoked chariots that hold a three-

person crew: i.e., Anatolian-type crew

a. Charioteer (driver)

b. Two spearmen

- Their chariots are accompanied by

groups of infantry in groups of four with

a. Lances/spears

b. Long swords

c. Circular shields

- Behind the advancing Sea Peoples’

troops appear ox-drawn wagons that

hold women, children, & some troops

i.e., migrating families of Sea Peoples.

- Most Sea Peoples = clean-shaven

- Some = bearded (including Plst; Tjkl)

Peleset(Philistines)

Denyen

Tjekel

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Historical sources:

• In land battle scenes, the Sea Peoples

= depicted wearing “feathered” helmets

in 6-spoked chariots that hold a three-

person crew:

a. Charioteer (driver)

b. Two spearmen

- Their chariots are accompanied by

groups of infantry in groups of four with

a. Lances/spears

b. Long swords

c. Circular shields

- Behind the advancing Sea Peoples’

troops appear ox-drawn wagons that

hold women, children, & some troops

i.e.,migrating families of Sea Peoples.

- Most Sea Peoples = clean-shaven

- Some = bearded (including Plst; Tjkl)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Historical sources:

• Enkomi on Cyprus has yielded some

artifacts depicting similar Sea Peoples:

- E.g., Ivory box lid with a chieftain in a

chariot accompanied by a soldier with

a “feathered” helmet, a beard, a battle

axe, etc.

- E.g., A seal illustrating a soldier with

a “feathered” helmet, circular shield,

etc.

→ Hence, important links exist between

Cyprus and at least this major part of

the Sea Peoples:

i.e., Peleset, Denyen, and Tjekel.

• Ramesses III boasted about a victory

regarding these, & other, Sea Peoples

in Papyrus Harris I:

Cyprus: Potential links with (migrant?)

“Peleset” OR Denyen /Tjekel

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Historical sources:

• Enkomi on Cyprus has yielded some

artifacts depicting similar Sea Peoples:

- E.g., Ivory box lid with a chieftain in a

chariot accompanied by soldier with

a “feathered” helmet, a beard, a battle

axe, etc.

- E.g., A seal illustrating a soldier with

a “feathered” helmet, circular shield,

etc.

→ Hence, important links exist between

Cyprus and at least this major part of

the Sea Peoples:

i.e., Peleset, Denyen, &/or Tjekel.

• Ramesses III boasted about a victory

regarding these, & other, Sea Peoples

in Papyrus Harris I:

Enkomi (Cyprus)

CYPRUS

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Historical sources:

• R-III (Papyrus Harris I):

- “I slew the Denyen in their islands,

while the Tjekel and the Philistines

were made ashes.”

- “The Sherden and the Weshwesh

were made non-existent, captured

all together and brought in captivity

to Egypt like the sand of the shore.”

- “I settled them in strongholds, bound

in my name.”

- “Their military classes were as

numerous as hundred-thousands.”

- “I assigned portions for them all with

clothing and provisions from the

treasuries and granaries every year.”

May not necessarily mean strongholds

in Canaan (versus “Egypt” only …) ???

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Historical sources:

• Despite Ramesses III’s claims of

victory against the Sea Peoples’,

in essence the enemy obtained their

ultimateobjective: They settled

both in Egypt and Palestine, albeit

initially as Egyptian “captives.”

• Egypt’s incorporation of “captives”

& families into Egyptian territory …

formed one of various components

contributing to Egypt’s decline and

loss of its northern empire.

• The late 12th cent. BC Onomastacon

of Amenemope dates after the

northern empire fell and cites:

a. Sherden, Tjekel, Peleset in Canaan

b. 3 major cities: Ashkelon, Ashdod, &

Gaza (later assoc. with Philistines).

→ It implies these peoples were quite

settled by 1150-1100 BC.

Sowing “the seeds of

decline/destruction”

of Egypt’s empire

(actually = far more complex)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Historical sources:

• Despite Ramesses III’s claims of

victory against the Sea Peoples’,

in essence the enemy obtained their

ultimate objective, namely they settled

both in Egypt and Palestine, albeit

initially as Egyptian “captives.”

• Egypt’s incorporation of “captives” and

their families into Egyptian territory

formed one of various components

contributing to Egypt’s decline and

loss of its northern empire.

• The late 12th cent. BC Onomastacon

of Amenemope dates after the

northern empire fell, and cites:

a. Sherden, Tjekel, Peleset in Canaan

b. 3 major cities: Ashkelon, Ashdod, &

Gaza (= later assoc. with Philistines).

→ It implies these peoples = quite

settled by 1150-1100 BC.

Iron 1B post-Egyptian empire:

Sea Peoples’ settlement in Canaan

• Sherden

• Tjekel

• Peleset

Rise of cities linked to Philistines:

• i.e., Ashkelon, Ashdod, Gaza

(Ashkelon = already important in LB)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Historical sources:

• A late Dyn.20 tale, now entitled “The

Journey of Wenamon,” dates roughly

to a few years before the end of

Dyn.20 (ca. 1069 BC):

- The tale mentions Wenamon stopping

at Dor (North Palestine), where a

Tjeker (Tjekel) settlement is noted.

E.g., “I reached Dor, a Tjeker town”

• Biblical texts and other evidence give

good evidence for Peleset (Philistines)

being located in the southern plain.

• The Sherden are suggested, by

default, to have settled in the northern

valleys and plains in Canaan.

E.g., J. Tubb suggests an enclave

existed at Tell es-Saidiyeh (see past

lecture on LB 2B burial customs).

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Historical sources:

• The Journey of Wenamon also noted

Sea Peoples’ descendants in various

roles:

- Sailors: 11 Tjeker/Tjekel ships pursue

Wenamon to Byblos.

- The city rulers along the coast are

provided names with non-Canaanite

components:

E.g., “Tjekerbaal, the prince of Byblos”

- The Bible provides most data on the

Philistines, noting their 5 (main) cities:

1. Gaza

2. Ashkelon

3. Ashdod

4. Gath (Tel Safit / Tell es-Safi)

5. Ekron (Tel Miqne)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Historical sources:

• These five Philistine city-states appear

to have maintained some sort of loose

confederation / coalition / alliance:

• Each city had a seren (like a Greek

tyranos / “tyrant”).

• The Books of Judges & Samuel in

the Bible/Torah contain recollections

from the Judean-Israelite perspective

about relations with the Philistines.

• Hence, these accounts are mostly

biased (via enemies of the Peleset),

reflecting:

a. Skirmishes and battles between the

Philistines and Israelites for control

of the Shephelah.

b. Philistine attacks into the hill country

against Kings Saul and David, who

were forging a kingdom there.

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Historical sources:

• Suggested origins of Sea Peoples:

a. The Bible equates the Philistines with

“Kaphtor,” which may = Crete(?)

(Amos 9:7; Jeremiah 47:4; etc.)

b. The balance of the evidence for the

Sea Peoples in general suggests

Ionia (in coastal Anatolia), and

the Aegean (including Crete).

c. The Bible mentions some Philistine

names and designations that have

some links with Luvian languages

from Western Anatolia. (Luwian)

d. The evidence from material culture

remains from Philistine sites suggests

a strong Mycenaean link.

e. Cyprus also forms a major link, but

appears to be part of the eastern

movement of Mycenaeans, etc.

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Historical sources:

• Suggested origins of Sea Peoples:

a. The Bible equates the Philistines with

“Kaphtor,” which may = Crete(?)

(Amos 9:7; Jeremiah 47:4; etc.)

b. The balance of the evidence for the

Sea Peoples in general suggests

Ionia (in coastal Anatolia), and

the Aegean.

c. The Bible mentions some Philistine

names and designations that have

some links with Luvian languages

from Western Anatolia.

d. The evidence from material culture

remains from Philistine sites suggests

a strong Mycenaean link.

e. Cyprus also forms a major link, but

appears to be part of the eastern

movement of Mycenaeans, etc.

Mycenaean Philistine

Motifs on Myceneaen & Phil. pottery

Iron Age I:

(1,200 – 1,000 BCE)

The Sea Peoples’

arrival in Canaan:

The initial settlement.

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Initial settlement of the Sea Peoples:

• After the c.1200 BC destruction that

appears throughout much of Greece,

and elsewhere, modifications & new

types of Mycenaean pottery appear:

→ Mycenaean IIIC pottery.

• It continues pre-1200 BC traditions,

i.e., cultural continuity, but displays

greater regional differences & variants

between manufacturing locations.

• Mycenaean IIIC1b sub-group = esp.

common in Cyprus (= Myc. refugees):

= Typical Mycenaean forms,

- Monochrome brown-black on light

surface with Mycenaean motifs:

a. spirals,

b. birds,

c. fish,

d. geometrical patterns.

Helladic/Mycenaean IIIC pottery

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


• After the ca.1200 BC destruction that

appears throughout much of Greece,

and elsewhere, modifications & new

types of Mycenaean pottery appear:

→ Mycenaean IIIC pottery.

• It continues pre-1200 BC traditions,

i.e., cultural continuity, but displays

greater regional differences & variants

between manufacturing locations.

• Mycenaean IIIC1b sub-group = esp.

common in Cyprus (= Myc. refugees):

= Typical Mycenaean forms,

- Monochrome brown-black on light

surface with Mycenaean motifs:

a. spirals,

b. birds,

c. fish,

d. geometrical patterns.

Mycenaean IIIC.1b pottery

from Rhodes and Cyprus

Iron 1A: Mycenaean IIIC1b pottery

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


• Identical Myc. IIIC1b pottery is also

commonly found locally made in the

Philistine settlements in S. Palestine:

a. Ashdod Stratum XIII

b. Ekron Stratum VII

• This Myc. IIIC1b pottery immediately

post-dates the LB 2B strata:

i.e., it post-dates ca.1200 BC in Pal.

• NAA reveals it is made locally:

i.e., Potters conversant with producing

identical pottery to Cyprus (& Greece)

• Similar Myc. IIIC pottery appears in

N. Palestine at Acre and Beth-Shan,

and in coastal Lebanon-Syria,

albeit in less quantities than Philistia:

Mycenaean IIIC.1b pottery

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


• The occurrence of virtually identical

Myc.IIIC1b pottery in Cyprus+Philistia

• The huge quantities of Myc.IIIC1b in

both Cyprus and Philistia,

• The ultimate origins of the Myc.IIIC

pottery forms from Greece/Mycenae

→ Suggest a similar Myc. origin for a

significant? portion of the population in

Iron 1 Cyprus = “Achaeans” (scholars)

Iron 1 Philistia= “Philistines” (Bible, +)

- Basically Mycenaean Greek refugees

who migrated eastwards ca.1200 BC.

- For a few decades the Myc. Settlers

produced Myc.IIIC1b pottery (Iron 1A),

- “Peleset” soon merge their Myc.IIIC1b

style with Egyptian & Canaanite forms

→Bichrome “Philistine” pottery I-1B Note: Migrants merging with locals!

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


• The occurrence of virtually identical

Myc.IIIC1b pottery in Cyprus+Philistia

• The huge quantities of Myc.IIIC1b in

both Cyprus and Philistia,

• The ultimate origins of the Myc.IIIC

pottery forms from Greece/Mycenae

→ Suggest a similar Myc. origin for a

significant portion of the population in

Iron 1 Cyprus = “Achaeans” (scholars)

Iron 1 Philistia= “Philistines” (Bible, +)

- Basically=Mycenaean Greek refugees

who migrated eastwards ca.1200 BC.

- For a few decades the Myc. Settlers

produced Myc.IIIC1b pottery (Iron 1A),

- “Peleset” soon merge their Myc.IIIC1b

style with Egyptian & Canaanite forms

→Bichrome “Philistine” pottery I-1B Note: Migrants merging with locals!

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


Phase-1: Iron 1A

• Ca.1200 BC year 8 of Ramesses III

- Sea Peoples land-sea battle with

Egypt in Palestine and Delta.

- Egyptian “victory”

- Captives → auxiliaries in Egy. army

settled in strongholds

- Others settle in Canaan

• Egyptian northern empire continues

in Canaan until ca.1150 BC (→Iron 1B)

- Retaining ‘Mycenaean’ identity in the

initial settlers and the next settlement

generation (“Myc.” in living memory).

Phase-2: Iron 1B

• Ca.1150+ BC (post-Ramesses VI) ...

- Philistines & remnant Canaanites

develop a new culture in Philistia.

Iron Age I:

(1,200 – 1,000 BCE)

The Philistines:

Settlement pattern.

Main sites …

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Settlement pattern & stratigraphy:

• 5 Philistine cities = pentapolis

= five cities of the seranim in Philistia:

a. GazaCoast (?)

b. Ashkelon Coast Excav

c. Ashdod 3 km inland Excav

d. Gath Lower Shephelah Excav

e. Ekron Lower Shephelah Excav

Ashdod:

Stratum XIII: 1200-1150 BC (Egy.-emp.)

• Unfortified approx. 20 acre city

• Pre-planning and dense occupation

• Myc.IIIC1b pottery made locally

• Canaanite-style pottery made locally

Strata XII-XI: 1150-1050? BC (late D.20)

• Re-buildings of Philistine Str.XIII city

• LB wall → foundation of Str.XII+ wall

Stratum X: 1050-1000 BC (early D.21):

• Expands → 100 acres with wall+gate.

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC




a. GazaCoast (?)



d. Gath Lower Shephelah (?)


Ashdod:










• Expands → 100 acres with wall+gate.

Ashdod:

During Iron 1A Egyptian Empire

• Has “Philistine” (pottery)

• Retains Canaanites (mat.cult.)

• = unfortified

IRON 1A

(1200-1150 BC)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC




a. GazaCoast (?)



d. Gath Lower Shephelah (?)


Ashdod:










• Expands → 100 acres with wall+gate. Ashdod

Ashdod:During Iron 1B post-Egy Empire

• Building a city wall

• Expanding later: 100 acres

(with fortifications)

• Affluence & power = growing

during Iron 1B

IRON 1B

(1150-1000 BC)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


Ekron (= Tel Miqne):

• Identification based on text noting Ekron

and Joshua 15:10-11 description: i.e.,

it lay West of Timnah + Beth-Shemesh

and South of the Sorek Brook.

• Tel Miqne = 50 acres (= a major site).

Stratum VII: 1200-1150 BC (Egy.-emp.)

• Large quantities of Myc.IIIC1b pottery

→ initial Philistine/Myc. settlement I-1A

• Presumably 50 acre site (some excav.)

Strata VI-IV: 1150-1000 BC (Dyn.20-21)

• City fortified

• Public buildings & industrial areas

• Material contact with Cyprus & Aegean

• Large amount of Philistine Bichrome

in strata VI-V (1150-1070? BC: = D.20)

• New drab red slip pottery in Str.IV

(1070? – 1000 BC: = early Dyn.21).

Ekron (Tel Miqne):• = A significant & large site

during Iron 1A (Egy. Emp.)

• Albeit smaller than Ashdod

IRON 1A

(1200-1150 BC)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC



• Identification base on text noting Ekron




• Tel Miqne = 50 acres (a major site).






• City fortified




in strata VI-V (1150-1070? BC: = D.20)


(1070? – 1000 BC: = early Dyn.21).

The temple which he built, 'kysh

(Achish, Ikausu) son of Padi, son of

Ysd son of Ada, son of Ya'ir, ruler of

Ekron, for Ptgyh his lady. May she bless

him, and protect him, and prolong his

days, and bless his land.

Ekron (Tel Miqne):• Iron 1A Egyptian empire:

• Philistine settlement implied

via Myc. IIIC1b pottery

• Canaanites still present

(i.e., material culture)

A Philistine city in Biblical texts

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC



• Identification base on text noting Ekron




• Tel Miqne = 50 acres (a major site).






• City fortified




in strata VI-V (1150-1070? BC: = D.20)


(1070? – 1000 BC: = early Dyn.21).

Ekron (Tel Miqne):• Iron 1B post Egyptian Empire

→ city = fortified(!)

• Much contact with Cyprus

& Aegean (trade/influence)

• Philistine Bichrome pottery

IRON 1B

(1150-1000 BC)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


Ashkelon:

• Sporadic remains of Philistine strata.

• 150 acre city (15,000+? population)

Iron 1A stratum (1200-1150 BC; D.20):

• Myc.IIIC1b pottery

Iron 1B strata (1150-1000 BC: D20-21):

• Philistine bichrome pottery

• Fortification wall

Philistia:

• Excavations & surveys = determining

the extent of Philistine control and

influence in the southern coastal plain

and Shephelah during Iron 1A-B.

• Tel Mor may have become a port for

Ashdod in Iron 1A (post-1200 destr.):

= an unfortified village in Strata IV-III.

• T. Sippor near Ashkelon = I-1A village

Ashkelon:• Iron 1A (Egyptian Empire)

→ city = 150 acres

• Mycenaean IIIC1b pottery

i.e., Philistine presence

IRON 1A

(1200-1150 BC)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


Ashkelon:





Iron 1B strata (1150-1000 BC: D20-21):



Philistia:








• T. Sippor near Ashkelon = I-1A village Brick-paved rampart

Ashkelon

Ashkelon:Iron 1B (post-Egy. Empire)


= continuing settlement

(descendants of initial

Mycenaeans & others)

alongside Canaanites …

• City = fortified(!)

IRON 1B

(1150-1000 BC)

Iron Age I:

(1,200 – 1,000 BCE)

The Philistines:

Settlement pattern.

Philistia in general …

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


Ashkelon:





Iron 1B strata (1150-1000 BC: D20-21):



Philistia:








• T. Sippor near Ashkelon = I-1A village

Ashdod in Plain of Philistia

Philistia:• Assessing the nature & extent

of Philistine control, culture, and

influence …

a. Within Philistia (beyond Bible)

b. Regarding the indigenous

Canaanite underlying culture

(hybrid culture & subordinate?)

c. Neighbouring Israelites …

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


Philistines also settled other sites:

Tell Qasile north bank of River Yarkon

• Founded in Iron 1B, ca.1150 BC, after

Egyptian empire lost Canaan/Philistia.

• = a newly founded Philistine site.

• 2 km east of sea on kurkar ridge.

• Well-sited as a port (via Yarkon river)

• Strata XII-X span 1150-1000 BC

• Destroyed in early 10th century BC,

by a massive fire, which is generally

equated with King David’s conquest

of Philistia (via biblical accounts).

Other Philistine settlements:

• Aphek & Tel Gerisa = minor towns.

• Jaffa, formerly a major port, = minor

town in Iron 1B (but a major Philistine

cemetery lay at Azor nearby).

Tell Qasile:• Newly founded settlement

AFTER Egyptian empire falls:

1150 C+

• Important site for understanding

the Philistines (re: excavation)

IRON 1B

(1150-1000 BC)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC






• a newly founded Philistine site.













Tel Qasile: Tel Aviv in background

Tell Qasile:• Destroyed early 10th cent. BC

• King David’s conquest of Philistia

(via Biblical texts) is one candidate

• Other options: Civil strife? Bedu?

IRON 1B

(1150-1000 BC)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC



















Aphek

IRON 1B

(1150-1000 BC)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC



















Aphek

Jaffa

Iron 1B:

Tell Gerisa,

Area B,

housing

Jaffa

Iron Age I:

(1,200 – 1,000 BCE)

The Philistines:

Settlement pattern.

Periphery of Philistia

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


• The appearance of Philistine pottery

at sites in the northern Shephelah

suggests contact, influence, and poss.

Philistine control(?) in this region.

Gezer:

Stratum XIV (1200-1150 BC: D.20-emp)

• Impoverished stratum

Strata XIII-XI (1150-1000 BC: D.20-21)

• No fortifications found (yet)

• Minor amount of Phil. Bichrome sherds

• Mainly continues a as Canaanite town

Tel Batash (= Timnah):

Stratum Vc-a (1150-1000 BC: D.20-21)

• 9 km S. of Gezer; 7 km E. of Ekron

• ID with Timnah via Joshua 15:10

• Called a Philistine city in Judges 14-15

• Fortified city with dense occupation

• Large quantities of Philistine Bichrome

Gezer:• Late Egyptian empire in Canaan

→ the city is impoverished

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC






Gezer:






• Mainly continues as a Canaanite town


Stratum Vc-a (1150-1000 BC: D.20-21)





• Large quantities of Philistine BichromeGezer: 12th cent. BC NW Building

Gezer:• Post Egyptian empire in Canaan

→ the city has some Philistine

presence, but mostly seems

to continue as a Canaanite

town (i.e., material culture).

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC






Gezer:








Stratum Vc-a (1150-1000 BC: D.20-21)





• Large quantities of Philistine Bichrome

Tel Batash (Timnah)

IRON 1B

(1150-1000 BC)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC






Gezer:








Stratum Vc-a (1150-1000 BC: D.20-21)





• Large quantities of Philistine Bichrome Tel Batash (= Timnah) Areas B & D

Iron 1B: Philistine level of housing

Confirming some later

Biblical written accounts

regarding the Philistines:

i.e., the nature of Timnah

(Tell Batash)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


Beth-Shemesh:

Stratum III (1150-1000 BC: D.20-21)

• 7 km East of Philistine Timnah.

• ID as Israelite town in I Samuel 6:9-15

• BUT it contains much Phil. Bichrome

→ difficult to assign ethnicity via the

presence of material culture (trade?).

The nature of Philistine settlement in

Southern Shephelah is also unclear:

Lachish:

Stratum VI (1200-1150 BC: Dyn.20)

• Retains an Egyptian garrison? in I-1A

• Destroyed in ca.1150 BC at the end of

Egypt’s control of Palestine.

• Remains abandoned until ca.1000 BC

after which it is re-occupied during the

United Monarchy period.

However, other sites continue here …

Puzzling over other later



i.e., the nature of

Beth Shemesh

(which is later called

Israelite, but appears

to have a strong Philistine

presence / influence …)

IRON 1B

(1150-1000 BC)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


Beth-Shemesh:

Stratum III (1150-1000 BC: D.20-21)








Lachish:









Puzzling over other later



i.e., the nature of

Beth Shemesh

(which is later called

“Israelite,” BUT appears

to have a strong Philistine

presence / influence …)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


Beth-Shemesh:

Stratum III (1150-1000 BC: D.20-21)








Lachish:









IRON 1A

(1200-1150 BC)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


Beth-Shemesh:

Stratum III (1150-1000 BC: D.20-21)








Lachish:








However, other sites continue here …Lachish: Bronze strip from gate? trim

Bearing cartouche of Ramesses III

Ramesses III controls

Lachish (in Iron 1A)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


Tel Eitun:

• SE of Lachish (in S. Shephelah)

• Burial caves have yielded much wealth

in Phil. Bichrome pottery, figurines, etc.

• NAA reveals Philistine pottery came

from coastal plain (i.e.,= imports; trade)

• May suggest = affluent “Philistine”(?)

settlement at Tel Eitun nearby.

Tell Beit Mirsim:

Stratum B2 (1150-1000 BC: D.20-21)

• Unfortified settlement

• Philistine Bichrome pottery (trade?)

Tel Halif:

Stratum VII (1070? – 1000+ BC: D.21)



→ Hence, it is tricky to determine the

exact nature of Philistine contact.

Lachish

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


Tel Eitun:






• May suggest = affluent “Philistine”?


Tell Beit Mirsim:

Stratum B2 (1150-1000 BC: D.20-21)



Tel Halif:

Stratum VII (1070? – 1000+ BC: D.21)





http://www.bibleplaces.com/lachish/

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


Tel Eitun:








Tell Beit Mirsim:

Stratum B2 (1150-1000 BC: D.20-21)



Tel Halif:

Stratum VII (1070? – 1000+ BC: D.21)





IRON 1B

(1150-1000 BC)

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwimnZnz04XQAhVD0iYKHQWsAbkQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fancientneareast.tripod.com%2FBeit_Mirsim.html&bvm=bv.137132246,d.eWE&psig=AFQjCNGRTUjY7YmXwniXvXRGvCNnPQjwBg&ust=1478024345843752

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjJ5-qK1IXQAhUHKCYKHWHLCZgQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcsanet.org%2Fnewsletter%2Fspring01%2Fnls0108f5.html&bvm=bv.137132246,d.eWE&psig=AFQjCNGRTUjY7YmXwniXvXRGvCNnPQjwBg&ust=1478024345843752

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


Tel Eitun:








Tell Beit Mirsim:

Stratum B2 (1150-1000 BC: D.20-21)



Tel Halif:

Stratum VII (1070? – 1000+ BC: D.21)




exact nature of Philistine contact.Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum B: Iron 1

Unfortified town with many grain silos

Tell Beit Mirsim: mound

Generic

Philistine

Bichrome

pottery

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi_se241IXQAhWBNSYKHRfuDokQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblewalks.com%2FSites%2FBeitMirsim.html&bvm=bv.137132246,d.eWE&psig=AFQjCNFtI4dR7sXusK4Rgt21hUKw15f88A&ust=1478024489261030

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi64pbU1IXQAhWI4SYKHVjqCrMQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblewalks.com%2FSites%2FBeitMirsim.html&bvm=bv.137132246,d.eWE&psig=AFQjCNFtI4dR7sXusK4Rgt21hUKw15f88A&ust=1478024489261030

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi4vqL91IXQAhWF4SYKHRu8DFoQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.bib-arch.org%2Fpublication.asp%3FPubID%3DBSBA%26Volume%3D34%26Issue%3D4%26ArticleID%3D25&bvm=bv.137132246,d.eWE&psig=AFQjCNEheq8TjWlbCJ_wtI1o_EQ3yOOdoA&ust=1478024634519162

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


Tel Eitun:








Tell Beit Mirsim:

Stratum B2 (1150-1000 BC: D.20-21)



Tel Halif:

Stratum VII (1070? – 1000+ BC: D.21)





Tel Halif

IRON 1B

(1150-1000 BC)

Iron Age I:

(1,200 – 1,000 BCE)

The Philistines:

Settlement pattern.

Philistia & NW Negev

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


• Philistine settlement is significant in the

coastal plain and NW Negev.

Tel Sera‘:

Stratum VIII/VII (1100-1000 BC):



Tell Jemmeh:

Several strata (1150-1000 BC)

• Occupation & kiln with Phil. Bichrome

Tell Far‘ah (South):

Iron 1A-B strata (1200 – 1000 BC)

• reusing Egyptian fort (post-LB Age)

• Major Iron Age cemetery: Ph-Bichrome

Deir el-Balah:

Iron 1A-(B) stratum (1200-1150/+? BC)

• Impoverished Philistine settlement

above Egyptian LB Age fortress.

Tell Sera‘

Tel Sera‘

IRON 1B

(1150-1000 BC)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC




Tel Sera‘:




Tell Jemmeh:







Deir el-Balah:




Tell Sera‘: aerial view of mound

Generic image of bichrome ware

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi4vqL91IXQAhWF4SYKHRu8DFoQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.bib-arch.org%2Fpublication.asp%3FPubID%3DBSBA%26Volume%3D34%26Issue%3D4%26ArticleID%3D25&bvm=bv.137132246,d.eWE&psig=AFQjCNEheq8TjWlbCJ_wtI1o_EQ3yOOdoA&ust=1478024634519162

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC




Tel Sera‘:




Tell Jemmeh:







Deir el-Balah:




Tell Jemmeh 1928 Petrie

IRON 1B

(1150-1000 BC)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC




Tel Sera‘:




Tell Jemmeh:







Deir el-Balah:




Tell Jemmeh mound & Iron 1 stratum

Petrie 1928

Jemmeh

IRON 1B

(1150-1000 BC)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC








Generic

Image of

Egyptian

fort

IRON 1A-B

(1200-1000 BC)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC




Tel Sera‘:




Tell Jemmeh:







Deir el-Balah:




Tell Far‘ah South

Petrie 1932

Iron 1 stratum

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC




Tel Sera‘:




Tell Jemmeh:







Deir el-Balah:




IRON 1A

(1200-1150 BC)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC




Tel Sera‘:




Tell Jemmeh:







Deir el-Balah:



above a columned building (Samson).

Iron Age I:

(1,200 – 1,000 BCE)

The Philistines:

Settlement pattern.

Philistine emergence

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


• The Philistine settlement in Palestine

appears to be relatively widespread in

the southern coastal plain.

Iron 1A: ca.1200-1150 BC.

• They ‘replace’ some former Canaanite

settlements (destroyed ca.1200 BC).

• Other Canaanite sites = abandoned

for a period: e.g., Hazor and Lachish.

• They initially established some large

unfortified cities (with Egy. “permission”)

Iron 1B: ca.1150-1000 BC

• They introduce some fortified towns

• They expand & fortify other towns

• They found some small rural villages

• They adopt new Phil. Bichrome ware

→ Hence, the Philistines not only raided

Palestine, but they both replaced and

incorporated prior Canaanite culture.Ramesses III

Actually = merging

Philistines and

Canaanite cultures

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


• The Philistine settlement in Palestine

appears to be relatively widespread in

the southern coastal plain.

Iron 1A: ca.1200-1150 BC.

• They replace some former Canaanite

settlements (destroyed ca.1200 BC).

• Other Canaanite sites = abandoned

for a period: e.g., Hazor and Lachish.

• They initially established some large

unfortified cities (with Egy. permission)

Iron 1B: ca.1150-1000 BC

• They introduce some fortified towns

• They expand & fortify other towns

• They found some small rural villages

• They adopt new Phil. Bichrome ware

→ Hence, the Philistines not only raided

and/or settled within parts of Palestine,

but they both replaced & incorporated

prior Canaanite culture (= alongside Canaanites)

IRON 1B

(1150-1000 BC)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


• Mycenaean IIIC1b pottery appears

only at Ashdod and Ekron in Iron 1A.

• Other sites yield a Philistine presence

only in Iron 1B via Phil. Bichrome ware

(acc. to Mazar’s date for Bichrome).

• Hence, the Philistine settlement in

Palestine initiated a beach-head at

Ashdod and Ekron ca.1200-1150 BC

• With a subsequent expansion into the

hinterland and periphery of Philistia

during early Iron 1B. ca.1150+ BC,

after Egypt lost control of Palestine.

• It appears that the Philistines did not

eliminate the residual Canaanite

population, but assimilated with them

to form a new culture typified by

Philistine Bichrome ware, etc.

Ekron

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


• Mycenaean IIIC1b pottery appears

only at Ashdod and Ekron in Iron 1A.

• Other sites yield a Philistine presence

only in Iron 1B via Phil. Bichrome ware

(acc. to Mazar’s date for Bichrome).

• Hence, the Philistine settlement in

Palestine initiated a beach-head at

Ashdod and Ekron ca.1200-1150 BC

• With a subsequent expansion into the

hinterland and periphery of Philistia

during early Iron 1B. ca.1150+ BC,

after Egypt lost control of Palestine.

• It appears that the Philistines did not

eliminate the residual Canaanite

population, but assimilated with them

to form a new culture typified by

Philistine Bichrome ware, etc.

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Philistine Bichrome pottery:

• Philistine bichrome pottery emerged

from local Mycenaean IIIC1b pottery.

• It apparently appears ca.1150 BC,

at the end of Iron 1A & fall of Egypt’s

northern empire in Palestine.

• It continues to ca.1000 BC, with a few

modifications in Iron 1B.

• Philistine bichrome ware owed much

to Myc.IIIC1b, but also adopted

a. Canaanite use of red & black paint,

b. Some Egyptian forms & designs

• Its Myc. origins appear via var. forms:

a. Bell-shaped bowls with 2 handles

b. Larger bell-shaped kraters

c. “Stirrup jars”: 2 handles; false spout

d. Strainer jugs

e. Cylindrical pyxides (box-like)

f. Tall narrow bottle (like Cypriot one)

g. Horn-shaped bottle (like Cypriot one)

Philistine bichrome

Philistine bichrome

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


Transition from Myc.IIIC1b → bichrome

occurs at Tel Miqne-Ekron:

- Myc.IIIC1b & early Philistine Bichrome

co-appear at Ekron.

- Some designs reveal more similarities

to Myc.IIIC designs than Bichrome.

- Philistine dec. usually occurs in frames

in a frieze across a vessel’s body.

a. Frames = Mycenaean motif

b. Birds = common Myc. motif

c. Spirals = common in Myc.

d. Fish become rare in Bichrome

e. Egy. lotus appears once naturally,

& more frequently stylized into

triangles.

- Late 11th cent BC (1050-1000 BC) exp.

a deterioration in Philistine pottery:

e.g., Bird motif disappears

Bichrome draws upon

multiple cultures …

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


Transition from Myc.IIIC1b → bichrome

occurs at Tel Miqne-Ekron:

- Myc.IIIC1b & early Philistine Bichrome

co-appear at Ekron.

- Some designs reveal more similarities

to Myc.IIIC designs than Bichrome.

- Philistine dec. usually occurs in frames

in a frieze across a vessel’s body.

a. Frames = Mycenaean motif

b. Birds = common Myc. motif

c. Spirals = common in Myc.

d. Fish become rare in Bichrome

e. Egy. lotus appears once naturally,

& more frequently stylized into

triangles.

- Late 11th cent BC (1050-1000 BC) exp.

a deterioration in Philistine pottery:

e.g., Bird motif disappears

Philistine Bichrome draws upon

multiple cultures:• Mycenaean

• Egyptian

• Canaanite

→ A new, hybrid type of pottery.

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


• Philistine Bichrome pottery appears

alongside Canaanite-derived pottery:

- Philistine Bichrome at Tel Qasile

forms 20% of the pottery.

- Remaining 80% = Canaanite-derived.

- NAA reveals both = made locally.

• Indigenous (Canaanite) potters may

have manufactured Philistine Bichrome

for their “political overlords.” (Myc.?)

• In general, the distribution of Philistine

Bichrome pottery is restricted mainly to

the areas ascribed to their settlement:

i.e., the coastal plain of Philistia.

• Small quantities of Philistine Bichrome

appear in the Sharon Plain, Jezreel &

Beth-Shan valleys, Upper Galilee (Dan)

→ probably signifying trade.

Iron II red slip emerging

Bichrome ware disappears

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


• Philistine Bichrome pottery appears

alongside Canaanite-derived pottery:

- Philistine Bichrome at Tel Qasile

forms 20% of the pottery.

- Remaining 80% = Canaanite-derived.

- NAA reveals both = made locally.

• Indigenous (Canaanite) potters may

have manufactured Philistine Bichrome

for their political overlords.

• In general, the distribution of Philistine

Bichrome pottery is restricted mainly to

the areas ascribed to their settlement:

i.e., the coastal plain of Philistia.

• Small quantities of Philistine Bichrome

appear in the Sharon Plain, Jezreel &

Beth-Shan valleys, Upper Galilee (Dan)

→ probably signifying trade.

Iron Age I:

(1,200 – 1,000 BCE)

The Philistines:

Settlement planning:

Walls & town layout.

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Architecture:

• After gaining independence upon the

collapse of Egypt’s northern empire,

the Philistines fortify their major cities

(i.e., presumably not permitted before).

Iron 1B city fortification walls:

• Stratum XII Ashdod contained a very

substantial solid city wall (= placed

above LB Age casemate wall).

• Strata VI-IV at Ekron yielded a large

mud brick city wall

• Stratum Vc-a Timnah (Batash) had a

moderate city wall.

Iron 1B city planning:

• Ashdod provides an idea, but contains

many small excav. areas in 20+ acres.

• The 4 acre site of Tel Qasile yields

the best Philistine town plan.

Post-Egyptian empire:

Iron 1B (1150 – 1000 BCE)

→ Philistines fortify cities

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Architecture:










mud brick city wall


moderate city wall.





the best Philistine town plan. Ashdod LB Age casemate


Iron 1B (1150 – 1000 BCE)


Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Architecture:










mud brick city wall


moderate city wall.






Lachish

(Tell ed-Duweir)


Iron 1B (1150 – 1000 BCE)


Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Architecture:










mud brick city wall


moderate city wall.






Ashdod

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

City planning (cont.’):

Tel Qasile:

Qasile 1150 – 1100 BC (Iron 1B).

Stratum XII tightly-packed town centre

with more loosely arranged periphery.

• Segregated cultic area with a 25 m

long wall subdividing the temple from

the town to the south.

• A large public building lay to the south

Qasile 1100-1050 BC (Iron 1B).

Stratum XI contained an even denser

occupation (i.e., population increase)

with many new structures.


Stratum X yielded major changes in

town planning, including an orthogonal

grid-work of streets and buildings,

creating blocks / neighbourhoods.

Tell Qasile:

• Initial settlement yields …

a. Congested town

b. Separate cultic area

c. Public building (admin.?)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


Tel Qasile:




• Segregated cultic area with a 25 metre













Tell Qasile:

• Later Iron 1B settlement …

a. Increased population

(greater congestion)

b. Many new buildings

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


Tel Qasile:




• Segregated cultic area with a 25 metre













Tell Qasile:

• End of Iron 1B settlement …

a. Major changes in town

planning

b. Affluent town …

Iron Age I:

(1,200 – 1,000 BCE)

The Philistines:

Settlement architecture:

Public buildings:Interpretation / significance.

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Public buildings:

Tel Qasile’s public building:

The secular/public building found in

Stratum XII consisted of:

• A large hall (6.7 m long along interior)

• Plastered mud brick walls

• Interior mud brick benches

• Central mud brick hearth (plastered)

Tel Miqne-Ekron public building:

Strata V-IV large hall with a large hearth

and two pillar bases in a complex with

three adjacent associated rooms.

• Interpreted as an elite house/palace.

Parallels:

• Such hearths = foreign to Canaan

• Common feature in elite housing from

the Aegean, Anatolia, & Cyprus.

• Mycenaean introduction by Philistines.

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Public buildings:

Tel Qasile’s public building:

The secular/public building found in

Stratum XII consisted of:

• A large hall (6.7 m long along interior)

• Plastered mud brick walls

• Interior mud brick benches

• Central mud brick hearth (plastered)

Tel Miqne-Ekron public building:

Strata V-IV large hall with a large hearth

and two pillar bases in a complex with

three adjacent associated rooms.

• Interpreted as an elite house/palace.

Parallels:

• Such hearths = foreign(!) to Canaan

• Common feature in elite housing from

the Aegean, Anatolia, & Cyprus.

• Mycenaean introduction by Philistines.

Palace of NestorPYLOS

Iron Age I:

(1,200 – 1,000 BCE)

The Philistines:


Residential areas.

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Residential areas:

• Qasile’s Stratum X residential units

had a regular plan found elsewhere

in Iron Age Palestine:

a. Square – rectilinear structure

averaging 10 x 10 m.

b. Courtyard with a row of pillars for

a roofed area: i.e., animal stabling

c. Open area in courtyard.

d. Dwelling rooms at back of courtyard

and sometimes parallel to courtyard

→ Some are called “pillared buildings”

→ Others have a “four-room” plan,

which become a basic type in the

11th cent. (mid-late Iron 1B) onwards

Courtyards:

• Ovens, clay loom weights (from looms)

and grinding & crushing installations

(for cereals, olives, and grapes).

Stratum X: 1050 – 1000 BC

Generic Iron Age dwelling

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Residential areas:

• Qasile’s Stratum X residential units

had a regular plan found elsewhere

in Iron Age Palestine:

a. Square – rectilinear structure

averaging 10 x 10 m.

b. Courtyard with a row of pillars for

a roofed area: i.e., animal stabling

c. Open area in courtyard.

d. Dwelling rooms at back of courtyard

and sometimes parallel to courtyard

→ Some are called “pillared buildings”

→ Others have a “four-room” plan,

which become a basic type in the

11th cent. (mid-late Iron 1B) onwards

Courtyards:

• Ovens, clay loom weights (from looms)

and grinding & crushing installations

(for cereals, olives, and grapes).

The “four-room”

house characterizing

the Iron Age in Palestine.

Iron Age I:

(1,200 – 1,000 BCE)

The Philistines:


Temples & shrines.

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Temples:

Qasile temples:

• Str.XII-X yielded 3 successive temples

Qasile Str.XII temple: 1150-1100 BC:

• Small mud brick shrine 6.4 x 6.6 m.

• Hall with an eastern entry

• Altar platform on west wall (opp. door)

for cult statue)

• Benches along walls: votive offerings

• Outer courtyard to east containing ash

layers, organic matter, & animal bones

(i.e., from daily sacrifices, etc.)

Tell Qasile stratum XII shrine: ca.1150-1100 BC

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Qasile Str.XI temple: 1100-1050 BC:

• A stone structure replaced the mud

brick shrine measuring 5.75 x 8.50 m.

• The door moved to NE corner

• Small western room contained shrine’s

ritual equipment (“treasury”):

Many cultic items and votives.

• Benches for offerings lay along the

interior wall faces.

• Small subsidiary shrine lay to the W:

- It had an indirect (“bent”) axis

- It had a raised altar platform

- It has benches along its walls

- Maybe secondary shrine (consort?)

which has parallels in the Aegean

and Cyprus (= foreign to Canaan).

• Late Strat. XI contains pits (favissa)

for ritual items, numerous pots, and

large quantities of animal bones.

Tell Qasile stratum XI shrine: ca.1100-1050 BC

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Qasile Str.X temple: 1050-1000 BC:

• The city’s inhabitants rebuilt the shrine

a. using parts of the former walls,

b. raising the floor level inside,

c. adding an entry portico → bent axis

• New offering benches were placed

along the walls and plastered.

• West wall received an altar platform

• Traces of two cedar pillars lay on the

limestone column bases (for the roof)

• A storeroom (“treasury”) lay to the

west, behind the altar.

• Stone walls segregated the temple

courtyard from the town.

• The small shrine (consort?) from Str.

XI lay against the western back wall

and had its own courtyard.

Tell Qasile plastered benches+

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Qasile Str.X temple: 1050-1000 BC:

• The city’s inhabitants rebuilt the shrine

a. using parts of the former walls,

b. raising the floor level inside,

c. adding an entry portico → bent axis

• New offering benches were placed

along the walls and plastered.

• West wall received an altar platform

• Traces of two cedar pillars lay on the

limestone column bases (for the roof)

• A storeroom (“treasury”) lay to the

west, behind the altar.

• Stone walls segregated the temple

courtyard from the town.

• The small shrine (consort?) from Str.

XI lay against the western back wall

and had its own courtyard.

Tell Qasile stratum X shrine: ca.1050-1000 BC

Tel Qasile temple:

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Qasile Strata XII-X temple summary:

• Qasile’s temple evolved in its plan

during the 150 years spanning Iron 1B.

• Such changes are less common in

Canaanite temples (but appear in the

Lachish Fosse Temple + Myc. temples)

• The Qasile temple modifications

probably reflect a growing prosperity in

the Philistine community, which prob.

wished to embellish their local temple:

a. Expanding it,

b. Building it with more stone

c. Embellishing its entry

d. Adding a “treasury”

e. Adding a small shrine for a consort

or secondary deity.

f. Placing courtyards in front of each

shrine (plus favissa).

• Basic elements stayed the same:

A western altar; benches; E/NE entry.

See also Philistine temple at Tell es-Safi (Gath)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


Has similarities in plan to 1300-1100 BC

(LB 2B-Iron 1) temples:

a. Earlier LB Age Lachish Fosse Temple

which may be an Aegean-style shrine.

b. Mycenaean temples in the Aegean

c. Temple at Phylakopi on Melos island.

d. Kition temple on Cyprus.

• There may have been influences

between temple architecture in the

Aegean, Cyprus and the Levant.

• However, the temple at Tel Qasile

appears to have more parallels with

the Aegean and Cyprus than with

Canaan, thereby reflecting the

overall Philistine’s Mycenaean and

Cypriot (in-transit) heritage.

LB 2B

Lachish

Fosse Temple III

Tell Qasile

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


Has similarities in plan to 1300-1100 BC

temples:

a. Earlier LB Age Lachish Fosse Temple

which may be an Aegean-style shrine.

b. Mycenaean temples in the Aegean

c. Temple at Phylakopi on Melos island.

d. Kition temple on Cyprus.

• There may have been influences

between temple architecture in the

Aegean, Cyprus and the Levant.

• However, the temple at Tel Qasile

appears to have more parallels with

the Aegean and Cyprus than with

Canaan, thereby reflecting the

overall Philistine’s Mycenaean and

Cypriot (in-transit) heritage.

Cyprus: LB Age Kition, shrine

Kition

Iron Age I:

(1,200 – 1,000 BCE)

The Philistines:

Religion & culture:

Cult figurines.

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Cult objects: figurines.

• Philistine sites yield two types of cultic

figurine that derive from Myc. types:

(1). A female deity seated in a chair

called an “Ashdoda” (after the site with

the initial/best example).

Earlier Mycenaean examples display

similar goddess figurines, sometimes

seated in chairs.

(2). A female figure with hands on head

in a “mourning”-figurine posture.

These figures are normally attached to

pottery vessels (kraters), often found in

funerary contexts.

Earlier similar Mycenaean examples.

• The Philistine examples display their

own distinct styles, but retain sufficient

connections with their Myc. origins.

Ashdoda

Philistine “Ashdoda” figurine.

replica

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC





called an “Ashdoda” after the site with

the initial/best example.



seated in chairs.





funerary contexts.





Ashdoda

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC









seated in chairs.





funerary contexts.





Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC









seated in chairs.





funerary contexts.





Philistia

Naxos

Philistine female “mourning”

figurines & their Mycenaean

antecedents.

Iron Age I:

(1,200 – 1,000 BCE)

The Philistines:

Religion & cuture:

Ritual vessels.

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Cult objects: ritual vessels.

• The Qasile temples produced many

fragments from ritual pottery vessels:

a. Canaanite-derived forms

b. Cypriot-derived forms.

c. Apparently new forms.

• Decorated cylindrical stands for bowls

used in ritual offerings: sacred meals?

a. Portrayals of dancers on a stand

b. Depictions of 2 lionesses on a stand

c. Bird heads & wings on several bowl

(i.e., popular Myc./Phil. bird motif)

• Special ritual vessels:

d. Lion-head shaped cup (LB Age

examples from Ugarit and Aegean?)

e. A female-shaped jar for pouring

libations from breasts: fertility cult?

f. Kernoi: circular tubes with hollow-

spouted animal, pomegranate, and

jar attachments: for pouring liquids.

Canaanite

Egyptian

Philistine

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC





















Philistine ritual pottery stands.

Offering a “sacred meal” (?).

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC





















Philistine ritual duck-bowl

(some Egyptian influence).

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC





















Lion head rhyton Crete

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC





















Phil.-ritual female-shaped jar:

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC





















Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC





















Kernoi: circular tubes with hollow

spouted animals, etc., for pouring

liquids: = ritual equipment

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC



g. Kernos bowls: Bowls with a hollow

tubes connected to hollow-spouted

animal forms: for pouring liquids.

• These special ritual pouring containers

appear in Iron 1 Philistia and Cyprus.

h. A jar containing five openings may

have facilitated sacred plants, etc.

i. A ceramic plaque portrays a shrine’s

façade accompanied by two deities

in relief (later defaced: by Israelites?)

j. Life-size human-face pottery masks

prob. for rituals personifying a deity.

k. Life-size animal-head pottery masks

prob. for rituals assuming deity’s role

l. Triton shell, presumably as a horn in

ritual calls (known elsewhere in Med.)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC



g. Kernos bowls: Bowls with a hollow

tubes connected to hollow-spouted

animal forms: for pouring liquids.

• These special ritual pouring containers

appear in Iron 1 Philistia and Cyprus.

h. A jar containing five openings may

have facilitated sacred plants, etc.

i. A ceramic plaque portrays a shrine’s

façade accompanied by two deities

in relief (later defaced: by Israelites?)

j. Life-size human-face pottery masks

prob. for rituals personifying a deity.

k. Life-size animal-head pottery masks

prob. for rituals assuming deity’s role

l. Triton shell, presumably as a horn in

ritual calls (known elsewhere in Med.)

Triton shells:Often used as a trumpet

i.e., ritual calls

Iron Age I:

(1,200 – 1,000 BCE)

The Philistines:

Religion & culture:

Cultic significance.

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Meaning of cult furnishings:

• In essence, the town’s elite & populace

built a series of shrines to their patron

deities in order to obtain spec. results:

Divine benefits for the town & citizens.

• To contact and satisfy their deities

sufficiently, a specific interface is req.:

namely a temple/shrine dedicated to

a particular deity & his/her needs.

• The shrine, being the deity’s earthly

“home,” needs to be sufficiently fine to

attract the deity/deities to it:

(i.e., “you get what you pay for”).

• Such deities needed servants =priests

maintaining divine household & needs

• Temple furnishings also needed to be

special, reflecting one’s respect for a

deity, and possibly aspects particular

to a specific deity and requirement/use

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Cult objects: votive offerings.

• Beads from jewellery

• Ivory items: fittings from boxes and

other valuable items: cosmetic jars, etc

• Alabaster (calcite) vessels: usually jars

for holding precious unguents

• Numerous pottery vessels: often the

containers in which food and other

offerings are provided.

Probable meanings:

• In essence, various people offered

things of various values, from food to

products, to town deities in exchange

for various desired outcomes: E.g.,

- Good health (for selves/others)

- Prosperity (spec. ventures/in general)

- Action against foes (spec./in general)

- Good weather (for voyages)

- Happiness (e.g., good spouse, etc.)

Generic calcite

goblet (D. el-Balah)

Generic view: votive offerings

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Cult objects: votive offerings.

• Beads from jewellery

• Ivory items: fittings from boxes and

other valuable items: cosmetic jars, etc

• Alabaster (calcite) vessels: usually jars

for holding precious unguents

• Numerous pottery vessels: often the

containers in which food and other

offerings are provided.

Probable meanings:

• In essence, various people offered

things of various values, from food to

products,to town deities in exchange

for various desired outcomes: E.g.,

- Good health (for selves/others)

- Prosperity (spec. ventures/in general)

- Action against foes (spec./in general)

- Good weather (for voyages)

- Happiness (e.g., good spouse, etc.)

Tel Miqne-Ekron: “Hearth shrine”

Qasile

Generic view: votive offerings

Iron Age I:

(1,200 – 1,000 BCE)

The Philistines:

Material culture:

Glyptic art & writing.

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Glyptic art and writing:

• The seals from Philistine sites include

mainly small conical or pyramidal seals

with crude through linear renditions of

human and animal figures.

• Some seal design motifs include:

a. A seated person playing a harp/lyre

b. Brief texts with linear letters,

resembling Cypro-Minoan script.

• Hence, in yet again another aspect of

Philistine material culture, further links

occur with the Aegean and Cyprus.

Meaning:

• Stamp seals =both protective/magical

amulets and symbols of ownership

when applied to wet clay/impressions.

• They appear in everyday usage,

votive offerings, & funerary offerings,

with practical through magical uses.

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Glyptic art and writing:

• The seals from Philistine sites include

mainly small conical or pyramidal seals

with crude through linear renditions of

human and animal figures.

• Some seal design motifs include:

a. A seated person playing a harp/lyre

b. Brief texts with linear letters,

resembling Cypro-Minoan script.

• Hence, in yet again another aspect of

Philistine material culture, further links

occur with the Aegean and Cyprus.

Meaning:

• Stamp seals =both protective/magical

amulets and symbols of ownership

when applied to wet clay/impressions.

• They appear in everyday usage,

votive offerings, & funerary offerings,

with practical through magical uses.

E.g., amuletic protection

E.g., potential hazards …

Iron Age I:

(1,200 – 1,000 BCE)

The Philistines:Mortuary material culture:

Burial customs.

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Burial customs:

• The Philistine sites & their cemeteries

have revealed various burial customs:

Azor and Tel Zeror:

• Pit-cut graves for single interments

• Rectilinear cist graves

• Double pithos (pottery vessel) coffins

• Tel Zeror = a Tjekel/Tjeker region near

Dor (see Journey of Wenamon).

• Some traces of cremation (unclear)

Tell el-Far‘ah (South) Cemetery 600:

• Many simple pit graves

• Five rock-cut cave tombs associated

with elite Philistine burials

(like cemetery 900 from Iron 1A).

Tel Eitun:

• Wealthy Philistine burials nearby.

Azor: Iron Age 1B cremation burial

Tell Farah (S):

Tomb contents

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Burial customs:



Azor and Tel Zeror:












Tel Eitun:


(Philistine) “Bench tombs”

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Burial customs:



Azor and Tel Zeror:












Tel Eitun:


Elite Philistine rock-cut cave tombs

i.e., prob. Aegean-derived burials.

Ashkelon: ashlar built tombs

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Burial customs:

Tell el-Far ‘ah (South) & Beth-Shan:

• Ceramic anthropoid coffins are not

found in the Iron 1B Philistine period

of settlement.

• The vertically striped headdresses on

a few ceramic coffin lids from these

sites may reflect “feathered” helmets

on several “Sea Peoples” (DEBATED):

Peleset, Tjekel/Tjeker, and Denyen.

• The Iron 1A ceramic coffins at Deir el-

Balah tend to be “grotesque” in style,

& may reflect Sea Peoples serving in

Egyptian garrisons adopting modified

Egyptian burial containers.

• Only a few Philistines and possibly a

few other Sea Peoples adopted this

Egyptian-derived burial container,

otherwise it remains non-Philistine.

Ashkelon: ashlar built tombs

Debated “link” with Philistines

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Burial customs:




of settlement.
















Designating POWs with “feathered”

helmets as Peleset, Tjeker, Denyen

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Burial customs:




of settlement.










Egyptian burial containers. DEBATED





Beth-Shan: Iron 1A 1200-1150 BC

“Sea Peoples” anthropoid coffin lid

(derived from an Egyptian practice)

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

Burial customs:




of settlement.











• Only a few Philistines & possibly a few

other Sea Peoples may have adopted

this Egyptian-derived burial container,


Egyptian-type coffins

Iron Age I:

(1,200 – 1,000 BCE)

The Philistines:

--

Demise of Philistines.

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

The end of the Philistine culture:

• The dearth of contemporary texts

dealing with the Philistine settlement

leaves the assumption that their period

of settlement spanned basically

1200 – 1150 BC: Iron 1A (early Dyn.20)

• The Philistine migrations do not

appear sufficiently numerous or volatile

to have eradicated or replaced the bulk

of the (former) Canaanite populace.

• Indeed, many Canaanite coastal

towns/cities were destroyed, including

Egyptian installations; others survived.

• This included a certain proportion of

civilian and military deaths, but Egypt

managed to defeat the Sea Peoples.

→ Canaanite culture continued under

Egyptian control alongside a new and

small group of settlers: Philistines, etc.

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


• The dearth of contemporary texts

dealing with the Philistine settlement

leaves the assumption that their period

of settlement spanned basically

1200 – 1150 BC: Iron 1A (early Dyn.20)

• The Philistine migrations do not

appear sufficiently numerous or volatile

to have eradicated or replaced the

former Canaanite populace.

• Indeed, many Canaanite coastal

towns/cities were destroyed, including

Egyptian installations;others survived.

• This included a certain proportion of

civilian and military deaths, but Egypt

managed to “defeat” the Sea Peoples.

→ Canaanite culture continued under

Egyptian control alongside a new and

small group of settlers: Philistines, etc.

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


• Egyptian references to the placement

of Philistines (Tjeker, Denyen, etc.) in

Egyptian military posts = presumed to

be in Canaan (overseeing Canaanites,

in conjunction with the Philistine’s

military origins and biblical references),

→ suggest that they formed the upper

levels of Canaanite society in Iron 1A

→ Inherited this position of dominance

after Egypt abandoned its N. empire,

perhaps in agreement with the Peleset

(i.e., like mercenaries minding Egypt’s

interests in Canaan).

Late Ramesside royal names cluster

in Philistia, suggesting royal contact.

• Hence, Philistine minority appears to

have merged slowly with a Canaanite

majority to form a new hybrid culture.

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC

The Philistines (& P-l-s-t) culture:

• Egyptian references to the placement

of Philistines (Tjeker, Denyen, etc.) in

Egyptian military posts = presumed to

be in Canaan (overseeing Canaanites,

in conjunction with the Philistine’s

military origins and biblical references),

→ suggest that they formed the upper

levels of Canaanite society in Iron 1A

→ Inherited this position of dominance

after Egypt “abandoned” its N. empire,

perhaps in “agreement” with Egypt

(i.e., like mercenaries or “vassals”?

minding Egypt’s interests in Canaan).

Late Ramesside royal names cluster

in Philistia, suggesting royal contact.

• Hence, Philistine minority appears to

have merged slowly with a Canaanite

majority to form a new hybrid culture.Iron Age IB: 1150 – 1000 BCE

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


• Iron Age 1B spanned 1150-1000 BC,

witnessing the slow adjustment of

Mycenaean-Philistine cultures to

post-1200 BC Canaanite culture.

• The distinct Philistine Bichrome pottery

becomes decreasingly popular and

is replaced by a red slip and burnished

pottery by 1000 BC: advent of Iron 2A.

• The adoption of red slipped and

burnished pottery appears in Strata

XI-X at Tell Qasile (1100-1000 BC)

alongside Bichrome pottery.

• Some vessels span both types, such

as a red-slipped krater with black-

painted spirals in Str.X: 1050-1000 BC

• Bichrome disappears by ca.1000 BC

• However, the Philistines maintained

political independence after 1000 BC.

Former visible surviving traits of

Philistine culture diminish,

but Philistines remain independent.

Late Philistine ware

Iron Age 1: ca. 1200 – 1000 BC


• Iron Age 1B spanned 1150-1000 BC,

witnessing the slow adjustment of

Mycenaean-Philistine cultures to

post-1200 BC Canaanite culture.

• The distinct Philistine Bichrome pottery

becomes decreasingly popular and

is replaced by a red slip and burnished

pottery by 1000 BC: advent of Iron 2A.

• The adoption of red slipped and

burnished pottery appears in Strata

XI-X at Tell Qasile (1100-1000 BC)

alongside Bichrome pottery.

• Some vessels span both types, such

as a red-slipped krater with black-

painted spirals in Str.X: 1050-1000 BC

• Bichrome disappears by ca.1000 BC

• However, the Philistines maintained

political independence after 1000 BC.

Former visible surviving traits of

Philistine culture diminish,

but Philistines remain independent.

Tel Miqne-Ekron: red slip+burnish jugs

Iron Age 2A:

1000 – 925 BCE

Iron Age 2B+:

925-740+ BCE

Philistia

PhilistiaMaximalist

view of Isr.

Iron 2A Iron 2B+

SUMMARY

OF MAIN

POINTS:

Iron Age 1(A)-B: The Philistines.

Date: ca. 1200 - 1000 BC

Iron 1A: 1200-1150 BC;

Iron 1B: 1150-1000 BC;

Lifestyle: The Peleset settled mainly in the Plain of Philistia, focusing upon

the 5 cities of Ashkelon, Gaza, Ashodod, Ekron (Miqne),

and Gath (Tel Safi).

They may originate from Crete (Bible: Kaphtor), and appear

to be of Aegean-West Anatolian derivation via various

strong links with Mycenaean art and motifs (e.g.,

Myc. IIIC birds), pottery forms, figurines, etc.

They replace some Canaanite towns, found some new towns,

or continue in earlier towns in Iron 1A;

They later fortify their growing cities in Iron 1B;

The elite housing includes a Mycenaean-style home with a hearth

& pillars (e.g., Pylos “Nestor” palace);

Other homes begin to reveal a “4-room house” plan,

which becomes typical for Iron Age Palestine.


Religion: Philistine temples are Aegean-style in derivation (e.g., Kition;

Phylakopi), with rectilinear plans, interior benches

for votive offerings, an altar, a treasury,

an outer courtyard, etc. (e.g., Tel Qasile);

They yield ash and bones from animal sacrifices, with

ritual equipment: Aegean-derived Ashdoda female

figurines and mourning female figurine (hands to head),

pottery stands, rhyta, and kernoi, triton shells

(i.e., possibly a horn for ritual calls), alabaster vessels,

jewellery, seals, etc.

Technology: The Peleset are shown clean-shaven, wearing a flaring helmet,

upper body armour, and a tasselled kilt, and bear a

circular shield, axe, spear, and sword;

They appear in bird-headed ships, and on land have both

infantry & 3-person chariots, followed by family members

in ox-drawn carts.

Philistine pottery progresses from locally made Mycenaean IIIC

forms (Iron 1A) to Bichrome ware (Iron 1B).


Trade: Aegean-derived Philistine items merge with Canaanite

material culture, but are also traded with settlements

along the borders of Philistia: foothills of the

Israelite hill country; some Egyptian items.

Artwork: Philistine pottery is well-decorated, adopting Myc.IIIC-style

birds, which become a more stylized “Philistine birds”

on their typical Iron 1B Bichrome pottery;

They also use painted spirals, frames, rarely fish, and sometimes

an Egyptian-style lotus blossom on Bichrome pottery.

Burials: Philistine-controlled areas display multiple burial types:

simple pit-graves,

rectilinear cist graves,

pithos pottery jar coffins,

some elite rock-cut bench tombs, and

some cremation burials.

Addendum: origins of the Philistines / P-l-s-t …

• The discovery and debate over the land of Palistin, located in

Syria and debated over its relation to P-l-s-t (Philistine).

• Some argue for a connection:

E.g., Similarities with Egyptian references to P-l-s-t

Similarities to later Biblical references to Philistines

(i.e., written accounts hearkening back to Iron Age 1+)

• Others argue against a connection:

E.g., How reliable is a connection based upon similarities in

some consonants (albeit lack of an “n”): Palistin vs Plst

L. Younger: Cautions about too broad a linkage between

similar letters, providing an example of how similar names

can have few to absolutely no linkage regarding ethnicity:

(a) Roman, (b) Romani, (c) Romanian

References: ASOR 2016 Nov. 17 conference.

See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_%22Palestine%22

traditional associations of P-l-s-t with Philistines (versus some new ones)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_%22Palestine%22

SELECTED

SOURCES:On the Philistines and

Philistines within Sea PeoplesArranged from most recent to earlier works …

Baker Academic, selected articles

Selected articles relating to the

Philistines, Sea Peoples, etc.:

6. “Archaeology of the Late Bronze

Age,” by Joe Uziel

7. “Archaeology of the Iron Age I,”

by Aren M. Maeir

24. “The Egyptian Sojourn and the

Exodus,” by David A. Falk

25. “The Settlement Period,”

by Pekka Pitkänen

33. “The Late Bronze Age Collapse &

the Sea Peoples' Migrations,”

by Gregory D. Mumford

54. “Trade in the Late Bronze and Iron

Age Levant,” by Joshua T. Walton

Sterne Library:

DS62.23 .B45 20182018

Philistines within Sea Peoples:

Sea Peoples of the Bronze Age

Mediterranean c.1400 BC-1000

BC

A. Salimbeti (Andrea),

author. Raffaele D'Amato author.;

Giuseppe Rava 1963- illustrator.

Oxford : Osprey Publishing 2015

Sterne Library:

DF220 .S25 2015

https://uab-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=01UALB_ALMA2191833370003176&context=L&vid=UAB_Libraries&lang=en_US&search_scope=UAB_Libraries&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=default_tab&query=any,contains,sea%20peoples&offset=0


1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization

Collapsed

Eric H. Cline

Princeton : Princeton University

Press 2014

Sterne Library:

GN778.25 .C55 2014


PHILISTINES:

The Philistines and Other “Sea

Peoples" in Text and

Archaeology

Ann E. Killebrew editor.; Gunnar

Lehmann editor.; Society of

Biblical Literature.

Atlanta : Society of Biblical

Literature 2013

Sterne Library:

DS90 .P55 2013

https://uab-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=01UALB_ALMA21131593660003176&context=L&vid=UAB_Libraries&lang=en_US&search_scope=UAB_Libraries&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=default_tab&query=any,contains,philistines&sortby=rank&mode=Basic

PHILISTINES:

The Philistines and Aegean migration

at the end of the late Bronze Age

Assaf. Yasur-Landau

New York : Cambridge University Press

2010

Sterne Library:

UAB E-Book listing …




PHILISTINES:

Biblical peoples and ethnicity:

an archaeological study of

Egyptians, Canaanites,

Philistines, and early Israel,

1300-1100 B.C.E.

Ann E. Killebrew

Atlanta : Society of Biblical

Literature c2005

Sterne Library:

DS112 .K476 2005







The Sea Peoples and their

World: A Reassessment

Eliezer D Oren; International

Seminar on Cultural

Interconnections in the Ancient

Near East (1995 : University of

Pennsylvania Museum of

Archaeology and Anthropology)

Philadelphia : University

Museum 2000

Sterne Library:

DE73.2.S4 S43 2000

https://uab-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=01UALB_ALMA2173603110003176&context=L&vid=UAB_Libraries&lang=en_US&search_scope=UAB_Libraries&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=default_tab&query=any,contains,sea%20peoples&sortby=rank&offset=0


Seagoing Ships & Seamanship

in the Bronze Age Levant

Shelley. Wachsmann

College Station : Texas A & M

University Press ; London :

Chatham Pub. ©1998

Sterne Library:

DE61.S43 W33 1998


PHILISTINES:

People of the Sea: The Search

for the Philistines

Trude. Dothan M Dothan

(Moshe)

New York : Macmillan ; Toronto :

Maxwell Macmillan Canada ;

New York : Maxwell Macmillan

International c1992

Sterne Library:

DS90 .D63 1992



The Sea Peoples: Warriors of

the Ancient Mediterranean,

1250-1150 B.C.

N. K. Sandars (Nancy K.)

New York, N.Y. : Thames and

Hudson 1985

Sterne Library:

DE73.2.S4 S26 1985


PHILISTINES:

• See later written accounts

regarding Israelite relations

with the Philistines …

The new Oxford annotated

Bible with the Apocrypha :

Revised standard version,

containing the second edition

of the New Testament and an

expanded edition of the

Apocrypha

Herbert G May (Herbert

Gordon), 1904-1977.; Bruce M

Metzger (Bruce Manning), 1914-

2007. New York: Oxford

University Press 1977

Sterne Library:

BS191.A1 1977 .N43

https://uab-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=01UALB_ALMA2175865910003176&context=L&vid=UAB_Libraries&lang=en_US&search_scope=UAB_Libraries&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&isFrbr=true&tab=default_tab&query=any,contains,new%20oxford%20annotated%20bible&sortby=date&facet=frbrgroupid,include,848908811&offset=0

Anth.340 Ppt. lecture-17: The Philistines, Iron Age 1 (1200-1000 BC): Sources for study, origins...

Documents

Transcript of Anth.340 Ppt. lecture-17: The Philistines, Iron Age 1 (1200-1000 BC): Sources for study, origins...