ae-bm-fk¿hI-em-ime Fw.-F. Ncn-{X-]-T\w - Malayalam University

$: ae-bm-fk¿hI-em-ime Fw.-F. Ncn-{X-]-T\w - Malayalam University$
1

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-ime

FwFwFwFwFw.-F. Ncn-X-]-T\w.-F. Ncn-X-]-T\w.-F. Ncn-X-]-T\w.-F. Ncn-X-]-T\w.-F. Ncn-X-]-T\w

2018 ]th-i\w

]mTy-]-≤Xn

2

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bv°p-th≠n

cPn-kvSm¿ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv

3

BapJw

ASn-ÿm\⁄m\-cq-]-ß-fn¬ H∂mb Ncn-X-Øns‚ ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw

]mT-I-ahpw Icp-X-temsS Xøm-dm-t°-≠Xv ASn-b-¥-cm-h-iy-am-Wv. NcnXw

Hm¿Ω-bm-Wv. Hm¿Ω ]ng-®m¬ hyh-lm-c-ß-fmsI ]ng-bv°pw. B A]m-b-

Øn¬\n∂v hn´p-\n¬°m≥ Hm¿Ω, AXm-bXv NcnXw AXym-hiyw.

Ncn-X-Øns‚ D≈-S°w kmI-tey\ Dƒs°m-≈pI F∂Xv a\pjy

km≤y-X-bv°-∏p-d-ap≈ Imcy-am-Wv. ]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n\v sIm√-ß-fmbn

temI-saßpw tImSm-\p-tImSn a\p-jy¿ sNbvXp Iq´p∂ Xnhn[Ic-W-ß-

fpsS BI-Øp-I-bmWv Ncn-Xw. AXv apgp-h≥ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ømt\m Hm¿Ωn-

°mt\m km≤y-a-√. AXp-sIm≠v kw`-h-ß-fn¬ Hcp sXc-s™-Sp∏v th≠n-

h-cpw. A¿∞-K¿`-amb kw`-h-ßsf tNcp-∂-]Sn tN¿°p-∂-XmWv Ncn-X-

Ønse sXc-s™-Sp-∏ns‚ kz`m-hw. Ime-K-W-\m-I-a-Øn-e-Sp-°p-tºm-gmWv

kw`-h-ß-fpsS Imcy-Im-cW_‘w sXfn-™p-h-cp-∂-Xv. Cu a´n¬ Nn¥n-

°p-tºmƒ Ncn-X-Øn\v ]mtbm-Kn-I-amb Hcp \n¿∆-N\w Hcp-°q- n-sb-Sp-°mw.

sXc-s™-SpØ kw`-h-ß-fpsS Ime-K-W\mIa-Øn-ep≈ BJym-\-amWv

Ncn-Xw.

sXc-s™-Sp∏v, BJym-\w, Ime-K-W\ Cu aq∂v ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS

kz`mhw IrXy-ambn \n¿W-bn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. B \n¿W-b-amWv Ncn-X-Øns‚

coXn-imkvXw F∂-Xp-sIm≠v hnh-£n-°p-∂-Xv. CXn\v Imem-Im-e-ß-fn-embn

\S-∂p-t]m-∂n-´p≈ Ncn-X-c-N-\-bpsS amXr-Im-cq-]-ßƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-tS-≠

-Xp-≠v.

]amWkma-Kn-I-fn¬s∏-Sp∂ ⁄m\cq]-ßƒ ]eXmWv. `qX-Im-e-

kw-`-h-ß-fm-Wt√m Ncn-X-Øns‚ D≈-S-°w. B kw`-h-ß-fpsS hn⁄m-]-

I-ß-fmb hkvXp-°ƒ, AXm-b-Xv, Ncn-Xm-h-in-jvS-ßƒ `qan-bn¬ aÆ-S-cp-I-

ƒ°n-S-bnepw `q\n-c-∏n\v tasebpw Is≠-Ømw. Cu hkvXp-°-fpsS ]T-\-

amWv ]pcm-XXzw F∂ Hcp ⁄m\-cq-]-ambn Ign-™ c≠v aq∂v \q‰m-≠p-I-

fmbn Ncn-X-c-N-\-bpsS B[m-c-in-e-I-fn-sem-s∂∂ \ne-bn¬ ]pjvSn-s∏´p h∂n-

´p-≈-Xv.

Ncn-XsØ kw_-‘n-°p∂ ]amW kma-Kn-Iƒ ]e-XmWv AXn-te-

‰hpw ][m-\-amWv ]pcm-X-Øz-hn-⁄m-\obw. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ ]tXyI

]m[m\yw \¬In sIm≠v tIm¿t]-∏-dm-bn-Øs∂ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-

Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

tIc-f-N-cn-X-Øn\pw Du∂¬ \¬In-s°m-≠mWv Cu ]mTy-]-≤Xn cq]-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°-p∂-Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚ ]mIv NcnXw apX¬ ka-Im-enI L´w

4

hscbp≈ kw`-h-ßƒ kkq£vaw N¿® sNøp-∂-XmWv tIc-f-N-cn-X-

]-T-\w.

]ucm-Wn-I-Imew apX¬°v mc-X-Øn¬ PmXn-tbm-sSm∏w enwK-hn-th-

N-\hpw \ne-hn-en-cp-∂p. kvXo˛-]p-cp-j-˛-aq-∂mw-enwK hn`m-K-ßƒ°p≈ ka-

Xzhpw \oXnbpw KŸ-ß-fn¬ amX-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]mtbm-Kn-I-X-e-Øn¬ ta¬Iogv

hyXym-k-ßƒ ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw A[n-Im-c-tI-µ-ß-fp-sSbpw ]n≥_-

e-tØmsS ZrV-am-bn-cp-∂p. hnhn[ cmP-hw-i-ß-fpsSbpw sImtfm-Wn-b¬

A[n-th-i-Øn-s‚bpw Ime-L- -Øn¬ CXn¬ ImX-em-b-am-‰-ß-sfm∂pw D≠m-

bn- n-√. ta¬ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ]pXnb P\m-[n-]-Xy-t_m-[-Øn-s‚bpw ⁄m\-

]-cn-jvI-c-W-ß-fp-sSbpw kzm[o-\- -e-ambn Dcp-Xn-cn™ kzXz-t_m-[-Øns‚

]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv C¥y-bnse enwK-t_m-[-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS NcnXw C∂sØ

F√m ]T-\-ta-J-e-I-fn-epw-sa-∂-t]mse Ncn-X-hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-

bn¬ \n¿_-‘nX sF—nI hnj-b-am°n Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

Ncn-X-\n¿Ωn-Xn°v Bh-iy-amb "]pcm-tc-Jm-e-b-]-T-\hpw' thZ-Imew

apX¬ Dcp-Xn-cn-™p-h∂ mc-X-Ønse ][m-\-hn-⁄m-\-ta-J-e-I-fpsS hf¿®-

bp-sS Ncn-X-sa-t∂mWw "`mc-Xo-b-ssh-⁄m-\o-b-]m-c-º-cyhpw' s]mXp-sF-

—nI hnj-b-ßfmbn ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. IqSmsX tIc-

f-Ønse ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-N-cnXw, kvXoI-fpsS AhImit_m-[-cq-]o-I-c-W-

ß-fpsS Ncn-Xw B[p-\nI temI-Øn¬, enJn-X-hn-⁄m-\obw XpSßn Ncn-

X-]-T-\-Øn\v hy‡-amb Znimt_m[w \¬Ip∂ a‰v hnj-b-ßfpw s]mXp

sF—n-I-sa-t∂mWw ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

tUm. aRvPpj B¿. h¿Ω

sNb¿am≥, Ncn-X-]-T-\-t_m¿Uv

5

]T-\-t_m¿Uv AwK-ßƒtUm. aRvPpj B¿. h¿Ω (A-≤y-£≥)

tUm. Fw.-B¿. cmLhhmcn-b¿

tUm. tIi-h≥ shfp-Øm´v

s]m^. ssa°nƒ Xc-I≥

tUm. sI.- F-kv. amXyp

tUm. ]n. cmtP-µ≥

tUm. ]n. inh-Zmkv

tUm. tPmbn h¿°n

tUm. hn. hn. lcn-Zmkv

tUm. ]n. kXojv

6

H∂mw ska-Ã¿

MU CC 1001 ae-bm-f- m-j-bpsS hn⁄m-\-]-Zhn

MU HIS 8102 Ncn-X-c-N-\m NcnXw (Historiography)

MU HIS 8103 ]mNo\ \mK-cn-I-X-Iƒ

MU HIS 8104 ]mNo\ C¥y: kwkvIm-c-ßfpw kaq-l-cq-]o-I-cWhpw

(\n¿_-‘nX sF—n-Iw)

MU HIS 8105 tIc-f-N-cnXw mKw H∂v (\n¿_-‘nX sF—n-Iw)

c≠mw ska-Ã¿MU HIS 8206 NcnX cN\m ]≤Xn

MU HIS 8207 ]pcm-XXXz hn⁄m-\obw

MU HIS 8208 temI-N-cnXw \mK-cn-I-X-I-fn¬ \n∂pw

kmam-Py-ß-fn-te°v

MU HIS 8209 a[y-Ime C¥y kao-]-\w, ]cn-t]£yw


MU HIS 8210 tIc-f-N-cnXw mKw 2 (\n¿_-‘nX sF—n-Iw)

aq∂mw ska-Ã¿

MU HIS 8311 B[p-\n-I]m›m-Xy-temIw: P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚

hf¿®bpw a\p-jym-h-Imi]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw

MU HIS 8312 B[p-\nI C¥y: tImf-\n-hm-gvN, \thm∞m-\w,

tZio-b-]-ÿm\w

MU HIS 8313 tIc-f-N-cnXw: km-aq-ly-]-cn-jv°c-Whpw

tZiob ]ÿm\hpw

MU HIS 8314 `mc-Xob NcnX cN-\m-N-cnXw (\n¿_-‘nX sF—n-Iw)

MU HIS 8315 s]mXp sF-—n-Iw

7

\memw ska-Ã¿

MU HIS 8416 A[n-\n-thi C¥y: imkvXw kmt¶-XnI hnZy

MU HIS 8417 ka-Im-enI tIcfw

MU HIS 8418 C¥y-bnse enwK-t_m[ \n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS

NcnXw (\n¿_-‘nX sF—n-Iw)

MU HIS 8419 ]_‘w

8

H∂mw ska-Ã¿


MU HIS 8102 Ncn-X-c-N-\m NcnXw (Historiography)

MU HIS 8103 ]mNo\ \mK-cn-I-X-Iƒ

MU HIS 8104 ]mNo\ C¥y: kwkvIm-c-ßfpw kaq-l-cq-]o-I-cWhpw


MU HIS 8105 tIc-f-N-cnXw mKw H∂v (\n¿_-‘nX sF—n-Iw)

9


\thm-∞m-\-Imew apX¬ ssh⁄m-\n-Iw, hnZym-`ym-kw, kmt¶-Xn-Iw, cmjvSobw

F∂o cwKß-fn¬ ae-bm-f- `m-j -t\-Sp∂ hf¿® ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-XmWv Cu

t]∏¿.

bqWn‰v 1\thm-∞m-\hpw ae-bm-f-`m-jm-ht_m-[hpw:-˛ tImf-\o-I-c-Whpw amXr-`m-j-bpw.

temI- m-j-I-fn¬ ae-bm-fØns‚ ÿm\w, \thm-∞m-\hpw tIc-fw, ae-bmfw F∂o

k¶¬∏-\-ß-fpsS hf¿®bpw ˛ amXr-`m-jbv°v th≠n-bp≈ ia-ßƒ ˛ a‡n-X-

ßƒ, tPm¿÷v amØ≥, F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, ]T-\-am-[y-aw, sFIy-tI-cfw

F∂ k¶¬∏w, sFIy-tI-cf ]ÿm-\w.

hnti-j-]-T\w

n tPm¿÷v amØ≥, "_mem-`y-k-\-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp ]kwKw' (aq∂mw

Jfiw amXw) (1867)

(tUm. kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n, dh. tPm¿÷v amØ≥ ˛ IrXn-Ifpw ]T-

\hpw, ]p. 435 ˛ 447)

n a‡n-X-ßƒ, "Xan-gp-cmPyw apX¬ ae-bm-f- cmPy\nhm-kn-I-fmb ap…nw

P\hpw hnZym-`ym-khpw' (a‡n Xß-fpsS kºq¿Æ IrXn-Iƒ, tIcf

CkvemanIv anj≥, Xncq¿ 6, 1981)

n F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, "\m´p-`m-jm-hn-Zym-`ymkw' (F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω-

bpsS sXc-s™-SpØ ]_-‘-ßƒ, cRvPna ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, amΩq-Sv,

1987)

n ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥, ae-bm-f-`m -j-bpsS A`n-hr≤n am¿§w (1934)

(k-tlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥: Pohn-Xhpw IrXn-Ifpw Fw.]n. joP (F-Un.)

ssaXn- _p-Ivkv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 2010)

n KqKn hm Xn HmwtKm, B^n-°≥ kmln-Xy-Øns‚ `mj (a-\-ns‚ A]-

tIm-f-\o-I-c-Ww)

n Xmbm´v i¶-c≥, am\-kn-I-amb ASn-aØw (C-¥y≥ hnZym-`ymkw \q‰m-

≠p-I-fn-eq-sS)

10

bqWn‰v 2

`mj-bpsS am\-Io-I-c-Whpw B[p-\n-IoI-c-W-hpw.

hmsam-gn-bn¬ \n∂v hc-sam-gn-bn-te-°v, ae-bmfw A°-ßƒ, kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-ßƒ,

\nL-≠p-°-fpsS hc-hv, ]mtZ-inI `mjm-t`-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Xncn-®-dn-hv, eIvkn-

t°m-Km-^n, A®-Sn, ]Xw, ]X-`m-j, am[y-a-`m-j, `mjm-km-t¶-Xn-IX: ae-bmfw

ssS∏vssd-‰¿, en]n-bpsS ]cn-Wm-aw, en]n ]cn-jvI-c-W-I-Ω-‰n-Iƒ, A®Sn: ]pXnb

en]n, Iºyq-´¿ ae-bm-fw, ae-bmfw tkm^v‰vshb¿, AXn-\p≈ ia-ßƒ, ÿm]-

\-ßƒ.

hnti-j-]-T\w

n C.- hn. cma-Ir-jvW≥, "h¿Ø-am\ ]X-ß-fp-sSbpw A®Sn b¥-ß-fp-

sSbpw hym]-\-tØmsS ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmlnXy k¶¬∏-\-ß-fnepw `mjm

hyh-lm-c-ß-fnepw kw`-hn® am‰-ßƒ'

(Fw. F≥. hnP-b≥ (F-Un.) \ΩpsS kmln-Xyw, \ΩpsS kaq-lw,

hmeyw 2)

n Sn.- _n. thWp-tKm-]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿, "ae-bmf en]n ]cn-jvI-cWw: `qXhpw

`mhnbpw' (P-\-]-Yw, \hw. 2009).

n kt¥m-jv tXm-´p-ß¬, "bq\n-t°mUv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ kw`-hn-°p-∂-sX¥v?'

(P-\-]-Yw, \hw. 2009).

n \nJn¬ \ºym¿, hna¬ tPmk^v, "ae-bmfw C≥kvIn-]vj≥ Iot_m¿Uv

Fßs\ D]-tbm-Kn°mw?' (P-\-]Yw, \hw. 2009).

n Fw. apIp-µ≥, "Hcp km£m¬ Xnø≥ as‰mcp Xnø-t\mSv Cw•ojv ]d-

bptam?'

(am-Xr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, 2010 P\p. 24 -˛ 30)

bqWn‰v 3hn⁄m-\- mjhn⁄m-\-`m-j-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ ae-bm-f-Øns‚

hf¿®, hn⁄m-\-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-kw, hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-ßƒ, ae-bmf ]Z-tIm-i-

Øns‚ B[p-\n-IoI-c-Ww. A¿∞-]-cn-Wm-aw, hnh¿Ø-\-K-Ÿ-ßƒ, imkvX-K-

Ÿ-ßƒ, `uXn-I-im-kvX-ßƒ, kmaq-ly-im-kvXw, C¥y≥ `mj-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈

hnh¿Ø-\w. Cw•ojv `mj-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ, a‰p- temI`mj-I-fn¬

\n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ, kmt¶-XnI ]Z-ßƒ, kmt¶-XnI ]Z-kq-Nn, ]mT-]p-

kvXI IΩn-‰n, amXr-`m-jm-hn-Zym-e-b-ßƒ D]-cn-hn-Zym-`ym-khpw amXr-`m-j-bpw,

]IrXn imkvX ˛ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T\w ae-bmf am[y-a-Øn¬.

hnti-j-]-T\w

n sI. tkXp-cm-a≥, "D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw' (a-e-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn, sI´p-I-Y-

I-fpsS ASn-ÿm\w F∂ A[ymbw. ]p. 104 ˛ 123)

n tPml-∂kv t^m¨ tab¿, ]Ir-Xn-im-kvX-Ønse ka¿∏W teJ\w

(1883)

(Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥, aebmf imkvX-km-lnXy ]ÿm\w Hcp

]T\w ˛ A\p-_-‘w)

11

n tPmk^v ap≠-t»cn, ae-bm-f-`m-jbpw imkvX-K-Ÿ-ßfpw, (`-c-W-`m-j,

1935)

n ANyp-Xvi-¶¿, imkvX-`mj (\-ΩpsS `mj, \ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw, FUn.

Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥)

n ]n. ]hn-X≥, `mjbpw XXz-Nn-¥bpw: D]-I-c-W-hm-Z-Øn\pw \n¿W-b-hm-

Z-Øn\panS-bn¬, amXr-`m-jbv°vth≠n-bp≈ ka-cw, 2014.

n cho-µ≥, "Ne-®nX kma-Kn-bmbn amdp∂ `mj' (a-e-bm-fw, amXr-`qan

tImgn-t°m-Sv)

bqWn‰v 4

`c-W-`mj ˛ ae-bmf `mj-bpsS `c-W-]-chpw cmjvSo-b-hp-amb hnImkw

`c-W-`m-jbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-h¬°-c-W-hpw, temI-am-Xr-`m-jm-Zn-\w, C¥y≥ `c-W-

L-S-\-bn¬ `mjI-fpsS ÿm\w, ae-_m¿, sIm®n, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ F∂n-hn-S-ß-

fnse c-W-a-fi-e-Øn¬ ae-bmf`mj-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ÿm\w. c-W- m-j-bv°p≈

IΩo-j≥, tImam-´n¬ ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥ IΩo-j≥. HutZym-KnI `mjm ]Jym-]-

\w 1969. tImSXn `mj ˛ \tc-µ≥ IΩo-j≥ ˛ `c-W-`m-jm-t]m-’m-l-\ \-S-]-Sn-

Iƒ ˛ Pn√m Xmeq°v Xe HutZym-KnI `mjm-k-an-Xn-Iƒ, `mj-bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈

]ÿm-\-ßƒ.

hnti-j-]-T\w:

n iqc-\m-´p-Ip-™≥]n≈, "ae-bmfw `c-W-`m-jm-]-Z-hn-bn-te°v' (`-c-W-`m-j,

C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv hIp-∏v, tIcf k¿°m¿).

n PÃnkv \tc-µ≥, 1. "ae-bmfw tImS-Xn-I-fn¬'†(`c-W-`m-j)

2. \tc-µ≥ IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿´v ˛ kwKlw (Hu-tZym-KnI `mjm-kw-_-‘-

ambn tIcf k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® ][m\ DØc-hp-Ifpw k¿°p-e-dp-

I-fpw, A\p-_‘w 1, tIcf k¿°m¿, 2002)

n ]n. tKmhn-µ-∏n≈, "`mj-bpsS cmjvSobw'†

n Sn. Sn. ioIp-am¿, "`mjm-]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS kmaqly ]›m-Øew' (hn-

⁄m\ ssIc-fn, 1990 Pqembv)

n tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, "ae-bmf kwc-£-Ww, F¥n\v'? Fßs\? (a-e-bm-

fhpw ae-bm-fnbpw, Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xriq¿ 1992).

n Fw. F≥. hnP-b≥, "`mj kwkvImcw hnZym-`ymkw' (\-ΩpsS `mj,

\ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw, FUn. Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥)

n Fw. hn. tXmakv, tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y\w: ]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fn-eqsS (`-c-W-

`mjm ]iv\-ßƒ, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v).

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

A_vZpƒIcow, apl-ΩZv sI. sP. (k-ºm), 2006 a‡n-X-ß-fpsS kºq¿Æ IrXn-

Iƒ, tImgn-t°m-Sv, hN\w _pIvkv.

BZ¿iv hn. sI, 2009, C\n hmb-\, C. hmb-\, tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.

C. -Fw.- F-kv, 1997, \ΩpsS `mj, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv hIp-∏v, 2003, `c-W-`m-j tIc-f-k¿°m¿.

12

Hma\ ]n. -hn, 1990, \nL-≠p-°ƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬, tIm´-bw, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

Imc-t»cn Fw. F≥, 2004, sXfn-a-e-bm-fw, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cmcv, 2002, ae-bm-f-ssi-en, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amcm¿ kmln-Xy-]

-Im-iw

tIcf ]kv A°m-Zan, 1983, ]X-`m-j, sIm®n, tIcf ]kv A°m-Zan.

tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v, A®-Snbpw FgpØpw: Hcp ssÃ¬ ]pkvX-Iw,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

IrjvW-Ip-am¿ Fkv, 1996, ae-bmf Kth-jWw k¿h-I-em-im-e-I-fn¬, Xncp-h-\-

¥-]p-c, am¿Kn ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, .

KtWjv kn (F-Un), 2016, `mj-bpsS AXn-Po-h-\-Øn\v Hcp P\XbpsS

k©m-cw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, ]nb-X.

Kncojv ]n. Fw. 2013, ae-bmfw: kzXzhpw hn\n-a-b-hpw, ip-I-]pcw, h≈-tØmƒ

hnZym-]o-Tw.

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ \Sp-h´w tUm, 2012, ae-bmfw ¢mknIv `mj: ]g-°hpw hy‡n-

Xz-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

KqKn hm XnHmwtKm, 2007, a\-ns‚ A]-tIm-f-\o-I-cWw, sIm√w, Kmwjn _pIvkv.

tKm]n-\m-Y≥ \mb¿ F≥, (F-Un.), 2006, `mjbpw kaq-lhpw: `mjm-imkvX ]T-

\-ßƒ, ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-hn-`m-Kw, Imen-°‰v k¿h-I-em-im-e.

Nmt°m ]n. kn, 1940, ae-bmfw Npcp-s°-gpØv am\z¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Kh.

]v.

Pb-Ir-jvW≥ F≥, (F-Un.), 2011, ae-bm-fhpw ¢mkn-°¬ ]Z-hn-bpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-

]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

Pb-cmPv Fw, 2017, ae-bmf A®-Sn-am-[yaw : `qXhpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw, tImgn-t°m-Sv,

amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

Pbm kpIp-am-c≥ (F-Un.), 1997, X¿÷a: kn≤m-¥hpw ]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-

Øn¬, Xmc-Xay ]T-\-kw-Lw.

tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, 1982, ae-bm-fhpw ae-bm-fn-bpw, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, 2010, "ae-bm-fn°v Btcm-SmWv Iqdv' mj kmlnXyw kwkvIm-

cw, Xriq¿, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.

tPmk^v ]n. Fw, 1984, ae-bm-f-Ønse ]c-Iob ]Z-ßƒ, Xncp-h-\¥-]p-cw, tIcf

`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

tPmk^v, kvIdnb tUm, 2007, ]g»n tcJ-I-fnse hyh-lm-c-`m-j, tImgn-

t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

tZh-cm-P≥ Pn. tUm., 2005, C≥^¿ta-j≥ kb≥kv: Hcm-ap-Jw, Xncp-h-\-¥-

]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

\mb¿, s]cp∂ sI. F≥., 1976, ae-bmf ]X-Øns‚ IY, tIc-f- h¿°nwKv tP¿W-

enÃv bqWn-b≥.

]hn-X≥ ]n, 2014, amXr-`m-jbv°v th≠n-bp≈ ka-cw, ae-bmf sFIy-th-Zn.

]Im-iv sI. Fkv. tUm, tUm. Fkv. F. jm\-hmkv (kw-tim.), 2010, ae-bmf

13

`mjbpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-hpw, ]Im-i-\-hn-`m-Kw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIcf k¿h-

I-em-im-e,

]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \mb¿ hn. B¿, 1999 ae-bmfw ae-bm-fn-tbmfw, Xncp-h-\-¥

-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v.

]`m-I-c≥ F≥, 2012, "ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn', Bg-Øn¬ sh® I√p-Iƒ, tImgn-

t°m-Sv, C≥ssk‰v ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

]nb-Z¿i-\≥ Pn, 2010, ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø\w ]mcw`kzcq-]w, Xriq¿, tIcf

kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.

]nb-Z¿i-\≥ Pn, 2010, ]g-a-bn¬ \n∂v, at\m-ca ]ªn-t°-j≥ Unhnj≥.

]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿ sI. Fw, 2004, ae-bmfw: am‰hpw hf¿®bpw, ipI-]p-cw, h≈-

tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.

]nb-Z¿i-\≥ Pn., 2007, BZy-Ime amkn-I-Iƒ, Xr»q¿, tIcf kmlnXy

A°m-Zan.

t^m¨ta-b¿, tPml-∂kv, 1983, ]Ir-Xn-im-kvXw, _mk¬ anj≥ _p°v B‚ v

SmIv‰v knwt_mkn-‰-dn.

_m_p sNdn-bm≥ tUm, 2009, s_©-an≥ s_bven, tIm´bw, kmlnXy ]h¿Ø-

I-kl-I-cWkw-Lw.

_m_p-cmPv ]n. Fw., 2009, ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Fßs\ tªmKmw, tIm´-bw, Un.- kn.

_pIvkv.

_me-Ir-jvW≥, Imhp-ºmbn, 2007, ae-bmf imkvX-km-lnXy ]ÿm\w Hcp

]T\w, Xriq¿, tIcf imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øv.

_me-Ir-jvW≥ Imhp-ºmbn (F-Un.), 2017, \ΩpsS `mj, \ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw,

tIc-f-im-kvX-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv.

ae-bmfw hn°n ]oUnb ]h¿Ø-I¿ 2012 G]n¬, hn°n ]oUnb Hcp ssI∏p-

kvX-Iw, ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Unb ]h¿Ø-I¿, .

amcm¿ sI.-sI., 2008, tIc-f-Ø-\n-a, tImgn-t°m-Sv, ]q¿W ]ªn-t°-j≥kv

amXyp sP. ap´Øv tUm, 2007, hm¿Ø-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ, ]m∏n-dkv _pIvkv.

amXr-`qan _pIvkv tP¿W¬ (k-am.), 2008, ae-bmfw ˛ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn-sb-

°p-dn®v Nne \nco-£-W-ßƒ, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

amXr-`qan, 2014, "knhn¬ k¿hokv hnPbw t\Sm≥ ae-bmf-w', amXr-`qan Cb¿_p-

°v, ]p. 746 -˛ 750.

an\n \mb¿, tUm, 2012, knhn¬ k¿∆okv ]co-£-I-fnse ae-bm-fw, tIm´-bw,

at\m-ca _pIvkv.

aq¿t°mØv Ipam-c≥, 1985, Nn”-\w, tIm´-bw, hnZym¿∞n-anXw _p°v Unt∏m.

cho-µ≥ sI., 2009, hnh-c-ti-J-cWw C‚¿s\-‰n¬, tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.

cho-µ≥ sI, 2001, C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn \nL-≠p, tIm´-bw, Un. kn.

_pIvkv.

cmL-h≥ ]pXp-∏≈n, 1985, tIcf ]X-]-h¿Ø\ Ncn-Xw, Xriq¿, tIc-f-

km-lnXy A°m-Z-an.

14

cmPp amhp-¶¬ tUm, 2004, hnZym-`ymk C≥^¿am-‰n-Ivkv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIcf

`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω F. B¿, F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω-bpsS ]_-‘-ßƒ, amΩq-Sv. cRvPna

]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

cmP-cm -P-h¿Ω, Fgp-a -‰q¿, 2008, `mjbpw `c-W-`m -j-bpw, tIcf `mjm

C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, Fgp-a-‰q¿ (F-Un.), HutZym-KnI `mjm kw_-‘-ambn tIc-f-

k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® ][m\ DØ-c-hp-Ifpw k¿°p-e-dp-I-fpw.

cmP-tKm-]m¬ IΩØv tUm, 2012, `uXn-I-imkvX \nL-≠p, tIm´-bw, Un. kn.

_pIvkv.

cmP-ti-J-c≥ ]n. sI, Fkv. F≥. Pb-]-Imiv, 2003 am[ya \nL-≠p,

tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.

cmP-ti-J-c≥ Fkv, 2010, ae-bm-fn-bpsS ae-bm-fw, tIm´-bw, kmlnXy ]h¿ØI

kl-I-c-Wkw-Lw.

cma-N-µ≥ \mb¿ ]∑\, 2000, ae-bm-fhpw ae-bm-fn-I-fpw, tIm´-bw, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

cma-N-µ≥ ]pXp-t»cn, 2010, sXc-s™-SpØ ]_-‘-ßƒ, Xriq¿, tIc-f-km-lnXy

A°mZan.

cma-h¿Ω (a-cp) Xºp-cm≥, F. B¿. AJn-te-iz-c-ø¿ (hym-Jym.), 1128, aI-cw, Xr»n-

h-t]-cq¿bp‡n-`m-jm, awK-tfm-Zbw enan-‰-Uv.

hk-¥≥ Fkv. sI, 2007, kakvX tIcf kmlnXy ]cn-j-Øns‚ Ncn-Xw, Xriq¿,

Id‚ v _pIvkv.

h¿°n ]´n-a‰w, 2008, Iwπo‰v Iºyq-´¿ _p°v, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv

hnP-b≥ Fw. F≥ (P-\. FUn), 2000, \ΩpsS kmlnXyw \ΩpsS kaqlw ˛

1901 ˛ 2000, 1˛4 hmey-ßƒ, tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Zan.

thWp-tKm-]≥ \mb¿ Fkv. hn (F-Un.), 2010, ae-bmf `mjm-N-cn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-

]p-cw, amfp-_≥ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

hmkp-°p-´≥, sI. Fw s]m^, 1991, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v: ]›m-Ø-ehpw

]h¿Ø-\-hpw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v.

hnf-°pSn cmtP-µ≥ tUm, 2011, `mjm ip≤nbpw `c-W-`m-jbpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,

]nb-Z¿in\n ]ªn-t°-j≥kv skmssk-‰n.

inh-Ip-am¿. B¿, 2013, `c-W-`mjm ]tbm-K-ßƒ, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

inh-Ip-am¿ B¿., F. B¿. kvanXm tibv, 2013, ae-bm-fw˛Cw•ojv HutZym-KnI

`mjm-\n-L-≠p, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

ioIp-am¿ ]n, 2008, `mj A[zm\w hntam-N-\w, hntam-N-\m-flI `mjm-im-kvX-

Øn\v Hcm-ap-Jw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Nn¥-]-ªn-tjgvkv

ioIp-amcn Fkv., ae-bmf `mjm-\-thm-∞m-\hpw kmlnXy kwL-S-\-Ifpw

joP Fw. ]n., 2010, ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥: Pohn-Xhpw IrXn-Ifpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-

cw, ssaXn _pIvkv.

jmcp sP. h¿Ko-kv, F. hnP-b-e£van, 1992, A®-Sn, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

15

kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n tUm, 1992, dh-d‚ v tPm¿÷v amØ≥: IrXn-Ifpw

]T-\-hpw, Hmdn-b‚¬ dnk¿®v C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v Nµ-\-∏-≈n.

kmw F≥, 2003, ae-bmf ]X- ] -h¿Ø\w ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m -≠n¬,

tIm´-bw, Un.- kn. _pIvkv.

kp\oX Sn.- hn, 2009, ssk_¿ ae-bm-fw, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

kp\oX Sn. hn, 2012, C ae-bmfw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

kptcjv ]n. tUm, (F-Un) 2017, ae-bm-fw: tZihpw kzXzhpw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, t]mKkv

]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

tkXp-cm-a≥ sI, ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

kvIdnb k°-dnb tUm., 1996, Xe-t»cn tcJ-Iƒ, Xm]-kw.

Cw•ojv ]pkvX-I-ßƒ

n Robert Phillipson, Linguistic Imperialism, Oxford University Press, 1992.

n Asha Surangi, Language and Politics in India, Oxford Univesity Press, 2009.

n Satyendranath Bose, 'The Mother Tongue', Satyendra Nath Bose His Life and

Times Selected works, Ed. Kamseshwar C. Wali, World Scientific, 2009.

n John E. Joseph, Language and Identity, Palgrave, Macmillan, 2004.

n imkvX kmt¶-XnI i_vZ-tImiw

n `c-W-`mjm i_vZm-hen

n hnhn[ ]Z-tIm-i-ßƒ

teJ-\-ßƒ

n ]n. kn. Nmt°m, "\nbaw ae-bm-f-Øn¬' (`-c-W-`m-j)

n sIm´nbw apl-ΩZv, "I∏-en-\-I-sØ- Pew' (`-c-W-`m-j)

n Fw. hn. tXmakv, "am‰w aµ-K-Xn-bn-em-hp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v' (`-c-W-`m-j)

n F. F≥. ]n. DΩ¿Ip´n, "`c-W-`m-jbpw `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´pw' (`-c-W-`m-j)

n tUm. Fw. B¿. Xºm≥, "`cWw P\-ß-fpsS `mj-bn¬' (`-c-W-`m-j)

\nb-a-ßƒ, IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ

n `c-W-`mj 1965, 1967 F∂o h¿j-ß-fnse \nb-a-ßƒ

n tIcf HutZym-KnI `mjm \nbaw

n XpS¿ \nb-a-ßƒ 1973, 1975.

B\p-Im-en-I-ßƒ

n `c-W-`mj, C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv ]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww.

n hn⁄m-\-ssI-cfn, Pqembv 1990, ae-bmfw hnti-jm¬ ]Xn.

n P\-]Yw, 2010 \hw-_¿, C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv ]kn-

≤o-I-cWw.

n ae-bm-◊, ae-bmf kan-Xn, 1990.

16

tcJ--Iƒ

n sI. Pb-Ip-am¿, Xp©Øv cmam-\p-P≥ Fgp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-

im-e, kao-]-\hpw LS\bpw, sabv, 2012 (a-e-bmf k¿h-I-em-imem ÿm]-

\-Øn-\p≈ ]T-\-dn-t∏m¿´v)

n sFIy-a-e-bmf ]ÿm\w eLp-teJ, tIc-f-hn-I-k-\hpw ae-bm-f-k¿h-

I-em-im-ebpw cq]-tc-J, 2011.

17

MU HIS 8102 Ncn-X-c-N-\m-N-cnXw (Historiography)

bqWn‰v 1Ncn-X-c-N-\m-]m-c-ºcyw]›m-Øew ˛ a≤y-Ime InkvXob ]mc-ºcyw ˛ bh\ Ncn-X-c-N-\m-]m-c-ºcyw ˛

sld-tUm-´-kv, Xqkn-ssUUvkv, enhn, Smkn‰kv. ]mNo\ No\m-N-cn-X-]m-c-ºcyw

˛ I¨^yq-jy-kv, ]m≥Iq ˛ a[y-Im-e- N-cn-X-c-N\ : InkvXp-aX kzm[o\w ˛

AK-Ãn≥ ]pWym-f≥, tXmakv AIzn-\mkv: a[y-Ime Ad_v Ncn-X-c-N\ A¬_n-

dq-Wn, C_v\p Jm¬Zp≥ ˛ Ko°v Ad-_nIv ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ ˛ hot°m- ˛ Im¿Sn-kn-

b≥ hncp-≤-hm-Z-ßƒ ˛ ⁄mt\m-Zbw ˛ hnizm-k-Øn¬ \n∂pw hna¿i-\-Øn-

te°v ˛ Kn∫¨ ˛ Imev]-\nI ]Xn-I-cWw ˛ Im¿sse≥ ˛ Ncn-X-Ønse sshcp-

≤ym-fl-IhmZ-ßƒ ˛ slK-ens‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sv, am¿Ivkns‚ NcnX kao-]\w.

bqWn‰v 2NcnXw : hyXykvX ]cn-t]-£y-ßƒNcnXw B[p-\nI imkvXo-b-⁄m-\-im-J-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ ˛ _¿en≥ hnπhw ˛

imkvXob Ncn-X-co-Xn-im-kvX-Øns‚ DZbw ˛ \n_q¿, dms¶ ˛ t]mkn-‰n-hnkw ˛

NcnXw imkvXw Xs∂ ˛ AKÃv tImw‰v, sl‚n tXmakv _°vƒ ˛ t]mkn-‰n-hn-

k-tØm-Sp≈ hna¿iw

bqWn‰v 3Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse hyXykvX Ncn-X-[m-c-IƒCcp-]-Xmw \q‰m-≠nse hyXykvX Ncn-X-[m-c-Iƒ ˛ Ncn-X-]-c-amb Bt]-£n-IXm

hmZw Imƒ s_°¿ kmº-ØnI Ncn-X-Øns‚ ]tW-Xm-°ƒ sl‚n ]ndn≥,

ses^hvsd, B¿.-F®v tSmWn ˛ Nmƒkv B‚ v tacn sh_¿ ˛ sht_-dn-b≥

kn≤m¥w ˛ t^mK¬ ˛ ]Xn-hm-kvXh NcnXw ˛ ^©v A\¬kv Ncn-X-]-

ÿm\w ˛ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ˛ aq∂p Xe-ap-d-Iƒ ˛ am¿°v tªm°v ˛ B[p-\nI

am¿IvknÃv Ncn-X-cYy˛s]dn Bt‚-gvk¨.

18

bqWn‰v 4Nn¥m kzm[o\w Ncn-X-Øn¬Kmwjn-Nn-¥-bpsS kzm[o\w ˛ LS-\m-hm-Z-Øns‚ kzm[o\w ˛ tkmkyq ˛ LS-

\m-hmZ am¿Ivknkw ˛ eqbn A¬Øq-k¿ ˛ LS-\m-\-¥-c-hmZw ˛ ZdnZ ˛ A]-

\n¿amWw ˛ CXc kmaq-ly-im-kvX-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w ˛ \h-N-cn-X-hmZw ˛ \h-

N-cn-X-hmZw ˛ Ão^≥ Ko≥ªm‰v ˛ Ncn-X-Øns‚ ]mT-]-c-X, ]mT-Øns‚ Ncn-X-

]-cX ˛ B[p-\n-tIm-Øc kao-]\ßƒ ˛ slbvU¨ ssh‰v ˛ B¬K¿kvanØv ˛

Ncn-X-]m-T-ß-fpsS kmln-Xo-bX ˛ IoØv sP≥-In≥kv -˛ NcnXw F∂ Iev]nX

IY ˛ antj¬ ^pt°m-bpsS Ncn-X-co--Xn-imkvXw ˛ hyh-lmc hni-I-e\w ˛

⁄m\na.

klmbIKŸßƒIm¿Øn-tI-b≥ \mb¿, 2006 (hn.h), At‚m-Wntbm Kmwjn Pbn¬°pdn-∏p-Iƒ,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, ssaXn _pIvkv

cmP≥ Kpcp-°ƒ, 1981, t¢mUv sehn kvtSmkv, Xriq¿, hniz-Z¿i\ ]ªn-t°-

j≥kv

cho-µ≥, ]n.]n., 1998, antj¬ ^qt°m: h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øns‚ Ncn-Xw, Xncp-h-

\-¥-]pcw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v,

Zneo]v cmPv, 2000, \-h--N-cn-X-hm-Zw, tIm´bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv

kp[m-I-c≥, kn.]n., 1999, DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX, tIm´bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv

tPm¿Pv, kn.-sP, (FUn) 1996, B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c kmln-Xy-k-ao-]-\-ßƒ, tImgn-

t°mSv, _p°v thw

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿ Fw.-B¿, 2016, NcnXw: coXn-im-kvX-]-T-\-ßƒ, Xncq¿, Xp-©-

sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h--I--em-ime, ]am-W-]-c-ºc 1.

apPo_p dlvam≥, Fw.-]n, 2008 Ncn-X-sa-gp-Øns‚ NcnXw

io[-c≥.-C, 2010, Ncn-X-K-th-jW coXn-imkvXw (hnh:) Xncp-h-\- -]p-cw, tIc-f-mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v.

ioP≥ hn.-kn, 1999, B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-cw, hnI-e-\hpw hna¿-i-\-hpw, tIm´-bw,

kmln-Xy-]-h¿ØI kl-I-c-W-kw-Lw.

Ali, Sheik B, 1978, History: Its Theory And Method, Macmillan

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Burke, Peter,1991, New Perspectives on Historical Writing, Pennsylvania State University

Press.

Burke, Peter, 2002, History and Social Theory, Newyork, Cornell University Press.

19

Burke, Peter, 1990, The French Historical Revolution: The Annals School, 1929 - 89,

California, Stanford University Press.

Carr. Edward Hallett, 1961, 1981, What is History? New York, Vintage Books

Collingwood.R.G, (19946) 1994, The Idea of History, New York, Oxford University Press

Crossley, Nick, 2005, Key Concepts in Critical Social Theory, London, Sage.

Elton.G.R, 1967, The Practice of History, Wiley - Blackwell.

Enan.M.A, 1969, IBN Khaldun: His life and Works, Lahore, Sh. Muhammed Ashraf

Gramsci.A, 1991, Selections from the Prison Note books, International Publication

Co.

Haddock.B.A, 1980, Introduction to Historical Thought, London Hodder Arnold.

Hobsbawm, Eric, 1998, On History, UK, The New Press

Jenkins, Keith (Ed), 1995, The Post Modern History Reader, London, Routledge

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Lemon.M.C, 1998, Philosophy of History, New York, Routledge.

Poster, Mark, 2001, Marx, Foucault and History, New York, Polity Press

Raghava Varier, M.R., "New Historicism", in T.R Venugopalan (ed) 1997, History and

Theory, Trissur, Cosmo Books

Southgate, Beverley, 1996, History: What and Why? Ancient, Modern and Post Modern

Perspectives, London/Newyork, Routledge.

Sreedharan.E, 2004, A Text Book of Historiography, 500 BC to AD, 2000, New Delhi,

Orient Blackswan.

Thompson.E.P, 1965, The Making of the English Working Class, New York, Vintage.

Veeser H.Aram (Ed.), 1989, "The New Historicism", New York, Routledge

White, Hayden, 1992, "Historical Emplotment and the Problem of Truth in the History'',

Saul Friedlandes, Probing the Limits of Representation, Cambridge University Press

20

MU HIS 8103 ]mNo\ \mKcnIXIƒ

bqWn‰v 1]mNo\ \mK-cn-I-X-IƒtemIØnse ]mNo\ \mKcnIXIƒ ˛ ]pcmhkvXp DXvJ\\ßƒ---- ˛ A[nhmk

taJeIƒ \mKcnIXbpw kwkvImchpw k¶¬∏\ßƒ tKm¿U¨ Nn¬tU

˛ \ho-\-in-em-bpK hnπ-hhpw \mK-cnI hnπ-hhpw.

bqWn‰v 2saskm-s]m- -man-b≥ \mK-cn-IXsaskms]m´manb≥ \mKcnIX -˛ P\-ß-fpw A[n-hmk taJ-e-Ifpw ˛ kpta-cnb

˛ ][m\ \K-c-ßƒ ˛ \KchXvIcW ]InbIƒ - -˛ kaqlw A[nImc

LS\IfpsS hf¿® -˛ `c-W-I¿Øm-°ƒ ˛ km¿tKm¨ ˛ UpwKn ˛ Im¿jnI

taJebpsS hym]\w -˛ - en]nbpsS hf¿® ˛ IyqWnt^mw ˛ kmlnXyw ˛ Ie -˛

kmt¶XnI ss\]pWyw ˛ sXmgn¬ taJeIƒ ˛ DXv]mZ\cwKw ˛ imkvXob

AdnhpIƒ ˛ \nba hyhÿ ˛ Bcm[\mkºZmbßƒ ˛ knKp-dm-Øp-Iƒ ˛

sIm´m-c-ßƒ.

bqWn‰v 3_m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ Ao-dn-b≥ kwkvIm-c-ßƒBZn _m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ P\-hn-`m-K-ßƒ ˛ _m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ \mK-cn-IX ˛ lΩp-

d_n ˛ \nb-a-kw-lnX ˛ aXhpw kaq-lhpw ˛ imkvXhpw kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpw.

kmlnXyw ˛ Kn¬Kta-jns‚ CXn-lmkw. Ao-dn-b≥ kmamPyw ˛ \K-c-ßƒ ˛

Ap¿ _m\n-]mƒ ˛ sk∂m-sN-dn_v ˛ ssk\yw ˛ KŸ-im-e-Iƒ ˛ Ie. \h -

_m-_n-tem-Wn-b≥ kwkvImcw ˛ Nm¬Un-b-∑m¿ ˛ _m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ kwkvIm-c-

Øns‚ ]p\-cp-≤m-c-Ww. s\_p JZ-\-¿ ˛ kmt¶-XnI hnZy ˛ tPymXn-imkvXw

˛ Ie-≠¿ ˛ Xqßn \n¬°p∂ tXm´w ˛ kmlnXyw ˛ _m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ tPm_v.

bqWn‰v 4CuPn-]vjy≥ kwkvImcwCuPn]vXv ˛ ss\¬ \Zn-bpsS Zm\w ˛ cmP-`-c-W-]q¿∆-Imew ˛ s\mam¿°p-Iƒ ˛

cmP-hmgvN°mew ˛ sa\kv ˛ ]mNo\ cmP-hm-gvN-°mew ˛ ]ncanUpIfpsS Imew

21

˛ a[ycmPhmgvN-°mew ˛ \hcmP-hm-gvN-°mew ˛ kmam-PyXz-Øns‚ Imew ˛

`cWtIµßƒ ˛ `cWI¿Øm-°ƒ ˛ Xp´vtamkv ˛ lm‰vsj∏vk´v cm⁄n ˛

Ba≥ tlmsS∏v \mem-a≥ ˛ kmaqlycwKw- ˛ kmºØnItaJe ˛ DXv]mZ\ -_-

‘-ßƒ ˛ sXmgn¬ _‘ßƒ ˛ - CuPn]vjy≥ `mj ˛ ssltdm•o^nIvkv en]n ˛

kmlnXyw ˛ XXz-Nn¥ ˛ imkvX -kmt¶XnI cwKsØ hf¿® ˛ Ie ˛- hmkv-Xp

hnZy- ˛ ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ ˛ t£X-ßƒ ˛ hn⁄m\taJe ˛ aXw ˛ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ

˛kq-cym-cm-[\ ˛ ac-Wm-\-¥c PohnXw.

bqWn‰v 5No\m-\m-K-cn-IXNo\m\mKcnIX - kmaqlycwKw ˛ cmP-hw-i-ßƒ ˛ A[nImctiWn ñ No\en]n

-˛ kmt¶XnI hf¿® ˛ - hmkv-XphnZy ˛ Bcm[\mkºZmbw ˛ kmlnXyw ˛ XXz-

Nn¥

klmbIKŸßƒBaizerman, Michael, 2012, Dawn and Sunset: Insight Into the Mystery of the Early

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22

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23

MU HIS 8104 ]mNo\ C¥y kwkvIm-c-ßfpw

kaq-l-cq-]o-I-c-Whpw

bqWn‰v 1inem-bp-K-kw-kvIm-c-ßƒ

]mIv NcnXw ˛ ]mNo\inem-bpKw ˛ a[y-Im-e-in-em-bpKw ˛ \ho-\-in-em-bpKw ˛

Kplm-Nn-X-ßƒ ˛ inem-Xm--abpKw ˛ Pohn-X-co-Xn-Iƒ ˛ Irjn-bpsS Bcw`w ˛

IpSpw_w F∂ Bibw ˛ Kma-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`m-hw.

bqWn‰v 2kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S-kw-kvImcw

kw⁄m-im-kvXhpw (Terminology) Ime-\n¿W-bhpw (Chronology) DXvJ-\-\-ßƒ

˛ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hnhn[ L´-ßƒ ˛ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ ˛ kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI

cmjvSob kml-N-cy-ßƒ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ XI¿®sb kw_-‘n-°p∂ ssk≤m-

¥nI Xe-ßƒ.

bqWn‰v 3

thZ-Imew

Bcy-∑m-cpsS hc-hns\ kw_-‘n® kn≤m-¥-ßƒ ˛ kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-

Øn¬ \n∂v thZ-Im-e-L-´-Øn-te-bv°p≈ ]cn-h¿Ø\w ˛ thZ-Im-ehpw ]n¬°m-

e-th-Z-Im-ehpw XΩn-ep≈ Xmc-X-ay-]-T\w ˛ kmaq-lyhpw kmº-Øn-Ihpw, aX-]-

c-hp-ambn D≠mb am‰-ßƒ ˛ cmjvSw F∂ k¶¬]w ˛ thZ-km-ln-Xy-ßƒ

bqWn‰v 4

cmP-hm-gvN-bpsS XpS°w

`c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ ]ndhn ˛ c≠mw \K-c-h¬°-cWw ˛ alm-P-\-]-Z-ßƒ ˛ aK-[-

24

Øns‚ Db¿® ˛ aucy-km-amPyw ˛ Atim-I-[¿Ωw ˛ aucy-km-am-Py-Øns‚ ]X-

\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-Iƒ

bqWn‰v 5

aucym-\-¥-c- m-cXw

Ct‚m Ko°p-Im¿ ˛ Ipjm-W≥am¿ ˛ I\n-jvI¿ ˛ iI≥am¿ ˛ iX-hm-l-\≥am¿

˛ BZy-Im-e-X-an-gIw ˛ ]gw-X-angv ]m´p-Ifpw Ah-bnse kwkvIr-Xnbpw ˛ tdma≥

hmWn-Pyw.

bqWn‰v 6

Kp]vX- -c-W-Imew

Kp]vX≥amcpw bpK-]-cn-h¿Ø-\hpw ˛ Kp]vX-km-amPyw ˛ C¥y≥ ^yqU-en-k-

sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-Iƒ ˛ l¿js‚ Imew ˛ Nmeyq-Iy¿ ˛ ]√-h¿ ˛ cmjvS-Iq-

S¿ ˛ tNmg≥am¿ ˛ C¥y a[y-Im-e-Øn-te°v

klmbIKŸßƒk¿∆hn⁄m\tImiw, ]k‡`mKßƒ, Xrip¿, Id‚ v_pIvkv

\mcmbW≥ Fw. Pn . Fkvv, NcnXw, hyhlmcw, tIcfhpw `mcXhpw, Xriq¿,

Id‚ v _pIvkv.

cmLhhmcnb¿.Fw. B¿, 2011, kn‘pen]n ]T\w CXphsc, tImgn-t°mSv, amXr-

`qan _pIvkv.

cmLhhmcnb¿.Fw. B¿, 2014, NcnXØnse C¥y, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan

_pIvkv ˛

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25

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26

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27

MU HIS 8105 tIc-f-N-cnXw ˛ `mKw 1

bqWn‰v 1`qanimkvXw ]cn-ÿnXn

`ua-]-cn-kcw ˛ ]¿∆-X-ßƒ ˛ Npc-ßƒ ˛ \Zn-Iƒ ˛ Imb¬ ˛ kapZw ˛ h\w ˛

aÆv ˛ Imem-hÿ ˛ ag ˛ Rm‰p-th-e-Iƒ ˛ kky-Pm-e-ßƒ ˛ P¥p-Pm-e-ßƒ- ˛

Pohmivaw (t^m-kn¬)

bqWn‰v 2]mIvN-cnX \n¿Ωn-Xn-bpw, hnhn[ ]T-\-im-J-Ifpw

a\p-jy-hm-km-cw`w ˛ BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ ˛ ]men-tbm-en-ØnIv ˛ antkm-en-ØnIv ˛

\ntbm-en-ØnIv ˛ BZn-a-Ip-Sn-tb-‰-ßƒ ˛ BkvS-tem-bn-Up-Iƒ ˛ saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥

Im¿ ˛ t]mfn-t\-jy-°m¿ ˛ ]pcm-h-kvXp-°ƒ Xcp∂ sXfn-hp-Iƒ ˛ \c-hw-i-im-

kvX- ]-T-\-ßƒ ˛ tKmX-kw-kvIm-c-]-T-\-ßƒ ˛ Kplm-Nn-X-Ie ˛ FS-bv°¬ ˛

sXmhcn ˛ ad-bq¿ ˛ sX∑e ˛ Bt¶mSv ˛ Im¿jn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS Bhn¿`m-hw.

bqWn‰v 3Ccp-ºp-bp-K-]-cn-jvIrXn Bcw- -Imew

hnhn-[-Xcw alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-ßƒ ˛ I√-d-Iƒ ˛ I¬h-e-b-ßƒ ˛ \Sp-°√v ˛

IpS-°√v ˛ sXm∏n-°√v ˛ sN¶¬ Kpl-Iƒ ˛ sN¶-√d ˛ Ccp-ºp¬]m-Z-\-hnZy ˛

\∂-ßm-Sn-Iƒ ˛ Ccp-ºns‚ D]-tbm-Kw, hym]\w ˛ a¨]mX \n¿Ωm-W-hnZy ˛

tKmX-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ h∂ am‰-ßƒ ˛ ]q¿∆o-tIm-]m-k\ ˛ Irjn-bpsS hnImkw

˛ Zmhn-U-sam-gn-I-fpsS hnImkw ˛ ]pcm-hkvXp sXfn-hp-Iƒ, kao-]-\-ßƒ.

bqWn‰v 4]gn-¥-angv ]m´p-I-fnse tIc-f-k-aqlw

Ccpºv ]cn-jvIr-Xn-bpsS A¥y-L´w ˛ ]g-¥-angv ]m´pIƒ ˛ XnW k¶ev]w ˛

sF¥n-W-Iƒ ˛ kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw ˛ A[n-Imcw ˛ cmjvSobw ˛ thµ¿ ˛ Ingm¿ ˛

Bbv thƒ ˛ aqh¿ ˛ kvXok-¶ev]w ˛ kmº-ØnI LS-I-ßƒ ˛ hmWnPyw ˛

Ic-hm-Wn-Pyw, IS¬hm-WnPyw ˛ bh\ hmWnPy_‘-ßƒ ˛ ]pcm-X-\- Xp-d-ap-J-

ßƒ ˛ ap-Nn-cn, sXm≠n ˛ hmWn-Py-]m-X-Iƒ ˛ Ic- I-S¬ hmWn-Py-k-ar≤n ˛

D¬]m-Z\ hnX-c-W-k-º-Zmbw ˛ ]p\¿hn-X-cWw ˛ kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-kcw ˛

hnhmlw ˛ BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ ˛ hnt\m-Z-ßƒ.

bqWn‰v 5kmaq-ly-]-cn-h¿Ø\wIrjn-bpsS hym]\w ˛ A[n-hm-k-am-XrI ˛ sXmgn¬ Iq´m-bva-bpsS hnX-cW kº-

28

Zmbw ˛ _rlXv ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw ˛ ssP\, _p≤ kzm[o\w ˛ ioaq-

e-hmkw ˛ ssP\-k-t¶-X-ßƒ ˛ Iev]‰ ˛ ssP\-ta-Sv, _m“W Kma-ß-fpsS

Bhn¿`mhw ˛ D¬]m-Z-\-_-‘-ßƒ, hn`-h-hn-X-cWw ˛ ]mfn-I-I-fm-bp≈ kmaq-

ly-L-S\ ˛ PmXn-ti-Wn-I-fpsS Bcw-`w.

klmbIKŸßƒIp™≥]nff, CfwIpfw, ]n.F≥., 1967, A∂sØ tIcfw , tIm´bw:

F≥._n.Fkv.

KtWjv, sI.-F≥., 1997, tIc-f-Øns‚ C∂-se-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tIcf

kmwkvIm-cnI hIp∏v.

\mcm-b-W≥ Fw.-Pn.-Fkv, 1972, tIcf Ncn-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-in-e-Iƒ, Imen-

°‰v k¿h-I-em-ime.

cmLhhmcnb¿, Fw.-B¿, cmP≥ Kpcp°ƒ, 1991, tIcfNcnXw, `mKw H∂v,

ipI]pcw: hfftØmƒ hnZym]oTw.

chn-h¿Ω, sI.-Sn, 2014, ]≠sØ ae-bm-f-°-c, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-

‰yq´v

cmP≥.sI, 2015, `qX-Im-e-Øns‚ Isøm-∏p-Iƒ, ]k‡n _pIvkv ]Ø-\w-Xn´.

cmtP-jv. sI.-]n, 1916, hS-°≥ ae-_m¿: kaq-lhpw Ncn-Xhpw, tIm´bw.

cmtP-jv, sI.-]n., 1916, apXp-a-°-Øm-gn, tIm´-bw.

kp\n-XvIp-am¿, kn.-sI, 2014, Im¿jn-I-]m-c-ºcyw tIc-f-Øn¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,

tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

\mb¿ i¶-c≥, hn., 2014, s\√v ]ucm-Wn-I-tI-c-f-Øn¬, Xriq¿, tIc-f-km-lnXy

A°m-Z-an.

\mb-tØmSv, tP°-_v, 2016, kwL-Im-esØ P\-Po-hn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Nn¥m

]ªn-tj-gvkv.

\mcm-b-W≥ Fw.-Pn.-F-kv, 2015, NcnXw hyh-lm-cw, tIc-fhpw `mc-X-hpw, Xriq¿

Id‚ v _pIvkv.

t_mkvtIm, tUm¨, 2017, apkn-cn-kns‚ Im¬]m-Sp-I-fn-eq-sS, tImgn-t°m-Sv, Kmkv

dq´vkv.

Achan, Anujan P., 1948: Annual Report of the Archaeological Department: Cochin

State for the year 1122 M.E (1946-1947AD) Ernakulam: Cochin Government Press. &

Annual Report of the Archaeological Department: Cochin State for the year 1123

M.E (1947-1948AD) Ernakulam : Cochin Government Press.

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Cosmo Books.

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AD 1300, Delhi, Oxford University Press.

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29

Trivandrum: Kerala Gazatteers Dept.

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Department of Archaeology series No. 1), Trivandrum: Department of Archaeology.

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Expansion in Tamilakam", Reproduced in B.D Chattopadhyaya (ed) Essays in Ancient

Indian Economic History, Delhi, 1987.

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Press.

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Madras,

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30

c≠mw ska-Ã¿

MU HIS 8206 NcnX cN\m ]≤Xn

MU HIS 8207 ]pcm-XXz hn⁄m-\obw

MU HIS 8208 temI-N-cnXw \mK-cn-I-X-I-fn¬ \n∂pw

kmam-Py-ß-fn-te°v

MU HIS 8209 a[y-Ime C¥y kao-]-\w, ]cn-t]£yw


MU HIS 8210 tIc-f-N-cnXw mKw 2 (\n¿_-‘nX sF—n-Iw)

31

MU HIS 8206 Ncn-X-c-N-\m-]≤Xn (Historical Methods)

bqWn‰v 1NcnXw: hnI-kn-°p∂ kmaq-lnI imkvXw`qX-Im-ehpw Ncn-Xhpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw ˛ F¥mWv NcnX hkvXpX? Ncn-

X hkvXp-X-I-fpsS kz`mhw ˛ B¿X¿ am¿hn-Iv, Pn.-B¿. F¬´¨, C.-F-®v.-

Im¿, IoØv sP≥In≥kv F∂n-h-cpsS kao-]-\w. Ncn-X-Ønse Imcy-Im-cW

_‘w ˛ s_\-UnIvt‰m tIms®, B¿.-Pn.-tIm-fnwKv hpUv, C.-F-®v. Im¿, ]mSnIv

Km¿U-\¿

bqWn‰v 2]mcw` L´w (Preliminary Stage)

F¥mWv Kth-jWw? NcnX Kth-j-W-Øns‚ hyXykvX cq]-ßƒ ˛ NcnX

]iv\-Øns‚ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v AYhm Kth-jW hnj-b-Øns‚ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v ˛

Xm¬°m-enI KŸ-kqNn ˛ t\m´vkv D≠m-°p∂ hn[w ˛ Im¿Uv kº-Zmbw ˛

th¿Uv t]mk-¿ ^b¬.

bqWn‰v 3]am-W-ß-fpsS ]m[m\ywkmlnXy ]am-W-ßƒ, Ah-bpsS ]iv\-ß-fpw, ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw ˛ ]pcm-hkvXp

]am-W-ßƒ, Ah-bpsS km[y-X-Iƒ ˛ hmsamgn ]am-W-ß-fpsS km[y-X-Ifpw

]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw ˛ anØpw Ncn-Xhpw ˛ anØns‚ A]-K-Y-\w, D]-tbmKw ˛ Kth-

jW ]≤-Xn-bpsS cq]-tcJ ˛ ]cn-I-ev]\ ˛ _lp-hn-j-b, hnj-bm-¥-cob kao-]-

\-ßƒ ˛ Ncn-Xhpw a‰p kmaq-lnI imkvX-ß-fpw.

bqWn‰v 4A]-K-Y\ L´w (Analytical Stage)

]amW ]cn-tim-[\ ˛ _mly hna¿i-\hpw B¥c hna¿i-\-hpw, _mly

hna¿i\w ˛ I¿Øm-hv, Ime-]-kvXm-h-\, D¤h ]kvXmhw, B¥c hna¿i\w

32

˛ A£-cm¿∞hpw bYm¿∞ A¿∞-hpw, ap≥hn-[n-Ifpw ]£-]m-X-ß-fpw, AIm-

en-I-Xzw, D≈-S-°-Ønse ]c-kv]c sshcp-≤yw, Ahy-‡-X, `mjm sshI-ey-ßƒ,

A£-c-sØ-‰p-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 5FgpØp L´w (Drafting Stage)

kwK-ln-s®-gp-Øv, ]cm-h¿Ø\w F∂n-h-bpsS D]-tbmKw ˛ a‰p≈ Kth-j-I-

cpsS hmIy-ßfpw Bi-b-ßfpw AtX-]Sn ]I¿Øp∂ Kth-jW cwKsØ tamj-

W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Ah-t_m[w, ˛ hni-Zo-I-c-Ww, F¥v? F¥p-sIm≠v? hnS-hp-

Iƒ \nI-Øp∂ hn[w ˛ krjvSn-]-c-amb bp‡n-hn-Nmcw ˛ kmam-\y-h-XvI-cWw

(generalization) A[ym-b-ßƒ Xncn-°¬ ˛ ap≥]-T-\-ß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ˛

D]-tbm-Kn® ]am-W-ßfpw coXn-im-kvX-hpw, A[ym-b-ßfpsS bp‡n-]-c-amb

hn\ymkw ˛ ASn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ ˛ KŸ-kqNn ˛ ]Z-hn-h-cWw ˛ kqNnI ˛ A\p-_-

‘w.

klmbIKŸßƒ

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿ Fw.-B¿, 2016, NcnXw coXn-im-kvX-]-T-\-ßƒ, Xncq¿ Xp-©-sØ-

gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h--I--em-ime ]am-W-]-c-ºc 1.

Anderson, Jonathan et.al (1988) : 2009, Thesis and Assignment Writing. New Delhi,

Wiley Eastern Ltd.

Bloch, Marc, (1949) 1992, The Historian's Craft, U.K, Manchester University Press

Carr. E.H, (1964) 2008, What is History? Australia, Penguin Books.

Daniels.V.Robert, 1981, Studying History: How and Why, Prentice - Hall

Elton G.R , 2002, The Practice of History, Wiley Blachwell

Gibaldi, Joseph, 2003, MLA handbook for Writers of Research Papers. New York, MLA

(Modern Language Association)

Gottschalk.L, (1963) 1967, Generalization in the Writing of History, Chicago/London,

University of Chicago Press

Marwick, Arthur, 1970, The Nature of History, London, Macmillan

Sorenson, Sharon, 2002, How to Write Reseach Papers., Thomson/Areco

Vansina, Jan, 1985, Oral Tradition as History, University of Wizconsin

William.J. Goode and Paul K. Hatt, 1952, The methods of Social Research, McGraw -

Hill

33

MU HIS 8207 ]pcm-X-Xz-hn-⁄m-\obw

bqWn‰v 1

]pcm-X-Xz-hn-⁄m-\obw k¶¬]-\ßƒ, imJ-Iƒ

]pcm-X-Xz-hn-⁄m-\obw, e£yw, hym]vXn ˛ ]pcm-X-Xz-hn-⁄m-\o-bhpw CXc

ssh⁄m-\nI imJ-Ifpw (hn-j-bm-¥-cob kao-]-\w) N-cn-Xw, \c-hw-i-im-kvXw,

`qK¿ -im-kvXw, P¥p-im-kvXw, kky-im-kvXw, uXn-I-im-kvXw, ck-X-¥w. ]pcm-

X-Xz--hn-⁄m-\obw: hn-hn[ imJ-Iƒ ˛ Ncn-Xm-XoXw ˛ Ncn-X-Imew ˛ ]mcn-ÿn-

XnI ]pcm-XXzw ˛ hymh-km-bnI ]pcm-XXzw ˛ \Kc ]pcm-XXzw ˛ P\-h¿K-]p-cm-

XXzw ˛ Pem-¥¿KX ]pcm-XXzw ˛ kwc-£W ]pcm-X-Xzw. ]pcm-X-Xz-hn-⁄m-\obw:

ASn-ÿm\ k¶¬]\-ßƒ, ]pcm-h-kvXp-°ƒ, Ah-bpsS ]Ir-Xw, Ah-bpsS

kwLm-Xw, ]pcm-X-Xz-]-cn-jvIr-Xn. kµ¿`w ˛ ]mY-an-Iw, ZznXo-bw, ÿm\o-bw,

ImenIw ˛ AS-cv, AS¿]-T-\w, \nt£]w, ÿm\w, kam]vX ÿm\w ˛ _lp-]-cn-

jvIrXn ÿm\-ßƒ, GI-]-cn-jvIrXn ÿm\-ßƒ

bqWn‰v 2

]pcm-XXz-hn-⁄m-\o-bw- N-cnXw kn≤m-¥-ßƒ

]pcmhkvXp Xm¬]cyw ˛ Im-ev]-\n-IX ˛ ss__nƒ ]pcm-XXzw ˛ XnbpK Ime-

I-a-am-XrI ˛ kn.sP. tXmwk¨, sl≥dnJv «oam≥ ˛ tSmbv \K-c-Øns‚ Is≠-

Ø¬ ˛ P\-d¬ ]o‰v dnth¿kv, ^vfn≥tUgvkv s]Sn ˛ B¿X¿ Chm≥kv ˛ entbm-

-Wm¿Uv hqfn ˛ slmhmUv Im¿´¿ ˛ XqY≥Im-as‚ ih-Ip-Socw ˛ eqbnkv eot°

˛ B-^n-°-bpsS Ncn-Xm-Xo-X-Im-ew. C¥y-bn¬: Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ IÆnwKvlmw ˛

B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ k¿th Hm^v C¥y ˛ satUmkv sSbve¿ ˛ tdm_¿´v _qkv

^q´v ˛ Igvk¨]`p ˛ tPm¨ am¿j¬ ˛ Zb dmw kmlv\n, B¿.-Un. _m\¿Pn,

Hud¬ sÃbn≥, tam¿´n-a¿ hoe¿. kzmX-¥ym-\-¥c C¥y-bn¬ ˛ F. tLmjv,

F®v.-Un. kwLm-en-b, hn.-Un. IrjvW-kzm-an, _n.-_n.-em¬, Fw.-F≥. tZiv]m-sfi,

34

_n.-sI. Ym∏¿, Fkv. B¿. dmhp, sF.-sI.-i¿a, Un.-kn. k¿°m¿, B¿.-F-kv.-_n-

jvSv. kwkvImc ˛ NcnX kao-]\w (km-º-Zm-bnI kao-]-\w) \ho\ ]pcm-X-Xzw/

]In-bm-flI ]pcm-XXzw ˛ kwkvImcw Hcp hyh-ÿ-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ ˛ hkvXp,

kw`hw F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ ]In-bbv°v Du∂¬ ˛ ]pcm-XXzw ]I-S-imkvXw ˛

]tW-Xm-°ƒ ˛ eqbnkv _n≥t^m-Uv, tImfn≥ sd≥^p, sI‚ v ^vtf\dn.

am¿Ivknb≥ ]pcm-XXzw ˛ kmaq-ly-_-‘-ßƒ°v tIµ-]-Zhn ˛ LS-\m-flI kao-

]\w sshcp-≤y-ßfpw kwL¿j-ßfpw ImXemb hnjbw a\p-jy-]-h¿Ø\w

Ncn-X-Øns‚ Nme-I-i-‡n. ]tW-Xm-°ƒ ˛ tKm¿U≥ ssN¬Uv, _qkvSn-K¿.

enwK-]-Z-hnbpw ]pcm-X-Xz-hn-⁄m-\o-bhpw, ]pcm-hkvXp ]am-W-ßsf hymJym-

\n-°p-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ B¨tIm-bva-bpsS ap≥hn-[n-Iƒ ]tW-Xm-°ƒ ˛ am¿K-

c‰v tImwsI, Pm\‰v kvs]Iv‰¿, sPmhm≥ sKtcm, sse≥ sakvI¬.

hymJym\mfl ]pcm-XXzw/]In-bm-\-¥c ]pcm-X-Xzw. ]pcm-X-Xz-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øn¬

\n¿eo-\-am-bn-cn-°p∂ cmjvSo-bw, ]Xy-b-imkvXw F∂n-h-bpsS A\m-—m-Z-\w ˛

]tW-Xm-°ƒ ˛ Cbm≥ slmÕ¿, anJm-tb¬ jm¶vkv, InÃ-^¿ Sn√n

bqWn‰v 3

D]-cn-Xe ]cy-th-£Ww/DXvJ-\\ coXn-Iƒ

`q]-S-]-T\w ˛ ÿm\-]-cy-S\w ˛ taJem ]cy-th£Ww

imkvXob kao-]-\-ßƒ: Ce-IvSn-kn‰n sdkn-Ãn-hn‰n k¿th, t]mt´m¨ am·t‰m

ao‰¿ k¿th, BIm-i-]-cy-th-£-Ww, D]-K-l-Nn-X-ßƒ, Pem-¥¿KX ]cy-th-

£Ww

DXvJ-\-\-co-Xn-Iƒ: ewt_m-XvJ-\\w ˛ Xnc-›o\ DXvJ-\\w ˛ ]mZmwi DXvJ-\\w

AS¿, Ipgn, ih-Ip-So-c-ßƒ, sI´n-S-ßƒ F∂n-hbpsS DXvJ-\-\-Øn\v Ah-ew-

_n-°p∂ kmt¶-XnI am¿K-ßƒ

bqWn‰v 4Ime-K-W\m ]≤-Xn-IƒIme-K-W\m ]≤-Xn-Iƒ: kp\n-›nX Ime-K-W\m ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ˛ tdUntbm

Im¿_¨, sX¿tam eqav\n-sk≥kv, B¿°ntbm ˛ amKv\‰n-kw, s]m´mkyw ˛

B¿K¨, sU¨tUm tImtWm-f-Pn, Bt]-£nI Ime-K-W\m ]≤-Xn-Iƒ:

AS¿]-T-\w, ^vfqdn≥ ˛ t^mkvt^‰v A]-K-Y\w

bqWn‰v 5

]mam-Wo-I-c-Ww, ]kn-≤o-I-cWw

ÿm\-hn-h-cWw ÿm\-hn-h-c-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ t\m´p-_p°v ]pcm-hkvXp

cPn-Ã¿, a¨]m-X-ß-fpsS h¿Ko-I-c-Whpw Ah-bpsS tcJm-Nn-X-ß-fpw, t^mt´m

]mam-Wo-I-c-Ww, t^mt´m cPn-Ã¿ B¬_w

]kn-≤o-I-cWw: DXvJ-\\ dnt∏m¿´v, io¿j-Iw, A_vkvSmIv‰v, apJ-hp-c, DXvJ-\-

\-Øns‚ kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ - ]pcm-X-Xz-]-cn-jvIr-Xn-I-fp-sS AS¿hn-\ym-khpw Ime-

35

I-ahpw ˛ LS\bpw a‰v LS-I-ßfpw ˛ a¨]m-X-ßƒ ˛ a\pjy \n¿Ωn-Xn-Iƒ ˛

kmt¶-XnI dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ ˛ hymJym-\-ßfpw \nK-a-\-ßfpw ˛ KŸ-kqNn ˛ NnXo-

I-cWw ˛ A\p-_-‘-ßƒ.

klmbIKŸßƒAgarwal. D.P, 1982, Archaeology of India, Copenhagen, Scandinavian Institute of

Asian Studies.

Aitken.M, 1990, Science Based Dating in Archaeology, London, Longman

Anders. A, 1998, Between Artifacts and Texts: Historical Archaeology in Global Per-

spective, New York: Plenum Press.

Barker, Philip, 1982, Techniques of Archaeological Excavation, London: Batsford.

Binford.L.R, 1972, An Archaeological Perspective, Seminar, New York: Academic

Press.

Chakrabarti.D.K, 1988, A History of Indian Archaeology, From the Beginning to 1947,

New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Childe, Gordon.V, 1942, What Happened in History, Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Childe, Gordon.V, Archaeology as a Social Science. University of London, Third

Annual Report, pp.

Childe.Gordon.V, 1951, Man Makes Himself, London: Watts.

Clark David. L, 1968, Analytical Archaeology, London: Methuen Young Books.

Courbin, Paul, 1988, What is Archaeology?, Chicago University Press

Fagan.B.M, 1996, The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, New York, Oxford Univer-

sity Press.

Raman, K.V., 1976, Principles and Methods of Archaeology, Madras, Parthajan Pub-

lications.

Ramesh, B.R., 2007, Forest Landscapes of the Southern Western Ghats: India:

Biodiversity, Human Ecology and Management Strategies, Institute Francais de

Pondichery

Rao, Gururaja, B.K.,1972, The Megalithic Culture of South India. Mysore: Prasaranga.

Renfrew, Colin, Paul Bahn, 1991, Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice,

Thames & Hudson.

Sankalia, H.D., 1974, Prehistory and Protohistory in India and Pakistan, Pune, Deccan

College,.

36

MU HIS 8208 temI-N-cnXw: \mK-cn-I-X-I-fn¬ \n∂pw

kmam-Py-ß-fn-te°v

bqWn‰v 1

\mK-cn-IXbpsS XpS¿®\mK-cn-I-X-bpsS XpS¿® PqX-∑m¿ t]¿jy≥ kmamPyw GPn-b≥ kwkvImcw

˛ "¢mkn-°¬' kwkvIm-c-ßƒ ˛ Ko°v \K-c-cm-jvS-ßƒ ˛ Koknse tlma¿

bpKw ˛ sl√-\nIv Ime-L´w ˛ kmwkvIm-cnI kw`m-h-\-Iƒ, amkn-tUm-Wn-b≥

kmamPyw ˛ sl√-\n-ÃnIv \K-c-ßƒ ˛ tdma≥ dn∏-ªnIv ˛ LS\ ˛ tdmam-km-

amPyw ˛ "]mIvkv sdmam\' ˛ aXw ˛ \K-c-h-XvI-cWw ˛ kmwkvIm-cnI ss]XrIw

˛ tdmam-km-am-Py-Øns‚ XI¿® ˛ aXhpw cmjvSo-bhpw ˛ ]uckvXy tdmam-km-

amPyw ˛ kmwkvIm-cnI ss]XrIw ˛ InkvXp-aXw ˛ \nba kwlnX ˛ hmkvXp-

hn-Zy.

bqWn‰v 2

a≤y-Im-e-bqtdm∏v`c-W-IqSw ˛ BZy-Ime `c-W-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ ˛ ^yqU-enkw ˛ ]≈n-bpsS ]¶v ˛

^yqU-en-khpw cm„hpw ˛ ^yqU¬ _‘-ß-fpsS XI¿® ˛ Kn¬Up-Iƒ ˛ I®-

hSw ˛ k\ym-km-i-a-]-ÿm\w ˛ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-Iƒ ˛ hnip≤ tdmam kmamPyw

˛ am¿∏m-∏bpw NI-h¿Ønbpw ˛ A[n-Im-c-Ø¿°-ßƒ

bqWn‰v 3

a≤y-Ime Gjybpw B^n-°bpwa[y-Im-e-Ønse sXt° Gjy ˛ C¥y, ssN\˛ \K-c-ß-fpsS Db¿®: cm„o-b-˛-

kmw-kvIm-cnI LS-I-ßƒ ˛ Gjy-bnse ^yqU-enkw ˛ kmaq-lyhpw kmº-Øn-

I-hp-amb am‰-ßƒ ˛ sX°v Ingt° Gjy ˛ _mlykzm[o-\-ßƒ ˛ B^n-°≥

kwkvIm-c-ßƒ.

bqWn‰v 4

C…manI kmamPywC…mw aX-Øns‚ Db¿®bpw hf¿®bpw ˛ Imen-t^‰vkv ˛ A∫m-knZv, Da-ø-Zv ˛

37

Hmt´m-a≥ `c-W-Iq-S-ßƒ ˛ kaqlw ˛ imkvXhpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw ˛

kmlnXyw ˛ hnZym-`ymkw ˛ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hym]\w ˛ Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-ßƒ

bqWn‰v 5

I®-h-Sw, kwkvImcwa[y-Im-e-bp-K-Øn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ am‰w ]Xn-∂mev ]Xn-\©v \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse temIw

˛ I®-hSw ˛ Xpd-ap-J-ßƒ ˛ \K-c-ßƒ ˛ Xpd-ap-J-\Kcßƒ ˛ IpSn-tb-‰-ßƒ ˛

kmaq-ly -˛- kmw-kvIm-cn-I-h-f¿® ˛ \thm-∞m-\w.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒPam¬ apl-ΩZv, 2014, Ad-_n-I-fpsS Ncn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-

‰yq´v,

Anthony, Roland, Oliver Atmore, 2001, Medievel Africa, 1250-1800, Cambridge

University Press.

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Byres T.J, Harbans Mukhia, 1985, Feudalism and Non-European Soceities, London,

Frank Cass & Company.

Durant, Will, 1954, The Age of Faith: The Story of Civilization,Vol.4, New york, Simon

Schuster

Fisher H.A.L, 1977, A History of Europe, Fontana and Collins

Frazee, Charles A , 1997, World History: Ancient and Medieval times to AD 1500, New

York, Barron's Educational Series.

Khuri Hitti, Philip , 1996, The Arabs: A Short History, Washington, Regnery Publishing.

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Marilyn, Chaso, Martha Kuhn, 1969, Greek - 'The Hellenic Age', Lorenz Educational

Press.

Millar, Fergus, 2006, A Greek Roman Empire: Power & Belief under Theodosius II,

University of California Press.

Sharma R.S, 2006, Indian Feudalism, AD 300-1200, 3rd edn., Macmillan,.

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Through History, London, Greenwood Press.

Wise Bauer, Susan, 2010, The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of

Constantine to the First Crusade, WW Norton and Company.

38

MU HIS 8209 a[y-Ime C¥y; kao-]-\w, ]cn-t]£yw

bqWn‰v 1kp¬Øm-t\‰v c-W-Imew

a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ cmjvSob kmaqly kmº-ØnI ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

˛ apl-ΩZv Kkv\n, apl-ΩZv tKmdn ˛ ap…o-ß-fpsS hchv ˛ U¬ln kp¬Øm-t\-

‰ns‚ ÿm]\w ˛ `cWw ˛ kmº-ØnI ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ ˛ \mW-b-hy-hÿ ˛ \K-

c-ßƒ ˛ `qD-Sa kº-Zmbw ˛ H∂mw ]m\n-∏Øv bp≤w.

bqWn‰v 2apKƒ kmam-Py-L-S\

apKƒ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpw tIµo-Ir-X-`-cW hyh-ÿbpw ˛ AIv_-dns‚ `c-W-Iq-

S-hy-hÿ ˛ kmwkvIm-cn-I-am-bp≈ Ne-\-ßƒ ˛ kq¿ kmam-Pyhpw sj¿jm-kq-

cnbpw ˛ Hudw-K-ko-_ns‚ aX-\-b-ßƒ ˛ hnP-b-\-Kc _m‹n\n kmam-Py-ßƒ.

bqWn‰v 3

adm-Øbpw inh-Pnbpw

alm-cm-jvS-bpsS DW¿hv ˛ inh-Pn-bpsS `c-W-X-¥-ßƒ ˛ apKƒ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-

Ifpw inh-Pn-bp-am-bp≈ `c-W-]-c-amb _‘-ßƒ ˛ t]jzm-`-cWw ˛ `‡n-]-ÿm-

\-ßƒ ˛ kq^nkw ˛ alm-cm-jvS-[¿Ω.

bqWn‰v 4

a[y-Ime kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy, hnZym- ym-kw, Ie, kmlnXyw

in¬]-]m-c-ºcyw ˛ kp¬Øm-t\‰v apKƒ ˛ in¬]-ssi-en-Iƒ ˛ k¿h-I-em-im-e-

Iƒ ˛ Iebpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ ]mtZ-in-I-Xbpw ˛ kwkvIr-Xo-I-c-W-hpw.

39

bqWn‰v 5

kaqlw: kwkvIm-c-]-cn-Wm-a-X-e-ßƒ

`mcXw ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ˛ kaqe ]cn-h¿Ø\w ˛ apKƒ kmam-Py-Øns‚

]X\w ˛ ]m›m-Xy-\m-hn-I-i-‡n-I-fpsS hchv ˛ hmWnPy IpØ-I-Iƒ

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

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New Delhi, Oxford University Press.

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Beveridge, Henry (trans.) The Akbar Nama of Abu - l - Fazl, 2010, Delhi, Low Prize

Publications, Reprint.

Bhandarakar R.G., 1965, Vaishnavism, Shaivism and Minor Religious Systems, Varanasi,

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Brown, Percy, 1958, Indian Architecture : (Islamic Period), Bombay, D.B Taraporevala

Sons.

Chandra, Satish, 1997, Historiography, Religion and State in Medieval India, Delhi,

Har - Anand Publications Ltd.

Chandra, Satish, 2003, Essays on Medieval Indian History, Delhi, OUP.

Chandra, Satish (ed.), 2008, Religion, State and Society in Medieval India: Collected

works of S. Nurul Hassan, New Delhi, OUP.

Chandra, Satish, 1979, (First published, 1959), Parties and Politics at the Mughal Court,

Delhi, People's Publishing House.

Chandra, Satish, 1998, Medieval India, Vol. I from Sultante to the Mughals, New Delhi,

(in Hindi also) Har - Anand Publications Pvt Ltd.

Chandra, Satish, 2003, Essays on Medieval Indian History, Vol.2, New Delhi, OUP.

Chandra, Satish, 2004, Medieval India, Vol. 1 and II, New Delhi, Har-Anand Publications.

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42

MU HIS 8210 tIc-f-N-cnXw ˛ `mKw 2

bqWn‰v 1]am-W-km-a-Kn-Iƒ

Xcn-km-∏≈n]´bw ˛ PqX-]-´bw ˛ enJn-X-ßƒ ˛ kmln-Xy-e-£y-ßƒ ˛ ]pcm-h-

kvXp-]-T\w ˛ \mW-b-ßƒ ˛ aWn-]-hmfw ˛ k©m-c-km-lnXyw ˛ ]´Ww DXvJ-

\\w ˛ ]T-\-ßƒ.

bqWn‰v 2s]cpamƒ Ime-L´w

Cfw-Ip-f-Øns‚ \nco-£-W-ßƒ ˛ Fw.-Pn.-F-ns‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ ˛ atlm-Z-b-

]pcw tNc-∑m¿ ˛ hwim-hen ˛ Ime-Iaw ˛ t£X-tI-µo-IrX A[n-Im-c-L-S\ ˛

_m“-W-Km-a-ß-fpsS hf¿®bpw hnIm-khpw ˛ D]-Km-a-ßƒ ˛ Xfn-Iƒ ˛ Xfn-

bm-Xn-cn-am¿ ˛ Xe-ÿm\w ˛ \mSp-Iƒ ˛ tImbn-e-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ ˛ Xt±-i-`-c-W-kw-hn-

[m\w ˛ \Kcw ˛ Ducv ˛ I®-ßƒ ˛ aqgn-°pfw I®w ˛ \m´p-tk-\-Iƒ ˛ Bbncw ˛

\q-‰p-h¿ ˛ \ng¬ ˛ c£m-t`m-Kw.

bqWn‰v 3

kmaqly kmº-ØnI _‘-ßƒ

Im¿jn-I-hrØn ˛ hym]\w ˛ t£X-tI-µo-IrX kaqlw ˛ Ducm-f¿ ˛ Imcm-f¿ ˛

A¥-cm-f-h¿§w kmº-ØnIw \mW-b-ßƒ Af-hp-Iƒ Xq°-ßƒ \nIpXn

˛ hmWnPyw ˛ ][m-\-Xp-d-ap-J-ßƒ ˛ Ggn-ae, amSmbn ˛ sIm√w ˛ IS¬hm-Wn-Py-

_-‘-ßƒ ˛ PqX-∑m¿ ˛ ssN\-°m¿ ˛ a[y-Im-e -k-©mckmln-Xy-ßƒ.

bqWn‰v 4kmwkvIm-cnI ssh⁄m-\nI ]cn-kcw

hmkvXp-hnZy ˛ t£X-hm-kvXp-Ie ˛ Krl-\n¿Ωm-W-Ie ˛ sImØp-]-Wn-Iƒ ˛

kmlnXyw kwkvIr-Xw, Xangv \mS-I-ßƒ B´-]-Im-cw, Ia-Zo-]nI mjbpw

en]nbpw ˛ tPymXn-im-kvX-]m-c-ºcyw ˛ KWn-X-]m-c-ºcyw ˛ XØz-Nn¥ ˛ i¶-c-

Z¿i-\w.

43

bqWn‰v 5kzcq-]-Im-e-L´w: A[n-Im-cw, kmº-ØnIw

kzcq]w ˛ \n¿h-N\w ˛ Iqdp-hm-gvN-bn¬ \n∂v kzcq-]-hm-gvN-bn-te°v ˛ A[n-Imc

kzcq]w hyXykvX kz`mhw ˛ tZi-hmgn ˛ \mSp-hmgn ˛ tIc-f-Ønse kzcq-]-

ßƒ ˛ CS]`p-°≥am-cpsS hf¿®bpw kzm[o-\hpw ˛ thWm-Sv ˛ t£X-Øns‚

cmjvSob kzm[o\w ˛ DtZym-K-hrµw ˛ ]nSm-I-tbm-Kw, afi-]-Øpw-hm-Xp-°¬ ˛

k¿∆m-[n-Im-cy-°m-c≥ ˛ DXn-c-°p-d-Xp-°¬ ˛ tImgn-t°mSv ˛ Ip∂-e-t°m≥ ˛ tNcn-

°¬ ˛ Xe-s®-∂-h¿ ˛ amam¶w ˛ temI¿]S ˛ `fim-c-h-cp-am\w ˛ hncp-Øn ˛

hmWnPyw ˛ ]›n-ta-jy≥ LS-I-ßƒ

klmbIKŸßƒ

Ipª³]n-Å, Cfw-Ipfw, ]n.-F³, 1953, mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw \qäm-p-I-fnÂ,tIm-«bw.

Ipª³]n-Å, Cfw-Ipfw, ]n.-F³, 1953, tIc-f- m-j-bpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-§Ä,

tIm-«bw.

Ipª³]nÅ, Cfw-Ip-fw, ]n.-F³, 1959, P·n-k-¼-Zm-bw tIcf nÂ,- tIm-«bw,\mj-WÂ _p¡v ÌmÄ

Ipdp- v. sI.-sI.-F³ (FUn), 1986, IqSmfn KÙ-hcn, Imen-¡äv bqWn-th-gvknänlntÌm-dn-¡Â kocokv, \w. 2, bqWn-th-gvknän Hm v Imen-¡äv.

Ipdp- v. sI.-sI.-F³ (FUn), 1990, Ih-f- md t]t gvkv, Imen-¡äv bqWn-th-gvknän lntÌm-dn-¡Â kocokv, \w. 4, bqWn-th-gvknän Hm v Imen-¡äv.

KtW-jv sI. -F³, 1997, tIc-f-¯nsâ C¶-se-IÄ, Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw, tIcfkmwkvIm-cnI ]kn-²o-I-c-W-h-Ip- v.

KtW-jv sI. -F³, 2012, tIc-f-kaqlw C¶v \msf, tIm«bw, kmln-Xy-]-hÀ -I-k-l-I-c-W-kw-Lw.

KpÀ«v slÀa³, (1868), 2014, tIc-f-]-g-a, kv¡dnb k¡-dn-b (-F-Un), tIm«-bw,kmln-Xy-]-hÀ¯I kl-I-c-W-kw-Lw.

tZh-bm-\n.sI (1989) 2011, tNmcbpw I®ocpw \\ª hgn-I-Ä, XriqÀ, ka-X.

\mc-mb-W³ Fw.-Pn.-Fkv (FUn), 1984, htªcn KÙ-hcn, Imen-¡äv bqWn-th-gvknän lntÌm-dn-¡Â kocokv, \w. 1, bqWn-th-gvknän Hm v Imen-¡äv.

cmLhhmcnbÀ., Fw. BÀ, 1990, tIc-fo-bX Ncn-X-am-\-§Ä, ipI-]p-cw, hÅ-t¯mÄ hnZym-]oTw

cmL-h-hm-cn-bÀ Fw.- BÀ, 2006, A½ hgn-tI-c-fw, XrÈqÀ, tIc-f-km-lnXyA¡m-Zan

cmL-h-hm-cn-bÀ Fw.- BÀ, 1994, a²y-Im-e-tI-cfw, hff-t mÄ hnZym]oTw, ipI-]pcw.

44

cmL-h-hm-cn-bÀ Fw.-BÀ & cmP³ Kpcp-¡Ä, 1991, tIc-f-N-cn-Xw, thmfyw.1, ipI-]p-cw, hÅ-t mÄ hnZym-]oTw

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cmL-h-hm-cn-bÀ.-Fw.-BÀ, 1984, tIc-tfmÂ] n KÙ-hcn, tIme p\m«p hg-

¡-§Ä, Imen-¡äv bqWn-th-gvknän lntÌm-dn-¡Â kocokv, \w. 3, bqWn-th-gvknänHm v Imen-¡äv.

cXv\-½, 1976, A\- -]p-c-hÀ®\w, Xncp-h-\- -]p-cw, Zmhn-Un-b³ enwKzn-ÌnIvkvAtkm-kn-tb-j³ tIc-f-kÀh-I-em-im-e.

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ioPn- v.-C, 2016, tIc-f- nse hnZym- ym-kw, NcnXwþhÀ -am-\w, tIm«bw, kmln-Xy-]-hÀ -I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw.

tkma³, ]n., 2014, tZh-Zm-kn-Ifpw kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-hpw, Xncp-h-\- -]p-cw, tIc-f-mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v.

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A m-cmjvS tIc-f-]-T-\-tI-µw, Imcy-h-«w, tIcfm bqWn-th-gvkn-än

lcn-Zm-kv.-hn.hn, 2015, amam-¦hpw Nmthdpw, tIm«bw, kmln-Xy-]-hÀ -I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw.

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45

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46

aq∂mw ska-Ã¿MU HIS 8311 B[p-\n-I]m›m-Xy-temIw: P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚

hf¿®bpw a\p-jym-h-Imi]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw

MU HIS 8312 B[p-\nI C¥y: tImf-\n-hm-gvN, \thm∞m-\w,

tZio-b-]-ÿm\w

MU HIS 8313 tIc-f-N-cnXw: km-aq-ly-]-cn-jv°-c-Whpw

tZiob ]ÿm\hpw

MU HIS 8314 `mc-Xob NcnX cN-\m-N-cnXw (\n¿_-‘nX sF—n-Iw)

MU HIS 8315 s]mXp sF-—n-Iw

47

MU HIS 8311 B[p-\n-I]m›m-Xy-temIw: P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ hf¿®bpw a\p-jym-h-Imi ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw

bqWn‰v 1B[p-\n-I-Xbv°v Hcp apJ-hpc

Ata-cn-°≥ hnπ-h-hpw a\p-jym-h-Im-i -]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ˛ Ata-cn-°-

bpsS A[n-\n-thiw ˛ ]Xn-aq∂v tImf-\n-Iƒ ˛ tImf-\n-I-fnse sshcp≤yw ˛

tSmws]-bn≥kv ˛ ""]mXn-\n-[y-an-√msX \nIpXn Npa-Ø-cpXv'' ˛ t_mÃ¨ So ]m¿ń

˛ kzmX-¥y-bp-≤-ßƒ ˛ tPm¿Pv hmjnw-KvS¨ ˛ tXmakv sPt^-gvk¨ ˛ kzmX-

¥y-]-Jym-]\w ˛ t]mcm-bva-Iƒ ˛ ]pXnb `c-W-L-S\ ˛ ASn-a-Iƒ ˛ HØp-Xo¿∏p-

Iƒ ˛ PpUo-jy¬ dnhyq ˛ sUUv kvt°m´v hn[n ˛ Ata-cn-°≥ B`y-¥-c-bp-

≤hpw AXns‚ am\-ßfpw ˛ F_lmw en¶¨ ˛ Iq¢Ivkv ¢m≥ ˛ em‰n≥ Ata-

cn-°≥ hnπ-h-ßƒ ˛ ]iv\-ßƒ ˛ a¨tdm kn≤m¥w

bqWn‰v 2^©p-hn-πhw

]g-b-hy-hÿ ˛ aq∂p-X-´p-Iƒ ˛ _q¿jzm-kn-I-fpsS Db¿® ˛ ^m≥knse

⁄mt\m-Zbw ˛ F≥ssk-t¢m-]o-Unb ˛ Zmwew-_¿, ZnZtdm ˛ ^ntem-tkm-^p-Iƒ

˛ dqtm, thmƒØb¿, tams¥kvIyq ˛ A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ th¿Xn-cnhv ˛ tÃ‰vkv

P\-d¬ hnfn-®p-Iq-ń-bXv ˛ _mXvkobv tIm´ XI¿ØXv ˛ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-]-Jym-

]\w ˛ H∂mw dn∏-ªnIv ˛ Um‚¨, and-t_m, tdm_kv]nb¿ ˛ Ub-d-Œdn ˛ s\t∏m-

fn-b≥ c-W-]-cn-jv°m-c-ßƒ˛ \nb-a-kw-lnX hnb∂ tIm¨Kv sat‰¿WnIv

˛ Pqembv hnπ-hhpw cmP-hm-gvN-bpsS Xncn-®p-h-chpw.

bqWn‰v 3hyh-km-b-hn-πhw

Kn¬Uv kº-Zm-b-Øn¬ \n∂v ^mŒdn kº-Zm-b-Øn-tebv°v ˛ b¥-ßƒ

I≠p-]n-Sn-®Xv ˛ sXmgn-ens‚ LS-\m-]-c-amb am‰w ˛ apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ hf¿® ˛

kmº-Øn-I-im-kvX-Ønse ]pØ≥]-h-W-X-Iƒ ˛ ¢mkn-°¬ kmº-Øn-I-

imkvXw ˛ BUw- kvanØv, B¬Ûv am¿j¬, tUhnUv dn°m¿tUm ˛ sXmgn-

48

emfn ]ÿm-\-ßƒ Nm¿´nÃv ]ÿm\w Dt´m-]y≥ tkmjy-en-k-ßƒ tdm_¿ v

Hmh≥, eqbn ªm¶v, skbv‚ v sska¨, ]qt[m¨ ˛ Imd¬am¿Ivkpw imkvXo-

b-tkm-jy-en-khpw ˛ Iayq-WnÃv am\n-s^tÃm ˛ an®-aq-ey-kn-≤m¥w ˛ sXmgn-

ens‚ ]m[m\yw ˛ h¿K-k-acw ˛ 1848 se hnπ-h-ßƒ ˛ ]mcokv IΩyq¨

bqWn‰v 4djy≥ hnπhw

mdnÃv `cWw ˛ djy-bpsS ]m›m-Xy-h¬°-cWw ˛ bqtdm-]y≥ cmjvSo-

b-Øn¬ djy-bpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ ˛ 1905 se hnπhw ˛ sId≥kvIn `c-W-IqSw ˛

1917 se s^_p-hcn hnπhw ˛ se\n≥ ˛ t_mƒsj-hnIv hnπhw ˛ tSmSvkvIn ˛

H‰-cm-Py-Øn¬ tkmjy-enkw.

bqWn‰v 5temI-bp-≤-ßfpw ioX-k-a-chpw

]m›m-Xy-tem-I-Ønse kmam-Py-a-’-c-ßƒ ˛ B^n-°-bnse A[n-\n-th-

i-ßƒ ˛ ]uc-kvXy-k-aky ˛ bqtdm∏v c≠p tNcn-I-fmbn Xncn-bp-∂p ˛ H∂mw

temI-bp≤w ˛ ]mcokv k‘n-Iƒ ˛ ^mjnkw C‰-en-bn¬ ˛ \mkn P¿Ω\n ˛

Iayq-WnÃv djy ˛ c≠mw temI-bp-≤-Øn-te-bv°p≈ \mgn-I-°-√p-Iƒ ˛ c≠mw

temI-bp≤Øns‚ ]cy-h-km\w ˛ tNcn-Iƒ ˛ ioX-k-a-cw.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

-tKm-hn-µ-∏n-≈.]n., 1987, am¿IvknÃv kuµ-cy-im-kvXw, D¤-hhpw hf¿®-bpw,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, kwL-]-km-[\

cma-Ir-jvW-]n-≈, Ip´-\m-Sv.-sI, 2000, (hn-h) Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sns‚

NcnXw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

tKm]m-e-IrjvW (hnh.) 1987, tPm¨ doUv, temIsØ ]nSn-®p-Ip-ep-°nb ]Øv

Znh-k-ßƒ, t]mKkv ]ªn-tj-gvkv.

kXy-Zm-kv. F.-F≥, (kw-K-lnX ]p\-cm-Jym-\w) 2016, gmMv gm°v dqtm, kmaq-

lnI DS-ºSn, tIm´bw, Un.kn. _pIvkv

hm≥ eq¨, 2014 (a-e-bmfw ]Xn-∏v), am\-h-cm-in-bpsS NcnXw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,

tIc-f-`mj C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

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Will and Ariel Durant, 1975, Rousseau and the Revolution, (The Story of Civilization,

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50

MU HIS 8312 B[p-\nI C¥y: tImf-\n-hm-gvN, \thm-∞m-\w, tZiob ]ÿm\w

bqWn‰v 1tImf-\n-hmgvN

bqtdm-∏nse hyh-kmb hnπhw ˛ ]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS NqjWw ˛ D¬]-∂-ß-

fpsS hn]Wn ˛ kmwkvIm-cn-Im-[n-]Xyw ˛ _nójv C¥y≥ `c-W-hy-hÿ ˛ kmº-

ØnI tNm¿®m-\bw ˛ tImf-\n-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS ]cn-W-X^-e-ßƒ ˛ hnZym-`ymkw ˛

anj-Wdn ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ˛ \m´p-`m-j-I-fpsS hf¿® ˛ hm¿Øm-hn-\n-abw ˛ ]X-

am-[y-a-ßƒ.

bqWn‰v 2kmaqly ]p\-cp-≤m-cWw

kmaqly ]cn-jv°-cW ]ÿm-\-ßƒ ˛ ]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS KpW-]-c-hpw, tZmj-]-

c-hp-amb ê-ßƒ ˛ kvXok-a-Xz-hm-Z-Øns‚ ZrjvSm-¥-ßƒ ˛ h¿§ob Nn¥m-[m-

c-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 3

tZio-b-]-ÿm\w

sImtfm-Wn-b¬ Nqj-W-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ t_m[w ˛ 1857 se hnπhw ˛ C¥y≥

\mj-W¬ tIm¨Kkv ˛ anX-hm-Zn-I-fpw, Xoh-hm-Zn-Ifpw ˛ kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Ønse

Km‘n-b≥ X¥-ßƒ ˛ tIm¨Kkv CXc ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ˛ sXmgn-emfn ]ÿm-

\-ßƒ˛ Iogm-f-k-a-c-ßƒ ˛ c≠mw temI alm-bp≤w ˛ kzmX-¥y-Øn-tebv°v ˛

Zzncm-jvS-hmZw ˛ hn`-P-\hpw AXns‚ ê-ßfpw

bqWn‰v 4

kzX-¥- m-cXw

`c-W-]-c-amb am‰-ßƒ ˛ kmaq-ly-km-º-Øn-I-\-b-ßƒ : Hcp Ah-tem-I\w ˛

hntZ-i-\-b-ßƒ ˛ `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS cq]o-I-c-Ww, h¿§o-b-X, ]©-h-’-c-]-≤-Xn-

Iƒ

51

klmbIKŸßƒ

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53

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54

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55

MU HIS 8313 tIc-f-N-cnXw: kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-c-WhpwtZiob ]ÿm\hpw

bqWn‰v 1

]m›m-Xy-i-‡n-I-fpsS A[n-\n-th-ihpw AXn-s\-Xn-cmb

sNdpØp \n¬∏p-Ifpw

A[n\nthiw ˛ Bib-kw-ln-X-Iƒ ˛ hnhn-[-cq-]-ßƒ ˛ t]m¿Øp-Ko-

kp-Im¿ a≤y-[-c-Wym-gn-]-tZ-isØ hmWnPy kz`mhw kmwkvIm-cnI

`n∂X Ad_v t]m¿Øp-Kokv hmWn-Py-a-’cw I¿Ømkv Ip™m-

en-a-c-bv°m¿ am∏n-f -I-®-hStIµ-ßƒ IÆq¿ Ad-bv°¬ e£-

Zzo]v hym]m-c-tIµw CuÃv C¥y-I-º-\n-Iƒ U®v ^©v Cw•ojv

˛ Bwt•m ^©v t]mcm´w \ho-\-I-®-h-S-tI-µ-ßƒ amln Xe-t»-

cn. ]m›m-Xy-kzm-[o\w tIc-f-Øn¬ BZy-Ime sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Iƒ ˛

A¥¿tZ-iob _‘-ßƒ tj°v ssk\p-±o≥ Iq\≥ Ipcniv BZy-

Ime sNdp-Øp-\n-ev]p-Iƒ B‰n-ß¬ I-em]w Ipdn-Ny-I-em]w ]g»n

˛ ]men-b-Ø-®≥ thep-Ø-ºn-Z-fh ssakq¿ BI-aWw sslZ-cen

˛ Sn∏p ˛ ssakq¿ BI-a-W-Øns‚ NcnX ]m[m\yw ˛ ]m›m-Xy-kzm-

[o\w ˛ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ ˛ am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω ˛ Ipf-®¬bp≤w ˛ Une-

t\mbv amth-en-°c DS-ºSn Xr∏-Sn-Zm\w U®v kzm[o\w tlm¿Øqkv

ae-_m-dn-°-kv.

bqWn‰v 2

kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-c-W-I-a-ßƒ

ssk≤m-¥n-I-]-cn-K-W-\-Iƒ kmº-ØnI LS-I-ßƒ Im¿jn-I-hy-h-

ÿ-Iƒ hmWnPyhXv°-cWw Iogmf ]Xn-tcm[w htc-Wy-h¿K ]-

cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ ˛ sshIp-WvT-kzm-an-Iƒ ˛ N -ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ ˛ hmKv -Sm-\-

56

µ≥ io \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns‚ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°m-c-ßƒ Aø-¶mfn

˛ ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥ kmap-Zm-bnI kwL-S-\-Iƒ Fkv.-F≥.-Un.]n

˛ F≥.-F-kv.-Fkv a∂Øp ]fl-\m- ≥ \ºq-Xncn \thm-∞m\ Bi-

b-ßƒ kvXo]-£-Nn-¥-Iƒ kvXobpsS kzXz-t_m[w Bi-b-[m-

c-Iƒ kvXoI-fpsS hkvX-[m-c-Ww kw_-‘n® ka-c-ßƒ ]uc-k-a-

Xzw ˛ ae-bm-fn-sa-tΩm-dn-b¬ ˛ Cugh satΩm-dn-b¬ ˛ ssh°w kXym-

Klw Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-Klw ]menbw kXym-K-lw.

bqWn‰v 3

tZio-b-]-ÿm\w: ae-_m-dn¬

C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨K-ns‚ Bhn¿`mhw tImgn-t°mSv Su¨

lmƒ kw`hw hyh-ÿm-]nX am¿§-ß-fpsS L´w at©cn ktΩ-f\w

˛ \n-l-Ic-Whpw Jnem- Øpw ae-_m¿ elf ]ø-∂q¿ cmjvSob

ktΩ-f\w D∏p kXym-Klw \nb-a-ew-L-\- ]-ÿm\w CSXv ]£-

Øns‚ hf¿® IΩyq-WnÃv ]ÿm\w Bcw`w Izn‰v C¥y ]ÿm\w.

bqWn‰v 4

tZio-b-]-ÿm\w: Xncp sIm®n-bn¬

\nth-Z-\-ß-fpsS Ime-L´w \nb-a-k` ]cn-jv°-cWw ]ucm-h-Im-i-

ßƒ°p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]t£m- w tIm¨K-ns‚ Bcw`w Xoh-hmZ

]h¿Ø\w ˛ sNºI-cm-a≥]n≈ ˛ \nh¿Ø-\-]-ÿm\w ˛ tÃ‰v

tIm¨K-ns‚ Bhn¿`mhw DØ-c-hmZ ]t£m- w IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿´n-

bpsS hf¿® ˛ ]p∂-]-h-b-em¿ kacw ˛ DØchmZ `cWw ˛ tkmjy-

enÃv ]m¿´n-Iƒ ˛ sIm®n ˛ \nb-a-k- -bpsS ÿm]\w ˛ tIm¨Kv

]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ sXmgn-em-fn-h¿§ ]ÿm-\-ßƒ sshZypXn ]t£m`w

˛ Zzn -c-W-k-º-Zmbw sIm®n-cm-Py-]Pmafi-e-Øns‚ hf¿® DØ-c-

hm-Z- -cWw ˛ Xncp˛sIm®n kwtbm-P\w ˛ sFIy-tI-cf ]ÿm\w ˛

tIm¨Kpw mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ kwÿm-\-ßfpw tIc-f-∏n-d-hn.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒAlΩZv F.-]n., 2017, ap…nw \thm-∞m\w Nne tIc-fo-b-Nn-X-ßƒ, IÆq¿,

ssIcfn _pIvkv.

Bim-cn, Xpf-kn-[-c≥, Fkv., 2017, tImf\n hmgvNbpw \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fpw, Xncp-hn-

Xmw-Iq-dnse hntam-N-\-t]m-cm-´w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

B\-µn Sn.-sI, 2006, P\-Iob ka-c-ß-fn¬ ae-_mdns‚ s]¨]m-X-Iƒ, tImgn-

t°mSv, imkvX-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jØv.

Cf-bn-Sw, kp\n¬ ]n., 2016, Bflw, A]-cw, A[n-\n-th-iw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, sF

57

_pIvkv.

Ipdp-∏v.-sI.-sI.-F≥, 1981, ]g»n ka-c-ßƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, kwÿm\ `mjm

C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

Im¿Øn-tI-b≥ \mb¿.hn, 2006, Pbn¬°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ At‚m-Wn-tbm- Kmw-jn, Xncp-

h-\-¥-]pcw, ssaXn _pIvkv,

KtWjv.sI.-F≥, 1997, tIc-f-Øns‚ C∂-se-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw, tIc-f-kmw-

kvIm-cnI ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-h-Ip∏v

tKm]m-e≥Ip´n.sI, 2015, ae-_m¿ ]T-\-ßƒ, tIm -bw, kmln-Xy-]-h¿ØI klI-

c-W-kwLw

NµnI kn.Fkv, 2016, tIc-f-Øns‚ kvXoN-cn-X-ßƒ, kvXoap-t∂-‰-ß-ƒ, tIm´-

bw, Un.kn _p°vkv

]c-ta-iz-cø¿, D≈q¿ Fkv, 1990 (]p-Xnb]Xn-∏v) tIc-f-km-lnXy NcnXw ˛ hmeyw

˛ 1, 2, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f k¿h-I-em-ime

]fl-\m-`-ta-t\m≥ sI.]n, (1912&1914), 1987, (]p-Xnb]Xn-∏v), sIm®n-cm-Py-N-cnXw,

tImgn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan ]v

s]mXp-hmƒ.-F.-sI, 1976, tIc-f-Ønse I¿jI ]ÿm\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.

_me-Ir-jvW≥.-]n.-sI, 1989, io \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿ Fw.-B¿, 1889, tIc-fo-bX: Ncn-X-am-\-ßƒ, ipI-]pcw, h≈-tØmƒ

hnZym-]o-Tw.

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿ Fw.-B¿, 2009, AΩ-hgn tIcfw, Xriq¿, kmln-Xy-A-°m-Z-an.

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿.Fw.-B¿ & cmP≥ Kpcp-°ƒ, 2011, tIc-f-N-cnXw thmfyw 2, ˛

ipI-]pcw, h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]oTw

cmL-h≥, ]pXp-∏-≈n, 2008, tIc-f-]-X-]-h¿Ø-\-N-cn-Xw, Xr»q¿, tIc-f-km-lnXy

A°m-Z-an.

cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, B¿., 2016, tIc-f-Øns‚ kvXoi-‡n-N-cnXw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,

amfp-s_≥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv.

cmP≥, C, 2017, Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-K-lw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

cmP≥, C, 2017, ssh°w kXym-K-lw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

io[-c-ta-t\m≥ F. 1997, tIc-f-Ønse kzmX-¥y-k-acw, tIm´-bw, Un.kn _p°vkv

io[-ctat\m≥.-F , 1985, sIm®n cmPy-]-Pm-a-fi-ew: Hcp Ncn-Xw, tIm´-bw, \mj-

W¬ _p°vkv‰mƒ

inh-Zm-k≥ ]n, 2014, hmK¨Sm-PUn, tIm´-bw, kmln-Xy-]-h¿Ø-\I kl-I-c-

W-kw-Lw, tIm´-bw.

jmPn.-sI.-F≥ (F-Un), 2007, io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp: Pohn-Xw, IrXn-Iƒ, Z¿i-\w,

Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

kmw.-F≥, (F-Un) 2008, Cfw-IpfwIp™≥]n-≈-bpsS kºq¿WIr-Xn-Iƒ, hmeyw

2 A m-cmjvS tIc-f-]-T-\-tI-µw, Imcy-h-«w, tIcfm bqWn-th-gvkn-än.

58

kmw.-F³, 2005, Cfw-Ipfw Ipª³]n-Å-bpsS k¼qÀ®-Ir-Xn-IÄ hmeyw. 2

A m-cmjvS tIc-f-]-T-\-tI-µw, Imcy-h-«w, tIcfm bqWn-th-gvkn-än.

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Panikkar K.M, 1960, A History of Kerala, 1498-1801, Annamalai University.

60

Panikkar K.N, 1991, Peasant Protests and Revolts in Malabar, New Delhi, South Asia

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61

MU HIS 8314 `mcXob Ncn-X-c-N-\m-N-cnXw

bqWn‰v 1`qX--Ime k¶¬]\w]mNo\ C¥ybnse `qXIme k¶ev]\w -˛ C¥ybnse `qXIme

k¶ev]\sØ°pdn®p≈ A[n\nthi ho£Wßƒ- ˛ NcnXmJym\ cq]ßƒ

˛ ImesØ°pdn®p≈ k¶¬]\w ˛ ]amWkmaKnIƒ ˛ -]mNo\cN\Iƒ- ˛

hymJym\Nn¥ -˛ CXnlmk]pcmW]mcºcyw ˛ tKmXØn¬ \n∂pw cm„

k¶ev]\Ønte°v ˛ kqX ˛ amK[ ]mcºcyw ˛ thZßfpw D]\njØp°fpw

-˛ ssP\ -˛ _p≤]mcºcyw ˛ temImbX -˛ APohnI -˛ Nm¿hmI hwimhenIƒ

-˛ l¿jNcnXw ˛ cmPXcwKnWn ˛ aqjIhwiImhyw.

bqWn‰v 2Ncn-X-c-N-\m]mc-ºcywa[yIme C¥ybnse NcnXcN\ ˛ k©mc°pdn∏pIƒ ˛ sIm´mcNcnXcN\ ˛-

kp¬Øm\Øv ImeL´w ˛ apKƒ]mcºcyw ˛ Aao¿ Jpkp ˛ _dm\n, A_p¬

^mk¬ XpSßnbh¿- ˛ NcnX cN\bpsS tZiob]mcºcyw -˛ Z£ntW¥y≥

NcnX ]mcºcyw- ˛ sXep¶v ˛ I¿WmSIw ˛ Xangv ˛ aebmfw.

bqWn‰v 3A[n-\n-thi Ncn-X-c-N\A[n\nthiNcnXcN\ ˛ C¥ysb°pdn®p≈ ]uckvXyhmZ\nco£Wßƒ ˛

Ct¥mfPn ˛ hneyw tPm¨kv ˛ amIvkv ap≈¿ ˛ Chm≥PenÃpIfpw

bp´nent‰dnb\nÃpIfpw -kmamPyXz kao]\ßƒ -Pbnwkv an¬ hn≥sk‚ v

kvanØv ˛ A[n\nthi NcnXcN\bpsS khntijXIƒ ˛ tZiobhmZnIfpsS

]XnIcWw tZiobhmZ NcnXcN\bpsS khntijXIƒ -sI .]n Pbkzmƒ

62

˛ B¿. kn. aPpwZm¿ -˛ F®v .kn. dmbv Nu[cn -˛ sI.F. \oeIWv-TimkvXn ˛

B¿.Pn `fim¿°¿ ˛ sI. Fw ]Wn°¿.

bqWn‰v 4]pXp-N-cn-X-[m-c-Iƒ

am¿IvknÃv kao]\w / ]pXpNcnX[mcIƒ -˛ cP\n]msa ZØv ˛ F.B¿

tZimbn ˛ Un.Un sImkmw_n ˛ C¥ymNcnX cN\bnse NphSpam‰w ˛

sImkmw_nbpsS NcnX]cnt]£yw ˛ sImkmw_nbpsS NcnXcYysb

hnIkn∏n®h¿ ˛ B¿.Fkv. i¿Ω ˛ tdmane Ym]¿ -˛ _n]≥ Nµ ˛ C¿^m≥

l_o_v ˛ sI.F≥ ]Wn°¿ ˛ XpSßnbh¿ ˛ \htIw_nUvPv kvIqƒ ˛

A\n¬ ko¬ ˛ kn.F. s_bven ˛ Un .F. hmjv- _q°v ˛ kn. sP. t_°¿ ˛

Iogmf NcnXkao]\w ˛ kpanXv k¿°m¿ ˛ cWPnØv Kpl ˛ ]m¿∞m Nm‰¿Pn,

Kym≥ ]msfi, Zot]jv NI_¿Øn XpSßnbh¿ ˛ Iogmf NcnX hna¿iw ˛

- tdmken≥Uv H lm≥e¨ ˛ kpanXv k¿°m¿ -˛ InÃ^¿ s_bv-en ˛ -hnthIv

Nn∫m¿.

bqWn‰v 5

amdp∂ ]cn-t]-£yw, kap-Zm--b--N-cnXw

kvXo ]£ NcnXw/ enwK ]Zhn NcnXw --˛ Ip¶pw tdmbv -˛ Ip¶pw kmwKcn ˛ -

Da NIh¿Øn ˛ ZfnXv- NcnXßƒ -˛ Im© Geø ˛ tKm]m¬ Kpcp ˛ cmw

\mcmb¨ dmhØv ˛ j¿anf sdsK ˛ k\¬ taml≥ XpSßnbh¿ ˛ -]mtZinI

NcnXw ˛ amdp∂ ]cnt]£yw ˛ kzXzw ˛ kap-Zm-b-N-cn-Xw.

klmbIKŸßƒ

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63

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64

Thapar, Romila, 1996, Why I Am Not a Hindu: A Sudra Critique of Hindutva, Philosophy,

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65

MU HIS 8315 (i) temI-hy-h-ÿbpw tIc-f-hm-Wn-Pyhpw

(s]m-Xp-sF-—n-Iw)

bqWn‰v 1hmWnPyw: temI-hy-hÿtemI-hy-hÿ ˛ Ncn-X-]-T-\-Øns‚ Hcp GIIw ˛ temI-hy-hÿ k¶¬]-\ßƒ

˛ hme-d-Ão\pw bqtdm tIµo-Ir-X-amb temI-hy-h-ÿbpw ˛ tImf-Wn-Ifpw amXr-

cm-Py-ßfpw ˛ tIµhpw ]cy-¥-ßfpw ˛ Kp¥¿ ^m¶ns‚ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ ˛ temI-

hy-hÿ Aøm-bncw sIm√w ]g-°-ap-≈Xv ˛ F≥. Fw.- ]ntb-gvk¨ ˛ temI-hy-

hÿ ˛ tImf-Wn-]q¿h-Im-e-ßƒ

bqWn‰v 2hmWnPyw: hyXykvX hyh-ÿ-Iƒ`qan-im-kvX-]-›m-Øew ˛ Npc-ßƒ ˛ Xoc-]-tZiw ˛ Ic ˛ IS¬ _‘w ˛ Imb-

ep-Iƒ ˛ \Zn-Iƒ ˛ Xpd-ap-J-ßƒ ˛ Ime-h¿jw ˛ Ime-h¿j-°m‰v ]d-ºv]p-c-bnS

kºZvhyhÿ ˛ IpSn-]m¿∏p hyhÿ ˛ BZy-Ime I®-hSw ˛ ]g-¥-angv ]m´nse

sXfn-hp-Iƒ ˛ XnW-k-¶ev]w ˛ XnW-I-fnse ssIam‰w ˛ hnX-cWw ˛ ]p\¿ hnX-

cWw D∏p-hn-\n-abw N¥-Iƒ Aßm-Sn-Iƒ Xpd-ap-J-ßƒ apNndn sXm≠n

˛ hmssI ˛ amss¥ ˛ ]¥¿ ˛ k©m-c-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ ˛ πn\n ˛ s]cn-πkv Hm^v Fdn-

Xn-b≥ kobpsS I¿Ømhv ˛ tSmfan ˛ ]pcm-h-kvXp-sX-fn-hp-Iƒ ˛ ]´Ww ˛

hngn™w DXvJ-\-\-ßƒ.

bqWn‰v 3enJn-X-]-cm-a¿i-ßƒs]cp-amƒ ImesØ hntZi I®-hSw ˛ D]m-Zm-\-ßƒ ˛ enJn-X-]-cm-a¿i-ßƒ ˛

kmlnXysØfn-hp-Iƒ ˛ k©m-c-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ ˛ kpsse-am≥ ˛ C_v\p Jp¿ZmZv

_n ˛ CZnkn ˛ ]pcm-hkvXp sXfn-hp-Iƒ ˛ sImSp-ß-√q¿ DXvJ-\\w ˛ \mW-b-

ßƒ ˛ hym]m-cn-k-aqlw ˛ \K-c-ßƒ ˛ sImSp-ß-√q¿ ˛ Ipc-t°Wn sIm√w ˛

]¥-em-b\n sIm√w ˛ amSmbn ˛ Aßm-Sn-Iƒ ˛ h¿Ø-I-kw-L-ßƒ ˛ ]›n-ta-

66

jy≥ kwL-ßƒ ˛ tIc-f-No\m _‘-ßƒ

bqWn‰v 4Nºp-°ƒ, ktµ-i-Im-hy-ßƒaWn-]-hmfIrXn-Ifpw Aßm-Sn-Ifpw ˛ Nºp-°ƒ ˛ ktµ-i-Im-hy-ßƒ ˛ I®-h-S-

]m-X-Iƒ ˛ I®-h-S-tI-µ-ßƒ ˛ Aßm-Sn-Iƒ ˛ N¥-Iƒ ˛ Nc-°p-Iƒ ˛ IpXn-c-°-

®-hSw ˛ Ipf-ap°v

bqWn‰v 5bqtdm-]y≥am-cpsS BK-a\wa≤y-Im-e-temIw ˛ k©m-cn-Iƒ ˛ am¿t°m-t]mtfm ˛ C_v\p _-ØqØ ˛ bqtdm-

]y≥am-cpsS BK-a\w ˛ kwL¿j-ßƒ ˛ Ing-°ns‚ ]X\w ˛ a≤y-Ime temI-

hy-hÿ

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒIp™≥]n≈ Cfw-Ipfw ]n.-F≥, 1954, DÆp-\oen ktµiw (hym-Jym-\w)

tIm´bw, kmln-Xy-]-h¿ØI kl-I-cW kwLw

KtWjv sI.-F≥, ae-bm-fn-bpsS tZi-Im-e-ßƒ

KwKm-[-c≥. Fw, 2014, hmWnPytIcfw, tIm´bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿.Fw.-B¿, 1990, tIc-fo-b-X: N-cn-X-am-\-ßƒ, ipI-]pcw, h≈-

tØmƒ hnZym-]oTw.

Amin, Samir, 2009, Euro Centrism, New York, Monthly Review Press,

Chaudhuri K. N, 1990, Asia Before Europe: Economy and Civilization of the Indian

Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750, Cambridge University Press.

Fernand, Braudel, 1982, The Wheels of Commerce: Volume 2, Civilization & Capital-

ism 15th-18th Century, New York, Harper & Row.

Gills, Barry.K, Andre Gunder Frank, 1993, The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five

Thousand?, London and NewYork, Routledge.

Mathew K. S, 1983, Portuguese Trade with India in the Sixteenth Century, New Delhi,

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McPherson, Kenneth , 1997, The Indian Ocean: A History of People and the Sea,


Pearson N.M, 1988, Before Colonialism: Theories on Asian-European Relations, 1500-

1750, New Delhi, Oxford University Press,

Wallerstein, Immanuel Maurice, 2004, World-systems Analysis: An Introduction, Durham,

London, Duke University Press.

67

MU HIS 8315 (ii) : Huj-[-hn-PvRm\w: _rl-Xv]m-c-º-cyhpweLp-]m-c-º-cyhpw

(sF—n-Iw)

bqWn‰v 1_u≤-Nn¥ssZh-hy-]m-i-b-Øn¬ \n∂v bp‡nhy]mib-Øn-te°v ˛ _u≤-Nn¥ ˛ io_p-

≤\pw inhm-I\pw XΩn-ep≈ kwhmZw ˛ _u≤ hnlm-c-ß-fpsS ]¶v.

bqWn‰v 2Huj-[-ßƒ, NnIn-’m-ap-d-IƒKrl-Nn-In-’-bn¬ \n∂v hnlmcNnIn-’-bn-te°v ˛ aucy-Imew ˛ _rl-Xv]m-c-º-

cy-Øns‚ hym]\w ˛ Huj-[-ßfpw NnIn-’m-ap-d-Ifpw ]mtZ-inI kaq-l-ß-fn-

te-°v.

bqWn‰v 3NnIn-’m-]m-c-ºcyw]mtZ-in-I-Nn-In-’m-]m-c-ºcyw ˛ PohnX hrØn-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-Xv. HSnhv,

NXhv, a¿Ω-Nn-In’ ˛ tIme-Øp-\mSv, Ipdp-º-\m-Sv, thWmSv ˛ ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ ˛

IÆp-Nn-In-’m-]m-c-º-cyw ˛ hr£m-bp¿th-Zw, lkvXym-bp¿th-Zw, ^m¿tam-tIm-

∏nIv ]mc-ºcyw.

bqWn‰v 4]mc-º-cy-ßƒ aniWw]mc-º-cy-ß-fpsS aniWw ˛ tImf-\n-hm-gvN-°m-eØv \m´p-Nn-In-’-bpsS Xa-kvI-

cWw

68

bqWn‰v 5]m›m-Xy-ssh-Zyhpw Xt±-i-ssh-ZyhpwXn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iqdpw ]m›m-Xy-ssh-Zyhpw ˛ hkqcn IpØn-sh∏v, ]Xn-tcm-[-ssh-Zy-

Øn¬\n∂p NnIn-’-bn-te°v anj-\-dn-amcpw ]m›m-Xy-ssh-Zyhpw F¬.-Fw.Fkv.-

-˛ kn.-Fw.-F-kv. ˛ km¬th-j≥ B¿an ˛ tZiob ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ kzm[o\w ˛

Xt±-i-sshZyw -˛ tIcfkwlnX ˛ the-]m-c-ºcyw ˛ A„-sshZyw ˛ tIm´-°¬ ]n.-

F-kv. hmcnb¿ apXem-b-h¿.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ-Xncp-ap¬]m-Sv, cmL-h≥, 2012, ck-ssh-ti-jn-I, tIm´-°¬ Bcy-ssh-Zy-ime

Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad, 1977, Science and Society in Ancient India, Calcutta,

K.P Bagchi & co

Kumar, Deepak, (ed.), 2012, 'Diseases and Medicine in India: ñ A Historical over view' ,

New Delhi, Tulika Books

Krishnankutty Varier, N.V, 2005, History of Ayurveda, Kottakkal, Arya Vaidya Sala

Metcalf, Thomas R, 1998, Ideologies of the Raj, New Delhi, Foundation Books,

Mukhopadhyaya, G.N, 1923, History of Indian Medicine (in 3 volumes) 1922,1929,

Calcutta.

Muraleedharan.T.S & Raghava Varier M.R., 2010 (ed), Ayurveda in Transition, Kottakkal

Ayurveda Series: 100, Department of Publications, Kottakkal, Aryavidya Sala.

Palanki, Satheesh, 2016, Missionaries, Women and Western Medicine in Kerala,


Sharma, R.S, 1987 Material Culture and Social Formations in Ancient India, Delhi,

Macmillan.

Zysk, Kenneth G, 1998, Medicine in the Veda: Religious Healing in the Veda, Delhi,

Motilal Banarsidass, 2nd Indian edn.

Zysk, Kenneth G, 2000, Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medcine in the Budhist

Monastery, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass.

69

MU HIS 8315 (iii) `mtjm¬]-Ønbpw ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyhpw ˛aWn-]-hmfw tIµo-I-cn®v

(sF—n-Iw)

bqWn‰v 1ùXn-I-]-cn-kcwaWn-]-hmfw ˛ ùXn-I-]-cn-kcw ˛ Irjn ˛ hmWnPyw ˛ A[n-hm-k-am-Xr-I-I-fpsS

cq]o-I-cWw.

bqWn‰v 2kzcq-]-ßƒtZiw ˛ Xd ˛ \mSv ˛ `mjm-t`-Z-ß-fpsS `qan-im-kvX-]-cn-kcw ˛ kmaq-ly-_-‘-ß-

fpsS hym]m-c-]-cn[n ˛ kzcq-]-ß-fpsS A[n-Im-c-]-cn[n ˛ cm„o-b-hy-h-lmcw.

bqWn‰v 3kwkvIr-X-Øns‚ kzm[o\wae-bm-f-Øns‚ ]tbm-K-cq-]-ßƒ ˛ kwkvIrXmK-a-\-Øns‚ ]›m-Øew ˛

kwkvIr-Xhpw ae-bm-fhpw ˛ kwkvIr-Xo-I-c-Whpw ]mtZ-in-I-h¬°-c-Whpw ˛

tK‰v SUn-j≥ B‚ v en‰n¬ SUn-j≥ ˛ tdm_¿´v sdUvô-e¿Uv.

bqWn‰v 4aWn-]-hm-fw, mjm-an-iWwaWn-]-hmfw Hcp `mjm-]-ÿm\w F∂ \ne-bn¬ ˛ `mjm-an-ihpw aWn-]-hm-

fhpw ˛ `mjm-kzXzw ˛ kztZiw ˛ ]c-tZiw ˛ kz`mj ˛ ]c-`mj.

bqWn‰v 5hn⁄m-\-im-J-IƒaWn-]-hm-f-hy-h-lmcw ˛ `qan-im-kvX-]-›m-Øew ˛ temI-hy-h-ÿbpw ]mtZ-in-

I-hy-h-ÿbpw aWn-]-hm-f-Øns‚ ⁄m\-Imfiw hn⁄m-\-im-J-Iƒ IrXn-

Iƒ.

70

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

DÆn F≥.-]n, (hymJym) 1972, tImIn-e-k-tµiw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

Ip™≥]n-≈, Cfw-Ipfw ]n.-F≥, (hym-Jym-\w), 1968, eoem-Xn-eIw: aWn-]-hm-f-

e-£-Ww, tIm´-bw, kmln-Xy-]-h¿ØI kl-I-c-W-kw-Lw.

Ip™≥]n-≈, Cfw-Ip-fw ]n.-F≥, 1953, `mjbpw kmlnXyhpw \q‰m-≠p-I-

fneqsS,

Ip™≥]n-≈, Cfw-Ip-fw ]n.-F≥, 1953, tIc-f-`m-j-bp-sS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-

ßƒ,

Ip™≥]n-≈, Cfw-Ipfw ]n.-F≥, 1953, DÆp-\oen ktµiw Ncn-X-Zr-„n-bn¬

Ip™≥]n≈, Cfw-Ipfw ]n.-F≥, tImI-k-tµiw, tIm-´bw, kmln-Xy-]-

h¿ØI kl-I-cW kwLw

KtWjv sI.-F≥, ae-bm-fn-bpsS tZi-Im-e-ßƒ

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, Fw.-B¿, cmP≥ Kpcp-°ƒ, 2012, tIc-f-N-cnXw c≠mw `mKw

ipI-]p-cw, h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]oTw

71

MU HIS 8315 (iv) ]pcm-tc-Jm-eb]T-\w

bqWn‰v 1

]pcm-tcJ BapJw ˛ kw£n]vX NcnXw ˛ kz`mh khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ˛ ]pcm-tc-J-

I-fpsS aqeyw ˛ ]pcm-tc-Jm-e-b-ßƒ ˛ sse_-dn-I-fpw, ayqkn-b-ßfpw ]pcm-tc-Jm-

e-b-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ ][m\ hyXym-k-ßƒ ˛ hyXykvX ]pcm-tc-J-Iƒ ˛ kzImcy

]pcm-tc-J-Ifpw hymh-km-bnI ]pcm-tc-J-Ifpw ˛ hyXykvX ]pcm-tc-Jm-e-b-ßƒ

˛ D¤hw ˛ kw£n]vX NcnXw ˛ ][m\ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ.

bqWn‰v 2

bqtdm-∏nse ]pcm-tc-Jm-eb ]ÿm-\-ßƒ ˛ kw£n]vX NcnXw ˛ bqtdm-∏n¬

]pcm-tc-Jm-eb k¶-ev]-\-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw ˛ ^m≥kn-sebpw Cw•-≠n-sebpw

kvs]bn-\n-sebpw tZiob ]pcm-tc-Jm-e-b-ßƒ ˛ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ˛ ]h¿Ø-\-

ßƒ Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-I-fnse (U.S.A.) ]pcm-tc-Jm-eb ]ÿm\w tZiob

]pcm-tc-Jm-ebw ˛ \mj-W¬ B¿ss°hvkv B‚ v sdt°mUvkv AUvan-\n-kvtS-

js‚ (NARA) ][m\ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ˛ C¥y-bnse tZiob ]pcm-tc-Jm-ebw

(National Archives of India) ][m\ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ˛ Dt±iy e£y-ßƒ ˛ ][m-

\-s∏´ ]pcm-tc-J-Iƒ ˛ khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw ]m[m-\yhpw ˛ tIc-f-Ønse ]pcm-tc-

Jm-e-b-ßƒ (Kerala State Archives) ˛ ][m\ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ˛ ][m-\-s∏´

]pcm-tc-J-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 3

]pcm-tc-J-⁄¿ (Archivist) tbmKy-X-Ifpw ISa-Ifpw ˛ Btem-Ny-am-[y-a-ß-fpsS

Xøm-dm-°¬ (Preparation of Reference Media) ˛ ]pcm-tc-Jm-eb kw_-‘n-bmb

Icp-X¬ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ˛ Kth-j-W-ß-fpsS ]tbmKw ˛ ]pcm-tc-J-I-fpsS Iao-I-

cWw ˛ Iao-I-cW N´-ßƒ ˛ k¿°m¿ Be-b-ß-fnse tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ ˛ hyh-

ÿ-Iƒ ˛ tcJ-I-fpsS Ass]-k¬ ˛ tcJm-e-b-Øns‚ Bh-iy-h-kvXp-°ƒ ˛

sdt°m-Up-I-fpsS tiJ-c-Ww.

bqWn‰v 4

]pcm-tcJm\b-cq-]o-I-cWw ˛ tcJm-eb kwc-£Ww ˛ D]-tbmKw ˛ am¿§ \n¿t±-i-

ßƒ ˛ ]pcm-tc-Jm-kw-c-£Ww ˛ ]Xn-_-‘-ßƒ ˛ `uXn-Ihpw [m¿Ωn-I-hp-ambh

˛ sdt°m-Up-I-fpsS iXp-°ƒ ˛ kwc-£-W-Øn\v BapJw ˛ kwc-£-W-X-Xz-

72

ßƒ ˛ kwc-£-W-Ønse [¿Ω-\oXn ˛ \nb-¥W kwc-£W am\-Z-fi-ßƒ ˛

timjW LS-I-ßƒ (Deterioration Factors) ˛ Poh-im-kvX-]cw ˛ ck-X-¥-]cw

˛ `uXn-I-im-kvX-]cw ˛ kwc-£-W-L-S-I-Øns‚ Bh-iy-h-kvXp-°ƒ ˛ sdsÃm-

td-j≥ ˛ ]In-b-Iƒ ˛ kt¶-X-ßƒ ˛ ip≤o-I-cWw ˛ sdt°m-Up-I-fpsS

\nh¿Ø¬ ˛ Uo Akn-Un-^n-t°-j≥ ˛ ^yqan-t\-j≥ ˛ Ie-I-fpsS kwc-£Ww

˛ eman-t\-j≥ ˛ t]Pn-t\-j≥ ˛ ^pƒt]-Ãnßv coXn-Iƒ ˛ \\hp ]‰n-b-h-bpsS

kwc-£Ww ˛ tcJ-IfpsS UnPn-‰-sse-tk-j≥ ˛ ]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww.

bqWn‰v 5

B¿ss°hvkv kµ¿i\w ˛ k_vPIvSv enÃv Xøm-dm-°¬, UnkvIn-∏v-‰nhv enÃv

Xøm-dm-°¬, C≥UIvkv (index) Xøm-dm-°¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-ep≈ ]mtbm-KnI

]cn-io-e\w ˛ sdt°m-Up-I-fpsS Ass]-k¬, dns´≥j≥ sjUyqƒ Xøm-dm-°¬

XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-ep≈ ]cn-io-e\w sdt°m¿Uv ]cn-]m-e\w ]n-k¿th-j≥ sSIv\n-

°p-Iƒ ˛ ip≤o-I-c-Ww, ^yqan-tK-j≥ (Fumigation), t]Pn-t\-j≥, Un Akn-Un-

^n-t°-j≥, Snjyq dn∏-b¿, eman-t\-j≥, pƒt]-Ãnßv XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-ep≈ ]mtbm-

KnI ]cn-io-e-\w.

klm-bIKŸ-ßƒ

Millar, Laura Agnes Dr., 2015, Archives: Principles and Practices, London: Facet Pub-

lishing.

Bales, Frank, 2005, Selecting and Appraising Archives and Manuscripts, Chicago:

Chicago Society of American Archivists.

Bhunjangaro, Borhade, 2010, Archives and Museums, Delhi: BR Publishing Corpora-

tion.

Brown, Caroline (ed.), 2010, Archives and Record Keeping, London: Facet Publishing.

Duchein, Michel, 1992, The History of European Archives and the Development of the

Archival Profession in Europe, Chicago: Society of American Archivists, Published in

The American Archivist, Vol. 55, No. 1, Special International Issue (1992), PP - 14-25.

Jenkinson, Hilary, 1937, A Manual of Archive Administration, Perey Land, Humphries

& Company Ltd.

Jimerson, Randall, C., 2000, American Archival Studies: Readings in Theory and

Practice, Society of American Archivists.

Joan, M. Schwartz, Terri cook, 2002, The Making of Modern Memory, Archival Sci-

ences, Vol. 2, , PP - 1-19, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Basu Purnendu, 1960, Archives and Records, What are they?, , New Delhi: National

Archives of India.

Schellenberg, T.R., 1956, Modern Archives: Principles and Techniques, Chicago: The

Society of American Archivists.

Sundararaj, M., 1999, A manual of Archival Systems and the World of Archives, Siva

Publications.

73

MU HIS 8315 (v) C¥ym-N-cnXw ]am-W-ß-fn-eqsS

bqWn‰v 1sshZnI ]amWwEKvthZw ˛ afiew VII, kq‡-ßƒ 21˛25 Zmi-cm⁄w ˛ afiew 10, kq‡w 90

˛ ]pcp-j-kq‡w ˛ AY¿∆-thZw ˛ a¥-hm-Zhpw sshZyhpw, A¿∞-imkvXw ˛

A[n-I-cWw 2, A≤ymbw 21 ˛ P\-]-Z-\n-thiw ˛ A[n-I-cWw 6 A≤ymbw 1 ˛

afi-e-tbm\n ˛ cmjvS-Øns‚ k]vXmw-K-ßƒ ˛ tYcn-KmY ˛ Xnc-s™-SpØ ]Zy-

ßƒ .

bqWn‰v 2kvam¿Ø ]amWwa\p-kvarXn ˛ A≤ymbw 3 hnhm-l-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ ˛ A≤ymbw 9

Zmb-Iaw cmP-X-cw-KnWn `cWm[nIm-cn--I-fpsS Nqj-W-tØbpw ASn-a-°-®-h-S-

tØbpw hna¿in-°p∂ `mK-ßƒ.

bqWn‰v 3imk-\-ßƒAtim-I-im-k-\-ßƒ ˛ 13-˛mw imk\w ˛ thdn´ inem-im-k-\-ßƒ ˛ Jc-th-es‚

lmYn-Kpw-^-im-k\w ˛ ]pen-tIin c≠m-as‚ Abvtlmƒ imk\w ˛ kap-Z-Kp-

]vXs‚ Ae-l-_mZv kvXw`enJnXw ˛ hoc-cm-L-h-∏-´-bw.

bqWn‰v 4kp¬Øm-t\‰v apKƒ Ime-L- -Ønse ]am-W-ßƒ

Xmcn-Jv C ^ntdmkv jmln ˛ Aem-hp-±o≥ Jn¬Pn-bpsS am¿°‰v dKp-te-j-\p-Ifpw

apl-ΩZv _n≥ Xp-•-°ns‚ `c-W-\-bhpw kw_-‘n® `mK-ßƒ Xpl-^Øv Dƒap-

Pm-ln-±o≥ ˛ PnlmZv kw_-‘n® `mK-ßƒ ˛ Xpkq°n _m_dn ˛ 13-˛mw A≤ymbw

AIv_¿\ma ˛ kp¬ln-°qƒ kw_-‘n® A≤ymbw ˛ Nmth¿ ]m´p-Iƒ ˛

74

I≠¿ta-t\m≥]m-´v.

bqWn‰v 5_n´ojv tcJ-Iƒ, C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\_n´ojv tcJ-Iƒ ˛ sat°m-sf-bpsS an\p‰vkv ˛ cm⁄n-bpsS hnfw-_cw ˛ C¥y≥

`c-W-L-S\ ˛ \n¿t±-i-I-X-Xz-ßƒ ˛ ASn-ÿm-\m-h-Im-i-ßƒ.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒA¿-¸¯v, am[-h³, tYcn KmYFgp-¯-Ñ³. sI.-F³, (hym-Jym) AÀ°-imkvXwIrjvW-Ip-amÀ, tImd-aw-Kew, (hym-Jym) (2006) 2013 a\p-kvarXn, tImgn-t¡m-Sv,tZmWm-Nmcy ]»n-t¡-j³kv,\mcm-b-W³ \¼q-Xn-cn- mSv, H.-Fw.-kn, 2013, EtKzZw a -§fpw kqà-§-fpw,tIm«bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.cm-L-h-hm-cnbÀ Fw.-BÀ, 2016, Atim-I-im-k-\-§Ä, tIm«-bw, kmln-Xy-]-hÀ¯Ikl-I-cWkwLw.lÀj NcnXwlcn-Zm-kv.-sI.hn, 2015, amam-¦hpw Nmth-dpw, tIm«bwkRvP-b³.-]n, C y³ c-W-L-S-\.Archaeological Survey of India, Epigraphica Indica.

Beveridge, Henry (trans.) The Akbar Nama of Abul Fazl, 2010, Delhi, Low Prize

Publications, Reprint.

Buhler.G, (Tr. 2014) Ed by F.Max Mullar, The Laws of Manu: The Sacred Books of the

East; , Vol. XXV, Literary Licensing.

Nainar M.H.S, (Trans. and Ed.) 2006, Thuhfat al- Mujahideen, Kozhikkode, Other

Books.

Olivelle. Patrick, 2005, Manu's Code of Law: A Critical Edition and Translation of

Manava Dharma Sasthra, Delhi, Oxford University Press.

Piley. M.V , Constitutional History of India.

Rhys Davids C.A.F, 1980, Psalms of the Buddhists, Bristol (Calcutta: Baptist Mission

Press 1904) Pali Text Society, reprint 1909.

Zilli Ishitiaq Ahamed (Trans.), 2015, Tarikh -i Firoz Shahi, Primus Books.

75

MU HIS 8315 (vi) enJnX hn⁄m\obw

bqWn‰v 1en]n ]cn-Wmawen]nhmb\bpsS ]iv\w ˛ ssk‘h ˛ _m“n ˛ hs´-gpØv ˛ ]›m-Øew ˛

FgpØphnZybpsS Bcw`w - ˛ ]mNo\cq]w -˛ amXren]n_m“n ˛ en]n]cnWmaw

]›mØew ˛ en]nam‰w- hs´gpØp -KŸßƒ.

bqWn‰v 2h¿§oIcW]iv\wh¿§oIcWw ˛ -XcwXncnhv ˛ enJnXßƒ -˛ [¿Ωimk\ßƒ ˛ H´pt]cpIƒ ˛

]´bßƒ ˛ Zm\tcJ ˛ \nbamhenIƒ ˛ hmWnPytcJIƒ ˛ ]ikvXnIƒ

bqWn‰v 3ImeKW\ ]iv\w]eXcw k¶ev]\ßƒ ˛ NXp¿bpKw ˛ h¿jw ˛ Nmµamkw ˛ kucamkw ˛

iIh¿jw Kp]vXh¿jw sIm√h¿jw ImeKW\bpsS ]iv\ßƒ t£X

h¿jw ˛ ]pXp hbv]v h¿jw ˛ ImeØns‚ AScpIƒ- ˛ cm„obImew ˛

kmaqlyImew ˛ `uaImew- ----- -˛ IS]bmZn -˛ Nne ]kn≤amb IS]bmZn Imeßƒ

˛ BbpcmtcmKykuJyw--- -˛ `pXkwJy- ˛ Nne ]kn≤amb `pXkwJyIƒ ˛

Nµc‘ap\n

bqWn‰v 4hymJym\Øns‚ ]iv\ßƒenJnXm¿∞w -˛ hymJym\w -NcnXkµ¿`Øn¬ ]cntim[n°¬ ˛ kµ¿`hpw

tcJbpw XΩnep≈ _‘w ˛ `mcXob i–Nn¥ -˛ sX°≥ _m“n ˛ hs´gpØv

KŸw- -˛ tImsegpØv ˛ aebm◊.

76

bqWn‰v 5] -b-ßƒ, sNt∏SpIƒ]mtbmKnI]mTßƒ ˛ Xcnkm∏≈n]´bw ˛ hmg∏n≈n sNt∏Sv ˛ PqX∏´bw ˛

Xncph√m sNt∏SpIƒ ˛ IpdpamØp¿ ]´bw- ˛ sh≈nap‰Øv sNtºme ˛

tImgnt°mS≥ KŸhcn

klmbIKŸßƒ

\mcmbW≥, Fw. Pn. Fkv, (1977) 2000, tIcfNcnXØns‚ ASnÿm\ineIƒ,

tImgnt°mSv, en]n ]ªnt°j≥kv.

cmaNµ≥, ]pXpt»cn, 2007, tIcf NcnXØns‚ ASnÿm\ tcJIƒ, Xncp-h-\-

¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

cmLhhmcnb¿, Fw. B¿, tIih≥ shfpØm´v, 2013, Xcnkm∏≈n ]´bw,

tIm´bw, kmlnXy]h¿ØIklIcWkwLw.

chnh¿Ω.F¬.F, 1965, ]mNo\ tIcfen]nIƒ, Xr»q¿, tIcf kmlnXy

A°mZan.

kmw. F≥., 2006, tIcfØnse ]mNo\en]n amXrIIƒ, Xncph\¥]pcw,

kwÿm\ ]pcmtcJm hIp∏v.

Archaeological Survey of India, Epigraphia Indica: A Collection of Inscriptions

Supplementary to the Corpus Inscription Indicarum of the Archaeological Survey,

Dept. of Archaeology

Gopinatha Rao T.A.,(ed), 1993, Travancore Archaeological Series, Vols 1-3,

Thiruvananthapuram, Cultural Publication Department, Govt.of Kerala.

Mahadevan, Iravatham, 2014, "Dravidian Proof of the Indus Script via the Rig Veda:

A Case Study" in Bulletin of the Indus Research Centre, Chennai, Raja Muthiah Reseach

Library.

Mahadevan, Iravatham, 1970, Corpus of Tamil-Brahmi Inscriptions, State Department

of Archaeology Govt. of Tamilnadu.

Mahadevan, Iravatham, 2014, Early Tamil Epigraphy, Tamil-Brahmi Inscriptions. Revised

and Enlarged Second Edition: Volume 1, Central Institute of Classical Tamil

Mahadevan, Iravatham, 1977, The Indus Script: Texts, Concordance and Tables,

New Delhi, Archaeological Survey of India.

Mahadevan, Iravatham, 2003, Early Tamil Epigraphy : From the Earliest Times to the

Sixth Century A.D, Harvard Oriental Series.

Murty, K. Satya, 1992, Text Book of Indian Epigraphy, Low Price Publications.

Ramesh.K.V. 1965, Indian Epigraphy, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.

Subbarayalu Y. (ed.), 2015, South Indian Inscriptions. Vol. XXXIV. (Inscriptions collected

during the year 1914), New Delhi, Archaeological Survey of India.

77

Subbarayalu Y. and Rajavelu S. (ed), 2014, Inscriptions of the Vijayanagara Rulers.

Volume V, Part I: Tamil Inscriptions, New Delhi, Indian Council of Historical Research

& Primus Books.

78

MU HIS 8315 (vii) tIc-f-Ønse ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-N-cnXw

bqWn‰v 1C¥y-bnse BZy-Im-e-]-X-ßƒ

C¥y-bn¬ ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Bcw`w ˛ sPbnwkv AK-Ãkv ln°n ˛ skdmw

]q¿ anj-W-dokv ˛ ]X-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ Bi-b-hn\n-abw ˛ ]X-ßƒ kzmX-¥y-

Øn-\p-ap-ºpw, ]nºpw.

bqWn‰v 2tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaqly kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿ-Iƒ

tIc-f-Ønse kmaqly ˛ kmº-ØnI kml-N-cy-ßƒ ˛ kmaqly \thm-∞m-\-

]-ÿm-\-ßƒ io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp Aø-¶mfn skbv‚ v Nmh-d-b-®≥ kmaqly

˛ cmjvSob ]t£m-`-ßfpw, ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw

bqWn‰v 3

tIcf-Ønse ]X-]-h¿Ø\w

tIc-f-Ønse ]X-]-h¿Ø-\m-cw`w BZy-Ime ]X-ßƒ ˛ s_©-an≥ s_bven ˛

sl¿Ω≥ Kp≠¿´v ˛ tIcf \thm-∞m-\-kzm-X-¥y-]-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ ]X-ßƒ

hln® ]¶v ˛ kztZ-im-`n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]n-≈.

bqWn‰v 4

]X-ßfpw apX-em-fn-Ø-hy-h-ÿ-Ifpw

tIcfw B[p-\n-I-X-bn-tebv°v ˛ ]X-ßfpw apX-em-fnØ hyh-ÿbpw ˛ hyh-

ÿm-]nX Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ ˛ ka-Im-enI ˛ ]X-kzm-X¥yw F∂ Bi-bw.

bqWn‰v 5

ssk≤m-¥nI ho£-W-ßƒ

]X-ßsf kw_-‘n-°p∂ ssk≤m-¥nI ho£-W-ßƒ amIvkv sh_v, Imd¬

am¿Ivkv ˛ A¬Øq-k¿ ˛ tl_¿ amkv ˛ tdm_n≥ sP^n.

79

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒJeffrey Robin, print Media Revolution in India, State Institute of Languages,

Trivandrum, 2004.

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N.Sam, Malayalapatrapravarthanam Pathonpatham Noottandil, D C Books,

Kottayam,2003

Priyadarshan, G, Malayalpathrapravarthanam Prarambhaswaroopam,Kerala

sahitya Academy, Trichur, 1982.

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Kottayam,2001.

Raghavan ,Puthuppalli, Swadheshabhimaniyude Pathrapravarthanam,

Rajavazhchayude Drishtityil,Kerala Press Academy, Kottayam, 1988.

Thomas. M.V, Madyamangalum, Malyalasahithyavum, Cultural Publication, Govt

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80

MU HIS 8315 (viii) kvXoI-fpsS Ah-Im-i-t_m-[-cq-]o-I-c-W- ß-fpsS NcnXw B[p-\nI temI-Øn¬

bqWn‰v 1

kvXoI-fpsS Ah-Im-i-]-Jym-]\w ˛ 1791 ˛ thm´-h-Im-ihpw kvXoIfpw ˛ sXmgn-

en-S-ß-fnse kvXoIƒ ˛ hymh-km-bn-I-hn-π-hhpw kvXoIfpw ˛ sXmgn¬ NqjWw

˛ s]mXp-`-c-W-C-S-ßƒ ˛ Hfn-ºy-Un-tKm-Pkpw kvXoI-fpsS Ah-Im-i-]-Jym-]-

\hpw ˛ ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ ˛ tacn-thmƒtÃmÏm-^v‰v.

bqWn‰v 2temI-a-lm-bp-≤-ßfpw kvXoIfpw

IpSpw-_-L-S-\-bnse am‰-ßƒ ˛ Inan-\-enkw ˛ sXcp-hn-e-Sn™ Ipń-Iƒ ˛ IΩyq-

Wp-I-fnse PohnXw ˛ kvXoNn-X-W-ßƒ ˛ IpSn-tb-‰-ßƒ ˛ t£a-cm-jvShpw

kvXob-\p-Iq-e-\n-b-a-\n¿Ωn-Xn-I-fpw.

bqWn‰v 3

sân-\nÃv t_m[-Øns‚ \n¿ΩnXn

kntam¨ Un _p∆ ˛ tI‰v an√‰v ˛ s_‰n ôU≥ ˛ sP¿Ωbv≥ Ko¿ ˛ Pqenb

InkvtXh ˛ Pqen-b‰v antj¬ ˛ eqkn Cdn-Km-sd.

bqWn‰v 4

a\p-jym-h-Im-i-]-Jym-]-\-ß-fpw, kvXoIfpw

A¥m-cmjvS a\p-jym-h-Imi ]Jym-]\w ˛ a\p-jy-°-S-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb \nb-a-ßƒ

˛ h¿Æ-hn-th-N\ hncp≤ ]Jym-]\w ˛ F¬_n-PnSn Ah-Im-i-ßƒ ˛ sXmgn¬

\nb-a-ßƒ.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

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81

Geraldine Forbes, 1996, Women in Modern India, New Delhi, Cambridge University

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Whelehan Imelda, 1995, Modern Feminist Thought, New Delhi, Rawat Publications.

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82

MU HIS 8315 (ix) `mc-Xob ssh⁄m-\nI ]mc-ºcyw

bqWn‰v 1

]mNo\ Adnhv kº-Zm-b-ßfpw ]pcm-XXz hn⁄m-\o-bhpw

lmc∏ ˛ kmt¶-XnI ]cn-PvRm\w ˛ inev]hnZy teml-Øn-epw, ine-bnepw ˛

a¨]mX \n¿ΩmW hnZy ˛ teml-kw-kv°-cWw ˛ sNºnepw/HmSnepw ˛ Ic-Iu-

iehnZy ˛ B`-cW \n¿ΩmWw ˛ apØp-a-Wn-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw ˛ Im¿Wn-en-b≥ ˛

em]n-kv-kpen ˛ Ccp-ºv ]-cn-jvIrXn ˛ t]mfnjvUv shb¿ sSIvt\m-fPn RCPW,

PGW, NBPW˛ _“n en]n ]mc-º-cyw.

bqWn‰v 2

]mNo\KŸ-ßfpw Adn-hp-Xv]m-Z-\hpw

thZ-Im-e-L´w ˛ EIv ˛ bPp¿ ˛ kma ˛ AY¿h ˛ thZmw-K-ßƒ ˛ in£ ˛ I¬]

˛ \ncp‡ ˛ Oµ ˛ tPymXnj ˛ hymI-cWw

bqWn‰v 3

ssh⁄m-\nI afi-e-Øns‚ hf¿® XpS¿ Ime-ß-fn¬

D]-th-Z-ßƒ ˛ Bbp¿thZw ˛ hr£ ˛ lkvXn ˛ Aiz ˛ Nc-I-kw-lnX ˛ ipipX

kwlnX ˛ t`e-kw-lnX ˛ [\p¿t∆Zw ˛ K‘¿∆-thZw ˛ in¬]thZw ˛ kky-

imkvXw ˛ Im¿jnI hn⁄m\w.

bqWn‰v 4

tPymXn-im-kvX-Øns‚ hf¿®bpw hnIm-khpw

`uXnI ]]©w ˛ ho£-W-ßƒ ˛ k¶¬]-ßƒ ˛ tPymXn-im-kvX-hn-⁄m\w

kwln-X-I-fn¬, _m“-W-ß-fn¬, kqX-ß-fn¬ ˛ thZ Imem-¥y-]q¿∆ tPymXn-

imkvXw ˛ ssP\-kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ ˛ ]©-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ ˛ ss]Xm-a-l-kn-≤m¥w ˛

]ueni kn≤m¥w ˛ tcmaI kn≤m¥w ˛ kqcy-kn-≤m¥w ˛ Bcy-`-S≥ H∂m-a≥ ˛

83

`mkvI-cm-Nmcy H∂m-a≥ ˛ _“-Kp-]vX≥ ˛ aRvPp-fm-Nm-cy≥ ˛ hcm-l-an-ln-c≥ ˛

_“-Kp-]vX≥ ˛ `mkv°-c≥ c≠m-a≥ ˛ cmP Pbvknßv II.

bqWn‰v 5

KWn-X-im-kvX-]m-c-ºcyw

]mIv Ncn-X-Im-e-L-´-ß-fnse Af-hp-Xq-°-k-º-Zmbw ˛ ssP\-K-WnXw ˛ kwJym-

kn-≤m¥w ˛ _Ivjmen am\p-kvIn]v‰v ˛ Bcy-`-´≥ I ˛ `mkv°-c≥ I ˛ KWn-X-im-

kvX-]m-c-ºcyw Z£n-W- m-c-X-Øn¬ alm-ho-cm-Nmcy C≥tUm Ad-_nIv KWnX

hn⁄m-\obw ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ KWn-X-im-kvX-]m-c-º-cyw.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒRatnagar Shereen, 1981, Encounters, the westerly Trade of Harappan Civilization,

Oxford University Press,

hnjvWp-\m-cm-b-W≥ \ºq-Xn-cn, (et.al) (hnh.) imkvXw C¥ybn¬, `mKw 1, Xncp-

h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v,

hmkp-Ip- ≥ sI.-F, mcXhn⁄m-\-]-T-\-ßƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f- mj C≥Ãn-

‰yq-´v.

hnjvWp-\m-cm-b-W≥ \ºq-Xn-cn, XpS-ßn-b-h¿ (hn-h.) 1991, imkvXw C¥y-bn¬

thmfyw 1) Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mj C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

`mkv°-c-]-Wn-°¿ ]n. Sn., (et.al) hnh: imkvXw C¥y-bn¬ `mKw 2, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-

cw, tIc-f-`mj C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v,

io[-c≥ Fw.-F-kv., `mc-Xob imkvX aRvPp-j, thmfyw 3, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, `mc-

Xob imkvX aRvPpj ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

Bag A.K. India and Central Asia, Science and Technology, 2 Vols, New Delhi, India

Natinal Science Academy.

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Basham, A.L 2004, the wonder that was India, New Delhi, picador

Lakshmi Narain Agarwal, Agra, Educational Publishers .

Lunia B.N, Evolution of Indian Culture,

Possehl, G.L. , Urban Civilization, New Delhi, Oxford University Press.

Singh Upender , A History of Ancient and Medieval India, Delhi, Pearson.

84

MU HIS 8315 (x) Ncn-Xhpw kmaq-lnI kn≤m-¥-ßfpw

bqWn‰v 1Ncn-Xhpw uXn-I-hm-Zhpw

slK¬, am¿Ivkv XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS Bi-b-ßƒ ˛ Ncn-X-]-c-amb `uXn-I-hmZw ˛

am¿IvknÃv kmaq-ly-kn-≤m¥w ˛ D¬∏m-Z-\-kº-Zm-b-ßƒ ˛ kmaq-ly-km-º-Øn-

I-L-S\ ˛ kmaq-ly-]-cn-h¿Ø\ kn≤m¥w ˛ h¿§-k-a-c-kn-≤m-¥w.

bqWn‰v 2kmaq-ly-im-kvX-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ

kmaq-ly-im-kvX-kn-≤m-¥hpw Ncn-Xhpw ˛ ka-Im-enI kmaq-ly-imkvX kn≤m-

¥-ßƒ ˛ Fan¬ Zp¿Jnw ˛ amIvkv sh_¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS \nco-£-W-ßƒ ˛

hna¿i-\-ßƒ.

bqWn‰v 3

LS-\m-hmZ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ

At‚m-Wntbm Kmwjn, tKym¿Kn ep°mIvkv (Gyorgy Lukacs) ˛ LS-\m-hmZ

am¿Ivknkw ˛ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ ˛ tl_¿am-kns‚ kmaq-ly-kn-≤m-

¥w.

bqWn‰v 4

LS-\m-hm-Zm-\¥-c-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ

LS-\m-hm-Zm-\¥-c-Im-e-L´w ˛ Km‚ v kn≤m-¥-Øn-s\-Xnscbp≈ hna¿iw ˛ A]-

\n¿ΩmWw ˛ DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX ˛ s^an-\nkw ˛ antj¬ ^qt°mbpw hyh-lm-c-hn-

i-I-e-\hpw ˛ FUzm¿Uv skbn-Zns‚ ]uc-kv-Xy-hmZw XpS-ßn-b-h.

bqWn‰v 5

hn⁄m-\-imkvXw (Epistemology)

LS-\bpw GP≥knbpw ˛ hni-Zo-I-cWw ˛ saØ-tUm-f-Pn-°¬ C≥Un-hn-Uzm-

enkw (Methodological Individualism) ˛ Explanation and understanding - ]ntd

t_m¿Zn ˛ dn^vf-Ivknhv tkmtjym-f-Pn-°¬ A\m-en-kn-kv.

85

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

Anderson, Perry, 1983, In the Tracks of Historical Materialism, London, Verso Books.

Bourdieu, Pierre, 1977, Outline of a Theory of Practice, OUP.

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Lukacs G., 1983, History and Class Consciousness, London, Merlin Press.

Jean - Francois Lyotard, 1986, The Post Moden Condition: A Report on Knowledge,

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86

MU HIS 8315 (xi) ]I¿®-hym-[n-Ifpw ]m›m-Xy-ssh-Zyhpw

bqWn‰v 1

Btcm-Kyhpw tcmK-ßfpw ˛ ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ ˛ D¬`hw ˛ Ncn-X-]-›m-Øew ˛

GX≥knse ]I¿®-hym[n ˛ ]pcm-X-\-tdm-anse ae-º\n ˛ bqtdm-∏nse ]I¿®-

hym-[n-Iƒ ˛ hkq-cn, tπKv, ae-º\n ˛ C≥^vfq-h≥k alm-amcn ˛ bqtdm-∏nse

tImfd ˛ kv]m\njv^vfq ˛ a‰v ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ

bqWn‰v 2

tcmK-ßfpw ]m›m-Xy-ssh-Zyhpw ˛ tcmK-ßsf°pdn-®p≈ ]m›m-Xy-sshZy

k¶¬]\w ˛ Kme≥, lnt∏m-Im-‰kv ˛ hmWn-Py-bp-K-Ønse sshZyw ˛ (1600 ˛

1800) \h-km-am-Py-Øzhpw sshZyhpw (1880 ˛ 1914) A]-tIm-f-\o-I-c-Whpw

sshZyhpw ˛ ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ ]Xn-tcm-[-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ˛ bqtdm-

∏nse sNdpØp\n¬∏v \b-ßƒ ˛ hmIvkn-\p-Iƒ ˛ NnIn-’-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 3

A[n-\n-thi C¥y ˛ _n´ojv A[n-\n-thiw -˛ IS-º-Iƒ ˛ ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ ˛

hkqcn ˛ tImf-d, ae-º\n ˛ tπKv XpS-ßn-bh ˛ sNdpØp \n¬∏v ia-ßƒ ˛

s]mXp-P-\m-tcm-Ky-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ˛ DjvW-ta-J-em-sshZyw (Tropical Medicine) ˛

hmIvkn-t\-j≥ ˛ ipNn-Xzhpw ipNo-I-c-W-]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw

bqWn‰v 4

tIc-f-Ønse ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ ˛ ]Xn-tcm[ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ˛ hkq-cn-°p-Øn-

sh∏v ˛ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse anj-W-dn-am¿ ˛ anj-W-dn-amcpw ]m›mXy sshZyhpw ˛

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-sebpw ae-_m-dn-sebpw ]I¿®-hym[n sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏v \b-ßƒ

˛ A\-¥-c-^-eßƒ.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒtUm. ]n. hn\-b-N-µ≥, tIc-fob NnIn’m NcnXw Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw.

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92

MU HIS 8315 (xii) tIcf \thm-∞m\ Ncn-Xhpw kmwkvIm-cnI apt∂-‰hpw

bqWn‰v 1Bib afi-ew, ]›m-Øew

\thm-∞m\ k¶¬∏w ˛ hnhn[ Bi-b-[mcIƒ ˛ bqtdm-]y≥ kmwkvIm-cnI

hn\n-a-b-ßfpw Bi-b-]-c-amb kzm[o-\hpw ˛ C¥y≥ \thm-∞m\ ]In-b-Iƒ

˛ tIc-f-am-XrI ˛ \thm-∞m-\tam kmaqly ]cn-jv°-c-Wtam?

bqWn‰v 2kmaq-ly- kmwkvIm-cnI Po-hnXw

Im¿jnI kwkvImcw ˛ KmaoW `cW hyh-ÿ, Iq´p-Ip-Spw_w ˛ P∑n kº-

Zmbw hnhn[ Xcw Zmb Ia-ßƒ PmXn kº-Zmbw ‡n cq]-ßfpw hna¿i\

kwkvIm-chpw ˛ ]Xn-tcm[ kmlnXy cq]-ßƒ.

bqWn‰v 3]m›mXy kzm[o\w

]pØ≥ Im¿jnI kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw ˛ sImtfm-Wn-b¬ B[p-\n-I-

Xbpw ]m›mXy Bi-b-ßfpw ˛ kmwkvIm-cnI ka-\zbw ˛ BwK-teb amXr-I-

Iƒ ˛ PmXn ASn-a-Øhpw anj-Wdn CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw ˛ hn`ym-`ymkw ˛ A®Sn ˛

]pXnb ]X-am-[ya kwkvImcw ˛ \h kmlnXy afi-e-Øns‚ DZbw ˛ BXp-c-

tk-h\ cwK-Øp-≠mb am‰-ßƒ.

bqWn‰v 3kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-cW ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

sshIp-WvT-kzman ˛ N´ºn kzman-Iƒ ˛ io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp ˛ hmKv`-Sm-\-µ≥ ˛

Ipam-c-Kp-cp-tZ-h≥ ˛ Aø-¶mfn ˛ kmwkv°m-cnI apt∂‰w Iogmf P\-X-bn¬ ˛

93

ZfnXv sFU‚n-‰n-bpsS cq]o-I-cWw ˛ Ckvemw ˛ InkvXob -]-cn-jv°-cW Bi-b-

[m-c-Ifpw kmwkv°m-cnI apt∂-‰hpw ˛ tIc-f-k-aq-ly-]-cn-jv°-c-W-Øn¬ Km‘n-

b≥ Bi-b-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w ˛ htcWy ]cn-jvIr-Xn-Iƒ ˛ F≥.-F-v.-F-v.

tbmK-t£a k` a‰p kmap-ZmbnI kwL-S-\-Iƒ ˛ ]n¬°m-eØv kmap-Zm-bnI

kwL-S-\-Iƒ°p-≠mb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ˛ Iayq -WnÃv ]ÿm-\-Øns‚

hf¿®bpw hnIm-k-hpw.

bqWn‰v 5kmwkv°m-cnI apt∂‰w

Im¿jnI cwKsØ hmWn-Py-h-Xv°-cWw ˛ `mj-bnepw kmln-Xy-Øn-ep-ap-≠mb

am‰-ßƒ ˛ ]pØ≥ Bi-b-[m-c-Iƒ ˛ ]ÿm-\-ßƒ ˛ hnZym-`ymk cwK-Øp-≠mb

hf¿® ˛ am[ya kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hf¿® ˛ enwK-k-aXz Bi-b-ß-fpsS hf¿® ˛

Xoc-tZi taJ-e-bnepw Ac-b-k-ap-Zm-b-ßƒ°n-S-bnepw D≠mb am‰-ßƒ tKmX-ta-

J-e-bn¬ h∂n-´p≈ am‰-ßƒ ˛ h\w, ]cn-ÿnXn taJ-e-bn¬ D≠m-bn-´p≈ am‰-

ßƒ ˛ kmaq-lym-tcmKy cwK-Øp-≠mb hf¿®.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒAlΩZv F.-]n., 2017, ap…nw \thm-∞m\w Nne tIc-fo-b-Nn-X-ßƒ, IÆq¿,

ssIcfn _pIvkv.

Bim-cn, Xpf-kn-[-c≥, Fkv., 2017, tImf\n hmgvNbpw \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fpw, Xncp-hn-

Xmw-Iq-dnse hntam-N-\-t]m-cm-´w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

B\-µn Sn.-sI, 2006, P\-Iob ka-c-ß-fn¬ ae-_mdns‚ s]¨]m-X-Iƒ, tImgn-

t°mSv, imkvX-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jØv.

Cf-bn-Sw, kp\n¬ ]n., 2016, Bflw, A]-cw, A[n-\n-th-iw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, sF

_pIvkv.

Ipdp-∏v.-sI.-sI.-F≥, 1981, ]g»n ka-c-ßƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, kwÿm\ `mjm

C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

Ipdp-∏v.-sI.-sI.-F≥, 2011, B[p-\nI tIcfw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-

‰yq-´v.

Ipdp-∏v.-sI.-sI.-F≥, 1982, B[p-\nI tIcfw NcnX Kth-j-W-]-_-‘-ßƒ, Xncp-

h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

Im¿Øn-tI-b≥ \mb¿.hn, 2006, Pbn¬°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ At‚m-Wn-tbm- Kmw-jn, Xncp-

h-\-¥-]pcw, ssaXn _pIvkv,

-sI.-C.F≥, 2017, tIc-fo-b-\-thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ Ncn-Xhpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw, Xncp-h-

\-¥-]p-cw, Nn¥m-]-ªn-tjgvkv.

sI.-C.F≥, 2013, ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-]-ÿm\w Ncn-Xhpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw, tImgn-

t°m-Sv, t]mKkv ]ªn-tj-gvkv.

KtWjv.sI.-F≥, 1997, tIc-f-Øns‚ C∂-se-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw, tIc-f-kmw-

94

kvIm-cnI ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-h-Ip∏v

tKm]m-e≥Ip´n.sI, 2015, ae-_m¿ ]T-\-ßƒ, tIm -bw, kmln-Xy-]-h¿ØI klI-

c-W-kwLw

NµnI kn.Fkv, 2016, tIc-f-Øns‚ kvXoN-cn-X-ßƒ, kvXoap-t∂-‰-ß-ƒ, tIm´-

bw, Un.kn _p°vkv

Peo¬ sI.-Sn., 2017, ae-_m¿ Iem]w Hcp ]p\¿hm-b-\, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Nn¥m

]ªn-tj-gvkv.

\ºq-Xn-cn-]m-Sv, C.-Fw.-F-kv., 2017, tIcfw ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS amXr-`q-an, Xncp-h-\-¥-

]pcw, Nn¥m-]-ªn-tj-gvkv.

\ºq-Xn-cn-]m-Sv, C.-Fw.-F-kv., 2012, tIcfNcnXw am¿IvknÃv ho£-W-Øn¬, Xncp-

h-\-¥-]pcw, Nn¥m-]-ªn-tj-gvkv.

\ºq-Xn-cn-]m-Sv, C.-Fw.-F-kv., 2017, tIc-f-Ønse Iayq-WnÃv ]ÿm\w D¤-hhpw

hf¿®bpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw, Nn¥m-]-ªn-tj-gvkv.

]c-ta-iz-cø¿, D≈q¿ Fkv, 1990 (]p-Xnb]Xn-∏v) tIc-f-km-lnXy NcnXw ˛ hmeyw

˛ 1, 2, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f k¿h-I-em-ime

]fl-\m-`-ta-t\m≥ sI.]n, (1912&1914), 1987, (]p-Xnb]Xn-∏v), sIm®n-cm-Py-N-cnXw,

tImgn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan ]v

s]mXp-hmƒ.-F.-sI, 1976, tIc-f-Ønse I¿jI ]ÿm\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.

_me-Ir-jvW≥.-]n.-sI, 1989, io \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

_me-Ir-jvW hmcy¿ F., 1999, \thm-∞m-\-I-hn-Iƒ alm-I-hn-X-b-Øn\v tijw,

tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

_nPp-cmPv B¿.-sI., 2018, ka-c-tI-c-fw, sIm®n, ]WX _pIvkv.

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿ Fw.-B¿, 1889, tIc-fo-bX: Ncn-X-am-\-ßƒ, ipI-]pcw, h≈-tØmƒ

hnZym-]o-Tw.

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿.Fw.-B¿ & cmP≥ Kpcp-°ƒ, 2011, tIc-f-N-cnXw thmfyw 2, ˛

ipI-]pcw, h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]oTw

cmL-h≥, ]pXp-∏-≈n, 2008, tIc-f-]-X-]-h¿Ø-\-N-cn-Xw, Xr»q¿, tIc-f-km-lnXy

A°m-Z-an.

cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, B¿., 2016, tIc-f-Øns‚ kvXoi-‡n-N-cnXw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,

amfp-s_≥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv.

cmP≥, C, 2017, Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-K-lw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

cmP≥, C, 2017, ssh°w kXym-K-lw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

io[-c-ta-t\m≥ F. 1997, tIc-f-Ønse kzmX-¥y-k-acw, tIm´-bw, Un.kn _p°vkv

io[-ctat\m≥.-F , 1985, sIm®n cmPy-]-Pm-a-fi-ew: Hcp Ncn-Xw, tIm´-bw, \mj-

W¬ _p°vkv‰mƒ

inh-Zm-k≥ ]n, 2014, hmK¨Sm-PUn, tIm´-bw, kmln-Xy-]-h¿Ø-\I kl-I-c-

W-kw-Lw, tIm´-bw.

95

tiJ¿ AP-bv, Nµ-tam-l≥ Fkv.-B¿., 2017, tIc-f-\-thm-∞m\w ]pXp-hm-b-\-

Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, ssdh≥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv.

Xp-f-ko-[-c≥, im¥, 2016. tIc-f-Ønse B[n-hmkn kwkvIm-c-ßƒ kºq¿Æ-]-

T-\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

jmPn.-sI.-F≥ (F-Un), 2007, io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp: Pohn-Xw, IrXn-Iƒ, Z¿i-\w,

Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

Aiya, Nagam.V, (1906) 1999, The Travancore State Manual, vol. III, Kerala Gazetters

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Kannan K.P, 1988, Of Rural Proletarian Struggles: Organization and Mobilization of

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Kooiman, Dick, 1990, Conversion and Social Equality in India: The London Missionery

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Sreedhara Menon.A, 2001, Triumph and Tragedy in Travancore: Annals of Sir CPís

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99

\memw ska-Ã¿

MU HIS 8416 A[n-\n-thi C¥y: imkvXw kmt¶-XnI hnZy


MU HIS 8418 C¥y-bnse enwK-t_m[ \n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS

NcnXw (\n¿_-‘nX sF—n-Iw)

MU HIS 8419 ]_‘w

100

MU HIS 8416 A[n-\n-th-i- C¥y: imkvXw,

kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy, sshZyw

bqWn‰v 1imkvXw, kmt¶-XnIhnZy, sshZyw.

imkvXhpw kmam-Pyhpw: k¶-ev]-\-ßƒ, kn≤m-¥-ßƒ: Kym≥ ]Im-iv, tUhnUv

A¿t\mƒUv, ]XoIv NI_¿Øn, Zo]Iv Ipam¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS \nco-£-W-

ßƒ ˛ A[n-\n-th-ihpw ]m›m-Xy-im-kvXhpw ˛ ]uc-kv-Xy-tZ-i-ß-fn-te-°p≈

]m›mXy imkvX-Øns‚ IS-∂p-h-chv ˛ kwhm-Z-ßƒ ˛ imkvXw kmwkvIm-cn-

Im-bp-[-sa∂ \ne-bn¬.

bqWn‰v 2]m›mXy imkvXhpw tImf-\o-I-c-Whpw

CuÃn-¥ym-I-º-\n-Iƒ ˛ imkvX-kw-_-‘n-bmb At\z-j-W-ßƒ ˛ Is≠-Ø-ep-

Iƒ ˛ imkvXhpw ]uc-kvXy-hm-Zhpw ˛ BZy-Ime bqtdm-]y≥ imkvX-⁄¿ ˛

k¿t∆ Hm^o-k¿am¿ ˛ kky-im-kvX-⁄≥am¿ ˛ tUmIvS¿am¿ ˛ tlm¿Øqkv

ae-_m-dn-°kv ˛ kky-ß-fpsS cmk-]-c-amb h¿§o-I-cWw (Chemical Taxonomy)

C¥y-sb∂ DjvW-ta-J-e.

bqWn‰v 3

kmt¶-XnI hnZybpw kmam-Pyhpw

Bhn-bpKw (Steam Age) ˛ bqtdm-∏nse imkvXob hnπhw ˛ b¥-ß-fpsS I≠p-

]n-SpØw ˛ hymh-km-bnI hnπhw ˛ sSIvssÃ¬ ˛ J\\w ˛ I∏¬ \n¿ΩmW

kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy ˛ Ccp-ºp-cp°v \n¿ΩmWw ˛ sa‰-e¿Pn ˛ tdmUp-Iƒ ˛ sdbn¬th

˛ I\m¬ \n¿ΩmWw ˛ Xt±-io-b-amb sNdpØp \n¬∏p-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 4

]m›m-Xy-ssh-Zyhpw kmam-Py-Xzhpw

]m›m-Xy-sshZyw A[n-\n-thi C¥y-bn¬ ˛ C¥y≥ saUn-°¬ k¿∆okv ˛ hkq-

cn-s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ IpØn-sh-∏p-Iƒ ˛ tKmh-kqcn ]tbmKw ˛ ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ ˛

_n´ojv sNdpØp \n¬∏v \b-ßƒ ˛ anj-W-dn-am¿ ˛ s]m´-Ã‚ v anj-W-dn-amcpw

]m›m-Xy-ssh-Zyhpw ˛ ]m›m-Xy-ssh-Zy-Øns‚ hym]\w ˛ Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ,

101

Unkvs]≥k-dn-Iƒ ˛ Xt±-iob sshZy-Øns‚ Acn-Ip-h¬°-cWw ˛ sNdp-Øp-

\n¬∏p-i-a-ßƒ.

bqWn‰v 5

]m›m-Xy-im-kvXhpw Xt±-iob sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏pwXt±-iob imkvXhpw ]m›m-Xy-im-kvXhpw ˛ ]c-kv]-c-hy-h-lmcw, kzmwio-I-

cWw (Assimilation) ˛ ]Xn-I-cWw ˛ sNdpØv \n¬∏v ia-ßƒ ˛ imkvXhpw

C¥y≥ tZio-b-Xbpw ˛ tZiob imkvX-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw ˛ atl-µ-em¬

k¿°m¿ ˛ ]n.-kn.-td, PK-Zoiv Nµ-t_mkv ˛ alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsS Bi-b-ßƒ.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

Arnold, David, 1999, Science, Technology and Medicine in colonial India, Cambridge

University Press.

Arnold, David (ed), Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies, OUP.

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Poonam Bala, 2007, Medicine and Medical Policies in India: Social and Historical

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Bayly C.A, 1999, Empire and Information: Intelligence gathering and social

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Kumar, Deepak, 1995, Science and the Raj, OUP.

Poonam, Bala, 1991, Imperialism and medicine in Bengal: A Socio - Historical

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Zaheer, Baber, 1998, The Science and Empire: Scientific knowledge, Civilization and

Colonial Rule in India, Delhi, Oxford University Press.

102


bqWn‰v 1]cn-jvIcW ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

BZysØ a¥n-k`m cq]o-I-cWw ˛ hnZym-`ymk ]cn-jv°-cWw ˛ `q]-cn-jvI-cWw

˛ A\-¥-c-^-e-ßƒ ˛ hntam-N-\-k-acw ˛ amdn-h∂ a¥n-k-`-Iƒ ˛ ANyp-X-ta-

t\m≥ ˛ C.-Fw.-Fkv ˛ sI.-I-cp-Wm-I-c≥ ˛ bp‡n-hm-Zn-kwLw ˛ \Ivk-en-kw.

bqWn‰v 2kmº-Øn-I-am-‰-ßƒ; kpÿnc hnI-k\w

Im¿jn-I-am-‰-ßƒ ˛ B`y-¥c am‰-ßƒ ˛ ae-_m-dn-te-°p≈ IpSn-tb‰w ˛ hf¿®

˛ kmº-ØnI hf¿® Kƒ v ae-bm-fn-Iƒ D]-t`m‡r kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ hf¿®

˛ tIc-f-hn-I-k\ amXrI ˛ ]mtZ-inI hnI-k-\hpw ]iv\-ß-fpw.

bqWn‰v 3

h\w ]cn-ÿnXn BtcmKyw

h\-ta-Je ˛ h\y-Pohn kwc-£Ww ˛ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ ˛ tXm´-

ßƒ ˛ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI tZmjw ˛ h\y-Pohn kwc-£Ww ˛ Peaen-\o-I-cW -]-iv\-

ßƒ ˛ F≥tUm-kƒ^m≥ ˛ πm®n-aS ˛ ]›n-a-L´w ˛ KmUvKn¬ ˛ IkvXq-cn-cw-

K≥ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ ˛ Irjn-\miw ˛ ]md-a-S-Iƒ ˛ Ct°m-Sq-dnkw ˛ lcn-X-an-j≥ ˛

s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKyw ˛ Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ ˛ hnhn-[-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ ˛ IpSpw-_m-tcmKyw ˛

ac-W-\n-c°v ˛ Btcm-Ky-an-j≥.

bqWn‰v 4

BZn-hm-kn, kvXo apt∂-‰-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

BZn-hmkn ]iv\-ßƒ ˛ `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-Iƒ ˛ `qk-a-c-ßƒ ˛ IÆq¿ ka-c-

ßƒ ˛ BZn-hmkn hntam-N\ ap∂Wn ˛ apØß kacw ˛ Bdfw kacw ˛

tNßd kacw ˛ Acn-∏ `qk-acw ˛ ]qbw-Ip´n]iv\w ˛ BZn-hmkn sh¬s^b¿

t^mdw ˛ s]cn-bmw-Ip´n ka-c-ßƒ ˛ BZn-hmkn ]cn-jvI-cW ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ˛

hnZym-`ymkw ˛ BtcmKyw ˛ kvXo apt∂-‰-ßƒ ˛ kwÿm\ h\nX IΩo-j≥

]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ˛ IpSpw-_io ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ˛ sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bn-ep-≠mb

hf¿® ˛ kmt¶-XnI taJ-e-bn¬ kvXo apt∂-‰w.

103

bqWn‰v 5

tIcf kmwkvIm-cn-I-ap-t∂‰w

hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bnse hf¿® ˛ k¿h-I-em-im-e-Iƒ ˛ D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øns‚

hf¿® ˛ s]m^-j-W¬ taJ-e-bn-ep-≠mb am‰-ßƒ ˛ km£-cX anj≥ ˛ XpS¿hn-

Zym-`ymkw ˛ tIc-f-I-em-a-fiew ˛ KŸime ]ÿm\w ˛ KŸ-ime kwLw ˛

kmlnXy A°m-Zan ˛ kwKoX\mSI A°m-Zan ˛ efn-X-Iem A°m-Zan ˛ kmln-

Xy-]-h¿Ø-I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw ˛ ]ptcm-K-a\ Iem-km-lnXy ]ÿm\w ˛ `mjm-

C≥kv‰n-‰yq´v ˛ imkvX-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jØv ˛ ]kv A°m-Zan ˛ am[y-a-kw-kvIm-c-

Øns‚ hf¿® ˛ ]X-am-[y-a-ßƒ ˛ am[y-a-kw-kvImcw ˛ kn\na ˛ cmap-Im-cym´v ˛

Ac-hn-µ≥ ˛ ]Zva-cm-P≥ ˛ ASq¿ ˛ \oe-°p-bn¬ ˛ sNΩo≥.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒANyp-X-hm-cnb¿. s]m^. , 2002, tIc-f-kw-kvImcw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm

C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

A_q-_-°¿, ImXn-bmfw, 2015, tIc-fob \thm-∞m-\hpw aW-∏m-S\pw, Xncp-h-\-

¥-]p-cw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

A_vZpƒ Icow (kºm-Z-I≥), 1981, a‡n Xß-fpsS kºq¿Æ-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, tImgn-

t°m-Sv, hN\w _pIvkv,

B\-µn. Sn.-sI, 2006, P\-Iob ka-c-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ s]¨]m-X-Iƒ, tImgn-

t°m-Sv, tIcf imkvX kmlnXy ]cn-jØv.

Im¿Øn-tI-b≥ \mb¿. hn, 2005, \thm-∞m\ aqey-ßfpw tIcf kaq-lhpw,

tIm´bw, \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ.

Ip™--lΩ-Z.vsI.-C.-F≥, 2002, tIc-fob \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ Ncn-Xhpw h¿Ø-

am-\-hpw., tIm´-bw, \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ.

Ipdp-∏v, sI.-sI.-F≥, 1978, Iøq¿ kacw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, k‘y ]ªn-t°-j≥kv

Ip-dp-∏v.sI.-sI.-F≥. 1980, ]g»n ka-c-ßƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-

‰yq-´v.

KtW-jv. sI.-F≥, 2012, tIc-f-kaqlw C∂v, \msf, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv

KtW-jv. sI.-F≥, 2002, tIc-f-kaql ]T-\-ßƒ., ]Ø-\w-Xn-´, ]k-‡n.

tKm-]m-e≥Ip- n.sI.-, 2012, ae-_m¿ ]T-\-ßƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIcf mjm C≥Ãn-

‰yq-´v.

tKm]me≥Ip-´n.sI, 2015, HmWw, sXm∏n, sImß≥]-S, tIm´bw, kmln-Xy-]-

h¿ØI kl-I-cW kwLw.

tKmhn-µ-∏n≈.]n, 2013, tIcf\thm-∞m\w Hcp am¿IvknÃv ho£-Ww, Xncp-h-\-

¥-]p-cw, Nn¥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv.

s]mXp-hmƒ.F.-sI, 1976, tIc-f-Ønse I¿j-I-]-ÿm-\ßfpsS NcnXw, Xncp-

h-\-¥-]pcw.

_me-Ir-jvW≥. ]n.sI, 1980, PmXn-hy-h-ÿn-Xnbpw tIcf Ncn-X-hpw, tIm´-bw

kmln-Xy- ]-h¿ØIkl-I-cWkwLw.

104

-_m-e-Ir-jvW≥.]n.sI, 2012, io \m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv

_me-Ir-jvW-∏n-≈ tIkcn, 1987, sXc-s™-SpØ ]_-‘-ßƒ, tIm´-bw, \mj-

W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ

Xpf-ko-[-c≥, im¥, 2016, tIc-f-Ønse BZn-hm-kn-kw-kvIm-c-ßƒ kºq¿Æ-]-T-

\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

`mkv°-c-\pÆn.]n, 1980, ]sØmºXmw \q‰m-≠nse tIc-fw, Xr»q¿, tIcf

kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.

`mkvI-c-\p-Æn.]n, 1992, tIcfw Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬, Xr»q¿, tIcf-

km-lnXy A°m-Zan

tUhn-kv, Cu.-Un, 2016, tIc-f-\-thm-∞m-\hpw bp‡n-Nn-¥-bpw, Xriq¿, tIcf

imkvX-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jØv

Zn\-I-c≥. sI, 2007, _“-hn-Zym-kw-Lhpw tIcf \thm-∞m-\hpw, Xriq¿, tIcf

kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.

Zmtam-Z-c≥.sI, (ae-bmf h¿jw 1164) 1962, io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp kzman: Poh-N-cn-

Xw, sIm√w, hn.-hn. ]v.

\mcm-b-W≥ Fw.-Pn.-F-kv, 2014, Ncn-Xw hyh-lm-cw, tIc-fhpw `mc-X-hpw,

Xr»q¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

hnP-b≥ Fw.-F≥. (FUn), 2000, \ΩpsS kmln-Xyw, \ΩpsS kaqlw, 1900-˛2000,

Xr»q¿, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan.

cmP≥.sI., 2015, PmXn, kzXzw, tZiw, ]Ø-\w-Xn-´, ]k-‡n.

io[-c-ta-t\m≥.F, 1997, tIc-fhpw kzmX-¥y-k-a-chpw, tIm´bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv

io[-c-ta-t\m≥.F, 1967, tIcf Ncn-Xw, tIm´bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

Rasak Abdul P.P, 2007, Colonialism and Community Formation in Malabar, Ph.D Thesis,

unpublished, University of Calicut.

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Arunima. G, 2003, There Comes Pappa, Colonialism and Transformation of Matriliny

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Menon Achyutha .C., 1990, The Cochin State Manual (1911), Ernakulam, Cochin Govt.

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Devika. J., 2007, "Women Empowerment and Liberation, Kudumbasree Initiative in

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Innes & Ivans, 1990, A Gazetteer of Malabar (1908), Thiruvananthapuram. Govt. Press

Gangadharan. M, 1989, Malabar Rebellion, Allahabad, vohra Publications

Gopakumar. P.F. (ed), 2012, Facets of Social Reform in Kerala: Essays in Honour of

Dr. S. Sivadasan, Thiruvananthapuram,

Kareem.C.K., 1973, Kerala Under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan, Kerala History Association,

distributors paico pub House.

Kawashima, Koji , 1998, Missionaries and the Hindu State of Travancore, 1858-1936,

Delhi, OUP

105

Kunhikrishnan K.V, 1995, Forest Policy and Administration in British Malabar, 1800 -1947,

PhD. Thesis, Unpublished, University of Calicut.

Kunhikrishnan.V.V, 1993, Tenancy Legislations in Malabar. 1880-1970, New Delhi,

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Kurup K.K.N, 1981, William Logan: A Study in the Agrarian Relations of Malabar,

Kozhikode, Sandhya Publications.

Kurup. K.K.N, 1989, Agrarian Struggles in Kerala, Trivandrum, C.B.H Publications

Kurup.K.K.N., 1991, Peasantry Nationalism and Social Change in India, Allahabad,

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Kusuman. K.K., 1976, The Abstention Movement, Trivandrum, Kerala Historical Society

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Mathews, George, 1989, Communal Road to Secular Kerala, New Delhi, Concept

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Menon. P.K.K, 1972, History of Freedom Movement in Kerala, Vol- II, , Trivandrum,

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Menon, Dileep, 1994, Caste, Nationalism and Communism in South India, 1900-1948,

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Muraleedharan.M , 1996, "Hindu Community Formation in Kerala: Process &

Structures under Colonial Modernity'', South Indian Studies, July, December, 234-29.

Palanki, Satheesh, Dr. Missionaries Women and Medicine in Colonial Kerala. 1800 -

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Panikkar.K.N, 1989, Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar,

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Radhakrishnan.P, 1989, Peasant Struggles, Land Reforms and Social Change in

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106

MU HIS 8418 C¥y-bnse enwK-t_m-[-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS NcnXw

bqWn‰v 1]cn-I¬]-\-Iƒ (Concepts)

A¬tØ-tI-cn-b≥ ]cn-t]£yw (Altekerian Perspective) ˛ PmXn-bpsS ]th-i-\-

I-hm-S-ßƒ Dam-N-I-h¿Øn-bpsS _m“-WnI ]pcp-jm-[n-]Xyw hnØpw qanbpw

(eo-em-Zp-s_) Ip¶pw-tdm-bv.

bqWn‰v 2]mNo\ C¥ymNcn-X-Øns‚ ]p\¿hm-b-\-bn¬

thZ-Im-esØ Zmkn-am¿ ˛ anØp-Ifpw kvXobpw ˛ cmam-b-W-a-lm-`m-cX ]T-\-

ßƒ ˛ _u≤-a-X-hpw, kvXoIfpw ˛ kvXoI-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ [¿Ω-im-kvX-t_m[w

˛ ]mNo\ Xan-g-Ihpw kvXoI-fpw.

bqWn‰v 3

a[y-Ime C¥ym-N-cn-X-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bnse kvXoIƒ

aXhpw kvXoIfpw ˛ k\ym-kn-\o-]m-c-ºcyw ˛ `‡n-]-ÿm-\hpw kvXoIfpw ˛

A¥-x]p-c-kvXo-Iƒ ˛ tZh-Zmkn ]mc-ºcyw ˛ PmXnbpw kvXoI-fpw.

bqWn‰v 4

sImtfm-Wn-b¬ Ime-L- Ønse kvXotI-µo-Ir-X-

km-aq-ly-]-cn-jvI-c-W-ßƒ

aX-km-aq-lnI \ho-I-cW ]ÿm-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]p\¿hn-Nn-¥-\-ßƒ ˛ kmhn-

Xn- ^qse ˛ Xmcm-`mbn jn≥sU ˛ ]fin-X-c-am-`mbn ˛ cJvam-_mbn ˛ sImtfm-Wn-

b¬ Ime-L-´-Ønse ][m-\-s∏´ kvXotI-µo-Ir-X- \n-b-a-\n¿Ωm-W-ßƒ ˛ kXn-

\n-tcm-[\w ˛ imc-Z-\n-baw ˛ ]p\¿hn-hm-l-\n-b-aw.

bqWn‰v 5

ka-Im-enI C¥ym-N-cn-X-Ønse kvXo

ka-c-ap-JsØ kvXoIƒ ˛ Nn]vtIm ]ÿm-\hpw kvXoIfpw ˛ πm®n-a-Sbpw

107

kvXoIfpw ˛ _em-’w-K-hy-h-lm-c-ßfpw kvXoIfpw ˛ ZenXv kvXoIƒ t\cn-

Sp∂ ]oU-\-ßƒ ˛ Km¿ln-I-]o-U-\-\n-tcm-[\ \nbaw.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

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108

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109

MU HIS 8419 ]_‘w

\n¿t±-i-ßƒ]_‘w Xøm-dm-t°-≠Xv Ncn-X-c-N-\-bpsS coXn-im-kvX-a-\p-k-cn®p Xs∂

BhWw ˛ kmwK-Xy-ap≈ GXns\ kw_-‘n®pamhmw ˛ h¿Ø-am\ Ime-]-h-W-

X-I-fpsS Ncn-X-h¬°-cWamhmw. ]mtZ-inI Ncn-Xtam kq£-va-N-cn-Xtam Bhmw

˛ ]_-‘-hn-j-b-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-´p≈ a‰p ]T-\-ß-fpsS hna¿i-\m-fl-I-amb ]T-\w,

]am-W-ßƒ, hkvXp-XI-fpsS tImUo-I-c-Whpw hni-I-e-\hpw ˛ Ah-bn¬

\n∂p≈ \nK-a-\-ßƒ F∂nh D≠m-h-Ww. KŸ-kq-Nnbpw Ipdn-∏p-Ifpw ]cm-

a¿i-ßfpw \n¿_-‘-ambpw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. A\p-_-‘-ßƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ Bhmw.

110

]co£ ˛ ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-ßƒ; hyh-ÿ-Iƒ

A[y-b\ am[y-ahpw ]co-£-bpw

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \S-Øp∂ GXp tImgvkn-s‚bpw

A[y-b\ am[yaw ae-bm-f-`m-j-bm-bn-cn-°pw. ]co-£bpw aebmfØn-em-bn-cn-°pw.

]_-‘w, t]mP-Œv, ^o¬Uvh¿°v dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ F∂nh Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xpw ae-

bm-fØn-em-bn-cn-°pw.

]co£ hyhÿ

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse F√m ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw ska-

Ã¿ hyh-ÿ-bn¬ Iao-I-cn®v \nc-¥-c- B`y-¥-c-aq-ey-\n¿W-bw \SØn, tNmbvkv

t_bvkvUv sIUn‰v B‚ v ska-Ã¿ (CBCS) hyhÿbmWv ]n≥Xp-Scp∂Xv.

aqey\n¿Wbw

B`y-¥c aqey-\n¿Wbw 20%

a[yska-Ã¿ ]co£ 20%

ska-Ã-d¥y ]co£ 60%

B`y-¥c aqey-\n¿Wbw

]T-\-an-Ihv ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xpw aqey-\n¿Wbw \S-Øp-∂Xpw c≠p-X-c-Øn-emWv.

XpS¿]-cn-tim-[-\-I-fn-eqsSbp≈ A`y-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Øepw ska-Ã¿ Ah-km\ ]co-

£m-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-ep-w. Hcp tImgvkvImem-h-[n-°p-≈n¬ \nc-¥-c-ambn Hcp

hnZym¿∞nsb hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v 40 am¿°m-Wv. tImgvkv \S-Øp∂ A[ym-]-

I¿ XmsgImWn-°p∂ Xe-ßfn-emWv A`y-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬ \S-tØ-≠-Xv.

lmP¿ ˛ 5 am¿°v

a[y-sk-a-Ã¿ ]co£ ˛ 20 am¿°v

Ass≥sa‚ v ˛ 10 am¿°v

skan-\m¿ ˛ 5 am¿°v

BsI - 40 am¿°v

lmP¿

lmP¿ 75% Øn¬ Ipd-hmsW-¶n¬ ska-Ã¿ A¥y-]-co-£- Fgp-Xm≥ A\p-h-Zn-

°p-∂-X-√.

111

Hmtcm hnj-bhpw ]Tn-∏n°p∂ A[ym-]-I¿ lmP¿ kq£n°p∂Xm-Wv.

lmP¿ 75% Øn¬ Ipd-™-h-cpsS t]cv t\m´okv t_m¿Un¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-w.

lmP¿ \ne 65% apI-fnepw 75% Xmsg-bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v saUn-°¬ k¿´n-

^n-°-‰ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]co£ Fgp-Xm≥ Cfhv A\p-h-Zn-°pw. lmP¿ 65%

Øn¬ Ipd-hp-≈-h¿°v Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw ]co-£- Fgp-Xm≥ A-\p-hmZw sImSp-

°p∂X√.-

a[y-sk-a-Ã¿ ]co£

ska-Ã¿ ]Ip-Xn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ Hcp B`y-¥c ]co£ \S-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Ass≥sa‚ v

a[y-sk-a-Ã¿ ]co-£bv°v apºmbn hnZym¿∞nIƒ Ass≥sa-‚ v ka¿∏n®ncn-

°-Ww.

skan-\m¿

F√m ska-Ã-dnepw F√m- hn-j-b-Ønepw hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS skan-\m¿ \n¿_-‘-

amWv.

AXXp hn-jbw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I¿ tNmZy-ap-≠m-°m\pw ]co£m ]cn-

tim-[-I-cm-Im\pw A¿l-cm-Wv.

hIp-∏-≤y-£≥, AXXv hnj-bw ]-Tn-∏n-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I≥, Uo≥ ip]m¿i

sNøp∂ ]pd-ta-\n-∂p≈ Hc-≤ym-]-I≥ F∂n-h-c-S-ßp∂ ]m\en\mWv sshhm,

]mŒn-°¬ F∂o ]co-£-I-fpsS \S-Øn∏v Npa-X-e.

tNmZy°S-em-kns‚ LS\

Hmtcm hnj-b-Ønepw Xøm-dm-°p∂ tNmZy-°-S-em-kn¬ hnhn[ `mK-ßƒ D≠m-bn-

cn-°pw. H∂mw `mK-Øn¬ Hcp am¿°v hoX-ap≈ 10 tNmZy-ßƒ.

c≠mw `mK-Øn¬ A©p-am¿°p-ho-X-ap≈ 8 tNmZy-ßfn¬ \n∂v Bsd-Æ-Øn\v

DØcw Fgp-X-Ww.

aq∂mw `mK-Øn¬ 10 am¿°v hoX-ap≈ aq∂p tNmZy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v cs≠-Æ-Øn-\p-

Ø-c-sa-gp-X-W-sa∂mWv \n_-‘-\-.

]co£m kabw ˛ 60 am¿°n-\p-≈ ]co-£m-k-abw aq∂p aWn-°q-dmbn \nP-s∏-Sp-

Ønbn-cn°p-∂p.

a[yska-Ã¿ ]co-£bv°v samØw kne-_kns‚ 50% ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-

bp≈XmWv tNmZy-t]-∏-¿. A[n-I-hm-b-\bv°v t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-hn-[-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw

tNmZy-t]-∏¿.

ska-Ãd¥y ]-co-£-bv°p≈ tNmZym-h-en-bn¬ kne-_kv apgp-h≥ Dƒs∏-Spw.

kne-_-knse F√m bqWn-‰p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw tNmZy-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.

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F√m ska-Ã-dnepw B`y-¥-c-aq-ey-\n¿Æ-bhpw _mly-aq-ey-\n¿Æ-bhpw \n¿_-

‘-am-Wv. Ah-km\ ska-Ã¿ ]co-£-bpsS tNmZym-hen ]q¿Æ-ambpw ]pd-Øp-

\n-∂p≈ A≤ym-]-I-cmIpw Xøm-dm-°pI.

]mIvSn-°¬ hnj-b-ßƒ, t]mPIv‰v dnt∏m¿´v, ]_‘w XpS-ßn-b-hbpw B`y-

¥c _mly-aq-ey-\n¿W-b-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°pw.

`n∂-tijn hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ°p≈ ]co£m klm-bw

aq∂p aWn-°q-dp≈ ]co-£-bn¬ Ac-a-Wn-°q¿ kabw A[n-I-ambn ImgvN-˛-ihW

]cn-an-Xn-bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v e`n-°pw.

]mm-Im≥ th≠ 40% am¿°v GsX-¶nepw kml-N-cy-Øn¬ e`n-°msX h∂m¬

Cu hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°v G.O. (Ms.)No:13/2013/H.Edn. Dated 16.01.2013 ]Imcw samØw

am¿°ns‚ 25% tamU-td-j≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-XmWv.

k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ a‰v B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw bYm-k-abw ]co£m hyh-

ÿ-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øpw.

tKUv \n›-bn-°¬

B`y-¥c -˛- _mly aqey\n¿W-b-Øn-\p-tijw AXXv hn`m-K-ß-fnse A≤ym-]-I-

k-an-Xnbpw ]pd-Øp-\n-s∂-Øp∂ ]cn-tim-[-Icpw tN¿∂ kan-Xn-bmWv Hmtcm

tImgvkn-s‚bpw icm-i-cn-am¿°v \nP-s∏-SpØn tKUv \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xv. O, A+, A, B+,

B, C+, C, F, AB F∂n-ßs\ hyXykvX tKUp-I-fp≠v. F tXm¬hnsb kqNn-∏n-°p-

∂p. C bpw AXn-\p-ap-I-fn-ep≈ tKUp-Ifpw hnP-bsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. XpS-

¿∂p≈ aqey-\n¿W-bhpw ska-Ã¿ Ah-km\ ]co-£m-^-ehpw kwbp-‡-ambn

IW-°n-se-Sp-ØmWv tKUv Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv. H∏w Xs∂, Hcp hnj-b-Øn¬ Pbn®

Ip´n-I-fpsS am¿°ns‚ icm-i-cn-bpw IW-°n-se-Sp-°pw.

tKUv tKUv t]mbn‚ v % am¿°v

O 10 100 %

A+ 9 90 - 99.9 %

A 8 80 - 89.9 %

B+ 7 70 - 79.9 %

B 6 60 - 69.9 %

C+ 5 50 - 59.9 %

C 4 40 - 49.9 %

F 0 Less than 40

AB 0 Absent

tKUv t]mbn‚pw, sIUn‰v t]mbn‚pw Xmsg-Im-Wn°pw ]Imcw IW-°n-se-Sp-°-Ww.

Hcp ska-Ã-dn¬ icm-icn tKUv Xocp-am-\n-°p∂ coXn

Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw/tImgvkn\pw t\Sp∂ tKUns\ AXXv hnj-b-Øns‚

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sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆwsIm≠v KpWn-®p-In-´p∂ êamWv B hnj-b-Øns‚sIUn-‰v t]mbn‚ v. F√m hnj-b-ß-fn-ep-ambn e`n-°p∂ sIUn‰v t]mbn‚ v samØwt\Snb sIUn-‰p-sIm≠v lcn-®p-In-´p-∂-XmWv SGPA.

SGPA (Semester Grade Point Average)

Hcp ska-Ã-dnse icm-icn tKUv t]mbn‚ v (SGPA) IW-°m-°p-∂Xv Xmsg-]-dbpw]Im-camWv.

Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw t\Sp∂ sIUn‰v t]mbn‚ v Iqń In´p∂ êsØ Bska-Ã-dn¬ t\Sp∂ samØw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw-sIm≠v lcn-®p-In-´p∂ ê-amWv SGPA.

SGPA (Si) = S (Ci x Gi) / SCi

Ci - Hmtcm tImgvknsebpw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw.

Gi - Hmtcm tImgvknepw t\Sp∂ tKUv.

Thus, SGPA = 120/20= 6

CGPA (Cumulative Grade Point Average)

Hmtcm ska-Ã-dnepw Hmtcm hnj-b-Ønepw t\Sp∂ sIUn‰v t]mbn‚ns\ B

ska-Ã-dn¬ t\Snb SGPA AXp-hsc t\Snb samØw sIUn-‰p -I-fpsS

FÆwsIm≠v lcn-®p-In-´p∂ ê-amWv CGPA.

CGPA =S(Ci x Si)/SCi

Si - tImgvkns‚ SGPA

Ci - ska-Ã-dnse samØw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw

CGPA 10, 9 -t\Sp∂ hnZym¿-∞n-Iƒ°v UnÃn-wKvj-t\m-Sp-IqSnb ^Ãv¢mkpw, 9¬

Xmsg 6.5 hsc ^Ãv¢mkpw 5 apX¬ 6.5 hsc hcp-∂-h¿°v sk°‚ v¢mkpw, 4

apX¬ 5 hsc-bp-≈-h¿°v tX¿Uv ¢mkp-amWv e`n-°p-I.

Course Credit Grade letter Grade point Credit Point

(Credit x Grade)

Course 1 4 A 8 4 x 8 = 32

Course 2 4 B+ 7 4 x 7 = 28

Course 3 4 B 6 4 x 6 = 24

Course 4 4 C+ 5 4 x 5 = 20

Course 5 4 C 4 4 x 4 = 16

20 120

Semester - 1 Semester - 2 Semester - 3 Semester - 4

Credit : 20 Credit : 20 Credit : 20 Credit : 20

SGPA : 6.9 SGPA : 7.8 SGPA : 5.6 SGPA : 6.0

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]co-£m- e]Jym-]\w

]co-£-I-gn™v km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ c≠m-gvN-°p-≈n¬ hIp-∏-≤y-£≥ ]co-£m-

êw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-pw. êw]kn-≤o-I-cn-®v, aq∂p ]hr-Øn-Zn-h-k-ßƒ°p-≈n¬

]cm-Xn-bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ tcJm-aqew ]cmXn Adn-bn-t°-≠-Xm-

Wv. hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kz¥w DØ-c-°-S-emkv ImWm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-bn-cn-

°pw. ]cm-Xn- D∂-bn® hnZym¿∞nsb A≤ym-]I kan-Xn-bpsS ap∂n¬ hnfn-®p-h-

cpØn ]cmXn t\cn¬tI´v hIp-∏-≤y-£≥ DNn-X-amb ]cn-lmcw ImWpw. XpS¿∂pw

hnZym¿∞n°v ]cm-Xn-bp-s≠-¶n¬, CBCS sk√n¬ ]cmXn \¬Imw. CBCS Ub-d-

IvS¿/]co-£m-I¨tSm-f-dpsS \S-]Sn A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.

am¿°v jo‰v/tKUv Im¿Uv

k¿h-I-em-imebpsS kotem-Sp-Iq-Snb AwKo-IrX am¿°v jo‰v/tKUv Im¿Uv F√m

ska-Ã-dn-s‚bpw dnk¬‰mbn hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v \¬Ipw. am¿°v jo‰n¬/tKUv

Im¿Un¬ Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ hnh-c-ßƒ c≠p-`m-j-bn¬ (ae-bm-f-Øn-epw, Cw•o-jn-

epw) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°-pw.

s]mtam-j≥

a[y- sk-a-Ã¿ ]co-£, skan-\m¿, Assk≥sa‚ v F∂o am\-Z-fi-ßƒ ]q¿Øn-

bm-°m-Ø-h¿ tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xmbn Icp-Xp-I-bn-√. Ahsc A¥y ]co£

Fgp-Xm-\-\p-h-Zn-°-p-Ibn√. AØcw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ]p\x-]-th-i\w t\S-Ww.

ASpØ ska-Ã-dn¬ B tImgvkp-s≠-¶n¬ AXn¬ tNcmw, As√-¶n¬ ]pXnb

tImgvkn¬ tNtc-≠n-hcpw.

e`n-°p∂ tKUv sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ Ah-k-cw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°n√.

tImgvkv Pbn-°p-hm≥ 40% am¿°v e`n-t°≠-Xm-Wv. tXm‰ hnj-b-ß-fpsS tKUv,

tKUv Im¿Un¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xm-Wv.

]p\x]-cn-tim-[\

DØ-c-°-S-emkv ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[\ Bh-iy-am-b-h¿ ]co-£m-êw ]kn-≤o-I-cn®v

Hcm-gvN-bv°p-≈n¬ \n›nX ôk-S®v cko-Xn-s\m∏w I¨tSm-f¿°v At]£

\¬IWw. B ]cn-tim-[-\m-êw A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.

]co£m Xnb-Xn-Iƒ

F√m -]-co-£-I-fp-sSbpw Xnb-Xn-Iƒ A°m-Z-anIv Ie-≠-dn¬ t\ctØ ]Jym-]n-

°pw. Hcn-°¬ Ie-≠-dn¬ ]Jym-]n® ]co-£m- Xn-b-Xn-Iƒ am‰p-∂-X-√.

]co£m Ia-t°-Sp-Iƒ

Xmsg ]d-bp-∂ Imcy-ßƒ ]co£mIa-t°-Sp-I-fmbn IW-°m-°p∂Xm-Wv.

1. A°m-Z-anIv Ie-≠-dn¬ ]Jym-]n® ]co-£m- Xn-b-Xnbpw, ]co£m kabhpw

115

\n¿_-‘-amtbm kzm[o\w sNep-Øntbm am‰m≥ ian-°p-I.

2. ]co£m tPmen-bn-te¿s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I-sctbm A\-≤ym-]-I-sctbm

òj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, \n¿t±-i-ßƒ A\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.

3. ]co£m kq]-≠ns\ [n°-cn-°pI, A\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI.

4. ]co£m kq]-≠n-s\-tbm, ]co£m tPmen-bn-te¿s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I-

sc-tbm, A\-≤ym-]-I-sctbm kzm[o-\n-°pI.

5. kpK-a-amb ]co£m \S-Øn-∏n\v hnLm-Xw kr„n-°pI.

6. ]co-£-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]T-\-km-a-Kn-Iƒ, samss_¬ t^m¨, a‰v Ce-

IvtSm-WnIv D]I-cW-ßƒ F∂nh A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX ]co£m apdn-bn¬

sIm≠p-h-cn-I.

7. ]I¿Øn Fgp-Xp-I, Is≠-gp-Xp-I, DØ-c-°-S-emkv At\ym\yw ssIam-dpI,

ssIam-dm≥ ian-°p-I, ]co-£-sb-gp-Øn¬ a‰p-≈-hsc klm-bn-°p-I, \n›nX

ka-b-Øn\p ap≥]v ]co£m apdn-bn¬ ]th-in®v tai-bnepw Nph-cnepw Ccn-

∏n-S-Ønepw Ipdn-∏p-I-sf-gp-Xp-I, ]co£m thf-bn¬ N¿®-sN-øpI, Bƒam-

dm´w, \n¿±njvS ÿm\-Øp-\n∂pw A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX amdn-bn-cn-°pI, ]co£

_ln-jvI-cn-°pI hgn ]co-£bpsS kpK-a-amb \S-Øn-∏n\v hnLm-X-ap-≠m-

hp-∂ as‰-s¥-¶nepw ]hrØn-Iƒ F∂nh A®S°ewL-\-ambn IW-°m°p-

∂-Xm-Wv.

]co£m Ia-t°-Sp-ambn _‘s∏´ F√m hnj-b-ßfpw ]co-£m A®-S° kan-

XnbmWv ssIImcyw sNøp-I. ]co£m tIµ-Øn¬ GsX-¶nepw kml-N-cy-Øn¬,

kºq¿W Iat°Sv \S-∂p-sh∂v t_m[y-s∏-´m¬, B ]co£ Akm-[p-hm-°m-

\p≈ A[n-Imcw sshkv Nm≥k-e¿°p≠v. ]p\x-]-co£ \n¿t±-in-°m\pw Ia-

t°-Sn-\p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xnsc A®-S-°-\-S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°m\pw sshkv Nm≥k-

e¿°v A[n-Im-c-ap≠v.

]co£m Ia-t°-Sp-I-fpsS XohXb\p-kcn®v in£m-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-

cn-°p∂XmWv

1. taen¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Ia-t°-Sp-Iƒ \S-Øn-√m-sb-∂p-d-∏p-\¬Ip∂ km£y-

]Xw hnZym¿∞n-sb-s°m≠v H∏n-Sp-hn®v hm-ßp-∂Xm-Wv.

2. Ia-t°Sv \S-Ønb hnj-b-Ønse am¿°pw, tKUpw Akm-[p-hm-°p-I.

3. B ska-Ã-dnse apgp-h≥ ]co-£-I-fnepw am¿°pw tKUpw Ipd-hp hcp-

ØpI.

4. Ia-t°Sv \S-Øn-b hnj-b-Øn¬ G‰hpw Ipd™ tKUv \¬Ip-I.

5. B ska-Ã-dnse F√m ]co-£-I-fnepw Ipd™ tKUv \¬IpI.

6. B ska-Ã-dnse XpS¿∂p≈ ]co-£-I-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂sXm-gn-hm-°pI.

7. AUvan-j≥ Akm-[p-hm-°pI.

116

8. \n›nX Ime-tØ°v as‰mcp ÿeØpw ]T-\-]-th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-°mØ

Xc-Øn¬ k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-°pI.

9. ÿnc-ambn Hcn-SØpw ]th-i\w e`n-°m-Ø-X-c-Øn¬ k¿h-I-em-ime hnZym-

`ymkw \ntj-[n-°p-I.

hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p≈ am¿K-tcJ

1. ska-Ã¿ Ah-km-\-]-co£ Fgp-Xm≥ 75% lmP¿ \n¿_-‘-am-Wv, Hmtcm

hnj-b-Øn\pw Hmtcm ska-Ã-dnepw 75% lmP¿ Cs√-¶n¬ ]co£ Fgp-Xm-

\p≈ tbmKyX D≠m-hn-√. ]pXnb ska-Ã¿ ^ok-S®v ska-Ã¿ Bh¿Øn-

°ms\ C°q-´¿°v A\p-hm-Z-ap-≈q. G-sX-¶nepw hnj-b-Øn\v 75% lmP-

dn¬ Ipd-hp-s≠-¶n¬ B hnjbØn¬ ]T\w ho≠pw Bh¿Øn-t°-≠n-

hcpw.

2. Hcp ska-Ã-dn¬ Ipd-™Xv 16 sIUn‰v ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-Ø-hsc ASpØ ska-

Ã-dn-te-°p≈ ÿm\-°-b‰w A\p-h-Zn-°n-√.

3. apJy tImgvkp-I-fn-epw, sF—n-I-hn-j-b-ß-fnepw ska-Ã¿ Ah-km\ ]co-

£-bn¬ tXm¬°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kπn-sa‚dn ]co£ A\p-h-Zn°pw.

4. kπn-sa‚dn ]co£bnepw tXm‰m¬ tImgvkm-h¿Øn-°ms\ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-

bp-≈q. AXm-b-Xv, ho≠pw B`y-¥c -hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-tI-≠-Xp-

≠v. B tImgvkv Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v ]ns∂ \S-Øp-tºmƒ B hnZym¿∞n tN¿∂v

]Tn-°-Ww. sF—nI hnj-b-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ ]gb tImgvkv hn´v ]pXnb

tImgvkv sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°pw.

5. tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-Ø-hcpw tImgvkv tXm‰-hcpw tImgvkv Bh¿Øn-

°p-∂-Xn-te-°mbn At]-£n-°-Ww. k¿h-I-em-ime \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°v hnt[-

b-amtb tImgvkv Bh¿Øn-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bp-≈q. hIp-∏-≤y-£-\mWv

C°m-cy-Øn¬ Xocp-am\w ssIs°m≈pI.

6. Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hmØ kml-N-cy-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn®v Fw.F. tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-

bm-°m-\mbn 8 ska-Ã¿ hsc amXsa \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-ambn A\p-

h-Zn-°p-bp-≈q. k¿h-I-em-im-ebv°v t_m[yw-h-cp∂ Imc-W-ß-f-Sn-ÿm-\-am°n

Bbn-cn°pw A\p-aXn \¬IpI. Sn.kn. hmßn Ign-™n-´p-s≠-¶n¬ Cu Cfhv

A°q-´¿°v _m[-I-ambn-cn-°n-√.

7. sF—n-I-hn-j-b-ßƒ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv A°m-Z-anI D]-tZ-i-I-cp-sS \n¿t±-

i-]-Im-c-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.

8. Hcp ska-Ãdn¬ 20 sIUn-‰n¬ IqSp-X¬ apJy-hn-j-b-ßƒ ]Tn-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-

°n-√. Hcp ska-Ãdn¬ 8 sIUn-‰p-Iƒ°p≈ sF—n-I-hn-j-b-ßƒ amXta

Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°q.

9. ]_-‘-apƒs∏sS apJy-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ 60 sIUn-‰p-Iƒ°p≈ hnj-b-ßƒ

\n¿_-‘-ambpw ]Tn-®n-cn-°-Ww. sF—n-I-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ 12 sIUn-‰p-

Iƒ°p≈ hnj-b-ßƒ ]Tn-t°-≠Xv \n¿_-‘-am-Wv. samØw 72 (60+12)

117

sIUn‰v t\SWw. ]T-\-an-Ihv ]pe¿Øp-∂-h¿°v 80 sIUn-‰p-hsc A\p-h-

Zn-°pw.

10. B`y-¥c/_mly ê-sØ-kw-_-‘n-®p≈ ]cm-Xn-Iƒ êw ]kn-≤o-I-cn®v

aq∂p Znh-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ tcJm-aqew hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ Adn-bn-°-Ww.

11. B`y-¥c ê-sØ-°p-dn®v A[ym-]-I-tbm-K-Øn-\p-tijw hIp-∏-≤y£s‚

Xocp-am-\-ap-≠m-Ipw. AXv A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.

12. _mlyêsØ kw_-‘n-®p≈ ]cm-Xn-I-fn-t∑-ep≈ hIp-∏-≤y-£s‚ Xocp-

am-\-Øn¬ AXr-]vXn-bp-≈-h¿°v ta¬\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ°mbn ]cmXn CBCS Ub-d-

IvS¿/]co£m I¨tSm-f¿°v \¬Imw. Ub-d-IvS¿/]co£m I¨tSm-fdpsS

Xocp-am\w C°m-cy-Øn¬ A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.

13. ska-Ã¿ Imem-h[n Xocp-∂-Xn-\pap≥]v A≤ym-]-Isc hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v aqey-

\n¿Wbw \S-Øm-≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-Ipw. hIp-∏-≤y-£≥- \n›n-X-^mdw hnX-

cWw sNøpw.

14. \n›nX hnj--b-ß-sf-°p-dnt®m ]mTy-]-≤Xn-sb-°pdn-t®m hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p≈

A`n-]mbw/\n¿t±iw hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ Adn-bn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

ae-bm-fk¿hI-em-ime Fw.-F. Ncn-{X-]-T\w - Malayalam University

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