Cities - Urban Geography
70
Lecture 3 The rise and fall and rise of cities Dr. Brian Doucet
Transcript of Cities - Urban Geography
Lecture 3 The rise and fall and rise of cities
Dr. Brian Doucet
Question:
How are cities portrayed in fiction in
Indonesia?
– Books
– Films
– TV
New York City in fiction
Today: „Sex and the City,‟ „Friends‟ & „How I
met your mother‟
– City is a space for adventure, leisure, creativity,
consumption. A prosperous space
„Law and Order‟ & „Teenage Mutant Ninja
Turtles‟
– City is a dangerous space, crime, decay, gritty
Why do we have cities?
Why do we have cities?
Markets for excess food production
– Better agriculture meant we didn‟t all need to be farmers!
– New opportunities for commerce, production, control, trade, thought, belief (easier to do these things when clustered together)
Defence
Religion
Consumption – markets for products
Trade
Production
Government
Finance
What are cities and why are they important?
Louis Wirth: a city is a – relatively large,
– dense,
– and permanent settlement
– of socially heterogeneous individuals
Growing percentage of world population currently lives in cities
2008 – half the world‟s population lives in cities
As Geographers, what could we add to this definition?
Land use, division of space
Activities/functions
– Residential, commercial, administrative etc.
Connectivity, infrastructure
– From ancient roads to mobile phones
Relationship to hinterland, other places
Kingsley Davis – The Urbanization of the Human Population
Why does urbanisation occur?
Rural settlements reclassified as towns? (rare)
Births exceed deaths (low-birth rates, high mortality)
Rural to urban migration
S curve
Urbanisation has a beginning and end point – Urban growth has no end point
K Davis and Industrialisation
Agriculture – land is the prime instrument of
production – spread out
Non-agricultural activities: use land as a site
(of production, consumption etc)
– Cluster together (agglomerations)
– Specialisation
Developing world: similar process, but rates
of population growth much higher
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Urbanisation rates 1960 -2010 Other selected countries
Question:
How can you explain the development of
spatial land use in Yogyakarta?
Do you see any trends or patterns?
– i.e. zones, rings, corridors, centres?
Urban land-use models
Bid rent curve (Alonso, 1960)
Concentric zone model (Burgess, 1925)
Sectoral model (Hoyt, 1939)
Bid-rent theory
W. Alonso (1960)
Central locations most wanted
Firms/households compete
Highest bid gets most central location
Retail and office generally have highest bids
Trade-off living space/commuting costs
Concentric zone model
E.W. Burgess (1925)
Distribution of social groups within urban areas
Correlation between distance from CBD and wealth of inhabited area
Based on Chicago‟s urban structure
Sectoral model
H. Hoyt (1939)
Urban expansion along
transportation arteries rather
than concentric rings
Rich and poor sections of
cities are segregated
Based urban structure of 40
US cities
The Rise and Fall of Cities
19th Century: Rapid Industrialisation
– Rapid population growth
20th Century: Escape from industrial city
– Modernist ideas for a better urban life
Urban decline in the post-war decades
Planned Cities
19th Century Industrial population explosion
Population growth London and New York (1800 – 2010)
Population Growth Amsterdam and Toronto
Source: http://sohomemory.com/tag/tours-of-soho/
Charles Booth – mapping poverty in London
http://booth.lse.ac.uk/
20th Century Responses
Bro
adacre
City
Ga
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n
City
Vill
e
Rad
ieuse
Anti-urban
(decentralist)
Pro-urban
(centralist)
Garden city (Ebenezer Howard)
Ebenezer Howard (1898)
Main principles: – Limited in size
– Self-contained
– Much recreational space
– Range of social institutions
– Segregation of land use
– Land owned by municipality
Examples: Letchworth (1903), Welwyn (1920)
Also applied in many new towns and on local levels („garden neighbourhoods‟)
Metroland, London
Post-war Garden Cities: New Towns movement
Milton Keynes (near London)
East Kilbride (near Glasgow)
– Abercrombie Report
Zoetermeer (near The Hague)
– Bedroom community („slaapstad‟) for DH
Amsterdam: Western Garden Cities
(Westelijke tuinsteden)
Ville Radieuse (Le Corbusier)
Satellite towns
Business centre /CBD
Train station
Houses
Factories
Warehouses/distribution
Heavy industry
Ville Radieuse (2)
Le Corbusier (1935)
Main principles: – Large-scale high-rise public housing in green environment
(„towers in the park‟, vertical garden cities)
– Emphasis on geometrics (radial and grid patterns)
– Large industrial zones, seperation of functions (housing, working, recreation, traffic)
– Social mix, collectivism, anti-chaos (strictly regulated, hierarchical society)
Based on CIAM principles: Congres Internationaux d‟Architecture Moderne (1928-1959)
Examples: original plan was never executed, but main principles are applied in e.g. Parisian suburbs, Marseille, Bijlmermeer (Amsterdam)
The Paris that could have been!
Postwar influence: Bijlmer, Amsterdam
Egalitarian ideals
Better housing for
ordinary people
Initially very popular
– Big flats, clean,
green space
Quickly declined
Broadacre City
Frank Llyod Wright (1932)
Main principle: solving urban problems by radical decentralisation
Inspired by new technologies (cars, phone)
Ideological: every individual has right to his own acre; back to traditional lifestyle
American vision; hardly pursued in European planning
Edge cities (Garreau) as unplanned or incomplete versions of Broadacre City
So things weren’t looking so good for cities
Post-war period
Suburbanisation
White flight
Redlining
Slum clearances
Deindustrialisation – Job losses
Cities seen as: – Crime
– Decay
– Poverty
Urban resurgence?
Late 20th Century: a return to the city?
– Deindustrialisation (cleaner)
– Changing household preferences
– Changing economic drivers
– Changing land use
– Changing policy ideas
– End of modernism?
Population growth London and New York (1800 – 2010)
Gentrification
„Gentrification is the most politically-loaded
word in urban geography‟ (Davidson and
Lees, 2005)
What is Gentrification?
Ruth Glass, London Sociologist (1964): “One by one many of the working class quarters of
London have been invaded by the middle class…have been taken over when their leases expired, and have become elegant, expensive residences…once this process of „gentrification‟ starts in a district it goes on rapidly until all or most of the working class occupiers are displaced and the whole social character of the district is changed”
(Source: Glass, (1964) London: Aspects of Change)
Neil Smith, Scottish/American Geographer
“
Gentrification is no longer about a narrow and
quixotic oddity in the housing market but has
become the leading residential edge of a
much larger endeavour; the class remake of
the central urban landscape.” Source: Smith (1996) The New Urban Frontier. p.39
Brian Doucet
“An upward class transformation and the
creation of affluent space.” Source: Doucet (2010) Rich cities with poor people: waterfront
regeneration in the Netherlands and Scotland‟
Low income resident
“Rich people move in, poor move out, rents
go up”
– Source: (Lees, 2008)
What is Gentrification?
Physical – Upgrading/restoring of old property
– New-build luxury (later)
– Change in retail structure
Spatial – Older inner-city neighbourhoods – proximity to
centre
– Working class districts
– Initially in global cities (London, New York)
– Now global phenomenon
What is Gentrification?
Social – Displacement of poor population
– Class transformation (from poor to middle class)
– Character/function of the neighbourhood changes
Actors – Individual households (sweat equity)
– Developers/investors
– Governments (urban restructuring/state strategy)
Represents upward neighbourhood change
Gentrification theories
Do people follow capital?
Or does capital follow people?
Explanations: Supply Side
Neil Smith
The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. (1996)
Gentrification is a back to the city movement of capital, not people
Production factors
Disinvestment in inner city
„Frontiers of Capital‟
Explanations: Demand Side
David Ley, Canadian Geographer
The New Middle Class and the Remaking of the Central City (1996)
Changes in demand preferences, lifestyles, demographics causes gentrification
What does traditional gentrification look like?
Brownstones in New York City
Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, December 2006
Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, December 2006
Old working class housing remade as symbols of middle class success
Islington, North London, January 2009
Notting Hill, London
Selling Gentrification
Urban professional lifestyle is sold to potential consumers
Media – TV shows: Sex and the City, Fraser, Cosby Show
– Movies: Notting Hill, Bridget Jones‟ Diary
– New York: from crime to glamour
Advertising - Westside Lofts
Evolution of Gentrification
Gentrification moved beyond Ruth Glass‟ observations
– Waves of gentrification (Hackworth and Smith)
Big business (role of developers)
Role of government – municipally-led
Further away from city centre (also new-build)
Lack of criticism
Faculty of Geosciences
Department of Human Geography
and Planning
Faculty of Geosciences
Department of Human Geography
and Planning
Gentrification in Indonesia??
Slum clearance?
Gated Communities?
Luxury redevelopments?
New housing?
Government led?
