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2 3

32X

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;4 5 6

STAGES OF SOCIETY.

1'

Ju

MITCHELL'S SCHOOL GEOGUAl'HY. . (

,?^

h

,-A.

Uim

CB

SEOONU KKVIXKI) K'UTION.

A SYSTEM OF

MODEllN GEOGRAPHY,COMPRISINO A DESCKU'TION OF THE I'RESENT STATE OF THE

WOULD.AND ITS FIVE GREAT DIVIHIONS,

AMERICA, EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA AND OCEANICAWITH THEin SEVERAL

EMPIRES. KINGDOMS. STATES. TERRITORIES. ETC.

eMBSi.i:.i8Hro rrr NuniEBons EHoaAviiio*ADAPTED rO THB CAPACITY OP YOUTH.

ULXnniTID BT AR

ATLAS OP TWENTY-EIGHT MAPS,BKAWN AND KNOEAVVD TO ACCOMPANY THI WOEE

BY 8. AUGUSTUSinTCHELL.

PHILADELPHIA:THOMAS, COWPERTHWAIT & CO.

/1849.

-1

&'\

ADVERT I8BMBNT'O THE riRBT REVISED IDITIOIf.

Thii pulilicniiun oflha BiithUaniui oFlhe Unilad Blatei, (IMO.) hu enabled the Autho

cumplelo \h» Dm periotlical ravliiou of hit S<Jk«*l atetrofht and JiUat, In eanfotiniir

Kith lh« plan propuaod in tho pruracs or lh« former odilion, uid which will b* rapeab)

ri',.ularlir hcmuAer, 4vorr ittJ'^tiwivo puriotl uf livo rear*.

In 'lie prfMnt reitialon, ill the Mw fkcta davcloped by tka late ceniui, that ate appli-

ab!* In the r.idjecl, ha*« been cnibodiod 'n the Ooairaphf, ingcihet with lucb hntieea uf

nrent public woiki, fcc, Uitnuihoul the Union, ta a due attention to the prooreaa of im-

proremant rendoied nacoaaarr, and the pita uf the book permitted. Ti>e «arioua political

chiniee, abo, that have occuritu! in A^idiin countrioa iinca the firil publication of the

hunk— aucn aa the reunion of Cppcr and Lower Canada ; the aocoaiinn or the State or

Vucalan Trom the Moiican lUpublic ', the diiaolution of the PeiU'llolivian ConMoration

:

Ihn reiruceiaion of 8yt\^. to ita rormor mailora ; tho annexation orpart ofNew Zealand to

(ha Biitiah Empire, m other airailar aveni), have all been carcfullf nnted. In addition to

which, auch miitakea aa have been detected by a cloae eiaminalion orboth aeetiona oftht

work, and which ara mnreorleae unavoidable in compilatlnna of thia kind, have been

thorouihir corraetad. Huch emoiidaliona have been likewin made In the Bialiitica ol

varioua European an) other Slaloi, aa could be collected from a etrici examination of the

lateat Geoiiaphioal «ad Staliatical wotka.

On the eniravad plate* of the Allaa, the population of the principal Ciliea and Towni in

the United Btatea hu been accuraleir inierted, ao far aa the loit cenaui haa (iirniihcd th«

meana ; alao, all auch Couoliea rocentlir ealabliihed in (lie varioua Hiatea and Tcmloriet

ofthe Union, aa were required to make tho mapa correapond with that important national

document ; lofolher with all the roquisiio altoralioni, corroapondinii to the political clianxet

cited above, that have taken place in dlfliiren( paria of tho world. In tlie Gcosnphioal

and Btatiitical Tablea appended to (ho Allaa, auch improvementj have been made aa will,

with the addition of two new pagca of American Btatiatica, render that part of (he work

much more valuable Ihan before.

The numuroui (eatimoniala of approbation bealowed on, and tho exteniive patronite

ohiainei] fur, MiUheirt School Oeography and Attat, in ever? aection of the United

lataa, are hiihlr (ratifirinf to the Author and rubliihera, and prompt them to uae luch

reainnable endoavoura to improve each future reviiion, aa to rr.i.der (lie woik at all (imaa

worthf of public favour, and aatiifactorip (u their patron*.

Pkiladelfikia, Ottoier IX, IMa.

EntMod, accordinn to Act of Conirna, in tho vr.i.r i^lit, by S. Jiutvitut MtUhelt, in the

Ulerk i OfFce of the Dialrict Court of iha Koatorn Diitrict of rciiniylvania.

PRINTED BV SMITH AND PETERS.Franklin lluildiiiga, 6th Hi., ticlow Arch.

(4>

IDITIOtf.

HO,) hat enabled the Autha

\y and Allot, In eonrotiniif

ind which will b« raiMtta

lata centui, that ate appli-

(Oihot with luch hnlieci uf

ntion to tha proiireia or inv

Itcd. T1>e «ariout political

the firil publication of Ux9 accoaiion o{ the State of

rU'Buhvian ConMoratlon

;

or part orNew Zealand to

ifullr noted. In addition to

ilion orboth teetiona of th*

nt of thia kind, have been

I made In the Btaliitica ol

a ttrici examlnatiun of the

Incipal Ciliea and Townt in

lat cenaua haa (Urniahcd the

ioua Htatea and Tcmtoriea

rith that important national

dinR to the political nbanitet

rorld. In tlieOcoiraphioal

nla have been made aa will,

ender that part of the work

id the eiteniive patroniie

iverf aection of the Unito<l

d prnnipl them to ua« aueh

reader llir work at all timet

Jlutvitut MtUhett, in the

tict or I'ciiniylvania.

STER8,ch.

(41

A D VERTI8EMENTTO THE IGCONO REVMKU EDITION.

J^a"^» L cr *;'^" «'•''"""""' ""I'ion otMiuMr, School ««,rep*, .».

,.,1. f™""''"""'' •'* "•• »"•"'»' P"«l>«clua of the work. c..n,pl«.«l an* the

^r the w. ra:,T'l''Jr"'

'l* """"'"T-".'"'"• «'""• "»' '«'""' "•• «>inde.Uai

W..Ilaa abrnirK *T """''«' '""««1 •»'! djalribuled o«.r all parte of the Uniun. u

mwwmmlaiinc »l»llance in onlcr to keep pace with ita roquiromonla.

*

UriaUreof tieT B ZL^a r/" i, "T"''""';^»'''^'""'"='''' Oaaotteor, W.lkea'

in., and other late pu£ L„ h" ^unonr.""""^ ""' ^"^ "' "^ ""''" »'°''»-

««.tp.rlo,l.lheanne..rnof?;a„,o h.r^;' T"' "'"""''•

""«• «'""" •

fon quoflion. the indepcnUe^ of IJ^ iti J '^'. T"'*'"' •""'""" "' "" Ore-

<1".n. on the* termlTu^n ofTh, cwSS^^ ^r ti^mo.'r^."'''"'''''"'"''""'" ~"«

of the earth and h.«i .ii i,J, .T.T *"•"''• 'mpartcd new inleroat toihote parte

limit, p^lmuJi""*"" •" *"«" "»'«=•<' '" "" O'oi'.Phr. in tuch form and manner « !u

France. Bpa,n.P„r,a,ala^lX,re"rj'C?T' "^ "uT" '"" '''''"'"'"'•: "'with the Plate of Nrw En.l,nT;,„ . i ,

"'""•*"=''• *«•!O'eece and Kcrpt,

all ...pecu. with the moat rocon, p^tS.cal^ '"^ """*'"'• '"'' """• '" """"""-. '"

moot aa the mareh of event. rZie^ ..'.,?',' lu\?''"' ""=*'"•<' """ ta.P"'v»-

-_Hi,hde.reeof.pprobatio;S:;.:':r;^--|-:[;;;

(I)

INTRODUCTION.

GwwiiirHy i* a ilcucription of llio world, with iti inhabitnnU ano

prudurtion*. It Ih nut imly nii tiitrrtniiiinir and CMirloim, Imt liigliljf

uwl'ul «tiidy. It <i|»'nH und iiihirKiM tliu mind}rivi'm a triiu kn(iwk'il|(o

of Ihovari'iUH Hitiintionit of rmintric*, with their riv<r«, Mionnt'iin«,&c.i

ind in (if nnrli ini|H>rtan<'c in liiHtory, that without it, nothing cun tra

undiTHtiidd with cither natiiifiiction or corrcctncHi

It niiiNt hiivi! Bttriietcd the tttUntion of nmnliind at a very early i>e

riod. 'I'hu didirc to bvcmno aci|uuinl('d with the country they lived in,

«nd to dttirminc and eHt«hlii)h it» boundoricM, would nuturnlly direct

their oltcntinn to it.

Th« iitudy of (Joogrnphy will enable younif p< rHon», when they heai

of diitnnt countricH, to tell where they ore ituotid—what ore their pro-

ductioni—how they are (fovcrncd, ond what kind of |k?i>J)Ic live there.

To know theiio thing* ii very iin|)ortant, and will give all who are

acquainted with them an advantage over lUo»c who posHixi not nunli

knowledge : it will l>e a unliNfaction to theiriMelvcM and to their iwrcnlii

,

and will bo a proof that they have attended well to their itudies.

TO TIIK rUPIL.

The engraving on the oppoiiito pngo m a picture of one aide of oui

earth, ait it would ap|icar if Kcen from a great diHtanco. It rolU like an

imnienBO ball tlirough the heavcnit, nurroundcd on every itide by the

ploncts and tbo counties myriads of stars, all |)erlorining their wtatcd

motions under the guidance of iho great Creator who fimt called .iieru

iiito exiHtcnco.

Men live on, and ore conBtantly walking about, thii great ball, tlia

earth. Cities and towns are built on it; trees and plants grow on it,

and ships sail on the sea: yet the earth is all tlie time turning round

and round, as if you rolled a ball or an apple on the floor, or threw it

from you into the air. All this is true ; but it is hard to understand.

It is done by the power of God, who made us, ond all things on the

earth, with the sun, the moon, ond the vast multitude of stars we sea

in the f ky. " In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth

Uie heavens, and all Uie hoet •( them." Gen. I. II.

C6)

h iti inhnliitJuiU ana

il iMirliiiiH, liiit liigii^

ivi'M a triiu kii(iwl('(li(o

ivvrn, iiioiint'iiiiN, iVc. ;

tut it, nulhing ciiu tw

ml ot vrry cnrly pa

country they livvil in,

yiiuld nuturnliy direct

rNoni, when thoy heai

il—what uro thoir pro-

id of |H?»ple live there,

will givu nil who are

who pusHCfii not Bunli

< and to their imrcntii

,

to their itudios.

uro uf one aide of oin

tancc. It rolls like an

on evfry nido hy the

icrforiniiiK their Hinted

r who tiriK called .iiein

ut, this great ball, the

ind plantH grow on il,

the time turning round

n the floor, or throw it

ia hard to understand,

and all things on the

iltitiidc of stars we see

t heaven and the earth

.II.

(6)

MITCHELL'S SCHOOL GKOGKAl'HY.

PAUT FIRST.

GEOORAPIIICAL DKFFNITIONS.

I. What is Geography f

Atis. A description of tlio surfnco of the Earth.3. What Ih the Hiirfaco of the Kurth ?

A. It Is Ihooutsifio part.

3. irow ix Ih.; diirlaco of the Earth divided f

A. Into liiiuj nml wiitrT.

4. H.)w inurh of the oarll 'b surfaecJH Land r

A. Alxjuf oncloiirlh.

On Ihr map of the World, N,. I., in the Alias, vou w,!| ,^ th«,there i« -i preat drni more waf.T than land ,.n llic vmU 'I'l, ,.,T„ - Jpart .how. the land ; the rest is water.

'""''*

(7>

f a£o(iit.\i*iiicAi. iii;i-iNiTinN«.

i. How much iniiru water thun Imxi U llieru on Um lUrtli 1

A, Thorn In iit IcoMt thii'o tiim-H iimn'.

It. Wlint ii ilif iiitiiio givin III iliu vhi«rp«rt oI'lJio wntvr on Um turfiico uf tliu uartli I

A. Tho yoa, or Occnii.

7, Ii tlio water of tlia Octiiui mU ur fV«;«b ?

A. It is unit.

I

H. IIdw iliHin llifl Octian a|)|iear7

A. llluo and botindtuiM, liko tho aky.

0. flow wida ii it 1

A. In som« places, 10,1)00 mili** wide; in othcra, 3000

!Uid 4000, BO thnt Bhipa nmy sail for wvi>kH, tind ovon months,

without coming to land.

10. In what wny dov* the Ocean bcnrfit iitankiml f

A. It furnishfH nn nbodo for inmiiiK'niblo Mtcn, wliioh

lira tho mcnns of Bii|mlyinu millionH of iiuiAkiiid with t'cKid

and employment: lx'»)i(k-8 tniH, tho occn.i riiidcrs intorcouiM)

bctwwn distant countries ciwy nnd rnpid.

11. For what purpofe do »h\\m nuil iin the Uccan7

A. They curry the prinluctions of our own country to other

parts or tho world, und bring buck in return things timt aro

useful to us.

19. Wiiat do our ihipa take to otlier eoantriet 1

A. They take cotton, flour, tobacco, rice, and inany other

articles.

13. What do they bring back In return 7

A. From some countries, they bring woollen, cotton, and

silk g(X)d.s, which nro useful to us for clothing j from some,

coflbo and sugar ; and from others, gold and silver.

U. What l« tho trado carried on J ihipa called?

A. It is called Commerce, and is highly useful to mnnkiid.

15. Mow is it unoful 1

A. Jt gives employment to vast numbers of men ; and by

it we become acquainted with other parts of tho Earth.

16. In wlmt other way does tho Ocean benefit mankind 7

A. The vnpour or fog which rises from tho oceon, forms

rain, which waters tho earth, and fills our springs and rivort.

>n Um Ditrtli T

' Um wNlur un Um »\U'

; in othcTi, aoOO

It, (inilovi'n niontlia,

kitMlT

r(ibl»> fisjK'9, wliich

iiutAkiiul with i'cMxi

rtiidurs intorcouiM)

can?

iwn country to oilur

u'n things thut uru

• 7

:e, and many other

woollen, cotton, and

:)lhinf;j from some,

ind silver.

led?

f useful to mnnki'iJ.

rs of men ; and by

of the Earth.

it mankind 7

m tho ocean, forms

r springs and river*.

OKltOIUl'llll Al, DtllMTIOND. Q17, Whftl .'l«i limy In< iiIm.tm i| „(• ilir Oicnn 7

A. It-* N/ihnr^H pr.'\riit^ II IV.IIII iHrominji rnrrupf. nnd llmconstant «mfnti„„ of itx wi.i.rH, hy lli.t winds, pix^ciVc.-. AIroin til.' ixirrmr^ of h<al mikI rolif.

'I'liU liiiuii Jiow wiiH iy ii,M liuN iri'olod all tliingm

NATCRAr, nrVISFONH OF WATER.

'J'lw Ucraa,

IH. How is tho Ocean dividrd 7

A. Into live jrr,.„t partft, iik.'wiso called Occons.I'J. Whitli ar« tlio fivo <Kiuiu7

A. Tliny <.ro tho Northern, Southern, Atlantic, Pacific, ond

U». Wimt ollior nsmrs have iomo of tho Ocoonii7A. The Nor"h.'rn is oftni rall,.d the Arcii.-.nnd the .Southem I 1.. Antarctic Ocean; and the I'acitic Ocean is sonietiino

c;ill('d tlie Ntulh Sea.

ai. Into whut othir parts is tho water divided 7

A. Into S,.-„s, Anhipeh.go,..,» liuys, Gulls, Sounds, Straits(-hamu'ls, Lakes, and Rivers.

'ii. Wiiiit iiaSoa7

-A'A*^ " ^""'^''Q" "<* '*'"t''r. smalle r than an ocean, and

• ArchijHlag<ics, pronounci-d Ar.kc.pc..a.g.ie»,

10 OKOURAFIIICAI. PBVINITin;<ll.

•urmundvd by Inml, m llui Mdlniriuiwan tica, ihu lllack

fca, Afc.

83.'\Vliiit In nn An Iii|h liii;i)f

A. A «tm lilUil with islmuls m iIi« Itrrciim An I(I|h'Iiiko,

«wl i>r(lr«'«cf,or «ho W'vni IiuIm-x, wliii-h i» omctinwn eullid

liw ('tiliitntiiiitt Arihipi'ln^o,

<JI. Wlint la aiiiiU'or liay f

A. A piirt of iIk' Hell, fxttiiiling into Iho land, u the (liilf

Oi' McxK'Ot iluiUiin'M liny.

Ui. Wlmt ii • HtriUl f

A. A narrow paMnn«>, ronm'oting dilTorpnt bodies of wnter,

M iho Hiruit ot' Ciilirultar, A(C.

86. Wlut !• » Bound 1

A. A Miimll wn, no ulinllow thnt it« dopth may bfl men.

urcd by a lino droppul I'roin tlio Murrnco to tlio bottom, nn

I.otiK Uliiiiil Sound,

I'uniltco Hound.

I Chan.•J7. WlmlUiiioW

A. A pn?!'«n(;o nf

wutcr, wilier iliun a

Strait, iw ilio I'^Mg-

liMli C!iaiuK!l.

A Harbour.

98. What ii a Harbour or Haven 1

A. A small buy, where vc»hcU may remain at nn<hor m

•afoly.

A LnK».

OT. What ill a Lake 7

A. A collection of water, surrounded by land, as Lake

r

UNI.

un 8cu, ttui DIack

rccinn Artlii|M'l«j«'i,

ui uiiiotiiiMn cull) iJ

10 land, lu the Gulf

rent bodiri of wnter,

Icpth mny tw men-

ro to til*! Ixittoin, u^<

L(iiii( InIiiiiiI SiiuikI,

I'utiilici) Sdiiml.

97. ^VIllltilla('llan

l•l(

A. A pnssnijo nf

wut'T, wilier iliun a

Strait, as lliu Eiig.

IIhIi CliaiiiH'l.

«main at anc-hor in

d by land, as Lake

OROOIIAPIIICAI, KKriNtTin^ll. IISiiljrior, Uko \V.„ni|H.«. or il... L..k.,or(j.,,„v„. inS»v,.«..r

30. Wl..„, „„ ,|,„ |rt,j,,„ ,^„,„,, ,_, ,^, ^^^^^^j J

A. Ill N.irlli Am..ric« : ih,.y ar„ „, wi.k, and J,^,„. timl ih«larm '.I Nliijm nmy .<|j| «„ !|„.„,,""^ •'' """ "*

31. U ihu wiUi r »r |„|„.< ,„u ,„ ,v,,,|,

,

. i';kl:t;;;;r!""''""" ""^ '^'^-'" «'''»••' '-"«'• "•« •»^'<'^

l-K.., , ....... ...ininnly call,.! ...«., «, ,„.. Sc,.« ,„• Aral, a'nd thl!

3-'l. How d.) lukcN dinLliarg.! tliilr wati'rn f

A. h-.,.h.w«l..r lak.s K..|i,.r..lly .li.rharL'ft lh..ir , ton'l.i..ii«li

,1 nvor iiitu Uwocfunj but nult luku. Imvo «ld..inmiy oullit.

34. Wlint U a river?

A. A Nlivaiii of water, rtinninK '"''"m /ipriiiKs or rr.;ni lak.^suito the .icaii, as the Mississippi, tliu Amazon, dec.

35. How uru rivorn roriiicd ?

A. Ily small branciics, (lowing from mountains or hilLs,30, W iM ore lliL- i.iinll branchcg of rivurg callod /

A. MnxMs •mJ creeks.

3d. Wii.u ,a ino pluco whoro a rivor ompf ic. Into t'no lea culled 7

A. !( Ill) iih; where it rise.s, its source or hea.l.

37. Wliiii .H tiio piaco ihrough which a river flow, called?A. I ts JK-d, or channel.

,j^

IS OKOORA.aiCAL UKFINITIONS.

Fail, ur Ciitaranl.

When rivcri flow Howi! strep <ir pcrpoiKiii'.ilnrbonkc.thcy rnrm fiil!»

or cataracts, us tlie ilills ot" Niagaru.lliu I'ullu ol'tho Pans.iic, uiiil oiIiith.

39. VVliiit is a Canal /

A. A wide ditcl. or chnnnil, filled with water, tiiroui,'h

wliich boats convoy travellers and goods from cm; town to

another.

Canal and I.ock.

40. Where arc Canals mosi numerous ?

A. In the United States, Great Briiain, and Holland.

41. Wh'ch is the largest Canal in the world ?

A. The Imperial Canal, in Cl.inii.

42. 'hich Bjo the most important Canals in the United States 7

A. 'Ihe Eiie Canal, in New York; tho Pennsylvania

Canal, in Pennsylvania; and the Ohio Canal, in Ohio.

%

'(I

va:

4

call.

i

h'jr

N8.

iMnkfl.thryfiirm (iil!»

PaBs.iic, uiiil oiht' rs.

ith wntfT, lnrotn,'ti

from one town to

and Holland.

1 the United States 7

tho Pennsylvania

anal, in Ohio.

OKOUltArillCAL DEFIMT1U.\8, u

NATIRAI. DIVISIONS OF LAND.43. How in -Ih, I:„„1 Ki.rf,,.,. nf tU- tarlh <livi..V.,l /

A. Into tlio Kastciii iiml \V. stern c.iiniiu'nts.'*•• ^y'"" ••* ""^ Iwstum rMiMliiiuit cinprisc 1

A. Kiiropc, Asi'i, aiul AlVicii.

15. WImt (loi'H tlio Wt..>.tir.i coiiiii.ctil comprise?A. N..rlh Aniori.'a uiid S,„iili Ainoi'ir.u

46. V/liat ntlicr division ih tlii'io on tlic turtli 7

^A.Ocoanica, wl.i.l, ,.,„nini.s,.s tl.o islands of tho Pacific

y U A T 11 1: ny o c£^ ^y.

_Ji4*jr5WlH,ttln'» r/; /Sol ^fi.^3N o Ti T n -J^ 'i4!;.

SOUTIIERy OCEAN.

calS?^^''"*"" "'" ^'"""" ''"'' *^'=«'«"' <=°"''"™'« .ometi.ne.

A. The Eastern and Western Hen-.ispheres. The wordh'jmisphcre signifies half a globe.

14 QKOUnAnUCAL UKFIMTIONB.

1

Tlio mnp of tlio world, No. 1., in the Atlan, mIiowb Iho Eiutcni and

Wustirn Iii'iiiiH|>hrrL'8,

4i*. Into what division Ih tiie c.irtli divided by tho Equator T

A. Into the Norllitrn mid Southern llumisphcres.

4!i. Whnt doc» tlio Northern IlLiniNjihcrc coiiiprinc 7

A. Thnt part of the earth between tho Kijuator and tVNorth Pole.

50, What dots tlic Poutliern IIcmis|ihcro comprinc?

A. Tlidt part of tlic Earth between tho Equator and lU'

South Polo.

The iiinp of tlic world, No. 2., in tlio Atlas, showi tho Northern and

Suiilhern lleinixphcreH.

51. What arc tlic natural divisions of tho land surface of the earth?

A. Continents, Pcninsuliis, Isthmuses, Islands, Capos, and

Proiiiontorics.

53. Why arc these culled natural divisions 7

A. To di-slinguish them from political divisions, such mEmpires, Kingdoms, nnd Republics.

5.3. What is a Contiiifiit ?

A. A great extent of land, containing many countries.

America is a continent.

54. What is a Peninsula?

A. A portion of land, nearly surrounded by water. Africa

and South America are peninsulus.

55. What is an Isthmus 7

A. A narrow neck of land, which joins two parts of a

continent, or a peninsula to a continent ; as the Isthmus of

Darien, and the Isthmus of Suez.

56. Whatari! Islands?

A. Portions of land, entirely surrounded by water, as the

British Islands, or Newfoundland.

57. What is a Cape ?

A. A point of land extending into the sea, as the Cape of

Good Hope, and Cape Horn.

58. What is a Promontoiy 7

A. A high point of land, extending into tho sea, the ex-

treme end of which is sometimes called a cape, sometimes a

point, and sometimes a headland.

Pi

on

no

th

li«

"I

da

nil

lui

M<

tWi

ma

(8.

WH tho Eaatcrn and

liu Equator T

spheres,

rino?

Hijuulor and tV

rino?

i Equator and tU'

>V8 the Northern and

Burfuccof the earth?

iuids, Ciipes, and

livisions, such aw

many countries.

by water. Africa

IS two parts of a

as tlic Isthmus of

by water, as the

ea, as the Cape of

) the sea, the ex-

capc, sometimes a

r OEOap\pinc\L ORriNITIONI!. 15

~^'l-^.SoniB Capon and

rroinnntfiric'H liavo

li^'hUhMiiMi'd built

on thi'iri : thcKu areno called Ix-cnUHothey huve a Itriiflit

liL'litliitrninif onlhu<)|> of tliciii after

d;irl<,tiiatHlii|iMiiiay

111)1 sail loo near tho

•W. Wl,r.t i. a ' •O^^Kl^S^...-,.-^.. ^.."'"""•"'" ' A IT.mionlory and UthlUmiM.

A. A portion of land, raised up to a great height.60. IIow hif^h arc tho lilj;hcNt mountain, in tho world 7

A. fhcy an; about five and a half miles high; others aretwo, three, and four miles high.

61. What is a chain or ranjfo of Mountain* 1

A. A numVr of mountains joinnd together, and extendingmany hundreds, and even thouHatids of miles in length.

62. What i«B Volcano 7

A. A burning mountain, with an opening at the top, calleda crater.

to j

,

63 What ri8c« (iom the crater of a Volcano 7

'r

II

'I

le OEOURAPIIICAL DEFINITIONS.

A. Fire nnd sinoko constnntly rise fnnii many VoIcanrK^.

64. \\ ImtamHonioliinuH thrown iml l>y Viili'iiruM m ?

A. Melted liivn, lnri,'c .stones, a.shos, and ollcn fl(KKl8 of water.

65, How many VolcnniK'n iiro tlicro in llio wurlt! 7

A. Moi-c than iJOO: of wliicli upwards of one-half an- r

Ami'ricn.

Cilicii and tnwnn arc iinmrtinirN dct on fire by tlio bnrninj; lavn Vriii'li

floWM down tlic BulfH of vnlninors : others hnvo Ix'cn dinirr.jtU by tlm.ta

of waterJand Hornc by vaet ihowcra of hot oxhiB,

Aiicuiit ul Aluiit Uluiic.

Sonw mountaini arc so Ftccp and rufrfjcd, tliat it is diflTicult to aflccr.d

lo the top of tliem. The picture rcprtscntB a party of men goinj( up

Mont Blanc, tlio higiiC8t mountain in Europe. Tlicy wore more thnn

rtvo days in getting to the top, and were almost froicn with cold. Thesunimitii of the highest mountains, even tliosc in tJio hottest parts of

tlio earth, are always covered witli ice and snow.

GG. ^Vhati^ahilI7

A. A portion of land raised up, but not so high as a mour-

tain.

67. What is a Valley?

A. A low portion of country between mountains or hills.

63. What is a Plain 7

A. A portion of country nearly flat or level.

6!). Arc all plains alike in appearance 7

A. No ; some are covered with grass, some with trees, and

Bome only with sand.

ww

ov

an

1camgrot

pict

of V

7

A

aco

.«.<»»?ia*Ei5(i^-,-

ON8.

I many VoI<;nnoo«.

imH ?

)ll('ll fl(KMl8of WatlT.

,rlil 7

i of onc-hulf nrc n

ln! bnminjj lavn Vriii'li

«x>iidi'ii<r;->fU by (Iih.ui

.t it is dilTinult to aRccr.d

party of men goinj( up

Tlicy wore more thun

froion with cold. Tlie

in tlie liotlcst parts of

V.

SO high as a mour-

mountains or hills,

level,

some with trees, and

QBOaHAPUICAL DSriNlTIONt. 17

70. What «re plaini covered wiUj land called 7

wl.^'a!^*""^are denominated deserts; some are also covennl

witer!^ ""'"^ ""^ «'''"'''*"y '^«"""'« of

71. Which are the large«t doiierta in the world 7

Ant'^''° ^"""^ ^^"""^ ^'^'^' ""'' ^^ '^''^^ '^ Gobi, ir

72. With what ia the African desert interspersed 7

A. Various fi,rtilo spots that are scattered hero and (hereover the surface, like islands in the ocean.

73. What are these called 7

.„}*c7''*'^""^ *^""'''',

^'^J'- *'"^y "^ generally inhabited,and serve as rcstmg places for travellers."»""««,

Tbe Orsat Dsasrt

greatly from want of water, and MmeUmos perish ftom thirst, TJiepicture represents a small caravan crossing the desert, one of the peopleof which appears to have just expired.vuiuwpeopw

74. What are Caves or Caverns 7

A. They arc openings in the earth, often wonderful onaccount of their grej».t sixe and extent.

C

fc-*. :*(-_ -..iM^**5^4H)^?"^^.W""

t^r^

1'1

111

^^!^^

18 OGOaRAPIIICAL DBFtNITIONI.

One of th«

moHt rrinurkublo

in FinKnl'ii Cave,

in St»trn, an iiil.

and Mil tlic wont

cdiiHiorScotlaiiiL

ItR Nidm aro fuiw

mcd with the rc0.

uiarity of wulUof hewn Mtonai

It ill 'i-il feet in

length, nnd 49feet wide, andprcHcnti a inuMt

Fingal'i C.ve. «trii»in((oxnmplo

of the lublimo and beautifUl ercationi with which Ood has adorned Ih*

world.

75, Wliat arc public roadi 7

A. Pntliways used for travelling from place to place.

76. Arc roadi uioful to mankind 7

A. They ore highly useful, for without them the people in

dOTerent parts of the same country would not know each othei.

'77. What ia a rail-road T

A. An improved kind of rood, now much used in the

Qnited States, ond also in some parts of Europe.

HB|Hr *=r=b e~

!

ipiRill Ruad.

Tlie cara or carriagea uied on them, are drawn by steam locomotivemginei, at the rate of 20 or 30 miles an hour, and somctimca evenmore. Vast numbers of people, and great quantities of merchandiseare conveyed by them from place to place, in a maimer much mui(convenient than by tlie old method.

r

di

ar

CM

. T^.> .:-i'*«?S',*S»i^M V,5"

One of th«

mnnl ri'iiiurkulilo

IM Finftnl'D Cave,

in StalFa, an iiiU

and (III tlic wo«t

rdiiHlorHcdtlailit

Ita Nidi'ii nro (o%

nicd with tlio rev.

ulurity of wullt

of hewn Mtnn&

It i» iUl Tvct Id

length, nnd 49leot wide, andprcHcnti a inuMt

utrikinKoxnmpIo

^ God has adorned ih»

lace to place.

them the people in

Dt know each othef.

much used in the

luroiK;.

OEOOBAPIIICAL DEFINITIONI. 18

a by steam locomotiveand lomctimcB even

titics of mcrchandiaeI maiuipr much mu4

PRODUCTIONS OF Till; EARTIL78. What ttro «ho productions of the oartht

A. They uro cither vefritablo, animal, or mineral,79. What are vegctablo pri(duction« 7

A. Those things that grow out of the ground, ns trees,plants, KHiin, hiiils and flowers.

a>. What are the vcjfctablo production, most usofiil to mankind?A. VVhoaf, corn, rye, rice, potatoes, bread-fruit, &c.81. What ure tliu chief clasBos of the animal kingdom 1

A. iJcasfs, birds, fishes, reptiles, and insects.62. What are mincraJH ?

A. Thry consist of substances of various kinds, that aredug out of the cartli.

63. Wliat are ilio principal classes of minerals 7

A. Four:the metallic, the inflammable, precious stoneB,

and buildmg-stones,

84. What are the most important metallic minerals 7

A. They arc gold, silver, iron, copper, and lead.85. What arc the principal innaminablo minerals 7

A. Pitcoal, peat, sulphur, bitumen, and asphaltum.86. What are the most valuabjo precious stones 7

A. Diamonds, sapphires, rubies, and emeralds.

OUmood Siver.

Diamonds are highly valuable, and arp often found amonirst th«wth. at the bottoms o/rivera. The engraving represents a rfvtS

-IB?^-

90

•111

l\

lif

«

uI

I

Onal tityur,

aEnuRAriiuAi. i>KriNiTio!«.

ftouth Aiiiiric», tVoni wlilrh th«

water hill Um iimrly ull jminpeJ

out by tliu mnrliiiHi im III" 'Ig''^

hand ol'lho niiliiri', ami i«Br<i kUv*!

arc txaminmg the esrlh for <*»»

niunil*.

87. What urn noirie of the prin

cipul builtlmK-KtoixD '

A. llmiiit<>, liincHtnno, mn^lilf, cliiilk, Hlutc, aiul Hamlstomi.

Minora! »yt\nif», Uith liol^ and

colli, occur in niuny i>urtii of tlie

cartii. The mrmt rfuiarkulil* ar«

tlic Cioy«cr«, or MiKHiling ii|>riiij(i of

li'i'litiiil, wliii:h throw U|> voUniio* of

hot wulcr, with a noimi like cunnun,

to tlio height of UU or lUU fvvt

8.

ON THE FORM AND MOTIONS OF THE EARTH.

SB. What in the oarlli 7

A. It is tho planet wo inhabit.

80. What aro tho plunotiT

A. Immcnno bodies, which revolve round the sun and ro

c^vo their light from him.

DO. What ia tho ahape or form of tho enrlh 7

A. It is like nn orange, being slightly flattened at tho poles.

SI. By what oihor n>^^lo« ia the earth known 7

A. It is also called tho World, tho Globo, and the Sphere.

SO. How many motion* hoa the earth, and what aro thoy f

A. Two ; the daily and the yearly.

* 93. What ia tho daily motion of the earth 7

A. That in which it turns round every twenty-four hours.

M. What ia tho yearly motion of the earth 7

A. That in which it goes round the sun once every year.

8B. What take* place during the eartli's yearly motion?

A. A change of seasons.

86. What ii a change of aeaaoni 7

A;

Eo<

ai

;«, (Voni which tha

II iii'iirly ull |iuiiip<!J

mcliiiKi nil III" ri|l''^

•tiiri', iiml iM'({Ki ulaveu

; the curlh tur d^

ire Home of the prin

»tuiu'« I

to, liincHfnnr, mnik

lute, and HaiiilstoiH).

iriiiKii, Uith hot niul

1 nitiny purtu of llm

inrmt rvinarkulile ara

ir S|M>u(ing upriiiK* of

li throw U|> voUiiiioii of

ih n iioimi hkc caiuiuit,

uf UU or lUO t'vvt

THE EARTH.

nd the sun and ro.

flattened at the poles.

)be, and the Sphere,

what are they t

twenty-four hours.

?

un once every year.

arly motion T

aKOORAPIIIOAL UKPINITIONt. 91

A. The chanxn from winter to uprinn, fn.m itprinK to Hummer,From Hiuninor to autumn, and from uutmnn to winter ll^ain.

97. What i« iho length of iho path tmvolled over by the eutli everyye«r, in lU (laiiMgo round tl.u .im ?

' '

A. IJpwanU of 607 millions of rnilen, or more than uthousand mile* every minute.

(W. What la the cffoct of the earlh'a daily motion?A. It pnhlucos n chango from day to night.

piid 7*""""' '"'' ""' '"" "'""'* •*" "" **'•• *•"' •"''"=' '""^'' ^

A. The day ond night would then each !» sii months lonu,and, conm-qu»ntly, then- would Im but one day ond one niflhim the y«.nr. In that caw, our earth would bo scarcely habitable

100. What do thcie thinira loach ua 7

A. That the works of the Almighty are directed by infinitewukJom and goodness.

101. What ia the axla of the earth 7

ond'siuth"""""^'""'y """ P^'"8 •''™"8'» '*« ccn'ro North

109. What aro the polea of the earth?

A. The ends of the axis.

103. How manV polea are there?

A. Two; tho North, and the South Polo.104. Where aro the polea aituated 7

J'i'J^^ '!u'^o r"'" '> "^ "°"^'' P°'"» Of the earth's axisffnd tho South Polo is tho 8> uth point,

Andt^Zah^l"^ "v'"'

^r'**'^''- '• "' ""» At'"' ""• North Pol-

Eaatern and WcHt.rn Hcmiaphorea, that I., a map of both .ido. of tli.^U .Tp I'° """^ " T"'. •"•' •'"'°"?»' »'" «»"''• North Pol.

«e Kh pi"."° *"'«™*'"* ««"«5«.yet thorela but one North Pole and

105. How At diatant are the polea aituated from each other?A. One hundred ^nd eighty degrees.106. How many mKea ia that ?

About 12,500 miles, which is half round the world.107. What ia Uie aiie or bulk of the earth ?

fHT

W UIMKiHAI'IIICAL. DHriNITIONI.

A. It ia noarly '^AiUUU niiltM in circumforcncit, and fl,000

Ui 'lioinetHr.*

108, Wh«t li metnt by Iha eircuinliirance uf (h« r«rlh t

Cirrurnfoit'nf.u ia thn diittuncu piiind tKfl tniiltlln of 'ta 9ur>

thee or ouuiijc.

100. What i» nifitnt liy diameter T

Tha dutunco acroM or through thn middle part of it.

110, If joii wrro to run a thread round IIir nuUido of an apple, the

length of it would be tlio ntrnt of the i'lr(:uinl!-ri<ni'n ; and if you woreto cut tliu applii tliriiii|[li llie niiddl« nn<l inraiiure

it acroea thu cut part, that would Im tlio diainetci.

1 1 1. Hoyrcat la thn rirnumfi'rcnri' of tim rarth,

that if a man could trnvitl witliout intrrruptiun

fVoin water, it would take liini onu tlicuiiiaiid daya,

or llirco ycara, to coins round to tlir idiicii he

atarttsd IVoni, reckoning that ho travelled twenty

five niilca every day.

10.

I

Q

I

119. What are the circloi of the earth?

Tlin equator, tiio tropics, the polar circloa, and tho paralleia

and mcridiariH.

1 13. Are tlioao circloa alike in extent T

Tho equator and inoridianH only arc of the same extent,

and are culled tho great circloa.

1!4. What are thu other circloa?

The Tropical ond Polar circles, ond the Parallels. TheseIjcing smaller in extent than the former are culled snuill

liirclos

115. What la the E<(Uator ?

An imaginary great circloi extending east and west routid

tho globe, and at an equal distance from each pole.

On map oftho World, No. 1, tho Equator ia tho lino that paiaca through

tJio middle of botli hcmiaphcroa. You will find tlio word equator near it.

116. What ia tho diatuoo of the Equator iVom tho Poloa 7

It is 00 degrees, or about 6250 miles from the North Pole,

and the same from the South Pole.

* Tlw Micl liia and Aiur* of the earth art not rtl iiniiwn ; TutthM meuurtmenli go al»arii or ill lUffaca an otcMiatr la dalnrmion Him* poiata iliidlr-

arc

I

•ire

on I

11

c

nrntcti, luid 8,000

li« rtlUl t

iiiiililln of ^'ta mr-

le pnrt of it.

iiiilu of An appin, did

ten ; iinil 11' you wereniiil(ll<i nml incamirs

uiild Ini the (liamRtci,

ifiTBnco of thn rarlh,

tvitlioiit intrrrupliuii

I nrii) tliciimaiKl <ii^y»t

mil to tliK tiliicd Im

ha travclktl twenty

oao<iii4riii(;AL UHriNiTioivg.

117, Wh«lm lh« Tropic, 7

They iini two ^inu||,.r ,.irrlr« rtin-ning |,ko iho Kiiuutor I-:*wt unj

IIH. Whora are thoy pUemI ?

.«M^ ""? ''""""CB "f'J'^k <I.'gn-«i, or1".«7 i,iilo», north ond *oulh Irorti tho(Mjiiiilor.

I lf». What ar« th« n«met of thn Tropica? „,„,^

cwp'i;„""'Yr:?,,"L''',,!:';:a.;"' '.•/'-tropic. „rr,no.r .„.prInM on th. Jgo „f tho ma^ """ ""' "«""'• '''' •"'* 3" "'•' •«

, and tho paralleia

tho samo extent,

Parallels. Thosearo culled snuill

t and west ruutid

:h pole.

that paiRci throuf^h

word equator nuar it.

tho Poloi 7

n tho North Pole,

itUiar uMMurainenU oa tl

laO. What arc tho Polar Ciroloa 7

Two iiinull circles running coat and utst,191. Wlicro are thoy placed 7

At tho distonco of 234 degit«» from each Pulo. ,139. What are their nainea 7

Parulli'li.

193. WhtttaretheParaIloIa7

Circles extending east and west.

Morldiank,

f4 MmMiAriiiiAL liMriMi-riitM*.

194, Uim urn Uwf rmptvt»ntm4 <m Uta M»|W t

By linra cr<M«ing iVoiii tKlii ki nuim.

ISA. WtMt tm Iha Markllui* t

Cir«l«fi Mtriiilinn (V..1II I'..!.' t.i Pn!« J^^«!«h '!»• R-'Jita**.

19*. Iliiw •!« Ibxy r«pr»«iHt"l im llw M*p» t

Hy l»»« cxlfiiitum Innn iIk" t«>|» •'» i\ imjIihW.

Point <Mt OB m«p Nil. I.. Umi l'«r»U»U •nil M»rldt»n«.

•97. Ikiw •»• ffM)gf*plil<»l clrolM 4tvt<ii)d '

A. Kv.TV rirrin i« •<ipjni«4 m Ui «tlvlik<i iii!o MO (ivgnwa,

tn<i rvi'ry <W'gw( intn 00 K««v,»'"i'•'• «l milini or minutra.

19a Wh»l U Umi Irnfth of • iht*— "' • f"•• "'"''•

'

A. 8iity.nin« nn«l • «|uartrr eoinnwm «niU«.

199. How will you flaJ Uw numlwr of nill«» In utf fi»M WIHWif diigruei 7

A. By niultiplyitm tho t\»'gr*t% liy flO|.

LATrruDi.

.130. WlialUUtititdat

A. It in (liauinco fn>m tho Equator either north or ioulh.

131. How U Utituik dividMl t

A. Inin north tn.l ii'Hith Utilii<i«. All omintrie* mtuaU".*

rH>rtii «tf tho EqiiiHor, aro in nortti '.ttlitudoj aiid ihoae •otuli

',( it, an< in aouth latituda.

139. How U UOtuiki wprpwnted on m»p«f

A. Hy linM drawn acrtwa tlw map from •mb .o •i«k'.

riiwie are called parallela.

133 How U UUtudo numbered r

A. Tho numlicr* aro mnrkiid on the lidoa of the map, a

lie pndu of the liiH« of latitude.

134 ' « ;• i«Utuda eounted T

A. In tWi-e*** from the Er iHor townnli llw polo* from 1

131. How e«n you dUtinguidi bctwwm north tnd iouth Utitude '

A. If tim number* incroMO from the bottom toward* llw

Ai

'''1

I

(

lud

1

A

nor

UAIn

!>ul(

14(

A.

u;

A.

I in

A.

/"m149.

A.

I*.

{h Sjjr RjjiUUOf.

Hun.

nnrth or tnulh.

ootintrie* ntuabvt

{ will thoM auuili

lot of the map, a

L tlie |K>Ia( from 1

and louth UUtwit *

lottum towards the

« U "'"* •• A*"" ' An.. I'aul, ,„ M. ,„d p„Uy (^

^"' rL'" t/S'lr " """"• '" -"*« '•'«-<. „ N^u,«|l. In WI.M U.i,ud« U H.m.1. An.rri.,* T An.. N L« .„J i i

n I. \v)i«t 1. 11,0 nimao ai u>„ r,,i«,

'

ui:ii'c;;rn;';!'«""• **''"^'' '• "- '"» o«ton. ^ which Uti.

A. It nicail't hlVd.hhj it unM n.. !• IInorth an.l .o„.h, Ikt ,1,, hn it ' '^

'""« "«" '" <'''•"»"<•''-

l«.I

.. ,J.a d.ff,c.. „f |„i,udu vary in |„„g„,

,

A. I hoy aro .H-urly „|| ^lik,., |^.,„^ „, - .

In flon»Bnijrnco of tl,„ r»„i. k. ,. ^ * """'" '"»'^'"-

i«t 6ui mile. i. . ,ui, fvZgo „;• U.X i,f.;;It*"""" ""'"* °' •^•'''

LON(;iTU[)E.

I4C. What li lungiiudo}

A. Fra.„ U.c place of begi„,u„g. 180 degree, each wy

OEOOHAPIIICAL DEPINITIONB.

therefore tho longitude of n pluco cannot be more than 180

degreca east or west.

150. How 11 it marked?

A. Generally in numbers on tlio top and bottom ol the

map, at the end of the meridians.

On muD of the world, No. 1 , the lonRit ide in marked on the Rqimtor,

„ "onruoncc of awant of ro^n. at the .-ndn of the lines ;Imt -n n.a,.H

Nob!T'i, 5Ji! &e., it iH marl.c.,1 at the top and bottom of the n.ap-.

151. How can you distinguish between east and west longitudo 7

A. If the numbers increase towards the riyht hand, it w

east longitude; but if they increase towards the Icll hand, it

is west longitude.

ir.9. Arc tho degrees of longituJo of tho «ame length as those of

htitmie?, « , id

A. On the Equator thny are very nearly of the same lengtli

as those of latitude, but no where else.

isa. How do they diffcV from those of latitude 7

A Thcv constantly decrease as we RO either north or

south fJShe equator towards the poles, where the meridians

a!l meet, and the longitude ceases.

154. Wi'.at is tho meaning of the word longitude 7

A It si.nif.es length. It was u.ed for this purpose becau^

formerly Ihe earth was supposed to be much longer from East

to West than from North to South., , „ , ,Vnm

155. On some of the maps the longitude".-""S^^llf '^^^J^^^^^^

nlaccs, and are numbered aceordmgly.

156. How do nations generally reckon longitude i

A. From the capital of their own country.

iTon the Equator a degree of longitude is 69J nnle« m -gth ;

ct"s«.8lhe EcuLr. there is ne.Uier latitude nor longitude.

\

ha

cor

]

ton

1

J

pasi

1

Soul

A

'OWi

i:

AWci

11

18.

l)c more than 180

nd bottom of the

rkcd on tho Fqimtor,

X lincH; hut on iim|ii«

ottom pf tlic iiiiips.

id west longituilc ?

rif^lit hand, it w

ds tlio Icll huiid, it

3 length as those of

of llic same Icngtii

b7

(TO citlior north or

rhcru tlic meridians

ludoT

his purpose because

ch longer from East

larked on the top trnm

in, the difference being

tho longitude of tiotli

tudo?

titry,

igton; the English from

ipaniardt from Madrid

is COJ milcB in '<">^th ;

18 of that extent ; at fiO

ter ; and at tlie poles it

e, and those on the firs?

w hero 'ho first meridian

lor longitude.

IaEoanAPiiicAL iiefimtionb. 2?

Oreciidi'r' " "" '^'"'""'""" "^ '""»""•''' »*'*«'"' Washington and

ui wl'"!" ''" ''"^*'' "' " '^'1^"' "' '""ff'tude on the Eq.mtor 1

on li':^2d!.?re'^?Vn'd afiSZ?'-•^"'"<^"' ^ ""' «""' ««««-»

163. Wliere is there no latitude ?

161. Wlioro is there no longitude ?

..cither lutituli^'ror Lngitl."''^ "^ '""'"'=''• '" """ "i""' ""« -

•15

Maps.165. What is a map?A. A picture of a part or tho whole of tho earth's surface166. WhutarcQnumbcr of maps made into a book, called 7A. An Atlas.

167. In wiiat way are maps usually drawn?A. Tlic top of the nr. ip is north, the bottom south, the richhand s cast, and the left liand west. .

' ^"1 68. What is meant by North, South, East, and West 7

compaSr^""^ '^'^ ^'"' ""'''""' "' I^"""'P'^' P«'»^ °f 'ho

169. Wlmt is a compass 7

A. An instrument used by naviTa-tors at sea, to poinf out their course.''

170. How does it point out their course 7

A. The needle, or bar of tho com-pass, always pointy to the nr rtli.

Soutl/''" *^'"" '•''*'*=*''"* "° '^•"'h «nd

172. In what direction docs East and West lie?

173. lfvou.i™d.,u,,.„ft„tow.ri, ,h.™ th. ,™ r«^,l,.

. tJ!^»***W9J!ftlT^

. -^ -ijimm

ir

'28 QEoanAFincAL nEFi«nioMii.

North will bo on your left hand, the South on your right hand, ondtlie

Wwt will bo behind you.

174. On maps, rivers ajc shown by black lines winding aciordinR

to their course.

175. Mountains arc fhown by lines which form u shade in thodirto

lion in which they extend.

176. Cities and towns nro nhown by a black dot, and the capitals of

countries by a large dot and eight smaller ones around it.

177. The boundaries of countries are made by dotted linos.

178. Sandy descrls and sand banks in tho ocean, are shown by a

^cat number of dots resembling sand. The ocean, or sea, is shaded

by lines to separate it from the land.

179. The latitude is shown by lines extending on tho maps fVom side

U) side, end tlio longitude by lines running from the top to the bottom,

«xcept on map No. 2, of tho world, w' ere the latitude is shown by cir.

cular lines, extending in succession ft .Hhcr and fartiicr from the centre,

and longitude by straight lines extending from the centre to tho cir-

cumferencc. .

180. Point out on map No. 4, of tho Atlas, the Mississippi, the Mis-

souri, the Rio Grande, and the Columbia rivers.

181. Point out tlie t.tics of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Balti.

more, Now Urloans, Havanna, La Pucbla, and Guanaxuato.

182. Poii I out the capitals, MonUcal, Washington, Mexico, St Sal-

»ador, and I'ort au Prince

rb(

A

.VI

Sii

sill

pol

rou

1

18!

A.betw(

19(

A.

^'•'ii^^:m^jammi»m:»^»mmmn»0mwiimekii<mi^S^^imiiS

right hand, and tlia

I winding aciordinn;

a vhadc in Iho dirco

t, and the capital* of

'ound it.

dotted linos,

:an, aro shown by a

m, or Bca, is sliadcd

>n tlie maps fVom side

the top to the bottom,

tudo iH sliown by cir.

irtiicr from the cciitro,

the ccntro to tlio cir-

Misaissippi, the Mis>

:, Philadelphia, Balti.

aanaxuato.

jTton, Mexico, St Sal-

OBOUBAPUICAL UliFINITIOWi. gS

America and KuJanAmerka""""'• ^""'"<^''. "nd »Hitwte„ llriti«h

186. What ore Zoiiuh ?

A. SucfionH or <livi.sioimorihcpnrlh'»"urfnco, (oinit'd Iiy iho ironies and tliopolar circles.

187. What docs tho word Zr.no mrun 7 \ ':Z"'A. A Ixjit or girdle, because it passes ^C^'i^mih,^. ,

round tho earth. V ^i-^'-^^ J^ V^<ri''r •»!''>'

188. How many Zones aro there 7 . Z^iT"^A. Five; one torrid, two temperate, and two frigid zones.

/'in*

TORRID ZOlfE.

189. What part of the earth's surface is occupied by the Torrid Zone ?A. Iho part which hc8 on both sides of tho Eouafor anrf

ZV^". ^T' °'' ^""'^^ ""^ ">« Tropic of Capricorn190. What IS the meaning of tho word Torrid 7

A. It means very hot, parched, or dried up.

etmmmm^-^^mitS^me'ii'-

'^'1^ mm

30 OEOORAFUICAL DBFIN1TIOM8.

191. What II tho breadth of the Torrid Zone ?

A. It in 3243 miles in breadth from North to South.

193. Why ii tho Torrid Zono tho" hottctt part of Uio earth t

A. Because it is more exposed to the heat of the sun than

»ny other part of tho earth.

193. What are Uio wagon* of tho Torrid Zono 1

A. Two ; tho wet and tho dry.

194. To whicli of our Bcimoni do they correspond 7

A. The wet season corresponds to our winter, and the dry

to our summer.

195. Wlmt i« tlio climate of tho Torrid Zone T

A. Dui u<' some parts of tl»c year it is delightful; but at

ether times tho heat is very oppressive, and the earth u

parched and dried up.

19C. To what is tho Torrid Zono subject 7

A. To the most violent storms of wind, which destroy

almost every thing within their reach.

197. To what else is the Torrid Zono subject 7

A It is more subject to earthqimkcs than the other parts

of the earth, and is also the seat of dangerous and deadly

diseases.

198. For what is the Torrid Zono reinnrkablcT

A For the finest fruits, many of the most useful vegetable

productions, and tho largest and most ferocious animals.

199. What arc some of tho principal fruits of the Torrid Zonet

A. Oranges, lemons, pine-apples, cocoa-nuts, and th

bread-fruit.

200. What are somo of the most usefid vegetable productions 7

A. Coffee, tea, sugar, indigo, cinnamon, cloves, nutmegs

and pepper.

201. Which are tho uost remarkable animals 7

A. The elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, camelopard,

lion, and tiger.

,

. , ,

202. What are some of tho other remarkable animals 7

A The ostrich and condor, with numerous birds of splendid

T

in

do

pri

20

A,

201

A.oerat

IZonc

sc;

A.

208

A.

209

A.

-'«g*«^»^<«'*i»faMi)a»> li|l|Wli»»l>lTllllW> ailTWi M»liiMB>» /s:istaillitft^illSmi^<

IS.

th to South.

r tlio earth T

X of the Bun than

>nd7

inter, and the dry

doHghtful; but at

and the earth a

nd, which dertroy

ban the other parts

gcrous and deadly

)7

ost useful vegetable

)ciou^ animals,

f the Torrid Zonot

>coa-nuto, and th

table productions 7

n, cloves, nutmegs

U7

tamus, camelopard,

animals 7

ous birds of splendid

T

io»*m*nm'^vir»:im^tmit!Si^'

OEnQRAPIIICAL DBPIMITION8. 31

mSf'"'"^ "'' ^"^'" "'"^ '"°'" ^«"°"'«"» »«Tcnts and

^203. VV).at aro the complexion and habiUof the p«„plo of tJ,c Torrid

do^tSSS^Sl^J^i - ^'-k colour, and .„.

804. What is (heir character 7

Pri^e. rSrrng."^""°'" ''''"^''''''' '"^ '-"^-try. enter.

19

TIMPCiUTa Z0NI8.

205. Where are tiio TcmporatB Zones situated 7A Between the tropics and the polar circles..J06. How are they distinguished from each other 7

-W8. Where is the north temperate Zone situated 7

i, w.'"'""'^ "-"P'^ «<" Cancer and the arctic circle

209. Where .s the south temperate Zone situated 7A. Between the tropic of Capricorn and the antarctic circle

*«H

3'/ aEtKlllAPIIICAL DBFINITlONa.

910. Wlial ii the briudlli of llir tciiiiM-riito Zone*?

A. Thoy occupy u brcailth of ulM)Ut lil)70 iiiilcs each.

911. What aro tlio icoiions of tho U'liiiKTatu Ziini!« ?

A. They urc four ; Kiiring, fc!uir.mor, Autumn or Full, ami

Winter.

8ia. Wlint climnto does the tempcrnfo Zonos enjoy 1

A. Tln'v enjoy n more e(iiml ami liiiillliy clinmte than auf

©her parts of tlie earth.

'Ji;). Do tho IcrnporntP Zniiog equal thu torrid Zone in tiio iiuiiiIh:

.if their vrgelublo p.'cHluctioim ?

A. The veyetahJc productions of the tempornto Zones nri

neither so numerous nor luxuriant as tiiose of tiie torrid Zone.

3H. What uro the principal vcgclublo pruductionn of tho tcm|)«rat(

Zonoa ?

A. Corn, wheat, and rice, with apples, peaches, pears,

olives, and fiys.

815. Are fhe uuiniuls of tho tcnipcrato Zones like those of iJie torrid

Zone?

A. No : they are generally of smaller size, and are less

numerous and ferocious.

916. Of wliat kindB aro tho animals of tho temperate Zonca?

A. Of tho doniestic and u.seful kinds mostly.

917. What are aomo of tho domcBlic animals 7

A. The horse, camel, ox, ass, mule, sheep, hog, and dog

918. Wliat aro some of tho wild animals 7

A. The bear, wolf, bufTalo, elk, deer, and fox.

919. What aro tlio colour and character of tho inhabitants of t)u>

tumperatu Zones 7

A. Those of the north temperate Zone in particular have

white or fair complexinnH, and generally more .strength of

body and mind than the inhabitants of tho other Zones.

S20. For what are they distinguislicd 1

A. For industry, enterprise, and learning,

921. What do they comprise 7

A. Tlie most civilized and improved portion of mankind.

222. What Zone lies south of this country?

S23. What Zuno separates tlic north temperate and south temperate

Sones from each other 7

924. In what Zone do we live 7

T

I!:/

iu

A,

2di

A.

Zone

83;

A.

92e

A.

22;)

A.

S.'JO,

parts (J

A.

a sma231.

A.

232.

A.

uninru

jttai*Wa»3*iNWMWw*^. »l»>iiBa(MWafad>^ife"

'

8.

?

I miles each.

iva 7

umii or Full, and

joy?

cliiimto than niir

!unu ill tliu iiuiiiImi

porntc Zonos an)f tilt! torrid Zone,

inn of thu temperate

peaches, pears,

10 thoao of tliu torrid

izc, and arc lesa

pcrato ZoncH ?

tly.

p, hog, and dog

d fox.

a inhabitanta of Uu>

n particular have

more strcngtli of

ather Zonea.

:ion of mankind,

and MUth temperat*

! OIWKJIUPlilCAL DKFINITION8.

20.

M

»'HI01D ZONKS

Sf-J. Wlierc! arc tlio frigid Zone, .ituatcd 7A Ik-twcon tho polar circles and the poles.-ab. IFow uro they diHtinjfiiisIied 7

827. VVJicrc ,n tl.o north frigid Zone situated 7

L w^"""'^° ""*'" '''*='° ""'^ "'« North Pole.

3.J8. Where is tho .outh frgid Zone Hituated 7A I{otwit>n the antarctic circle and tho South Pole5S9. Why are the Zones about the polen ealled frigid 7A. nocause tho climate is excessively cold

P.ruofr'cijtil'r•="""'" "'"""«' 2-- colder "than that of other

831. What aro tho Frigid Zone, covered with 7• ' '

'•

A. Chiefly with ice and snow.832. What are tJ.o seasons of t).o Frigid Zonos 7A. 1 ho seasons are two ; a lone cold winfnr o..j l

«mmer, without spring or autumn"""^ " '^°"

GKOUKAritlCAL IieriNITIONI.

333. What OuiU arc fuund in tlio Friirid ZonoiT

A. Only u ftiw hiiiuII borrica which grow in hose pnrta

nearest to tho teinperuto Zones.

334. What idntl of tolmali live there t

A. None but the motif hardy, M the White Boar, Musk

Ox, Keindfi-r, &c.

333. What are tho niimtx-T, •loturc, and colour of tho itilmbi»anl»»

A. Tht-y are but few in number, of short stuture, iind have

(larl< complexions.

336. In wliat aro they deficient?

A. In intelligence, being ignorant of rcuding, and writing.

earning.21

QUESTIONS ON TIIK DIFFKUKNT ZONKS,

(Tht Jxr*t Map of the Alla» brjort the Uarntr.)

237. On nmp of the vorld, No. 1, WcMlcrn Hcinidphcrc, point oui

the coiinlrivH tiiat iiro in thi; 'I'orriil /omo.

A. Th<7 are pint of Mo.,* the wlioio of Ga., Ca., Ga.

Pu., III.

SIIH. Point out tho Ixlundii in tliu Torrid Zone, beginning at the left

hand itido of the map.

A. Tiuy iiro Sh., Me., Nh., Fy., Fe„ N.-Ca„ Sy., Gn.

Ms., Gh., W..Ih., C. Vc.

S.'li). I'oint out tho cuuntricg in llio Torrid Zono, on tlio Map of the

EuHtern lleiuiNplierc.

A. They nro pnrt of the Gt.-Dt., the whole of Sa., Ga,,

L.-CJa., Sn., En., Zr., purt of An., part of Iln., Hm., part of Ca.

340. Point out the iHlandw in tho Torrid Zone, in tho Eontcrn Ucini.

phero, iM'ginning at tho left hand.

A. They are S.-Hn., part of Mr., Mn., Cn., Sn., Jn., pnr

of Fa., Mn., Pe., Le., Ce., Bo., Cs., Se., Tr., N.-Gn., N.-Id.,

N.-Bn., Le., part of Aa.

241. Point out tho countries in tho North Temperate Zone, of tUWcHtern IleiniMphcro.

A. They nro a pnrt of Aa., part of N.-Bn., Lr., part of

Gd., Ca., U..Ss., part of Mo.

•The li'tlors Mo..Ga.,ra.,&c., are tlie firrt and lam letters ofthe names

of those louiitriuH that the learner is required to p»int out on the map

Pth

«

>M« rfi j I'ii^u&httt'^'-

>NS.

»7

'uw in ho8o pnrta

IVhito near, Mimk

ir of tlio inlmbi'ontiif

t stuturu, and havu

tiding, and writing.

n' Z(JNES,

« Itnrntr.)

IciiiiMplicro, point out

of Ga., Ca., Ga.

), beginning at tlie left

N..Ca„ Sy., Gn.

no, on tlio Map of the

whole of Stt., Go,,

In., Km., part of Ca.

I, in tlio Eastern Ucini.

, Cn., Sa., Ja., par

[>., N..Ga., N..ld.,

cmpcrato Zone, of tin

^.-Bn., Lr., part of

limt lettcro ofthe namesI pr>int out on the map

OKOClRAFIIICAt. DBFINITIONI. g|949, Point out the iiinnda.

A. Tlu-y am tho An., Vn.,* Nd., A«.943. Point out tho countries in tho North Tcmperato Zona of the

FiUtcrn llcmisphoro." «"

A. Th«y an. a part of Sa., Fo., Sn., FJy., part of tho Ot..'"•• '''l-'A"-. ly-. ly., ru.,partof Au.,Ty., part of I In., Tt,k»irt ol Cc. ^

944. Point out tho ialiinds.

of Fa'^'"'"^"*"" '''' "''"'"" '^"•' "'"•* ^"- '^"•' ^- P""*

9J.').

Point out tho countries in tho South Tcmperato Zono of tl»Meslurn llemuplicro.

A. They art Ci., B-s.-As., Pa.946. Point out tlio Islands.

A. Thoy aj^ N.-Zd., Co., Fd., Ta.-Fo., S.-Sd., S.-Oy., S..Ld., part ol Gs.-Ld.

'

Jttrn lltliSer':"""'""' '" "" *>""• '^•""P«""« ^one o,' tlv.

A. Thty aro Co.-Cy., Ca.948, Point out tho islands.

Of A„.'vis:.s:-^"'''"•• ""' '^^•' ^'- p"'* °^'^'" P-"

-p£ s;:;^oS,';S';s.£jiLSaS!''''^''''^™"-"'•

snh!l°' .T.!"i""""";«%'" "'» North Frigid Zone of tho Eastern Ilomi.

»pherc, aro Ld., part of Aa., with tho islands Sn., Na., Za., N.-So.

951. Tho only land in tho South Frigid Zono of tho Western Homi.ph.ro. „ a part of GH.-Ld Va..Ld. , an^d in tho Sou.1 Fr g d So.o oltho Eastern lleinisphoro there is Es.-Ld. and tho AcCt.

In what Zono does tho United States lie 7 N. To.What Zono contains tho largest animals 7 Td.Which Zones contain the most useful animals 7 To.Which Zones produce tho most hardy animals 7 Fd.Which Zono is most subject to violent storms of wind 7 Td.In which Zono aro tho people tho most industrious 7 N. Te.'Which Zono is Uio most subject to earthquakes 7 Td. '

In which Zones is tho climate most healthy 7 To

civSd naia '"nTo"^"^°"" ''""^"' ^'^ --' Po-rfiil and

mAmMmsmhili^-

36 OrrmHAPlllCAL OMIIMiriONB.

K)UTIlAI. DIVWIONS.

aw. Tl.n i..l...l.iU<.l ,mr(. cf 111.' < 'r'l' I"';" •,7" ^""*. ^V'' .••''?

linu. .livMl. a I..10 Kmi-irc, KinB-lo,..-, H«,ml.h«, -la «Ul.., o.

vwloiiii kiinU,

'i:,X WImt imiii Knipiro?

A. A Himu c.)iiiiH)«!d of mvcnil .•miilri.'s gov.rii.'J by im

Knijuror.

a54. How ftfo F.mpirci iioiii'liim* nimiMwulT

A or <'<mntri<'H imni.dinKlv j"iuiii« fnch ollior, which

fiirm tt co.rii.ii.l Inxly ; as llio l.iuyUv of Aiwlriii.

9.M. Wliiiia.iolhcr I'liip'f'* '""M"''""',

A 'r..nit.)ri.H H.-|miat(a l.V vast nooniid, nncl •ituutcd in

iwtant purls of th<) cnrtli, iw ihi> Urilish I'impiru.

a^0. What in » kiii(jaoin7

A. A country ijovornoil by a king, aa l- ranee, Spam, &c

rdue at Vuratillui.

857. What are Palacn?

A Ruildings inliabited by Kui|>*^'"ors or Kin^s. Tlioy are

generally of great extent, and cost vast sums ol money.

858. What id a Republic 7

A. A country whoso laws nro madi" by reprcscntativius

cliosen by the jK-oplc ; as the United Stiites, iSiC.

2.59 How arc Empire, KingaoiuH, UcpuWic*. Ac. suMividca T

A Into governmonts, as in Russia; departments, as in

France ; cantons, as in Switzerland ;provinces, as m Spain

and rortut;al; and states, as in the United States, Mexico, &c.

260. What are the •ubdivisions of the various Btaten which form our

Republic 1,. , ,

A. Into counties, except in South Carolina, where lliey are

H.

cn ftitm »cr]f ••rlj;

ilci, trill Huut, ui

I j;ov<'niiJ l»y 111!

'tich otlicr, which

iiMtria.

R, niul nituutcd in

npiru.

raiicc, S|min, *tc

MMM,^^fMi

Kin^s. Tliny are

una ol" inoiR-y.

I* by roproscntativius

',», &c. subdivided 7

(U'|)nrtrnents, as in

vinccs, as in Spain

States, Mexico, &c.

B Btatea which forin our

(lina, where liiey are

r OtMHiHAIMIUAI. ItM'INITIOMI. fff

.nlW diHUwiu, and in L-.uiH.an«, where thov are callixjIwri^iMw.

aOI. Ifow nro counijin iiilHllviiM 1

A. Into tf,un-« in Nrw IjikIiukI, nn<l into townahipi in th*Multllo ami Nomo ol' iho Wcnurn Hial.H.

('My (if m. l',ii.r»lHiru,

ar,g. wh«t i« • chy ?

A hirgo rcllection of houses nnd inhabitanti.

iiMinh '!'?''""I'.'J'

'" ••«''^'"! «""'«" Iw'vn ri„ rimro than 3000 or

aC3. In what way i« a city |.artic.il,.rly di»li.,^.,i,|„.,l ftoni a to -n '

A. Hy Immmu inrorp.,ratr,l wid, p,.n,|iar privilci{u,i, an.l inbein« governed by a Mayor, AKI.rnien, &c.i!!;-!. Whiil ia a town, and n villa)(o 7

A town is a coileetion ..f hoi.sos nnd inhabilants, smalleithan a city. A village is smaller than a town.

80.3. What Ik a towjwliip 7

A. A tract of country tjpnoraliy divided into farmn, aiu)lieii containing towns, villages, and oven cities, within itk

aCC. What in a county 7

A. A division belonging to a State, comprising in m^ln^cases a large extent of country.

^

867. What doei a county cutitain 7

A. Nearly every county in the United States contains acounty town, and Court-house.

(ikiHiHArilltAL UltflNITION*.

Wh«l la iIdim llwrat

A. (;<iiiru tit" jii>iliii' rtr«' lnM llnTo, aiul lh<i«B who htrmk

(Ini lawM ar<t (rinl itiul |iiitii«lM'>l.

Utt). VVh«t I* th« rajiitAJ i.( a .HUU ?

A. Tim niy .)r town cluMtcn for iha mating of Ow State

L(*gi>«lnliin'.

1)70 Whit il'i th« e«|>ilitU of Huir* iiiimlljr cimUln f

A. 'I'll" Htatti lloiiw, Hiat. rri^.iii, (!"V.ril<tf*« nwUfcnPt,

inU •lllur (lllicl* (Ollllirtl ll VVllll llir (;nv, III nt nl'tlw! Hltt««'.

971. In irime Ulrii.tlifl mo«t imp'rUnl pUio in ii i« ili.wni for ilw

Wipiliil, vkiiliiitit oiiy rruttril U» Id |«»iiii.ii, <« ll.»ii'ii>. ii> M««wm;»hm«IU

III nn>«l lii»tiiim«i, luiwuvir, ft c«iiitri»l |i<(«tii4>ii i* •dojtUML

t7'J. VVIint i« tlM Hutu lloiiMt

A. 'I'lm litiildiiiH wlnni ihn Ii»'Ki»lalur« of {hr Stito moeta.

U7J. Wlinl U llis Li'iUUluro uf t HuieT

A. A Ixxly ri)mp<MM d of men win* have power fo malto law«.

1)74. Who i« the Uiivernor of a Hlnttt 7

A. Tlio jwriinn who «>)iiTut«» tlio \nwu of t\w Stuto,

1)73. What in tho ca|Mtul of liiu I'liittMl Kut«(f

A. The rity of ^V^shin^t(>n, Ihn phuro ndoptcd by »h«»

Aim'ricoii jnoplo Ibr th« aimuul niuoting of the Natuninl

VAtnurt'Hti,

a70. Aflur whom wm it named T

A. (ii'itirul VVuxhinKton.

877. WW.il In Iho Nntuitiiil CongreM T

A. An nswrinbly coiniKimid of iho Ucprrwnltttivci elected

by tho iK'opic.

a7f<. For whut Icnijlh of liino ar« tho Ucprcicnlttlivoa elocloU by Um|KV>|>lu.

A. The tTW>nilxTn of tho Scnnto nro elected fop lix ytu

and tlioHc of tin; llou-so of UcprLuontutivo* for two.

34

979. What two IxKlif » dooii Congrcm comprUo ?

A. Tho Sennto nnd tho Houm of UoproM>ntutive«,

980. Wlmt am llio Auiien of ConRrcii* 7

A. To inuko the laws by which tho nation U governed.

1

An

91

A

9f

Aa**

AQ%

A9H

Aan

lllll'l

a*

A981

A.

lino '

991

A.

loM who

ng of tti« Rtato

nt oI'iIm* Nlufc.

I ! clwMrn fur llw

III MuMCbUMltt|iUut.

ilr HliU) muota.

)r io ntako law*.

lui Stttto.

ndiipted by tin*

Mitat'vos elected

;tvci clucUiil by Ui«

'd fof lix yeair two.

ntutiveii.

I U goveriuxl.

m. In whm hiiiMlitf In Iha ciljr of WMliln«t.m iU« Cwtmn

\. Ill i)m t'oiHid, which la ono of thw flfWHit ixliftcca inAnwriea<

Capitol ai Wuliingluii.

flHfl. Who eirnii' .j (he luwi paa«i-d ».y Conrrpaa f

A, Tliii f'ajiiilfnt, Hiih tlio nid ol" tho oliior otliccn at6'<Vernnieri(.

a«3. Who la tdo Pn-.l.limt of thu Pnitflil MIuIp. T

A. Tho cliM'!' iniiuistriit.., or hnid ,»ri|,„ governiiM-Ht,9*1. Hy whoiii ia li(t rli.i«>n to that oltlra?

A. The |H<.»|>I.; (if the l/iiiti-d Hliiica.

'MY Dnririir whni pcriml .!.»•» ho h.il.l hia omro T

A. Flo holds hi^ o(Ii<-.> .hiring tho f«;nn of four >oorM.•JH6. What forma tho Aini'riinn imtion?

A. The wholo of tho (x-ople of tho United Stales.9H7. Tho wor.l nation ai({ni(io( » tiiitlnct body of ir„p|« |i»in.

ndir ono (;ovcrmiieut. ' "^ "^ *

'JHH. What ia a IJountry 1

A. A iarun tract of Innd, a re,7ion, ono's nntlvo soil.VH9. What arc tho bouiidariea of a country 7

A. Thoso parts of Innd nn<l wntnr which lie next to (helino which scpttratcn it from nnothor country,

890. What ia tho interior of • country ?

A. The centml or inland part*.

^.t-*-"

4U aEOailAPUI'^AL IIGPINITION8.

21(1. What is the frontier of a country 7

A. Tlioso parts which lie near tho border or boundary, the

outside portions.

2[)9. Thus wn sny, tlic Norllirrn frontier, tlic Sdiillicrn frontier, Sic.

acuordlnj; uh thu partH nru Hituutcd (o tho Nortii, Suuili, ilntit, or \Vcdt

2D3. What arc tiic mnritiino parts of a conntry I

A. Tliosc porta wliich border on tho sea. coast.

Malir. Ruropein. Africao. Americau*

25.

RACES OF MEN.

294. Man is the most perfect of tlio works of God, being created in

his own iinape, and formed by liis wisdom, to subdue and exercise

dominion ovur all the earth.

295. From whom has tlw whole liuman race descended ?

A. From our first parents, Adam and Eve.

296. What docs the human race present?

A. Several varieties, difFering greatly from ench other in

colour, form, and features.

297. Wliat is ths cause of tiio varieties in the himan race?

A. It is probably owing to a difforence in climate, food, andmode of life, and no doubt partly to causes which we do no'

understand.

398. What are tl\e various races of minitind f

r

r or Iwundnry, fho

idiillicrn friinlicr, &.C.

Souili, Kiiat, or \Vtst

coast.

OEUOHAl'lIICAL D£FIMTIO\8. 41

3o(l, being created in

Rubduc and cxurcisic

CBCcndcd ?

VO.

om en/;h other in

luman race 7

1 climate, food, and

s "vhich we do no'

A. They are five, the European or Caucasian, Asiatic orMongolian, Aniencan, Maluy, and Alricau or m!i,'ro.

2y:». Ilow .i.ii> tlioy be rli.H«.,l i„ rcffiird t.) tluir lolour?A. Int.) the While, Yellow, Red, Brown, and Mlack races.3Un. What iiatid.iH dorn tho lOuroiicaii or Whito race iiichido 7

A. The nations of J-Iiirope, Western Asia, the North ofAiricn, with all the white inhaoitants of Anii-riea and otherregions.

301. What nations does the Asiatic or Yellow niro includorA. All the nations of Asia cast of the Ganges river, (ev-

ocpting the Malays of Malacca.) ' ^

303. Wlint other nations buionfr to this race 7

A. The Finns and Laplanders of Europe, and the Esqui-maux ol America, also hclong to the Asiatic race

raeSuIi'lf"""' "'' "'" "'"' '"'"'* "'° '^"'"'^"" '"• '•"I'l-'T-coioured

A. Tho whole of the American continent, except thosoparts occupied l,y the descendants of Europi.^ans, with theIvsquiiiKiux and Negrws.

301. What nations docs the Malay or Urowri race include 7

A. The people of' Malacca and Malaysia, with those ofJ'olynesia and New Zealand.

305. What part of the earth docs the African or Black race inhabit

'

A. All W,.stern Central, and Southern Africa, with aconsiderable part of Madagascar and Australasia.

South America, wlierc they are ehicny in a state of slavery.

Mf men '^h/^^.Tnll" ?l ^"'."'''f''-'" !'' t''°T'^ ""I'lc of the five race."I II en. It cv<T.|.s all others in learning and tho arts, and includes thenos powrrlul nations of ancient and inodern times. The ^,4 v- 1 m

.ie institutions of society, and the most important and usdbl„ en"lionii have onjrinated with ilie people of this race.

Which is the most noble of the five races of men 7In what dues it excel all otlicrs 7

What does it include 7

What lias orifrinau-d with the people of this race 7

hSSifstafel'tCr^ "^ """ '" "'" '^"'•" ^' "' '"^ "*"''''' »'

"i'o wliiuh race do you belong 7

43 QEOanAPIIICAL D£FliNlTIO.Na.

•20-

STAGES OF SOCIETY.

30R. NationH live in viirioiiH Htajfrs of oocicty, unci thi'ir condition

U fuiinil to (IciKjnd iiiiitcrially on tlic prn^rcHH tlicy liuvft niudu in know.Ivdirc, luarninj;, and ri'fint'nicnt.niid in tlivir NJtill in the incclinnic urtx.

•'10!). Ilow niuy nntionn bo divided according to tiicir Imbitti of life

and Htiitc of improvement ?

A. Into five classes, viz : suvngc, barbarous, half-civilizcil,

civilized, and enlightened.

310. Ilow do men live in tlic savajfc state 7

A. Hy huntinfj, fishinff, and on thn spontaneous produc-

tions of tlio yrouiid. They are {jjcnerally clad in the skins of

wild animals, and reside in miserable liuts, or dens, and cavesin the earth.

311. What is the pcncral eharactor of fiavngc nations?

A, They are bloodthirsty and revengiTul, oOen eat the

flesh of the enemies they take in war, and treat their womenas slaves.

iri::>^fz312. What do.

grco of Itnow-

ledgo do theypoHsess 7

They pos.

sess little or noknowledge of

agriculture, or

the mechanicHibitationii of the KanitKliatitalef. Qfts (jlld aro

ignorant of reading, writing, and a regular form of government.

313. What nations arc examples of this class 7

A. The nations of Australia, or New Holland, and New(luinea, most of the Indian tribes of North and SouthAmerica, and tlie Kamtschatdales or people of Kamtschatko.

314. In what manner do barbarous nations live 7

A. By agricu'Hirc and the pasturage of cattle, sheep, &c31.5. Tliry undcrsi nd a few of the most simple arts, and are at

quaintcu with rending irnd writing only to a very limited extent.

DNS.

y, und thi'ir condition

y liuvi! niudo in know,in the incclinnic urtx.

to tiicir Imbitt! of life

rous, half-civilizcil,

lontanpous produc-

:liul in tlic skins of

or (lens, and caves

nutiuns 7

•fill, odcn put the

treat their women

312. What do.

grco of Itnow-

kdgo do theypoHsess 7

v. They pos.

0.^ scss little or noifr knowledge of" agriculture, or

the inoclmnic

arts, and are

ir form of govern

lollnnd, and NewNorth and Southa of Kamtschutko.

o7

cattle, sheep, &c)Ie arts, and are ac' limited extent.

OEOOIIAPIIICAL DEFINITIONS. 43310.^ What natiuna are oxainpli.i of thi« clanN 7

A. The roving trihes of Turtary, Arabia, Central AfricaBiidthujJtopleof Aby»«iniu,

"' Ainca,

317. How are the haJf.civilizcd nation. diHtingui.hcd 7

. l,^.:..f'"'^ J"'J'-r.stnnd agriculturo and many of the urfs

civUbJd dt'/"""""""""y ^ """'"^""^ "• "^'""ffinff to U.C half.

A Ci.ina, Japan, Burmafi, Sinm. Turkey, Persia, 6,c.JJO.Uow arc civilized nationn diHlinfuishcd 7

A. Tno arts and sciences are well understood, and fhoniiabitanfs derive tlu.-ir sulwistencc principally from a rictiire, manufi.cture.s, an.l commerce,

"^* ° "''

AdZSJ? "" '="'"'"'"" "'' "'" S'*"" ^"'^y o*-"- people in Bo.no

A. They arc very ignonmt and superstitious, and there is

392. Wliat countric. rank anionff tho civilized nationa 7

A. Russia, Spain, Portugal, Grocco, Mexico, &c.323. Wlmt Id tho charactnr of enlightened nations 7

sciences arc earned to a high state of perfection.324. How arc tlioy othcrwigo noted 7

princinKf'"frr"'"''"' ^''^ I"''''""^"" ""^ respect, thepr ncipies of free government arc well understood nnrl n,?

,

cation and learning ar. more general than am^g otlL^ii325. What nation, belong to thii claRi 7

1

-if

- !l

i|

i I

44 OEOURAVIIICAI. DEFINrriONS.

Watvriui) Driiliiu.

39fi. EnliEfhtcncd nml rivilizoil nntions nro <listiiij;ui»lKcl hjr tlic

number an. I varitly "I" tlnir pulilic ImililinfTM, mul workH of nntionul

utility ; of ll)i:nc, coilcgus, liospilttln, liliruricK, bridgcB, canals, rail-roails,

Slc, arc aiauiigat tliu must pruininciit.

28.

GOVERNMENT.

327. In every part of tlic earth it lian k-cn fijuiid norcsriary to have

urimo Bysti'm of (rovornmcnt, i)r Home imwcr or autliority, tliat tihall

protect thc^ood and |)unisli the wicked.

.338. Williout [fovcrnnKnt, no one could' be Bocure < illiiT i" his per-

son or properly, and tlio world would be a Bccno ol' confusion and

liliHidHlicd. .

329. Wliat is povcrnmcnt ?

A. TIio power or system by wlilcli the laws of a country

nro tnndo and executed.

330. What is the object of government f

A. To alTord protection to life and property, and ensure

the happiness of thn people.

331. What are tlie difierent kinds of government?

A. Three ; .Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Democracy.^ 332. What is Monarchy ?

A. That form of government in which an Emperor or

King rules during his life. Emixirors, Kings, 6lc. tiro 'so

called Sovereigns.

333. What are tlio forms of Monarchy 7

A. Two ; absolute and limited Monarchy.

334. What in an absolute Monarchy 7

\. Where the monarch governs according to his own will.

r!'

al

III

tn

th

dl

ar

wi

I'y

cei

roi

<min

"P

wi

pUi

•Itl

sorf

isf

Th(rcpi

ow

NS.

(listiii^uixlKcl by tlir

ml workH of nntionul

gcB, caiiaU, rail-roaila.

mid norrsftiiry to have' autliority, tiiat Hhall

•euro < illicr i" liis per.

;cno of eanfuaiun and

laws of a country

opcrty, and ensure

iicnt ?

lI Democracy.

Ml nn Emppror nr

ungs, (Sic. tiro 'so

ling to bis own will.

r OEOailAPIIICAIi URFIMTIONH. 45

rxtii^n..'135. WImt countricN uro

ruled ill tliiii BiuiiniT ^

A. China, Tiukoy, TI'i'r.sia, iinii giiieraliy

• ill the states of Asiaiiiiii ACi'ica,

•I.IO. Sninc coimlrirs aro .

riili'd by lyraiils, will) iiso .,

ilii.ir |i(;ii|t|i' uilli fjrcat cm. '

•lly, niui ill (oii.sL'qm'iiro

nrv afraid lo jjo abro.id

A-itliniit biing biirrouiidcd ^hy Hol(ll( rs.

'i'.iT. Till! piriui'o roprc. .ijiiV

Kciits the Eiiipcrur of .AIn. ' •>,

rijccu, who is out! of tlio

iiioBt despotic fioverci/jiiH

in o.xiHtciicu. When lie

upficars in piibli,, everyone ho iiieelrt mimt fail

with their face* to tlio earth, and there remain until the dcHixit liat(lasscd, /

338. What \h a. limited monarrhy 7

A. Wliuru tiio power of tliu monarcl) is limited by a con-'itiiution.

33!). What states arc ruled by a liiiiilid monarchy 1

A. CJicat Britain, France, Swed(;n, &i,c.

Eiiiiicriir of Morocco.

^ivS>*^

29

3iO, What is an nristocraey 7

A. A government where the power is vested in a few per-sons called nobles.

This does not at present exist as a distinct form of govenmcnt. butIS frequently found combined with others.

341. How is aristocracy frequently found combined 7

A. With monarchy and democracy.342. This is the ca«3 in Great Britain and other limited monarchioH

Tlio king rcproBonU the monarchy, the nobloR the aristocracy, and therepresentative body the democracy.

3 iJ, What is a Democracy 7

A. A free government, in which the people choose Iheiiown rulers for stated periods of time.

•i

16 OCtMiHAPIIICAL Ui:riNITIOM«.

344. WImi Riatm have doniocralic govcrninciiU 7

A. Tho United Slutc!., Mexico, and all tlio Sponiah Ame-rican Stales.

345. What was llir flrit kind of jfovcmrnont 1

A. Tlio Futriarclini. in wliioli every fatlicr or patriarchrules his own family or servants.

34G. Doci thU kind of (fovornmcnt itill oxiat ?

A, Yes; but it is found only omongst rude and l.arbaroutrib<;s.

341. What tril)Ci arc ifovcrncd in thii manner 7

A. Tho Bedouins of Arabia and the Grcot Desert, the Laplanders, and some others.

'

348. How did Patriarch* ticcomo chicfiiT

A. In process of time families increased in numbers, tjridpatriarchs became chiefs and rulers.

343. How did chitft, &,c., I)ccomo monarths 7

A. Some chiefs U^ng ambitious and powerful, conqueredotliers, and liccamc monarchs of cini)in>M, kingdoms, &c.

350. What titles do rulori. BHsumo in difTcrent piirtH of the world?A. In Asia, they arc called Nulxjbs, Sultans, Shnhs, Ra-

|ahs, Imams, Klmns, Ace.i

,u

351. What arc thoy called in Europe 7

A. Emperors, Kings, Princes, Dukes, Electors, Ajc353. What arc they called in America 7

A. In America the chief magistrate of tho diflbrcnt repub-lies takes tho name of President.

'

30-

|Ji,«».

RELIGION.

353. All races of men, even the mont savairc, appear to believe in(ho existence of Bomo invi.iblo bcin^ powes^fd'ofTowcr aSor to

1^; JfT "Y"""'"•"'hodj. in which this faith is monifcBtcd, fo m son any difFercnt mode, of religion, and exhibit one of the most «tr ^iibiiversitica by which nations arc distinguished from each other.

354. How may the different forms of rcligirm bo divided?

A. Into true and false.

y^^'fi itmifciiii iiL, Ai[i . i< ii»i»«ii

-^>»«6«

I at

S

wh(

3

1

lUT

the Sponiflh Ame-

Qther or patriarch

7

udo and liarbaroii

7

at Desert, the Lap

I in numbers nnd

iwcrful, conqueredkingdoms, &c.parts of tlic world ?

Itans, Shnhs, Ra-

cctors. Ate

»c diflba-nt repub>

ippcar to bcliove inf power iiipcrior to

monifcstcd, foim soiftliemost 8trik'»|;

1 each other.

3 divided 7

(lod

ORnoRAPIIICAL UEFINITI0M8. 47S.'iA. In what does true religion consiHt /

A. In worshipping (Jot), according to hisi revealed will.S-IC. In what does fiilno reli(;ion conMint ?

A. in the worslnp of idiils, and tho rejection of the true

.'157. What arc tho prineipiil systems of relljfIon 7

A. Tho Christian, Mahumedun, Pagan, and Jewish.XW. W)io arc Christiims 7

A. Tiiosc who believe in Christ, as tho Saviour of manb jj.

A C'lirialiiii Church.

353. Into what churches are Christians divided 7

A. Three: Catholic, Greek, and Protestant.360. In what do those agree 7

A. In tho necessity of redemption through tho Saviour.3G1. In what do they differ 7

A. In points of doctrine, and modes of worship.3G~ How aro Protestants divided 7

.

A. Into various sects ; of which tho chief aro Kpiseo^a-wms, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Baptists, Methodists, Frienus

3G3. Who aro Mahorncdans, or Mussulmans 7

A. Those who believe m Mahomed, a religious imposterwho lived m Arabia, about 600 years arter Uhrist.364. How aro Mahomedans divided 7

A. Into two sects: the sect of Ali, and the soct of Omaj,

ir

mm^'

> t

48 UKmJKAIMIICAI, tIKKIMTIO.M.

A Miiiinnioilan Miiaqiir

:n

Sfir), Who lire I'ii'j.irif" or ncnllirriM?

A. Tlins(< who ImIicvc ill liiUe (lod-i, and who Vorslnri'.l'.l-i, bi'iisis, hinls, s('f|i('iii^, (Vc.

IltTi. TIr7 iMiniiriwr i'-\;rJ clmsiN, mi'h nn nr;iinins nudillii-lnW(irKlii|i|M rn (if tlii! (iri.iirl (,1111111, Sic, niid nuinlior nmro lliun one linlf

Uic iiihultilnntH of tli<! vurtli.

A I'ii|fuii IViu|ila.

Sn?. WJioare tlic Jews?

A. Tlif'V nro thoso wiio k-lievo in llio Old Tcstninont, bui

r<;jrol the iww, mul expect 11 Saviour yot to come.

3n8. Thr riirirtian nations am iimcli oiiiicrior in knowledge andpowBf to n'l others, nnd through iho inertuso of lliclr eolonicB, tJio iniliieneo of Hic preH.i, nnd the exertions of Ihe MisMionarics, will nodoulil, in the conrHe of u f(;w )f<;!isr;ttiiinii, gpreud their tr''jrior "vcr tlM>

^feuU-l pur. uf tin: uuilii.

ron

Ihr

I'll!

.1

l»>iii

iirrii

peoj

HJloli

liid

3;

Init

llfuv;

.l.-iO

Ali-i(

II

II

if

11

II

III

37poopi

iiei.oi

»|iinrt

MUSS,

37.

prcati

literal

WWlo

Inif pri

r

11(1 who 'worship

r:llllln'<, nil<lllllj-<lN,

iiuru tliiin uiio lialf

.-, 'l?

I Tosfnmcnt, bin

onic.

in knowlcdj^ andir ciiloiiicB, t!io in-

ssionaricH, will no;ir r'''jrior nvcr tlif

OEOtmAPIIICAL DKFINITIONB. 49

\ ... na -,„. „ro H„,„ r..„ in k,.owlc.l«„ and ,„.we, ,o all LuL 1

.1.0 . ':;,i;;"''""'" """ '^"'•''"" »" ^ •P'^^J "v^ U^ «r«au„ ,.a,l „f

Tu wl„., .!„ .„anUin.|. i„ ,.|1 ,,„,,t„„ „f „.„ ^.„„j;. ,t^,,

ll'.w i» it moHtMrikii.jfly displayed?J~f""«c.

jrcjfrai.l.v. Tlr.. laii r , ,. -T "'''" "" ""l>"rl"'it hrannh of

.J«.l«.'.. • w >il, w '! f • ' '''^"

'V"'!^''nat.onHuro l,„t). writlon nnd

.i.d aio',:;';!;^:^:! ;:';;:.i«;'""''^"''""'"' -•- -« --'y -rbai.

in.?'J.,''v::;i::""t:,::';::;fn! 'r-'r';" t.^^o w„rid.i, .bout so.

"(nv:.r.U of 3000. f will l'fi-''^\,r' 'T "'!^"'- «""»""" '"

Alrif,,, 27(J.* "'"^ Occaiuta, thoro arc nearly lOUO. and in

II..W nmny original language, arc tl.oro in the world fI ow ,nany brancl.t-n or diaioot- aro derived frwn ih.m 1How nmny of thcHu are America.: 7

''*

How many aro European 7

How many aro tl.oro in Asia and Occanica 7How many aro tlicro in Africa 7

bccon.e .noro general than a„r Iher /t T^r/"'':''" •'""'"''''y

•I'lnrtcr of tho ^U,hc, and u diMtinlV,^[i.n i r '. "• "'"j'''" '" «"">..CMS. and strength,

"""I'lguislicd for Uh sunplicity, cone.J

.r'a'ttrThanira':r;o°I.cMl:," „':!:''''•' '", *','"

'^T"-^'''"^ n-'-'-'r

What language 1. .pokcn by the greatest nun.bJr of ,.ooplo7Winch ., tho moHt widely pprcad 7 Where i. it .pokJn /1 or what tg it distinguiBbed 7

U Jrintd'r'"""""'' '• " P^'^*'"'^'' "'«' "'« <r'-««»t nu'nlH., ol book.

•"WtjST'

SO MMWKAPIIIl-.U. BXCnCMM.

:«r

EXKRCIMHH ON Till*. MAI'H.

MAP OF TIIK WORl.I), N... I, IlKKnUK TIM". LFARNKR.

or w/iiit IkiriUiiluTi'd I'cicK thia Miip (-.111*11.1 7 i'-n. »ml VVii.

VVIiut d.icii tliu r.uiitc'rii ll.'iiiiii|ilii'rv i'iiMi|iriHU ?

A. All that part of tiiti i>arth lyiiij; mM of longiludo •id

»lr(;rf<a wt-nt froui (•rtt'iiwicti.

llvmii)|)liuro «lt(nin)!ii hair • (fl.ilio,

U'lmt great diviiiiuni duc« lliu Liwtcrn llfiiiUpliere contain t Ke,

An., All.

TIk'ho clivinionii f.)rin llio KaNlrrn Cinliiirnl, or Old World.

Wliol iliKn tlio Wchlcrn (HHitiiniit c'.iMi|>rii<i' 7

A. All that part of tlu! rarth lying went of longituJo 80

dc^rocH west iVoiii CJrrcnwich.

What ^frcul diviiiioni docK llie Wtnltrn Iltiniiiplicrc contain 7 N.

Aa., H.-Aa.

TliOKO dividinnii form the Wmtcrn Continent, or Ilio New World.

Wliiil iH a CoMliiicnl7 Kt'fcr t.i No. .'>.'J, |in({o 14.

What (Treat divi>.i.m li(n partly in tlio KuKtcrn and partly In lh«

WcKtern llcniiiipli(>ro 7 Ua.

Tliin divJHion i» coMi|Ki«rd entirely of inlandii.

Wliicli lletniN|iliiTu eontaiim tlio greatcut amount of land 7 En.

Wliieli IleiiiiBpliero cimtuini* llic ({realfHt niiiount of water 7 Wn.

Which Ilcininplicrc containN the lurgeHt iiilundiiT Gii.

Which IM the largent inliind in tlio world 7 Aa.

Which arc the two next liirgcit 7 Do., N.-Ga.

WliU'h if) the lariroit divinion of tho Kontern I{ciiiii>|jheru 7 Aa.

Which ii* the HMiatlcst diviuion 7 Ko.

Which diviHion of tliu Kaiitern llciiiiipltcro extendi fartlieat iouth 7

As.

Which extendi! fartliciit to the north T Aa.

Which extends furtiieiit south, Eur.ipc or Aula? Aa.

Which extendi) furthciit weitt 7 Au.

Which cxtcndii farthest curt 7 Aa.

34

Which l« tlio moat aouthcm land in tlie Eastern HcmUphore 1 Er.-

2.d., Ac.-CU

The moat aouthorn in the Western Ilcnrisphore 7 Va.-Ld., G«.-Li.

What if an Ocean 7

Ac.

\

'I

Tht

\

\

\

\

\

V

A».

V

V

II

w

wh

wS..()j

w

wwwvv

Ic, P

wS.-AO,

wA.

Wl

A.

Wla.8u.,

M'H.

TIM". LFARNKR.

7 t^ii. ftlid VVii.

»?

tiMt of longituilu 'JO

Rplicre contain f V.t^

or Old World.

1

font of longituilo 20

itplicro contain 7 N.

, or Ilia Now World.

It.

Icrn and purtly In the

I.

ount or Innd 7 En.

lount of water 7 Wn.iuIk 7 Ell.

\a.

It.

Ik'HiihiilitTu ? Aa.

sxtvndi fartliunt ioutli 7

la 7 Aa.

Lern Hcmiiphoro 7 En^

IN 7 V»..Ld., GD..L4.

OROUHAI'llll Al, aXliBCUU. 91A. A viiHt body of wit walcr.

Wli«» nv« Uiouit in Um t.'unturn llciniipliara 7 Nn., 8n., Po.,

WImt four Omwi. in the W..,!rrn llvmiapfasn 7 Nn., iln., Po., Aa.TIktu iro (Ivo <), can*, of win. Ii finir ««t«nd Into boili iruml.phurt*

I liu Indian ii tlio only Dctan llml u wliully m om lluniuplturu,

Which in tho largoit Ocean 7 Pc.

Which ii the icc.ind in c/tlont 7 Ao.Which ia tho third in cxlunt / In.

Which ia the fourth in oKicnt ? Hn. or Antarctic.Whiih i« tho filllh In c.\l. nt 7 Nn. or Ar.iic.

Whirl! i« tho turyfuat diviiion of tho Wcatern lli ini...i.hcro 7 N..

Which extrndN farth«»t E.nl 7 S..A.

Which extend* (iirthcat W«i4l f N.-A.I« North Anuriia in N.irtli <,r Monlh Lutilijdo7 N.Lo.Why in it ill North I.afituiln t

I» Sooth Aincriia nioHily in N..rth or in South Latitude 7 S.-Lo.Why in it m.iHtly in Soiitli Latitude 7

In what direction doe* South America lie from North America 7 H

S..(iy'rH..7X'o.-Ld"°"'''""^ •"""'«'"t "' ««"l'' America? 8..8d.!

Wh it region lie* »outh.wc»tof .South America 7 Vo..Ld.

i

m.

.MAP OF TIIK WORLD, NO. 3.

WImt Ilcmiaphorc* doea Ihi* map cumpriMc 7 Nn. and Sn.Which Hemisphcro contaim. tho (jreatct quantity of land 7 NnWhich IIcniisplMro contain* the grcatc.t quauiity of water 7 Sn

Ic.SAf""'''''' "'" ^""""^ "' "'" ^"'""'"' "•"'""Phoro ,' Ao..

S-aIII' Oif"""*"''"'"" "" P""> '" "'" Nwlhern Ilemi.t, ,oN 7 Aju,

What doc* tho Northern Ilcmhiphcro ooniprito 7

A. All thai purt of tho eurili north of tlio Equator.What doe* tho Soutlicrn IlemiBphero coinpristo 7

A. All that part of tho earth .south of the K<|uator.

ft.sH'oJ"""'''''''''""" "" P""'^ "' "'" ^"'''O"' Homiaphore? A«,

I

•!«^».

M IRArillC'At, HXr.NCiilM.

wild lilur rrgiint* li« nttml th« Ni<rili V»\at K.th., N,-Z«,Mil., (iO.

Nr^rvil Ihi Xoulh Pola 7 Vn.l.tU Ar.-Ct., (in.-Irfl., l«..I.<i.

Th« AnUrriin ('nniiiirnt wn* ilorowriil in IpIO Ii» tic I'liIdH

Sintra Kx|i|iiriilS K»|Hiiit|iiii, rr)iiiiil4ltiju<l by Itiriilaiiiiiit Wiikrni li •ilin m<»t riit:n>ivu rigign yal kitowu iHtuth ul' IIm gnjiX cuntinviiln,—

^t* Mof N». a.

Wliiit imvi|;nliir tin* nftiliil nmrrnl ihfl Noiilli I'lih?

A. t'lipKiiii Jiinn <* I,', UoHn, in li 10.

Wlml ollior nitvi((ititir Kiiiliil nrarly m fltr muth 1

A. t-'npmin inm-t Wc.l.kl, in |H'.>.'».

('iipdiln Ro'o iiilnl Kiililn ^30 iiiik* of tlin Mouth Puki. NonifniivlKnlom liuvt' k<iii<i hIIII miirfr l<i tliu North I'olui l'ii|tliiiii Vntjwent within 'tiMI iiiihn iil'il, Iml wan »liiii|i«'it liy tlin icu iVoiti ii^|ir<mrlk.

inif ('liiacr, llv f,»u\ii ihu hiii, rvvn lii ifio iiiiililhi ul' •uiiitni r, cuvtrt^with IDC, itiul 110 Nigiii ul' I'ithiir birUii ur Umntit wiiro U» b«i mviw

MAP NO. 4.—NOUTII A.MIUHCA.

Whnl Oc'«!iin ImiimlN North Aitti'ririt on Iho Lmt 7 Ae.

What Oi'OAn Uiiiriila it on Iho WvAl IV.

Whtt Orrnn lx>iiiiil* It on Iho North? Ao.

An Ornin in a vimt Iwnly of nail wiitcr.

Wliut Hca in north of llrltlHJi uml ItiiMKinn Aimirica 7 I'r.

What Hea lii'twci n tho Wt>Mt liiilii'n niiil Hoiilh Atiii'riuti 7 (7n.

Tell what A Hca ii. Rtfur tu Qucntioii 'i'i, pago !).

r

t fu

,1"

What great OuT Ik t oitut of Mciico 1 Mo.

What Uiilf bc3twtrn Mnxiro uml Cuiifiirnia 7 Co.

Wh«t (iulf wi«t of Ntwi;miiJl.itid 7 H..Lo,

What Gulf noiit^LOiiHt of liiHithla Fulix 7 Da. ^What great IJay ii<'|wralc« Tr. WIIIIcimi'ii Lnnil (fom Orocniiind 7 Ra

What groat Day in Houtli-wriit of I'rini;ti Willliiin'« I.anJ 7 IIn.

What I.ny noulh of IIuiIhou'ii Buy 7 Jn.

What liny hrtwcon Nf>va Scotii and N<nv Druniiwick 7

What two Uay« on Iho ctt»t coant of tho United StatOi 7

What nay cant of Yucatan 7 lit.

What Hay went of Yucatan 7 C«.

What Day caMt of (tuatiinala 7 Uo.

What Day wait of Alaika 7 Dl.

Describe t Btj. 94

Fy.

De,,C*

Hi

VMil,

V

N

WVT

WN\\

W\\

\\

\\

wwwI)<

II

w\v

U.UU *'>•<>

t let-tU liy tlir I'nltiH

llttllllllt WliHlK) li •lO gtvA CMiitiiiuiiiit,—

I'ohf

thf

n ftiiuth Polo, NonivI'lilui ('ii|iliihi I'lrry

lliu icu rrmti a^|ir<m<'li.

u 111' luinini r, t:uvar«i

««r« Ui Im Mivik

ail 7 Aa.

iMirlea T Pr.

I Aiiioriva? Cn.

Co.

Irom Orccnliinil ? n«

lain'ii I.und 7 IIm.

innvvick ? Fy.

id States 7 1>«., C«.

r Wh«l Ntrtit liciwrcn Aiiiortn* inij A«m7 Da,

Wlisi r(ir«il H< .1 1,1' (>rt'< iilm >l ' Ih.

What iliH • II iMiiiiici / |«..||y, ittxii iltii .l.-<M.

U'Imi ilirtv Htriiil* iiorlli of I .lir.i.l..r " M-., >'»,, ("4

« Iml Mimii ««|iuriiti'> Ntjwimii ilariij Koiii Uitit-mlut 1 fW.Wh«l U ft Hirait 7 UJ.

M

WIml Itv'i HoiihiU in b<i4*iii'« Ik; 7 Ik, LaW'mt Ifoiiiiil nil thn oiac C4ia«t

«

t (irii«iiUn» ' D»,W lint tw.! M.iiiitil« III K.iinian ,\.ii«nt'U 7 \r., J'.Wi.WIml ftotind Im'Iwivii W kIU,,;um or Quwi. i:littrl.»tt»,'.i inU Quudrt

ltd ViiiiKiiivi^r'it ImIui.iI ,' 1^,4 4

Vy'liiit Kiiiiul iirirlh III' Cix^v Itiittcrat 7 A«.UcktiInj a t^oiiiid. Ui!.

WIml flvn L(»kr« aro in llie northern Mrt of iho United Mtute* ? 8f,Mil,, Uii., F^., Ik,.

'

Wlial riv«r do tliry nil flow Into 7 H,.t^,

Namo ihu priiifiiial Lukcn in liriti«li Am«rk»7 «'k., Aa., 0..fc.,

Wliat Lake in the northrrn pirt of ralifnrnU 7 O. fi. f..

Wlint i.iiko in ill thn •otillujrn part of Uuatimiila 7 N.i.

Toll wlut a Lako i». 9li.

What nivor n.iwii into tlio Pi.lar Hea 7 Mi.N'lmo tho two chief Rivtrn timt flow into Hiid^oii'i Buy, tin., C\What River of tho Unlttd Statu* (luwi into tho Pacific Ocean 7 C»What River flowi into tho (i.ilf of Calif iriiia 7 Co.Which two largo Rivcri How into tho tiolf of Mexico 7 M.., NpWIml Kivcr flow* into (ho (liilf of St. Luwrcnro 7 8..[.o.

What Kivor flowi into tho (Julf of Georgia? Fi.

WIml Ilivcr Howi into Unjfava Hay 7 Kli.

W.'mt River flown fVoin I,ako Chapala 7 Uo,

What River flowi from Laku Nicarujua 7 8..Jn.

DcicriiK! a River. 34.

How aro Rivcri^ ihown on Map* 7 174.

t

i

What Pcniniula ii in Uhi loiitli purl of Riiunian America 7 Aa.W'iPl Ponlniula norlli »f IIikIhcii'm Ray 7 Mc.Wiiat Poniniula in the •outJicrn pan of Dritiili AniuricH 7 N. S«.

»f»«K

OBOanAPIIICAL EXERCISES.

What Pcninsulu in tlio Boutlicm part of the United Statoi T Ft.What Pcninmila in tliu wuMtcrn piirt of Mexico ? Cu.What PcninHuhi in the ciihtcrn part of Mexico 7 Yn.What is a Poniniula 7 54.

What Idliind lies cant of Greenland ? Id.

What Island wcHt of (Jrccnlnnd ? Do.Wimt iBlund in Hiidnon [lay 7 Sn.What iHlunds in the Gulf of St. Lawrence 7 Nd., Ai., C.-Bn., P..E«What iNJandn cast of Savannah 7 I)n.

W'hat Islands south-east from Florida 7 Da.What Islands Ix-twccn North and Si.-ilh America? W,.Is.

f^\'.''»'' "'*' "'" '""' ^"S'^"^ °^ "'« ^Vf"' I'"J'a Islnnds 7 Ca.. Hi,

Ja., r,.Ko. ^

These arc called the Groat AntillcH.

Whidh arc the two chief Islands) on the west coast of British Ainotica I y-i. and Vs., and Wn. or (J. Cu.

TcU what Islands arc. 5G.

Cd,

Which is the most western Cape of North America? P..Wg.Which is the most eaHtcm Ca|M) 7 Re.

Which is the most southern Cape ? Ga.

Which is the most southern Cajx; of Greenland 7 Fl,

What three Capes on the east coast of the United States 7Ms,, CI.

Which is the most southern Capo of tho United States ? Se.The most southern ("ajic of California 7 Ls.

Tho most eastern Cape of Guatimala 7 G.-Ds.

What is a Capt 7 57.

.-38

What Mountains extend through the whole of North America? RyWhat arc tlniy called 'ji Mexico? M. Cs.

Wliiit Mi>..cxtcnd aliiiisr the W. coast of U.California 7 C. R. and .S.N

What Mountains extend through the eastern part of tho UnitedStates 7 Ay.

What two Mountains are in the southern part of Russian America

'

S..ES., Fr.

What two Mountains are in the western part of British America?On., Hr.

What is a Mountain 7 Sb*.

tilted Statoi 7 Fa.

)? Ca.

7 Yii.

OEOOaAPIIICAL EXERCISES. 55

d.,Ai,,C..Bn.,P..E.

ipa7 W..Ih.

l!ilandi7 Ca., ili,

oast of DrilUli Amo

!rica7 P..W*.

7 FI.

'nitcd States 7 Cd^

Statcti 7 S«.

rortli America 7 Ry

Ilia 7 C.R.andS..\

part of tho United

r Russian America?

f British America 7

What lliirlilandii arc in tho northern part of Greenland 7 A.-IIi.Mountains and Hills arc often called Higlilandd.

Wliat three Peaka are in lliu western part of tho United Stales 7 Fs.La., Pa.

*

Fremont's Peak is named after Captain Fremont of tho UniicilStatCH Army. In tho year ia4'J Uiat orticer ascended to its sumuiiiand ascertained its heij^ht.

'

Mountains tiiat are liighcr than those around them are somctiniescalled Peaks.

What Peaks are in tho northern part of Mexico 7 8h.What Volcano is in tho southern part of J\Icxico 7 PI.

What two Volcanoes are in (iuutim-la 7 Wr., Ca.What is a Volcano 7 69.

What Desert lies in tho western part of tho United States 7

What Desert lies west of the Coljrado river 7 Sy.

What is a Desert 7 70.

G.-An.

Which is tho most western division of North America 7 R.-Ati,This is called Russian America because it belonjjs to Russia.Which is the most eastern division of North America 7 Gil.

D-Imark''""""'""'' ^'^^'^^ ^'"^'"^ America because it belongs to

Which is the largest division in tho North 7 B..Aa.This is called British America because it belongs to Great Britain.Which is the largest division in tho Centre 7 U..8.Which ib tlie largest division in the South 7 Mo.Which division lies south of Mexico 7 Ga.This division is likewise called Central America.What small division lies north of Guatimala 7 Be.What great Archipelago lies cast of Mexico and Guatimala 7 W -la.What is ail Archipelago 7 S3.

What is tho capital of Britisli America 7 MI.What is tho capital of tho United States 7 Wn.What is tho capital of Mexico 7 Mo.What is the capital of Guatimala 7 S.-Sr.

What part ofNorth America is eri^^ by tho Tropic ofCancer 7 MoWhat parts oro crossed by tho Arctic Circle 7 Gd., B.-Aa. R -Aa.In what Zone is the middle part of North America 7 N.-Te.In wliat Zone is tho southern part 7 Td.In wh'il Zone is the northern part? N..F.

50 QEOtJUAPinCAL EXUncMBH.

VVIint c.M.ntri.s of North America aro in tlio North Friffid Zone

7

Ifcl , iS../\a., |{,.Aii.

^^Whnt countriis uro in tho Nortli TuiniKjriito Zone 1 tt-An., U.^,

Whnt coiinlrics uro in Iho Torrid Zone 7 Mo., Ga., W.-Ir.In whnt Zone in the liirifcst part of North America 7 N.-To.

39

.

MAP NO. .').—I'NITKD STATE.S.Whul country houm;* Uio I'niled Slates on the North 7 B.-Aa.WImt Ocean Imundn it on the liiml 1 Ac.-On.WliHt Oceriii ImiindN it on tiie West 7 P.-On.What (iiilf lioiinilH it on tlic South 7 Mo.What (iiiif separates Quadra and Vancouver's I. from Oregon? Ga.What Kepiil.lie lies soiith-weHt of the United Stales t Mo.What five prriil I.ukes arc in tlie northern part of Uie United State*?

Sr., lln., .Mil., lie,, (Jo.

What is the ninie of the eastern part of Lake Huron 7 Me.Wiint [,iike hes cast of Lake Ontario 7 Cn.WJiat Luke lies north-wcHl of Luke Superior 7 Wg.

Wliat irrent River extends tlirou;r|, ||,(. middle of llii; U, States? Mi.Wliich are its tlireo great western hranehes .' Mi., As., lid.

Wliich is its principal ensterii hruiich 7 Oo.Into what Gulf docs the Mississippi How 7 Mo.What Kivcr with two nanicH in tho western part of tlio United

Stat(!S I On. or Ca.

What are its two principal branelica 7 Lg., Cn.

Pi^kT -vir''""" ""''' """ "'" ^"'"''''= ^'"""' ""ft'' ofCape Cod 7

What three between Cajie Cod and Cai><5 Charles 7 Ct., Iln., De.What three tlow into Chesapeake Iluy 7 Sa., Pc, J».

'

What River flows into Albemarle Sound 7 Re.What two flow into Pamlico Sound ? Tr., Nu.

.n)l^r"' V" '^""'' fl';;%i"»" ""- Atlantic between Capo Lookoutand Ca,.eC.aimaveral 7 CFr., (J.-IV., Se., Sh., Aa., S.-Ms.rS.JB.

nf^u M^'^^^'^'-V" il'."?,!"'".""-'^''"' "' Mexico east of the mouthef tlio MisBissipju 7 PI., Pa., Aa.

40

There are eight Capes on tho AtlanUc cowt of Uie United State*

FA.

I North Fri;rid Zono 1

Zoiio ? tt.An., U.^,

, Go., W..U.

men 7 N..Tc.

PES.

Nortli 7 B..A*.

[. from Oregon 7 Ga,

lulCH / Mo.

oflhf L'liiti'd States f

Huron 7 Me.

W'g.

iflliolT, States? Mi.

Mi., Ah., lid.

).

part of tlio United

nortli ofCupoCod?

I f Ct., Iln., De.

3., Jh.

vecn r.i|>c LookoutI., S.-Ms., S..Jb.

) cost of the inoutb

he United Statev.

OSOUIIAPIIICAL KXEIICMIU. 57

What uo they 7 C.I., Mr., Ch., Ily., IIh., Lt., Fr^ CI.

What two CupcH arc on tho W( t niili: nC Fhiridii 7 Iln,, 8e.

Wliat Capo wcHt uf Apulachco Hay 7 H..IIx.

VVhnt fiiir Cuiic* ore on tlio Pacific coant of tlio United HtalCH 7 Fy_!>., Od., Mo.

Wliat Days hctwcen Ca|Mj Cod and C. Hattrraii7 N.-Y., De,, Co.

What four Dayc arc on the wcMt eoast of Florida 7 (^iii,, 'i'li., Vr., Ao.

What three Hiivii hotwcen t!iijH; St, DlaH and tho inouthn of Die .Mu-•inxippi Hivi r I I'a., Mo., Hit.

Wliat IliiyH on tlio count of Tfxak7 On., Ma., E.-S., Nh.

What SoiiiiiIh hetweeii Ciipo Lookout and C. (;od / I'o., Ac,, L.-Id.

What Sound on tho coo«t of Quadra and Vancouver's Inland 7 N»,

What iHlaiid in there on tlio coa»t of .Maine 7 .M.-Dt.

Wliat two I«land» lie nouth of MuHBaehuHettH? Nt., M.-Vd.

What iHland licit aoutli of Rhode IhIuiuI 7 Dk.

What iHlaiid lien Hoiitli of Connecticut? L.-Id,

.

What IsIandH lie Boulh of FloVida I F,.Rh. uiid T.-In.

Rccfn Ki^nily low,H.indy islandg.

What Island i» nrparated from Oregon Terriloiy hy the Gulf ofIcorgiu 7 Qu. and V».

What range of Mountaiim in in tho wcHtern purl of the I'liiied

SlatcH 7 Ry.

What range near the conut of "he Pacific 7 Ce,

What three ranges of Mountains aro in the ca«tcrn part of theUnited States 7 Cd., Ay., R.-Ro.

Thcite three ranges are called Konietimcs tho Apalachian .Mjimtaiiu.

In what State is the DIack Mountain 7 N.-Co.

This is tho highest mountain in the caMtcrn part of the United States.

Whot Mountains aro in Pennsylvania and New Jersey 7 IJe.

What Mountains ore in Vermont and New Hampshire 7 Gn., WoTho White Mountains are the liiglie»t in New Kiigland.

What Mountains arc in Arkansas and Missouri 7 Uk.

41

How many States are there in the United States 7 30,

How many Territories 7 Five. Wn., la.. In,, .Mo., On.

There is also a District, called tho District of ('uluiiihia, which you*ill sec on Map No. II, In I8l(> it was diininiHlied in extent: it eon.uins Wasliiiijrli.n City, tho capital of the United States. Thus thowuiteU States contains i1(i toiiarutc divisions,

U

5S OEOORAPUICAL £XERCI8Kfl,

R,TI' w^ "J" '! .'^''''J^?

'y;"*-:."'""*.' tl«o Atlm.tio Oco»n bntwccn N. wBrunswick uiid ihu floridii K.ci;i.

V.^^v" r"^ r'^r.' r'-

^•"•' '^'••' "••^- C'-. N.-Y.. N..J.. Dc, M.I.."., A..«^., >..(,., (la., I'll.

Wliul Stato lii.i) iiorili of Lonir Inland Sound ? Ct.To wlii\i Siiitc doi'H Loi)(( FHlniid k'lt.nj; / N..Y.Wdut fivu Slal.H lio on tlic (Juirof Mexico ? Tb„ F.u., Mi., An., KuWlml two Sliilia liu wcHl of the MiHHiHHippi River 7 Ah,, .Mi.

^?"',.'^''^^'."'""''* ''«'*'''-••• 'I'c MiHHiHsippi and the Rocliy M un-oins ? Mo., In.

'

Wliiit five States lio directly cast of tlio MisBiaxippi River? Ml

,

1 c, Ky,, 1h., >V n.Ill

What Stuto lies on both sides of tlio Mississippi ? Ln.What State is hounded in part hy Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Su.

pcrior I Mn. "

What three States are honnded in piirt hy Lake Eric 7 N.-Y., Pa. Oo.Wlint Stato is bounded in part hy Lake Ontario 7 N..Y.What two States docs Lake Chainplain separate 7 N.-Y., VtWhat two States arc Kej)aratod by the Connecticut River?' N.-H., Vl.What two Stales arc separated hy the Delaware River 7 Pa., N..J,What two States arc separated by the Potomac River 7 Va,, Md.W'hat two States arc separated by the Savannah River ? S..C., Ga.What two States arc separated by the f 'liatlahwchoo River 7 Ga.] A:x.AVhat five States uro bounded in part by the Ohio River? la.' Is

Uo., Ky., Va. * "^

What two Slates arc separated by the Alleghany Mountains? N..

-42

Which is the largest State t T»,

Tlio smallest 7 R.-l.

What is the capital of the United States ? Wn.Which of the Eastern States have each two cajiitals 7 Ct., R .1.The Hi.t Eastern States are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont,'Ma»

saelniHetls, Riiodo Island, and Connecticut.

What is the capital of cacJi 7 Ao.,Cd., Mr., nn.,Pe., Nt., Hd, N-Hii.The four Mhldlo States are New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,

and Delaware. •' ^What is the capital of each 7 Ay,, Tn., Hg., Dr.Tlie ton S<jutheru States ore .MuryJa.id, Virginia, North Cwoliou.

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N..Y., N..J.. Dc, Md.,

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Tb,, [,u., Mi,, All., Kuliver 7 Ah,, .Mi.

mid tho Ki>cli>' .Mi uii-

asiaaippi River? Mi.,

>pi ? Ln.

Jii, Michigan, and Sii.

Erie? N.-Y., Pa., Oo.

•io7 N.-Y.

ilo 7 N.-Y., Vticut River? N..U., Vt.

re River ? Pu,, N.-J,

c River? Vii,, Md.ih River? S.-C, Ga.rjclioo River? Gn., Aa,

Ohio River? la., Is.,

B Cumberland .Moun.

iny MuunUtina? N-

T

pitals? Ct., R.l.

sliire, Vermont, Mii*

,Pc.,Nt., IId„N..nti.

crsey, Pciinsylvania,

)r.

nio, North Cwolinu.

OROOItAniirAL EXKRCI8B<). 5n

South ruri)lina, Ooorgin, Fluriila, Alabama, MisHiHHippi, I.miiBiana,und TcxiiH.

The capital of each 7 Aa., Rd., Rh., Ca., Me., Te., Tu., Jn.. N.-O*.Am. ^

Tlic ten Weiitrrn Stntew are Ohio, Kentucky, Tenneanrr, .Miehigan,Indiima, lliini)i>., AlidMouri, ArkutisaH, WiMcoiiHin, and Iowa.Uhat i« the rapital of each ? Ch., Ft, No., Dt., Ir., 8d., J..Cy.

j.-Rk., Mn., l.-Vy. '

Thn.iit'h what States doea tho 40lh parallel of Latitude poas 7 N.J ., Pa., Va., ()()., la., Ih., .Mo.

ThronjTJi what Territory doe* it pnsH 7 In,

Throiiirh or mar what {'itits anil Towns (hien it pnm 7 Ph., I,r., Rd.W|f., Zc, C»., Rii., Qy. TliCBC pli.ccH have all tlic name or very ncariiUie Baniu latitude.

' •'

Whiit aix places hi.vc nearly tho same latitude as Washincton CiU \

Wk., Ph., Mn., Vs., Va., S..Os.'

Ry placinp a ruler on the Map directly on the place named, keepingIt parallel with the lines that cro.><a the .Map lr„ia eai<t to weft, tlwlearnci will sec at once all those places tiiat have the Hame latitud'o.

What places havo the same ktitudu us tho CUtv of New-York 7 NkDr., Dr., Pu., Lt., Pa., Dn.

What places have the same latitiula as Roston ? \Vr., Dt., S,.JIi.,Ga

Throuffli what States docs the meridian of Washiiiirlon pass 7'

N.Y., Pa., Md., Va., N.-C.

Through or near what Cities or Towns does it pass? Ea., Ga.Those places therefore havo the same longitude as Wasliinffton City

»T^^

iii*' 'l"" P'''"'^^ '"'^''' "'**"" ""> *""" longitude as Boston 7 SmNt., Ph., Dr.

43

MAP NO. 17.—SOUTH AMERICA.What Ocean bounds South America on tliu East t Ae.What on tho West 7 Pc.

What Sea bounds it on the North 7 On.

Wliat aro the principal Mountains of South America 7

W'jiat is their Icnjrlh 7

Tlio hijrhcst peak, M.iunt Sorato, is nearly 5 miles high.liijflH'sl .Mountain in America.

What is tho next hijrhest Mountain 7 li.

On wimi side of South America aro the Andes ? WUWliat .Mountaiiw are on the East 7 BnHow lonjf arc they 7

As.

It is tl

eo (lI'inaRAIMIICAL EXERCIHRfl.

Wliat Mi>uiitainii nro in tho wc«t part of Draiil 7 01.

What Muutituiiu are between Draxil und Uuiana 7 Ay.

Which i« IliP liirjrcHt River In Sonlh Amcrlcii ? An,

Which in ItN JiirjirHl briinrh 7 Ma.Whirii in lh«! HiTond Hivnr in leiit'th? R.-Pa.

Whicli JKllic lliird? On.

Which Is Ihu fiinrth 7 S. Fo.

Into wimt Occun do IhcHO tldw 7 Ar.

vVhiil River llotts into llic C'urildinin Sea 7 Mo.

Which Ik ilic most northern Cupo of Soiitli America 7 Gt.

Wliicli Ih tlic most Koiitiicrn Cupc ! IJn.

Which is Ihc most eastern 7 S.-Rc.

Which i« tlic nioHt woitcrn 7 Ro.

What two Gulfs arc on the Caril)hian Sea 7 Dn., v'o.

What two nrc on tlio we:U coast 7 Gl., I'm.

What arc the principal RiiyH on tho went const ? Pn., To,

What arc iho principal Bays on the casl couat 7 A.-Sb., S.-Mh., S..Ge

What IslnndH arc in the Carihlinin Sea 7 R.-Ao., Ma.ThcHO are a part of the I.ittlo ArililliH, which fiirni tlic «oiilhcrn divi.

tlon of the Wc>;l liidicsi. M.irg;irlt:i lnlon|T:; to Vtnc/.iii!;i, und in thowd;' Went Indian Inland thiit is owned liy :i S(i\ilh American power.

What five iKlunds north of South America 7 'I'd., To., Ga., Rs., S..Vt

ThcHC fi)rm a part of tho Carihliec Islands,

What Island lies between the Amazon and Para rivers 7 Jii.

What Islands on tho coast of Brazil south of tho Eimator 7 la AsR.Sn., Ca., S,.Ca., Ti.

What Islands cast of Patagonia 7 Fd.

What Island south of Patagonia 7 T.-Fo.

What Island cast of 'I'crra del Fiiego 7 S..Ld.

What Island cast of Statcn Land 7 S.-Ga,

What Islands south of Terra del Fucgo 7 Cn.

What Island south of Ch..i 7 Co.

What three Archipelagoes south of Chiloc 7 Cs., M.-Ds,, Q,.AfcWhat Island s^uih of tho Gulf of Pcnas 7 Wn.What Islands west of Chili 7 J.-Fs., S.-Fx.

What Island in the Gulf of Guayaquil 7 Po,

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irm tli<: Kniitlicrn tlivi.

Vcncziiila, unil Ih tlio

li American power.

l.,To.,Ga., R!<.,S..Vt

ra rivers 7 Js.

i) Eiiuator 7 la., Am

:s., M.-Ds., Q..Ai.

n.

OEnGnArim.AL exkiuiuiss.

It

Wliut Luke liiH in lliu riorlliwiHl |mrt of Vi.iu xiKk? Mo.Wluit Lake furniv part of llio biluudnry lnlwccu Peru and

«vitt 7 Ttt.

What two I.iiktH aro in Ddlivi.i 7 IJy., Xh.

U'hivl Ihruc I.uliCN iirc in Hucrioii Ajrcn ? Vc, P.<., In.

Wli.it two LiikuH urn in the h ullicrn part of l',ii/.il I Ph., IMiii

W Imi Luitu in Per rurniii tlic Buiirto of U-.. AiiiiiJt.in UivLr 7

61

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^^||llt nrc llin c.xlcnHivu gra.'^xy plM.imi in tho cant part of Bruiilfulled 7 Tlic Sin,

What a.ii the rlrvnled plnins in the writ part of Hrazil raMcd 7 CPx,Point lint in Vrni/m la tho word Maiion, iinil in IhinnoH Ayri'H thu

vord PainpuH. 'I'hi^c arc ihe naiiicB fivcn In ivxtciiMivf plainH in tliovi)

partM III Sonth Amurira. They arc, like Ihc .Scrlani in llraiil, t'li! Prui.ricM in Nortli Anurica, and the StippcH of Asia, covuri'd with groHH, onwhicli vaiil litrdu of cattlo roam and iLed.

Tho t'lroo most northom diviHions on tho west sidu of South Aineriia•ru called thu C'oloinliian i^tateH,

V/hich arc they 7 Va., N.-CJa., Er.

Tlio two next lying immediately «outh of tlic»o aro called Iho Pero.vian States.

What aro their namex 7 Pn., Ba.

Whiuli Ih tho largcHt divi^'i(m of Sonth America 7 Bl

Which ii th? imallent diviHion? Py,

Which division belongs to tho BriliHh, Dnieli, and French 7 Go.Which is liio most northern division of South Aiuurieu 7 N.-Gu.Which is tho most western division 7 Er.

Which is tho most eastern division 7 Bl,

Which is tho most southern division? Pa.

Which two divisions aro sejiarated by tho Andes 7 B.-As. and Ci.

What is tho Capital of New Grenada 7 Ba, Of Venezuela 7 C^or Equador 7 Qo. Of Peru 7 La.

Of Bolivia 7 Co. Of Brazil 7 R,Jo. Of Paraguay 7 An.Of Uruguay 7 Mo. Of Buenos Ayros 7 B.-As. Of Chili 7 So.

What Stales doe* tho Equator pass tJirough 7 Bl., Va., N..Ga., ErWhat is tho Equator 7 115.

What Slates does tho Tropic of Capricorn pass through 7 Bl., Py,B.-Aa., Bo.

I

In wtml Zoh, „ i|,,.i ,,..rl «nitli of iho Trn,,io of Capricorn T g. T«.

How do you know it in in il,o Torrid Zono 7 189.

T

In wimt La.iiu.1.. i. .I,r ffr.uUmt pari of SouU. America? 8 UWliy IN It II, Moiilli I.alitudu 7 m.WJiut b |,niitiidc 7 i;iO.

^_In wimt Lontfitudo i» 8outl. Aincricu. rcclioninff from Greenwich 7

r/ow do you know ii j« in West Loin;itudo 7 131.Wimt in Lonjaudu 1 N«.

M.\r NO. la-ECRora\\\mi Ocean bonndn Kuro|H! r.i. i),,. Went 7 Au.Wliiil Onan lioundN it on ihf N.,rtli } Ac.WImt .S'a boniulH it on iho Soiiili 7 JNIn.

Whiit .MoiintuinH liouiid it on tliu Kant / I'l

II.! iii::. Maris. a::'"''""'" ^^ '-'"-"»>' we..Dc..Nh,

WImt .Sen in on the north tif Rimniii 7 We.Wimt Si II liiiwocn KunMia iind Swcdin 7 Be,What Sia l,Lttttcn Scotland and Denmark 7 Nil.What S.MI iMtwccn Kiij{land and Inland 7 III.

What Sctt liutween KiiroiK! and Africa ? Mn.Wiial Sea Houth of Turkey 7 Ma.Mhat two SeaH Noiith of Kusnia 7 Ilk., Av.What iH the name of the Hea between Greece and A«ia 7 Au.What 18 an Archipelago 7 33.

What larpn Islnndu lio west of Europe 7 H..Is

JV Island containing Kngland, Scotland, and Walen. i., called Gre«

What Island liei went of Great Britain 7 Id

IKotXlS'!^''°"'''''"''' "^ """ ""'^ ""'•''• «<""= B"ti«»' I"l«»

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What lorge Island liui wc»t of Norway 7 Id,

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alcB, h colled Gre»j

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OtMNiHAI'IIK AL KXKRCIIM. 68

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W.m. (»lanil<t in tlia M.'d(U>rr»n.«n heUmg lo H|iain 7 Bo.

T,.^K«'' i"'""'!''^''"'* '" **"""'"

' ^*- '*'• ^"•''*' "''**" ' M«.. In.

Wlml iHland miiitli of Un\y 1 Hy.

Wlwt .M.miiiiiiii do vfni obmrvo on it 7 En,WImt Ixliind cnul uf (irvoco / Nt.Wlittt Riiiall Mtt,„| UvtwvvH TiiHcony nnd C..r«lc» t F:i.

Tlil» i.|,,nd t» r.;M.nrkal.l,. f,r bciti^ il.o placo lo *lu.l, N„|H,lt,.«IJ<iiwi|iarl.nviiM Lannlic'd ill IHII.

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Wlml Ixliitid {..•iir.s ihf Haiiiu imnio ai a kiriKdom in Iiiily ? g».What unmll Mund ktwecn Kn;(land und Ireliind f .Mu.

(•a.

What «ulf Itotwcpn Sweden und ftiiHsin / H,.WImt Iwo (JnlfH ill the iluliic .Sen ? FU., K.i.

VVIiiil (;iiir Hoiilli of rriiiieu / Lk.

Whnt tiiilf tionlh of tlio Kinijdoin of .Siirdiiiia ?

What (iuir eiiMt of Ilaly I Vu.

WImt (;iilf in tliu lV\ck He.i 1 Ba.

What Buy iiottii of Sjiaiii ; By,

What Channel between Franco and Enjifhind 7 Rli.What Clmnncl between WuIcm and Ircloiul 7 S.-tJs.

What Channel between Ireland and .Scotland 7 Nh.What Clmnnel between Deniimrk and No -way 7 S..|{k.What Clmnnel Injiwecn Denmark and Sweden 7 Ct.What C/mnnel between the Marmora and Black Scon 7 Co.

What Strait between France and Kiiifland 7 DrWlml .Strait lK3tween Eiirojio and At'riea f Or.Whal .Strait between Cornica and .Sardinia 7 Bo.What .Strait k-tween the Mediterranean and the Soa of Marmora? DtWhat Strait between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov 7 EgWhat Strait between Italy and Turkey 7 Oo.

What Mountains f,rm the U.nndary bitwecn Eiiropo and Asia 7 IfWhat M.iuntttins divide Sweden and Norway 7 Ud.What .M()untain» divide Franco and Spain ' Pg.

(H «<KIMmAl*lllLAI. KXRHCIItW.

Wh4l MiMintiiin* t(i rr.iit,«' 7 (V, At'.

W'linl .Miiiiiitiiiiia ill (Ib: iioltli of f<|Miiii I Cn.Wliat MoMiiialiig ill Ilia „„,!|, of H|Mfn f H«..Mu., »tt..Ni».

What .M(,)iri»a|ii» ill Kwlti, rian.l 1 A».., lli.** nrn iiw lii^lu'.l jn Knrnim. Ml, II!...!.) i» Ihe htghvA u'llw A)(i-, it i,. i,r«.t ll,Tt« units Jut(MWImt M.iuritaina ox(i'«i«t ittriiii|tli liuly ? Ai«.

Whul Mi>unt«iiiii ill llio cuat urAualria / Cn.Wlint Muunuiio uuiiil tlirough Tarkoy f IJii,

Wliirli i« (1*1) rnnni northern cupo of turopo ? Nli.

Willi h it ilio iiioHt nouiiicrn J Mn.VV'liicli in tho riumt iiou«l)cr« mim of Norway T tie,

VVIiidi JH ilio iiiiwt tiuiliorn cii|io of Knifliind 1 U.-I'l.Wliii-li ia llio iiii^at kuiilliLfii nipu of liilmiil I t'r,

Vr'hiili i» llio iii<»at nor«lii!rn f «i»o of M|iiiln f (M.\Vliii.li in iha iiio«t wcMlcrii i»pc of H|Hiiii ? Fii.

Wliii.li ia t)i« nioMt hmjiUIh r/i iiiifMj of ri.rUii;il ? 8..VuWhicli i« (he iiioiti mmtlierri ciipc of litvecv I Mil,

What Riv« rs (low into the Wliiio S<u » On., Da., Mo.

Itl'it^llP^"'""'^ '"^ "'*' '^"" "'' """'"'*' ^''"

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Wlinl Rfvcm fl*.w into tlio n iliic Si-i ' Ih,, N,,., v.i., dr.What KlviTR flow into tli« Ni.rth Set ? Kf,,' Wr.,' K*,' ««!WI,(U River, .1,m Into the Atlantic Ocwn » 8n., So.,"lc.

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Go., Mo,

What RjvcTsj (tnw into (he Jfc(litc.rriin('im Sea T Bo,, Ro, Tr.What Rivtr llowi into Ilia Oulf of Venice ? P.Whol Rivera flow into the Dlack Sc» l V<\ Dr., Bg., UtWhat River flowi into the 8oa of Aioi'? Dn.

^^Wlmt Pcninnuia lien west of the Baltic Sc» and tho Gulf of Dolhnh.t

What Peninsiula Iic« iiouth of Norway T Dli.

What Peninsulo lies ioiilh of Franco 7 Rn. PI.

What Penina jla lici wcat of tho Oulf of Venice T ly.What Pcninanitt lie* aouth of Turkey ? (io.

Vh»t Pcniuiula lioa WMt of tho S«a of Amv T Ou

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W\M gnni) tlivlil.m of tint ronlt lit« r««t of Kiim]* » „».Wlim irmuuy ll.'» I'li.i .,( ttii, Trai MiMiiifHifu f H-i,

WIm( ii tho htgitt tlUl.iiin In l';iirii|>o f Ku,

^ What JiviMon. |!« wwt wf tlw IJalSk .S,» ,„,{ ,j,„ «,«•/ of Boihili* f

Whul <l|vliiion llri toulh of th<t lliillia »u". 1 Pa.Wlmi itMii.i.,n Ilea went of llw 111 .^k Nva r Ty,WJiat (livitlun lici wi-.t of tho ArBhir l^fo r UoWhat tiivUirm lie* went of thn (iulf .

i Venice t Ij.What i\t\ i.i.m i;.,» north of ih-, (;.,|, „)• Virilco J AaWimi dtvlWon lii'i north of Hw M.-iUic^fumnn Sia f |.>.

What .liviKluim llo wcH „f the .Miditrrrnncnii S^u T Kn., PLWhat (livinioii* liu on thu UUtlt M.ii ? Ty., lU,

iia.! ihl.""''"''"''''""* '" "" "'" ^"'"' ^"^

' ^^' *'''•• ''-'•• **'»•> "»•.

What (livNluna lio on tlic IJaliio .S«.ii T 8n,, Dk., Rs., p.i.

What tlh i.lonii liu on the All nil i.- Orrnu ? Ny., H.I., Id., Fn,, Hii.. PI,WIml diviniutii liu oi' tUc Mi .lnorrautuii .S^u / Kn!, Fu., ly,, Ou

Wlint i» tho rii|i|(M of Swd.ii 7 8m. — Of RosHia ? S .P^ _ Of/)oi.ma,k? Cii.-Ol MiMovrr? Ilr.-i )f |.;„^,|,„„| T I,t.,_oV IM

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itrT ''?".r'' '".•-•"^l"'"'' Md_OfP„rt.,Kan I.n.-OlSnrd.ouf Tn -Of 'J'uH.nn,, ^ F..,_(»C tho Po,K,d.im ? Rr.-<|fN.jdcs' NH.-OrAu.tria? Vb.- Of Turkey T Ce.-OfOrwifAf

In whiit Lnfimdo IK Kurono T N -I.f .- rT.,w do von know It !» inNorth Lnlitiulc ? In whnt LonjTit,,.!,. j, k ,„„^,|y ? |,j,.j^,. —How doVoiJ kiijw U I. in Ivmt L;meiiud« ? W h«t ,«rl» of Kuropo aro in W^«tT-onffiludcJ PI., .S,.., F..., Ld., Kil, ld.-VVhi..h i. ih« in. .1 N..,.|,.ni*''!','",'>; "I^ '''Un.!^.? Ny.-Whirh U 'l.o mo«t !,,Milhorn ? Ov -Wlui'h u thu tiiuBt La.tcru » R».-\Vhiai Ii tho mu«t Western ? Id.

•48

MAP NO. 23.— ASIA.

What prcnt division boundi Asi* on tho West ^ E«.What grout divii-ion bound* Aoiii on the North^ait J N*A«.What irrcat division bounds it on tho South.wont 7 A«.Whal Ot Ml bwuiutu it on tiio NorUi 7 Ac. or Northern

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II« Iha H.miti t In.

tt M lh« Cunt 1 Va,

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What Mt-tt itUi.l«« Atiii IV»iii AlVte* 7 Kit.

Uhiit Sta iii'iHiMK » iiiriiiiMxCM ftum Ar«bi« I An.

Wliiil Sua litN wf«| III' Syria 7 Mil.

Whui mo («< III III' iiorlli of Turkiiy 1 M«., Ilk.

Whiit Hi'a III N vmt of Nova /inilila 7 K*.

Wliiit Hta Ika eaat uf Kiiiiitiii'lmllta 1 Ka.

Wtiiit H>.'« jli't wt'Kt of k'lii.iUi Imtka 7 Ok.Wlut S«a liv« wiHi of Ihi! Kiirilo l.hitiiU 1 3iu

What H»itt lltii Ulwun Ni|iliiin ami Ciirca7 in.

What Mi'a Ilea wiwl of (Wiift 7 Vw.What Hia licM cnut of Coihln China 7 Cn.

Ania cuiituiiiii ihfto liilcricf Hi'aa i which «r« tliry 7 Cn., Al., DA

What .Mountain* acpurale Kiirupo (Vum Aaia 7 (Jl.

W hit Miiuntftina Uiiinil Hilwria <m tl.o Mouth 7 L..AI., (>...VI.

What .Mounlaina BxicniJ throiisjli .Mmicolia 7 Tn.What iMuunluiiia boimd Tlulx t uri tlio .\iirth7 Kn.W'hul .Miiiiiitaiiiii IhiiiikI llihilM(),i;ni on lh<i Norili-iuul? Ilh.

Which in the hi){liL«t ol'lho iliininalch mouiitaina and ita hvi){ht 7 C'«.

What Aluiintiiina in tliu anulhurn part ul' liiiiiluoatan 7 Ut.

What .Moiinliiiiia aru in Tiirkuy 7 Ta.

What Mniiitliiina arn in IVrHia 7 Ma.

What .Mouiituina bimnd Inili |k iideiil Tartary on the South 7 II., KhWhat Moiiiiiama arc in (,)|iina7 I'g., M(f.

What Muuntaini acparutu Circoaaia from Georgia 7 Ci,

What throe Oulfa ore in the north part of Siberia? Oc., Yl., 1.0.

WJiut two (Julfn bolwocn remia and Arabia? Pn., Oa.

What two (.iuHh on thu WKat coaat of IlindiKmtnn 7 Cli., Cy,

What (iiilf Hr|iarut('a Ilindmmtan fVoin Ceylon 7 Mr.

What (iulf Hiiiilh of lliriiiali 7 Mn.

What Gulf bi'twi'i'n Siuin and Cambodia? Sm.

W)mt (liilf I'anl of Aiiani? Tn. WImt near tlio Yullow Atia 7 Pf.

Wliat (julf north of Kunitiichatku? Ar.

Which ii the mont northern Capo of Ania 7 CVi,Which la the moat uuiiihern Capo 7 lU.

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r..vi.

0K4Ki|tAriU( Al. tSXHRClaM. 81Whioli It Iha niiMl aMlern ('ii|m 7 111.

Whlrh •« (h« molt Kiuihnrn CttMa of lliiiiluo<iin Uat l)irm»li*Cn. «in1 Ni.

Wimt threa great Riv. r« flow int.) the- Northern 0«MnT Om., Vi., L*.Wlwl liivcr llowt Into tlit ClnnnBl of Turtary 7 Af.VVImt Iw.i largo Itivrm How Ihroiigli ('liina 7 Ifo,, Vg.Wliut HUcr it'imraU I Cocliin China (Voin Camlioiln 7 C».What River (low* Into tii« Uulf of Martalian 7 I/.

What two Riv<'r« (low into thn R.iy of D4'iiffril 7 (i»., Ur.

What Risi'r ImuiihU lliiidoDKiari on tha wrut t U.What two Rivi r« iiniln nml l)ow info tho Pimian tinlf ? l'.»., T»,Wha RiM rn flow into tho CaKpiin .Spa 7 Va., I'l.

What two RivcrN How inio i!. Hvn. of Aral 7 Ao., Sa.Wli»t Wivnf lluwa through Littia llolthara 7 Ct,

What Tolaiiil wi'nt of Syria 7 C>.

What III nil «oiiih of Iliniloixtrin 7 Cn.

What IpiIiiiiiN III 111,. Jiiiy „f Hcngiil 7 An., St.

What I«Ianil w<i«t of Malacca 7 l'..Pg.

What Iilnnil loulh of (^hina 7 Iln.

Whot MtiniU cant of Chlnii 7 Fa., I.-Co.

Wliat IkI.iiiiIx li.rm tho Kiiipiro of Jui»an 7 Jo., Na., 8u., Ka<Wimt IhIiiikI iiaMt of >|iinlihiM)ria I hn.

What Inlandii loutli of Kuintntliulka 7 K.'.

What rangn of Iilunihi i-ont of Kaiutiichttlk i / An.Wliat Ihrou Ivlanda north of K.uiria 7 Ki,, I,f,, N..8a.

il

WhatWhatWhatWhatWhatWhatWimt

WhatWhatWhatWhat

Strait wj/iirnioi Asia (Voni North Aincriii 7 lis.

Strait Utwotn llm Inlanda of Jcmiio niiil Nijilioii / My..Sirnt htlwtcn (-'oi-ca mid Japan 7 Cu.

Strait bt'twfcM Cliina and FormoHa 7 Fa.

Htrail lietwetn Malacca and Sumatra 7 Ma.Strait between Arabia and AliyHninia? lib,

two great diviaion* does thin Strait unparalu 7 Aa.. An.

Pcninnula lio* between tho I'crHian (iulf and tho Red Sea I

Peninsula aouth of Siain7 Ma.Pc"inBultt between tho Yi How .Sua and Ihn .Sea of Japan 7 CuPeniniula belwoon tho iieaa ofOchol k ond Kanitnehalkd 7 Ku.

All.

iI!'

¥i

II

II

68 aEOORArillCAL EXERCISES.

What lalhnius k'twcun the Red Sea and the Alcdilorrancun Sea 7 8*What two great diviaions doen it iinito 7 An., An.What IsUimua west of tJio Gulf of Siain 7 Kw.

GO.

What three Lakes aro in the southern part of Sibcrid7 Ty., An., Bl.

What two ore in Soongaria7 Ilh., Z...\r.

'I'liu word Nor in Central or Middle Asia, a])poara to mean Lake.What Lake is in Littlo Uokliara ? L.-Nr.

Wliat tiirco Lakes in China 7 K..Nr., Tg., Vg.

What Lake in Afgiianiatan 7 Zli,

Tlic Caspian, Aral, and Dead Seas, are in fact Lakes, but have booncolled Seas becauso tlicir waters arc salt.

To what Empire do the Nortiicrn part* of Asia belong 7 Rn.What Empire in the middle and eastern parts of Asia? Ce.

What great division in the south of Asia 7 la.

What country north of the Altai Mountains 7 Ra.

What groat division south of the Altai Mountains 7 C.-Ty.

What great division east of tho Caspian Sea 7 I.-Ty.

What country south of tiie Black Sea 7 Ty.What country east of the Mediterranean Sea 7 da.

What country east o«" the Red Sea 7 An.

What country south of tho Caspian Sea 7 I'a.

What comitrics east of Persia 7 An,, Bn.

What country between tho Arabian Sea and tho Bay of Bengal? Iln.

What countries oast of tho Bay of Bengal 7 Bh., Sm.What division cast of the Cambodia River 7 Am,What countries are included in Anam 7 Ca,, CCa., Tn. part of Ls.What country north of Anam 7 Ca.

Tho Chinese Empire includes nine different countries: what areyicy 7 Sa., Ma., Ma., L..l3a., L..Tt., Tt., Bn., Ca., Ca.

Independent Tartary includes six different countries j what arehey 7 Ks., Ta., Ka., Kn., G.-Ba,, Kz.

Afghanistan includes two different States ; what arc tJicy 7 lit, CLWhat Empire lies east o*" Uie Chinese Empire 7 Jn.

What is the Capital of Siberia 7 Tk.-Of the Tartar States, Kokan.lOuya. and Bokhara 7 Fn., Ka., Ba.— Of Persia 7 Tn.— Of t)ioArabian States, Ilcdjaz, Yemen, Ncdsjed, and Oman? Ma., Su.»a„Mt.- Of Herat? Ht. -OfCalm!? CI.~ Of Lahore 7 U-, J

rOfSid

Dh.

V

V

V

V

V

V

VV

VV

..c

VV

VVVVVVV

M'?

KS.

.-ditorruncun Sea? 3k

Aa.

w.

•Siberia? Ty.,An.,BL

ars to mean Lak»,

Lake?, but have been

I belong 7 Rn,

of Asia? Ce.

Ra.

ains ? C.-Ty.

I..Ty.

Sa,

Bay of Bengal? Iln.

Bli., Sin.

Lin.

!.-Ca., Tn. part of La

countries; what are,Ca.

:ountriosj what ara

tare they 7 Ilt.CLt Jn.

i'artar States, Kokan,sia ? Tn.— Of theOman? Ma., Su,Of Laliore ? Lc. -

rOEOORAnilCAL EXKRCISES. (JU

Of HindooBtan ? Ca.— Of Thibet 7 I.a.— Of Birmah ? Aa.— OfSiani? Bk.— Of Anaia? lie— Of China? Pn.— Of Corta ? Ko.-Of Japan 7 Ju.

What country in Asia docs tho Arctic Circle pass through 7 Pa.

Wliat countries docs tlio Tropic ofCancer pass through ? A.i., Iln

Dh., Ca.

In what Zone is the northern part of Asia 7 N. Fd.

In wliat Zono is tlio central part of Asia 7 N.-To.

In what Zono is the Bouthern part of Asia? Td.

In wliat Laiiiudo is Aaia wholly / N..r.o.

How do you know it is in Nurtli Latitude 7 133,

In what Longitude is Asia from (irocnwich? E.-Lc.

How do you know it is East Longitude 7 Lll.

51

MAP NO. 25.— AFRIC.\.

What Sea bounds Africa on tlio North ? MiuWhat Sea bounas it on the East 7 Rd.

What Oecan bounds it on tho East ? In.

What Ocean bounds it on the VVc^t 7 Ac.

What Strait separates Morocco from Sj <iin 7 Gr.

What Strait separates Abyssinia from Arabia 7 Bb.

What Gulf between Tripoli and Barca 7 Sa.

Whit Gulf between Berbera and Arabia 7 An.

Whai Gulf south of Upper Guinea 7 Ga.

What Bays on the southern part of the west coast? G.-Fh., Wh...Cr., S.-Ha.

What Bay on the cast coast north of Caffraria 7 Da.

What Channel between Madaguscar and Mozambiijuc 7 Mo,

Bn.Which is the most northcifn Coj <; of Af "ica?

Which is the most southern Capo 7 AsWhat is tho most eastern Cape 7 Gi.

Which is the most western Cape ? Vo.

What celebrated Cape ucar the southcrr extremity ufAfrica 7 G.-Hc.

What two Copes on the desert cotst ? Br., BuWhat Capo at tho southern extremity of Liberia 7 Ps.

70 OEOORArillCAL EXERCISER.

P

f!

What Copo at the nortliorn extromity o.' Mo/iimliiquo 7 Da.Wliat Cai>o at tlie northern cxlrcniity of Zangucbar 7 B».

Which i« tlio principal River in Africa ? No.

Tho Nile i« rcmafkablo for flowing ICOO miles \vit)iout roccivinff tiiemalicNt tributary.

Into wliat Sea docs tho Nile empty 7 Mn.Wliat arc itn three chief branches 7 Ad., Ai., To.*"hnt three Rivers empty into the Atlantic Ocoan on the woit cou.t

of Africa 7 SI., Ga., R.-Go.

What River in Liberia 7 S..Ps.

What River empties uilo tho Gulf of Guinea 7 Nr.This is a very romaikal.lo river j though heard of 20 centuries ago.

Its source and nioutli were discovered only u few years since.What River between Angola and Bcnguela 7 Ca.^Vhat River between Loango and Congo 7 Co.

What River south of Bcnguela 7 Bo.

What River runs through the country of the Ilottcptots 7 Oo.What River flows into Dclagoa Bay 7 Mc,What River flows into the Mozambique (Channel 7 Zu,

Whot Rivers rim tlirough Zunguebar 7 Oc, Wo.Wbat Rivers flow into Lake Tchad 7 Yu., Sy.

What two Lakes in Soudan 7 Td., Fc.*

What Lake north of Baml arra 7 Dc.

What Lake 'n Abyssinia 7 Da.

W'hat Ijakc in Barbary 7 Lh.

What Lake west of Zsmgucbar and Mozambique 7 Mi.

52.

What three groups of Islands in tho Atlantic Ocean bclone to Portugal 7 Ac, Ma., C.-Ve.

*

What group of Islonds belongs to Spain 7 Cy.What tlireo Islands in the GulfofGuinea belong to Portugal 7 Ps

f^.-Ts., An.

Which is tiie most northern Islan I in tho Gulf of Guinea 7 F.-Po.What two Islands south of tlie Equator belong to Great Britain ?

An,, S,.Ha.

,^.'•,"^'«"'' '?

remwkablo for being tho place of imprisonment andburial of Napoleon Bonaparte. He died hero in 1821, after a rcsidcncnjl fix ye.ir». In the year 1840, lii * remains were taken to Franua.

What great Archipelago in the Indian Oceas 7 Ea.

(if

Cil

Ei.

iinbiquo 7 Do,

uobur 7 Bi,

witliout receiving tilt

To.

an on the wo«t cou.-t

Nr.

of 20 centuries ago,ycarH Biiiuc,

Ua.

ottcptots 7 Oo.

il7 Zo.

u7 Mi.

scan belong to Per.

fto Portugal 7 Ps..

if Guinea 7 F.-Po,

to Great Britain 7

impriHonmont and!l,ailer arcsidenevtaken to Franua.

Go.

GEOOHArillCAI. EXEnCI»E8. 71

What arc it« principal iNluriilN and groiipH 7 Mr., Co, So Ao. MnWhich arc t)io Maicarenha Inlandi 7 Bn., Mi.

The latter in ortvii called the lulu of France.

What I>tlundM belong to Great Britain 7 M»., 8c., Ao.

What iHlund brlmigN to Franco 7 Bn.

WJml IhIiiiuIh helping to MuHcat 7 Pa., Zr., Ma.

What (NiandM between Madag.iHcar and .Moy.iiiilii(pe 7 di,

What InluMdH iiorth-eaMt of (/'ajio Guardafiii 7 Ha,, A,-C,i.

'I'o what power doc» Soeotra lN:lotig 7 Km.

W'httt Moimtaina extend through Barbnry 7 Ah.

What ii the highot Peak of the Atla* MountaiiiH 7 Mn. lliw Utghuit7

'

What Mountain* between Soudan anil Guinea ? Kjf.

What Mountaina between Houdan and Kthiojiia 7 Mil.

What MountuinN in Congo 7 CI.

What MduntaiiiH in (!ape ('oluny 7 Sw.

What MountainR wchI of Mozarnliiiiue 7 La.

These MiiuntaiMH have been called by t'<'o(,'r(i|ili(r(i tlie D.MclinuMe(if the world, but their very exiHteiiee ih now eonHidered doublliil.

What MountainH in .MadagaHcar 7 Ua,, Ud.

WhatWhatWhatWhatWhatWhatWhat

L..Ga,

What

Whiit

WhatWliiit

fls., Uh.

great diviHion oecupieii the northern part of Afriea 7 By.

States does Barbary include 7 Mo., Ah., Th., Ti., B..Jd.

great diviHion lies south of Barbary 7 G..Ut.

great divihions lie south of the Great DcHcrt 7 Sn., Sa.

great divisions lie south of Soudan 7 U.-Oa., L..Gu. and Ea.

great division lies west of Soudan 7 Sa,

great di'/ision on tho west coast on both sides of the KljuatorT

great division on tiic east coast on both sides ofthe Eipiatdr 7 Zr

great division lies south of the .Mountains of the .Mcjon 7 Jvi

colony oeen|)ieH the southern extremity of Africa .' C.-Cy,

two roeos of men inhabit the country north of CaiK; CoK/ny 7

53-

What countries lie on tho Red Sea 7 Et., Na., Aa.

In whit country arc the mouths of tho river Nile situated 7 Et.

What is the district oiiij-riHcd between tho outlets of tho river Niletailed 7 U X

u

ill

I

^^

t* OEUGnArillCAL EXLHCIBEli.

I^'lmt if a Delta 7

It i« a term upplii d to tlio«c dintrirt* cnibrncoil by tlic outletn of rlvert.

'I'lio Nilo, Niger, (JaiicrH, MissiuBijuii, iind ollitr great itrcanii, Imvecucb their reapcclivo iJcltaR.

What DcBcrt occiipifs a hirpo portion of the north of Africa? G.-DLWhat DcHcrtbotwecn the river Nilo and tlio Roil Sua 7 Nn.What DcBcr^ croHBcd by tlie Tropic of Copricorn 7 Ch.IIow loni? and wide in tlie Great DoHcrt 7

Tlii* is tiio InrpcBt IV-Hcrt in tlio world ; and tlioiijjh oxtremrly hot.and in most places destitute of water, yet conlaiiiH a nuniljcr of ll-rtilu

ipol« called Oases, all of which are inliabit(;d.

Which arc the five principal Oases 7 Fn., Tt., As., Bh., Ty.'Micro arc four other Oases: which are tlioy 7 An., 8li., E..D1,, E.-Kh.

What is the western part of tlio Gicat Desert called 7 So.

What is the Capital of Morocco 7 Mo.— Of Alfficrs 7 As.—OfTunis? Th.— Of Tripoli? 'I'i,— Of Fc/.zan 7 Allt.— Of EiryptlCo.— Of N ubia 7 N..Ua.— Of Foota JtUlon 7 To. — Of Ashantco 7

Co.— Of Uahomcy? Ay.— Of IJenin7 Un.— Of Kaarta 7 Ko.—Of Tinibuctoo7 To.— Of Danibarra? So.— Of Iloiissa? Ka.—Of Yarr:.ia 7 Eo.— Of Hornou 7 Ka,— Of Uerfffw 7 Wa.— Of Durfur 7 Ce. - Of Kordofan 7 It.— Of Abyssinia? Or.- Of Congo I

S..Sr. — Of Angola 7 S..P..Lo.— Of BenffUKbi 7 S.-F.-Ila.— 01' Ca-zcmbe? Co.- Of Mnnoniolapa? Zo.— Of Mozambique? Of CaneColony? C. Tj.— Of Iniorina? Tu.

Wiial parts of Africa arc crossed by the Tropic ofCancer ? G. Dt, EtWhat parts by tlio Equator 7 L..Ga., Ea., Zr.

What parts by tlio Tropic of Capricorn 7 l!g., D.-Ch., Da., M&In what Zone ia Africa mostly ? Td.

In what Zone is that part of it north of the Tropic ofCancer 7 N, TeIn what Zone is that part of it south of tlio Troi)ic of Capricorn 7

S. To.

Africa comprises about 37 dcprrccs of Njrth Latitude, and 35 drgioe*of Soulu Latitude. In what Latitude then is it mostly silualeu 7 N.-I^e.

Africa co.'nj- rises more than 50 degrees of East Longitude, and about1 S degrees el West Longitude. In what Longitude is it then mostlv 7

E.-Lo.

•54-

MAP NO. 28.— OCEANICA.VfhicU ore the tint* grand dwiaions of Oceanica J Ma,. Aa., P»

VV

wMall

Vil

vv

www

wwAr

goinj

WwWl

W)WlWlWlWlWli

WlWhWhWhWh

WhWh

Bn., L

Whi

Whi

Wh.winWh.

Sealan

Whi

ft^^^.

'tlicoutletHof rivcrf.

I^rvat itruumi, imve

III <>r Africa 7 G.-Dt.

<ISea7 Nil.

!oru 7 Cii,

oiijjli oxtrrmrly liot.

I a. nuiiiljcr ut' Ibrtilu

As., Dh., Ty.

.,8l..,E..Dl.,E..Kh.

ullud ? Su.

Algiers 7 As.— OfMk.— or Egypil

\). — Of A8)inntco 1

)rKaarta7 Ko.-f IIausHa7 Ka.

—

>o? VVu.— Of DarOr.— Of Cniipo I

S.-F.-Ita.— OrCa.imbiquu 7 Of Cape

Canccr7G.Dt., El

D.-Ch., Da., Me.

c ofCancer 7 N. Toopio of Capricorn 7

ude, and 35 dcfrioet

;ly silimlifu 7 N.Jje.

onjcrltiidc, and aboutc is it then mostly 7

a I Ma,. An.. P»

OBOORArmCAL BXESCMBS. <y|

Which i« tho lar^Mt diviaion of Oceanica 7 Pa.Whidi is tlic iinalJcjt diviiion of Oceanica 7 Ma.

MaTaJrf"laTnt cf•= ''^^"^^'' Equator pa., .i.ough in

What Island lion .outh^Mt of Samatra 7 Ja.VVhH fivo iHlandfl cast ofJava 7 By., So, Ja, F», TV.Wliat InlaHdn eart of Celobo* 7 Ha.

What IiUuid. caat of tlio China 8oa 7 Pe.Which arc the two largeat of the Philippine Islands 7 Lti.. Ma

MaWhat Strait Mparalcs Sumatra from Malacca 7

What Strait aeparatoa Sumatra from Java 7 8a.American vessel, generally pas. tJirough the Strait. ofS.uid. .mgnwg to or returning from China.

o'u>o« -m

What Strait botwoen Borneo and Cclebe. 7 Mr.What I.lands between Borneo and Mindanao 7 So.What Mountain ia Sumatra directly under tlw Equator?

Which is tho larjrcst Island of Australasia 7 Aa.What are ita division. 7 W..Aa., S..Aa. and Nfc-W.What Colony on tljo oai« coast ofAustralia 7 tt.By.What Colony OB the west coast 7 a.Rr. OnUiowuthT 8..A«.What Island Muth of Australia 7 V.-D.-Ld. or T«.What Strait separate. Australia fl-em Van Dieman'. Land 7 B.What Strait wparate. Australia from Papua or New Guinea 7 T.What two Gulf, on opposite side, of Aurtralia 7 Ca, Ss,Which i. the principal River in Aurtral'a 7 My.Which are tho principal Mountain, ia Au.lraUa7 Be Ba.Which it ita principal Town 7 By,

^

WhatWhat

Bn., Lo.

WhatWhatWhatWhatWhat

Sealand

What

larg« laland north of AuMralia 7 Pa. or N.-Ga.Island. north.««K of Australia 7 S-Ao, N.-Ga, N..M, N.

Island, eart of Australia 7 N.-H., N..Ca, Nk.Sea between Australia and New Hebrides 7 CLiHlands wuth^asl of Australia 7 N..Zd.Strait between the two lar^st I.lands ofNew Zealand 7 CStraU between the middJa and touthemmoat Island of N«Bay. in the northern part of New Zealand 7 I«., IN

.j.Tiiijfc)i juj.ii^

-Hfh'

74 OIHHIRAPUICAL KXERCISEK.

65

Which Arthipchigo of Polynigia dcx-s the Equator pami tlirciugh 1 CI.

Wliich iiro thu princiiml Archiiii'liiRiKm niul IhIoikIh of I'oJyiiciia

north of ihu Iviuiitor 7 Al^.-A., An.-A., (.'v., Lo., Sli., Au.

What Arilii|i(;liiKo Viva on tlio 140th meridian of Longitude wont

from Ctrccawich 7 iVIii.

Wliiit groupH of Ihlnndu d(K^» it contain 7 Wn., Ms.

Which iirK tlif priticipii! IhIiuuIs fast of tho KiOth meridian of Lor.

(filiiiln wcHt from (•rrcnwicli, nnd »outli of tliu E<|uator7 Sy., Gn.

Ch., AI., Ph., I'u., Or. I'..W«., K..G«.

Wliicli arc llic principal Islands that Ho west of the IGOth meridian

)f Longitude wcHt from Greenwich, and louth of tlio E<|uator7 Wn.,

Fy., Fc, Hi., Til., Kt.

;#

i

What is tho most nortlinrn lahmd of Pctlynesia ? Mil.

Whicli uro tho most Houthcrn IhIcs of Polynesia? Kc.

Wliich is llio most eastern Island of Polynesia? Er.

Which are tlio most wcHtorn Islands of Polynesia? 8.-A%

Tho most imitortnnt proup of I.slands ijciontjinjf to Polynesia U <mihe 20tli parallel of North Latitude. Wliicli is it I Sh.

Which is tlio principal of tho Sandwich I.slands 7 Hi, or Oe,

What high Mountain is on the Island of Hawaii and its height 7

M..Rh.

What distinguished personage was killed hero in the year 1779?

CCk.

Wliat 'rroi>io nrosses tho northern part ofOceanica? Cr

What Tropic crosses the southern part 7 Cn.

What great Circle crosses tho central or middle part? Ei;

In what Zone is the nortliern part of Occanica 7 N.-Tc.

In what Zone is the middle parts 7 Td.

Ill what Zuno is the southern part ? S,.To,

()<:canica comprises 50 degrees of South Latitude, and 40 NorthLatitude.

In what latitude then is it mostly ? Sh.

OccanicB onnpriscs about 85 degrees of cast and 73 of west Longi-tude truin (jrcenwicli.

la wnai Longitude then ii it mostly 7 Ri„

1.

solid

mile

land

2.

all sii

long

baUi]

3.

must

1.

land?

ear.h

3. W

Tlator pami tliruugh 7 O.

I IhIuikU oI' l'i>)yncsia

., Sli., Au.

ian of Luiigitudo wont

'n., Ms.

60th mcriilian of Lor.

10 E<|uator ? Sy., Gii.

. of the 160th meridian

of tlio E<|uator 7 Ni.,

ia? Mk.

sia ? Kc,

iuT Er.

nc.xia 1 S.-A%

in^ to PulyncHia b mit / .Sh.

ula 7 Hi. or Oe,

(awaii and iti hcijfht7

icro in the year 17797

eanica 7 Cr

[lie part 7 Eta<x.1 N.-Tu.

latitude, and 40 North

and 73 of west Longi-

DMCRIPTIVE OEOORAPIir.

PART SECOND.

7S

DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY.

Figure and Population of the Earth.

50

1. The Earth is a vast globe or spherical l)0(ly similar to asolid ball. Its entiro surface is about 200 millions of squaremiles, of which ono.fourth or 50 millions of square miles island, and the remaining three-fourths are covered with water.

2. Ignorant people suppose tlic earth to be a flat body, boundrd onall BidcH by tlio sea and sljy. More attfniivc observers were, howeverlong ago persuaded that it is a globe or splicre, similar in form to aball or apple.

3. Various circumstances render it evident that the earthmust be a body round in every direction ; of which one o/'the

1. What is the earth 7 What is its entire surfiice 7 How much »

carJ. to be7 Of what were more attentive observers persuaded 73. What 18 one of the most striking proofs that the earth is round in

76 IIKHCRIPTIVC UKOtiUAIMIY.

mo«t Htrikinj^ |>i(kiI'h in that Hiriiishitl hy fin rrlips^ of tlif

inuun, wliirli lakta |tliiii' in consi <|iiiiier' nl' iIk! i-arlli ('(lining

txitvvircn lh(< HUM ami tli(< rriHiii, ami cniisin^ thn circular

shadow of tin; «'arth to lie ihrcwii on thu latttr iHwIy.

4. If tlio carlti, in»ir»il DflM'iti;; roumi in all iliri'i lioiw, wnn mcrtljr

• circaliir Il.it lioily liki: iIh^ Iii|i r>l' a ruiiiKl ialili' IJjo Hliiiilnw llirown

iVom it (in Iho imxnt would nt nno tiiiio or otiior prrnrnt tlio appoanincii

of tn ovitl, (if a KtraiKlit iinr, or miiiiu dlliur liguttj tlilfi'ri'Dl tioiii Umtwhich it hua nlwuyH bvt'n fuiiiid to unHuaiu.

6. Snilin}^ round lh<! world is linotlicr pn)of of its {ilnbular

form. I* is well known tiial ni'.vi^'fitors, by leaving any 8oa-

port, I'hiladtlpliia lor instunci", and KailiM;; ns nearly rant or

west I'roin it an the fonn of (lie dillin nt continents will per-

mit, may j^o round llio world ami ritiirn to tho plucc thoy luft

in n direction opjwsito to that I'luiii which thoy started.

G. To nail roaiul tlio wnriil in culUd ('ircuiiinnvi);ating it, and wmflrat ncconiplialicd by iMaKillaii, u l'iirtu|{iitHi: iiaviiruliir, uiuro than

thrco hundred ycarH ugo. It wan fir a ioii); tiiiMs niaaidcrcd a great

undertaklii", liul it liaa licrn oflalu yciiri* xu olU'n |H.'rlurnii'd, that it iu

nut nuw thought to Lc ua iiitvrpriau v( any iiiiiiorliiuce.

T

.57-

7. When n ship comes from son towards fho Innd^, wc first

got eight of the tops of the masts nnd rigging ; au she advan-

ced nearor, the lower parts nro soon; and at last tho hull, or

body of the vessel, comes distinctly info view. If tho earth

wcro not spherical, the hull wc dd be tho first part seen.

8. A pcrHiin Hailiiijr to the Houthorn pnrtti of the earth, pcrceivei that

the Hun appearH more nnd more to como dircctlyovcr him at noon, whichat length uctiiully hapiieiiH; and after ho haa paaacd tho L(]uat(ir, thu

aun begina to appear tu lliu northward, and will go further and tiirthur

in that diroclion aa he udviinceH aoutli.

D. New Btp-u ivill oli-o eonic into view in the aouthcrn horizon, whilaihoKC in tho nurthcrn purla will ;jfa(!uttlly diaapjicttr. 'I'lieno cireuiii.

ataucci could not poaaibly happen if the earth were a flat body,whercua

every direction? 4. If tho earth was a circular flat body, what appear-

ance would ita aliadow present ? H. Whot ia another proof of ita

globular form 7 How must navigators nail to go round thu world 7

n. What ia it called 7 Who waa tho firNt that did it 7 What waa it

for a long time considered T 7. What do wo fifHt get sight of when aship Comes from Bea7 V.'Lat at laat comea distinctly into view 7 8. Whatwill a person sailing to tho south perceive 7 Atlrr ho has passed the

Equator what will begin to appear 7 9 What will come into view 7

IIY.

ly !in rrlips*! of tlif

cil' till! rarlli cdiniiig

aiitinu! lh»i circular

latttr Ixwly.

(Iiri'dioiid, srjiH nirrtiy

ill' llio mIiuiIow llirtiwii

lirmoiit the apprariiniti

uro Uitfuri'Dl tioiii Umt

prriof of its <;liibular

hy leaving any sea-

i;; ns nearly font or

continents will jxir-

fi) tlio \AucjD they Icrt

I tlioy started.

iinnvi);a(iiig it, and wai: iiiivitrutiir, uiiiro tlian

iiiii3 coiiflidcrcd a great

\vn iHTluriuvd, that it iu

iporiuuce.

rds tho lanf^ wc first

;uing ; aii she advan-

id at last tho hull, or

view. If tho earth

J first part seen,

the earth, pcrceivci that

over him at noon, which

rauBcd tho Equator, thu

go furtlior and tiirthcr

Roiitlicrn horizon, whiloi|i[icar. 'I'hcHO cireuni.

raro a flat body,whcrcu!i

flat body, what appear-

ig another proof of iti

o go round thu world 7

t did it ? What waa it

irnt got sight of when actly into viow 7 8. WhatAtlrr ho has passed the

t will come into view 7

oi:iiciiiiTivi: ui:*)(iKAi'ii\.

Hliip coinlnf f^oin 8«a,

buble""''P"'"'''" "'*' '' '» •Pl'"ical, tliey all apiKsar simple a id pro-

10, The inhabitants of tho earth amount to about ciirhthuMUrcd millions, and if they were e.|iially distributed, ovoryH(iiiarn milo of land would contain I (J human lx'in-,'s.

11. On an avrnir.', a (T( mralion of nun in HuppoHc.l t.) I'xiNt about•M yfiir«. Soiiii! indiVKiiiiilH liv.) nioru than twite, and a v.ry lew tlireuiini..s llmt period: but tlie cNlinjate ix that HOO inillionHof liumaii iKsinirsarc Imrii and .lie every :i;) yearn; being at the rate of aluioHt a", mil.IJoiiH u year, bb.OOO every .lay, i.>700 every hour, and io every iiiinutc.

V2. 'V]w creation of tli..- worUI, according to tho book ofGencsLs, took placo near «,(»()() years ago, so that su|)nosin«tho average duration of lilb lo have Ixjcn always tho sami"about 175 generations of men would havo existed since thattime.

1.1. In tho oarly ages of the earth, however, tho duration of life wasgreater tlian at present; theremre, it is pr..ba: !o that ii smaller nuiub-ro» generations of men must have existed Umn occording to tiio above

What could not possibly happon? in. How many inhabitant, arc there

^hJimT, ,! .^"Pir" t'"-'y «"0'«l'"»lly d'Htributcd, wliat would beinoontctf 11, How long on an average does a gcncru'ion of men exist?Mow many arc born and die every thirty-thrco years? How tnanv dieevery year 7 Every .lay ? Every fiour 7 ^Every minuto ? 13. IlowCgtee iLT""' .? V."'^'V .!/°^ '"""y ^•'"''"''ion. are «upp,«,od tohave lived smco th»t Ume 7 13. When wo. the duration of Ulb groat«

Tl OCaCUIt'TlVK UIC04iRAPllV. Tne.

14, Tim wortil cninpriM'H fivo gloat divUionii, viz : Am<>rt-ca, Kuroin', Asia, Atriin, and Oc4<aiiii'ai iU>Hij mv lacii

iubdiviiliil into vurious l'",in|iiiiM, Kiiigdoma, ilipiililicn, &ic,

15. Aiiiericii in * great roiiliiiiiit, iiilinly «( |mr»li!iJ tVom th« otherMrt« of tliu cartli. It it otti'n cnilcd llto New Worlci, mid aUo tiiv

\Vf»'i m L'untincnt.

It!. Kiirii'Mj iH till' timalli'Mt ofllK (Ivo gruiid diviniuii*, yet it cunlainatltit iiiuKt (uwirAil iintjiiiu lii tliv wurld.

17, Axiu i» llic lar^4 i«l diviHitm ni' tlio (ilohr, nnd coiiiprin)* morethan oiKi.lmir of tliu hanturii coiitiiii'iit. It in tliu iiioilpopuluuii<iutr.t«r of tilt riarlli.

18. Aftka ia a irroal |H'n!nitiiln, united to Asia hy the iallimua ofSuoi, It in tlic leant known of any ul'llio ((reat diviniunN of thu earth,

I'J, Oeeanieit coiii.|)riHe!( tliu vaiioUR i;r(i(i|m of IhIiuuIii nituattid in thePacillu Ocean between tliu tlaMleru uiid VVeittern cuntiiiuiitii.

2(1. or till' iii>|Milali(iii of tli<! I'urtli, 417 iiMlliiiti>< Ixlniijj to.

the l''.ui\)|M'uii or ("mifii.siriii ruco, !.'•<() inilliniiii to tliu Asiaticor Moii|iroliun nice, !)tl iiiilliiiii!) to tlio Alnriiii or Ni-gro raw,'iO inillioim to tlio Malay race, ami 111 inilliuas to tlio Aiiiori-

CUH race.

Aniurka . . .

.

EunipoAula

At>ic(i

Ucouuica . . .

.

H<|iiarpMilr>

13,I)0U,U(IU

3,50(1,(10(1

1(;,000,0IIII

li,0(l!VI(HI

4,500,!t(IO

50,000,000

Pi)|iii1alinn.

50,5(15,000

u:w,7»-a,ti(io

45(1,000,000

57.000,000iiO,!l35,0()0

Northern OcoanI'litifu:

Atjiiiilic

Indiiin

Houlliurn

do.

<|r),

cIj.

do.

hl7,t.>7l,000||

8i|iiiiro MilM.

6,oo(noo5

77,000,000

.14,000,000

20,000.000

i;j,o()o,ooo

150,000,000

thnn nt |irc»tent7 14. Whtit linrn llio wovlil compriKC f Wliut arc they!."». Wli.ii iHAineriea? l(i. Whit Ih Miirnpe / 17. What is Aiiiii

IH. What in Africa? 1!>. What dws Oeeanlea cxnipri.su 7 20. Oftlio [Hjpiilation of tlio euitii, how iiiniiy Ik-Ioiij; to tlio Kurupoan racoTThe AHiiitic? the Alricaii? The Mnl-iy ? Tlio Aiiieriean ? T«dlfrom the tahln thn numlie.-' of H(|imrn i.aleH and jiopiilution in America.In Kiiropc. In Asia. In Afrieii. In Occaniea. Tell tho extent in»)uaro miles of tho Norlhej-n Ocean. TJic I'ucific. The Atla&tio.Th<3 Indian. Tho Southern.

I

tho

font

wuti

2.

the

part

placi

n.

richi

of gi

Ua pi

4.

lions

Uini

races

5.

Anof th

4. Wl

ilV.

iaioiM, viz : Am«ri<ittt 'ii'"" ait! I'uch

na, lti'|iiililic!t, Alc.

larati'il I'roiii tho iilh(>r

\ WorlJ, uiiU aUo titv

iviniima, yet it conlairu

>, and coiiiprlwi momliu iiioit populuu* <iutr-

m hy the intliriiuii ofilivimoiiN i)( thu ciirth.

IhIiiiuU MituaUid in ihe1 cuiitiriuiilii,

1 llilllil)IIS Uli ii;,; fn

liiHW to tho Asiatii'

ii'iiii or Ni'jrro riu'o,

llioas to tjio Aiiiori.

T

rn Oi'oun

ilo.

C (Id,

(I J,

rn da

8<|iiiira MilM.

6,(«)0,000

77,000,(1(10

31,0()<i,(IOO

20,000.(100

i;j,o()o,ooo

150,000,000

ritic 1 WImt iiro tlii'y

17. Wliiit ia AhIii

n cnmiirisu? !20. Ofto ilio I'^urupoon racoT'ii(! Aiiioricari ? Tdlii)|)ulution in America.a. Till tlio extent in

icific. 'i'he Atluitio.

AMMIICA.

AMFRTCA.7D

'SMiM*'"^'-'^'

I : i"^>

l.uiMliiij ,,f r.,i„i„iiii«,

59

t'iimii ^ J

I. AMRBifA is nn extnnsivo coiiti.ii'nt, comnrimnK ono of

U'nth.i ol th« dry loi.d on iho mirllico of tho .-.irth, and „wushfd on all sides by vast (K-eaiis.

,K ^\ ""•i*"'.'!!'"'"

''* ''""""''• ^''"•"•nt-'"*? that of cvory Zone;the tornd. tho tom|K^rato on Ix.th sid.., of tho cq..„tor, «„dpart of the fn^.r!. It ,s ,aid to 1., .v.ldor, Ron«rnlly, than iplaces in tho sumo Intitudo in (.thcr parts o? tho world.

Jt '^'•'"..f"'n'^"' ''' •li-'tinfr.iisj.cd fi>r tho vnrioty nn.lnchnrw of its vegolablo prod.icti,,,,.., tho niimivr of it/minr.

01 go d, Hilyor and precious Htonos, and forltho fnidoin ofUa pohlical institutions.

4. Tho inhabitants amount to afwiit .W and a half mil.ions of whcm, 22 millions are whifs. 1() millions of Indian,l^mdhous of aegro.5, and 9 und a half million, of tho mixed

5. Tlie white, arc chiefly Engllish in thff North, and Spaniard, in

Amerien. Q.—l. WImt docs America contain 7 VVl... ;. j

f Wh t'"":;""'3- for whut i. thirconr„cnt'dl' ,,jhj:il

4. What .. U.0 nmnbor of inhabilaatn ? ^ WImt aro the \Vhito. !

(#*•

80 rKac'RiPTivR ocnnnArtiv

Ikttoulh, Hiih fiinn Fri'iiiili, riiriuKiii'«-, lirrinnii*, l)iil>lt, Ar. Tli«

n#ffetil Aru Aliiiunx mul llti ir >li>irrMiliiil>, mIid uiri< iinnlinMil mlavm In IIm ir imllw oiimtry and bruuKht iiltht^r f^mii linit bi Uiii<s

«, Tlio i|lvirt<rti(>t( |i"|.«ilulii!ii (•..•isl!!!* «r !«n tllsiiiirl rare*; tli«

K«nuliimiu* iiili ilitliiii; ll<it ulion « niul lnUiiiln of tli«i Arrtin rrjlon*,•ntl tlir ><ii|i|irr-culiiur<'<l liulliiiii wliu urn tpn'iiil ov" r tlia rent i»t' Iho

gonUnvnt.

T. Amrricn in cfilKd tlin VVr»t»f«rn rtmtinrnt, lnjenune it \'un

WWlwiinl itC Kiin>|M', (iihI tli<' N<\v WtirM I'l'iiii ilK n'ci'tit diH-

eovrry. It vvim tiiildiovvii to l')nr>>|M'(in nalioim until tlii< vent

14(iV!, uIkii it wiiH tliwiivcrtil l»y ('liri>«i'iji|icr (oluinlnw, aitntivu oi' (ii'iiuu, ill Italy, niul llio iiujMt NKillul nuviiruior ot'

his age.

8.

lime

I. Tho (frrnt olijoct wliitli ilicn rnjiage^ the nltentiixi of llip manJ liiitiuiiH of Kuru|Hi, w»H t iwmiiiKii by w<« tii llio Kant lnili<n.

9. Tlip •plirrirnl tl){ii,ti of llu' riirlli, witirli "oliiiiiliim iinilrri><<Nid,

led him to iM'litwc llint t)iii t'lmtim |inrtN of llm world iitr> Uihcd m> Ikr

lowfirdx Kiirii|»', thnt tluv ninflil lie ri'ttiln il in ii iiioiliriiUi Npucu oflimn liy ailiiiK winlwi.rd, iiml Im |)rii|iiMt('d lo iiiidcrtaku llio voyngc.

10. Thii projiH't, howiivrr, wit* rr|{nrdrd Rrncrnlly «» no viHioimry,

that it win f>u\y ndtt iimiiy yiurn of urdilit miliiiliitiim, tl>iit Ktrdiimiid•ml Ix^ildlln, Kiiijf niid tiiUTii of 8|min, wcro imiucod t» |iatroiiiio tlm

untl«rt«l(inj[.

m11. Ci)I(iml)iiii WHS fiiriiishcd by tlicso snvcrfignu with

throe Htiiall vchsc'Ih, niul iiiiH-ty nioii, niul left I'alon, it port oniho 80ulli of S|)uin, Aut^iwt ;i<i, 141)2. On llio 12tli ofOctr).

Ii«r folli»wiii<;, hfi (liscovcnd (iiiiiimliuni InIuiiiI, ono of th<j

UaluiniiiH, svhich lio niinml Kl. .Suivmlor.

12. Ho viifilfid at that time lu-vrrnl of llir adjnrrnt Iidandi, and trliirm'd to .Sjiain, wlinre ho w^» riroivi'd willi thu ((routuat honuuri. Iloiiiado thrtti other micc'rHsftil voyajrca of dincovcry, Iml wun, nntwithHiundiii);, trciitod with jfroxH mjuiiUco l>y thomi who wcru cnvioui oflh« fyiiio ho had aoqiiirvd.

Tho Notrr.K-a 7 (t. Tho Ahnriiriiml pnpiilution 7 7. What Ir Aine-rica fro(|iuntIy called 7 In wliul y<:ir wun it diuoovcrrd 7 Who dii.

covered il ? 8. WImt (front ohjti.l ongn(fcd tho attention of theaatioiii of Eiiro|K] at that jicriiMl 7 9. What iiloa did Columbus con.wK't't U». Who patrodiwd him 7 11. What did thoy fiirni»h himwith 7 When did he leave 8|>ain 7 When did lie diacovor Guuiiahani 7

13. What dill Itc viait at Uiat time 7 How waa ho received in Spain 7

* EiiiUimauK, Rs-ke-m^.

rpri

vel

I

in

urn

I

AnHie

III.'

not

wh

th«

(III!

tlm

It'

1

aiiti

froi

I'Oll

'Iml

l'!iir

it no

li

rito

moil

1

t woiii;

is b

I'dii

(list

Whitho I

cii7

wUnIfi.

diaci

"ho I

t4inc

Jm) i

fc

rlY

iii«, Dulili, Ar. T)i«

lit \vi r<' |Miri liimt il u(

r from lim* ki ttiiic

n tlisUnrt »»reai llie

ul' tli'i Arrtid rvylnnii,

III ov> r tha mat of th«

)rnt, Ujenuiw it \'un

IVoiii iiM n'c<>nt diH"

tiiiim until tlio yiiii

tiilit'r ( 'oliiitiiiiiN, a

iKillul rmviguior oi'

nltentiim of the martI I lie Uniti liitlii N,

'oliiniliim iiiiili'riit<H)d,

viirld Rln tilirii HI) liir

II liiiHlcratu apitcu ul'

iitirtaku lliu voyNKc.

Tnlly an mi vinimiary,

iitlioti, thiit t'Vrilinntiii

luccd to imtruiiiio tlui

(1 sovorcigtw with

'd I'aloM, II port on

I lliK 12tli ofOcto-

iNJunil, uno of tha

irrnt Iitlnndi, nnd te

Kruutual b'uiuuri, llo

TV, but Wrta, notwilli

H'liu wcru cnviuui of

T 7. What is Aine-9co«ori'«l ? Who din.

the attention of the

>'n did Coluinbu* con.

dill thny fiiriiinh himdiacovcr Guunahani 1

10 received in Spain 1

AMERICA. 81

IS. Tlw dlmovr-ry orf.iliu/iliiM i'«iitiMl » apirit nf murifimn entrr.priw' iiiikmrnii liitd inilill »» miy Itinu Iwllin., miil dr>'W iiiiiin roiiD ad.viiilunrt iViitii itll piirla of t^irM|M',

II. Ill U'J7, John r«i».(, and Ma !<,» t^Mathm, nillvca of Wnltf.in «h« wjfvl.u of ll.nry Vll. »f Kiitflimd, di.. ovrr, d Non|| Aineriw,•nd e«|dorBd ilia nMit IVdiii NuwUmiidl uid to Flnruli,

1.1. In ll'l!», Aimrlnu VVxnii.iiu, « iiiHivf.if KlHnnr.', vi.lledHoalhAmrritiu On lil< r.iiirii t.i l',iiro|K', hn piiMinli...! ih.. liml anminl ofiIh« Ni-w World, of wliUh h<< rliiiiiKil llm oriifiiinl .li.eoviTy midlliorrhy gnvi^ hi. mim to tlm \Vi ,.l.rii Cniitlmnl. 'ri,l« li.m.vrf domm)t h-Kurii iliii glory whirh t;rcnvii« (hr ilH.iiviry of ('mIumiIiiiii, amiwhiuh will duacciid with hi» iiuinory to ll oot diniunt ni,. «.

in. It wiw nt lint MipiHwi.l ihiit Aimricii wu« n [wirt ofihfi K.i^tiTn CoiitiiKiii

J ih.. (..iiiii.li lii-st (iis.-nv. rci ivcivrdlliiTi'lIiri) til.! iKuno of tho \V.',.,t Imlii,, anil Up- inluiliitanlNilmt of In'liims, wliicji wiw allejrwurda uMmdcil to tlu) mtivcn4' till) wlinlo country.

r«. Miic:h rontrovpray hna takfln phen on Ihn nrlifin of thn Inhabit.nit of IIki .Viiw Worhf

: thoy wiro found in viirioiin Hl;i^r,i of aoci.'lyfrom thn low. Kt anvnifo atutii to ihiit of a hiilf.rivili».)d iK-onlc. Thn

anta

nii<.|ii.i„ii iM, iiiit th.y mniuMtid iWiiii lli.> Kimtirii Cotiliii.'rit, and'Imt lliry r.iii hnl A.ii.'ri.'i, Ihiiii tlm nniri'st (loinlH of \ortli Wr.t.-riil.nro|M) nnd Nortli.lIaHi.rn A»iii, but at wimt in riod ia t'litir.lir un-Itnow n.

18, Htivorul ycara clapacd brforo America wna known to Ik^ n arna-nto conimrnt; nt leii«tli in l.'.l.l niill..i«, « .>;p,,Mi:,rd. n-.r.ndod tliuiiioiint.ima In llio IhIIiiiiu'i of Dnricn, nnd nrnl aiiw the I'aiitl,! Ocean.

ll>. 'I'll.! Western ('ontinent is (reiii-niily (I.-sitiIh'iI umk-rtwo Kr.iii.l ilivisions, vi/,: North Ainericii/an.l South Ameri.I'll; tliesi) (III! joinwl together hy the isthmus of Dnrieii. Then-i.s lj<;,siiii'.i II great coiloctioe of i^damU lyinj,' l)"tw(H>n tho twoi-ontinenti, usually called tho West Indies ;"bii by sonio it inul.so termed tho Columbian Archipolagi).

WImt did ho aftnrwarda do? How wa« ho treated T 19. What didthe diyoverv of (^olunil.ua excite ? 14. Who di.eovcred North AmenOil I... Who puMiHlicd tho (irat account of tho New World r Artejvliom waa It nnincd I Wlint will doaoend to the nio-t distant airealIfi. Wh:,t wna America Hiipposed tol>n? Wimt did the I,Und« firaliiacovcred reeeivo ? Tho inlml.il.oita ? 17. Wh.a hi.a Kik.n p|,,co on.ho oriirin ol th i Inhubitaiita / Mow were tlioy fi.und I Wiiiit ia thotonclii rui? 18. Who Hrat aaw the Pacific Ocean? 19. What aroMl divjiiun* of the Woetem continent T

c;»1

1. North America comprises the norlliorn division of the

Wesforn Continent. It extends from the Arctic Ocean to the

Isthmus of Uarien, a distance of 4800 miles in length, and

from 3200 to 2600 in breadth.

2. The Rivers, Lakes, Plains, and Mountains, of this con-

tinent, are all on a grand scale, and arc among the most re-

markable in the world.

3. Tlic Mississippi, with the Missouri, far surpasses, in bngth of

loiirEe, tlic principal rWcrs of tlio eastern continent ; and Lake Suiwrior

.s the largest body of fresh water known. It forms, with the great

akcs witii whicli it is conncetcd, a vast interior sea, aflbrding a con-

tinuous navigation many imndrcds of uiilcs in extent.

4. The precious and useful metals and minerals exist in

North America in great abundance. Gold, silver, copper, and

tin, are found in Mexico; and gold, iron, lead, and coal, in the

North America, Q,—1, What is North America? What is its bx.

lent ? 2. What are on a grand scale 1 3. What is said of its rivers

ttia lakes 7 4. Wliat metals, dec, exist in ^reat abundance 7 WJiat

w wi-iws, ;i^«>-ri?j,..:—' .-,. .^„.-

-ir-'p||||n|||' '

nrn division of the

rctic Ocean to the

cs in length, and

tains, of this con-

ong the most re-

[)asscs, in length of

; and Lake Suiwriorirnis, with the great

SCI, aflbrding a con-

;ont.

minerals exist in

silver, copper, and

(1, and coal, in the

1 7 What is its ex.

is said of its rivers

abundance 7 Wiiat

NORTH AMERICA. 83

United Stnlcs—where the Ihnjo latter abound in such qunnli.lios, that (rfris cf the most ucllve industry will not probablyexhaust fhcni,

5. Anion^' itio nnimaln of North America, there uro Hcvcral fipcci»tnot found in any other part of the world. The grizzly niid hnrrcr. groundhi'iirs ore pceiilinr

; nit.') (lie niaf.Ko or elk, llio wapili, mi-l the caribonor rein-deer. Tlio biilllilo, iimsk-ox, and rocky iiioMiitnin Khecp andgoat, all differ ironi unimak ol' the Munio kind ibund ekewhcro.

lincky Jlouiiini!) S1r'i|>,

G. Aanous -pccics of birds abound ; of the rapacious kind there arecugl-s vultur;.., hawkx falcons, .tc. Tlic bald-hoadod eT' lo,"

wellk own as being the chosen omblcn of our own republic "Tie wildirla.y IS a nutivo of his continent, and w.. ii.trodLccd into Eu opottlM)ul 30 years after the discovery of America.^

Bull! <^agle.rinn.-(te(i Gnxise.

7. Tho highly esteemed canvaa-back duck, the diminutive hum.

abounds in the United States? 5. Wliat is said of tho animals nfNorth America? «. What species of bird, abound? Wh" is sa"dof iho Wild turkey, &c. 7 7. What other birds are memlon^l

!

•»gSsS«R>

.11-

1?

Hi4

84 DIJSCUIPTIVE OfiOGUAPIlV.

ming-bird, llic whip-poor-will, llio bliio jay, iind the iiinckmB-hinl, ar«

ull confimd to Uiis continent; wjiilc jfrousc, plicimuntH, itc, (>t dillcrcnl

kinds, arc found in vnrioua parts, und arc highly CBtccnicd lor lood.

T

Alligator. Rattlo-Bnake.

8. Tho aliictttor cxiBts only in the southern section of the continent,

being seldom seen nortli of Iioiiisiiina and the Carolinas. Tlic ratt r-

snako is peculiar to iho New World ; it is forinidaljle for tlic deadly

venom of its bite, and comprises five or six diflcrent varieties.

S>. The liidiani- and Esquimaux constitute the original inhabitants

of the country. Tn.. IndiauH are usually Uill, straifflit, and erect in

tbrm, of a dark coiiper-eolour, willi lii^rh cheek-bones and lonjj coarso

black liair; while the Ksiiuimaux are short and stout in person, and

of a dirty reddish yclliAV coiiiiilexion. The l.'.ttcr are lively bikI cheer-

ful in disposition, and appear to bo more social and domestic in tiieir

habits tlian savagi s usually are.

10. Noi til America is politieally divided into the Republics of the

United States, Mexico, and (iuutimala: these occupy the continent

south and west of the great lakes, while tiie northern parta comprise

the coloni il tcrrilorica of Great Britain and Russia.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE QUESTIONS.

In bounding any country or btate, let the learner tell what is on the

north, what on tho south, on tho cast, and on tlic west.

To tho first question on the following page—How is Russian Ami-

rica bounded ? the answer will be, on tho north by tho Polar Sea, south

by the Pacific Ocean, cast by British America, and west by Bhering's

Strait.

In telling of Gulfs, Bays, or Sounds, say what countries they are in,

or arc surrounded by, and what Oceans they arc connected with, thus

:

Baffin's Bay is bounded cast by Greenland, west by Prince William's

Land, and leads into the Atlantic Ocean.

8. Of the alligator? 9. Who comprisa tho original inhabitanU of

tho country ? What is said of the Indians ? Of the Esquimuus

10. How is Nortli America politically divided?

^ '•**-!^T.*'VsK?ss«r*jS!S»s?a4«ffli '^'sT-.c^mmmmm^--

c mncking-hird, aniitH, (tc, "fdiflercnl

Btccincii lor Ibod.

T

IIO'Bnake.

ion of the continent,

rolinuB. Tlic ratlk'-

idabio for tlic deadly

int varicticH,

original inhabitants

niiffht, and erect in

incs and loii^ coar^'o

Htoiil in piTHon, utid

are lively and cheer,

nd dunietitiu in their

ho Rcpiiblicf) of the

fciipy this continent

thcrn partA conipribe

ia.

ISTIONS.

cr tell what is on the

west,

ow is Russian Aincr the Polar Sen, south

id west by Bhcring's

:ountrics thoy are in,

:onnccted with, thus

:

by Prince William's

ginal inhabitants of

Df the Esquimavu

-.SUStWIIIIS!!''

NOOTII AMERICA. 8r.

Tell what countries, or diviMion», St,HiiH ..parato, anij what Oceans,ilays, &c. they connect: thun, llh,Tin«V Strait Hcpuralex Ainoricalr,..ii Asm, and connecl, the I'.wirio un.l tho A.eti.! ( )eeanH.

Tell where Ukvn are Hiliial.,d, and will, what Uivers thev are con.

l.anada an.l the United Staler, and ||„w into tl.o St. I,awronee Uivur.Tell where I'ei.inNnlas are Hit„atrd, to what muntrieH they lM•lon.^

pit ol l)nt>.,li Aiuerie,,, ,t h,H the II, v of Fondy and the (J,. v,f S(.

f.mTeneeon,|,,,,i.,r.li,and Ihr All.ntie Oee.n on the s.m.iIi.

'

'IVIfV

,re inland, are .ihialed. ,n,d ,|„ i, .lireeli,,,, fr..„. iho n..arest Conti.

1' i.torotMr I-daiMlMj tiniH.Cul,:! Ih i,i tl„ West JndieH- it is bouU..^ tl.o United States, .,a,,t „,• .M, .xieo, and .,ortl. of j"mai,;

Tell where M.,ni,i;,ins are Hiliiaied, |„ ,, theve.vien.l, what cuntrie.ey separa e.and w:.,a ,|„.i, 1, „,„), ),. ,|,„.. ,he |(,„.k; Ml .aroTnZc«l<.rn part ot North Aroer.ea

; they ,..vle„d thronirh Kus.ian Am" ic^ritjHh A.M.T.ea, tho United .Sl,.t,.M, a.,.1 .Mexico, they Hopa e pa?.'the U,u-ed states and JJriti.h A.neriea. and are .l.OOU^nile. in length!iell where Rivers rise, in what direction they (low, and where thovmnpy

: thus the MiHsiHHip,,i rises west of Lake Superior, How Houtiuward hromrh tho Unite, States, and en.,.lieH into tlo iiuk of Meiko.Iell also the branches whi,h fonn the main stream of various r cri'n

USE OF TIIK fiCULES.By means of tho Scales . f AlilcM, which are attached to nearly all tho

jctts, UuKs, &c, Ihiis, i„r exa.npio, take with a pair of conipa,.sc8 o^liic edge of a slip of paper, the I.Mirfth of thoScalo of Miles of MapVoJ, and measure with it from Smith's Sound to the southern cxteCtvof North America, it will bo found fo extend nearlyTvo UmcsZMofHih" 7f''n'

"'!""' 4.800 miles. On north Iatftur4f degreo^

3 0rtoril ''^"°f^°"i|"«"t i« S.GOOmi'o,, on latitude .52 de^re^3.000 m e» and from Nova Scotia to Porto Rico 1,800. Those evercise. will ffivo variety to the studies, and impror, n'n f e n- nd of l^^.Jpup. the length ana breojlth of countries ani ihelr distaPccTftoni eackther, &C., m a nioro decided manner tiian by any other method!

..„n^•"«'y'"K the Explanation on tho Maps, the Wrncr will understand how the Capital, of countries, tho population of the ciics aliatowns, and Uio lengUis of tho rivers, are rcpJoscntod.

62

. .% f?' ^/T^.^TJ* ?,""'''''" America bounded 7 British Americ.^od' Capital? Uaitcd States bounded? Capital ? Woifw

e'd^'cljita??'"'^'^G.atimala bounded? Capitan'"SaLete

IIow ia North America bounded?

:i

(I'^l.

36 DESCHirTIVE OEOCnAPIIY.

Whoro m Coronntion Gulf T O. of Boothia 7 G. of St. lawronco ?

WolcomoG.? G.ofGcorgii? (i. of Culili>riiia? 0. of Moxico? G•)f Tohuantepcc ? Wliat i» u Gulf or Uny 7 a4, pngc 10.

Where is Bristol nay 7 MclvilIoB.7 Ifiidnon'H B. 7 Musquito B.

'

Ungava B. 7 JaincH' B. 7 San Francisco B. 7 B, of Fuiidy / Dtda-

waroB. ? Chesapeake B. 7 Tampa B. 7 (JaivcBtou B. 7 B. of Campocho7 B. of IIonduraH ? B. of (iuatiiiiula7*

Whore ia Norton's Round 7 Prince WilliamV S. 7 Smith's f.7

Lancaster S. 7 Davy's 8,7 Queen Charlottu's S. 7 AlLeiiiarli; S. f

What is a Sound 7 S(i, page 10.

Where is Bhering'st Strait 7 Davis' S. 7 Ciunbcrlnnd 8. ? Fro

bishcr's a 7 Iludsoii's S. ? S. of Beliisiu ?t Gut or S. of Canso7

S. of Juan de Fuca? How wide is Bheriiijr's S.7 Where is Pr. Bogent's Inlet 7

.What is a Strait 7 25, page 10.

Where is Great ne^r Lake 7 Great Slave I,. 7 Athabasca Ii.7

Winnipeg L, 7 L. Superior 7 L. Huron ? L. Miehij,'an? L.Erie?I.. Oiiliiriii? li. Chapiila '^ Great Salt I/.iko / L. Niianigua ?|| Whatare tlin lenijths of tiie first tour and of t!iu last Lake

7

What ia a Lake 7 i!l}, page 10.

Where is the Peninsula of Alaska 7 Melville? (ircenland? Nova

Scolia7 Florida? Yucatan? California?. Boothia Felix 7

What is a Peninsula 7 54, page 14.

Where is Cape Prince of Wales 7 C. Bathurst 7 C. Brew.stcr 7 C.

Farewell? C. St. Lewis? C. Race? C. Sable? N. S. C. Cod?

C. Hattcros? C. Sable? Fa. C. St. Antonio 7' C. Gracias Ji Dio»

7

C.Mendocino? Moro Hcrmoso? C.St. Lucas? C. Gorda? Point

Uc Witt Clinton 7 P. Becchy 7 P. Barrow 7 Caixis arc frequently

called Points.

What is a Capo or Point 7 57, page 14.

Where is Nunnivack Island 7 Kodiak 1. 7 Stitclia 1. 7 Washing-

ton or Queen Charlotte s 1. 7 Quadra and Vancouver's I. 7 North

Georgian Islands ? Southampton L 7 Disco I. 7 Newfoundland I.*

\nticosti 1. 7 Prince Edward's 1. 7 Capo Breton 1. 7 Bermudas Isl-

ands 7 Bahama Islands 7 The West Indies 7 Cuba? Ilayti? Ja-

maica 7 Porto Rico 7 Tlio lost four are called the Great Antilles,

Where arc the Caribbce Islands 7 Where is Cura^oa 7 Margarita 7

Butn Ayre 7 Oruba 7 Tortuga 7 Orehilla 7 The last six arc called

the Little Antilles.

What are liilands 7 56, page 14.

*Guatimala, Gwa-te-mah'-la. fBhtring't, Bc-rings'. t BelliBle, Bel

ile. § C'liipala, Slia'.pa.lii. Nicaragua, Nicar-aw'-gua

•^mm,in-!s>v«'ifiss).!iirie-,'t:-smr-'f'fmmiiiisii

S. of St. I.awronce ?

(jr. of Mexico ? Opiigc 10,

i B. ? M'isquito n.

'

}, of Fuiidy / Dcia,

Ion U. ? li. of Cam

H S.T Smith's f.T

S.? Albeiiiarlc; S.f

mlicrliind 8. ? Froiut or S. of CarisoT

VVIicro is Pr. Ho

.. 7 Atliabasca L, 7

[iclii},'iiii ! Ii. Eric ?

, NiiNiniguu ?|| What

(Greenland 7 Novajlliiii Felix 7

7 C. Brcwittcr 7 C.

Ie7 N. S. C. Cod 7

C. Uracias i, Dios7r C. Gorda 7 Point

Dajxis arc frequently

itcha 1. 7 Washing,nrouvcr's I. 7 North' Newfoundland l.i

n 1. 7 Bermudas IhI-

Cuba? IIayti7 Ja-

1 the Great Antilles,

iracjoa 7 Margarita 7

I'hc last six ore called

inga'. t BellUle, Bel

r-aw'-gua

RUSSIAN A.MUHICA. 87

<i3

, ^?P,^\vl -^'T "" "'" ^^""^y '>l"un«aini.? and what is thcit(••nif

.17 Where ih th,; Sierra Nevada or Snowy Uango 7 Alleifhani

,tH. ; and tlurr len,,!). / NVIht., are the Anftic Hi^hland^ 7*^ Tim

.Uox.cvanCord.lenu/ Where in .Mount St. EHuh 7 iMJl JJrown 7 Mt.looker? 1,1 tho heights of 11,^ three Inst MountuiuH, Whcm ii

V '. ' '" ^^'i'" V'.IcanoV Cosignina? Tho thrco last a«Jolcanos, Wliut is a Volcano ! m, page 15.

sH^U I" ^."f"•"*'"'• «'T^~<^n' Fi"'' R.? Cliurehill R. 7-NdHon K. / b

. lawreneo K, / Frazer's R. 7 (Jolumbia R. 7 Saer.uuentoJJ? Colorado R 7 Rio Grande del Norte 7 Brazos R. 7 Alis« ssipp, R. 7 Give the lenglhs of all theno rivers, and the parts of theOcean into which they flow. _\Vhat is a River 7 34, pagi 11.

irnTirlrT*"?''°

^Jl"."?""'•',

'^''^r^'^l"JonR thfi cast roast of thoCnitcd States Irom Honda to the Grand Bank of Newfoundland 7 Gf

Sin.1 his IS a remarkable cut rent in the Atlantic Ocean, wliieh run*vhcro it IS narrowest at the rate of 5 miles an hour, lessening in ra.

p.d.ty as It flows north. The water is warmer in the Gulf Stream than

that sailors know when Uioy come within its limits.How many miles is it (rom Labrador to Russia 7 To Denmark 7From Q>iadra and Vancouver's Island to Mongolia 7 From Califc -nia^Corea7 To riubot? To IIindoostaa7 km thVUnitcd Stat^S

^nf.T\ ^';°'V'"'^'""''''"'°Madeira? From tlm UnitedStates to Egypt 7 From Gnatimala to Ilindoostan ?

Which arc the seven largest Cities in North Ameri':a7 The liopu-

II 'm" ""** "P^""""' ^"•> N.-Yk., Pa., Bo., N..Os.,

^A-'i^TCities contain frorn 40,0 «0 to GC,000 inhabitants each 7MU Ci., S..L..Pi., Ga,, Oa., Go., Qo., L,.Pa,, N,.Ga,, P,.Po.

There a..-> eighteen Cities that contain from 20,000 to 38,000 inhabitants each J whieh aro they 7 Qc., S, Js., Pc., LI., Ay.. Wn., Rd., Le.,

262 ^a'c^V ' ' '

^••'*'" '''''•• ^••''•' ^''- ^''^'^ '' " <^''y ^

6iRUSSIAN AMERir i.

1. Russian! Amehica comprises that part of the Coati-tient lying nearest to Asia, from which it is separated by Bhe-rings Strait, and from British America by the 141st degreeof west longitude.

"^b«co

RusBian Amtriea. Q._l. What d<»i. Russian America comprise fW hat separates Russian Aincrica Jrom^AsiaT^ wgg^i^^^^^^^• I'opocatapttl, Po-p«.cat.a.pect'.il t Runia^i:^^^i;::r

lit

I 1

!

'J

"

'i

m DESCRIPTIVE GEOOnAHIIY.

It is h cold, drnary, nnd ulmo',t unknown region, inhabited

chiefly by hulians und Esquinmux.

9. The Rus.iinii!) liavc cstnMislifd a luimbffr of trinling ftctor!*"

along the count, the principiil of which ia New Archangel. Here tlioy

barter fire-arms, bvadi, tubiccu, and other trticlci, fur tlio furs ul>

tftincd by tho nativoa in huntinjj;.

Bublerraiieoua Maniion of the Aleutian Ulaiidcra.

3. Tho Aleutian* or Fox lalandn extend to 4 prcat distance woat.*ard from tlio FeninHula of Aluskii ; they are inhabitnl by a raec ofaavagCB who hvo in houses under ground, wliich contiiiu earh from 50M 150 inhaltitantB, and are divided into nuinerous npurtincntu, which,though dark and dirty, protect tiicir inniatoactlectually from the woatJior.

Map No. 4.—Whnt Sea bounds Russian America on the north? Pr.—What Ocean on the south 7 Pc—What country on the east 7 B.-Ao.—What is the n;ost northern point ? Dw.—Tlic most western Cnpa 7

P-Ws.—Wliat Peninsula in tho soutli 7 Aa.—What two Mountainsin tho south-east? a.Es., Fr.--On what Island is New Archanfreltituatcd 7 8a.

66—GREENLAND.

1. Greexland is one of the most desolate und barren re-

gions on the face of the earth. An almost perpetual winterprevails, interrupted only by a short summer of a few weeks'

British America 7 Dy whom is it chiefly inJiabitcd 7 9. What harethe Ruiwions established along tho coast 7 How Ao thoy trade withthe naUves 7 3, What Islands extend westward irom Alari(a 7 Bywhom are they inhabited ? How do they live 7 What do they >-ai».

lain 7 How ore they divided 7

Gt^tulartd. Q..~l. What is Greenland? To what power A<x» i»

* Aleutian. Al-u'-shan.

^m-S!SS-

IV.

n region, inhabited

r of triitling ftctoHcp

Irchimifol, Here tlioy

clcii, fur tlio I'urR ub

great ditstanec wort.

rilial)itc<l (ly a race ofcnntiiiii each from 5018 npartmenls, which,lally from the wcatlior.

;a on the north? Pr.—m the cast 7 B.-Ao.

—

most western Caixj ?

tVhat twa Mr.uxitoins

iii is New Archangel

late ond barren re-

st perpetual winter

ler of a few weeks'

itcd 7 9. What haw)W do thoy trade withd tirom Alaska 7 ByWhat do they .-ai*.

I what power does ii

OREBNLAND, AND aRITl!*!! AMEKICA. 80rfurntion. flio wlioln rejourn is t-laiinrd l.y f).-ntnnrk, wliichiins lomH'd sonm Ninali sctil.m,.|ii.s nloii;,' ili,. wrsl-ni coast

2. Sov.-ral of tlicHO are uIh„ Moravian mi-Hi,„mry stali.ms, when- thoinliabitantH have been in «„me .iioumire convorlid from Ui.ir i/rnorniuednd HU|K.rsmim.,and |mrtly enlitrh,,,,,,! Uy the d.„-trineHofChriH!iar.ity.

J. In tho Northern n.-.rt ol tJree.ila.id, Cuj.taiu K,,., diNc.vcr.d a

hl'i"^!"' 7 '.''" "^'"''^ 'l'" ,^'^1-= Migl.lundH. The i.ihabilani.. whohad never botoro seen an Kuru|H..an, were nriivA with tho ntinoM«Hton««h.nont, c8,H.o.a ly at the shipn, which they at (ir«t imagined U,1)0 hiijrc birds with wing». s «" "»

t. The elitTs on tlie coastprenent tho remarkable phennincnon of ed

amn? .'.""."" "."'^

"l>''""** *'"'^'' '"*" "^'•'"^'J •""'••'' coiitroverHv

sinoijjj lilt Jcariicd in Europe.

J»/«/) JVo. 4.-What Bay bounds Greenland on tho west? Bh. -What Oeean on the ea»<l ! Ac. -What in itn goutlu-rn Cam,. 7 F|. _What missionary Htati.ms on t).o west coast 7 ilfr., Su., k..llt., LhTbLu. -What and on the ea.t coa.t 7 S.. _ l)oe. the hirifent ,.;vnalicHt part o. Greet.land lie nortli of tJic Arctic circle 7 Lt. -WliatZone Ukji t» it in J N.-Fd.

CO •

BRITISH A.MKRICA.1. Bittrmi Amkhica comprises the whole of tho American

con inent lymg north of the United States, with the exceptionot the extreme north-western porti.jn, which is claimed byKussin. It j8 ,1 R.gioa of vast extent, U;ing equal in area tothe whole ol the former coun!ry.

2. Its divisions ate New Britain, New Calwloniu, Canada,NewHrunswK-k, I'nnee Edward's lsh.„d, Nova Scotia, andoape Breton, together with the Island of NewfoundlandAbout one-tenth part only of these territories i.s as yet settled'jy a civilized po|>ulution.

3, The climate of British America ,s very severe, mrchexceeding what iH iHt under the same latitude in tho Old Con-tinent bven (he sowihe n sections are covered with ice andsnow tb,' five or s,x iT.^.'h, iv <h^ ye„r; and in the northern^ rVH I ,

«o>"»"-y the mnitc is almost perpetual.4. 1 ho Jakes which form i_P2;rt'<mof the Iwundary lino between

3^w£l ,IW jy^^f.«'l''«'''"/l oftl'« settlements? Of tho inhabitantaT

r,:Zl,i„ MP'""

^^"l'^,.c,>yetl What did tho natives imagine

^oaS pZenS '" "' """" ""''""^ * ^^''"^ '''> '''« '^"«'« ^X

I WW .i"'T.r;>^-~'-,^!l'^J'*'' »"^'«'' An»erica comprise'I What ar« ito divisions 7 S. Of the ehin^4e7 4. The lakes'

p i iriwi>,n n iii iim-m. n»H|>mnniri.4BMhJii

ii\'4'4

IK) DKMtllirTIVB Oi;«Kl«AI'llV.

Ihik territory iind Ihs Uriitid Hlatcn, arc on a frruli-r ncnlc llinii in an)

ulhcr pnrt of ihii world. TlieBO form ii viiitt iiiliind m-a of frv-uli water,

wliich in imvi)T(il)lo t()r vc«koI« of tho lar(r<'»t liiirtliui, and in l/Bver»cd

by a nuiiilM,r uf tcaiii-fwatu, (iiiipd, &c., in almost evury direction.

The While or Orcat I'nlar llcar. Mimk 0«.

5. The Wliito Rinr, MiihU O.x.Ciiribou or Amorionii Rcin-Dirr, and

other aiiiiiiulM, nliound in nil tliti iiortlicni parl^^ of lliis region, nnil

Hitpply tlic iiiliuliitunls with tho cliicf pnrt of their clothinsf und fix.d,

iM'HideH lliriii«liiii({ tlio'itlti.Mi wliieh ore l)artere(l willi llio trmlers of tliii

lliulHon'H Uiiy (*mpnny lijr tiio various iriiinufaetured iirliclcN wliich

have become OHHcntiiil to tho co.nfort and evenexinteneo of the InditinH.

6. Each province of Britinh America has a governor and council,

appointed by tho Sovereign of (Jreat Britain,* nnd a houHCof ConunonH

or Rcpre»cntatives chosen by the [Mjople. Tho whole territory, however,

ii under the control of a Governor General, who resides at Montreal.

7. Canada was originally settled by tiio French, but fell into the

hands of tho English in consequence of the victory gained near Quebee, in 17.59, by General VVolfb.

8. Since tliat period the trade and population of these provinces have

ffreatly increased, and they have likewise enjoyed a considerable degree

of prosiKirity. Canada was for fifty years divided into two provinces,

but in the year 1841 it was united into one.

Afap iVo. 4.—What bounds British America on tns North 7 P.-Sa.

— On the West 7 R..Aa.— South 7 U.-Ss.— Ea8t7 A.-On.—Whatseparates it from Greenland 7 B.-By. — In what continent is British

America 7 Wn. —What circle extends through tho north part 7 Ac.

— In what Zone is that part of it which lie* north of tho Arctic cir-

cle7 N..Fd.— In what Zone is the southern part 7 N.-Te.— In what

latitude is British America 7 N.-Le.— In what longitude from Grociv

wich7 W.-Lc.

What do they form 7 5. What animals abound 7 6. What is aail

of tho provinces of British America 7 7. By wliat people was Canada

first settled 7 8. What has taken place since 7 What has been enjoy

edT _—

_

• Britain, Brit' '«.

r

na

cr Rcnic ilinn in an>

I ncrt of fr.iili wntcr,

111, aiitl id l.'iivcrkod

cvury direction.

Iimk Oi.

riciui Ri'iii-Dcrr, andi)f this rijfiiiri, nnd

r clolliinjf und (ixid,

illi tiio triiilcrs ol'tlio

tared iirlicIcN wliicli

(ti'iico of the IiiditinH.

ovcrnor und council,

a liaiiHC of f'OniiiionH

ilo torritory, liowovcr,

resides at ^lontrcal.

inli, but fell into tlie

ry gained near Que-

rthcgo provinces have

a considciablu dcgreo

1 into two provincca,

I tne North ? P.-Sa.

ast? A..On.—Whatcontinent is British

he north part? Ac,

rth of the Arctic cir-

t? N.-Tc.— In whatougitude from Uroen.

d 7 6. What U wiil

it people was CanadtiVhat hag boon cnjo/

r

J

NEW BHITAIN. 9|

NEW DRITAIN.\. Nkw Rbitain foin|.ris.'.s thiit part nf Britmh AmonVa

mtuufr. north of Cuna.lu a.i.l tho ir.iit.Hl Stafs. |i ..„„(„„"M...ro Ihar. tlm>f..i;mrths c.C th. wh..l.- of tl,., Ilritish ,h,ss.^

,1;;.';,,"' " '^ ^^ ""'^•'*""'- ^'"y ""° ''^" ""'••i"«i

uln.'.li^'h.Tl'^''"''''''.'."'^'' '"^'"" '" """ "''"'"• "' '''"•ili""«

«li.h,lh.. Hu.Isons Hay Company h.-iVM-stahlish..! lorfs „n.lradit|jr.|,o„s,.,j, ,„ various qnart.Ts, ,..x„.n.li,.;r (Vom. Ilu.lson's

J^A 7.T'' '" "';''"'''|""'. ""'I '^' 'I'" "".-thwar.! almost toIho Arc ic ( .•can. Tlio whol„ n-ion is in conscniu.nc-e oftencalled tho Hudson's Hay Company's Territory.

""»"'•nuccoon.

hJ; 7r"l o'"''"',-' ^''•^'i"""-Maskrat, and other a»l,nal«, arc caMrivhunted for their lurHj the exports of which have amounted in «o,noyears to upwards of a million of dollars.

4. Tho coast of Labrador, and tho uholo of tho north, ^ shores ofhis rcir,,,,,, from (.reenmnO westward to DIuTins's Strait, ,s inlial.itedby the Iv..,m,„aux, a race of savages ditlWi„g\™entialiy"

,„ LoIndianH, in form, disposition, and complexion.^

5. Among these ,h.,.,.Io on tho coast of Labrador, the MoravimM ssionarieH have estab Lshed tho .etlUn.ents of x\ain Oklud I,"

dale. &e., and have partially improved_tl.eir habits and conditio..'

M;<1> Ao. 4._What territory on tho east coast? Lr.~On the wost^N..Ca -hast o Hudson's Hay 7 E.-Mo.-.West side ? N .n1\ JN..!,..\\.,,_Ou the coa.t of UallmWhy ? P..VV..Ld._West of the

.,„fT "I'.^'^Sr^-'^'"*' '•*" N"^ ""'"i" <='"ni'"«c 7 9. Whattrade has it What company has established forts in iarious quarters

3. What animals are hunte.: for their furs ? 4 Whn» ,. 7,1 ! i.

M

the coast of Labrador and the NortholrsLres ?'S \^ SUve^tSMiMionaries established 7

^*

I

''1

03 DKHLUIITIVK Ut:(>UHArilV.

Oulf of ni«)ilil»f n,.Fx.— I'^it of llaUiurHt Inl.l? Va.— Wlwl

Inrgit lluy in New Hfiliiin .' lU.— llow Img iiml wiilf in it r—Hitwton

New nniiin iiii.l (iri'tiiliintlf Hn. — llnw » i<l<' i» it ?— Niiiiio^ Iho

fimi l(ir(;<«t !.i>kM< in Niw llrilinn. <».-llr.. <i.S.., An., Wtf'~'''l'«

Icni'tli ot' tacli f— Wliiil iiirgti rivir tli>«H piIo tlir I'ular Mtii ? M«.—llM k'nglh ?—Wlml two rivi ri< llow iiil.i luki' Atl ilmnni I IV., Au.—Thiif Uii|{lli« ^ — VVhiit ri\tr llimn ii>l<> l.nkf U iiiiii|H'« ? Hii. — It*

k'UKlli I — Wlml river <(.imi t Im I.ako Wiiuii|M); w illi lliid'iiiii'* Hiiy 7

Ni»,—W'hirli iiru iJi.i •irimiiHil Cirtn ? Re, IJii., fl., Yli,, Hii., Ay., Me.

— Till- prill, iiial IiKlini. trih.*? Vt., K.-UI.., (V, K.i., H.l'i A".

-

Wliiit .MniinlaiiH urn in llie wisl part of Nt vv llrilaiii / Hv".~ I'lirir

touigtk ?—Which wo Uio two liiglii»l I Dn., Ilr.—Th« htiiflil ..Itach /

CANADA WEST*I. Can.vd.i Wi:<it rxiciiil.s nloii;? \ho wbolo rliain of thfl

grciit lalus nlinosl to llic wcnIiiii t\lr. iiiily nf Liiko Su|h'.

rior. Tho cliinnto in gcMn-'rallv hciilthy niid siilubrimiH. 1 hn

8umin<!r licalH nro nioro nioiiiraio iiml tlio winters Bhorter

and U'HH rij{i>rmi8 than in ihu Eastern I'rovincf,

9. Tho soil III the Hctilcd ["irtH of tin- iniiiilry in mnhtly very ft-rtilo,

nnd yli'ldH ttliimilanl croiw of (j-iiii, wi.tal, liitlian cv.rn, llux, A,c.

Tobacco in aliio cultivated in tliu noulh-weHtirn diktriclH.

3. The mo»l important canal* in UritJHli America arc in Canada

Worti thciiO are tho Rideau and tlio Weihind eaiiaU; tho first ex-

tend* from iJio Ottawa river to KiiiRxlon. Tho AVelland cunal unite*

Lake Krio v^ilh I.ako Ontario; both these work* allow vchscIh of 1^5

tuns Imrthon to pans t)iroii);li,, , ,. .

4. In thiH proviire,on the Niapara river, which connect« I.akc Lriu

with Iiako Ontario, ix tlio Falln of Niagara, Um feet lii|{h. 'J'hiH in one

of tlio moHf inaKiiificcnt of Nature's works, Tho noise of thu cataract

is hoard, and tho cloud of vapour which ri»C3 from it u icon, at Die

dintanco of several miles. ,.•,-.5. Toronto and KingHlon.on tho norlhirii shore of Lake Ontario, nro

tho two principal towns of Canada West. Toronto, tho larjreBt,

pleasantly situated on a hay of tho same nainoj it is regularly laid

»>ut, and lias a, number of handsono liuildiiiBH.

6. In tho year 1H41, Kingston became tho capitol of Canada, and

^Canndu We$t, Q.— 1. What ia tho extent of Canada Woat? Of

the climate 7 2. Tho soiH What docs it yield 7 3. Canals in Canada

West? 4. What (treat falls aro in Canada West 7 How hiffh aro

ihcy ? 5. What i» the Capital 7 f>. The princ ipal Hrilish naval slallim 7

• Upper aiidTowcr C'anada long funned separate provinces, but

were united in tho year 1841, by Act of die Ihitish Parliament. At

ho game time tho name of the Upper Province was changed loCanaua

Woit, and of the lower to Canada EaiiU

I

als(

moNi.

dor

tho

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—

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Willi llud^oii'* Huy 7

., Yli„ Hii., Ay., Me.

.., K.x.,IM"i A«.

-

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bolo rhain of thfl

ity of Luke SumsIsiilubrimin. '1 ho

lio winters ehortfr

iiicc.

Ik iiioHtly very fortilo,

(linn iMfii, llux, &.U.

JKlriCtH.

rrica aro in Canada(•,iiml»; tlic fimt ex-

IVi'llund cuiml unilui

allow vvviiuU uf 1:25

h cnnncctH I.iikc Krtu

:ot iiiKl>- '''''* >* cn^

I noiHU of thu cataract

oni it is icon, at the

B of Lake Ontario, nro

ront'i, tlio larjfoHl,

; it ii regularly luiU

ipital of Canada, and

' Canada Woat 7 Of.1. Canals in Canada

'st 7 How liiffh aro

Hrilish naval Hlalimi 7

laratu pruvinccg, but

itihli Parliament. AtOM changed to Canadk

P*lli of NUfar*.

•lno of all nritlsh America ; lint tlio ..rat of Rovernmont \n n..w rv.moved to Monlrnil. Niagnra i« a «iiiall umk at the mouth of tlmNinifttra river. Oodeirh, on llio cnut nhore of lako fluroo, and I,.,n.don, on the river riiames, aro tiio chief lowiin in tho wenlern part ol'tho province. '

w. /"^.^".•''^^^'l';''""" «''l">ra«o Canada Wtf«t (Vom the United

Tt wi'-.^''"' ."• '^'•- -What river, in |.art. ftom Now York 7

. ;:; V"'i."*"'''""'" Canada Knnt 7 Oa.-Wliat ii tho caMern

jmrt ofLiike I i.roii called 7 Me.—What rHleH in tho north part 7 Mo.—Wliat Inland in the weHtern p.irt of L.ilto Superior 7 Ro.—\VI .it inllio criBth of Lakeg Su|.erior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario 7 - On ManNo. II, lull who wa» dctinled on the Kivcr 'I'liaiiieH,* in 181 ;j? J', _Who wa« killed tli.ro t 'I'll. Mo wan a celel.raled Indian ehi,,' , -On^IapNo.lI tell what battles were fought in IbM, near tlio ia}j,cSNiagara 7 F..Ko,, Ca.

CO

CANADA EAST.1. Cajtaoa East e.vfond.s on both sidrs of tlio St. Law-

ronco nvcr, Iroin its month to tho rivor Ottnwti. The lowerpart of tho province is ruj;j,'c;I, cold and sterile; but tlie upperportion IS fertile, well watered, and more moderate in tem.peraturo. All sections have, however, tho climate of Swedenthough in the latitude of PVnnco,

2. More than three-fourths of the inhabitants aro of Frenchorigut

i they Bjieak tho French language, and are all Catho-

Canada East. Q.— 1. How far docs Canada Tdst extend 7 3. How*Thamt$. Temz.

U4 DMOMirrivK DKiKiKAriiv.

lie*. Thn n<mniri(l«<r tktv mcMtly rmtivi >< of (in iit Itritain andihvir (IcMOfridaiitN, whu aru |itiiu-i|iiil|y I'roti nUiiiU.

3. (.'ilitr^ttiim i« ntiich naflNtod,rid tho chiitf pnri ol' ilm |m'iiu|« ttnVery iKtiiirtiit. 'I'lir iiniivn rVncli('iiiiiiiitiiiio uri< < iilli'il huliiiiin*. Till')

iiri> gay in tin ir ilii<|ii)Kiiiiina, fimrli'iiii* and |i<>litu III tlirir iimiinrra,

iind iilriiiiKly ulluil,. <l In )|i>'ir nil-

KJiin and nulivi' roiinlry.

4. ('nnnd* Fciil iiroiliitci* wlira:,

liullan corii, «nd oIIiit ffraina com.niiin to tlui norilnrn |Hirl« of (h«

United Htiiim. Tin* i'X|miI'(i) arc tint

Imt, Kruia, lliiiir, lUiii, |hiI >iiiiI pear

Cantitlmi ilnbltuni. •ulit'i, ftf.

< UiicIh'C.

5. Tlio city ofO jcI)oc wn«, until tlia year 1841, Iho ciipital of DriinhAiiicridi; it i* very Iroiigly IJirlillid, niid niluftfcd liiilf in a piiiin aloiiKUiu Uivir Ml. F.uwrriici', and llir olhrr liiilf cm a itcip, p( r[Hnaicularronk, .LIO IK't ImrIi. TIhmu an; culled tlio up|K'r anil lowi r towni.

C. MMHtrcal,* on Montreal IhIiumI, ,ind IHO inllex iiliovc Quclicc, byllio St. Liiwrrnco river, In now the i/ipital of I'anuda; it ih thn centreof tho fur Irudc, and of the coinnicrco with the f'nited Suited. Thetown of tho Three KiverN, on the north bank of the St. F.iwrcnco riverIn the next in importance to Quebec and Montrciil, William 11,'riry,

Chainbly,t and St. Johii'ii,arc iinull town* un Sorcllct Itivcr.

many of thn inhnbiltntB are of French origin? What are tho r

3. What ia Bnid of ediicalion ? Tho charueter of thn French Cdian 7 A. Prmlnec 7 Exiwrtii 7 5. What in Quebec 7

Nimo Uic other Towni.

rent 7

'ana-

6 Montroal 7

' Montrtttl, Monl-re^wl' t CAamUy, Shamb'-lo. I SortUt, Sor^.

i

r.

(innt llritain and«tuiit«.

Ii ntitoh MflMlaArl 1)1' t(M paopia »Till' tialivD rrrni'h

lliil h»lnli$n§. 'I'liey

r iliaiioKitiiiiiK, fourI ill tlirir Miiiiiiiira,

ml,, il III Oii'ir nil.

•imiilry,

111 iiroiliit'lK wlirnt,

I iiiliir sraini coiit'

llurn |HirU of th«

riw i-x|Hirt« trs lini.

flim, iHit mil! pear

llifl cnpitul of Dritllh

liiilf ill a piiiin aioiiK

tn (I, [11 rfHniliuular

ml liiwi r tuwiiH.

H aluivi- Qiicliip, hyIlia ; it, in tlin <Tiilrc

'iiilcd Slnttd, 'I'lif

iSt. r.nvroiuo rivi'r

I. William 11,'iiry,

let River.

iVIiat nre the rcrt?[ tlio Fri'iicli Cona-3VC 7 6 Miiiitreal 7

tS»tV\ Sor^l'.

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Ki7SU

NEW ORIINBWIRK. 95

Map No. 6.—What country licH wckI of Conodn EaHt 7 C..\Vl.—What two Suten lie Houth 7 N..Yk.. Vt.—Wliat Suto lien cant 7 Me.—Tho principal River 7 H.-Lu. h» length 7 ('l'lii» inoludcB tlio Lakoi.)—What Lake docg the Sagiicnay How from 7 S.-U. The Icngtii ofthe Saguenay ? Tho Ottawa 7 What !livcr unitcii LakcH Chutnplainund St. PetorH ; 8c.—Th<i population of CinclKx 7 Of Montruul 7

—

What tlircc Lakci are in Canada Eut ? ti.-iu., S..l'»., 'Vg.

70-

NEW BRUNSWICK.

1. Nkw Brunswick is .situated to tho ea.st of flin Statr; ofMaine, uiid to tiie north-west f>f Nova Scotiii. Until tiic year1784 it was incluued witliin the liniit.s of tho latter, which atthat period was diviJcrl into two siparute provinces,

2. This colony is but partially cleared, and contains exten-sive fore.sts which furnish larjjte quantities of e,\c(!llent timljcr.Tho soil is generally of good ciuality, especially along thobanks of the at. John's and other rivers.

3. The fiHherics are a «ourco of considerahio wealth, and employmany of tho inhabitants, the produce being with lumber the chief article» of export. Ship-building is carried on to a considerable "...lunt.

4. The Bay of Fundy, which geparatcB thii province from NovaScotia, ia remarkable for the great and rapid rise of it* tidea, whichoilcn attain tho height of 70 feet.

5. Frcderickton, tho scat of government, is situated some distanceup the river St. John's. It is built chiefly of wood, and contains thegovernment offices, several churches, and a college.

6. The city of St John's is tho most conHiderablo place in NewBrunswick, and has an extensive commerce. St. Andrew's, at tho headof Passamaquoddy Bay, i« tho next in trade and population. Chathamand New Castlo are smoll towns on the Miriinichi River.

Map No. 7.—Which is the chief river 7 S.Js.—What iHland liesnear New Brunswick 7 P-Es.—Gulf to the eastward 7 S..Lc Twobays north-east 7 Cs., Mi.—Bay on the south 7 Fy.—Peninsula southcast 7 N..Sa.—The population of St. John's 7 Of Frcderickton 7 St.Andrew's? Chatham? New Castlo 7 On what river is tho city ofSt. John's 7

'

New Bruiuutiek. Q.—i. How is Now Brunswick situated 7 In whuwas It included 7 2. What is said of tho soil 7 3. The chief articlesof export 7 What is an important branch of industry 7 4. Of the Bayof Fundy 7 5. The Capital 7 6. St John's 7 St Andrew's 7

.i6 DKSCRIFTIVB OBOORAPHV.

n

NOV\ SCOTIA.

1. Nova Scotia wcm first settlwl by thn French, and nnmed

by tliein Aciidia. In ITtiJJ it was conquorfd by (ircnt Uriliiin,

und since tbnt tiino has been called by its jirescnt name.

ii. It is a !arj,'(> peninsula, iJHO miles ion^', and from HO to

l()() broad. l)n llic coast the soil is jjrenerally |)oor, but ia tht

interior and northern parts it is well adapted to cultivation.

3. Wheat and otiicr Rrain«, with poliitnoH of tlio fiiicut quality, are

rained to Home extent. Coal, und jrypnuni, or pliister ol' p!iri», arc found

in vast (iimnlitieH, and with fi.sli, ({rindHloniH, Alc, ore largely cxpotied

copiK'r, iron, and various other niinerals, also abound.

4. Halifax, the eapilal, i» nituuted on one of the finest hnrhouri in the

world, and ednlaiuH the nioHl extunsiv dock-yard in British America.

Lunenburg, Livcr|«)ol, Yarmouth, and I'ietou, arc nil place* of houmi

trade; from the latter, cnal is 8hii)pcd to the United States.

5. Cai'k Bkkton I3LAK1).—Capo Breton is a large Island,

Rcparalcd Trom Novu Scotia by the Gut or Strait of Canso

;

it is av.'^ut 110 miles in len;;th, and from 'M to 80 in breadth,

nnd is divided into two nearly equal portions by an arm of

the sea called the Bras d'Or.

6. Affricuiturc ih in a backward state, the Cod Fislicry attracting tlio

chief industry of the people. Thii island was in lb20 politically at-

tached to Nova Scotia,Bnd Kcnds two members to the House ofAssembly.

7. Louisburgr, w hieh the French carefully fortified, was oneo a place

of great importance, but it is now entirely deserted ; nnd Sidney, r. vil-

lage of about 800 inhabitants, is all the capital Capo Breton possesscj.

Arechat, on Islo Madame, is the largest town belonging to Capo Breton.

Map No. 7.—What Islands lie east and With-east of Nova Scotia t

C..Bn., Se.—What Island north 7 P. Es.—What separates Nova Scotia

und Caiw Breton? G.-Co.—What Ocean on the south-east? Ac—WhatBay on the north-west? Fy.— What is the population of Halifax?

Lunenburg ? Liverpool ? Arechat 7 Yarmouth 7

JVoen Scotia, Q.—1. By whom was Nova Scotia first settled 7 What

was iu first name 7 When was it conquered by 'ireat Britain 7 2. What

IS this Colony 7 What is said of its soil ? 3. its productions ? lU

minerals? 4. The capital and other towns ? 5. What is Cape Breton?

ilow is it divided 7 6. What is said of its a?[riculture, &c. 7 When

'^U it al*»r* :^ tc Ntwa Scotia ? 7. What is said of Louisburg, dtoJ

NEWFOUNDLAND 97

onch, and nnmedby (ircnt Uritain,

cscnt iinmc.

, and from 50 to

y |MK)r, l)ut ill tht

I to cultivation.

fmcHt quality, are

r (if piiriH, arc Ibund

ro liirgL'ly cxjiorlcd

lul.

iicst linrliourfi in the

in l)riii»h America,

nil placcH of •oUM)

d SlutcH.

is a large Island,

Strnit of Canso

;

to 80 in breadth,

is by an arm of

ighcry attractini; tlie

1H20 politicnlly at-

illousc ofAssembly.

;H, wuB once a place

1; nnd Sidney, n. vil-

|)o Breton posseisej.

g[ing tu Cape Breton.

ist of Nova Scotia t

iparates Nova Scotia

th-cast? Ac—Whatulation of Ilalifiu 1

first settled 7 Whatat Britain 7 2. Whats productions 7 Its

I'hat is Cape Breton 7

ilture, &.C. 7 WhenI of Louiuburg, SteJ

1. PniNCK r*)i)WAUi»'8 Island.—Prince Edward's is a fiiip

fertile island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, lying n<!arly imraltel

to the coasts of Nova Scotia and New IJrunswick.

3. 'I'ho soil is Kood and well adapted to a|;riculture, which is in a

iiKiro iMi|irovcd statu than in any of the nuif^hbourin? colonies, Cliar-

iiittc Town is the capital, witJi J,5UU inhabitants. J'hcro aro lovcral

iiihcr Hiiiall towns.

NEWFOUNDLAND.

.S. Newfoundland is a large island, situated at the mouth

of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and forming the most eastern part

of IJritish America. The soil is mostly barren, and the timber

scanty and of small size.

4. It owes its importance to its Cod fisheries, which are the

most valuable in the world. The fish are caught in vast

numbers upon certain shallow places in the sea in the vi^ i v yof the island, called the Banks of Newfoundland.

5. A great number ofvegsels and men (chiefly American and French)

hero find employment, wliilo the inhabitants of the island carry on their

fisheries aI'Mig the shore.

C. The fishinff business is dnngorons, bv.t profitable , it is an ad

mira'ilo nursery tor the hardy seamen o. (ho New England states, ano

I'urniKiics us with an important article of export to other countries.

The Seal fishing has of late years attracted much attention. -

7, St. John's is tlie principal place in the island ; the houses arc nil

built of wood, and the town has in consequence sutftrcd severely from

tiros. Harbour Grace is, next to St. John's, the most important town.

Map No, 7.—What aoparatcs Prince Edward's Island trom NewBrunswick 7 Nd.-St,—What bounds Newfoundland on the east 7 A.

On.— On the wf^st 7 6. S.-Lc.—What Strait separates it from Labra-

dor 7 Bo.—What banks aro near the Island 7 How long and wide

.s the Grand Bank 7 Newfoundland 7 What is the population of SLJohn's? Of Harbour Grace 7 OfPlacentia?

Prinet EdtBari'$ ItUind. Q.—l. What ia Prince Edward's Island T

2. What is said of the soil and agriculture 7 The capital, &a 7

Newfoundland. Q.—3, What is Newfoundland 7 4. To what does

t owe ita importance 7 5. What are they called 7 Who find employ-

aent there 7 6. What is said of the fishing business, fts. 7 Whatjes it furnish us vith 7 7. Describe Sl Jotm's. Harbou- Grace.

N

98 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRArilY.

UNITED STATES.

1. The Umited States form one government, comprising

thirty states, five territories, and one icdcrai district. Thoy

occupy the most valuable and productive part of North

America, and rank amongst the most powerful, commercial,

and wealthy nations of the globe.

2. Thoy are distin(^-jished for the freedom and excellence

of their political institutions, the rapid ir^-^rease of the popula-

tion, and for the intelligence, industry, and enterprise of the

mhabitants.

3. The territory of the United States is very extensive ; it

ranges through 26 degrees of latitude, and ^8 degrees of

longitude. The frontier outline has an extent of more than

10,000 miles, and a line drawn from north-west to south-east

would measure 2800 miles,

4. In so vast a region there is of course included a great

variety of surface, soil, and climate. It is well watered by

noble streams, which not only give fertility to their borders

United &atu. Q.— 1. What do the United State* form? Cum-priiinf what 1 What do they occupy T 3. For what are tho^ dtstin-

gtuahod 7 3. What is aaid of the territory 7 4. What dooa it include T

IT.

irnment, comprising

jrai district. Thoyivo part of North

wcrful, commercial,

iom and excellence

;rease of the popula>

id enterprise of the

is very extensive ; it

and ^8 degrees of

extent of more than

ih-wcst to south-east

se included a great

is well watered byity to their borders

i State* form? Cum.>r what are tho^ distiit'

. What dooa it induda T

UNITED STATES. 00

b''i are ready to carry the gifts of the earth to the ocean, andio bring back to the inhubitujits the products of other ciiincs.

5. The soil returns an anii)lo harvest for all that is planted

in it, nnd the climate is favourable to nearly every production

of the earth, that can sustain lilb or increase its luxuries,

fl, Agrirulturo ii tlio Icadinf; purHuit in thin (<iui>try. Thu oiidlrrn

itatt'ii aru devoted to ^raiin{gf, nnd the dairy ; the middle and wcultrr)to llic ruiHinjf of whoat, Indian corn, &c. ; und tho Boulhtrii BtiitcH, to

C'.tliin, tolmcco, iiujfar, and riet. HIavo lalxmr in chiutly employed iotJio Houtliurri and Bonio of tho wcHlerii HlatjM.

7. Tho United Statei arc rinhlv Biippliid with valiinblo minernU(•old, tlio nioRt precious, and iron, the niuiit mclUi of nietnlH, witli iiudcoal, salt, and lime, all cxint, iiiohI of thum in (frent almridance ; whileheautiihl and durable buildinjr nmterialH nro furnished by tiiu cxlensivequarries of ihu ditTerctit sectiann of the Union,

8. Tlio manufactures are already exlenHivc, and arc rapidly incrcne.infr: thoy yield in value, unnui.'y, near •100 millionH of dr.llars; nndwith tlio produetH of the apriculturr, the liircKlc, tho niiiicB, and thoiisberieii, amoiuit yearly to ahiioHt 1300 million doilara,

J). The commeroo is, next to that of (i rent Britain, the largest in theworld i it extends to all parts of the earth, and embraces the pro<luclsand manufactures of all nations. Tho numlier of vcsncIs that enter anddepart from tho jwrts of tlio United States, amounts from 28,000 to35,000 every year,

74

10. Tho Fisheries are highly important, nnd are carried on mostlyby tiio New En^lonl states : they embrace chielly tlio whale, cod, andmackerel fisheries, ond employ upwards of 3fi,000 men, tlio product*amount to from 10 to 1'2 millions of dollars, annually,

11. Tho whale fishery nlono employs upwards of fi.'iO vessels, and16,000 men. The ships employed in this important business are absentfrequently two and Uireo years at a time.

12. No part of the world presents such an extensive inland commorco as that of the United States, ^team vessels navigate all theprincipal rivers, lakes, bays, <S£.e. The iVIisHissippi river and its tribu-laries alone are traversed by near 490 stcamboata, all of which makeseveral voyages every year.

13. Tho employment of Steam Power is prc'jably greater in thi*counUy than in any otlier part of the wurld, and forms one of tho pria.

How Is it watered 7 5. What of tho soil 7 Climate 7 6. Agriculture TThe eastern states 7 Tho middle and western 7 Southern 7 7. Wh»tof the minerals 7 8. Manufactures 7 Their value and tlie capital em.ployed? 9. The commerce 7 10. The fisheries 7 11. Whale fishery 718. The mland commerce 7 The Mississvpi, Sec. 7 13. Of the em-

,ia»ii«««WIM

100 DEBCRimVE OEOORAFIIY.

Whil* Pliherjr.—Cutllni up a VVImlc.

cipM clemcntf of American pronncrily. 1,300 gtcambonti hnve bcon

hiiiU since tlio year 1807, or which 800 now pjtiHt; and the number

of itoam-cni^incR in the United Sintea employed in atcanilwatu, loco-

motive rail-r(Mid cari, and for various nianufucturing purponcB, in not

leii than 3,000.

14. The Amerieanii have nurpaiaed all other nutionn in the nninlicr

and extent of their eanuli and rail.rnadM ; tho united loiijfth of the

former ii not h'Hs than 4,200 miloH, the whole of which, with one or

two cxccptionn, have been executed in Ichn than twenty yeuri*.

15. The rail-roadd, nil constructed within the Inrt fifteen years, amount

to an appregato of .'5,300 milcH, over whi^-h cnrriages are propelled by

locomotivo sttam^ngincs at tlio rate of licm 20 to 30 miles an liour.

16. Tlie United States are more distinfruishcd for the general diffu-

sion of knowledge, than for eminence in literature and science. Com-

mon school education is more widely extended than in any other part

of the world, and there are numerous seminaries of learning through,

oui the country, though there are uo universities and colleges on so

large a scale as some in Europe.

17. The general government of the United States has done but lit

tie for the promotion of public instruction; but most of the states iiavo

mativ legislative provision, and some have largo funds set apart, for

that purpose. The tirst scttlem of New England paid a very laudable

attention to thi<< important subject; and so early as the vear 1G28, a

law was passed for tlio education of every child in the colonics.

ployment ofsteam ? Hew many steamboats 7 14. What is said of the

Americans? OfcanalsT 15. Rail-roads 7 16. Of the United States '*

Common school education 7 Seminaries of learning 7 17, ThegenerJ

r

IT.

Imlv.

stoambonti hnve bcon

xiHt; and tho number(I in (toaniboatn, loco-

uring purposcB, ig not

nutionw in tho nnmlicr

I united Iciifrth of the

of which, with onu or

twenty ycurs.

\»t fifteen years, a mountringeg arc propelled by

) to 30 miles an hour.

d for tho (general diflu-

uro and acienco. Com-than in any other part

!8 of learning through-

ics and colleges on ao

Btatcs has done but lit

nioHt of the states iiave

gn funds set apart, for

id paid a very laudable

rlv as tho vcar 1G38, n

1 in tho colonics,

14. WhatiitaidofthaI. Of the United States*

ling? 17. ThegenerJ

r UMT.V'i 4/ilKS.

Yft-.

101

18. Tin A) IS no eHtiililisl.i'd church in tho United Stnlcn,

-••ligion Uiiift left tci tho vohmtiiry choice tif tho |m'o|)I('; yni

in nil tho W(!ll-.si!ttl(!(J pnrtH of tho Utiiun, nli^ioiiH instruction

1111(1 oliscrvanccs arc us liiilhriilly iii.s|K'nM(.'d und porlormcd ua

ill any oilier coiiiilry in tho world.

I'J. 'I'ho grcnt l«)dy of tho proplu ore attnrliod to tho various iiocts

b<'liinging to the I'rotcstttiit laith : of tlieHu llio DaptiiitM, Mtthodif'*,

i'r«4l>y(tiiaiiN, and lOpiHcopuliunH, stniid lirHt us Ui niimlKira Tiierc

lire iiIko iiiiiiiy Ciilliolies, UiiiM'rHiiliHtM, Lutherans, Uniturijins, undFi'IukIh, iir (Quakers,

:.'ll. 'I'hi! United States is a Federal Ropiiblic. Each state is IikKpciidt'iit ill its liH'ul nll'iirs; but tlin defeneu of the eniiiitry, the regula.

Iliiii of eiijiimeree, and all the general coneerns of tho Union, are

uiMi.nitted by the ('oiistitutioa to a general government.

91. The government comprises throe distinct pow'irs, the Legisla-

tive, Judicial, and Kxocutivo brunches : tho first named power nmlios

the luws, t)io second expounds, and the last executes them.

S9. 'I'ho Legislativo power is vested in a Congress consisting of a

Senate and House of Keprescntutivcs. The Senate consists of twomembers from each state, who aro elected for six years, ono-third of

Uio number being changed every two years. The members of tho

House of Representatives are elected by the people for two years.

123. The Judicial power is comiioscd of a Supremo Court of onechief and eight associuto Judges, who are appointed by tho President,

with the advico and consent of tho Senate, and hold tlioir olFices duringlife or good behaviour.

24. Tho Executive power is vested in a President, who, together

with tho Vice-President, is chosen for four years by electors from all

tho states, Tho principal subordinate officers of tho executive depart-

ment aro tho S<'cretiry of State, of the Treasury, of War, and of thoNavy, tho Post-Master General, and the Attorney-General. They aro

all removable at tho will of tho President ; and, witli tho Vice-Presi-

dent, form the Cabinet.

35. The inhabitants of tho United States amount to at least twentymillions, of which tho black or coloured races form one-sixth part. Ttie

Indians number about 300,00U, but are not usually considered as for.a

ing a part of the population of the Union.

Govemmont 7 Of tho first settlers in Now England 7 16, Established

Church ? 19, To what are tho great body of the people nltuchcd ?

What aro they T 30, What is tho United States? 31. What is said ofthe government? 33. Of the legislative power 7 House of Represent,ativoi ? Senate 7 23, Tho iudicial power 7 34, Executive power 7

1 he subordinate officers ? What do they form 7 35. What may tht

"»^

109 DRMrnirTivB aiicHiHAriiY.

8(1. Thli tmnunt. In proportion U> llio vmI UirriU)ry ovnr which it It

•nrnait, ii mall, r<mi|mrri{ with tho ilinno |xiptil«tion oC •omn of lJi«

KiiroiH'nn «tiil<ii; but whim It I* fon»i<l«'rr(l thnl Ihu inhahilanl* ofthn

column* KM) yimri nga niiirib«iri'<l hut l.lMlfl.lMKI. it prvntiita tho inont

triking Inatinco olrialioiial growtli to ho (ounti In Uio hulory ul'muw

70

97. TJio Tnltrd ?<tn»p» wrro furtwrly colonic* or province* of flrciij

llritiiin. In the year 177.'> tlicro were Ihirlicn colonirn, with a |>opiilii.

tlnn of nearly lhri<! Miillimm of |M-oplc. At that tinio they look up arnia

ftir the pur|H)*o of wpiiraliiiit thirndilvcii IVoiii the niolhcr loiiiiiry.

as. They wcrii iniitcd to till* by iho injiii'licn of (Jrcat Hrlliiin, who

Uxod tho iH'oplo of tho colonic* wilhniil tli< ir ronwiil, uiiil puwcd

varloua oppreiiiva law*, to whi jh tiny woulrl not Niilmiit.

Baitt* of LMlnilon.

29. The firat battle between the Coloniit* and the Hritl«h troop*,

took place at Lexington, MaimachuBOltii, April 19th, 1775. On tho 4tli

of July, 177fi, they declared theinMjIvo* independent, under tho title of

tho United Stale* of America.

.1(1. Tho cfforU of Great Britain to auhduc tho country were ffreal,'

and tho »tru(fglo which cnitucd waalong '>'"' hloodyi hut animnteu by*

Lvo of liberty, and led by Waiihin(fton and other gallant and palriulifl

iiihabltanU bo catimatcd at 7 The black* 7 Inditina 7 2f>. IIow doe*

It compare with tho population of ome European Btalm 7 27. What

were the United State* fl)rmorly 7 When did they take up arm* 7

88 Why were they incited to this 7 2!). Wh'n and where did tho

Rrst battle take place 7 VihJ did thcv do on Mie 4th of July, 177fi7

30. What u wiid of Great Britain 7 Of General Waahington 7 Th«

[

'ilii

lY.

ritnry ovor which It UUtiim of w)ni<i of t)M

thu inhahilanU of tha

irentnU tha moat

in tlio hutDry uf muwit nr

inUio

or pro^lnrp* of nrcnt

DJOIlil'N, Witll n |MipilllU

inii! tlicy tiKtk ii|) iiriiia

10 iiiotlivr I'riiintry.

of Great llriliiin, whooiriNi'iit, uiiil puwi'd

It miliiiiit.

nd the Dritiah troona,

I9th, 1775. On tho4th

idont, under tho tillo of

;Iio country were aroiil,'

KHiy ; hut animnti'u hy «

it'r gallant and palriutic

idinnii 7 S(). Ilnw doe*

poan Btalm ? 27. Whatid they tolto up arm» 7

>n and wliere did tho

Mie4th of July, 1770?

ral Wiuhingt«n 7 Th«

r IINITISU ITATM. 103

M*r"< tho pt'oplx of tha United Hialni, tftrr • war of sight juita,Itpelled tlifl Ilritmli, ami oatahlUhod Uisir ijidtipandencv.

Rdlinatlon of Otntral WMMRltan.31. At the cloao of thn Rovohitionary War, the American Army,

tlioujjh iuflrerlnu jfroot privation*, diabanded, without violence or di*or.der; and tho Coiniaan«l«r.in.Chicf, (Jonoral Wafchinsfton, roaiffnod thealmuat alMohite |i«wcr ho |MMiu»<iH'd to tho authority that conferred it,

thu* prcaentinjr to tho world tho raro cwinpio of a preat military chiefdo*condin(f voluntarily to tho rank of a private cilixcn.

33. Tho Conatitution of tho United HUto* wo* framed and adoptedin 17H!), and ha* liiice boon amondud. It iccuroi to the jitoplo tiio

grand principle* of fVccdoin, liberty of con*cienco in mattom of roll,gion, lilnirty of the pre**, trial bv jury, and tho right of chofwing andof being chowin to office. Tho Pruaidcnl* of tho United State* *inc«tlio adoption of tho Con*titution, are oa tollow* :

33. I. 0«nr|i» Waihinglon, of Vlrjlnla, from I7H0 lo ITOT-M ytara.8. Jiihn Ailniiia, Mnii. 171*7 lo lWI-4' '''hnmaaJeniirxin, Virginia,

•

Virginia,

Virilnia.Mkm.Tt'nni.'»iM"(),

Ni-w Yurk,Ohio,Viminia,Tl'llllPWI!*,

4. Jams* Madiinii,.1, Jame* Moiinif,0. John Uulncy Adama,7. Andrew Jackkin,8. Mnrtin Van Hiir«n,0. Win. Henry llarriaon

10. John Tyler,11. Jaiuua k. Polk,

Mil In IHOO-HIH)II to IHI7-HIHI7 to IMM-Hi»i!i (o IfjU-^IH'W to IH37-8IH.t7 to l*m-4li'il one month.IMII to lb4a-4year«.IMS

people of the United State* 7 31. The American army 7 The com-mander in chief 7 32. Tho Constitutinn ? What doe* it *ocure to th«iHjopIo 7 33. How many PrcsidontH Iwvo there been 7 Who were fromVirginia? MansachuHott* 7 Tenneasoo 7 Now York? Ohio 7 Howmany vear* did oaoli Hervo t

tiucttirrivit owKiHM'iiv.

N..Y., N..J.. Pa., lit.

Md.,v..,N.x;.,i.x;,,o«nn.

Map N». 5.—How •!• lh« tJiiltod iUtei bmind«at

On Uiu North f iIki HuiUh 1 the K»it 'th" WmU

Wh«» !• itiii e»|tit«l of llm I'nUoU Huu* 'Wn.

'm. caiMUl. of counlrir.. II... .d.oUt will prrc«i»« by tJ-. «.|.UnM

II, .nd II... r.p!uU ..r •••l«« "" M.p« N.... 4 .lid 4. .r« m.di. by •

•iniill rliiB or cIrnU with • dot In il..> i»i.iai« ol it.

Which tr« th« kU Kwlern Hutc. f M«.. N. II., Vt, M... R^I, UPoint out Ihoir ctpitttU.

Wl.l.h »r« th« (bur Mlddlo Blaloit

ru.iil out tl.clr ckpltaU.

Wliifh iiro lli« tun Soulhurn IH»lo«

'

Aa., Ml., I't., Ti.

Point out their Mpltali.. .. , i n-

Wl... h «r« th« ton Wc.Urn 8l»l«^ » As., To., Ky., Mo., U, U., Oo-,

Mn., VVi... U.

Point out thvir cipllnU.

Which urothoTorrit-rioi? Wn., !»., In., Mo., On,

Th. now Hl«U'. of Wi.oon.in and low., fi.rm.d in»f<f.

''^P''*'

portion, of tl.0 Tcrritorio. of lh.> .*.no n.n,«;the

'--;"»'"'i'' "^,^7^Vcrritoric. ni.y .till bo con.idorcd .> di.Uncl dutricU, but .ro yet

wiUiout oruanixod go»trmnuiil».

How m.n¥ 8Uto» tro thcro 1 How mwiy Tciritorio. T

Bc»lde. the Hlatc. and T.rritorini. thrro i. Iho [»i.trict "ft'"™'''

whW. conlni.... the ...l of t;u»c.r«.n.M,t. ... ih.t ibo whol. ol tha divl-

tioni of tho United 8taU. are 3(» In nuinbar.

L. Michigan ?• I- Eric Tt

L. of Uio Wood. J Toll tbe ^ng*'* o'Whf^re it lake Superior? L. Huron?

^. Onliirlo? L.Champlaln?{

Mch Lake., « r'-

Which two aro wholly in the United Stale. T Mn., Cn.

Whore i. Manitoulino Lake? ^'^^'^'^J^'J^'Tt^XIiilr.n.i.couata L. ? L. Memphr.ma^oB ?§ ,, ''; 0^° ""/rh^M „7..' JJ^^

L.7 Winnebago L.? Flat Bow L. » Kullu.pohn L. ?

• Miehigan, Miih'.e.gan. t Erit, E -re.

>lanc. ^mmphramogog, M.-m-fta-ma-gog'.

tM.trano'. ' Si. Cnti*. Saiut Crof.I PtnUhartrtin, fuo-

I

III

t.

Buiva by tli« e«|>Un«»

hi nmull oiui •nmrxl

lid 5, •f« i"»<*« ''y •

t.

I, Vl, M... R-I,Cll

-J.. !•»., D«.

Ky., Mo., In, l«i Oo.,

o., On.

ud In 1840, oomprlw

he rt'iiiaiiiilor ol' itw"

(lialricU, bul »ra ycl

itriioriei?

» D'ntricl of Columbia,

Ihe whole of ihe divi-

liohlgan 1" I- Eric Tt

s 7 TiiU Ihe knglU ol

Mn., Cn.

L. T Che«uncook L.?

Seorger L. OWce-clm-

, L. 1 The Mi"i"ipi"

t lledL.? SuCroU'pohn L.t

t ChampUin, Hhnm'

I i>»iileAartr«ia, Poo-

tmiTUU ITATI

TS.

lOft

I

M«p St. 3.—Wliore !• PuMiimit'iO'Hlily Iky 1 P«>noh«piil B. f

II. I Nfw York 11. t l)Hliiw»ri< li. ' ('lir.ii,M'»ki< II. I Clmtliam EfT«m|Mll.r AMiukM*ftf frnxtroU II. / Mob(kttB.t BUak!! ? H.r..t,.rUlU OchMtaaB.} M.t.H<.r.U 1). f bpirMa MmIa &

T

.Sll< ITU II. /

< In tli<i Urritt lAk.a, where U Miginiiw 1), 1 Ttiunditr B. 7 Ure«n 11.

1

W'JK-rs U I.iinst laUnd Mound ' Al.icinarin H. 1 i'ltailicu H, I

llow MKiiiy niilge lonir Me eitcli of ihcae t eUo CtMMpKake Oaf f**

Where ii ihe MlMJHippI Rivrr T Whrra rfo<!» it t\u> 7

Wlioro due* II cm|ily 1 llow many inili'4 Iuiik ii It

}

What lire it* rhit-f trihutarivx, end tlirir Ii'mkIIi* 1

WUeti i« lliii MinDoiiri River' Yiliow Htmin K.r |li|f Horn R.TI'l.itl.' t nt .Ni hriikii |{. 1 KniKuit R. t Arkunou* H. ' ( lui idldii R.

t

KmlH. r OHiiiruH. ; !)• x Mnint* K. 7 Ht. i'vttr'* R. f Wi«uun*tnHJ Rork R.7 lllinoutR.r

Wli'Tf U till' Waliiinh R.? IMniinicA R. T Ohio R. 7 AlloghaayR. 7 Mimiinifriiiclii li. f Knnnwiin R. ' ('iiiiitic-rlund It. 7 Titinciaoel(. I W'liitu It. 1 \V»xhlt.k

II It. 7 YiuiH) It. 7

VVIivro i» tlio Rio (trnndo dii Norlo 7 NiiocfK R.

Ilriu..* R. 7 Trinity R. 7 Hal.ina K. 7 IVarl R. 7

Aliibuina H.7 Chftttahoochtu R. 7 Kt. John'* R. 7

it. 7 Hiiviinniili R.7 Niintii) R, 7 Urrat IVdio R.V.imot R.7 Tur R.7 R.mnol-.o R. 7 Jnnic* R.

.SuKi|uulianna R. 7 llilawnro It. 7 lludaonk. 7 Molmwk R. 7

WinTO i<( tlio Hi. Lnwrcnco R.7 C'onnt'dicul R. I Murrirnaok R.Ilu:nnub<.'c It. 7 I'onobiicot It. 7 Ht. John'* It. 7 Mu.

Whore I* tho Oregon or ('ilunibia It, 7 Lnvvi* R. 7 (Hurk** R 7

I'razrr'i R. 7 Klaiiiol R. 7 Tell how long each of lh<;«o rivun ii.

Whcro ii Cane Cod 7 C. Malaliar 7 C. Clia lo* 7 C. Ilonry J CI Ixtlcru* 7 C, Fear 7 C. Lookout 7 C. Canntvoral 7 C, Sable 7 CRi)inan»7 C. St. Dla*7**

Whuro i* Mt. Ik'iort I*laml 7 Nantucket I. 7 Miirtlm** Vineyard f

Long L 7 Florida Rcofk 7 Thcie arc low windy inland*.

Where are tho Tortugaji iMland* 7 Maniloulinu tt la!a»7 Grand L

7

I. RoyiLlo7 Tho A|io«tlv» f Tho fiiiir lojit nro in tho (iroat Lake&Whore ia Quadra and Vancouver'* Island 7 How long i* it 7

• Apalaehei, Ap-a-laah-e'. t MMU, Mo-boel'. I Plait*, Plat

li'lUinoii, Ill-e-noy'. | Wmkita, Wajh-e.Uw'. T Ntuit. Nune.<• Si. BUit, Saint Blaw' t Ma%iioui\u*, Mau-etuMin.

O

,7 Col.^ido R.7Toiiiliighy R.7

Fa.—AIntuMiaha,7 V. F.ur K.7,7 rntoniuo R.t

'.,

106 DEiicnirrivB oeoorapi'V.

TlicirlfiiKtli

While MU. 7

Mnp m. 5.- -V.litrc Ir Mt. Hainicr* ! Mt. 8U Helen. ? Mt. Hood

)

Mt. JcftetBon ? Mt. Olymimi't 7

How liig > nro the two first 7

Whcrou.-. lhoUockyMtH.7 Huw long arc Uicy '

Where is I'Vcmonf. Peak? Long'. 7 Fikc'i' How )ngh arc

Uiey?. , . ,.,

Where arc the Ozark Mts., nnd what is their height?

Wi.c.c arc tlio Cumberland Mts. 7 Alleghany Ml«.

7

nd height 7

Whcr". \n the nine Ridge 7 HI le Mts. 7 Green MtH. 7

Black HillH ? Where is Ulaok Mt. 7 &c. &.c. 7

The th.'ce nutcs 7 The three Tctons 7 'l'h.> last arc si.id by son.u

to Ttho hiKheHt .nonnluins in the United Slates; but this is uneer-

tain. Fremont's TcaK is liic higliest known.

Wl-ero is tho South Pass 7 This 'cniarl^ablo Pass is a fP °^;j?°"|

20 milcj wide, in the R.Ksky Mountains. It forms a most convenient

passage for travellers to and from Oregon. ..... .

Wha« seven Cities in the United Stales number 30,000 inhabitant*

a„d«pwards7 Bn., N.-Y., Ay., Pa., Be., Ci., N .Os

What eight Cities number from 20,000 to 30,000 7 LI., Pc, Rr..

Wn., Lc., Ud., Pp., Cn., ^ „ ,,

What twelve Ciiios have from 10,000 to 20,000 7 Pd., Sm.. N.-Hn.,

Ty., Ua., Bo., Nk., S.-Ls., Nk., Pg., Sh., Mc.

How for is it from Now Jersey to Portugal ?

From New Jersey to tho Azores 7

From Chcsapcak . Bay to Portugal 7

From Capo Hatteraa to tho Strait of Gibraltar 1

From Charleston to Madeira 7 I'rom Savannah to Bermuda 7

From Florida to Morocco 7 From Florida to tho Canary Island. 7

How long and wide is tho Atlantic Ocean 7

Tho Gulf of Mexico? tho Pacific Ocean?—S«« Map No. 5.

Map of Ihe Learnt. '$ ou, ' !state.—ln what State do you live 7 Is .t

one cftho Eastern, Middle, bouthorn, or Western States 7 How is your

state bo- vied? What river. h.s it; Tel' what they arc. D«>» it

^ntain u mountain.? If so, what arc they called? Is your State

Tnko sea-coast, or in tlio interior, at a distance from it? Docs it con.

Uini^rCa,» Sounds. Islands, or Capes? What is tho Camtalo

Slate ? What i. the Capital of a State ? 269, pugo 3i Ii wha

°ounty cio vou live ? Point it out on the n>.ap. ^ow i. it bounded .

Hmv long and wide is it? You con tell this b, .0 scJ-^ of mile..

What is a County 7 266. ..

> Raitier, Ray-neor'. t Olympui, Ol-imp'-ui

- v*»<iHMnlw*i'<g««t'W^aiy

mam

PMY.

SuHcloniit Mt.IIoo<H

ro tlicy '

dike's' How Ingh arc

cir licight 7

lanyMU? TlicirlunKil'

rccnMtB.7 \VhitoMt».7

'111) lust arc wild by Boniu

lutes; but this in unccr-

bio Pmb is a gap orabont

L forms a most convunicnt

lumber 30,000 inhabitants

., N..Os.

to 30,000 7 LU Pc.i Hr.,

0,0007 Pd., Sm., N.-Hn.,

111?

raltar 7

vannah to Bermuda 7

la to tho Canary Islands 1

!l7

7—Se« Map No. 5.

at State do you live 7 Ib .t

•stern States 7 How is your

;!' what they arc. Does it

hey called 7 Is your State

(inco from it? Does it con.

What is tho Capital of your

•269, pugo 3S. lu what

map. ^ow is it bounded*

this by . -.0 bculi of mileii

Jlympui, Ol-imp'-ui

T•mmm^^fn^

BASTERN STATES.

EASTERN STATES.

107

SO-

1. The Eastern or New England States, nro situatedeastward of the Hudson river. They are Maine, NowHampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Con-necticut.

f\ The surface of New England is greatly varied ; much01 tho soil IS good, yet, m general, it requires diligent cultiva-tion, and compels the farmer to use considerable indu&trv toprocunfl good crops. ^

3. Horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs, are reared in im»lnumbers

;and grass, Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley,

lux, and hemp, are extensively cultivated. Tho principalIruits are apples, pears, poaches, plums, &c.

4. The manufactures of the f:astern States ore very extensive, and embrace a great variety of articles. Tho cottonand woolen factories employ numerous individuals, and a

Neu,Enirhnd Q-l.\Vhioh are the New England .tato. 7 8.*W a ,8 Baid of the surface and soil 7 What docs it require? 3What are rcured in groat numbrrs 7 What is extensively cultivated 7Which ui> the principd fruits 7 4, What h «id of tho manufactiue. »

iOS DE8CRIPTIVB OEOGBAPHY.

w

lari/o amount of capital. Since tho iTitinufactunng system

has prevuilcil, this part of the United States lias mcrcased

rapidly in population and weallli. Uail-roads are numerous

and well conducted.

5. The New EnglanJcrs arc extensively engaged in com-

merce, and in the cod, mackerel, and whale fisheries, which

train great numbers of c.\[ierienccd and intrepid seamen.

C. The itilml)itnntH of the Eastern Slates are almost exclusively of

uniui.xccl Eiifrlisli origin ; nnd, i'roni the eailicst Bctllrincnt of tlitir coun-

try, havo been used to hubits of iniluslry, economy, and cnlurpriBC.

7. They liiivo always been a rcliRi.,M., people. Anionp them tho

Sibbath IS strictly olmorvcd, and all classes generally attend public

wcrship. It is considered disreputable for a man to have no religious

belief; and thoro arc few individuals who are not connected with some

religious society.

8, Education Is more general than in ony other part of tlio world

;

and large funds have been tot apart by the dilTorent Slate Legislatures

ibr tho support of common chools. It is rare to find m any part of

tlic Eastern States, j.rr-^'ins jf mature age, who a » ignorant ot reading,

writing, and arithmetic.

81.

9. Institutions of learning were established, at aii early

period, by the first settlers of New England ; some of which,

at the present day, ore among the most respectable and efli-

cient in tho Union. Miiny of the most distinguished men in

tho United States have been educated at Harvard and Yale

Colleges.

10. Tho people of New England were, at an early period, noted for

tlieir republican principles, and were the fiiflt to resist tho tyranny of

the British Government. Tho destruction of tho tea in Boston liai-

bour, and the battles of Lexington and Bunker's Hill, were among the

first events that led to tlie indepci dencc of tlio United States.

5. What are the New Englanders engaged in 7 6. What are the in.

habitanU 7 To what have they been trained 7 7. What have tho in.

habitants always been 7 What do all classes generally attend 7 Whot

is considered disreputable? 8. What is said cf public instruction 7

'What is rare to find

7

9. What was established at an early period? \^hat are they at

tlie present day 7 10. For what wcro they noted 7 What were tht y

tJie first to resist? Wliat were the first evenu that led to Uio inde

pendcnce of the United States?

ly >' '! "^

lufucturing system

ates Ims increased

uds are numerous

! engaged in com-

ilo lisheries, wliicli

trepid seamen.

aliiioHt exclusively of

ttlriiicntof llit'ir coun-

iiy, und cnlurpriBC.

Ic. Anionp llicm tlio

:ncrally uUend pulilic

n to Imvc no rdigiouH

t connected willi Homo

icr part of tlio world

;

rent State LogivlaturcH

to find in any part of

a ignorant ot reading,

lishcd, at an early

nd; some orwl\icli,

respectable and efll-

istinguishcd men in

Harvard and Yale

early period, noted for

) resist tho tyranny of

iho tea in Boston iiat-

8 Hill, were among tlie

United States.

6. What are the in.

7. What have tho in.

morally attend 7 Whotcf public instruction 7

d7 What are they at

ed 7 What wero tht y8 that led to Uio inde

EASTERN STATBS. 109

Ilirvurd Uiiiviraity,

Map Ao. 8.—Which arc tho New England Statei 7 Mo., N.-H., Vt,..m!

?•'•'.C''— W"«h extend* farthest north and ctt»t7 IVIo,—Which farthest south and west 7 Ct,- Which is tho largest state 7

iiZ "" *'''*^°"'^ '" "'**''"' ' ^*-~ ''''"'«' ' N.-H.— Fourth 7 Ms.-I-ifth? Ct- Smallest 7 R..I._ These states extend from lati.tudo 41 degrees to 48._ How many degrees of latitude then do theymcludo 7 1 hoy extend east and west from 3J degrees, to 10 oast lonffi.tude from Washington, -How many degrees then of longitude dothey include? Which is the largest river in Now England 7 Ct.—Uio next? Pt _ What river is partly in Maine and partly in New-Brunswick 7 S.-Js.- How long arc these rivers 7 Which is tholargest lake wholly in the Eastern States 7 Md.- How long is it 7—What lake IS partly in New England and partly in the Btute Ivini?west of It 7 Cn.- How long is this lake 7 Lake Champlain is navf.gable for vessels of largo burthen. During tho war of tho Revolution,and that of 1818, naval battles were fought upon it. CommodoreM Donough's victory, m which the whole British fleet wos captured

Now England? Wn.—Which is the next highest? Kn.-Tho next?Md.— How high arc each of these mountains 7— Which are thethree principal Islands in New England 7 M..Dt., Nt., M -Vd —Whichstate has the greatest extent of sea-coast? Me. -Which" has thosmallest 7 N.-H.-Which has no sea.coast 7 Vt-How many miloaIS It from Maine to Nova Scotia 7— To Spain 7— To Circassia?—From Massachusetts to Italy 7- To Turkey 7- From Long Islandfl Greece 7 In what year did tho Pilgrims emigrate to Now Englond TWhat was the name of the vessel? Mr.-How many miles ii itfrom Boston to Halifax 7 To Liverpool 7 Total distance ?

f

^i

110 DFSCnirTlVE GEOOKAPHY.

MAINE.

Lumber Yiril, ke.

1. Maine comprises about onc-half of the area of New

England. Before the year 1820, it formed a part of the State

of Massachusetts, under the title of the District of Mame..

2 The soil is various ; much of it is fertile, but in general

it is better adapted for grazing than tillage. One of the clue

products is lumber, of which there was cut and sawed m 1B4U,

to the amount of near two million dollars.

3 The coast is remarkably indented with bays and har-

bours, affording great facilities for commerce and the fisheries,

which the inhabitants have not failed to improve.

4 They are also largely engn^d in ship-building and

navigation, and export vast quantities of lumber, fish, bce(,

iiork; grain, &c. ; together with a considerable amount of ice-

to the West Indies and the Southern States.

6 By a partial construction of the treaty of 1783, nearly

a third part of Maine was long claimed by Great Britain.

In the year 1842, a treaty was formed, by which the boundary

Maine Q —1. What does Maine comprige 7 What did it form ^iptitf

of before 1820 1 2. What i» said of the soil ? 3. Of the coojt 7 4 Wha,

arc the export. 7 5. What power long claimed one-third of Mowo

nVs,

til

.0

lo

cc

ai

HCi

in

Ci

th

Am

in

WP(

vv

til

the area of Newa purt of the State

strict of Maine,.

tile, but in general

One of the chief

>nd sawed in 1840,

'ith bays and har-

and the fisheries,

iprove.

ship-building and

lumber, fish, bcefi

iblc amount of ice-

s.

ty of 1783, nearly

by Great Britain.

vhich the boundary

I'^hat did it form a paiC"

)f the const 7 4.Whuii one-third of Maine

MAINE, NEW nAMFB'MRE. Ill

hno was established, and the British cliiitn much restricfod.

The right to navigato the river St. John's to the sea was also

obtained by the people of the United States.

6. Audita, tho capital, is on tlio Kennebec river, 50 mile* fVom ita

mouth ! It contains a hnndxoint' Slate Houhc, of granite, and a UnitedSatca' AfRuniil. Portland, on t"a»co Hay, is tho Tartrcit and nuMt ini.

portant town in tho itato; it in well laid out, and handvomcly built,

uiid hoa an cxtunnivo foreign and coasting trado,

' 7. Bungor, on tho Pcnobncot river, 50 niilca from tho aoa, haa trebledittt iMjpulaliun ninco 1830. Its triido in lumber in very cxtenaive. Bathi-t noted for itn xliip.buildini;, luid 'i'houiasltm for ita cxporta of limo,nmrblo, and granite. Gardini:r, llalloweli, UaBtiwrt, Uelfant, Bruutwick, BriBtol, Saco,» Weils, and York, aro uU (lourinhing towns.

Map No. 8.—What country bounds Maine on tho cost? X.-Bk.—On tho wcHt 7 C. Et. and N. II. —What ocoiin on tho south 7 Ac.—Which aro tho fivo principal rivors that flow into tho Atlantic Ocean 7

S.-Cx., Pt., Ko., An., 3o. How long arc they 7 —What river rises lutlio centre of Maine ond Hows into Now Brunswick 7 S..Jg, How.ongf ia it 7—Which aro tho tlir. t. princiiral Lakes 7 Md., Ck., Gd. Uovlong aro tlio two first?—Tho principal mountain, and its height? Kn.—Tho largest island 7 M..Dt. —Which is tho most eastern county 7

Wn.—Tho most western? Od.—The most southorn? Yk.—In whatcounty, end on what river, is the capital situated 7 Kc, Kc—Whichare the four largest towns, and their population 7 Pd., Br., Aa., Tn.—How many miles is it from Maine to Nova Scotia 7 To spain 7 ToCircaasia? What boundary in tho northern part of the state ? Whatin the middle ? What boundary formerly separated tho stoto fromCanada East What boundary extends from L. Pohonosramook tothe N. W. branch of tlie St. John's 7

83

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

1. New Hampshire is often called the Switzerland ofAmerica, on account of its beautiful and varied scenery, its

•mountains, lakes, rivers, cascades, &c. It is also called thogranite state, from the great quantities of that rock foundin it.

8. The sea-coast of New Hampshire is only 18 miles it

What occurred in the year 1848 ? 6. What is said ofAugusta T O*Portland 7 7. Of Bangor ? and the other towns 7

New Hampikire. Q.— 1. What is New Hampshire often calledWhy? By what other name also? Why? 8. What is said of tlie se*

• Saeo, Saw'-co

119 DBlCRimVB OEOORAPIIY.

extent, nnd it ha« but a mnall Hhiiro of commiTce; but it in

dislin^uishe.! for iU productive agriculture and ilourwhing

manufactures.

a The country on the coast is level ; in the interior, the

,urfkco is greatly diversified by hills and valleys, and moun-

tains of considerable height.

WhiM Mountuni.

Among these ore the White Mountains, the most elevated

of any in New England. They are distinguished by the

names of Washington, Franklin, Adams, JeOerson, Madison,

Monroe, &c.

4. The White Mountains are covered with mow for ten monthi in

the Tear, and are seen ftom a great distance at aea. The wild and

•ublime character of the acenery cauaea them to bo often vwited.

5 Concord, the capital of the state, is on the right bank of the Mer.

rimaok river; it is a plpasant and flourishing town, and contains the

State House, SUte Prison, and other buildings. It is connected with

Boston by a rail-road. Portsmouth, the only soa-port in the sluic, <

jn the Piscataqua river, three miles firom ».ho sea. It has a fine bar

hour, and conUins a United States' Navy-Yurd.

6. At Hanover, is Dartmouth college, a respectable and flourishing

iiMtituUon. Dover, Somersworth, New Market, Ezoter, Nashua, and

Agriculture and Manufactures 7 3. What ia

The White Mountains T How are they distin-

Describe

What is

ooaitT Commerce?•aid of the country T _

, . « • •. j » eruishedt 4. What causes them to be often vwitcd 7 5,

Copcord. Portsmouth. 6. Where is Dartmouth Ck)Uoge 7

oid of Dover and other towna 7

I'MMBJF'iMmMm

mintTcc; but it i*

ro and 11ouri»hing

n the interior, the

'alloys, and moun-

,the most elevated

istinguished by the

Jeflerson, Madiaon,

low for ten monthi in

t lea. The wild and

> he often visited,

right bank of the Mer>)wn, and contains th«

It is connected with

la-port in the stitie, 'a. It has a fine har

cctiiblo and flourishing

t, Ezoter, Nashua, and

factures 7 3. What ia

How are they distin-

vtsitcd? 5. Describe

uth CoUoge T Whmt if

I

VKHMONT. 113

Manchnstcr, are all largely cn|;n|;rd in manufncttircs, Haverhill,

LaiicosUir, Aiiihorst, and Kovnn, are thriving towns.

Map No. H.—WImt river nrparitttm Now IlnrnpHhirn from Vermont?Ct.— How long in il7— Whnt river nms throiii;h the ('rntro of the

Hliito ? Mk.« — How long is it 7— WImt lake flows into it ? Wn, —How long it it 7— What moimtains aro in ('oos county 7 Wo.

—

Which is the principal 7 Wn. — How high is it 7 — Which is the

principnl town and its population 7 T'h.—The Capital and IIk popula-

tion? Cd. — On what river is ('oncord? Mk. — Wliich is the nios

northern county? Cs.— The three most southern cnuntius 7 Cu.,

Hh., Rm.— In what county is the Capitall Mk. — What counties

contain each two county towns? Km., Sd., Gn. (County towns aredistinguished by a ring with a dot in it.)

84

VERMONT.

Raft on Lakt Chtmplaln.

1. Verhont is a mountainous but healthful and productive

state. The Green Mountains, from which it derives its name,extend through it from North to South, dividing it into twnearly equal sections.

2. The soil is fertile, and all kinds of grain, suited to the

climate, are produced in abundance. Cattle of various kinds

Fcrmont. Q.— 1. MHtat is Vermont ? What is said of the Green

* This river i« formed by the Pemigowasset and WinnipbeggeeThe latter ia ttw outlet of the lake of that name

P

il4 DBKt'RiPTiVB orxmRAriiv.

are rained with unut liuility ; tin- bw f, butter, nnd i,Ji00ii«,

uro well known lor their exeelli iire, and wtjol i8 an ihijKirtani

product.

3. This Htato is entirely in the interior, yet, by Lake C;hum-

plain, and tho Canal of the Nairn? nainn, steani-lxuilH and

other vesaeis huvo brought its territory into connection with

tbu sea.

4. Piirt "f tlio triiilo of Vermont (foi » hy t)io cniml tr) Alliuny, and

port <lowii Liikc Clmmplain to Montreal. Immciino raftx of linilHr,

containing Iiouxuh for lodKini; the crcw«, am nllin Bocn (ailing up tli*

Iftko lowarili tJio canal, on their way to Albany, and tlio lownii on tli*

Hudson.

5. Tho territory forniinflf thin Btntn wm flrrt explored by tho French

from Canada, hut waN Hrtll*'d hy tho Kn)(li»h nioru than a hundred yraru

ego. Durin^r thu revolutionary war, Virnionl oeled a connpieuoun part,

and tho nan<t> of Circien Mountain Hoy», acquired hy llio bravery of her

otdieri, has over been regarded oi a title of renown.

6. Montpolicr, tho capital of the itatc, in a neat littlo town on th«

Onion river. Burlin|;ton i* tho larj^rgt placo in tho state, and the most

commercial town on Lako Champlain. It contain! tho Univcriity of

Vermont, Thit place i» 38 milc« went from Montpelier.

7. Bennington, in tho outhwest corner of tho State, it celebrated

for tho victory obtained by General Strxrk, in 1777, over a detachment

of Honian* belonging to Burgoyno'a army.

8. Middlebury aiid Rutland, on Otter creek, and Brattleboro', Nor.

wioh, and WiuJgor, on tho Connecticut river, uro amall but HouriHhinij

towns ; tho latter oonUini tlio Norwich Univcriity. Middlebury ii tho

, of MiddJobury College.

Map No. 8. —What rivor bounds Vermont on the east 7 Ct. —What(rtate does it lepwate from Vermont 7 N..H.—What Lake bour.da

Vermont on the weit T Cn.—What state does it separate from Ver.

mont 7 N..Y.—What country lien north of Vermont 7 Ca. —WhatRtate lies wuth 7 Ms.—What four streams flow into Lake Champlain ?

Mo., L.'Kle., On., Or.—Wliat two Islands oro in Lake Champlain T

N.-H0., S-Ho.—These, witli a small peninsula lying north of tliom,

form the county of Grand Isle.—What Lake is partly in this state and

partly in ("anada 7 Me.—What mountaina extend through tho stato 7

Gn.—Which is the highest peak 7 Md.— How high is it7—Whatother peaks 7 CRp., Kn. — When wus tho battle of Bennington

fought 7 What rivers flow into tlie Connecticut 7

Mountains? 3. Of the soil? Cattle, &.C.? 3. What is said of thi

State ? 4. Of the trade 7 Of the rails on Lake Champlain 7 &. Tli*

Rovolutionory War 7 G. Describe Montpelier. 7. Bennington. 6. Amother towns.

Nof

lie

l"l

net

nit;

in

dis

Ma

lY.

butter, nnd lIiOgm,

nH)\ \h an inijxirtmu

ftst, by Lnk<^ (.'hum-

0, att'ain4K).it!< nm!

[ito coiincctiuti with

caiml to Alliuny, andmcniio raflx of tiiiilHT,

ten Hccn miiliiig up tli*

, and tliu luwnii un tli*

ixplorcil l)y tlio French

u tlinn a liiiiidrcd yraru

ted a conapiciiuuii piirt,

d liy tliu liravury uf lici

lown.

ncnt littlo town on th«

tho Btntc, and the must

taini tho Univvriity ofontpolicr.

Iio State, ii celobratud

777, over u dcluchaivnt

and Brattlcboro', Nor-

o Bniall but ItouriHhint'

Ity. Middlcbury is tho

I thaeMt? Ct.—What—What Lake boiu-.da

I it loparate from Vcr-

i^ermont 7 Ca.—Whnl' into Lake Chainplam ?

) in Lake Champlain 1

I lying north of tlium,

partly in thi« state and;nd tlirouirh tho Htnto 7

ow high 18 it ?—Whatbattle of Bonniugtou

It?

3. What ii Mid of tht

le Champlain 7 S. Tli*

7. Bennington. 6. Anu

IIAMACHtTIVrTf.

'85.

lis

Briliih (roopf •vieuiling Boftoa.

MASSACHUSETTS.

1. MAMAcnrsRTTs is tho ohlcst and most important of theNew B:nj{land Statrs. It is tho most thickly settled sectionof the Union, and is distinguished for tho enterprise and puUlie spirit of its citizens.

2. Tho njrriculturo in conductrd with iikill and inttlligpnco : but'-oHimcrcr, nianufiirturcH, and tho fialioricn, nro tho jfrcat objcctii ofpufBuit. The shipping omounlii to nearly ono.third of tho whole ownedin tho United Stuteii, includin|f a largo proportion of tho wlmlinir von.-ulg. MuHsnchuncttii ig tho leading State in railroadH, ond a ffreatornumber centre in Boston than in any other city of tho Union.

3. Tho literary, rcligioua, and charitable inntitutions of Masdnohii.Hctti, arc important, nnd in a flourighing condition. Harvard UnivcNmty, at CambridKc, ia tho oldeiit and Iwnt endowed literary CBtttblishincntin tho Union. Williami. CoIIesrc, at Williamatown, and Amhorot Col"ge, at Amliorat, are also rospcctablo in»titution«.

Ma,taehuiftti.Q~.l. What Is MasBach.,»cttn ? For what in itdlstingumhed? 2. NVhat ig .aid of tho agriculture 7 Commcrco7Manulaeurc. 7 Fiahories 7 Shipping 7 Railroads 7 .1. What i*•aid of literary and oUicr instifjlion* 7 Of Harvard UniveraitvT

i

116 DEacRirrivs osnniiArfiV.

4. Thin Slatf rdiiinitii ii iiiimlKr of (Icurioliinx Umnn «ntl

villagrn, many «)C wliith an' iliittiiinuitlml (iir tlui luutiu-M ol

ihfir buildint{N, iiiul llm «lfi{(Hic»i ui' lln'ir fliunlii'ii.

9. lUMtoti, tlin ('u|)Uul iif tlio HlntF, \» a.tuktcd nil « |m nliintila bI Hit

htad iif Miiaaai ln!« lis Day. '!'li!« tily i* riin«I.Uml ilm liiiinry nUiti.iinicriiul niilr<i|Kiliii i>l New KniflainJ. Il« iilii|i|'iiiK manimU I.,

inoro than ntiri i|{litli iiI'iIki wlmlii tuiiimgo ol'llio I'nioM, iiiul II* U%iU<

KxU'iiiU to all |Nirt» of lliK worlil. 'I'lii* i^lly ii tiotiil liir tliu miiiib> i

mill rlrguilrn iilltn |iillilii; iMIllilitltfM, illlliill|{ wlliill urn llir SlaUi lliiUM',

Uiu iNi'W .Miirki't lloilM', 'I'rciiluiit iluiiati, tliii lliwDital, Atr.

0. The Ann-rliMin Kt'volutiim cmmtioiiicd in lliwloii. Iln |i<irl wii»

ckiicd in 1774, liy order of tlie liritiah (•ovcrnniciit, and a |[iirrii«<n

pUcid in it. It \vii«, in conn'iimii' f, liinii ifrd liy tin' Aim rlimm uiidir

UtiiMral \Vit»hiii!(ton, mIiu cutiipillvd lliu tlrilluli tu jiiivu thu town.

'7. Cliirhalown ii coniuclid with

Dotton by thri!o hridgrii. It in iiituat<ul

on a |i«niniiiilii, tlin centre of wliiith i<

rccupied by lliinki'r llill, ci^lcliraii'd foi

Iho battle IniiKlit on it diirin|r tlio re.

volutiiiimry wur. Tlio lluiiter Hill

Monuniiint, biilU of Krnnite, U Q'JO fuit

high from iIh liimt', wliinli in thirty dit

quarc. ('uiiibri(l|;<'i thri-o iniloK nurtlk>

writ ul' Ikiitun, contuini Harvard IJnb

ruriity.

8. Muliiin la the aocond oily in tin;

atttto for coiniiii'rco, Ncwliury|mrt ha.t

considirablu trndo. Hcvcrliy, Glou-

ccMtcr,* anil Marlilchead, aro InrRcly

! cniriierd in tlio cod finhrrica, und Nun.turkrt and New Bedford carry on llui

whnlc.fiRliinK to a gruatur extent thanAinligr Hill MoniinMnt. any other |ducca in tlio world,

9. Lowell, on the Merrimack river, ia famoua for ita cotton and

woollen niiilii, and ita great extent of water power. Lawronco, a new

inanufactiiring town, on tlio aanio river, but lUrthcr down, Ima oImi

in extrnnivo water power. Tnnnton ond Full lliver arc conHiderablo

manufacturing towna. Lynn ia noted for the vaat amount of bt>ot«

und ahoea mndo in it; and Lexington for being the plaoo where thu

lirat battle waa fought during the revolutionary wur.

4. What doca tliia atato contain 7 5. Dencribo Dnaton. Ita ahipping.

Trade. Buildinpa, See. 6. What ia said of the American revolution /

What did the British Government do 7 What did the American army

do? 7. Describe Clmrloatown.&o. The Bunker Hill Monument. 8. Do-

acribe Salom, Ncwburyport, Nantucket, und Now Bedford. 'J. Deacribe

"""

Gloa'.tor.

r.

irikliiiitf lown* ant)

fur tlin itraliu'Ma ol

liiirt'lic').

(Ill « |N niiiiiiila at (lit

lirt'il till! Iili'liirv nil

*l>M'|'l"lt "KOltlllU I'

I'niiin, iiikI IU tr«ili>

iioti'il liir lliu tiiiiiibcr

li urn III)' Stiiiu lluUM',

wiiital, Ate,

lliwloii. Ill) |Hirt wiia

iiciit, anal a |{iirrii«t>ii

/ tilt' Aiiii rii iiiiit uiiilir

to ll'IIVU tliu (llWII.

n I* coiiiii'i'li d with

irldgn. It in nitimtiul

lin ctiilro of wliicli i«

kir lljll, cvlclirali'd for

, on it durinff tlio iv.

The liiiiikor Hill

of Krnnitf, U 9'JO I'ui t

M!, wIiIrIi ill thirty fu t

ili;c, tlirco niiloK luirtlu

loMtuini Harvard IJiii.

lie iiccond rily in tliii

CO. Ncwiiiiryimrt lia.t

Jo. Bcvcrliy, Olou-

ritlulicttd, aril lurecly

!(hI (liiliRricii, und Nun.Bodtiird curry un tlui

a 2I'''b'*''|^ extent lliun

In ttio world,

iitH fur ita cotton andlor. I.iiwronco, a newtirdicr down, Ima oImi

KivLT arc conHidcrablo

vait amouni of iKotii

g the plaoo where tliu

wiir.

Dniiton. Its ahippinf^.

American revolution 7

Id the American armyHill Monument. 8. Do-

it Dudrord. <J. Deicribc

IIIOUR IILANO. 117

to. At Plymouth Iho lint wittltira ur |ill|(riina landvil In lli« ytaI (Ml*. Thn iiiinivirniiry ol' lliut nvi'iit i« •till olwcrvtid, Wuri'tiatcr,*

M|iringrtrld, Niirlliiiinptoii, and I'lltnllclil, am all lliriviiiK mid imiHirluiii

towim. HpiiiiKlU^lil ciintalna nil I'lilted Htatva' uriimry, at wliuJi grea'nuiiilxira ul' lirunriiia ars inadu.

A/(i/i Nil. H.—WIml liimnita Mniimulminlta un tlin norlli ? N..II., Vt-On Ihu miiiih 7 |(,.|., Ct. —On Iho weal I N..Y. — What oceanon Ihu eail and auuih t Ai.— Ulmt tlirou moiinlnint are in Muaaa.uhuanlta I \Vt,, lie., Tin.—'I'hci tnuga wiat oI'iIki I'onnoctinit river, i«

cailed the Mouautonick .Mta. i it ia a eontiniiation of Iho (trern Mu.Which aro Iho [irinri|iiil rivira t Ct., Mk.—How long are lliey 7 Tlwotlior rivera 1 llo., Ilk., |)d., \Vd,, .Ma., (!«., N«,, t'd.--Wlmt cupca annn the roiiat 7 An,, Cd,, Mr. — Wlinl Imya I Ma,, C.Cd,, lla. — Wliallalttiida I Nt., ,\I,.Vd.—What coiinliea tlo thnau ixlnnda liiim 7 Nt., Da— Which ii the moat nurthirn county I Hx.— 'VUo moat ioutliern /

NL— The moat uaatcrn I lie. — 'I'lni moat weaturn 7 lie. — What ia

the capital 7 Un.— Ita popiil/itioii / In what county ia it 7 A., Suffolk

(.'ounty.— What four iilacca liuvo vucli a population of upwarda of

lU.OUj 7 LI., Hni., N.lld,, Cii, — In what year waa the battle of Ux-ingtun fought I liunkir'a Hill 1 1 What rail-road* contrt in lluaton 7

1 «ll by the Hculo what capital Ilea almiit !M> rniloa fVom Doaton. lid

—What county town in .Maine lioa a few inilu. farther 7 I'd.—Thia I*

the moat inifiortant place in the alute, and waa formerly the capital.

What county towna in Connecticut aru uIhiiiI the aarno djatanre fromUoBton OM Portland 7 .Mn., Ilin., N..Ln.— What iaiand belonging tn

Kliodu lalund ia not ijuilu ao far / Ilk. — What iaiand in Maiaachu.aetta ia about the aamo dialanco 7 Nt.— What ia the name of the

county and county town 7 Nt, — What doca thia iaiand carry on to a

great extent 7 pur. H.— How fur ia Providence IVom lionlun 7 Worce»lor7 Amherat? Exeter 7 How far ia Aiiguata 7 Moiitjielicr 7 In

what atatoa are the two loat ? What towna on .Moaaaciiuaetta Bay 7

87

RHODE ISLAND.

1. Rhode Iiiland ia tho smallest stato in tho Union, but ii

,)Ieasantly situated, and possesses numerous facilities fur coin-

mcrco and manufactures.

Lowell, Taunton, &,c. 10. Plvmouth and the other towni.

Rhode hlanii. Q.— I. What is Rhode Island 7 What doe* .'t p««

• WorcMter, Wooa'-tor.

t Tho flag denoting this battle is near Charlcstown,

Ill l>*«CRimTI ORnQHAPnY.

north- wisf, which to hilly and nx'ky, Vnrt of Ifw «tnti' hua• Ihiri mill |HKir m>t\, but ih<* i«lnn<l4 ImnlirinK <»> '^ NnrnMSiinM>lt itiiy arv ufgroal fiirtility, «ih1 aro crlKbrnird Ibr thrii

m rnitlf.

H. Thi« ^nfr \n «')»fr>n*ivp|y rngnitnl in lh«« mdnn mnnu-factiirr, nnd uniIc thi< liiul in thnt brnnch of indiMtrv. 'Urnt\nt co(t(>n<niill in'il««l in tho Unili'd Menliw wn* l>uiu hf'ff.

4. Rhmla lalnmt had no Cnniiiliillon nf fnvi<rnmi>nl fiir 17!) fmm,ficrpi Km ("h«rt«-r gmritKl hy Clm.lr. IJ, in |(1«.1. |n |H4'J, •ttur(onir ili»iii«i<ma, iH'r««ioiiri| liy parly dUTirnnriK, nrw CVitnliliitiiiti

wni liiriiir.i I,, , 1,11 ,1,1., i,t i|,„ iirno«, md ilmtUr In |irtnd|il« lu lh«('(in<itiiiiiii>iiii r,i the ullii r Dtitldi.

fl. rriividi'iirii, em llm riM r ofilir aiiiiin niim<<, .13 inllf* from Ihn wa,I* tlio f« <'.iiid tjly m Nrw Friifkiul In |>iipiiialiim, wenllh, and vmn.iimnc, it nirilnjiii Ihr Huio f|.)U««', Hrown I'nivrrKily, «li«i Anndf,

•

niiiitlNT of rliiiri III'*, Ac, Ita iiinniil'tiiiiri-a »rn varimia and lm|KiflanlU. N«W|iiift, mar tlir pnlrnnrn ol' NnrrnKanwll (lay, la nnii'd fur tlm

hwiHly of lU •tlunti>m and anlulirloii* air, lu Imrftmir la itiif of ihrllnrat in (Iki Unitrd Hiatra, KlKxIe laland, tin which it la allualrd, Iwa,from ita Uaiity and llrtility, h<'fn rallod llin IMi-n of Ainprict.

7. Hrialol la • hanilaoinr and llniirlaliinir town i ila Cirriffii andcoaatinf Iredn la i3i)naidi>ralili<. Thn villiidia of I'nwtmkci, Mlalrra.vIIIji, VVoonaorhcl, and i'.>wtiix«t, arn noted (iir Ihrir maniillir«iir«'a

j

tho Hral la aitimird on bolh aidt>« of Ihi* rnwliickit or Ulacliitunprtvor, and la partly in tliia aUlo, and partly in Muaauclmaiitta.

Map N». H,— Wlmt atnin Ixiiinda Rliodo lalnnd on tha north u\iMat' Ma,—Tho wtiat 7 Ct.—VVimt mian on tho aoulh 7 Ao.~WliatI* tha nr'nrlpat Imy 7 Nt. — Whirh arn ihti two prinripal iaUnda I

R.-Id., Ilk. — What roiiniy do thry IhIoiik to f Nt. — Which arn thaeapitula 7 Pc, Nt. Tliiir population J—In what county la Proviltnca 7

P«.— In which la Newport 7 Nl.

—^88

IJ

CONNECTICUT.1. CoNNBCTiciTT, tho Bouthcrnmost of thn Now Rnglnnil

StaUm, i« nototi forthopxcnilrnceof ilN litrrnryinatiliilionM.anil

Ibr Iho intclligpnrp, rntorprino, nmi wkhI more' i of lli** p«f)nli'.

8. It has B varied lurfacn of hill and du.' , ivjt is a>\Joni

waaT 9. What iaaaid of theoniintryt Of th»»,tu ^t. ,

' VhitI* tJiif (taU cngnKcd in 7 4. What la aaid of tha

'' n>i-''-.un A^hat

xrcurrttd In IHiU ) 5. Uricribe Providenc*. 6. Newport 7. Briatol,

Pawtuckat, Ac.

Ccnnettirvt. Q,— 1. For what b Connecticut noted 7 9. What ia

\l

IT.

bvdi. MKsrpt in ih«

krt of tlw tlntr hn*

ririK on th«i Narrn-

crli^brntni liir lh«ii

ilif cotton mntiii-

>ii iiKlimtrv. 'I'Im

• u.i« tHiili lii'ri'.

niiiirlil fiir 17') ynr*,*it).1. In IN't'J, alt' r

«, nrw ('onulituliiiii

lar In prIncipU tu lh«

13 inili-4 (Vnm Iha «>•,

tn, wrnllh, anil coin-

ivrralljr, th« Ari'iiil)', •

uriiiiia anil ImiMirianI

I liny, Ik niii<'<l fijr iIki

liiiriHHir U iitic of llifi

icli II la •llunlcil, haa,

•n of Ain<*rirfi.

vn 1 it* (iiri^iffii and^ I'nwliirkitt, Hlatrrii-

thrir maniilhfliiri'a

;

liickot or Ulackituiip

[uaiiucliUM)lt«,

nd on tha north and<i aoulh f Ac—Whatva |irllirlp«l lilandN I

Nt. — Which aril tha

:ounty ia Provi-lcnca 7

tho Ni'W Rnglnnrl

iryinHtitiitinnN, muiornl I 'if lli»« p-opU,',

kk; lilit in |i><idom

Newport 7. Briatol,

noted T 9. What ii

tmmmrmcvrr. llf>

akoul Houaa. Kmtgfaal. t., ih< W««.

nwuntainoui. Tho cliimte < hmillhnit. und tha loil ({nnonillygotxl, .!i»|Hs;mlly in th« valley of tho Connocticut river.

3. Tho chi<f [mMlu(;lii nm tho urninn, Ate. common to Nnwhnglnnil

! orclmrd* imi nuintiroua } ciJer ia producitti in con^itloniblo (juuntiiiuM j and l>ulli;r and ch«tii»« uro tnudo annual!)to a gruat amount.

4. Tho mnnufuctiiroB of Conn«)cticut aro extcnuivo amivarious. Tlio principal artichu aw cotton, woolNm, nnd ill<«ood«, clock*, cutlery, button*, carringoi. Ate. Tho for«igiiirndo ia chiofly with tho Wcit Indica, but ia JtMS cxterjaivcthan that along the coant.

fl. Tho proviwon mado for the public education of tho peo-plo in this Htnte, in nioro lil)*>rnl tliiin in any other pnrt of th»-

world. Tho intorcut of tho achool fund alforda instruction (oneorly ninety thousand ohildron.

S. Porhapt no Atlantio atats haa a<int ao larjre • number of tottv*and induatrioua aetUer* to tha wpitnrn country aa Connncticut i andher emi(rranU, wherever f.)mid, aro among the muat anterpriainff aniluidu.irioua part of the population.

aald of the aurfkce r Of tho ollmato and aoilT 3. What are tha ohie'pr(iduolji 7 What i* aaid of orchard., he. 1 4. Of tlie nianuntoturaa ?

The principal articlct 7 Tho foroi,{n Uade ? 5, Public education

'

What do«» Iho iotarcat of the aohool Aind alTord T 6. What ia aaid of

maWBt

r-

•i

I

ft.,

20 UESCniPTIVE OEOaRArilY.

7. Tlio neat of government in divided bclwr i Now Ilavon and Hart

mi. The former is •ituatcd at the bolto..i of a inmll buy upcnini;

nlo Long Iglnnd P ;Mnd. Jt is built in squ nis, with straight and wid»

itreots, and itr rcgniurity and neotncss aro much admired.

8. i ale College was removed to tliis city from Saybrook in 1717.

OosidcD the eollogc buildings, there arc several churches and ol'ier pub

to euifiz-es tliat excite attention. Tlio board ing-schooU and seinrnarien

"or youth of both sexes aro highly r'lspcctablo and well conaucted.

9. Hartford is on the Connecticut river, 50 miles from iu mouth.

Ui ring a few years past, it has rapidiv increased in commerce, popu-

ation and weal'h. It is the scat of Wosliin^ton ColLgo, and of the

\sylum for the Deaf and Dumb, the first institution of the kind estn-

ilishod in the United Stales. Wethcrsfii'ld, 4 miles south from Hurt-

;brd, is noted for its trado in onions. It contains the State Prison.

10. New London and Stonington employ a number of vessels in the

//halo and seal fisheries. Middletown and Norwich are extensively

ngaged in manufactures, Litchfield was long noted for its law-

ichool ; Bristol and Plymouth tor their manufactures of clocks ; Col-

insvillo for axes, and Watcrbury for buttons. Saybrook was the first

place in tiiis state occupied by the English.

89

Map No. 8. —What sta'e bounds Connecticut on the north 7 Ms.

-On the cast? R.-L—West? N.-Y.— South? L.-L Sd.— Howlong is Long I. Sound ? To what state docs I-ong I. belong ? N.-Y.

—What r'vers flow into the Sound ? Ct., Ts., Hk. The length of

each ? How far is the Connecticut navigable ? For what kmd of

vessels 7 The Housatonick ? Point out tho other rivers. What is the

population of New Haven 7 Of Hartford 7 Which are tlie four next

largest towns, and their pq 'ulation 7 N.-Ld., Dy., Nh., Ld.—On what

river is Now London 7 N Vb ' Mid'lletowm ? Iladdam ? &.C

How many miles is it by tlie scitle from New Haven to Hartford ?

What county town is about tho same distance 7 Ld. —The city of

New York, Northampton on the Connecticut river, and Block Island,

aro all about tho same distance fiom New Haven. How many miles

is it 7 Harvford is nearly half way between New YorkXand Boston.

How many miles is it from each? New Haven is about the same dis-

lance from Newport, Providence, and Worcester. How many miles is

it? Hartford is situated very nearly halfway between the eastern and

western extremities of the state. How many miles is it from each ?

Hartford is about the same distance from Providcnso and Poughkeep-

sie. How many miles is it from each 7 How far is New Haven fi-om

'.he north lino of the sUte 7 From tlio north-east ox)rner of the state 7

From the ncrth-west corner?

lettlers to the western country ? Ofemigrants 7 7. Of the seat ofgovern-

nent 7 Describe New Haven. 8. Yale College, &c. 9. HarVfbrd. 10.

Wbmi ia Mid ofNew Lcndon 7 Stonington 7 Norwich 7 LitcLi'ek) 7 &Cl

^»H*)*i

'HY.

•^ New Havon and Harl-

ot' a inmll bay upcnini;

, with Btrai(;ht and widn

th admired.

rom Saybrook in 1717.

churnhcH and ol'ior pub^-huIiuoIh an<i iieiiifnarioii

and well conauclod,

) miles fl-om iu mouth.

iBud in commorce, popu-

;ton Colk-go, and of thc

;itution of tho l<ind efltn-

milc8 Boutli 'from Hurt-

ins tho State Prison,

number of vessels in the

Norwich are extensively

long noted for its law-

ifuctures of clocks ; Col-

Saybrook was the first

cut on the north? Ms.

outh? L..1. S(l.— HowLong I. belong? N.-Y.

fs., Hk. The length of

rlo? For what kind of

thcr rivers. What is the

Which arc tlie four next

Dy., Nh., Ld.—On whatiwn7 Haddam? &cNew Haven to Hartford ?

nco 7 Ld. —The city of

river, and Block Island,

ivcn. Huw many miles

New York\and Boston,

en is about the same dis-

itcr. How many miles is

f between the eastern and

f miles is it from each 7

ovidenco and Poughkeep-IV far is New Haven from

-east corner of the state 7

7 7. Of the seat ofgovern-

tje, &c. 9. Harlford. 10.

!{orwich7 LitcLI'ctd? he.

\

MIDDLE STATES.1. The Middle States comprise New York, New Jersey,

Pennsylvania, and Delaware. They occupy one of the finest

portions of tho Union, and are distinguished for tlioir rapidgrowth in prosperity and wealth, and for the enterprise andindustry of their inhabitants.

2. These slates exhibit some of the most mountainoustracts in the Union. The Alleghany, the Blue Mountains,and other ranges, stretch through the country from !=iuth.

west to north-east. They are almost universally coveredwith forests, and contain many wild solitudes among themthat are seldom or never visited by man.

3. The climate is generally more mild than in the NewEngland States, except in the northern parts of New York,where tho cold of winter is equally severe.

4. A great portion of the soil of tho Middle States is fertile,

well cultivated, and produces large crops of excellent wheat,

Middle Statei. Q.—l. What do the Middle States comprise? Whatio they occupy 7 For what are they distinguished 7 2. What dottiese states exhibit 7 WitL what are thsy coverwl? 3. W lat is mid

122 DESCRIPriVE OEOQRAPHT.

pi

n

Indian corn, rye, oata, and builoy. Tlic fruiu are ch; efly

npples, pearn, |)«aches, and plums.

5. Tlic most useful minerals, coni, iron, salt, and lime,

abound to a great extent in various parts of the country ; and

mininj; is actively pursued, esiwcially in the coal regions of

Pennsyi mia.

6. The commerce of the Middle States is extensive, and is

carried on chiefly through tlie cities of New York and Phila-

delphia. The internal trade is greatly facilitcted by the

numerous canals and rail-roads which extend through the

different parli, of the country.

7. The manufactures are important and various ; a vast

amount of capital and labour is employed in their fabrication,

and thousands of both sexes are sup|)ortcd by them.

8. In the Middle States common-sch y)\ education is not so

general as in most parts of New England, except in the state of

New York, where great attention has been paid to the subject.

9. In Pennsylvania, a ny»tnin has been adopted that will afford the

mcunH of education to all cla»BOB of tho people ; tlio «P,nio is mainly

true respecting New Jersey ; but in Delaware, tiio plana putHUcd for

that purpose liivo not aa yet proved very efficient.

91

10. Tho great body of tlio people in tho Middle StatCB are of Sritish

descent ; but in some parts of Pennsylvania there arc many Germans,

who s|)eak only their own language, and are o<\cn ignorant of the

Englisli tuiigui. In New York and Now Jersey, there are a number

ol" the desctiKiitniy ol tho original Dutch settlers of Now York, and in

some sections tout laiiguoge is partially spoken.

11. At the close of the revolutionary war, so many emigrants from

the eastern states settled in New York, that a majority of the present

population of that state are natives of New England, or their descend,

ants. These, by their industrious habits, their enterprise and general

inteUjgence, have contributed much to the prosperity of that section

of tlrei Union.

of the climate T 4. Of the soil? The crops 7 5. What is said of the

minerals? Of mining 7 6. The commerce? The internal trade 7

7. The manufactures 7 8. Of cimmoii-schooi education? In New

Vork 7 9. In Pennsylvania 7 In New Jersey and Delaware 7

10. Of what descent are the great body of tlie people 7 What, of

the Germans? Dutch? 11 Of emigranU fnim the New England

xiules 7 What have tliey contributed /

l> TOj» ittii«ijiW>,Ti il*»iii<iii>"im<inii»*»j. '

HY.

c fruits are chiefly

ron, salt, and lime,

of the country ; and

I the coal regions of

I is extensive, ond is

ew York and Phiiu-

r facilitctcd by the

extend through the

and various ; a vast

I in their fabrication,

cd by them,

il education is not so

except in the stole of

1 paid to the subject,

ptcd that will aflford the

c; tho «pjno is mainly

tho plans pursued for

Qnt.

Idio SUtCR are of Sritish

cro arc many tiurmans,

D often iipiorant of the

Bcy, thcro arc a numberrs of Now York, and in

n.

o manv emigrants from

majority of the present

glnnd; or their descend,

r enterprise and general

rosperity of that section

5. What is said of the

7 The internal trade 7

X education? In Newy and Delaware 7

ftlie people 7 Wha*. of

Tum the New England

NBW YORK. 123

Map m.U. —Which is tho largest of the Midd'e BUtes 7 N.. Y.—The second in extent ? Pa.—Third? N..J.— Fourth 7 Dc.—Whichextends fiirthcst north and east 7 N.-Y.— fkiuth ? Do.—West? Pa.—Which state has tho greatest extent of soa-coast ? N.-Y. —Which hasno sea-coast? Pa.—The Middle States extend iVom latitude 36^ to 45degrees.— How many degrees of latitude, then, do they include?TItcy extend fVom longitude .'i degreeii r.nnl of Washitigton, to about.li west 7— How many degrees of longitude do tJicy include 7 —Which is tho largest Island bt'longing to tho Middle States? Lg.—What is its length 7— Tho next in size? Sn.— This Island formiRichmond county, in Now York,—Wliieh are tho principal moun-liiiiis ' Ay., Be., CI., Mn.—Which is the highest mountain 7 My.—How high is it 7—Which are the chief rivers that flow into the Ocean T

Hn., I)e., 8a.—Which two form tho Ohio? Ay., Ma. — How longare all thcso rivers?—Which state has tho greatest extent of lake,

coast I N..Y.— The next 7 Pa.— 1 low long is each of these lakes I

— For what are they navignhlc 7— How fur is it from New York to

Bristol, England 7— From New Jcrsoy 'n Italy 7— From Delaware to

Turkey 7— From Philadelphia to Norfolk 7

92

NEW YORK.

View of the lower part of the City of New York.

1. New York is the most flourishing, wealthy, and popu-lous state in the Union. It exhibits one of those amazingexamples of growth and prosperity that are no where seen onthe globe beyond our own borders.

New York. Q.— 1. Wlwt is Now York? What does it exhibit?

ll!'J

Hi t

... 124 OE8CRIPTIVK GCOaRAPIIT.

m 8. The northern portion of the stuto is, in part, mountain-oua, and but thinly Hottled ; tho eastern is hilly, and tolurubiy

productive ; whilt! tlie Vvestcrn part is level, remarkably fer-

tile, and increasing ra|)idly in population.

8. Tho agriculture is well conducted. Wheat is tho chiefstaple J but corn, rye, and other grains, are extensively ciilti-

vatcd. The flour is of excellent quolity ; and, with otherprovisions, is largely exported.

4. Tho mnnufncturos are extensive nnd flourishing, and tho

commerce of the state is on a great scale. Near three-dflhs

of tho imports, and more than one-fourth of tho exports of tho

Union, are made by Now York alone.

6. Iron ore is found in great abundance, one' lead, gypsum,and limestone, also abound. There uro numerous and im-portant salt springs at various places. The principal are at

Salina and Syracuse, where more than four million bushel*of salt are made annually.

0. The mineral springs of Ballston and Saratoga are wellknown throughout the Union for their medicinal qualities, andare much visited from all quarters. The waters aro largely

,'||] I exported to the other states, oiid even to foreign countries.

7. This state sliarcs with Canada Wcst.Uio Falls of Niagara, oneof the greatest worJcrs of the western continent. Tlio widest andmost imposing port of this cataract is on iJic Canadian side ; wliilethat on the Now York side, tliough narrower, is sovoral foot higherthan tlie otiier,

8. New York is distinguished for its magnificent publicworks, of which the Erie, or Great Western Canal, is thelargest in the state, and orte of tho principal works of thekind in the world.

9. The success attending its completion and use, fully convinced thepcupio of tho United States of the advantages of works of internal ini-provomcnt. There arc, likewise, a number of other canals, and alsoruil-iouds, in successful operation, besides some that are partially com-pleted.

2. What is said of the northern part 7 Eastern 7 Western 7 3, Theagriculture? 4. Manufactures 7 Imports 7 Exports 7 5. Iron oreic. 7 Salt springs 7 IIow much salt is made annually 7 6. What is'

said of the mineral springs 7 7. Of the Falls of Niagara? 8. How. is New York distinguished 7 What is said of the Erie canal 7 9. Of>ther canals and rail-roada 7

X01

aSt

Ul

w

jt

I"

mSi

re

th

in

un

su

45wilio

daminocoi

amoil

hui

roi

the

Cit

ton

clii

ila

tho

in

alli

13.

H:iii

trai

IIY. NBW YORK. 12A

I, in part, mountain-I liilly, and tolerably

vel, remarkably for-

Wheat is tlio chief

uro extensively ciilti-

y; and, with other

i flourishing, nnd the

!. Near thrce-liOhs

of the exports of the

c, anr' lead, gypsum,I numerous and im-

riie principal are at

four million bushelv

d Saratoga arc well

:dicinal qualities, andi waters are largely

foreign countries.

Fiilla of Niacnra, onelent. Tlio widest and3 Canadian side ; whilei» sovorol foot higher

magnificent public

Dstcrn Canal, is the

icipal works of the

use, fully convinced theif work§ of internal im-other canals, and alsothat ore partially com-

i7 Western? 3. TheExports? 5. Iron ore,annually ? 6. What is

of Niagara? 8. Howiie Eric canal 7 9, Of

0310. Very ample provision has \wcn made for popular education in this

state J ami tliero is no country in the world wliuro tlio great liixly of tliopioplo liovc the incanH of k-ing no generally instrueted as in New York.More tlian 700,000 children are taiiglil annually in the coniinon.nchooU

:

and there arc, also, 880 acadeinita, 1 1 collcgfH, and a univerNity.11. The people of New York, during the revolutionary war, "utrcnn

«j»ly mipo8«;d fne arbitrary inrusureH oftho Uritish govcrniiienl. Tiiertatc, for the greater part of that gloomy p<;riod, was tin; theatre ofuetivo hostilities j and the surrender olCJciirral Hurgoync and his army,with other memorahle events, took pluee within its limits.

12. The city of New York Ih siluatcd on Manhattan island, at thisjonction of the Hudson and Kiist rivers. It is tlio commercial cm-porium of America

; and is, next Ui Londim and Liverpool, the greatestin the world. Its progress in pojiulation has never been surpassed.Since 17!»6, it has, including IJrooklyn, increased more than ten-fold.

13. The foreign, coasting, and inland trade of this city is immense >

regular packets arc constantly trading to the chief sea-ports in Europe,the West Indies, bouth America, and all the important in.nritimo townsin the United States. Stcam-shijis also are constantly arriving from,and departing to, England, and other European countries.

14. One of tiio most important works in the state is tlio aqueduct forsupplying tJio city witli wholesome water from the Croton river. It ia't.'i miles long, andwill furnish 60 mil-

lion gallons ofwaterdaily: it cost 12^million dollars. Thisnoble structure wascommenced in 1 835,and was built at thoexpense of tlio city.

15. The public

buildings arc mime-rouB, and many ofthem elegant. ThoCity Hull, now Cus-tom House, Mer-chants' Exchange,

City Hall, New Yorlc.

Hall of the University, Artor House, Hall of Justice, &c., are amongthe most striking and important Tho churches are upwards of 1 ;0m number.

„ ," /. ^J!^" education ? How many children are taught annn.

IvLJ ' -.^ " *""' "'' ""' I^OP'" °f New York 1 Of the State 11 a. Where is tho city of New York situated ? What is it 7 What iiH lid of Its progress m population ? 13. Foreign, coasting, and inlandtrade ? 14. Dio Croton aqueduct 7 15. Mention the public buildings

-«

%

m

I'M DEHCIIimVB aHOORArilY.

Great Firs in Naw York.

16. Thii city •ufforcd a iiovore lufi by the great fire of Dcccnilxir

16th, 1835, which doitroyod 530 building*, and other property to tiio

•mount of more tlian wvontoen iniilions of dollttrn.

17. Br«x)klyn, on tlio opponitii itido of the Euat river, in projicrly a

nburb of Now York. It coiniimndR a delightful view of tlie city unil

Durrmmding country, and in a plunHant place of rcBidonne. Above NowYork, on the HudHon, is WcHt Point, tijc Hont of the United State*'

Military Academy for the initruction of officcrn of the army.

18. Albany, the capital cf tlie ituto, ia 15U miles north of the citv of

Now York. It ii the centre of an extensive and important inland

trade, being connected with the ocean by tlio Hudion river, with lakcN

Erie and Cliamplain by the State cunals, and with Boaton and Duffklu

by one of tlie fmeit rail-roadi in the Union,

9i-

19. Newburg, Poughkeepsie,* Catakill, Hudson, Troy, and Lansing,

burg, all on the Hudson, are flourishing towns. Schenectady, Uticn,

Syracuse, Rochester, Locknort, and Buffalo, are the moHt im|)ortuiit

pfnccH on the Eric canul. The latter m the ^'"at cm|H)rium of tlin (rridn

on Lake Erie. Rochester is noted for its numerous tl Mir-iiiiIlK, und

Syracuse for the vast quantity of salt made there, and in tlio vicinity.

20. Besides those, there are many other thriving towns in various

ports of tlie state, ofwhich, Rome, A uourn, Geneva, ('anandaigua, Itiiuca,

Oswego, Sackett's Harbour, and Plattsburg.iirc the principal, Plattsburg

is noted for the two victories gained over tjic British in 1814, Sackett's

Harbour vas the chief naval station on Lake Ontario in the lato war.

Ifi. What is said of the Great Fire ? 17. CcscrilKs Orooklyn, &o.18. Albany. 19. Nrwbuig, &c. 20. The other towns,

• To-kcp'-sy,

^

h

l(

ri

tl

tl

m•I

N

NSi

of

01

ho

hi

le great fire of Dcccnil)«r

ind other property to tiio

lolkr*.

EuBt river, in proficrly a

litt'ul viow ol'tlio city uiiil

of rcBidenne. Above Nowicat of the United Htatoi'

ccm of the army,miles nortli of the city of

ivo and important inland

I Iludion river, with InkcN

1 with Boaton and Dufiklu

idaon, Troy, and LanHin^-

vna. Schenectady, UtiL.i,

, ore the nioNt ini|)ortuiii

"•at cm|K)rium of'tlin Inidn

numerouH H Mir-niiilK, undtlicro, and in tlio vicinity,

thriving townii in varioUK

icvn, ('anandaigtm, Itliucn,

clht'principiiK PlattHburi;:

Dritiah in 1814. Sackett'M

;o Ontario in the lato war.

. Dcdcrilio Oroolilyn, <bo.

athcr towna.

N«W JRRHBY. 137

Map So. 11.—WhatprovinccR Iwund Now York <m tlio nortii I CWt-C..Et,— What Htatoa on the mxith / I'a., N..J.— On the enat 7 Vt,Ma., Ct — What ere the three moat northern coiintioa 7 H..Lc., Fn.,Cn,— Moat aoutiiorn 7 Rd. — MiiHt euatcrn 7 Hk. — M<»t wcntcrn I

C<!.— What two (Trent Inkca aopnratc New York from Canada Weat T1.0., Oo.— How \„ng are thoy I What river forma part of tlio boundarywtween this state and Canada Wmt 7 H.-Ia). — llow long i« it 7 Howl<)n(f la Lake Chamulaiu 7 (Icorijc 7 Omida7 Hkenoatelea 7 Caynira '

H<Meca7 Cannndalifua 7 Cr<«>krd and Black I,nkea7 What throerivera flow into I^ko Ontario 7 (;o., Oo„ Hk.— What fi)ur flow intothe St. Lawrence river 7 H.-Ra., Rt., OH.,Oe. — Which river flowa intoUio Atlantic Ocean 7 Hn. — Which ia the \atgc»t branch of the HuiU»n river 7 Mk. — Tell the lenjftha of all the fi)regoin(f rivers. Howmony miles ia the Hudson river novi)rublo for stcaiii.l.oaU? For*ioopa7 For shiira 7 What river unites I.nkea Erie un.i Ontario 7Na.~ How hiirh is Mt. Marcy 7 The Catskill Mu. 7

What island is in Niagara river 7 (3d—What celebrated fhllsonthaNiagara rivor 7 Na.—What island forms one ofthe counties ofthe state 7

r,~ . .* '".,"•' .•=""'»"'» ""•''« counties 7 I,g.— What is the lenirth"

,f,.*;'''"*' '

^''"t *!""'' "cparutes it fVom Connecticut 7 Pointout Uie different places at which battles were fought, and tlwir dale*

,iih,ii U'

Ballls of Trenton.

NEW JERSEY.1. New Jersby pas.sosscs considerable variety of surface,

hoing mountainous in the northern parts, moderately love! inho middle, and low and chiefly sandy in the south.

Mfia JtriMf. Q — 1. What does New Jersey |io«sess 7 a What it

w138 DKaCRIPTlVB UlSOOHAPIIV

'2. McMt of thn soil is will ciiltivitU'il, nmi prodiicon thfl

varioiu (^ruiiiit (-(iiniiKHi to this part of tlm I'imdh, with rniiis

nnd vgfilalilrH in aliutuliinco, which siipply Iho tiiurkels of

tho largo vJdvH in thu udjactiit Htutts.

3. Tho miiiuifiictun;a arc extensive nnil flourisliing. Theycomprise cotton and woollen goods, with various articles of

iron, glass, leather, 6i.c.

4. Some important canals and rail-roads extend through

the state, ond udd greatly to the facilities of ititcreourse bo-

tween the northern and southern parts of tho Union.

5. The |K^(ii»lo of New Jirnoy boro their ftill uliaro in tlio iwriU nnil

hardahl|w of tno ruvohitinii ; and HoniR of thu inuMt iin|Nirtaiit iMittk*

of that period wore fuuKlit wiliiiii Iho liiniti of tlio iituto.

6. Trenton, on tho Diiawarc river, nt tho liend of «iile-wator, ti tho

rnpital of New Jcriey. It liiin c»iiHideral)l« triidu and iimnutHctureN,

und in noted fur tliu cu|)turo of tiiu Iluaaiauii in 177ti, hy ijunoral

WaRhingtoii.

7. Newark, 10 milo« wort from New York, i* tho lar^eit town in

the Btatc. It i« well built, and ha* extenHivo nianufiietiireii. NowUrunswirk, on tho Ruritan river, ii a place of coniilderfthlo triido. It

oontaina Rutgcra College, a highly rcapoctiiblu literary iiiHlitution.

8. PaterHon, at tho fall* of tho Paanaic river, i« ono of tlio principal

manufacturing towna in tlio country. Hero nro nuniormn inilla, fac-

torica, foundcriea, and ull tho ditferent oatablishnieiitH neceaanry in a

place devoted to the fkbricution, on a largo acole, of cotton and wooUon

goodi, paiK-r, and machinery of vurioua kinda.

9. Princeton, 11 milca north-coat of Tronton, is a neat and ploaaant

town. It ia tho acat of New Jeraey College, ono of tho oldcat an<l

moat rcapcctablo literary inatitutiona in the Union. Elixabetiitown,

Burlington, Canidon, and Salem, aro thriving towna.

Map No. 11.— What bounds Now Jeraey on the north T N..Y.—What on the caat 7 A..On., N.-Y.— Weat ? Pa., Do.— What river

aeparatca Now Jeraey from Pennaylvania and Delaware 7 Do. — Whatriver aoparatea it from Now York 7 Hn.— Which aro tlio throe prin-

cipal rivcra of New Jeraey 7 Pc, Rn., Me.— Which ia tho most

northern county 7 8x.— The moat Bouthorn7 C.-My.— The most

eaatern 7 Bn.— The most woatern 7 Sin.— What Capo at tho aoulh-

ern extremity of Now Jersey 7 My.— What Bay on tlio aouth-weat 7

Do, When were tho battles of Trenton, Princeton, Monmouth, and

«aid of tho aoil 7 What docs it produce 7 3. What ia said of the

manufactures 7 What do thoy comprise ? 4. What extends through the

itate 7 5. Whot is said of the (leoplc 7 6, Describe Trenton. 7. Nowark. N«w Brunswick. 8. Futcrsun. 9. Frincetou, and otlier towns

ox

in

fai

ric

W(

all

CO

till

an

anirii

IIV

I, nnil prodiicoii the

I) IJpioti, with IruiiM

iply llio luurktU of

I flourishing. Tht-y

I variouH urticlvs of

indx extend through

.'8 of ntercourw) bo-' the Union.

tiliaro in tlio |>orilN nnil

riiuMt im|Nirtaiit baUkit

tlio Ktuto.

i'hJ of Itilc-wator, in thu

ulu anil iimnutlictureN,

II ill 1770, liy Cjurioraj

i* tlio larf^btt town in

) iiiaiiuructiinMi. Nowcuniiiilc'raliiu trndo. It

literary iimtitution.

, ix ono of tlio principal

ro ntiniurmiii mills, lac-

hniciitH noccDHnry in a

B, of cotton and woollen

, is a noat and pleasant

ono of tho oiliest amiJnion. Elixabetlttown,

» the north T N.-Y.—Pa., Do.— What river

Iclaware 7 Do. — Whalhich are tlio throo prin.

— Which is tho most7 C.-My.— The mostV^hat Cu)io at tho south-

Bay on tlio south-west 7

iccton, Monmouth, and

I. What is said of the

hat extends through the

!ribo Trenton. 7. Nowcetou, and otlier towM-

Mr»i»«YtvA?irA. 120

Rod Bank, fouirhtt In which lounly is Trenton f Mr. — Newarli 7

Ex. — I'ulurnon I I'c.— New llriinnwitk > Mx. —What is (lie jKipu-latiiin of each of Huso towns ] On what river is Newark / Ourlinf•on ? Camden ? Jtc.

SJii|i u( till) Uiio rtnniylvtnla.

PENNSYLVANIA.

1. Pennsyivania is, next to Now York, tho largest in

extent of tho four Middle Stntcs, and tho second in populationin the Union. It is higiily di,stinguished for its various nmnu-factures, vast mineral resources, and extensive public works.

2. Tho interior of the ntato is traversed by tho dilTerentriilges of tho Alleghany Mountains, whilo tho eastern andwestern sections aro level, -or moderately hilly.

.'J. Tho soil is generally well cultivated, and yields inuliundunco wheat, corn, and other grains, with all tho fruitiI'ommon to the Middle States.

4. Tho mineral wealth of Pennsylvania is probably groalei'ban that of any other state in the Union; coal, iron, and lime,are found in vast quantities, and suit springs are numerous.

Penntyhania. Q.—1. What is Pennsylvania? For vhat is it disanguished 7 8. What is said of tho interior of tho state 7 Tho castini and wmtcrn cactiona 7 3. Of the soil 7 4. The minoraJ wealU* J

H

111'

PENcnirrivB ommjiiapiiy.

ft. Tho wnrkn of intfrrml improvrmitil iiln-iuly t'onipl* i> H,

hnv« iirldcd unatly In ihf iiitiTiniiriM' lK'tw<-«n ihi-fiidiirn mid

W(<:Hti'rii iiiirtM of thit ('ni<in, iiiul nri) rnpiilly incniuiiiig tim

imdi* niiii ciitnincrcit of tlio hUiU\

fl. No j(in«rnl nynlfni of <diicntion wnii ndontrd in I'liuw

•ylvdiiiii till l'*'M, Hiiio<> ilwtt imthkI, tlin nurii)i*'r of mli<M>l«

niul McholitrH htiM K"'"''y iiii-nnscd. llt'MidcM miirlv 7,(Ht(l

common NchooU, with M7(I,(IU(I Hcholiint, lli<'r<< Ih a Ifni'vrrNitv

,

rJKhtc-n ('olli<((ir«, and ii niimlxT of ruii|M}ctnblu acadotnn "•

und priviito hcIiuoIn in tho stuto.

Olrard CuU<i(*.

7. Tlin Oirard Cu)lc|(o, for orphani, near Pliiliidolphia, wai ciuluwi'd

by tlie niiinilicvnco of a private tiiitividuu'l, Stephen Girard, wlin d.i'il.iii

tM33, and loll two niilliona of dullara fur Uiu purpowi of erecting uiid

upiMirtiiig tho iniilitution.

H. I'cnnHyivania wan aettlod by a colony of F^iRlinh QtmkerN, nr

FriuiiilH, under the (riilduiieo of VViiliiini I'enn, whoHe lilieral viuwH in

government and reli|;inn loid jUNt |Milii:y toward* tliu niitivoa, ciihiiiviI

the proH|M'rity of tlio eulony, nnd pr<;>crved peace for many ycura

between the Indiana and whiti< actller*.

9 Tiiiii atato acted a conapicuuiu ptirt in tho war of tho rovohitiun.

5. Tlio worka of internal improvement 7 What have they added ?

6. What ia fuiid of education? Of thu nunibrr of achoola? 7. Girard

nollege? 8. Who nettled PennRylvu.niii? What ia aaid of William

Ponn 7 9. How did tho atate act during the revolution?

w

•II V.

il alri'tuly <'nnipli ut\,

ipiilly mcnaiiiiig tt\»

m» nilojiti'd in Perm.

ho niirnlit'r of ncIuniU

|kMi<l«(i miirlv 7,(HMl

IIkTu JHtt l'lllV«rNit\,

rM|M-ctnblu acadoniK )

liladoIphU, wai ciuluwi'd

|i|irn (tirard, wlin d.ril.iii

pur]iuwi of orc'utinK and

of RiiftliHli QtiakorH, nr

I, wliuHti lilic'ral viuwH in

UlU tllU IllltivOi, CIIHIIK'd

pcaco for many yvura

10 war of tlio rovohitiun.

Vhat have they added ?

rufuchooli? 7. Girard

/hat il mid of Wiliiaiu

rovoluUon ?

rBNNIVLVAKIA. 131

It wm In hor rhief rity that ilorioii* dtrUratiofl wi\» rnntlr, whichOiHH'rtiMl and idnrnd mi a •urn liii«i< Ihn civil and |miIiUi fit rlyhta ofnuiikitid, ami liirmud a imw urn la tha hiatory uf tliu world.

07-

10. Ilarrlahurff, the rapital of the itittc, la p)e<t«antly «itiiMi><i on th«aa>t iHink of tlin Huw|iiflliaiin'i rivvr, !IH iiij|i<ii wfnt of I'liiludvlphia. Itroiitiiliin ihci ilata fa|iili>l, and otlii'r piildii: lmildini;ii.

'I. I'lill.'idi'||ilii4 in linn of tli<i iiUMt rri;iiliir mid linii>Uoini-|y.liulll

»itii« ill Aiiiiruii. It •tiinilM mi llio wi «l li^iiik of lln' l».liiwur« rivrr,inw liiiiidnd tiiili'ii IViim tlin mm, niid im iinlrd tiir tlio cli anIiiiuM uf lli«

•tri'i'lii, itiid lli« iii'ot np|H<nriiii'ii of llin lMiildiii|(».

t'j. Ill niiiiiutiK'tiirca, it ii oiwi of ilii< tlrat i'iiir< in tlio UiiintvTill' liinlijii rriinmi-rro I* viry coiiHidiriildi', and llio inland triidu withtho Wr«ti>rii SliitiK ia valimbli' and ixlinxivo. Tlin ('»|Mirt,ilion of coajuinployi many vrmicU and iin-n, and a larjfo amount of lupiliil.

1.1. Pliiladilpliitt il cidohrutcd iin ,i u-iit of lilcraliini and irlcnco,MIKTiiilly of Mil ilirni Kcicmcn. 'I'liii I'liiviriity of riiinHylvunia andllif JutTirKon Midltal School iMttli tsiijoy a liltfh rcputiilion. Thepublic and urivato ichooU are numeroui and wJll uttundud ; and tlui

oity aboundi iq benevolent and rrligiotu iniiitutlona.

Wire Bridia oyer tho ehuylkill river, wild pun of Pnlrmotinl.

14. It il aUo adorned with many handHoine public buildiniri, ofwhich tho CuHtoin IIouio, Mcrclmnli' Kxclmngo, and Mint, aro the

10. DcicrilM! Ilarrinbursr. 11. What ii inld of Philadelphia 7 Forwhat II It noted ? 13. What ii laid of iu maiiufirlurei I CommiTce 7hxporttttion of con! 7 1.1. For what in I'hiludelpliia ccl.hratcd 7 What«•« numoroui 7 In what duoi tlio city abound I 14. With what ia it

ii

T

M

IS'J ItRM'RimVH ORntiHAriir.

mnal okfiinl. Tim Alnia.lliHiM, Miiil« Pmiiiinllarjr, NaviiI A«yliini.

ukI (iiraril ('<ili<'Ku, sll ii««r Uhi illy, itru Uigu and liii|N>rliiiit viliiin >

lA. 'fli)' Kmritiiiitnt wiilvr-wnrliii, on lit* Hiliiivlkill* rl« >r, iimiIv

Um elty wtlli (iiirH miiiI mIiiiUkiiiiiu witlir, wlilu'. m runvKynl In |il|Hm,

r ffoiirnl, In i!*rry ilirtrtli.n, lU'wn in lli<«> wurfcx lliiTi' I* »n

III wlri' l.rlilifB, ;U7liil In Unijlli, mill 10). .t ,i.,.. il.. >

Um river. Two niiirr brlilgi* iriwn il»' .-^i iiii>i lii iuu . i li i

dly tIMi Niirllicrn l.ilwrlli arv ItKlidU vvitli u.ta in a miiHriKr ihuihi' >

16. Tli:i kIiIiiuI' llit> iimi i'l nnaylviiiilti wiu l«iill Inn-, anil Ihiiik Ii-

In l*>^1. 'Ilil« vnit «lil|i, iifiilHilily till iuritiKi irinliil, u U17

Alt! lonir, mill 511 itiM |>| curri»« 1 ID l|>iii<i »n<l ' -' »" burllun.

17, I'llinliiirif, ilimlt'i] Kt ihu IiuikI orilinOIno rivi'r, ii ilia|lii|;ui«li< il

(ir lu niiiiii rmu iintnullirltirit'ii. A urritt firu iH'inrrt'U liiri' April

I7>ll, IHiH, wiiliJi iliiiilroyiiil ubiiut l,OU<l Iiiiumiii, U'ikU'* a \M ttiiiniinl

of mrrclmniluni (lin wluili) In** U cullriiiilvil at IVmil II iiiilliun In '.I

niillioii itoitara. MlegUnny nntl illrinln|{liiiin «rt cimiidvri'il luburli*

uf I'llUburff, nnii a>u ciiiimicU'il willi It by brUlKC*.

|H. I.an('iiiili!r, A'J nillo* want uf I'hlUilvlpliin, U Unntrtl in n rirh amifl>riilu oiiiintry. Kvmling, K . ''tin, l^lmnnn, ('arlialx, I'ottcvljli', lli'uvrr,

Wilkciibarri'it ami Hrlv, arii nil t^iiiiiiiiU'rnbla town* i tliu latter li liii

IMirtiiitt uti aviojunl ul'll* lurUiur, which U one ut'Ui* b«*( oti UMlakaa

Mip JV«. II.—Wlmt buun'la Pi'nnnylvanln on the north 7 N.-Y. —South T Dr., M.I.. Va. — Ka»t I N.- Y., N.-J.—\V.»l t Oo., V». —What river iir|mrnt«» IVnniiylvnnla iVoin Nrw Jrrmiy 7 Do.—Wliiil

ri««r llowa into ('li(!Mi|i«iiko liay 7 K.. —Which ara III two rhivl'

hranchra 7 Nil., Wt. —Wlmt rivcra unitn at I'ittabiirir 7 Ay., Mu.—What rivrr (to llicy fiiriii 7 tXi. —What rivrr llowa into tliu Humiiicliannii abnvu llarriiliiirK 7 Ja—'i'l'll Iho U'tiKthii of tJiu torrgniiiK rivcra.

—What two river* (low into tliu i)clawar«i7 Lh., Kl. —What river

llowa Into thd Ohio Ix^liiw I'iltalmrK ^ lir. — How many iiiiloi ii tlifl

Dclawaru navi|{nblu tor nlfani-boatu 7—What mountain* extend \m.

twocn Ih-rka and Hchiiylkill rountiei 7 ll«.—What inoimtniiu in tlio

centre of ilm itiito 7 Ay.—What two ridjjea in the wentcrn |wrt ' 1,1.,

Ct— III which county ii Philadelphia 7 Pa.— llarriaburg 7 Dit. —LancuKtor? Lr. — PittaburK 7 Ay.—What U tins populnlimi ofPhilndelnhin 7— Lancaator 7 — llarriaburg 7 — HvadinK t — Kaatmi I

— Krio 7 — Pittaburg 7 — What lake fornm tliu N. W, boundary of tim

itato 7 I'^c. —What town on thu laku 7 Ke, —When waa Drndilgck

dclbated 7—Wliero weru thu buttloa of Dranilywiiia and (Icrinantownfought 7 —When did thu nmaiacro of Wyoming tako pliico7~-Unwhat rivor ia Reading 7 — I''.aaton 7 — Pultnviiju 7—Wilkoabarre 7

adorned? M<;r,tion the miblic building*. 13. Fairmnunt watcr-worka

7

Wire Kridg(i7 &c. lit. Of the Hhip Pminvylvani»7 17. DeaoribaPittaburg. IH. Lancaator. Tho other towni.

»&Au|,ai</,Skuol'.kilL t WiUte$barrt, Wtlka'-bu-r/.

**w>i««i*'W>H!*iiw li|4. i.ainjHt)lj[ii. . . ,

.iWHaiH iii .

'L 'i

IIV.

nil*ry, Nttviii A*vluni.

aiitl liiiiHirliiiit t'lillMi*

liii«lliili* ri« <t, iiiiplvI m rnnviiyril in |ii|Ht,

II Ml wiirkii l)irri' M on

i't'l aUivn ihc iirllirn ol

Ikiii titwir iImwii. 'I'iic

li III • iiii|H'rii>r niunnir.

iiilll \wH\ anil Iiiiiiii'Im'

I'Vcr iritialrili'liil, U 'J 17

* .1,30)1 liina burtht n.

o rtvvr, ii ili»iiiii;uuli( <l

ro iH!i'urr«U Iktv A(iril

I, licalili'a a viint Kiiiuiinl

Bt IViiiii II iiiilliiin III '.I

•rt ciiiiililt.'ri'il iiibiirli*

U llnnU'tl in n rirh amirllnlc, I'litUvllli', Ik'uvi'r,

iwni I tliii latter it nil

of Um Im«( mi Um Ukea

n Ihc north ? N.-Y. —.—\V.iif Oo., Va.—^Ji>riK!y7 Do,—Whatlirh tra ill two vUivM

'JttiburK f Ay., Mu.—lliiwt into till) HiH<|iic.

« of till! lorrgciiiiif rivcrn.

f,h., Kl. —What riv.r

low ninny iniloi ii tlm

niountaini extend ho-

What nioiintnlna in tho

the wotirii |uirt ? Iil.,

- ilarriiburg ? I»ii.

—

iit iJio |Mi)iulnlion of- HciidinK t — Kttiiton \

I N. W, boiliulnry ol' lliit

—When wna Uriililui'k

wine and (icnimntownling tnko pliii'o 7 ~- Onlo7—Wilkcubarre?

'iiirniount water-work* 7

ylvuiia? 17. Deteriho

barr«, Wilki'-bu-r/,

OKLAWARS. 13.1

l»i:t.AWARi.

I. Dri.AWAmi U ih.. »iimlUt iii. po|NlkitiM, and, excriHl(h<H|.t Miinil, tlm Icnm m i-xi. m, ol" uiiy ulata in iha IJntnii,111 K«»''i'"l ""l-cl m ihut ol'iui cxtcniU.I plain, trnwlly favour,kblit litr ciiliivalion,

'i. Thn rhii'f priMlurU nro wlirat nnd Ir.ijuii corn, ofwhuh ihn lliriiu-r U uiwrnlly of kxckIIoih .judluy. Umiifly.wiiio crii'k, ill iliii iip|MT part of llio Intf, mipplic* n\lr>iMivi«wiU..r.|K)Wi'r for a lumili. r of liiruo nmniilhctiirinK tmt/ 'tlJMlfmi'iitn. Tha priiwipal nriii'lun (iiriiwhiui by lh«iM>, arr ilotir,

curn-mt'ol, cotton mid w.hiIIiii i'u..<h, pufwr, and giinpowuor..1. The ('lii'.np«'«lu' nrid |». l„vMr. (

,n„|. il,„ NomcwjIIo «nd rrenrh-i.iwn, nnd tlm I'hil '.

' 'hia and lliiltiiii.>r< riilroiul.,.!«trnd through theiili|Hr iMiri or tlm Hl^to. Th.i llml lonn.rli. Ihltiwari) ri»rr and <;he»..imikii Iliiy, till- hut U an ini|H.iinnt link in tli« tfrpiit .liairi olrailro.»Uinow in ..|i«riitlon alonif tlm Atlantit 'naia of thn IJnl-in.

4. Ni«r lrfm'li.i..wn.iin iiiiportnni n«tii,nAl work, tho IVIaware llfonk-•v»tcr, haa bi rn iirr.ii d, (i,t Jm |iiirp.,M) of aFrding a iliDltir to vciml*III atormy wi'iuIht. TIhj work iori...iU of i,vo pTofa, an iccbraaaar|7(M) llcl, and a hrf.il'.w a.r ^800 . A long. Tho coat of ilio wholo \»aatinmliid at tlircu niiiiinna of dolli ,

t>. Wiliiiinglon,.ituatcd .iilwucn Chriitianaand Brandywine ertaha,near iliuir lum-tion, la tho iargi -t and iiKMt Important ploio in tho at«t<-.It ia a wcII.IhiiIi and ..lowiiig town, and i;ontoina a Unitiid Htaiea'iraonal, ai.voral hanka, i linr. hoa, &.«. It haa conalditrahio trado, withaoiiiii niiinut.i(!tur' *, und miuI<i aovcral ihipa to tho whalu fiahcry.

fl DoviT, tho f i1 of (fovi'rninonl, ii ailualcd on Jonoa'a crtck, androntain* a hand.oni^ Stnt- llouao. New Caatic, (norgi-iown, andSmyrmi, aro p'lima ,' »oiiiu nolo. Lnwiatown, n.nr thu piitrftnco Ixi

Dilnwaro Iliiy, la I'lt. oidnat town in tho atatc, havini been ofiginiliyaittlud by tho Bvodoa and Fiiina, about the your 1030.

Knp No. ;i.—Wh/.t alato boiinda Dt-lawaro on tho n-irth? Pa.- -Onflu Boiith and wrat 7 Md,— On tho eaat 7 N..J.— What riv«- andHay ..pariilo Didawnro fi-oin Now Jcraoy " Dc.~ What (^aiKi in tho

li'"}!'I**''..'!'" ""; "'"'" ' ""•— W''"'> ' '-ho m'>«t northern oounly 7

n.-lAi, — rVlint ia ho population of tho principal town 7

lUhtxpart. Q.— \. What la aaid of Delaware 7 Q. Whii' are il«rhiel' jirod.ht* ? ,1. What ia aaid of tho Chcaapeako and IHInwiiruCanal? RailroMlM? 4. 'Vhut ia anid of tho Dchwaro Urriik.water 1

5. Doacribu V'ihiiinglon. 0. Dover. Now Caitlu, and other lowiw

li184 DttCRIPTIVE OBOORAPHVt

100 —

SOUTHERN STATES.

1. The Southern States comprise Maryland, Virginia,

North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama,

Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. The District of Columbia

is also includiid in this section of the Union.

2. The whole region extends from tlic Susquehanna to the

Rio Grande del Norte : its shores are washed on tlie east by

the Atlantic Ocean, and on the south by the Gulf of Mexico.

3 On the sea-coast, the ground is low and often swampy,

but sometimes sandy. In the interior, the surface is greatly

diversified, and frequently hilly and mountainous. In Texas,

a large portion of the country consists of prairie. The high-

est elevations in the Atlantic States are found in North Caro-

iina. 1

4. The inhabitants of the Southern States are chiefly occu-

pied in agricultural pursuits; many of them havela'ge planU

ations, with numerous slaves.

5. The wealthy classes arc generally well-educated jpossess cul'i-

Southern States. Q,— 1. What do the Southern States comprise?

3. How far docs the whole region extend ? 3. What is said of the land

(in the sea-coast ? In tlic interior 7 4. How are the inhabitants chiefly

Bn)i)loyed? 5. What is said of the wealthy classes? What of tba

m'iSEi§4sa«ss*»%.yrfssffiss3»fej'-

HV.

•ES.

Maryland, Virginia,

II, Florida, Alabama,1 District of Columbia

lion.

! Susquehanna to the

ashed on tlie east by

the Gulf of Mexico.

V and often swampy,he surface is preatly

ntainous. In Texas,

f prairie. The high-

found in North Caro-

ates are chiefly occu-

icm have la'ge plant-

educated ;possess cul'i-

ithern States comprise?What is said of the Innd

re the inhabitants chiefly

classes? What of tb«

S^^ffiifSS]

SOUTHERN 8TAT£8. 135

Tatod minds, and refined manners ; and are noted for their hospitality.

Education iH not no general among the poorer classes of the people asin the Middle and Kustcrji states,

6. Nearly the whole of tho cotton crop of the United

Slates is raised here ; which, with sugar and rice, is confined

to its southern section. In the northern, tho principal pro-

ductions are tobacco, wheat, and corn.

7. Gold abounds in nearly all the Atlantic States of this

cj!;ionJ but is almost exclusively confined to the upi)er and

middle portions of the country. This metal is now so cxtoiv-

sively found, as to have become an object of national import-

ance.

8. The ^old region embraces a great extent of country, and reachesfrom Virginia, through Nortli and South Carolina, and Georgia, to

Alabama.

9. Branches of the United States' Mint are established at Charlotte,in North Carolina, and at Uuhluncga, in Georgia, for tho purpose ofcoining tho gold found in tiic Southern Slates.

101

10. The population of the Southern States is chiefly ofBritish origin. There are, however, many descendants of the

French and Spanish colonists, particularly in Louisiana andFlorida.

11. In Louisiana tho French language is spoken to some extent, andthe laws and some of tho newspapers are published both in tiiat tongueand in the English.

12. Tho inliabitants of Texas include natives of all parts of theUnion, Ixisides foreigners of ditl'erunt European nations, and a tewMexicans, the remnant of the Ibrnicr proprietors of tlio country.

13. The Negroes, who form about two-fiflhs of the population, con-stitute a separate class, and are mostly held in slavery. The Indianahave nearly all emigrated to the Indian Territory, west of Uie Missis.ippi river.

Map No. 5.—Which is the largest division of tho Southern Stales 1

Ts.—The smallest? S..C.—Which is tho most northern? Va.

—

poorer classes T 6. What is said of the cotton crop ? Of other produo.tions? 7. Where does gold abound? What has it become ? 8. Whatdoes the gold region embrace ? 9. What is said of the United StatesMint 7

10. What is said of the population 7 11. Of Louisiana? 12.

inhabitants of Texas ? 13. Of the Negroes ? Of the Indians ?

The

~"m!^

136 DESrniPTIVR GKOOnAPIlV.

Soutliern 7 Fa.— EuBtcrn 7 N.-C. -Wrslnrn 7 Th.- Wl.ieli diyi.

•ioim bonlor on ilio Atlantic Oronn 7 M(i., Va., N.-('., 8..C., On., t».

—WLicli border on the CJiilf of Mo.xiro7 Fn., Aa., Ml., La., Im.-

What state in divided by dirnniicaltB Bay into two i>artfl7 Md.—The Soutliern Stateii extend from latitude 4a to 24 degrees. How

many dofrrees of latitude, then, do they eompriHC 7 Tliey extend frnin

longitude li deprres en»t iV.Mn WaHliingtun, to 304 west. Wliiil

»mijunt of longitude do lliey include 7

Bombardment of Fort H'Henrjr.

MARYLAND.

1. Maryland is more irregular in it? outline than nny

state in the Union, and is divided by Chesapeake Bay into

two sections, which are called the Eastern and Western

Shores.

2. In agriculture, manufactures, and commerce, this Stat

holds a respectable rank. Flour and tobacco are the staple

productions. Of the former article, more than 600,000 bar-

rels have been inspected in Baltimore in one year.

3. The chief mineral products are iron and coal. The

Maryland. Q.—1. How is Maryland divided? 3. Wliat is said oi

lie »)(ricuUure. manufacturei, and coinniorce? 3. What are the chiei

til

C

Iji

Ci

ur

S(

"1

<li

ci

i.s

Ik

111

ill

CI

1)1

ri

DC

In

ai

(II

•,t

Ir

ei

V

Vi!

IIV.

7 Th.— Whidi divi.

L., N..(\, 8..C., Gn., F»I,, Aa., Mi., La., T«.-o two pnrtflT Md.—to 24 degrees. How

no 7 They extend fniin

to 3Ui west. Wiiiil

iiy.

it? outline than nny

IJhesapeake Bay into

lastora and Western

commeroe, this Stat

(bacco are the staple

re than 600,000 bar-

one year,

iron and coal. The

d T 9. Wliat is said o,

1 3. What are the chief

MAnVLAND. Wfirst is found in various parts of the State ; the last ocurs in

the western part chiufly.

4. Tiio Stiitc of Maryland was settled by a body of RomanCatholics under Lord Ualtiinore, whoso wise und liberal

novcrnnienl nttnictcd emij^niuts from all quarters, and tended

greatly to the early growth and pro.s|)erity of the colony.

5. Dtiltiinoro i» on a brancli of tho Patapsco river, 14 rnileH from

Clicsapcaitc Duy, nnd 200 from the Hen ; it poHHCHgcs un cxteiiNivu foreicr

and dotiicrttic trade, nnd in liic ffretitest Hour tnarl<ct in tho world,

i^'uvcral rutl-roads connect this city with other parts of tho Union,

6. The piihUe huiidiniirs arc niuneriitH, and many of them hundHomosjMJcimonH oi'anhiteetiire. Tiie K.xehiinjje, the Itomnii Calliolic ('iithc-

dral, and the Hallio und WnsliinKton MonumentM, arc among tiio prin-

cipal. Tlio latter is the finest structure of tho kind in the country. It

is a Doric colunni, 140 fett in heiffht, nnd i!0 ftct in diameter at the

huttom ; it Hiands on a pedcHtal lliat is elevated 20 feet from tho ground

;

on tho lop is a colos.sal stiituc of tho Father of his Country. Several

iui|>ort.int rail-roads centre in Daltimorc, which add greatly to it« trade

7. Fort M'Henry, a short diHtanco below tho city, commands tho

entrance to the liaibour. It was bombarded by the British in 1814;hut b<;ing brHvcly defended, tho aasailanta were tbrccd to retire.

8. Annapolis is tho capital of Maryland. It is situated on Severn

river, three miles from Chesapeake Kay. The State House is a hand-

gomo building, in which tlic old Congress held some of their iciiioni.

9. Frederick City, '^7 miles west of Daltimorc, is, in point of popu.

lation, the second place in the state. Hagerstown and Williamsport

arc thriving towns. Easton and Cambridge are tho principal places

on tlic Eastern shore. At Enunitsburg, in tho northern part of tho

•,tatc, is Mount St. Mary's College.

Map iVb. 1 1 .— What bounds Maryland on tho ncrlh 7 Pa.— South

and west '/ Va.— East 7 Dc., A.-Ou.— What bay and river divide

Maryland into two separate parts 7 Co., Sa. — What rivor separates it

troni Virginia 7 Pc.— What rivers flow into Ctiosapoako Bay on the

east side 7 Ck., Nc, Pe.— What rivers on tho west side ? Pt., Po.—Which is tho most eastern county 7 Wr. — Tho most western 7 Ay.— On what river is Ilavro do Grace 7 Cumberland 7 Upper Marlboro' ?

What is tho population of Baltimore? Of Frederick City 7 OfIlugcrstown? Annapolis? Easton7 In what year wag the battle

of North Point tbught 7 Of Bludcnsburg 7 Of Havre de Grace 7

What mountains extend tlirough tho western part of the stato 7 Ay.

mmcrat products 7 4. By whom was Maryland first settled 7 What ij

<aid of this government 7 5. Describe Baltimore. 6. Its public build,

•ngs. The Washington Monument 7. What i.) said of Fort M'Hopjy 1

iL Ucfcribo Aunapolii*. 9. Frederick City, and other towoa,

S

—"w^swte^iBer'

138

t,»

DBSCRIPTIVE OEOORAPIIY.

103

View ill Wulilnfton.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

1. The District of Columbia is a territory under tlio imtnodinto government of Congress. It comprises Wnsliinj^ton

CJounty, and contains the cities of NV'uslyngtoa and (Jcorgc-

town.

2. Previous to the year 184G, it iiicliidril WaHliinjjton Connfy on llip

Maryland, ond Alexandria I'ounty, on tlic Virginia iiido of r<it(iiiiuc

river. The enuntry forminir llifBo cnimticR, was crded to the UnitedStates by the BtateM of Virginia and Maryhmd, in 171)0; but in ISlli,

Aloxanifria (^lunty and City were retrocedcd to Virginia by CoiiffrcHM,

3. The Dintrict of Columbia, called alno the Federal Diiitrict, uuh a

tract of country lU iniicH H<|uarc, and contained 100 8(|uarc niilen. Il

now mcoHureii lU miles in extent from north-west to Houth-east, andfrom ft to 5 mileii m a direction at riglit-anfrleB with the furnior, andcontainn G4 square miles.

4. Tho City of Washington, tlio Capital of the United Stated, wiis

laid out in I7!)l, under tho suiiorintcndenc^e of tho diHtinguishcd manwhooo name it bears; and in the year 18UU, tho seat of govcminentwas changed from Pliiladclpliia to this place. It is 110 miles from tho

mouth of tho Potomac, and 300 from tlio sea.

DUtriet of Columbia. Q.— l. What is tho District? What does it

comprise ? contain 7 2. What did it once include ? By what States

and when was it ceded 7 What was done in lti4U 7 3. State its formerdimvnsions. Its present. 4. What is tlio City of Woahington 7 When

fin(

01

1

I he

hoi

VV.

I

Inn

Clii

t

(ID

•t'l

•I'll

llu

wil

whc

ubc

son

is I

tho

1

thr

t«l

I

!iidi

lati

nor

St.i

Coan(

wai

Wii

sail

Ser

Ion

' >!«-*» tnWJIJU.m ill,, I iinii»n ' \ '!ii'»') «'j^i.wj:.' ii!'."

IIY.

IIA.

ory under tlio immc!-

npi'iscs Wasliiiigton

yngton and (Jcorgo-

Hliinfrton Counfy on llip

rjrinia siilo of r<it(iiiini'

iras crcli'd to tlii; UnitccI

, in 171)0; but in leii'i,

> Virginia by CoMffiTss.

Fi'dcral Dixtrict, wuh a

d 100 B(|uarc niilvH. Ii

west to iHoiith-oast, and!8 with tlio furnicr, and

the United States, wiis

tlio diHtingiiislicd manthe Beat of government[t is 110 miles from the

>iatrict7 What doci it

ludo 7 By what States

4U 7 3. State its former

ifWoahington} When

w,^'

niBTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 130

A. Waiihinfrton Ir the ri'Hiilunro of the Preiidcnt of tha United Statoi,

.nnd the other chief rxcculivo oiYui'tt of the liencral UoTornment, aJao

ut the dltfervnt foreign ministeFii lent tu thia country.

C. The Niitional CongrcMi nieeti hero in tho Capitol overv year on(lie firal Mundiiy in Ucecmber, and the Supreme Federal Court also

lioidn itM annual HCNHions in tliiN eity. During tho icuion* of Congroei,

Wailiingtun in tlirongcd with viHiton I'rom all parti of tho worlo

7, Tho Capitol ia & magnificent building, of wliito frrotone, 359 foel

I'ing, ill the iilm|H! of a croiiK, with tho RopreMcntativci' Ilall and Senate

CJiambvr in the two wingi, and a spacioua Itotundo in tho ecntro,

8, Tho RepreBontativee* Hnll is nvmifircular, 95 feet in length, andfiO feet in height, lighted from the top, and adorned wilii a coloiinadu

il' plIlnrH beaiitiluliy poliihcd. It ii one of the fnii-ot linllB in the worlti

'i'lio Senate ('hambcr ib of the same 8lia|)c, and 74 li^et long. ThaUotundo Ih !)() Cect in diameter, and is 9G fui't to tho top of tho doiTW

within. It in all of marble, nnd the floor is liaiidnoinely paved. TIta

whole hai a most grand and imposing clFcct.

9. The President's House, built of whito freestone, on an eminenceabout a mile and a half west from tho Capitol, presents u ver^ hanck

some apiKiurancc. It is two stories high, with a front of 180 leet, andis lurroundi^d bv extensive grounds. On each side are tlio otHcea &>t

tho State, War, fifavy, and Treasury Departments.

10. Georgetown, separated from Washington by Hock Creek, is a

thriving jiluce, and has some coniincrcc. It is tho seat of Georgotowr(k)llege, 'i'hero is also a nunnery containing Irom 5U to 70 nuns.

Map No, 11.— On what river is Washington City ? Pc.— On whichside in it ? E.— On which sido isticorgetuwn? E,—What is the popiv

lation of each of these places? What parallel of latitude touches the

nurlhern end of the District 7

10-i.

VIRGINIA.

1. ViHoiNiA was, until the annexation of Texas, the largest

st;ite in the Union ; it was the first settled of the English

Colonies, from which circumstance it is ollen called "tlto

ancient dominion."

was it laid out 7 When did government remove ? 5. Who resides in

Washington 7 6. What body meets there 7 What Court ? What hsaid of Washington 7 7, The Capitol 7 8. Representatives' Hall T

Senate Chamber 7 9. President's Hou°e 7 ID. Alexandria 7 George*

town 7

Virginia, Q.— 1. What is Virginia 7 What is it often called, and

^iiC

ii140 DF.NCHirTIVB OEOOnArilVt

Burrenilcr or Lord L'ornwallii.

2. Mnny eminent men wcro natives of Virginia ; amongwhom, titc iiluatrious Washington, with Jo^Ic^rson, Mudison,

and Monroe, were all Presidents of tho United States.

3. This state is traversed by tho Alleghany Mountains nnd

tho Blue Ridge. Tho country cast of the latter is generally

level, while the western division is hilly and mountainous.

4. Tho productions of the north and the south, wheat, cot-

ton, and tobacco, arc all raised hero. Indian corn is also

extensively cultivated. Gold, copper, lead, iron, coal, andsalt, abotind. Several companies are at present employed in

workintt the gold-mines.

5. Thftinineral-springs of Virginia arc celebrated for their

medicinal jMaij^rties, and are much resorted to during the

summer seSlSwt The principal.of these are, tho Warm, tho

Hot, and tho iSBtc Sulphur spfings.

6. Several iinpomAtjrail-roiidB and canals arc alrcndy finished, am)

others are advanein^tail^ardg completion. Hy t'lcsc, tranaporlutinn andtravelling wilt bo rendcK^j^sy throvigh v, large portion of tlio atatc.

7. Virginia was among the leading HtatoH during tho Revolutionary

war. In tho year 1781, tho sicgo and xurrcnder of Yorktown to^tU

place—when Lord CornwalliH ana hiH army wcru made prisoner! ofwar; an event that secured tho independcnco of tho United States.

why 1 2. Who wcro natives of this state ? 3. What mountains are

in Virginia? 4. What are the productions? What is said of gcM, Ac.?5, Of the Mineral Springs? 6 Ruil-roads ? 7 What was Virginia I

% ""WMf,11,'^ ' "tfiafm " fi»-'WMi.i

jiwiL>!-iin>>jf

"

I

.",I

; .,).:.-j>'i.:

of Virginia ; nmon<»

Jo^I^rsoii, Mudison,

Inilcd States,

hnny Mountains nnd

ic latter is ^onernliy

;ind mountainous.

he south, whnut, cot-

Indian corn is nhnead, iron, coal, and

present employed in

celebrated for thoi r

sorted to during tho

1 are, tho Warm, tiio

ro alrcndy fmishcil, and:liCBC, traiiHporlutinn and:c portion of tlio statn.

jring tho Rcvoliitionnry

rider of Yorktown to(jl<

t'cru madu prisoners of)f tlio United Statca.

I. What mountnin* are

'hat is said of (fcM, Ac.?7 What was Virginia )

VIRGINIA. 141

Naiiiral Urid|e, V^iiiin.

8. The Natural jBridite

over Cedar Creeii, a hmall

stream runiiint; into Janus•iviT, coi.sisls of an enur-

nioiiM cliaMMi, !2(>U fei^t in

depth, nearly inrpindienlar,

throiij;h whieli tliu cri't k

pasMH. A hii^o rueic is

thrown across tlio chasm ut

the top, liiriniMK a natural I

liridfTi! (iO li'ct in width, and

covered with soil and trees.

!). Kieiimond, tlio capital

of the statu, stands un Jainei

river. 111) miles from its

mouth. It is surrounded liy

a fertile country, and has a

llourishinif trade. lUi exports

are wheat, tlour, tobacco,

and coal.

10. Nor(!>lk, on F'lizabcth

rivor, is tho principal sea-

port. It has a fill" harbour, and more foreign nommcrco than any

other town in the state. At Uosport, in Portsmouth, on|M>sitc to Nor-

folk, is ouo of the most important Navy-Yards of tlio Uuitad States.

105

11. Potcrsliur)r, FredcricksburK, and Lynchburfr, are each importnmtowns. Wheeling, nn the Uhio, is the channel of a unreal deal of busi-

ness. Yorktown is celebrated for tho surrender of Lord Cornwallis to

the combined American and French armies, under Ueneral Wasliinff-

ton. Charlottesville is the seat of tho University of Virginia. Monti,

cello, two miles from this place, is noted for having been tlio residence

of Thomas JeflerBoii, PrcHident of the United States.'

Vi. In Westmoreland county, on tho Potomac, is shown tlio spot

where Wnshiiij^ton was born. Tho house, which stood about halt^ a

mile from tlio river, w now in ruins. A simple stone, with the inscrifi-

lion, "Here, on tho 11th of February,* 1732, Gsorcib Washinoton wasbom," dofignates tho consoeratcd spot.

13. Farther un tho river, 8 miles below Alexn ria, is Mount Vernon

tho former residence of that great and good juiii. Ale.vindria is on

the Potomac C miles below Waphington. It belonged for 4(5 years to llu'

District ofColumbia, but was retroeeded by Congress to Virginia in 1 8 l(j

What is said of Lord Cornwallis, &,c. 7 8. The Natural Bridge ? 9. Rich,

mond? 10. Norfolk, &,c.? 11. Petersburg, and tho other towns? For

what is Yorktown celebrated? Of Charlottesville ? 12. Where wat

Washington born ? I'l. Wiiero is Mount Vernon, &c. ? Alciandria V

• Old Style, which corresponds to the 23d of Febriiarjr, Now Stylo

tho day celebrated as tho annivorsary of Washington's birth.

•H

I

i

143 i)r.Mt;Rimvf: u»m]Rapiiy

Map No. 5.— Whnl iHmtiJii Virifinia on tlio norlli 7 Pa., Md.—.Oniheioiirh? N.-Cn.— KiiHl? A..()n.— VVcul ? On., Kv. — VVliat rivti

icparnlci Vi.giniii from Ohio? On.— Wliiili from .Viiryliuul ,' I'l:

— Whui rivir mid iiioiintiiinH Oom KiiiliKky ? U.-Sy., ('<l. — VVImiwo riiiiRi'* nf tiioiintninii oxl< nd tliroiiirli Vir({iiii,i7 Ay., H..Re,—How loiiK and IiIkIi nrr llio All('i;lmiiy .Moiiiituiiiii?

Map^ No. II.— Wlml liny »ir[mr;iU» ihc two vimtcrn rniinticH (Vom therent of the iitatc? Cii.— Whnl two Ciiimii ut ihu ttilrniuf of thiKii.

l>iuko Iky? Ch., Ily. — In whut county In Hichinond f llo, — Inwliich in Norfolk 7 Nk. — Lvnchhiirx? CI.— Whiilinir f <»" —IVtrmbiirg;? I)p.— In which county in Wii»hin|{t(iii'H hirth.|iia(ii '

W'd.— Mount Vernon ? Fx. — Thu ('nivtmity of Virginiii t Ac —In wimt yiur did CoruwnlliH tmrrcndir I— Whut four rivtrH How intot'ht»a|HMiko liny 7 I'c, Kk., Yk., Jn, ~T(II iho Icniflh of ciiih. — OnwImt riv«r iH Uichuiond f Jb. — IVtcmburif 7 Ax. — I.ynchlturK? Jk,

-Yorktown? Yk.— Fri.'dcrickglmrK ? Kk.~ Wlitcllnjr / Oo.

—

< 'hurhmton ? Kn.— iS^c JM/jp 'J, — A vuHtiniunlity of huU i* innnuihc.turcd at thii place. Whut atruomr form Jatnc« R. 7 Knnnnko U. 7

YorkR.7dio.

KKl

Making Tar.

NORTH CAROLINA.1. North Carolina is an extensive but thinly peopled

Slate. The country, for more than sixty miles from the const,

is a low, sandy plain, intersected with many swamps andinl(.'ts from the sen, and covered with extensive pine forests.

Nor'fi Carolina. Q.— 1. Wliat is Nortli Carolina 7 Describe iIm

H »H.H,i| il! ( 'jiy ii-

iiift', jMw ywfigi !

lY

nrlli? Ph., Md.— On111,, Kv. — VVliiit rivei

nun Aiiiryliitul ? Pc.

U..Sy.,C<l. — WhMIlia? Ay., U..Re,—IN?

liTii ronnlirM ftnin (lia

Ki ciilrniu'c (if Clioii'

icliinoiid f llo, — III

-Whnlinirf Oil.

—

liiiKtiiii'H liirtli-plaei!

'

of Virginiii t Ar. —t (ixir riviTH How into

loiiKtIi nrciii'li. — (III

X. — I.yiicliliur((7 Jk,

- WlurliiijT ' Oo.—ty ol'Hult in innniilhr.

R. ? Krmnnko R. 7

)Ut ihinly peopled

lies from the const,

iniiy swnmps nndsive pine forests.

ilina 1 Describe iJm

NORTH CABOMNA 143

9. In lh« interior the Hurface is vfirinl nnd liiily ; and o»the wcHtPrn frontit-r it nncimis into niounluins, whose Muinmitxur« the ni.wt elevated (if any in the Atlantic JStiileii; HluckMountain king 0170 liit in lieiglit.

a. TIh! pine foresfH which occupy the lower part of theSlute, furnish one of the numt inipilrtant items nf itn trade,

producinj^ turiH-nline, tnr, pitch, rosin, nnd luinlj<'r, in gr.!at

abiuid.inci!.

4. Tho commerce is limited for want of }^ood harlxHirs;and th(!ro is no larno coniinercial town. The iriule is carri(«l

on chii fly through tho ports of the niMghlxmring states. Theexports uru cotton, rice, tolwuco, und tho produce of tJie

foresfH.

5. Gold, iriin, aiiil black Iciid, with loino cnpprr, iiro Ihc principalniinoralii olNortli Curoliim. 'I'liu iie'ita oftlui turiiicr aro oxtoiiitivulyworked, and aro iivon coimidrrrd of ((real national iiii|Kirtaiii:u.

6. A branch iiCtlio United HuIch' Mintlmii bti-ii CHtablinhod at Char,lottc, for tho purpoM) of coining tho gold loiiiid in tliia ajid thu neigh-bouring itatca.

7. Raleigh,* the capital, in near the went bank of Nouae riverllero Wtt» tho Stoir llouyc, containing (Iniiovn'ii cclobrutud Btatiio ofVVaahington, which waa duatroyud by (iro in 1831. A now and ipluii-did granite building haa ainco buun oructod.

8. Wilmington, on ("apo Fear river, 30 miloa from the aea, ia Uk>largcat town in North Carolina. It carrioa on an active trade with thuNorthern ond Middle Statoa, and alto with the Wuat Indioa. Thiaplace ia llio southern lorniinulion of an extoiiaivo line of riiil-road.

9. Fayctteville, at the head ofateani-boat navigation, on Capo Fearriver, containa a United State*' armory. NcwlK;rii \h ailuatcd ai tliu

junction of Nuuae and Trent river*. Salem and Charlotio are imallbut tliriving pla-jca. Chapel Hill, about 30 milua from Raleigh, con-tuna the Univcraity or North Carolina.

Map Nn. a.— What bound* North C irolina on the north 7 Vathe Noutli I S..Ca., Ga. — Eout 7 A.-On.— Weal J To.— What

the north 7 Va. — Oraioun.

I

interior. What high mountain is in this state ? 3. Wiiat occu| job tlie

lower part of tho atato? What do thoy produce 7 4. What in Haid .»l

the coinmerce 7 What are the exports 7 5. What ore tho principalminerala 7 6. What is established at Chorlotto ? 7. Which w the caui.tttl 7 8. What is said of Newborn 7 Wiluiington 7 9. Fayctteville,and otiior towns 7

• Raltigh, Raw'.le.

t44 OKHCKIITIVB (JtlHiHArilV.

'aim exianH tlirmiKli dx' wi*** purt ol North (^lrlllillltT Ay^ R.-Re.

—

Wliich U IIk< higlii'.t iiiouniuiii I Uk. — lluw liigli u i( 1 Wiwt tlirM

'«po» on tho coait t lln., Ll., Fr.

Map No. II.—What two noiiiulii ill NoMliCarolinii T Ai»., Pci.—Howlong iiri' Ihi'V ? Whnt two riviTi How into Allwiiinrln Hoiitiil F Kit,,

'"ii. — Which two into I'uniliir) S.iiiiiil / Tr., No. — In wliiil direction

iu Ihu <'«pn I'Vitr, l.iimlHr, Yuilkin, unil Ciitnwliii river* flow 7 llow

Mig arc ihry 7 llow fur nri' Chowiin, lioiiiioki', Tiir, nnil Ciiihi Fcnr

rivcro nnvi|;iiMv, and for wliiit kind nf vi'uhi'Ih / llnw iniiny iiiliahitiintM

Imvu Wilniin^tun, NowlM<rn, Knyi'tl<>villc, l(uti'i|;li,('hiirhittc,.iiid KdcD.Ion 7 On H'liiit river iH lliilifiix 7 Kdi'iiluii 7 'riirluiro'7 l.oiiiiihiiry '

In whnt county in the llnivcrBity of North t'iiroiiim 7 Oo. <—^ In wlml

year waa tlio iMitllc uf liuillord ('ourt-lliuiito I'uughl?

^^K^;,z__IS^^^•^.iftfrw^ •

>—'**^.'i.; JfJf*.;.•^.v*.'

f-***^^^p*

igJ^JIIf'-', vcr^j5rvii^i«pi V-..0^M^j>XiMl''"""lIF ' ^J

"^^,,! « '-/.V.^l'

' -^ic*^"^.y^-Wj*^•"-' *^'>A^_,^^

mtlla or Eiitaw Hiirinp.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

I. Thu dtato lies nenrly in tiio form ofn tr!nnji!o bptw«*»i

\otlh Cnrcilino nnd Gcorjria. It is alHiiil Imiftlu! sizo of the

l(iti*;r, nnd is similar to the adjoining states in climate, soil,

md productions.

8, Cotton and rice ore the grcot staples of South Carolina,

nut corn, wheat, oata, potatoes, and tobacco, are also amongst

Smith CatMna. v,'-— !• What ia aaid uf thia atate 1 How dn«a it

iumiMr« witii Ueurgia 7 S. Whiit ia lS« grcAl ala.|il« 1 Wii»l are ilr

u

»ir

tl

tti

I'd

Mw

t(i

wtn

IV.

•liiiitr Ay^R.Rit.—fh >a it > WiMt UirM

iliim T Ai>,, Pel.—How«iMiirlo Hiiiiiiil 1 Iin„

, — III wlint ilirccliiiii

in rlTcr* flow 7 I low', Tiir, nml t'ii|m Fi'nr

low iiiiiny iiilialiitiiiili*

i,('liiirliilU', <iiiil I'McQ.

iirluiro'7 I.iiiiiiiliiiry

'

inn ? Oc. — III wlmt

r n tr!nnfx!o brtw«*!i

ImU'tlu! sizn of the

itcs in climutc, soil,

I of South Carolina,

0, are also amongst

Htato 1 IIow dnoa It

Wiial are ilr

•ni'TII CAROLINA. 113

\X* pnxliirt*. Inilii^ wna liirimrly iirrMlurrJ in Inrgc rjunn.

lIlK':!, Illlt ill l-ultUr>' ix UDVV ulKlllilnlKd.

•1. THm iHinHMPrtT in ivMi iiKiv« nnd vidii'ililn. It «'onf«iiili)

in the )>.x|i<)rt (>rn;{ririiliuriil |ir<KiiirtM(irili>' xiatc, iinil<it'lur{j[i)

"jiuiiitiiKs oi' tlii)i«! riii'M(l ill (iiM)r;;iii anil Norili Caniiinfi.

_4. 'I'lH'Clnirlfiilon mill lla>nliiirirriii|.Ma<l, IMti iiulcain li iii^lii, Imiii*

•>rtli<^ tiiiMt iiii|t<irtiiii( witrkx <>i lliu kiiiil in Ihr Soiiilarii Hlntcn /it coiv.

• riicl' il, uiiil li.iH ulfLiMly grr.iily Ih iivllitil tliii truilu of I ImrliNUiii,

.1. Till! while resitkiilM, cHiMiinJ'y of tlm lower and inidill*

Motiont of iho Htuli', uiij «liii(lv wtiilthy planti rs, whn, in

iffniTui, Imvn lar;^o ini'oiiKM, unii uro diitlingui^hinJ liir their

ui!fili:^i-nii' uiid n liiHinfiif.

(i, Hiiiiili Curiiiiiiii »»« nil illiiMtriiiiM nrtor nnd miirrrir in tho wnrofiiuli'iHiiiliiK;!', Hit fiiinl il \v;ii i;.r a <'oii.,iilrrali|i' |K'ii..il in jnimmiii.

tiiiii of Ilin riiiiiiyi anil idr Ii;i|||, ^ uCilic i:ow|>< in<, Kiii:;'h ,M«ui)iiiiii,

iiiiil Kiil.iw S|iriiiir4, wirn aiiiuiiK (liu munf. iiiiiNirtanl l!iat (uok |t|uMiJiiriiiK till' rt'Viilutiuiiiiry cmiti'iU.

7. t'liurliiiliin Htnnili nt llic jimrlion of Aiihify •nil (ampj-r ri»or« ;

ll U the priiuijMil lity of Smilli I aroliim. anil lii-i l.ir((mt in tl.o Atluntir•laliM Hiiutli o( tliu I'otuiiiK! rivi'f. Ila I'luoiiii rrii in i'MikJiIituIiIi', uiiil

i* nnjumlly iiiiri'nHliij{. Tim < iiiiTii« arc notnl Hir tliiir lioHjiiinliiy.

8. Culuiiiliiu, till! r.ipilul of tlio nJiili-, Id rr(rii!iir|y Iiiid out, willi vorywido ulrt'ctH, mid in n iiially built town. (fti>r«'lo\VM, on VVinynwDny, Oiiiidrii, on tlip WuUrco river, and HiiiiiiMirif, <m the MavuniiaJi,u|i|H»itc Augimto, &ru miioiigHt tliu |irinci|Hil Icaiiii of tlic Htato.

Map No. 12.—Wl.ttt Inmndn S.iiitlii;iiroliii«iiM llif north 7 N..C«.—Oil till) wont I On.— K«Ht t A..«>n. — What hmt w|.ar.ili'rt il fromUtoruia? 8li. — What rivi-rn tlow into Winyuw lluy I O.A'i:, Ww.— VVhut rivur south of Winyuw Uuy 7 8o.— Wliut rivtm Ibrin theSnnlce 7 Wc.,« tic. — Tho t;on|{isrco ' 8iu, Hd. — Wliat rivi^H flowinto St. Huluna noiiiul ) Ko., C«'. — Wh«t are th« liiiKth* of nil Umforcffoinjf rivcm 7—How iiiiiiiy iiiileii, and lor whu; iiiiidH of vcmuU, «rcthe Wuitnniaw, Grunt Ftdic, Waitric, m.d t;<iiH{;ir«'o rivim n.ivi({ablo 7

—Wlmt U tho imimlalion of t^liarlcHton 7 — Of C'oluiiiliin 7 — (.•mniknond Ocorjfftown 7 — In what year wu» tlio bottle of Fort .Moultrii!fon(ilit7— Chnrloiiton7— Monk'n (loriu-r ?— (Juti « ikfcatid '— Kiiir'hMoimtiiin? — (;ow|M'n»7~ Hobkirk'n Hill nnd i;iiluw S|»rinK» ' — Inwhat district U ClmrluHton 7 (In.— Coluiiil.in ? ltd.— CunuUii ' Kw—Which in tho mu«t northern dUtrict I— MoMt itouthtrn 7 - Eu«tcrn 7—WcHtcrn 7— Near tlio junction of wlint rivcrn i» Culuiiibin !

othorproducUT 3. What Imiaid of the commorce T 4.0rth«('hiirlM.ton and Hnmburjf rnil-road 7 5. Of Iht; whitu renideiilg 7 «. Wliulw«o South Uurulina in tho war of indcpondcnoo 7 7. UcicriU Cimrlc*.ton. 6, Coluiiiliin, &.c.

TlM WniMM ii«w Wf in*. «a< te Utowtai orit, u Uw aMulh •fUit M'mmm C M>!T

lid

I

nmcittrTtvB aenonArnv.

i l^J^^if^ 1

(i'lM Mlllin|,

CfHORCIA.

1. (ScoKiiiA i!« lli(> lliini in extent of iho Sotilhein Stateii:

it wtM lli(> liiNt HI tli( il of III)' tliirli'cn ()ri;{innl colonicM, unci in

now rnpiilly incrciisin^ in w<'iillli nnij |H)puliition.

-'. 'I'll*' iiti'uX Htiiplf'df (!((ir;;iii ix roiton, the crop of which,

Ml 1*<4(I, «'xci'«(|i'(l l(i:( niilliiin poiimlM. Tho other productM

an' I'orn, rito, hinilK-r, pilcli, tnr, nnd tiirpf-ntino, which nn' all

"xporiril to II liiri^i' inoiint. Hnint- luhncco is likcwittn rniscd

in ill'.' northern, and ^iij^ar in th'i Hoiiilicrn jmrts of Ihi' Htnto.

:J. Tho cnllun produced, nn in South (-'nrolinn, i"« of two

kind-4, iho w'u ihliuul, nnd uphtrul. Tlin former is douhie the

Millie of llie other, and i<i ruined only in 8niuil (pianlitinH on

ihe islands that hi- aioii,; tlio Hca-coast.

4, The priiiiipal mineral is gold, whiVh is found in tho

not 'hern part of the Nlafe, and engnnen tlic lalxjur of nunier-

HIS individuals. Irnn and cop|>er also occur. Several rail«

nmdsi arc now in progresM in thin tttato.

Genrgia. Q.— 1, What ii uniil <if (irnrRia? 3. Wh»t ii the Rro»t

itnplr i)f llio Htutc 1 Vhnt U tho amount oftlio annual rrrm ? Whatiro tho otiicr prodiirta 1 3. What ii laid uf cotton 7 4. What is tii*

hr

II

ft

II

HHri

H,

II

II

tl

ri

ill

n

II

1

ri

7,

(J

riiv.

liin ffdulhotn Stnteit:

p;iiml cdloiiici, and ia

)puliitii)n.

)ii, the crop of which,

Tho other prmlurls

pfiitiuo, whicli nri' all

irco i«t likowisn rniscd

rii [inrlH of ihi' Htnto.

h (.'nroliiui, is of two' forriu'r is drmhio Ihit

n Hiiiuii (|tiaiilitins on

hii-h is linitid in tho

the liilxjiir of iiumtT'

occur. Sovcriu rail-

T 9, What ii llio gre^i

ho anniul rrop ? What;ottun7 4. WImt is Um

IMOftlUA. M-A, KttifiiMMk|tll tiM rtvtH ot tU mi<< irnaw, •titl ii Mil » Amr Uot

iit.t, u 'Im < iii< I •..iiiMii ri III i)i<|H,i ui'ciiiirjiiii. II lulliml fomU iVsmIlio <(r> .1 rill ..I In.'o

,|m|| It Imx rri'iivrn-l l^ont lUI iktmk, m4 M •!

iirta lit, > <>•' III III. iiiiial llniirialiti |( rlllr* HI tlio atHitlitirn aUU**, Mil-[ij^i till

,iiii • i,.ii.ii III iiiii kUd', I* •iiiiniiil <i(i ihu oiiiitoQ ri«cr. It

U • ptilt I' III •inn h III,mill I ..iit.illia till Si ilu liiiuwt.

Ct, AiiBuatn u II iiur . iii|i.>riiiiii 'I iiii< aiiiip, It in eiMtmiiieii

Mtih ('liiirlinlim, Uy llu> ('li.trl< •tiiii iiikI llm iliiirii ruit-i imi i mitt withh tmitiiili, by tlui Havaiiiiitli rui r. Ii h hi II Imili, aimI iiiinlnlti* tuiiiiv

litnijiuiiiii' piililiu I'llillt'i'D. A liriiigq tUUU llul liiiig iti;riw» tliu H>iviui.

r'lli I'Kiiiii't'ia It Miili llmiilmrtr,

7, ('iiliiniliiK, nil iliii ('liititiiliniH'luf rivrr, anil Mitfnn, im llio Oi'iiiul.

(IT, iiii> uiiiiiiiunl llm moat l!iiiirialiiii|{ |iliii'(» III (iiorirlii, Ditrltiii,

MrutiaNNUili, uiiu Hu iMury'a, on lint M'it<i'iiu*l, uru tiii|iruvitiK Iuwik.

M'lp S'». 11.— What Iwiiiiiila G< urttiii on tho north f N.-Ca. — (Jn

1,'nai.iiih' Fa. — Kaai; H..C,.,, A..<hi.-- Wial ' Art. — W lul rWurt'lmrulia (it'iirgi^k IW>iii t'niiih ( urnliiiii / Hit, —. Whiit rlviT Miinrattn

It III jiirt iViim Al'ihuiiu .' C'r.— WliAt ritir In |iurt ll'oiii I'lurlilit 7

S..Mi>. —Wliitt lUii ri*iri lluw indt lint Atlmilli' onun ! Wi., Of., Aa.,

8«., K.,',!a. — Whnt riM ra iliriii tin AI.il.iiiiulii ? «»i',, (»,, — U'hiit

rivc'K liiriii llm Ajxil'irlliiiii f IV,, I'l, ~ Wlml in iIh j>M,iiilaiii,ii ofliaviiiM\ih' Au(unIii ' I'lilii iiliiia ^ IMiiriiii f III mIi.iI I miiitii inrntlicmi Inwiia ' ('in,, ltd., .Mr., Illi. — In mIiuI I'liiiiily la Milli il|;ii«illu /

iiii.—To what lownH, utnt Imw llir rrniii llio am, dn iili'iiin.liout!* iiaci'nd

tho Hiivaniiit'i f (Itnntuf (kinulucii ' ('hiiibiluKii'lnu f «iul Flint

rivnrii ' WVich i« tho larfffat ialand I t'd.— What uxti'iivivo aw.'iinp

ill WuM' i.nunly ) Vi.— When waa tlui tMttlu ul' Havititnali iuught I

100'

FLORIDA.

1. FuiiiiD.v is tho inoMt Sdiilhirn por'ion of tho UnitedStutr.ii. It was for m-ariy SfV) years a .Spanish province,

Biid HUH cmU'iI hy F-iaiii, in l^tlW, to lliet Arni-rican govern,

nieiil In lHv".i, I''li>iiilii was liiriiK'd iniD a tciTilory ; and in

Iw-if', was ndmitted into tlio Union as tho ^7th Mliite.

2. riu) Hurlifco of tiio country is level, and not much oio-

vulcd abovo tlx sea. Tho Hoil alon;^ tho Htrcaiiw i.s vciy

|irinri|ml riiiiirriil 7 W'liiit uro llio uthrr iiiincrnlNT Wllfit la aiiid (if

ruil-roiida 7 5. Di'arrilH' Httvuiinuh, Millcdguvillo, 0. Auguatu, &u.7. Culunibua, and tlin othor towtiM,

Florida. Q. — 1. What waa Florida? When wni it ccdrd t" th«

(Jnittid HlatPa 7 Whon waa it formod into a. tPT-itory 7 When waa it

admitted into the Cnion, die. 7 3. What ia aaid of tho aunace of tht

I

i

mtlK.

148 DE8tim'rivE ocotiUAriiY.

fertile, and well suited to tho production of cotton, rice, to-

hncco, 8iifj;ar, and corn. Orunycs, ligs, dates, and pomcgrun-atC8, arc cniong its fruits.

3. But a smuli part of Florida is under cultivation. Manyportions of it are better suited for a ^raxing tlian nn aj^ricul-

tural diuirict. Largo herds of cattle, horses, and swine, rangeover Its pastures.

4. Live-oak timlx-r, so valual)Ie in ship-building, is one of

tha most important products of Florida ; and, with cedar logs,

boards, scantling, tkc, arc cut to a considemblo extent.

6. Tho Seminole Indiiins occupird, iinlii Inti-ly, llic Evorijtiidcd,

flat, marsliy district, in the Hoiitlitrn part of the tirritory. Iroiii tlii.i

region the HnviigcH siillicd fortli, (Miiniiiitting iiumi.roUH dcpredutioni*

upon the wliitc iiilinhiliints. In Ibl-J, nflor ii. content ofHcveral ycara'duration, thiy were removed to llio Indian Territory.

6. St. AugUBtinc, 260 miles Fouth of Charleston, is tho oldest townin tho United States, and is built in the Sj)anisli style. Its elimato ia

delightful, mid it is ofleii resorted to by invalids in (|uest of heaitli.

7 1 ullahaseee, tho capital of Florida, is 21 miles north of St. Mark's,on Afttlachec Hay, It contains the Capitol, and several churches andbanRs. St, JlarkV, Apalachicola, and St. Joseph's, uro tho chief com.nitticial places of Jliddle Florida. They arc all thriving towns. Ten.Muola ia important aa.a naval station for United Slates' ships uf war

Map No. 5,— What bounds Florida on the north 7 Ga., Aa.— Onthe cast ? A.-On.— West and south 7 G.-Mo,-— What Cajxj is on thocast coast 7 CI.— What Capes on tho west 7 S.-Bs., Rs., So,— WhatBays on the west 7 Pa., Ac, Vr., Ta., Cm.— What arc tho two chieflakes 7 Ge., Uc.

Map No. 12.—What rivrr separates Florida from Alabama? Po.

—

What from Georgia 7 S.-Ms.—What rivers flow into Pensacola Bay 7

Ktt., B,.Wr., Y..Wr.— What into Choctawhatcliio Bay 7 Ce.— IntoAj)ulacliec Bay 7 Oy., Oa. — Into Vacassar Bay 7 Se,— What riverII0.VS into tiio Atlantic Ocean north of St. Augustine 7 S.-Js. — Whatinto the Gulf of Mexico at Apalachicola ? Aa.— Tell the lengths ofthe seven rivers that have figures attached to them.—What is the jwpu.lation of Tallahassee 7— St. Augustine 7— Pensacola,?— In whatcounties arc these towns 7 Ln., S..Jn„ Ea.

country 1 Of the soil ? Of its productions 7 3, For what is it bettersuited 7 4. What is cut to a considerable extent 7 Which are thechief articles of export 7 5, What ia said of the Seminole Indians 7

What did they commit 7 6, Describe St Augustine. 7. Tallahassee,and tiie other town*.

IPIIY.

ion of cotton, rice, to-

, dutCH, and ponicgrun-

lor cultivation. Manyfixing tlmn nn aj^ricul-

)rscs, and swine, ran|^o

liip-l)uilding, is one of

; and, with cedar logs,

isideniblc extent.

Intcly, tlic Evprij'iuics, i

the ti'i'ritory. I' roiii tlii.i

J iiumirouH flcprcilationi*

1. conlcut ofHcvt'ial ycara'

'crritory.

rlcston, is tlio oldest townlisli Htytc. Its climiito ia

lids in quest of Jicallli.

miles north of St. Mark's,and several clmrelies andsi'pliV, lire tlio chief coin,all tlirivinj; towns. Pen.iled Slates' ships uf war

c north ? Go., Aa.— On).— What Caj)o is on theS.-Bs., Rs., So.— What

- What arc the two chief

la (rom Alabama 7 Po.

—

low into Pensacola Bay 7

itchic Bay 7 Cc.— IntoBay 7 Se.— What river

igUHtino 7 S.-Js. — WhatU.— Tell the lengths ofIhcm.—What is the jwpu.- Pensacola 7— In wJiat

3. For what is it betterextent? Which are theif the Seminole Indians 7

{ustino. 7. Tallahassee,

SU'am bunt loading with cotton.

ALABAMA.1. Alabama is remarkable for its rapid growth in popula-

tion, wealth, and general prosperity. In the year 1810, its

inhabitants were less than 10,000 in number; and now theState contains nearly seventy times that amount.

2. Cotton is the chief agricultural product ; in 1840upwards of 117 million pounds wore raised in the state.

Corn, the principal grain, is raised all over the state, andsome tobacco is cultivated in the northern counties.

3. Several useful works of internal improvement have beenlately constructed, and others are proposed. The principalof these will connect the most fertile districts in the interior

with the Gulf of Mexico, and add greatly to the wealth andprosperity of the State.

4. The various rivers which traverse both the northern andsouthern sections of Alabama admit of an extensive steam-boat navigation, by which the valuable production^ of the

Alabama. Q.— J. For what is Alabama remarkable 7 How manyinhabitants were there in 1810 7 How many now 7 2, What is thechief product 7 iVii it are also cultivated 7 3. What is said of worksof internal improve* lent? 4. For what are the rivers woU adapted?

- ^r:^,',f^f,,* . tlU. iyr. .(i.^^*

150 DKb&niFTIVK OEOailAPIIY.

nucrioi State arc conveyed to ita great coinmorcial markets,Mobile and New Orleaiia.

5. Tho people of Alabama wore greatly haraRncd during Uie late

war by the doitrcdatioiiH of tlic Creek and Seiiiinolo Indiana; theywere, hnwcvcr, Hi^rnuiiy defeatud in suvcral duii])erato cngagcniont*, ofwhich Tuiiupoka wan tlie principal.

G. Mobilu, at tliu head uf Alobili; r.,y, was tho fimt lettlcd place in

th(! slate; it ih the chii'f dcpnl of its coniinurcf. TuHcalouKa, iho latu

cuiiilul, iiia tuwnof 8omu trade; it contains tho University of Alabama.

7. ."Mt.ntgonrifry, on the Alabama river, became in 1847 tho capital

of the statu. Wi'tuiiiplia nn the Ciiosii, and (iaineHvillo on tho Tom.bijfby, all in the centre of the Klate, arc thrivinj,' towns. Florcnct,'I'uHcumbi.i, Decatur, and llinilsville, in the vulioy of tliu Tennesscoriver, are each places of buuio note.

Afn/> A'o. 12.—What l)oiin(l.s Alabanitt on tho north? Tc— Thoeast? Ga.—Tho west / Mi. —Wliat state and gulf on tho south

7

Fn., Mo.—What riv<!r k< parate.t .Mabama fiom Florida? Po.—Whatriver tlows into Mobile liny I .Me.—What two rivers form Moliiiu

river? 'i'y., Aa.—Wiial rivcrn form the Alabama? C'a., Ta.—Whatriver Howe tlirouf,fh the norlhiin part of tliu state? Te.— On whatriver is Tuscaloosa? ll,.Wr.— How long is the Tombigby ? Alaba-ma ' Coosa? Tallapoosa? What is the population of Mobile?Wclumpka? Iluntsville? Tuscaloosa? Florence? Montgomery?In what county is Mobile? Me.— Tuscaloosa? Ta.— Horcnco?Lc.— Huntsvillo ? Mu.—Wctumpka? Cu.— How many miles arothe following rivers navigable lor steam-boats: viz. Tennessee? Tom-bigby? Black Warrior? Alabama? In what year was the baltlo

of '1 ohopeka fought 7 On what river is Florence ? Decatur 1 &.C.

111

MISSISSIPPI.

1. This state, like Alabnmn, is remarliablo for the great

tncrenso of its population. Emigration some years ago wasso e.xtcnsive, that the numlx;r "f the inliabitants, between the

years 1830 and 1840, was vftry nearly trebled.

2. Cotton is the chief production of Mississippi, and it

employs nearly nil the industry of the people. The crop in

1840 was upwards of 193 million pounds, being tho largest

.'). By whom were tlic people harassed? Wliot is said of them?t). Describe Mobile. Tuscaloosa. 7. Montgomery. Wetumpka andoUinr towns.

Misiissippi. Q.—l. What is this state remarkable for 7 What hastnkcn placp since 18.10? 2. What is the chief production 7 What

T'

]<m

of

vat

<

but

the

imj

are

4tion

byrem

5Stat

and

6,

is nhigl

oftthe 1

larlj

ircc!

inlai

wensaid

part

IIY.

uniinurciul markcta,

raHDcd during the late

oiiiinolo Indiana; they

>urato cngageinonta, of

10 fiFRt settled place in

, TuNcalouKa, the late

Uaivorsity of Aluhanm.

mo in 1847 the cnpital

linoHvillo on tlio Tom.'in(j townH. Florenct,

uhcy of tlio Tt'MiiusHcu

ho north? Tc— Tlio

1(1 gulf on tlio iiouth 7

Florida? Po,—Whatvo rivers form Moliilu

ma? C'a., Ta.—Whatlate? Tc— On what[c Tiimbig'jy ? Aluba.

K)|)|||:ilion of Moliilc /

unco ? Montgomery 7

isa ? Ta.— i lorcnco 7

- Mow many niiloH aro

viz. Tenncsscu? Tom-it year was the battle

CO 7 Decatur ) &c.

liable for the great

iome years ago wasbitants, between the

•ebled.

Mississippi, and it

oplo. The crop in

s, being the largest

hat is said of them 7

icry. Wctumpka and

kablo for? What hasef production ? What

MISSISSIPPI. ISl

View on Ihu Miniulppi River,

of any state iii the Union. Some tobacco and rice aro culti.

v.'ited, and Indian corn is raised to a considerable extent.

3. Some sugar has been produced in the southern counties,but the cane docs not oppcar to thrive. Sweet potatoes, withthe peach, fig, and other fruits, grow in abundance. Scvertt!

important raii-roads have been projected, and some of themare completed.

4. Mississippi is now entirely under the control of a wliito popula-tion. The northern and central parts of the state wore lately occu|)icdby the Chortaw and Chickasaw Indians; but these have nearly all

removed to the Indian Territory.

5. Jackson, on the west bank of the Pearl river, is the capital of theitaUs. It is finely situated, and contains the Sta o House, Penitentiary,and other public buildings.

6. Natchez is the largest and most important place in the state. Itis nearly 300 miles above New Orleans ; and is built prineiimlly on ahigh bluff, 200 feet above tlie surface of the Mississijipi. 'J'iiat jKiitof the town on tlie margin of the river is called Natchez j belowthe hill.it is chiefly a collection of stores. The upper town is regu.larly laid out, and has wide streets, ornamented with fine shade,trees. A great amount of cotton is shipped from thix city ; und its

inland and river trade is extensive.

I

were formerly cultivated 7 Of Indian corn? 3. Of sugar? What issaid of the rail-roads 7 4. Of Mississippi 7 The northern and centralparts? 5. Describe Jackson. 6. Natchez. What of its coninicrco:

i»s»wr#

152 DERcniPTivB OEoanAPiir.

7. VicltiburK ii on the UtV lintik of tliu MiiiNiMRi|i|)i river, SSO mile*from itN iiKititli. It in a lldiirixliiiiir iiliico, mid, liki' Niitrlxr, liuii n

grciit trail); in rollun. Tiiu town in riluatcd lui llir Hliclviii^ iiida ol

NOiiic liillH, >\ilh lliu lioiiNCM liiiiit in (rnuiim U|Hjn tlio tvrruccH, It in

cunncclud witii iliu cnpitul liy ii ruii-roud.

8, Aninni; other thrivini; pluccs in the iitofe, nro (iriind (Jiilf, on ihoMiiiiii»:Hi|i|)i riviT, nnd I'urt (filisoii, 7 inih-!* trma it, in the interior

MunchrHlcr, or Yiizchi city, on tlie Yukimi, (ireniidu, on the Yuiubuulmand Ahcrdi'cn and Coliiniliiis, on the 'I'uinbighy rivur, Tlio latter i

tlio nortli-euHtern vnijHiriuni ot' the Htutu.

Map No. 19.—Whut ntnle hounds MinHiMippi on the north? Tc —On tiie Hoiil!) ? La., U.-Mo.— On the riint? Ar.— On tlio went? A«,La,—VVhiil river ne-mriilcH it Cr'nn LimiHiiina and ArlttinHui? Ml.

—

On what river in lifulciie/. ? Jaelfwui? (irtiiid (•ull'7 VicltKburff?

Manehcilcr, or Yuzno i.ily? fJrenadii ? C'uhinibuH /—What ii U«e

(topulution of eueii of tliexe town!! /— How many n)i!cii from tho icu

do Bteaiii.lK)ulH aHeend Iho T<>iiilii;r|iy ? 'ralluhiitchiu 7 YalabuHlib?Bij{ Rluek ? Peiirl 7— Hiiw llir iH VickHbufff from the Hea? Whi,tkind of veHsel.H iiMceiid to it? In what cnuiity is Nuteiiez 7 Ab.—Vickubur); 7 VV«u— Jackiion 7 lis. — Culuinbiis 7 Lb, — Grand(iulf? Co.

118

LOUISIANA,

1. TiiK U^rritory cortii)risiii<^ this state, to^cthor with the

vnst rogioii lying west of the Mississippi river, was formerly

si! called liOiiisiann, nnil was purchased from Franco by tlje

United States' GoverniiHmt in 181(3.

2. The country bonlcriug the .Mississippi, in this state, ia

generally lower than tlin surface of the water, and a large

ponion of it ia protected by levees, or cml)ankments of earth,

nearly 200 miles along the shores of the river.

3. The great staples of Louisiana arc; sugar and cotton, but

rice, corn, and tobacco, are also cultivated. A vast amounof cipital is invested in the sugar business, in lands, slaves

i&c, and tho produce of that article has increased tenfol

withm twenty years; in 1845 it amounted to about 207 mil

lion poimds.

4. During the late war, a powerful British army invaded this stutr

,

*. Vicksburg 7 How arc ships brought up to this place 7 8, The other

vwnsTLoui$iatia. Q.— 1. What is said of tho territory comprising this

%te7 When was it purchnHcd 7 3, What is said of the country?. What are tlie great staples ? 4, Wliat took place during tiic lat*

put

I

MiIhri

sec

{

var

live

por

fuci

ing

Uic

i

hav

liai

Akfl

Tcn

thri

mil

rai

M'l

S.'

tnmtim'\intm^amaamim

IIY.

»t«i|>|)i rivpf, fi20 niilo*

(I, like Niitclxr, liim n

II the Hliclvin^ Mb oI

uii tiio tvrruccH, It in

nro fJriind (Jiilf, on tlio

mil it, ill tliu interior

mill, oil tliR YulubuHlm

y rivur, Tlio lattor i

on Iho north 7 Tc. -..— On the went? At,iiid ArknnBUM? Mi.

—

lulUiiir? Viclinburffr

iiibuH ?—What ii ute

ny iiiiluii frnin t\m acu

liutcliiu? YalabuHha?from tlio Bt'a ? WhUy is Nutclii'Z ? As.

—

iiibiis 7 Lh. — Grand

c, to^clhor with the

river, was formerly

from Frunce by tlje

ipi, in this stntc, ia

water, and a large

liankmeiits of earth,

river.

lugar and cotton, but

d. A vast amounsss, in lands, slaves

IS increased tv.nCo\

id to about 207 mil

my invaded this etutr

,

is place 7 8. Tlie other

ritory comprising this

8 said of the country 7

: place during tiic l«it«

liOriSIANA. 1S3

Battle o( New Orlvana.

put tlioy were totally defeated by the American army, under GeneralJuckson, January tith, Idl.'j, and left the country shortly aflerwards.

S. Now Orleans, the capital of the state, ia on the Itfl bank of t'le

MiHsisHippi river, about lUU miles fVom its inoutii. 'i'liu inland andi'lrcijrii trade of this city is very great. From 1,500 to 2000 tlat-boats,

.u) to UO steaiiubuats, and a foruxt of the niuats of sea vchuoIs, may beseen nearly always lying along its Iuv6e.

(J. The produce that arrives at Now Orleans innually from thevarious stuteM, Sec, watered by the Mississippi river oiid its tributary•ilrcniiis, is estimated to amount in value from lifty millions to seventy.live milliunH of dollars; among which, cotton, tlour, eugur, tobacco,pork, hemp, and lead, are the principal staples.

7. The city is built on level ground, and is several feet '.lolow the sur-

face of the river at high water. It contains a number of i'ublic build-

ings, some of which are splendid structures. The population duringllie winter season is from 40,000 to 50,000 greater than at other periods.

8. The towns in Louisiana are all small ; some of them, howeverhave considerable trade. Donaldsonvillc, Ploqueniine, Baton RougeHiiyou Sara, and St. Francisvillc, are on the Mississi;)pi river, andAlexandria, Natchitoches, and Shreveport, on Red river".

9. Tlie great Raft, an immense accumulation of timber, which provented navigation to tlio up|)cr parts of Red river, has been lately cut

through, iiid steam-boats can now ascend that stream several hundredinilca t'lortiicr ttian formerly,

war 7 When were they defeated 7 5. Describe New Orleans. 6. Whatef the prii<<'.ice 7 7. How ia the city built 7 What of tlie population '

S. The other towna 7 9. The great Rati 7

U

tBK^SSWS'^"

154 nEflCRIPTIVB QEOaRAPllY.

Map So. la.—By what i* lK)uiBiBna bounded on Uiu norllt? Ai., Mu- On the caKt 7 Mi.— South r O..Mo.~WMt? 'IV — Whnt riviri

ncpornto I.ouiiiinna from MiiwiiiHippi t Mi., I'l.— What river fVoin

ToxoiiT 8c.— WImt lakeii in tho cn«tcrn part of tho ilato? I'li.,

Up. _ What two in tho mmthirn part 7 ("u., Mu.— How lung in Ihi-

MiiitlsHippi 7 Hid river I WoBhitn 7 Sabino 7 Caliuniu 7 Hiiyou

Macon 1 SoMio rivi rn uro tcrmwl IkyouH in Ixjuisiana. Wlial i» J«population of New Orlennn 7 Donahlsonvillo 7 Baton RouKo7 AUji.

Bndria7 NBtchitother)7 In wliat pnriBhes aro these •ituatcd 7 N.-Oh.,

An., U.-D.-RO., Ri„ Ni.—When wan tlio batllo of Now Orlcuna fought 7

113

View on th« Prairiei of Texai— Catching wild hone*.

TEXA&

1. The state of Texas, the 28th in number, was annexed

to the United States, by the consent of the Legislatures of

both republics, in the year 1845. It was formerly a Mexican

State, but the people, in 1836, achieved their inde[)cn(lence

by defeating Santa Anna, tho Mexican President, at the battle

of Snn Jacinto.

2. Texas extends from the Gulf of Mexico north to Red

ri»er, and the 42° of north latitude, and west from the Sabine

river to the Rio Grande del Norte. It is about seven times

larger than the state of Pennsylvania.

Texat. Q.— 1. What ia Raid of the sUtc of Texas 7 What wa« it

formrrly? What occurred in m36 7 9. How far doosTcxaaoztend}

Gn

a:

ai

wII

w1.1

uII

II

c:

4

tf

ir

IIY.

on Uiu north? At., Ml1 7 Til. — WImt rivtri

•I.— What river fVom

rt of tho itatt) 7 I'li.,

rlu,— How lung ia thi?

1 7 Cak'uiiiu 7 Diiyoii

>uiiiana. What in \\m

Dnton Roiico? Alcji.

hciM) ititiiutcu I N.-Oh.,

r Now Urli-uns Tuught 7

( wild hones.

imber, was annexed

the Legislatures of

formerly a Mexicantheir inde[)cn(lence

'esident, at tho battle

Hexico north to Redivcst from the Sabine

s about seven times

Texas 7 What was it

far does Tcxoa oztendl

TIXAI. 155

3. The climate is mild and healthful. Tho face of thocountry consists chiefly of vast priirics, tho soil of wliioh is

excctsdinKly fertile, and produces cotton, tobacco, sugar, rice,

wheat, &c. Silver is nsportcd to exist, as well as lead, cop.|>cr, coal, and salt ; but the mineral products of this countryare not yet exploi ed.

4, Texas is on« of tho finest countries in the world fornising cattle. Pastuni<;f« l)ein|5 very plentiful, thoy inereaaerapidly, and great numlx;r.s of them are driven every yearijito the adjacent Slates, for sale.

R. Vnst Iiorda of bufTiilo, (h-er, and mnstanprii or wild Ijprson, roamovar tho prairicii of Uio interior. NuinlMjrii of tho latter aro taken witha leather thonjf or rope, with a rmininjf nooiio at tho end of it, and boinjrprojicrly broke aro used, either ui driiughl or Raddle horsoi,

6. The inhnbitanta of Texas aro nearly all Anjrlo-Ainoricans, emi-jfrants from tlio United States. There aro uIho some Mnxioans, Noffrosluveii, and Indians. Tho whole ainonnts to about iiSU.OUU ; of whwiitho slaves conatituto about one.tcuth part.

7. Austin, tho capital of Texas, is on the Colorado river, about iiOOmiles from tho sea. Tho other principal towns are Houston, Braxoria,Matagorda, San Felipe, Nacoifdoches, San Augustine, and (lalvcston.Tlw latter is on Galveston Island. It is tho cliiof sca-port of Toxaa.

8. Tho cominorco of Toxaa already omnloys a number of tradingvessels between tho principal towns and Now Orleans ; and foreignvessels carry tlio products of tho state t« various European ports.

Map No. 13.—.What bounds Texas on tho North 7 I..Ty.— South TG..Mo._ East ? La., I.-Ty.— West 7 Mo._ What river forms thenorth boundary 7 Rd.— East? So.— West? R. G. No.—Whichare the other chief rivers of Texas 7 Co., Bs., Ty., Ns.— How longare thoy 7 From what lake docs the Brazos river flow 7 Se.— Onwhat river is Austin 7 Co.— Into what bay does it flow 7 Ma. —How far do steam-boats ascend tho Brazos river 7 When, and whore,was tho battle of San Jacinto? Point out tho Cross Timl)or«. 'J'jiiiIS a remarkable forest in tho midst of tho prairies : it extends north.\vurd from the Brazos river lor a distance of a hundred miles. WhatIndian tribes are there in Texas 7 As., Cs., Ls., Ks.

Hnw does it compare with Pennsylvania 7 3. What is said of th«climate? Face of the country? Soil 7 Products? Silver &c 74. What IS Texas 7 5. What is "said of Buffalo, &c. 7 How ar« thovtaken 7 6. What are tho inhabitants 7 7. What is said of the town'sm Texas 7 8. Of the commerce 7

i

'•igiiUfnii''' ' —

iW OEKEII>Tlva OBOOKArUT*

WESTERN STATES.

1. TiiK VVcstrrn Stntrs comprisf Ohio, Kentucky, Tcnnfs-

at!0, Imliaim, Illinois, Mirhi^>an, Missouri, nnd Arkansas, the

organized tirritorics of Wisconsin und lown, tondht^r with

the Indian Territory, and tho unorganized territories of Mis-

nouri nnd Oregon.

2, From tim tjrcat extent of this region, its climate pos

Bosses consi(it'ral)le variety of temperaturo ; tho ^vinters are

moro variable, nnd the quantity of snow is less tliun in the

snmo parallels in tho Atlantic States.

;}. Tho most striking features of this vast country nro its

numerous rivers, towering forests, and extensive prairies

rijc latter are wido-sprcnding plains, stretching farther tlmn

tho eye can reach, destitute, for tho most part, of trees, auJ

covered with tall grass and flowering shrubs.

4. That part of this region lying between tlio Rocky antl

Alleghany Moun'ains is oden called thu Mississippi Valley,

Wettem Statu, Q.— 1. Whut do the Wc«tcm Stateii compriae r

9. What i« Raid of the climate 7 The winter! 7 3. The most itriking

Otatures 7 What arc prairica 7 4. What ii part of tliii rogrion called >

J

V

b

h

a

n

o

ti

e

h

tl<

ni

til

to

01

Mto

W&7.

of

u(

|C|

U

mnniiiiiiiiiliilirii

IT.

S.

Kontucky, Tcnnfs-

nnd Arkansas, the

own, toi^cilit-r with

i territories of Mis-

n, its climate pos

u ; iho winters amia less tliun in the

ist country nro its

extensive prairijis.

ching fiirllior timn

port, of trees, auJ

bs.

eon tlio Rocky nntl

Mississippi Valley,

em State* compriae f

3. The ino8t itrikini;

of tllil rcgrioD CBlltill )

WMTIIRN aTATM. 137

from its hcin^ cliietly wuii'n^d hy (hut ii^n:t\i nvrr, and ill

;-ibutiiry strianm. '1 hcwMillIird ininu^nM) liicihticN fiir iniur-

>iai eoinnin-ci!, and, in litel, couHtitt. < it ono uf thu U.»t

wutennl distrittls on tin) liu-u of tiie ylubu.

5, Tlierii arc, iit prcxnit, im tlia wotcrn wa(<-r« nbmit 400 ilcani.

biikdi, iiiiipy )iiiM<iri'ilii ai' arlu or l1;it-b(Nttii, iNimdoi • niiiltitude iil'

xiiinllor crnil roiiKtunlly rii|{ii|{i il in liio notniiiRrne of Ihn rnuiilry, knil

iinmaiinu qiiiinliiii'it nl'priHlucu orvarioiM kind* arc annually cuitvuyiid

by lliotii tu Now Orloun^.

(I. L-ad, iron, coal, salt, and liino, alMHind in the WesternStall's, and, prohahly, no r<';^ii)n of »i|iial extent in the world(^xhil)its sui'li a conihinatinn of mint ral wealth and fertility

of soil, united with suidi rare liirilitifji of transportation.

7. Cotton and tobacco nro produced in tho soutlnrn dimtricts, while wheat, Indian corn, hemp, o(its,'and barley, urnextensively cultivated in the otlurr parts. Cuttle, ho„.i, andhorses, nm raiwd in abundance, and con.Htiluto nn iniiwrtjuil

purl of tho wealth of tho [Hmplo of these slutes.

8. A coniUlorabie portion of tlie weitcrn country. has been recently•ottled ; but tho nhcnpucMi of land, tho furtility of tlio coil, and tlio

gi'noral cli(irneler of llio fliiiiiilo, nro cau.-iini; a tide of emigration to(low, wliicli iii tilling up the I'uiiiitry with unexampled rapidity,

9. A laudable lual ii manifuiitvd in the cauiio of education. Thenumb<T of common ichooli iii rupidly increaninff, while cullcgei sndUio higher eminarioi, of learning are alio multiplying.

10. Tho population of tho Wontcrn Stateii and Torritorici amountHto more thiin live millionii, of which tlie negro mUvcs cunatitute aboutono-olovenlh part. Slavery is prevalent in Tonntpce, Kontucky,Miiaouri, and Arkonioa, hut duox not ezi«t in tlio oilier itato* andtorritoric*.

11. Nearly nil tho Indians in tho United States aro foundwithin tho limiU of this quarter of tho Union. Some of thim

Why 7 What do they afford 7 5. What ii said of rtonm-boaU, »rk^Slc. ? What is convoyed by them 7 6. What is Raid of lend, iron, Slc. !

7. What in produced in tlie iouthcrn districUi 7 In other partu I Wliatof catllii, &c. 7 8. What hai been recently BcttJcd 7 Whnt is filftnij

up the country 7 9. What ia manifested 7 Of common aclioola, col-leges, icc'l 11). Of the population 7 Where ia alavery prevalent?11. What ia said of tho Indiana 7 What ia narrowing Ihiir bound*

»ip*i»f

IBS DuaiirrivK eitnaiiAMiv.

•rfl pnrluilly rivilispil, but a cnnmdi'rMMt* niimber utill rrmniruiichniiKcd J nnd wliilw th«t wltliworiu, oriM, nnd im|)r<»vp.

mi-ntii oi whiU) men oit) narmwiiiK l\mt >wunilaru>«, th«y itiji

retain lh«ir original savago character and condition.

1

latlitui vfdwinf itw lmpriivem«iila of mIiIU inan.

lij. The Crrekt, Choctaws, Chf<r<ikcc«, and other tribct now rcildrntin llio Iiidiun Territory, nrv untlur tlio iirotcclion of l|je Oclicrat (»nv.

I'rninont, and iiicrcaM «*<!kitily in population and profiwirity i tvliile tlie

Hioux, iticcnrc^R, Block VnA, aiid otiicr i-udis, rovinj bands of theUpiHir MiMouri, are dccrcaiiiug rapidly in numlier and imiiuManoa.

13. Within a frw yiara, the unmll.pon ho* awopt th«m by thouaanduftom tho fane of tho earth ; and Iribci but lately nujucroua and powerfill are now reaikd to a fuw individuali,

Map No. 5. —Which ii thd kreoiit Weatern Slate t Mi.— ThemallcNt ' la, — Tho niosl northern t Mn. - Southern I A».~EaatornT Oo, —Wcntcrn? Mi.—Which ia tho larjfcst wcBlcru Ur.ritory? On,— Tho mo*t nortliurn and ireiit«nif On. — The mo««natern 7 Wn.— Mo«t »outliem 7 In— T'le weitem itatoa and ter.

ritorici pttcnd from latitude J3 to 4it diffniH. How niiK^li latitude

do they include 7 Thoy extend from about -l degrfc* of lont,rilu<li'

to 56 di'ttrcea wcHt from Waahimi^on. How much lonpiliido dotlioyincludo? What italcii have tho Miiisisiippi 'iver for tlicir wc»t.

rici 7 What do they itill retain 7 12. What of the Crrcki, Choctaws,fi-c. 7 Tho Sioux, Itincarcca, ice t 13. What is aaid of tho anmll-

.''If

liir

'ml

("..I

tWu

\..\

till

iiu

8n<

nvi

'•i»

iro

.f

vol

a I

tmmnmm

r.

limber trtill n*miiip

rlH, and im|)ri)v«.

unilarii>«, thny (ill

-onditiun.

1i

)

lilt men.

)t tribei now reddrntof l|je Oi'iieral Gov.

profimrity i tvhile tlie

roving banda of the

r and iiniiorunoe.

pt them by thoURandu

luuieroua und pvwor

Slate T Mi.— TIm!

Southern? A».~iarffst n-cHtcrtt tcr-

if On.— Tlio mo««eitem ilatoi and tcr.

IfoW IIIIK^Il liititudc

li'grccii of lontritudt'

much litnfriiuilo doi fiver for llicir wc»t.

m Crpcki, Choctawn,Is anid of tho aiiiiill.

<irn boundary f Te,, Kr., la., Wn.—Wliirh liav* Um Miiaualp^ flvUi«ir vn^^rtn bniindary r A*., Ml., la—Whirli dafaia haw ih« Ohio)'»r ihrlr oiiMirrn boundary ( • hi., la., I*. —Wlml «(•(« ha« ttio Ohioiir ila imrtlKirn tH>uiid«ry / Ky.—Which ha* llio Ohio ffir il* wi-.ti-rn

•iilllditryf V«.— Ilitw many milra hr the araUi (V.iiii the iriniih ofCiiliiiiiiMi* rivr riMtward to lh« Km-kv Vl>iiin(aiii« t lliiw imuy inthairoiii Ilia Rocky Mountains lo t.Jikn Mii'jiitfan, m''a»iir<'<l <>i) I'v imral' I of 44 •l»'Krr(p» f How many niiica (Vom the Iwiid of Ihn Ark.ituaaV> Ihr hrxd of Ihfl All»Kh.iny pivcr I Tliia ia nlxMit the (freatm I'lti nthut <ttn tx! iiKMimirod Ihrotigli lh« rniro of Iho ,Mii«iiMiiii|ii »»;|.y failand wnm. How r ir ifVoni thu JKod to Iho iiiouth of lhi< .11i»iii««i|i|ii

iinr in a almiirht hmi? Mow (iir from Ihn nioiiih of thf Ohio nn f

^o lh« itorlhirn b«iiuid«ry f lllMioix .' nnil li'oiii tlio aaiiin |H>iitl to liia

.u»l b<mnd.iry of Kentm ».^ ? Tho atau-v of Minaoiiri and hidinnairo alxiut tho lutno extent trom north In anittik, VVIiat l« tlia nuinlwi•f iiiilea?

OHIO.

1. This flourishing state, though settled so lately oa tlif

vonr 178i>, already ranks ticxt to Pennsylvania in (ho numljer)l" its inhiibitants; and !tn iiicn'aso in wealth and imjwrtance's unequalled in tho history of any other country.

2. The southern section of Ohio is uneven and hilLy ; thff

Ohio. Q.—I. Whim WM thia atata aellWd ? How does it rank T4. What if atid of It » How ii it intcraocted . 3. What arc iIm

-.-^/n

iOO DMiuirrivii oKiHiNAriiv.

ri>nmln(k>r in ijriH'rnlly Wrl, with «'«ili'n«ivi) |irnirt<*a in mnny\Htti». Till' «v In ill) Nlu«u i* iitii'rw'i'ri-ii M till iitiiin nxm rivcru,

which nlliinl u vimt Miiioiitit of «uU>r-|M>wrur iur null*, tiuuiu-

Iticloru'N, iVo.

3, Tho utiij'lo pnidii. 'I lit wlxril nnd rnrn ; Imf ry**, ont«,

ItUi'kwIiii'iii, mill tiiliDKu, MM- ( iiliivalcil. On-liiinU lloiiriNli

hen', iirul |>riNlii<'*t tli«* riiirxt ii|i|i|i'm, iiml nil the tViiil* ol' lln'

WfNti'rn nnitliK, m |N>rli'«'ti<iti. Ilnrwit, rntilc, iiitii ho({ii, maiiltumliinl, mill tiii)ti«mM<l* (iri> <v<ry ymr drivin In ilHTiwU-m

iimrk'N.

4, Iron nml nml ar^ rmiiul in vnil i|iiiiiiliiir<>i, ami aali

•f»rinj<« nm iiiinrMu*. Maiuiliirlim-B nro riirrii;*! to «

HmUcr ('xtinl tli.»3 in nny titlKC \usfiTn Miiin. 'I'licy coiwiMt

ot'riiitiiii (iml wiNilhri (j[imiiU, hiiIi flour, |iii|M<r, mul niiichinory.

5, Tlin (lliio rIiiIii rnniiU wirp iviijcofcil nbiiiil ll'i- yi'ir IhSJ.I; ihcy•rn (iir till' iiKMt piirt riiiii|ili>li'il, and in lucrcullil niHriitiiin, TIm itv

lluciit'o of llu'Mi wurl.i liit«, in iniiiiy riim>, riilitiiiri'ii Ciiir-lblii llin

v»luanr|irlvut<' |ir<i|M<rty in nml ncur ttin |iliiii'i) whiTc lliry urn IwaUnl,bwidv* inrri'iiniiiK |;rfiitly i\\e cnintiiiri'c nl' llii! »t;\le. Varluu* otiiei

eMMli uiiil ruil-roiiiU aril in llir- i-iiurx' uC rnn^lriKlion.

fl. ('(iliiiiiliim, lliit cni'ilnl iif'llui Mtnir, in nil tlic li ll liiink iirilinRoiot>

river, illO iiiili.« iVmii tli<' (lliiu, ami in ilmilril ill n rirli niiil lioAiitiiiii

^'vlrict. It in ri'Kulurly luid out, mill cuiitaiii> lovurul |iublic buildingaiJiuri'lic*) A^c.

7. C'liii'liiiiiiti ii im (lie right brink of Iho Ohio rivi'r, MO milci fVoni

lit miiiiih. 'I'liu erowtli of iliic rily hn* b<-i<n cxiiicilinirly ra|ild, nni*

hiu kv|il pui'u with tho iiirrcaNO of tlio itute. It in ri'irnlnrly luid out

:

iiiitny ut' till |irivntfl dwcllinri are I'lcgnnt, iti p-iblic idiHcfo are nuiiu-

riiiu, and loiiie u( tlicm are handnottio »|ic'ciiii('nii of nrchitcnturo.

8. Till* city carridi on an inimrnio trade both up and down (lip

Ohio rivur, and thu Miunii caiiitl, wlilch join* the IbrmRr at tiiii plai r.

I'ork ii otiu oftlio chief articloa of trade i bunidm which, wlieal, llniir,

H hiikpy, uiid a (frcut varicily of nmiiufacturud artivloii, aro cxiwrtcd.

0, ZunmvilJc ii an important plurr, iiiid ii niili'd li)r iln llour-iiiilit

and vttridiiH iimniifhctiirinj; CNtulilinhiin'iila. Clrvcluiid ia tlio priii-

I'ipal iMirt on I.iikii i-jrii', and \» a pluce of nctrnnivo liUhiiirM. Hlcii>

iK'nvillc, lliiytiin, IVirlaiiiouth, Toledo, and Huiiduaky, aro ail tlirivingand lluuri-iliiiiK towim,

•laple pnidurti? What it miid of horum, &.c. T 4. Iron and coal?Manuflicturi'H / 5. Hluto canuU 7 What hna been thi'ir influence >

Hlhcr cnnttln nnd rail.roadx I 0. Dcacribo Coluniliun. 7. Cincinnati.Mow i» it I lid out I H. What doc* it carry on 7 What aro exported 7

y. IK'fcrilie ZanciviJlc. CkvclojiJ. »U)ubcnvill<!, and liie otiter

liu\7na.

MY.

VII prairtf* in manyli luiim rnii« rivi*ra,

vr Iwr iiulUt intutu-

rorni

Imf ryt*, oot«,

Orfhiinl^ lloiiriNli

ill ilic iViiiU ol' ilii'

mill', nnd ho((ii, niQ

ilrivcn III ilHMimU-m

t]iintilitif<«, aiitl aall

nro «'urrH;»l to a

utiilo. Tlii-y cr>naiNt

|M'r, iiikI niiichinory.

Ill III- yttir Ih8.1i they

llil iiiH'rutiiin. 'l')i« irv

ptiliuiiri'd Ciiir-lold llin

where lliry urn ImaU'il,

I' iiilr. Varluu* otliei

riuiinn,

I' Ml liiink i>rilinRci»t'

ill n rirli iiihI lieaiitiMM

uvuritl |iulitic bulliUng*

o rivrr, Ml) riiilci fVomcxi-'i'i'iliniriy rajilil, anil

t In ri'iriilurly laid uiit

:

iblic idiHct-a are nunx'in of itri'liitt!»turo,

MtUi ii|i and down (tir

ho formnr at (hi* ploir.

m which, wheal, liniir,

irtivii'M, aro ciiwrtcd.

oli'd liir iu lliiur.iiiillt

('Irvchiiid ii llio priih

Miiivo liUKiiieNi. Hlniu

ilualty, ara nil tliriving

. ? i. Iron and coaltbeen thi'ir influence I

iniliiiii. 7. Cincinnati.

J What arc exported 7

mvilltf, kjid the eilier

M.if, No. 14

Miiiiih I Ky.,

liiriiia In piiiiIIi

Vo., 8v., Ihi,.

»

»*<K, .Mill. — wCltivrbind ' Mil

lil<iUt!l i' lit wl

R»., My, Ki,--

Mii^kiiitritm I

winlf Nl. —

»

vliliir lowiia ?

RBNTi;cilY. lUl

— What hnimd* Ohio on ih« north' Mn., I».b,a>Vit. — Hi.! t Va., I'll. _ H 1 , 1 f In. — \\ iiiti riveriH.iimlnrv t •>.(,-. U'linl rl>if» llnw Into l,.ili« Krie f

«. — Whiih II..W Into thit «»l,l<. ri»irf Ml,, I.,. Ml.,liAt ii iliit tiiiiMiliiiiiiii uf rini-iiiiiiitl ' /iini'iivillr >

uhrnUllii f ('ilitiiibiia? riilllirnihi' ' itiiylim r |*urli>

I it I'oolllii* iiri' llicMi pUi'i a i llli., Mill., (')., Jii., Vlt,,

Mow litiijr i« ilK'llliiof Miiiiii'-'? Miami/ HvUAaiWhat rnnij i'\li'iida tliriHiuli Ihc alitlo ty»ni vnat Uth\ whtti riveri are Xamatillc, iMydm, end iIm utiier

117

luoily Hadlart alticktil by lndlaiii>

KENTUCKY.

1. This iitnfc wns firnt nctflfd by tho cflclirntod DonirlHoono and ollicrs, in lUiii. It (binivd for a tiiiio « port ofVirginia, but in 17U0 a mpanitiim tmik |ihiri>, and two ycarHiiru;rMiird.s lvcnlui;l<y was adniitti'd into tlio Uiiinu.

2. Tho mirfaco in thr> eastern Hcctinn of tho stale is hilly

find iindiilfiliu}{, but in t]w wi'storn it iH jrvcl, orcnsionally

t'xtriidin:,- into priiirirs. Munh of tho Boil of Kentucky ia

cclrbriifod for its Ibrtility.

3. The principal products are Indian corn, wheat, oats,

KfUntky. Q. — I, By whom wan this atate oottled T What did it

tnut 1 Wiwt luuk pl'iue ) SI. What ia oud of Uiu lurlkce ? Of the

V

»4<w..>—i ^M wmiih

r""

162 DESCRIPTIVE OEOORAPIIY.

hemp, and tobacco. Cattle, horses, and hogs, aro raised to

u great extent, and numbers arc annuiilly driven into ihn

neiglibourin'j; states.

4. Salt sprinjjs or licks are niunerous, from wliich largo

quantities of salt arc made. Great nuinlx,'rs of the bones of

the mammoth liavo also been found in some of them.

i). Tlirro nro Bcvcrnl cxtcniiivc caves found in tlii« Btato that oro

great curiosilii'H, oCwliicli liic Mammotli Cave is tlio nioHt remarkable,

having been exjilored to a distunce of several mileu from its moulli.

Tlio earth in some of these caves Ih strongly impregnated v\itli nitre

or iultpttre, and considerable quantities of tliat article were made from

11 during the lato war.

6. Until tlio ;'Cttr 1795 the people sufTered greatly fVoni Indian ho».

tiliticBimany h'ad iiillcn in uatllc in their fields or houses, by the lioiids

of their sovago foes; but since that period, Kentucky lias advanced

rapidly in population, wealtli, and importance.

7. Frankfort, the capital of the state, stands on the right bank of tlio

Kentucky river, 70 miles from its mouth. Lexington, the oldest town

m the state, is 25 miles cast of Frankfort, in the midst of a well-culti-

vated district. It is tlio scat of Transylvania University.

8. Louisville, the principal city of Kentucky, is on the left bank of

the Ohio, 370 miles from its mouth. It carries on an extensive trade.

Many thousands of flat-boats arrive here, y.arly, from all parts of the

upper Ohio, and stcam-hoats are daily arriving and departing in every

direction. The town is well built, and regularly laid out ; with spacious,

straight, and wcU-pavcd streets, running parallel with the river, inter-

sected by others meeting them at right angles. Louisville wai founded

in the year 1780; •.. 1828, it was incorporated as a city.

9. Mayavillo is a flourishing commercial place. Newport and Co-

vington, botli opposite Cincinnati, aro thriving towns, and contain some

manu^'.^iurcs of cotton-bagging. Tlieso towns are all on tlio Ohio river.

Map No. 14.— What states bound Kentucky on the north 7 Is., la.,

Oo.— South ? Te. — East ? Va.— West 7 Mi., As.— What river

forms its noriVrn boundary 7 Oo.— Its western 7 Mi. -:- Wliat river

and mountains are its eastern boundary 7 B.-Sy., Cd.— Which are tlio

principal rivers in tlie state 7 Tc, Cd., Gn., Ky., Lg.— Tell the lengths

of all these. On what river is Frankfort 7 Louisville? Maysville?

Coirington7 What is the population of each of these towns? Of

Lexington? Which is tlio most northern county 7 Be. Eastern?

Fil.— Vvcsteni ? IIii.

•oil? 3. The principal products ? Cattle, &c. ? 4. Of salt springs

?

What has been found in some of them 7 5. What is said of tlie caves 7

Of the et.'th in them? 6. Of the people? 7. Describe Frankfort,

Lexington. 8. Louisville. 9. Maysville, and other towns.

f

lY.

logs, aro raised to

lly driven into tlm

, from which large

crs of the bones of

nc of them.

in tliiti Rtalc that aro

the moHt rcmarkiiblo,

miles from its muutli.

npregntttcd with nitro

irliclc were made fiuiii

;atly fVoni Indian hos-

)i houses, by thn Imnds

jntucity ims advanced

1 the right bank of tlio

ngtun, tho oldest town3 midst of a wcll-culti-

nivorsity.

,is on tlio led bank of

on an extensive trade,

r, from all parts of tlio

md departing in every

did out; with spacious,

il with tho river, intcr-

Louisvillc wai founded

as a city,

CO. Newport and Co.

iwns, and contain sonio

ro all on tlic Ohio river,

on tho north 7 Is., la.,

Mi., As.— What river

rn? Mi. -:- What river

., Cd.— Which arc tho

Lg.— Tell tho lengths

ouisvillo 7 Maysville 7

of these towns 1 Ofnty7 Be. £astcrn7

7 4. Of salt springs 7

lat is said of tlio caves 7

7. Describe Frankfort,

}t)icr towns.

f

Tenncaiee Iron Worka —View of tho Cunilicrlaiitl Muuntaina.

TENNESSEE.

1

.

The country comprising the state of Tennessee, wasoriginally a part of North Carolina. In 1790, that state

c<;ded it to the General Government. In tho same year it

was organized into the Territory south-west of the Ohioriver; and in 1796 became an indrpcndent state.

2. West Tennessee lies between the Mississippi and Ten-nessee rivers. Middle Tennessee extends eastward to the

Cumberland mountains; and East Tennessee is situated

between the latter and the eastern limits oC the state.

3. The climate is mild, and salubrious, and the soil gen-rrally fertile. Agriculture is the chief employment. Agreater amount of Indian corn is raised here than in anyother state in the Union. Cotton and tobacco are extensively

cultivated ; besides wheat, rye, hemp, &c.4. Tho luuuntnins contain numerous caverns, which abound in

nitrous earth, from which saltpetre is made. Iron, gold, coal, and salt,

Tenneisee, Q. — 1, What was Tennessco originally 7 When did it

liecomc an independent state 7 2. Whore is West Tennessee 7 Mid.d)o Tennessee 7 Enst Ttnncssee7 .3. What is said of the climate 7Of agriculture f 4. Wluit do the mountains contain 7 What aro the

164 I)K»CniPTIVB OEOOnAPIIY.

.re Iho chief mi.u-r«U. The iron ,n«dc in the hUU« k'vos cnploymcn.

to a nmnber oi' ImnnocH, roilii.if.millH, and nail-wnrkH.

5 NttHhviUr 11.0 rupital, in on ihr. Mi bank of C.unhrrkml nvrr.

SrS and "on.ain. an cl.,.g.".l «talo llousu rocu-ntly cudod. b<...dc.

some other tin.! biiildnigH.

r. M..„>i.hi» iH Ibo 8ucoiid town in tho state :it Rtand.H on a fine

bh.tri t 'rst ba V of the M..Ki.si,.,.i river, and bids ti.>r .o bccomu

in Sorllnt "own. A Unilcl State. Navy Yard ,b c.ta d.^h.d htr..

7 Knoxvillo on ll.o H.dston river, waH tho first neat orKovrrn.ncul

of Tenne'c "iVanldin and Cohunbia, both »outh of Nas hv.li., Mur

LZ»'. Honlh-cast of tho Han.c, and UoJWar, on the llakh.o m.r.

arc amonj; Uic most llouri«hini: towuH lu UnncsBCc

mp No. 12

On tlie wjutli ?

Wliat state boimds TcnncBsco on the north? Ky.—

On the .outl.f Mi., Aa., Ga—l^? N-.Ca.-\V^'.t A«

-

What river 8e,.arates this slate fro.n Arlianaas 7 ,M'--,^^'''r:lV"Pir

two Drineiiml rivers? 'IV, fd.- Name iho licad brandies ot the icn-two pnn'-'P"'

ru iL F.l!d.-Tell. how long all these rivers arc /

HoTmanr;;. I \ om file ta do .tcan.-boatf navigate the nalchce

CumSnd and IloUton rivers? To what towns do they anccnd !

Cumbcrlanu, nnu I.separate TcnncsBeo from Nort .Can.-

lin;? Ay -The AUeRhany Mts.,in thiB part, arc dislingu.shed by the

tal nt;« of Stone ^l Smokv Mt., &c." ^i-t~^--^^^

.!,« T..niirwce and (umber and rivers ' td.— How Iiiff "","'>

WhK U n p.„ ulation of Nashville ? Meniphis ? Knoxvdle ? Colum.

bia? In what comiticB arc each of tht.e towns 7 Da., !Ny., Kx.. My

MICHIGAN.

1 This state coinprises two large iicninsulas, one of which

IS situated between Lakes Huron and Michigan, and the otlicr

between Lakes Superior and Michigan.

2 The former contains the white population of the stale,

while the latter is inhabited almost solely by a few Indians,

and is but little known. _

^ 3 The sct'led port of Michigan IS level, and fertile. LoTge

crops of wheat, corn, oats, and rye, arc obtained; while

apples, pears, and other fruits, grow in abundana;.

4. The great lakes by which Michigan is surrounded, arc

chief minerals? What is ^d^on ? 5. Describe NashviUe.

6. Memphis. 7. Knoxville, and the otiier tovixs.

Michigan. Q. — 1. What does this state comprise ? How "c «icy

aitua cdT"i. What docs the former contain 7 The attcr 7 3. What

SSd of the settled part 7 What arc obtained 7 4. Ho.~ is Michigan

-**

1 jjivos employment

rkri.

Ciuiilicrliind rivor.

ill- 1111(1 pirtiinsiiiit

itly cri'cloil, buiilc*

it BtiimlH on a fin«

bids tiiir til liccoiiii;

is chIuIiUmIii'iI I'l-ff

,Hi'iitornnvvrnincul

1 oCNnslivllIc, Mur.

liic iliiUlico fiver,

cc,

n tlionnrth7 Ky.—,i._WcBt/ As.—,li._\Vhirli aretlio

brnnchrs of the Ten-

ill these riviTg lire ?

avigatc the niitclicc,

ns do thiiy uHCcnd '!

SCO from Nortli C'aro-

idistinguislicdbytlie

it mouiUainH between

How liigli arc they I

Knoxvillc ? Coluin-

? Du., tJy., Kx., My

sulas, one of which

ligan, and the other

ilation of the stale,

by a few Indians,

and fertile. Large

re obtained; while

lundana;.

I is surrounded, are

i. Describe Nashville.

B.

iprise 7 How arc they

Tlic latter 7 3. WImtr 4. IIov. is Michigan

MIC'IIIOAN

na

tics

rry'i Victory.

vigublo by vessels of the largest size, and even naval bat.

s have been fougiit on them. Perry's victory was gained

within the limits of this state, September, 1813.

5. Numerous stcam.boatii and other craft arc employed in the trade

of the coimtry, and in convoyinfr cnii^franls from the cast to the wcbI.

Copjjct is foniid in abundance along the Michigan or southern shores

of Lake Superior.

6. Detroit, the capital, in on the river of the same name; it is admi-

rably situated for ciimmLTrn, of which its share is already extensive

The city is nguliirly laid out, and contains a number of handsome pub-

lie buildiiigs. Tlie population is now four times (rreatcr than in 1830.

7. Monroe City, near the hiouth of the River Raisin, is an imjiortant

and thriving ]>lace. Mackinaw, on an island at the entrance to Lake

Michiitan, and .St. .Mary's, at Fort Urady, are the most northern settle,

mcnts in the state; the former was lonjy noted for its fur trade, which

of late years has been on the decline. Mount Clemens, Teeiimsch, and

Ann-Arbour, in tlio eastern, and Niles and At. Joseph, in the western

«'ction of Michifjan, are all nourishing towns.

Map No. 5. —What lake bounds .Michigan on the north 7 Sr.— Onthe cast? Hn.—West? Mn. —What states on the south ? la., ()o

—What rivers separate Michigan irom Wisconsin 7 Ml., Me.—Whatcountry east of Miehifsn? C.-Wt.—What territory on the west?

Wn. —Where is Mackinaw 7 F-^rt Brady ?

«urronndcd 7 What has taken place on them 7 5. What is laid of

•team-boats, &e. / OfcopiKir? 6. Describe Detroit. 7. Monroe lity

Maciiinaw, Sic, Mount Clemcn.-i, and other towns.

IGG DEscniPTivi: OEOQRArav.

Map No. 14.—What lake lici iHJtweon Lake* Huron and Eric 7

S..Cr.—What river unitei it to Lako Huron 7 S..Cr.~\Vliich toL.iko Krio 7 Dt, —What is tho poimhition of Detroit 7 Monroe ?

Nilcs? To what place on tho St. Joseph's river do tcnrn.hoats ascend '

How far from tlio Ma is it 7 On what rivor is Grand Haven V PuInierVSu|riiiaw. ^

120

Dattio or Tippccano*.

INDIANA.

1. Indiana is Iho smallest in extent of tlie Western States;it is similar to Ohio in .soil and surface, but contains a largerproportion of piairic land.

2. The labour of the farmer is hero amply repaid withluxuriant crops of Indian corn, wheat, rye, and orUs, wliieh.«ith beijf, pork, &c., arc t!ic chief articles of exportation.

3. The mineral resources of Indiana have been but litf'i.'

nt'endod to; but coal, iron, lime, and salt, are known lo

Hl'ounl, and Epsom salts arc found in a cave near Corydou.4. An extensive Kystcni of canals and rail.roads has 'jcon adopted

by thin Ktatc, wliich, when completed, will bo of iniincnso advantageto the inhubitants.

5. Tiio people of Indiana were greatly harassed by tho Indians

Indiana. Q.— 1. What is Indiana 7 In what is it similar to Ohio ?

a. How is the farmer repaid 7 3. What are the mineralB 7 4. Whcluf canals and rail.roads ? 5. By whom were tlio people harassed 1

Huron and Erie?S..Cr—Wliich t(.

Wctroit 7 Monroe 7

(trnin-boatfi nHcund '

d Haven V Palmer V

mwr

ILLINOIS. J67

antil the year 1811, when General HirriHon defeated tho SliawanoucProphet, atler u gallant cuntctt, near tlio mouth of the Tippecanoeriver.

C, Iniliann|HiliM, tho cnpiliil of tho Mtntc, Blands on a fine plnin neariho While river, and in laid out with nuicli lanlo and regularity. ItJontuinH Hevt'rul liaiidNoinu public buildiufrM.

7. i\ew Alliiiny, on the Ohio river, is tho largcHt town in tho dtiite

:

It carries on a cjnaideralilo trudo. Madison and Jellbrsionville, ali*>

on tho Ohio, aro llouriHhinjj town». Vcvay in settled by a colony o'.'

iiiduMtriouH Swiss, who cultivato cxtcnHivo vineyards, and make considerablo ({uunlitieii of excellent wine,

8. Vincennes is the oldest town in Indiana. New IInrniony,Tcrr»Haute, Lafayette, and LoganH|)ort, on the Wabash river, arc all thrivingtowns. Michigan City, at tho head of Lake Michigan, .South Bend,on tho St. JoHcph's, and Fort Wayne, on tho Maunico river, aro thoprincipal places in tho north part of tho atato.

Map ^'o. 14.— What stito on thn norlh 7 IMn.— On the south 7 Ky— Kaat ' 'Jo. — West / h. — Which river on the ^outh ? Oo.— Ontho west 7 \Vh.— What river flows into Liiko Erie 7 Mo.— Whatrivers How into tho WabuHh 7 El., So., ;\Iy., To., We.— How long arotho foregoing rivers 7 How far from tho sea do steani-boats navigatutho Wabash 7 East foiK of White river 7 What is the population ofNow Albany 7 Madison 7 Kushvillo7 Indianapolis 7 Vincennes 7

Terro Hauto 7 Lafnyctio 7 Logansport 7 In what counties arc aUthese towns 7 Fd., Jn,, Rh., Mn., Kx., Vc, Tci., Cs.— When was thobuttle of Tipjtccanoe fought / On what rivers are tho chiof towns 7

5 Western States

;

'ontuins a lurgcr

njily ivpaiil with

nnd ();i!.'^, wliicli,

f o.Nportatioii.

vc been jjut littli.'

t, nro known lo

3 iipar Corytlon.

1ms 'jcon adoptediinnenso advantage

ed by tlio Indians

it similar to Ohio?incrals? 4. Whcl! people harassed ?

131

ILLINOIS.

1. iLiiNoia is one of the most fertile states in the Union :

it consists chiefly of rich and extensive ])i-airies, and is wateredby a number of beautiful streams, of wiiich, the lilinuii^, andtome otiicrs, are navigated by steam-boats.

2. Agriculture is the chief and most profitable employment.Too principal products are Indian corn, wheat, rye, hemp,and tobacco. Cattle, horses, and swin? abound, and areraised on the fertile prairies with but litllo trouble.

3. Tho chief minerals aro lead and coal. Tho first is the moal

6. Describe Indianapolis. 7. Now Albany. Madison. 8. Vincennes,ind the other towns.

lUinoia. Q.— l. What is Illinois 7 Of what docs it consist?I. What is said of iigriculturo 7 CaUle, &c. 7 3. Of mineials 7 Tho

w \m DESCRIPTIVE OEOOUArilY.

Illlnoii College in the dlilonce.

4V.indant. The load-mincs around Galena, with those of the adjoining

Territory of WiBCoUBin, arc ainnnR the rich.«t in the world, and covci

a region of country hundreds of Bqnnro niiloB in extent.

4 Tiie cnnal to conneel Lake Miehicnn witli the IllinoiB river ii.

nearly tmnpleted. Several ruil-roads to intersect the Htate in variou.

directions have been projeeted.

5 Cliicnco, near tlie head of Lake Michi^rnn, is the most important

place ill Illinois. It 1ms become, within a Hav years the centre of a

arKO and Rrowinp trade. Nun.crouH steani-boats Hlnps, briffs, and

other vessels, are constantly ttrriviiig at. and d.purtmg Irom, its

wharves.

0. Snrincficld, the cnpitul, is very near the centre of the state, and

not far from the southern bank of th.^ SanKanu.n river. It is » <1"»'»j;;

mg town, and is situated in one of the most lert.le districts o( Illinoia.

7 Teoria, Hcardstown, and Naples, on thu Illinois rivor Q.i.ncy »nd

Alton, on the Mississippi, Gakna, in the northern part o the slate and

Jacksonville, near its centre, arc thriving places. In the viemity of

the latter is Illinois College, the principal literary institution in the

Zlc Nauvoo. the Mormon city, is on the cast bank ol the Mississippi

river. 2U0 miles above St. Louis.

Man No. 14.— What bounds Illinois on the north? W.-Ty. —Onthe souO. ? Ky.- East ? la.- West ? Mi , l.-Ty.- What river

.,r, Uio west T Mi. -On the south? Oo.- On the east t Wh.-

IcBd.mlnrs 7 4. Canals ? Rail-roads 7 S. Describe Chicago. 6

Jlprwf field T. Ptwrn, Ueard.lovvB 4fcc Quwcy, Alton, Salens, »c

T

miXtii'u

lioscorthe adjoining

iho world, und covci

extent.

I tlm Illini)lH river i*

, the Mtute in varioui

in tlio most important

(•(iirH, llic crntro of b

iits, Hlii|)H, brijTH, and

1 dii>urtin{f I'roin, iti

•ntrc of tlio state, Dnd

ivcr. It Ih a flourish.

ill! districts of lllinoia.

mis rivor, Qnincy nnd

n piirt of tlio Ktiitc, and

•H. Ill tlic vicinity of

ary institution in tlio

ianl( of tiic Misiiissippi

lorfh? W..Ty.— On,|..Ty.— Wlml river

)n the east t Wh.—

describe Cliicago. 6

cy, Alton, Galens, itc

MIM80VRI. IGO

W)»t riv«rt flow into the MiHsisHippi T Rk., I.^, Ka. —What rivorimid the lilinoii? Kc, r)..rs., Fx., Vn., Mw., Sn., Sn. —Wlml rivcm(l.pw into till) WahiiHh ? Vn., Kh., f-.-Wli. — Uuw Imiif in ,.a,h of thetiirc)t"iiig riviTH 7 What laKr on Iho imrth-ciiKt f Mii.— How inmiy(iiliHli.tiints h:iM Chiciiifo ? (Jnlcnii f IVoriii / Qiiiiicy / Siiriiiijrti'ld '

Jiickfiinvilid ? Alliin ? In what oiiiiilica arc tlicHc lowns? Ck., Jh.,I'll., Ah., Sn., Mn., iVIn.— flow <iir liroiii the Ma doNK^nin-lioiitM iiHceiiil'

Oie Illinois ? Hook ? and Sanjjiiinon rivcr» 1 On wlmt kki ii Chicago

Iiidiani atlncking Miasuuri TraderM.

MISSOURI.*

1. Missornr is tho tliird state for extent in tho Union.'I he fuco of the country is divcr.silied with hilLs, piuins, and[irniries, of which tho hittiT predominate.

2. Indian corn, wliuat, out.s, hfuiip, and tobacco, an? largelyI'ultivated, witii some cotton in the southern part ol' the state.This is an admirable grazing country, and vast herds ofhorses, cattle, and hogs, are raised in it.

3. Missouri is rich in minerals : the 'cad-mines have beenworked for more tlian 100 years, and produced in tlio yearIS40 more tlian five million pounds.

4. Tlie Pilot Knob and tho Iron Mountain are immense masses of

Miunuri. Q—1. What is Missouri 7 What is said of the country ?

i What are cultivated 7 Raised 7 3. What of Uio mine^ida f 4. De.

W* Miuouri Mistu'-re.

m^

170 DBSCniPTIVB aEOOKAPIIV.

norlv i,ure iron, and •..r|><i«. .very ll.inR .. iho kiml foun.l «-l«"W»*w

CupiKT line. «...! c.m\, ul«o al.ou.ul, and -alt u n.u.lc to .»...<• .ulcn .

twccn tl.i« «tato and Hanla K«, in New M.»i.o i l.u Iru.l.rH fi.rm

rHruvunn of ninnoroiw individiiul.. v^ill. mnny hoi-... nn.l wutfon*.

TI.CV cffy vario.w articles ..r m.r.l.«<..li«', «i>d. «"'g "'.'"oli""ui

»Unckc.l l.y Indlann, .1. (liul thci.i«lvri» will, tli.ir rillc.

a J.tr.n.<.n.Mty,ll.«<^upit«l.i« .m th.i H....tli H.do ..I ih.' Mm«ouri.

180 n.ilo« Iron, iu n.outl. ! her.. ..re ll... Sui.. ll..u«o »n. .n.icntmry

7 St LouiK iHon till! wi'Ht l.unk ..f tli.^ .Mi»«i»-ipi)i, l.UK) mil. ;»trwin

ho H.M. nn.l in tlu. luruc»t town in MiH.....iri. It in luvourul.ly Kiluat. .1

for tra.lo. nn.l lm« an .xtu.-iva f..n.in.'r<.«. Nnn.oroi-. -t.-u.nl.uatH nw

Ton.fanlly <l.|.artin« lur, nn.l arriving In..... m>;irly M jmrb. ol K'

Mi«»iH»i|.|.i vall.7. Amonff tl.- pub...'. huild...«. arc tl.o ( ,.tl .Mlra

n«M.lH;r of church..-«, the no«|..l.il, Orphan AHyhmi. l.ony...nt o( ...

Sacred Heart, i;ily Hall, Thculr.;, Siv.. M\v.m,n »arra.;k«. j m.k.

lM!low 81. I...uiH, i« the head..iiiartcrH of thu wc«tcru divisiuu ol the

Unitt'd StalcH arniv. , . n ,1 ,

8 St. ChurUs iVanklin, noon.vilU-,* and I,.xin(jton, am all on tM:i

MisBonri riv.'r. I'ro.n I...l.i..n.l.n.r, a HO.all town in Iho w.^Ht.'n.

part ..f iho St;itp, tho Santa Vo trad.^rn us.mlly .l.'parl l..r th.'ir jo.irn.'y

LroH. tho prairh'H. Ilorcnlancnn, N.nv M:..lri.l, St. {J.,n.v.<'vo. a...l

Capo (Jin nVa.i, arc on Iho iMi»M«»ippi. At Ilorculuneuni, largo quan

titi. I of I hot arc made.

Hap la U.—Wlmt territory on the north T I.-Ty.—On the wcit 1

I, TyU. Vl.at (.tatcH on tho cant ? Is., Ky.-Soulh ? A«.—What river

«, tho e I8t7 Mi.-On tho wc«t, and in the centre? Mi.—What rivcrH

fow inl . tho MiHHo.,ri 7 L.-I'e., (id., Cn., Oe.. (.e.- Into the Mi««im.

fippi? St., Mi., Me. -What nvcrn Ih.w into ArkatiHttB? W.-Wr.,

B..Hk., Ct., Wc.—What mountain* in tho Bouth-wcsl? Ok.— How

hiirh a-o they? What mi. c» in Wa8hin({l..n county? I.d.-Wlml

mount ang ? In., P.-Kb.- How many inhabitanlH haH &l. L.m.s ? St.

Charlfj? Palmyra? In what counties are thcHC townB ? In which

Jelfcrgon city? Co.- BooncviUo ? Cr.- Lcxinjri.m 7 Lc.-

Libci' y ? Cy.— On what rivers arc tho other principal towns 7

ARKANSAS.

1 Arkansas was ndmitted into the Union in 1830. Tin-

cast ;rn part of tho country along tho Missis-sippi is low and

nmi Jhy ; but the interior is elevated, hculthiul, and pleasant.

scrMo Pilot Kncb a-' 'he Iron Mountain. 5. What Undo, &,c.T

Wh it do tho traders fbrm ? C. Describe Jeficrson City. 7, St. Louii.

& i t Charles, and tlib other towns., ,., , . ,

Jrkantat. Q.— l. What is said of Arkansaa? Of tlie country?

"• Boonevillt, Uoon'-vil.

iii'MiHlilliii'ii"tT"—

-

I

IIY.

kiriil founil rNrwl«er«

iimdu til iiMic cutvnt.

icriHoi tlio I'mirivK lia-

10. 'I'liu IriiilLrit fiirm

y holiicH mill waifuliik

and liring Kuniutiiiiuf

ii'ir rillvN.

Ii Hiilo of the MiMuuri,

iouHa mill I'l nitvntiiiry

iHHi|i|ii, noo inilrn tVi.m

11, IN lUvimpuhly diliiati il

imorDi'i HtoumlioiitH iiri;

rii':irly all p;irlM of lln-

1{H aro tlio ("allii:ilnil, u

iHyliini, I'onvi'nt of tlm

TMon Uurriu^k", .'» uuU!*

wcslcrii tliviHiuu of llic

•xiniflon, urn nil on tin

II ti'.vn in llio wiMtiTii

(li'piirl lor their ionrnry

Iriil, Hi. (Ji;ni'vi<wo, mid

orculunouni, largo quan

f I..Ty.—On tlio wcit 1

loutli ? As.—What rivtr

ntro ? Mi.—Wliut riverH

, Go.— Into tlio MinsiH-

ito Arkansan? W.-Wr.,

jutli-wcat ? Ok.— Howin county 7 I.d.—Wliiil

tnntH liuH St. Louis 7 Si,

thcHctowns? In which,— liCxinplon 7 Lc.—r principal towns 7

Union in 1S36. Tlu-

lississippi is low nnd

;ulthful, and pleusant.

. 5. What txndo, &c.T

"cruon City. 7, St. Louii.

insafl 7 Of tlio countrv t

_

I

L

WIHCn^StN TERItlTORY. m2. Tl«) Inntl btjrdoritij^ on tho rivers in generally ft-rtilo, nnd

pnuliicii jfiHid cnips iil' coUnn und corn. Wlinit luul uilicrKruins j^row well in tlio upper country, wliilo |K.iulies, piuins,luul (ithiT iVuilH, nrc riiiwd in abundiuicc.

.'>. Thill iitatu ha* consjilcrahlo advanlagti for coinmorco. Noarly«ufy piirt of it in iiUcrmcUil hy trcaniii lliut How intu ihu .'Miii«iiiii^p|ii

river. SIcain.hoats anconil lliu ArkmiHiis durinij hiifh watir nuarlv(1110 mil, M uIhao its mouth ; and tliu Hid, Whilt, Hi. t"fanci«, und\VumIiiI;i rivcru, nro all mori: or lo** navij{ahlc.

I. The ll.,t MjiringM, alioiii (illy milri wc-,1 oI'Lillli' Rock, nro amongihv chii I iiinoHitiiH of tho roiiiiiry j llic water of »oiiai of lliini in nuf(icicnlly hot to li.,il an vgg in fiiU.jn niimitcs. Tiny aro vi ry nuinur-oiiH, and mm ll n »ortid In hy iiivulidn, who (rcncrally lind tho uku gfthe wall r hi n< liciul to thiir hi allh.

.'». I.illhi li,M:k, tho capital of the Mlat.', sitiiatcd on the Arkansa»riycr, iiImhu .'lllll miliM uIhh,. itH mouth, in thi^ iiiuxt imiiortant townI ho chii I of till, olhcrs arc, Arkannas, llatiKvillc, Ilclcim, Fulton, andrayctlcvillu. I'hcuo uro all of limitid population.

Miip S'n. 13,—What homiilH Arkanwis north 7 Ml South? La.—r;a»t7 Tc. AW.,—Went/ I.'I','Cn. —What river Kcpiiralcs it from Ton.tieswn ami MiH«iK,ii|>pi f Mi. —What rivc th How into the MisMMi,ippi ?

Ah,, We., S.-l'V—What two How into L(jii;»iaiia f Hd., Wn.—Till thehnirtlm of the loriTToinir rivery. IIow la,' are tho ArkannaH, Whit.;Washita, and Ued riviTH iia\ii:;ih!e li)r Hle;iiiilinatH from the hea I Wherelines the! navignliim end. K-tJii., He., Cii., Jo.— Iii what eoimty In

Little Uoek? I'i.— Fort Smith .' Cd.—Fulion f Hd.-Fayctlevillo ?

Wn— Batcsvillc? lo.—"n what rivers ore tho chief t««vng 7

li>l

WISCONSIN.

1. Wisconsin fiirineil, until t\w year 1830, f'lc wcstni-htliviHion oniichiirnn. in IH Ki, ('onirrcss passed on Act pro-viding Ibr iU udini.s.«*ion into ihe Union as i\ State.

2. It comprises nbout two-tliinis of the area of the luto tor-

ritory of Wisconsin, nnd is about e(|iial in «\\tcnt to the Statenf (,leoro;ia. The remainder of tiiu territory, lying north-westward of tiie State, is not yet organized.

3. The population of Wisconsin is confined ehinfly to th(!

southwest portion of tho State, but its great mineral resources

2, Productions 7 .*), Commerce 7 Steam.boiits 7 4. Hot SpringB 7."i. Deseriho Little Rock, and otlior towns.

lVi»r«H«in. Q.— I. What did Wisconsin form 7 What occurred in18IG 7 2. What doc., it comprise ? What State docs it equal 7 3, Whath said of the population 7 Mineral resources, i&c. .'

I

*E«-TJYi.>,:frf-;^

HI

\Vi nrfcRiPTivB uKimRAPiiv.

niiil M^' M'tt dr«* rtttrarting nuiiMTtnii (iiiiigrtn(« fium vurioat

^Mirts (li thn l/nion.

4. This cHuiriiry in rich in miwrftl nnKliicN. r^oml in fixirut

in Krrnt qunntiliiii, nutl <'<i|i|i('r iiml inm alio alxiuiiil. Thepriiii'i|inl iruili' <>(' V\is<'<»ii;Hiii roiiNiiiM in lln- r.\|MirliiiK nflriul

itn<l ..tlur pridliK (•*, Jo tJiu various mitrkilB on lluj Mi-^Mi-niiijU

iiml (HiMi riv<'r«.

.1, IMiiilixoii, ilio raji't il u( W inr.inAf^, l« nn » krnnrh of Rork rlvrr,

ami iiliotii liiirwiiy !>• hvccn tlic Mlii<U>i|i|ii rivrr nitil (.ak.; IVIii'h»snn.

'riii>iii;li liiit l.ili'ly liiiil Dill, a niiiiilvi r ol Imililiiiffii !<>ivi' lii'iii rnx'ti'il.

Milwinikiv, lliic'iiii', Niiviiriiw), .Miiirriit I'uiiil, I'rutrko du Chkn,* uiiU

t'unavilk', art! tliu utlur priiK'i|kil luwii*.

Clil|i|Mi»ay Baik LoiIk*. Biriii ilvrk UiniM.

C, Tliu cliicriniliiin trilic* in WiiLnnnin, ate tlin Cliipncvayi andllie Mt:nM(iiiii)iiicii, 'I'ho liiriiii'r nuhHiU iui».tly on tlio wil'i .- luu withwliicti tlic niiiiiADiiN lukcN ultmiiitl. 'I'liiy iiiuki> linluci and cnnooii ofbirch Itark, but Imvu nut iniii.li niL'rIiiinicul ini(i'nuily. Tlic Mcmiki-inoiiii'H nrc miiH;riiir in Nkill to llir CliipiicwiiyH ; tliiy |)rc|iiirL' Mix,nucc^aninii, hIivuIIih, Slk., very iivutly, und uniuinont thvin with bvud>und i>orcu|iinu quilU.

MiipKo.5.— WImt boiindd Wiiicon»in on the nntlh 7 R-Aa.

-

South/ Ih. — ICant? AIn, — \V«»t7 I.-'l'v.— WImt rivi-r foriiiHiH iirly

lh(! wholu of tlio wuHtcrn bmindiiry? Ali, — Whut riviTH (low iiilo

Lake Supprior ? 8.-F.«., Ml. — Into (irccn liny? IMo.— Into tliu

iM miHuiimi river? Wn., Km.— What lakm in WiitooiiHin ? IJil.,

St, Pn., Wo.— WImt lake* on the ouHt ? Mr., Mn. — WImt lakcn formpart of tho north and taBlcrii boundary? Wh., IJy., 8r., Mil.— Howfiir from tho sea can iituain-boatH ascend the .MiNHiKiiippi river 7

Map So. 14. — In what county Ih the ea|>it«l 7 I)e.— Milwaukio 7

M«.— Caiisville 7 (Jt.— Prairie du Chicn I Cd. — How far from theica do JU;ani.boat8 aiiccnd tliu WixeonHin ? Rock river?

4. What il Raid of tho mineral products 7 Of the trade 7 5. DcHcribeMadison city, Milwaukie, and the oilier towns, fi. Which aro thachief lu^ian tribct ? Dcucnbc tlio C:iiippcwayi». Tho Monnomonioi.

• I'rairit du Chitn, Pray'-re du-Shcon'.

1

rtiv.

iiii^^rHiitM fium vurioiM

iliicdi. T^nd in (ixtnil

) uIm) alxiiiiiil. 'i'ho

tli<' f'.\|MirliiiK III' 1< lid

;t ti 01) tliu MU,-ti-i»i|ii»

( B bmnrh ofRorK river,

IV' r ithil ('oko IVIi('lt>i;an,

liiiiiir* !.itvi' Im'I'ii rrot'ti'il.

, I'rutrii) tlu ChU'n,* uud

rclt llaik Cinoa,

nro the Clitppcvayi andlly oit tlio wil'i I luc withuIm> Idilut'i and vanooii ut'

iiiKi'iiuily. 'i'lic MciMKt-iiyH; tliry |)rc'|iiirL' belli*,

lumi'iit thviii with bvadii

n the north 7 n.-Aa. -- Whut riviT foriiiH murly~ Whut riviTH (h>w into

Iliiy? INIii.— liitu iho

;t'n in WinooiiMin ? IM.,

Mil, — Wliiit lakiH formVh., Ky., Hr., Mil.— IIuwMiMHixiiippi river 7

till? Do.— Milwaukk<7Cti. — How fur from theRock river 7

flhotruilo? 5. DcHcribeiviii. fi. Which aro the

>y». The Monnomonict.

du-Shcon'.

1

imvA TKHitrroRY

IOWA.

179

1. Iowa wnn (itrriwd into a Ifrritory in th*> yrnr I •'.I'*. In

Hid it WHS <tiliiuili'i| iiiiM tli(> I'liioti tin u .Sf.i'i. It ih> liiil.n

iho Huiitliirii |Hirtii>ii ot' ilir littn Trrrilnry of Idwii, itml cdiiI'

ri'i>«>!ta tliinl part of its iirnt. In ixlrnt it in nlMtiit ri|iiiil tu

Ihi «iln. 'I'Ih' ri'inaiiuhr (ifthf' Ti'iritory in twioti tin- nI/h ofVir^iniii, liiit II yi'l nDor^iini/i'il.

'•.'. 'I'h'' Sidle, Mfi liir lis it tiiiN li»'<'n cxplori'il, in U'luiliriil in

yp|M(iriiiici', (iiiil of till'- .|,,(ii(iii liitility nl" ^nil, Miwt luxu-

liiiiit ri'iips III" r.irii, will it, mill (i.iU, iin- piMihicnl.

.'I. 1,1'nil IM thi* iiriiK'liiitl iiwiicrnl. It i* liniinl in ({ri'iil ulmiidiiDri';

«iid lh>' rii'hint h'ittl iMliM N in tlir I'nilcil Htiilcn are Ihoni' wurki'd Intill* virinily nf i)utMii|iir.* ('»(il, inin, iinil hniiwlufir, nUit iilnniiid,

'1. The lriwn« »rr yrt miiall. low.i t'ily, the < (i|iitu|, \t mi Ihmh river,

/O iiiili'N iViiin ilM iiiotilhi it wim cDtiiiiiriirtcl in l^*llt), uml m now of

(i'ii|N'i!t:ili|i' Hi/e, lliirlltiKliiii, Ihr liitr ciijiiliil, wiin liiiil mil In iH.'l.'i, oi,

ilii! wci-l Imnk of tin' .VIiiminMi|i|»i rivrr. It hiu I'oioiiili r ihle Irnde.

•1. Ihibiiijiie in in Iho riiitri' nl' thi' niinini; tliKlrict of Inwn ; It It

• hiiKy ronitni'rriiil town, Kurt M:iili-on, llluoniiiii'ton, l>.ivi<n|M>rt«

Montruie, and Hftleni, aru mnong tliu |)riui'i|iul (^f Ihu othitr tu>vi>«.

Biiiux Clilnr and lili Bon. Indian Hklii iMlnr.

fi. The Sioux Iiuliuns inhabit the rentral and northern pnrt of theJilc territory. The WinnelxiRocii, liiwim, and 8uc» and Foxes, uru tiiu

/oirn Trrrilory. Q.— 1. Whot '• foid of Iowa 7 What docR il iiiehido 7

comprise? To whut Slate in itenuttl,Ate.7 2. What inlaid ofthe eountry 7

3. What is the prineipnl minrruf 7 4. Whut ii iiuid of the towns I !i. Whutis laid ofDiibur|iic,&c.7 G.W liut Indian trils'ii reside in lown 7 Descrilxi

* Uubuqut, Du-book

.

m pcwMtrrtvii aRoonAruv.

Ifkixt now r> •ii|i ttt 111 llie MlitU, Tliti Hmui arv III* mnti nniMrmi*•ml iiiiwirlUI. 'I'hi'y liv« »m iIii< pritlrliK, iitakc Mfi» id' liulftlo (lilii*,

Kiid i>iii|i|.>y d'lt" ' ' iriliiia. Tli" l)> all fi iJkm iitiiimU li

with iht'iii • priiiM . 'iiiil • ft'Ml ol* ilufi' iiwat ! Ilu. |r«»tMl

liMrlt o( rra|witt Ihc/ i itii jmy « iirkHfur.

Maf iV«, 3. Wtiitt iNiiiniU ilw i<tiil« of Iowa on tii« nurth f in, 'Icr.

-loutli I Ml,-K«.t ^ Wn., I*. -W..t } M.Ty,, I..Ty., In.Ty —V'hct rivir on lliu rail/ Mt.— Wmt' Ml. -> What rivira Huwnorth r |<r| , Ml'.— into it." Mlwoiitl t Jo., Hx.— ltilo lh« Mi»liwl|if»i '

M..i'ii., In,, l)», •'•llow long ')' till) iMixNoiirl, MlanlMiiipl, Ri'il, Ht.

fvlt^rV, liiwn, «Mil Ik'i Moint'n rivi'ra ' Frimi wliiit *nlii) tJotii thu Mt*.

•liilpul rivir AitYt I la. —What Initian triUi In luwa ' Ai., Kx,,

Wi„ Hi., Ha., Aiiil Fk.

Map A'o M.—On what mvit In Iow»el(yf ThoolhtTchlrfiownif Towlm( tJiNiiiicr iVuiii llio «:• do att'tiin ImmU aacrnd Iho Ui'i Muinti rlv«r ?

l'.>0

Bnilfr»iii iMillant lindiiif at Tun flibion.

INDIAN TERRITORY.

1. Tiif; liidinn Torritury in tlio region nssiirncd by Con

({i^'ss (ill- iIh' rcjiidftico of thosi- linliaii Irilxs wlio luivc from

Umc to timi! niiit,'rati (1 Irom tlm I'listcni parlK of tlio Union.

2, lIcnMlio ludinns unt to Ix^ scniiTd in novorntrcnts of

Ihoir own choice, subjwt only to kiicIi •control of tho United

StatcH 118 niny Ix; nt3cessnry to prewrvc ikiko between the

the nioux, (pronounced Roo.) Wlml it conniikrcd hy them • prlmt

delicacy '

ludian Tnntory. Q.—l. What la Uio Indian Ttrritory 7 8. VVhH

PHV.

M« lh« maM nniMrmi*I laxlgv* uf buldtl'l •KillK,

tfi' iiwat ! till. |r«fttml

iin lii« north f In. 'ler.

I, Ty . I.Ty . 1(1. 1'x-

Mi. — VVIiul ri*tr» Ho*,— Into till) Mi"i<l»l|i(<i

'

rl, ,Vli>al»«iii|>i, HimI, 8t,

wliiit 'nko tJocii Ihu Mt«-

H'* In luwa > Ai., Kji.,

molluTchlrftowniT To111 thu Ui'i MulncN rivnr 7

I Oibutn.

Y.

ion nssijrncd by Contrilx^H wlio hiivo from

[KiriK of tlio Union.

J in novorntrcnts of

•control of tho United

c jKiico bolwecn the

iilercd hy tlicm • prlmt

an Territory 7 «. WhM

Mluoim TMRRITnRY. IT§

•rvoml lrH»«. 'I (mi |Mi|uiliitiitn niiriil»r< ti</ir "lO.nOCJ, of

whom two<iliirila nrti iiiiijjrunlvi tira rvuuiuiJur bi long to

tribe* loiiK noiidiMit luro.

M. Th« {'h<K'tiiw», Cntiku, rh«'iok»v<«, and Shiiwn'Wi, iir«

lh«! rTwwt improvjsl oi' tlni irniyrant IriU ». 'I'ti^y have giuh

irtilly kimhI houmfi, w< lUtilli d ficldi, nrid own ImrMW andcattio to wtmi' o<tiiii, 'I'lu-y liiivn ulsto nativu mt'chanii't nndtin^rrhant* ninon)^ th<m,

4. Th« AlHiriKiiiitl Imliunii rmmiat, for Iha m>wt part, of P«wni'(ii>,

()«n[(r«, KniUita, Oiiiiilii«, iVr. Tin y ulill r<<titln llteir utiKliiiil «¥«!(()

liKl>iti uncliiui|{ctl, nnil livit iiimtly by luitilms.

a. Thn FtnlKrnnt trDu'* iirn iiroKriiiiainiif in <'iv|li>alioli,itni| tlinrniojr

ment oCiIik roiiiDir'i i>rn<tlli'i| jiiti. Thrlr conilillon

Ion, and tlinrnloT'

) Ilia lifn Krually

i|Kli tliitt tiny willimproveil hy ihint rrnuivnl liillur; and it la to Ui li<i|i

ticvcr Imi <li>lnrlM'il in tliiir (irracnl |ui«at*Hatona, Tlicy rii lur nnniii-

iIm iVotn lliii Ctiili'il Si'itiM llir Ihu cuuiitry wlilch llivy Id), uml whichtlioy cv4u<l lu lliu govvrnnivnt.

Map Nil. i,— flow la Iho Indian Territory houndud nn Iho north 1

M..Ty.—StoulhT T«., N..Mo.— Kii.if I..Ty.. Mi., Aa,—Wtal 7 Mo.—What nr« thti |)rinci|Ktl rivi<ri that llow thruuj;h It 7 IV., Ki., A«., Cn,,

lid.—How lonf ara Ihcao rivnra 7 What United Mtatea' foiu »r« in thii

rirrltory 7 I.h.,(in.,Tn.~()n what river i» theCNmnvil llliill* 7 Mi.—What dtiaiTt in the winiirn part of the territory 7 (J,.An. — Whatiiiimntaini form pnrt of ita wvatcrn boundary 7 Hy,— Whrro la Long'*i'vnk 7 I'Iku'a IViik 7 Ifow higli are Ihuy 7 Name thn Indcin trila-a

wholly reiidcnt in tho Indian Turritory. Oa., Ot., K»., Da, H«., K*„I >:, Ci., C»., I'a.

arc three tribca.

— Nanii tlitM« that arv partly «o.

IV, Ka., V..V».

Uf tholuivrthure

127 •

MISSOURI TKURITORY.

I. Mi«iiouRi Tkkhitory i.s a vost wildcrnrss, thinly in

fuibited only by dilliirnnt trib<:!i of Indians. It com^i.stii of

cxtonaivo pruiriiis, ovor whicli romn countlosa droveti of buf-

falo, t'lk, dcor, nnd wild liorscs.

i* aaid of the Indiana 7 Tho nurnbor of tho p»>pulatlon, ite. 7 .1. Name(he tribe* moat ndvanivd tnwnrda civilir.iition. Dvacrilio their cundition. 4. What do thn Aliorij^inal Indiana nmHiNt of7 What dothey atill retain? R. Whnt ia aaid of the oiniifrant tribei? Theircondition, dec. 7 What do thoy rt-ciuvo 7

Mitiuuri TVrritory. Q. — I. What it Miaaouri TerriU)ry t Of what

I

vt

176 DESCRIPTIVE OKOnRAnrr.

f''

'Ml

w

t t

White trader! bartering witli thu Indians.

2. On tho western frontier the Rocky Mountains rise up to

a greet height, and have their tops covered with perpetual

snow. Ainong these

the j;nz/ly bear is

found : he is the

largest and fiercest

uiiitnui of his kind,

and is peculiar to

North America.

3. This region is

visited by the white

tradei-s, who barter

with tho IndiniiS for•'""'^"»'"'

the skins of bulfaloos

bears, beavers, &c., taken by them in hunting. There aru

aUo many white trappers and hunters, who live like the In-

dinns, and are absent from the settlements frequently for

years at a time.

4. Tho principal native tribes arc the Pawnees, Sioiix, Riccarces,

does it constat 7 2. What is said i.f tlie Rocky Mountains ? Grizzlybear? 3. Of the white traders? White troppcra and hiuiten

'

4. Native Uibca 7 What of the ,r liabite, dec 7

-<*imt>.i.»*tm>'mnmiH|*aH1

PIIY.

Indians.

Mountains rise up to

)vcre(l with perpetual

snow. Ainong those

the j;nz/ly Lear is

found : lie is the

largest and fiercest

unimui of his kind,

and is pcculiiir to

North America.

3. This region is

visited by the white

traders, who barter

with the Indians for

theslvinsof hu'ruloes

hunting. There nra

who live like the In-

naents frequently for

vnces, Sioux, Riccarccs,

y Mountains 7 Grizzly

troppcrs and huntero

'

OREOON TERRITORY. 177

Crow, and Diuck Feet IiKliiinR. IyiohI of them arc rovinjf m theirhabits, and beiiiff in poHHCHsloii of an ample Ntoru of liurtcH, roam fromplace to place, in quest of hiiiriilo and oilier game.

Map No. .'>.—What Iwiimdn this territory on the north 7 H.-Aa.-Soiith? i.-Ty.— EaHt? I.-Ty.—West? O.-Ty.— \Vli;it Mts. nepii.nite It from Oregon ? Ry. —What river from lowit ! All._ From(h(! Indian territory? Pc.— IFnw long is the MlH.oiiri? Platte?Yellow Stone? Big Horn? Tongue? nnd Kimning-Watcr rivers?What hills west of the Missouri ? Hk. —Where is Frnnont's Peak?lis licight? .What tribes inhabit this territory? B.-Ft., Cw.. M«-Kh., Ss., Ss., Ph., As,, P».

"' ' ^

128

Missionary proaching to flie Indiana,

OREGON TERRITORY.

1. Oregon Tehritohy is the most western part or* ttie

United States ; it extends from the Rocky Mountains to tlie

Pacific Ocean, and northward from latitude 42° to 49° N.2. The Columbia is the chief river of this region. The

Rocky Mountains form the eastern boundary. Farther westare the Blue Mountains. Nearer to,, and almost parallel to

the coast is the Cascade Range; it equals the Rocky Moun-tains in elevation, and two of its summits are volcanoes.

Oregoti Territory, Q.— \. What is said of Oregon? I

Vrea? 9. The Columbia river? Fraaer's? Rockv iMts.?X

Extent

'

Blue

m. wmitixmfttitttttttltllMl^i'ff, I

All I ,„ ^j,5^...ij.^^..

'm>...^..

178 DESCRIPTIVE GEOORAniY.

•ft

3. Tho country lying westward of the Cancado Range is the fincrt

part of Oregon ; iti wheat and otlicr production* arc very superior.

Tlio pasturage is excellent ; and cattle are raised with little trouble.

Pino-treos of great sizn grow on llio banks of tho Columbia river;

Home have been Been 250 feet high. Tlio climate is milder than iri

tho same latitudes on tho eastern side of tho continent,

4. For many years, Oregon was claimed both by tho United States

and Great Britain. Tho American claim extended to latitude 54^ 40' N.

;

but in a treaty concluded July 17th, 1846, tho parallel of V.P wan

adopted as tho northern boundary. The navigation of the Columbia

was at the same time declared free to citiicns of tho United States, to

tho Hudson's Bay Company, and to all British subjects trading with

tho same., ,. , , ,.

5. Tho Hudson's Bay Company have long smcc established trndmg

forts or houses in various parts of tlio territory. Of these, Forts Van-

couver, Wallawalla, and Colville, are the chief. At FortVancouver there

is "i considerable village, from which a direct trade is carried on both

with Great Britain and the Sandwich Islands. To the fori.-er furs

lire exported, and to tho latter wheat, lumber, fish, &c.

6. The inhabitants comprise about 20,000 Indians, 6000 Americans,

and tho traders, &c. attached to tho Hudson's Bay Company's Forts.

Totol about 28,000. There are also several American missionaries

employed in converting the Indians. Tho principal tribes are the

Flatlieads, Nezpcrcos, Wallawallas, and Shoshoncs.

7. Tho American settlors, until Congress extend its authority oyer

the Territory, have organized a government of their own. The capital

of the new Bcttlement is Oregon city ; it stands in a fine fertile valley

utthc fulls of Willamette river, and contains 500 inhabitants. Astoria,

near tho mouth of the Columbia rivei, was at first an American trading

post, but it is no longer used for that purpose.

Map No. 15.—What bounds Oregon on the north ? B.-Aa.—South r

lT..Cu.— East? B..A., M..Ty.— West? P.-On.— What forms the

eastern boundary 1 R.-Ms.— Its highest summits ? Bn., Hr., Fs.—Heights? What Mts. west of Lewis river? Bo.— Near the cosist ?

CRe.— Its chief summits? Volcanoes? Rs., 8..Hs.— Point out

tho South Pass. This is a gap in tlio Rocky Mts., 15 or 20 miles wide,

through which emigrants travel to Oregon. The chief rivers ? Co.,

Fs.— Chief branches of tho Columbia? Ls., Cs.— Lengths of tha

rivers' Principal forts? Vr., W.-Wli., Co.— Capes? Bays, Gulls,

&,c. 7 Lakes ? Indian tribes 7

Mts.? Cascade range? Islands? 3. What is said of the country '

Products? Pasturage, &c.? Pine-trees? Climate? 4. What is sait

of Oregon ? Of tho American claim 7 Treaty of 1846 ? Navigatioa

of the Columbia? 5. Of tho Hudson's Bay Company?' Principa

forts? Fort Vancouver 7 Trade? What is exported? 6. What df

the inhabitants comprise 7 Total amount 7 What is said of mission

aries 7 Name the chief Indian tribes. 7. What have the American

settlers doDo 7 What is said of Oregon city ? Astoria 7

. mamm^ ~ Mhl

HY.

ido Range is the fincrt

ioni are very superior.

iscd with little truilble.

if tho Columbia river;

mate is milder tliun in

intincnt.

th by tho United States

ed to latitude 543 40' N.;

ho parallel of 4!)^ wu»ration of the Columbia

of tho United States, to

li BubJRcts trading with

incc established trnding

. Of these, Forts Van-

At FortVancouver there

trade is carried on both

Is. To the foru-er furs

ihIi, &c.

jdians, 6000 Americana,

Bay Conipariy's Forts.

American missionaries

principal tribes are the

ones.

ictcnd its authority over

their own. The capital

Is in a fine fertile valley

)0 inhabitants. Astoria,

ret an American trading

north? B..Aa.—South

r

On.— What forms the

imits ? Bn., Hr., Fs.—Be.— Near tho eoiist ?

Rs., 8..Hs.— Point out

[ts., 15 or iiO miles wide,

The chief rivers 7 Co.,

,j Cs.— Lengths of tha

—Capes? Bays, Gulii),

is said of tho country

'

imate ? 4. What is sail

ty of 1846? NavigalioB

f Company?' Prineipa

exported? 6. What df

What is said of missiow

^hat have the AmericanAstoria ?

**««f*«te,«HiWW«Sr-

VrjfBB. OR N£W CALIFORNIA. inMap No. IG.— Wlioro is Oregon city? On what river? We.

—

Into what stream docs the latter How? Where is Astoria? F. rlVancouver ? Cascades ? The <;olumbia river is navigable to this plat 1,

130 miles. Which is tho northern capo ofColumbia R. ? SoutJiern I

120

UPPER OR NEW CALIFORNIA.

1. [Jpi'KR Califohnia is sitimtcd between the Pacific Ocoanluid. tlie Uocky and Aniihuac Mountains, and soutliward of(IreL'on. It formed tin- novthwcstenimost distriet of Me.\icobut was taken possession ol'liy tlu; United States' naval force?

ai the Pacific Ocean, .iuly 7th, 1846,

2. Two ridges of mjuntains, tlio Const Range and tlic

Sierra Nevada, or Snowy Range, extend in a direction almostnoitli and south, and parallel nearly to the coast ; the Sierra

Nevada is the most distant from the sea, and is said to bo'JOOO feet higher than t!io Uocky Mountains. Fnrlhor in tiro

interior are tho Bear river, and Wahsatch ; and still farther

eastward are tho Rocky and Anahunc Mountains,

3. Tho central part of this region is called the "Gro.it InferiorBaKin of California :" it is 'jut little known ; a portion of it in a, sandydesert dcHtitute of water, other parts are said to abound in rivers andlakes, none of which, however, have any connection with tho sea.

4. Tho Great Salt lake, situated near the northern boundary, is

Baiter than tho Ocean, while Utah lake which flows into it is fresh.The Tule, Mountain, and Pyramid, are tho other chief lakes. Thoprincipal rivers are the Colorado, Sacramento, and San Joaquin,

5. San Francisco bay is tho chief port of California, and is suf.ffcicntly spacious to contain all the navies in the world. The countryin its vicinity, as well as the region lying between the Sierra Nevadaand the sea, is one of the finest wheat districts in America.

6. The inhabitants of tho settled parts of tho country comprisoabout 15,000 Indians, and 5000 whites ; many of the latter are fromtiie United States ; abiaut one-half of tho Indians were formerly in theemploy of tho Missions, which aro now abolished, The Utah, Pals.

Utah, and other Indians in tho interior, live chiefly by plunder. Tlie

Upper California. Q.—1, What is said of Upper California? Whatdid it form ? What occurred in 1846 ? 2. Mountains ? 3. What is thecentral part of this region called ? Describe it. 4. What is said ofthe Great Salt lake, &c. ? The other lakes ? Principal rivers 7 5. SanFrancisco bay ? The country in its vicinity ? 6. What do the in-

habitants comprise, &c. ? What is said of tho Indians ? Tho Utah,

'««»«S^„I

180 DE8CRIPTIVB OBOOBAPIIY.

wealth ef California comWU of itM cnlllu, horioi, whoiit, dec. Hidei,

tiornH, and Isllow, arc llio cliief cx|>ortii.

7. Montort y, tlu; capilul, San Friincisco, Siin DicRo, nnd PuoWo da

Ini Anir«loH, iiru tliu .liu'f Iovviih; tlifv arc yet of Hrnall h.zp, nnil t icir

uopulalioii in unlmown. Nmnu Helvetia io a now Aniorican Hcttlo.

niunl, cBluUif hfcd on one ot tlic branclica of llio Uio Sarranicnto.

Man No. l.V —What ImundH L'ppor California on tlio north? On.—

South' 0..i;a., Sa. - Eant ? U..Sh.- West ? l>..On. - What Munear the coast 7 t'..Ue.- East of Iho Saorumento river f

,^;-'^!l-";

East of the (Jr.at Salt lake ? U.-Rr.- South ? W!i. - VVliut MIh. lorm

the caBtorn hoiindary 7 Hy., Ac.—What ishuids on tho ooasl ! b.-Ua.—

What bays? S..Fo, My., Td.~Wh,eh Ih the WMtcrnn.oKt capo?

Mo.— Tho larRCBt river I Co.— Ita chief branches ? ^a., On., ua.,

Sr.— What rivern join near to San FraneiBCo bay? So., °-in-—

'

Which flows north? S...In.-South ? So. - What lakes west ot the

Sierra Neva.la ? To.. Mn.- EaBt ? Pd., Md.- Which m the large.t

lake ? G..S..Ii.— What river flows into it ? Br.— What lake 7 Uh.—

Which arc tho chief Indian Tribes 7

130.

MEXICO.

1. Mexico comprises a number of divisions called states or

departments. For some years previous to 1835, it was it

Federal government, somewhat similar to that of the United

States ; but it is now a central or consolidated republic.

2 In the interior the surface of tho country is mostly ele-

vated, forming a table-land of from 6000 to 8000 feet high.

From this lolly plain a few volcanic peaks shoot up to a still

greater height. Of these tho chief ore Popocatapetl and

Orizava.

3. Mexico is famous for the variety of its vegetable pro-

ducts ; comprising, according to the elevation at which they

are planted, the principal grains and fruits ol torrid and tern

pcrate climates,

4,0., Indiana? Wealth of California 7 7. Of Monterey ? San Fran-

Cisco, &c. ? Nueva Helvetia ?

Afexteo. Q.— l.What is Mexico? What of its government? 8

What is said of tho surface ? Of Uie volcanic peaks ? 3. For what u

'^>rifm*'ii*<im <<^iis»^«%:^»4#««a)ifiHiiiiiBn^^

I

lY.

I, wheat, &.C. Hides,

Dioijo, nnd Puoblo da1" Hiiiall hIxp, anil tlicir

iii'.w Aiiu^riciin uutUe-

Uio Sucruiiiciito.

I on llio nortli? On.

—

l'..On. — Wliiit Mln

2nto rivft I H,-Nii. --

V!i. — VVIiut Mis. iMrm

jn tlio (Mm8l ! S.-Bu.—

10 wcBtcrnniosl capo 7

iichcg ? iia., On., Gd.,

) buy? So., S.-In.—

Vliiit lakes wc»l of the

-Wliicli iH the largerjl

— What lake? Uh.—

sions called states or

to 1835, it WU3 a

that of the United

Jatcd republic,

untry is mostly ele-

)0 to 8000 feet high.

ks shoot up to a still

re Popocatapetl and

of its vegetable pro-

ation at which they

ts ol torrid and tern

Monterey 7 San Fran-

of its government? 8peaki 7 3. For what ia

^^liiiiiiiwlMTa^sgg'''^'1

HEXICO. 181

rTnmiil of Cbolula. lndiuM, Ma|tii7 1*12111.

4. Indian corn is the staple product ; of which, two andsometimes threo crops are gathered annually. Wheat, rice,

and barley, are also cultivated; and sugar, coffee,, vanilla,

cochineal, &i;., are raised chiefly for internal consumption.

5. The American Aloe, or Maguey plant, ia extensively cultivated

for tlie sake of its juice, of which the liquor called pulque, the favourite

drink of iho lower order of Mexicans, is made,

6. The manufactures are in a rude state, and arc graduallydeclining in amount ; they arc confined chiefly to coarsBpottery, with glass-ware, and cotton and woollen g(X)ds. Sil

ver plate and jewellery are, however, ski'fuUy made.

7. The commerce of Mexico has never corresponded withthe extent and resources of the country. The mines of gold,nnd silver have always been the chief object of attention.

8. Many are in a ruinous state, and those that are worked do no!yield ne.ir their former amount. From 20 to 25 million dollars wereonto obtained from the mines of Mexico annually, l)ut the quan.lity is now reduced in value to 10 or 12 millions.

9. There are three classes of inhabitants in Mexico: the Whitmor CrtoUt, tlie Indians, and tlie mixed races. The latter comprisB

Mexico famous 7 4, What is said of Indian com 7 Wheat, Ac. 7 5.

The American aloe 7 6. The manufactures 7 7. Commerce 7 Mines 7

8. In what sUte are they 7 9. Of the inhabitants 7 What is said

''*««*8B'i'^

w182 DEBCRIPTIVa ObOORAPllY.

Mcttixoei, or tho iloiiconilantii of white* and Indium ; Mulatltii, ofwhiten and iicKrncn ; and Xamhom, nt' Indtanii and niij^rocn. Thesoraci'H were onco diittincl I'min oai'hut.'ier—hut thi) Kivohition hiu laiidti

til claiioii equal, and men of uil L'oiii|ilexii>nii uru alike ll-ue.

10. The Catholic rclin^ion i* cHtiihlixhrd hy law, and i« (ho only ly*.

torn tolen tod. The cierjfy, incliidini; all helun^jing to tlio eliiin-li,

iimou:it tf) about 14,000 perionn. 'I'lio aniutuinent* of tho |)ouplo ur«ctucfly t?iv*o of Old Spain ; buli-fightii, and rciigiouii proceaviuns.

11. At tjio time of the discovtry of Anirrica, Mexico formed themoit powerful of the nutivo oitipireH. lieini^ conquered hy Hpii'n, it

remained for 300 yoorH her nioHi iinportiint colony, In tho year ISJI,the Mexicanx AboliHhed tho outiiorily of .Spain, and CHtahliahed a rcpuh.lican fiirni of government. In 1841, Yucatan wa» declared ind( pcnde»t, but ' uB flflcrwards reconciled to tho Mexican (fovcrnnicnt In1H43, indi xi.idenco was again declared; and in tho ganio year Upp«rCalifornia ,.' <i) acceded (Vom Mexico.

>!»

Cit7 of Mexico.

12. Tho city of Mexico is situated in a delightful valley, which it

elevated 7000 feet above Wic bco, about half way between the PacificOccon ond the Gulf of Mexico. It is distinguished for tlie lieauty ofit* arcl'.. lecture, tho regularity of its streets, and the extent of thosquticB and public 1)Iuccb. The market is well supplied with all

tlie pnimal and vegetable productions of tlie country; many of tito

latter iiro raised on floating' gardens in the neighbouring lakes.

13. Guadalaxara is next to Mexico in population ; tho inhabitantsare remnrkable for their republican spirit. La Puebia is noted for its

manufactures of glass and earthen-ware. Guanaxuato, Zacatccas, andKan Luis Potosi, are all connected with rich silver mines. Near thefirst are the great mines of Valonciana, which in 37 yo»rs yielded 1()5millions .if dollars. Oaxaca, Durango, and Chihuahua, are all conside-rable towne.

rfthe mixed lacesT 10. What is snid of religion? 11. What didMexico form 7 Hovir long did it remain a colony 7 What took ploco in1^17 In 1841 7. In 1845 7 12. Describe Mexico. How is it distin.guishcd ? What of the market* 7 13. Guadalaxara, and otlicr towns 7

»ar

IIV.

Indium ; Mulattoti, nf

H mid niij^roc'ii. 'These

ho Ki'vohitioii liiu iiiddti

to uliku ll-uu.

iw, anil is Iho only lyi.

[unging to tlio Rliiirrh,

iit'nt* uf tlio |iouplu or«gioiiH procuaviuni.

Ml, Mexico furmcd Iho

L'onf|ueri'd hy S|iii'n, it

my. In tlio year ISJI,

ind CHtalilinlu'd a rc|nih.

was duclartui indrpcnd(icon ifuvcrnnicnt. Inn the saniu year Upper

^htPul valley, which is

y bctwton the Pacific

jjicd for the Iteauty ofand the extent of the

well supplied with all

country ; many of tito

hbouring lakes,

lation ; the inhabitants

Puebla is noted for its

axuuto, Zacatccas, andIver mines. Near the

n 37 years yielded 1C5luahua, are all conside-

igion? 11. What did

' ? What took ploco in

cico. How is it distin.

[sra, and otiinr towns 7

"mmmm

mxUZB •BTTLRMEWT. 133

131

14. Tlio pyramid of Cliolula is a work which ofiproachcs in magtu-

tiido to tlio |iyramid»<)('E|fypt. It i» of brick, olHmtone.tliird as high

an the Urcut Pyramid, hut in nearly double the length. The ruins of

iliv unciunt tily orCallm.icaii, near Pakmiue, attest th« civili/nticm of

itH fiirmir iiilmbitantH, They liavu of late excited much attentioiu and

Imve been freiiuently visited.

15. The chief Hea-|K>rt» of Mexico are, Matamoras, on the Rio (irando

dl Norte; V«ra (>i« and Tainpico, on the (iiilf of Mexico, Aeapiileo

iiid Sun-UliiH.on the west coast ; Guaymas and Muxallaii.nn the Gulf

ui' Cuiilbrniii. Cami»celie and Sinul are the chief ports of Yucatan.

10. TiiK IUmzk, OH niirrisn IIoNorHAs.— On tlio tiast

side of tho IVuinsula of Yuciaan is tlio Uulizo SottUintsnt, or

Hritish Hondurns : it Ibrniorly Ixjlonged to Spain, but Ims bocn

in tl\c posacssion of Great Britain since the year 1070.

17. It extends along the Day of Honduras oboiit 150 miles; and i*

valuable for its lugwood and mahogany, tvliich Ibrm the chief products,

i'ho inhabitants aro moHtly Indiins and Negroes, with a few whites.

Tho town of Balizc, tho capital, is situated on the river of the sanro

name. It contains about 5u0 houHCM. In the year 1830, there was

exported from tJiis place near lU million foot of mahogany, besides

logwood, cedar, &c.

Map No. 4. —What bounds Mexico on the north 7 U.-Ca.— 8. and

W.7 P..On.—What Republic on the oast 7 U.-S.— Sea and gulf on

tho cast 7 Cn,, Mo,— Peninsula 7 Yn.— Gulf on the west 7 Ua.—Peninsulo? Ca,— Bay west of Yucatan 7 Co.— East? Hs.

Map No. G.— What rivers ilow into the Gulf of Mexico 7 R,-G,.No.,

Ta.— The Gulf of California? Co,, Yi,— Tlio Pacific ocean? Go.—What lakes are in Mexico ? Cn,, Ca.— What mountains 7 M..Cs.—What statc^i border on the Gulf of Mexico 7 Ts., V,.Cz., To., Yn.—

can 7 ( ).-Ca., Jo., Mn., Mo., La., Oa.— How many

miles from Colifornia to Birmah 7 Mexico to tho Sandwich Islands 7

On tho Pacific ocean?

I'o Cochin China? What is tho population of the city of Mexico?

What cities have a population of 30,000 and upwards 7 ''l»., Sc-L-Pi.,

Qo., Go., Ga,, La,, Oa.— What between 12,000 and 30,000 7 C^>., ^Ty.,

Do., Vd., „ I.

What bay bounds tho Balizo settlement on tho east 7 Hs.— V/hiil

state on tho west 7 Yn.— What is tho population of tho settlwncnt 7

14. What is said of Cliolula, and its pyramid 7 Ruins of Calhua^

can 7 15. Chief soo-ports 7

Bali*e, Q.— 16. To what power does the Balizo settlement belong

17. What is its extent 7 Chief products 7 Inhabitants 7 What to«ft

is the capitU 7 What does it contain 7 What was exported, &c 7

ri;T

184 DESCRIPTIVB OlioaRAPIlV.

l.'U

UUATIMAI.A, OR CKNTIIAL AMKIUCA.

1. GvATiMArA «)cciii)ir.i tlio narrow tract Utwrt'ii thfnorth'-'rn uiiil soiillnirn ilivi.siuiw of the Wt-.tdrii (.'omiiicnt

;

and has, in consctiminci' of itx position, assumed thu litJu ol

Ihfj United Stati'M of I'cMtral AiiH-rica.

2. It iRJcaino indr|H'ndt iit in IH'ii, and adopted a form ofgovt>rnnient modelled alter that of tlie United Sialen; jutn)Mtoad ol" ac<juiring the order and pro.s|K'rity of that repub-lic, it is tiic seat of anarchy and civil wur.

3. Tlip country is travvrNcil on tlio wrHtcrn c;ouiit hy lofty ranvci ofmountuiiii', which contain niuny voluuniH'H, onn of uliii li, tlio WaterVolcano, JM notiMl fur tlirowiii); out vuHt i)iiuiitllicN of wiitcr j whiletho t'rii|<ti(>nN of nnolhcr, CoHijfiiina, were, hi IK;II, heard 1000 niil'jH

diHtttnl, und tho aHliei tlirown l>y it wero carried to Janiaiia, HOG milo*.Tho lurRCMt lake in tliat of Nicaiaguii, fVom which a ithi|) canal to 'iwPacific Ocean haa long ticcii projected.

4. Tho soil iH fVuitfiil, and ) ieldc, in perfection, all tho nioit TaUablotropical pro'iuct*. Tho iiidi^o and cacao aro of nuiierior qiiahty.Mines of nilvcr arc numerous, but lew of llieni aro now productive.

6, One-half tlic population consisite of Indians, one-fifth

whites, and the remainder of tho mixed races. 'J'hi) Catholicis the established religion, but all otiicrs are tolerated.

6. Part of the cast coast of this republic is called tlie Mosquit* shore.It is covered with vast forests, and ||K;opled by independinl Indians; ofwhom, soirio of the tribes liavo long been in alliance witli the Enghsli.

7. San Salvador, tho capital, is situated nearly halfway between IIh;

northern and soutliem cxtreiiiitieg of Guatiinaia. Its inhabitants an;chiefly employed in the indigo trade. This city, besides, being thocapital of the Republic, is also the capital of the Federal District, aterritory which extends from 30 to 30 niilus around it.

8. Old Guutimala, formerly the capital, was destroyed by an erup-tion of water from th Water Volcano, but is raw n^viving. NewGuatimula is tho most populous place in tlio country, and is a hand-some city. Leon and C'artago arc coiibiderablc towns. OmoA andTruxillo, on tho bay of Honduras, aro tho chief sea.por'is.

Ouatimala. Q.— 1. What docs Guatimala occupy? What has it

aMumed / 3. When did it become independent ? What is said of thegovernment ? 3. Country I Water Volcano 7 Cosiguiiia 7 Largodtike 7 4. Tho soil 7 Mines 7 5. What is said of the population ? The

'Catholic religion? 6. Tho east coast? 7. Describe Sim HalvadorI'he Federal District 8. Old Guatimala. New Guatimala Ac.

PHY.

I, AMKIUCA.

V tract Utwocn the

! Wfftiirii (.'omirK'nl;

UMSuinetl tliti titlu ol

III ndoptcd n form of

! Unilftl SkiIch; liit

i|K'rity of tlmt rcjmb-

ur.

couHt liy loOy ranvci ofmo of whii li, the Waternlilii'N of wutor ; wliilu

IH.'li, licanl I000mil'j»;il tu JuiiKiii'ii, MOO niilo*.

^hiuli a itlii|i canal to <4mi

on, nil tlio nioit ralkabln

iro of iiii|H.'riur quality,

n arc now productive,

of liKliiiiis, oncfifth

ract's. 'J'lio Catholic

ar(! tniiTutcd.

ilJL'd till! M(iiii)uit« ihore.indf|K.'!i(i( til ladiuna; ofliaiiL'o witli tlie Englisli.

ly Imlf way between IIm;

la. ItH iiiliubitanta an;city, U'sidcK, bcingr tlit)

' the Federal DiMtriut, around it.

1 destroyed by on erup-iii now reviving. Newcountry, and is a hand-iblu townH. Omoa andof Bea.por'is.

occupy? What has if

It? WbalJH said ofthcCoai);uina 7 Larffoot

ofthe uopululion? TheDescribe Sun Halvat'or

3W Guatimala Ac,

Map

WEST I.VDIIW. 1S5

fan No. 4.—What boimiU Ountimiik on tlio north 7 Mo., n«.-.ftut? (;..S;i.—Wc«l nrid aouth ? I'.-dn,—What b.iy on the north?n«, — On tlin vnnit Oa. —WImt Ukn in llin iiouth / Nil.— Iloivlcin({ in it t What river cmneela it with llio nva. 7 R.Jn. —Which intill- iii.i>>t |iiipiilouii eitv? N..<»ii. — The fiur next in |ii)|iu|ittion 7 Ln.,Co., H,.Sr,, <)..(Jn.—What in the population of tli< hu plueo* 7 I

Mfl/i A'«. (]. — Ouatiinula eompriicii fivn Htnte-i. I'.iiul them out >

Oa., IIh., .S..Sr., Na., C.-Ha. —What in llm enpitiil of each 7 N..Oa.Cn., 8..Hr., (.n,, (^o. — In what utato ih tliu Walor Volcano Hituatudtin. -Volcano of Coaiguina 7 No.— Lake Nicurogua 7 Nu.

Blavca cultivating tlia Sugar cano.

WEST INDIES.

1. The West Indies consist of a largo collection of islands,situated between North and South America. Thoy are ail,with tlie exception of Hayti, subject to different Euroiteaiipowers.

2. These Islands comprise four great divisions : the Baha-ma Islands, the Great Antilles, the Little Antilles, and theCaribbee Islands. The latter ato divided into two groups,iie Windward and Leeward Islands.

3. The climate is mild and pleasant in winter, which Inst*

West Indiei. Q.—1. Of what do the Went Indies conHlgt ? 9. Whattt 'Jwy coniprmc 7 3. What is said of the cli/nalo 7 What xonietiinK

^'-^^ff"

I

186 MIOKimvB or;iMiMAi<llV.

fVom I)ce«fnber to May ; Imt ilm rtmiiiniN'r ol'llu' ynr in hoi

uiul uiihrnlthv *'or NlriuiH*'''''. Il<'wr(ii Annnil ami Oriulii'r,

ln*m<'n<li>ii« Juirricuru'H or (tionii'* KoiMiiiiiw't iKviir, wliii'h

ull<!ii do nr<'"t injury to lowiit, hoii^tisi, iiml »lii|<|iinj{.

4. Tlu) WVftt IiulirJt nlxmiiil in lu-arly all thf prihiin-tioiiii

of warm cliirmlcM, nnd nro rich in • viirii-iy oi' (irtirliM u(

«r«'nt imporfnnco in comiiu'rco; whili' tho fi)rrMt (lirniHh

irmhoKany 'tml niwrul other wcmhI^ iihi'I'iiI in ihi' i.rtH.

a. 'I'ho priiuinril (Viiitri nro, oraiiffi «, Icmmiii, |iiiic-ii|H'l''«, |m|Miw».

hiinaimii, pliiiiUiiin*, itc. Tim two limt iiWurU a .iipply "I cxrilKnl

I'ikhI, with but liltlo atti'iitimi to tliiir ciiliiviiiion, A gmd vuriity vf

liirdu In fui'iid in tlio Wml Itutioa, marly uU uf wliidi arc, liuwu«u/i

cuimiioii to tlio ncl|{libuurini( continonlt.

Urv«n TurllK. a»tua Uttrd.

r>. Th» green turtio ond guanu lixard aro both liii{lily priiod, •»

allordiny dolicioiw 1'immI. Tlio (of riicr ari'i ncnt in ooniiidi raldo nuirib«rn

to Europe nnd llio United 8talc», Th«y conio on iiliQrn in iho niglil,

when tho fidicrincn turn them on tliclr backM, and colliu-t tUoni at

loiiuro. Tha guana i« iVoin (bur to five, fi'ct \»ng ; it Ih very nimble,

aiid it hunted with dog«. Tho (luHh ii tender, Nwict, and dilicatu.

7. Comincrco is curried on Cr>nn tho West India Islands

with great activity, and to n hir^er amount than in any other

region of tho same extent and population.

8. Tho chief articles of cxjwi-t are, colTec, sugar, riJrn,

cotton, cocoa, pimento, mahogany, logwood, A:c. Tho im.

ports are, rnanufaeturcd goods of all kinds from I-liiroiK!, with

Hour, Iunil)er, fish, and salted provisions from tho Unileil

Slates and Hritish America.

9. The islands of tlio West Indici ato under tho control of Oovornori,

occur? 4. In what do the Wcit Indiea abound 7 5. What are the

?rincipal Ouita 7 What i« iaid of birds 7 (i. Of the green turtio, Stc. 1

. What i» iuld of commerce? 8. What are tho chief artitlee of

esport? IrnporU? ;. What conUol lira tho inlandi under 7 Ho .v art

'•^•liinkBt-^'

IV.

T ol'llin yo(\t in llDl

tlt{llilt Ulul Oi'liilirr,

iiiK'K iK>ciir, Hliii'h

I Hlii|i|nn^.

all ll'.<' |iri)iiiii-ti«)ii)t

ru'ly III' arlit'li'rt oC

ihi> fDri'NtH ruriiiMli

ill I 111! nrtft.

,|iiMC-ii|i|>li'><, impiiwi,

a iipply III' cxrolK'iU

, A ({ri!ut vuritly »f

r wlitdi arc, liowutu^

Ovtiia Llurd.

lolh highly prized, «Highly pi

nidiTublM IciiiiHKiiTubiu numbCTii

[)n Mhorn in Iho niglil,

, and collvt^t (lioiii nt

\H ; it in vrry niinblo,

wi'ct, and dcliuuto.

West Iiuliii iHlttiidM

it lima in any oiIht

colTec, sugnr, rum,

o<)d, A:c. Tho ini.

< from l''iiro|M(, with

19 from tho Unitoil

lO control of Uovornori,

id 7 5. What are th«

"tho green turtle. SectI tho ciiief article* nf

indH under? Ho.v ar«

WKIT INtlllM. 167

ipiminfi'd hy Ilia nnwrm tn wlili'li lliry rrnprrlivrly iNilmijf. Tha !»Iialiitiiiila III lliu liritHli lalttnila aru rrpriDcntrd in tliii IIiium.'* nfAaiMiiilily, wliirli vtirri'im' uniiiii ul' ihn tuix limia u( ttui U'i'i«h I'af

liain«iit. iiayli furiiia an iii>t('|Mind«nt repulilic.

10. Thr inhabitniiJM !.>r!-ti-it of wliitiM), frco bl.ir:ks, andiliivim, of whom not tnm hiui AO(>,(HK) nro wh'N. TlrniiiaiiKlfr ni>i of N»'y;n) tn ^m iiiid, oxc«>tit in ll'iyi iiixl IIhj

HritiNJi iHlundi*, tl' > prim-'iiMtl (m.-t iiru in a atiito of aluvory.

I

Spnnlah (•land* |,4H3.iino

llayil .. Mig,iiiw

Hfillah lalailita ...•, 7M.WW

rii|Hil4lMa

rrrnrh lalanda ,<.. . UM.nniiUliilah, Uuleli, kc • . . M.CJO

SPANISH WKST INDIES.

I'i. The wfMttrn roliinicH of S|inin, wliiih fiirirrrly con*'

priited lh« j^routi-r part of tho Anirriran ('ontiiK-nt, (iro nowliinitud to tho two iihuids of Cuba and t'orto Kioo.

1.1. ('ubn, tlin lurKoit of the Woat India iatitndu, i« ncartv (tqtial 'n

extent U> all the rcat of tho i*iliind» takvn togeliirr. I'opulationl,l'JH,()()0. I'ltrl'i Hirn contains ulioiit nno-lrnth thu area of C'uba.

i'lipiilntion 3.'i7,0fln. 'I'liry are Imth ((Tlilo iaianda, and cany on anexttmaivo tradii, cliit^fly with tho United Htatoa.

14. Iliivttnn, the (muitiil urCulin, ii tli« largc*Ht nnd moat floiirialiiiif

rity in the Wcat IndiiH. Mnlnn/na, I'uorto I'rinciiH!, am) .Vi Jagud« Ciibn, are, oiler the ciipitiil, llir moat ini|iurtunt towna. A. lohn'aia the vliicf town in I'orto Uico. It imi a »al« and capacioiiv |!.ii,rbour,

and ia alrmiKly furtiUcd.

BRITISH WEST INDIES.

15. Jamaica is tho largest and most valuable of the British

minnd.i. Tho towns of Jamaica, and tho other islands, aroull (wa-ports, and doi)endont on commeroo.

Ift. Kiii|;aton is the Inrfrcat town in tlie British Went Indioa, andeonlaina atioiit 30,000 iiihabitanta, The chief of tlio other towia aro,

llrid/jitdwn, in nnrlmdr.(!K, with 20,000 inhahitnnla ; Kt, JolinV, in

AntiKuii, with 15,000; Port of Spain, in Trinidad, with 13,000; andllofbetcrro, in St. ChriHtuplior'a, with 7000.

tho whilo inhnbitanta of tho Britiah iaiunda rcproicntcd 7 10. Of wha>do tho iiihiibitanta conaiat ? How many arc whites 7 11. What ii t)Mpopulntioii of tho diftVrent ialondfl t

19. Whiit arc tho coloniea of Spnin7 13. What ia anid of Cuba 7 PortoRico? 14. Havana? Uther towna? St. John'* 7 15. Jamaica? 16. Kingi

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•ptKlth T'lWN.Htliliii liiHn

full „( ii)i*in,

n. iahn't.M. e«ef(t'l.KtRfitiHI.MwcUrnik

Ni l.ur|« I»,m»r>,t>»t" MIX")N.»n la.iMt

Miiiiitiriat *'.<IINI

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An«uill« :.i.tl>i«»

llnhani* VRiWiu

(brmiiilti W.IMO

('mifiin,

Hr«rl..il.iii(IV

I'IkiiI. •I.mi

I'lyiiM.iilh.

Il'iri'l llaibauiAn«Mill«.

m. Uodrg*'*.

IN. Tlifl DahAmu um^iw sIhhiI lUO lubmln, of wlilrit imty U tr«

of euncldi'mblo liM, TIm mU in trld iinil rorkjr, and ilitiif i.lumU M^ill taim%mnu, Ml ftuilfUl In Uio umhiI iiroiln. i

. ..i iIh' VV< ^i Imln «.

IVi Tht BmnHtiu He to Um faatward of ilx I iiit< <l Sdu^, niid ara

• mUmIIm of ntcka nnd miiall Inland*, uf wliiili only *\gUl [<•>•'< "• uny

Importuira. Thpy viijoy an alinoit |)vr|N;lual (•iitiKi and am cluUiwd

in roiiatant vvrdiiru.

9B. rRKNCII iNLAiyrm.riuadalouiM ... I Ii).4<i0 llwMviiirra.

MarilniM Iin.aiiu m. I'lcim.

MarlMaUnti. , ll.itxi llaMcurra.Uawada. lU.* 3,IIM

«l ItANIMII.Mania Criii W.tmil (.'liilmlaniUilt.

Ml. Thoinai T.lKM Ml. Yhoiiia*.

M. JolM'i a,uuu

«& Dt'TI.'H.Ml ruatatla H.MlO Th« ttay.

I.'iiriicoa I.I.WM WllliainaUilt.

Ml. Marlln'* a,<WI

Ul MWKUIMir.Ml liaillMlninaw O.llUO aiiata*la.

Jl. VENir/.llRI.A.

Marfariia IS.UUU I'LTipalar.

l.Ti

25. IIavti wn» formorly cnlliil Flispniiioln, nml iiIho Si.

D(>min|{o. It in oiio (if thu fmrni of tlu! VVi-iit liicliii iMland*,

unci oru'o buloiij^cii jointly to France unil Hiinin, Tin! Frt-nch

jKirtion wan uncDrntnoiily llourisiiing, and tln! cxportM nearly

(ujimlled tlioMo of all Ihu other InIiukIm united.

In 1791, an inaurroction ortlio nogfriica broko out In the French part

of the iaittnd. In 17'.)3, the aiuvra wcro cniancipalnd liy a drcrro of

th« French National Aawiiildy. In IHOI, the iiidwiK niKnco of lluvti

woa duularod j and in lH!i!i, tlie HpHniah part of tlie iaiiuid ciimv under

tlio control of the lluyticn govt^riiiiiont.

on, and the other towna7 17. Which la the moat populoua of th«

Dritlah lalandaT Ji.— Tha next? Ba. — Tlio looat ? Aa. —Whatdo the llahaniaa compriau? What ia anid of the anil? II). Of th«

Bormudna? What do they enjoy 7 30. Which ia the moat impuloua

of Uio French iaianda? Oc. —91. Of the Daniah? H.A'r. — i'J.

Dutch? 8..Ea.~*.2.'i. What Ulanda ticlong to Sweden? M.-Bw.—ii4. To Vonciuola 1 Ma.

85. What ia aaid of ll&yti 7 The French portion 7 96. Of tha

* The population of the French part of St. Mwtin'a, 3,600 ia num.L«r, ia included in thii eatimato.

J

b^

I

InlUtHMk,

iD,mio

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WWIU

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I'hitilaMni.

fl^iiiiMiih.

Itnilil MallKIUI

- Nt"«u•.(Ml) HI. Uaiirfi't.

itii, of whirh iiiily 14 sra

i)r, and tlu'M> i>luiMla mu,jctii III' Ilia VVint liulk*.

to tinltcil Hiiiti'ii, nnii *r«

h iiiily riKhl |N»ai • liny

I |iriii|[, itntl oru vWUioU

Dt'TCM.la I4,INI0 ThA tiny.

n.UUU WliliiinaUilt.'( LIWI

WEumii.Inmaw 0,000 autU«l«.

VENK/.IIRI.A.is.ouu rimpaiir.

Npiitiioln, nnil nlao Bt.

I! VVi'Nt India iNlandH,

I Spnin. Thn l''rt'ticli

iiul tlu! oxportH nearly

nitt'd.

>ko uut in the French part

uncipslixl by n dcrrro of

u iiiilit|H'nit(:nro of lluyti

of tlio iiliuid caino undui

ho miMt popiiloui of I ha

'I'ho h<aat? As. —WhatofthoioiU 1!). Of the

ich ! the moit iHjpulotw

) Dani.h? 8..<>. — aU.

to Sweden? H.-Ow.—

:h portion? S26. Of the

MMtin'a, 3,600 in num.

iSlwM

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WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

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CIHM/ICMHMicroficheSeries.

CIHM/ICMHCollection demicrofiches.

Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut canadien de microreproductions historiques

WEST INDIES. 180

37. The government of Iliiyli ig profcNHodly rcpiiiilican, but in, in

fiict, a military duHpotiiim. 'I'ho I'ronidcnt IiuIUm liiii oflico for life. Ttie

irmy aniuuiita to 40,(IUU men ; there is uIho a larfro militia force.

SU The annual uxportH are in vuliio about 4 million dolliira, or one-•lixth tho amount of tlioKo sunt from tho French part of tliu inland only,previous to tho year iTJl,

29. Tho principiil towns nro Port au Prince, the capital, Jercmie,and Au.jCayea, jO-kay'.] In 1843, a dreadful earthquake duslroyiil

(iijHi llaytien,und oeverul othi'r townn, bCNidcH ninny of tho inhubitant.s.

30. Ip 181.'), im iuNurrec'tion took place in llayti, and PresidentItoycr wiiH e.xpt'llcd ; .at tlii! Hiime lime, the SpiiniHU population, al)oiit

l()0,0(M) in nuniliur, declared tlieir independence, and now form theRepublic of St. Domingo. Tho llaytieuH havo endeavoured to con.ipier tho new stato, but hitherto without succchs. Tho city ol' StDomingo ia tho capital.

Map No. 4.— Which is tho larjjcHt of tlm West India Islands 7 Co.— The second in Hizu 7 Hi. — Third? Ja.— Fourth ? P.-Ro,— Flowlonjf is Cuba 7 Kaytl' Jamaica 7 Porto Rico 7 Tlieso arc the Great.'Vntillcs. What sea between the Great Antilles and oouih America t

Cn. — What islands north of Cuha ? Bs.— Which are tho principalof tho Bahamas 7 N..Pe., Ao., Ia., Ts., Lg., Gi.— Who discoveredGunnaliani 7 In what year 7 What is the name of tho caNtern ranjreof tho West India Is. 7 Co.— What six islands on tho coast of SouthAmerica 7 Oa., Ca., B.-Ae., Oa., Ta., Ma.— These are tlio LittleAntilles. Tlic Bermudas arc about the same distance from Charles-ton, from IIalila.v, and from St. John's, Porto Rico. How many milesis it by the tcalo 7 How far arc the Bermudas fron> Madeira 7 Whatis tho populi-tion of Ilavanna 7 Kingston 7 Port au Prince 7 StDomingo 7

— 130

SOUTH AMERICA.1. South Amkhica, the southern part of tho New World,

-s smaller in extent than the northern division of tho continentby almost one million of square miles : it is thinly settled, andlor the most part uncultivated.

2. Like Noith America, it is noted for the grandeur ande.xtent of its mountains, rivers, and plains : it is also imrivallod

slaves? 27. Government? President? Army? 28. Exports?21). The principal towns 7 30. What took placa in 1843 7 Whatoccurred at the same time, Jtc. ?

South America. <i.— 1 . IIow much smaller is South America than North

190 DEBCniFTIVB OKOORAPIIV.

Bdiitli Aiiii^rii'aii Hci'ii^ry.

for the nnml)or and richness of its mines of gold, silver, mcr.ciiry, and precious slonos.

JJ. Th(! clinmte of South America possesses every varietywhicli vast extent and great diversity of surliice can give. Its

ve}^etal)ie productions aro numerous and vahiabie, and com-prise tlie chief articles raised in tropical and temperate regions.

4. The principal mountains are the Andes, which rangealong the westi-rn shores of South Americi , from north to

south. The highest ])eak, Mount Sorata, is almost five milesiiigh. The mountains of Hrazil extend along a great part ofthe eastern coast, and aro in height from 3,000 to 6,000 feet.

5. The AndcH contain numerous volcanocB, many of which arcconBtantly burning : tlio most noted is Cotopaxi, near Quito, one ofthe loftiest volcanoes in the world ; the noise of its crujilions has beenlicard 600 miles, and the flames from its mouth liavo been known toascend half a milo high,

C. The principal rivers are the Amazon, Rio de la Plata,and Orinoco. The first, though not the longest, is the largesiriver in the world : and drains, with its tributaries, an extentof country nearly equal to the whole of Europe : its chiefbranches rival the largest rivers of the eastern continent.

America ? 2. For what is it noted 7 For what unrivalled 1 3. What issaid of the climato T Productions ? 4. Which are the principal moun.tains ? The hiyhcst peak ? 5. What is said of volcanoes ? fi. Of the

AriiY.

es of gold, silver, mer-

assesses every variety

fsurlace can give. Its

lid valuable, and com-and temperate regions.

D Andes, which rangencrici , from north to

ta, is almost five miles

I alon;? a great part ofm 3,000 to 6,000 feet.

DCS, many of which arcjpaxi, near Quito, one ofI of its cruj>tion8 has beenulh liavo been known to

azon, Rio de la Plata,

B longest, is the largesl

) tributaries, an e.\tent

of Europe : its chief

eastern continent.

t unrivallod 1 3. What ia

1 are the principal moiin-of volcanoes? d. Of tha

7, The forests of many parts of South America exhibit a liixuri»nr«

&iul diversity of aspect ilitiorent from those of must otiicr purts of tlie

world. They are enlivened by a great variety of birds of singular

fiirniR and superb plunrngc, which tlutter through the branihcs ; andtroops of monkeys and S(|uirrels, thul leap fruin liough to bough ; wiiilu

(he occasional appearance of tlic alligator. '\uh numerous serpents andlizards, pfcsents^a singular and varied scene.

Laiiia. Tapir.

8. Among the most remarkable animals of this continent, are tlia

piguar, puma, and ocelot, tlie hinia or South American cuiiiel, tli

lapir, peccary, sloth, ant-catcr, armadillo, and cliincliilla. The horsu

ox, ass, and hog, were all strangers to tlio New World, and werebrought from Europe by the first settlers : they have increased prodi-

giously, and have in some instances regained their original wild state.

9. The birds are numerous and of various kinds ; the largest are

the rnca or American ostrich, and the condor or vulture of the Andes,>vhicli h the largest bird of flight known. There are also toucans.

principal rivers 7 7. Forests? 8, The most remarkable animals T i 1'iie

— <^1

192 DEiiCniPTIVI QKOORAPUY.

i

Red-blllod Toucan. Orlulu NsiU.

orioIcH, or ImnciiiR.birHH, willi tho bliicltsniilli or bcll.hirds, nnd hum-iiiinK-liirdH of a hiiiidrcd diHtrunt HpiicuH, from tho nizu ol' u wrtn toliiut of a humblu-bcc.

10. Tho inlmbitnnts of South America nniount to alwut10 millions, nnd consist of nrnrly tii" same ciassos as thowof tho northern division of tlic continent—Whites, Indians,Negroes, and the niixej races : tlic latter comprise Mulattocs,Mestizoes, and Zaml)oes,

11. The whiirs are (liji'fly Spaniards and Portii;;urse, nnd(heir descendants: oflhrse, many of tiie wealtliv classes arcwell educated and intelligent; hut Hic great majority of tli*-

f)eii[)!e arc ignorant, indolent, ami oltcn vicious in' their habits.

12. Ccnsidrrablo attention liaN In en latily paid in sonic of tlio SouthAnirriciin Stales to education. Schooln and univorHities have liceiie8ln!ili.sh<d in several places, iind knowludgo is beginning to disi>e)part of thu i>:norancc which prevailed.

I.'). Nearly the whole of S<.iilli America was, for three hundredyears, subject to Sjiain nnd I'ortut'al : it is now, with the exception oftiiiiaiia, entirely independent of Kiiropean coiUrol. 'J'he Spani.sli panis divided into a number of diHtinet ri])id)lirs, whose governments eresimilar to timtof the I'nited States; while Urazil, tho part settled 6ytlio Portuiruese, is a limited monarchy.

14. Tlic Cutholic is the established relijrion in nil tlie South AraoricaiiStates; but piTsons of other perHunsions are allowed to reside withoutmolesto'.ion. In British and Dutch Guiana the Troteatant faith prevails.

birds? 10. What la said of the inhabitants? 11. Of the whites?W. Educatirn, &c. ? 13. How long was South America subject. Sec. '

I .'hut is saiQ of tho Spanish piurt? Portugi-eso ? 14. Which u th".;Etablii<hcd rtligiou 7

iPUX. OUTII AMRRICA. 193

Uriulu Nciti.

I nr l)('l|.|)ir(lK, nnd hum-nil tlic nizu ol' u wrtn to

rica nniount to nlx)ut

aiiic cliiMsos as those

•nt—Whites, Indians.

•r coinpiisu Mulattocs,

i and P()rtii;;iirse, andle wealthy ehisses arc

fjrent iiiajoriiy of the

vicious in tlieir Imhits.

mi(J ill gomo of the South1 iiiiiv(THi(i(!H liuvo liceii

) in IjvgiimiDg to diH|>el

wnH, for tiirco hundreciw, with the cxcc|ili(m ot

iilrol. 'J'lio Spiiiii.sh pariwliosu frovcrniiiviTtH ereazil, thn part suttiea by

n nil tlin South Americanillowcd to reside witliout

I'roteatant faitli prcvailii.

I? 11. Of the whites?h America subject, 4ic. ^

c«!f 14. Which ia this

Map Ko. 17.—What ocean bound* Hoiith America on the oaitTAc. — On the wot ? I'c, —What ma on tlio norlli I Cn.

How in New (irrnadtt boiindi'd ? ItH capital ?

Vcncxucla—iHiiindcd 7 Ciipiiiil 7

I'kiiiiildi—bounded / (^apiliil I

tiiiiuna—bounded 7 CapitulH 7

I'lrn— lionndi'd 7

IWiviii—bounded ? Cajiital 7

llra/il—bounded 7 Capital 7

('bill—iKiiimled 7 Capital t

RueiioH AyreN— Imiiiided / Capitiil

I'liraijuay—bounded I C'apital 7

(inijTuay—bounded 7 Capital 7

Patiignniu—bounded 7

On what iido of South America are tbc Andes 7 Wt.— What num.ber of iiiilex do they extend 7 Uetween what two »taten do they formthe < iiliro boundary 7 Ci., H,.An.— Ilelween what two do tliey formllie boundary in j)art7 Ha., I'u.— What Ih the next grealeHt raiiRool inouiitaniH7 llii.— What nuinl)er of milcH do they extcnd7 Inwhat hluto aru they aliiioNt wholly 7 HI.

Whieh are the three iargeHt rivern 7 An., Pa., Oo.— How long ineach 7 Mow wide the nioutliH of tlie two larKeit7 Where in Uio.Magdaleiia 7 Into what Hca docs it empty 7 Cn.— Whieh are thetour principal branches of the Amazon on the north side 7 Ta., Po.,Ca., No. — Which are its chief branehcH on the south side 7 Lfc., Ja.,Ph., Ma., Tm., Xu.— How long are each of the t6refroin(( 7 Whichtwo rivers form the Amazon 7 He., Ta.— Whieh two form the Riodo la Plata 7 Pa., Vy. — Into wliat<»cean do the Orinoco, Amazon,St. Francisco, and the Rio do la Plata, How 7 A..On.— What riveriaro south of tlio Rio do lu Plata 7 Co., No., Cs., P.-Dc.

Where is the Gulf of Daricn 7 N..(!a.— G. of Venezuela 7 Va.—(J of Guayaquil 7 Er. — G. of PcnaH7 Pa.— Where is the Hay ofPanaini? N.-Go.— Talcahuana U. 7 Ci. — B. of St. Oooriro 7 St..Mathias B. 7 Pa— B. of All Saints 7 Bl.

Where is Puno Island 7 Er.— Islands of St. Felix 7 Is. of JuanFernandez? Chilool.7 Ci. — Wellington 1.7 Pa.— I. of Terradel Fuego 7 Whero are the Falkland Is. 7 Pa.— I. of St. Catharina 7

Itamaraca 1.7 Joannes 1.7 Bl.— Between what two rivers is thelatter situated 7 An,, Pa.

Whero is the Strait of Magellan 7 What regions docs it separate 7Pa. and T..Fo.— Wlioro is the Strait of Lo Mairo 7 What does iiHcporato 7 T.-Fo. and S..Ld.

Which is the largest city of S, America? R.-Jo. —The next*' Ba.—Which three cities number rcsjiectivcly 100,000, 70,000, ond 55,000?B..As., Qo., La.—The most northerly and most southerly capes 7 Gs.,Hn.»— Most easterly and most westerly 7 S.-Ro., Bo.

• This capo is colled by seamen the •* Horn :" when vessels sail from<ie United States to the west coorf of Atttrica. they are said to go^und the Horn.

2

,

)i

104 UKMCItli'TIVB UU(>URAPIIV«

What proprtion of ftmtli Anmrlc* ll«» north of thi' Tropic of C*.

prirom ? 'I ho lurgint or mnolUnt / I.t. — In what (onr, llirn, U it

tn.wlly T Til. — III wimt xono ia the ntniiimler ' H.-Tr, — In what

hjMilKphiro U Houlh Aimriiii wholly ^ U'n.— In whiit hciiiinphcre

m it (lurlly > Hn. — Soiilli Ainiricii contniiii* nlioiit I'i'^ of luirlli, nnd

43' of imiilh intitiiilo. In what liililiiih' i« it Ihiii 7 Sh.— It rxti iiili

IVom 'M^ to Hl° uf lonnilucli', wcit liroiii (aiHiiwiih. In whul Iomki.

tiiiiu then in it rvi'kontd 7 Wi,

lluw niiiiiy Miilia in it froni Gulniia to Ncwftiundland 7 Drazil to

(3ri'uiiliind ? (iiiiiiiiii to L.ibcriu? Ni'w (•rcnitdu lo llurnro? Kcimdor

totlir(iulliipii|roH in. I I'rru toOtuhi'itv I Chili to New South Wiik'n?

I'hili to N( w Zimlaiid 7 Hru/il to tliu went couHt of Afrlitt 7 DriiRimjr

to the l'ii|Ni of UiHxl lloiM) 7 l'iitn|[uiiiu tu V<tn Diciiicn'ii Lund 1

l'utiii[onia to Kt'rKuulvn'i l.und 7

138-

COLOMFIIA.

1. The Into Republic of (.'olombia occupied an rxtcnaive

region stretching from the I'acillc tu the Athintic Ocenn. It

wiiH th« most powerl'iil of the South Atncricnn States that

throw od" the yoke of Spain, nnd wiih divided in the year IHiJl

into the njiuhiicH of New (.ireiiada, Venezuela, and Iv^uador.

2. 'I'iie woNtern part of this territory is traverHcd by some

of the lodicst ranges of the Andes. In tho past it consiats

of extensive plains (callod Ilnnos by tho inhabitants) which

form a part of tho vast level region lliut spreads from north

to south over tho whole interior of the continent.

J). The climate changes according to tho elevation ; hence

tho vogetublo productions aro various. On tho high lublc-

lands, among the mountains, arc raised the wheat, rye, barley,

oat.H, and fruits of temperate climates, while tho low country

is prolific in tho most valuable products of tho Torrid Zone.

4, MnnufacturcB arc hut little attcndrd to in Columbia, but commcrroii rarrii'd on to lomo vxtunt, chiptty with the Utiittd .StutvN and GreatItritiiin. 'I'Uo cxportH are inoHtly of tho tropical productions of the coun-

try, and conHiwt of Hugar, colfeo, cacao, indigo, liidci, nu'aiiparilla. Sec

5. Tho mine* of New Grenada yield in gold and silver about two

Colomfiia, Q. — 1. What did tho Kcpuhllc of Colombia occupy 7

What was it 7 When and how was it divided 7 9. What is said ofho western part? In tho eant? 3, How docs tho climat« change?Vi^hat of tho vegetablo productions 7 4. Manufactures 7 Ex|)ort8t

. Minvk? Poarl fishery 7

I I

hapiiy.

ntirlh of till' Tropic of C».— Ill what (onr, Uirn, In It

Binder ' H.-'IV. — In wh»tVii,— III uliiit lii'iiiiii|ihi'ra

nil) nlioiit 1'/^ of iiiirlli, nnd

it (lull 7 Mil.— It rxtriiili

liH'iiwii.'ll. Ill whul liiiiKI.

Nowfiiundland 7 Brazil to

I'liudu (o lliirni'o? Kciiiidor

Cliili toNcw Hniitli WiilcH 7

count of Afrii:a 7 llriiijuiiy

tu V'ln Diuiiicir» Lund 7

occupied an extensive

the Atlantic Ocenn. It

\ American States that

lividod in the year IHiJl

'enozuela, and Iv^uador.

ry ifl traversed hy someIn the raHt it consists

r the inhabitants) which

hat spreads fruin nurtii

continent.

to the elevation ; hence

8. On the hij,'h tabic-

d the wheat, rye, barley,

, while tlio low country

:ts of the Torrid Zone.

in Colombia, but comincrrolie Utiittd SlutVN and Urvatcal prodtictiong of the coun.

go, liidci, wu'wiparilla, &c.

gold and silver about two

blic of Colombia occupy 7

idcd 7 3. What in Raid ofdoes the climate change T

M anufkcturci 7 Ex|)orts t

CfltOMBU.

mm

ios

millloiii of diilUri annunlly. Thnrn ara aliHi nilnci of cnpfifr, lead,

and tin; nnd diliiiioiidK, I'liu'riklda, and other prrcioiin atoni'ii, aru found.

The pearl fiiliiiry, wliieh ome yielded half a mtlliun dulkra a year,

now aiiiounti in valuu to only 91HI),(IU0,

Hupa briU|«, Hilitroi carryln| trarallari.

NEW GRENADA.6. New Okenada ii the most powerful nml populous of

the Colombian States. Its coast is washed on tiie west side

by the l*acific Octmn, and on tho north by the Caribbean sea.

Part of its territory cxtctnds into North America westward

from the Isthmus of Darien.

7. RoadM hardly oxixt in the niounlainouii dixtrictii of Mew Grenadaand the other purtH of Colombia. Truvellcra are often curried in akind of chair, placed on tho backs jf pcrnona called HilloroH, hired for

llie piirpone.

8. The bridge* acroiis the rapid torrinta of tho AndoH arc frequently

formed of a viugle rope, and a hupim i<;k or buxket iiiudu to run tromone end to tho other, in which tho Coluinbiiui p:iHHei) Hccurely,

'J. Dogota, tho capital of New Greniidu. is Hituated a few niilcH oait

of tho Alagdalena river, on ii fertilo pliiiii, HUUU feet aliovo the seu. It

contains ii number of hundiomo churoiiCH and convents, and a uni.

vcMity. The Murrounding country yivldii two crops of grain annually.

10. Cdrthagcim, on tho coant of the Caribbean sea, is the principal

port of this republic : its trade with tho United States and Great Bri>

Ntw Grenada. Q.—G. What i< said of Now Grenada? 7. Of roads 7

How arc travellers carried / 8. What is said of uridgos 7 'J. Dcsuribo

Bogota. Tiio surrounding country. lU, Carthagena. Pupayun, die.

T

lUtt DnmirrivH fjBouHAPiiv.

Uln U ailenffTa. Vit\>i»jun iiwl l'a«l», in Ilia iiiiillii-rn part of Nowttntidih, mill I'nimiiia, on iho noiilii riila ol' tha tiltiiiiiia of Uariiii,ua »ll ptitri:* of «om« iiii|K)rl4ni'i<.

Mup Na, 17. — Wh»l iKiund* Ntiw lirrnmltt on llir norlli f CHnH«imh' Kr.— Kjutf V«. — Wintf I'.ctii.— WImt l.tlimuii cm.mxtn ,1 with NnrUt Aimrica f Dn. — Win. Ii uro tlio iirinti|>al rivir* I

Mil., ('«., f»., V»., No,, Ui'., Mil. — Wlmi lit thi> li iifflli (il'tm li I ||»wIkr iln aliNipii imvlinlii tliu MiiKiluli'iia t Miln I Wliiit ii thu iii,|ml«.

(ion of ll.i(fi)tii I roiwymi I CurlhoKina I Miiiii|mi« / IIumiIh '

Wliiit iniMiiiliiliH rxUtui iiliiiiK lliu m-jii loii.t ? An.—Ulmt niiiiiiituiiit

AMI of tliu Mii|{ilalcii« 7 An*. Tliu nurlli.caat tango ol tliu AnUun,

i:»}

'

VENKZUKLA.

I. Vi:!«r«iii!t\ comprisrH tlm moHt msfrrn pnrt «>f f'olom.

bio. A raiiKo ol" nunmtiiiim, Iho niirlli-cnitt braiiih «)!' IhoAndes, I'xtfiuls nloiij^ ni'url\ iho wholii of tlio northern roanl.

Tho rcmiiirKlor of Ihn republic i'onHi»t8 of a vast pluin, form*ing purl of Iho Kn-at I.huuiH of Coloinbin.

a. Like Iho I'liiiipitH of lliieiios Aywn, and the Scrlarn ofBrnzil, it in cov(Tr<l with tail hcriiaije, on which f^ra/.i- vast

herds of horstes, oxen, and iniileH, Of ihoHo, many of thoinhabitants po!i.s)'U from lU.UOO lo 'JO,!)!)!) head.

3. Till) innplo of tho plninii aro ciillrd U.inrroii. Tlioy uro oil ex.celltnt liorMiiiin

; ami iMiriliuliirly tllHtiMifiiinlicil thumiivlvvi, in thovontcitt Willi S|mln, tiir llioir putriotiini anil briiv<-ry.

4. Carncrna, tliu cBplliil, ii »iiuiiti'd nbcml 13 mllri fVom tho ooimt.Prcvioui to 1818 it wim a lurdo city with inoro than 'tO.OdK iiilmliifaiitii.

In that year it waa diHtroycd by ono of tlio moitt droodfiil oarlli«imikn»on record, and lO.OUO [HTNona |icriiili('d on tho ajKit. Tho rily ia ro-

<Civin(f, uiid now containa al)out mcliulf of ita furiiicr (lopulatidii.

". I.u(Jimyra* In tli« cliiifport ofthla republic. Maracaybo, Coro,and Viik'iiciii, nro all conaidcrublo towiiN. 'I'lio iaiand of Murfruritu'ono of tho Icmicr AntillcH, bclonga to Venezuela.

Venexutla. Q,— 1. Wliot dooa Vcninuela compriao ? Of whnt doesDm remainder eonaiat / a. With what ia it covired 7 What graxoIhcro / 3. What aro the [leoplo of tlio plaina culled 7 How dl J theydiatinf^uiah tlivinaclvcH 7 4. Ik'HurilK) (.'araccaa. When woa it dc•troyed 7 How ninny peraona iioriNlied 7 5. Dcacribo La (iimyra.Maracaybo, &o. Margarita.

* La Ouayra, La.gwi.ra.

(AriiV. COLOMBIA. 197

lliu iiullii'rn part nf N(Wol' l)i« lithiiiui uf Utrli'n,

iitlit (in tlin nnrlli 1 ('..Ha.—.

III. — WImt lutlimiiit coil.

Ii urn tliii |irinci|ial rivfr* '

I thii IrliBlll lirt'Ui'll t lliiw

I'ta I Wlml ia thi' iiii|miIh.

m / MiiiiifMit I lliiMilii 7

•I' Aa,—Uliut niiiiiiiuiii*

Mt ranifo ol Uiu AiiUv*,

rnsfrm pnrt of f 'oloni.

rlli-<'nitt briiiu'li ol' iho

n of tlio northern coant.

* of a vast {iliiin, form.iliiii.

rvH, nnd the Hcrtiim nfI', on wliifli gni/.c VQHl

Of thcHo, iMiiny of Iho,(I0() head.

ancroa. Tlicy are oil ex.iiiHiii'd tliuiiiMulvi'i, in thebravery.

It 19 milri (Vom tho nonat.

re timn 40,01)1) iiilmliiranta,

moat (Ireailfiil <)nr(li(|imkn«

lliu H|M)1. The oily ia ru-

iti furincr |i(ipulnliiiii.

piililie. MaraciiylMi, Coro,'I'lio iaiaiid of Marfriirilu,

ii'la.

compriao? Of whnt doc»it covered? Wlint graxula culled 7 IlowdiJtluyccaa. When waa it dc5, Ocvcribo Ln Uimyra.

•ra.

I^UAtXJR.

A. Till! RipiMig of I'lciinilor Iun on Jxiiti iii(l<>« of |kti(|uaior. The dvHiwil part of iIk- |Hipiilaiion i< ronflnrci to

ihii wi'storn I'onat and ihi- vnilo\ - ol' ihi. Andri; wliijo thii

iiiMii'rn portion of thu Irrritory ut occupied by niilr|M'ndi'nl

Irihi'ii of Iniiianit.

7. The i-iinmtc, rapfriallv of iho region around Quito,* in

ihi't of p«'r|H'liiiil HpriUK. Vcptation iwwt crnvn, mid thi-

in-'s mid niradowM nri« I'rowmd with constanl v< rdur<'. Tiiurountiy JH dili;<|itfiil, and in called llin ivirnntu tiuiin. It [h,

liowfvrr, Miilijcct to i-artliipiakiH and violnit tiiii|H'<tlH.

H. The <Jiilliipa(f.>a, nrTiirlle lalniiilH, nrn rhiiiied liy llir KepiiMinofKrwiilor. They lie on lH)lh aidia ol'tlie I'qimlor, ftlaiut (!,'>() nillea woaUward iVoin Mni-'Ji Aiiierlea. 'I'liiwi iaiiiiida, of which 'J urn of aoino>!<«, enioy c aeli|{litllil cliaiatuj Ihoy wiru rucently occupied by •i^tA>iiy tVoiii (^iayu(|iiil.

9. CJiiito, the cnpiliil of Reimdnr, It liluiitfld on tho lido of Mt.i'ichincha, 9,000 (iit above the aca. It eontuina hniidaonio atreelaand aipiarea, and many cliun liea anil convcnta, built with nmjrniliccnco and taate. It liaa two univerailioa, which arc well attended.

10. Oimyai|uil,t on a irnll' of the aaiiie name, la the aea.port of thi*repiiblie. It la mio of (he nioxt llouriahiiiir coinmurciul towna of SouthAmoricu. Cucncu, Uiubainba, and Utabala, tto important town*.

Map ffn. 17.— What Imunda Vcneiuela on tho north? C,.8«,—South ? HI. — Kuki I (;a. - Wcat / N.-Ga. — Wliicli ia tho chiefriver? ()o. — Mow hmg ia it? How fur ia it navijfubln for alii|M|7

For aliKjpa? What river connecia the Oriimro and Kio Nejfro? Co.—What lake in the N,.W. nart of Venezuela I Mo.— flow Umn ia it?From what lake duca tlie Orinoco How? la.— What Indiana inVtnexuela? (Ja., ("a., Oh. — How many inhabilania liiia Caraccaa?Coro ? Vtth'ncia ? Ciimana ? What iahiiid lielonga to Venexuela I M».What Imunda Kcuadnr on tho north 7 N.-Cta.— South ? N.-Pu.—

Eaat ? III.— Weat? P..On. — What ranjfo of mountalna ia in tlwweatern part ? Aa.—What two largo rivera in the aouth 1 Ta., To.—Thuio form the Amazon river. Iiow liir ia it naviffabla for ahipa 7

Eeuador. Q.— C, How doca »ho Republic of Ecuador lie 7 What !•aaid of the civiliied part ? Of the population 7 The weatern portion 7

7. Of the tlimalo 7 a. Tho (Inllapajfoa ialanda 7 9. What ia aaid ofQuito? What doca it contain ? 10. Deacribu Guayaquil.

' Qui(», Kcc'.to. t Guayaquil, Gwai'.t-ko«L

I

lOR nucmnivi asnaiiAriiv.

f.

r.rf .I.I.H1.T K«w m«n* lnh»btt«nt« h«a Quilti I Whul thnw oiltKBiimU r UtI.IMMI r«. Ii I M* , «i|.. t'n.—Wlwl iniHiiitsiii •oiiili <>rquiMtt^*~TbM WM tiirinntly liotinKlvrixi th* hl(ht<a( tn Muulh Aniariu*.

CJIJIANA.«

I OiruN* rxtondu rr«»«n Ihn Orinoco lo tho Oyn|K»rk rivrr,

n iliRtancu of 7(IU miltm, AlonK th<^ ronni lh'< liml m low nndIsvrl i but in thn intvriur, it ia «<l<'vntt'il iwhI tnouittiiniMdi. 'IVprfxiuri* iirn iiiiu;iir, culti't', niyfiiuo ik'pjht, ami i-lovtn, witii

« gn-iit variety of tropii'ul rrnil*.

a. 'I'liis* n'Kioii i^ iliviiliil iNtwiTii tim Brifiiih, i»ii( h, nn.l

Pivnili. llritmhtMiiiinu rnmnriwn (luicu|fini<'ni)fi;»!ii>|iiil«(,(

Ih'iiuiriirii, mill llirhiif. 'I'li« Diilch jwrn-Mmi Surinam, nmltho IViiicli, ('a\iiiii('.{ 'I'lio poptilaliiin nl" tlin liril hh'Ii-

tioiUMJ ii« iitxiiil IHI,(MI<I; ol" lh« wicoiicl, tl.VM)(» j and uf lliu

luHl, yi»,0(MI. Total, l»0,(M(((.

.1. JJiMrK.ii.wii, on Oi'iiurara river, li tho mpltalorRritlihnulnni

;

U ii II jiliir iif (•oiiHiiliriililft irmle. I'nritinnriliti, on Niiriiiaiii river, i»

Ilia c.i|MliU iirDulcliliiiiiiim; it ia nUo IIki liiririat liiwii in Diia ri'|{iiin

dyiiniir, lliii miiiliil of Kn luli (Jninnii, ia on tn laluiitl oC tlui hiiiunaiiiti, wliii'h i« \H niilea lonir, unil 1(1 wide.

4. Tim iiinaa of (lio inhiiliitmila ia roin|HM(<(| of nrnrnfi. Tlioac in

llin Briliah lolonii'a urn iVro j lint in Hiirinuiii unil Cityi'nne, II117 anRtill alnvi'h. Tim intnrior ia iiiliiiliitcij by Muroona, or runaway ncgrut'a,and iutlupvndvnt triboi of Indian*.

PKKir.

ft. Pbki/ in ono of tlw most renowned coimlrii's in Soulli

Am«jri<;ii, and Imn ulwuy* Ix-en provorbiul for tli« niciit woultli

furniidied by itn nunen. It wiw long ono of tlio most vuluubW

Oiiinna. Q,— 1. Drarrilio (Jiiiunii. Tho prodiicfa. 3. How ii it

divided ' Wlint ii thn muouiit of |Hiiiiilntion / .1. DvacriliA (ieorcf.lowii. Piirumaribo. Cayenne. 4. What ii aaid of tJio inlmbilunl« f

The inlorior 7

Ptru. q.— 5. What ii Peru ? For what ii it proverbial T What(krthor li laid of it 7

• Ouiana, Ohe-a'-na. t Eiifjuibo, Ki-io-ko'-Uj. t Caytnvr, Ki an",

it Muiiiiiiiiiii •iiiiih <tf Qiyia I

ilKhrat 111 Muulh AtiMrWki

M» le dM Oynpnrk nvrr,

•oftirt lh« Idiiil i» Itiw nndI ittiit riKMiiiiiiihoiiK. 'I'ho

|M'|ijM>r, nnti clovia, with

Ihn Rritiiih, f)ul('h, niul

t colnnii'N of l')!«ii'(|iiit)n,t

li iMiowMi Suriiiiiin, itiiil

iilmn nl" till' lir"il inrii-

Jiul, (i.\(H)() ; oiiii (if lliu

• etplul of Rritlah nulAna :

larilh), on Niiriiiam riwr, i«

\atgr»l (iiwn III (Ilia ri'giiin

im tn uIuikI of tlw miiiuIt.

Miril (if nri;rn«'«, TIkmc In

mill itnil < 'iiyrniip, llii7 anarounii, or ruimway iicyrufa,

mcA countries in Southrbiui for the Ki<'<it woullh

}no of tho inoHt vuluablo

i« prixliicti). 9. How i( it

ion / 3. DvncrilMi (icursi'.

it mid uf tlio inhabitant* >

At if it proTorbiftl 7 What

lo'-bo. t Caytnvf, Ki tn'.

mo. too

i\a\t» ami l,«maa<ni>)tinf pr'nluu.

of th« 5?nflni'«h Amf fican rolonii'n, nnil '\% lh'> In«t territory

in AnwTH'ii from whioh tho Hpnniiird!* wrro ilrivrn,

6. Th« Andn r«ng« through llie whnl« ritent nt Peru. (>n th«

riMit tho rliinitln ! hot, and much ofihn loil i* anndy nnd nrid, Ruin•rldnm fiilla, nnd thiindrr and liehliiing arn iinkm wn. On tha

high tablc-Und, iH'twnin tho rlilgra of tho moiintaina, the rllmiile ii

variniia, and Ilia product* of tho loil arc chiutly Ihoao of teinperata

rrginna.

7, Alonir ilin Mn.cnnat tha agfriculturn U cnnAned rhiefly to thehnnki of tha Imam* which dcavcnd tVom tho Andc*. Whcro (ho anil

inn tm watcri'd, llio Vi-i;rtation ia moat liitiiriitnt, nnd aiir|iri(«a tho

Irnvi'lli'r hy tlir iilcnainK rhnngo fVom the atcrility uf tho dracrt to tha

bright vcrduro that provalU.

H. The I'liipf produda are Indinn corn, aitgiircanr, and cotton, withtha fViiit* of almoat (ivcry rlimato. Homo valiiablfl dyc.wooda andniedicinni pinnta are iiNo prodiiri'd, pnrticulaily thn IVriiviiin bark .ir

('aacarilln. Wine and brandy are tnado to aomo extent, but wlioat andfluur are ini|iort(id fVoin C'liili,

9. Thn lilvcr.ininc* of Ccrro Pnacij are the moat Important nowworked in Peru. There are alao aomo minca nf gold and mercury.Thr coinmcrcn cnnaiata, fi>- the moat part, in the interchange of tho'

(irecioua nictala for foreign producta ana nianufacturei.

fi. What ia aaid of tho AndoaT Tlio climate and prndui;ta T 7. Oftlie agriculture 7 The aoil T 8 Chief pruduota 7 9. The ntlnet 7

SOG DESCItlPTIVS OEOanAPIIY.

10. Tlicro M a wii.a of ^wtl road* nn.l Lri-l^cH in Vvrn ; and

.'ii.mH. In tl.,. vicimty „t l',sc„, „n,l close to tl.o .l,„r.,., arc several•mall mmr.di, abounding m tlu> llrtili/.unf manuro callc.l tJuano.

Map No. 17.—WImt UwmU (;iiiai.a on llic n(.rll.7 A .On — Thhm. Ml.. Ok, -Mow l,.i„r ,nv fli. three (irHl ? How nmny inliahil^ni.a« (.eorffetnwn Paranmrib,,? New An.Hter.lan, ? Cayenne/ WhoIndians iiihabil tbo Bouth-eust part of Guianu f As

r

•111

-At the time of the Spanish coiirpost, Peru was nion-extensive thun the modfrn statu ol tlio .same name. It-skings wore called In-ras ; thfy wore held to be n sacredrfico, to 1x3 descend! d from the sun, and were adored bv thu"tooplo. •'

IS. TJie ancient Per avians were partially civilir.cd, and cultivated tiio

kilful 'i\r:r7''; ?''"y

•'"'lt-nplfu.d rmlae« of "lone'; w^^

13. Forty years nacr the discovery of America, Piznrro, obrave but cruel Spaniard, invaded Peru, at the head of osmall army. He put the reiirnin-,- Inca to death, connueretthn country, and established the dominion of his soverei<rn14. Peru will, the other American provinces of Spain, was^lonrgoverned Ivy viceroys appointed by the kin^s of that coun ry ; but "nthe year 1821. the jn^vple estal,lislied e ^ovcrn.mnt of their o^n and

824 'tT1T1 ".- !"^ ,^"'™"''«"«. "chieved their independencSTn1824, by tiie defeat ot the la«t Spanish army at Ayacuclio

™nrt%™,/.''y' *?•",: ^"l' »"r'^'^'"^"'^ """ "'" «'"«'"' «f Nortli Pern

Confederation, under a chief magistrate, Btyled tlie Supreme Protcetorn,.ey«arHaftcrward.s, the army of the Confederation was defeatedby Uio Clulians at Yungay, and the Republic was dissolved.

f^mmorcc 7 10. Of what is there a want? How are the articler oftrade carried V What cxi»=t3 near Pisco 7"« ariicier oi

nJ^l~* ^••^''

!' » ^'^•^"'i

comprise ? What is said of its kinire 7 12Ofthe wicntPcruuanB? IS.Of Pizarro' 14 Of P«n. «nHViP .uprovinces 7 When was independence declared 7 Wh" ^as achieved'.1 Ay*cucho 7 15. What took place in 18367 Three yl^iXwmLI

lAPlIY.

nd l)ri<l(rcn in Peru; and<1 llic interior of tlic; coiui.on tlio ImckM oC iimjIi'h ami

I lo tlio (iliort!, arc severallunuru calluil guuno,

llioriorlli? A..On.— Th'I'liu princiiml riv( r» ? En.I I How niiiny inlial)itaMs

tcrdiiin? Cttyonnc/ WholU? A8.

fl'.ipsf, Peru was moretlio saiuo nnmc. Its

3 held to be a sacredid were udorcd by the

iiviliwd, nnd ruliivatcd thend palaces of stono j wereind silver, and construcfjdt of writing, i)ut prcHcrvodi of painliiigs and knotted

)f America, Pizarro, aorii, at the head of o

!i to death, conquere'tion of his sovereign,

nccs of Sjjain, was lonp:s of that country ; but inmine nt of their own, and,vcd their independence ioat Ayacutho.

» the states of Nortli Perilrmed in the Peni.Holiv'an3d tlic Supreme Protectorinfedoration was defeated' was dissolved.

How ftro the articler of

is said of its kings ? 12.I4.0f Peru and the otherid ? What was achievedThree yean aflerwarda 1

r(

PERU. 201

n tlio ^^

city l-^-fir'M^ J:^-—

LailicK uf I.iaiii.

IC. Limn, the capital of Peru, is on tlio

RMiall river liimnc, 7 miles from thei

and in, next to Mexico* the finest c.Iiuilt by the Spaniarda in the New World.It iri regularly laid out, nnd contuinnmany handsome public buildings. Theclmrehes and convents, thoujfh robbedof a prnat part of their weallh during

\

tlic revolution, ntill present a liandHomu; ,

itppcaranee. In walking abroad, thoi\'I.idius of I,ima use a peculiar dress, in

" '

which they may disguiHC themselves soan to remain unknown to their moltintimntu friends.

IT.Ciizeo, the ernond city in Pern, is

("ituatcd far in tho interior, on uno of thohead hranclies of the Amazon river;lliough much decayed, it is still a hand-tome place. At tho time of tlio Spanisliconquest, it was tho niotropoli.s of the ancient empire of Peru. Arequipa is the chief place of trade in the southern part of tho RepublicHay, Its sea.port, is a small village. Pisco is noted fi)r its brandy.I8.Callno, tho sca-port of Lima, is strongly fortified. It was tho last

place held by the Spaniards in South America. At Cerro Pasco, amongthe Andes, are the richest mines now worked in Peru : tlio town is cle.vated L'J.IJOO feet above the level of the sea. Truxillo is a handsometown

; Piura is fimous for its fine breed of mules ; Caxamarea, Huaura,and Caxatambo, all in tho interior, are places of some note. Payta, oneol the most northern ports, is much frequented by American whale.ships.19. Guamanga contains a university richly endowed, and Guancavc-

Ilea IS celebrated for its mines of mercury or quicksilver. Puno andlaci.a ore important towns. Arica is tho port through which thochicl part of the trade of Bolivia is carried on. The other sea-ports,called tJio Intermedios, have some commerce. At Ayacucho widVungay, important battles were fought.

\'^P ^'"^ kl—^^''^' '*""'^* P^'" «>" "'8 north ? Er.— South 7 Ba.

-Last? Bl., Bu.—West? P..On.—What mountains extend alongthe coast 7 As. —What desert in tho south 7 Aa. —What lake fornnpart of the eastern boundary 7 Ta. —Which is the head branch of theAiiiazoii? Ue.— In what lake does it rise 7 Rs.— Uow far docs sloopnavigatior. extend on it from the sea 7 Wlmtistlu population of Lima?L.UZC0 7 Arcquipa? Guamanga 7 Puno? Crro Pasco? Truxillo?lacna? Wliat are tlie ports from Oeono to Iquiquo called? Is.—When was tlio battle ofAyacucho fought ? Of Yuiigay ?

Ifi. Describe Lima. What is said of the ladies? 17. Describe Cuzco.&c.18. Callap,Cerro PaBCo,Truxillo,&c. 19.VVi,at is said of GuantanKo.tnd the otlicr towns? What took place at Ayacucho and Yungajr 7

X

909 OE8CRIPT1VB OE(iORAPUY.

.142

BOLIVIA.

1. Bolivia, formerly culled Upper Peru, is one of the most

important of llio South Amerinan states that threw oil" the

yoke of Spain. It became independent in 18v'5, and wunnamed after Gcnerni Holivar, the Uberator of South America.

2. The most lofty mountains of the New World arc in

Bolivia; it lies chiefly in the interior, and consists, for the

most part, of a high fertile plain on the east side of the Andes,

raised from 8,000 to 14,000 feet above the ocean.3. This cluvatcd territory has citicH al)ovc the region of the cloiidx,

nnd cuttagcH Riluatcd as high as tlio top of Mont Blanc. It yieldn

Indian corn, wheat, rye, barley, and potatoes; the latter also gru'v wild.

1. Cotton, coffee, indigo, and other tropical productu arc raised in

the less elevated districts. Gold, silver, copper, and other metals arc

(bund. Tlio silver mines of Potosi have been for nearly 300 years tike

most renowned in tlio world.

5. Lake Titieaca formapart ofthe western boundaryof Bolivia, It has no visible

outlet to the sea, above whichit is elevated 12,71)5 feet

Tills lake is navigated chiefly

by loats made of rushesplaited together ; tho mastand rudder only are of wood,which, owing to its scarcify

licrc, forms tho most valiuw

ble part of tho vessel.

6. Tho condor, the largest

of the vulture kind, is foundin Bolivia and other parts oftho continent. Inhabiting

the loftiest summits of the

Andes, ho descends to tiic

lower country only in pur-

cuitofprey. Ho feeds chiefly^°^°'"- on carrion ; but also attacks

deer and other quadrupeds. Tho condor is about 33 feet long fromtho beak to the end of the tail, and tho wings measure in extent fromd to 13 feet.

Bolivia. Q.—I. Whel was Bolivia formerly called? What is ittWhen did it cxtablish its independence 7 After whom was it named '

2. Wliat are in Bolivia 7 Of what docs it consist ? 3. What of it*

cities and cottages 7 What docs it yield 7 4. The other products '

What aro found, &e. 7 5. ncscrflie Lake Titieaca. 6. Tho condor

APIIY.

'cru, is one of tho most

itcs that threw oil" the

cnt in 1825, nnd wanitor of South America,

he New World are in

r, and consists, for the

3 east side of tiie Andes,

B tho ocean,re the region of the cloudit,

of Mont Blanc. It yields

i; tho latter alHo gru'v wild.

:al products are raiucd in

ipcr, and other metals arc

;n for nearly 300 years tlie

5. Lake Titicaca formsart oftho western boundaryf Kolivia, It has no visible

utlct to the sea, above which, is elevated 12,71)5 feet,

'liis lake is navigated chiefly

y loats made of rushesfaitcd together ; tho mastnd rudder only arc of wood,'Inch, owing to its scarcity

ere, forms tho most valiuw

le part of tho vessel.

6. Tho condor, the largest

r the vulture kind, is foundI Bolivia and other parts of10 continent. Inhabiting

le loftiest summits of thu

indcs, ho descends to tho

iwer country only in pur-

jit ofprey. Ho feeds chiefly

ti carrion ; but also attacks

9 about 3} feet long fromgs measure in extent from

iriy called? What is itt

Iflcr whom was it named '

consist 7 3. What of it*

? 4. The other products^Piticaca. 6. The condor .

CHiu. 903

7. ChuquisacB,* or La Plata, tho capitol, contains a university, wd!Bltcnuid, and a public library, siiid to bo the bcNt in South America.La Paz is thu largest city in Bolivia, and, though situated in a deepvalley, stands at the height of 18,400 leet above tho ocean. It contains a catlicdrul, and several convents and churches.

ti, Potoai, tho best known city in Bolivia, is elevated 13,000 feetabove the sea. It is but inditVcrently built, and is not ho llouriHliing hnit onco was. Thu mountain on winch it is situated is one hvigo silver

^;

B.ino. It yielded in 25a years tho vast sum nf sixteen hundred mil.

'

liius of dollars; but it is now lesn productive than formerly.

9. Coehabambat lies in a fertile and welUcultivotcd district, and thecity carries on a conKiderablo trade in grain, frniln, and vegetableH.Cobija, or Puerto do la ftlar, 's tho only seu-irort Bolivia possesses. ItIS a small village, and being situated in a desert cduntry, is of butlittle importance.

^fap A'o. 17.—What bounds Bolivia on tho north? N.-Fu., Bl.South? B.-As.— East? Bl., Py.—West ? S..Pu.— On what oceanIS the south-west part situated ? Pc—Which are tne principal rivers?Me., Bo^, Ge,, Py., Po,, Vo.— How long is each of these ? The largestlake? Ta.— How long is, it? What two mountains cast of LakeTiticaca ? Sa., li. —These arc tho highest in South America. Howmany inhabitants has the capital ? La Paz? Cochabamba? Potoai?Oruro? What desert occupies tho coajt of Bolivia? Aa.—Wluttribes of Indians are in Bolivia ? Ms., Cs., As.

143

CHILLt1. Chili consists of a long, narrow tract of coimtry, situ-

atcd between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean. The climafois rcmaritably fine and healthfid, and many parU of the coun-try present such romantic scenes, that Chili lias been calledthe Italy, and from its fertility, the garden of South America.

2. Its chief misfortune is that earthquakes are common,and often lay the cities and towns in ruins. Volcanoes arealso Viumcrous: among tho Andes, fourteen aro said to beconstantly burning.

7. The capital ? La Paz ? 8. Potosi ? 9. Cochabamba? Which istnc Rca-port of Bolivia ?

C//i7i. Q.—1. Of what docs Chili consis" ? What is said of tho cli.mate 7 What has Chili been called ? 2. What is said of earthquakes">" volcanoes? 3. Of the soil? Products? Agriculture, &c.?

• Chuijuitnea, Chu-ke-sa'-ka.tC/ii7i,Chco'.lo.

t Cochabamba, Co-ko-bara'-ba.

1

1

004 DE8CRIPTIVR OEOORAPIIY.

i;

I

3. Tlio Boil, except in Homo of tho mining diiitricti, in moiitty veryfertile, and priiiliiccM ihu fitieMt wlicnt and otliur grninii, bei.idcH fruilHof yariouH jtindn, in nimndanec. Wino in niiido to minio extent, andagriculture i.r.u ilij riiiMirifj of cuttle ore uctivtiy purHiicd,

4. The CliilcKc nre a cdurtcoim and polite [H'oplc, nnd appear to bemore induulriiMiH und cnlerpriHinif tlinn incmt of the otlitr uilmliilunlito<' South Anicrif-a. Mini-g of gold, nilvcr, and copper, urc nunnrouaTlie latter arc tltu iiioKt abundant and profitable.

5. Chili exporlH to

Europe nnd the I niti d

8tutCH fold, MJIver, undcopper, and to IVrii

grain and llonr. Aconsiderable trade i»

carried on with Hue-noB AyrcH across theAndeH by troops ofmules, wliieii conveyinerehandisi?, money,^c, to u considerublo

amount. In truvers-

inj; thuso Bliipcndous

liei|;litH, tho aniniuli),

_A f tt.""' ''^'"' "'"'' <J'''ver8,

r*\en Blip fi-om tlio narrow, steep roads, which wind amonjf the moiin.lamer, and ure dashed to pieces on tlio locks beneath.

6. Tlio Bouthern part of this territory is inhabited by the ArieaunianIndians, a brave and warlike race, who have defended their libertiesogainst tlie encroachments of thu Spaniards over binco their firstontronco into the country.

7. Chiloo and the islands in its vicinity belong to this stale : also thoTuan Pcrnandez islands. Tho most eastern of these is noted forhaving been the solitary residence for Bcveral years of Alexander Scl.kirk, a Scotch sailor, whoso adventures gave riso to the well-known»tory of Robinson Crusoe.

8. Sontiogo, the capital ofChili, is situated 90 miles from the coast,m a country that abounds in the most sublime and beautiful prospects.Tlio houses arc mostly of one story, and surrounded with "ardens.The Htrects are regularly laid out, and many of tho public buildini'saro handsome.

9. Valparaiso is tho chief sca-port ; it has an excellent harbour, andcarries on considerable commerce. Valdivia, Concopcion, and Conuira-bo, have all some trade.

Route over the Andes,

4.0ftheChilose? Mines? 5. Exports? Trade with Buenos Ayres

?

6. Of the southern part of the territory? 7. Chiloo? For what isJuan Fernandez noted ? 8. Describe Santiago. 9. Valparaiso, andtho other towns?

'

L..•-P-N

APiiy.

tg diiitricti, i* mniiAy verylivr ({rniiiH, ki'kidcN TriiiU

iiinJu to miiiio cxli'iit, andVfly purHiii'd.

e jH-opIc, mid appear to but ul° tliu otlitr iiilialiiliiiit*

id coppt-r, uru imiiuTuiiii

.blu.

5, Chili cxportM (o

Europe and tlio I iiitrd

StutcH pold, bilvcr, :iiid

; cn|)pcr, and to !'< ru- grain and Hour. A

conKidcrablo triidc ix

r carried oii witli Uuu-f; noa AyrcK across tiie

;'' Andc'H by troops of

,iniilcs, wliicii conveyincrcliandis(', luonoy,Si,c., to u considcrublo

amount. In travers-

ing thuso stupendouslioiglitH, the animals,and even tlieir drivers,

li wind ainon^r tlic muiin-)cneutli.

inbitcd by tlie Aricauniaijdefended tlieir liberties

Js over binco their first

}ng to this state : also then of thcso is noted for'. years of Alexander Sol.

1 rise to the well-known

90 miles from the coast,

and beautiful prosjiects.

urrounded with "ardens.of tlio public buildings

in excellent harbour, andConcopcion, and Coquim-

ado with Buenos Ayrea T

1. Chiloo? For what is

igo. 9, Valjiaraiso, and

BRAZIL. 905

Map No. 17. —What bounds Cliili on tho north 7 Ba.— South

'

'*"•.~ '''""^'

^''^»- —Went ? I'.-On. — What mountains separateChili iVom Uuenos Aviu»t As. —What isluml IIch south of Chili'Co. — How iMig is it I What islnnds lio we.it of Valparaiso 7 J.-l't.—What islaiid was tho r^ihidenco of Alexander Selkirk / M,.Ttt. -What i.slandH lio north of Jimu Fernandez? S.-Fx.—What is tlin

populotiou of Siintiiigci? Vnjpiiriii.io ? Conccpcion 7 • Quillota 7

t>anta Rosa 7 8. FolijK) 7 Vuldivia 7 Copiapo 7

111

THE EMPIRE OV BRAZIL.1. Brazil was onco a Portiiguoso colony, but is now nn

in(Icpoii(I(!iit omi)iro, w'cond only in extent to the empires oflUissin and China. It coniprisis almost luiif tito urea of Soiilli

.\mericn, is nu)iu llian tu(;iity-rivo times tlio sizo of the BritishIslttncis, mid ratl-.er !nr<,'er tlian Ihn Unif(>d States.

2. If is tlio only part of tho New World '.hat was evergoverned by nn European soverei<,'n in person. The ICingof Portugal reigned here from tho year 1808 until 1821,when Brazil was declared nn independent monarchy, thesovereign assuming the title of Emperor.

3. Brazil is ono of the finest regions in tho world, andenjoys groat natural advantages, in tho fertility of its soil, thevariety of its vegetable products, and tho value of its minoruls.

4, Tho interior is very thinly settled, and much of it is yet covered

Croiiing a Draiilian River.

Braxil Q.—l. What is said of Brazil? What docs it comprise?How docs it compare with the British Islands and tho United States 7a. How was it governed 7 What king reigned here, &c. 7 3. What isBrazil 7 What docs it enjoy 7 4. What is said of the interior 7 How

'Uiuitlota, Ko-lo-ta'.'

900 nEHCJUIPTIVE OROOHAPilY.

li'l

c

I

I

%

with dtiwo fi)rc»tii. Roiiila nro rare j und tlio numorom itraymi artduatituto of briJgL'i, and, in nmiiy luncii, of Icrry-ltoaU. 'I'ho rivoM•re generally crowed uii rallni while the horio i» made to •wiin.

5. The people are moittly ignorant and indolent. Nearly all tl*labour IK pcrll.riiicd hy Ncpro iiluvoii, who coimtitiitc throctmiw of tliepopulation. The I'ortugutiic i« the lungungo njioken in llrazil.

fl. Agriculture i.s in n backwunl .state. AfiuiuiiicturPH•cnrccly exist

j l)iit comrticree is nctively cirric'd on. Hw^nt,cotton, colIN', liidos, und other product.s, aro exported cliidlvto the Lfiiited States, Groat Britain, and Portugal.

7. Urnzii is rich in gold nnd |)recious stones, nnd is tin?

country whieli, next to Mexico und l'<ni, has furnished tht;

greatest amount of precious metals. The diamond mines areworked on nceount of the government, and supply nearly ullthe diamonds of commerce.a Cattle multiply to an imnipnno pjttcnf, especially In the rcirinn

called the .Sortuiii; and in the oxten«ivn olains in tli<^ noiith, ncir lU.

Urando, soino of the lar(,'(! farms have from iJO.OOU to 40 OUO hcud.n. The wcHtcrn part of Brazil ir culled Amazonia; ollhonsli not a

polilicul diviHion, the name has been long in use, and originated tVomthe rcportH of the early explorers of.a nation of AmuzonH, or fenialowarriorst, rLKidiii),' on the bunki of the Amazon river.

10. Rio Janeiro, on tlio b.iy of the namu name, is tlio capital of Brazil,tnu the inoKl populous city in South America. lu harbour in visited

Palace of Han Clirittovao.

arc the rivers crossed 7 5. What aro the people 7 C. What is said ofaCTiculturc7 Manufactures 7 Oimmcrco 7 7. In what is Brazilrich 7 What is said of the precious niRtals? Diamonds? 8 Ofcattle 7 9. The western part of Brazil 7 How did tlie name, Amazon,originate 7 10. Describe Rio Janeiro.

ApnY.

Iio niiiiioroui itrofms artif rcrry.liDalM. 'I'liu rivor*

irio U iiiado to iwiiii.

indolent. Nvnrly nil HmDnntitiitc tlircv.tillliM of tlto

;u ii|Hikun ia ilrazil,

stato. AFimuiiicturf's

'ly carried on. .Sii^ar,

Is, nro f.vportcd cliiully

tl Portugal.

ious Htone<<, niul is tito

rni, has furni.shcd tlic

llic diamond miiips nn.'

and supply nearly ull

, especially in tlio rpgimins ill tiji! south, ncir iiiii

ao.OOU to 40 OUO head,

imazoiiia; altlion|r|i not ause, and originated fVom

in of AniuzonH, or feiualo

son river.

me, ia tlio ciipital of Brazil,

a. Ita liarboar i» visited

plo 7 G. What is said of7. In what is Brazil

Is 7 Diamonds? 8. OfV did the name, Amazon,

BUENOS AYRM. 207

»j the vesucln of almoct every eoinmoreial nation. Tim eity in buiR

Hliicli in the Kuroinnn xlyle, Imt the Ntreota aro ratlinr narrow. 'I'lw

KniiH'ror'i eoiiiitry palueo, ni'ur the eity, i» called Han C'hriHtovau,

iH'ini; of a lit[ht and rural style uf architoeturo : it hoa a very pleaaihtf

ulfeet.

11. Baliin, Pernnmlinco, Maronhnm, Paro, and Rio Ornnde, aro all

imgMirtant nea.nort*. 'IVjiico, in the interior, ii tlp> chief town, and

.Tiitro of the diamond diHtriet. Villa llica. Villa Boa, and Cuyuba, arc

Aeh lurruunded by mining diitricti.

Map No. 17.— What boundii Brazil on tho north 7 Va., Oa., A.-On.

-Kant? A..On.— Went? Va., Kr., I'll., Ba., I'y., IJy Whichuro tlio princiiial rivera that flow into the Atluiitie ocean I An., Fa.,

I'a., S.-Fo.— Mow long aro they 7 How wide in tho Amazon river at

it» mouth 7 Wliieli are tho chief branehea of tho Amazon I Xii., Tii.,

Ala., No,, Ca,— llnw lonp arc they 7 Mow far Ih the Amazon navi|;alilu

l(ir HhipH ! For HloopH? How far eaii KloopH UNeeiid the .Madeira from

Iho Kea I What mountaiiiH exiend aloiiK the coast I Ihi. — Mow loii{(

,iro they 7 What are the chief Indian trilw* that inhabit Brazil 7 T».,

.Mil., lis., 0»., Ch., Xh., Cs., Bh.— What iNland at tho mouth of tliu

Amazon 7 Jm. — Mow lon({ is it 7 What land wna lirHt iteen by Cabral,

Iho di»coverer of Brazil, in the year l.OOO 7 What is tho population of

Rio Janeiro 7 Bahia? Pernambueo7 Cuyaba 7 8<rKip|K) del Key T

What towns have UnfliH) inlmbitanta each 7 Pa., Mm., Ai., K.-P!.,

V..Bu.— What district coat of tho St. Francisco river 7 l)d. ,

145

BUENOS AYRES.

1. TiiR states comprising tho Republic of Pucnos Ayrcs

were tho first in Soutii America that threw olF tho yoke of

Spain. At their declaration of independence, in 1816, they

were, includinj; tho Banda Oriental, called tho United Pro-

vinces of tho Rio do la Plata; afterwards tho Argentine

Ucpublic, and, finally, the present name was adopted.

2. The surface of tho country consists of vast plains, calU

ed pampas, which stretch from tho Atlantic ocean to tho

1 1. Which are important ica-ports 7 What ii laid of T. juco. Villa

liica, Slo. 1

ButnoB Ayrra. Q.—1, What states first threw off the yoke of Spain T

When did thoy declare their independence 7 What wore they first

called 7 What afterwards 7 3. How fur do tlie pampas stretch 7 3

'"'ItSf^'f,"

I

208 PKKCHii-nvi! uKoaii.\i>iiy.

$

aaucho> catching Caiilc with the LaMo.

Andr-s, nnd from north to south through the whole extent oliho tcrrilory,

3. They aro chitfly d(>stituto of trees, nnd covered withliigh grn.sH. NumeroiiH limls of hursts, nnilcs, mul cnttlt",

rnnge over thenf). Tim rhca, or Anu-rican ostrioh, with tlic

jnguiirr and Hovcral kindu of deer, also, nlwund on thesoplains.

4. Tlio Oiiucltod, or inlinMlnntit of tlio pnnipBH, locH a lifb of rudeInili'iM'iuliiico. Thi-y linvo no care in tcnrUig or fccdinjf caltlo j liiit

imvo only to cattli tlicin willi tlio Iuhdo, or lonj; kallicr nofjgc, to kill,or drive tlii'in to Dui'non AyriH ; nnd, in the iuho of liomci, to breakand mark tlicni, that tlioy nmy bo alUrwardii known.

5. Boof id tho principnl food uncd on tlio painpn*; neither (frain norvcjifctalileii arc cultivated; nor is Iho cow ollcn made to givo milk.FfoMci nro lo numcrouii and clicop, tiiat every ono ridoi } oven tliebcff^ar l>r)|;i on horioback.

*'^^ii'"'

""** '""'"y '•' "*'"<='• '" til" immediate vicinity of niicnoiiAyrcK, Mcndoza, and sorno other townii, but in a very Hlovenly manner tllio (Train boinjf thrcHlied by makinff cuttle gollop over it. Fuel in mHcarcc, that Iho people make their firei with dried ihiNlleiij also, withUio boncN, fat, and dung of oiiimalN.

7. Bucnoa Ayrce, tho capital, ia aituated on tho aoulh bank of tho

Of what arc they dcntituto 7 What graio on them 7 What aimiBounds? 4. What of tho Gauchos? Il„w do they catch cattle?5. Wliat food IS uied on the pampan 7 What in Ruid of horaes ? 6. Of•rhoatandlmrloy? Of fuel? 7. Dcacribo Bueno. Ayn« a Cordova,ud McDC'.'sa.

I

ilAl'IIY.

Mil! (,aMo,

gh the whole extent of

rees, and covered withr«cH, nmlfs, (ind cnttU-,

f'rican ostrioh, with tlic

uLso, abound on tlioso

nnipnn, Iced n life of rudeTing or fccdiiiff calllo ; liiit

lonjf kallicr nooiic, to kill,

ho I'liNc of liumci, to breakiJh known,

pampas; ncitlicr (frain noroflvn mado to givo milk,every ono ridui j even tlw

mediate vicinity of Diicnodin a vory Hlovcniy manner*gallop ovir it. Fiiol i» mdried tliiNtleM; alao, witli

on the louth bank of tlio

on thrmT What aim)w do they catch cattle?t iH Ruid of horieii ? 6. Ofueno* Ayrea 8. Cordova,

Rm dn III ri:itn, about SOO milm fVom tlio non. It i* tlio centre oftrade liir iIiIh piirt or.*<oiiili AnKrii'i, and nirrii'ii on uii exlonnivo com-mrrce Willi I he I'nilfd Stiitii niid (ircat liriluin, expiirtiiij;tuthomlarKu>iimntilu':< ut' liiiliH, liiirnH, and lalluw.

H. C'ordovii and Meruln/.ii, in llie interior, nro nntcd, tho firnt for it*

lUiiverMily, tin' only imr in iIiIn ri(,'ioii, and tlr.) \;M for itM wine andlirnndy, uml ili trailr willi Cliili, wliicli in carried un ucruM the Andu«by nieanH of vuhI druvcH of niiilcH.

Map A'«. 17.— What country lien north of Iluennii AyrcKa»t? I'y., lly. — West? Ci. — Smitli/ I'll. ~ What

ytcn T Ho.—ry., I ly. — West f t:i. — JSmitli f I'a. ~ Wliat mountain*

Hcparate Diuiion AyroH.lrnm Cliili ? Ah.— What river from I'alaijonii?K.-No. — I'lom I'riimiay ? Il..|'a., I'y. — I'Vom rurajfiiay 7 I'y., I'a.— What Ih thr l(iii;lli of the Kin <!i; lu I'lala ? I'urana t I'aruguay 7

(.'olorailn / Kill Ncjfro ? .Saliidillo ? Salado, and Vcrmejo riven 7

How wide is the Kin ilo la I'l.it.i at itn nioiiOi 1 How tiir iit it navi|;a-

blo fur sliipM f Mow fir in the I'unifjiiay, Ibr tiliHiim 7 What i* thepopulation of JJuenoit AyreH 7 Uf Cordova I San Juun 7 Mendoia t

140-

PAIl.VtlUAY.

1. PARAorAY is a fine fertile distrift, silnafed bctwi^n tho!'(iraj5imy and Parana rivers. Tho [lopulaiion is composedthiolly (if Indians and Mestizoes, not more than one-twentiethpart bein^ whites. Vu.st herd-s of cutllo and hortics feed onla rich {iluins.

Vtiragmy. Q.— 1, What ia Paraguay 1 What m said of the poixi

<10 MnoillPTivii unxiRApiiv.

i. Thin »Mv licoiarad Ita iiwl<|H luliiuo in IHI.li »i ii|«nenvuril«, Dr. Frnnria.n tmtiu! <i..,|,., n.^cinMd ih.- uuwvno Uiotiieor, un.l riil-.! i|i*< |m..|,|.! luo.r.linu to lim own wili.Ho dud III |||<< year Hio.

H» « .11 III, r. ... I..I mil, «,>v,„y, ,„„„„u,„„,j |„. ,„„v..r ui ,mir..| lo

«ii»u|Miii.)ii, anil iilliniH niul bi-ggaty wuru unknown,

Ja f'A\'""" ""'^ '" " """""^^' -.i..«wLi Mi.iilur I.. Urn

i«,fi; ^."I'l""!''''""'"'" ';'''''"'.• '" "" '"'•«"'"'•> '""It town, on iMn c.MiKinh .>) tl ,. 1 ..rnKoiiy riv. r, lOOO ii.iI.h from iho mu. luxima l.-uriT

URUGUAY.• fl. Tho Rppulilic of Urii«imy wns fi.rmcrly rall.d tho OnndnOrienla

, and was attaclir.l i., i|„. lJ„i,,,,| Provincrs of iliii

Kio do la I'lala. Ii wan allcrwards, for a tiiiK!, claiiii..,! hyHrazil; l.ut in IM'.'H, at tlio rl,)No of ii bl.KxIy war Ix Iwcciillio Uraziliuns and tli<. IJii.nos Ayrcan.i, tlio two nartic-rt a«rwdto ltd becoming an indciM'iid.'iit stato.

7. AIoiit«vi(k.o,» tho cnpitnl, ,t„„,|, „„ the nortli bank of llio Rio dflla PI., a, n«,| l„,« tim lH«t lu.rlmur on tlmt river. It cxporfi, ^nai(|unnt.li,.« of In.lc. &c. 'r|,„ country around thi« city in ilrlilo

S'lir .r;:'!.,:'!'.'^^'"'-'''"'*""'^"'' »"•' '^'^^-"^- •-" «--

a Oi, tl,<, upm.r part „f tho Uruguay river are tho rcmoin. of IhoMi.Hi.mH lorni.'.f l,y ih., JchuIIh. 'ilicHo c;ontain.d at ono tiino tliirtvlowi.Hniul 100.(1(1(1 Indian., who were convened IVom idolatry. in»rucUcd in i,ri..ir.ff und mmw of tho unefiil urt», and diH«ipline,l ,,« Hol.lior,111 <r the '.uroiHiun inonner. Dut thu town* uru now d.enye.l, uimI IIm,iiilmbiti.i.lH reduced to le«. than ono-toi.th of their former nui.ibcri

? w"l,!tl';i°'""'? •*."!"'

P'- K'""""^ ^- "' 'h" inhabitant.4, A\ mt in the inoHt celebrated production 7 5. De.cribo A»Huinpcion•nd tlio other townii. '

Uruguay. Q ~ (i, WImt wni. IJriiiiTuny fi,rmcrly called 7 To what

7^J\ "'i'"'.!'

,

I'y.what power wan it claimed / What occurred ii1BS8 7 7. Dctcribo tho capital. Tho other towni. 8. By whom wen

• Monlnidtn, Moii-tcve'-de-a

xruY.

Icnco ill IHI.I: nl iilji

•', atKiiMK'd the |H)wt!ra

iii'iliii|^ to liix own will,

i|> or piiriiilr, nriil, tlKiiigS

I lilN (Hitvir litiliiijmirMi In

iliiMtit wvrv liiii|{lit rcuil.

• olilljfi'il to Will k at Doiii*

nkiiDWii,

iliriili'il iiro<liiriion oflhitmiliiuw/mt miiiiliir to lli«

'rit'tt.

\y built town, 1)11 ilin csnIllio mil. Ititiiun, Vur»

: lOWIIIt,

icrlyrallidlhonnndnti'd I'roviiirrsi nf ||,|.

r a tiiiK!, ('laii)i('d hyblm)dy \vnr Ix twccn

tlio two parties ugrtrd

north bsnk oftlio Rio deriver. It CK|H(rfii jfnafncl tliiK city JM (Lrijiu

Culonia uru iiimll townt

aro tlio rcfnains of (heiiu'd at ono tiiiio tliirty

(I IVom idolatry, iiiKtriicU

d diNi;i|i|im'd hh Holdinraru now decayed, iiii<| tlio

lioir former niiiiilMira.

9. or the inhohitnntui. DeBcrilH) A»iiumpcion

icrlv called 7 To whnied / WImt occurred ii

vn». 8. By whom wcrt

e-o.

rATAUONIA. nil

M'lp N». 17.—What river tliriin tin' rimt hihI •milli IhiuiwI iry of P«rit«

IfUiiy / I'll.—

'I'liK went Ixiiindiiry ? I'y. — What lro|Hr< •iliiida rtPtrly

lliroii|(li Ihn tiiiddlii of Wri\ti\i\y I <'n. — How tiiiiny iidmhitiinli hu*Uin (a|iiliil 1 'I'liK other towiu I llntv I'lr l« Ihi- I'arriKuay iiitvlKaltlu

f

WImt iMiiindji llrutfuny on ilm north t III. —On lh« •outh ' R.-Pn,-Went I |ly..K.— Kuit I III. — How |.,iik u ilie I'ruirimy rlv»r t H.— NvgtoJ WImt ill Ihn |Ni|ioliili»ii of (III i ipil.tl ' Of Muldon.idu •

lluw llir ia it l>oin Uruguay to iii« ('ii|hj uI OuihI llupt 1

•llori kllllDf r«n|ulni.

PATAGONIA.1. pATAfloNiA, tho Houtlicrn cliviHion of South Amoricn,

has never boon explored e.xcept nlong the const. Tho chief

part (tf it appears to l)0 a cold, burivn, and desert region.

'i. It in very thinly inhahited hy varioun trit)ca of Indinno, who arcvtiid to Im) rveeneiit horii|'nieti, r'ul arn unually deNerilxd aN a nation• rt' (TiantN, They hunt tho rhea, or iktnvricaa uitrich, wliieh abound*in titc northern |>nrl of their uountry.

3. Terra del Fuepri , lyinK louth of PataKonia, in moplud by t rilo«

of iinHcriiblu »ava|;eN, in tho lowcit itato of wrctchudnuM.

iJic Misfiiinii formed 7 Tlio Jeii'i'U were on order of Catholic prloiti,

who c!itiili! nhed MisHiona in vuiioui) parti of thu world. What ii laid

of tho Iruli;in»7 The townw ?

I'ataponia. Q. -\. What is Patajronin 7 What doc» tho chief partp|H'ar to Iki? '2. Ily whom id it inhnbitcd? What ii laid of tJiotn^

3. Hy whom ii Terra del Fuogo jicopled 7

u

tit i>ii«4Nimv« ulUKiNAriiv.

lOUTtl AMt'.RICAN IMLANIW.

4. BotTN'RAMT rniin l'ulii|{<>iiiti nf «"m rrti d^rfiiip* nl

Mltntla, M*nltt'ri'<i ul vuriotiN iInIuik > . i <i i||i< (•iiiintml.

Tlie'v coiiij.riiii' iii«' i'ltlkliiiiil Uliiiiil!!, ntiuili iJr-irgm, aiul

Hiitiilwirli Liilil.

ft. 'I'll" . liiniiln «>! <hi'nt> inlamU b rnlil iinil «« vi'rt», nniiIhi'ir iilit.iv» nrii i'ii({;p'(i «ml liornn. Thry nn' \<ry >whl<»mvimffif, lui.l, '•>! ..|»| ihn I'lilklaiiil gr«c.i|», iifi ntiitiliiiliilrii.

9 M'ha Ulirr rf>tii|iriiii'a lli» llnnl <iii<l \\ ikI I'ltlkliiitla, u iiIi many•tiijill r liUhiU r liny cuiiiiiiii xiiiii' iriHxl liiirlNitir', hIiiiIi iilli.ril l»ll«iUt Urn •liljM llinl iiuviKiilr ihn Miiilliirn •««», (innl llrKuiti ImA |nw.MMkmol Ihi'ut lnlaiiiU III In.t.l, nriil i «liiliii>i|iit|| it •inull mnlinii iit umlftrrUxi «l I'l.fi I,oiii», win r<' ili<» i^.m rii.ir bUo ri'ntilK. |V«| fur Aid)• •biiniliiiti, on Will a» rnlili uml liiirxi*. Tlii'M nitltiiaU Hir« flrilbrniiirhl iViiiii lliii'iiii* ,\yri'«, iiml uru imtv lirroitiD wild.

7. Karlliir In llio mmiiIi a,„ \hv i.I.hmU ul' Hniiili Win lliiml, HimlliOrkiiry, I'aliiKr'ii (.»ml, aiiiMJrulittm'a I.aml. 'llii,.j Uumi ull Uviiill«ii»ircU •iiii'ii Hut yciir iHia.

8. They arn il. «i>|i»(<i, iierilo rrgloni, rovi nil rvrn In niiilaiiinmrrWilli lio inil HOW, and af« iiiili liiiiilnl by n •lii|{|i) liiiiiimi Ik inif.I hulr »liortii alx.iiiid in .iiinc ixlinit witli liiu l^r-^tal, and la-iliulianl,iMaldca va«l iiiiii|lHjr« ol' iR'iiKuina.

9. VfiwU (V.mi Hldiiiiiifioti and dilur portii In N«w rinnland ImvoOvijiicntrd lliKmi Ulmida r.ir iIk. iiiir|HMiii i>r|iriH'iirinK "">'". "m' (^f n(which am vtry rum iiiiil vnlinililf, but ao many liava been dvalroyvdlliat thry aru now Icaa nbiiiiduiil.

'

Mup JVo. 17 — ll.iw U Pulajtiinln Uiiindod? Whirh am ita «hl«rmora' <.'«., I*..|)<'.— Wlmt trilK'a inlmbit IK IV, Ma.— Wliiillalanda lie to Ihn ruatward I Fd. — What utrniu ariiaratn thia r<'«iiiniVnm 'IVrra dri Fiiign f ,Mn.— WImt luliiiid on tliu went roant t Wn.—WIml inland iniit of Terra dtl Finjo / H..Ld.— WImt r. I. brot.iiCk|w aouHi of 'iVrra dil Fingo? Ilii.--Thia caiio ia tliu umithcrnlutrcinity of Ilcrnilt'a Inland. .

. Map No. I. — VVc.lcrn lioniiaphrr*. — Which la tlio nioiit northoriuJraliHin » l.iind, or llic FalkluiiJ Inica 7 F..I». — Th,. nn-il aniiihcrii ;

<»..Ld.— Which nro the rnoat caatrrn iolanda 7 H..I,d Which iathe moat diiUnt iVum l'atn|;onia 7 N..Ld.

SouM Amtrifan hUi. Q. — -I. WImt do tlir»n inUnda rompriacj3. What la auid of tlic cliiimto7 What do tlm Fulklnnd Manda con.Iftin7 0. Whiii lolhn liitlcr comprinr 7 lontiiin f What ia aald of'«« Britain? OfiM-at? (^attlB and hnrHc« / 7. WImt ia ftrthi rto iho aoufh7 8. What nro they rovcnd wilh 7 In what do their•hgrca abound 7 D. Wliat ia auid of vvaacla from Stoninglon, &c. 7

l^Hm.

N iVtiiri III" titiiiiiKiil.

roltl nn«t wvrro, and'I'liiy iiri' very m^MoihI, iirii tiniiiliiiliiiril,

i'Dl ^'itlklniilx, u illi iimnrli<)ur>, ultii'li ulV>>ri| >lii III r

Uriiil llniiiiii iiKiV |NHi.

I'll It miiiill HI nil Mil lit uiiil

il»o rinlilm. I'liii for l\i>il

riii'it) iihiiiiiiU Hir« tlr«l

rnniD Willi.

ii' MhiiIi Hill iliiiiil, H<jiilli

ill. 'I'llt'MI ItUVU all kH.'l.ll

ri'il rvrn In niiilanmmrr' u dliigln liiiiimii IxiiiK,

l\>r>4V'al, and aia-i'luplMnt,

rt« In N«'w r:iiKland ImvniHMiritiK miilii, ilui Airi nl'

tiijr Imva been dtnlroycU,

n Whkh art) iu ihlcfI It? IV, Mil.— WImlrniu *r|iiiritta tliia n'tflmiIII tliu wmt ciMNt t Wii.I..M.— What 01 li lirati ,1

hit Gu|ia i« tliu miutlurii

lich Id tlio iiioiit nortliorit,

». — Till' iiii/st •iiiiilivrii I

ill / «..I,d. _ Wl.idi i.

llimo inlnnil* rnmpriicfm rulkliind lalaiidii con.ntiiln I Wlmt in naid of•» ' 7. WImt ii ftrtlicr

'llliT III vvlmt d't tlii'ir

>oin HtoninKlun, Stc, 1

KUIIOPK.1. I'iVRorii, thoMftn th<> Mrnall"Mt urilx' thrfo grrnt divistionn

of tli« rnitnrn conliriciif, in tho lii'i m itii|H)rtatii:u, lliu nu«lthickly |)c<i|>l('il, iitiil llii JH'st ciiltiviiti'il.

*

a. In nuxlirn limcn it Imx Uiit ilic point from whii'h civil,

ixution iitui kiiowii'il^it Iiuvd Ikiii i-xitml, i| to ntlxr imtuiiiit,

iitid its I'liiinriint!*^ Imvn i>c<i|.|«hI all tho civiliawd countrii-* oftill) otlior purtK of ih« world.

H. l'Airo|)o i-t dci'ply pc'iictrnti'd l»y larfjn iiilnnd wnn, ntwl

niitiKToiis null's, wliicli atllird un'ixl tmtiiml ndviiiitii>i;is lor

i'oiiim<"riM(il piirmiits. Its interior ri'Kiotis tin) will wiuon'd,

lhou)fli iiutic of till" rivrrs aro of the lirst itmKiiifudf. Tlii-

iiritiripnl riv<'rH oro llio Volj;n, Dot), Dnieper, Danubi', Tagus,.Loire, Uliinc, IUioi)(>, KIbo, and Vistula.

4. Tliou({li tlin gurfaro of Kuropo h j^rfiilly ilivi'rsificd, ycl

lliit iiioiiMtains am iiifi-rior itt oxtciit and elevation to those of

Asia and AtiH>rica. The principal rnti^^es nro tho DolVafiolds,

Alps, Carpathians, Apennines, and I'yrtniooii.

Europe. Q.— 1. Whut ii Eiiroua? 9. Wlint haii it Ix-cn In inn<1«rn

time* 7 3. How in It ptmctratod 7 What in nald of ItK jatorior rrifioni 7

Which are tho {iriniipiil rlvvra? 4. What i« iiniil of tliu niountnin*'

314 OEBCnirTIVE 0£(>0RAPJ1Y.

Ml

i-'.i.

n;

t

Wild BcoltiBti Ox. Wild Miianion Shouii,

.,..f.'„ r^i .^"""""''' "^ ^'"""^ "° ''''•'' "' n""'l>" "'an those hfmrnio of the o her quarters of the cnrth. The horse, am, dog, nnd oat.came oriff.nally from Amu ; but the ox and the sheep ore, pn)b..bly. of

native orij;.,,. A few of the wild Scottish oxen are Htill Z's' rvxd in

iSdill'iiX'ind';^^'^' ^"^ ''' "'"'"'""^ - -"» «'-•'• '^

Bearded Vulture. Uviidcn Englc.

oft'Tihil'''^*."'' '^"'«P<',':«"iF'f« 1 ni>mbcr of diircrent kinds, manyof « „ich a so abound m the neighbouring regions. The boarded vime .s the largest of the European birds of prey. It i fold am , -

.the h.ghcst summits of the Alps, and destroys sllcop, la n s -oaK 'r":a her anm.als. The golden eagle frequents tlie Jiri ish sle;:Tnd .

:Si'^c^Stiii;^Jra-^r^;-^^^^Siic^i^f'^^'Aft^r^"

'"'' ^^"'"^ '-'^ ^"'" ^^ -2^^7 The cultivation of tlie .soil l„is Ik^ch carried, in many

parsofEiiropo, to groat pcrlection, and lias been rondorodHighly productive in all the necessaries, and most of the

5. Of tlio animals? 6 Birds? 7. Cf cultivation? 8. Manufactures

7

RAPIIY.

Wild Miianion Shofji.

ss in number tliiin those ofriie liorse, ohs, don;, nnd nat.

Iho sliccp ore, probiibly, ofoxen iiro Htili prcKorvcd in

musiiion, or wild sheep, is

Uviidcn Engle.

;r of diirercnt JiindH, manycgions. The boarded viii.

prey. It in Cund nnion;;'

fs sheep, Imril/s, jjoals, nniitlio liritisli isles, and (lie

itork, ihiMiinjfo, spoonl^ill,

. Tiie turliey was brouKblfowl from Asia, and tiic

I)ocn carried, in manynd lias been ronrlorodrics, and most of tlie

ition 7 8. Manufactures 7

EUROPE. 215

nixuries of life. Grain of various kinds is raised in all quar-

ters, except in the extrctno north; wliilo the vine, olive, mul-

berry, und orange, (lourish in the south.

W, The amount and variety of the manufactures of llie

European nations are unrivalled; and by mimns of the exten-

sive commerce carried on by the maritime stales, they are

distributed over almost every quarter of tliu globe.

149-

0. Thou^'h Europe was the latest portion of the eastern

continent tliat received the light of civihzation, yet it is nowthe centre of refinement and learning. The most useful

inventions, the finest productions of genijs, and the im-

provement of all the sciences, belong to tnc people of this

region.

10. Universities and colleges arc numerous in almost nil

European countries. These provide for the higher branches

of learning, and are generally on a larger scale than any in

America. Some of them are endowed with extensive funds,

valuable libraries, and botanic gardens; and attract manystudents from various quarters, of whom, some are from our

own country, and other parts of the world.

11. In several parts of Europe, the common branches of

school education are much neglected, and the lower orders of

the people arc not so well instructed as in the United States.

Numbers of them arc unable to read or write ; and in somecountries they are extremely ignorant and bigoted.

12. Schools for instructing the poorer classes are mostnumerous in Prussia, Switzerland, Holland, Uelgium, nnd.Scotland. Jin the latter country, more of the people receive

a learned education than elsewhere. I'higiand, Cieniiany

und France, excel in literature and science.

13. In almost every part of Europe, great distinctions of

rank prevail between the upper and lower classes^ ':>r tiociety.

Orders of nobility are established everywhere, except in

Switzerland, Norway, and Turkey, Nearly all the Individ

9. What is said of Europe? 10. Of universities and eoIlogcsT 11.

Comma" branches of education 7 12, Wliure are schools most nunier

2ia DESCRirTIVE OEOORAPIIV.

k

m\h bolongiiiK to these rosido in 8|)letulid mansion«, andenjoy every luxury which muncy can procure; whilst the(Kwrt-r classes lodji;c in menu cDttajic.s, and ciirn u very scantysubsistence by the labour of their hands.

1'^; '''h'.' re!if,'i(in ofKuropc is almost entirely Christian, ex-cept in 'J'liikey, where Ihc iMahonnd.in .system is established.Tiio Christian eliurch comprises threis '{,'reat divisions; theCalhoiie, tlu! rnilestnnt, and (he (Jreek ehureh. The ad-herents of the first amount to aJHuit I'JU millions, the secondto f>7 millions, and Ihe last 51 millions, 'J'here are also about")i millions of Mahomeilans, and X!i millions of Jews.

1'). i;iirr)|i(' cnnipriscs (il iiKlrprndc nt Rl.itcM. Of tlirsr, .T nrn Em-

piric, 10 Kiii;r,|,,ii,s, 7 (Jriiml Dii.liics, 1 Klcctoriilo, II DucIucb, 1

Latul),'nivi,ilc, II I'fiiuiiralilics, I F.ord.sliiii, 1 Eccloiiisiiial Slate, and9 lU'piililics. 'I'iic population of lliu whole Ih about 2411 nnllions.

10. 'I'lic Bt.itM «vliirli rank liit;licst in iniportancn iirc, (ircat Britain,FriintT, liuHsiii, Austria, and Prussia. 'J'Ihhc arc (ailed the five GreatPowers. 'J'licy direct and emilrol tlic atfairs of tlic wliole continent,and, more or Icbb, intlucnco the destinies of every civilized nation.

151)

.

Map Ko. 18. —How is Europe bounded 7 Which is its iRrfjest citydnd river 7

Franco . , . . Rounded 7—Capitol ?

Spain Bounded ?—Capital 7

I'ortujfal . . Hounded 7—Capital ?

Austria . . . Bounded 7—Capital ?

Prussia . , , . Bounded 7—(<'apital 7

Switzerland Bounded 7—Capitol .'

Italy Bounded 7—Clapital 7

Turkey . . . Bounded ?—(;a|iital ?

(ircccc .... Bounded 7—Capital 7

Norway .

,

Sweden .

.

Russia' . .

.

Denmark .

Holland .

.

Bcl^rnun .

.

Enphind.

,

Scotliind .

.

Ireland . .

.

Bounded 7—Capital 7

Bounded 7—Capital 7

Bounded 7—Capital 7

Bounded 7—Capital 7

Bounded 7— Capital'Bounilcd7—Ca|)ilal7Bounded7—<;apital7Bounded 7—('ajiital 7

Bounded 7—Capital 7

Where is the White sea 7 Baltic sea ? North sea 7 Irish sea ?

Mediterranean sea 7 Black scu . Sea of Azov 7 Sea of .'MarninraHow lung is each of these seas r \S here is tlie Archipelago 7

Where is the Rulf of Bothnia 7 G. of Finland 7 (.'. of Venice »

IltA lonjT are each of these 7 Where is the fra"'"!' I)antzick7 G. ofLyons ? (J. of Genoa 7 G. of Taranto 7 Where is the bay of Biscay '

VVluTc is the Cattcpat 7 'i'hc Skafjer Rark ? St. Georffc'schannel J

English Ch. 7 North Ch. 7 Channel of Constantinople 7

ons7 13. What is said of the distinctions of rank 7 14. Of rcli-Tion 7

How is il divided 7 li What dets Europe comprise 7 16. WhicJi«iaU» rcsk bigheat ?

lAPIIV.

ilerulid mansions, andM procure; whilst the

niid L'lirn u very scanty

ds.

t entirely Christian, ex.

» Mvsleni is estahlisliod.

H! great divisions; the

r'ck ehiireh. The ad-

2',i millions, tlio second

'J'lierc are also about

iiillions of Jews.

toM. Of tlipsn, n nro Em-Klfctonile, II DiicliicB, I

1 Ecclt'siiiHtical Slate, andis uliuut 341) inillions,

irtiiiirn lire, Great Britain,

ic are ('iilliil lliu live Greatrs of tlie wliolc continent,

every civilized nation.

Which is its largest city

. . . . Uonndcd ?—Capitol ?

> . . . Bounded ?—C^apital ?

I . . Hounded ?—( apitui"

. . . Bounded 7—Capital '

... Bounded ?—('apital 7

ind Bounded ?—Capitol .'

. . . Bounded 7—(Capital

'

. . . Bounded 7—(4i|iital 7

... Bounded 7—Capital ?

North sea ? Irish Bea ?

izov 7 Sea of Marninra 7

tlie Arcliipelajjo?

•"inland 7 (•'. of Venice T

Cuh'of Dantzick? G. oficre is the b:iy of Biscay ?

f St. Georffc'sjChannel 7

stuntinupiu 7

rank? 14. Of rcliprjon 7

! Cbuiprise? 16. WhicJi

EKROPE. snWhere ii the itrait of Dover T S. of Olranto 7 S. of the Dardanelles 1

S, of Enikale 7 S. of Oihraltar ?* How many mitct vn- <> the lost /

Where is tlie Pctchora river T The Dwina 7 Oneija 7 Tornca T

Dal/ Duna? Nicinen 7 Vistula? Oder 7 Ell»o7 Weser? 'Uliino?

Tliarnes 7 Shannon 7 Seine 7 Loire 7 Garoiuie? Douro? Ta;,'u»?

(Juadiana? Guadalquivir? Ebro? Rhone? Fo? Danulx) 7 Diiiesterf

Bojf 7 Dnieper? Don? Volga? How long Ih each of tlicHO rivers?

Where is lake Onega? Ladoga? Pcipus? Woner? Wetteri

Geneva ? How long is each of theuo lakes ? '

Where is the peninsula of Jutland? OfthoMorca? The CrimeaWImt peninsula south of the Bay of Biscay ? Sn., PI.—West of th

Gulf of Venice? ly. '

Where is cape Sviatoi ? North C. ? The Naze ? C. Clear ? Land's

Knd? C. Fini.Htcrre? C. St. Vi.icent? C. do Gatt? C. Tculadii'

C Piissaro ? C. Matapan ?

Where is Iceland ? Tim Loffbden inlonda 7 Faroe isles? Shetland T"

Orkney ? Hebrides, or Western isles 7 British isles 7 Isle of Man f

Anglojica? Scilly inlands? Balearic Is. 7 Majorca? Minorca?Ivica? Corsica? Sardinia? Elba? Liparils.? Sicily? Malta?Ionian isles? Corfu? Cophalonia? Zanio 7 Cerigo? Candia 7

Milo 7 Naxio ? Negropont ? Lcinnos ? Where is Aland 7 Dago T

Ocsel? Gothland? Olund ? Rugcn? Zealand 7 Funcn?

Where are the Dofraficld mountains 7 Ural ? Pyrenees ? Co.

vennes? Auvcrgne? Cantabrian? Sierra Morena? Sierra Nevada?Alps 7 Apennines ? Carpathian ? Balkan ? Toll the length of tho

ranjrc, and tho heights of those that have figures attached to them.

What people in tho northern part of Russia 7 Ss.—What three

races aro partly in EurojH!, and partly in Asia ? Bh., Kb., Cs.

How many miles from Iceland to Norway ? From Norway to

Greenland ? Scotland to Labrador 7 Ireland to Labrador 7 Englandto Newfoundland 7 Franco to Canada ? France to Nova Scotia 7

151

SWEDEN AND NORWAY.

1. Sweden and Norway are now yTiited into one king-

dom, and are under the control of the sume sovereign. Tiie

government is a limited monarchy. Each state has its par-

iicular constitution, its own laws, and a national legislature.

Sweden and Norway, Q.— 1. What are Sweden and Norway?

• Seamen call this passage, by way of eminence, tho ' Straits.' Ahip bound for the Mediterranean sea, is siud to "go through tho

StraiU.* or up the > Straits."

2C

fcOjwa^'ilhrijii.iii

> rt<i<ihlii^Bafc<i

SIS DE«CRirTIVE aBOGKArilY.

I.

3. This region, the ancient Scandinnvia, forms a viist pen-

\na\xU, boundej on tho one side bv the Atlantic ocean, and

on tho other by the Haltic sea. The cHtmitf, tliough severe

in winter, is heallhlul; nnd many of tho inhabitants, espe-

cially of Norway, live to a gn-at afje. Extensive foitista

cover a large part of tho country, und but a small portion of

it ia suited to agriculture.

3. Formerly, ffrain wai icldom rniocd in Ruflicicnt quantities to

•upply tliu wunti oftlic pcupiu; and in liic nurtliorii diHtrivlH, piiic liurli

or ni(i)«< wan lomctinici mixed with Hour, in nmking bread, to iricruiiHu

tlic (|iiunti.y ; but that ii no longer the cuau, unil grain i^i ot\rn ex-

ported. Tlio southern lectionR arc the most fertile, and produee pota-

toes, barley, oats, ryo, and sonio tobacco.

4. Sweden has but few manufiicturcs, and Norway still fewer. Theworking of tho mines, tho cutting of timber, and tho firiherien, form

tho chief branches of iiidustrv. I'lie commerce is active und exten-

sive. Tiio chief exports are iron, Ktee!, copper, timber, und (ish.

.5. The hubitR, manners, and chiiraclcrs of the Swedes and Norwe-gians have much rcHrmblnnce. Tiiey are lively and ch('i'rfui in dispo-

sition, polite und hoHpituble to strangers, and arc strongly uttuclicd to

tlif^ir resjicctivc countries.

G. Tho religion of both nations is the Lutheran. Education is

general, and the chief purl of tho lower orders of tho people are able

to read and write. Amongst the |>casantry, c<rery man is liis own car-

penter, shoemaker, blacksmith, &.c.

NORWAY.

7. Norway was united tu Denmark in tho year 1380, andcontinued to form part of tho Danish monarchy until 1814,when it was annexed to Sweden. It is one of tho mostmountainous countries in Europe; nnd abounds in sublime

and romantic scenery

.

8. Near tho LofTodcn islands there is a terrific whirlpool in the sea,

called tho Malstrom or Miclstrom, which sometimes draws in shij>!i,

w well as whalog and otlior animals, and dashes tliem on tlic roclubeneath.

9. Christiania, which stands at the head of Christiania firth or gulf, 25miics from tho sea, is the capital of Norway, and the scat of tho storthig,

or national legislature. It contains a univeri«ity, a cathedral, a p.alace.

What is tho government 7 2. What d(K?s this region form 7 What is

vaid of forests ? 3. Grain, See, 7 4. Of m.-inufleturcs 7 What arc thochief branches of industry 7 Of the commerce 7 5. Tho liabits, maruliers. See. 7 6. Religion 7

7. V«M,cn was N.irway united to Denmark 7 Annexed to Sweden8. Uescribe tho Mklstrom. 9. ChristiarJo, Dcrgcn, Slc,

lY.

I, forms a. viist pen-

\(luiitic occiin, and

rniiti', tliougli severe

[) iiihabitnnt.s, cspc-

Extensivo loit'sla

t a small purliun of

luflicicnt quantities to

L>rii (liHtrictH, pine liurli

iking bread, to irutuiihu

inil grain \* utUn ex.

lilo, and prudticu puta-

rwoy »till fewer. Thend tlio firihcrieH, form

a is active und extvn.

timber, und CihIi.

ic Swedes and Norwo.' nnd cheerful in dispo-

rc Htrongly attached to

thcran. Education i^

of tlio people are ablo

ry man is liis own car-

NORWAY. 910

•rvcral chur^hcn, and other public buildings. Its trade is rhiony in

limlier, tar, and tho prodiico of the mines. Dorgcn and Dionthnimnro tho next imnortont towns, Ilammcril'at, on tlio island of Qualoe,is the most northern town in Europe.

Cliritlisnia.

Map No. 18.— What bounds Norway on tho north? A.-On.

—

South? S.-Uk.— East r Sn.— Went? A.-Un.— What mountitins

on tliu cttHt? Dd.— IIow long and high are thoy ? What islands

north of tho Arctic circle ? Ln.— Which is tho chief river ? tin.

—

How hmg is it ? What is tho |)opulatinn of Bergen ? Christiania ?

DrontheiiU ? Kongsbcrg ? Which extends iVthcut north, Norway ur

Sweden ? Ny.

152

I the year 1 380, andanarchy until 1814,is one of tho mostabounds in sublime

c whirlpool in the sea,

!timc8 draws in shijiii,

les tlicm on tlio roclu

'istiania firth or gulf, 25the scat of the storthig,

, a cathedral, a palace,

cgion form ? What is

cturcs 7 What are tho

? 5. The habits, man-

Annexed to Swedengen, &.C.

SWEDEN.

1. Sweden, though enclosed by high mountains on the

north nnd west, is, in general, a flat country, much diversified

by lakes and rivers. Tho northern provinces are bun-en,

.ind thinly peopled ; while tho southern arc much more fertile,

containing some thickly settled and well-cultivated di.stricts.

3, In science, the Swedes liavo attained conHiderablo distinction.

They have cultivated, with great urduur, botany, chemistry, and min-eralogy; and their learned. men arc particularly well versed in tholanguages of other nations, 'i'hey have also, at different |)criods, beennoted tor thtir martial spirit, and, under sumo of their kiugs, baveacquired great military rcnowiL

3. Stockholm, the capital, is built on several small island* and pen-insulas, near the entrance of Lake Malar into tho Daltic sea. It has a

Sweden. Q.— 1. What is said of Sweden ? 2. Of science, Ac?3. Describe Stockholm. 4. Gottenburg, &o. Islands in tho Baltic, Ac.

330 DKMCRIPTIVB ai-.(>«RAPIIY.

•arc end •ominoditiiii Imrbniir, and on extrnRivo trade. Tho city nvn-

taiiM Oio royal palace, and a nuniliir oi' dilirr |iul)lin hiiililinKN. 'I'lia

hangar, iir Rn-at iron warclioiiKC, ii rciiiurkublu fur the iiiiiiii'niiu qimu-

Uty of that ar iciu do|Hmitcd in it.

f&<^'^'

Uluckliolia.

4. Oottenburf; li tho occnnd town in Swrdcn, in trado and popniiw

lion Cnrlirrona in the Ntnlion of tho Swc'dinh navy. Dpsiil ih note*

lor its univcritity, and Fnhlun for its rop|K'r-iiiincK. S'cvirnl iNJiinda

in the Bultic wca lii'lonj; to Sweden, at dutu alno tho inland of St. Uar.

tholomow in the Wt'»t Indici.

LililanUeri Travt:lliu|.

LAPLAND.

5. Laplaml is n cold, dcsoliifo region, lying north of tho

Arctic circle. It belongs, nominally, to Sweden and Kiissiaj

out such nro the sterility of tho soil nnd tho poverty uf the

liooplo, that they arc left to themselves, and arc not under the

cognixancc of any general government.

6. The Laplanders arc of short stature, being generally

under five Ibel in hciglu. They are a simple, harmless pt-o-

pie; greatly attached to their native country, and arc neverknown to leave it. War is tlieir aversion, and no instance

has over occurred of any of them becoming soldiers.

.

S. What is 8aid of Lapland 7 What ii said of the soil, and peopla 7

trailp. The cily cnn.

M'u: hiiil<lin);ii. 'I'lia

Ltr the iiniiii'iiHu quuii-

in trade nnil pnpniiw

navy, dpaiil in not''*

iiiCH. S'cvirnl JNlniKta

tlic inland of St. Bar

lying north of tlin

wi'(kn and Kiissiii

;

the poverty uf tluj

J arc not under thu

c, being geneniily

ipie, harmless ptjo.

itry, and are never

n, and no instance

ng soldiers.

^the mil, and peoplo I

ftUUIAN BMPIHR. *iil

iiTvv.**

7. Tho reindeer, wliicli tliuy train to drow ilirm in iluditPii over Ilia

•MOW, litrm tlicir ricliun. 'I'lu! lli'nli and milk riiiniirimi tiii'ir fund, andilio ikini) (lair Airnitiiro uiid L'l<itliiii(r. Tho LaiiliiiidcrN inuve ul>uut

Iroiri placu to pbcc, with thiir herd* orrciiidocr, und lulduni rixidu in

IdWII*.

«. In Niitnmcr, thry livo in ^,•

iiiiu, iiikI ill wiiitrr, in ruduliiii^, rortiK'd of Rioni'ii mill

iiirth, mid covered with turi;

'I'lui villiijjm arc vury (iiiiall,

M liloiii r iiitiiiiiinii mora thanlUU or 'Mn\ inlmtjitanlH; andliiu whole nation, thou|;li occu>

|iyinj{ a eouiitry uIiiioNt iim

iirije OH Friuieu, doen nut v\

>TC'd 3(),UUU imIividiMili).

0. ThcHo pcoplu havn been :

Mcnrly all ronvrrled to I'liriii-

'

liiinily, and are, generally,iittaelicd to ilH diiticK. Anioii)(

iliein, (freat crimen arc nil-

known. They never u»o proflmo language; and objcrvo tho »ubbuthvery Birictly.

Luiilunilur'* Ti-iit.

Map No. 18.— What boiiiul* Sweden on tho north ond wewt 7 P..Ms.— Kant? O..Ha., R.Sa.— South f U.-Sa.— Whieh ure tho prill-ripal rivers of Swei'eii 7 Ta., Kx., La., Sa., II., La., 1)1., (*a. — Tellllid IcngUi of eneh of these. Tho chief laken. .Mr., Wr., \Vr.—Il.iw long uro tlie two Ian ? What in the population of Sloekholni 7

liotlcnburg 7 Uullo 7 Carlscroiia? Calinar 7 Upsal 7 ond Fahlun 7

153

RUSSIAN KMPIUE.1. The Russian Empire comprises nearly ono-half of

KuioiK! and Asia, and part of North America. It reacL^sImlf-way round tho globe, and embraces oncscventh of tholand surlaco of tho earth, and tho onc-twenty-scventh part ofits entiri! surface.

2. This state has been much increased within tho last

fi. Describe the Loplandcm. 7. What i> MJd of the reindeer 7 8. riowdo tho Laplanders livo in luinmer 7 In winter f What in noid of thovillogoi 7 Of tho whole notion 7 9. To what huvo the people beenconverted 7

Ru$$ian Empire. Q.~\. What does the RuMian Empire comprise?Ilow far doe* it reach, &c. 7 3. What ii aaid ofiU imreage 7 Of ito

''Uiiitn Army.

70 yonM, by the nnnoxntinn of Finland, a ^ront pnrt ofI olmuJ, and various c'mtricls of Turkey nnd IVrsiii lu[.o|..ilalion, which, 10(1 years a-o, was estimated at only 15inillion.s now numlters lour tinir-s that amount.

•|. Tho inhabitants (tonsist of a ^miWr variety of difU'rcntnfitions, than m to Ik; f,,un.l un.ler any <,ther government in(heword. T inr.lii,.r -m,.,.^ :., i/ :_ i. •'^the world. Tho chiel races in l-Un-opean Russia ar<! Hussians,

•H, and Cossacks. Tho hitter form, inI'oies, FinnH, Tartars, „.„. v..,a.-,.,, k«. i„o laiier lortime of wur, a most efTieient part of tho Russian army.

4. I ho established religion is that of the (Jn^ik church,hut nil others arc tolerated; and there are to 1x3 found inRussia, Catholics, ProtesfaiKs, IMahomtidans, Jews, and Pa-Knns. I lie government is an absolute monarchv. The Em-p.-ror \H tluHiead of church and slate, and is styled tho Auto-crat of all the Russias. All power emanates from him, urulhe 13 conceived to derive his authority from God alone.

0. I ho military fierce of this empire has Ion.' l)ccn tie

ouu,(iii() men. Ihe naval force consists of between 200and aoo vessels of various kinds, of which 00 are ships of

poptila on 100 yeari ajro? .1. Of what Jo the inhabltanti cotuirtTJumc .1,0 chief raceN 4.Wm in .aid of tho religion ? fJo'p^menl f1 ho Emperor? 5. Military force 7 Army? Savy? 6. I'heW^

Cui

NIt

tv

IT

til

Ql

Tac

in

w

miCceri

no

4riiY. r

md, n ijront pnrt of<f!y niici IVrsid. lucstiiniitcd at only 10mount.

•r vniicty of difliTont

iitlicr government in

Russia nro Hii.s.siun.s,

Tho liittor form, in

Hiissiiin nrmy,jf tlio (Jntili cliurch,

nro to 1k5 found in

dan.s, Jews, and Pa-innarchy. Tliti Em-id is styled tho Auto-mates from him, arul

om Ood alone,

has long ixjcn tlio

nmoimts to nlmoHtsts of between 200ich 50 aro ships of

i« inhabitant! consist 7

iliffion 7 Government f

Navy? 6. The com.

UUIAN IMPIRI. »36. Tlio commorco is extensive, and is increasing. Tho

exports aro tatlow, hemp, suij.cloih, iron, timber, and jjrnin.

Tiio mnnufuctures have hitherto Ix-vn rud«», and chiefly con.fmed to fabrics of hemp and flax ; but of luto yours, cotton,

silk, and woollen ^oods of various kinds have U«n made to

some extent, as well as jjlasn-waro, porcelain, paiwr, iScc.

7. Gold and platinu are found in tho Ural moun'uins, anrl

•ilver in Siberia, and copper, lead, and iron aro mi-t with in

various quarters. Tho value of the precious metals minedis about lO million dollars annually, tiult is extensively

made, es|)ecially in the Crimea.

6, Gnat fhiri are held in liifToront pincci, winch attract vait crowiliof merchant* and trudcra (>om all |mrlii. 'J'liu iiilund coMiiiiorco mnmrh fkcililated by tliu nuniiri)ui rivcr», cunulii, and Iiikeni and bythe (inow, in llio winlur loaiion, over which lll^i^r|l travel with grciitrapidity. Tho cliiet' internal triido ii with China, rcmiii, Tartarv,Turkey, &o. Several rail-r-juda aro new in iirngreai uf cunNlnirtion.'

^9. Tho Rcul and aturKoon fuhcrici of tho river Voljfa, and of the

Caspian and llluek nenii, aro cxtcnaivo and very productive. lJpwardnof 10,(100 liiihiMj(.l«jut» uro oinpioyod on tho Volga ulono. A HtiMinNavigation C()iii|iiiny Imi been formed, lor tho pur|H)iio of intMdiieinjf•teani-venMela upon tho varioua loai, lakeii, and rivers of thii emiiire.

10. Tho grt>at body of tho Uussian p«;oplo is divided into

two classes, nobles and slaves. Tho former oio ollen enor-mously wealthy, and live in great luxury and ..plendour;tho latter are tho propirly of tho nobles, who reckon tho valueof their estates, not by tho numbor of acres, but of slaves.

11. Tho ilavoii, or boon, aro, fijr tho moat part, groNnly ij^norant.They are rudo in tht'ir inannern, filthy in their habitu, and niucliaddicted to intoxication. Yet aoino of tlieiii pon»c«i; greiU facility ofimitation, and huvo been found capable of copying lorao of tho llnoa*

work* of art.

12. In education and refinement, Russia is greatly behindtho rest of Kuropc, but is believed to bo udvanciii}^. Con-siderable exertions are made by tho government to introduc/;

schools, and instruct the lower orders of tho people. Thereare seven universities, atid numerous seminaries of tho higherclass.

mefco7 Manufactures 7 7. What U Raid of gold, fcc? Silver 7

Copper, iStc.? Suit? 8. Of fairs? Inland coiiiiuefco ? 'J. Fi.h.ericg, ice. 7 10. How is the people divided 7 What ii said of tlit

nobles? The slaves 7 H. Duncril* ib'-shves 12 f)f«rtiic»ti'.n io.

134 nwcmi rivH uimoiiAFiiri

Hu>»i«n( lv«vin| Momdw.

RUSSIA IN EUROPE.

RpiRiA in Kiirojie U nn oxtf>niiivt' ri-gioii. It sln-fclicfi fromtho Unllic .sill to the I'riil Muiintdiiis, jiikI is ulHtiit )'i|iml in

urea to nil tlin otiicr Kiirti|x'iiri MhU-h. 'l\w mirCiwo is goiM*.

roily luvcl ; ita clm-f li'iitunH ixinj^ vii^f |)lniiis ntid lnrt;i'

rivers, with nuincrmis liikcs in iju! iiorlh-wi'sicrn quarter.

y. In tho nortliorn provincfn, it is intcnsiiy c<iU\ in winter,

and mostly Iwirn^n; while in the soiilhern the elinialu is rnilii

Olid plciiMiiiit, and tlu) Noil is, in ^'cneral, highly productive,

yielding largo crops of whrat, rye, onts, &c.

8. Tho cold nnd dn/iry islands of Novn Zem!)ln nnlSpitzlx^rgen, Ijolong t<j Uiissia; they lie northward of thi;

Arctic cireje, and arc not inhahitrd. 'i'hey K-hound witli

white b<!ars, n'indcx.'r, weals, Aic, and are a'^irted to hy hun-IcrH and fishormen. The islands of Aland, Dago, and Ocsel,in the Baltic 8t;n, also form part of this empire.

RuMla in Europt. Q.— l. WImt ii mid of tliii country ? Of the•urflicn ? a. Tho nnrtliern pnrtH ? 8«iulhorn 7 3. Of Nova Zcinbinand Spitxbcrjfcn 7 WImt of Aland, .Ac. 7 4 Wlul ii laid of tho

I

I'

n

11

II

e

II

il

Ii

•J

ll

II

II

al

w

ae:

II

il

H

wCI

•-•I

II

t>

MV

iir. T

•n. It Jtlri'tclvcd frnin

il is ulHiiit ('i|iml in

'111! mirfiico is ^^ol]v^

\ht plains niid lar^<'

wi'slcin quarter.

risrly cold in wiiitff,

I the cliiimte is milii

, hinlily produclive,

Novft Zt'm!)Ia nnlf norlhwuitl of thf

'i'liey K'homul willi

roortcd to liy jiuii-

iil, Diiijo, and Oosi.1,

rnpire.

till* country T Of ther 3. Of Nova ZcinblaWhtt il laid oC tlio

UUIAN BMPIM. 83ft

4. VmI furailt nbotiiid

in Ttrlnut |iarta oC Idiii-

•III. 'i'licid lUrnloli Utg*II 11(1 Mviiiol Willi \»tga.ii|iiilif» of liinlirr, |iitc)i,

Inr, >\r., wliii'h Hrn itnl«f) ((Jlicr fiarti .if Kurnfm,The iialiitntmnii of the Huantn Viiiii(«

Ji.wiT i.ril.T«, ..iK-i inlly in lh« vilhgrii, tro fiirmnl i.f ihn rough trunlitol trcM, niKl r.-.i ml.li! pil.>« of Ugn, rather lliin hiim«n liulillalinn«.

V Rt, IV(rr«l.iirf, Ihn rapitnl nf Hii.«iii, U •iliintnl nl lli- .•.inHiirn.n.It thr rivir Ncvu with ihctiiilf of Finluml. It w«» II.iiikI.mI In I7U.T,I'Y Icier lliniireiit, niiil ii now a imidMillci ni niv, wiili iiuniiriiii*\>a\avfD, rlnirrlir», nnil ullirr iilirt.rn. It |« iho |ifhirni,il pUic of cuiiiI Itno for thti ciiipi.r, mid the icut of lU luariiiiig unJ viunv*.

1. Monniw, the old c.ijk

il il, wa* oii<' of iho luri^rat

I'liicN in l')iiru|Hi. It J*

noted liir lli'i irri'at con.Il.i|rritti(in ill |hU>, on tha

a|ii>ruttrli of the FrenchuiidiT \ii|iiilron. It in nov»ri' arly n luijlt. Oiiu of it*

nirioniiii'H it* t|i<< gri'Bl l«ll,

till! Iiirijcst in llm wnrlilj

It i* 07 lit t nmnil, I'J Tout

lii(;h, uiid wi'i)(hii nearly'Jiiil tonn. Aiiionir tliu pub.Ill' liuiliiini;iiurc tlio Krt'in>

liii, nlid tliu rliiiri'li uf ISt.

Il.inil; the l.itl(;r in rcinurk.

al'lii liir Iho ittculiiir ityle

of itK nrtliilit tiire. churr i. ..r «.. ii...,i

7 Cr.in-taJi^ on M» UUnd b Um Gulf sf I'uilmid. S3 milci fromthe copiliil, in the chief utation of the Kiiimiun nnvy : it in noted for illrxinimvu (ortilicniioiii, do. kii, nrienali, Ac. Ri,r,» ,„u| Mei.iel, on thHiliic, Arclmnnel, on tlio White, and Odeimn, on tho Illiirk leo, ar>ii'iporlimt «ett.|i<)rt!i. Tho latter carrier on a Kr.ul trade in wheot»< vuHtopul II tho chief Ntation of the liiixiian lleel» in tho Dlack ictt.

8. Tiilii in noted fiir in great nmnufttctory of fire.ariiii. Noviforolwoi 400 viari ajro thu larKeit city of northrrn Kiiroix.. Keiv won thcapita of UiiH,itt when il wan f>iily a (Jrand Duoliy. VViliia wai the:ai|it:il ol Lillmania, ond Kazan of wcufern Tnrtary. Narva, Poltava,«nd Borodino wero noted battle.ftcldi ; tho tint two battleii wiro loujrhl

JircHU? Of tho habitationn, &c.? 5. Ocicril* St. Petcriburir. «.Mofcow. Tho great bell. 7. (.'ronitadt, and thu other town*. HI uls, Novgorod, &o. What ii wid of Narva &c. f

3D

r

TM DRatKirri'. uMiMiR4rMV.

Mwr«n lh« Mwrtir* ami ItunuiK, iiimI iId' Uiiir b»lwf**n im I'niMh•iitl HiiuUMs, during Iha in«««t<Hi liy IN l^ii|«iriif N«t»ulw,

Mtp N: 11 -Wb«l bfwiwi* RiimU dm Um nofih > ^.^h^, —WI14I

HM uii (li« ••Kiih ; nil., A*. ~Wh«l M* •ml (t.if iin (Imi w^M ' tt-

^

III,— WliMl Mta. on lliv tMi ' I'l. —What t%ytt» H>rrii Iha Miiiilt-

•Mt bouiHUr; ' Vs., Ih). — VVhal rtvvra Anw indi tlia Wlitia ava '

M*., Ihi. t»«. — Tli« (uir ur KiK« ' l>«. — Uiiir uC DxhUk k ' M*.

— iMurAft**' Uii, - - iiUcli «• r l>r., It«, Dr. — 'IVII Ihv U'liui'i

of all llitau rivi'fa. Which ar* lh« lliriB |iriiii i|Ntl laki • ' (ht,, fiv,

fa. — lluw liHig la tarhf What i« lli« |Ni|iiiJ>tli>iii ol' Hi. IV*i labiirK I

MiMCow r KaMnr rriinatnitl r (hkuiir iti(« r Wihi«r OrtI'

Waraaw r Oni'iiw f l.iililiii ' On what gull' U Mt. I'vlrriljurtf '

Criitialuill ' •htl KcteH Ktl. — ll»w l<.ii|{ la It f ll>iw loiif la Jul

|ull' uf Ihilhiii* f White ar«? Illtikatd' On whul ritvr i* M<ia.

enw f 'rhi< iilhri rhii-i* ritlrt f Whrri wrrti IIm .•..'va of Naiva,

I'ulUva, and Ibrmlino liiU|{lit I

I'o|,ANI».

I. pDiUAHn, .itK'o an Mit|HiriMiii ainti*, wnn coiKiin'rifl iiikI

dividt'il, in till) yi'iir 17W!i, U imiii UiitNiii, I'rimain, niul Aiw.

Irin. Ill iHjft, ihii <inlral |iiiit of I'liliiniJ wim cntlid into «

kinuiloiii, aiilijirl lo iho ICiniHriir of Khmiu, wIio, in conwv

f|iK'iic<-, atlilni to liiM titli! t!;:a it' Kiiit{ uf i'oliiiiii.

'2. T>i4i tyriinny of thu Kuh^iaiin priiviii|( odDiim lo (Imj

Piiltii, th«'y, in l\») yi-ar IHMll, iitli'in|it«tl n mvoluiion ; but,

artrr ili'liiitinn tlwir o|»i»n'»M<ir!» in wvitiiI IiiiiiIi-h, »<«) mlength (i\i'r|MiWi'ri'il, ami forctil to Mitlniiit. I'liliiiul 1.1 now

riuTi^i il in Uimwiii, niiil no lon;;('r cxiMlii hh a iH'|Mirute Htiitu.

3. Many <>r '.ho Pullah |iu(riiita, iirvfi'rring eiilo ami pnvrrty abroad,

lo op|*ri-*aiitn a( honiv, havu riiiiKritti'il tu ulhur parU of liio wurld,

nd Miiiiu now ri'Nido in Iho Ilniud Siali-a. During iho war ol' ttw

Aiiirrii all KcvoEiition, two I'-ihah gi-nurula of diatintlioti, Koaiiiiako

and I'ul.iNki, runie lo thia roiinlry, and tuuk port with the Aincricanii

in Uie contcat with Great liritain.

4. The proplr, ai in Ruaaia, are divided into (wo cla«an«, nnbloa and

•lavea. 'I'lio iiobb-a, who aro more niiini'ruua than in any ollu'r couii.

try in Kuro|K!, huvo alwaya, in Iho cvo of llie world, rorincd th«j

pcuule uf rol.ind. They aro bruvr, Iriink, and hoapituhto, and ao

lively in Uieir nianncra, that llity havo been compared to the Freauh.

Poland. Q.— 1. What waa Poland? What took plae« in tfllST

9. In IH3U I 3. Wliat ia aaid of thu Poliah patrioU 7 Wliat oincerf

came tu thia country t 4. How are the people divided? 5. Of tic

T

»

•uv.

•rar NapuktMi.

nofthr A.-On.—Wh*!(i.if III! iiw wnti r IV

,

H«»ri liifin llm Miiiili.

•f mill Itui Wluin wa '

tuir of Umiliii k ' V*.

[., I>r — Till ih«< Iriitfiti

rii I|mI Ixki* t (>«,, I..U,

iliiiii III' HI. IV'lri«lMiri{ I

lti(«r Willi* r Onl^(iill' I* Ml. I'l'lrraliurtf '

It ) llnw ItiiiK u Urn

()n wliKl rivvr I* Mi>*-

I Dm .. V* uf Narv*,

wn« ron(|\ii<n'i| iiiul

III, I'ruMDin, mill Aim*

111 wiiM cn^-ti-d into A

IIMill, will), III CllllWt-

f l*.>laii.l.

'oviii(( cxtiiiim It) tlifl

li n n:volulion ; but,

iTiil [mtllcM, Mcm nl

iiiit, I'liliiiiil ii nowm a Ht'iiuriito Mtulr.

<ilo ami ptivrrly nlirnail,

li<;r iiarU of Inu wurlil.

During tlio w«r uf One

f llintillt'liiill, Kiinrilltkii

irl with tlio Aiiivrlcaiiii

n (wo cluM^t, noble* anil

tliiin ill liny iiIIut couik.

tlio wiirlil, riirini:d tlie

anil liiw|>itnlilo, and ki

uitiparod to the Frenuh.

it took plac« in 1R15TAtrioU 7 Wliat officers

pie divided? 5. Of tis

nitNMAIIK.

I. «nm* «r ibrt nobb* p,»w„, „ ,„ ||,„„^ „^ ,^^ tM Mw m•1-1. iMl.Mir

1 Willie tiM p«*Miiu miMlMi WM««M Im,..!., „4 ,» l«w

h.. II . I«.*Im r... Miiy M„ |nd„,i„.„„, |,„|.„,rty. „.,| .,„- „„ ,|i „'lr...t. «i,.l , iiminrr. « .,( iJ,, ,,„„„„y .,.,,.,^

, ,^ ^• "'

".'.r'''"'"' "'•" '•• *»f «" •I'" n"8l,l-,..n,,ff »uti,

"^

7. Miir.>|,.,n, enrpt BiiiongKl l|,i. w.-nllhy, I. Iimiliil. .,nll I in

. >-rjr Wiil.l «iir«i|,„„ .d,..o| .,,,,11 I,., ,,,„„hi II,,, Ui .l„n l„ntf.,„Bn.

...•«..»,„ lM,n.l„.rili,M Ml. It |,„. ..,.,.„„,,|, Ti.,. ,.,L 1"'Z-....lid p,.l.,r.. and i.i.u.i lii.w U, a.lj i„^ ,„..,. ,„|,.„. |,„i,,,, ,,"H

. d ». (Ulr.. lo wliiil, iMdrr. r....,rl 1^1,1.1 «|| m„„ti ,.... IU..«iiiooirC««i„w _TI,U 1,111., ,..,,ul,||,, w«. Crimd i„ IMI.I

. I'l.r• '"''«•"•«"'?• I" I^Ki. In i-.n.,'|.ii n, f [,„„,'

r v,>l„i|.,„:,ry „i„n..„.nu, tin, K,„,m„„ ofAii-lrla. with il.o ..,n...iu C

II';r;:;:i^';;::;:;K!''""-«'' '"- -"•"•""'-»"• •-.^'-I-h

10. Tim . ity ..rCracow i. i,n ih« Vl.i,,!* rlvrr, uIhiiU SOO mil,.. ft„„,

i: irX"'".,*'"""" '"" 1'" "''*•"''"' «•"•"' "". •'•". • "'"-"<•' r

V 1 1 .r,

"""""""•"; "'"' «••"«•"• Th., tiiniiiln.. ..r....|..d „,.„ ,he

diain..li.r nt the ba«,:

it U |i„m.,d of rarth. and wa. ralwd bv\ tvoluntary labour, of the people, c«nlinu«d fo; four year*.^

DKNMAUK.1. DrNMABK wnR onro a |Hnvorfiil Htnt.., and cxorr i,rdl ,in

pxtoiHivd niiitrni over tho ndjm-crU ooiintrica; hut it nowniiik* only ,,, n third or fiMirlh-nvto kingdom. |t conmri.wsJutland (ind ai«>»wiek, with «overal i-siandii lvin« iA tho•nlrunrool ih« Haltic «<a, bonido* the duchioe of llokcin andLniicnIiiirK, m (Jormany.

.„>'• '''ir';''"'""' '" •^mi't"'""'. «">'!, tboiKJi rr-M«t, is h.>u't|,v

llm soil iH yoiioral!) (i-ifijo^nnd well adi-r,'cd to tho rniiiiig

noble* T What do thrv po,.M., &«.";"~ortho hwn 1 6. What 1. ,*,.]

ci?.j.c'T,'.i:.'.;i:.fL';""'*-»•'"-«'?"''"«' •"•t.-r.oo.v. a th,

Dtnmark. y.- J.Whir wu Denmark fbrnurl/ T 17h«» if it now 1

Vtnmark, ^

DESCRIPTIVE OEOORAniV. r

CopcnIingcM.

of cmin nnd cattle. Manufactures are limited; but com-

rncrco and tlie tisheriea are carried on with some activity.

3. Tlic UiiniH arc an honest, industrioua people, but arc not remark-

able for enterprise or improvement. Literature and science arc on a

respectable footinfr, hvmg patronized by tbc government. I here are

universilicH at Copenhagen and Kie!,» and common sciiools arc numc-

rous in almost all parts of tlio kingdom.. ., , .1 ti »

'

4. The et^t/olished religion of this country is the Lutheran. 1 10

eovcrnmenl U an absolute monarchy, but it is administered with mild-

iiCBB. The king of Denmark is a member of the German Confedera-

tion, as sovereign of llolstein and Liiuenburfi., 1 t 1 i

5 The foreign possessiims of this kingdom are Greenhind, Icebiml,

and the Faroe isles, fu,. islands of St. Thomas and Santa Cru/., m the

West Indies, some factories on the gold coast of Africa, with tlic

Nicobar islands in the bay of Hengal.t .,,.,, . , ,

6 Iceland is a cold and dreary region, inhal)itcd by a simple, moral,

and" industrious race, who arc better educated than the common people

of almost any other country in Europe. It is celebrated for Us vol.

cano, its caldrons of boiling mud, and its liot.springs, called geysera,

wJiich spout up boiling water to the height of lOt) feet.

7. Copenhagen, tho capital of Denmark, is one of the most handsome

cities of northern Europe. It has a good harbour, ^yltll considerable

commerce, and is noted for its vast docks and extensive fortifications.

8 Elsinorc, situated at the narrowest part of the sound, or entrance

to the Baltic, is tho place where al l ships which trade to that sea arc

S V.'hat docs it comprise? What is said of the climate? 3. Of

the Danes? Literature and science? 4. Established religion?

Government, &c.? 5. Foreign possessions? 6. Describe Ice.and.

For what is it celebrated? 7. Describe Copenhaggn. 8. Elsmorc,&c.

• Kiel,KccV., . ,0 it

+ The Danish government sold the colonies of Serampore and Iran.

qucbar, in Hindoostan, to the British East India Company, in teb,

1845, for 1,250,000 dollars.

L

Y.

limited; but com.

\\ some activity.

Ic, but arc not remark-

and Ecicnce arc on a

vcrnnicnt. There uro

non Bcliools arc iiunu;-

9 the I.uthcrnn. ThedminiHtcred with mild-

ho German C'onfedcra-

irc Grecnhind, Iceland,

und Santa Cruz, in llio

it of Africa, witii tlic

itcd hy a simple, moral,

lian tlic common people

I celebrated for its vol.

iprings, called geysera,

100 feel.

le of the most handsomehour, with considerable

extensive fortifications,

rthe sound, or entrance

:h trade to that sea arc

r the climate 7 3. OfEstablished religion ?

6. Describe Iceland.

lagsn. 8. Elsinore, &c.

of Scrampore and Tran.

idla Company, in Feb.,

THE N£TUERLANDS. 229

obliged to pay a heavy toll. The money received here pays a largoportion of tho expenses of the Danish government. Alluiij, on lliu

.;ibo, two miles li-om llamlmrg, is the next largest town lo Copcn.ii.igeii. lis inliabitimts are engaged chictly in comiiiurco. Flonsburgand Sleswick arc important towns.

M'lp No. 18.— What bounds Denmark on tho north? S..Rk.—South? Ilr.— Kast? Ct.— West? N..Sa,— What peninsula formstliu chief part of Denmark? Jd,— What two islands lie east ofJiill.ind? Fn., Zd.— On what island is Copenhagen? Zd. — What isl!ic p<)pulali(jn of CiipcnliaireM ? l''l(ii,shurg 7 Sloswiek 7 rilsiuorc?Ill what (lireetioii IVcjmi Deiiiiiark i:re the Faroe isles 7 leclaiid ? Howjar from .lutland to Scotland / Wliieli is the priniipal i.f tlio Faroeisles? 'I'lio population? Ilow Ion:,' und wide is Iceland? Whattowns in Iceland ? I{g., St. — CajMs 7 Mi.-Cy.— Hays f Ik., Fc.—

'J'lu! priiici])al Danish islands are Zealand, Funcn, Laaland, Fulstorand Uornliohu. (See Map i\u. !20.)

• ir,7 •

HOLLAND. OR THE NETHERLANDS.1. Holland, or tlic Nctlicrlands, was once the most pow.

eriul republic in Europe, but now it is only a second-ratemonarchy. It formed with Bclj,'ium tho kingdom of tlmNetiicrlands, from tho year 1814 until 1830, when eachbecame a separate state.

2. This country is tho most level part of Europe, and muchof its surface is lower than the sea, which is provonted fromoverflowing tho land by vast dikes, or embankments.

3. Tho climate is cool, moistj and unllivourable to agricul-ture ; yet tho industry of tho inhabitants has converted themarshy soil into one of tho richest spots in Europe. Thecattle, butter, and cheese, arc excellent ; and tho gardens anorchards are cultivated with uncommon care.

4. In commerce, manufactures, and the fisheries, the Dutcli formcrliexcelled alj other European nations, but are now surpassed by GreiiBritain. Canals are more numerous hero than in any other part of thworld. One, extending from the Holder to Amsterdam, cost 41 milliondollars, and will float a frigate. In summer, all tlio travelling is per-I'ormcd in canal.boaU ; and in winter, when frozen, the canals are tra-veiled by sleighs, and by tlio people on skates.

Holland. Q.— l. What is said of Holland? 2. Of tho country? 3, The climate? The cattle, &c.? 4. The commerce, &.c!

i_

230 DESCRIPTIVE OEOORAPIIY.

rciiiianlry in llnllaiiil.

5. The Dutrhnrornnmrknlilntor

iiiduDtry, frugaUity, and ncatncHii.

Smoking in al.

most univrrHal,

and a Hollander is

rartly neon witlw

nut a pipe in liin

mouth. 'I'hf drcHN

ondnppt'iirancoiif

tho pcusiintry, in

Rome parts of Ilolliind, arc peculiar, and have not varied in a long

Bi'ricH of yearn. 'I'lie prevailing religion ii4 the I'rcHbylerian, hut ull

others are tolerated, and niinistcrH of all xeets arc supported by tho

Btutc. The government of Holland is a limited monarchy.C, In the eiiNt, Holland poNKcsses Java, the Spice Islands, and some

other i^dliemcntH; in Africa, KImina ; in Guiana, Surinam ; and in tho

West Indies, the islands of (^irii^oa and St. Eustatius, The population

of these eoi.inies is about V.SOO.OOO : total of the monarchy, 10,.'j(IO,()U((.

7. Amsterdam, tho principal city of the Kingdom, is on tho river

Amslel, an arm of the Zuyder Zee. It is still a place of great commerce.I'he eily is intersected by canals, over which there are 3U0 bridges.

Tlic hiHises and streets are kept remarkably clean.

8. The Stadt-llonsc, tho most splendid building in Amsterdam,rests upon a foundation of 13,(!59 piles, or long timbers, driven into

the groimd. It is built of freestone, with a front of S812 feet, and cost

nine million dollars. Rotterdam is next to Amsterdam in commerce.It is on the Macsc, or lower part of the Rhino,

TI tie

View of the Ilogiie.

9. Tho Hague,* tho capital of Holland, is 33 miles S. W. fiom AmFtcrdum, and about three miles from the sea. It is one of tho best-builtcities in EnroiH!, and contains many handsome buildings. This city is

intersected by numerous canals, which are bordered by rows of trees.

10. Leyden,t Utrocht.t and Groningen, arc famous for their universi-

What is said of canals? H. For vv-liat arc tho Dutch remarkable?What is said of religion ? 6. What docs Holland possess ? 7. DcscrilieAmsterdam. 8. Tlio Stadt-House. 9. The Hague. 10. Leyden, &q.

• Ihgue, Haig. t l.'ydttXy Li'-dn. J Utrecht, Yu'.trot

'IIV.

S. Tlic Dutchnro romarknhio for

h^ iiiduDtry, frugnU•5 ity, and ncatnciui,

» Smoking in al.

n must univrrHdl,

ij and a Hollander in

hr^ rartly Kci-n witlw

$^ out tt pipo in Imr

p inoutli. 'I'lic driHN

nndnppt'iirnMcoiiC

tlio pcusiintry, in

not varied in a long

lie I'rcHbytcrian, but all

is arc supported by tlio

d nionaruliy.

^picc iHlaiidB, and someiia, Surinam ; and in tho

istatiuB, Tlic population

c nionarcliy, lO/jUO.OOO.

ngdom, is on tbo river

ilocc of great commcrectiicre arc 3U0 bridges,

can.

iiilding in AmRterdam,)ng tinibrrn, driven into

)nt of SHiJ feet, and cost

nistcrdani in commerce.

I miles S. W. from AmIt is one of tho brst-built

buildings. This city is

rdercd by rows of trees,

mous for their universi.

ho Dutch remarkable?id possess ? 7. DcscrilM

ague. 10. Leyden, &at Utrecht, Yii'.trct "

BELQIt'M. 231

tiM. Tho former is noted for a sicgo that it suBtained in 1573,aguinHt theSpaniords, wlicn the women performed all tho duties of soldiers. Tliocathedral of Utrecht is a iw partly decayed. From thu top of its tower,46G feet high, more than 50 towns may be seen in a clear day. liar-

leiii is noted ibr its great organ, and its trade in flowers.

Map No. 18.—What bounds Holland on tho north and west? N.-Sa-On the south? Um. — r^ist? Hr., Pa.— What river (lowsthrough this country 7 Ro.— I low long is it? What bay lies northol" Amsterdam? Z.-Zo.—What country lies duo west from Holland/Ed.— How many miles is it by tho scale 7 What sea separates Hoi.laud and England ? Nh.— How many inhabitants has Amsterdam ?

Rotterdam ? Uroningcn ? Leyden and Utrecht uro on one of tlie

lower ^tranches of tho Rhino. (See Map No. 20.)

158.

Bruiscli.

BELGIUM, OR FLANDERS.1. Belgium is, for its extent, the most thickly-peopled part

of Europe. It is filled with populous cities, and places re-

niarkablo in history, as the scenes of qreut victories anddefeats, among which are Waterloo, Charleroi, and Flcurus.

2. The country is mostly level, with a fertile soil, and sc

highly cultivated, that it is called the garden of Euroj^The productions are grain, flax, madder, hops, tobacco, &cThere are canals, connecting all the great cities, thoughhoy are not so numerous as in Holland.

3. The Belgians were formerly called Flemings, and have Jong excelled in manufactures and th.e arts. They are no less industrious anapersevering than tho Dutch, but are more lively in their manners, &naapproach nearer the French, whom they prefer.

4. They are principally Catholics j but there is entire toleration in

Belgium. Q.—1. What is Belgium? With wha» is it filled? 3What is said of tlie country ? Tlie productions 7 3. Of thefielgiana

DEHCHimVB QUOORArilY.

rrlitfion. There oro a fow ProtcitunU in Dcliriuni ; tlicir miniitcri, mWfll HM llioHO of the other im-cU, nro nil piiiil liy tlio utato.

5. Tlio imivrriiiticii of IlriicwlH, Lnuvuiii, l.irfu; mid (ihint, arc nil

flnuriiiliiiiK. Tho (irovlhimi riiailn for gciu'riil iiiHlriicliun in tliiH couii.

Iry i» I'xiriiHivo; nnd there arc kvIiooIh in every villajfc.

6. Del|;iiini onee l«:lon(.'e(l to AiiHlria, and allcrwurds to Franco. It

wan for a time united to Holland, but in now n He|>nrnl<! kingdom, wild

a liniitrd government. Tho army amountii ' > lOU.OUU men; the nav,

ii iiniall. Ik'ljriiim haii no colonieR.

7. nrufMeli", tho capital, is on tho river Sennr, r branch nf the Scheldt,

90 milcH from tho dca. It h one of the finest eilien in KiiroiM-, and ia

noted for itn public walks and fonntainn, bh well an for itn extensive

itianufiiduret of carpetg and laee. Ten miles south of this city it

Waterloo, celebrated for tJio iinptjrtant buttle fought there in 1612

T

, Antwerp.

8. Antwerp is the chief commercial city in Iklffium ; in the liei|;ht

of its priiN|H.'rity it was one of tho most wealthy citicH in FJuropc. Its

Ronnncrcc lutH (rreatly declined, aitd tho populatiun, onco 200,000 in

number, is nut now more than one-third tliat amount ; tho city is sur

rounded by a wall, with carriage roads on the top, planted with rowsof trees : the Cathedral is one of tho fmcat Gothic structures in the

world ; itv spire is 441 feet hi^h.

9. Ghent and Lic^o huve bo'Ji considerable manufiicturcs. At the

former ei!y, tho treaty of peace between the United States and Greatllritain waH signed in 1HI4, Brii{res was once famous for its cominerec, but has preally dctlined. Tournay is noted for its inanufuc>

turcs of ear|icts and porcelain ; Mona ii)r its coal-mines; Louvain for

its univeruity, and Namur for its I'irc-arms and cutlery.

Map No 18.—What bounds Rclpium on tho north ? Hd., N.-Sa.—South? Fc.— East? Pa.— Whi'jh is tho principal river? Ans.Tlie MeuHc ; the city of Liego ic i its west bank : the river is 400miles Ion;;. How many inhabitai..s has Drussels? Ghent? Ant-werp? Liege? Antwerp and Ghent arc on the river Scheldt

4. What$. Of Belgium ?

werp. 9. Ghent

arc they generally 7

The army, dtc?Liege, Sec

What is said of the universities T

7. Describe Brussela. 8. AntB

APIIY.

flirium ; their miniitcri, mhy tho Rtntc.

I<i>'^<', iitid (ilirnt, arc nil

111 iiiitlriicliijn in thin couu.

ffry villajfc.

J iillrrwunU Id Franco. It

V a w'imrnio kingijoin, wiili

I < lOU.OUU men ; the nnvy

no, R broncli nf (he Sclieldt,

•Hi cilifd in Kiir()|M', nnd ia

DH well an fur itn cxtcnaivc

nik'R Roiitli nf tliii city i*

e fuught there in 1615

in ncl|;lnm ; in the Iiei|;ht

iltliy citii'8 in Europe. Ita

ipufatiun, onco 200,000 in

it amount ; the city ia Rur

the top, planted with rowsIt Gothic itructurcs in the

ble manufiicturcg. At tho

United KtatcH and Greats once fiimoiig for itu comis noted for its mnnufac*

ts coal-mines ; Louvain fnr

and cutlery.

tho north? Hd., N.-Sa.—ho principal river? Ans.est bank : the river is 400Drussels 7 Ghent 1 Ant.>n the river Scheldt

s naid of the universities ?

•escribe Brussels. 8. Ant

GREAT IJIUTAIN AND IRELAND.

1. TiiK iinitRl liiimdoin of Groat Britain and Iroland com-prises llui iviiifrdrins of England, Scotland, and Irfliiiid, witli

tho principality of Wales. It consists of the islands of GroutBritain and Ireland, commonly called the Britisli Isles.

2. Tlio possossions of tins kingdom omhracn colonics in

Asia, Afriea, America, nnd Occanica, which, wiili the Eu-ropean i)arl. Conn the British Empire. The population of thewhole is estimated nt almost 160 millions, comprising, withthe e.\cei)tii)n of Ciiina, the };reatest inunbcr of subjects underthe control of any one sovereign in the world.

3. Great Ilritain is one of the most influential stales in tlic world,nnd surpasses every other for tho extent nnd variety of its manufac-tures, nnd for its commercial and naval importance. Tiio intelligence,enterprise, and industry of itd .nhabitauts arc no where equalled,e.icept ill tho United States.

4. Tho government is a limited licroditary monarchy.The sovereign power is vested in a king or queen, lords, andcommons. The two last form the parliament, or great coiin-

(heat Itritain and Ireland. Q.—l. What docs the united kingd>i»>tr.iniiriRO ? Of what docs it consist ? 2. What do its possessions tso.arace T What is said of tho population 7 3. Of Croat Brilam 7 Tnc

3JS

I

.

334 BiurRirTivB aiMMiRAriiv.

ril of iho nntion, a Ixidy to which iho CotiKrcas of the United

Stntrs In-iirH ii ntroiif? n-M'tiililancf.

ri. Thn nation is divitltil into thno olnsscs, tin- nnldhiy,

Rontry, ami (••unnionalty. Tht; fust rompriws dukiH, niar-

f|ui.MOM, cnils, visaiimlM.'iind hanms; thn xccond ail who iirc

-listinj^nislicd for wraith, iihu-aiion, lalmts, or ollico; und tho

Uiird tradisincn, artificfru, and iMboiirt-rs.

(">. 'I'lio iirinripul nntioniil lorcn I* llio ii:\vy, wliirli, in tiia« of war,

hdH iiuiiilitrt'il 11)00 vmHcU, iiviiiiicil l.y 170,000 wiilorii _nn«l iiiiirinfH.

'riio ttraiy sinoiiiilcd, at Iho Hiime tiim-, to iipwurdH of .'lOO.OOO im-iij

tint ii now riuliiccd lo one-tliird tliiil umounl. Tlio |ir»i«nt imv;ij

ilircc, in Kcrvicc, building, and ordinury, <ompriHrii 07 1 vcdmIk, li!l ol

wliich arc nfcuMicrii; the whole moiinlln(f 17,772 jjunii. Tim niiiiun.J

debt, contrantrd in aliout ISO yfarn, Ih 3500 milium dolliirn, to pay

the intcrcit of which, rcrjuirc* IhrcclillliH of thu onnual inconiu of the

7. The ninnnfacturoii arc immrnup, nnd have riiiHcd Orrnt Dritnin to

a dccidod niiiMriorily over all otiur niilinuH. Cotton, woollen, nnd nilk

(joodH, with the mnnulUcliirc of niotiils of various kiiuln, aro the most

nn|Hirtanl. Tho proihiec of thu fiHherii'H and the nilncn is very griiil

Uio conl trade, nionc, in CHtiinated to employ lfi0,<)()0 pernonH.

8. Tho comnicrco is Hii|)irior to that of any uiher nation, and

cxtcndH to nil (|uarlerB of the world. The ni<rehiinl-vi B«el», int hiding;

tlione of the colonies, nmoni.l to npwnr.lH of 27,(1(11), of t)ie liiirthrn of

H,O44,O00 tons, and arc navigated hy IHO.OOO men. One hIxiIi of thu

BhiHpin(f klonKf" to tho port of London, nnd two-thirdM of the com-

merco is carried on at that city. From :».j,(IOO to 38,000 vchhcU enter

and depart from tho ports of Ureal IJrituin every year.

9. Population of the Ifritiih Empire and Coloniri.

T

Great Britain and Ireland, \>iU*

Ionian Islen, Malta, (iibrultar, and Heligoland

liritish North AmericaWext InilicH and Guiana

("aiK! Colony, Sierra Leone, Mauritius, »tc

MaMl India t'ompanyVTerritoricH (inc. tributnricH)

.

(Jeylon, Provinces in Chin India, Singapore, &.C.. ..

Oceanica, Drilioh, aaS.UUO ; aborigines, 350,000,...

27,01 4,(51) I

;MJ,.')(I()

, i,i;.')0,(io()

KVI,(IOO

32(J^(lllO

.I2'>,()oo,oiio

, 2,l(ll),()00

.'i7.'),IIOO

Total, i. liO.lUl

mhabitants? 4 Government? 5. How is the nation divided? ti.Whut

it said of tho national force ? Debt ? 7. ManufacturcH ? I'ishcri'.:*

und mines? 8. Connncrcc? What belongs to London, &.c.? ft.

What part of tnc British empire has tho most inhnbituntH f \yhat' T? How many subjects has Gri'.i!

Asiit ? Africa ?

\y nai pari oi inc i>riii»ii eoipnc n

part lias the next greater munlierl

Britain in America ? In Euroiw ?

•Enqlnnd. IJ,1I0,178; VVal.!«, Oll.fio:); Sc.iOnml. 2,(;S0,IH-I; Irelaml, H.ITS.WJ

AiJii)' a'al "avy, uiid iiKTclmnt 8caiiioii nllnat, 1W,453. Tutal, U'.oJ-l ti'Jl

1

riiv.

oii^rcHs of tlio United

rliiHscs, tin' iioMlity,

>in|irisi's (Uiki'H, nmr-

1 mccoikI all who an-

nts, or ollicu JuiiJ liio

M.

,whirh, in (law of wnr,

III) yuilorM nnd iniirinrN.

.wunl« of :ilMt,OOI» iiica ;

int. 'i'lio |ir»Hi'nt luival

iriKcn U7l vt'KHrlii, \'2\ of

772 gmiB. Tlio natiiin.xl

I inilliiin ddllurM, to puy

tlie annual incuniu of the

vc riiiwd Orrnt Ilrilnin to

Cotton, wiMillcn, nnci rilk

ioMK kiiulx, nru tliv nio^t

iIh' inlncH In very grcul

10)0,1)01) iiorHons.' iniy other nation, andrrliHiit-viHscIs, indiKJili^'

}7,lllll), of till' iMirtlun ot'

) men, One nIxIIi of tin:

>l Iwo-tliirtlH of till" com-10 tU 38,0I)U VL'HHCIS L'utur

•cry yc-iir.

•e and Colonif$,

27,01.»,f.;)l

und ;M J,r)ill)

l,(;."io,iiiiii

KVI.IIIll)

.Tjy^iiiio

JutnricH)..12r>,000,OIII)

u, &.C a, 11111,1)00

iU.OOO, .')7"),II(I0

Tolal, i IJe.iyi

nation dividi'd? fi. Wlmilunuthctiiri'H ? Fislioiku

jj8 to London, iSlc. I fl.

iiosl InlmhitiintH t Whatmany siilijcctH liuH Ciri',i!

Africa ?

2,C8i),IK-t; Irelaiiil, H,I75.'j:j

5U. Tutal, !i-.tUlli9l

T 33S

Wiiitlior Cnitl*.

ENGLAND.

1. KN(it.AM) onibrnct'S tlic sfiutlicTii part of Oront nrilnin,

,111(1 is tlio lfirji;cst and nio.st ])i>|)iil()iis tjivisioii of tjir island.

It has fjn-at vari<-ty of Hnrliu-c, hut is chii'tly level or gentlyundulating, and abounds in Ix-iiiitiful and interesting scenery.

2. Thn climate, though moist nnd cool, is healthful, und,ess siilijeet to the extremes of heal and cold than most othercountries in the same latitudes.

a, Tho soil of r^igland is not natti rally rich, yet the agri-riiituro is superior to that of any other country in Kuropf.The chief pr<i(lucts arc wheat, barlcv, oafs^ hops. Arc.

1. In no part of the world, prrlmps, iH wfui'Ji more nnrqimlly din.Iriliiitrd than in Kndland, and Bcldoin do tin lottaRPH of tht; poor con.irast Ko Btroiiffly with the mansion"* of thit rirh. Costly and Hph'iididSiiildiii^s ari^ spread over various part* of the kingdom, and many ofilio pi;rks nnd counlry.BcaU of tJie aitli;lily and gentry, display aprincely maijnilicencc.

a. Tlioiiirh luxury nnd cnrrnplion exist to a considnrnMo extent ineertnin portions of English society, the mass of tho people is distint^'iished tiy sound morals. Renevolenro jnay bo considered a slrikinf;ll'iiturc in the national elmracter ; and in no comitry are there so muiiyUBsociations for charitable, benevolent, and religioua purposos.

England. Q. — 1. What does L'njTJnnd emhrare 7 What in Raid of•ho surlaec, &,e. ? ? Of the elimatc ? 3. Soil ? Produrts? 4. Whatwtiaidofweolth? 5. Luxury, &c ? nencvolcnco 7 6. Literary in-

230 DEi»cnirTi\E okoouaimiv.

fi. 'I'ho literary iiii.iitiili(.ii«, iind Irtiriad mtii of tliw coimlry, nn

hiirl.ly iliHlinnfui.liiMl iuikI mo liiii({u»l,'u •««il'« «'"' ••^"KI"'''. '" |'"<"y.

el.^iiiJiMT, i.liil.munliy, n..a MUMu.'. (Jr. ut .•urtioUH -iru inu.lo l.y

vnriuiw r.liui«MiH „H,.miuli..ns to uprcml ChriHliaiiily .nnl tiMliiali..il

uniotii: lliti Im iiilitn ; ond iiiiintroim niiiHionuraii liiivu btcii tent lo

»orioiiii imrlrt iil' llic cnrlli, l^ir Unit iiiirpono.

7. No I'r'" rill proviKion lirm l»«ti d.viHid for tlio ••diirnlion of t(i«

IMH.r, but I in.rtH ur.' i...w iimkini; l..r ili.it puriMwr. Many ul iIm; pwplo

iiro very iL'noriinl, und nimilurH d.p.rid on Suiiduy.ii.:lio<dH lor iii»lr.l>'.

tion. 'I'll.' Iiicin r HI iniimriiu of I. iiniiiitf uro iiuiiktouk, mid luriiUli

({nut liiciliii. H lor olitaiiiiiiij a «up<rior iducalioii.

H. Tlic Kpiwopul Ih lliu I'slaMiHiiid rrliKion, nod llio novcrriKii in tlio

•upronio liiiid of tho ciiurrii, wiii. li in Rovirii.d liy two un lil.i.sliop^

and twcnty.fivo I.IhIiop*. 'I'lio iii.iiil«r» of olIiiT cliiinlifn uru vulWA

dinnontern: tiiey coiripriNo Mrllioili»lH, IlaptiHtH, rn'Nl.jttrian»,Ar,,aiid

with llic Konian('atlioli<H, coimlitulu marly oiicliiill the population.

9. TliiN coiiuiry Ih notid for ill cxi-t.llriit romU and ulii-laiitial

liriii

'• •

-I

T

rai

11

idtfCH. ChiiuIh i.r.i mum roi's mid, with Iliti vurioim w. l|.<dn,iirua«'d

lil-roadH, Krciitly lluililalii thi; inland trado of llio kiU(;doin. 'Ihi:

TMitr ur«^ mar ."IDO in nuinlirr, and cxlind aliout i.'.-^OIt iiiili m ni Icnutli.

riiu iiioHt iniiHirtatit rail-roadM aro tliosi! which coiinii t London with

Livirpool, Itriniol, and Soiilhuinplon, and Liverpool with Mandicntcr.

I'rojieiH lor new ruil-ruudM uru «uimroun.

lljl

10. Londim, tlio rai.it.il oj' tlio Uritish Kiiipirc, is on tlio

rivr'rTlmmi s, '\r, milis (V«>m tho sui. It is 7 iiiili's in longtlu

iroin ;» to'liiii l)rrii(ltii, iiiul cdvcis a Hjiacc ut' iilnidst '-i't

sqiiuio uiiK'H. It in aiiiiiiralily sitiiatotl fur ti'adc, and is tin-

riclicst, most populous, and most commercial cfty in tliu

world.

11. It contiiinn many public Ijiiililinjrii, of wliidi St. Paul'H Caflnilral,

a Tower, Wi HtniiiiHter Abbey, and the Hank of i;nKlaiiil,arc Ihe eliirlllio

riic bridf,'en of London lire (ieven in number, all built ol Hi, .lie, exrept one,

vbieli in conslriicled of iron; one of the«e Ih ii Himp. UHion bri.ltfi'. 1 Im;

funnel nmliT the TliaincH in oneofthe iiiohI remarkable worksol the uk<-

li>, London prenentH a Btrikinpf conlrnHt of weallli, intelliKenec, and

morality, with ifjnornnce, poverty, and viec. No city in the world linn

HO great a nuinlKir id* learned gocietieH, and literary and Beienlilic e«tul>.

lidhinentK; and none can compare with it in its cliuritieu for the poor,

tho lick, and tho i|riiorant.

titutionH, &c. 7 7. Education? Highest ncminarici of lcarmnir,&.c.

7

8. KeliRionT Dinsenters ? 'J. KoadH, &e.? Canals? IJail-roads?

England. Q, — 10. Describe London, 11. What doci it contain 7

L

riiY<

en of tliw cniinlry, »r«

I tliu MfiKlifl', ill |iinlry,

I'xi'riiniiH iirii iiiiiilo liy

Htiuiiily uiiil t'Mliziitioii

iricv iiiisu been tuiit tu

Tiir llifl rdticnticiii of tlio

wr. Aluny III' till' (iiioplu

riiluy.iii:lii)<j|H liir iiintrili'-

! iiiiiiivruuii, oiid luriiiiih

liiiii.

, iiiid the novcri icn i* tlio

iird liy two ari'liiii^liopi

liiT chiiri'lM'n urc culled

1, 1'rciilivtt'riiiiiH, kV r,, and

ilic-lmll tliu |Mi|iul:Uiuli.

I riiiiiU uiid t^iilistuiitiul

I various wrll.cdiiNiructctl

! 1)1' lliii liiii|;d<>in. Till:

H)Ut',''^(Kl lllillH ill Iciijilli.

icli cmimcl I.oiidi)ii willi

I'crpoul with Muiiclicvtvr.

Oi Kiniiiri', is u\i iho

It is 7 milts ill k'ligtli,

11 Hjiacc (jf iiliiio.st'2'>

fur ti'dd'', ami is tlic

mnu!iciul f.-fty in tliu

liirh St, PiiiirH Cathfdrul,

(iri;ii),'laiicl,iirc llin cliicl'

1 built ol'HliPiu'.cxniit Dili',

1 HUHiH'iiNioii liriilifr, 'I'Ik:

iniirkublf works olllic u>;c

'wcnllli, intoliiKt'iifc, and

No city ill the world 1i»m

orary mid Boii'iililic mtuli.

itH cliuritiuii fur tlio puur,

ninaricB of Icnrninij, &.c. 1

CanaU 7 Hail-road* 7

. VVliat doci it contain T

T .>ULANO. 331

>*

New London Uriilgo.

13. Five mili'n bftow f.onilnn, on tliiiTliniiioii, in Oreonwiidi, niinniia

fi)r it* niiviil liii»{iiliil lor infiriii maiurii, mid it<t obHirvalnry, I'rotti

wliic'li loii^ituili! in *c('l<iiii>'d. Above l.iindon in ('IiiIniii, I'onlainiii);

(hi) ({'''''it iintioii'il asylum Ibr iiiviilid KolilierH, Windnor, U'i mile*-

from [loiidiiii, Ih rtlrbrnlcd Ibr it>i ciihllc, wliicli Iiiih Imtii Ibu Huiiinitr

rcdidriict' of tlui Hoviri'i','im of Mni^liiiid Ibr ii|iwaril.< of 7(111 yc itn,

M. I.iv('rp(Hp|, on the rivi r .'frrscy, ni'ar \U iii'iuih, in nr.tt to lion.

(Inn ill ( iiiiiiiuTo', It in till' jiriiK ijial n< i. of tli<' tridn witli Aiiuriua.

Itrintol JM till! tbinl roniniiTcial town in l!ii;rlaiiil. Sliill i-t nolnl tor

itK traili^ to tlio llallii', and llic wliulu fiHlicry. Nrwcaxtlc, Simdor-

land, Wliilliy, and Wliitibavcii am lar^ily cinjairrd in Ilio coal trade.

FurtHiiioutli, I'lyiiiiiiitli, and Clialliani nro );r('iit nuval HlutioiiM,

1.5. ;Uarirli<!Ntfr Ih llin nccond \)\uvv in Fuijland in pn|)nla!ion, nnd in

fiiiiious for itH cxtrnMivn rolton inanulartiiri'K ; I.ccdM, Ur.idlbrd, nndNorwirli, Ibr woolkn (joikIh; lUrniinpliaiii, liir liardwart;; Sliollirld, lot

I'lilk'ry ; Kiildi'riiiiiiHtir, Ibr carpttM j WorccMtir, ibr porctluin; Covcntry, liir watclicH and ribboiiK; itiid (iloud'slcr, lor pilot.

1(1. Oxfiird and CambridLn' iiro cclclirali'd Ibr (lirir univi'TRitiON

Rton and Wiiiclioclor, Ibr tbrir collccrr), llalli and Clicli-'iiliam art

nol<'d for niincral watrrn, nnd aro vinili'd liy pcrcoiiH in quest of hcitllh

or plcnmirc. 'I'nnliridijc, SrnrlHiroinjh, itc, arc- will.known "^atcnni"

placi'ii, and Drielilon, Marirato, «Vc., arc iniioli rrRorlcd |o Ibr nca-

bntlunjf, Nuwiiiurkct ih noted for liorsc-raccR ; and Uurton for ulc.

IS. Wliat doTH r.ondon propcnf 7 13. Drperilio nreonwioh. f'^-'Nciu

Wiiiuaur. 14. What in said of Liverpool, Ilrisdil, iVe. ! l.l, MancliuR.

ter, LeeA; Slc.1 Shtflicld, &c. 7 Hi Otlord, CiuubridBc, ic. 7 17

I

lul:

238 DKMtnirTIVIl OKrWRArilY.

17. lliunnnii l» r.ii.iwMi(l ft.r llm viriniy rhiiikI l>y Williuni lh«

ColKiiiiror. Al lli.i.«.pftl,, liKlmril IIJ wim il.t. ulnl uml kill, it lli»

bnlllmor Ni.rlli Allcrlnii, K'lrl <ir HI, Nt>il'« i;r««'«, <"tirlmrii •tiU

n.Mlilin Kiilil. ytvtr limiflil In iwn-n iIib KiikIlIi ami Mi'.tn. Al i>« w

Irtjry, F,.l)jr Hill. MntnUm M.K.r, No.il.y. un.l \V..r<r.tir, Mii|M.riiiiil

i«tl.)ii. tnnk plncr JHlwriii llic fiir.rt <.r flmrliK l.l «r>.l lli« |iurli»

nil III. Al llio llirn lint, I'rmiiwt'll iraliuii <ii< i»i*'' *n I'tix.

IH Tl..- WiK "1" M '11, Wi;rlii, 'riii.n. I, >«li.'|.|"7 '""I ''"• Normii.

I^IiiikIh, l..|.,ii(r 1.. linKl.iiil. Tl I"' I'l" .Mull w«« <.l'><' « <li.liiml

KilK'iliiiii; till' |)n)|,|f nri' .nil. (I Maiuiiirtl j lliiir luii(,Miii|r<' l» Viry •mil-

Inr in ilml nfllii' iiulivo Iri»h. Tlic W" «l' Wlnlii t< lli»- iiicml l.r.

till' un.l Liuiiiinil ol" 111'- Kiimll. r Hriil^li i-U*. 'I'Uv N..riimii l-U* «i>

Jirwy, OiuriKry, Aid. rii.y, nmi HurU i lliiy havu ii until tliiti»l.) •ml

• Ibtlilu *uU. Jvracy ix tuAvd t»t cidrr.

T

Moiiil llri.lg*.

WALKH.

10. Wai.kb i.i n mountninoim nnd riipftPil rp>;ion, nituatrd

wcMlwunl l.r lOii^'laii.l. Tlic M..il in Ii'nh Ii ililc ami cullivatod

(hull ill tliiit kinn<l(in», Imt llic proiliiilH urn tin- xami'.

SO, Till- iimtiufiiitur.n nro cliirlly of lliuiml, in wlii li tl.' W.Mir\cv\. Iron, l.u.l, r.i|i|» r, iiiul (.ml iiUiiin.l. VuhI i|imnlilii'H <>(' ir.ni.

cliictly for riiil-rouiU. aro iiiiimrlid into Ihu ("iiitcl SIuI.ih IV.imi WuIub.

ai, Tliirt c.miitry, I'K'vi.iii" to the ynr I'JH.'I. wuk if.ivirnr.l l>y il«

own kihcit; l.iit niiici- Ilml tim«- it Iiiih Ihcu uiiili'd l.i llnt'hii.l, tiiiil llie

iiUJcwl mux ol ll.i! Ki.viriijjii of Kii^laiiil in »lylc(l I'rinif ..I' U ulcs.

'J'i. Tln' clrnit, vvlurli M-piiriHr* WhIch IVnin llio inliinil ol' Aiiijl"'fii.

iH «ro«itl liy till! Miiiiii l.rl.l(,'o, one ..Cllui moul r.'nmrkiil.U.' ..Illio kiii.l

111 the worl.l : it t;.in»iHlM of Htronjf iron iliiiinK, win. Ii i..iiiii< t iif. In*

uC iiinHonry, 'Mt iWl iij'iirl! tliuH lorii.tng a nulb uiid umlul Ktrurtiirc.

U3. INIirlliyr 'i'ydvil \n t\w h\TfH»i town in WuIoh, It \n iiilimud in

llm inidHt ol nuintroii* iron li)iiiidi-rit'» mid fiiriiii.cs. .SwiiiiHiii nt u

.loli-d rLf.r.rt lor (i-ii.lmtluiic. Cacriimrtlitn, mid ('u.rimrvoii, iirc l«.lli

p!ui I'H of iin|)ortan(;c. Tho cliifl' orimiiiunl ol" lliu latU'r u itii uiwtlo

i.iico a stately cdillcc, but now in ruiiiM.

HiiKliiips. IIoRworlh, &.(•,? IH. Wtmt iolnndii l)clon(t to Knelmd?

Wliul is niiid of Man? Wijfhl ? Norman ihIch? U). Wlint ih wild

;.f Wulcii? 20. Maniifacliirij.7 ,Minrriil«, *c.7 SI. Wli.n wmWalcii Rtrcrncd h» it» own kiiigH, &.C.7 '2ii. Wlint i* ii;ii.l of llm

Mfiiai bridge, &r. 7 23. .Mtrtliyr Tydvil, Swannea, Jtc.T

T11 V.

gniiKil l>y Williuni III*

li !ii(il mill killol 'I'll*

r« ('rtHiii, Oiti'riiiirn Riiii

h mill Hrolii, At NiwIII Wnrrrdi r, itii|iiirliint

rli* let iinil lliv |iutlii

I liii\i- 411 liirii K.

i'|i|H'y iniii lliu Nortiixli

nil \Mi« mil)' II ili'-liiit.l

ir liiiiciiiii,'!' '" vtry miin-

Wl^lil IN (III' liiimt li I-

'I'liu Niiniinii i'lli'ii iiri

Imvi: II lllltll tillllUliI villi

NO LAND— WALKS. 930

I li ilili' ami (Milliviitcd

urn till- xaiin'.

ni'l, ill will li til'' Wtliii

VuHt i|iiniUllii'H of iriiii,

llitril SIuIi:h Iriilll NVuii.ii.

','1, wiiH ifiivcrmil l>y it«

iiili'il to lliii,'hhil, niul tlia

ltd I'finct' i,\' U ulcs.

1 tlic inliwul of Aiii;l'^''!ii

it rriimrkiilili! i>rilii! kiml

IK, wliirli riiiiiii it iiri Inn

ulb uiid UHCIul Htriit'tiiru.

WuloM. It U iiilimlt'it ill

fiirnarcH. Swiiiihimi in u

mill ('urrimrvdii, iin; Imlli

of tliu luttvr in ilit uuvtiu

idd belong to KncImd T

iiilcd? lit. Wlinl i» »iiiil

I, Slc? 31. Whin wn»

an. Wliot In ii:iiil u( III*

wanncit, die. I

l&i

Mvp No. |H. — U'ImI biMiiiiU KiikI.iikI on llm north J fkl. ~ |«mih t»;,.<l,— K.1.1 1 ,N..H«.— \V. .t I W... I Wi, - Wlint .iriiil .I'lHiriiUn it

iVom ¥tmi V I Dr. — Whui cliitniitl ' Cli. — WImt vlmiim I ImIwiimKiiglanil mill Wuli* 1 111.

.Vtf/j A». !;>. —.What riur» f»tm fwrt nf tho iHriimlur* >>r(w«i'nKnitlaiid nml Mmilmid ' 'I'd, Kit. — Win) IhIU f fi.— Wlint lirili

>i (HimtuM lliit iinrtli-tvi'iit and •>iiilli.wr«t jnirli nf KiiKluid and M«olland I Hy. — 'Ihu iiio«l miiitliirii vxlriiiiily id" Kn|{Und I Ifi*!.—Till' iiiiwl M'riti'rii ? L..Hd,

Whiili nr« llin thriT cliiir rivm ^ Ifr, Tn., Hn.— Whkh lv>«Crin lliu iIiiiiiIm r ? ().., Ti. - Huw l.i.iif iim imli » Tlin Tlmmi'i

»

Sivirnf WIml rmm (low ,'nl.i llif .N.irlli N.i ^ 'I'lio \V.i.|i f Kiiij.Iixh Clmniiil f llriMol f'liiiiiniH Hn. — llnw |.<h|{ u tliv latlir '

VVIinl rivirn llow into llir IriKli H.m» '

Whtit InlnnilN \u^ at llm niuiiili of ilii< Tlmimn ? «»., Tl. — tn lh«KrijfiiHh flmnml f Wt. — In Jlii- lrl>!i ft. i

• ,Mn. — In ihu Hrinlolt Imiiiii I I r.y. _ Vrur l.niid'* K'lid / Sy. — Tin ... gro diiiip'roiiii toM'linii n, iind tinmlii nn; ntli ii wricknl on iIhiii. Ki.r tin' |MmJtion nfilic N.iriiiiin Mmr Wlmt in llir |H)|iiil<iiion ot'llir M.' of Mim '

I. ofVViulii ? Noriii.ni Km n ? Wlin li in ilir ilii. ( |,il<,. m iJii^lind ' Wn-Mow loni; I- il I {Mrrr, or tiitfr, i.ii;ii4li> >• a lulu.) Tlu i liitf lilimn''i:i;:' • llri., .«••,.•, — ||.,w l„..l. ...c l!.. ,

'

I. of Uiijlit/ .\ormiin Mi-n? Wlmli in Ihu iliirf liilir in Hnjf..iiiiiW Wr. — lli.w liiiiif IK ji ' (ilfir, .,, mifr, niiftiiru n a lake.)'I'liu cliii'i' iiiiiiiiiiuiii* I llii,, Hw. — llow liijfli ittv tliry 7

Wli;it i« till! |io|iiiliilion ol' litindim 7 Minrlii nlrr ' l.irfr/miilf llir-

niiiii;lmiii ^ Ltnllt U.iilutf riyninilli f ,\iirwirli f Stirffirlit'Hull f i\ollinp,hamr r.-rlmnoulli 'f AVi« CuMllr ' Snmlnitnit'Hiilh} (i,mhtvl\ttl Orfiinlf Wnrrttirr f Shi'iii»liiiri/ ' Clii^ln*Voikf t'ltiliitef On wliiil rlMfi iiri- tin (owiih |>riiiii d in It.iliii.

.iliiiitid ? In wlmt vcurn did llii; Imlllin tint iirr iiiiirknl on llif M.i|itake jil.au 7 Wlmt li);lit hoiiMi in mur riyiiioiilli Hound ' I'.f.

llow fir from Knglund to Dcnnmrk ? To Kimniit 7 To lloll.ind'To till' iMliiid of JiTBiy .' 'rotiiirriiMy 7 To.tji.iin 7 T.i Niwlijiiinl.I.ind 7 To ('ii|i« Cliiir? llow wido in tlio Mir.ut of l))\ir7 lio*liiiiL' and uido in tlio Iriiili Sea I

Wlmt boiiniln Walin on the north 7 I.-So.— Koulli 7 ||..<'|. — KuhI »

IM.— Wint 7 8..t{..CI.— Wlmt liiiy on tin; wi.t loiiHt 7 Cii. — < )ii ihg•oiilh ? S..|Ih., Cii.— Wlmt inlu.id inn iiorlli of Wiili< 7 An. — VUmitn llH |hi|iiil.itioii 7 What Btrait He|Kiriiti» It rroiii Wiilin 7 .Mi.

Wlmt rivrm nrc wholly in Wiilin? t'v., Dy., Tl*, Ty.~Wliat rivoririni; in Walen, but llow into i;ii((hiid 7 l)r,, jin., IV., Wr. — What araIho Ihrco cliiif nioiintainn in Wiili n 7 Hn., ('.In,, Pii. — ||„w hi({h ai«the two fimt 7 How ninny rnilin in il I'roni St. D.ivid'n Iliad lo fnrn.»orc r'oitil7 Wlmt in (liii |>o|Milation of 'Mrrllivr Tydvil / .><wnn»c(i I

Cacrinarllicn 7 .MohW llolywdlf ('.iLrimri.m 7 llulyluid;

L.--•^1

A

m t>KICRirTI\B «it:>N«HArilV.

Nl>*ll„\M.

1. 8ri»TI.\Ni> I" «• Mxriliw till >!' I'.u.liiixl, nml it rtivii!«.<l liv

\\\v liriinipiriii litIN into lli" lli (liltiiiiN uihI l.'>Hliiiiiii, li

0«mtr\iii» till' lii'iln.*! ItilN mihI Ini-yiHi lnl.i » iii iSmit Mritmii.

a. Tin- lli!ihl.inil», Mk- liorthfrij |!iirt r>|Hi'»>i!mM!, i* n mttl,

liilly r»%;i t.iiir iit!(i|tt".l ('• rMi>.iii](j mtili- fliiui lUriiiiitu.

TIh' I^'mIiiikI", iIm' ».>iii|i. rii I'lirl, if. ii iiMin' 1<*«I r<ti|.,i.,>,

wuh n tuihl. riiiily Itrtili- xnil, hIik-Ii priHlnivi* wiU, Uirli'),

wlit'iti, ryi>, (litx, mill |Miial>i>'it,

51. Till' miHimiuturi* nh' intjirtrlMiif, miM-rinlly lint** nf

t!i»ili>ii, wiu.lli II, mill liii'M. t't(»l nml inm nn- nlmii Itiil, ami

|»wl iiMil .•.|i|.<i' (iiv itUi. liniiiil, 'I'lii- cpiiiiiiiri-'' ami lUlurk-*

iir<' viiliiiililr! Ill'' li'iTiii.,' Ii«ln'ry iiin.|..VFt ni/iny vrs'tcU nii'l

iiH'ij, 'I'liori' Mil- MV< ml «'mi.i!< mimI riiil-rouliH in S'ntliiiiii.

4 Till' Hii.Uli iiri' ft •! rlmi" nml nll<iiiiie, • will '>k an nil'

r

(•fluinif |Mi.|>li', 'I'lii V iiri- i.iii' i.r llir Im»I iilii.ii'il, Hiiil iiin»l limit

illlil f<lii(liiii« niili.piwillliiiri'lH. .Many Null lilii. II ltit\i ili»lliieiti»l'"l

llit'iifilvrii III liKriiliiri, mill khiik' Uumi Im. ii iim».iii(»l tlif iiiwlwlu

bralril |iltilimi>|ilii-ri<, liiali>riitii», mill [HiiiN III liriiit lliiiuiii,

ft. 'I'lif lliulilinili r» wiK' •irii.'limll) n iluli tiiil |« ..j.U rr»iii tlio liow

landfr*. K.mr ulitl »viiir lli- iimuiil iln -», nml bi"! ill lit" limlii'

imiKUuijr, Tin- rri>.|p)ii' «ti i- Hi" i"tiilili.^li. ! « Imnli ! n «iivii.i.m Iiur

inli'ly tiikrii |ihici', iiin' .iiiirMlllii' |iri iiilur- li,iuii(r mioiIhI, iiiul loriiud

llir " Trii' Cliiirili olWriiilmiil," in wl.l-li Iln- iiiii.i''l<r« uiv il< .1. <i by

llirir linin r».

«;, Tilt) ll.liridm, Orkmy, nml Wuiluml I'liimln, are Hit- rc>iort or

\.\tl iiiiiiilicrH III Hii.l'iwl, Willi ii till' UliilHlrm niUli l>y diniillJlim

. illi rn|M>«. Irnlll llir lll«ll rllll'i l'> '>lii.'ll ill'' liinl* riO'Tt

*. K'lim iiri;li,llii' III iniiMili" orSruil.iiul, lim luMir lli' ^'irili '.r Forth,

III"! .'I'ltl iii.'!n N. Iiy W. of I.<.ml"ii ! U liuH I'liiir In "I ii'iliil lor it»

r I'lin' uii'l I'-nriiini,' ; Iln iiiiiMrMiy in (li»iiiirMii.-li».il, ami luiii ninny

'ml. Ml". Till- I'lly ti'i' I'lii tiw nmiii'ir'rtiiri'N. I,.'llh,» ii" mii-iHiri, wiin

C riii'rlv 'J iiiili" ilixlunl, Iml U ii'.w j. in' il 1 • il l-y i'mliMiiiuM raiijfuii

ol" liiiil'iini''. r.i|iMliiirirli t'liMlli ix i''.ini'iii''ii.iii>i in .'•iiilii»li lii-lory.

h. i;i,i.;;i,w, llio Inrjtiil Illy ill Si oil iinl, i« 'ii Hii' river I'lydr.iJi^

iiiiU'ii rroiii ilH iii'iiilli : il i'«i'h ill ;'r'i«|>«iiiy to II"' colloii inniiuriu'.

Iiiri'. 'I'll'- iinivfrxiiy ih ti li'hr'iinl, unit llii' i iiilKilr.il i« llic lK»t.|jro.

M r\r<l mHciiiitn ol" uolliic urrliilriUirc in Siiitl'iul.

Senlliiril. Q.— \. Wlml in tmi'l nl'Si i.lliiiul ' Wlml ilocn it cimtuin 7

J, llimrilio tlio IFiKliliiniU. I 'ihI.hi'I". Wlml i» ».iiil of iniiimr.ic.

VkntI Ciul, A.C. ? CiHiiiiiir.r, \(. ? ('nn;i!», \oJ 4. Tlio Scotch 7

"'•otrhiiii n ' .'». Ivncrilio llir lli!.'lilunili tk. Wliiit in miiilorriligipn 7

Clio Irro clmrcli? C, Tlio IMiridci, Ac. 7 7 IKnorilK; KilinhurKli.

OlimKow,_ _____

• Lrith, LviUk

T

riiv.

iiii1, nnil tt rtiviili.(! t)V

I mill (."Mliiiiiti. f)

,i« III (lit it Itritiitii.

i>rKi'u!!niMl, »» n cuU\,

(•iitili> itiiiii riiriiiiiiu.

liMin< li'\il I'nii.iD'y,

riMliii'v* MiU, btirli),

, miM'ciiilly Uii)«* nf

mi iiri> iiliniijiiiit, oiul

iiiiiiii'r»'iMiinl lUlurk-*

•vM iii'iny vrx-u'l* nii'l

il.rniiiU III Mi'olluiiil.

lie;, ail Ml II •»> III) rntir-

III! Ml il, mill iiii»t nil r.il

liiiii II liioi' il)«(liiKiii"liiil

I hiiitiiiitot tliu liiu*l vtilu

trial lliltiilii,

mil iM'H^ilt' Iriiiii tlici liiiw

II, Willi li|>l ill tllll (ilM'llIt

III rliiiri II i II liivUtim Iiuk

iuii|r M'l't-ili'il, mill ruriiii'il

: llllliixtlTa urti ill I li il liy

sliinilii, arc llii' ri'Mnrt uf

lim riiU'li l>y di'itiTiiiliiiif

liiriU fioiTi

1 • iii'iir ill V'irili iTFortli,

• ImiK In I'll tlnti'il liir iln

itifiii^-lKil, .mil liiK iimiiy

. 1,1'llh,* iln ni'ii-ihiri, wiin

> it liy riiiitiiiiiiiiM rniiifuii

Mim ill .oii'iiiiixli hixiory.

in I. II till' riviT I'lydi*, 3*1

y Id till' rnlliiii liiiiiiuruc.

I'litlii'ilr.'il iu till' lK»t<pru-

I'litliiiitl.

' Wlllll lloCd it Cllllluill ?

I'iiiit In ciiii <ir iiiiiiiurju.

iU,\r.l 4. Tho Scotch

7

WliMt in Kiil.l iil'ri'liKlon ?

7 IK'HorilK. [''ilinliurKlu

•OOTLAND. Ml

Miiikuin.

9. P.iltUy ia niiti'd flit (Ilia riiiinn flilirirc, Ptr\U knd t)iin<^riiilin«

liir ruKiiii aiitj lima iiiuiiiilu liiri'ii, Kiiiiioriiutk Hir carjM'lii, ami Ciir

r t-'ttlkirk, liir II* iruiLwurliii. (•rirniM'k, Lcilli, l>iiiult«,

'I uiiU AUrili'i il iirit till |iriiii'i|ml ii<'ii.|Mirti>.

HI. .siirliii|^ I* urlt'lirnlnl l^r lU riutli', MilriiM- niiil Ki Uo f'lr ilnsir

iiKM'iit iiMivyii, Ayr • IIip ni'i'iit! lil'aninu ul tin: t'«|ili>il« ol IV ui' niiil

WhIIhii', aiiiMi/rlna (iri'i'it liir tlir iimrriiiuu ul' lilKilivii lavirD lyuiii

KnKliiiiil, lii«i*rn«.<M !• ijiiiunlrrrii ihn r.i|iilul of the IIikIiIiuhIii.

II. lliiiiiiiM-kliiirii i« Itiiiiril lor llti> ili'i'i.iivH victnry Kiiiiuil liy kiriK

RolRrt llnii'o iivrr l-Mwiiril II. uf KiiKlomlt nxil Hniili'ir tiir tliut by

Croir.wi'll ovi'r tlit' (nvi'ii'iiiii ra. At I'rrKliiii l'.iiii« niiii Kulkirit, rriiiro

(.'Imrli'ii, till' Hon of the I'rt'lriiiliT, rtiiitril tlw ruyul tiircca, miiJ ut ('ul-

lud«n Muor hi* army wa* totally duli'iiU'tl,

Miip No. 19. — WIkiI bimiuN Kcotlnml im llio iinrlli ami wmtf^,.(),i. — Kuai ? N.-Sii. — Siiiiih f I'M,, I,-Su. — WIml n'lnruiin II

t'riiiii Iri-l.'iiiiU N..('l. — Mow sviilii ii it' 'I'lh' iiiiint iiiirliii'rii |mrt

III' Siiitlmid I I>..|ld.— tiiiutlivrii I MMy.— llaaturii / U..N». —Wmtorii/ A.l't.

Firth or Frith U URrd in SriilL-iiii! Hir Day and Hlriiit, Wlirrc it

Diniiiiih Firth T Ooiimrty F. f .Miirniv l\ f K. of Tiiv ? F. of

Forth/ Si.lway F. f F. of t'lydu f Uii/inn lUy I (Jlcnliifo U. /

Suiiiiil at Jura 1 Tho Minidi ? I.ittio Miiiili '

WhiTii in ('(i|)o Wrnlh / Miiiinrt lli'iidf |liiM('iin:ihy IF. f Kennaird'n II. f 'JVIh'I NiKH? llmlmn.N./ .Mull nr^Jiillnw-iy f ,M. ufCantiri' / Ari'iiniiiiin liiia PuiiitF (Ni'aii and .Mull uru lliv uiiiu uh

IJnjM', I kill, or I'oiiil.)

What inland* lio wont of Hcotiaiid 7 Ila. ur W..It.—What iilo'tda

!* Puinley, PcrtU, Grrrnii. k, .Vc

It Uamiiickbiirn. Dunhir, die.

7

;!J'

lU. Whk it said uf Stirling, ^o.

\l

if.*!'

243 D£SCIUPTIVB OUOORAPIIT.

oorlh 7 Oy. —What Firth HcparatcH them 7 Pd.— How wide ii it J

What iiriandii lie norlh^OHt from thu Orkneys 7 Sd. —Whtt iu thepopulation of the Shetland In. 7 Orkney In. 7 llcbrideii 7 Which is

the chief town of tlio Uubridei 7 8y.— Orknoya 7 Kl.— ShetlandIi.7 Lk.

\yhere is Staffa 7 lona 7 Staffa containa the magnificent naturalcuriosity called Fingal'a Cave. lona wai anciimtly colebrated for ita

rcligiouH iniititutiong, hcIiooIii, and learned men.l-akcB arid inlets ore called Lochs in Scotland. Where i» Loch

Shin 7 L. Mare 7 L. Ness 7 L. Rannocli 7 L. Tay 7 L. Lomond 1

L. Lrven 7 On an island in the latter are the ruins of the castle inwinch the celebrated Mary, Queen of SrotH, was impriboned. Howlong is L. Ness 7 L. Lomond 7 WIktc is L. Assynt 7 L. Broom 7

L. Sunart 7 L. Linnhe 7 L. Awe 7 L. Fine 7

What rivcrB flow into Murray Firth 7 Sy., Dn.— The North Sea?Yn., 1 »n., Dc., H.-Ek., S.-Ek./rd. —The F. of Tay 7 Ty., En TheF. of Forth 7 Fh.— Solwny F. 7 Ek., Nh., Dc.— The F. of Clyde 7

Dn., Ar., Co. —Where is the Caledonian Canal 7 This work connect!Murray Firth and L. Linnhe. The Firths of Clyde and Forth areunited by tlio Fortii and Clyde Canal. On what river* are {lie chiefcities 7

Where are the Grampian Hills 7 Cheviot Hills 7 Ben Nevis 7 Cairn,gorm Mt7 Ben Lawers? How hieh are the three last 7 Ben NevisIS the highest mountain in Great Britain. (Ben signifies Mountain.)What is the population of Glasgow 7 Edinburgh 7 Aberdeen 7

Paisley 7 Dundee 7 Leith 7 Greenock 7 Kihnarnock 7 Dun'crm.line 7 Where is John o'Groat's House 7 This was long ago noted utJie most northerly dwelling in Scotland : it is now in ruins.How far from the CIvdo to the West Indies 7 Scotland to Labra-

dor 7 To Iceland 7 trom the Faroe to the Orkney Is. 7 FromGreenland to the Shetland Is. 7 To the Faroe Is. from Shetland 7To Norway 7 From Scotland to Norway 7 To Sweden ?

IRELAND.

1. Ireland is a fine fertile island, lying west of GreatBritain. The climate is mild and moist, which produces abeautiful and continued verdure, and has led to its poeticalappellations of the Emerald Isle, and Green Erin.

2. The surface of the country is moderately uneven, withfew mountains. There are many peat bogs, which supplyfuel, but are useless for other purposes.

3. Agriculture is in a less improved state than in England

IreUnd. Q.—1. What is Ireland 7 What ii naid of the climate T8. The »urftoo, Ac. 7 3. Agriculture 7 ChiefproducU7 4.Graniif

I ^mw 'umimim *.

IIY.

Pd.— How wide it itt

8? Sd.—VVliU i» the

Hcbridcii ? Wliich is

noy«7 Kl.— Shetland

ho magniHcont naturali:ntly colubratcd for itM

ilond. Where in LochL. Tay 7 L. Lomond ?

10 ruins of the castle in

ivai iinpriHoned. How. Assynt 7 L. Broom 7

Dn.— The North Sea 7

I'ay' Ty., En—The»c.— The F. of Clyde 7

7 This work connect!r Clyde and Forth arelat river* are {lie chief

8 7 Ben Nevis 7 Cairn,three last 7 Ben Ncvian signifies Mountain.)inburgh 7 Aberdeen 7

hiiarnock 7 Dun'brm'I was long ago noted aanow in ruins.

7 Scotland to Labra-) Orkney Is. 7 Fromoe Is. from Shetland 7

] Sweden 7

ying west of Great

, which produces ai led to Its poetical

3en Erin.

trately uneven, withbogs, which supply

ite than in England

I aaid of the climate 1

product* 7 4.Graiiiif

T IRELAND. 243

or Scotlnnil. Barley, oats, wheat, and flax, arc extensively

cultivuteJ ; but potutDCS are the cliiof product, and Ibrm tl><j

principal HxmI ol the poor.

4. Grazing, and the dairy, are the best-managed oarts of Irish hus-bandry, and produce the best beef and butter in Euruiio. Linen it

tlie Ktapio manufacture, and forms, with the products ot the soil, thechief cxfiortM of thu country.

5. The people of Ireland arc generous, quick-witted, and hospitable,out arc easily offended, ond prone to ri'scntment. The Episcopal is

tlio extnbliHlied religion, yet fuur-fiflhs of the inhabitants are Catholics

:

»l«)Ut half of the remainder are Presbyterians, Muny are ignorantof the English tongue, ond use the IriHli only, a language similar tothat spoken by the Scotch IlighlunderH.

6. Tlio peaHantry live mostly in a state of abject poverty andwretchedness. They are oppressed by the agents ol their landlords

;

must of the latter are absentees, spending abroad the money wrungfrom their wrelched tenantry. The titlies, exaelcd for the support ofthe CHtablishcd church, and the taxes, help to impoverish tlio people.Beggars are numerous, and, notwithstanding the natural fertility ofIreland, many of the jMxir have perished with hanger.

7. The Giant's Causeway is situated on the north coast of the island,and is an astonishing work of nature. It consists of vast numbers ofperpendicular columns of basaltic rock, from 2U0 to 400 feet higlu

8. Dublin is the chief city of Ireland : it stands on both sides andat tlifi mouth of tlie river Liffoy. Ita public edifices are numerous and

beautiful. AmongUie latter, St. Pa-trick's Cathedral, the

Bank of Ireland, the

Exchange, and tlie

Four Courts, are con-

spicuous. The chiefpart of tlio suburbs,

and some streets in

the city, are the

abodes of thousandswho live in wretch-edness and distress

:

between wealth and

Four Courts, Dublin,

indeed, few places exhibit a greater contrast

poverty. Dublin is connected with the Siiannon river hy tlie Koyaland Grand Canals ; and with Kingston by on atmospheric railway—tiio first work of the kind yet finished.

9. Cork is noted for its trade in salted provisions. lis harbour,

called tlio Cove, is capacious and strongly forufied. Limi^rick ia

Ac. 7 Linen 7 5. Describe the people. Religion. 6. What is said

of the ptiasantry 7 Beggars 7 7, Describe Uie Giant's Causeway, &

'

244 DESCUirTIVB QEOCIRArilY.

rinioiiR for thn bIcjjch it has miHtiiiiicd. liclluHt in the cmiioriiim of th«'incii trade ; it is the iiiohI llourisliiiig town in Irclaiul. Killuiiiiy i»

notcil liir itH Ix'autifiil whito iiiid hliitrk iiiiirlpk'. Killnrticy iH muchresorted Id liy tliose who visit the adjiicuiil lukc. Maynooth i» the scatof a noted Ciithohc; euiUge.

10. Wiiterford has nil extrntdve inlereoiirsr with England nndWalca. (ialwuy, Sliy". l)ri);;heda, IJiiiidalk, Newrv, and Lnndoil.derry, ore oil <<Misi(li.rahle Kiii.|Hirl limns. Tiic last u celehralid forit.s bilge by the (ones of James II., in I(i!)0-1. Near Orojrhe<lu fi.i

the river Doyne WiMiiini III., and at Agiirini General Giukell, defeatedthe army of Jameu II,

100-

Map iVb. ID.—Wliut lionnds Ireland on tlio north, south, nnd wcitTA.-On.— On Ihe east/ I..Sa.—Wliat scparalea it from England?I.-Sii.— How long and wide is Ihe Irish Sea? Erom Scotland/ N..CL— How wido is it? Erom Wales? S. G.-Cl.— How wide is it?Which is the most northern |)art of Ireland ? M.-Ild.— Most south-cm? M..Hd.— .Most western? CSI.— Where is RathHn I.?Tory I.? North Isles of Arran ? Aehil I. ? t^jarc I. ? Enisturc 1,7Soulli Isles of Arran ? iJlasket I. ? Valentia I. ? C. Clear I. ?

Where is Carlinglbrd Biiy ? DundalkB,? Dublin IJ.? BantryD.TKcnmarcB.7 Dingle H.? GalwayB.? Killala B.? Donegal B.?Wexford Harbour ? WaterfordH.? Cork H. 7 Mahn Head ? EairH.7 KinsalcII.? MizcnH.? LoopH.? Urris H, ? T.illenH.7Where is f.oiigh Swilly ? (The term I-ough is used in Ireland for

lakes and inlets of the sea.) Where is Lough Foyle? B<lliist L.

7

r,. Strangtl.rd ? L. Nengh ? L. E.irne ? L. Allen ? L. IJee ? L.Deirgart I Of what river <lu the three last named louglis form a part ?

Sn.—Where i» L. Mask? L. Corrib? Lake of Killarncy ? 'i'liis

lake is celebrated for the beauty and grandeur of its scenery. Howlong is Lough Ncngh 7 This is the largest lake in Ireland.

Where is the Bann river 7 Foyle 7 Boyno 7 Liffcy ? Avoca, orOvoca? Slaney? Barrow? Suire? Blackwatcr? Lee? Shannon?How long is the Shannon ? What river Hows into L. Ncagh 7 Br.—Where is the Ghurane TucI Mt, 7 How liigh is it 7 This is the highestmountain in Ireland. When were tlie battles of Aghriin ..nd the Boynofought 7 On what river is Dublin 7 The other principal cities 7

What is the population of Dublin 7 Cork 7 Belfast 7 Limerick TWaterford? What towns have from 10,000 to 19,000? Ah., Ly.,Wy., Dk., Bn., Ac., So., CI., Da., Gv., Ky.— How far from Ireland toIceland 7 To Labrador 7 To Spain 7 From Capo Clear to Land's End J

In what part of Ireland is Ulster 7 Lcinstcr? Munstcr? Con-naught? (These are provinces which are subdivided into counties;they were in ancient times independent kingdoms.)

Dublin. 9. Cork, Limerick, Belfast, &o. 10. What is said of Water,ford, Galway, &.C. ; Londonderry 7 Drogheda7

T

[•IIY.

I JH the Ginimritim of the

n Iri'liiiul. Kilkenny in

lilc. Killnrticy Ih muchc. Maynootli ia the scat

rso with Enpliiml nnd, Nfwrv, and London-lie lust la ccli'lirati'd for

-1. Neiir lJro)[rht'<lu ri.n

icnorul Giukt'll, dcfuatcd

north, sntith, nnd west 7

ntcs it fruiu En^ri.ind 7

From Scotland / N,.CLCI.— How wide ih it 7

M..IId.— MiiHt Houth-

Where in Rathlin 1.7

I'larcl. 7 EiiisturcL71.7 C. Clear I.?

Dublin IJ. 7 Buntry D. 7

llala H.7 Doiionul B.7. 7 Mnlin Head / FairUrris H. ? T. illcn H. 7

h is used in Irolund for

gh Foylo7 Beltiisl L.7. Allen ? L. Koc ? L.lied loufrhs form a i):irt 7

10 of Killarncy 7 'I'liis

It of its scenery. Howie in Ireland.

1 7 Liffcy ? Avoca, nr

Iter 7 Lee 7 Shannon 7

into L. Ncagh 7 Br.—I it 7 This is the highest^ Aghriin >.nd the Boyne:r principal cities 7

Belfast 7 Limerick 7

to 19,000? Ah., Ly.,

jw far from Ireland to

10 Clear to Land's End 7

Iter 7 Munstcr 7 Con-bdividod into counties;>ins.)

What is Boid of Water-a?

Makinj Wine. Gathering (iropc.

FRANCE.1. France is a grrat (ind powcrOil kingdom, and has for

ages Leon distingiiisiicd for the important part it has enactedin tiic alfairs of Europe.

2. The country is bcnufiful and fertile, and the climatetemperate and salubrious. The surface is mostly an extendedplum, a large portion of which is well adapted to cultivation.

3^ Agriculture is more advanced than in many other parts01 l-.urope. rnc manufactures are various; and the com-mprce though not so extensive as that of Great Britain or theJmtcHl btntes, is carried on with almost all parts of the "lobeKnil-roads are exciting much attention in France.

4. The chief products are wheat, Indian-corn, grapes, olives andthe «uffar.beet. From the latter 23 million pounds ofZar are m!deZT^- ^'"'

'T^'^\^'"'*''='"'''' >-'^''^ 250 different kfnds of wine'ticy occupy near 5 mdhon acres, and their annual produce is ab"uSoO million gallons. Claret, Burgundy, and Champagne are the pr"ncipd wines. Silk and wool are important products:

^

5, The French are brave, active, and ineenious—DoliiA in «!,«;.mannors.and fond of show and amusemenl Their lei dSexcel m the belles-lettres, mathematics, astronomy, and chcmisTry

3. Of agriculture, &c.? 4. ProducU? Vineyards? 5. Of ^e

DESCniPTIVB QEOORAPIIV.210

Tlio nmii of llio people arc, however, hiU indifforonlly educated, not

nioro Uiuii hair buiiiK ablu lo read and writu.

C. CullcKtu, Bchouli, and pul>lic lit rurivii uro numcroua, and the city

of Fari« contain* thu nioHt celcliratcd iicicntitic omuiciation in tlii'

world. Tlicro ii no mtablialiod religion in I'Vnncp, but the |Koplo art)

chiclly CutliolicH. iMinialcrt oi all icut* arc paid by },'ovcrnincnt.

7. Tlio French language ii tho moiit refined, and tiio best adapted

lo eonverHtttion of any in Europe, and ia much URcd in polite locicty,

'I'lic up|icr clojMcii in Friincc excel in duncing, tcncinf^, and other

^raeeliil accoiP,.iiHliincntii j and tho women taku an active aharc in

all the utfairi of lite.

8, 'I'lic government of France ix tho moHt limited monarchy in Eu.

ro|)c. 'I'ho IcKliilativc power U^longH to tho iiovcrci|{n, jointly, witli tho

two great nMoniil ofiscmblieR : the ('haml)cr of FeerH, nominated for

life by tho king, and thu chamber of Deputieg, choHcu by tho olcctort.

i), France ha« long been a great military power. Under the Knipe

ror Na|H)Ieon the army was the nioxt formidublu in Eurojic, and cum.

prised bi(M),OUU men. It hui now 344,UUU. 'I'he navy congiKta of 342vetiNeiH, 40 arc diipa of thu line, and 74 arc HleamerB.

10. The principal coIohIch arc Aljjerin, Scncfjiil, and IhIo Dourbon,

in Africa ; Ciuaduloupe, iMurtiniiiuc, >Vc., in the VVcKt Indieii; Cayenne,

in Guiuna, and I'undiuherry, in Aiiiu. Tlio colonial (Kipulution in

9,0U3,UU0, which, added to that of France, amuunts to 3U,tiG3,UU0.

T

168

11. Paris, the capital of Franco, is on the river Seine, 112

hiiles from its mouth. It is tlie second city in EurojKj for

»ize, and the first in splendour. Tho public buildings and

palaces are numerous, and, generally, excel those of London.

12. This city is also noted for the beauty of its public gardens,

founUiins, and monuments, and for the value of its libraries u.id lite,

rary inHtitutions. It is es|>ccially diHtinguishcd for the gaiety of its

inhabitants, and the variety of iu public oinupcments.

13. Lyons is on the river Rhone, at its junction with the Saonc. Khns long been noted for its silk niauufactures. MarKcilles is the priiw

oipal Hca-iwrt in tlio Mediterranean. Bordeaux is well known for it*

wincK; Rouen for its manufactures of colion, woolli n, and linen j and

Blrosburg for its cathedral, tho stceplu of whicb is 4G5 feet high.

14. Ithcinis, Lille, Nantes, and Orleans, ore ini()ortant towns. TonIon is the chief naval station on the Mediterranean; and Brest, on tlw

French ? Learned men 7 Mass of tho people 7 6. Colleges, &c 7

Religion 7 7. Tho French language? The upper clasfcs? Thewomen 7 8. Tho Govcrnmeni, &c. 7 9. Army and navy i 10. Prin-

cipal colonics 7

11. Describe Poria. 19. For what ii it noted 7 13. Lyons, &0.T

Al

an

agi

tcl

un(

1

Vci

of,

Ill'C

Nil

1

mei

i'i.

tow

ASou

rive

— Gthe

the]

F«..

Mts.

Ac.-

WhiManlouat

ranei

mamdcau;

burg

*nil«i

Aij((x

irtoii

Auch,AuverAttttA*I|U'

BcumBordeiBoulnj

C'len,

Callii,

Ctfrfii

L'haJnr

Cti«inf

Ciuuuj

14. Rtlieoti

kPIlY.

idiffurontly educatad, not

ro numcroud, and the city

I'litific SNUociation in tlic

I'Vitner, but tho jKopIo aru

puid hy j,'ovcrruncnt.

cd, and tlio best adapted

ich URed in pnlito incicty.

icing, tcncin);, and other

tttku an active iharc in

limited monarchy in Eii.

ovcrci|{n, jointly, witli tho

:r of FcerH, nominated for

:g, choHcn by tho electors.

power. Under tho Knipu

ublu in Euro|ic, and com.'I'lic navy conHititii of 34i)

HteanicrH.

encfriil, and IhIo Dourbon,the VVckI IndicH; Cayenne,ho colonial iKipulution miniuuutD to 3U,i3U3,UUO.

on the river Seine, 112ond city in EurojKj for

3 public buildings andexcel those of London.

aty of its public gardens,3 of its libraries u.id lite.

:ihed for the gaiety of its

mi<emcntH.

nction with the Saonc, K18. MurKi'illcs is tho priiv

ttux is well known for ita

II, woolh n, and linen ; andhicb is 4U5 feet high.

irc ini|)ortant towns. Tonrancan ; and Brest, on tlw

>copIc 7 6. Colleges, &c. 7

Phc upper clashes? Themy and navy i 10. Prin.

noted? 13. Lyons, dto.T

TI

"ffe'i

FHANCB.2417

rJi^/'"','?/'"'

'"'"f''"''""val JopAt of the kingdom. Ilavro da(.race, or Havre at the mouth of the Seine, is tho "L-aTHirt of Pari.

and Toulouse, iffl souul of Cntl"''°'

'" '"""* '""•"• " """"

17 The isTand"'o?r''"''''''''''-''''.'".''"^'^«"'^'"=''"" «'' 'l" «"« "'''"al'

menVnfVv"/Corsica, in tho Mediterranean sea, is a denart.

iT Itilated U..,''""^'""' iV'"'"»'tainous,a.id its soil stonj'and

l' w„ A • A* ""T """'""" nnd fisheries. Ikstia is tho chieftown. Ajaccio (A-jat'-sho) is the birth-place of Naj^-leon iLnaparto

...0 fL'r^bitwt-Frotvrdi r^; -^rte'r-Mts. betwcx-n tl?rRh no^Vthellr? ^cl'^^i^V /.?-T"'''%'

Marseille. 7 ^on^?"' CZLl''i^Jni%T£fZ£/TJ

many inhaZ"nUt B^stiaS" ^tiiT^*;,"^^^^^^ ?" '" "»"deaux7 Rouen? Nantes 7 Tou^^ OrLaS 7 tI^IS V"''burg? Point out Tours, and other noteybatt"'-fields. "^ ' ^'"^

MMH, A.BM AD'Aii(ouIbu«. iD-ctKhlunr

^"r..*r-'"'^ c,;crc;;;7l)iepi«. De-ep'full. FwtFonUioblfliu, FoR.ttn-blo'friDcti. Cnnio, rnuih Coa-I.'OA,iinM, OfriiD'Olnode, Je*rand

UII<,Utl

iluch, (lib

AuirariM, u-ftm'«lcm, ()4>ir'

5«r«M, B>r4ia'SMlgcno, V—lta-mfnordwut, Bor-da'BoulotDt, Bo-kiu'

ciitit, iur4iC«»enn«, Satto'Chalooi, SlU'liin'

f:!>"'l»«li«, Slnni^i.MrUuunool, SbaW'PMi*

Nintii, NioiiNirbntw, Nar^orNiimti. NMmOrlhiu, Or-U'FDillin or Poleiim, FoT-tMn-ReDUef, Rail

- / •

Hhelmi, RemiHochtrori, RMh-for'Ri>clnlle, Ko4hll'Hnuen, Hu'^anxSaooa, SooiSaina, HaulTrmlon, Too'-tnn|ToqIihim, Too lona'yAlrnciuimn, VaUnia-ioVer.ailli», Ver-aalB-Voi«ai,Voih

Umofai, U.Bnh'lolre, LwarLH}riaal, L.or'-ft^nKManailJaa, MtntitfMall, M>M

•bu, Moa-<o4iu

L

948 DRBCRIPTIVE OROaRAPIIYi

Mldrid.

SPAIN.

1. Spain was once the most powerful of Kiirni)rnn kinp

doniH, but it is now ono of tli<' most fccMc. Including I'oi-

tugal, it comprispH that pnrt of wrstcrn lyiroiMJ often culltd,

by way of diHlinction, tlio " IVninsula."

2. Tlio interior in trnvorsed l)y llio Sicrrn Novndn, nntl

other monntuin ranges, whieh cause the surliiee to Ito ^ii^atiy

diversified. Much of the soil is lerlili', hut a(ir''.Miltui-e is

neglected ; and the commerce and manufactures liuve grt^atly

declined.

3. Tho exports nro Slirrry, Miilnp;;i, mid otlirr wiius, raiNinn, aU

mondH, wool, iiilk, &c.; Ilic nnpi>rtn arc chiclly IJriliwli iiiaiiuliicliirc!.,

and c(iIoiii;il prixlucr. Merino wlirip arc manrroUH, and llio fnicncHa

of their wool is well known; they are said to aiiiuuiit to 14 iiiillioiiB.

4. The Spanish government, onn? liic niont almohilo in Kiiropp, i>

now liinilcd. The eonHlitution of IKM" KuaranliiK the iiliirly of thi

prcBH, tuul oilier coBentinl prineiplrs ot" tirciloin. The Catholic in tin

national religion ; and the iimimciiaiicc of its iiiiiilslcrM is provided fin

by law. There are levcriil universities in ISpaiti; Init the niudcs of

inatrurtion are unsnited to the |in'senl liiiicH. Kdiieatioii is not genu

ral ; and Imt few of the lower class liarii to read and write.

5. Gravity of manner, with (jniit pride of birth nnd rank, dirtin.

guish the higher cIuhb of Spaniards ; but the lower orderH are chccrl'ul,

Spain. Q.—1. What was Spain, &.C. 7 What doet it comprise T

S. What ill said of the interior? Soil 7 Commerce, Aio.? 3. Theexports? liniHirts? Merino sheep f 4. Of llio government 7 Uoli-

Cm? UnivcrHiticB, &n. 7 .5. What in said ot the higher class?

wer orders 7 Amusements ? 6. W.'iat did this country forincrlv

L

APIIV.

•fill of r'iirni)rnn kinp

M)\t'. Including I'oi-

rn liiirofic often called,

ic Siorrn Novndn, nnd

lie surliicc tu 1k) mi'utly

tik', l)Ut iif;r'':ultui'e is

nul'actiires liuvo grt^utly

i\ ollirr wincn, raiNinfi, aU(•fly liritiNli iii.imirailiirci-,

uiiK^niUH, utid the fiiicncsa

to aiiiuuiit to 14 millions,

lout atiHultilu in Kiiropc, i>

laranlicK IIk! liliirty of tin

['(loin. Tlic CiitlioliR in tin

its iiiliiislcrM is provided flu

I Hpain ; Init tlio modes ol

H, Kdiieation is not geneLI read and write.

of birth nnd rank, distin-

e lower orders ure chccrlul,

Whnt doct it compritw ''

CoMimercc, Ace.? 3. TheDl' llio ffovcrnnient 7 Ucli-

said ot the hi)(licr class?

did this country furnicrlv

r 1" il, anil courteous. Thu fiivoiirito nniiisoinonls am niiiwip, ilineinff,un<i Imll.litfliU ! tlio Ittllor uro attended hy thouxundn of all ri.nk-t.

(1. S|>!iiM oneo nosKcssed vaitl tcrrilnricH in Anierieiii oCwhi. h, Culinami I'orlo llie.i alono remain. The otiirr coloiiirs are thu Catmry lA.nuiU in the Athmtie Ocean, and the riiili|i|>ine, (^irolin.', mid f.adriimiI.! iiiiIm, in the roeific. 'I'lie colonial populalion in ahoiU •»,-.ii)l),l)00

7. Aladrid, the ropital of Spain, U on the Manitannrcx, a s»mll branrliot the la;,'in. It contains a iiiiiidH-r ofthurelieM anil eoiivenln, hcMidenseveral Hplniilid pnlaees. |( ih n liatidHomo hiit Rlociny eity. H,ir.( vinuaiiiul .idir. lire the elii.r Hca.porl- : the latlrr i^ on the islo ofLn,n. It IS HtronKly /lirliliid, and in one ol'lheol(le.,t townn in Kuro|>o,

H. CJranada, Seville, and Cordova, were onre Atoori-li capitals,MnlaKa and Alieant ox|Kirt wines and fruits, Dilhoa wool, and San.tamler grani and Hour, Valencia is noted tor silks, Toledo llir sword.bii'les, Salaiiianea lor its university, Alinadeii lor it- rieh silver-minos,and I alos an the port whence Coluiilmi nailed on his first voyaffo toAiiieriea, I'crrol is tlio chief station of the Spanish navy,

!», Saraijossa, IladajoTi, I'ainprltnm, St. Sehastim, and Cadix, owand 'I'alavera, .Sahinianea, lliirirus, and Vit.

)ir CapmI by tho

rd Nelson was killed.

10. (iihraltar, nt the southern extremity of Spain, is the stronirostPirlilied town in tho world; it is oden called the 'Koek.' 'I'his plaoowa I captured by thu Uritisli in 1701, who have held it ever sineo,

11. The Ralearic Isles aro Majorca, .'Minorca, Ivica, and sonio"tlKTii: they aro inhabited by a hardy, industrious people. PortMillion, in iMinorca, is often resorted to by United Sl.ites' ships of war.

13. A.MionnA.—This little republic, with a territory of HlOsnnaromiles, and H.IIOO inhabitants, lies on tho south sidi^ of the I'yrcnots.liiMdes Andorra, tho capital, it contains live sinull villages.

fiiiious lor their sieges; and 'I'alavera, .Salamanca, lllll•^,„, „l|iria, lor battles Ihught between the Freni'h and Kieilish. OilSi. Vincent iiid 'I'rafilgar great naval vielorie.s were gaini.'dliritinh; at the last, tho renowned admiriil Li "

S.iith? M..Sa„AVhat bounn» ?;".in on the north? Fo., R-By.—A..On.— East? ftl..;:?.—West / I'l. —Which are

lee chief rivers of Spain 7 Do., Ts., (ia., dr., li„. — How lonif arot.idi ot Iheso? Which aro tho chief .Mts. / P.s., Vn., S,.JVIa.

r." iTT; ""i".''''^'' '"'° ^''7

'^^''''"'' "I""""!" rraneo Iroin Spain 7

.-•— **^''."^ '*"• '«"• west of Barcelona ? Mt,— This is noted for its

imiruhir (oriii, and tho monasteries built on it. What islands lie casDl .Spain .' Be, —What strait separates Spain from AlViea / (ir,

—

How wide is it? What is tho population of .Madrid I Barcelona?Nvillo? (.raiiada? Valencia? (Cordova? VuiWr.l Milaffa? Sara-go.ssaf Point out the places noted for sieges. Battles, Naval battles.

p-sspFs? What is raid of tho colonies? 7, Describe Madrid,« ircelona, iVo. 8. Granada, itc. 9, Saragossa, Sec ToiiTcra, &.a

'i tiibrultar.

L11. Balearic isles

SO19. Andorra.

11

250 DcacHinivM oKmiitAriiv.

"1,1

H

POIITIKIAL

1. TiiiB kingdom, liko S|i!iin, Ims iloclino*! from its former

gnuitiii'MH, Tlirct' c'cntiirii's n^o, it muh rclihriitcd (i)r tho

valour of ilN xolilicrM, niid the xkill of ils HnilorN, h took ndiHtingnislicd lead in nmrilimo discovii'ii.s, and wiw Ibr a time

tliu lirHt commercial iiaiimi in l')ur()|H>.

2. Tlu) Hiirfiic«! ol' llic country in much divprnifuHl. Tlio

rlimiitn i,i mild and licultliriil ; and tiio Hoil is rich in tho

fruit!* and prodiicis of Nuiitliirn I'.urnpo. I'ort and LiHbouwine, salt, oil, and w<m)I, arc llic chief Ntaplcs.

3. Tho commcrcH! of I'ortnual was onco very cxtcnsivn,

but is now (|uitc limited. Tlu! miinufactureM art; smail in

umount; and un iinperlcct kn(>wle<l^ri! of thu commonest arts

in olwrvahlo.4. TIh! o)(ri<;iiUuro i« in a biickwnrd utiilo ; and ft-w ori'ie imprr,v«s.

invntH conuiii>ri i-lNtiwIicrn uru known Ihtu, Much of tlio producoof tliu Noil iH rurricd to iniirkci on the liruiU of Icin.ilo iM'aiiantii.

5. Thu ('uthdiic in t)n: (Ntiil)liHlir(l ri'li);>oii. 'I'liu ifovornuu'nt wa*(<)rinvrly un almoluto nionurcliy, hut it ix now limited ; a nvw rouHtitu*

tiun liuviiii; liorn iido|itvd in IH.'IH, l,il<'nitiirn nnd ncicnru nru butlittlu i>nnoiirii|;('d, and llm oduciition of Ihr |m'0|iIc in gmilly mn^lt-ctcd.

6. Tho l'ortU)riii'iM) iind S|mniurdN uro vury Niiiiilur in ulmriictiT nndnmnnufH; yi-t u Htron(( diKJiku rxiNlH lit'twt'cn tlic two nationH, The |M;a

wntryof'tliiH country huvt- bcon UHUally rciiri'Mcnlcd iih indolent, cow;ird.'y, and revenpet'ul ; but on ninny oeeuHiouN, duri.i); tho luxt war withFrnnce, they diiipluyed qunlilieH not unworthy their ifullunt nneiHtor*.

7. Hriuil, tho miohI ini)Hirtnnt colony of i'ortuf^nl, Ih'onnic inde|ien(L

•nt in tlio year IM3I. The renmininir eolonien coinpriiio the Azorca,Miideiru, nnd Ctt|M) V«rd iHliindH in Alrieu; iK'Hideit ('onj^o, &.c., tlie

lownii of Gou nnd Miicno, in An'm, und purt of tliu ihlnnd of Timorin Muluyiiia, Tiic pu|mluliun uf tlie whole in ab<jut l,ti3:2,UOO.

I'ortural. Q.— \. What ii «nid of Portugal 7 2. Tho aurfuce t

Clmiato? Cliicfataplca? 3. What Ih Huid ol commcrco 7 MnnulUc-tu, BH 7 4. Tiio acriculturo ? 5. Kelirion 7 tiuvomincnt 7 Ijilf^ro.

tb 1, Ito 7 C. Thg Portuyuoae 7 7. Whut if Mid of tho colonivs 1

PIIV.

t:linr<l rroin its fortiifr

iiM Cflihriitcd Ibr the

ti nnilorii. It Uxtk nIS, mill wiui fur n time

uch tlivrrNifiod. Tlio

10 Hoil '\H rirli in tho

)c. Port uiiJ LiHbouNtiiplos,

onco very oxtcnfiivo,

liu'turi'H aro 8inail in

>r the cuniinunest iirtv

! and ftw of {'le improve.MiR'h ol' tlio prixJuco

of ll'in.ilo iH'aiiantN.

I. 'I'lit! ifovi'riitiit'nt wai' limited j a m^w rcniHtitu-

uiro niitt Rcicnru nro but!()|ilc in grcally m'|rlr('ti!d.

Niiiiiliir in irliuriicUT nndllii- txvo iialioiiH, Tin- |M:a

rtitcH iiH iiKliilciit, cow.ird-

duriaj tlio liiiit wiir witli

y their frullunt anciHtorg.

irtiiffiil, Ih'oninc iiulo|K:n(i.

lien coiiipriiio the Azorca,

;iH'HideH ('onfTo, &.C., tlie

t of thu iHlnnd of TimoriH ab<jut l,ti3:2,()U0.

i^al7 3. Tho aiirfuce T

tl commcrcfl 7 Miiniilitc-

Government 7 LiiRra.

if Mid of the colon iu» 7

rOKTirOAl^—QCItMANV.

^ r.i«lHiii iliii riipiiiit, i. a pinco .,f lonxidi riiblo rnmmrrrr, and hnaI the llntKl hiirlHium ui ihi- wnrld. It wim mirly d.-lrnyid l.y

|M'ri»hrd. Il ia

I »|Uuri'a

ga ara very

'J. «)|N.rto, thn irrond niy in th- kin-d;Mn, liaa long b<t;i fainotM fi.fll« p >rl.winr!. Hi. V\w» ia noted li.r il« aultworlo, ul wliirli H)tl,|i|)0

t.1111. itl Kiilt aril nmdfl ytiirly. Coinihru i» erduhriited f»t ila univer«ilyliK II contuini 4<» proltwiom, and niNint I'ifM) i.|im|< ntx.

'ir(li.|u:ilii. in 1733, and .'IIMMIO ..f ih.i iMhnhitullt^.,

ilt.l.iiiU mid dirty, mi contmii' «ni>in linu pulilin liuildiiiKa nnd «i|uur1 01 re arc many nugrova uiid iiiiilutliMia j dova ara very nuinurnuN.

ID. <)un.|iie In noted lor the ilrlliit of live M.Hiri»li liln'M hr Al.;.!i .n»o I. ol l'ort.ii{al. 7iHI ye.ir. „„„. At Vim, ira, Lord W, Ihiiijto.ioi.l/.ine, hi« llr.l vietory in Ihi' rniiii.iilur war; and al llu.aco, )*•n ,mUi(l tliu iTencli nmriihal, Muanena, with an inllrior lorcu.

Uip A'o. 31.—What bo.iiidM l'orloi,Ml on the nr.rih i.nd e««l T 8iv-«..i and .,.1,11, I A..(»i,.-\VI,i,l, ar.' the priii, ipal riw r« t Ta,II"., Oil. — How long in eaeh of tliene f (In what riv< r ia Liob, - - ....^iMin /

'»". — <'oimhrii7 Mo,— \Vli„h .irc thu prm,'i|Nil

^"hat IS thu (Mipiiluiion of r,iHl«.i, ; OiM.rto? Coimbru?

st.liKHf Uraga/ hivu* / Kvora? Wiieru ia Oi,r„n;t J Vimcira?

'J' — t IjMirto t

iiMiiiilaiiia

171

GKUMANV.1. Gi':R,MANv in an o.xtonsivo coiiiitry, in tho contro of

l',iir,)|)o; nnd onoo contniiii-d '.U)0 .scpariito Hiatus. It nown)iii|trisoa tho Kmpiro of Austria, Iho kiiij,'(loins of I'lusuiri,Hiivima, Sa.v.ny, Hanover, nnd WirtciniH?rg, wiili ay smallerstates nnd 4 republics tir frw; cities.

8. These fi)rnfi tho (Jnion call' d tho " Gprmnnic Confi-do-n.tiiin;" tlio object of which i." to pidvidc (lir iniitiinl safetynnfl defence. ICach sfnto is iiii epemlent wiihin itself, hut forgeneral piir|K)sos tho wholn ;^ ^^overned by tlif! Diet, a bodyciiinpos<;d of plenipotentiariox from tho dilleivnt slates.

!<. This rofjion is traversed by numerous rivers nnd cxtcn.divf; rnn;,'es of mountains. Ai,'riciiituro is carried on wilfiililinenco, and niitiinj,' is ono of tho chief sources of wealthTill! inland trade is considei-able, nnd tho mnimfacturcs uro

«. DiHerilH! I.iHlwn. 9. Oiwrto, St.lJibi^, &c. 10. What occurred atiJiiriquo? V,meira7 JIusuco?

Oermany. Q.— l. What did it onco contain? What doca it com.priBC 7 a. What do theso form 7 What in aaid of eueli state 7 OfUic Djct 7 3, By what ia Uiia region travoracd 7 What ii aaid o'

I

net DMcmrrtvis oimmsravuv.

Ofiiwit Eumpvin Itotr. TlMi W.ilf.

importMtit nni! vnriouM. UniLMadit nro in projinsn of con-

ilrm'tidii llii'iuijili nil [nuts (if (Jciiivuiy.

4. acnniiiiy Ih will i.u|>plii<l with eiiliU', liomr*, Imgi, »n«l ilieepi

af iho Iiiltrr, lh"NP of Hani.iiy nro |mrtiriilurly noWA liir llm niu iii'«»

of ilicir wi»it. Tlirt hi nr, wull', uml wilil iMiiir, lire km common ilwii

6>rmi!rly, hut nri; Ktill found in llio rtmiolo di»triflt».

r>. Till! (i'lnmim lire iin indiistrlniiHuiul iM-rncvcrinK pi'dplc!

liy thcin piiiititi;,', wat.licH, tuid t^impowdcr wore iuvciittil

;

th«iy uio l-imi ol" music, iiiiil llii'ir Icarmd men uni distill,

giiifihfd (iir llioir (iSlaiiiDtt'iKs in liliruturo mid M'.hwc.

n. The mit.lio lil.rnrUn of tlii» rouiilry nrr \.V) in numlior, w iili .1

million v.iliii-i««; iin.l tlirrc iiru not Khs lluiri lO.dOO nutliorM, iirotlucmR

cvi'ry yiiir troiu 4,(H)0 to 5,(100 bookH. Tlio vinivfrHllii'B arc it Icbratcd,

und miicli rc^orli'd to from otliir roirinlrii^ii, Hiuiiiimrii-!., ulyl'd (jyin.

iiu«iu, uri) numirtJUM, muny of wiiidi runk ai m.lcd pcIjooU ol loanini({,

7 In till' mciiiM of I'ducalior, llio nnrlh of (Jorniiiny mirpaiincii tiio

iinulh. lu I'luxMii, Siixoiiy, Hiiviiriii, and wiimj of tho umalh r divmioni

of til.' norsh, «r)ionU nro ii.-mcroii*, and tlioro uro very li w pcraoiui

who cuniM.i rinid; wiiilo in othvr pttrln of the country l»io lower cksH:*

uv Blill iijfioraf.t, and uvcmis to iiiiprovcrm>nt.

8 In rili"ioii, (Jirmany is diviikd hctwccn the Catholic and IVo.

tesiiiiit churilKMi tlio (inmcr iiioludc* tlie lunjority of the ptoiilo,

auniberinc '41 miUionn, w hihj the rrottntiijits ntm.unt to IH iiiiilioin :

tim latter, compriKing l.uthcraiii and Culvitiiuls chitslly. have uniln

in miiiiy plnccn into onn body, undir the name v.f the Kvangdical

Church, 'riitro are alio some Moriiviann, Mcnnoniitu, Jew*, Slc.

ojfricuUuro 7 Mining T Trade 7 ManufiicturM ? 4. What ii Gor.

many will nuppliid with 7 What in naid of iilim'p7 The bear, Ac. /

5. DcHcribe Ihu (Jermunn. What did they invtni? What id naid of

inuwc7 I.oarnod nun 7 6. Thi> public liltrarion. &c.7 Authors?

Univ«rHilii:H 7 Si miiidricH, &o. 7 7. Of education 7 8. Religion I

CiJiholiMJ PrUBstantii ? LuthorauM, ("iWiniiit*, &.&?

II

•I

(

\

tl

Kt

Ul

till

i;

III

foi

dioil

oil

ilui

Pll

I:

'«

3.'

Miri

KUO

1.\

r

Th« Wiiir.

n progit'HH of con»

•r», linj;*, iindl •hcepi

iDtcd ilir lliu (iiHiiiDit

ro k'M I'uiiiiiiun tlliiii

rln.

jM-rricvcrinn pt'nploi

iliT w(!ro iiivfiittil ;

ii<l nicii uni dirttin.

,W ill niiiiiliiT, « iili .1

lM)(ii oiitliorH, |ir<i)lii('inij

.(.THllii'ii arc rrli'brntcil,

rniiiiirli'K, iilyl''<l jjym.

ted RciitiolH III' k'aniiiiK.

{crmiiny niirpaHUCn tlio

ufthu timttll' r cliviHinm

iiro very li w prrnMiui

uittry Itio lower ctattn:*

I the Cntholic and Pro.

injority of llio ptuple,

tiiourit to lis iiiillioii.i:

Us eliicfly, have unilid

ma wf the Kvan(jtUcal

inoniitii, JcwN, Slc.

tea 7 4. What ii (ior.

Iiocp 7 The lit'ar, Sto. 'i

ni? What id (laid of

Hrioji, &c. 7 AulhoM?cation I 8. Religion I

Htl, && 7

KMi'iiiti or Ai'tmiA. »33

KMIMIlh: OF AlffiTUFA.

I. Au.rniA it .nit> of iJw numt iiii|i<irlanl ituU-!* in liuropoiM t!oiii|<nH.'K al,.Mit «.ri«>.thinl «.f (Jor-imnv, with llun.furytiiiliciu, Ualiniilm, nriil iho kiiiy.|,.tM of I.fWihar.Jy and Vi]ii.i.'

'J. Thn >,ih/il.irtiriN nr.' iimxsIIv ( *;,i|„.lic^ j |„it i (,,!•(. arc mnmr.v-;Hi.iiitM, n^ Hill as iiic^iilKM of Ui.Hlri.<'k diiirrlij nil.'.rt« U'in,( U,kmU',\. 'i'|„. lil^.fty „,• ,|,„ ,,„,,^^ „„J ,,,y jya»rii ol -It JxiU', HI), howrvtrr, much nstcicu.J.

:i. At/siriii ha- Ihh a hi.uvII cxl.tu of .<('..rouM, amU/jii|nit..l <'.,im,rtv.-. It I,,.. i,„ ,.o|..iii,.^ j but tlio l»,u'lu.^ ofi iH-aMV, i'amiu, aii.l Mm,|, ,m, in Italy, .m. i|..|.,.n.J.'m Htal.H....I.I, co|.|H.., iron, n.-r.-urv, aiuj Kalf, alxMiiulj Iho r..in.M ol

Uiriirz,, ,n t.alicia luivo Im-<'ii worked for (!()() yomH, and^llll (luiiisli N,,lt. ciruiti and wino aro tin) chiof pVoductn.

4. Td.i Kmp. r..r of Aii.tria U ttUolut.. in »II imrt, ,;n,i, dmiiini'on^«.rpt .„ l|,M,„,iry a„d ..„„u otluT di.lrin.. |„ tlui f.,n,wr ho i,Mv rd kii,^ -mly and hm aul .only i, li.nHod hy « did or a^Kcn.hly.11 l!l(. H.d.kH .,iid (ili r(ry. 'I'jic ii.h'il,itioilH lK:l..iig Ic ^wtal dl»li.,..|H;iii..iii., o.mipruiiitf (i.-riimn*, I'..I..h, |t«li«nii, llitn^uri^.ns J,.wk. u.idl.y(«.ioii. SJcvtutucn dilloniii Uiiipiaj^. ., aro «p«kni in ihii. K.npi,,,,

5, Tim AiiHtriiiii «rin^ aiaoiititM l„ tij.war.i^ of a7((,(l()tl ,mn, and' i«,mu« lit to Ih: amro dU.KUt .l.m lurnicrly. Tho K.apiro p-Wmohi.w I dMiiitiiiru, or a imvy; y,;i a forw ofaU.ut '.to v.nhHh. rt of which

aro nhriw ol ihc lini., )ja» I,,,, u or((ui,ia;d on tliti (iulf t f VVnlce,fi. Vicimii, l|.o capital of the Aiintrkn Kn.pir. , i, one of tho' flnrMa III* la hiiro|H-, II cuntaiiH a mimlxir of |mlii<<.g, ohiircho^ and

liilu'r p.ihh« hiiildiM!{K, .omo ofwludi aro m.kndid (.Irm'ur.i.'

'I iJ'jili/riij art. ,l..,(:rila.d (U a ffood-naturod, ho.pimbto (woplc,' much(kivotcd to phuMtiro and liixurum* livinij.

• i•

"«'-m

7. Soil..,. <d' tlio du,.l|in«.i.„,»e» in Vienna a« iMimrnw *.fru.lurriWd aro ..ceupitd hy u nuinlKr of diUcr.nt fiunllJPH. No nty in F.itt,|K> ImH .a many rr.idcnt n,:bi^Uty, and n<«.c. oxccpt London,^.. ,u4t,>wealthy c.'a. iiH. It m on tiw I),.ni.l.<>. 1 100 mik'H from it. mouth '

fh^da «ml IV.t, H.tuatfd on „p,«„iio ni,k^ of .1... D.uiub,.. nr« joinedt.«other by a. bridffo of boat». ThcHo tuwna unitid, form the largTt

-» wTJ'i '^"iT ';• T""' ,'•.A"^'"*? ^Vhat doc, it compriwT

^ !,1. » i "xm' .'V- ' •.^' ,"'" '""'''"'"' '

''"'«' i-'l'^hitanlH ' L«„.

ra . • .T''?'.'T'1"'^*''«'""y ' Navy 7 0. Dc«.-r,bo Vienna.

7. Wi.atw.a.d.,fiUdwelhng-hou«c8,&c.7 «; PragiMf , &c. 7 Trio»U?

I

•iAl nMcmrriM: uKiMiHAniv.

city Ml lliin(«iy, tkbrviiiii i« iilan •» ImiiDrtiiHl (own. TrUm* la

the tbirC M*.|itirt of Anolriit, ami <t loiialili r ' ' t ' i» liiifOeil «nUlWMN llli« hImc, Uw I'iiiUiI Hliiira, mill • ' >(li«.

tl. flriinn, t.inla, Hatlatiiirg, anit Hliyir, iiri iniiiulai luring timn:llitlliin anil ilallit ara milnl tiit ilinr •iili worku, ami lilrli Inr il>

iiiiiiia iirt|iiirl«'tlvi'r. MurM iihnil, CarMmil, T»|iliia, ami Hfdliia, ant

rmirli viliilid liir iIh Ir Iniilin iiuii iiuiirriil M.ilrm. M llliiiiiti, (>iiirri«l

liAltiyiilii WTMn iiii|iri«>iii'il liir « rKii'Mli rMv linn-.

|0, Mor, l.owiwiti, lirii liriitH'ri,', Knltri, Jki\, arc riniiiua liir iiiifMtriiiiil

hnlllia liiiiKliI iM'tHiiii llir Aiixlriiiiia ami l'ru««i>iiia, At Au*lrrlil>

anil Wiiirriiiii, .\<i|Nilriin ll<iiiii|Mrlii nnlnt'il lircintvu vUturica, tjui al

A<i|Krii lui waa rrjmiwd by tliu Arihiluku I'liufUta.

Ihrliii

PiaiSHIA.

1. Pki'mia, fiirincrly n (liiknloin, whs crtvli-J into n kiiij».

(loiil ill till! yi'iir 1701, mill IVdiii ii Hmiiil niul weak Htiitc huN

Ucoini' one of flio most powiTHil in l'Uirii|i«.

VI. If is ill ni'iuTuI n Irvi-l oumtry, with niiincroiis rivor»,

liik<'s, luiti iiiiirMhi'M. Ill HoiiK^ parts tlio hdiI is lirtiie, while

n nthi-i's th(<n< nrc Inrgi^ triu'ts unfit fur cultiviition. Grain

Biul rntllo nni tlio rhici" proiliiclions,,

J). Piiissiu litis hut liit!i> fiircij;n coiriinprcc, luit tlio inland

Irad.' is <-onsiilcriilii('. Tlio nmmiliicturrs iiro piiiicipiill)

litu-nH, wiK>llciis, and articlrs nf iron and hti'cl. I'lm cliiff

part of tlio iioo[ilc nro ol' tlm IVotcstant lUitli, and btlnng to

9. What i» anid of Drunn, &r. ? Iliillcin, Ac? Muricnbail, dtc. T

Ulmiitx ? 10. Stir, Ac. ? AuHliirlilj:, &c. T

frufni/i. Q. — I. What ia aolil of i'ruHaia? 9. The country T Itt

production! ? 9. C'umiiu'i'cti 7 Muniifacturca? Wliut oro tlio chief

tlm

ill he

4.

lor I

r>l, I

xI"".MSIh Inn

oiilrj

(I.

I till'

i>'irtli

iril, ll

7.

(Hirin,

"tnini

r<.i..i

ilulb.

H. ,

la liiii

iimnii

I'd 'I

!>. -

iriiinei

action

all cvl

j'liua,

1.

iin|Mii

ritori«

aich

mrt o

Nivy 1

•rribo

Witter

KrHirt

Bav,

lY.

iktil limn. Trl^ata Ublu Iraiki It viirdKil aN•r vudiiirii'ii.

iimniiflii luring lnwna.rkii, mill lilrli Inr il>

|ilili, itiiii Hf'dlilt, urn

At Oliiiiili, (tiiirriil

I',

i< rnuiiiM fiir iiiipiirtiiiit

iMiiiiia, Ai Au>iirlii>

lutvu vkturii'i, ojul itl

iTfH'ti'il into n king.

iiiil wciik Htiilc h(ui

li niimoruin rivnr^,

ti)il is lirtili.', wliilo

cultiviition, (.Sruin

re*', liut till! intaiu'.

•IS nm niiiii'iiiiill)

1 htfcl. rill! v.\w(

iitli, nnd bt'lnng to

c. 7 Murlcnbail, Sic, T

9. TliP country 7 IdWtut arc the chief

raUMIA—AVAKIA, it*}. «85ttm Rvanip<ticiil or (.iilht<mn CalvinUio Chureh | Uit niluthcr wow «iro lulurnlfd, nitil nro cm an o<|iml lUxiiiK.

\7^, »«•"»"»"« U •« •hwiliiia mim«r«hy. Th« Army U lUi «'

"' '""fiP""*! »nn nliii'wl eviry mtn mii«t arrvn In ii riir liir>«, >

i»r. ltH> n«vy |..m.ial. ..f « .Imi;Iii ihltt. I.Murnli.m i« iM.irx f ii».r.l^«tiH «ih.H.U iiior* niiiMi'riH"< luru limn In any (•.unlry liv Kiir..t».

.'». Tliia kiiigilnin i'i>m|iri<r* |«,| r|,.|«|.|„„| «.ni|„„„, 'I'|,« w(,,ir,»Ijirt, wliiHi U .II.HII...I on ih" rlv.r HI , i... W4i nni.r,..! |„ rr„..ui mi

.1 1

1'" .?!''''? """•'"• vnri.i.i. |,r.,vin..'., •..in., of wl.i.h „u,uh l..ii«r.l (.. I .,l.,n,|. NiMildMt, I in HwiU. rl.iii.l, ami ...inu „t>u r .null.inlriila, blvi Im lonK lu llun .lai...

(1. n-rlin. II... wpiial of |'r„.,i„, I. « h.n.Uon.o rlly, .ml U rrmark..Ml. l..r la «|.l.n.|,.| ,.,J,||,.. ., ,u i,„m,.„„., |it..,«,y ,n.i,».,ii,m., ..ml,)-.rllrul,..ly r.„ if, uMlv..p«ily. Mn.i.lli, i„r,.. of |,f.nl. .1 .•.,».,». Wv,..l.l.n, lin. n, ailli, dihI (Niriiliiin, in- larrnil on t.i aoiiiv i«Uiie.

7. Dnnlilrli. Konigabcr*. Hli.llm. nnd Wtrulauml, ara il,« rhlef Mar".fla. Bnalftil a nol...| t.,r if. f,„ra | ,>ln|f.l..|M.rir ll.r ll. »wgv» Ari.l.trimf fcftirti-aliMnai Hall., (or l(a i.nivr.ily nml ...Itm.rl!- 1 mul

1 ll . ..",' r '""" "'' '*""" '^""•'' •'"' ""«•' •l'l«"<l>«i b.iil.li.,,1^

llulU'rBt«ill and hrli.rt aro lin|Hirtiitii (i>wiia.

H. At Witlciilmfir. f<'illi"r romnunird ll.n »r(;.rn.<.llon. Col„»..o.. Ii.m*.) fortol.,«i....wut.ri l)u«rid..r(; l:ilK.rtild, ..ml ILiriiun. lo,.,mn..l,.cturc.ofvurlou»kiMd.i AK.I,..(;hu,„H„ li.r .U w.4P.i. ball..-.'.1 I ravoi r„t it. eiithi'drul. folji.nti i. «., iin|>orl(iiii fortrna..

!». At Rmibach, f.l.M, Zornd.)rr, I.wgnit*. An., Ffrd«rlck tim (Jvm^* "*

,'.'".''",'!'"1' *"''.""'"•.,'"."' "1 <;.""'"""'•""' •'" «"«• 'ieli'iitiid. 'I'lin

untion. foiiKlit ,1 Mm.loii, Kvl.u.,» Kri. .Il„nd.» Krn.rtVftnd Y'uuVn.Vraliaiil.i of »,iit/,n, in lOa^, {Ju»Uvu» Adul

jII cclcbmli'd. At tlm liral .„fliu., tlio fiiiowntd kiiijf of Hwtdcii, wu. k.l'lud.

174

IIAVAKIA, ic.

I. Tnii kiriKtlom in, iw-xl to Aimlrin nnd Vrxmin, the riuwtirniwrtuiit Mate iii Gcr tmny. It consist*, of two distinct Ht-rilorici 8it.mtod nbout 40 tnil.>i «|„i.t, mid »fpar.ited Iron,sich other by Wirtombcrg und Hade.

,.-.rt of tha people 7 4. Whnt i. .aid of Urn jovrrnmrnt 7 Army?

-rr.bo Berlnj. 7 Dantiick. .i.d olhor tow,,.. «. w ,«t i.,"

d of

KrIiroS "*"••*'•' »•«'«'""=''. I"-*. &c. 7 JvLl^iaT

B«»Tto, 4r«>. Q—l. What I. wid of B>v«rlt 7 «. Of the foil, Ac. f

• For (ha poaition of U.oae placeiTiiocMap No7l8^

906 DESCniPTIVE GEOORAPIIY.

9. Tho Mil is niodcrntclv fcrtiln. Cuttlo nnd Ikirs nro rcircd in

consiilt^ralilu niiinbiTH. Wiiic, l.ruiuly, und licor, uw iiiuilo to auiiiu

extttit. I-Mucttlinii lii'H liciii Dfhilc iiars vury f,'<'">''";i'.lly ditluacd, and

tJio institutions of Icurninff urn in u llonrisliing conditidn.

3. Munich, tho capital, is one of tli« handsomi'sl cities in Grrninny,

nnd is note d (or its university, theatre, library, and Hplenditl jjallern ..

of KCidptiire and paintinijs. Niireiidjur;,', Augsliurtf, llaliflmn, \V urlz-

luirg, a-iil llaniberfr, nro iuiportant plaees : wulclies uml (jlcihe.i v.i;.'

invented in tins first nanifd city, and it bus been long famous tor it»

trade ill cliildren'H toyn.

4. Famous victoricH were gained nt Dlenbeim by the Dnko of Marl,

boroiijrii, at Ilol.enlindcn by (iineral Morcau, and ut lv;kmuhl and

Ratisbon by thu Emperor Napoleon.

HANOVER.

5. ITanovkh, formerly an doctorate, became a kingdom

in 1815 ; and was fjovcriicd by a viceroy, appointed by tiie

Kin" of England. \Vlion queen Victoria ascended tlie British

Jhrono, her uncle, Ernest, bf;camc king of Hanover.

6. A(jriculturo nnd innnufncturcs arc not very floiirisbinff ; of tho

latter, linen is the chief fabric. Tlie mines arc important, and exten-

Bivcly wrouirht. Gold, lilver, iron, lead, and copjier, all abound. Pota-

toes form the chief food of tho pcopie.

7. Hanover is the capital of the itinjjdom, and derives its chief im.

porlance from that circuiiistancc. Gottingen is celebrated for its

university: its library, observatory, and liotanic ^jardcns, nro ornong

tho most valuable in Euro|>c. Enulen is the chief sea-port. Hild«;»-

hciin, Luneburg, and Osnaburg, have considerable niunufacturos.

SAXONY.

8. This kingdom, the smallest in Europe, is, for its extent,

one of tho most populous of the German states. Commerce,

manufactures, and mining, are carried on with great industry.

Vast flocks of sheep are raised, the wool of which is largely

exported, and is highly esteemed for its finencjss.

9. Dresden, tho capital, is one of the finest cities in tho north of

Germany. Its public buildings, libraries, and galleries of paintings,

«re remarkable. Lcipsic is famous for its univcrbity ; and for its great

fairs, held twice a yeur, at which vast quantities of books and other

itrticlcs arc sold.

Education 1 3. Describe Munich, &c. 4. What is said of Blcnlieim T

tc. ? 5. Of Hanover ? 6. Agriculture, &.c. 7 7. Describe Hanover

Sottingcn, &r. 8. What is said of Saxon; } 9. X>ricrib« Dreaden.

1

culu

«xtt

Moiof ii

]

is

gra

sivL

II1U(

nun

ncorit

vvhif

brati

nwi

and

1

narr

and

cloci

grea

2.

in Gi

8001for a

3.

Granlloml

r^eip!

Wirti

Ulm,

Smthe o

~iltwo t

Badci

lY.

(1 lings nro rcircd in

r, uri^ iiiuilc to ruiiui

^ciicriilly ditVuiicd, and

cdllditioll.

I'sl ciliis ill Grrninny,

iiid Hplrndid },'nlli'ri<'»

lurff, lliili^liiiii, Wurl/..

tcluM unci ({IciIjlS WlT'

un long liiHious lijr iia

by the Duke of Marl,

and ut l''>;kniuhl uiid

bccnmo a kingdom

y, u[)p()iiiU;d by tlic

[iscciidt'd tlic British

r Hanover,

cry flourishinpf ; of the

; iiiii)i)rliint, nnd cxtcn-

piier, ull abound. Pota-

id derived its chief in-

I is celebrated for its

;c ;jardcnn, nro omongdiief Rta-port. Hildos-

iblc manufactures.

)pe, is, for its extent,

states. Commerce,with groat industry.

1 of which is largely

inen(!ss,

cities in the north of

I galleries of paintings,

ersity ; and for its great

ics of books and other

^at is said of Blcnlieim T

' 7. Describe Hanover

9. X>eicribe Dresden,

TIIK 8MA1LEII GERMAN BTATKS. 95710. Chemnitz is noted fi.r ils cdtlon irmriunicturen, Meissen for por-

ctluin, I'rtyliurjf lor ils niini'N and mining iu::id(iiiy, Ziltuu for it»Mttnsivo Iriidf with Uolieniia.aiHl Hirrnliiii an tlic.,ri«;iial s.alofthu.Moravian brcHiren. Liipsi,., Dnsdin, and Ha„i,,.ii, were llio HccnrHol jiuporlanl buttles fought by tlio c»ii)eror Napoleon against the allies.

WmTK.MDKKO, ()]l WriRTFlMniKO.

11, This Miito was erected intri a liiiiudmn in iwon. It

is onn of the Ik'sI culfivntod parts of (icnnanv, and iuvmIuch•train, wine, and fruits of various kinds. Cherries ure extensively raised, from wiiiidi the liquor called kiichwasser is

niude, Ciecse and snails are rean.'d and fattened in crcatnumh<!rs, and sent to Vienna and Italy.

13. Stuttgnrd, the capital, is a well-built city. The royal librnrvcontains :illU,(IIJOvolui.ifK, and is roniarkable f.r itn collection of bibles,which ( ..nipriKCH 8^>50 copicM, in 08 dilfrrent languiiires. tUni is cclc.Crated lor its cathedral. Keullingen and 'I'ubiiigcii are both importantowum: .he latter is noted Ibr its university ; Halle Ibr it« salUworkH,and Ikilbroii lor niiiicral springs.

175

THE .SMALLER (iER.MAN STATES.

1. The Grand Duchy of Baden consists principally of anarrow hut fertile [.lain on the east side of the Uhino. Grainnnd wine are the; chief pnxJucts. TIk; manuliicture of woodenclocks IS a considerable branch of industry : they arc sent ingreat niitnl)ers to various parts of the wf)rld.

2. Carlsruhc, the capital, and Manhcim, are amongst tho finest citieom Germany. Heidelberg is famous for its cnor.nouH tun, which holds800 hoffslieajls. Baden* is noted for its warm baths, and Freyburirfor a magniticent Gothic minster, the spire of which iu 380 feet high.

3. The Hessian States comprise tho EUctnmte of lh„»e Casiel, theGrand Uucliy of Ifeiie Darmstadt, and the Land<'riiviate of HeasrHamburg, llesso CasscI liog chielly on th.i river FuJda, southward of

r^ipsic. 10. Chemnitz and the other towns. 11. What is said ofWirtcmbcrg? What is extensively raised, &.c.? 12. Describe Stuttgard,Ulm, &.C. "

Smaller German Slate,. Q.-l Describe Baden. 2. Carlsruho, andthe other towns. 3. What is said of the Hessian .States 7 Hesse Cas.

• Baden is a German word signifying bathing; and is Uie name oftwo otljor towns noted for their batha, »u., Buden ia Auauia. iindBiidcn m Switicrlaud,

»—-•, »u«

:?T^'^-*vr*';r?T=n

258 UESCUIPTIVE Ut^flOttArilY.

Ilannvcr mid Priis»i i. It c(>m|irirtfM siIno two Miiiill iKHtrirtH, (iilu:itrd

ime 35 miliH north, uml tlio other S-'O miliH funt, of thii priiiripiil Irrri.

lory. Tlio Boluierx of tliin Htalc at ? no loiifji'r hind to li.r< ijjii imwcm.

4. Ileiie Darmsladl consiHta oftlirco wpurutu diHtrictH, two ol'wliith

ttrc on tlif north, and ihu ( 'l.'cr on the Boiith sidu of thu river Miiyiie.

It 18 tho inoBl dcnncly [woidcd of tlio Hessian States. Helie Uomhurg

«oinpri«o8 two diatincl nections, ntjiarated 00 niilc* from oucli otiicr

Mcniz.

5. Casscl, Darmstadt, and Iloniburjj, am the cnpitnls. Ilanaii,

Fulda, and Marburjr, arc important towns in Cassei; and Worms and

IVIcntz in Uarnmtadt : tlie latter is stronjrly fortified, and is cckhrnted

oa the place where printing was invented 'j'hc he -.c wIutc Faust

and Guttcmburg made their first Cbsays in ( lat art is still shown.

6. The Sa.\on Duchies comprise the (Irand Duchy of Saxe ^Vt'imar,

and the Durhies of Saxe Coburfi Oot/in, Saxe Meiningen lliUiurpnausr.n,

and Saxe AUenhurp. They are situated between I'russia and Uavaria,

tJie kingdom of Saxony and the Hessian States.

7. Saxe Coburg Gotha qpniains also a small district Fituatcd 170

miles south-west from the residue of the state. Weimar, Gotha, Mci.

Dingen, and Altenburg, arc the capitals of the Saxon Duchies.

8. Weimar enjoys a high reputation for learning. It has been the

residence of some celebrated authors. Gotha, Altenburg, Eisenach,

and Jena, are imjiortant towns. The lust is noted for its university

and the great victory gained by the French over tho Prussians.

9. Mkcklenduro comprises the Grand Duchie$ of Mecklenburg

Sehwerin and Mecklenburg Slrelilz. The cnjiitals are Schwerin aiuj

New Strelitz. The former is situated on a lake of the same name.

Rostock and Wismar arc important commercial towns. Gustrow is

noted for its beer, and liUdwigslust Ibr its magnificent palace.

10. Oldenhur/r is almost surrounded by the dominions of Hanover.

Some small districts in Holstein and the south purt of Prussia also

k1 ? 4. Hesse Darmstadt 7 Hesse Homlmrg 7 5. Casscl, &.c. 7 6.

The Saxon Duchies ? 7. Saxe Coburg Gotlia ? 8. Weimar, 4,c. 7 9

Mecklenburg, &c. ? 10. Oldenburg, &.c 7 11. Brunswick, &,c. 7 13

ill iKstrirtH, dilintrd'

till! |iriii('ipal trrri.

(I to liiri \gu iK)\vrrs.

slric'tH, twoiifwliicli

[)!' tliu river .Miiyiiu.

uH. tietie llumUurg

u» t'ruiii oacit other

) capitniR, Ilanaii,

;cl ; nsiil Worms undc(l, and is cclilinitcd

he '.e whore Faust

t is Htill sliuwn,

chy of Saxe Weimar,Dfren IliWurpnausf.n,

I'rusHia uiid liavui'iu,

district nituatcd 170Veiinar, (jntha, Mui'von Duchies.

g. It has liccn the

lltrnburg, Eisenach,

;d for its university

lie Prussians.

iie$ of Mecklenburg'.a are Scliwcrin niul

3 of the Buiuc name.towns. Gustrow is

icent palace,

minions of Hanover.part of Prussia also

5. Ca.Hse], &.c. ? 6.

8. Weimar, -fcc. ? 9irunswick, &c. 7 13

THE SMAI.LEn GERMAN STATES. 259IK-Ionsr tn this Blato OidiMl.iirir, tU- capital, i, a wcll-hiiilt citv. with al.ai.dso,„o d.ual palace. The olher t,:wns are hm.uII and uni'trtan"

t,.rr Inri,?"?p"* '="""'''['"/ *'"'' '''"'""••t portions, surrounded hy tha

.: r<tor.es of P-uss.a and llauov, r. The city of UruuHwick, the capi.U.

s noted (o, Us annual fairs. Wolfenhuttel, 7 miles south o'uruT.wick, contains one of llio most valual-lo libraries in liuro|H.-

170

K Tho nitrhij of Nassau is .sitimfed on ihn rivers Rhinouul.MayiK. It is liiinoiis Cur its wines and mineral waters.\\ i.slMiden, tlio capital, is nuieli visited on account .if its wnrm'|'i"'««. At ^ied(<rse!ters, two million bottles arc r.llcd*iii)imlly w;th the celebrated Seltzer wat<T.

1.1. Anhal/ Dcsiau.AUmll Ilenilmrfr, and AnMt Cnlhen, fi>rm Hvo

'.ipil.ils are ln^sau, ncrnhur^r, and C:oth(n.

i«m\v!!I'/, ''a"'''''''';'''" "' '^'•'''"•""='""-? liuilnhladt arul Srhwartz

if. m e-fl '"^"',r'l';-'r''"'-^'"i';'ri-. which lio about .'5 milc««l'.'i '. 1 lie capitals arc liudolstadt and Sondershausen.

la. lieuss (ireitx and Reuis Schleilz consist of two distinct see'-'..". separated but a short distance from each other. Grcitz andf,obcnstem arc i u-; capilals. Gcro is uio chief town.

Ifi. Lippe Delmold and Lippe Snhauenhurp arc situated, the latter

1 M?r"'i'""'"" "t' r"

'^'" """"' '"^'^"f "'« WeL river, andibout 10 nulcs a;.irt. IJuekeburg and Retinoid arc Uio capitals17. IMenzollcrn Ilechingen and IMemollern Siemarimren form a.onneete.l domain. They Ho in the southern part of the k "gdZofVV

1tci,w,cr:,r. Il.ch.ngcn and Signmringen are the capitals.

^

IS. ]\al<lerk eonsi«ts of two detached sections about 30 miles from

d : nnualVv!";''.'" ''^^S-''"-"' - """'d '- its mineral water"and IS annually visited by many strangers. Arolscn is the capital.

iir> v; mr/lfn."''"* "'^^l"'^""'°''"'<' principalities, is situated on tho

"P 'r |Mrt ot tVi river Rl-iiie, between Austria and Switzerland vZuui

'.IS the cap;,al. The Prineo usually resides in Vienna

(^f?.1"

''"'i.^.'"''''''''P o'" Kniphaustn is tho smallest of the GermanSta es and the smallest in Europe. It is situated within tl e tcrritoTc"of Oldenburg. The capital is tho castle of Kniphausen. with" Imall'idjoining village containing only 8 houses and 50 inhabitrnts.

FmnkJ!^Free Cities OP Germany «"' Hamburs, Lubec, Bremen, and

/ ranhfort. 1 hcse arc all that rcmpin of the famous IlanJeatio League.

Rurit\T',?« 13 .AnHalt Dessan, .fee. 14. Sehwartzhnr-

HohcnzollcrnHcohinffen,&c. 18. Waldeck. ly! Liehtcnstdn: 80

2(30 DESCniPTIVE OEOOnAPIIY.

that onco comprincd P5 ol' tlio most coriiimrtiiil KuroiMun lownn, and

ruled, by their wcallli and arms, a grcul part id' iiDrlhtrn Kuropu.

22. Hamhurt; Ih Ihti (liicf cDiimiercial . ily in (Jirinany. Il in tho

urat of cxtriisivt; niiiimliirtiircH, nnd Ihn hliips of iiimiiwt nil "ulions

viHJt ilB port.* [.iiliicarid llrcmcii ari; iiiiportaiil coiuni(i( ial towns.

At Friinkforl tin: Germanic Diit, or ConHrtHH of tlio timiian piin.rsi,

holds ilH rnii'llnjjM. 'I'Iiih "ily in cckhraliii tor itn hcini-unniiul liiirn,

whicii atlract niircliaiitM lioni all parts of Kuropu.

'J3. Tim Diiiliii'M of lloUtiin iind Laucnhnrg l)cioii(j to T>( niimrlt.

Altona, Kill, mid Olnclisladt, aro tho chief tow nil in llolsliin, and

Lancnbiir}; in F-amnhiirif.

24. The Craiid Hiichy of Lvxemhirg liclonps part to UcK'imn and

pan to r ^llanil, 'I'he tillu of (Jrand Dnlic, and the ri^ht of volinK ii

tho German Dirt are enjoyed l>y the kini; of Holland,

the capital, is nuled lijr the Htrenylh of ilo IbrtiliealionH.

the next nioMt iinpurtanl town,

177

Map No. 20.—What lioundH Germany on tho nortli 7

D..Sa.—South / Sd,, L, and v.— HiiNt ? I'd,, Ga., Ily.

IiU.veinliiirii',

Uustogno IS

N..Sa,, Dk„West? lid.,

Bm,, Fc. (Sec table of the German Slates.) How many German States ?

How many arc lOnipireB? Kingdoms? Grand I)uehien7 Duehies?

Principalities? Electorates? Lundfrnviates? Lordtdiipfl? Hi pnlilics ?

How many arc (.Jiilliolic 7 rrolcstant ? AbHolutc in ,;overmiienl 7

How lonfj niul wide is Germany? Its area? Popul.ilioii ? Towhat state does llolstein and Lauenburp beloiiij ? l)U,— l.uMiiiburg V

Hd.—Point out the dilferent states on the Map. The Smaller GermanStates which have a common title will be liiund under their reH]ieelivi;

heads: thiif, the Saxon Duchic) arc under SAXK; those of Aiihall,

under ANHALT, &c. Tho capitals designate tlio general position

of the special divisions.

What rivers flow into the North Sea? Re., Es,, Wr,, Ec., Er.—Into

tho UalticSea? Or.— How long is each of these? Which is the

principal river ir. tho south of Germany 7 Dc—Into what river do

tho Mouse, Moselle, Maync, and Ncckar flow 7 Re.—The Lech, Iser,

inn. Ens, Leitha, March, Raab. and Dravu 7 Dc.—The Save also Slows

into tho Danube. Into what river do tho Huntc, AUer, Fulda, and

Wcrra flow? Wr.—Tho Moldau, Mulda, Haalc, Havel, and Ihncnau?

"•ie.—The NeissL, Bobcr, and Wartha, are the chief branches of Uio

Mer. Into what sea does tho Danube flow ? (Sco Map, No. 18.)

Where is Muritz Lake 7 L. Schweiloeh 7 Ainmcr L, ? Cheim L. ?

Alter L, 7 Traun L. 7 L. of Constance 7 Cirknitz L. 7 'i'ho latter

is iin alternating lake : il is full of water in winter, which passes off

Kniphauscn. 21. Tho Free cities, tec. 23. Hamburg, &.c. 23. Hoi-

stoin and Laucnburg. 24. liUxcniburg,

* In the year 1843, a dreaiirul Ore occurred in Hamliurg, wbicb dcBtroyed pra

perty to the amount uf 30 million dollaia

in Ih

iinf

MuInI

V\

irrlm

Wllld

I'.aiil

,MlH.

Julia

WJ .OW(

Ihe (i

Iilyri

pliali

the 01

ThoI'ruse

Poi

each.

Map,Icffcs

is tlu

whatIluvai

1.

Euroand t

2.

canto

curit^

Swi

Iiir(i|)can (uwn8, and)rtliL'rii Kuropu.

•iTinaiiy, II ix tho

r nlinoKt nil nutioiis

. coiuiiicrt iiil tuwii.'^

Iiu (rriiiMM luiiursy,

» tiCiiii-uiiiiiiul liiii'M,

l)rloii(j fo Pciitimrk.

im ill llolsU'in, anil

part to Uil(,'imn nnd

lip riijlit ol' veiling in

liluuil. IiiiM-inliiir^',

utiuiiK. l)ustijj;nc ia

nortli 7 N.-Sa., Dk.,

Ily.—W.sl? 11(1.,

mny (jcrniiwi Stoks ?

)ui'liit'i*7 DiK.'liics?

rdKliipB? KcpiiliUcs ?

2 in ;;ovL'rniiiLiil 7

? Popuhilliin? ToDk.

—

l.ii.\(iiil)ur(j V

Till! SiniilicrCicrniiin

ndcr tlii'ir r('H]K'(livi;

.K; tlioso of Aiiliiitl,

tlio gcncrul puuiliuu

,,Wr., Ec, Er.—IntoCSC 7 Which in till'

-Into wiial river ilo

Rn.—The Ltch, Iscr,

—The Save iilsi) ilows

!e, AlitT, Fuldu, andllavcl, and Ilnicnau?

Iiief branchcH of Uio

ice Map, No. 18.)

imcr L, ? Chciin L. ?

nitz L.7 'I'ho latter

tor, which passes oif

nburg, &.C. 23. IIol-

g, wbicb (IcBtroyed pro

ii

swrr/uRi.AND. 2C.I

in iho early piirt i;f Hninincr, uinl ihe liottnni of the lake btuoinen ii

pasliirf-cfroiind. Where iirc the isliindi' of Kiiu-.n, I'Hedoin, and Wid-hn / To what Htiilo do Ihey hcliiiitj? I'a.—What island lies west ol

HolHttiii7 Ihl.—

'I'o what power iIim'm it belong 7 <«..Hn.

Where arc the Alts, eiillid the l''irlit(l!;eliir!re, Erz:r|.|,jrire, and fiiisen-

irrliirife ? 'I'hcse lomi llie Siidclic Mis, r.iiiit out the IJiirlz. Ilohnier.wiild, ArllierLr, and Vosj^cs Alts. How liiL'h are all the tlire^'ointf f

I'l.int (lilt till' lllick I'Viriht or Schwiir/.wald.t Icltiiwald, and llereyiuaii.Mis. Tli'i A!p~i. Howl i..g are Ihey 7 I'oinl out the Khelian Alps,Julian Alps, iNorie Alps, ...iil Slyriaii Alps.

Wluro are lioheniia, Moravia, Austrian Silesia, Upper Austria,Lower Austria, Tyrol, Slyria, t'arinthia, and t'arniolaf These areihe (leriiian provinees of Austria. 'J'he two last (orni the kingdom ofIllyria. Wli, re is ronieraiiia, liraiulenhurg, Sili sia, .Saxniiv, West-phalia, and niiine 7 'I'hen' are the; tiernian proviiiees of I'nissia, Forthe other great divisions of Austria, sic .Map No, IH. TIkiv are Ifiiii-

gary, (iaiieia, and Daimatia. Chief towns, I'esf, l,eiiilierg, inil /art.Tlio remaining I'riissian jirovineen are J'osen and East and WesilTrUKsia. Chief towns, Tosen, Kouigsherg, and Uantzick.

Point out the capitals of Ihe (Jernian .States. The population ofeach. Point out the capitals situated on rivers that arc named in theMap, and the names of Ihe rivers. Point where uiiiversilies and col.leges are siliiated. Tell Ihe number in each state respectively. Whiciiis tlio most poimlouu city in (Jerinany ? Va.— The ne.\l 7 On.— Inwhat years did the battles fought in Austria tnkc place ? In Prussia '

Uavaria 7 Saxony 7 Wirteinherg 7 Saxo Weimar.

Bern*.

SWITZERLAND.1. Switzerland is the most mountainous country iti

Europe. It is remarkable for the grandeur of its scc.icry,

and the freedom of its political institutions.

2. It is called the " Helvetic Republic;" nnd consists of 22cantons, each of which is indepeiidont ; but for national se-

curity tliey are united together, and governed by a general diet.

Switxtrland. Q.—l. Dcicribo Switzerland. 2. What is it called 7

'-i^'

.»

303 DKBtnirrivE OKOonAPiiv.

3 Swltxcrliind ii truviTMil Ity tlm A1|>h. Kxtcimivp ililili of |rp,

ciilltd gliii-icrii, cover their Inllly Huiiiiiiitx ; mid uvuluntliiH, foiM|H)nKlof vumI ImxIIcn of Hiiow, HoiiiclitiioH riiKli down upon tliu vullcyn, bury,iiig liiivi'llirH, huildiiiK", iind cvfii villa};i'«, in oiii! coiiiiiiuti ruin.

4. Mimy jiiirtu of liii; rouiilry iirc Iml ill ii(ln|ilf(l to n^'ricultnr.!

Init by tin: liidiintry ol' l\w iiilinliilaiilH, Kjiotf* U|>|iuriiiliy diKiiiiiil toutornul Hti'iilily art' crowned uitli vejfelation, 'I'iio (irodiatH are ){ruin,wine, and variouH kindN of fruit; but puKturoiru and tlio UMikiiij; dI'

chet'HO are the eliief objectH of the tlirnier.

3. The Svvifls arc honeiit, brave, and IjoMpilnble, nrdrnliy ntlarhed toliberty, and to their native country. Kduealion is (feiierul in iSwitJter.

land; ami (rreat eriincH arc rare. 'I'lic rrotcKtantH u/id CalbolicH areabout ecjual in number. The lungimgcs Ki>ukvn aro tiw German,French, nnd Italian.

(!. Heme is UHUnlly considered the capital of Swil7crlan.< ; but Zurichand Lucerne -share with it that honour, inkiIi beiufj allermiiely tbc neatof jrovernnient for two years at a time. Geneva in Kiliaiited on thelake of the same name. It in <'islin(;uislied lor its literary institu.liouH, uiid its e.vleusive maimfiicturcH <it' clocks, wulehes, &c.

^7. Freibiirfr is noted for ils wire suspeuiiion bridtre, the lonpcst in

Kuropc. It crosses the river Serine, is l)()"» feet in b ii(r||i, and 17.ialiovc llio Kurfaee of the water. It was completed in the year IM.'M.

K Near SehntniauHcu aro the ceM.riiled Kills of lb.- Hbinc. .Mor.eartcn and Moral were the scenes of Kjileudid victories trained in tbo( auKPof li-eedom. At i\!orirarlen, I IKII) .Swiss routed 'JD.OOO Auslriuns.In this battle the celebrated William Tell distinguisbed Jamstli: AtZurich the French delcated the Auslrians and Kussians.

!). Amonjr tho quadrupeds found in Switzerland aro the Alpinespaniel ond tho ibex. The former is one of tho largest animals of iti

kind

pur|«

liinu

lliu li

tJiosc

H!f

Wg..I'lnn

Jura

r.. f.i

H .\e

but U

laliiiii

uf till

WbeiUhal

Aipina Bpaniel.IlHIX.

3. WJiat Ib 8aid of the Alps T Avalanches 7 4. Agriculture ic TProducU? 5. Describe the Swiss. What is said of education?' Lun

1.

theGi

gUB^CRthe Fal

Tell ?

Italy

Y.

Inmivp t1i'Iil< of Ire,

iVullllltlirH, f()IM|K)»f(l

III) (liu valley*, bury.' ooiiiiiiuii ruin.

ipltd til n<rrii?ulliiri!

|i|iuri'iilly ildfiini'il in

10 |)rriiliut» iiri' Kfiifif

aiiii tliu ii-.ukiiij; III'

, nrdently ntlnclicd lu

M (;iiii!irul III SwilJtiT.

itM uiid; C'atliolicM iirc

un aro Uio Uvriiiuii,

itzorlaiK* ; hut Zurich

(T allfrimicly tl;c Bciit

11 in viliiJiili'd (III till!

• its liliTiiry iiislitii.

.Ull'lll'H, &o.

rldiji', the Innpost in

t ill Iciifrtli, and 175d in the year iM.'lt.

(if the Khinp. Mnr.tiirics jr'i'i'id ill tlio

:cd JD.ODU Au.Hlriuns.

^uiHhud liinmtli: AtiHMianH.

and arc the Aijiinc

irgcut aninials of iti

Iboz.

i. Agriculture, ic. 7

of education 7 Lon

ITALY. SG3kiiiJ. Several aro kept hy tho ;iionkb r| Mount R(, ncrnard. (iir the|MiriHi,(, „» di«cciurin» triivdlcn. I.wt in .ro.Hin!, ||,„ nicmiilaiiiH in[mil! Ill M10W. J Iw llMtx IH u HjK,.irH of wild k.nU, u;id (IvvrllH uimiMSm hitfli..'»t prceijii.VH ,ii tl,o Alpn, wliiUicr lli.y uro oil, n iMIowud UUiiiMo who liuiit tlinii. '

.U-j;. Ao 50._What boiindH Swil^.^rlund on tho north/ Vc, Bii..U «.-Ni,i h f Ha L. nnd V.-|;,.hI / Tl.-Whcrc nr. Ihr Jura Ml,. J

l.nnin.) AI|.H? Lcpontin,, Al|i» .' How lii^h i« Me. H,.s,i ^ TheJ.iru AKh. ' W hcr« ih Liko CoiiHlanc.) ! (Jriuv,, f ,. / J,. N, ulllmtcl?

•v"'.''V"l I

'•,'?"^"'''' •l(.wlo..«iH.M,h,i;'llicHol,,l*cH.' WIkwH \rut, Im ..| and il. t.rr.lory I Tl.iH lilll,, hI.Io i. a Svvis. canto,,.Hil undrr he fcrdVcriUMcnt ot tlic kinfr of I'ru.Hia. What i. thii nop.,!hU.» uiUruvviil lasl,./ ||..rno / Zurich/ T.u.cri... ^ Uliichut IhcH,; town, have ..oll.:tr,.H7 Il„w hJBh ,.ru the Kalin „f the Rhino

'

V hen were the battles of Mornr.en. .Morat. and '/.nruU, fhMa '

M liat three conmdurahlc rivcrH ri«u in Switzerland / Ke., i{e.. In.

ITALY.

k ^'J^xc^^r C?™' "^ ^"'"' peninsula, bounded on tho ts»8t bythe Oull of Venice, and on tho west by tho Mediterranean

K"T',/ 5- ,""?"".' ^^''-^ Geneva? 7. Frcibur,?? S, Where areU.e fallH of the Rhiiie 7 What h Haid of Mor^arlen. Jkc. 7 VViKiam1 ell 7 Zurich 7 9. W hat quadrupeds ure found in Switzerland 7

Italy. Q.— 1. What docs Italy form 7 2. What ii it 7 For what it

.'(II DKSCIUITIVK OWXillAPMY.

fon. It wns tho rniintry of tUr nnfii-nl llomnii*, nivl ta filled

willi till) runmitm of their N|iliiiiliil I'itics ami biiil'lina;s.

V. Tli'Mijrh in R ntnte of ilccHtio, lluly in oiio of iha mo^i

inlpro.itiii;^ cMtimlrii't in lln' worM, iiml nliinnt i'V<Ty «[><'t in

it liiiit liOt'ii llio KcciH! of miiiH' ri'iiiiirkabli! event. Tiif!

country lit nntod iiir tiic niililm .^<« of its (;liniiit(<, nnd for tliu

boniily, rliviTHiiy, luul ronmntic clmricirr of it* m;c-n<.'ry.

.1, 'I'Ik' KMJl i< Ki'iierully rvrlilr, uiiil in ill miriiti |>arl>i well iMiIliViit«d

Till' rlild' |iriiiliii'H uri! >\ Ileal, lorii, liri', ml, wiiii*, uiiil iiil:^ 'i'lio priii-

ci|iiil iViiiU ar(< iiruii|;<'>', li;?", iIuIi'm, iiihI iiIiii'uiiN.

'i Tliii 'tiiiiinn CuIIiiiIk' In tliii oNtulili^liiiI ri'li:;lim In nil tlm Italian

dlutr*. In tliiii eiiunlry uro to Ihi lininil tliii I'lnrrit ii|rt'<'iiiiriiii iif orclii.

nictiiro. Tliii clitirclu'ii urn ciiHlly unil inii^rniliiMiit, iitid lliu (JHolliiiK*

j( miiiio ol' lliu nolilvt rivul tliu iialaccu ul' kiii|;ii nnd t'tii|>i'torM,

S. Till! ilaliana am lii|;lily ilixllnciti'iliril liir llirir M\\ in iioul|itiirr,

•aiiiliiiiri ari'liilt'i'liiri', mill iiiiiNiis lint an' nut iiiiu li imidj nt iiri'^cnl

for liliratiirn or ciriifi'. 'I'liry nru naliirully a livi ly pcii|ilt', witli nilivc

|iniiiiiiinn anil arilmit iinaKinatinnH, and ginrrully liavt cx|irciiiivu cuiin-

hinuiieuf and oniiiiutt'd ijmrklinK uyci.

Jl^ t-V*-

Italian ChhIiiiiI'

«. The liiglior r^nkn wear tlio umial r'nropoiin irrnn; but umonjr tli

ijvcT iiriliTH, thcro nro vurinin local iM'ciiliiiniiiH of C(i-.|iiiiii;. Tliu HkiiI

•jf tho llnliunii in (fcni-Tully IIkIiI; Irniii and n'ti'talilim an; innro com-

mon uriicloi of diet than llciih, and, iik in lliu other |)iirt» of the iouth

of Buropo, oil and wino aro much used by ull cIushch of the iKoplo.

t noted T 3. What ii (inid of the miilt 4. Religion? What arf

b) Ijo found/ 5. Dcicrilw tho Italiann. 6. TUuir drtw. lood.

:it

bl

uaini

1

ciRi

ear

thii

dcfi

1

itat

vnp

teig

Mea<Jio V

froii

". Wdie.

1

fllV.

Ilomnitii, nnd it filled

i mill biiil'lingt.

ly in ono of lliii mn^i

iiliiiiHt cvory Hjtot ill

iirl;fil)li! iivfiit. Tlif!

I (;liiiiiit(<, ntui for thu

t Ol" 111* mTIK.Ty.

iiiu puriiii ucll fiillivulcd

iiif, uiiil »ili, Tlio |inii-

U.

'i'li;;iiin in iill tlm Italian

iH'nt ii|ii'i'iiiiriiii 1)1' orrlii-

licinl, iiikI lliu dwelling*

:ii 1111(1 t'tii|>i'tory.

r llit'ir i<lull in iicul|iliirr.

I iiiiuli iinldl lit |)ri'Ni'nt

livi ly ("'ii|ik', witli ni'livi-

illy liuvL' i'X|irciiiivu cuiin-

nn Hrrdu; but amonjf tli

CM of C()«liimi;, The fiKid

I'lji'tiililtH II n; rnnro com-• other piirtH of the luuth

clusHvii uf llie iKuplo.

I. Religion? What are

6. Tliuir UrtM. I'oiid

«Aurti.\u--i,.i.MUAHi»Y Axn v»:m«k. '>03

Iiulily ,„ .Unimex

HAHIUMA.

l";i''tiMT utili tlm l,;,r-.. ialf.1,,1 of Sanliiii,,.

•M'lillll III' lid'

ri

iknm, a„.J N.c, «ro .he- (•o„ii„.„,u| ,,rovi.,ci

(JcMinu.

dcfcttt.<{ by tho R,ui,ian (iencrul Suwur^'nw"^ *'""'='* ""'

rc-.gn.ng pr.nco .. a peer of France, and UHi.ally l.vc il, Purr"

J'op^'o. ai._WI,ut Mt.. bound Italy on tlio north 7.ea on tho Houth and west ? M..Sa.— Eiliist 7

Af.—Wh»(...vo.—What iHliinJ

Bll

noa OfMCRimvl OrrMIRAPIIV.

Mup iV» 5ft.—Whrro u llu« riv<f P't f Wlint fiver* flow iiiin || mllw liiirtli ' Mtiiilh f Ihln lh« Uiitr ul' Vi'iiti'i' ' Horn li-nu ni<[Ue fo»ni\ Ailiiri- / Wliiirtf la l.iikii (i.ifilii ' f., rmiio f I., Miijti(i<)nif

llow liitiir la mcli I How la Hnrihiiiii IhiiiiiiIiiI i>ii ilia nnrlli ' Htiiith 1

liaal f \Vi»t ' Wlnri' urn till' Muriliiiiti Aljia ^ CuUiiin /M|ia ' IVi».

liinv Al|ia ' lliiw liiifli la Mmil IIUiii> ' ^ll. Kimii ' Mow |iiii|{ miti

hiKli iru till) A|>viiiiliM a ' VVImt la tiio |Mi)>iiiiitiiin of Turin, miii iIm

utiioi biwiia ? (ill wiul rivcra ro tlu7 ? Wlicro ia Miiinoi

'

MiipSit.'ii.—Whrw ia ihf i«lnn(l of Hiiriliiiin 7 Mow Iuiik and

Willi' la It ' What atrnit a('|Hir>il>K It I'riMil Ciirnii'S ? I<<>.— i'ollit uul

U« I Igtivat Ml. What II ttiu |Hi|iulii.tii>ii u( ('«|{liiiri I H.uiaari t

LOMnAnnv and vf.nicf,, or auhthian itat.y.

I. TiiK kiiindom of I/nnliurtly titiil Venice in siluati'd 1«.

tw«'«'n thi» riviT Vo nnd tho Aljm, ii?ul wcHtwanI of tlio (iiilf

of Vcnicp. it U'ltmHN to AuNtrin, ami U onn of tlio U'st cui-

llvntcd li-rrilorifN in Italy. IIh unricnlliiri', tniiii-, mid inimu.

factiiii'H, nro prosix'roim. It luiiNiNtN of two diviNiotiM, l^uin'

Uirdy in iho wcMt, and Venice in the cait.

9, Milnn, the Mat of((iiM'riiiiH'iit, ia on tin

( iliiiiA river, « lirnnch o(tlic Po. It ia • htnd.

••>m« city, and wmcrcally iiniinivcii liy tli«

Kiiiiicror NajHilcun, It

wni liiiinili'it U'lOOyoari

iiK», anil waa liirty

tiiiici lN'»iv|;>:<l, liiriy

tiiiii'i tukrii, mill four

tiiiioailratroycil and re-

built. Tlir pulilic build

in|;a nra nutncnma midaplemlid. 'I'liu I'litlirilral

if the fincat K|H'iMiiii'n

of Untliic aroliitccturo in rxiatcnc«, md the ttatuci with wliich It if

•durncd ore laid tu amount to 4000.

3. Vcniro, tlio cntiital of the ancient rrpiihlic of that name, waaloflK the chief inaritiiiin cily of the louth of Kuro|)c, niul tlioii^^h it*

extcnHlvc conimcrcn and iiiival (rrcalnraa have departed, it ia atill an

tiniHirtant pluco. It is a rcinarkablu city, bcin^ built upon 7!2 iilanda,

Milan Cathedral.

iMmbat-ty ind Vrniff, Q. — 1. Wli it taid of Lombardr an4

1<

("hu

Will>

ull.Sil

V.nic

Duch

Mill'" l^llm"•IIUU.

i ^

PIIV.

Iinl ritKrn (low liiiii il imI llriw |i<li;{ iirr lliii fu('iiiiiii I f<. MiiBi(iiirii I

I III! llif! riiirdi f Miiuth f

I I ('iittiiiii AI|in' iVn-

Itimu ' lliiw |iiii|( AndliitKin <>r Turin, itiiii iIm

liira ia Moiiicit F

riliiiiii 7 lliiw |iiii|{ mill

(irxicn? U<>.— I'uiiit iiul

i^liiiri I tt.umari I

MTrilAN ITAr.Y.

^'(nico in siiluati'il l«.

kONtwaril 1)1* tlio (iiiir

i (tiio <>r iho U'st cul-

iri>, triiiii-, iind iii/inu-

I two iliviNuirw, Loin-

tt.

3, Milnn, the *aat of

(fiiviriiiiii'iit, in on iii«

( Miiiia rivt'r, • lirnnvli of

(lio Po. It U a hkiid.

*i>m« city, and waisrcally iniiinivcd liy the

Krii|)vror Na|Hilvt>n. It

wni liiiindi'd U'lOOyoari

ngn, and wan fiirty

tiinoi iN'nivKcil, torty

(iinra tukcn, and four

tiiiiOi destroyed and re-

built. 'I'lii- piililic Ituild

Iin|;ii aro niitncroiiH iind

picndid, 'I'liu eutlieilral

il the flncat KjK'iHnien

itatUGi with wliich it ii

ihlio. of timt namp, waaKiiro|)c, luid tli(iii);h it*

3 departed, it ia atill anng built upon 7!2 ialanda,

anid of Lombardy an4

fAHHA. NOIlB.1,A, M CCA, Tt«CA!*V. Til.: ro|.R|M.w. 'W|.-lnnl logi Iher by 3(10 brldu. a. V.tiieo lua ,•...,.! f.•"'• -r u 1-l.u li„ e«,r,„„", 1. ' .f lilt',, ^'' "•";''•• •'"'

mmn mwv. or Adr.ai.o \Ie»""* ^"""^ '" "'« «"" "• "'•

«n.,.in. o( 4 ui.i |Jo,„a„ ,.Mii.li,ll.c« ,«;•' ,"' /'" •''•

PARMA AND MuDKN^.ft. Tl.- n,u|,i,.N ,.(• |',n„m mil M.„|..na nrr fiTtitr niul

r(H'l..u. .I..ln.-I., Mf....„..| s„M,|, .„•J ,,„,,, „„V v,,^;

'

•-l-'-rol l-n.„-..,„n.lAi,.,|.nal.y,i.,AuMm,nlMk!'

Tl'lMA.W AM) MK A.»

7. Tl.- (Jran.| |l„.|,v of '|'u.,,,i.y ami L„,rn in thn mont

• V lair,r'""."'^''"" '":''"' "" '"

" """-'<n.i.i.. .';.[

aoiu*

TiiK r.)i.K,x,Ar. m states uv tiii: church.

« iur<-h,,K-n.|.,.-N tho (.iiirc ..riialv. It is ,m|,,1 l,v.l>,.'

wl MMMirrivK uv»wn.\rnt.

II. Bomo, the tn uiitl of iIh'mi (t«tr«, HA* in iir»ph'»i iim>'» •!» lnrifMt•Ulf tn lli«i wtirlil, ll wm .10 niili'« In rin ntiili n rt'i', «iiil hml n |m,|mi

klMN of Iwii riiillNin Inli'iMiitnl', 'IImhikIi nnw (iimlt )l< inynl, anct i,

|»Ml ^rl ol' II til riiiiM, 11 1* tiiU IIm m>m\ iiiivrcitiiiK viiy in Dimt^v

Tlw Illy fif NkRIp

19. Il ri>nliiini n (frn\l iiiiiiiln'r nl" i'liiirrlir», aiiptrh palnrni, tnit

chiirrlii'ii, mill till) liiririat in ilu' worlil, win 1 1 1 yvnt* In liuildmy, aiitt

cunI u miiii i'i|iiiil til Hill iiiilliiiii iliilliir* itl llitt pri'Miit iJ«y.

1.1. fii)|i.|{iiii mill rrrrurn an, ullir iliii niiiiliil, lli«' ni\t imptirtanlInwiiN I till' llml in null ll llir iu iniivirNlly. hrriini wim iiiiru lliu uapi.lal ofiiii Mi(lt|i.iiiliiil iliiitiy. Uttvimiii, in llin .Ith nnlnry, wiw IImirnHi.il III" ilii) VViKirrn lliiiiiiri'. Aiu'i.im iiml Civilii Virrlim nro tii«

rhii'l" M!a.|)iirtN. Iiuri'iii Iiun lunn Ik'cii ii (iliirn iit' urnit ri'nort for pil.

Kriiiii, III vinit ilM linly Nliriiu', hut tliu iiiiiiilHr Iiuh ul'litUi dufrtSMii.

14. Haik Maiiino.—Tills liiilr niiiililii', ilio iniiilliiit in Kiirii|K', in

•nilrr (III) |vfiili'i'lioti iifllir I'dik", mill liim Imth iiiilr|M'ii()i'nt l.'tllOyiiirK

It iH-i:ti|ii''ii a truitt III' ^J ii<|iiaru iiiiU'>i, uil.i 7ti(IU inlmliitniitii. 'I'lui

capitul i* un lliti niilo uf a iiiimntaiii, nnil linii a |Mi,,iitlation ul .ViUli.

•-^

n lii\ii

IM'I Nl

lilli'ii ^

'I. ':

ol'thei

Irorn I

un by

Vr

Map ATo, 30.—Wliut iMiiiniU r«iinliiirily anil Vrnii^n on llie northSoiilli r EuMtl Willi f Wlint in Ihr iHi|mluliimiil' iIki diitirtowniiI'liini nut tliimo •itiinti ll on riviTN.

finil(hl ' lluw U I'arma Ijniiiiilrtl ?

T

|Hi|iiilutiiin III lliti L'liitil' townii I

VViii'ii wiTi> till' iliiri'ri'ut butlkm.Miiili nn ' l.wv.A t Wliiit ii Uia

|Ki|iiiliilioii of tho cilitiH ill lliimu iiliili'H ? WIhtc in Sim Marino?Mup ffn. Dl.—Wliiit iM till' po|iiilaliiiii uf Hninc ' l<<ilii{;nii f fer.

rara / Florrnru t I.rijliiirii I ( in wliiit riviT in Hiimn 7 Flnrenco ?

VVIiiit iHland wmt of Tntii:iiny ? Ku. — ll wii» tin- nmidonco of Najto-tvun Uoimpurlc (luring part of iIik yean 1H14 iiiid iHl/i,

Florence? 0. PUa, itc? 10. Popedom 7 11. [Jmo? 13. Whatdo«'» it contain 7 l.^. Wti.il in H.iiil of lloloj^na, Fvirara, Ravenna,hi:. I 14. Di'Hcrilx) i^an Muriiiu.

4. Thhoar. TliiresiH o

Xa/ilfi

tut), iScc,

r.

*!>••, mill hml n |iiipii

iiiitlt tkfH vrrf, ami ••iiMK viijr tn KuraiNi.

iipcrh palnrn*, anrf

lii« luric'vt <•!' II"

I'lira III liiiililiii|r, andMilt day,

ili« iirtt imiMirUnlu wiu iiiirt) till' villi.

ith ci'iniiry, wii« IImj

filK Vi'fi'liiit am llifl

irri'iil ri'Mirt liir |m1>

ul'lulu diii'Maii'd.

iilli»t in Kiiro|M', in

i'|M'li(li'llt I'lllOyi'itrx.

U iiilmliitniitii. 'I'lia

,iit|ation ul .ViUli.

I'nJMi on (lie north?Ill' liln L'llltll' towiiN t

t\w dillLrciit Ititlllcii

,iirii» 1 Wliiit it liie

ix Han Marinti 7

•' liiilii(;im f J'Vr.

Homn 7 FlDrt'iicc f

rcHidcnco of iNniio-

Mr,.

n nic7 19, What,i'Virara, Ravenna,

RAruui. •tof

N.\ri.PM, OR TIIK TWO NlclfJBH1. Till! kiiiuiliiiii t»r Nnplr^ 14 iliK iiiimt iiiti^iilcralilr in

fMly Ilir I'Xtiiit nii)| |i(i|iiilitMi,ii. || .•.,|i»|,ri*..* H,,. H,,iit|,„,B

lidil of llnly, l|ii> inlaiul id" Wu ily, iiml ihu Lijinri l«.l«i«.

',}*

P

't^jiiiSB^'^

'^. All pnrtii of iliN l<i,i«.|..rn havn a warm clirnnto, nnrtn liix.iriaiil ii..il. 'Vhr ll« nn.l itli„oii,l ir.r, ihi' .•..ll.m.pliiiit.••"'I NUKiir.ran.', iiij (iuiirisl,; yn tlio riiics i.n.l towrw uml.lNil with ln'KKiirM, uii,| imthdhs diNlituti. of ini|«l..yMM'iit.

•'I. Til.' «ii|.iii.ni.HM .,ri|„. ^uviTiirTttiit, nml tlio inil(>l<>ii<!«-)l 111.- i".i|i|.., |,rrv<iit (i:^nciilhirc, inuiuiliictur.'!i, or .•oiniiu'rc«<,Irorn JK-ing iliiiKiiulv juirsucl. 'IV lal(.<r i» rhi.-fly carriedon by (or.«iKn.TH. '[ ho P.xi.orti. are oil, lilk, winr>, and wmil.

Uiiiil.

hoar

Porciiplnr.

t '^rUrl"'^!^"^ i"""''""'""''' """"' '" ""'y "« tl'wolf a,ul wild

•oreMHol ilM» km^-ilomi anJ tli.' |K„cupi..o u met will, in iho ,„u,h

•01). &0.7 3, (...v.rn.nt.nt7 i;»„„„orci-, io.7 4. Wild ..nimabJ

i

SI

970 DESCItirTIVE OEOUnAI'IIV.

urn districtfi. Birdu in |i,'rcal Viiriety inliiibit nil HUi.Joni of llio pciiin

kula ; uiid iiiimuiiKU lluckH of i|iiiiiln |mKs from Sicily to Uio inor«

northern regions of Europe, durini; the Kjiriii},' of every year.

5. Sicily is (lie Iar),'est and niost fertile iKlniid in the Meditciruncan

en. In aneicnt times it wus the granary of Rome. It contains Emu,the must noted volcano in Europe, ijniokc and tlames issue from the

•ununit of this mountain, though covered with perpetual snow.

G, North of Sicily arc the Lipari Islands; one of which, Slroniboli,

is a vdlcunic mountain, constantly burning; it is called the light-house

(if the iMeditc-ranean. Its tlames may he seen at night 100 niiles dis.

tnnt. Lipari, the principal island, consists entirely of pumice-stone

7. Naples, the capital of this king''"m, is the most popuh us city in

Italy. It is situated on a bay of the sanic name, near the base of

Mount Vesuvius, it is notc<l .'"or tlie beauty of its situation, and Is

remarkable for the number of its nobles and luzzaroni, or vagabonds.

8. Taranto, Dari, Cava, Foggio, Lecce, and Salerno, are all conside.

table towns in Naples. Gacta is strongly fortified, and is regarded

as one of the keys of tlic kingdom. Palermo, tlic chief city of Sicilj,

has a university, and some coninirrec. Catania, Messina, Marsala,

'I'rapani, and Syracuse, are the principal towns. The two first have

often suftcrcd from carthiiuakes. Marsala is noted for its wine.

9. Malta —Malta is a celebrated island lying in the Meditcrra.

ijcan sea, south of Sicily. It is noted for the strength of its fortilicu-

tions. This island formerly belonged to tlie knights of ii. John, a

jwwerful military order ; but now it belongs to Great Drituin. Va-

Ictta, the capital and port, is vefy strongly fortified, and has an ex

celknt harbour. Gozzo, north of Malta, is a dependency of the latter.

10. Ionian Repuulic.— Tliis republic comprises tlic

islands of Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, St. Maura, Paxu, Itlmca,

and Ccrigo, which lie chiclly on the west coast of Greece. It

is under the protection of Great Britain, whose sovereign ap-

points the lord high commissioner, or liead of the government.

11. The inhabitonts arc chiefly Greeks and Italians. They are an

enterprising people, and carry on a considerable commerce in wine

olive oil, and currants. Zantc is the largest town ; out Cor ' , on the

islund of the same name, is the capital.

Map No. 21.—How is Naples bounded? What strait separates it

from Turkey? Oo.—What gulf in the south ? To-—What moun-tains extend through it? As.—VVhat Mt. near Naples? Vs.—InSicily? Ea.—What islands north of Sicily? Li.—What capes in

Sicily? What strait separates Italy and Sicily. What is the popula-

5. What is said of Sicily ? Mount Etna ? 6. The Lipari Islands '

7. Describe Naples. 8. Taranto, &c. Palermo, and the other towns.

9. Malta. Valctta. Gozzo. 10. Describe the Ionian republic. 11.

Tlac inhabitants. Commerce, dec. Population.

r1

lior

Sy,—\

!\

Wi,

cm

^J^

I.

worli

civili

centt

protr

2.

oncie

calle(

visior

3. 1

intcrio

clim.1t

ton, oi

Grei

&c.?

N

sCLtions of tho pcnin

I Sicily to Uio inura' every year.

in the Mc'ditciruncan

lie. It coiituiii!) Etnu,

llames iHsuo t'rom tiiu

uriitluttl snow,

of which, Slroiiiboli,

called the light-house

t night lOU iiiilcH dis.

.'ly of puMiiee-Htonc.

most popuh UH city in

nio, near the base of

f its situation, and 1m

aroni, or vaguboiids.

•lerno, arc all considc-

ificd, and is regarded

le chief city of Sicily,

ia, McsHina, Maruala,

Tho two first have

ed for its wine.

ng in the Meditcrra-

•ciigth of its fortilicu-

iiiights of >3t. John, a;o Great Britain. Va-liticd, and has an expendency of the latter.

)lic comprises tlic

uiira, Paxil, Itlmca,

;oast of Greece. It

^hose sovereign ap-

of the government.

talians. They are anlie commerce in winekvn ; out Cor ' , on tlie

lat strait separates it

I To-—What moun.ar Naples? Vs.—luLi.—What capes in

, What is the populo-

The Lipari Islands '

>, and the other towns.

Ionian republic. 11.

GREECE. 37]

Svr«rL!!'?''Vi'Palermo? Mesnn. 7 Catania? Taranto? Bari ?Syracuse 7 flow long and wide is Sicily 7 What island south 7 Mu.—What island north of Malta? Go,.

Map /Vo 22.-On what coast do tho Ionian i.lcs lie? Tv Gr _U h eh .s the largest island 7 Cu. _ Most northern ? C.i.1 Southirn7 Co. -Wha. m the population of the islands 7 Chief to ins 7

The Greeks destroying a Turkijii man of war

GREECE.1. Gheece is one of the most celebrated coimtrics in th«word. More than 2000 years ago, it exceiied all o?hpr, 1^

c.v.hzat.on learning and' the atfs.' ItTa tr Lai fo "rcenuncs subject to Turkish bondage; but has lately afior„protracted warfare, become independent.^' *

2. The modern kkigdom comprises the southern nart of

aTd th^/SdT'^vr/'' "T '^'''"^^ - the a" ,.; oi;caiiea tne Lyclade.«, and the northern Sporades Its olLr Aivisions are Hellas, tho Mor^a, and the ffrl ^ '''"

inteJrt rel:ifed''rhVu;Ud'mr"nr'''' "'T'fT '^""''- -" ^^-^

clim-ite is mil,) • nn^ .i. '"F ,""^' "'"'"s and ferti e ynilcvs. Th»

272 Drsciunivn isKouKAruv.

^1

I

4. Tlio Orc'L'Us arc nii aetivc uiul viRorciiH racr; of pLoplc. In tlicir

liito contest with the Turk^ llii'y diHiiluyiil a vimu\m> nut iiii\v(irtli>

their Uf.uik: uiicfslors. Thi; tin|iIo>'mniit of tircshipH waH vvilli Ihciii

u lavoiirilu iihhIo of warlUrt', ity which tlioy dcHtroycil Home of the

iarffCHt 'I'lirkish vessels,

5. The neojiln nrcilestitiite of (•(luciition; hut tliey arc nnxioUH litr

iinprovctiiiiit, and eatfcr to rise fmm tlic dejrradalioii prothieed hy thei-

;,i.,j< pwlii.i,,! servitude. Coiisiih:ral)k' exertioiiii are luakinj; to intro

(hico Hchools. and to thssciiilnate iearninij, (food nioralM, and religion

The cstalilished relifrion is that of the (ireek church.

fi. The frovernineiit chosen for this i:ounlry hy llio }rrcat Kuropeau

poui-'s, is a inoiiarchy very nearly absolute : tlic Kulectcd king isOthe,

aon of I.ouis Charles of Havaria.

7. Athens, the capital of Modern (Jricee, was one of the most cele-

hratcd cities of antiipiity, and tiie hirlh-plaee of the ijionI reiiowut ci

orators, phil(iso|ihers, atid nrli^!s of ancient limes. It vvaH nearly all

I'c tl-.~.vid ill the late war, hot is rcvivin^f. Of itB ancient remains, the

jonownid .\eropolis, the pride of Athens liO centuries ago, still cvists

—

uut is nmeli dila[)idatcd.

8. Tripoliz/a, Nispoli, and Navarino, aro amonff the chief towns.

The last is celel)ratcd lor the destruction of the 'J'urkish naval power

oy the combined fleets of England, Friincc, and Russia, Oct. iJOth,

1827 J—an event which secured tlie indei>endence of Greece.

9. Missolonghi and Patrns, important Greek tortrrsses during the

ate war, arc both on the gulf of I'atras. At the first named. Lord

Byron died, wlule promoting the cause .>f Grecian liberty. Livadia,

Tliebes, and Lepanto, arc the only towns of any note. Corinth, once

a magnificent city, is now a small village.

10. The principal Greek islands arc Ncgropont, Andros, Naxia,

Mile, 'i'ntiuia, Xe:, and Syra. The latter is .,'i'j most flourisliing, and

:ho commerce of Syra, its chief town, is imirartant. Hydra and

Spczzia were, during the late war, renowned for the skill and courage

of tlicir sailors : their ships formed the chief part of the Greek navy.

Map Nc. 22.—What bounds Greece on the nortli ? Ty.—South and

west/ M.-Sa.— East? Ao.—What peninsula in the south ? Ma.—What isthmus unites it to the main land ? Ch.—Which is the southcni

cape of Greece? Mn.—What island west of Greece ? In.—Groups

cast ? N. Ss., Cs.—What island near the east coast ? Nt.—Whatgulfs on the south ? East ? ' t ? What gulfs nearly separate

Hellas and the Morea? Point ;he cliief mountains? Rivers?

Lake ? Tell the population of A .is ? I'he other towns I

said of tlw coaste 7 Interior ? Its products ? 4. Describe tlw

Greeks, &c. 5. What is said of the people ? 6. The government 1

7. Athena ? 8. Tripolizza ? Navarino ? 9. Missolonghi, &c ? Liva

<iia, and the other towns ? 10. Name the principal islands What .

mid of Syra ? Hydra, &c. ?

III

h:i

llM

Si

iis

till

an

»f t

liOc

a.

ind

T

IV.

r; of jitoplc. Ill tlioir

()iirii({() not uiiworlhj

.slii|i!* waH witli lliciii

CNtroycil Hoiiii; ol' llu;

tiloy arc nnxiuUH lor

lion [irotUicc'd liy their

arc inakinj; to intro

inorulH, ami religion

ircli.

y llio {frcat Knropcaii

Kclcctcd king in (Jtlio,

I one of tlio most cole •

of till! MioNt rrnowni li

I'H. It witH nearly all

Ih ancient remains, the

.uricrt ago, still cvists—

nong the chief towns.

'J'lirkish naval powermd RuHHia, Oct. tJOth,

ce of Greece.

fnrtrcHHCB during the

the first named. Lordeian liberty. Livadia,

y note. Corinth, once

npont, Andros, Naxia,J most flourithing, andnjiortant. Hydra andr the skill and courage

irt of the Greek navy.

)rth ? Ty—South andI in the south ? Ma.——Which is the southcni

Greece ? In.—GroupsBt coast? Nl.—Whatgulfs nearly separate

mountains? Rivers?

ather towns I

its? 4. Describe tlje

6. The government?issolonghi, &c ? Livacipal islands What .

TI nUEV. 273

TUUKKV.1. Ti'itKKv or Ilio OltoiiKiii ("Mi|iiiv, com|)riscs two irronl

(iivisioiis, 1 ii,^,.y in lMir(.|,o i,n,! 'I'lirkry in Asia It w.soner, n |,ou,,-liil .slat,,; |,„t |,,,s uiihin '.hn last hun.iiul ywiri,«r(atly (helmed ni .stixii-lli and iniiiorlancc.

ii. Its indnoncoand tcn'it(.rvai-.Mniicli diniiniilicil. I'.a,-Laryisiio i..nficr triimtary

; Gr .; has l)r,..„Mr. i,„lr,..nd.Mf;

win!.,' Kppt, as wdj as ll„. islands of Cvprus and ('andia,law; lalLa, nilo tliu Lands of .Maliunmt Ali, llw i'aclia uf

;j. 'J"li -(.vcnuncnt is dcs|K,lir. Tl.c Sultan, or CrandMiiiuor, IS c.msid.'ivd as rcii,niai- hv divine coinniivsion

; andlis un.lniir 111 linriseirajl (he |,„wrrs',.ri|,e slate. H(, is sonio-tu.ies luvlanrly eaih.d the shadow of Gud, bruther to the simand moon, and refuge of tho world,

^J- J'"''"'"! '' '""'^'^ '^'^ Ottoman Porto, or Sublime Porto.

IJic Uivan IS the great council of the nation j it is composed

Gfuiid Vizier. Multi.

974 DESCnirTIVK OEOGRAniY.

dtrmpnt will roiino llicm to nc'ivity. TIjey uro tompcriitc in oanng

and ilriiikiiiK. I'orU un«l winu iiru ;.rohil.il(il by tho kdriin. Cutl.o

in llio principal Ixviiragc ; tlioujjli urtlcnl Bpiriu uiiU opium aru uiw

'iM'd to Hiiiiii! extent,

6. In rcliKion tliry nro strict Miiliomcilnns. They call IIkihu v,/m

do not iiclii VI! tlitir freed inlidelH, iind lormcrly cHleemcd it luwliil to

rcduco to Kiibjeetion nil ul'o rclijsed to be eonverted to llieir iliilh.

SiMokinK Ihe pipe, lounging for lionr.s crosH-legged upon ii eusliioii oi

gof'u, and bulliing, are the prineljial oeeuputions of tlie better eliiKH.

7. Imiiortnnt cliangcs were utteiiipted in Turkey by the lulo

Fullan : be organized bis army and navy after tlioso of tliu citlicr

European natioiiM, and endeavoured to introduce tlicir arts and Heiences

into biH empire ; but such is the indiflerenco of tho TurkH to improvu.

mcntH of any kind, that but little real thnnge has taken place.

8. The Turku, or, aH they call thcmBelves, OHmanlig, are the ruling

people ; but they constitute Ichh than one-hnlf the population. Tim

renmiiidcr consiHtH of (JreckM, AlbaniaiiH, AnneniauH, Turcomans,

Arabs, Kurds, Jews, and Gypsies. Tliere is no iiereditary nubility in

Turkey ; the only difl'ercne'e of rank being that of otUco.

18-1

i

CuiJi<uiitiiiu|ile.

TURKEY IN EUROPE.

1. TuKKEY IN Europe is tho smallest of tho two jri-oiU

divisions cf tho Ottoman Empire. Its surface is mountainous

and, throughout most of its extent, interspersed witli beautiful

and fertile val'evs.

the court called 7 5. Describe the Turks. Of eating, &,c. ? 6. Ofreligion ?• Principal occupations ? 7. Important changes ? Army annavy ? 8. Of the Turks, and the other inhabitants 7 Of nobility, &t.

Turl-ty in Europe. Q.— 1. What is Turkey in Europe? 8. \Vh«

%itmmmjnmm <'«^~

toiiipcrttto in oanng

y thu Koran. C'olkti

uiiU tJiiiuin uru ui«u

riioy call tlioHU v:ho

HlL'i'invd it linvliil tij

vcrtfd to llivir lliilh.

V(l ll|H)ll II riisliinii cji

if the better tlus».

Turkey by llio Into

r tlioso (if tliu citliir

heir artH uiul Kcienuua

ho TurkH to iiiiprovu-

a taken pliice,

nanlig, are the rillin;;

the |iopuhitii>n, Tiiu

iiieniniis, Tiireornuiis,

iiereditary nubility in

[)i' otUco.

Wk^^^yff"'^-:

it of the two pi-oiU

ice is mountainous

3rscd with beautiful

'eating, &c.? 6. Of, changes 7 Army ait

ts? Of nobility,"&t.in Eiiropo? 8. \Vh«

Tl'HKKV IN KmoPE. 275

-. >n soil iind cliniati! it is lii^rhly liu-ourcd; nnd under aI!" i.ii ji'ivcnimcnt wnuld (loul''li-ss iK^cumi^ one nf tli most

liourisliiii;,' counti-i.'s of Muniiu'. Tlio pioducts aro ndiuiicorn, \.|iv at, rico, cotton, silk, wine, oil, lr.Mts, ^Vf.

•K 'i'ho operations of auriculfuro and mijnuliictinvs aio butli'-hucntly conducted. 'J'lic cniiiinve is ciiicliy (inicd onli/ IdiTjuiHTs, and is mostly coiiliniMl to tiu; poit'ol" (.'unstan-ini'i.io. The inland inidi! is considorablc; it is in tiio liandj

o! drccks, .lews, Armenians, •Sir.

I. 'J'he lmr»eH iinil cuttle are Kcnrnilly liirr;o nnd fine: ihe fiirmerare roai the .\ralm.n Ht„.k. The Walhuhiaii Klie,|. are r, pnarkabl.,I"l- Ihe Mntr„l;..,ty of their horns and w : ll,,, |;,tl,;r i^ |„n.r andslraiirht, h.it rather eoarse. 'J'l„. birds, partieulailv Ihe waln-.f.wl, areliuin rolls, and ot various kinds, aiiiuiijj wliieh the nelieun and Ikiiiincolire coiisineuouH. *"

IVIican.

VVallaebinn Hlievp

5 Iho provinces of Wallachm, Moldavia, and Scrvia, arc rrovcrncn•• their oun pnnecs, and arc in all respects indcperuiei t" exeZ tHth.y pay an annual lixcd tribute to the Porte. 'tIic p^plo of th s,

C. Constantinople is the capital of the Ottoman Empire and theUmd city III Europe in population. Its situation is bea i d and -ha. hour commodious. It presents a fine appearance at a d i. nice b l

So^:n;:lo:"iiS=:z^tc^S"^"™- "-'^' ---^''

uor.ship, are numerous, and some of tl^em aJsilS "^iji^nit^^m

^c; 5. What is said .f Walla^hiall^r'',^ ^:^:iZ£:;i>

tliriMMW%.C

276 DGflCKiprivc oBoanAPiiv.

niooquo or Rt, Soplmi, oniio a I'liriHtimi church, i» ac'jo ttit«d thi' f OMtin tlic world. Tlie iiio(i(iuu>* of Siiltun Achiiiot, iiii^ of Siilt'vumn, tre

larKO mill MplcniliO, L)ut arc not luurkod by tliu Raniu vUnmii; tiuita

ConFtiiMliniiplu ililVcrg from tvcry other uupitul in Ea.ope, hy liuving

im iiaincR tu itH HtructH, nu Iuiiijih, utid no pomt-uH'iuc.

8. Adriaiiopin h tlio Hccoiid city in Eiiroiicun Turkey. It wqh long

tho rcnidc'ia'o of tlic SiiUiuir itiicharcai, tito capitui ul' Wuilaciiiii, 'i»

a. Inrgu dirty city, huill in a HWiiinp : tlic utrccls, inmti'ad of ticinjf paved

in tho usual way, aro covered with plunk*, Ik'l(jrado, Widin, Silintria,

uid Shinnia, arc HtrongJy fortified luwnN. Scrujevo, Huluniua, Sophia,

diid Juiiniiijia, are all plueuH of lomo note,

Map No. 18.—What bounds Turkey on tho north? Aa.— South?

Go., Ao., S.-Mii.— Kast ? H.-Sii.—WcHt ? G..Vc.— Which ii tha

chief river ? Uc.— IIcw long is it 7 Into what sea does it ilow .' Dk,— Point out tho principal mountains, lln.— How loni^r aro tliPAr?

What strait between the Archipelago and the sea of Marmora ? Us.

-What channel leads into the Uluck sea? Cc.—What is the populii-

lion of C'oimtttiilinDpIo? Adrianoplc 7 liucharest? Serajcvo ? Halonica /

Sophia? Jonnnina? Ibraila? Shimila? Seres? On what strait is

(Jonstantinoplu ? Uii what rivers arc tho largest of tlio otliur cities ?

ia'>.

ASIA.1. Asia is the largest nnd most populous of the great divi-

slons of tho glolK!, It was the seat of some of tho mcst

powerful empires of ancient times, and the theatro of manyof tho most interesting events recorded in history.

2. It was hero our first parents were created, and from

hence the descendants of Noah peopled tho world after tlio

flood. It was also the birth-place of our Saviour, the scene

of his miracles nnd death, and the field on which the apostles

first published salvation to mai).

3. Stretching through almost 80 degrees of l/'titude, Asin

presents every variety of soil and climate. Its largo rivers

are inferior only to the great streams of the Western Conti-

nent ; its mountain chains are among tho most extensive in

the world, and attain to a greater height than those of anyothei region.

noplo. 7, What is aaid of fires 7 8. Describe Adrianoplo. Buchvrest. Ice.

Asia. Q.— 1. What is Asia? Of what has it been the sent?3. What is said of our first parenth ? Our Saviour ? 3. Of the nuil

HHanaH fggH^

«(W.DIt«d thi' (OM

MMm oUhmII! tlliHtC.

Evope, by Iwviiig

e.

iirkcy. It WON long

tai uf Wailacliiii, i»

Hti'ai! nt' lH.'iii)r pavedirle, Widiii, SiliHtria,

'o, Huluiiica, iSoiiliiu,

rth? Aa— South?/c— Wliich in tha

a clocH it How .' Ok.low loiifj 010 thry J

of Mnniinra ? Un.

AVIiiit is tlic |io|MiIii-

StTiijcvo ? Hiiloiiicii 'I

? On whnt struit Uif tlio otliur citk'8 ?

of the great divi-

omo oC the most

tlieatro of mauyistory.

ireatcd, and from

10 world after llie

aviour, the scene

which the apostles

I of l/>titiide, AsinIts largo rivers

10 Western Conti-

most extensive in

than those of any

\drianopIo. Biicha.

I it hvfn the sent?

iuf? 3. Of the *oil

AHA.

Alia.

trrotiurl,''" U'^'"""SuiHhed for the variety and value of its

w 1(1 some of the finest spieea and perfumes, and also withsilk, dmmonds, and precious stones of various kmds.). The mstilulions, manners and customs of the poonioa the same at the present as in the earliest times : DZadvnneo appears to havo been made for a longpS n arS^sciences, or learninfr,

°

'

'" "™'

7. The governments of Asia are eenerallv do«nn)io n „i .i •

• no women ? 7. What in mM „f »i,„ -i^isposiuon, &c. 7 Of

'•--"«»«siK*:;:,a«M»l«aiaiWgiWi^!W«?^^

•i78 DimcniPTivE aEOonAPiiY.

A luoritlvo oommfirco han kun rarrkd on In tM» quarter (Vom

(...rtnnl «. ll.at l.y ...... i« y.t vrrv r„u«.dc,«l> •' '^ ^"^^

LrtirnlHrly tl.«l with Cl.iim and Indi., li .1. nlly ii ll.o Imnd. ol llio

hiirliNli and American., and i« "Xlcn-ivi> and valimUo.

10. H..M.0 ..flho numt rnnarkal.lo animal. "^^r'-^

*"^'if/'T'*"''

onchorntd Uhinocr ..Tigor, l.o,.ard. am Mu.k t>^ .'"•;';« '•^'7„'

Camel A»H SluPD. and (Joftt, aru »ui>|>o.cd to liavo had tlioir oriKin m

InT. mmrl'r ami will- the P.ncock. common Fowl, and Fhca.an,have

i'.prc«d I 'mo over other i.a;u of tl.o world. OiganUo Cran...

!r,:irr.Tman?and the CaJvary, 7">'»^''' »>'°

t'"'''i:,''''

""

iniinito nuinbor of bird, of briUiaui and varied plumage, alHjund.

Muak Deer.

TIgor.

•1 CrocodllM, diflTorent however (Vom thoio of Africa, aro fo jnd in

.11 Uio larpo ,ive« of the .outh; and .er,.ent« c.^'-t,"'«'"fJn^^^y;

from the ir.guntio Python ond Anaconda, mcaHunng (rem U to 20 (ec

, cngth. to a .pccic. of only an inch and a half long. wl.o«> venon.

c«v.HC. the pcrion bitten by it to fall into a deadly .loop.

12 ABia comprine. a greater variety of different races of men than

any other qua tl!r of thc^vorld. Tho'ehicf part of the i"hab.tajU» are

vljm, who«o mode, of wor.hlp cmbraeo vanou. '"'""• ";:'^£'y;

Brahmins, BuddhiHtn. wor.hippcrB of the Grand Lama, of Con"'*-'"";

and o7 «pirit. or genii, arc tl.o mo.t prevalent: tl.oy nu.nber probab y

360 million*; Miihomcdans, bO miUionti Chri.t.an., Jews. &e.. 10

millions. Total. 450 millions.'

13. Though nearly tho whole of this vast mult.tudo is .'"volvcd n

heathen darLe-s, yet the exertion, of ChriHtian m.ss.onancs. and the

distribution of tho Scriptures in various Asiatic languagcH. w.ll .~

dmibt in tTn.e enlighten the nations, and lead to tho spiritual rcdem|v

tioi. of thii groat continent.

Describe tho animals. Birds. 1 1. Crocodile. &o. 12-WhBtdoea

A^a cmnpriw? What is said of tl«. mhabitanis? How many

idXter. ire^hero? Mahomedans, &e. ? 13. What U .aid of th«

nuMionaries, &o

till* quarter (Vom

I, thoiiffli not wi im-

Tli(t hirvlKn trado,

II tlio hiinila uf tlui

ililo.

la arc tJio F.li'iih.int,

Dtp'. 'ri>« llornc,

Imil their ori|{iii in

and Pliuiiiant, Imvu

. UlKiintio t;ram'»,

ho Uittrii^h, with un

iiimgo, abound.

^«<^^iur.

' Aftictti nro Co jnd in

(iHt in gruat variety,

ngCrcm la to 20 feel

If long, wlioBO vononi

fBleep.

nt races of men than

of the inhabitants arc

us forms of idolatry.

Lonw, of ConftieiuH,

iioy number probably

stioni, Jews, &.O., 10

Ititudo is involved in

missionaries, and the

ic languages, will no

tho spiritual rcdcmp-

&c. 12. What doca

litanis? How many

What is iiaid of t)»

Which is the largont city

Rlrmah . , . , Hounded T—C'npltal T

Niam Iloiindid ?—<'B|,itui '

Anani Ilnundid ?—<'.ii|»iti»| 1

<hina finunded /—Cupital ?

Chinoso Km. Hounded ?—C'apilal f

ThilKJt Hounded 7—<'apilal7t'oren Hounded 7—f lapilal t

Japan Hounded 7—Capiul 7

Kamtuchatka 7 ()eliot«k7 Jc«»o7<;iiina S. 7 Arabian M. 7 Red N. t

A««A. 279

. 1S()

Map No. 93.—Ilow is Asia boundvd 7

and river 7

•ilKiria Bounded 7—Capital ?

'I'urtary .... Hounded 7—Cuplinl 7

Turkoy .... Hounded 7~Ciipital /

Aiabia Hounded >'—(^upitul 7

Hersla Hounded 7—(Japitaj 7

Alglianistan Hounded 7—<;apital 7

R liM)ehlNtnn Hounded 7—Capital 7

llindoostan Hounded 7—Capital t

Where is tho sea of Kara 7

Fipan 7 Yellow Sea 7 h'uHiirn H. 1

Dead 8.7 Moditurranoan 8. 7 HIaek H. 7 Caspian M.'l Sea of Aral 7

Where Is tho Gulf of Olm 7 (;. „f tho Lena 7 «. „f Anadir 7 Ton.mm 7 8iam7 Martalmn 7 M«nnr7 Ca.nlmy 7 Cuteh 7 d n us 7Persian Oulf 7 Bay of Uengal 7 Culf of Oman 7

Where is Hhermg's Strait? Strait of MaUnmy 7 Corea? Kormo.sa 7 Malneca 1 Bubelmaiidel 7

rZ!TTi V"''°w "." Vost.K:Imoi 7 C. Chalag^koi 7 Ea,t Capo 7

iSaSaTr'aVsoiieS"'''''"'"''' "'"""""^

' C. Comoriu 7 ""c.

Where i, the Obi River? The Yenisei? Lena? Amoor 7

r^ 7 n^''"'^-""'-'''""'^.'.tWubodia? Meinam? R.lwTn

V .V .,''"''?"'l'»«t«r or «rahnn.mK,tra ? Canges 7 Godavery

SS clg'rr*'?"'*'^"'"""'""^ ^""^ Volga 7* Ural? Am!^?

Whore are thclslands of Nova Zembia? Kotelnoi L7 Now Si

mantar r^"s^-K r^''?""?'"'"•' Aleutian Is!? 'kuS Is'/

I,J.nh^ I / ^?"*f»"''"="\/«'<'"'T Ninhon? Sikoko? Kiu.i.7Loochoo Ihi.7 iormoso? Hainan 7 PuloPinangL? AndamanIs.7N.cobar Is.? Ceylon? Larcadive Is,? Muldfve is. 7 CyZ"Where is Huleash Lu'--' Zaizan Nor? Altyn L.? Baikal?Poyang L. 7 Toutmg L. Koko Nor ? L. Zurrai; 7 OoroonTah L ?Where are tho Ural Mc tains? Little Altai? Groat Altni t

Taurus Mis.? Mt. Sinai 7 Rumloah? Mt A arat 7 C™,tlbo.^ 7 ILndoo Koosh ? Ghaut 7 Beloor 7 Thsoung ling 7 '!"£clian? Kuon-lun? Paling? Moling?

*

Where is tho Peninsula of Kanitschatka ? Corea? Malacca?IImdoostan? Arabia? What two soa. form thrwo/torn parHflurkey mtoa^ninsula? What sea. and gulf form Arabia inL.I^nmsula 7 Where is Uie isthmus of 8ue« 7

^Of KrlTw 7

Or7JrZ'"yD:J!:r''''^''' °'^'""'" «-tSaltDc«.rt?

'itm utucuirrivH (jMMiitAi'iiv.

AHIATIC miSSIA.

1. AiMTiR IliTMU in nn imm«>ni!o rr'^ion »trctchinn fnun

Ihn UriU Mountuiii* in tlio I'ucilk (k-ciin. It ronipriM^

tiibcrin, llio coimirifi nituuled U'Uv<>«"i» lh« Ural uiid the

Volga rivt-rx, un.l lh« Cunpian tind lUftpk teas ; iho lunl of

whicli in caflcd Cuuconiiiu llusdia.

BIDKItlA.

2. Riiir.niA contttinn nearly a third pnrt of A»in, and ia

mosily rold, drifiry rru.\m, occupied hy cxU-iwivo plninn

cnlinl flipiHt. yoino of its •oulliurn districts arc, however,

rich unil Icrtilc.

3. SilH-riii HcrvcB nn n plnrn of hnniNhtmrnt forconvictunnd

priijonciM of Mtiilo. Hoiiii! of Iho Inttcr huvo U'l-n men of

BUfK-rior inKntH, and havo l)ocn liauinhcd only for their vivtuen

and adhi'ii iici) to liberal principU's.'

4. Tho Urul «n(l AlUy Mountaiiw rontuin niimcrou* mined, which

liriiiih (tolil, nilvcr, plalirm, nml diU'crrul kiiiili of prccioiu »t(ineii.

Fur.Mrintf nnimiiU nbouiid in Hil« riii, llio sltiiw of wlii.li form oim

of the chief arlicliii of iU trade. Tlio orii{i(iiil inhubiluiiti nro cum

l>.»cd of various burharouii trilKm, who livo l>y limiting and fiihiiig.

a. ToIkiUIc, tho capital ofSiLorio, in on the rivrr Irlynh, at it* June

lion with tlio Tobol. All the commvrco «f tho country pu»«c« through

Ihii city, nntl largo carnvim* of mcrcliuntii triido Ixitwion it ond Kho-

kan In Tiirlary. Irkoutnk, TomHk, Yiikout»k, and ()cliot»k, aro th«

next ImiKirtant townn. Kiachta ia Uio only place at which tlw trade

with China \» |iorinlttcd.

6. Tho country lying between the Volya ind Ural rl»ere contalm

tlie citicn of ABtracliun and Orcnburff : ino former derived iU chief

wealth IVom its nturgoon fiHl\orici j it lina aUo an extensive tnido with

the interior of RuBsin. Orenburg earriea on a great trade by cara»ttin

witli Khokttii, Bucharia, Kliiva, and other Tartar cilioi.

CAUCASIAN RUSSIA.

7. Tiiw country lies between tho Black and Caspian scjis,

and on both sides of tho Caucasus Mountains. It is a rough

•nd rugged rtgion, but contains many fertile districts, peopled

AtiaUe ttu$$ia. Q.—l. Whit* is Asiatic RudRia 7 ii. Deacribe Bt.

leria. 3. Wliat ii taid of convict*, (fee. ? 4. What is said of the Ural

Bd Altay mountamsT 6. Describe Tobolsk, &x. 6. Astrachon, &o' Caucasian Rusaia. Oesoribo the country. 8. The Circassian*

hy VI

Mod[

8. 1douthc

war whut hit

9. 'I

Womenwere ft

thnm t

rJiusod

Imrbarc

10. 1

ntrnnir i

nnd Kii

MapA..Md.-

Oo.,Yecm cajn

limit b

Wlint la

(icninsu

Hiliofia 'i

Toliolsli

rivers at

AatATIC BIMU.

^ •trctchin(( fntm

II, It cniiipriM^A

ho Ural uDil th»-

w.-as; thu lunt of

't of ANin, and ia

r fixloiisivo plninn

iclH uro, however,

nt forconvictsnnd

(ivo lH'i;n mm of

ly for tlwir viituea

norout mincR, which« «t' iirrciditii tiinuii.

I of wliii'li form fine

inhubiluiiti nro cumiiting aiul I'lihing.

IT irlyah, »t it* Juno.

iiiiilry \>iiii»c» throughiHitwccn it and Kho-kiid ()cliut8l(, aro tb«

B at which tlio trad*

Ural rlvera contalmnor dcrivui ilii chief

> cxtniiiive triido with

rcat trado 'oy caravani

r cilioi.

c and Caspian sctin,

tins. It \» a rough

ilc districts, peopled

Rla7 ij. Deacribo Bu'hat ifl Rcid of the Ural

X. 6. Aitrachan, Slo

8. The CircassiaM

ClrM«,|,„, io„|,|„, A.wn ftom ih«ir mounlilni iip..n . R„^i„„ , „„,,

iTh'ir:;^'"'"

"" """"* *'""^ ""«"«'^'" ^'

.n,?fJm ..^''Tr,''"*'"'"'?" "'• ""'"•em. and thn r,e„,»i.„, thr

MVuhorllrin^o^rli;''"""^ ''""' """="""-•' "• -"»- "'omi

.ier^r"Xirh.:Jf;:s'c4ui;:';r'S^^

sSoSt^ivr"*'^^'"-" ^••' "'- ^'»-"—^^^^^^^^^ 'z

-tri:sft Ltti^^&e'^/s '^£i:vts?' ijj-«nd K.shar aro town, of .onio iniiwrtanco.«'""'"»'• ""rbcnt

A-Sf-Eart rs^il'•-""''""8'^*;^^"

«»•« "orth 7 A..On.-8o«th T

O^. Yp''"t

'8-Ka.-Whnt gnat r.veri flow into the Arctic Ocean?

I>wcrlbe Um men. Tlit womto, 10. Tofli* DMbwtf. Kialior.

lii

IM iiiatmrnvK nnoaKArilY.

WhU riv»« (low InU. llv« r,.pi«n ««« t V«., |f|„ Kr.— */"••*<

•n the iwo hr.U \VlM.t ,Mu. ..iHir.l- <•'""'•,.•% "^',"

to Um |H)pul«iio.i or OwiiUufg ' A.trMh»nr l)«rb«iilf l««Uf

TUUKl'.Y IN ASIA.

1 TcHKKV IK A»i* ixU'ihIh ov.t sotw of tho niwDt n'KK'n*

of limt oonliiH-nt. It «-oiimm.'a in luxi.nt linM-H ii niimlxi -i

iH.t.ul...m, n.)UfiHhii.«. nii'l irnp'Ttant nUiUm; Imt .«n<.run.r.

Imn..rHiili<.n. mul iMirlKirixin. now .•..v.«r iho Iftnd; mid l«^w

Uaoii of iu forriMT civiliwKmn rt'inum, v\ct'\)l rimw.

9 Thfl Ul»nd« of llm Aril.i|»rli»(fo, once cdebrnUil for tli''lr wf.llh

•n.l |.r.«iiHrlly, .re now rr.lur.'.l lo « irioro <o..i|ilcto .-Ul" ol l-H»'i«'»

U.a of th« Tutlii, »ru IUhvIi!., Hn.i.o., H. lo, mi.l Mct«lin.

3. Bmyrnu. on a «ulf of lli« .anio mme, i« iho rlu-f •••ni''"'»"» V*

Aiiitio Turkoy. I'lirml., ru^i. for i>o|Hr, ..piiim, lla., Ac, «re ii«

AUf Mp.,ru AUmt !i.)t>0 Ku?o,,rM«. princl,H»lly Krtncl.. f«.Ml« here.

mti form a wdlcty among llicmMlvcu.

4. Trobl-ondc, on tl... BUcli «;tt, i« now the chl^f emporium In lh«i

?um'.nd l).«rlH,kir,!ii tho inU'rior. lUu'M, on ll.« T.Rr,., and H v

^ni^Iln .h« KuphraU*, .iro «!1 i„.,.orl«nl ul..-. On I.e w.»t bank

of U.0 K.iphr«i... arc ll-o vn.t. but .ba|K:UM, r.una of »J«l'y I"". '''" "'•'"'

.ul«ndid city of andrnt lim«.| h^hm. wuIU, toweia, and gate, wtr«

Mtc<m«d one of tho wondcra of tho world.

8YRIA.

B Syria Um Iohr forttK'd ono of tho cliirfdivisionn of tlwt

Turkish omniro, U wkh (•..luiucr.d iti tho yi'ar l^:«^\ l>y Hi^'

Pachn of 1'4'ypt; hut in 1^40, w-vcral <>f tho groat huro|)oan

|K)w«T9 aHHistid tlio Turku to rcfoiuiucr it.

6. No country wn- an.l.'..lly moro celebrated than Syria. In Ijw

nuth waa tho country of tho I.rachtca. and tho b.rtlj.plMO of llwi

Chriatian rfliljion. Tyro and Sidon wo.e rinmvmd lor Ihnr con.,

mcrce ; and DumaHcua .und Aniiorh tor their wealth and |mp..latiorL

Bulbec and I'almyra, onco apUndid citicd, aru now m ruina.

7. Dama«eu^ ll.n capital of Syria, ia ono of the oldoat placea in tho

world ! and ia known to h^tvo cxi.tcd in tho duya of Abraham. It ii

Uio moat flouriahing city m Hyriu, and carrica on an cxtcii-ivo tra.ic.

Aleppo waa tho fincat .Ity in Syria. In IH'JS, it wo. nearly all <ic

atroycd by on oarthn.iakc ; but ia now alowly rcviv.nK. 1 r.poli ai.J

Ifeyrout, on tho Mcditcrramsan, aro placea iK>i.aua«ing aomo trade.

Turktv Ae. Q.— I- Deacribo Turkey in Aula. 9. Tho iaianda of

the Archi>Kl..go. 3- Smyrna. 4. Trcbinonde. &.Q. 6. What di>

I

r.

[H, Kr.-!f-.w loni

NIMt* •nil •••'.rgi.i '

h1 'ly , l'«-VVlwi•crtjeiit I Tvllta

'

)flhofiwnt roj{hn«

tinicN II niiinU>r <>i'

I'M; l)ut i^iiorunci',

(hi) Iniuli uiul l«'w

cv\tt ruiiw.

rntMl fiir tlnlr wpbIiIi

iloto alato nf li*rb«riiii»

) nil (iii<l«r tlio u>n

Mt'tclin.

in I'liii'f pinitorium ol

mil, (lijii, Ac, »'«> •I*

ly Krtncli, fuiidii h«rc,

hlef eniporliim In thai

III giMxtii. Ilninii, Kt»i^

the 'riRfi*, »nd Hiix.

,. On the wvot bunk

II of Dttbyloii, Ihn imwl

iweiK, and gotci, wer«

•liief divisions of tho

'tlio griHit liUro|)caii

'd than Syria. In tlw

tho birth-iiliirt! of llifl

iiuwni'd lor llicir com-

wealth and |NipulatiiirL

now in ruiim.

the oldoNt jilncet in tho

lyi of Ahraliitiii, It ii

on an cxtinnivo trmlc.

, it wa» nearly all d<'

rovivinij. Triitoli "I'd

loining lunie trade.

nia. 9. The inlands of

it, &c. 5. What di>

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TAuanvtM. 283

Ohriat aid hii Ditelpln on tha Mount of OlivM.

PALESTINE.

8. PALEnnifB, or the Holy Land, occupies the south-easucrnmost imuI of Syria. It is the most celebrated country inthe world; a,nd remarkable for being the scene of most of theevents recorded in the sacred scriptures.

9. Tho cur&oe is diverBified with mountains and vulleya. Of thaformor, Lebanon haa been long noted for iU tall cedars ; Pisrah, forthe view it gave Mosch of the Promised Land; Tabor, for the tnm*.figuration of Christ; and the Mount of Olives, for being the scone ofthe ascension of the Saviour to heaven.

10. Jerusalem, the once famous capital of tho Jewish nation, whereDavid and Solomon reigned, and which was so ofbn tho resort ofChrist and hie discipl<;s, is now a gloomy, mean town, owing its chiefsupport to the veneration in which it is held by Christians, Jews, andMahomcdans, which still procures it the visits of many pious pilgrinu.

11. Bethlehem, six miles south of Jerusalem, is remarkable for beingthe birth-place of our Saviour. Nazareth, where he resided until hesoinmonced his ministry, is, next to Jeru?alcm, the most holy place inralcsUno. Gaw, Joppa, and Acre, are the principal towns on the coast

Map m. 23.--H0W is Turkey bounded 7 What river flows into thePersian Gulf 7 Es.—What flows into the Euphrates 7 Ta.— How

Syria form' 6. What is said of the country? 7. Damawsnir 8Describe Palostine. The surface. MounUins,4ic Jerusalem. Bethleoem Nasareth, Slo,

rf^^v-n^mmifm

mm

•284 DEBCHimVB 0B00nAFHT>

lonff .re thew) nvcri? What Mu. lio north of the McdltorrtMir.

mbI Ti.-IIow high tre thoyT What Mt. In tho N. E.7 At.-

WhatUthopoimlationofSmyrnaT Erwrum? BruwJ 1 reblaondo

'

Busscrah? ftiarlokirl Mnnun DaffdadT How U Syria bounded

'

WhatitthepopulaUonofDamaacui? Aleppo 7 Damatcui and Aleppo

iu« each 60 miles eaat of tlio Mediterranean, and Joruaalem 40.

AfapAb. 84.—What sea bounda Pal-jitine on tho won? Mn.—What river flowi into the Dead ioaT Jn.— How long i» it? I he

Dead lea ? What ii the population of Joruaalom 7 The oUwr towna.

Bedouiiii aUaeking a Ca'tvan.

ARABIA.

1. Arabia is a large peninsula, consisting of sandy deserts,

interspersed with fertile spots, liite islands in the ocean ;these,

when cultivated, yield various fruits and other products.

2. It comprises several divisions ; the principal are Mecca,

r the Hodjaz, Nedsjed, the country of the Wahabces, and

he Iraamats of Yemen and Oman. Nearly all the western

coast was, for a time, governed by the Pacha of Egypt;but

in 1840 he transferred his authority to Turkey.

3. The inhabitants are principally Arabi, with «ome Turkiih, Jew.

iih, and Hindoo merchants in the towna. Tho people of the dc.ort are

called Bedouin.; they live in tenU, lead a wandering life, and keep

Anbia. Q.-l. What is said of Arabia, &o.7 SJ. The Arabiia

PHY.

I) of the McditorruMtr.

t. In the N. E.7 At—? Bruia7 Trobiiondo'

How l( Syria bounded '>

7 Damaicui and AlopjX)

uid Jorutalom 40,

I on the won 7 Mn.

—

How long i* It? Thelorn? Tho otiior town*.

isting of sandy deserts,

ids in the ocean ; these,

id other products.

16 principal are Mecca,

of the Wahabees, and

Nearly all the western

) Pacha of Egypt ; but

I Turkey.

,with iomc Turkisli, Jew-

'hu people of the doicrt ore

wandering life, and lieep

0, &0.T SJ. The Arabian

AHABIA. 285

largo herdi of horsea and cameli. They wre often hoapltablo andeourteoua to thow who trurt and i«»it thom ; but generally atUck androb the caravans tlmt paii through their country.

4. The Arabs aro of a brown complojtion, thia and iparo in person,but vigorous and active. They are tuinporato, from nocossiiy, but whenopportunity offers they compensate for tiioir usual meagro fiire.

.*• The Arab horses are the finest in tiie world, and cclobratcd for

their swiftness. The most usoAil animal is the camel i it will travellor several days wiUiout water, carrying a burthen of 600 or 700poun'Is. Coffee, dates, senna-leavos, indigo, and pearls, arc the chiefproduct*. The last aro obtained on the coast of the Persian Gulf.

6. Mecca, the birth-place of Mahomed, is the holy city of Mahomedans, which every one of that sect is expected to visit once in his lile.Umo. It is supported by the pilgrims who resort tiiither every year.

7. Medina is, like Mecca, considered a holy city : it is celebrated for•ho tomb of Mahomed. Jidda is tho port of Mecca, and Yam bo tha:of Medina. S-.na, tho capital of Yonem, is situated in tho midst ofoneof the T.ost fertile districts in Arabia.

d. Mocha is tlio chief sea-port on tho Red sea; and is th<- nat of thecoifee-trado Aden was onco a noted city; it subseque)«ll^ declined,but is now regaining some imporUnco. It belongs to tlie East IndiaCompany, who have made it a station for their stoam-ships.

9. Makulla and Kesliin are small towns, iKxisessing a limited shareofcommerce. Muscat, the capital of Oman, is a general dep6t for tliemerchandise of India and Persia. Its commerce is extensive.

10. Tho Imam, or chief, ofOn.nn has several ships of war; and hissubjects ore the host native sailors in the east. Besides his territoryin Arabia, ho possesses Zanzibar and other islands on the coast ofAfrica, oa well as some in tlio Persian GulC

11. Petra, situated northward of the Rod sea, is remarkable <br itstemples, tombs, &o., cut out of tho solid rock. It was tho capital ofBdom more thor. 2500 years ago, and was a celebrated city. Itsancient renown, and singular remains, cause it to be often visited.

Map No. 23—What country bounds Arabia on the north 7 Tv.~South? A.-8a -East? P -tff, G.-On. -West ? R..8a. -What fsthmus joins Arabia to Afi-ica 7 Sz. —What Mts. in Arabia 7 Si. Rh

-

Desert between Yemen and Oman 7 Af.-What divisions lie on th»Red sea 7 Ht, Yn.- The Arabian sea 7 Ht, On.- Persian Gulf tLa.— How long is the Red sea 7 Persian Gulf? What is thewpulatioB of Muscat? Sana? Mocha? Mecca? Medino? Jidda IYambo? In what part ofArabia are these places situated? Betwee.;what aeao 18 Petra situated 7 Rd., Dd.

"vtwoe.,

•tatw? 3. Inhabitants 7 Bedouins? 4. Arabs, &p 7 5. Describe thehortes. Cornels. Ciiof products. 6. What i. said of Mecca? 7Medina? 8, Mocha, &c.? 9. Makulla, &c 7 10, Tho Imam J ll.PctraT

986

.1^

DmCRimVB OBOaRAPHV.

190

Tctaaran, tha Capital of Poraia.

PERSIA, AFGHANISTAN, &c.

1. Pbbbia was, in early times, one of the most powerful

empires in Asia ; but the imbecility of the government, and

the disastrous civil and foreign wars, have diminished its

importance.

2. A largo portion of the country consists of rocky moun<

tains, landy deserts, and valleys nearly destitute of run-

ning streams ; but along the shores of the Caspian sea the

soil is rich and fertile.

3. The population compriiei two closaei, the people of the towns

and the pastoral tribes, or Iliyata, Lilte the Arabs, the latter waader

about with their floclta and herds, and often commit depredations on

the settled inhabitants.

4. Sillc, cotton, wheat, rice, tobacco^ rhubarb, and assafoetida, are the

chief products. The manufactures wore formerly more important than

at present ; they consist ofcarpcte, shawls, silk goods, guns, swords. Sic

The foreign commerce is inconsiderable, and is chioUy carried on b>

Buropeons.

5. The Persians are a handsome people, and, like the Turks, are

inveterate smokers. They are the most learned of the Oriental nations,

and are fond of reciting the verses, and quoting tlie maxims, of their

chief poets. Thev are also polite and lively in their manners, akil.

ful in the use of iuttery and disaimulation ; and an said to be insin

cofe and intriguing.

Persia. Q.— 1. What is taid of Persia? 9. The eonntryT S.

Populationf 4. Products 7 Manu&cturea7 Commerce? 5. Whatis said id the Peraians T Their manners, ite. 1 6. Teheran ? 7.

PHT.

iriU.

AN, &C.

of the most powerful

r the government, andI, have diminished ita

>nsi8t8 of rocky moun-arly destitute of run-

of the Caspian sea the

,the people of the towns

I Arabi, the latter waMderI commit deprodationi on

rb, and asBafcetida, are the

norly more important than

k goods, guns, swords, Stc

A is chiouy carried on hy

, and, like the Turks, are

led of the Oriental nations,

Dting tlie maxims, of their

ly in their manners, ski],

•nd we Mid to be insin

x1 9. The eoontryT 3.

7 Commerce? 5. What\, iccl 6. Teheran? 7.

r

AFOnANIITAlf, BBLOOCmiTAN. 987

6. Teheran, tim capiul of Persia, is 70 miles south of the Caspianeea; it Is a modern-built city, inhabited by Uio king, his court, andarmy, only during the winter months. Tiie population, in consequenoe, fluctuates iVom 10,000 to 60,000.

7. Ispahan, the ancient capital, is 390 miles southward of Teheranit ranked once among the most splendid cities in (ho east. I'liuiigli ..

great part of it is in ruins, it is still a placd of iniportiincc, with anextensive trade, and consiiierablo manufiicturos. Bhirax is celubrntodfor its dulightfiil climate, and l)eautiftil environs. Reshd is tiie chiefport on the Caspian sea, and Bijshire on the Persian GulE TabruexMushid, Yesd, BalOuah, and Kerman, are important cities.

8. AroHAMiiTAN.— The country lying between Persiaand Hindoostan was once a part of the Persian Empire, li

ia now divided into the separate territories of Afghanistanand Beloochiatan.

9. The inhabitants are ealled Afghans ; they are bold and warlike,and, in the late expulsion of the British fi-om their country, displayedan energy not usual with Asiatics in recent times.

10. The population, as in Persia, consisto of the inhabitanU of thetowns and the pastoral tribes : the latter are a simnlfi and hospitablerace. They enjoy a considerable share of political ireoduin, tJie powerof the chiefs being limitud by Uio representatives of tiie people.

11. Cabul, the capital, is on the Cabul river, a branch of the Indus;It enjoys a fine climate, and is surrounded by a futile country, rhenext important towns are Peshawur, on the Cabul, and Candahar andGhixnee, on the Helmund. Herat ia the capital of a small independentstate. Ita manufkctures and commerce are important.

19. Bkumoristan.—Beloochiatan ia inhabited by a number of smallindependent tribes, of whom the Belooches are the chief. They arcmosUy of warlike habits, and often make plundering incursions uponeach other. Kelat, the principal town, is tiie residence of a chief; oiKhan, to whom several of the tribes are subject.

Map No. 93.—How is Persia bounded 7 What river separates (t fVomTartary 7 Ak.—From Turkey 7 Ts., Es.—What sea on the north?Cn.—Gulfon the south 7 Pn.—What Mta. extend across Persia 7 Ex—What desert south of the Elborx Mta. 7 G..St—What is the population of Teheran 7 Ispahan? Tabreez? Reshd? Meshid? Yeid?Shirai ? Kerman ? What bounds Afghanistan on the north 7 H..K..Ms—South? Bn.—East? I..Rr.—West? Pa.—What lake 7 Zh.—Whatriver flows into it ? Hd. —What is the population of Cabul 7 Canda.har 7 Herat 7 Peshawar 7 What bounds Beloochistan on the nortli

'

An.—South? AJSa.—East? I.-Rr.—West? Pa.—What is the popalation of Kelat? Gundava?

Iinwhan? Shiras,fto.T 8. The eoontry beiween Persia, Ao.? 9.

TheAfghus? 10. The popoktian ? 11. Cabul? 19 Belooohistaa?

iW i»icmim?B oBoasAPHT.

Tinir OariiTaD.

TARTARY. .

3. Tahtaht comprchonda all the central part of Asia,

ttrotchinK fiom the Caspian sea to the Pacific Ocean. lu

groat divisions are Independent Tartary, and Chinese Tartary.

2. Independent Tartary includes several small Mahomedacstates, which are governed by princes called Khana. Chinese

Tartary is annex^ to the Chinese Empire, and has for the

most part adopted the worship of the Grand Lama.

3, The inhtbituita comprise MTeral distinct racoi. Those of Inde-

pendent Tartary and Little Bokhara are limilar to the Turki. Thepeople of Soongaria, or the Kalmucks, and those of Mongolia, called

Mongols, are the true TarUrs. The ManUhoos, or people of Mant-

oliooria, differ in tome respects fVom all the others.

INDEPENDENT TARTARY, OR TURKI8TAN.

4. Indkpewdbnt Tartary lies eastward of the Caspian

wa. It comprises the Kirguis country and Turcomania, with

the states of Khokan, Kiiiva, Bokhara, and Koondooz.

5. The ft)ur last are inhabited bv an industrious people, engaged in

'igriculture and trade. The Usbecks are the dominant race, and hanoe

Ttrtary. Q.—1. What does Tartary comprehend 7 9. Independai>

Tortary include T Chinese Tartary T 3. What is said of the Inhabit-

UBls7 4. Describe Independent Tartoiy. S lu sUtes. C What is

>Hy.

antral part of Asia,

a Pacific Ocean. luand Chinese Tartary.

ral small Mahomedacillcd Khana. Chinese

lire, and has for the

rand Lama.

t racoi. Those of Inde-

lilar to the Turki. Th*loie of Mongolia, called

ooa, or people of Mant-Lhen.

TURKI8TAN.

tward of the Caspian

and Turcomania, with

and Koondooz.

rioua people, engaged in

lominont race, and hence

'chcndT 9. Independei*

hat ia said of the Inhabit-

I lu lUtea. C What M

r

TAKTABT. 9MThe reit of the ipthe counUy ii lonMlimea called Uibeok Tartar;.

habitonta are called 'I'ai^jilu.

6. An exteniive commeroe ia carried on between theaa atatea andI'eraia, flindooaUn, China, and Riuiia. The caravan* proceed inlarge bodies, and aro well ariiied ; couiiisiing lometimes of aevertlthouiand men, tturiea, and camoli,

7. The principal ciliei are llokhara, Khokan, Ta»hk.-nl, Khiva, andSamarcand. Iktkhara, tiia capital of tlio territory of iho lamo noiiir,i» the chief seat of Mahomodan learning in tliia quarter, and in viiiKedby a great number of itudenta. Khiva ia rather an encampment, than11 town

; it is the principal alavo-inarket in Tartary. Mamaroand,imce the moat renowned city in Aiia, ia now nearly all in ruini.

a. The Kiaauis and TuacoMANS raise large numbers of horses anocamels, and wander obout from placn lo place. The Turcomans otlonlarry away the inhabitants from the frontier Persian villagea, and aellthem for slaves in the markeU of Khiva and Bokhara.

CHINESE TARTARY.

9. CiiiirEai Tabtaky comprises Little Bokhnm, Soon-garia, Mongolia, and Muntchooria. It is chiefly an ele-vated plain, bounded by ranges of lofty mountains.* 10. The whole tcrritor_;r appears to bo better suited to graiing thanagriculture, and is inhabited principally by roving tribes, who live intonta, and raise groat numbers of horses.

11. LiTTUt BoKiiAKA and SooNOAau are the beat-settled and moctfertile divisions in the eaa«om port of this territory. The chief townsare Goulja, Yarkand, and Cashgar.

la. Mantorooria is watered by the river Amoor; it conUins severalcities and towns, and a stationary population in some parts. ChinYang ia the chief city in the district which adjoina China.

Map No. 33— How is Independent Tartary bonnded 7 What ee*on the west 7 Cn.— In tljo centre 7 Al.— How long are these 7

What rivers flow into the Caspian sea 7 Ul., Ak.— The sea of Aral 7Sn., Ao.— How long aro these rivers 7 What Mu. in the country 7II..K0., Br., L.-Ay.—What ia the population of Tashkent? Bok-hara 7 Khokan 7 Samarcand 7

How is Chinese Tartary bounded 7 What are ita chief Mta. 7L..Ay., Br., Tg., Tn., C-Ay., Kn.— How high are the three laat7Which are the principal lakea 7 Bh., Zr., Lr.— Principal rivers 7 Cr-Ih., San Ar., Si., Ui.—What desert in the south? Ci.— How lon»ia it 7 What is the population of Goulja 7 Cashgar 7 Yarkand 7

said of commerce 7 7. The citiea, &c. 7 8. The Kirguis and Tureo.inana7 9. Chinese TsrtarT 7 10. For what is it suited 7 H. DaBribe Little Bachaaia and Soongaria. 19, Mantchooria.

9jr

MMmirrivB Qwooturmr,

iga

*'^-^^H .^iX !

:'"f

INDIA.1. India has been always celobratcd for its fortility, and

for its valuable products. It comprises tho two peninsulas

which form tho southern part of Asia : tho western one is

callud tiindoostan, and the other Chin-India, or Farther India.

2. Both these peninsulas nro remarkable f<fr the numberand size of thoir rivers, whoso waters and inundations, united

with tho heat of the climate, make them the most productive

countries on earth. Tho term East Indies is used frequently

for tho whole of south-eastern Asia and China.

3. Tlie elephant here attaini hi* ^reateit bulk luid perfbction ; andhai l>een rendered uienil fVom the earlieit timet. White elcphanta

though lometinioi met with, are rare. In Birmah and Siam they tre

Iwlieved to contain the ipirit of some departed monarch, ai luch, they

have tlia title of a king; and when taken abroad, tjie people ore

obliged to proatrato themaolvea aa before their actual loveroign.

HINDOOSTAN.

4. HiNDoosTAN is ono of the most remarkable countries

m the east. Its singular customs, and rich productions, haveattracted attention from the earliest periods.

huUa. Q.—-1. For what has India been celebrated T 9. What is

•aid of tho peniniulast 3. Tho olopliaBtr Whilo olophantT

r

APHY.

ed for iti fortility, and

es the two poniiuuloa

in : tho western one is

•India, or Farther India,

rknblo for tho numberand inundations, united

:m the most productive

idies is used frequently

[)d China.

bulk And perftction; andt time*. White elophsnUllirmah and Siam they tre

ted monarch, ai luch, they

m abroad, the people ore

sir actual aoveroiyn.

I

It remarkable countries

1 rich productions, haveiriods.

n celebrated T 9. What it

bantr Whits elephant}

r

ft. The climate of tho chief part of Ifindnnsiiin is that of«h«» torrid xotio, which aninnn tho mounUuns is nindcnd tern-pcrato by elevation. With tho flx<<i()lion of a few saiulydesert tracU, the soil is gnnorally fiirtil...

6. The a||riculture is imperfect, yet tho produce is abun.danJ. Hice is tho chi«f article of focKl, but othor grains are(ullivatod. Cotton, silk, sugar, opium, and indigo, are alloxtensively produced ; ahw, ooflbo, pepper, cinnamon, Aic.

7. The cotton manu^turni liavn bmn Umg celebrated f})r Ihnlr (Inn.nftM and beauty. HiU i* an important iimnutkclurei and the atiawUof Oaahmere are unrivalled. Tho lliiuloo. excel In working oold and•ilreri and in cutUiijr. poliihiny, and aottinir preoioua itunr*.

8. The inUnd trade ia carried on by Ilaniani, or Hindoo merohantaArnjenlajia, and PariHiea. Tho foreiyn commBroe ii In tlie handa ofUie fcnglii 1, Americana, fcc. Thia country producoa tho Aneat dia-monda in the world

; for, thoufh tlxMe of llratil are of groatijr aii«, thediamonds ol Oolconda are luperior in hardnea* and brillianoy. GoldIron, tin, and line, arc among tlie rainorala.

'

9. The Hindoo, vary in complexion (Vom dark brown almoat towhite, with alraight hair, and ploaaing liiaturoa. They aro an indol*nland apiriL*«<a race, oxceaiivolir auporititioua ; and are deacribed aabeing nearly deatitute of moral honeaty.

10. They are divldwl Into fbur castes, or classes >-!. The Braminaor prlcaU. S. The Rajah-pootraa, or aoldiera. 3. Vaiayaa. or mar.chanla and ftrmera. 4. The Budraa, or hbourera. Theie caatea areforbidden to intermarry, or even to eat or drink together; and everyauooeoding generaUon muat belong to the aamo claaa aa their parents.

11. The religion ofthe Hindoos la a degrading ayatem of paganiam.Bramah la tJic lupromo deity, and thoro arc many niilliona of inftriordivmiuca. riicy alao womliip tliu rivor (Jangoa, tho cow. ape. andother animala. There aro likowiao in HindwaUn a number of Mahom.edana, with aomo ChriHtiana. both native and European, and Jewa.

19. Hindooatan ia chiefly under the control of the Britiah Eaat Indiacompany. lu territory oontaina a population of about 83 niillionathe tributary atatea 41 millioni j total of the company'a aubiecU 194milllona. To Uila muat bo added a million for Ceylon, which beloogsto the crown. Total of Britiah India, Vi5 milliona. Of thia vaat mdtUtude, the European* do not exceed 50,000. Tho independent statesconUin about 15 million inhabitants.

^^^

4. WhatlasaidofHindoostan? 5. The climate 7 6. AgriouItursTrCottonmanuActure^Ac.? 8. Inland trade 7 Foreig,?SmSOfdiamonds 7 9. Describe the Hindoos 10. How are thev divided 7II. Of religion7 19, WhU i. ..id of the BriuTaTlTdhi oS..

999 nmcmtrrvrm cMMRApnT.

<luokfi| (!lir'*tl«iilly mlo lii'li'i. M«iiy of ihu ni»l(*«'« li»»« r«ii<««ui««/Tim rhr'*tl«lilly mlo """''• '"•"J '" inu nmnp" ii«»"

ilr nlar (uda | tntl kmm tm«« evon Mcuma mlMlonuMi

Vlaw ! CkUitUa.

U. BtiTHH India.—Uritinh Indin comjiriiwi* thrw PrrHirMn-

ciea;—!, HciiruI nnd Aj^mi !i, Ifcimlmy ; a, MiidroH. The

wholo ia govcnu!il by th« l'r«Mid<)nt of tho ftr^t nnnwd i ho «

called till) (5.iv«'rn<)r-(i«!ii"ml of India, und has cxtpn.iivfl

powers. Tho inipn^niii authority, howiivcr, n'nt« in Ihu Court

of Dirtjctori of tho FM»i India Coni|iuny in London.

15. Th» chief tributary prinret «re th« Ni«am, and the Nabobf

of Dude, Derar and Mynorii. Tlieia r\ili)r» are mere naaiialii, tHiing

wholly under HrltUh direcliun and loi.tnil. Tho (Jwickwar and other

prolfloUid i>rinc™ hato a nominal independence. HciniH* la tlip ruler

of an indauendeni lUta in iha inlerior, I*hore, or the Punjiiuli, th«

counUy of Uie Selka, and Hindo, haYO been lately anneied to Ilritlah

ImdiM.

16. Calcutta, the capital of Brltlah India, la on the IfoogW branch

of th>' (Jangea, 100 inilea fVom tlio lea i It oomprlaoa two divuionn.

Chounngoe, Inhabited by thn Kngllah, la a city of palaci!* ;while Iha

Sla«k Town, inhabited by the llindooa, li an aaecmblago of huta.

17 Bombay, the capital of Weatnrn Britiah India, la noted fiir Ha

eonUMTCe and ihi|vbuildiiig. Ma<lrai, the capiUl of aouthcrn Britiah

In-.-i m alluatcd on a Hat aandy ahoro, and haa no harbour. It pre-

Nut k Am appcaranco from the aca.

Ibl Hyderabad, aouth of the Oodarery rtrer, la tJia capital of tha

NiMin I Nagporo, of Bwur ; Lucknow, of Oude j Myaorc, of tho atato

pur> I>. Of miaalonary aocietieeT 14. What doM Britiah India

omipriaal What la aald of tha government T 16. ThanaUreprlnoeaT

TbaOwlekwar, 8clndia,&o.7 16. Dearrlba Calcutta. 17. Bombay

1IT.

iiinrjr aiM-totk* Cor tnlrik

lUlMtanMMk

npriRoii thnw PrrsirVn.

\y ; ."J, MnilroH. Th*hu firot iinnvnl : ho la

1, und Ims extpn.iiva

vcr, rc'iita in Ihu Court

y in Loiiiion.

Nixain, nd thi) Nthob*

are mere vuHftlii, Iwing

Tho Owirkwar and uih«r

ee. HclndU >• tl"" r<*l«r

hor«, or the Punjiiiil), tha

Ut«ly initoiad tu llrittfh

i» on tha Iloogly branch

comprlaoa two uivinionM.

:ity of pnlacR* ; wliiln the

t aaNinblago of hutii.

iah India, la noted fnr ita

;a|iitiil of aoiithorn Rritiah

I haa no harbour. It pre.

\nt, ii tlia capital of tha

tudo iMyaorc, of tha atata

What doM Britiah India' IS. The natira prinoea t

M Calcutta. 17. IViinbay

Ih

flrUmtnamai lUrrHln oflho (iwlokwar i l-ahow.iir ihn l»mii«iibi andUw«lli»r, of N«!iii<ll«'a iloMilnion*. Iriiirllnir I* lh« holy illy of |)mHaik*. t'aahntflra liua [img Itpcn niiiiiil liir lu iplamttd ihAwU.

I'J. Ikmarca la Ihf iii.mI |i<i|iiiIo)i« pUif In India i It la alao tha Mrmdtitr of Ilia lllndiNM. Avra ia notsal (iir tUm '!'.'•• MihftI tUti i!):sttpfmidld Uimb In tlin wntM , Hftu\gmmt»m C.t ilu' t Iiof llyilir All.

Ihl wa* lli« Mogul, und I'ikiiisIi iIi« Mahr iM,i r.i|i.(«l. Hiimt wita

g rnnowi'd (*«. It mnitiriiii Oojrin a* Ilia Oral niKrldlan of tlialiid.io g.»grit|»lirra, and Dana fi>f Ita Ana miialina. Ponili. hrrry i«

hii < ainul of the Frcm^h.andtJoauf thn rortuguvao Indian doiniiu >ii..

ao. CryUm la a bvaulinil fnrtila lalaiid, belonging tit ilie Hritialirrown, and Indenendniit of tha Kaat Inilia coin|Mny. Il la noted forpriMlucIng tlHi (ineat rinmimon In tha world, and fbf lla pearUIUteriaa.( oliiiiibo la the ohief ally.

•Jl. The ('oralllne latea eompHae the f.accadlwi and Maldi«« groupa.Ilwy lin wnal and aoiilh-wcat (Voni llmdooaUn. Though nmiiermia,they are ainali In «il«nt| and pntdiire co«!oa-nuU In rnnalHerablaabundance. Tho InliablUnU of the l.accadlvaa arc ealUid Moplaya.

Map ffo. 93.—How la llln'' xwlan boundnd 7 What rivnra flow ininin Arabian Hoa I la., Nli. — Tim bay of Ikngal I Oa., Br., tiy,, Ka.— How long aro t!i«ao f What Mt». are In the nortlieaat? Ilh.—

tbnth.wcat ? (It. — How long and high aro tho Hrat t What lalandaouth of liimlooatan 7 V,n. — How long and wide la Ut What gulfai'paratea it th>m lilndooatan 7 Mr. —What lalaiida wcat and aouth.woat of Hindooatan? t;«..la.—What la tho |t.>jiulation of Ihnaroa?t,tlculta7 Hurat7 Delhi 7 I.urkiiow 7 I'alna7 Madrua 7 Honilmy, andthe other largo citiea 7 roint out the capitala named in the teit 7

What ia the aouth.eaat coaat of llindonatan called 7 <.'!. — The aouth.wail 7 Mr.— Dii what rivera aio the principal citiea 7

104

CHIN INDIA, OR FARTHER INDIA.

1. Chin Iwdia lion aouth of Thibet and Chinn. Tho em-Eiroa of Birmah ond Annm, tho kingdom of Sinm, nnd thfjritish tcrritorica, aro ita chief divisiona. It ia a weil-watc'rcd,

fertile region, with productiona noorly aimilar to thoao of Hirv.'dooataii.

3. Nearly all ita inhabitanta profbaa the religion of Bu<ldha,or r.uadnma. Some of their temples aro very large, and amgaudily ornamented with gilding, painting, &ie. The war-boata

&c. 18. What la aald of Hyderabad, Nagpore, Ac. 7 19. Bcnarw,Agra, Ac. 7 90. Dcacribc C-oylon. 91. Tho Coralline laloi.Chin India. Q.—X. Dofcribo Chin India. 9. The Inhabitanta. Tha

39^ DBBCfupnvB oaoaiiAr«rr>

Hrmid Ttmplci) and WmBmu.

of these nations, particularly those of the Birmans, are often

100 feet long, but are very narrow. They carry from 80 to

100 men each, with a small cannon at the prow.

3. The govctnmcnl* of Cl.'n India are »b«o!ute debpc^.iimi t Qmnobles are profoundly r.ubmisRiTe to their idVoreipii, ar.d creep on their

handi and kneei wheu they approach him. 1 ne moralfi of the people

* re m a low state ; the women are little better than skvea ; they pen.

form the principal part of the labonr, and in Anam they conduct all

the optratioM of buying and sellingf.

4, Extent and Population ef Chin India.

Anim • 390,000 1 9,000,000 || Britieh terrltort <i . . 77,000 ! 1,400,000

Blrmah 834,000 5,330,000 Malacca ...aa,0OO| 480,000

biam 194,000 I3,800,000

II Total, 930,000 I 90,000,000

6. BiHMAH. —The Birman Empirepwms founded about the

middle of th" dst century, by the conquest of Peg« and soma

other territories. It was for a time a powerful state, but hoi

lately lost its pre-ominence.

6. Uramerapoora and Ava were tnicccuirolv tbe capitvla of Birntah,

MoLichaboo ij now the seat of government ; Rangoon is the chief sea-

port TheM cities aro all on the Irrawiddy river.

temples. War-boats. ?. Whnt il jaid of the governments 7 NoMec 7

MorJ8,&c.7 Of thewome. 7 4. How mar.y inhabitanU has Chin

bidia7 What is its extent in square miles 7 Which is 'Am iargest

division 7 The most populous '/ 5. When was the Firman Empire

fii'jnded, &0.7 What is said of Ummcrapoora, Ava, &c.7 7. What

g

St

r

lAFiIT.

r-BMU.

' the Birmans, are often

They carry from 81' to

i the prow.

3 ibwiute dcBpc^-inna ; tllB

tArorcigii, and creep on their

1 ne moralB of the people

tter than akveiii they peik

in Anam thoy conduct ill

f Chin India.

t^un num. InbiUUUi

I terrltort I . . 77,C00 ! 1,400,000

ea ...83,000 480,000

Total, «0,000 I 90,000,000

wiTtis founded about the

iquest of Pegu and somaI powerful state, but hoi

i?elv tbe capitcla of Birmofii It ; Rangoon is the chief tea*

ly river.

the goreniinenta 7 Nobles 7

mar.y inhabitant* has Chinles? Wiiich is Uiu iargest

sn was the Firman Empireipoora, Ava,4D0.7 7. AVhat

•^mrrnimm

7

mvnA. 386

7. AifAX.-—-Thifl Empire is of recent origin, dating onlyfrom the beginning of the present century. It comprisesTonouin, Cochin China, Cambodia, and part of Laos. Thelate king of Cochin China, Caung Shung, aided by Frenchofficers, organized hia army and navy in the European men-ner, and was thus enabled to conquer Tonquin and Cambodia.

8. Hue, the capital of Anam, it on a amall river 10 milea from thewa. It ia a vaat fi)rtreM in the Luropean atylo—5 milea in circum-*r«nce, and would roqui-? 50,000 men to garriaon it Saigon, on theDonnai river, a brunch o! the Cambodia, ia the chief sea-port ofAnam.and ita largvat city. Kejho, ia Tonquin, ia an Lnportant town.

9. SiAM.—This kingdom lies between Birmah an.l Anam

:

it is highly fruitful in rice, HUgar, and other products. Thepeople are mild nnd courteoim, but cunning and avaricious.

10. Bankok, the capital, ia on the Moinam. the hoiuea are builtpartly on iu banka, nnd partly on rafts in »he river, which can beeasily moved about from place to place. The latter are inhabitedclueuy by Chinuse emigranla.

11. Taa BniTisa Possebsioks.— These territories com-prise Assam and Ar.-acan, and a narrow district south of theSalwen river; also Pulo Pinang, or Prince of Wales Island,Wellssley, a small province on the main land, east of Poloftnang, the territory and town of Malacca, ard the island andcity of Singapore. The latter is an important city ; it is atree port, and has an extensive commerce.

.18. Malaiwa.—The peninsula of Malacca ia occupied by a numberoTsrnsU independent states, ofwhich but little ia known. iTie inhabit-anto are chieBy Mahomedana; they are called Malaya, and are bv turnsmerchant*, piratea, and robbers.

13. The Andaman and Nicobar lalands lie b the Bay of BennLThe former are inhabited by a fierce Negro race, and tho latter by apeople ainular to the Malaya, but peaceable in their habita.

Jjfaom 23.—How ia Birmah bounded 7 SiamT Anam 7 Malao.'5L ^J**'

"»«" fl"w i 'to tlie Gulf of Martaban 7 ly, Sn.—Gulfpf8iam7 Mn.—China uea 7 Ca.—How kmg are all theae7 Whatisttonua connects Malacca with Siam 7 Kw.—V/hat atrait aeparatea

,?? «'°'I""'''?^«Ma.—Which ia the aonth eepe of Birmah 7 Ns.

-•Df Malacca 7 Ra.-Cambodia 7 Ca.-What is the population ofIfenkok? Ava7 Hue? Sai«)n7 Ummerapoora 7 Arracan7 Sin-gapore? What islands weat ofSiam 7 An. Nr.—The Nicobar lalandsbelong to Denmark; there are no Europeans on them at present.

h» said of AnwnJ Tho late king? 8. Describe Hue. Saigon. 9.What is said of Siam 7 10. Bankok 7 11. Describe the British Pa»•ewona. 18. Malacca. 13. Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

.^^lamfi'SfiiiMWMiiMiii

| J IPPJ'-W I

|

DxscmtPTiva onooRAPirr.

OnMip of ClilntM.

CHINESE EMPIRE.

1. Thb r hinese Empire embraces China, Chinese Tartary,

Corea, lui^ Thibet. The inhabitants are estimated at 280

millions, being the greatest number subject to any one go-

vermenf. They consist principally of Chinese ; but the ruhng

race, tu which the Emperor belongs, is the Mantchoo, by

whom China was conquered in 1644.

CHINA PROPER.

2. Cfina comprises a territory about three-fourths the

size of the Uatted States. It is :iuU.J fur the antiquity of its

government, the singulciity of its manners and customs, and

tor its reserved policy towards other nations.

3. The soil and climate, from the great extent of country,

are extremely various. The former is cultivpted with the

greatest care in every part : even the mountains and rocks

are made to yieM some useful product ; yet the agriculture is

less skilfully conducted than in Europe or the United States.

4. Manufkctarei are numeroui ; and many of them have been car.

ried by the Chinese to a state of sonsiderable perfection. In fine

porcelain or China ware, rich RilkB, and in ornamental worka in ivory,

mother of pearl, and tortoiie ihells, they excel

5. Foreien commerce has been hitherto cairried on at Canton, chiefly

vrith the English and Americans, in tea, silks, nankeens, articles of

China, Q.~l. What does the Chinese Empi'e embrace 1 What is

said of the people 7 9. Wha does China comprise 1 For what is it

noted 7 3, What is said ef the soil 7 4. Manufactures ? 5. Foreign

S

Eit

G*)

ai

in

d

th

hi

It

th

th

la

mlif

nc

rii

fii

bo

ic:

in

let

by

pa

bo

no

litt

die

of

Bit

001

Qii

WiU

APltT.

RE.

Hhina, Chinese Tartary,

I are estimated at 280

subject to any one ^•Chinese ; but the ruhng

3, is the Mantchoo, by

R.

about three-fourths the

I fur the autiquity of its

liners and customs, and

nations.

great extent of country,

r is cultivpted with the

e mountains and rocks

t ; yet the agriculture is

pe or the United States,

uiy of them have been car.

lerable perfection. In fine

omauiental work* in ivory,

zceL

iairriedon at Canton, chiefly

silki, nankeena, articles of

impi'e embrace T What kconipriae7 For what ie it

Mnnuiacturei? 5. Foreign

987

Ivory, &«. The export of tea alone to Great Britain and the UnitedSutee is about 60 million pound* annually.

C. Ill i«tum, the Americana aupply the Chineee with rinteng ; theEngllrii supply them with opium. The latter b prohibited by law

:

it is smoc Jd B a pipe, and is extremely pwnioioos to tliose who use it.

Omwnf, though not priied with us, U regarded in CUn« as a mostvaluable drag.

7. The bibai trade of China, b]r means of the numerous riversand canals, is very extensive. The Grand, or Iraperftl Canal, is 600iniios in length. It b said to havt emptiyad S0,000 men upwardsat 40 Tears ia its oonatraetion.a The Great Wall which bounds China on the north is, probably

the greatest work ever constructed. It is 1500 miles long, 94 fiwthigh, and so thick that six horsemen can easily ride abreast upon itIt was built iNMM years ago, as a deftnce against the Tartars.

9. The chief beauty ofthe womaa in this oountiy b thought to bethe Dmallness of their ftet which are bound up from infimoy to preventtheir incressing in sire. The shoes of a Chinese lady are about 4 incheelong, and 9 wide. Women ofthe lower order do not compreH the feet

ll). The principal fiiod of the Chinese is rice ; but the poor eat rats,mice, and puppiee, and any thing they can procure that will sustainlilbj yet they oiien suffiir fimn Amine. Soups made of edible birds',nests, sea.*lug, and other geUtinous substances, are among tlie luxu-ries of the rich. Purk b the ftvourite animal food j sharks' fin* andnsh maws are .-egarded a* delicacies.

11. Learning b highly ssteemed by the Chinese. They have manybook* on variou* •ubjeotii, yet are very deficient in true literature andscience. The Mandarins, or great offioers, employed in the adminis.tratioac^the government, owe their rank and title to their skill inletters. They are divided into nine ranks, each ofwhich b designatedby a diflerent coloured button on the top of the eKfk

13. The Chinese army amounto to 800,000 men; but their equip.menb and discipline are entirely different from ours. They wear^P«r '>;;Jj|]>?t^ wadded gowns, quilted petticoats, and rlumsy satinbooU Their arm* are bows sjid arrows, matchlock guns, and can-non without canieges. Thore are a number ofarmed junks employedby the government to suppress smuggling and piracy, but they are ofuttle importance as a naval Ihroe.

13. The Chinese are distinguished for order, hidustry, and reraIa^it^

;but their treatment of ftnules, worshipphig of idob, and general

duregard of truth, are oirounistanoes which lower them in the sealeof naUons, and rank them bebw the bast civilised Christian commu-uties.

eomraeice? 6. What b said of Americana T English r Opium 7

S}"J!^» J-„^'"*' •"**' *"»• G»*«»«' C«»*l' 8. The GreatwaUr 9. What b said of the women? 10. The food? H.l««mtogT ia.TheBrmyT Arms? Armed junks? l3.Chine8e?

iiWitKitHitMiniiiiiiiMmiii'iiiitoiHi iiiiiiHiiiiclM

308 DnOKlPTIVB OlOOBAFHT.

Obin«M Military-

11 The reliirion of Fo or Buddha U proftwed by the chief part

«f fh.TeoDte'C the 'earned men wor.hlip the •pirlt of tho.r groat

l£apWonft!c!!l.. There are «.me Roman Catholic, Jew., and

jilahomedan. in China.^^ ^^ conducted with great fhrm

Jd Ceremony ™Emperori. styled the Son "f Heaven j and when

hS J^?X^d the hou^efaiid .hop. mu.t bo .hut. and aU that he

nmt. must prctrato themwlve. on the ground..

_

Te PeWn!l5^e capital, 1. one of the large.t citic. in the world, ft

contain, two d^.tinct to^n., the Chinee and Tartar;tl^ fo™« b th.

mart elojtant and populou.; but the Uttar ii adorned by the imperija

SScI aSdRardon^L The .hop. are numerou. . they are decorataJ wWi

fifpalntK and lantern." The .treeU we lmmen«,ly crowded,

«7S«ChlneiB.Dend much of their time in the open air.

%r NSin%^«c7e«t capital. U larger than ftkin 5 but it i. now

»««tlv decayed. It i. noted for ita porcelain tower, and lU mannftc.

SJ?.tfnSn. cL,ton wa. until lateW the only port at which

E^JSpSans^orc allowed to trade and re.l/e. IVZZnTo 'li^i-«:.» ThB hoat town of Canton i. compoeed of thouMnd. of Ijoata

ES^geJS .'^tlC^d celled by IndivWl^ who Uv. dl their Urn

"w! B^te late treaty between China "* G'^tB^i^Si^V^'.^';?;rf oLnten Amov Foutchow. NLagpo, and Shanghio. called the " Free

lS?^nwopertoEUpeaMwd American.. Shan.hae . next

Sc^to?forTx^Wco.rS^ TcentainU the port o^Pelcin. and

'*irfflh'oiri£i&ow, Kingtochinj. «id VontchMg. are .11

po}L5rSr»nd.SD i'ntheSid.t^ rich and ftrtile dl.trlcta.

11 aeU«onT 15. The Government T Emperor T 16. Detcribe

ifcln 'C.honfc 17. Nankin. Canton. 16. What porta are now

SSl S^o^r.. iit What ^-" «f«»?«s£iil^'£

iTsootohow.^T Hongkong? VictorU? 80. Describe the Chi-

lialandiT

r

M

rur.

jfbMed by the ohief part

tho iplrit of their groat

man Catholici, Jewf, and

nduoted with great fbrm

Son of Heaven ; and whenbe ihut, and all that be

ind.

It citici in the world. It

I Tartar : tlie former ia the

I ndomod by the imperial

m t they are decorated with

1 are immeniely crowded,

t the open air.

than Fekin { but it ! nowin tower, and it* manufltc-

y the only port at which

le. Ite commerce U very

•ed of thouianda of boata

luole, who live all their Urea

id Great Britain, tho porta

Shanghto, called tho " Freo

nericans. Shanghae ii next

in ii the port of Pekin, and

f,

and Vomchang, are all

rich and ftrtile diatrioU.

Emperor T 16. Detcribe

n. 18. What porU are nowof Shanghae f TeenteinT

rUT 90. DoMiribe the Chi.

r

THIBIT.

ao. The principal Chineae iaianda are Hainan. Formosa. anH it.

Uiey apeak the language ofJapan, but are tributary to ChinaT

K; F:^s7uth7 H„* '7, '^"^ ' What ialond. oaat of Chlna^

wh.tM.ri?cLbar"g.:i;.;°::;z^ -» "«"«'

&TJih^'^)''^- .K'nK*;«''in»» On what river, are the fiwfiw of the foregoing ciUea? Point out the Free Porta. Hongk^g.

THIBET, COREA, &c

ofVhJU.-T,"*'^'*''-*'^'''''^ '«h'°"' ^""tJed by rangesof the higheiit mountains on the globe; and some oftStE • T.^ *f^ Tt"" «"'^°«"^ ^'^ withinTtoTrtto *Thjbet, including L.tUe Thibet, is tributary to China ^

9. The «>il of Thibet i. aterile, and vegetation i. .cantv hnt th.people poaaeaa large herds of catUe The mi«W IL. ^'.- "*

mere are made. Both ahoep and oxen are u«h1 a.b^ of burd^"

rhf;7?i'!f*al'""

"'.'''•''.'•SJ"' ""' "«»*»•» of Buddha, called Fo inChmo, and Shamanism b Tortarv. Tha OriinH r ..™. i oT ? ? -

thia aystem. and is con.idere^l7thc CroSo"him3f dw^n^"^"^

•nd obelisk, of the buUdinTare^<Zl^iJh SomT'J '^i"^'""'

L—-^••-''niinnii iiMjiiimriii,! , („

300 DMCRiPTiva o»oo«Ai?inr.

PalMfl of TmIioo Lomboo.

8. TeBhoo Lomboo i. the wat of an inferior Lama, who «»«« ln«

hrge mora.tory. compo«d of 400 hou.o.. oncompa«od by a high wall

JjjTagungar it tho moat populoua city m 1 hibct.

LtTTLt Thiwt lie. on the northern .ido of the Hi"''"'''''! Mo'.n.

Uin., 0^ i" but little known. It i. u.u|»lly "Pr'"™'*"* .*"'"taiak^

ChiJarbut .ome of iU di.trioU are «id to bo .ndependont. Ladak.

the chief town, U noted for it* trade m ahawl wool.

7 CoHiiA.—Corea is a peninsula, situated between China

and'japan. The people have but little intercourse with any

nation, except the Chinese and Japanese.

8 Thia kingdom ia ruled by a aovoroi«:n, who paya homage and

tribute to China. The arU. learning, an^ written language of that

So^tjy are In oae inCorei; bu'. the apoken language la diffcrgnt

9. For iU latitude, the climati, of Corea i.-"""I-

^'^Stj^j"^^

tto MipiUl, U aituated nearly in the centre of the country.

«.„ Va 23 How ia Thibet bounded 1 What ri»ert riae m It 7

R,^ &L y7-How bng are theao 1 What Mta. on the north 7

Ei'r8S3..^"at7 hI.-&ow high a.* theae7 What Mt we.

l^iT-Zf? Co^—How hich ia it 7 What river in Little Thibet 7

iimitowniaonit7Tk.-Whati. the M.^^'i- f/'fw^Sr7 Of Laaaa7 What aea bounda Corea on the w^at7 Yw.-

Ert7 aJn.-How wide i* the aea of JapM7 What country

Swda Corea north 7 Ma.-What «!a aouth 7 En.

5. Teahoo Lomboo. 6. Little Thibet L«lak. 7 W,ati*

..id of Corea7 8. The aovereign7 Art., learning, fco. 7 9. CU-

iiuUo7 ProducUona7 Inhiibitonta, &c. 7 Kmgkitw?

»inr.

r Lama, who rciidet in

MinpaHod by a high wall

bet.

I of the Himraalch Moun-

repregentod a» iubjoct to

bo independent Ladak,

1 wool.

situated between China

) intercourse with any

se.

n, who pays homage and

written language of that

ten language is diffcrint

it mild. Cotton, rice, and

BO cultivated. '1 ho potato

)33. The inhabitanU anlanese. Among the domes-

»t in height Kingkitoc,

of the country.

d7 Whatri»ertrjiemit7What Mta. on the north 7

) the*o7 What Mt went

lat river in Little Thibet 7

the population of Jigagun-

rea on the west 7 Yw.

—

if Japan 7 What country

ith7 En.

libet Ladak. 7. What is

ta, learning, fco.7 9. C3U-

Kingkittol

mpiRi or JAPAN.

EMPIRE OF JAPAN.

301

1. Tm empire of Japan comprises tho islands of Niphon,Jesso, Kiusiu, and Sikoke, with the southernmost of theKunlo Islands. Tho people, like the Chinese, are jealous ofhuropeans

; so that our knowledge of the country is limited.

2. Tho soil is tilled with great care; the law enacting thaiOTery owner of land shall render it as productive as possible.Kico and lea ore tho riiiof staples, hut sugar, tobacco, cotton,and wheat, are cultivated. Besides large plantations of thotoa.plant, all tho hedges are formed of it.

3. Tho manufactures are numerous, and include silk, cot-ton, porcelain, and lackered or Japan ware, in which, andthe workmg of motalj, tho Japanese excel. Gold, silver, andcopper, are the principal minerals.

4. The Japanese are one of the most civiliied naUons in EasternAsia, and cduniite their children of both sexes with great caruWomen ho d a higher rank here than in Cliina j they enjoy the samedegree of liberty as in Europe. ' J / «"•"

5. Foreigners are rigorously excluded from the empire, and nonenut Ue Chinese, Coroans, and Dutch, are permitted to have inter.

T'Tl ViT 'VThe latter are subje'.t to muoh indignity, yet submit

to it fcr the sake of tho trade.e /i / »« "»

6. The worship of Buddha, of ConfUolus, and of spiriU, or irenii.prevails in Japan. The last i. caUed the religion of Sinto. ThegoTernmeMt IS abjolute ; and there are two monarchs, the Kubo,andthe Dairi. The former is the commander-in-chief of the army, and is

S" iT**•"'?'•'»?

'y'.^^'> f" 'atte' w the spiritual head of the empire.He lives reUred, in his palace at Miaco, and seldom goes abroad : his

person is regarded as sacred.v«.

.

lu.

7. The laws are severe, and are rigorously executed j but the secu-nty of person and property is thus rendered very complete. Greatwimes and capital punishments ore rare. CutUng to pieces, imraes,aion m boiling oil, and impalement on the cross, are common mode,rf punishment The parent is made to suffer for the crimes of thechild, and the child for those of the parenta Jedo, the capital, is on the east side of Niphon, and is one of the

brgest cities in the world. It is 7 miles lon^-, ud 5 wide ; and eon?

Japan. Q.— 1. What does Japan comprise? 9. What is said ofthe soil 7 ProducU 7 3. Manufctures 7*^

Gold, Ac. 7 4. Ja^i^?^'?'jJ!i.'"l°'^?"'"SI*""'^

Women 7 5. Foreigners 7 6.TheW«Xi.afBuddht.Ao.7 The government 7 Monarchs? 7, What is •«<

T.^^..^k.>..i^.».^ ...

,-, ir---irtitmuti. t»ii

SOI oascmimva oaoosAFHT.

lh« mr. Tk« buildlmt. « account of the ft«iu«iu.y of mv ihqu.kw.

.« «f one and two storks «.ly. "d are c.mitructed of bamboo

^r«d with mortar. Tha city i, lubioct to dr«adfU ftre.. on. of

whieh, In tiM TMT 1701, consuiMd 100,000 bouaaa.

» Mkaoo bi the wUgioua capital of Japan ; It la alan the centra of

ita leaniiat •«"•« •<>»««*• *» contain, aoma very argo «.iaoaa and

lempuTOne of the latUr, Fokorf. k 1000 fiiet loogi b It ta an

image rf Budilha, 83 feet high.

10 Owuia la, like Venice, Interaected by canala. Nangaaakl, i«

Kluaiuu li the only port at *hich forelgnom are all<.we<l to trade. Ilw

Uutch are hero rentriclcJ to a aniBll i»land, where tiusy are allowed

a apace of only 600 feet long, b» 130 wWo, In which to carry on

tliaUbuaiaaaa. MaUniay i« the chief town on the laUnd of Jea*»,

Mkp No. 23.—What atralt aeparnte. Core, from Nlphnn, Ite. 1 fK

—Which U Uio Urgct of the Japan Uland. ? Nn.— 'l lie ncit in ca-

Unt 1 Jo.— How long i. each of the., iilandi 7 What atrait joparatai

Niphon«ndJ««o7 My. - What iiland lice north of JcmoJ Sn.-

How long i. Scirhalien J What channel wp^'toiJt f'""'"'"'fj^

ria 7 Ty.— What iaianda north^eaat of Jeaao 7 Ke.— Which la the

largeat of the«> 7 8i.. -What bound. Japan eaat 7 Pc.- How long

and wide ia the Pacific ocean 7 How fcr ftom Japan to MmIoo 7

HowmanyinhabitanUha. Jodo7 Miaco? 0«ica7 MaUmay 7 till

16

AFRICA.1. AniiCA is the third in size among the grcnt divisions

of the globe, being about one-third lesa than Asia, and three

Umes larger than Europe. It is a vast peninsula, joined to

Asia by the Isthmus of Suez.

2. It is almost wholly in a state of barbarism; yet, in

ancient times its northern countries were among the most

edichtened in the world. They still have written languages,

but rank among the lowest of the half-civilized nations.

8. Africa ia the holtert region on the globe. It Ilea raoatly within

the tropS and the influence of if burning clinHUe «t«nd' even

totboae rerion. which are in the temgejjto lonea. Th-jnoat aUikni.

Ltaw i. &e Or«t De^rt, which i. §000 mile, in ••"Ifth. "•^ l*^

ta SUdth. It i. covered with wnd and gravel ; «id appear. Uke the

bottom of a dried-up aea. ______

of the law. T Cutting to piece., Ac. 7 8. Dewribe Jedo. 9. Mi»oa

la Caca. NangBMki. Matwnay.

4/riM. <J.-1. What i. said of Africa T ». Of iU .tate. &,o.t

exi

M(in

Crthe

«

can

leo|

rao

Th(tie

Don

7worusei

II tt

woi

XlDm

.«»J» i il

'

l>H*» l

rr.

It rMida ber« (Mirt of

|U«iu)]r of •aUhi]u«ke«,

imitructcd of b»inb<»

drotdlUI Area, oiui of

MS.

ia alio the centra of

ery largo p^'acaa and

(mii Umn in it U an

anala. Nanf««aki, la

sll<iw«<l to trade. Tlwiheie tiusy are allowed

In which to carry on

tlie iaiand of Jeaao.

om NIphnn, tte. 1 CVfJn.—Tlie licit in c*What atrait aoparataa

lorlli of Jcifo f 8n.—atea it from Mantchoo.

7 Kc— Which ia the

iaat 7 Pc.— llovr long

om Japan to MciiooT

Oaaca 7 MaUmay 7

a the great dirisiotw

than Asia, and throe

peninsula, joined to

' barbarism; yet, in

ere amona; the most

ire written languages,

ivilized nations.

It Ilea moatly within

g climate eztenda even

mea. The moat itrikini

lea in length, and 1000

el ; and appear* like the

iBcribe Jedo. 9. Miaoa

9. Of iU state, tt6.1

r

AFRICA. 403

Aftiea.

4. The rivers oi Afric* are few in number; and none aretiavigable to any extent for largo vessels. The principol an..

l!fn^'^.''""^ ''"' ^''*'- '^^ '""«' '" remarkable forflowina

1600 miles without receiving a single tributary.

5. The mountains are generally distinguished more forextent than elevation. The Aflas Mountains in Barbary, theMountaiiMi of the Moon in central, and the Snow Mountainsin southern Africa, are the principal. Other ranges, as theCrystal Mountains in Congo, and the Lupata Mountains onthe east coast, ore but little known.

8. The principal Aftioan animal* are the elephant, hippopotamua

l^r^^br": '* V."''.'^?two-horncd rhinocero*. wKe 17.leopard, lebra, Ac The African lion i. the nobleat animal of hi.

race- thowi Ibund elaewhere being much inferior in lizo and ttrenrtliThe antelope* compriae not leaa than »ixty different hikjcIc. : of Ihew*tie apringbok ia found in troop* of everai thouwind*. The camel innorthom. and the •** in weetern Africa, are the chief be*.U of bi.iden

7. Theoatrich i* the largeet African bird, and the larrett in theworld. It run. with rapidity, bat doe* not flyj and it* Hier* IwOMid M ornament, of dre.*. The aecretary vullure. or aerpeXate?I. remarkable for devouring the moat noxiou. of the Mrpent tribe. Tlie'Moiabla vulture i. m large a* the condor, and .imilar in iu habiUt It

J.The climate 7 Great DewtT 4. River. 7 5. Mountain. 7 A

DeacribetheanimoJ* 7. Bird* 1 Cr«oodi!e.,4kc »! Whc I, J.

DMcmumva bmoBAmv.

AtMMa Uom. prlnikok.

It found unong M th. hlfh mounUknt of U» Interior. Tlw buiiterd

utd g.ilnr«.fijwl, with groiwe, pMUWgw, and wtUr-fowl of TMtou*

kinda, ftre niimcroua.

8. CrocodllM are found In all Iha riwra of tho tropical parU of

Africa ; and •orpnnU, .corpioiia, and lixarda of varioua kind., •bound-

Tim white anU arn iiingular iiiaecU : ihey build noati 10 or U ftnl

high, which are divided into apartmenU. with magaxinea lor provi-

tiona, arclied oliambera, and gallerlea of communication.

9. Africa ha. but few great kingdomaj it i» chiefly divi^d Into a

number of petty aUU., w\mi> govcrnnienta are deapotio. T »••«'»

culture and manufkcturea are rude and imperfect; yet, owing to lU

fcrUllty, the producU of the foil ar« In many place* »ery abundant.

10. The chief trade of the Interior la CMtled on by cwawia, coiw

elating of oamela. which croaa the de«»rt In yarloua dircctiona; and

iierform, on thin aea of aand, Uie h ulneae accompluhed by .hipe on

tlie ocean. Commerce, on the northam and wwtom coaita, la oarrM

en moatly by Europeaiia, and on the eaatem by the Aralie.

11. AWc* ha* fiimlahed alaTea to Chrlatlan and oUiar nallona fo*

hundrcda of yeart j and the tra«o, though aomewhat checked, la atiU

oarried on. Great BrlUln and th* United SUle. were once cngti|[«d

In thU trade; but both nation* haw forbidden It; and It la puni.hcd

•a piracy by the latter power. The Bpwilah and Portugue** aUU pur-

o* it on certain parte of the AfHoan coaat

19. The people of Africa are eaUmated at almoet 60 millione. They

belong to two racea, the African and Caucaalan. The former are the

moat numeroua, and oomprlee the chief part of the InhabltanU wrath

•r lu great kingdom. T AgtloultureT Manoftcture* 10. Trad*

of the Interior 7 Commerce? 11. What w wild of .law.? Great

BrlUln and the United BMmI 19. What number of inhabltaaUl

7* what do they belong, 4to.T

4t

a

Ui

MAl

TiTi^:^

N(AlLi

•hi

Ou1

O.

FrI

C.I

\

St.

Zai

\

MuRa(

\

Vorl)un

canraiil

iSoci

VDca

— I

moa.atit

dogr

it ell

~(

WWMIiMMMMMPi«*

r

PIlV.

pflnikok.

• Interior. TIm buirtard

ltd waUr-fowt of vwioiu

of th« tronic»l p«rU of

of varloua kinda, abound,

mild nenti 10 or 13 Act

Ith maKsxinM for pro«U

imunlcatton.

; li chiefly divided into •

iro doipotio. Tha agrl-

wrfeot; jrct, owing to ila

r places very abiindMit.

ried on by cmravana, ooiw

n variolu dircctiona; and

lecompliahed by ahipa on

weftnm coaita, la oarriad

by the Arali*.

ian and other nationa fcr

lomewhat checked, ia itiU

iUtea wera onoe engirdien it ; and it la puniihcd

I and Portucueae atiU pur*

', almoat 60 milllona. Theyian. Tha former are tMt of the inhabitants aonth

Manafkctures. 10. Trada

ia aaid of ahtvea? Great

t number of inhabitanU 1

AFWCA. 30ft

uie Aftlcttji racoa, are ilill riido and barbaroua.i™ •

««

• How ia Aftica bounded 7

Aahnntoe.Dnliomeyllunin

Map N». 05

Muroeou . . . Omindttd /—(-apital r

Alflera .... lioutidvd ?—<;a|.iinl 7

Tunla lioundod 7—Cipiial 7

TripoJl Iloiinil.'d 7—(Japilal 7

fjirypt Uoun.l.il 7—Cniiiul i

Nnl>'« Il<)un.kil 7_C'n|.it»l 7

AbyMJnia . . Iloumii'.l ^—<;«|iila| 7

Liberia .... Dound. d 7—Capital 7

Where la the Oulf of Si.Ira 7

FliMiiidod 7—Capitalll<iiiiii|i'(| 7—CHpiiiiir

R"M»i'l.d7—tlaplult*«»"«'» Ilmimli il 7—Capitul »Angola .... Iloiinili'd 7—(^apitai 7Ffeingunla. . . lioiindi d 7—<;apilnl 7

('ajio Colony lioundod ^—<;apitttl f

Moiainbiquo Muundod 7—Capital f

Oulf of Guinea 7 fl„|f „f Adnn 7•>. I. /.Vi". . ."i'lru 1 null oi uuinca

Itr. of Gibraltar 7 Htrait of llabolm.ndel 7 Ch.nn.l »f Moiainbiquo 7

nTf, '•iV'""i' ''\''l

"*y ^ WaUvLch 7 Santa Crui 7 St. lluUna 7Oulagoa 7 llomlMJtok 7 Anton Uili 7 Vohcnairc 7

r ot^ni! ^'•'^."T'lu ^; «"""'»"''

' <^- na.,« 7 C. Dolgado 7r,Corrlcntoa7 (,. Agulhaa? C. of <Joo.l noiw 7« C Croaa 7 Ct 8t!Mary?'""'

''•''"'^' ^•"'""""^ C. Ljador7

C. AmbrS

Whore 1. the River Nile? The Senegal 7 Gambia 7 Grondb?Ri P..Vp.» Mi 7 V.""", *"° '^"OR'"' "amba? Grondb?

5 li , il'f",' ^.^"f' Ambrii7 Counia? Oraniro 7 Man^oe?Zamboio? (hoe 7 WobLo? Yoou7 Sliaryf Mi.Xd?Mu. of theHod Mu.7

Zamboio? OiJe? WobLo? Yoou?Whore aro the Atlaa Mountaina? Mta. of Kona 7

RSnafc'^"''-' '^"•-'•Mt..? SnowMt;?

WherearetheAioroahland.7 Madeira la. 7 Canary If ? Can-yordeI,.7 Fernando Pol. 7 Princo'a I. 7 8t ThomaVl Ann^l.onl.7 A.cen.ionl.7 Stllolona? Ethiopian ArSa;„ 7 Mcarenha I.. 7 Mauritiu. 1.7 Iteurbon T?*^ Xych, f I?? /f.^

Where la the Groat Doacrt? Libyan Dewrt? Nubian IV-imIDcert ofChallahongah 7 Thi. 1. coJlJd al,o tho KarJi lUrriKWhat throo great drcloa paaa through Africa? T.-Cr Er T^nmoal?' Tr'Ai^''"''';'n,''] '''''•• '^•'- - In -hatl^rne'^U iimoauy i id.— AtVica containa 37 doffreoa of norlli nnH "iK „f J™.aftude. In what la.i.ud. then i. it Sy 7 N _! i? conUinTsS

teyl'S"'^'"^"'"^ longitude. I what 411^t'n 1!

Ml'SMnr^ of diatinction, the -CaK~«Wen aay „f t vti!HI bound to India or China, » ahe haa gone round the Cape.""' ' ™*

306 DBscHirrivM uKtMiiAriiy.

Arak ftMiIlM nmMug. •

nAUBAllY.

1, RaMary \n thnt jwrt of norllMirn \Ct\m which incltidM

Morix'co, Al{<i''n«, Timii*, nml Tri|K)li, to^i-thi'r with ihi) intu-

nor r«[j;ioii culled U<!lcil cl Jcrid, or liuml of DritcN.

3. Soriw (IJHtancn inlnnd am thn Atliw Mountnin* : bi^twccn

Umra mid Ihu cotuit th«! climnto In iniid, iind tho «oil i« gene-

rally ftrtilff, but iHH»rly cultivated. Whcut and ImrK-y are

Iho princi|>al priHiuctit; but grn|M>a, olivcH, alinondt, dati'a,

and other fruits, aro miicd in perfection.

8. Tho fon!ign romnwrc/* of tho Itnrbnry •talc« It very

limited, and much burdened with arbitrary exactions. Thir

esporta conaiat principally of tho raw produce of the noil.

Tho moat active trnfTic ia that cjirried on by the caravan*

with the interior country aoulh of tho Great Dcaort.

4. Piracy waa once tho chiof employment of the people

of thia n-gion. Muny veHstila were cn|>tur»'d, nnd numlxM-a

of European and Americoh auilora were enslaved by them;

but thia pnicticc, ao long permitted to the diagraco of Chria>

tendom, hoa ceaaed.

5. B«'h«ry ii inhabUtd by MvetKi U uu.i t r/»" i. Tho Moor», whoro the ii ling jK'opIo, inhabit tho to'*n* J'lc .' ibi, oriKln")/ f n

tho Oreat liuicrt, livo in tents; .1 ' ^> '*. and n^rain. i.i .o-

BarUry. Q.— I What doea Barbary inelado 7 9. What ni <uik

tslna in thii country T What ia aaid i<f tho climato? 80II, aici

ProducU ? 3. Cotniuerca T 4. Piracy / i. Describa the Mv r*. I

MHMal aaaa «jMii-i<i.>ii»«r

mo

tj

ui r

7

• in)

nmii

oTfl

9^

0.

It i.nc

a i.at

(an

10.

Itoven

Barbel

riiv>

I Afrifii whioh 'inc;Iu<I««

to^rthrr with lh«) inln-

mil or I)UU<!4,

tiM Motintnina : b(<twm.'n

, anil tho aoil i« gttiuv

lrVh<'(»t and ImrK-y awiilivcit, alinunda, «laU>»,

>n.

rtnrbiiry tlatim Ii vrry

•ilrary oxnctions. Thi>

w prcKluco of thfl noil,

ed un by the caravoiu

Great Doaort.

ploymfint of tho people

:(ipturc(l, ntid numlMM^

ore cnHlnvid by th»;m;

) tho dingraco of Chri»>

I

I

tiir<i, Tho Moore, who!'l'^

,t >bi, originn)'/ f ' n

''<« and grain, iit .«-

nelude? 9. What ni mikr tho climate? Boil, tto

i. Deacritw the .Msr ri. C

m«'^lm.u""'-n

" •'*'' '" "r'-'• "- *""•". ''"W"". A". ar. c„r(^

r^^^fl^^c-J:-^^^^ ^ ^

orri".",'• '" *'""'*•'•'• "'» ""-lyttuard «f 11^ .u|,.„ „ ,.„„p^,d

a Kftflii and PifuUliM 9/i\t 0«r&4ry A^im.

MnroHM.Al(l«ri. .

TuiiK...Trtpolt

•••I *l JtrM

t (t(* I • •t itit *t . f ..

••'••••••• (•••Ill), ••,,,,, ,,,,,,• • * *• ii»f I,,,,, ,, ,,,,..

IWMItlll

WMimiAl.iJiiU

imiimH14)1,111111

a.nno.fliin 1314. !»»> ram Ml aI •DMIMNI M•UKKMIII It

tXHIIKKl

Taltl, ATi'liini |iillllU,UUO

IM

VUw or lb. rum of Morocco, .ntf (h. AiIm Mounliln..

THE EMPIRE OF MOROCCO.©. Monocco 18 the moat important of tho Barbary powcm.

It i.nclude|i tho kinRfioms of Morocco and PVz; anrUms alani ominal control over those of Suso and Tafdolt. The auL

tan or cmporor is a despot, whoao will in law.10. Thli empiro it Inm flourishinn than forinrrly ; tho acU of It.(twommont aro calcuUtod to di.eouraV .grjculturc.^and every br.nS

ataU in DarbaryT Tho next in extent 7 I„ (wpiUalion ? S/Wtla

SOS DBSCRirTIVK OBOORAFHT.

of iM^ftil indurtry ; and iU romincfco ii now nMctt dtJlroycd. The

rnlv iinporUint manufacture U tba of Morocco leathor. wh.cli owing

proWbirto local circum.tanceis ! superior to -ny.'!'»^°''"f,"'''*"-.

.

11 The ci'y of Morocco, Uio cajntal, is iituatod in a fc't'lo. thickly

wooded pldn,iioar the foot of the Atl^ Mour.lain., 180 miles i.om

UiVHoa. It i« enclosed by a wall, and is h irroundcd by nun.ernus

ewdons. Fez, 230 mil ). nearly north of Mmocoo, i« the largest city

fn the empire, and was fo.- a time the mopt sphndid of western Aflrica

;

it is now much decayed, and a great portion of it is m ruins.

18 MequinoE is occasionally the rcsiJonco of the sultan. Its in.

habitanu are the most civJUwid and liuraono of any in the empire.

Moeadoro, or Swcara, is tliO chief sea-port. Rabat is ouo of the most

imMrtaiit towns on the coast SaUoo, almost adjoining it, was long

^d for its piracies, but i, now nearly dcswted. Tangier and Ceuta

Iw to*m. situated on the Etrdit of Gibraltar The first is the res^

denc« of Uio foreign consuls ; the other has belonged to Spain smce

the year 1640.

Mflo Ab. 25.— What bound*. Morocco north? M..Sa.— Sou'h

7

G..Dt.-EaBt? \s., B..Jd., G..Pt.-What strait separates it from

SoainT Gi.-What islands west of Morocco? Ma., Cy.— What

Mu. extend Uirough Morocco? As.— The principal peak? M.-Miv

-How high is It? Population of Morocco? Fez? Meouinw?

Rabat? Moga**"'"' Santa Cruz? How (kr ftom Morocco to J lorida?

THE COLONY OF ALGERIA, OR ALGIERS, &c.

1. AI.QIERB occupies the country of the ancient Numidia,

Its inhabitants were once the most daring pirates in Barbary,

and committed such depredations on the seas as rendered the

name of Algerine a terror to southern Europe.

a In the vear 1815 Commodore Decatur chastised the Algerine^

Bri'compelleil the Dey to pay 60,000 doUars, a. an indemnity to the

^ited aate-. In the followina' year Lord Exmouth cannonaded the

X of Algiers with a powe'-ibl British fleet, and compeUed the govern,

moat to Uberate all the Christian slaves.-. . «. j . .u •

TThe French in 1830, on account of an afftont offered to their

»3on8ul. landed an army of 3B/)00 men, and took the capital. They

Wl in it nearly 10 million dollars in money, besides ships' stores

ud ammunition. This conquest has entailed a vast expense on France,

SicMo repel the incessant attacks of Uie Arabs and Kabyles of the

taterior, she has to maintain an army of 80,000 men.

ia Morocco? 10. What is said of its condition? 11. Describe the

«^«v of Morocco. Fez. 12. Mequincz, and the other towns,

%«r" Q.-1 What is saii of Algeria? Its inhabitant. ? I

Whaftook place in 1815? In the following year? 3. In 1830

WhM was foand in the capKal 7 What is said of the conquest, &c ?

iwiOtniiuWjWi*i»Cttii«ss»(««s*«a»i«sjr^i^^

r

AFHT.

)W ulmott dtJlroycd. The)CCO leather, whicli, owing

to »ny made cUcwlicre.

lituatcd in a fertile, thickly

VIour.tainR, 180 miles k.om

h irroundcd by numerous

Morocco, ia the lurgcut ciiy

Bpkndid of wcstorn AfVica

;

m of it ii in ruini.

nco of tho lultan. Iti in-

lino of any in tho empire

Rabat ii ouo of tiio moat

lOit adjoining it, v.a» long

«rtcd. Tangier and Ceuta

tar. Tho first is the resi-

belonged to Spain since

north? M..Sa.— Sou'h?

lat strait separates it frotn

rocco? Ma., Cy.— What9 principal peak? M.-Mn.

•occo ? Fez 7 Meguinex ?

,r ftom Morocco to Florida ?

OR ALGIERS, &c.

of the ancient Numidia,

iring pirates in Barbary,

the seas as rendered the

ti Europe.

tur chastised the Algerines,

irs, as an iodemnity to the

d Exmouth cannonaded the

3t, and compelled the govern.

f an afiVont offered to their

md took the capital. Theynoney, besides ships* stores

led a vast expense on France,

Arabs and Kabyles of the

80,000 men.

ondition? 11. Describe the

ind the other towns.

jrnria? Its inhabitants? SL

llo\/ing year? 3. In 1830?

is said of tho conquest, &c?

BARBARY STATES. 9on

<; The city of Algiers is about 500 miles eastward of the Straitiof Gibraltar. It has a good harbour, is strongly fortified, and carrieijn a considerable trade. Algiers is now partly a French and partly aMoorisli city ; full half of thw population being -Europeans.

5. Constantina, Mascara, and TIomBcn, are thu most importanttowns in tho intorioi. Oran in tho wistcrn, and Bona in the easternpart of tho country, aro the chief seo-ports aftor Algiers. Bona is theseat of tho noted coral.fishory, whioh yields to the value of from300,000 to 400,000 dollars annuilly.

^ uie vaiue ot worn

6. TcNia.—-Tunis is tho best cultivated part of Barbary,and the inhabitants are the most civilized and industriousportion of its popuiation. Olive-oil and wool are exported tosome extent, and there is some traffic with interior Africa.The Bey has recently abolished slavery in his dominions.

7. Tlie city of Tunis, the capital, is situated about 10 mtfis south,west ofCarthage, tho most renowned commercial city of ancient times.It IS the largest place in Barbary j and being no longer engaged inpiracy, itit inhabitants have applied tliemselves to manufactures andcommerce : of the former tho bcretti, or ted caps of Tunis, so wellknown all over tho Mediterranean, are tho chief Kairwnn, Cabes, andMonastlr,are the next Important towns.

8. Tripoli.—Tripoli is the most eastern, and it is also theleast fertile state in Barbary. The chief part of its territoryis a desert ; but there are some fertile districts altng the coast.

9. The people are vicious in their habits, and, what is not commonwith Mahomedans, are much addicted to drunkenness ; but they aremore tolerant to Christians Miai Mussulmen usually are. An extensivecommerce, by means of caravans, is carried on witli the countries ofinterior Africa, Fezzan, the chief emporium of the ' jvrovan tribe, istributary to Tripoli. Barca and Augela also belong to ;t.

10. Tripoli, the capital, has a good harbour, and carries on a con.siderable commerce. Tho streets are narrow, with low, mean houses;but the palace of the Dey and somi of the mosques aro handsomestructures. Mesurata is, next to the ci >ital, the most important town.

11. Barca.—Barca, the ancient Libya, belongs to Tripoli,but is separated from it by an extensive desert. It was inancient times noted for its fertility, but hardly any part of its

soil is now cultivated. The inhabitants are chiefly Arobs,who M'ander about the country with their flocks and herds.

1. Describe the city ofAlgiers. 5. Constantina, Axs. 6. Tunis. 7. Thecapital Other towns. Tripoli. What is said of the people ? Commerce ? 10. The capital ? 11. Barca 7 12. Ruins, &c. ? Augnla ?

^f.tejit^fcpwwiw'iw '-'?

ri'i»isisi&l!^is^!mi:f>^igsaimii^immmm

19. The raiiu of ancient eltiee are nnmerone; of theee, Cjrrene.

with lU Necropolie, or city of the torabe, it the mort intereetins;.

DeriM and Bengasi are the only placei that can be called towns. The

fint waa captured by the American vcncral, Eaton, in 1805. Angola,

an oasia, 300 mUea iouth of the Mediterranean tea, is liunoos for its

Map No. Si&.— What bounds Algiers north T M.-Sa.— South T

B.Jd.— East? Ts.—West? Mo.—What Mts. in the south 7 As.

— How lobg arc they 7 Populetion of Algiers? Constaniine? Bona?

Oran? What bounds Tunis north? M.^a.— South? B.Jd.—East? M.Au, Ti.—West? As.—What cape north? Ba.—Whatlake south 7 Lh.— Popdlatknn ofTunis? Kairwan? What bounds

TripoU north? M..8a.— South 7 G.-Dt— West? Ts., B,Jd.—What gulfseparates Tripoli from Barca T Sa.— Population of Tripoli?

What bounds Barca north 7 M..Sa.— South 7 L.-Dt.— East? EtWest? 6..fla.

203—

THE BELED EL JERID, &.e.

1. Thb Beled el Jerid, or Land of Dates, stretches along

the northeia edge of the Gi«at Desert, from the Atlas Moun-

tami on the west, to the frontiers of Tripoli on the east.

9. The soil, iKTUgh dry and arid, produces dates in abundance,

which form this chw article of food. This region comprises several

Vetty states, which a'e peopled Ij varions tribes of Berbers and Arabs.

BtUi tt Jtrid. Q^l. What '<s said of the Beled el Juid 1 9. SoU;

wri»giiiwr-Brfr''iT -i""'-" -

r

PHT.

\r^r

iroiu; of thsM, Cjrrene.

it the most interMtin^.

ui be called town*. TheBaton, in 1805. Aujrela,

m aea, is liunoiw for iti

irthT M.-Sa.— South?Mts. in tlie louth 7 Ai.

I? ConitantineT Bona

7

Ba.— South 7 B.-Jd.—ipe north 7 Ba.—WhatLairwan 7 What boundi-Wort 7 Ti., B.Jd,—— Population of Tripoli 7

tT L..Dt.— Eart? Et

D, &c.

Dates, stretches niong

from the Atlas Moun-ripoli on the east.

leee datee in abundance,

region comprisoa several

be* of Berbers and Arab*.

BeledelJuidt 9.SoU;

THE GREAT AFRICAN DESERT. 311

3. Nearly all the towns are surrounded by walls, and are inhabitedsome by two and others by throe difTcront tribes. They are in conse-quence divided into corro-iponditiff sections. Furious contests oftenoccur between tho tril)es in these towns, in which event the vntesconnectinjr the different quarters are closed, until peace is restored.Bighwattt, Tugifurt, and Gadames, are tho principal towns.

THE GREAT DESERT.4. The Great Desert stretches from the Atlantic ocean

almost to the river Nile. It is composed of vast sandy plainsswept by hot wmds, and parched by a burning sun.

5. The Desert is here and there diversified with wateredand fertile spots, called oant; of these, Fezzan, Tibesty.Bilmah, Agdass, and Tuat, are the principal. That part of

ii^T'rT'^ extending from Fezzan to the Atlantic iscalled by the Arabs the Sahara, while the eastern and smallersection IS most usually termed the Libyan Desert.

6. Fezian is the largert of tlie oaMa, and is tributary to TrioolLIt IS principally important a. the^enSo of the caravaitrLle Ita

«l'^m^,fe*.? ""•'""P'l/i ''O.OPOJ they posses, but little energ;. andare ™pcrfectly acquamted with the arta. Mourzuk, the capital, asmall mud-wafled town, i. 600 miles nearly south from SripSi

the Tuarioks. The former are as black aa negroeij; but of a difibreut

8tate^ Ac. 7 3. Towns 7 4. Describe the Great Desert 5. How isUdmrs>fied7 What is the Sahara, Ac 7 6. Whati.«SdofFe^I

i8SS9«egiB*g*»8ft-:*w*»rJ

312 DBWrniPTIVK OBOGRAPIIY.

lUPMt. Bilmah tppoarf to bo thoir principal dliUiot The Tuariok*

^UU, handwrne race, will) bright -parhliiiB eyn», and complMloM

but little darker flian louthem Europeana. Agdaaa and Tirabuotoo

an laid to bo in thoir poeicMion.

a In crowing the Great Dcgort, travollcra aro often plundered by

the inhabitanU ; their livc» b1»o aro ondangored by the aand blown up

by tomp«»t«, which filU ond darlioni the uir, and throatona to aufrocate

ud overwhelm thorn. The occaaional failuroa of water at the uaual

•topping-placoi, it liliowiie often attended witli fatal conioquencea

;

from the latter cauae, in the year 1805, a caravan of 1800 camelf, and

3000 men, periihed with thirit

9. On tlio ioa-coaat of the Deaert aro vari""* wandering and preda-

tory tribes, who often moot with a rich booty < the voMcla alnpwreoked

on their ahorei, and which are alwaya plundered with the groateat

avidity. In different parU of the Deiort there aro mines of «>ok aa^t

;

the eztenaWo demand for which in Soudan cauaci tlie aurfkee of thia

dreuy region to be enlivened by the paaaage of numerous caravans.

lb* iVe.35.— How is the Beled el Jerid bounded T How is the

Grmit Desert bounded ? What tribes are in Uie centre 7 Ts., Ts.—On the west t Ms., Ws, Ts., Bs.—What salUmiucs are in the Owat

Desert? Ty»Tt, An.—Whatoaaes aro in tho Great Desert 7 Fn.,

Ty, Bh, aI, Tt, Aa., 8h., E.Dl., E.Kh.-What countr* in the

south T Lr.— How long and wide is the Groat Desert ? VPjat oanwi

are oo the coast 7 Br., Ba—How fkr la it to Mexico 7 TJt;kUt

THE REGION OP THE NILE.

\,

1. The Region of the Nile includes all that part of Africa

watered by the river Nile and its tributaries; comprising

Egypt, Nubia, Abyssinia, Kordofan, Darfur, and Fertit.

EGYPT.,.e

2. Eo¥PT is celebrated for its great antiquity, and the early

rivilization of its inhabitants. Its mighty pyramids, splendid

obelisks, and the ruins of its ancient cities, all attest its former

magnificence. It includes the Bahari, or Lower, the Vostani,

or Central, and the Said, or Upper Egypt.

7. The Tiboooo7 TuaricksT 8. Travellers 7 9. The sco-coast?

The Region of the Me. Q.— l. What does the region of the Nile

ndude? 8. What u said of Egypt? 3. Of iU present ruler? The

r«

th

ai

fr

flc

ov

Wl

eo

00

eh

rei

nuHCI

Et

Aftor

asl

an10<

•01

Jii

,iji> i». t)!im»ii»r>iiwsglliiiwf1nw ii»<IM ' »IU! ii <»BWWi)!WWI«iWWIIlBM»-

IIY.

iitriot. The Tuarioknr nyna, iinil complexiooa

!gd«M and Timbuotoo

re often plunderod by

by the land blown up

id throiitoni to luffboate

of wator At the uiua)

til fatal conioquencei

;

in of 1800 comeb, and

I wandering and preda-

the voMola ahipwreokcd

srod with the greatest

are minca of rock aalt;

laci Uie lurfkee of thia

r numerous caravana.

bounded 1 How ia the

ho centre 7 Ti^Ta.—Umiuea are in the Great

Iho Ureal Deaort? Fn^-What country in the

itDciert7 Vlhat cape*

Mexico? TdtjiiU?

1 NILE.

ill thftt part of Africa

butaries; compriaing

rfur, and Fertit.

atlquity, and the early

ty pyramids, splendid

38, all attest its former

ir Lower, the Vostani,

pt.

ra7 9. The aca-ooaat?

I the region of tlie Nile

its present ruler 7 The

OYPT. 313

8. It 18 nominally a Turkish pashalic; but the Pacha hasrendered himself independent, and is introducing into Egyptthe arts, learning, and civilization of Europe, The propleare, however, groaily oppressed; they are frequently tornfrom their families, and compelled to serve in the armies orfleets of their des|X)tic ruler.

4. Egjrpt ;• naturalU barren, and owea all iU ftrtility to the annualoverflowing of the Nile, and to the fertile mud left on the land by itswaters. Agriculture is dil:gcnUy pursued ; and in many parts of theeountrj; throe crops of some products are raised annually. Indianoorn, rice, wheat, sugar-cane, indigo, tobacco, cotton, &o_ are thechief productions. Rain u frequent in Lower, but is of rare occurrenco in Upper Egypt

5. The inhabitant are of various races. The Arabs are tlie moatnumerous! the Turks are ^lo ruling people ; Uie CopU are the de-Bcendants of the ancient Egyptians. There are also some Jews andEuropeans

: the latter are chiefly in the service of the government6. The foreign poaaessions of Egypt are Nubia and Kordofan, in

Africa; togellier with the islands of Cyprus and Candia, in the Medi-

torranean Sea. The population of the whole state is about 5 millions.

7. Egypt abounds in remarkable antiquities. The pyramids areastonianmg monuments of human labour : the largeat is 500 feet high,and iU base covers H acres of ground. Ancient historians state that100,000 men were employed for 20 years in its construction,*

"oople 7 4. The soil 7 Agriculture 7 Products 7 5. The inhab't-jiU7 6. Foreign possessions 7 7. lu what dw E^ypt Uwuwit

ap

TMmifs^miammittsiKmiig^ittiia:«i»!m!r'!i

814 DCWRirriVB OBOORArilY.

8. At 1 (leboi, in Upper Kgypt, are rnmuini which fill the beholdet

with Mtonithmeint. AInioiit lli" whole extent of 8 milc» klong the

rlwr it covered with nugniiiccnt portal*, docorated with «c«lpturo,

fbtmtM of coliuniis, and long »vonuca of coluncol ttatuet.

The peat iquare In Cairo.

ft Cairo, the capital of Egypt, ia on the rirer Nile, 130 milea from

Iha aea. Itiatho largeatcity in Africa; and ia called Muar by ita

tahaMtanta. The atrccU are yery narrow ; doga are numcroua ; and

oamela and aaaea are uaed, inatead of wheel carriagea, for carrying

burden*. Tliere arc 400 moaquca, bcaidca a number of other public

building*. Many achooln, hoepitala, fiictorica, Stc, have been eata.

bliahed by the present Pacha. Most European nations have consuls

here ; and hotels are kept on the plan of those in London and Paria.

10. Alexandria wai one of the most celebrated citiea of ancient

timet, and long the trn of the arta and sciences. AJler being for

aMt in a state of decay, it is at length reviving. It it now the chief

•M-port and naval station of Egypt: vessels ofnearly every European

nation are to be found in ita harbour; and Btcairi-lnjaU run to all the

principal porta and islands in the Mediterranean. iJimietta and

Rotetta ai« the chief towns in Lower, and Siout and Girgo in Central

Egypt Suei and Cknaeir, on the Red scdi possess some U&ca.

Map No. 36*—What bounda^ Egypt on the north t M..8a.— South ^

Na.— East? R.-Sa.—West? (S..'Dt—What river flows through

Egypt 7 Ne.— How long is it t What isthmus connecta Egypt with

Arabia T B«.— How w'de is it 7 What is the country at the mouth

of the Nile called 7 Pa.—What it a Delta 7 (See papre 72.) What

it the population ofCdiro 7 Damietta7 Alexandria7 Siout? Rof>otta7

Cotteir7 8uei7 What three oaaet are included in Eg;rpt7 Sli,,E..Dl.,

E..Kh. -Hvhat it on the wett tide of the Nile near Cairo7 Ft. —Whatruint ara in the touth part of Egypt 7 Tt.

8 Tetcribc TlKrbc- f Cuiro. 10. Alexandria. Dankietta, Slo.

nr

of

Ti

IIU

in

to

bn

II.

i

Benot

aro

Lul

«

wai

ini

roe

doc

is t

1

to

cati

im{

6

yeawetrcp(

iiati

(

mositu

bia.

tec

,.tiaMmm»,. ii iiwi i maimi

which All the beholdet

mt of 8 mile* along th«

lecurated with icnlpturiH

tal itAtuai.

irer Nile, 130 mile* from

nd it called Miur by it*

dog* are numcrouif and

cl carriage!, for carrying

\ number of other public

iet, Sic, have been eata-

Ban nations have conaula

M in London and Paiia.

ebrated cities of ancient

ciences, Ailer being (or

ing. It it now the chief

ofnearly every EuropeantoairitHmlt run to all the

erranean, I'Miiietta and3iout and Girgc in Central

potiioss some tra> o,

g north? M.-Sa.— South

'

i^hat river flows through

imuB connects Egypt with

the country at the mouth7 (See page 72.) Whatxandria7 Siout? Rof>otta7

dcd in Egypt 7 Sh.,E..DUlenearCuro7 Ps.~What

exandria. Dankietta, 8lo.

*«w%l

irvBiA, AnvuntiA. IM2M

mJBIA, ABVSSINIA, &o.

1. Nubia is an oxtcnsivo region, composed chiefly of rockyand sandy deserts. Since 1821 it iios belonged to the Pachaof Kgypt. It comprises two divisions, Upjwr and Lower Nubia.

2. Lower Nubia, or Nubia Proper, extends from the river.Tacazze northward to Egypt. Its only productive soil is aiiurrow strip chil^ly on the wsst side of the Nile, which is

irrigated by water raised from the river.

3. Upper Nubia extends southward from the Tocazze riverto Abyssinia. It is watered by the tributaries of the easternbranch of the Nile, but is" indiflbrcntly cultivated. ScnnaarHalfay, and Shendy, are iu chief districts.

i. The Nubians Projicr, or inhabitants of Lower Nubia, are of theBerber race ; the people of the desert are Arabs. The latter werenoted robbers, but are now kept in check by the Pacha of Egypt

5. The remains of ancient temples are common in NuCia. TheMare cither under ground or cut out of the solid rock. That of Ipsam-bul it l).c most splendid, and rivals any of the Egyptian monument*.

6. Derr is considered the . iipital of Lower Nubia. New Dongolawot the capital of the Mamelukes, after their expulsion IVom Egyptin 1813. Shendy it a mted tlave-markot i near it are the ruint of Mo-roe, a noted ancient city. Scnnoar was once a largo city, but is nowdecayed. Khartoom wo* lately founded by the Egyptiaiw. SuakemI* tlie port where pilgrims from the interior take passage for Mecca.

7. Darfur is a dry, sandy country, but the tropical rains cause it

(o produce, to some extent, wheat and millet, (^amcls, horses, andcattle, abound. Bkrooo, or VVauay, lyin^ westward from Darfur, isimperfectly known, but is raported to be well peopled.

8. KoKooFAN, situated westward of Sonnaar, wa* coHiuered in theyear 1820 by the Pucha of Egypt. Its soldiers, like Mm of Bornou,wear armour in time of war. IttLtn and Donqa are known only byreport: the former is said to abound in copper. The Shilluks are anation of negroes, of unusual size and strength.

ABYSSINIA.

9. Abyssinia, the ancient Ethiopia, is a country of raggedmountains, intersected by deep and fertile valleys. Thoughsituated in the torrid zone, the climate is generally temperate.

Ifubia, tfc. Q.— 1. What is said ofNubia 7 2. Describe Lower Nu-bia. 3. Upper Nubia. 4. The inhabitant*. 6. Ancient temples. 6. Derr&c 7. Darfur, Atu. 8. Kordofen, dto. 9. Abyssinia. 10. What is

-^tumsimmiimm'

... J

tie DMCBimVB OBOOBArUV.

WhoRt, hnrloy, nntl tMY^n vwy mnll Kmin, are the chief

produi'iM ; ftnd huIi ia tho princii>al mineral.

10. Tlio people uro in mme rcupccl* miiHri-.r to th« nMion* tround

lliem : y«t Ihnir mnniKrii aro criirl tnd Urontioui. At lh«ir h>m<t»

Ihfly c»t raw flo.h. out IV..ni tlio wiimal wliilo y.t w«rm. Human lifn

to but lillle regarded. InUaication is (>«qul;n^ a plurality of wivoa ii

oommun, and groat dupravity of maimoM proviiiU,

• n. Tho roligion ia A corrupt kind of Cliri.tianity, Infermixrd will.

»ewi»h riloa and ccromonlei. (:ireurncii.ion i« practlwd; lin|>ti»iii

and the Urd'a huppcr arn adniini«t«rod, and Saturday and Sunday ar.i

Ix.th obacrvcd at a •iibbath. The churolm. art) much adorned will,

paintingi. Fiearning ia extremely limited, being oonflued to the

prieaU, and coniioulod principally with their ayatcm of religion.

19. Abyaainia waa formerly unlet oi\o government, but now com

priaca throe divi»i..n..-Tigrc, Amhnra, and Slioa, or 8hw« »n the

year 1841 an emb.-iH«y woa acnt to Shoa by tho Hrlliali baat Indja

ComiNmy. So.no of the nouthern and woHforn province* of A hyHiiiia

have been conquered by the Oalla, a moat furocioua and brutal people,

who in Uieir iiicuraiona aparo neither ago nor acx.

19. OonBar, Ihc capital of Amlmro, waa onco th« largoat city and

eapiUl of Abyaainia : it now containa only COOO inhabilanla, hut covera

a groat extent of ground. It ia in the handa of tho Oalla. Antalo and

Adowa arc tho other principal town*. Axum, the ancient capital ..I

Abyaainia, ia now in ruina, but ia remarkable tor ita anti.juilica. Man.

Buah, which bolonga to Egypt, ia the aea-port of Abyaainia.

llfopJVb.2«,— How ia Nubia bounded? What river in Nubia?

No.— Doaort? Nn.—What ia the |)opulatio..of Khartoom? Scunaar?

Suakem? Shcndy? New Dongola? ««"? What b.iundH Abya-

ainia on Uio north'? Na.- South? Ea.Al.-Eaat? R.jSa. -WtjU

?

S«. —What lake in tho centre ? Da.—W hat river flowa from it 7 ti\.

—What ia the population of Gondar ? AnUlo ? Moaauah t Axuni 7

What countriea lie wcat of tho Nile ? Kn., Dr., Bo. -South of Dar-

ftir? Ft, Dnib-What river flowa through Bergoo? Md.— JMo cnpi-

tela of AeaoTbumriea? It, Co., Wa.-Tho population of tobbe?

What towns ore on tho Nile ? On tho Bahr el Airok 7

206

WESTERN AFRICA.

1. Thh region extends from the Great Desert to the Tropic

of Capricorn. lU chief divisions aro Scnegambia, and Upper

and Lower Guinea. A highly productive soil, a nch lu.xu-

^d of the people t 11. Religion 7 19. Government 7 Dewsribe the

Oalla. 13. Gondar, and the other town*

M^

i.

are the chiefI ^niint

icral. •

rinr to the nation* tround

'ontloui. Al th«ir fij«»t»

lo yi'l w»rm. tlunitn lifn

enl, « plurality of wiviw ii

ovitili.

rUtianlty, Infermixpd with

on i« practim'd; Imptivni

il Saturday and Sunday »rn

g art) much adorned iritli

d, being confined to llio

leir ayatein of religion,

ovornmcnt, but now com

d 8h<ja, or 8hw«. In tlin

by tlio Hritiitli Kait Indja

crn iirovincc» <if AbyiHinia

brocioui and brutul poopio,

or icx.

onco the largoit city and

1000 inhabilanla, but covcra

ia of tho Oalla. Antalo and

um, tho ancient capital of

ilu lor ita antii|uilici. Mu«.

)rt of Abyaainia.

7 What rivor in Nubia?

j..of Khartoom? Scunaar?

Brr? What bonndM Abya-

|.~Eaat? R..8a.—Wet?>at rivor flowa ftom it ? Ni.

Ulo? Maaauah? Axuni 7

., Dr., Bo.— South of I»ur.

Borgoo? Md.—TIio cnpi-

Tho population of Cobbc 7

lirol Axrok?

RICA.

rrcat Desert to the Tropic

I Scnegambia, ond Upper

ictive soil, a rich lu.xu-

;>o»emment? Dwwribe Uw

tm

^U^WCMTHM ^IICA. 31?

^iM^

rinnco of vegetation, and a great variety and abundance ofunimals, distinguish this part of tho continent.

3. The inhabitant* aro Ignorant and barbarou*: their chief* aredoapotic, and in aomo jjort* aro regarded by their auliject* a* a aaendrace. MahomcdaniHin i< Hie religion of many tribe* ; but FtliehiNm,or tho worahip of anaken, liiard*, and other dixgUMting object*, i*piovulont. Tho Muiiomedun tribca aro lea* barlmrou* than tho other*.

3. Tho «lavo.trudo ha* been carried on by European* from tlii*

region to a greater eitent than from any other part of AlVicaj and,notwithatanding tho exertion* mndo lo aupproa* il, it *till continue*.

BKNEGAMDIA.4. Seneoamhi.v extends from tho Great Desert to the

Colony of Liberia. It contains a number of small states, ofwhich Foota Jallon, Bambouk, and Soolimnna, all in the inle-rior, appear fo bo tho principal. Bambouk is noted fijr its gold.

5. Tho inhabitant* of Foota Jam.on belong to tho Foulah nation,who aro wid(;ly diapcrsed over Western and Central Africa. They arotho nio»t civiliied people of thia region, and have dark olivo complex,lona, with high and often ploaaing feature*. Tho JalofTa and Mandingoe* are alao important race*, but differ ftom tho Foulah* in Uioircomplexion and general appearance.

6. The French, English, and FortugueBO, have soltlemonU e«tablialiod on variou* part* of tho coa*t, for tho purpoio of trading withthe native* for vlave*, ivory, gum-arabic, and gold-du«t

Wtttern Africa. Q,— l. Describe thi* region. 2. The inhabitant*.RrUg:on. .3. Slave-trade. 4. What ia said of Sensgambia 7 5. Th«Foulah* 7 Jaloffs, &0.7 6. The French, &o. ?

xaiMf ^tiiiM(MitiiiiiiiirMriiiiiiwiiiil«iniiiiiii m

m DMomirrivB amaau.Arut.

COIX)NY OF SIERRA LKONR.

7. Thm Rrituh Colony of Sierra Leona woa Mtabliahed in

1787, for ths purpou of introducing iho (/hriaiian religion

and civilization into AlVica, but hos not roalixed the eipiictU'

tkma of .ta foundora.

H. Tlio bulk of the inhttiilanU ara liboraiod ilavaa, taken (Vom >«)>-

liirod •lav«-«lilp«. I'he population U alxHit 4.1,0<M), at whom not mutt'

than lUU arc whitea ) th< oitrenie unheallhfljinru of iha chmiUa rcn(luring it unaalii for thciii to reaida hare. Freotown, or Ht. tivorfa, i'>

Ute capital of Uiorra lAioiiat ttiuro ara at*o ti ur lU aiiuUl tiUayoOi

REPUBLIC or LIBERIA.

9, LiHtRiA, lately vn American colony, became In 1847

•n independent KepuhJie. It woa founded in 16'Jl by ihr;

American Colonization Hocicty, oa a place of reAim for tlw

fr«e ncgroea and cmnn'iipalod alavea of the United ototea.

10, Many have omiaratod thither, and the colony la in a flnuriihing

condition, tkivvral oi tint neiKhlNiuring tribca have put ihoniiclvi-ii

under ita protection, and *ro endeavouring to imitate ita ouatonia anil

loam its arta. The alavu'trada haa boon aboliiilM;(l within the liniitK

of Lil)cria, Bovorol vomMla, huilt at Muiiruvia, triido along the count

with the native tribes, for gohl, ivory, palm.ail, Sl(.^ in i*xctiango |!ir

American and European nianufacturua.

11, The firat acttlvd and chief town ia Monrovia ; it containa about

300 houaca, including chiirchci, achoobi, a public library, &c. Thereare aovcral other towna and aottliinicnta aituatcd at varioua |tointa on

tlio coaat, IVoin the Ht. I'aul'a river to Capo I'ulnioa. The tcrrittSrv

of Liberia extends nionr the sea.aliore about 3U0 miles: it contaiiu

3,500 coloniita, and 9U,0<)0 natives.

MapKe.fi!).— How ii Scncgambia bounded? Which rivcra arr

the principal? SI., Ga,, Nr., It.-Uo.— How long are tiie throe first'

What capo on the weal? Vc.— Un tlio south 7 Pa.—What Frenin

BOttlcmrnt on thr Scncgul river? 8l..Ls.— Ilritiah settlement on tl-

Gambia? Dt.—What settlement on tho Rio Grande? Po.—Wh t

islands lie wckI of Capo Vurdo? CVo.—What Uritish colony in tld

south ? 8..Lc.

Map No. 97.—What aiv tho principal rivers of Liberia ? How long

.a tlio St Paul'a river? Which is the moat northern capoJ Mt.

—

Southern ? Ps,— There uro nine colonial towna— which are they

Nativo towns? What colony at Capo Palmas ? Md.— At tho !»i

Julin'a river ? Pa.— Near wliut ca|>o is tho town of Monrovia ? Mo.

8i*rra Ltoni, Q.— 7, Describe Sierra Leonr. 8. What ia aaid of

tlie inhabiunts ? 9. Describe Liberia. 10. What ia aaid of the colo.

ny 7 Tho neighbouring tribes? Tho slave-trade? 11. The cluof

towna, &c. ? flow far doaa t'w territory extend ?

(

t

. I

I

C

•

a

ii(

'1

til

bj

av

ar

N<

ar

of

th

I

itur.

one waa Mtabliahnd in

the ('hriaiinn rcligton

>t rcnlizcd the expectu-

xi ilavea, Ukon (Vom iM|>-

l.l.iKM), tif whom luil moreVilnrM lit' tiin rlitniU* ren

'reoUiwn, or Ht. llootgn, i'>

) ur lU aiiioll fiUtfoa.

lony, brrnme In 1847tn(li><l in IH'Jl by thn

)lacfl of rcAifn for tlw

r the United Statra.

I colony la In a flouriiliing

Ibca have put ihoniiulvfii

XI imitato ill ouatoina andlN)lialM!(l within Iho liniitii

ria, trii'lo along tlio cimhI

•oil, dtt., in pioltango tiir

)nrnvia ; It containa aboutlublic library, Slc, Tliore

atcd at varioiii |iuinta onu I'ulniaa. Tho tcrrittSry

>ut 3U0 miloa : it contaliu

nded T Which rivrra arr-

long aro tlio throo firit'

ulh' IV—Whot Frcnoillritisli Mttleincnt on tl -^

liotirandc? P.'.—WhlVltat Uritiah colony in tU

sri of liibcria 7 How Ion)(

it nurtlicrn capoj Mt.

—

town*— whicli are they'

Imaa7 Md.— At the 8l

town of Monrovia 7 Mii.

)onr. 8. What la aaid of

. What la aald of the coin-

ra.trado7 11. Tho cliiof

tend 7

r

»«^*H

KffSa OUNSA. S18

OTW5R AND LOWER GUINKA.*• ^'nu QviniA extendi flrom Stinogambui to DiafVa.

I he cooat it d.vi(l,Hl by navigator* into the Grain, Ivory,tlold, and Slave ConaU Mheao are >o named from tho chiefnbjecta of trade at the raepective placet.

8. Bmidea part of tho colony of Lib«ri«, Ihia rraion con..

lama the native king.loma of Aahanico, Dahonwy, Itenin. 4(0. jalao aomo hngliah, Dutch, and Daniah oettlementa.

(•.iiTI'„".lV".V*""' "fl^"**'"" '• •'•"•ted to thd north of the OoUT^h "" '""*' '"'P"f««>»« "«»'» "late in WiMtern Afrina. The

Ii',.h T '"T*" """• "/ "'• ""•"''""• "f ' 'il««alion. but live. not.withatandinf, in a «Uta of ahookinf barbarit;-

*

4. The horrid cuntom of «acrificin» human bcinf. at tho drceaoeof tho «,»ero,,„. „, any „f „.„ ,^ ,» „„, i^l . ,^'•.wmaaate the capital, are ne.t and well-built. The atnaU ara aU.lamad, and are e«oh under the charfa of an olBcer.

«. The Gold ()o*aT conuln. a number -f European «>iilemenU or.kctor 0.. founded for the purp„«, of tradin,f wiU. t/.o n.li.o, for «,ld^dual. U,e ,n.-t valuable pr.Hluct of the country. C.ne(W CmiVuUonaburg of the Donea ,• Uieaa are all forUfled, and garriaolied.

b/a JifTlkV^T ilL?'"^ »• • ^rt"' "O""'^ it i. inhabited

.«! Z. •»« fcroewua people, whoaa mannera and cuit4>ma eraavaa more eruel than tho«) of U« Aahantee* Aboraey i. ihe capita

-idered a god in the nye, of hi. lubjoctiH and ^If crime. .„in.t him

Negro town it la remarkably clean, and la under judioioua rcgulaliowl

LOWER GUINEA.8. Till principal countriea comprised in Lower Guinea

are Loongo, Congo, Angolo, and Benguela. Tho sea-coaatof the«> countrioa « ki^wn to navigators by tho name ofthe Coast of Angola, or simply the Coast.

9. BiAira*. CataoiwAa. and Gaioon. lying aouth of the Niver rivarmt reported to be fertile and populoua c^untriea. but arluildo?!? vilSS

i T^%^i r^^'Jf***} 'i ?"'* "^ '"""•" ""ificeaT C.M>maMier5. ThaGoldCoaat? 6. Dahomey 7. 7. Benin? a Deacribe Uwa.

HP DimmtrrtvB aanoiAmv.

UitiMn pmttmn t Miwi rtlniiibi Mul • A-rlila x'tl i (ha •Ia««.(r«i1« MMrrlmt im to annM •alent ft 'Hit Ita chlaf |iiir(a, (^btmda aiwi l^iangq.

|i). (-4IWI.S Amkx.*, Hii^uMwi, siiii Matsmsa, an •liiMleil to Um•oulhwaril of llin rivvr i'^»^^m. 'I'lii wlmU trgi»n U mW IO to (kftiht.

ttuMfh 111 aiinw narU but lliitilr |i<'H>M 'l'li.wi IrrrKnHM IWft il*

eoviirvii liy lf«i l'iirliiifu<'«i«t in ll"7, an.! I.n. mr »tint' b

tiwir aunUuli bnl thoir auilwirUjr in tl>< k.i. rtur la immlf if

II. ('*MtNUi and M'KiuwA ar- ....,,i,„ , t«po»t««l lo ha Air InUmI

Tlia InhalillatiU of th«^ lallcr an mi-i" > i»ili«r«t ntiH Imliintrlitiiii Iha

Itloaci i(f Umi (ifHiat, vet iho BlriM-iotia I'lialnni nf Uiiinnii imTifini pm«ftlk tit. Mal«aili>r la llw |irin.ilial town nKolnii. Ht. Haul il<' Uioiul

mm! M. FvIIiw do li«'ii||u<'la aru Ihc >:liu>f a>a |i<>rta In Aiifola anil

Benguola i iVmn thtwt th« aUva-lriKl" U > irrinl mi lo tuna c«lvii(.

It). Tha CiMiKiaa C!ovNT>v i><ii' ihI< o miU'i aiiiiiliward I'ruiii Dun-

maUi lh» whob cnaat la • iluwri, kimI irtwii wairr ia very atartn;

b^ tha tntrrior io a |»i«toral (<»uiilry. 'I'lm itihahitanla aro clolht li in

ox-hidaa, and ptMavaa Urir* horda ol' nitlli', li lialxMi, ft ainaU UUiui

on Uie ctMut, hai Airniahrd grrat quaiiltlioa ol'yuatxh

itfan Afa, 95.—What b-iimrfa ('|>)>rf Uiilnea on tlm north? Hn.

—

RiHUhf <l..(Ja.— K«ftT I„.<l.i. — W..l( Mil., U. —What Mu. on

Whftt rivur dividea Up|M)r ironi i^jwrr tiiiinea r nr. — wnaiM|rala".un uf Luango I Ml. Malvndor I Ht. Paul da UHindu ? iluw

Mr ia it iVuiu Uuinvft tu Bratil 7 From An|[ola to Uraxtl 1

.2(W.

BOUTHERN AFRICA.1. SoiTTiiKHN ArmcA compriwt nearly all that part of

tho continent which lio« noutli of thrt tropic of Capricorn. It«

•uWivbionu aro the Cap** Colony, (.'atfraria, tho country of

Uin llolti-nfots, and tho country of tho BoMhuaniw.

9, Tho CAfi C'oix)N» waa a«>ltlcd by tha Dutch in IC50. It WM.wico roniiimmd by Great Ilritain, nnif waa finally ront'iriiiDd .lo thai

(lowoir in IrtlS. The jtopulation coniil«ta of Dutch, Britiah, and HoU

litntota. Tha lattti- wcro roriiierly alavoa, hMt were eiimnciiMtcd in tlw

yvar IHX). Tho inhsbiUnU amount tu 160,UU0 in number.

3. Tha aoil alonir llie cooat ia gonoriUly forlile, and productirc In

vrain, wino, and iVutU. In Uie interior ia Uie Ureat Kurroo, a dry plain,

Juinflft. 9. Biaftft, Ac. 10. Congo, Ac. II. Caaaftnge, &0. It

riinbabaa country.

S^fAern Afrien. Q.—\. Whut do«a Routh«i-n Africa eomnriaaT 9

Vbftiia laid of tha Cape Col'}ny> a.TUaoill l-'amiuraf A.Ctp*

tu

n

ra

r

riiY.

I, (^liMtdk and IrfMngq.

MM, are tliualri! to tin;

tflM U •«l>t til ba AirtlU',

ktw l«rrtt»rUi war* dU.

• •«•* •iiMB bam undcf

i*r ki nirr«(y nomlntl.

tpntUni to b* ftr Inland

led nnd lndil>trl»iw Iha

iif liiiriiiin •ncrinifl pm1111(11. >4t. Paul dn l^miid

iic«.|Hirti In AnfiiU »nil

t'd on lo Minifl olviil.

lilri MHitliward IVoiri Dan-

ill wator ia trry ararca

;

Itihaliitanla aro cIoIIk d in

li haliua, « tntttll UUjuJ

i« on tlio north ? (tn. —Kii., I,a. —WImt Mu. on

il'

<'ooniuMin 7 AIkmiiov T

V'hii.h aril ita rivrrit (u,in tlin (liiir of Uiiiliea ^

III tliu llirr« Uiit I'flong'

Ufa f Nr. —Wlial t» thn

Paul da lAHinduT Howola to Uraill 7

mcA.early nil that part of

•opic of Cupricorn. lu

Traria, tho country of

Tkmhtmnuii.

Dutch in 1C50. It wmfinnlly rontlriiiud .to thnl

Dutch, Britiah, and llol>

1 w«ro enmnci(>at«d In Uio

,UUO in number,

fi^rtile, and productire In

I Ureat Kurrou, a drjr plain,

11. Caaaange, Ito. 1ft

i«i-n AfViea eompriieT 9

toil 1 l-'amiura 1 4. Ca{>«

r

MHITUMN ArHIC'A. mIjMWIr d«UtuU »r »r,rU|(,m, Il i, ,„upj, |>„,„e„(,J h) th* oatrlxlklh» Birniara nt lli.i « .„|.,ny, tialUl Ikmra, wuup* «ai<iu.i«,j »l«fi„,. .imIralM larira lu<rda »( rultlit.

4. Ciiiw Town i. .iiiiai,',! ai i|,„ („,«. ofTilili. M.,i(nt«ln, nfrt whM>U l>i.i|ii.iiilv «vM « .iMirulir »lii(.. ilouil, ,„||..,l 11,0 ulil. ..iliilh. Il k.

f"'" ''"" ••'""". Im wff III., only pl«,ci or r..l>ii.limi nl |i,r »».M|a,

Ml*..,, f,„r.,|«, .,,,.1 ,\,i,..r,..„ „„ i),« „„, ai.l«, and llm Kaat IndlM.''"'"• " •' ^"" 'I'" •• tho utlwr. Uraiiam'a Town |« .|,.i iwxt

"V 111.ml jil

•nW.; '*'."»*?'*•-*'•"*""'»•««•»* iM»t>MM»w«rd»Vom III . u... .,.».ny to HM,u. I» rlvrr. It I. now of hi«i ufanl than IbrnMrly i il- ..mil*.w«| porliiM, |,a, be,,, ,„„,.,„|j, „„„„,^ ,, j^. j^^p,c^ .,.,,„ ,„,hnb.'ant., call... ' <»,«. »,., diy,j, j |„,^ ,«v,,„| „ih„. f|,„y „„ ,„ai.il.,1 .•, vl„o,o.j, |K.op|,,, of, ,Uap brown ««loMr, and with l>i.»lcd.UioiikIi nut wotilly l-alr.

«. War, hunllnai, and trnding' ll.nir larfff horda of eaftle, an ihn•fiiiploymcnt Id II,., „„.,,, '11,0 w.im,n cultivaln iIm a«il. build huU.out WMO.I, ami niaka li<»k«ia of rr.<da thul will hold niilli.

7. I'mvioua lo iho r^pwnl war Iwlwrnn Ihcm and the «'.,|..Hi»t», lh«mlMlimari.!! had ni 'lo a fivoiirahl., ii„pr,.,lori on «.im.i oIiIk. Caifrpailiut llmt ovri.l d.-.tr.i>.d. In a innmir.., llm e-id , If.mti. ol thiilr luhoura.aiid obligrd inoal of Ihuiii lo Icivo lliu rouiifry.

Dutliinan di^ulaml • an Uiiri«li

K fl.S I. .1^ f.™" ""^•"WT.— Thla tract of country ia in.Ua lited by th« Damaraa, Nanmquaa, Corannaa, Ori^ua^ and ollu^n.bca, all known by iho general name of Ilollcntola. 'I'licy arc a

r ><« 7 a. Dcicrilio Cafliaria. Tho inhabitanta. G. Tboir ompl-iT.a«uia. 7 Mwai.,n»rin«. a What Ir laid of Um ouuniry of Uh; ||„t.

iMMMMtO

332 nEflosirTivB oboobapht.

quiet, biofleniiive, ignorLnt raco ; filthy in their hdbitf, «nd »glj in per-

ion ; tlioir language ii lingulur, and Imi been coin|iared tu the clucking

ot' turkey*. &mo have been taught by the miiiionarici to cultivate the

ground, raise cattle, and work at a few of the moat common tradoi.

9. The BuRhmon, or Wild HottentoU, go alniott naked, and reside

in hole* in the ground, or clofta in the rooka. They use poiaoncd a».

rowi in war, or in destroying wild beasts. Tliey display some inge-

nuity in disguising thems<,-lvo8 in imitation of the ostrich, and arc tlius

Miabled tu approach that shy animal lufBciently near to dottroy it.

Kurreecnine.

10. Country of the Boshuanab.— The Boshuanaa appear to be of

tlie same race as the CaiTres ; but have made more progress in industry

and the arU. They dwell in towns ; and cultivate the ground, raising

millet, beans, water-melons, &.c. Those pcoijle have Targe herds of

cattle, the robbing of which from each other is the cause of fl-equent

wars. Lattakoo, Mashow, and Kurrccchane, the chief towns, are from

600 to 800 miles distant fVom Cape Tovim.

Map No. 25. —What countries soutli of the Tropic of Capricorn 7

Ha., Bs., CCy^ Co.—Which u the most southern cape 7 Ls.—Wliatother cape 7 G.-He.—What rivers in this region 7 Oo., Ke., C-Ki.,

S..La., Me.—How long is tlie first 7 Whot Mts. 7 Sw.—How high

are they 7 What desert extends north-west from the Boshuanu coun-

try? Ch. This IS also called ihe Karri-Harri Desert— How fat

from Cope Colony to Swan River Colony 7 Population of Kurree-

cJiane7 Mashow? Lattakoo? Cape Town? Graham's Town

?

209

EASTERN AFRICA.1. Eastern Africa comprises a vast extent of coast,

reaching from Caffraria to Abyssinia, 3000 miles in length.

Scarcely any part of the world is so imperfectly known, as

tentots 7 9. The Bushmen ? 10. Country of the Boshuanaa ? Towtia

&0.7 Herdsofiattle? •

EatUrn Africa. Q.— 1. What dues Eastern Africa comprise ? &

KiMftiKSfsess msmmiismm&mmmmi :'

r

lAPHY.

leir habiti, and ugly in per-

in coin|iared tu tlio clucking;

(iiiiiionaricR tu cultivate the

iio most common tradoi.

[> almost nai(od, and reside

ks. Thov use poisoned a.*-

Tliey display sumo inge-

of the ostrich, and are thus

ently near to destroy it.

Boshuanaa appear to be of

B moi'e progress in industry

ultivato the ground, raisins

>cople have Targe herds of

icr is the cause of Sequent

e, the chief towns, are from

' the Tropic of Capricorn 7

>uthcmcape7 Ls.—WhatI region 1 Oo., Ke^ 6,.Ki.,

at Mts. 7 Sw.—How high

It from the Boshuana coun-

•i.HArri Desert— How fai

ft Population of Kurree-

wn 7 Graham's Town 7

RICA.

a vast extent of coast,

, 3000 miles in length.

} imperfectly known, aa

oftheBo«huanaa7 Towiui

latem Aftica comprise 7 &

liBi

r

A8TBBN AFRICA.

the interior of this region, or opposes so many obstacles tothe investigations of tho traveller.

2. The states of this territory are generally occupied bydark brown or black nations, who, however, bear but little

resemblance to negroes except in colour. In some of them,the inhabitants arc not entirely destitute of arts and industry.

\V^f Country of tub Somaulies extends from Abyssinia to Ca|wardaiui. The people ore an active, industrious race, who trade with

lie Arabs, Hindoos, and tho interior Uibes. Tho country is hilly andbeautiful, and may be considered as tho native region of incense, myrrh.and sweet-smelling gums.

4. Bcrbora and Adol are the chief states on the coast, of which theprincipal towns are Borbcra and Zcyla; Hurrur, iu the interior, is theresidence ofthe Sultan ofthe Somaulies. The inland country is scarcelyknown, but appcnrs to be occupied by the savage Galla, and by Uio kinidom of G.'ngiro, whose inhabitants are equally barbarous.

^j ^l*n'°' '^''*'"*» 'tretching southward from Cape GardafUi, is

•andy, hilly, and, except in tho northern parts, barren. Tho want ofharbours, and the fierce character of the inhabitanU, have prevented itfrom being much frequented by traders.

6. Zanoukbar extends from Cape Bassas to Cope Delgado. It con-tains several states, of which Magadoxa, Mombas, and Quiloa, appe.irto be the chief: the latter is under tlio control of the Arabs of MuscuLMeiinda, once an important city, is now in ruins, having been, willithe whole of its territory, desolated by the savage Galla.

-r w'^'^^f*^"""*'"'? **'^*,¥'' "S'on is carried on principally by tho Arah«

of Muscat, m vessels called dows, the pknks of which, instead of beii.irfastened in the usual manner, are sowed together. The ports ofMoinboB, Lamoo, and Brava, ore sometimes visited by American Bhi|)s.

8. The PoRTtroinsE Fossbssions commence at Capo Delgado; thoauthority of tins nation was once very extensive, but it is now littl.-more Uian nominal. Mozambique is tho residence of the Governor Gcneral

:it was settled by the Portuguese as early as tho year 1506. Qir-

limane at the mouth of tho Zambcze river, and Sofala aal tnhambanrare the other €hiof stations on the coast ; those in the interior are Sen ,.Teto, and Manica. The trade, now greatly reduced, is chiefly wslaves, gold, and ivory. • " j j '»

9. MoNOMOTAPA, or MoTA?A, a once powerful empire, is now destroyc*Its territory is mostly occupied by the Maravis, a warlike, plunderingtribe, whose chief, called the Changamera, resides at Zimbao, the aif-cient capital. Farther inland is tho country of Uio Movizas, an indua-trious and peaceable race.

What is said.of its states 7 3. Somaulies? 4. Berbera and Add?5. Ajan? 6. Zangiiebar? 7. Commerce? 8. What is said of thePortuguese possesBions? 9. Monomotapa? 10. The Bororas, &«

tMiBatiiateiJteiiaiWtiWaant^Wt^wat^^^ii*"^ .fjB^W<.rM.ttan -

334 DSSCKimVE OBOORAPnY.

10. Tlie Bo»oiiAi nnd Makooaii nro ptipulou* tribc» in the interior

:

tlio Intlcr aro ri|Hirtcd to Iw cannibala, Cmr.Miz, a kingdom situated

in the ccntro oftlio coi-tincnt, in fcrlilo and populoun, and is Buhjoct to

a dMjJot ; it yields iron and copper : it* triido iH in ulavc* and ivory.

Afop No. 25.—VVhnl priilf Hciwratpo Dorljcra from Arabia 7 An.—What cnpdii on the coaBt of Ajan 7 Oi., Oi., Bh. — How liir i» it fVom

Ajan to Ceylon ? What country of /unpucbar Iic» nnrlli of thu Enuo-

tor 7 Ma. —Which lie sontli ? Ma., Ms., Qa.— How far from Zan-

gucbai to Sumatra ? Wliat rivori arc in Zanirucbar 7 Wc, Oc.— In

Mozambique 7 Zc., Mc. —What Mtii. 7 La.— Capes 7 Dn., C».—Wliot channel auiiaratOB Moxambi<iuo from Madagascar? Mo.

CENTRAL AFRICA.

1. CKNTBAt Afrca crmprises all the interior regions

Bouth of the Great desert. Its northern division, Soudun, or

Nigritia, has been partially explored by Europeans ; but the

Bouthern, called Ethiopia, has never been visited by white

men, and is, consequently, unknown.

8. Tlie Nig«r, it» principid river, (colled by the nativei tho Jolibn,

or Quorra), wis Ion(f o subject of '.ntcnso interest to the civiliied world,

in consequence of the various opinions entertained concerning it. Mr.

Parli, in 17a5, determined tlio upper part of its course ; and tlie lower

Cmtral Afriea. Q.—1. Describe Central Africa. Northern diviwon

Southern. 3. What la said of the principal river? 3. Suudan? 4.

\

aE

Uti

vi

th

mIt

on

Ui

wl

iu

«•(

qu

ita

fin

for

imi

Yithe

the

Wl7.

11.

BY.

I tribe* in the interior

:

lE, a kingdom situated

ulouK, iind is suhjoct to

I in bIuvcb and ivory.

fromArnl)ia7 An,—n. — Huw tlir in it from

lies nnrlli rtf tliu Eflua-

,— How fnr from Zan-

icbar ? Wc, Oc.— In

— Capcii 7 P'l., Cb,—[lagascor? Mo,

CA.

the interior regions

1 division, Soudun, or

' Europeans ; but the

cen visited by white

f the nativei the Jolibn,

est to the civilized world,

.incd concerning it. Mr.

ts course ; and the lower

IVic«. Northern diviiion

river? 3. Suudan? 4.

CBIfTRAL AFRICA. S25part^ and termination in the Gulf of Guinea, were aacerUinMl b» tl..brother. Lander, in 1830. Since that ti.ne\rhM "^TTca^dcd b,.loain.l>oati., for a di.tancu of 400 or 450 milei,

"^tnacd by

3. Soudan is, in moat parts, fertile and populous ; and thenhuhuants generally excel those of the coast in industry and

o3''"7' u'*'°""*"'' " S"^"^^ n"">l««" of states, various in

exiciit and character.

JJ^^rlZZV^^' ^''l!"X' B"'"'' *"»'«"««, Dcnham and Clan..

Tu n^d rr.ll i*"*"''°"' ^„"P°" " ^'"''^"•- tl'cy explored Z^

I om'r TnmiMC Vr ^" f" "^"^'"f tJ.at ehy t'°h^"eTu

m

,\TL . .M- Caill<S, a French traveller, reached T mbuctoo fromthe WC8 coast, and then crossed the Sahara to Morocco OurcSknowledge of the interior!, derived from the«, intJeJfd traveller,

doni but'I,'f*mil!"?'*r.''r.'" '^^ '" Soudan,!, a con.iderablo king

WAssKLA on the Niger, and Kono, extending along the mountain ranee

UBEaoo and Masswa on the western, and Baedoo on the east aido of

Si o?E7.rid .i^""""'" "" °"'y •'^~ VvVertho tpt

c D^P°^*^'^ ^ carry on a groat trade in .all.

vlHnHTn.*'?""^'-'"'«'y .'.'"' '"°»t important .tato in Soudan, is now di.

-olo»d b, . „„!,. Th. i,„.„,„ M, ofd.r, iifewiS.7. xiMiDCToo lies 8 mile north of Uio ma Niiror It hiu fi.r . !/«.

SclSVurotrt!"""!.'*" r^^^ riche.T«•nd'l.^I'tftwnicn mrat l!.uropcan traveller, have o med to arrive- but MCimlW d»pelled tl.e reputation it enjoyed for wcaUh and im;irt^ce.""''a. ilio tKLLATAs aro the mort powerful nation in Soudan Thfi^r

nTerTn" "^ *^1 ^'"'^'^' »•"» "" '»<"° warUke fhey have Comqucred Housso. the most civilizca cour,try in the interior -T-sWm

fi„„'roI.ii /^^•^'''^"* "" important cities in Houmo. Zeirzejr is afine fertile district, the capital of which is Zaria.*^ *^

9. BotwsA and Yooai are considerable town, on the Niimr Th^former .. tlie capital of Borgoo, a confeder7y ofZte. o„CrZ

'^|^<aW8ftiiBtet».»awMi«»ti<»aitoL!iMbm^

896 DBICRIPTIVB QBOGRArHT.

10. Bomoo it li one of the ino.t Important .uto« of 8oudMi. A eon.

lid«rablc trade » carricj on «crn.. the «»'"»« ^V^^ripol. in ..vo»^

ivcTT, and oatrich feather.. K*n«. lying north of Lake To^ad. I. do.

penLt on Bomou; and flirniahc. to tRat .tate iU brave.l ioldlDr.

Koulia ia the capital of Bomou ; Angornou ii lU largest town.

U. BuiuRMi, lying aouth-oaat of Ulce Tchad, la often at war with

Born;..: ^*e ca/alrf of the« nation, cover them«eWo. and „v„n

their hor«5., in time of war. with iron armour, and ««•' *"^ """k

ipoara. dAkull* i. inhubitcd by a fierce Pagan race, ca»cd Kl F«W

liU who flirht with poinoned arrow.. Mandara occupic. a fine fertile

7idi;.rc^»^i^i -*•'»» populouatown.. of which Mora .. the olue£.

Map No. 25. How i. Soudan bounded 7 What are iU riwr. T Nr,

Yu* ly;Ta., Be.-How long i. the fir.t 7 What >*k«- "''•'" S^"^*"

Td. F^. De.-How long i. the fir.t7 What »"'•' «»; *'?-;S.

ithepcJpulationofSegS? Jonno7 Timbuctoo7 8ooc»too7 Kam.7

Zariaf BouiM? Bomou 7 Angornou7

AFRICAN ISLANDS.

1 Africa comprises a number of single Ulands and groups

qf islands, belonging chiefly to different European states;most

of them arc jwpulous, and produce a variety of valuable com-

modities.. . ,

9. The Azoaw, or Wmtirn I.i^. Ho in the Atlantic «»«W^"1300 m IcH wet from Portugal ; U,oy have a fine =l>-''t° »"'Ur» ^^^the product, arc grain, wine, and fr|.it. "^^TAn^ in Terc^i a •

town, are Ponte Dclgada, in St. Michael'., and Angra, in lerooira.

Uio latter', the oapiuloftlie whole group.

3 Mad««a i. a beautiful, healthflil, and fcrUle l.land ;it I. a re»rl

for inS and l!a. been ling coleb^ted for »«* ««;^' 7»J' roitil

uldo In which i. IcM important than formerly. Funchal i. U.o capital.

4 The Canary Island, are noted for their wine., fif"'*?' n'^.^*""">;

birf.. TlK>.e i.land. contain numerou. ^nonr^^nnf^M^ihem^*

oetebroted i. the Peak of Tcncriffe. Santa Crui, in the uland of Tone,

riffe, U the capital. Orotavt i. the large.t town.

5. The Caw Vekdc I.lanm have a hot and unhoallh<bl ?'""»»«,«"'

•L and arid .oil. Many of the inhabitanU died of «"";»«'"18J1

,

ftoni the effect, ofa long.conlinued drought Fogo, one of the wland-.

SSdnS mI active volcio. Salt. ffoat..&n^ an.fwme cotton, are the

chief article, of trade. The capital i« Porto Praya.

6. Akmmoii I.LA1ID wa. long uninhabited, and was (toou. for it*

Afrken hlrndt. Q. -1. What i. .aid of the African continent 7 a.

iWrihethe AiOTee. 3. Madeira Ulandfc 4. Canary wland.. 5. Cape

vSrf?W.ndrrA.«;n.i.n and St Helena. 7. V^at doc. the EUu-

n

APAia

P

vr/«T>'j***«*'»as»in'»!5»?'^sa;»' ii.liV/."-'?.:*"??«••,{»#»«*

,FHT.

Uto* or Boudui. A mn.

•a with Tripoli, in ikvo*,

rth of L»ko Tchad, it do.

lUts iu braveit MkUori

I iu largest town,

shad, ii often at war with

ter themioWoa, and even

lour, and flglit with loiiv

>agan race, called El Fut

*RA occupiee a fine fertile

which Mora ii the ohioC .

^hat are ita riven T Nr^

^hat lakoa are in Soudan ?

tMta.7 Kg., Mn.—What[.tooT SoccatooT Kanu7

NDS.nglo islands and groups

European stotes ; mosl

ariety of valuable com-

the Atlantic ocean, about

fine climate and good foil

:

rarioui kinda. The chiof

I, and Angra, in Tercoira

:

fertile iiland ; it if a reaort

For iu excellent winea, tln^

rly. Funchaliitlio capital.

ir wlncii, firuita, and Canary

mnUina, of which the inoHt

Crui, in the island of Tom..

town.

nd unhoalthfUl climate, aiiH

nU died of famine in Ifl.H,

t Fogo, one of the ialand-,

w, and aome cotton, ar« tlio

oPraya.

led, and waa fkmoua for Its

•flhe African continent? 9.

4, Canary islands. 5. Cape

ita. 7. mat docs the EUii-

AmiCAlf ISLAROf. 327lurtlei it hat now a small garris<m. 8t Helena is a high rocky Island,nnd haa but one harbour and town (Jamestown) : it is noted for having

M .'S'."'*"?' ".C.^J^P"'®"" Bonaparte for su years: he died Uieram May, 1821. In 1840, his remains were conveyed to France,

7. The Ethiopian hciiipei.aoo, situated on the costemside of Africa, comprises Madaguscar, tho Mascarcnha, Soy-ciielle, Almiraiito, Comoro, and some other smaller islands.a Madaoaso** is tho largest of the African islands. It has a health

til climate, a fertile soil, and is said to bo rich in minerals. The in.habitanta consist of Arabs, Malays, and Negroes. Somfl of these oiiUuvato Uie ground, and are not destitute of arU : othera are pirates, andoommit dcpredaUons on the neighbouring islands.

i„ ^m'"."?'"!!'"''

^'i.'''"?'"5"" »X *'"' "**''•• ^"» """rt important state

ra this island, waa founded by Radama. This prince patronized theinissionarios, and endeavoured to civilize his subjccU by intrwlucinir

|""?2Ja a" *^""?'P"»" "^ and sciences. He was poisoned by his wifein Ism Since his death, the kingdom has been the scene of anarclivand confusion. Tanaaorivou is the capital. Bombctok Bay, and il.eother bays and porU, arc sometimes visited by American vessels.

10. Eastward from Madagascar ore the Maso*««niia Islands. These

!S!2i^"."i**'"'.'"'?MAuaiTius or the Isle of Franco ; both are well set-

tied, JirlUo islands: cofToo and sugar are the chief producU. Mauritius

is the icon? of Uie inimitable tolo of Paul ond Virginia. Bourbon con-Ulna a volcano constanUy burning, which serves at night as a liirht.honso to inwiners. Port touis, in MauriUus, and St. &nis, in flSur-bon, are tlie chief towns.

11. The StvoHicLLB and Almirantc Iblanos are a depondencr of ,MauriUus: Uicy produce cotton and ^ocoa-nuU. MaheT on Mainisliuid, IS thn capital of the first-namcd group. The Comobo Isles Jemounl^inous but fertile. Tho inhabiUnU have been 3y dl «U^pkted by Uio ravages of the Madaga«car pirates.

^

^i^'Jl*""".*'«""*"•«"'' *""*• '" fertile, well-settled islands.

^n.«^ lJLnn"'?1?'- .^'J»''>.". »«» »»» "l»nd of tho same n.mo^

rthJs.^ Vm'''"'?"'*!!' " *'.'" '"if"' '<""' •" »ho dominion:

i A ^if. *•.".•«**• SocoxaA is subject to the Sultan of Keshiom Arabia, and i. chiefly noted for tlm au(4riof quality ofiU alo^

Map No. 9«.— TfU the popuIaUon of tlie following islands, and thanaUons to winch;

.y bpjonj^ i Aiores, Madeira, Canary, Cape Verde.Ascension, St Hole..a, Mauritius, Bourbon, Almirante, and Soychelte^Population of MadagMcarT How long is it T Iu northern cape 7 Ao^Southern? S-M/.—How ftr ftora Madagascar to Australia 7 What

fr., Zr., Ma.—What island belonga to Keahin 7

oplan Arahipclam oomprise 7 'a What ia aaid of Madagaaear 7 9

i^^^^T'^tZrS^"^'^ IL^S^ehei

f

r

338 DMCSIPTIVB OBOORArHT.

_- 212

lobabitantiofOceaniea. ^

OCEANICA.I. OcKAiviCA comprises tho islands lying south of Asia,

together with tho greater part of those in the Pacific Ocean,situated between Asia and America. They form three great

divisions : Malaysia, Australasia, and Polynesia.

3. It extends from north to south about 6200 miles, andfrom east to west 11,000 miles, and comprises almost a thiol

part of the superficies of tho globe. Tho land area is about

one-elcventh part of the land surface, of tho earth.

3. The discovery of tliis quarter of tlio world cnmmL-nrcd aoon tfter

America was known to Eurnpnans. Majifcllan, tho firHt navigator whouilsd round the globe, pMscd through tho strait whicli bcnrs his name,more than 300 years ai^o, and crosiicd tho Pacific Ocean in a direction

from south-east to nortii.wcst.

4. After Magellan, the Spaniards, Dutch, and English, continued the

progresa of discovery. Of the latter. Captain James Cook contributed

more to our knowledge of tho islands in this quarter than any other

Aidividual. Since his time, numerous navigators and whalers, princi-

pally English, French, and Americans, have traversed tho Pacific

boean in every direction, and have probably left hut little to be ex-

Oeemwea. Q.~-l. Describe Oceaniea. 9 Its extent. 3. What is

•id of its diacoTWf, Stc 7 4. What took place after Magellan 7 What

r

iruT.

I lying south of Asia,

I in the Pacific Ocean,Thoy form throe great

Polynesia.

iboitt 6200 miles, andtmpriscs almost a thisd

Tlie land area is about

r the earth.

irld commenced loon after

in, tho firHt navigator whorait which bcnrshis name,iciiic Ocean in a direction

ind English, continued the

n Jamca Cook contributed

ia quarter than any other

ratora and whalers, princi-

iTe traveracd tho Pacific

ly lofl hut little to be ex-

Its extent 3. What ia

oe tAcr Magellan 7 What

r

OCEANICA — MAIAVIIA. 3iW

pi'ired. In the ynar 1841 the American Exploring Expedition vliilMlmany of 'Jie ialanda in thexo aooa.

3. Tho IMandi of Occanica are altuatcrt principally within tho tro-pica, and ore eximncd to a cnnnicUiralili! drgrco of lieiil. The t()ni|K'r«-ture, however, i« varioua. Some of tht-m enjoy a (li-lighU'ul tliinntc,aiid are among the moat favoured and fertile countries on tho gloltc

6. Noarly all llio liirgo iNJnnda are elovatod. Some contain moun.taini of )(rc»t ahiliKJu. Vulciinoo* are nuincroun, and oroaHionallvcuuae dreadful ravngoa. The smaller ialanda ore low, niiiiy of tiiiinacarccly riHing uIkjvh tho surfaco of tlio water, and are often dcHtilulaof vcgdtmion and irilmhitantai aomo again aro covered with grovca ofcocoauut and oilier trcca, nnd are well peopled.

7. Most of the animals found in these islands aio similar to those oftlio south of AhIu; but thore aro several variolicH peculiar to this nuar-tor. Tlio oriing.o'.itung abounds in Borneo, and tliu Malay tnpir inJava and other islmidrt. Tho kangaroo, cnicu, duckbill, and blackiwan, exist only in Australia.

8. Tho natives of Oceonica are varioui in manners, customs, andcondition. Tlwy consiHt, for the most part, of two distinct races, tit*Malays, or brown variety of tho human family, and the Tapuan, Ori-ental, or Molanosian Negroes,

9. The Malays are found in different stages of civilixation, and com-prise two distinct classes, nobles and slaves. Some of thorn are comp«.ratively improved j others are extremely barbarous, and in many in-Etanees they are cannibals. The pcoplo of Polynesia aro principallypagans

; those of Malaysia aro partly Mahomcdana and partly (tagans.

10. The Papuans conatitnte a variety of the black race, but are,for tho most part, siiiallcr in person, and not so dark in complexion, asinc African negroes. They are gcnfrally destitute of clothing or dwell,ings, often live on the most disirusting food, and aro supposed to h«v«00 definite ideas of a Supremo Iking,

•213

MALAYSIA.

1. Malaysia derives its nam( rem tho Malays, the moetnjiTicrous people in this region. It is also called the EastIndia Archiiielago; and contains the islands of Sumatra,.lava, and Borneo, usually called the Sunda Isles, togetherwith the island of Celebes, the Moluccas, or Spice Islands,the Philippine Islands, and some smaller groups.

it said ofCopt in Cook 7 What has occurred aince his time 7 In 1841

T

S. What is said of the islands, Aic.T 6. Larger islands? 7. Animala?8. Natives of Oceanica? 9. Tho Malays? 10. Papuans?

MalaytUt. Q.—1. What ii aaid of Malaysia 7 What does it oontoia 1

9 R

['•

V

330

*«v

DUCRIPTIVI CBUGRAPIIY.

9. Tlie climaio nl' Mkltjrda ii that of tlio torrid tnne. Tlin Mill i«

pruductivo, tiiil yield* in Uundunre tho inont rxqiiiailo Kpifca and

l^uiti. Th« olofe, nutmaf, mace, cinnamon, and pepper, abound ; alau

igar, cofleo, cotton, rice, tobacco, and indigo.

3. The oimmercQ ii extoniivo, and it carried on moatly br Enrop*-

MM and Chineae. Thu latter, in tlietr uncouth vomcIi, called junka,

trade in gtnikt numhcri to the difliircut Inland*. Trijiani;, aca-alug, and

odiblo bird«'.ncitt«, luxurioi not in uae amnnif Kiiropcana, Porin >oiporW

ant articlea of tlie Uafflo with Chirfl, wlu re they bear a high price.

Malaya captorinf a BuropMa Vtaael.

4. Tho Mala)!, the preralent race in thia region, are, generally, of

a yellowiah brown complexion. They a«B chiefly Mahomedana, an^

have a atrong paaaion for gambling. Many of the Malaya are pirate*

they often lurpriao and capture European and other mcrchant-veikeli

A number ofChinese emigrants have scttlod in varioua part* of Malay

aia, and are noted for their induatrioua and quiet habita.

5. BuMATKA, the muat wcatem of tho Sunda lalandi, ia nearly e<)ual

in extent to our Middle and Eoatom Statu* united. It i* divided into

•everal petty native kingdom* ; and ia partly under the dominion of

Holland. Some of tho interior tribca are cannibal*. Among the Bat.

to*, thejpunichmcnt of aevcral Crimea, by their lawn, ia to be eaten

alive. They alao eat the priioner* they take in war.

6. Java i* a fine Ibrtile ialand, about three-burth* of which belong*

to the Dutch : tho remainder of the island i* governed by two native

prince*, the emperor and the lultan. Yho native* are wull acquainted

with many orta. lliey carry on a lucrative trade with the Chineae.

it. What ia aaid of the climala 7 3. Cc\nmeroe 7 4. The Malaya t S

r

MIY.

orrid tnn«. The Mill ii

wt rxi|iii<il<i Kpir'ca and

nd pepper, abound ; aim

id on m«rtly br Enrop*-

ith voiwcli, callvd junlia,

. TrijMuig, Ma-ilug, andRiiropcana, form ioipor^

my bear a high price.

region, are, generally, of

ihiefly Mahomedana, aii4

rthe Malaya are piratet

il other mGrchant.vcakeli

n varioui part* of Malayliet babita.

t Iilandi, ii nearly e<)ual

nitcd. It if divide)! into

f under the dominion of

niboli. Amonif the Bat>

isir lawn, ia to be eaten

in war,

.burtha of which bclonpgoverned bv two native

tlvcR are wull acquainted

trado with the Chineae.

m7 ITheMaUyat S

r

MALATIIA. 8S1

7. BaUvia ia tlie capital of Java, aa well aa of all the Dutch poawsa.aiona in the E«at. It ia a iroat cuiiiinercial eiii|M)riutn. Haniarany ia

the next imporUiit town. I)jockokarU ia the capital of tiia aniperor'a,and Hurakarta of tha aultan'a dominiona.

8. Kaitward from Java are the Iilanda of Bally, Huntihawa, FIari«,and Timor. Hniiibawa ia noted for it* torriflo volcano. Timor belonjjajointly to the Dutch and the Portuguoao. Oanca ia noted for iu tin.

9. fioaNRo ia one of the larffeat iiland* in the world. It ia nearlyfour tiinea larpr than Great ifritain. The interior ia inhabited by (b.

lociu'ia, wariiko tribea. Among one of thoae, the Dyaka, no one ia

loniidorod a man, or can obtain a wife, until he can ahow the head ofIt looat, one Itnoiny, aa a proof of hia proweaa. CJold and diamomiatre (bund in Borneo. The principal trade ia at Bunjarmaaain.

10. Nortli-eaatward (Vom Borneo are the Sooloo lalandi. The peophare all noted piratca ; tliey are the Aljrcrinoa of the eaiiloin aeaa. Co.tebea ia a large, irrcgular-ihapcd iviand ; the northern part ia inhabiteilby the Bngia, and the aouthorn by the Maraniara. The women hemmmgle freely in all tiie affairi of liti-, and are even aomotimea callodto ttio tJirone. The town of Mocaaaar belong* to the Dutch.

11. The 8nc!E IiMNn«,or Moi.tccAa, proHiirn tho prooioua aploca,flovca, nutmrga, and mace. Gllolo, Coram, Boiiro, Dando, and Am-doyna, are tho principal iHlandii. Naaaaii, a itinnll town on the iaiandef Neiro, ia tlio reaidonco of tho Dutch governor.

19. Tho rniurriNC Iiland* compriiMs two large and a number ofimaller iilonda. Thoy are rich in natural reiourcoi, and furniah manyvaluable articica of commerce. Thoae iilanda belong to Spain ; but thainhabitanU are chiefly of tho natii^o racci, the Tagaloi, Biaayas, &o.Among theae nationa are levoral imall independent itatei.

13. Manilla, on tho west aide of the iiland of Luzon, ia the capital ofall the Spanish coloniea in tho East, and ia a large and flouriihing city.It ia tho centre of an oxtcniive commerce, and ita harbour ia throngodwith European, American, and Chinese vcasola.

Map No. 98.— What groat circle paisci through tho middle of Ma.layaia? Er.— In what lona ia Malayiia? Td.— How long is 8u.matra? Java? Celebes 7 Luion7 Mindanao 7 How long and wideia Borneo 7 What ia the population of Sumatra 7 Java 7 Bomra 7Celebes? Philippine Ishinda7 Manilla 7 Batavia7 Jamarana?Acheenf Palambang? What strait separatea Sumatra from Ma.lacca? Ma.— Sumatra from Java? Sa.— Borneo dom Celebea?Mr.— How wide are tho straits of Sunda ?

Sumatra? 6. Java? Thenativea? 7. Batavia, Ac. ? 8. Bally, An

T

K ^™*!J!^-' ^''- ^^'«» '»•' "• 8P'«» I»-^ 13. Philippine la.?ll Manilla?

'^'^

BUCBirriva oaooBArHV.

J'i

_;_,t^-~-jjwbr « -

'^

*,^

\1 ii^

f,^.~

—11 111' V

•'

> n \^} vlii* vi*;

•'^^tajT^ v:^'>

. -Vi.

Convlcu landlni at Dolanjr Oay.

AUSTRALASIA.

1. AvfTRALAiiA comnriwN a number of iilanda lying

•cmth-enstward friHn Malavniii : "f thosfi, Australia or new

Holland, N»;w CJuint'ii, and Now Z<>nliind, nrrj the moat fix-

toniivo. Thn inholiitantii aro chiefly I'npuarj Negroes, and

rank among tlio lowest of the hutnnn Ihmily.

9. AuiTRALU, furmerly callod ffew Holland, in Uia UrgfX UUnd in

lh« world. It if now a part of tlie Uritiuli Riiipire. New 8uutli Wule-,

North AuRlratia, Hoiitli Auiilralia, and Wcet Auatraliii, aro itii chief

diviaioni. The Bhio Mnuntnin* aro tlio highvat rtinKe, and tiro Murru;

tho largcat rivvr, yot diicoverud.

3. Tho aburifinra of

Auitrnlia arc very rude

•nd dc((raded : thoae in

ho interior oxiat on roota,

'tuba, worma, and whatlicy kill in tho choae.

tlume on^e coaat live

ninatly oirfiahing, yet

tlioir conoca aro of (ho ., . ..

riidcaldoacription. Homo *"*'"™ "'• "••

aro merely a. largo piece of bark folded and tied up at each end, andome only a log, on which tiiey ait and guide witli tlioir handa.

Auttralatia. Q.— l. What is said of AuatralaataT 9. Australia?

» 'ts three great diviaiuna, Slc. 7 3. Describe the aboriginoa. 4. Botany

r

m. - -. t iMP-

Aruv*

r Itay,

i.

mbor of iilandn lying

loxe, Australia or newInnd, nro tho moat ex-

I'npunri Negroes, and

Ihiniiy.

.nd, in Uia UfKMt inland in

liiipire. New South VViilcr

et Auitraliii, aro itH chirl

icit rtinKe, and tlio Murru;

n on hi* Ld(.

d tied up At Mcli end, andlo witlk tlioir hand*.

uitreluiaT 8. Auttralia?

the aboriginoi, 4. Botuty

Jtrnttlmim

r

AVWrKAtAMA. 3334. fn th« toiiihA^t |wrt rff Audrnlia i« thu OnrAHt Hat Cou.n»

fcuiidiU ill 17<i7i U> tlM> |il«c« m»ny ihrnuind cciiiunuU Iwva U'«iitrsnsfsiftfd tt..in (Ircat iiriuiu. Tho bulii oi" (hn |j..piihii.Mi in, how.tvrr, riiriiii<d t.f Irra Mitlur* i l., th«M> tho ciiiivi. U itrd aiiiN.rliunvd ulabourer* d«rin|f the |Hrl.<l Cor which llicy wore wiilon. eJ.

rt. Tho ('..h.ny ettnulD nlonir Ihr roait aliout :mK) inih-ii i IJ U Hi.*iilrd Into couiiti..!, Rimt rontain^ «)*<tii1 town*, Tho country I* hil.ter adiipti <l (or graiiii^ than IiIIiik.' ; .li.,,. am ahiindanl, and iJi. ifwool form, a Urifr |Hirt oC iho vx\mrUi wliiat, Indian corn, and w.ia.^-«, aru [ho prinWiml |.r.Hl.i.t*. Sydney, Uio capital, ha* a go<.d hur-tMiur, with ron«id«riib!o coinniorco.

«. In W.«t Au»tralia i, tho ,Sw»n Rivra Coi^ouri in which no griiai

linprovnmcnt ha* yet taken place. M<iuth Au*lralia and Port Thili,,diKtriet, in thn *outh, aro tlouri>.hin(( colonic*. Adulaida i* Uio chieftuwn of tlia flnt named, and Melbourne of tho la*t.

7. Vah ni«Mr«'» r.Ann, or TAtM.^iu. sctllod in 1804, It nearly <mualIn *ifo to H<iuth ( arolina. Tho oiinialo oftliik i.lnnd i* c.H.ler, but thi-pr.Hluctiori* aro nearly tho name a* in tho oth. r cdonic*. About one.Uiird of aio iiopulation aro convict*. Ilobarton i* tho capital.a Naw 7.tM.AHo cornpriuc* two Inrjfo and one *mall idnnd. The

"fi*!" e"* "omowlmt eiKteil* that of tho 8uto of Virginia. The

*oil * fortllu, and pr.Kluce* rmlian.corn, wheat, yam*, potatus*. and *(pMie* of atronK and aorviconblo llax.

9. Tho nativo* aro a woU-ff.rmcd raea, rorylnir in somploxion fWima chcvnut colour to a dinrv while. Tlwiy wore, until recontly, very wai#'"'^

iiKo and Ion jiuu*, and wore all cannibals. Tat-tooinif waa iranoral, and Uio flico* of th« ehiol'ii

«ero alino*t entirely covered over with fl|rureiiof variou* kind*. Tho Now Zealnndcr* makeSood «nilor*, and many of them now Mirv« onnard inerrhantmon in lliat capacity.

lU. Intho northern iiland tJ^ onrtimis oftho mimiionnrie* hovo produced an importantchanjfo : 33,000 of tho |K>pulation now profa«

I tha foapcl, 1.5/.100 aro in the achool*, and

N*« Z..i.n.i nhi.^ !""' """^ ''"" ""''"" Poacher*. New Zealand

A i^, .,.,..i» annexed to tho :;rili'«h empire. Tliotown.of

Anckland, Wolliniton, and Now PlymouUi, all on thu northern iiland.have been founded by BriU.h coloniaU : tlw fimt named i* tlio otpiuL

11. PAfirA, or Ukw (JoiNr*. i* believed to bo one of the moat fertil*countric* in Ihe world, but tho intcrtor has never Lien explored. Loo.liiADs, Nrw BaiTAiN, Niw Irklano, SoroMONV, AaciiirsLAOo, ths N«wlliaaiou, and New Cauidonia, occupy tJio N. E. part of Auatialwiia,

Bav Colony. S. What I. aaid of it7 Country, &o. 7 6. Swtn RWeitoJony? South Australia 7 7, Van Diom*,i'. Land 7 8. Now Zealand

'

9. W hat i» Raid of tattix.injf 7 10. Of Pupua, &c. 7 LouiHiado, A.o. 1

rih

M4 mMcmirnvt •mrOht.

•ml sr* hai lillU Iiiv«wb. TJi* tnhaWuHl., Ilk« tlttng-, wt ai»i4«4

into imtti lrlW», •ml «r» •! lorwUnl w^r with •••'h •rflirr.

IS AU.i 3004) .,.,Um -.«»h ..r Au»trs!ia b •..»»« A'-'-r-!*" < "«il««"«

4Ur<>««rM), in Ihfl f*t It^d, li» lh« Ain«rtr«n Kiploflnj l'.ip».)'«''»".

aimitnaiKlrH by I,lrutpn«iit C. Wilkr.. N««rly •brml lh« ••«»• illdinc*

mlh <•< Nfw XcaUiKl i» Vli-t..ft« Uml, ill»«..»rr*d In l«J4l, hjf C«|»

tain J. <:. RiiM, of llw Hriti»h n«»)r. (Hm M«p No. 3.)

Jfaa JVW. 9H. —Wh«t |ri>«» < iffla ftifiiw tha noHli bouiuJ^ry of Aii*

IraUaUr |;r.—WhUlrimin iroM«« Ai»lr«li»f Cm. — In wh^t »•.-»«

Ii AiwlrslMUT Td., a T«. — ll«w Umg •mi wldn •rti Au»lr«ll« •nA

Vwi l)i«m«n*» I*nd f llow lonf •r* Nnw (JuImm •n-! the two UrfMi

UUnda of Now Zealand f Whut lr«lt wiparaira AiMlralia and Nfw

QuinM I Ta.— Auatrulia and Van Dlemrn'i Und ' Ha. - • How wl.lr

art Ihay t What iaiand la inhahll«d b» wmvlrta ftoin Naw Houth Walr. '

Nk.'*-Whatlathapoj>iilali.»nof th« ttilany Hay t'olonf t V»n IHarnan'.

Und? H.nilh Aiwtralia f Naw llrlrtl<l«a ' N«w < aUidonia ? Hwan

Rival t'AtUmf 1 Hydn*/ ' llobart/m ( llow Ikr la It from llobartun

to Umdofi f To Naw York f Nama tha Naw ZaaUnd laU.*

andwkh Ulaailan kuralnf aa Idol.

POLYNESIA.1. Poi,Yi»MfA comprised tfio wlandi situat^ in the Pacific

Ocean, between Mnlnyiiin; Austmlaaia, and South America.

•

lu climate it Bimilar to that of tlio West Indies, but is more

mild and regular.

PaiuMcta. Q^— L^Ptitieribe Polynsda. fl. Producto. 8. Ths |)*>

• •« Iha account on Map 10. naar Naw Ztiland.

to> inr"^r' .''-"^' ^

'HT.

••oh Dtlirf.

Itu. Aulair.'lln I'lintlllflll

\ Riploring KipMlill'xt.

ab>Htl Iha m« ilMini:*

tvrrrd In IH4I, by i^|i

)i No. 3.)

north boun<J«f)f of Aii».

1 Cn, ~ In *h»l »ii-»<«

wiiin am Auatrdl* •nA

ln«A »r<-'. Ih« two UrrMiIra Aualralia an<t NrwUn<) ' lla. Ilov* wl.la

(Voin Naw Mouth Walmi

'

t'olonrt Van Dtninan'*

N«w ('aMnnia 1 Hwan(kr M II iVoin ilobarlun

w Zaataml lalas.*

I* tilol.

ituaM in th« Pocifie

,ond South America.

iBt Indies, but is mora

I. Product!, a. Tlw p*»

l«w ZttlaaAi

VOLVNMMA. nS9. TIm ehi«r phxlucu nm llxt hrtwd.rruil, y«m| |U0 MM,

•WMl potato, |iliiii(itiii, Imtiiiiia, niui riKVNiniit, iMaMNTtrfoW*Truil*, rompriaiiitf <iritiiK**«, liiiwa, cilMna, oitu'-npiil.Jt, flga, dtc

9. Tha t«wi|i|i. ui'l'ulvncaia ara ultan nallril tlw aiuth M»a (•laixlaraIhaif an in f»mt»l niilil ami f«ntlr, »el lier<« ami warhkn when auiiiulatad hy InUrral or ravanga i and tjimr r-ara ha»» liaan rarrlml onwtth auch ferocity, thai aoina liknda liava Iwrn anllraiy )hi|i<i|jiilat«.|.

1'Im arual cuatoma nf aMrlllrliiy human IwinKa, aalinf human ll«ah,mid Iha murder ufinrknta, wara Gommun, and wara aanutlonad by that)M*ti«/rrli||iin.

Wl'hn l.tnaoNi latANoa wura the ftrat known lo Ruropoana of an)>ii Ihl* rrijion, having bcicn dUiovcrnd l>y Magrlluti In I.VJI. Tlia otiVinal Inhahitanta liava \mrn nrarlv all ejlerminalcd hy Ihn H|iaiiiard«,Ilia (.'aaoiiMi laiAKiia ar« ailuatod in a t«ni|«flatuoiia metui, and <<i|i<MadUi (Uriotw hurrHanna, Ikilh them f r>Mi|ia Ul.mjf nominally lo N|Miln.

S. Thn H«NnwirH Ui.anim arc the m.wt im|Htrtitnt oKlila rrtfion. 11^wall, or Owhylwi', tha laryrat of the KriMi|i, la nvnrly thn aiie ol ( onnavbK.UL Tha iieoplt.. in 1H|T», dcatroyrd (hair Idola, and in thn followinfyear the ChrUlian raliKJun waa iiitriKlinril hy Amirii an nii»ioiiikri«a• A largn |irn|Mirtion of the inhahitanta ha»e Ixton taught rnadmg,

wrIUnf, and arithmatiiT, by tha miaaw>nariea. t^hurKlwa hava bMu• raotad i the pniaa ia aalaLliahtid, and Ihn Hcrliiluma, achool-booka,iiawa^iwra, A.C., arn prinind in tha languuKe ..ftho wmnlry.

7. riia town of Honolulu, In tha laland of Oulm, la iho capital ofIlia Sandwich l»landa| it rontaina alwul 7000 inhiibiUnta, of whomtoo ara Ainaricana and Kngli.h. Many Am<'ri<:an and 'iuropaan•liipa ara alwaya In iwrt : aoma iniall veaacla Iwlonif U> the natWaa.I AAelno, on the iaiand of Maui, ia alao a coniidnrahia town.A The ManuANA Aaoiiir«L*oo comprinea tho Marquenaa and Waah-

Mifton lalanda; they are very lerlil' Mid ftirni«h fi>o.l to tlio inhibiUnU

iilinoat without laU>ur ; tha |mjoi.Io ... : among tii« in.wt (inoly formed of«ny known rtt<;e, and are but little darker l)mn Southern Kuropeana.1 hey ore now, or wore nry recently, cannilmla. The MarnueoMlanda have b«en Ukon {Kiaanialon of by tho Fronrh.9. Tho .Socirrr and (jRokouN Iai.ANM wcio tho ftr.t in Polyneaia of

which thn inhahitanta emhroced Chriatinnity. Kinico ia thr i hi«f atnli.rtii>t tho hngliih miuionurina. Otahcile, or Tahiti, th« largi-atoftho Oeorg.an Inlanda, ia govi-rned by a quocn. Fa|i«ta ia tho capital. Dancing,

irtico the chief amumimenl of the pi-opl.', wna porform.'d on all occaaiuna

I'll 't-yn*""'''''• ''"'"' *" CO"""""/, but ia now leaa praotlaed.

II II'^**'' '" *'*i'»«'>Tu laLANOa compriac an extrnaive range of

•mall iaUnd..;they are but little known, and many are uninhabited.

1 he Au«TR*i, HcRTifr, and P4i.i.iaiK InMNDa are lituatcd at variouadiatancea from Ouheite

ithe people apeak a langiiaga imilar to that

of tha Otiiheitana, and hava all been converted by the inlaaiu„«,iaa.

pie, 4.C, 4. [.adrone. Caroline. 3. Sandwich lalanda. 8. What haabatn done by the miaaionariea 1 7. Honolulu 7 8. Mendana Archi.pela^iT 9. Society and Georgian It. T 10. Pamrl? Auatrtl,&a»

-FK-'I^T^WipWWWWP" -Wi"

i S86 DESCRIPTIVE QEOOnAPHY.

Olahoitan Dance.

11. The FBnENDLT Islands comprise the Navigator'*, Tonga, Ha.

baai, and Fcejco i»lands j tho inhabitants of the latter are the mo«rt

ferocious and savage of any in Polyneiiia j they are large and muscu.

lar, and of very dark compfoxion. ^n the Tonga and Habaai islandH,

a great number of children are instruclod in tho schools; and many of

the natives are church members,

12. PrroAiiiN's Island is icttlcd by the descendants of the mntinefm

of the ship Bounty : the inhabitants are an amiable, religious, and

moral people, and speak the Enirlisli language. The Central A«chi-

rELAOO, the Archipelagoes of Maokllan and Anhon, and the Bonm

group, are composed of a number of small islands : they arc but Utile

known, and ore seldom visited.

Mnp No. 28. —What grciit circles pass through Polynesia 7 T.-Cr

,

Br T.-Cn.—What zones is Polynesia in ? N.-Tc, Td., S.-Te.—What

is the population of the Sandwjch Islands T Washington Is. ?^Mar-

qucsasls.? Society and Georgian Is. 7 Paumotu Is.7 Cook sis. 7

Austral la. 7 Navigator's Is. 7 Vavou? Habaai Is. 7 Tonga Is. 7 Fee-

lee Is.7 Gambierls.7 Pitcairn's Is. 7 Easter Is. 7 How far is it from

the Sandwich Islands to London 7 To New York 7 I o the coast of

Mexico 7 To the Columbia River 7 To China 7 From the Marquesas

to the coast ofPeru 7 What islands have been converted to the Christian

r»<liirion7' Which have been partially converted? How many miles does

tho Pacific Ocea* extend irom east to west 7 From north to south 7

11. Frifc..aly Islands? Tonga, &c. 7 18. Piteairn't Wand 7 Central

;VrGhioeIago, &«.1 Bonin Islands 7

THE BKS

5EP 28 1945

i-U»&*Uhii^""Wi»*fc'*'**'^*

ORAPHY.

tho Navieator'i, Tonga, Hii.

[ts of tho fatter are the moal

la J they arc larye and mu»cu-

lie Tonga and Ilabaai islandH,

il in tho Bclioola ; and many of

B deRCondantR of tlio mntinerrti

.re an amiable, rcligiouB, and

igiiage. The Ckntral Archi-

,N ond Anhon, and tlie Benin

lall islands : they arc but little

IS through Polynesia 7 T.-Cr

,

ri ? N.-To., Td., S.-Te.—Whotids ? Washington Is. ? Mar-

f Pauinotu Is. 7 Cook'a Is, 7

Habttails.7 Tonga Is. 7 Fee-

Easter Is. 7 How fur is it from

I New York 7 To the coast of

China ? From the Marqueaa*

1 been converted to the Christian

nvcrted ? How many niilcs does

vent 7 From north to south 7

Tq. Pitcaim't Island 7 Central

rs

r

-^^i