BIOLOGY

IES LAURETUM (ESPARTINAS)IES LAURETUM (ESPARTINAS)

3ºESO3ºESO

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BIOLOGY 3ºESO

C A S A

INDEX

LIVING MATTER:

-LEVELS OF ORGANISATION 3

-WHAT ARE CELLS? 4

THE NUTRITIONAL FUNCTION:

-A BALANCE DIET AND NUTRITION 8

-THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 14

-THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 20

-ABOUT SMOKING 24

-THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 29

-THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM 33

INTERACTION AND COORDINATION:

-THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 37

-THE EYES 41

HUMAN REPRODUCTION:

-HIV AND AIDS 46

HEALTH AND ILLNESS:

-CAUSES OF DISEASE 50

REVIEW:

-CONTEST: JEOPARDY 55

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Cellular level. This consists of cells. These are the smallest units of living matter that can exist freely in a me-

dium, as they can carry out all the functions of living beings (interaction, nutrition and reproduction). If a living

being is made up of only one cell it is called a unicellular organism.

Multicellular level. This consists of living beings which have more than one cell. These are multicellular organ-

ism. But within this level various levels of complexity or sublevels can be differentiated. From the smallest to the

biggest, these are as follows.

1-Tissues. These are sets of specialised cells which have the same function and the same origin. For exam-

ple, the muscular tissue, formed by packets of muscular cells.

2-Organs. These are the structural and functional units of superior living beings. They are made up of va-

rious different tissues which are joined together to carry

out a specific function known as an act. For example,

the heart, which beats to pomp the blood, consists of

muscular, nervous and conjunctive tissues.

3-Systems or apparatus. These are sets of different or

gans which carry out actions which are independent

from each other but whose acts are coordinated. For ex

ample, the digestive apparatus which is made up of

the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, etc.

4– Organism. The complete unit of the living being.

Population level. This includes all populations, the set of indi-

viduals of the same species which live in the same zone at the

same time. For example, a swarm of bees.

Ecosystem level. This consists of all the sets of different popu-

lations of different beings related together and the place where

they live, and their physical and chemical conditions. The set of

ecosystems which exist in the world is known as the biosphere,

which is the largest level of organisation.

FROM THE SMALLEST TO THE BIGGEST

Subatomic level. This is made up of the smallest particles of

matter, such as neutrons, protons, electrons, etc.

Atomic level. This is made up of atoms, which are the small-

est portions of a chemical element which keeps its properties.

Molecular level. This is made up of molecules or compounds

which are the result of the union of two or more atoms by

means of chemical links, such as, for example, a molecule of

oxygen (O2) and a molecule of water (H2O).

LEVELS OF ORGANISATION

Level of organisation Science which studies the

level

Molecular level Biochemistry

Cellular level Cytology and microbio-

Tissue level Histology

Organ level Genetic, physiology and

Organism level Botany, zoology, ethology

Ecosystem level Ecology

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

BIOTIC LEVELS OF ORGANISATION

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WHAT ARE CELLS?

Cells are the structural and functional units of all living beings.

They have three basics structures:

The cell membrane is the thin layer which separates the inside of the cell from its surrounding environment.

Cytoplasm is the gelatinous, semi-transparent fluid which fills most cells. It contains structures called organelles,

which are responsible for cells functions.

The nucleus carries the genetic (hereditary) information of living things which is passed from one generation to

the next. Genetic material can refer to anything from a small fragment of

DNA to the entire genome. A genome is the total set of genes, in other

words, the chemical units of hereditary information carried by a cell.

Prokaryotic cells. The genetic material is loose in the cytoplasm. Bacteria are

unicellular, prokaryotic organism.

Eukaryotic cells. The genetic material is enclosed in a structure called the nu-

cleus. Animals and plants are multicellular, eukaryotic organism.

These are cells organelles:

Cell membrane. Encloses the cell and regulates the substances exchanged between the inside and the outside

of the cell.

Cytoplasm. The inside of the cell which contains the nucleus and the organelles.

Nucleus. Contains the genetic material of the cell.

Ribosomes. Where proteins are made.

Rough ER (Endoplasmic reticulum). Where proteins

formed in the ribosomes are stored and processed.

Vacuoles. Sacs which contain storage or waste sub-

stances. They are much larger in plant cells.

Vesicles. Transport substances.

Mitochondrion. Responsible for cell respiration.

Golgi body. Where substances produced in the ER are

processed.

Cell wall. Only in plant cells. A thik, rigid layer which

provides support and protection

Chloroplast. Only in plant cells. Where photosynthesis

takes place.

PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS

ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS

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1-Put in the right order the following terms:

ATOMS SYSTEMS TISSUES ORGANS MOLECULES CELLS

2-Complete the following sentences using 5 of the terms of exercise 1:

A-The result of the union of two or more atoms are.............................................

B-Tissues come together to make.............................................

C-The smallest unit of living matter are ...............................

D-Organs are grouped together to form....................................

E-Groups of cells form.........................................

3-Use the information bellow to explain in complete sentences the structure and function of the following cells.

ACTIVITIES

LIVING BEINGS

CELL FUNCTION STRUCTURE

Nerve Carries messages around the Long, thin fibres

Red blood Absorbs and carries O2 around Large cell membrane surface area

Sperm Fertilises egg Has a long tail, allowing it move

Root hair Absorbs water Large cell membrane surface area

Egg Develops into an embryo when Contains a great deal of cytoplasm

Leaf Site of photosynthesis Contains many chloroplasts

RED BLOOD CELLS

NERVE CELL Nerve cells have long, thin fibres to carry messages around the body.

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4-Complete using sentences:

5-Work in pairs: a) What is a ribosome? b) The part of a cell where...

6– In this web page you can see the names of the different cell structures.

http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/WESTMIN/science/sbi3a1/Cells/cells.htm

Click on QUIZ and try to answer the questions.

7-You can try “matching”, “concentration” an “Word search”. Good luck!

http://www.quia.com/mc/65947.html

SPERM CELL

ROOT HAIR CELL

EGG CELL

LEAF CELL

STRUCTURE PLANT ANIMAL FUNCTION

Cell wall X The cell wall provides support and protection

Cell

Cytoplasm

Chloroplast

Golgi body

Endoplasmic

Nucleus

Mitochondrion

Ribosome

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GLOSSARY

ENGLISH SPANISH

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A BALANCED DIET AND NUTRITIONThe seven nutrition groups are carbohydrates, proteins, fat, vitamins and mineral, fibre and water. A balanced diet

is made up of all of these nutrients.

CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates consist of starch and types of sugar, e.g. Glucose (the sugar our body

use for respiration) and lactose (the sugar in milk). We need carbohydrates to give us

energy. Starch is made up if smaller glucose molecules joined together. Plants store

glucose as starch. Glycogen is also a carbohydrate. Animals store glucose as glycogen.

These foods contain a lot of carbohydrates:

The amount of energy a person needs in their diet de-

pends on age, gender and their level of activity. If a

person takes in a larger amount of energy than they use up exercising, the excess

is stored as fat.

If a person becomes overweight, they are more likely to suffer health problems

such as arthritis, diabetes, heart disease and high blood pressure.

PROTEINS

Your body cells are mostly made up of protein. Proteins are made up of lots of

amino acids. We need protein to repair and replace damaged cells or to make

new cells during growth.

Many diets in the world are deficient in protein, but children in particular need

a lot of protein in their diets for growth.

Kwashiorkor is a protein deficiency disorder that is common in developing

countries because people’s diets consist of mainly starchy vegetables. In par-

ticular, they do not get enough animal protein, which contains all the essential amino acids not made within the

body.

FATS

Fats are made from fatty acids and glycerol. We need fats for a store of energy, to make cell

membranes and to warmth (insulation).

Fat can also be bad for us. Cholesterol is a fatty deposit that can narrow arteries and con-

tribute to heart disease. Cholesterol is made in the liver and is found in the blood. The level

of cholesterol in the blood is influenced by the amount and type of fat in the diet.

Saturated fats increase blood cholesterol.

Monounsaturated fats have little effect and polyunsaturated fats may

help reduce blood cholesterol.

Genetic factors, smoking and alcohol can also contribute to the effects of cholesterol and

A BALANCED DIET

FIBRE

Fibre, or roughage, comes from plants. Fibre is not actually digested, but it keeps food moving smoothly through

your system. It prevents constipation.

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A BALANCED DIET AND NUTRITIONWATER

Water makes up approximately 65% of your body weight. Water is important because:

Our blood plasma is mainly water

Water is in sweat that cools us down

Chemical reactions in our cells take place in water

Waste products are removed from our bodies in water.

The food and drink we consume contains water.

VITAMINS AND MINERAL

We only need these in small amounts, but they are essential for good health. Vitamins

and minerals are found in fruit, vegetables and cereals.

Salt is needed in small amounts in our diets. An adult needs, on average, about 6 grams

per day, but many are actually consuming 60% more. Salt contains so-

dium, which is linked to heart disease, high blood pressure and strokes. It

is found in high quantities in processed food from cereals to biscuits and soups.

0.5 g of sodium in foods is considered to be a lot, whereas 0.1 g is a little, so remember to read the

food nutrition labels.

THE ATKINS DIET

The Atkins diet is a slimming diet which suggests that eating a lot of protein suppresses the appetite. It believes

that you burn more calories when your body uses fat and proteins as fuel, rather than carbohydrates, and that the

body also undergoes a process called “ketosis” where calories are removed in the urine.

The BBC 2 programme “Horizon” used pairs of twins to study the Atkins diet. They found that

the twin put on the diet lost only 22 calories more than the other twin. The programme con-

cluded that there was little to suggest anything significant other than the fact that, without

trying, the person on the diet consumed fewer calories. They also said that there was some-

thing about the diet that controls hunger.

SCIENTIFIC CONCEPT

Many health scared have been associated with the Atkins diet, such as kidney problems, increased cholesterol,

and an increased risk of diabetes. It was a very popular diet, but it is gradually being replaced by healthy eating

plans as many people found it only to be a quick fix that did not lead to long-term weight loss.

QUICK TEST (ORAL)

1-What do we use carbohydrates for?.

2-Name the two main carbohydrates.

3-What do our bodies need fat for?.

4-Why is protein important to our cells?.

5-Why is fibre important?.

6-Which type of fat increases cholesterol levels in the blood?.

7-What type of fat could lower cholesterol?.

8-In cold countries, what food group is particularly important?.

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1)Which carbohydrate is found in milk? 4)Which substance helps prevent constipation?

A) glucose A) fibre

B) lactose B) minerals

C) maltose C) vitamins

D) starch D) water

2)A diet deficient in protein can 5)What percentage of our body weight is water?.

lead to the disease

A) influenza A) 55%

B) kwashiorkor B) 65%

C) measles C) 75%

D) pneumonia D) 85%

3)Cholesterol is a type of

A) carbohydrate

B) fat

C) protein

D) vitamin

ACTIVITIES

6)Complete the table by filling in the empty boxes:

7) a) The Atkins diet is a slimming diet which suggest that eating a lot of protein helps you to lose weight. How is

the Atkins diet thought to work?.

..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

b) What problems have been associated with the Atkins diet?.

...................................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................................

NUTRIENT FOUND IN USED FOR

carbohydrate cereals

fibre Moving food in gut

All food and drink Cools us down

protein Lean meat

salt Nervous impulses

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ACTIVITIES

8) Food manufacturers are required to label their prod-

ucts with nutritional information.

Look at the two labels and answer the questions:

A) How much energy per 100 g do you get from

Brenda’s beans?.

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

B) Explain which food is better for those trying to lose

weight?.

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

C) Which food is better for a person suffering from risk

of strokes and why?.

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

D) Brenda’s beans contain more energy.

Explain one other reason why they are better for a teen-

ager.

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

9)The table shows the energy needs of females of at

different times in her life.

A) Calculate the difference in her energy needs at infant

and secondary school.

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

B) Her activity is similar so why is there a difference.

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

C) Why does a pregnant female need more energy than

a non pregnant one?.

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

D) What happens to energy rich foods that are not used

during respiration?.

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

E) Name the disease commonly called “the slimming

disease”?.

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

F) List two symptoms of the disease named in E).

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

Brenda’s Beans TOM’s TOMATOES

Typical values per 100 g Typical values per 100 g

Energy 400 kJ Energy 70 kJ

Protein 7.0g Protein 1.0g

Carbohydrates 20.0g Carbohydrates 3.0g

Fats 1.0g

of which saturated 0.5g

Fats 0.1g

of which saturated trace

Fibre 6.5g Fibre 0.5g

Salt 1.0g Salt trace

LIFE STAGE ENERGY NEEDS IN ADAY IN KJ

At infant school 8.500

At secondary school 9.500

Adult 10.000

Pregnant adult 11.500

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ACTIVITIES

8 TIPS FOR EATING WELL

These practical tips can help you make healthier choices. The two keys to a healthydiet are eating the right amount of food for how active you are and eating a range offoods to make sure you're get t ing a balanced d ietA healthy balanced diet contains a variety of types of food, including lots of fruit, vege-tables and starchy foods such as wholegrain bread and wholegrain cereals; some pro-tein-rich foods such as meat, fish, eggs and lentils; and some milk and dairy foods.

1. Base your meals on starchy foodsStarchy foods such as bread, cereals, rice, pasta and potatoes are a really important part of a healthy diet. Try tochoose wholegrain varieties of starchy foods whenever you can.2. Eat lots of fruit and vegMost people know we should be eating more fruit and veg. But most of us still aren't eating enough.Try to eat at least 5 portions of a variety of fruit and veg every day. It might be easier than you think.3. Eat more fishMost of us should be eating more fish - including a portion of oily fish each week. It's an excellent source of proteinand contains many vitamins and minerals.4. Cut down on saturated fat and sugarTo stay healthy we need some fat in our diets. What is important is the kind of fat we are eating.5. Try to eat less salt - no more than 6g a dayLots of people think they don't eat much salt, especially if they don't add it to their food. But don't be so sure!6. Get active and try to be a healthy weightIt's not a good idea to be either underweight or overweight. Being overweight can lead to health conditions suchas heart disease, high blood pressure or diabetes. Being underweight could also affect your health.7. Drink plenty of waterWe should be drinking about 6 to 8 glasses (1.2 liters) of water, or other fluids, every day to stop us getting dehy-drated.8. Don't skip breakfastBreakfast can help give us the energy we need to face the day, as well as some of the vitamins and minerals weneed for good health.

ACTIVITY

Write a paragraph of about 50 words explaining how it should be a healthy diet.

More information:

http://www.eatwell.gov.uk/healthydiet/eighttipssection/8tips/

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GLOSSARY

ENGLISH SPANISH

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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Use the cards in groups of 4 students:

1-Match the parts of the digestive system with their functions and try to remember them.

2-Two members of the group ask the others.

3-Every group chooses a representative, and now the other groups ask them. The winner group will have 0.5points.

TONGUE MIXES THE FOOD WITH THE SALIVA

SALIVARY GLANDS MAKE SALIVA

SALIVA CHANGES STARCH TO SUGAR, ADDS LIQUID TO THE FOOD

TEETH CHOP AND GRIND

ESOPHAGUS FOOD TUBE, PUSHES FOOD DOWN

STOMACH BLENDS, CHURNS, MIXES FOOD, DIGESTIVE JUICES ENTERHERE TO BREAK FOOD DOWN

DIGESTIVE JUICES ACIDS AND ENZYMES IN THE STOMACH THAT BREAKDOWN FOOD

DUODENUM FIRST PART OF THE SMALL INTESTINE WHERE FOOD ISBROKEN DOWN FURTHER BY DIGESTIVE JUICES

GLAND FACTORY

LIVER MAKES BILE, STORES NUTRIENTS THAT THE BODY DOESNOT NEED RIGHT AWAY

GALL BLADDER STORES BILE AND SENDS IT TO THE SMALL INTESTINE

BILE YELLOW-GREEN FLUID THAT BREAKS DOWN FAT

PANCREAS MAKES CHEMICALS NEEDED TO BREAK DOWN FOOD,MAKES INSULINE

LARGE INTESTINE BACTERIA REMOVE NUTRIENTS FROM WASTE, WATER ISREMOVED FROM WASTE

RECTUM STORES SOLID WASTE

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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The start of the process - the mouth: The digestive process begins in the mouth. Food is partly broken down bythe process of chewing and by the chemical action of salivary enzymes (these enzymes are produced by the sali-vary glands and break down starches into smaller molecules).

On the way to the stomach: the esophagus - After being chewed and swallowed, the food enters the esophagus.The esophagus is a long tube that runs from the mouth to the stomach. It uses rhythmic, wave-like muscle move-ments (called peristalsis) to force food from the throat into the stomach. This muscle movement gives us the abil-ity to eat or drink even when we're upside-down.

In the stomach - The stomach is a large, sack-like organ that churns the food and bathes it in a very strong acid(gastric acid). Food in the stomach that is partly digested and mixed with stomach acids is called chyme.

In the small intestine - After being in the stomach, food enters the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine.In the duodenum, bile (produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder), pancreatic enzymes, and other diges-tive enzymes produced by the inner wall of the small intestine help in the breakdown of food. It then enters thejejunum and then the ileum (the final part of the small intestine). Most digested molecules of food, as well as wa-ter and minerals, are absorbed through the small intestine.

In the large intestine - After passing through the small intestine, food passes into the large intestine. In the largeintestine, some of the water and electrolytes (chemicals like sodium) are removed from the food. Many microbesin the large intestine help in the digestion process. The first part of the large intestine is called the cecum (the ap-pendix is connected to the cecum). Food then travels upward in the ascending colon. The food travels across theabdomen in the transverse colon, and goes back down the other side of the body in the descending colon.The end of the process - Solid waste is then stored in the rectum until it is excreted via the anus.

THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS

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ACTIVITIES

NAME:

A-……………………………………………..

B-……………………………………………..

C-……………………………………………..

D-……………………………………………..

E-……………………………………………..

F-……………………………………………..

G-……………………………………………..

H-……………………………………………..

1-¿What are the organs which form the digestive tube?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

2-¿Which are the associated glands?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

3-Write down the parts of the small intestine and those of the large intestine

4-¿What are the openings to the stomach? Which organs do they join with?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

5-Explain the difference between chemical and mechanical digestion.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

6-Show where mechanical digestion, chemical digestion and both of these occur:

SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE

MECHANICAL DIGESTION CHEMICAL DIGESTION

MOUTH

ESOPHAGUS

STOMACH

SMALL INTESTINE

LARGE INTESTINE

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7-Why do the inner walls of the jejunum and the ileum have so many folds?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

8-What happens when, during the forming of faeces, less water than normal is recovered?.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

And what happens when more than usual is recovered?........................................................................................

http://www.medtropolis.com/VBody.asp (You can see the video : DIGESTIVE TRAC)

Chain of Events The burger contains a buttered bread bun, a meat patty and somecheese.

Write a paragraph using the chain words in order to describe what oc-curs at each step.

Mouth

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Small Intestine

Large Intestine

Rectum

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1

2 3 4 5

6 7

8 9

10

11

12 13

14 15

Find the digestivesystem words be-low in the grid tothe left.

Across

2. A long folded tube inside the body attached tothe stomach where nutrients in the food are ab-sorbed.

6. A part of your throat that acts like a gatewaysending air into the lungs and food down into thestomach.

7. The place where waste is stored before it leavesthe body.

8. The part of the food that is not digested.

11. The tube that connects the stomach to themouth.

12. A verb that means to push food through yourpharynx.

14. Crush food with your teeth.

15. Muscle in your mouth that is used for pushingfood around.

Down

1. After being swallowed, food goes to this placewhere it is mixed with acid.

3. The tube after the small intestine where liquidis absorbed.

4. These are used to chew food.

5. The good things in food.

9. A slippery liquid that makes food easy to swal-low and helps to break the food down.

10. The process of breaking down food for use asenergy and building materials for your body.

13. This produces juices (called bile) that go into

the small intestine and help digest the food.

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GLOSSARY

ENGLISH SPANISH

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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

This chart of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM shows the apparatus for breathing. Breathing is the process by which oxy-gen in the air is brought into the lungs and into close contact with the blood, which absorbs it and carries it to allparts of the body. At the same time the blood gives up waste matter (carbon dioxide), which is carried out of thelungs with the air breathed out.

The NASAL CAVITY (nose) is the preferred entrance for outsideair into the Respiratory System. The hairs that line the insidewall are part of the air-cleansing system.Air also enters through the ORAL CAVITY (mouth), especially inpeople who have a mouth-breathing habit or whose nasal pas-sages may be temporarily obstructed, as by a cold.The PHARYNX (throat) collects incoming air from the nose andpasses it downward to the trachea (windpipe).The EPIGLOTTIS is a flap of tissue that guards the entrance tothe trachea, closing when anything is swallowed that should gointo the esophagus and stomach.The LARYNX (voice box) contains the vocal cords. It is the placewhere moving air being breathed in and out creates voicesounds.The TRACHEA (windpipe) is the passage leading from the phar-ynx to the lungs.The RIBS are bones supporting and protecting the chest cavity.They move to a limited degree, helping the lungs to expand and

contract.The trachea divides into the two main BRONCHI (tubes), one for each lung. These, in turn, subdivide further intobronchioles.The RIGHT LUNG is divided into three LOBES, or sections.The left lung is divided into two LOBES.The PLEURA are the two membranes that surround each lobe of the lungs and separate the lungs from the chestwall.The bronchial tubes are lined with CILIA (like very small hairs) that have a wave-like motion. This motion carriesMUCUS (sticky phlegm or liquid) upward and out into the throat, where it is either coughed up or swallowed. Themucus catches and holds much of the dust, germs, and other unwanted matter that has invaded the lungs andthus gets rid of it.

The DIAPHRAGM is the strong wall of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. By movingdownward, it creates suction to draw in air and expand the lungs.The smallest subdivisions of the bronchi are called BRONCHIOLES, at the end of which are the alveoli (plural ofalveolus).The ALVEOLI are the very small air sacs that are the destination of air breathed in. The CAPILLARIES are blood ves-sels that are imbedded in the walls of the alveoli. Blood passes through the capillaries, brought to them by thePULMONARY ARTERY and taken away by the PULMONARY VEIN. While in the capillaries the blood discharges car-bon dioxide into the alveoli and takes up oxygen from the air in the alveoli.

Visit this web page, listen the audio and answer: What causes cold?

http://kidshealth.org/teen/infections/colds_and_flu/colds.html#

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ACTIVITIES

1-Why do we need to breathe?

.................................................................................................................................................................

2-What role does your diaphragm play in breathing?

.................................................................................................................................................................

3-What keeps food from going down our windpipe?

.................................................................................................................................................................

4-What role do red blood cells play in respiration?

.................................................................................................................................................................

5-What is inspiration?

.................................................................................................................................................................

6-What is expiration?

.................................................................................................................................................................

7-Where are your vocal chords?

.................................................................................................................................................................

8-What is the purpose of the mucus in your nose?

.................................................................................................................................................................

9-Which lung is bigger, your right or your left?

.................................................................................................................................................................

10-Name the parts of the respiratory system.

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Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks.

airlungs

carbon dioxidehiccupmouth

oxygentracheayawn

diaphragmsneeze

inhalerespiratory

bronchiwater vapor

blood

exhalecough

pharynxnose

All animals need ________________ to make energy from food. We get thisoxygen from the _____________ that we breathe. In order to get the oxy-gen into the blood where it can be transported to the rest of the body, theair travels through a system of organs called the _______________ system.

When you ________________, air enters the body through the_______________ or the ____________. From there it passes through the______________, which forces air into the _______________ and foodinto the esophagus. The air travels down the trachea into two branching tubescalled ________________ and then on into the ________________.

In the lungs oxygen from the air enters the _______________. At the sametime, the waste gas ____________________ leaves the blood and thenleaves the body when you ___________________. Some__________________ also leaves the body when you exhale, which is whymirrors get foggy when you breathe on them. The ______________ is themuscle that controls the lungs.

It is important to keep the respiratory system clear so oxygen can keep flow-ing into your body. If something gets in your nose and irritates it, you___________________. If something gets in your trachea or bronchi andirritates it, you _________________. If something irritates your dia-phragm, you _________________. Finally, if the brain thinks you are notgetting enough oxygen, then it forces you to _________________.

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GLOSSARY

ENGLISH SPANISH

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About Smoking

Health EffectsCigarette smoking is the number one cause of preventable disease and death worldwide. Smoking-related diseases claim over 393,000 American lives each year. Smoking cost the United Statesover $193 billion in 2004, including $97 billion in lost productivity and $96 billion in direct healthcare expenditures, or an average of $4,260 per adult smoker.

Key Facts About Smoking Cigarette smoke contains over 4,800 chemicals, 69 of which are known to cause cancer. Smoking is directlyresponsible for approximately 90 percent of lung cancer deaths and approximately 80-90 percent of COPD(emphysema and chronic bronchitis) deaths. Among adults who have ever smoked, 70% started smoking regularly at age 18 or younger, and 86% at age 21or younger. Among current smokers, chronic lung disease accounts for 73 percent of smoking-related conditions. Evenamong smokers who have quit chronic lung disease accounts for 50 percent of smoking-related conditions. Smoking harms nearly every organ in the body, and is a main cause of lung cancer and chronic obstructive pul-monary disease (COPD, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema). It is also a cause of coronary heart disease,stroke and a host of other cancers and diseases. Smoking in pregnancy accounts for an estimated 20 to 30 percent of low-birth weight babies, up to 14 percentof preterm deliveries, and some 10 percent of all infant deaths. Even apparently healthy, full-term babies of smok-ers have been found to be born with narrowed airways and reduced lung function. Nicotine is the ingredient in cigarettes that causes addiction. Smokers not only become physically addicted tonicotine; they also link smoking with many social activities, making smoking an extremely difficult addiction tobreak.Quitting smoking often requires multiple attempts. Using counseling or medication alone increases the chance of aquit attempt being successful; the combination of both is even more effective.

Secondhand SmokeSecondhand smoke is a serious health hazard causing close to 50,000 deathsper year. It can cause or exacerbate a wide range of adverse health effects,including lung cancer, respiratory infections, and asthma.1

There is no risk-free level of exposure to secondhand smoke. Short-termexposure can potentially increase the risk of heart attacks. Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in chil-dren and adults who do not smoke. Secondhand smoke contains hundreds ofchemicals known to be toxic or carcinogenic. A 2009 report by the Institute of Medicine confirmed that secondhandsmoke is a cause of heart attacks, and concluded that relatively brief exposurecould trigger a heart attack.Secondhand smoke is especially harmful to young children. Secondhand smoke is responsible for between 150,000and 300,000 lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children under 18 months of age, resulting in be-tween 7,500 and 15,000 hospitalizations each year, and causes 430 sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) deaths inthe U.S. annually.

Preventing SmokingThe majority of today's daily smokers began smoking before they were 18 years old. But youth smoking can beprevented with the combined efforts of families, schools, communities and policy makers.

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About Smoking

Parents can set a positive example for their children by not smoking themselves, and keeping their homessmoke-free. Schools can provide tobacco prevention programs to educate students about the dangers of smoking. States can pass legislation to increase taxes on tobacco products, pass and implement comprehensive smoke-free indoor air laws, and limit minors' access to tobacco

Why do kids start smoking in the first place? Their parents are smokers. Peer pressure – their friends encourage them to try cigarettes, and to keep smoking. They see smoking as a way of rebelling and showing independence. They think that everyone else is smoking, and that they should, too.Tobacco advertising targets teenagers.The majority of children in elementary school and the early part of middle school have never tried a cigarette.Most will tell you that they will never smoke cigarettes. But as they get older, some will become more open to theidea of smoking.Cigarette companies shape their advertising campaigns to portray smokers as cool, sexy, independent, fun, attrac-tive, and living on the edge – images that are appealing to many teens. As a result, they try smoking and many gethooked. Only 5% of high-school-age smokers believe they'll still be smoking 5 years after graduation but they don'tunderstand how difficult quitting can be. Research shows that after 8 years, 75% of those smokers will still be us-

How To QuitMost smokers today know that smoking is bad for their health and harmful to peoplearound them.They know they should quit but they also know it's going to be hard. For-tunately, there's lots of help available.Why QuitWhy should you quit smoking? Every smoker has his or her own personal reasons forquitting. Here are some common reasons. Think about what is most important to you.

1-For your health! According to the Surgeon Gen-eral, quitting smoking is the single most importantstep a smoker can take to improve the length and

quality of his or her life. As soon as you quit, your body begins to repair thedamage caused by smoking. Of course it's best to quit early in life but evensomeone who quits later in life will improve their health.2-To save money! It's getting more expensive to smoke cigarettes. State andfederal cigarette taxes continue to go up and in some places.To save the aggravation! It's getting less convenient to smoke. More and morestates and cities are passing clean indoor air laws that make it illegal to smokein bars, restaurants, and other public places. Are you tired of having to go out-side many times a day to have a cigarette? Is standing in the cold and the rainreally worth having that cigarette? Wouldn't it be easier if you had the choiceto go outside only when you want to and not when you need to?3-It's good for the people around you! Cigarette smoke is harmful to everyonewho inhales it, not just the smoker. Whether you're young or old and in goodhealth or bad, secondhand smoke is dangerous and can make you sick.

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About Smoking

Benefits of Quitting20 Minutes After Quitting:

-Your heart rate drops to a normal level.12 Hours After Quitting:

-The carbon monoxide level in your blood drops to normal.2 Weeks to 3 Months After Quitting:

-Your risk of having a heart attack begins to drop.-Your lung function begins to improve.

1 to 9 Months After Quitting:-Your coughing and shortness of breath decrease.

1 Year After Quitting:-Your added risk of coronary heart disease is half that of a smoker's.

5 to 15 Years After Quitting:-Your risk of having a stroke is reduced to that of a nonsmoker's.-Your risk of getting cancer of the mouth, throat, or esophagus is half that of a smoker's.

10 Years After Quitting:-Your risk of dying from lung cancer is about half that of a smoker's.-Your risk of getting bladder cancer is half that of a smoker's.-Your risk of getting cervical cancer or cancer of the larynx, kidney or pancreas decreases.

15 Years After Quitting:-Your risk of coronary heart disease is the same as that of a nonsmoker.

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of theSurgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control andPrevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health,2004.

You can visit this webpage and write three tips for quitting.

http://www.msps.es/ciudadanos/proteccionSalud/tabaco/guiaTabaco.htm

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About Smoking

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GLOSSARY

ENGLISH SPANISH

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THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

RED BLOOD CELLS

The function of red blood cells is to carry oxygen to all the cells of the body.

They have no nucleus, meaning that there is more room for haemoglobin.

They are small and flexible, in order to pass through small blood vessels.

They are shaped as small biconcave discs, providing maximun surface area

to volume ratio for absorbing oxygen.

They contain a substance called haemoglobin. In the lungs this substance

combines with oxigen to form oxyhaemoglobin. In the tissues it gives up

the oxygen to form haemoglobin again.

O2 + haemoglobin oxyhaemoglobin

The Circulatory System is responsible for transporting materials throughout the entire body. It transports nutrients,water, and oxygen to your billions of body cells and carries away wastes such as carbon dioxide that body cells pro-duce. The heart, blood, and blood vessels work together to service the cells of the body.

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

The main function of white blood cells is defence against disease.

They have a large nucleus.

They are larger than red blood cells and their shape varies.

They have a flexible shape, in order to engulf microorganisms.

There are two main types of white blood cells that can multiply if needed.

Macrophage: this type of white blood cell kills microbes by ingesting them.

Lymphocytes: this type of white blood cell sends out an-

tibodies which kill microbes.

PLATELETS

Platelets are fragments of cells. Their function is to clot the blood

so you do not bleed to death if you cut yourself.

PLASMA

Plasma is a yellow fluid. It consists mainly of water with many substances dis-

solved in it. These substances include soluble food, salts, carbon dioxide, urea,

hormones, antibodies and plasma proteins. Its function is to transport these

substances around the body.

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1)Which fluid transports food to cells? 3)Which structure is only a cell fragment?

A) bile A) plasma

B) blood B) platelet

C) saliva C) red blood cell

D) urine D) white blood cell

2)Wich cell has a variable shape? 4)What colour is plasma?

A) all of them A) blue

B) platelet B) green

C) red blood cell C) red

D) White blood cell D) yellow

ACTIVITIES

5)The diagram shows some of the components of blood.

A B C A) Name the labelled structures

A............................

B............................

C.............................

B) What are the jobs of these structures?.

A..............................................................................................................................................................

B..............................................................................................................................................................

C..............................................................................................................................................................

C) Which part of the blood is not shown in the diagram?........................................................................

6) A) Which cellular structure is missing from a red blood cell and how does this help in carrying oxygen?

.................................................................................................................................................................

B) Explain how red blood cells are adapted to carry out their function.

...................................................................................................................................................................

7) A) What is the main component of plasma?

...................................................................................................................................................................

B) List four other components of plasma.

...................................................................................................................................................................

8) A) Name two types of white blood cell.

...................................................................................................................................................................

B) How are the white blood cells different from the red blood cells?.

...................................................................................................................................................................

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THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

BLOOD VESSELS

VEINS: Veins carry mainly deoxygenated blood, blood that has given up its oxygen to

the body tissues. They carry the blood back to the heart from the body at low pres-

sure. They have valves to prevent the blood flowing backwards. Veins have a large

lumen, or hole, in the middle.

ARTERIES: Arteries carry mainly oxygenated blood. They carry blood away from the

heart, towards the body, at high pressure. They have very thick, muscular, elastic

walls to withstand the high pressure. The high pressure in the arteries causes a pulse that can be felt in

the wrist and neck.

CAPILLARIES: Capillaries are only one cell thick and have very thin, permeable walls, to allow oxygen and

nutrients to diffuse out of them. When something is permeable, it has tiny holes in it that allow small

substances to flow through. These capillaries are the site of exchange between the blood and the cells of

the body.

Fluid leaks out of the capillaries and bathes the surrounding cells. This is called tissue fluid. The tissue

fluid delivers the food and oxygen to the cells and receives waste products, which are reabsorbed back

into the capillaries.

THE HEART

The heart consists of a special type of muscle called cardiac mus-

cle. It contracts continuously without getting tired. The heart is a

double pump. The left side pumps oxygenated blood out of the

aorta at high pressure to other arteries, to deliver substances

around the body. The right side of the heart carries deoxyge-

nated blood and pumps it to the lungs to be oxygenated.

The left side of the heart has much thicker walls, as it has to

pump blood at high pressure all the way around the body. The

top two chambers of the heart are called atria (the singular of

which is atrium). They receive blood from the body and the

lungs. The bottom two chambers of the heart are called ventri-

cles. They pump the blood out of the heart.

QUICK TEST (ORAL)

1-Which side of the heart contains deoxygenated blood?.

2-Name two blood vessels that enter the heart:

3-Name two blood vessels that leave the heart.

4-What are aortic and pulmonary valves for?.

5-Why do arteries have elastic, muscular walls?.

6-Which blood vessel contains valves?.

7-Which blood vessels are the site of exchange of substances between the blood and the body?.

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ACTIVITIES1)What type of muscle is the heart made of?

A) cardiac

B) coronary

C) circulatory

D) capillary

2) A) The capillaries in the body go to all organs. Suggest an organ they might go to.

.................................................................................................................................................................

B) What type of blood is in the vein coming from the lungs?.

.................................................................................................................................................................

C) What substance is passed out of the blood in the capillaries in the body?.

.................................................................................................................................................................

3)Each statement refers to a blood vessel. Put a tick in the correct box to show which blood vessel the statement

refers to.

4) A) What type of blood vessel is the aorta?.

.................................................................................................................................................................

B) The blood returns from the lungs. Describe the route it takes through the heart on its way to the body

cells.

.................................................................................................................................................................

C) What type of blood returns to the heart from the body?

.................................................................................................................................................................

Visit this web page, listen the audio and answer: What is anemia?

http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/blood/anemia.html

Statement Artery Vein Capillary

Takes blood away from the heart

Carries mainly oxygenated blood

Blood is under high pressure

Where an exchange of substances takes place

Carries blood to the heart

Contains valves

Has walls one cell thick

Carries deoxygenated blood

Has thick muscular walls

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Urine is more than just that drink you had a few hours ago. The body produces urine as a way to get rid of waste

and extra water that it doesn't need. Before leaving your body, urine travels through the urinary tract.

The urinary tract is a pathway that includes the:

Kidneys: two bean-shaped organs that filter waste from the bloodand produce urine Ureters: two thin tubes that take urine from the kidney to thebladder Bladder: a sac that holds urine until it's time to go to the bath-room Urethra: the tube that carries urines from the bladder out of thebody.

The kidneys are key players in the urinary tract. They do two impor-tant jobs — filter waste from the blood and produce urine to get rid ofit. If they didn't do this, toxins (bad stuff) would quickly build up inyour body and make you sick. That's why you hear about people get-ting kidney transplants sometimes. You need at least one working kid-

ney to be healthy.

The production of urine

Kidneys normally come in pairs. Each kidney is about 13 centimeters long and about 8 centimeters wide — about

the size of a computer mouse.

How does the waste get in your blood? Well, your blood delivers nutrients to your body. Chemical reactions occur

in the cells of your body to break down the nutrients. Some of the waste is the result of these chemical reactions.

Some is just stuff your body doesn't need because it already has enough. The waste has to go somewhere; this is

where the kidneys come in.

First, blood is carried into the kidneys by the renal artery. The kidneys filter that blood as many as 400 times a day!

More than 1 million tiny filters inside the kidneys remove the waste. These filters, called nephrons.

URINE

The kidneys remove waste from the blood and make urine, also called pee. Urine is mostly water so if you don't

take in a lot of fluids (or if you sweat a lot), your urine has less water in it and it appears darker. If you drink lots of

fluids, the extra fluid comes out in your urine, and it will be lighter. Urine is stored in the bladder until it's peed

out.

THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

The Path of Urine

The waste that is collected combines with water (which is also filtered out of the kidneys) to make urine. The urine

slides down a long tube called the ureter and collects in the bladder, a storage sac that holds the urine. When the

bladder is about halfway full, your body tells you to go to the bathroom.

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The urine goes from the bladder down another tube called the urethra and out of your body.

The kidneys, the bladder, and their tubes are called the urinary system. Here's a list of all of the parts of the urinary

system:

the kidneys: filters that take the waste out of the blood and make urine

the ureters: tubes that carry the urine to the bladder

the bladder: a bag that collects the urine

The urethra: a tube that carries the urine out of the body

Keeping a Balance

The kidneys also balance the volume of fluids and minerals in the body. This balance in the body is called homeos-

tasis

If you put all of the water that you take in on one side of a scale and all of the water your body gets rid of on the

other side of a scale, the sides of the scale would balance. Your body gets water when you drink it or other liquids.

You also get water from some foods, like fruits and vegetables.

Water leaves your body in several ways. It comes out of your skin when you sweat, out of your mouth when you

breathe, and out of your urethra in urine when you go to the bathroom.

Urinary Tract HealthYou might not think much about your urinary tract, but here's how you can help keep everything flowing as itshould:

.Drink enough fluids. There's no magic amount, but be sure to drink plenty of water, especially when it'swarm out or you're exercising and playing.

.Go to the bathroom when you need to go. Holding too long isn't good for your urinary tract.

.If some bacteria end up in the urinary tract, you could get an infection known as a UTI (urinary tract in-

fection).

E coli is responsible for 80% of

urinary tract infections. DRINK WATER

Visit this web page, listen the audio and answer:

What is a Urinary Tract Infection?

http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/urinary/uti.html#

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ACTIVITIES

1-Label the following diagram of the urinary system:

2-Where is urine produced?.........................................................................................................................................

3-What other organs of the body are responsible for excretion? ...............................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

4-What is urine?..........................................................................................................................................................

5-In which organ is the blood filtered? 7-What tubes take urine from the kidney tothe bladder?

A) heart A) urethra

B) liver B) renal artery

C) kidney C) nephrons

D) bladder D) ureters

6-What is the main component of urine? 8-What is a UTI?

A) waste A) an infection

B) water B) bacteria

C) mineral salts C) urine with blood

D) pee D) urinary tubes

9-What can you do to keep your urinary tract in good health conditions?.

..........................................................................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................................................................

10-What is homeostasis?.

..........................................................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................................................

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GLOSSARY

ENGLISH SPANISH

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The nervous system is in charge. It controls and coordinates the parts of your body so that they work together atthe right time. The nervous system coordinates things you don't even think about, like breathing and blinking.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord connected to differ-

ent parts of the body by nerves. Your body’s sense organs contain receptors. Receptors

detect changes in the environment called stimuli.

Nose –sensitive to chemicals in the air.

Mouth –sensitive to chemicals in food.

Ears –sensitive to sound and balance.

Skin –sensitive to touch, pressure and temperature.

Eyes –sensitive to light

The receptors send messages along nerves to the brain and spinal cord in response to stim-

uli from the environment. The messages are called nerve impulses. The CNS sends nerve

impulses back along nerves to effectors, which bring about movement, or glands that se-

crete hormones.

The central nervous system is divided into two parts: the brain and the spinal cord.

The spinal cord is the main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system.

NERVES

Nerves are made up of nerve cells or neurones. There are three types of neurones: sensory, relay and motor neu-

rones.

Neurones have a nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane, but they have changed their shape and become special-

ised.

Brain Strutures Cerebral Cortex Cerebellum Brain stem

Functions:

Thought Movement Breathing

Voluntary movement Balance Heart Rate

Language Posture Blood Pressure

Reasoning

Perception

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THE REFLEX ARC

The reflex response to your CNS and back again can be shown in a

diagram called the reflex arc.

1.The stimulus in this example is a sharp object.

2.The receptor is the pain sensor in the skin.

3.The nerve impulse travels along the sensory neurone.

4.The impulse is passed across a synapse to the relay neurone.

5.The impulse is passed across a synapse to the motor neurone.

6.The impulse is passed along a synapse to the muscle effector in the

arm.

7.You move your hand away.

The reflex arc can be shown in a block diagram below:

REFLEX AND VOLUNTARY ACTIONS

Voluntary actions are things you have to think about, they are under conscious control. They have to be learned,

like talking or writing. Reflex actions produce rapid involuntary responses and often protect us and other animals

from harm. Examples include reflex actions in a new born baby, the pupils’ response to light, the knee-jerk reflex

and blinking.

Simple reflex actions help animals survive - as they respond to a stimulus, such as smelling and finding food or

avoidance of predators. In certain circumstances, the brain can override a reflex response. For example, when

holding a hot plate, the brain sends a message to the motor neurone in the reflex arc to keep hold of the plate and

not to drop it.

stimulus receptor sensory neurone relay neurone motor neurone effector response

In between the neurones there is a gap called a synapse.

When an impulse reaches the end of an axon, a chemical is

released. This chemical diffuses across the gap.

This starts an impulse in the next neurone. Drugs and alcohol

can affect synapses, slowing down or even stopping them

from functioning properly.

SYNAPSES

The sensory neurones receive messages from the receptors and send

them to the CNS.

The motor neurones send messages from the CNS to effectors telling them

what to do. Nerve impulses travel in one direction only. The fatty sheath is

for insulation and for speeding up nerve impulses.

A relay neurone connects the sensory neurone to the motor neurone in

the CNS.

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-Make groups of 4-5 students.

-One board for group, choose a name for your group and write it on your board.

-You will listen to the questions and write your answers quietly for the entire round.

-When finished, pass the board to another group to correct.

-There will be as many rounds as possible giving the time.

-There will be extra points in your exam for the winner group. GOOD LUCK!

CONTEST

ANSWERS:

1-………………………………………………………..

2-………………………………………………………..

3-………………………………………………………..

4-………………………………………………………..

POINTSNAME OF THE GROUP

WEBPAGE:

http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/works.html

You can find extra information , puzzles, worksheets,....

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GLOSSARY

ENGLISH SPANISH

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The eye is one of the human sense organs. Parts of the eye can control the amount of light entering it and other

parts control focusing on near and distance objects.

THE EYE

INSIDE THE EYE

Cornea– a transparent window in the front of the eye.

Sclera-the protective, white outer layer of the eye.

Muscular iris-controls how much light enters the eye and alters

the shape of the pupil.

Pupil-a hole that allows light through (in front of the lens).

Lens-helps focus a picture. It is held in place by the suspensory

ligaments and ciliary muscles. It can change shape.

Retina-contains light-sensitive cells: rods for dim light, cones for

colour. The retina sends nerve impulses to the brain.

Optic nerve-receives nerve impulses from the retina and sends

them to the brain.

Ciliary muscles-change the thickness of the lens when focusing.

Suspensory ligaments-hold the lens in place.

SEEING THINGS

Light from an object enters the eye through the cornea.

The curved cornea and lens produce an image on the retina that is up-

side down.

The receptor cells in the retina send impulses to the brain along sensory

neurones in the optic nerve.

The brain interprets the image and you see the object the right way up.

ADJUSTING TO LIGHT AN DARKBright light Dim light

-Circular muscles contract. -Radial muscles contract.

-Radial muscles relax. -Circular muscles relax.

-The iris closes and makethe pupil smaller. -The iris open and makes the pupil bigger.

-Less light enters the eye. -More light enters the eye.

VISIONHumans and many hunting animals have binocular vision. This means that our eyes are facing forward. Each eye

has a slightly different perspective on a scene and enables us to judge distances and depth effectively.

Cows, horses and other pray animals have monocular vision—their eyes are on the side of their heads. This allows

them to have a wider field of view and be aware of predators sneaking up on them.

PROBLEMS WITH VISION

Short-sightedness results when the eyeball is too long. This means that light is focused too far in front of the ret-

ina. Sufferers can see near objects but not distant ones. Long-sightedness is when the eyeball is too short and

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INTERACTION AND COORDINATION

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distant objects can been seen but not those close up. Treatment involves contact lenses, concave for short-

sightedness and convex for long-sightedness.

Cornea surgery is also an option, changing the shape of the cornea to focus light correctly.

Red-green colour blindness is an inherited condition that affects more males than females. It is caused by special-

FOCUSING ON NEAR OBJECTS

The ciliary muscles contract

This causes the suspensory ligaments to slacken.

The lens gets fatter and rounder, which bends light a

lot.

The near object is focused on the retina.

CARING FOR YOUR EYES

Just as you wear a seat belt to protect yourself when you're in a car, it's wise to protect your eyes before some-

thing happens to them.

Wearing sunglasses is high on the list of ways you can care for your vision. Buy a pair of sunglasses with ultraviolet

(UV) protection to use whenever you're in the sun. UV light causes long-term damage to the inner structures of the

eye, but wearing sunglasses whenever you're in the sun can help prevent conditions such as cataracts and macular

degeneration. A cataract is an eye condition in which the lens of the eye becomes clouded, impairing vision. Macu-

lar degeneration is an eye disease in which the macula, a structure within the eye that allows you to see, gradually

deteriorates, leading to decreased vision or blindness.You can also protect your eyes by preventing infections that could harm them. Conjunctivitis, which is also some-times called pinkeye, is an eye infection that can be caused by a virus, bacteria, an allergic reaction, a chemical, oran irritant (something that gets in the eye). Conjunctivitis that is caused by germs like viruses and bacteria can eas-ily pass from person to person. After you shake hands with someone who has a bad cold and pinkeye, for instance,you could spread the infection to your own eye by touching it with your hand.

FOCUSING ON DISTANT OBJECTS

The ciliary muscles relax.

This causes the suspensory ligaments to pull tight.

The lens gets pulled thin and flat and only bends light

a little.

The distant object is focused on the retina.

QUICK TEST (ORAL)

1-Name the part of the eye that controls the amount of light entering it.

2-What is the name of the hole in the middle of the iris?.

3-Wich part of the eye contains the light-sensitive cells?.

4-What happens to the size of the pupil in bright light?.

5-What happens to the size of the pupil in dim light?.

6-Name the muscles that control the size of the lens.

7-What is the difference between binocular vision and monocular vision?.

8-What shape is the lens when focusing on near objects?.

9-What shape is the lens when focusing on distant objects?.

10-Which part of the eye does light enter through?.

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1)Binocular vision means 4)In red-green blindness, which cells do not function co-

rrectly?

A) one eye A) blood

B) one eye on each side B) cones

C) two eyes facing forward C) nerve

D) two eyes facing backward D) rods

2)Which two structures produce an image 5)In dim light, the pupil

on the retina?

A) conjunctiva and pupil A) closes

B) cornea and lens B) gets bigger

C) iris and optic nerve C) gets smaller

D) sclera and brain D) stays the same

3)Which defect is inherited?

A) blindness

B) red-green colour blindness

C) long sight

D) cataracts

ACTIVITIES

6)Draw straight lines from the part of the eye to its description.

-cornea -helps focus the image

-lens -a hole that allows light through (in front of the lens)

-muscular iris -the protective, white outer layer of the eye

-optic nerve -contains light sensitive cells

-pupil -controls how much light enters the eye

-retina -transparent window in the front of the eye

-sclera -receives nerve impulses from the retina and sends them

to the brain

7) True or false true false

A) Predators usually have monocular vision ∆ ∆

B) Suspensory ligaments hold the lens in place ∆ ∆

C) The eye is a sense organ ∆ ∆

8)Complete the sentences using words from the list.

circular radial smaller

When a person moves from dim light into bright light, the iris react.

The ........................................ muscles contract, the ............................................ muscles relax.

The pupil gets ....................................... Less light enters the eye.

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9) a) The diagram shows an eyeball and light rays from an object.

Name the structures labelled A, B and C

b) What defect does this eyeball show?. Explain your answer.

............................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................

c) Complete the table to show what happens to the structures when focussing on near and far objects.

10) The sentences describe how the eye sees things but they are in the wrong order.

Fill the boxes bellow to show the right order.

A The receptor cells in the retina send impulses to the brain.

B Light from an object enters the eye through the cornea.

C The brain interprets the image and you see the object the right way up.

D The curved cornea and lens produce an image on the retina.

E The image is upside down.

Games and ActivitiesWelcome to the interactive area of our page. Try out the following links to have fun and learn more about the

eye. You can also test your knowledge at the quiz page below.Blind spot testVision simulationQuizStereogramsOptical IllusionsEye Stories

http://library.thinkquest.org/J002330/games.htm

Structure Focussing on near objects Focussing on far objects

Ciliary muscles

Suspensory ligament Pulled tight

Lens Fatter and rounder

45

INTERACTION AND COORDINATION

C A S A

GLOSSARY

ENGLISH SPANISH

46

HUMAN REPRODUCTION

C A S A

What Is It?AIDS is one of the most serious, deadly diseases in human history.

More than 20 years ago, doctors in the United States identified the first cases of AIDS in San Francisco and New

York. Now there are an estimated 42 million people living with HIV or AIDS worldwide, and more than 3 million die

every year from AIDS-related illnesses.

AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV destroys a type of defense cell in the body called a

CD4 helper lymphocyte .These lymphocytes are part of the body's immune system, the defense system that fights

infectious diseases. But as HIV destroys these lymphocytes, people with the virus begin to get serious infections

that they normally wouldn't — that is, they become immune deficient. The name for this condition is acquired im-

munodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

As the medical community learns more about how HIV works, they've been able to develop drugs to inhibit it

(meaning they interfere with its growth). These drugs have been successful in slowing the progress of the disease,

and people with the disease now live much longer. But there is still no cure for HIV and AIDS.

Hundreds of U.S. teens become infected with HIV each year. HIV can be transmit-

ted from an infected person to another person through blood, semen , vaginal

fluids, and breast milk.

The virus is spread through high-risk behaviors including:

-unprotected oral, vaginal, or anal sexual intercourse-sharing needles, such as needles used to inject drugs (including needlesused for injecting steroids) and those used for tattooing

People who have another sexually transmitted disease, such as syphilis, genital

herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhea, or bacterial vaginosis are at greater risk for getting

HIV during sex with infected partners.

If a woman with HIV is pregnant, her newborn baby can catch the virus from her

before birth, during the birthing process, or from breastfeeding. If doctors know

an expectant mother has HIV, they can usually prevent the spread of the virus

from mother to baby. All pregnant teens and women should be tested for HIV so

they can begin treatment if necessary.

How Does HIV Affect the Body?A healthy body is equipped with CD4 helper lymphocyte cells (CD4 cells). These cells help the immune system func-

tion normally and fight off certain kinds of infections. They do this by acting as messengers to other types of im-

mune system cells, telling them to become active and fight against an invading germ.

HIV attaches to these CD4 cells, infects them, and uses them as a place to multiply. In doing so, the virus destroys

the ability of the infected cells to do their job in the immune system. The body then loses the ability to fight many

infections.Because their immune systems are weakened, people who have AIDS are unable to fight off many infections, par-ticularly tuberculosis and other kinds of otherwise rare infections of the lung (such as Pneumocystis carinii pneu-monia), the surface covering of the brain (meningitis), or the brain itself (encephalitis). People who have AIDS tendto keep getting sicker, especially if they are not taking antiviral medications properly.

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HUMAN REPRODUCTION

C A S A

AIDS can affect every body system. The immune defect caused by having too few CD4 cells also per-

mits some cancers that are stimulated by viral illness to occur — some people with AIDS get forms of lym-

phoma and a rare tumor of blood vessels in the skin called Kaposi's sarcoma. Because AIDS is fatal, it's im-

portant that doctors detect HIV infection as early as possible so a person can take medication to delay the onset of

AIDS.How Do People Know They Have HIV?Once a person's blood lacks the number of CD4 cells required to fight infections, or the person has signs of specific

illnesses or diseases that occur in people with HIV infection, doctors make a diagnosis of AIDS.

Severe symptoms of HIV infection and AIDS may not appear for 10 years. And for years leading up to that, a person

may not have symptoms of AIDS. The amount of time it takes for symptoms of AIDS to appear varies from person

to person. Some people may feel and look healthy for years while they are infected with HIV. It is still possible to

infect others with HIV, even if the person with the virus has absolutely no symptoms. You cannot tell simply by

looking at someone whether he or she is infected.

When a person's immune system is overwhelmed by AIDS, the symptoms can include:

extreme weakness or fatigue

rapid weight loss

frequent fevers that last for several weeks with no explanation

heavy sweating at night

swollen lymph glands

minor infections that cause skin rashes and mouth, genital, and anal sores

white spots in the mouth or throat

chronic diarrhea

a cough that won't go away

trouble remembering thingsGirls may also experience severe vaginal yeast infections that don't respond to usual treatment, as well as pelvicinflammatory disease (PID).How Can It Be Prevented?One of the reasons that HIV is so dangerous is that a person can have the virus for a long time without knowing it.

That person can then spread the virus to others through high-risk behaviors. HIV transmission can be prevented by:

abstaining from sex (not having oral, vaginal, or anal sex)

always using latex condoms for all types of sexual intercourse

avoiding contact with the bodily fluids through which HIV is transmitted

never sharing needlesHow Do Doctors Test for and Treat HIV?

If you think that you may have HIV or AIDS or if you have had a

partner who may have HIV or AIDS, see your family doctor, adoles-

cent doctor, or gynecologist. He or she will talk with you and per-

form tests. The doctor may do a blood test or a swab of the inside

of your cheek. Depending on what type of test is done, results may

take from a few hours to several days. Let the doctor know the

best way to reach you confidentially with any test results.

Date reviewed: August 2009

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ACTIVITIES

1-What does HIV mean?.

......................................................................................................................................................................................

2-What does AIDS mean?.

......................................................................................................................................................................................

3-What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?.

......................................................................................................................................................................................

4-Which system does the virus attack?.

......................................................................................................................................................................................

5-What does the HIV virus do to the immune system?.

......................................................................................................................................................................................

6-Can a person have HIV, but not AIDS?.

......................................................................................................................................................................................

7-Can a person have AIDS, but not HIV?.

......................................................................................................................................................................................

8-How is HIV transmitted?.

......................................................................................................................................................................................

9-What does it mean to practice safe sex?.

......................................................................................................................................................................................

10-Name five ways in which the virus cannot be transmitted.

......................................................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................................................

http://www.msc.es/campannas/campanas09/nobajeslaguardia.htm

http://www.msc.es/campannas/campanas09/home.htm

49

HUMAN REPRODUCTION

C A S A

GLOSSARY

ENGLISH SPANISH

50

HEALTH AND ILLNESS

C A S A

CAUSES OF DISEASEMicrobes are bacteria, fungi and viruses. Not all microbes cause disease: some are useful. Microbes that

get inside you and make you feel ill are called pathogens or germs. Pathogens rapidly reproduce in warm

conditions when there is plenty of food.

HOW ARE DISEASES SPREAD?

Diseases are spread by:

Contact with infected people, animals or objects used by infected people,

e.g. athlete’s foot, chickenpox and measles are spread through contact in

this way.

Through the air, e.g. flu, colds and pneumonia.

Through infected food and drink, e.g. cholera from infected drinking wa-

ter and salmonella poisoning from infected food.

Diseases can be non-infectious and caused by vitamin deficiencies such as

scurvy (lack of vitamin C), mineral deficiencies such as anaemia (lack of

iron), or body disorders like cancer or diabetes. Other disorders can be in-

herited, like red-green colour blindness or diabetes.

CANCER

Cancer occurs when body cells that are normally under control, grow out of control and become a mass of cells

known as a tumour. If the tumour stops growing it is known as “benign”, and is not usually dangerous.

However, some tumours continue to grow and invade the surrounding tissues and organs. This is called a malig-

nant tumour and is dangerous.

The most common cancer in men is prostate cancer. In most cases, if it is caught

early enough it can be cured.

There is some evidence that eating a low fat diet and taking the supplement sele-

nium reduces the risk.

Breast cancer may affect one in nine women in their life and 1% of males. It of-

ten runs in families. Taking contraceptive pills, obesity and heavy drinking may

increase the risk.

Skin cancer is caused by the overexposure to ultraviolet light from sunlight or

sun beds. The risk is increased for people with fair skin and a lot of moles.

FOOD AIR

TOUCH DRINK

SOURCES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

TUBERCULOSIS AND FUNGI

Tuberculosis, or TB, is an infectious disease affecting the lungs, which results in bacteria destroying the lung tissue.

It is spread when sufferers of the disease cough and sneeze, causing other people to breathe in the bacterial TB.

TB was a major problem in the early 19th and 20th centuries. In the 1940s, improvements to public health and the

discovery of an antibiotic to treat it , led to a decline of the infection. For a while, however, the guard was let down

and incidences of the disease increased again in the 1980s, particularly as drug-resistant strains began to emerge.

There are about 7000 cases reported in the UK at present.

Treatment involves a course of antibiotics. Various antibiotics are used to prevent the bacteria from becoming re-

sistant to one type. Schools have a vaccine called the BCG to prevent TB.

Fungi cause diseases such as athlete’s foot and ringworm. Fungi reproduce by making spores that can be carried

from person to person. Most fungi are useful as decomposers. Yeast is a fungus that is used when making bread,

beer and wine.

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HEALTH AND ILLNESS

C A S A

BACTERIA

Bacteria are living organisms that feed, move and carry out

respiration.

How bacteria cause diseaseBacteria destroy living tissue. For example, tuberculosis

destroys lung tissue.

Bacteria can produce poisons, called toxins. For example,

food poisoning is caused by bacteria releasing toxins.

QUICK TEST (ORAL)

1-Name the three types of microbes.

2-What do we call microbes that cause disease?.

3-How do bacteria cause disease?.

4-How do viruses cause disease?-

5-Give two examples of diseases caused by fungi.

6-How are infections spread?.

7-What is a vector? Give an example.

8-Name three ways in which pathogens can enter the body.

VIRUSES

Viruses consist of a protein coat surrounding a few

genes. It’s not a cell.

Viruses are much smaller than bacteria. They don’t

feed, move, respire or grow: they just reproduce.

Viruses can only survive inside the cells of a living

organism. They reproduce inside the cells and re-

lease thousands of new viruses to infect new cells.

They kill the cell in the process. Examples of diseases

caused by viruses are HIV, flu, chickenpox and mea-

sles.

HOW DO PATHOGENS GET IN?

Pathogens have to enter our body before they can do anyharm. Digestive system-

Microbes get in viafood and drink.E.g. food poison-ing

Reproductive sys-tem- diseases canbe passed onthrough sexualintercourse. E.g.AIDS/HIV, hepati-tis

Respiratory sys-tem-Droplets of mois-ture containingviruses arebreathed in.

E.g. flu, tuberculosis

Skin- if the skinis damaged, mi-crobes can get in.E.g. tetnus

ROUTES FOR MICROBES TO ENTER THE BODY

SYMPTOMS OF INFECTION

Symptoms are the effects diseases have on the body:

They are usually caused by the

toxins released by the pathogens.

Symptoms include a high tempera-

ture, headache, loss of appetite

and sickness.

VECTORS

Some pathogens rely on vectors to transfer them

from one organism to another. A vector is an organ-

ism that transports a pathogen. An example would be

a mosquito.

A mosquito carrying the parasite that causes malaria

may infect another person by injecting the parasite

into the person’s bloodstream when it bites them.

A parasite is an organism that lives off another with-

out any benefit to the host.

52

HEALTH AND ILLNESS

C A S A

1)Which type of microbe reproduces 4)Which type of microbe is used in bread making?

by producing spores?

A) all of them A) all of them

B) bacteria B) bacteria

C) fungi C) fungi

D) viruses D) viruses

2)What is the name of an organism 5)Which type of microbe is found when decomposition

that transports a pathogen? occurs?

A) animal A) all of them

B) messenger B) insects

C) plant C) fungi

D) vector D) viruses

3)Which disease is caused by a virus?

A) common cold

B) food poisoning

C) whooping cough

D) ringworm

ACTIVITIES

6)The table shows features of bacteria and viruses. Place a tick (if feature present) or a cross (if feature absent) in

each box.

7) a) List three symptoms of infection.

..................................................................................................................................................................

b) What name is given to microbes that get inside you and make you feel ill?.

...................................................................................................................................................................

8)What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumour?.

..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

FEATURE BACTERIA VIRUSES

Cell wall

Protein coat

Respire, feed and move

Reproduce inside living cells

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HEALTH AND ILLNESS

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ACTIVITIES

9) a) Tuberculosis destroys lung tissue.

How is it spread?

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

b) List three things that helped to reduce tuberculosis.

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

10) Some diseases are not caused by microbes. Com-

plete the table to show what causes the diseases listed.

11) Write about three ways in which microbes can enter

the body.

For each give an example of a disease spread in this

way.

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

12) a) What happens to the cells in a cancer?

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

b) What is a mass of cancer cells called?

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

c) What is the most common cancer in men?

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

d) How can men reduce the risk of getting this can-

cer?

...........................................................................................

...........................................................................................

Web pages

http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/

http://kidshealth.org/teen/infections/

DISEASE CAUSE

Anaemia

Cancer

Red-green color blid-

Scurvy

54

HEALTH AND ILLNESS

C A S A

GLOSSARY

ENGLISH SPANISH

55

REVIEW

C A S A

Divide the class into groups of 5 or 6. Have each group choose a team name.

The board looks similar to the following:

Each category has 6 questions. Questions for 100 points are the easiest and 600 points are the most difficult.

Choose a team to choose the first question.

Only one player from each team can compete to answer the same question.

The first person to raise their hand gets to answer. If they answer correctly, they earn the points. And the question

is removed from the board. If they answer incorrectly, the question is open to be answered (stolen) by another

team. The team that answers incorrectly cannot try again and loses points (the number corresponding to the ques-

tion). If no one answers correctly, the question disappears and the points too.

The winning team chooses the next question. The players change.

This continues until all the points have been taken and all questions answered.

Final Jeopardy RoundThis is the opportunity for teams with positive points to bet on the final question.

The team must make their bests before they answer the final question. The winner finishes with the most points

after final Jeopardy.

POINTS NUTRITION DIGESTIVE CIRCULATORY NERVOUS HEALTH

TEAM A 100 100 100 100 100

TEAM B 200 200 200 200 200

TEAM C 300 300 300 300 300

TEAM D 400 400 400 400 400

TEAM E 500 500 500 500 500

TEAM F 600 600 600 600 600