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ANALISIS INVESTASI TAMBANG17 SEPTEMBER 2014

Hendra Harisman

REVIEW

• INTI DARI PERTAMBANGAN DALAM HAL MENG-EXTRACT/MENGAMBIL MINERAL

DALAM JUMLAH BESAR DARI BUMI ADALAH BAGAIMANA PENGGALIAN

DILAKUKAN DARI PERMUKAAN SAMPAI KEPADA MINERAL YANG DITUJU.

• JIKA PENGGALIANNYA TERBUKA, ATAU DI OPERASIKAN DARI/DI PERMUKAAN,

NAMANYA : SURFACE MINE

• JIKA PENGGALIANNYA MENGHARUSKAN ADANYA AKSES BAGI MANUSIA

UNTUK MASUK KE BAWAH PERMUKAAN TANAH, NAMANYA: UNDERGROUND

MINE

• PROSEDUR, RANCANGAN, DAN PERALATAN YANG DIGUNAKAN TERGANTUNG

PADA KONDISI GEOLOGI, LINGKUNGAN, EKONOMI DAERAH TAMBANG

TAHAP-TAHAP PENAMBANGAN

DALAM PERTAMBANGAN MODERN, TAHAPAN PENAMBANGAN DIBAGI MENJADI

5:

• PROSPECTING

• EKSPLORASI

• DEVELOPMENT

• EKSPLOITASI

• REKLAMASI

Sometimes Combined.

Geologist & Mining Engineers share

responsibilities

Closely related

Tuntutan masyarakat demi kepentingan lingkungan

Regulasi Hukum

PROSPECTING

• PENCARIAN ORE ATAU MINERAL-MINERAL BERHARGA LAIN (BATU BARA)

• METODE:

• LANGSUNG: GEOLOGI FISIK

• TIDAK LANGSUNG: GEOFISIKA, GEOKIMIA, FOTO UDARA, SATELIT

• MENCARI ANOMALY, UNTUK DIANALISIS DAN DIEVALUASI

• STUDY LITERATURE, PETA GEOLOGI, TAMBANG LAMA

• JANGKA WAKTU : 1 – 3 TAHUN

• BIAYA : $0.2 – $10 M

EKSPLORASI

• MENENTUKAN LUAS SEBARAN DAN NILAI ORE

• METODE:

• SAMPEL (DRILLING OR EXCAVATION)

• MEMPERKIRAKAN TONNAGE DAN GRADE DARI ORE

• EVALUASI DEPOSIT:

PRESENT VALUE = INCOME - COST

• FEASIBILITY STUDY:

• DEVELOP?, OR

• ABANDON


• BIAYA : $1 – $15 M

DEVELOPMENT

• MULAI MEMBUKA AKSES MENUJU ORE DEPOSIT AGAR BISA DIPRODUKSI

• MENGURUS PERIZINAN

• MEMPERKIRAKAN PENGARUH TERHADAP LINGKUNGAN

• MENENTUKAN PERALATAN YANG AKAN DIGUNAKAN

• MEMBANGUN JALAN UNTUK AKSES/SISTEM TRANSPORTASI

• MEMBANGUN FASILITAS-FASILITAS YANG DIBUTUHKAN

• BUAT AKSES MENUJU ORE DEPOSIT


• BIAYA : $10 – $500M

EKSPLOITASI

• PRODUKSI DALAM SKALA BESAR

• MENERAPKAN MINING METHOD

• SURFACE MINE: OPEN PIT,OPEN CAST,ETC.

• UNDERGROUND: ROOM AND PILLAR, BLOCK CAVING, ETC

• MENGAWASI BIAYA OPERASI DAN JANGKA WAKTU BALIK MODAL (3-10 TAHUN)


• BIAYA : $5 – $75 M

REKLAMASI

• RESTORATION OF SITE

• PEMINDAHAN PABRIK/MESIN-MESIN INDUSTRI

• REKLAMASI WASTE DAN TAILING DAMS.


• BIAYA : $1 – $20 M

THE PLANNING PHASE

FASE PERENCANAAN SECARA UMUM TERDIRI DARI TIGA TAHAP:

• CONCEPTUAL STUDY (PRELIMINARY VALUATION)

• PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY (PRELIMINARY)

• FEASIBILITY STUDY

CONCEPTUAL STUDY

• CONCEPTUAL STUDY

• TRANSFORMASI IDE PROYEK MENJADI PROPOSAL INVESTASI

• MENGGUNAKAN METODE PERBANDINGAN LINGKUP DEFINISI, DAN PERKIRAAN

BIAYA UNTUK MENGIDENTIFIKASI POTENSI INVESTASI

• CAPITAL & OPERATING COST BIASANYA MERUPAKAN PERKIRAAN DALAM BENTUK

RATIO BERDASARKAN HISTORICAL DATA.

• CONCEPTUAL STUDY INI BIASANYA DIKERJAKAN OLEH 1 ATAU 2 ORANG

ENGINEER

PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY

• TAHAP PERTENGAHAN ANTARA CONCEPTUAL STUDY YANG MURAH DENGAN

FEASIBILITY STUDY YG RELATIF MAHAL

• BIASANYA BELUM COCOK UNTUK DIJADIKAN ACUAN UNTUK PERTIMBANGAN

INVESTASI

• BIASANYA DIKERJAKAN OLEH 1 TEAM YANG TERDIRI DARI 2 OR 3 ORANG

ENGINEER

• MEMPUNYAI AKSES DENGAN KONSULTAN-KONSULTAN DARI BERBAGAI BIDANG

PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY

• ISI LAPORANNYA:

• AIM

• TECHNICAL CONCEPT

• FINDINGS

• ORE TONNAGE AND GRADE

• MINING AND PRODUCTION SCHEDULE

• CAPITAL COST ESTIMATE

• OPERATING COST ESTIMATE

• REVENUE ESTIMATE

• TAXES AND FINANCING

• CASH FLOW TABLES

FEASIBILITY STUDY

• MEMBERIKAN DASAR-DASAR PERTIMBANGAN TEKNIKAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, DAN

COMMERCIAL UNTUK KEPUTUSAN INVESTASI

• MENGGUNAKAN PROSES ITERATIVE UNTUK MENGOPTIMASI ELEMENT-ELEMENT

PROYEK YANG PENTING

• MENGIDETIFIKASI:

• KAPASITAS PRODUKSI

• TEKNOLOGY YANG AKAN DIGUNAKAN

• CAPITAL & PRODUCTION COST

• SALES REVENUES

• RETURN OF INVESTMENT

FEASIBILITY STUDY

• KARENA LAPORAN FEASIBILITY STUDY SANGAT PENTING, SEMUA INFORMASI

YANG MENDUKUNG PERSETUJUAN INVESTASI HARUS DI BERIKAN SECARA

MENDETIL

• ALASAN PEMILIHAN METODE ATAU PROSES TERTENTU

• PEMILIHAN EQUIPMENT, DLL

• IMPORTANT REQUIREMENTS:

• MUST BE EASY TO READ,

• REGARDING INFORMATION MUST BE EASILY ACCESSIBLE

• PARTS OF THE REPORTS NEED TO BE READ AND UNDERSTOOD BY NON-TECHNICAL

PEOPLE

FEASIBILITY STUDY

• FUNGSI PENTING FEASIBILITY STUDY:

• MEMBERIKAN INFORMASI DAN FAKTA-FAKTA YANG MENDETIL MENGENAI PROYEK

(MINERAL)

• MEMBERIKAN SKEMA EKSPLOITASI, LENGKAP DENGAN DESAIN, DAFTAR PERALATAN, YANG

MENDETIL, YANG DAPAT MEMBERIKAN INFORMASI YANG CUKUP UNTUK MEMPREDIKSI

BIAYA DAN HASIL SECARA AKURAT

• MENERANGKAN KEPADA PEMILIK PROYEK ATAU INVESTOR, POTENSI KEUNTUNGAN DARI

PROYEK TSB JIKA DILAKSANAKAN SEPERTI YANG DIJELASKAN DALAM LAPORAN

• MEMBERIKAN INFORMASI YANG DAPAT DIMENGERTI OLEH PEMILIK PROYEK, ATAU DAPAT

DIJADIKAN PRESENTASI KEPADA PROSPECTIVE PARTNERS OR SOURCES OF FINANCE.

FEASIBILITY STUDY

ISI LAPORAN FEASIBILITY STUDY:

• GENERAL:

• TOPOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, POPULATION, ACCESS, SERVICES

• SUITABLE SITES FOR PLANT, DUMPS, TOWNS, ETC

• GEOLOGICAL (FIELD):

• GEOLOGICAL STUDY OF STRUCTURE & MINERALIZATION

• SAMPLING BY DRILLING OR TUNNELING (OR BOTH)

• BULK SAMPLING FOR CHECKING AND FOR METALLURGICAL TESTING

• ASSAYING AND RECORDING OF DATA INCLUDING: ROCK PROPERTIES, STRENGTH AND

STABILITY

FEASIBILITY STUDY


(LANJUTAN)

• GEOLOGICAL (FIELD):

• CLOSER DRILLING OF AREAS SCHEDULED FOR THE START OF MINING

• GEOPHYSISCS AND INDICATION OF THE LIKELY ULTIMATE LIMITS OF MINERALIZATION

• SOURCES OF WATER AND OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

FEASIBILITY STUDY


• GEOLOGICAL AND MINING (OFFICE):

• CHECKING, CORRECTING AND CODING OF DATA FOR COMPUTER INPUT

• MANUAL CALCULATIONS OF ORE TONNAGES AND GRADES

• ASSAY COMPOSITING AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

• COMPUTATION OF MINERAL INVENTORY (GEOLOGICAL RESERVES) AND MINABLE

RESERVES, SEGREGATED AS NEEDED BY OREBODY, BY ORE TYPE, BY ELEVATION OR

BENCH, AND BY GRADE CATEGORIES

• COMPUTATION OF ASSOCIATED WASTE ROCK

• DERIVATION OF THE ECONOMIC FACTORS USED IN THE DETERMINATION OF MINABLE

RESERVES

FEASIBILITY STUDY


• MINING:

• OPEN PIT LAYOUTS AND PLANS

• DETERMINATION OF PREPRODUCTION MINING OR DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENTS

• ESTIMATION OF WASTE ROCK DILUTION AND ORE LOSSES

• PRODUCTION SCHEDULES, IN DETAILS FOR THE FIRST FEW YEARS, AVERAGED THEREAFTER

• WASTE MINING AND WASTE DISPOSAL

• LABOR AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS AND COST, AND AN APPROPRIATE REPLACEMENT

SCHEDULE FOR THE MAJOR EQUIPMENT

FEASIBILITY STUDY


• ANCILLARY SERVICES AND REQUIREMENTS:

• ACCESS, TRANSPORT, POWER, WATER, FUEL AND COMMUNICATION

• WORKSHOPS, OFFICES, CHANGEHOUSE, LABORATORIES, DLL

• LABOUR STRUCTURE AND STRENGTH

• HOUSING AND TRANSPORT OF EMPLOYEES

• OTHER SOCIAL REQUIREMENTS

FEASIBILITY STUDY


• CAPITAL COST ESTIMATION:

• DEVELOP THE MINE AND PLANT CONCEPTS AND MAKE ALL NECESSARY DRAWINGS

• CALCULATES OR ESTIMATE THE EQUIPMENT LIST AND ALL IMPORTANT QUANTITIES (OF

EXCAVATION, CONCRETE, BUILDING AREA, PIPEWORKS, DLL)

• DETERMINE A PROVISIONAL CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE

• OBTAIN QUOTES OF THE DIRECT COST OF ITEMS OF MACHINERY, ESTABLISH THE COSTS OF

MATERIALS AND SERVICES, AND INSTALLATION

• DETERMINE THE VARIOUS AND VERY SUBSTANTIAL INDIRECT COSTS, WHICH INCLUDE

FREIGHT AND TAXES ON EQUIPMENT (MAY INCLUDE IN DIRECT), CONTRACTORS’CAMPS

AND EQUIPMENT RETAL, DLL

FEASIBILITY STUDY


• OPERATING COST ESTIMATION:

• DEFINE THE LABOR STRENGTH, BASIC PAY RATES

• ESTABLISH THE QUANTITIES OF IMPORTANT MEASURABLE SUPPLIES TO BE CONSUMED:

POWER, FUEL, GRINDING STEEL, REAGENTS, DLL + THEIR UNIT COSTS

• DETERMINE THE HOURLY OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE COSTS FOR MOBILE EQUIPMENT

• ESTIMATE THE FIXED ADMINISTRATION COST AND OTHER OVERHEADS PLUS THE

IRRECOVERABLE ELEMENTS OF TOWNSITE AND SOCIAL COST

FEASIBILITY STUDY


• MARKETING

• RIGHT, OWNERSHIP AND LEGAL MATTERS

• FINANCIAL AND TAX MATTERS

• ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

• REVENUE AND PROFIT ANALYSIS

FEASIBILITY STUDY


• REVENUE AND PROFIT ANALYSIS:

• THE MINE AND MILL PRODUCTION SCHEDULES THE THE YEAR-BY-YEAR OUTPUT OF

PRODUCTS

• NET REVENUE AT THE MINE AFTER DEDUCTION OF TRANSPORT, TREATMENT, AND OTHER

REALIZATION CHARGES

• CALCULATION OF ANNUAL COSTS FROM THE PRODUCTION SCHEDULES AND FROM UNIT

OPERATING COST DERIVED PREVIOUSLY

• CALCULATION OF COMPLETE CASH FLOW SCHEDULES WITH DEPRECIATION, TAXES, ETC,

FOR SOME APPROPRIATE NUMBER OF YEARS

• DERIVED FIGURES (RATE OF RETURN, PAYBACK, PROFIT SPILT ETC

THE END

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