Radiocarbon, Vol 56, Nr 2, 2014, p 469–478 DOI: 10.2458/56.17448 © 2014 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona

Proceedings of the Radiocarbon and Archaeology 7th International Symposium Ghent, Belgium, April 2013 | Edited by Mark Van Strydonck, Philippe Crombé, and Guy De Mulder © 2014 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona

A NEW PERCEPTION OF THE LATE BRONZE AGE CHRONOLOGY IN BELGIUM

Walter Leclercq

CReA-Patrimoine (Free University of Brussels), Av. F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium. Email: wleclerc@ulb.ac.be.

ABSTRACT. Since Marcel Edouard Mariën and his 1952 masterpiece synthesis Oud-België van de eerste landbouwers tot de komst van Caesar, the beginning of the Late Bronze Age in Belgium has been situated around 1100 BC, corresponding to the phase Ha A2. The scarcity of artifacts from Reinecke’s phases Bz C and Ha A1 seemed to confirm this theory. Based on an axe’s hoard (Maaseik, Belgium) and the presence of grooved ware, the potential existence of a Bz D/Ha A1 phase has been suggested but certainly not certified. Currently, a large campaign of analyses on bones from several Late Bronze Age sites is shedding new light on Bronze Age chronology.

CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK OF LATE BRONZE AGE BELGIUM

In Belgium, the notion of the “Bronze Age” encountered difficulties before it was accepted in the scientific world, despite the discovery of objects in correlation with discoveries from the Swiss lake dwellings. After recognition of the Bronze Age existence in the area, the chronological framework taken from Oscar Montelius was used (De Loë 1931). When he initiated the redaction of his book Oud-België van de eerste landbouwers tot de komst van Caesar, Marcel Edouard Mariën (1952) reviewed the traditional chronology. When he realized the cartography of the bronze artifacts from Belgium, he cut the country into two parts. The Scheldt Basin constituted the first part with objects belonging to the Atlantic complex. The other area was the Maas Basin with continental objects (Mariën 1952) (Figure 1). According to Mariën, the origin of continental objects from the Scheldt Basin is uncertain. Most of these objects had a high chronology corresponding to the phases Bz D and Ha A1 from Reinecke’s chronology. The main consequence of their uncertain origin is the re-jection in Belgium of the Bz D and Ha A1 matching the early stage of development of the Urnfield culture. De Laet (1982) reaffirmed this point of view. Therefore, the chronological framework of the Middle Bronze Age was completely modified in Belgium, finishing in 1100 BC (De Laet 1982).

The modified chronology has affected until today the beginning of the Late Bronze Age in Belgium. Only a few objects, generally found during the dragging of the River Scheldt (Warmenbol 1992), were attributed to the phases Bz C and Ha A1, but their provenance was at the time questioned. At the end of the 1980s, an axe’s hoard (Maaseik, Belgium) and the presence of grooved ware led to the hypothesis of the existence of a Bz D/Ha A1 phase (Warmenbol 1989).

In the course of the current study, the chronology adopted by Mariën was not maintained. Indeed, the multiplication of correlations between the analyzed sites in Belgium on the one hand and the lake dwellings in Switzerland and the Rhine Valley on the other hand led to adoption of Reinecke’s chronology. However, this chronology was revisited with new data offered by the dendrochronol-ogy and a new refined typochronology used by Moinat and David-Elbiali (2003). Following this chronological system, the Late Bronze Age in Belgium would start around 1350 BC (Figure 2).

SITES

Sinsin “Trou del Leuve” (Namur, Belgium)

Between the cities of Ciney (Namur, Belgium) and Marche-en-Famenne (Luxembourg, Belgium), the Trou del Leuve Cave at Sinsin is situated in a large calcareous band, commonly called Calesti-

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enne, at the foot of the Belgian Ardennes (Figure 3). The first and the larger campaign of excava-tions was made at the end of the 19th century, conducted by Alfred Bequet (1883), member of the Namur Archaeological Society. This archaeological research brought to light many Late Bronze Age artifacts ranging from Ha A2 to B1 (Raepsaet-Charlier 1971), most of which were in connec-tion with continental groups (Warmenbol 1992): a handle of Socktstadt sword (Warmenbol 1988), small gold baskets (Warmenbol 1992), and several fragments of ceramic (Leclercq 2012). Among these objects, human and animal bones were discovered, but none have been analyzed to date.

Han-sur-Lesse (Namur, Belgium)

At the beginning of the 20th century, the first excavations in the cave site of Han-sur-Lesse (Namur province) were performed by Edouard de Pierpont (1904), another member of the Archaeological Society of Namur (Namur, Belgium). Working inside a dry gallery—termed Belgo-romaine—of Han-sur-Lesse during the years 1901–1904, he extracted a 3-m-high pillar from this gallery to con-serve a witness of the stratigraphic organization. This initiative was clearly innovative for his time. The importance of this pillar has increased since the disappearance of de Pierpont’s archives due to a fire in his castle in September 1944 (Courtoy 1947:126).

During the 1960s and 1970s, several underwater excavations were conducted at the resurgence of the River Lesse, exactly where the river emerges from the hill called Massif de Boine after a 24-hr in the underworld. Those have revealed exceptional artifacts both metallic (e.g. gold discs) and ce-ramics. For example, more than 400 wares have been analyzed in the course of this study (Leclercq 2012).

Figure 1 Distribution of the Belgian Late Bronze objects between the Maas and Scheldt basins (Mariën 1952)

471New Perception of Late Bronze Age Chronology in Belgium

de Pierpont’s pillar was found in the laboratory during 1981/1982 by Professor Pierre-Paul Bonen-fant and the Free University of Brussels (Bonenfant 1984). Among the small archaeological artifacts discovered in the pillar, some charcoal remains were found but not analyzed with the radiocarbon method.

J.-J. Ha� 1961

V. Rychner 1979

P. Brun 1986

L. Sperber 1987

Chosen chronology

(Moinat/David, 2003 + Bz D)

1000

1050

1100

1150

800

850

900

950

700

750

BF IIa

BF IIb

BF I

BF IIIa

BF IIIb

Hallstatt ancien

Etape 3

Etape 2

Etape 1

Ha C

Phase Ossingen / Ihringen/ Gündlingen

Sb IIIb (Ha B3)Phase Möringen/ Portalban

Phase AuvernierN.

880

740

950

1020

1085

1155

Ha C classique

Ha C ancien

Ha B3 récent

Ha B3 ancien

Ha B2

Ha B1 classique

Ha B1 ancien

Ha A2

Ha A1

Sb IIb

Sb IIa

Sb IIc

Sb IIIa/1

Sb IIIa/2

Ha C

Ha B2

Ha B1

Ha A2/B1

Ha A2

Bz D/Ha A1

1200

1250

1300

Bourgeois, Talon 2009

P. Reinecke 1906

Ha A

Ha B

1060

Early IronAge

LaterBronze

Age

Middle Bronze

Age

Montelius

Bz III

Bz IV

Bz V

Bz VI

Bz D

Sb Ib

Sb Ia

1350

Figure 2 Chronologies used in the text

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Blicquy “Ville d’Anderlecht” (Hainaut, Belgium)

Near the source of the Dendre River, the Blicquy necropolis site is situated to the southwest of the city of Ath (Hainaut, Belgium) in an area rich in Bronze and Iron Age sites (Henton and Demarez 2005). The cemetery lies at the foot of a gentle slope with a southeast/northwest orientation, bound to the west by the Chapelle-à-Oie brook. The site was excavated during several campaigns (Henton et al. 1997; Gillet et al. 2006). The cemetery spreads over some 5000 m2. The western and southern limits seem to have been discovered, while the graveyard could extend further to the north and east. A least 35 tombs have been found, while 3 structures are poorly preserved. There are 26 cremations in urns, 7 “bonepackgraves,” and 2 graves consisting of a mixed packet of cremated bones and charcoal deposited in a small pit (the well-known Brandgrubengräber), all of them concentrated in the northern part of the cemetery. The establishment of the La Tène ritual area, followed by a Roman sanctuary, and finally, the extensive agriculture explain the destruction of the graves and the decapitation of most urns. The presence of the Bronze Age cemetery could explain the later ritual character of the zone and the implantation of a protohistoric sanctuary, destructing partially the Bronze Age cemetery.

La Roche Albéric (Hainaut, Belgium)

As Han-sur-Lesse and Sinsin, La Roche Albéric at Couvin (Hainaut, Belgium) is situated at the southern boundary of the calcareous band called Calestienne. Known since the beginning of the 19th century, the cave was rediscovered during a speleological exploration, with some archaeological artifacts lying on the ground. In 1987, a campaign of excavations was conducted inside the cave,

Figure 3 Map of sites studied within modern Belgium

473New Perception of Late Bronze Age Chronology in Belgium

where three fragments of skulls were discovered in a niche 3 m above the ground level (Cattelain and Cabaraux 2002). Recently, Second Iron Age ceramics of the site have been studied (Robertz 2008).

RADIOCARBON ANALYSES

At Sinsin, 27 analyses on bones found in Sinsin Cave have been realized (Warmenbol 2007), in collaboration with the Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage and Mark Van Strydonck (Van Stry-donck and Warmenbol 2012). Among the 27 results, 8 calibrated dates belong to the Late Bronze Age (Table 1). All dates were calibrated using OxCal v 3.10 (Bronk Ramsey 1995, 2001) and the IntCal09 calibration curve (Reimer et al. 2009). Two date to the beginning of the Late Bronze Age: KIA-26239 and KIA-26230, respectively, 3130 ± 30 BP (1460–1310 BC) and 3080 ± 25 BP (1420–1290 BC).

After P-P Bonenfant’s death in 2010, E Warmenbol (CReA-Patrimoine/Free University Brussels) inherited the pillar from the cave of Han and decided to conduct a campaign of 17 14C analyses on each stratum numbered from 1 to 10 from the bottom (Van Strydonck and Warmenbol 2012). Samples from strata 5 and 5B give 14C dates of 2965 ± 25 BP (5B) and 2935 ± 35 BP (5) (Table 2).

In 2005, 14C analyses were realized on three fragments of skulls from La Roche Albéric Cave. Two dates are homogenous—2840 ± 25 BP (KIA-25606); 2880 ± 25 BP (KIA-25607)—and correspond to the Ha A2-B1 (Table 3). The third one is slightly younger (2665 ± 25 BP), equivalent to the Ha B3 (Robertz 2008).

Finally, the 14C dates from Blicquy “Ville d’Anderlecht” and their correlation with the traditional typochronology have been discussed before (De Mulder et al. 2007). Fifteen analyses have been

Table 1 Dates on bone carbonate from Sinsin Cave.

Sample Lab code Dates BP Calbrated dates BC2b KIA-23754 2830 ± 30 1056 (92.3%) 906

1085 (2.2%) 1064 1111 (0.9%) 1103

5 KIA-23756 2875 ± 30 1131 (88.1%) 971 961 (4.1%) 934 1160 (1.8%) 1191 (1.4%) 1178

F27-11-9 KIA-25598 2890 ± 25 1130 (88.6%) 997 1193 (6.8%) 1142

D20-9-268 KIA-25600 2915 ± 25 1211 (95.4%) 1015 2C KIA-23740 2920 ± 30 1215 (91.7%) 1014

1256 (3.7%) 1237 180 KIA-26230 2960 ± 25 1271 (90.8%) 1112

1102 (2.6%) 1076 1291 (1.2%) 1279 1065 (0.8%) 1057

222 KIA-26239 3010 ± 25 1322 (77.7%) 1192 1379 (13.1%) 1336 1144 (2.5%) 11321177 (2.2%) 1161

A6/45-22g KIA-34163 3045 ± 30 1407 (91.1%) 1257 1236 (4.3%) 1216

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conducted on bones and charcoal samples with a perfect match between them. Among these results, particular attention is given to the structures F129 (KIA-23752: 3185 ± 30 BP), F125 (KIA-23757: 3110 ± 30 BP), F68 (KIA-23758: 3010 ± 30 BP), and F26 (KIA-24014: 3000 ± 35 BP) (Table 4).

Table 2 14C dates from the pillar of Han-sur-Lesse.

Phase Lab code Dates BP Calibrated dates BC10 KIA-39423 4165 ± 30 2881 (19.6%) 2832

2820 (75.8%) 26338C KIA-39593 4095 ± 30 2850 (68.2%) 2810

2870 (92.9%) 27902760 (5.3%) 2720

8B KIA-39820 4245 ± 30 2810 (68.2%) 27702820 (87.4%) 27402730 (28.2%) 2690

8A KIA-39427 4180 ± 35 2790 (40.0%) 27402730 (28.2%) 26902800 (95.4%) 2660

7 KIA-39441 4130 ± 30 2710 (67.5%) 26202600 (0.7%) 25802760 (95.4%) 2570

6 KIA-38440 3415 ± 30 1750 (68.2%) 16651870 (4.0%) 18401780 (91.4%) 1620

5B KIA-39819 2965 ± 25 1270 (68.2%) 11601300 (95.4%) 1120

5 KIA-41368 2935 ± 35 1180 (68.2%) 10501220 (95.4%) 1010

4 KIA-39611 2195 ± 25 355 (68.2%) 290 380 (95.4%) 240

3B KIA-39422 2280 ± 30 285 (68.2%) 230 310 (95.4%) 200

3A KIA-39598 2145 ± 25 205 (68.2%) 165 230 (95.4%) 110

2 KIA-39597 2080 ± 25 170 (68.2%) 115 190 (95.4%) 70

1B KIA-41367 2140 ± 25 140 (57.5%) 90 70 (10.7%) 55 170 (95.4%) 50

Table 3 14C dates from skulls of La Roche Albéric.

Sample Lab code Dates BP Calibrated dates BC1 KIA-25606 2840 ± 25 1111 (1.0%) 1103

1085 (2.9%) 10641056 (91.5%) 918

2 KIA-25607 2880 ± 25 1189 (0.8%) 11811155 (1.0%) 11461130 (93.0%) 976 952 (0.6%) 946

3 KIA-25608 2665 ± 25 895 (8.5%) 869 850 (86.9%) 796

475New Perception of Late Bronze Age Chronology in Belgium

DISCUSSION

During the last decade, several new 14C analyses have begun to draw a new Late Bronze Age land-scape. Combined with the analyses of metal and ceramic objects, it would be possible to present a revision of the chronology in Belgium. 14C analyses have been realized on cremated bones associ-ated with urns or deposited in perishable materials from Blicquy “Ville d’Anderlecht” and a part of them has integrated the discussion around the correlation between the 14C results and the traditional typochronology (De Mulder et al. 2007). Among these results, some 14C data were surprising. In-deed, their chronological framework is far from what we expected. According to the literature, urnfields began in the middle of the Late Bronze Age (Ha A2–Ha B1). Most 14C results confirm the occupation of the necropolis during this chronological phase. However, the 14C analyses conducted

Table 4 14C date dates from Blicquy “Ville d’Anderlecht.”

Structures Lab code Date BP Calibrated dates BCF129 KIA-23752 3185 ± 30 1494 (26.1%) 1472

1466 (42.1%) 14311520 (92.4%) 1410

F125 KIA-23757 3110 ± 30 1494 (26.1%) 14721466 (42.1%) 14311450 (95.4%) 1300

F68 KIA-23758 3010 ± 30 1370 (7.2%) 13511316 (61.%) 12121390 (95.4%) 1120

F26 KIA-24014 3000 ± 35 1312 (64.8%) 11941142 (3.4%) 11331380 (95.4%) 1120

F45 KIA-24010 3000 ± 30 1380 (8.1%) 13301320 (87.3%) 1120

F23 KIA-24015 2995 ± 30 1380 (5.5%) 13401320 (89.9%) 1120

F127 KIA-23766 2975 ± 30 1263 (47.7%) 11901180 (11.9%) 11581144 (8.5%) 11301320 (95.4%) 1110

F79 KIA-24006 2945 ± 35 1258 (10.6%) 12341216 (57.6%) 11141270 (95.4%) 1020

F27 KIA-24003 2945 ± 35 1258 (10.6%) 12341216 (57.6%) 11141270 (95.4%) 1020

F72 Average vases 2932 ± 23 1260 (6.0%) 12301220 (89.4%) 1040

F178 KIA-24007 2925 ± 40 1208 (68.2%) 10521270 (95.4%) 1000

F179 KIA-23998 2920 ± 35 1260 (5.4%) 12301220 (90.0%) 1000

F83 KIA-24011 2495 ± 30 762 (12.3%) 733690 (3.7%) 681672 (4.3%) 662650 (47.8%) 545790 (95.4%) 510

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on cremated bones from the bonepackgraves do not correspond with this traditional pattern. They instead place the start of occupancy at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age (Bz D/Ha A1), in the early stage of development of the Urnfield culture. This is not an isolated phenomenon. Around the 15th and 14th centuries, the Middle Bronze Age cultural and funeral landscape seems to be deeply modified. The Flanders barrows gave a final 14C date of 3260 ± 60 BP (UtC-2017, Bourgeois et al. 1996). The youngest dates given by the analyses on the barrows can be correlated with a reuse of the structure (Bourgeois et al. 1996; De Reu 2014). This breaking point in the use of barrows cor-responds to the earlier phases of the occupation of Blicquy “Ville d’Anderlecht.” During the 15th century, the deposition of objects in the river began and continued during the Late Bronze Age (Ver-laeckt 1996). These modifications should be challenged: Does a rupture exist between the Middle Bronze Age traditions and the appearance of the first elements of Late Bronze Age practices?

The cremation grave I of Borsbeek (Antwerp) delivered in 1966 a funeral gift that is matchless in Belgium. Indeed, funerary remains were generally confined to one or two additional vases going along with the cinerary urn. The grave I of Borsbeek contains no less than six vases with an amphora used as an urn (Desittere 1968). The 14C result on the cremated bones gave a date between the end of the Ha A1 and the Ha B (KIA-37896: 2865 ± 35 BP; De Mulder et al. 2012). This 14C result is in perfect adequacy with the typochronology of the urns. One of the most relevant subjects of com-parison was the funeral gift set from grave 1953-C/18 of Niederkaina (Landkreis Bautzen, Sachsen) (Puttkammer 2008: Table 106). This grave has been placed in the phase NK2b corresponding to the second half of the Ha A1/first half of the Ha A2. The grave 5 of Borsbeek is older (KIA-37897: 2895 ± 40 BP; De Mulder et al. 2012:583) and confirms an ancient occupancy of the cemetery.

Only a few ceramic objects, in particular grooved ware and some bronze artifacts from the Scheldt, were placed in the Bz D/Ha A1 (Warmenbol 1992). However, near Blicquy, at Bois-de-Lessines (Hainaut), the grave goods, dating from the Br Z D/Ha A1, comprised a torque and bracelets. The Nieder-Flörsheim-type bracelet has several parallels in Germany including the eponymous site (Kr Worms, Rheinland-Pfalz), placed chronologically in the Stufe Wölfersheim, at the end of the Middle Bronze Age (Richter 1970: plate 36.621). At Osthofen (Kr Alzey-Worms, Rheinland-Pfalz), a grave had a similar composition as that of Bois-de-Lessines and was placed in the phase Hanau (ältere und mittlere Urnenfelderzeit) (Kubach 1977:446, plate 123C). Four torques like those from Bois-de-Lessines were also discovered at Dave (Namur province) (Warmenbol 1992).

Since then, other analyses have increased the corpus of sites with early occupancy. Many ceramic and metal artifacts discovered in the resurgence of the River Lesse, after a day journey through the hill, have showed an important frequentation of the cave during the Ha A2-B1, opposite to the dry gallery Belgo-romaine had been abandoned during this period. However, the analyses on charcoal fragments from the phases 5 and 5b show a use of the cave during Reinecke’s Bz D Ha A1 (Warmenbol 1992). These results match the typochronology of ceramics discovered in the cave. It is the case of the proto- schulterbecher defined by Lothar Sperber (1987) as an announcement of the well-known Schoul-derbecher, characteristic, according to him, of the phase Ha A1. However, the analyses illustrate the desertion of the dry gallery called Belgo-romaine during the phases Ha A2/B1 (Van Strydonck and Warmenbol 2012). It constitutes a real paradox: the major part of the artifacts discovered during the underwater excavations in the 1970s by Marc Jasinsky’s team belong to these phases.

In the other Belgian sites where 14C analyses have not been conducted, the chronology of the Late Bronze Age cemeteries was revisited by a new typological study. At Herstal “Pré Wigy” (Liège, Belgium), a cemetery was unearthed in the beginning by lay archaeologists and, during the mid-1960s, under the supervision of the Service National des Fouilles. No less than 21 incineration

477New Perception of Late Bronze Age Chronology in Belgium

graves and 13 isolated findings were uncovered (Alenus-Lecerf 1974). The ceramics used as urn covers are a characteristic form of the Ha A1. The earlier occupation of the site was confirmed by the discoveries of grooved ware.

At Sinsin “Trou del Leuve,” the chronology built from a large number of Late Bronze Age objects matches the 14C dates, confirming the results of the typochronology to a Ha A2/B1 attribution. How-ever, like Han-sur-Lesse and Blicquy, some dates do not fit into this scheme. Samples Sinsin 180, Sinsin 222, and Sinsin A6/45-22g dated to, respectively, 2960 ± 25 BP (KIA-26230), 3010 ± 25 BP (KIA-26239), and 3045 ± 30 BP (KIA-34163). They place the beginning of the frequentation of the cave, as Han and partially Blicquy, early in the Late Bronze Age, at the Br D/Ha A1. Unfortunately, at the present time, no artifact is associated with the 14C dates. Nevertheless, these results confirm an early occupancy of the site and agree with other 14C results obtained in Late Bronze Age sites.

Far from the expected results of traditional Celtic skulls, the three dates indicate clearly a chrono-logical range in the Late Bronze Age for the skulls from La Roche Albéric. Beyond the important reinterpretation of the status of the cave, its frequentation begins to be clarified: two visits inside the galleries with, each time, depositions of skull fragments. Each occurrence happened at specific moments in the evolution of the cultural landscape in Belgium. Indeed, the two skull depositions correspond with the occupancy of lakeside villages and some development phases of the groupe Rhin-Suisse-France orientale (Ha A2/B1) and its last extension during the Ha B3. The deposition of human parts eventually leads to several propositions to determine the role played by caves (where human bones have been discovered) for Late Bronze Age communities. Like Sinsin (Warmenbol 1992), a funeral role can be attributed to La Roche Albéric Cave, but a site with religious practices cannot be excluded. The use of the human skull/head is not specific to the Celtic populations.

CONCLUSION

This approach combining 14C analysis on human remains with a typological study of metal and ceramic objects has allowed proposing a modification of the Belgian Late Bronze Age chronology. With the chronology defined in the mid-20th century, the Late Bronze Age began around 1100 BC, with the classical phase of the urnfield. The Bz D and Ha A1 were considered as a part of the Mid-dle Bronze Age, of the finishing Hilversum culture. Elements from Bois-de-Lessines (Hainaut), for example, were considered as objects of the dawning Urnfield culture in central Europe exchanged with the western communities (De Laet 1982:435). The bronze objects are not only exchanges between communities. 14C analyses on several Late Bronze cemeteries put them in parallel with cremation graves. This funeral practice characterized populations who produced bronze objects. The first cremation graves correspond with the end of barrow use and the beginning of deposition in wet contexts. The addition of new data lead to the proposal of the beginning of the Late Bronze Age in Reinecke’s Bz D and Ha A1 without rejecting the persistence of some traditions of the Middle Bronze Age. For the periods Ha A2/B1, the 14C analyses have increased the number of attestations of sites and authorized the revision of the role of some of them.

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