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THE RECEPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF COMMUNAL HOUSING IN THE SOVIET UNION IN THE JOURNALISM OF THE ERA (1927-1933).

PORTALE LEONCINI, TORTORA (CS)–MODEL OF PLANNING. STATE OF THE PORTAL AND 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF STRUCTURAL AND ORNAMENTAL ELEMENTS.

THE USE FROM THE BRICK IN THE SMALLEST SICILIAN BUILDINGS. THE KNOWLEDGE AS TOOL TO INTERVENE.

THE RECTORATE BUILDING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAGLIARI (18TH-20TH CENTURY): ARCHAEOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF MASONRIES.

AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE IN L’AQUILA. FOR A RETURN TO THE FOUNDAMENTALS OF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

THE FORGOTTEN WALL PAINTINGS OF THE PANDOLFINI CHAPEL AT THE BADIA FIORENTINA:AN HISTORICAL AND STYLISTIC ANALYSIS, DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION, AND CONSERVATION METHODOLOGY.

0910

The new series of Arkos, the scientific journalspecialized in architectural restoration and publishedfor over twenty years, continues to provide a constant update on the conservation of Cultural Heritage to the subscribers and readers.

ARKOS is intended primarily to architects, engineers, technicians, construction companies, specialized in recovery and restoration, Superintendents to artistic and architectural heritage, managers of technical offices and of public works, public institutions, research and testing institutions, laboratories diagnostics, university students and student of professional courses.

Arkos quarterlyFifth series - n. 9 - 10January-June 2015ISBN 978-88-8393-126-0

cover:Cappella Pandolfini, lunetta, particolare.

Management and administrationEditinera s.r.l.head office: Largo Antonio Sarti, 4, 00196 - Romatel. 06.3220880info@arkospress.it

Executive EditorAdolfo Pasetti

Scientific DirectorClaudio Montagni

Scientific CommitteeGiovanna Alessandrini, Lorenzo Appolonia, Giorgio Bonsanti, Roberto Bugini, Giovanni Carbonara, Roberto Cecchi, Maria Antonietta Crippa, Stefano Della Torre, Gino Mirocle Crisci, Maurizio de’ Gennaro, Donatella Fiorani, Mauro Matteini, Roberto Parenti, Enrico Pedemonte, Daniela Pinna, Paolo Scarzella, Marisa Laurenzi Tabasso, Ursula Schädler-Saub, Dimitris Theodossopoulos, Tasos Tanoulas

CorrespondentsMaurizio Berti, Riccardo Forte, Fabio Fratini, Caterina Gattuso, Caterina Giannattasio, Elena Leoncini, Maurizio Martinelli, Anna Maria Mecchi, Domenico Miriello, Elisabetta Rosina, Valentina Russo, Pietro Tiano, Marco Zerbinatti

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Summary

The past to the future.By Claudio Montagni 2

Monumental heritage. Sources, buildings and representations.By Riccardo Forte

6

Antoni Gaudí, Sagrada Familia. Natitivà, with poems by Lope de Vega.By Maria Antonietta Crippa 4

The reception of experimental models of communal housing in the Soviet Union in the journalism of the era (1927-1933).By Riccardo Forte 9

Portale Leoncini, Tortora (CS)–model of planning. State of the portal and 3D reconstruction of structural and ornamental elements.By Felicia Villella, Daniela Sarubbo

17

The use from the brick in the smallest Sicilian buildings. The knowledge as tool to intervene.By Stefano Lo Piccolo 25

The forgotten wall paintings of the “Pandolfini” chapel at the Badia Fiorentina:an historical and stylistic analysis, diagnostic investigation, and conservation methodology.By Claudia Miceli, Elise Grenier, Marilena Ricci, Silvia Vettori 67

The Rectorate building of the University of Cagliari (18th-20th century):archaeometric analysis of masonries.By Caterina Giannattasio, Silvana Maria Grillo, Maria Serena Pirisino 31After the earthquake in L’Aquila. For a return to the foundamentals of history of architecture.By Piero Cimbolli Spagnesi 53

Editorial

Flash

Culture

Valorisation

Research

Restoration

53

More than fi ve years after the disaster, many vicissitudes of the L’Aquila earthquake of 6 April 2009 and the following days have been now widely disclosed. Still in 2010, just one year after the event, a lot of news about the damage to the buildings had already been spread by sources customarily unusual for hi-storians of architecture, that is on the internet from various sites of an institutional nature. Only after did news come out by means of the traditional press, but almost exclusively in the fi elds of earth science and earthquake and structural engineering. In the following years, on the subject of subsequent earthquakes in Emilia Romagna, Lombardy and Veneto in May 2012, so much was published again re-

garding the same disciplines - although star-ting from a lower broader resonance of what happened. Contrary to this, very little was published in the fi eld of architectural history, in the strict sense, from 2009 onwards on the earthquake in Abruzzo, and even less on the following one in Emilia, while about both events there has been quite a few writings in the fi eld of so-called architectural restoration1. This is despite the fact that the architectures were visible, so to speak, in all their most in-timate detail.Taken as a whole, all publications relating to the fi rst earthquake, the one in Abruzzo, agree that following the main shock of the ni-ght of 6 April 2009 in the valley of the river

Research

*This work resumes a report to Congress entitled Which historiography for which history, edited by Concetta Lenza, Second University of Naples - Department of Architecture Luigi Vanvitelli, Italian Institute for Philosophical Studies (Naples, 26 to 27 October 2009), and some of the themes of the cycle of lectures entitled Themes and problems of dating structural bodies, held in 2013 and 2014 at the Fire Prevention Institute of Rome, in the course of Static instability for the senior management of the Italian national Fire Service.1 For the offi cial report on the earthquake in Abruzzo of 2009, v. S. Castenetto, G. Naso (edited by), Microzonazione sismica per la ricostruzione dell’area aquilana, Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri, Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, L’Aquila 2010. For the damage to the cultural heritage and for part of the work of securing, v. L. Milano, C. Morisi, C. Calderini, A. Donatelli (edited by), L’Università e la ricerca per l’Abruzzo, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Deputy Commissioner for Reconstruction, Vice Commissioner for the Protection of Cultural Heritage, Textus, L’Aquila 2011. On the work of fi refi ghters in the crater of the earthquake between 2009 and 2011, v. P. Cimbolli Spagnesi (edited by), Terra concussa. Territori e architetture d’Abruzzo dopo il sisma del 2009 nel lavoro dei vigili del fuoco italiani, Aracne, Rome, 2014. I deliberately omit the many articles that are also important, however, cited in the extensive bibliographies of these works.

After the earthquake in L’Aquila. For a return to the foundamentals of history of architecture.By Piero Cimbolli Spagnesi

ABSTRACTThe earthquake of five years ago in italy, in L’Aquila and the surrounding valley of Aterno of 6 April 2009, showed the failure of many routine maintenance and restoration operations of existing buildings of the last fifty years, in particular in local historical centers. in parallel, the existence of critical errors in the design and construction of new buildings in many cases has revealed the inadequacy of much of the historical and technical knowledge and, more generally, of the related university teaching. Because by the time they are not been oriented to the full understanding of the complexity of the architectures. Also because of all, the current legislation requires the complete historical-critical evaluation of existing buildings before any intervention can be performed on them, as well as in-depth knowledge of the related foundation soils in order to work on existing buildings and for new constructions. These two issues, along with the recovery of so much knowledge of the past in terms of good rules of construction, will have to be included once again in different programs of university education, in particular in history of Architecture.

54

Aterno the relative depth of the land decre-ased up to 25 cm in the south-east direction compared to L’Aquila, causing very serious damage to many types of buildings (Fig.1). One of the triggering reasons was this and other phenomena that determined the heal-th of the buildings and this fact had already been announced in the days following the event. The signals of the seismographs of the National Accelerometric Network had in fact allowed in a short time for the identification - in particular those of the night of April 6 – of the presence of an important pulse at low fre-quency and for a long duration, preceding the peak acceleration. It had been such that - if the latter had been absorbed by the deforma-tion of the structures - on the contrary it was the pulse itself that caused the most damage

for the repeated work cycles imposed on the individual buildings2. To this fact it must be ad-ded that in the immediate vicinity of L’Aquila the ground displacement - the translation in the horizontal plane of the countryside - in some cases had reached 70 cm3. Because of all this, and of particular phenomena of am-plification due to specific local features, the size of the crater of destruction and the ex-tent of the total damage assessed according to the Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg (MCS) scale have proven to be much more extensive and above all very different from those resulting from large-scale interferometries to infrared measurements, retaken the following 12th of April by the Envisat satellite of the European Space Agency (ESA). The latter had identi-fied the only macro-deformation of the ground

2 L. Decanini, L. Liberatore, F. Mollaioli, G. Monti, O. Al Sawa, Terremoto aquilano del 6 aprile 2009. Studio preliminare della domanda sismica elastica ed anelastica in termini di energia, spostamenti e forze (rel. 1.0), 20093 P. Galli, R. Camassi (a cura di), Rapporto sugli effetti del terremoto aquilano del 6 aprile 2009. Rapporto congiunto Dipartimento della Protezione Civile – Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 2009.4 For the on-line documents about the earthquake, with the data from satellite v. <http://portale.ingv.it/primo-piano/archivio-primo-piano/notizie-2009/terremoto-6-aprile/sar> [29/1/2010].5 P. Galli, R. Camassi (a cura di), Rapporto sugli effetti del terremoto aquilano del 6 aprile 2009. Rapporto congiunto Dipartimento della Protezione Civile – Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 2009, fig. 2.

FiGure 1iNTERFERoGRAM By ThE ADVANCED SyN-

ThETiC APERTURE RADAR (ASAR) oN

ENViSAT (ENViRoN-MENTAL SATELLiTE)

oF ThE AREA oF L’AqUiLA, wiTh ThE whoLE oF ThE DE-

FoRMATioN CAUSED By ThE EARTh-

qUAkE oF 6 APRiL 2009, PRoDUCED

By ThE iNSTiTUTE FoR ELECTRoMA-

GNETiC SENSiNG oF ENViRoNMENT oF

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TioN APRiL 12, 2009 AND ThE RELATED iNTERPRETATioNS oF ThE iNGV (NA-

TioNAL iNSTiTUTE oF GEoLoGy AND

VULCANoLoGy) <hTTP://www.ESA.

iNT/ESACP/SEM-4Pj9NjTF_iNDEx_1.hTML#SUBhEAD3>

[23/7/2010].

1

55

due to the earthquake and the places for any macroscopic damage4. The macroseismic effects have indeed affected locations even quite distant from the valley of Aterno becau-se of a long reverberation of the seismic wave owing to the consistency of the land, under the conditions of the various sites in question and especially the construction and static characteristics of the buildings, old and new, involved in the case5 (Fig.2).The same literature of the first moments of the effects of the earthquake in Abruzzo had also highlighted some key issues on the more general type of damage. Greatly schemati-zing the conclusions - especially in light of all subsequent checks - it is possible to say that they have substantially affected the following areas, strategic for the functioning of local communities: the vital lines of communica-tion (road routes, related service infrastructu-re and various network plants), monuments and historic buildings of all types and levels, industrial buildings, buildings of reinforced concrete, and the most critical infrastructu-res. Determining factors for the occurrence of everything were the seismic conditions of the place (precisely, the mid valley of Aterno) and the related fault mechanisms in relation to Ita-lian standards at the time of the earthquake for buildings in seismic areas, especially with regard to the role played in them by structural systems based on the so-called load-bearing masonry6.I say this because it is these two groups of subjects (ground deformation and type of bu-ildings damaged), unusual for historians of architecture, which revealed quite suddenly the need for a refounding revision of the con-tents of recent university teachings of History of Architecture7, within Abruzzo as in the rest of Italy. Because, the many ruined buildings in Abruzzo (and similarly confirming in Emi-lia, Lombardy and Veneto two years later) is proof that the training given in the last fifty years by the sunject in question has not tur-ned out to be suitable to prevent damage of this importance, nor to evaluate it retrospecti-

vely. In the sense that it has not secured an adequate cultural and professional training to technicians of architecture (which have to be the architects), because it has failed to tran-smit a method of working towards a number of basic issues of the field of construction and to secure the survival of architecture in the event of disasters: events to which Italy is very frequently subject. The first issue is the choice of the really valid elements to consider in case of major interventions on existing bu-ildings (masonry, steel or concrete), beyond those related to the preservation of their mere formal aspects; the second, that of informa-tion useful to the understanding of the structu-ral complexity of the buildings in question, is often very different from case to case; the last, that of the choice of the really necessary information to perform even just the mainte-nance of critical infrastructure, the first thing that should present appropriate resilience characteristics: that is to be able to withstand a disaster and ensure the rapid recovery of ordinary activities. All this is well explained by the fact that, when the earthquake of 2009 had just happened, so many young technicians, some just having graduated, were sent to the red areas of the crater by the National Civil Protection throu-

6 For conclusions on the various types of damage, advanced in the immediacy of relief and subsequent detection to the main event, v. O. Bursi, T. Dusatti, R. Pucinotti, A reconnaissance report. The April 6, 2009, L’Aquila earthquake. Italy, 2009; G.P. Cimellaro, Field Reconnaissance following the April 6, 2009 Earthquake in Italy, 2009; P. Monaco (et al.), Geotechnical Aspects of the L’Aquila Earthquake, relazione alla Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering Satellite Conference – XVIIth International Conference on Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical Engineering (2-3/10/2009, Alexandria, Egypt); G. M. Verderame, I. Iervolino, P. Ricci, Report on the damages on buildings following the seismic event of 6th of april 2009, V1.20, 2009.7 I refer to the three subjects (History of ancient and medieval architecture, History of modern architecture, History of contemporary architecture) in the current program of studies for graduate level degrees in a single cycle, giving access to the public exam for the license to practice as an architect (class A). But a similar argument could also apply to Architectural restoration and for the many subjects that fall in various capacities in the field of so-called Architectural design.8 For the concept of structural aggregate, v. G.M. Chianello, R. Raschi, M. Rebuffat, F. Papa (a cura di), Manuale per la compilazione della scheda di 1° livello di rilevamento danno, pronto intervento e agibilità per edifici ordinari nell’emergenza post-sismica AeDES, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, the Civil Protection Department, Italiani nel Mondo Publishing, Rome 2000 (reprint June 2009), p. 21.

2

FiGure 2ThE CRATER oF ThE EARThqUAkE oF 6 APRiL 2009 iN L’AqUiLA AND iN ThE VALLEy oF ThE RiVER ATERNo, wiTh ThE CLASSi-FiCATioN oF ThE DAMAGE BASED oN ThE MCS SCALE (DA GALLi, CAMASSi 2009, FiG. 2).

56

gh their professional associations to perform all the inspections of viability along with fire-fighters, as required - limits, dimensions and resistance of an aggregate structure, as de-fined in the manual for the completion of the detection of damage form. It was all often very far off not only from their knowledge base, but especially from their mentality of refined scho-lars of forms, figures and issues of cultural customers8. This is because, in the end, the university subject History of Architecture for many years until now has provided more of a high level understanding to a few interested, than a real basic training aimed at the establi-shment of a specific mentality for designers and engineers of construction. That is why perhaps the L’Aquila earthquake can be con-sidered a divide for the discipline, in the light of the damage that quantity and quality find a parallel only with what happened in World War II. Because in other important and recent seismic crises that affected Italy - in Belice in 1968, in Friuli in 1976, in Irpinia in 1980, in Emilia, Lombardy and Veneto in 2012, as well as in other minor disasters - never had an entire regional capital with all its heritage of critical infrastructures and architectural and historical assets been lost, as was the case for the first time in 2009 in Abruzzo.To indicate a possible path to different di-rections, even if not quite new, from those movements of the university Departments of Architecture (and Civil Engineering), is the reality itself of constructions and all the im-plications with the places where they arise, whether it is true architecture – be it old or new – or anything else that more or less is within its context9.To return to Abruzzo as a paradigmatic case,

it may be worth starting from scratch, from ground level intended as starting altitude of each site. Like all settlements inhabited by sedentary types, in Italy and elsewhere, even many of those destroyed in 2009 in the valley of Aterno rose above ground, which for archi-tectural historians trained before 2009 was almost all to be familiar with and to accept, although broad geological investigations alre-ady existed. This is despite the fact that, for example, in the particular case of L’Aquila the subsoil is always characterized by an alluvial deposit of different consistencies and thick-nesses, which in time caused - as is known - phenomena of remarkable importance for the construction above. This applies to all cases of the earthquake of 1703 and the others be-forehand, from the middle of the 13th century onwards. In general, the different possible types of land on which to build today are dealt with extensively both in Eurocode 8 and the related National Italian Appendix approved in March 2013 by the Board of Public Works as well as in the new Technical standards for construction in 2008 and its explanatory cir-cular letter of 2009, issued just after the ear-thquake in Abruzzo10.The fact is that, considering the times pre-ceding the enactment of the last update of this legislation - also linked to the Emilian earthquake of 2012 - if we were to look for someone who, within the Italian University Departments of Architecture, in a fairly syste-matic way dealt with construction according to the foundation soils, we should perhaps go back more than half a century. We might thus reconsider a figure like Gaetano Minnucci, in his time a key figure with various technical competences, although he is now a distant

9 It is worth recalling that the Decree of the Italian Prime Minister of 5 May 2011, on the Approvazione del modello per il rilevamento dei danni, pronto intervento e agibilità degli edifici ordinari nell’emergenza post-sismica and of the related manual of compilation, made into law the form AeDES prepared by the National Defense Group for Earthquakes in 1997 and the manual released by the National Civil Protection Department in August 2002. The same decree gave faculty to public bodies involved to adopt “lists of technician in support for post-earthquake inspection campaigns, which have followed appropriate training with final verification and periodic updates, agreed with the Department of the National Civil Protection. Registration lists must be confirmed every five years, following an upgrade training to be carried out also by appropriate electronic means” (art. 1, paragraph 4).10 On this, v. B. Acun, A. Athanasopoulou, A. Pinto, E. Carvalho, M. Fardis (editors), Eurocode 8: Seismic Design of Buildings, Worked examples, presented at the Workshop EC 8: Seismic Design of Buildings (Lisbon, 10-11 February 2011), European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg 2012. In the Italian Official Journal of 27 March 2013, no. 73 – SO, no. 21, a decree was published on 31 July 2012 with the Approvazione delle Appendici nazionali recanti i parametri tecnici per l’applicazione degli Eurocodici. As is known, the contents of the Eurocodes are fully operative in Italy with its 59 Appendici, in the field of structural engineering and geotechnics, in line with the framework of Nuove norme tecniche per le costruzioni (Decree of the Minister of Infrastructures of 14 January 2008 (Official Journal 4 February 2008, no. 29, SO no. 30) and Istruzioni per l’applicazione delle “Nuove norme tecniche per le costruzioni”, from DM 14 January 2008, Order from the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport of 2 February 2009, no. 617 (from now on NTC 2008 and CNTC 2009).11 G. Minnucci, Gli elementi costruttivi nell’edilizia, Tumminelli, Rome 1945, I, p. 419-421 e fig. 99; ibidem, IIa, pp. 3-12 e IIb, fig. 1. On Gaetano Minnucci (Macerata, 1896 – Rome, 1980), v. M. I. Zacheo (edited by), Gaetano Minnucci (1896-1980), catalog of the exhibition (Rome, Accademia Nazionale di San Luca, 16-25 October 1984), Gangemi, Rome 1984; S. Di Girolamo, Gaetano Minnucci ingegnere e architetto. Il pensiero e le opere fino alla seconda guerra mondiale (1920-1945), PhD thesis in Storia e restauro dell’architettura (XXIV ciclo), tutor Piero Cimbolli Spagnesi, Sapienza – University of Rome, academic year 2011-2012.

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character and almost forgotten. He was a pupil of Marcello Piacentini from the 1920’s onwards and after World War II he was a professor of Construction Characters of Ar-chitecture and then Construction Techniques in the School of Architecture in Rome. Here he applied his experience from the 1940’s in the design and direction of the works of the major national architectures of the period in his teaching. In the academic context that followed, in his texts for students of 1945 it was he who, as soon as the war was over and with an effective language and drawings even if somewhat naive, recommended some key issues for the life of every building: that at the beginning of each project the first analyses to be carried out were soil analyses, followed by those for load-bearing. Only subsequently was it important to choose the type of founda-tion and finally the study of forms and spaces to achieve could be carried out11 (Fig.3).Among the historians of Italian architecture in

the second half of the 20th century - some architects and engineers, others being writers only - at the time of the earthquake in Abruzzo in 2009 were perhaps aware of most of the re-commendations of Minnucci, for example, as stated in Giuseppe Valadier in first half of the 19th century, inevitably owing to the circum-stances and times with little knowledge on the whole topic of the types of foundation soils; but that was nevertheless in operation more than the knowledge of a literary type of the Treaty of architecture written by a Roman ar-chitect, not its value still present in the profes-sional field. The fact is that today - especially in university courses of History of Architecture - the whole theme and its related influence on the buildings is not highlighted in any form. Just note how little attention was paid in the recent past by historians - always by example - to the question of the land underlying the façade of the Basilica of St. Peter’s in Rome, designed by Carlo Maderno in the first half of

3 FiGure 3

GAETANo MiNNUCCi, hiERARChy oF ThE STAGES oF DESiGN oF ThE FoUNDATioNS oF ANy BUiLDiNG (FRoM MiNNUCCi 1945).

12 P. Cimbolli Spagnesi, Carlo Maderno in S. Pietro: note sul prolungamento della basilica vaticana, in «Quaderni dell’Istituto di Storia dell’Architettura», special issue, 25-30, 1995-97 (1997) (acts of the international congress L’architettura della basilica di San Pietro. Storia e costruzione, Rome, 7-10 November 1995, edited by G. Spagnesi, Multigrafica, Rome 1997), pp. 261-268.13 Mappa di pericolosità sismica del territorio nazionale, Ordinance of the Prime Minister of 28 April 2006, no. 3519 (Italian Official Journal of 11 May 2006, no. 105), all. 1b.

58

the 17th century in a certain way, but made differently for the various problems of stability and bearing capacity of its foundations12. At an even higher level, in the same courses little space is still reserved to issues regarding the construction of architectures, to the benefit of exclusively formal topics or relating to acts of culture of a more general background of the buildings and their authors. Despite the fact that the disasters mentioned above imposed much more, many teachers, however, avoid almost accurately submitting these argumen-ts to their students. In parallel, the new Tech-nical Standards for Construction and related explanatory circular letter of 2008 and 2009 named above have introduced - with greater adherence to reality - concepts of extreme in-terest for the discipline and, consequently, for the restoration of existing buildings and the construction of the new. Among others, there is that of the geological modelling of land on which to build, and the so-called preventive seismic micro-zonation; this is because the entire peninsula is potentially at risk of disa-strous earthquakes, owing to a major fault system going north-west and south-east of the entire length and the presence of volca-noes that are still active in different places13

(Fig.4). Especially, that the same Technical Standards – compulsory starting from August 2009, in particular for private projects-(as the official documents state) in the wake of what happened in Abruzzo - in Chapter 8, where they deal with the procedures for safety as-sessment, they prescribe in detail that each design must always provide accurate measu-rements of the situations to be transformed, mechanical characterization of existing ma-terials and those to employ, historical-critical analyses and whatever else is necessary to fully recognize the overall physical reality of the individual architectural bodies and their aggregations14. The preventive fact-finding analyses refer to the same base for every in-tervention and function to reduce the seismic vulnerability of the costrained architectural heritage, prescribed by the Directive for the assessment and reduction of seismic risk of cultural heritage with reference to the Techni-cal Standards for Construction of 2008- 2009, of 2011 and aligned the previous Guidelines with NTC 2008 with the approval of the Bo-ard of Public Works15. The same criteria are, finally, at the base of the recent Instructions for the evaluation of the reliability of seismic safety of existing buildings, by Italian National Research Council (CNR). It is totally lacking regarding the themes derived from the con-struction of eras prior to the 20th century and therefore very stratified, even the latter never-theless requires a detailed historical-critical analysis of the transformations of the buildin-gs, at least those in masonry and reinforced concrete16.This is because, ultimately, older architecture and the most recent must again be conside-red by historians, as they were at the begin-ning of the discipline: that is in all their wider complexity, not only of a formal nature - and it is from here that the call for the forgotten amplitude of the trade arises - but also in the consistency of the final product, with its own type of supporting structure and technical systems of the most diverse. That this was already possible beyond the university clas-sroom was amply demonstrated by the fact that, again for example, in the crater of the earthquake of 2009, the Italian National Fire Service had already worked in this direction. As had been disclosed again via the Internet

4

FiGure 4ThE MAP oF

SEiSMiC RiSk iN iTALy, ExPRESSED

iN TERMS oF PEAk GRoUND

ACCELERATioN wiTh 10%

PRoBABiLiTy oF ExCEEDANCE iN 50

yEARS, 2006.

14 NTC 2008/CNTC 2009, chap. 8 (Costruzioni esistenti).15 Decree of the Prime Minister 9 February 2011, Valutazione e riduzione del rischio sismico del patrimonio culturale con riferimento alle Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni di cui al decreto del Ministero delle Infrastrutture e dei trasporti del 14 gennaio 2008 (Italian Official Journal of 26 February 2011, no. 47, SO no. 54), cap. 4 (Conoscenza del manufatto).16 Istruzioni per la valutazione affidabilistica della sicurezza sismica di edifici esistenti, CNR – Study Commission for the preparation and analysis of technical standards for buildings, CNR-DT 212/2013, Rome, CNR, 14 May 2014 <http://www.cnr.it/documenti/norme/IstruzioniCNR_DT212_2013.pdf> [2/9/2014], pp. 7, 21, 31.17 In this regard, A. Danusso, Intuito e scienza nella formazione dei vigili del fuoco, in «Antincendio», (VIII) 10, 1956, pp. 503-507 is still valid.

59

during the course of the rescue, engineers and architects in fact worked for the occasion in a predefined system of emergency mana-gement (developed starting from so-called Augustus Method of the Italian National Ci-vil Protection) and of communications, com-mand, control and information exchange on the basis of specific internal protocols. A sub-stantial part of the latter was aimed at the sa-fety of routes, networks, critical infrastructu-res, monuments, current buildings and so on, from a process of knowledge of the artefacts and their damage already substantially in compliance with all these regulations that at the time of the earthquake had yet to be com-pleted in part. This is because the practice of the construction site, typical environment of urgent technical rescue professionals, always

dominates the field in question, where the attention to only formal features of the buil-dings is not a crucial issue for the salvation of human life and the safety of things. Unlike every job in a scenario, as it were, in peace-time, that of urgent technical rescue profes-sionals in a scenario of an important disaster or accident must be based on intuitive ways by its very nature, which is not always easy to implement and in any case time is often much more accelerated than in other contexts, even if within the same critical awareness of the overall problems17. This explains the absence of thorough historiographical investigations of a literary type in the context of a project of provisional works, as it is the norm in other cases. At the same time, it also explains the need to always perform extensive detailed

18 S. Grimaz (coordinator), M. Cavriani, E. Mannino, L. Munaro, M. Bellizzi, C. Bolognese, M. Caciolai, A. D’Odorico, A. Maiolo, L. Ponticelli, Vademecum STOP. Schede tecniche delle opere provvisionali per la messa in sicurezza post-sisma da parte dei vigili del fuoco, Ministry of Interior, Italian National Fire Service, Coordination team for temporary works (ver. Rome, May 2010), INAIL, Milan 2011; S. Grimaz (coordinator), F. Barazza, M. Bellizzi, C. Bolognese, M. Cavriani, M. Caciolai, A. D’Odorico, A. Maiolo, P. Malisan, E. Mannino, A. Moretti, L. Munaro, L. Ponticelli, Manuale opere provvisionali. L’intervento tecnico urgente in emergenza sismica, Ministry of Interior, National Corps of Firefighters, University of Udine (ver. Rome, September 2010), INAIL, Milan 2011. On the work of the Coordination team for temporary works (NCP) Italian National Fire Service during the earthquake in Abruzzo, with the related bibliography, v. M. Cavriani, Da lontano, dal basso e dall’alto: i lavori del Nucleo per il coordinamento delle opere provvisionali, in P. Cimbolli Spagnesi (edited by), Terra concussa. Territori e architetture d’Abruzzo dopo il sisma del 2009 nel lavoro dei vigili del fuoco italiani, Aracne, Rome, 2014, pp. 117-146; S. Grimaz, Standardizzazione delle opere provvisionali post-sisma. Vademecum and Manuale STOP, in P. Cimbolli Spagnesi (edited by), Terra concussa. Territori e architetture d’Abruzzo dopo il sisma del 2009 nel lavoro dei vigili del fuoco italiani, Aracne, Rome, 2014, pp. 167-178; E. Mannino, Il Nucleo per il coordinamento delle opere provvisionali: le criticità operative, la logistica degli interventi e l’UCL Ferrara, in P. Cimbolli Spagnesi (edited by), Terra concussa. Territori e architetture d’Abruzzo dopo il sisma del 2009 nel lavoro dei vigili del fuoco italiani, Aracne, Rome, 2014, pp. 147-166.19 Between April 6, 2009 and January 26, 2010 the buildings, historical or otherwise, subject to NCP interventions of firefighters were 214 in the center of L’Aquila, 78 in the municipal area and 186 in the relevant Province, 3 in the Province of Pescara, 8 in the Province of Teramo, for a total of 489 (F. Elia, Sintesi degli interventi di messa in sicurezza di edifici realizzati dal Nucleo per il coordinamento delle opere provvisionali dopo il 6 aprile 2009 nel cratere del sisma, aggirnata al 26 gennaio 2010, in P. Cimbolli Spagnesi (edited by), Terra concussa. Territori e architetture d’Abruzzo dopo il sisma del 2009 nel lavoro dei vigili del fuoco italiani, Aracne, Rome, 2014, p. 235).

5 FiGure 5

L’AqUiLA, SANTA MARiA Di CoLLEMAGGio. ThE DEMoLiTioN oF oNE oF ThE BEAMS iN REiNFoRCED CoNCRETE CoNNECTiNG ThE NAVE AND TRANSEPT, iNTRoDUCED iN ThE RESToRATioN oF ThE 1960’S AND 1970’S, iN jULy 2009 (iTALiAN NATioNAL FiRE SERViCE, ViDEo-PhoTo DoCUMENTATioN CENTER).

60

analyses on the past transformations of the building to be secured to fully understand the future mechanisms of collapse related to the discontinuities of construction. The difference in particular with similar products of the uni-versity was that during the calamity of 2009 (as well as that of 2012) the same temporary works of firefighters were designed in the field, often with basic tools and giving more and wider discretions to the technical direc-tors of rescue (DTS) and the various operatio-nal teams: in the simplest cases starting from a special repertoire of ready to use elements (Vademecum and Manual STOP) developed and improved over the course of the work, while in the most complex by developing spe-cial projects case by case18.Always meditating on the ultimate meaning of the question, the damage caused by the earthquake in Abruzzo can be summarized in this other way. Due to the particular con-ditions of the soil and above all for the bad design and construction of the old and new artefacts, having been more attentive to for-mal questions than to the substance of the constructions, the forces to which the arte-facts were subjected to in L’Aquila and its

surroundings determined first of all - as alre-ady mentioned - the collapse of the so-called critical infrastructures, which should have en-dured to meet emergency needs. Even more specifically, the total physical destruction took place (in the literal sense of the words) in the historic center of the capital as well as tho-se of many smaller towns (Onna, Paganica, Tempera, Sant’Eusanio Forconese, San Gre-gorio, Castelnuovo, Villa Sant’Angelo, Roio Piano, Poggio di Roio, Colle di Roio and San-ta Rufina). Compared to past events the big novelty, as I was saying, lies in the fact that in Italy for the first time in a very long time since World War II - if not since the earthquake of Reggio Calabria and Messina in 1908 - the physical and functional disappearance of an entire regional capital, a number of surroun-ding towns and some related service infra-structure of the surrounding area occurs. In all this, it is known that – on a different scale of problems - most of the monuments in the area, large and small have suffered substan-tial damage19. Among the most important, it is at least worth mentioning the case of S. Maria di Collemaggio in L’Aquila - badly re-stored in the early 1970’s - which was almost

7 FiGure 7

GAETANo MiNNUCCi, ExAMPLE oF ThE

LiNk BETwEEN ExTERNAL CURTAiN

AND ExTERioR iNFiLL oF A

BUiLDiNG (FRoM MiNNUCCi 1945).

61

reduced to ruins in the area of the presbytery by the hammering on the underlying covers of the ring of impost in reinforced concrete of the lowered dome of the transept and by the two connecting beams, again in reinforced concrete, between this and the nave. Here as elsewhere on the same occasion, firefighters tackled the problem directly within the rescue site, to understand the building from the top to security, to carry out complex temporary works to the bell tower and the presbytery, for the controlled demolition of unsafe parts, to make hoops, carry out the strengthening and shoring of various pillars and the walls of the aisles (Fig.5).Keeping in mind all this and passing to more substantial events, the old work of Minnucci from 1945 mentioned before draws strength, only when you move the focus to the new sei-smic classification of the entire peninsula of 2006 mentioned above in relation to all this (Fig.4). Although with minimal notions in the field compared to those of today, but with a very solid experience of buildings made - al-ready more than sixty years ago, he had in fact already identified some constants based on the background of the design of architectu-re, not only about the foundations but also its possible volumetric articulations: one of the abstract myths of the Italian architectural cul-ture between the 1950’s-1980’s, derived from International Style was reinterpreted local-

ly and at the base of many restorations and many new achievements. About this other topic, Minnucci proposed not particularly complex stereometries caused by the always possible differentiated subsidence of the foun-dation systems of the buildings, which even then he perceived to be due to the inability to fully explore some particular types of land20. In the absence of this distant knowledge and the most basic precautions in an area clas-sified by seismic risk, that is the reason why so many private residential buildings in the western suburbs and south of L’Aquila made between the 1960’s and 1980’s were literally split in correspondence with the offsets of the buildings and stairwells, for insufficiency or total lack of expansion joints against – indeed – such different volumetric articulations. On the other hand the myths of the same moder-nist culture in an Italian interpretation were dispelled for the occasion, as were others, among many, that of the tower buildings al-ternating with low plates on pilotis. In an even more striking way than in the previous case, in this respect the case of Hotel Duca degli Abruzzi on Via XX Settembre in L’Aquila, near the historic center, is emblematic, where the free ground floors, at different heights depen-ding on the various parts of the building, have determined a different seismic response of the various parts of the entire structural ag-gregate - the side towers, and the center plate

8 FiGure 8

GAETANo MiNNUCCi, ExAMPLE oF iNFiLL AND LiNiNG oF A STEEL STRUCTURE wiTh FiRE-RESiSTANT SoLiD BRiCk (FRoM MiNNUCCi 1945).

20 G. Minnucci, Gli elementi costruttivi nell’edilizia, Tumminelli, Rome 1945, IIa, pp. 13, 16.21 Ibidem, I, p. 600 e fig. 169; ivi, IIa, p. 120 e IIb, fig. 70.

62

6

FiGure 6ThE hoTEL DUCA

DEGLI ABRUZZI ON ViA xx SETTEMBRE

AFTER ThE REMoVAL oF

ThE PART ThAT CoLLAPSED iN 2009,

jULy 2010 (PhoTo By PiERo CiMBoLLi

SPAGNESi).

63

64

- and thus the collapse of more than half of the complex (Fig.6). Something similar hap-pened at the Faculty of Engineering in Colle di Roio, where the explosion of the curtain wall and above all the overthrow of the brick walls of the walls and external infills caused, along with the failure of some significant parts of the reinforced concrete structure, damage that is repairable only with significant expen-diture. Just to avoid the detachment of a cur-tain of coating from the infill behind, Gaetano Minnucci, again in 1945, had prescribed the anchorage of the first to the second with a perpendicular strip21 (Fig.7). In the same way, to prevent any slackening of a building due to the lack of complete interaction between its parts, always looking at American cases he had indicated the need for infills of solid bricks and not hollow for the bearing frames in steel or reinforced concrete, especially because in buildings with punctiform structures, the infil-ls are never independent of these, but they are often cooperative22 (Fig.8). It is known that with all of this and more he opposed an almost systematic refusal to what was being touted by Le Corbusier, starting from his maison domino of 1914. In Abruzzo, after the earthquake of 2009, the result of the uncriti-cal acceptance of ideas of the Swiss-French master still well after the end of World War II, between the 1960’s and the 1970’s and even later - as well as in the rest of Italy - is seen prominently in all cases where the walls and external infills, simply juxtaposed to punctate structures and without anchors, have worked to cut the beam-column joints, urging them on the relative vertical planes of lay, then brea-king them up and in many cases causing col-lapses of the whole. Faced with all this and even more - all clearly visible in the places of the Abruzzo earthqua-ke - to return to the start, an architect is at the same time a historian of architecture and is undoubtedly placed in front of new basic themes. The material fact is that if we look at the whole of our subject, in Italy - unique country in Europe and in the West, along with Greece, with university courses in History of Architecture for the basic training of architects and civil engineers - today you will feel a great distance of the teaching from a certain type

of research and above all from the high level practice of the trade. Just consider that the state of the studies on questions of substan-ce related to even very popular monuments - so, the level of repayment in the teaching of acquisitions from the subject - is such that we lack critical works of detail on the concre-te reality of many of these monuments: many large and small buildings that are key of each era, and works that are not only the result of the excavation of libraries and archives. For too long, for example, the static operation of the Colosseum in Rome has been explained starting from a famous work of Auguste Choi-sy from the second half of the 19th century and even then he effectively explained ma-terials, geometries and spaces starting from only one section23. Not surprisingly, the same data are at the end of the most recent studies, and 130 years later, not much more has been added about the issue since then24. So, if for Italy - and for Rome in particular - there are no satisfactory critical editions from the techni-cal-constructive point of view of almost all the monuments of antiquity, the same goes for the Middle Ages because of the lack of upda-ted critical editions of many large structures of the period (for example, the Cathedral and St. Ambrose in Milan, San Petronio in Bologna, Orvieto Cathedral and much more, except some rare exceptions in Florence).In his time, Henri Focillon - French historian of art - had encoded the need to look at all the fine arts independently from their generating cultures, almost to give them an independent life; consequently, the same was true then for architecture, to investigate no longer through construction techniques and materials like the positivists, but especially through related forms of volumes and spaces25. Before him, the same thing was stated by one of the best representatives of the so-called Vienna Scho-ol of Art History, Alois Riegl. He was the one who provided the clarification - at the base, in fact, of much of the subsequent history of architecture - that the task of architecture it-self was divided into two parts in some ways in opposition with each other: “the creation of the (closed) space as such and the creation of the outlines of it”26.Beyond the theme – which is also impor-

22 Ivi, IIa, pp. 114-120 and IIb, fig. 121.23 A. Choisy, L’art de batir chez les Romains, Ducher et C.ie, Paris 1873 (anast. reprint: Forni, Bologna 1984, table XXII).24 G. Croci, Il comportamento strutturale del Colosseo, in «Disegnare Idee Immagini», 18-19, 1999, pp. 15-22; G. Croci, Conservazione e restauro strutturale dei beni architettonici, Utet, Turin 2001, pp. 372-382, 469-470, 472.25 H. Focillon, Vita delle forme, (Paris 1934) ed. ital. Einaudi, Turin (1972) 1987.26 A. Riegl, Industria artistica tardoromana, with an introductive note by S. Bettini, Sansoni, Florence 1953, p. 23. For the original language edition, A. Riegl, Die spätrömische Kunstindustrie nach den Funden in Oesterreich-Ungarn, Österreichisches Archäologisches Institut, Kaiserlich-Königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wien, 1901-1923.27 G. Minnucci, Gli elementi costruttivi nell’edilizia, Tumminelli, Rome 1945, IIa, pp. 235-243; ibidem, IIb, figg. 215-216; G. Croci, Conservazione e restauro strutturale dei beni architettonici, Utet, Turin 2001, pp. 473-481 and figg. 9.29-9.41.

65

tant – of the reception of everything in Italy from the 1950’s onward, it is a fact that that time has passed and that the overall picture of our subject is now so to speak quite the opposite compared to 1901 and 1934, when Riegl and Focillon were publishing their wri-tings for the first time. In this other direction, the operational tools - critical and technical - to investigate thoroughly have been tested and known for some time. The focus of the discourse is always that of the actual ways of an architect or a civil engineer – that are more or less historical – to work on architecture in general and how in the last fifty years they have been widely forgotten in too many ca-ses. This is even more evident when one con-siders - again, by example - that between a current three-dimensional digital model of the

finite elements of St. Sophia in Constantino-ple - one of the great buildings of the past and most difficult for space and structure - and the simple axonometries and related texts of the same subject, in Gaetano Minnucci and 1945, basically there are no big differences: because both include the same body with the same insights, especially with the language of the same trade27: narrating the ovality of the great dome because of the different thrusts of the buttresses that are perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the basilica compared to those of the two great apses.

BIBLIOgRAPHy

• B. Acun, A. Athanasopoulou, A. Pinto, E. Carvalho, M. Fardis (editors), Eurocode 8: Seismic Design of Buildings, Worked examples, presented at the Workshop EC 8: Seismic Design of Buildings (Lisbon, 10-11 February 2011), European Commission, joint Research Centre, Publications office of the European Union, Luxembourg 2012.• O. Bursi, T. Dusatti, R. Pucinotti, A reconnaissance report. The April 6, 2009, L’Aquila earthquake. Italy, 2009 <http://www.reluis.it/doc/pdf/Aquila/Documentazione_Fotografica_290509.pdf> [20/8/2009].• S. Castenetto, G. Naso (edited by), Microzonazione sismica per la ricostruzione dell’area aquilana, Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri, Regione Abruzzo – Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, L’Aquila 2010 (3 voll. and cd-rom).• M. Cavriani, Da lontano, dal basso e dall’alto: i lavori del Nucleo per il coordinamento delle opere provvisionali, in P. Cimbolli Spagnesi (edited by), Terra concussa. Territori e architetture d’Abruzzo dopo il sisma del 2009 nel lavoro dei vigili del fuoco italiani, Aracne, Rome, 2014, pp. 117-146.• G.M. Chianello, R. Raschi, M. Rebuffat, F. Papa (edited by), Manuale per la compilazione della scheda di 1° livello di rilevamento danno, pronto intervento e agibilità per edifici ordinari nell’emergenza post-sismica AeDES, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, the Civil Protection Department, italiani nel Mondo Publishing, Rome 2000 (reprint june 2009).• A. Choisy, L’art de batir chez les Romains, Ducher et C.ie, Paris 1873 (anast. reprint: Forni, Bologna 1984).• G.P. Cimellaro, Field Reconnaissance following the April 6, 2009 Earthquake in Italy, 2009 <http://www.reluis.it/doc/pdf/Aquila/090611_laquila_earthquake.pdf> [13/10/2009].• P. Cimbolli Spagnesi, Carlo Maderno in S. Pietro: note sul prolungamento della basilica vaticana, in «quaderni dell’istituto di Storia dell’Architettura», special issue, 25-30, 1995-97 (1997) (acts of the international congress L’architettura della basilica di San Pietro. Storia e costruzione, Rome, 7-10 November 1995, edited by G. Spagnesi, Multigrafica, Rome 1997), pp. 261-268.• P. Cimbolli Spagnesi (edited by), Terra concussa. Territori e architetture d’Abruzzo dopo il sisma del 2009 nel lavoro dei vigili del fuoco italiani, Aracne, Rome, 2014.• G. Croci, Il comportamento strutturale del Colosseo, in «Disegnare idee immagini», 18-19, 1999, pp. 15-22.• G. Croci, Conservazione e restauro strutturale dei beni architettonici, Utet, Turin 2001.• A. Danusso, Intuito e scienza nella formazione dei vigili del fuoco, in «Antincendio», (Viii) 10, 1956, pp. 503-507.• L. Decanini, L. Liberatore, F. Mollaioli, G. Monti, O. Al Sawa, Terremoto aquilano del 6 aprile 2009. Studio preliminare della domanda sismica elastica ed anelastica in termini di energia, spostamenti e forze (rel. 1.0), 2009<http://www.reluis.it/doc/pdf/Aquila/paper_reluis_decanini_et_al.pdf> [24/2/2010].• S. Di Girolamo, gaetano Minnucci ingegnere e architetto. Il pensiero e le opere fino alla seconda guerra mondiale (1920-1945), PhD thesis in Storia e restauro dell’architettura (xxiV ciclo), tutor Piero Cimbolli Spagnesi, Sapienza – University of Rome, academic year 2011-2012.• F. Elia, Sintesi degli interventi di messa in sicurezza di edifici realizzati dal Nucleo per il coordinamento delle opere provvisionali dopo il 6 aprile 2009 nel cratere del sisma, aggirnata al 26 gennaio 2010, in P. Cimbolli Spagnesi (edited by), Terra concussa. Territori e architetture d’Abruzzo dopo il sisma del 2009 nel lavoro dei vigili del fuoco italiani, Aracne, Rome, 2014, pp. 231-235.• H. Focillon, Vita delle forme, (Paris 1934) ed. ital. Einaudi, Turin (1972) 1987².• P. Galli, R. Camassi (a cura di), Rapporto sugli effetti del terremoto aquilano del 6 aprile 2009. Rapporto congiunto Dipartimento della Protezione Civile – Istituto Nazionale di geofisica e Vulcanologia, 2009 <http://portale.ingv.it/primo-piano/archivio-primo-piano/notizie-2009/terremoto-6-aprile/copy_of_la-sequenza-sismica-dell-aquilano-aprile-2009> [29/1/2010].• S. Grimaz (coordinator), M. Cavriani, E. Mannino, L. Munaro, M. Bellizzi, C. Bolognese, M. Caciolai, A. D’Odorico, A. Maiolo, L. Ponticelli, Vademecum STOP. Schede tecniche delle opere provvisionali per la messa in sicurezza post-sisma da parte dei vigili del fuoco, Ministry of interior, italian national Fire Service, Coordination team for temporary works (ver. Rome, May 2010), iNAiL, Milan 2011.• S. Grimaz (coordinator), F. Barazza, M. Bellizzi, C. Bolognese, M. Cavriani, M. Caciolai, A. D’Odorico, A. Maiolo, P. Malisan, E. Mannino, A. Moretti, L. Munaro, L. Ponticelli, Manuale opere provvisionali. L’intervento tecnico urgente in emergenza sismica, Ministry of interior, italian national Fire Service, University of Udine (ver. Rome, September 2010), iNAiL, Milan 2011.• S. Grimaz, Standardizzazione delle opere provvisionali post-sisma. Vademecum and Manuale SToP, in P. Cimbolli Spagnesi (edited by), Terra concussa. Territori e architetture d’Abruzzo dopo il sisma del 2009 nel lavoro dei vigili del fuoco italiani, Aracne, Rome, 2014, pp. 167-178.• E. Mannino, Il Nucleo per il coordinamento delle opere provvisionali: le criticità operative, la logistica degli interventi e l’UCL Ferrara, in P. Cimbolli Spagnesi (edited by), Terra concussa. Territori e architetture d’Abruzzo

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The forgotten wall paintings of the “Pandolfini” chapel at the Badia Fiorentina: an historical and stylistic analysis, diagnostic investigation, and conservation methodology.By Claudia Miceli, Elise Grenier, Marilena Ricci, Silvia Vettori

ABSTRACTFor the very first time, the wall paintings representing the Life and Martyrdom of St. Stephen in thePandolfini chapel at the Badia Fiorentina have been carefully restored by a diverse team of specialists whose aim was an improved visibility and a better understanding of the paintings. The close contact with this artwork, almost completely forgotten until now, was the most fascinating aspect of the restoration. The quest to identify the artist who executed the paintings, the patron who commissioned them, and an attempt to assign a date has made the wall paintings extremely intriguing. it has also motivated the recent study that is the main subject of this paper. in addition, the use of new diagnostic methodology, along with a careful research and restoration strategy, resulted in a full recovery of these significant wall paintings.

AUTHORS PROFILES

Piero Cimbolli Spagnesi (Rome 1960), architect, professor of history of ancient and medieval architecture at Sapienza – University of Rome. he carried out study missions in Greece, Turkey, Tunisia, Peru, Mexico and Pakistan. Author of monographs and articles on antiquity and the Middle Ages in the Mediterranean sea and the indian subcontinent, has recently been editor of Terra concussa. Architetture e territorio d’Abruzzo nel lavoro dei vigili del fuoco italiani (2014) and, with Marco Cavriani, of il Corpo nazionale italiano dei vigili del fuoco. Storia, architetture e tipo di intervento al tempo della sua costituzione, 1900-1945 (2013).

dopo il sisma del 2009 nel lavoro dei vigili del fuoco italiani, Aracne, Rome, 2014, pp. 147-166.• L. Milano, C. Morisi, C. Calderini, A. Donatelli (edited by), L’Università e la ricerca per l’Abruzzo, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Deputy Commissioner for Reconstruction, Vice Commissioner for the Protection of Cultural heritage, Textus, L’Aquila 2011.• G. Minnucci, gli elementi costruttivi nell’edilizia, Tumminelli, Rome 1945 (3 voll.).• P. Monaco (et al.), geotechnical Aspects of the L’Aquila Earthquake, relazione alla Earthquake geotechnical Engineering Satellite Conference – XVIIth International Conference on Soil Mechanics & geotechnical Engineering (2-3/10/2009, Alexandria, Egypt) <http://www.reluis.it/images/stories/Monaco_et_al_2010.pdf> [9/3/2010].• A. Riegl, Die spätrömische Kunstindustrie nach den Funden in Oesterreich-Ungarn, Österreichisches Archäologisches institut, kaiserlich-königliche hof- und Staatsdruckerei, wien, 1901-1923 (2 voll.).• A. Riegl, Industria artistica tardoromana, with an introductive note by S. Bettini, Sansoni, Florence 1953.• G. M. Verderame, I. Iervolino, P. Ricci, Report on the damages on buildings following the seismic event of 6th of april 2009, V1.20, 2009 <http://www.reluis.it/doc/pdf/Aquila/Rapporto_fotografico_V1.2.pdf > [18/9/2009].• M. I. Zacheo (edited by), gaetano Minnucci (1896-1980), catalog of the exhibition (Rome, Accademia Nazionale di San Luca, 16-25 october 1984), Gangemi, Rome 1984.

PROGETTIAMO PER COSTRUIRE E DIFFONDERE VALORI ED ESPERIENZE CULTURALIWE DESIGN WITH THE PURPOSE OF SPREADING CULTURAL VALUES AND EXPERIENCES

Musei - MuseumsMostre - ExhibitionsCentri visita - Interpretation centersSpettacoli suoni e luci - Light and sound showsVideo produzioni 3D - Video productions 3DTecnologie multimediali - Multimedia technologiesRicerca su tecnologie e prodotti per il restauro - Research on technologies and products for restorationRilievi e diagnostica - Surevy and diagnosisDivulgazione scientifi ca - Scientifi c publishingPest Management - Pest Management

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