3.4.5 Number of research papers per teacher in the Journals ...

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3.4.5 Number of research papers per teacher in the Journals notified on UGC website during the last five years (15)

78

3.4.5.1: Number of research papers in the Journals notified on UGC website during the last five years

Title of paper Name of the author/s Department of the

teacher Name of journal

Year of

publication ISSN number Link to the recognition in UGC enlistment of the Journal

1 North-Zone Badminton Player’s

degree of Self-Esteem

Zamirullah Khan, Anwar Ali,

Naseem Ahmed

Prof. Zamirullah

Khan

Journal of Physical

Education Research 2014 2394-4056 https://www.joper.org/downloader.php?item=issuepdf&id=15

2

Three Dimensional Analysis of Drag-

flick in The Field Hockey of University

Players

Mohd. Arshad Bari, Naushad

Waheed Ansari, Fuzail Ahmad,

Ikram Hussain

Prof. Ikram Hussain Advances in Physics

Theories and Applications 2014 2225-0638 https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/APTA/article/view/11405

3

Three Dimensional Analysis of

Variation between Successful and

Unsuccessful Drag flick Techniques in

Field Hockey

Mohd. Arshad Bari, Naushad

Waheed Ansari, Ikram Hussain,

Fuzail Ahmad, Mansoor Ali Khan

Prof. Ikram Hussain International Journal of

Research Studies in Science 2014 2349-4751 http://ijrsset.org/pdfs/v1-i2/14.pdf

4

Three Dimensional Biomechanical

Analysis of the Drag in Penalty

Corner Drag Flick Performance

Naushad Waheed Ansari, Mhd.

Arshad Bari, Ikram Hussain,

Fuzail Ahmad

Prof. Ikram Hussain Journal of Education

Practice 2014 2222-1735 https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Three-Dimensional-Biomechanical-Analysis-of-the-in-Ansari/34484c9b1b182980e23b2c50df24e18dcd7b279f

5 Three dimensional kinematic analysis

of the drag flick for accuracy

Naushad Waheed Ansari, Mhd.


Fuzail Ahmad

Prof. Ikram Hussain

Int. Journal of Applied

Sciences and Engineering

Research

2014 2277-9442 https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Three-dimensional-kinematic-analysis-of-the-drag-Ansari-Bari/531abd36c2f9822ef281dc5a0c655e6e803a84b2

6 Construction Of Specific Physical

Fitness Test For Batsman

Ahsan Ahmad, Ikram Hussain,

Fuzail Ahmad Prof. Ikram Hussain

Horizon Palaestra

International Journal of

Health Sports and Physical

Education

2014 2278-2982 http://wk.ixueshu.com/file/65cbbda5a2e1a07a.html

7

Role of different joints velocity

during approach run On high jump

performance: a biomechanical study

Asim Khan, Ikram Hussain Prof. Ikram Hussain Journal of Physical

Education Research 2014 2394-4056 https://issuu.com/www.joper.org/docs/jopet_december_2014

8 ‘Development of Cricket-Specific

Bowling Accuracy Test

Syed Tariq Murtaza; Dr. Mohd.

Imran; Dr. Mohd. Sharique;

Taufiq Ahmad; Dr. Farkhunda

Jabin ; Ashish Kumar Katiyar;

Shamshad Ahmad ; Ravi Prakash

Singh ; Arshad Hussain Bhat ;

Salman Ahmad Khan ; Raof

Ahmad Bhat ; Irshad Maqbool

Malik ; Showkat Ahmad Naikoo ;

Mohd Zakir ; Mohd. Sabir;

Dr. Syed Tariq

Murtaza Academic Sports Scholar 2014 2277-3665 http://oldpesrj.lbp.world/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=241

https://www.joper.org/downloader.php?item=issuepdf&id=15


https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/APTA/article/view/11405

http://ijrsset.org/pdfs/v1-i2/14.pdf

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Three-Dimensional-Biomechanical-Analysis-of-the-in-Ansari/34484c9b1b182980e23b2c50df24e18dcd7b279f

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Three-dimensional-kinematic-analysis-of-the-drag-Ansari-Bari/531abd36c2f9822ef281dc5a0c655e6e803a84b2

http://wk.ixueshu.com/file/65cbbda5a2e1a07a.html

https://issuu.com/www.joper.org/docs/jopet_december_2014

http://oldpesrj.lbp.world/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=241

of 11

Iftikhar Ahmad; Sateesh Chandra

; Lalita Kumari ; Tasleem Khan ;

Sarver Ali; Qamber Rizwan ;

Intazar Ali; Vinay Kumar Singh

9 ‘Novel Approach of Training the Skills

of the Game of Cricket’

Syed Tariq Murtaza; Dr.

Mohd.Imran; Dr.Mohd.Sharique

; Taufiq Ahmad; Dr.Farkhunda

Jabin; Ashish Kumar Katiyar;

Shamshad Ahmad; Ravi Prakash

Singh; Arshad Hussain Bhat;

Salman Ahmad Khan; Raof

Ahmad Bhat; Irshad Maqbool

Malik; Showkat Ahmad Naiko;

Mohd Zakir; Mohd. Sabir;

Iftikhar Ahmad; Sateesh

Chandra; Lalita Kumari; Tasleem

Khan; Sarver Ali; Qamber Rizwan

; Intazar Ali; Vinay Kumar Singh

Dr. Syed Tariq

Murtaza Research Dimensions 2014 2249-3867 http://oldpesrj.lbp.world/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=241

10 ‘Construction & Standardization of

Fielding Test In Cricket’

Syed Tariq Murtaza, Mohd.

Imran , Taufiq Ahmad, Mohd.

Sharique, Farkhunda Jabin (as

Physician), Shamshad Ahmad,

Ravi Prakash Singh, Arshad

Hussain Bhat, Ashish Kumar

Katiyar, Irfan Khan, Bhupesh

Kumar, Sanjeev Pandey, Salman

Ahmed Khan, Raof Ahmad Bhat,

Irshad Maqbool Malik, Showkat

Ahmad Naikoo, Mohd. Zakir

Dr. Syed Tariq

Murtaza

Indian Streams Research

Journal 2014 2230-7850 https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/CONSTRUCTION-%26-STANDARDIZATION-OF-FIELDING-TEST-IN-Ravi-Syed/d9cef7f585b3b386edb28c37dd6a5209e2ebaa97

11




Field Hockey

Mohd Arshad Bari, Naushad

Waheed Ansari, Ikram Hussain ,


Dr. Mohd. Arshad

Bari


Research Studies in Science,

Engineering and Technology

2014 2349-4751 http://ijrsset.org/pdfs/v1-i2/14.pdf

12


Dragflick in The Field Hockey of

University Players



Ikram Hussain

Dr. Mohd. Arshad

Bari

Journal of advance physics

and application 2014 2225-0638 https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/APTA/article/view/11405/11763

13 Three dimensional analysis of Mohd Arshad Bari, Naushad Dr. Mohd. Arshad International Journal of 2014 2349-4751 http://www.ijrsset.org/pdfs/v1-i2/14.pdf


https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/CONSTRUCTION-%26-STANDARDIZATION-OF-FIELDING-TEST-IN-Ravi-Syed/d9cef7f585b3b386edb28c37dd6a5209e2ebaa97


https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/APTA/article/view/11405/11763

http://www.ijrsset.org/pdfs/v1-i2/14.pdf

of 11

variation between successful and

unsuccessful drag flick techniques in

field hockey

Waheed Ansari, Ikram Hussain,


Bari Research Studies in Science,

Engineering and Technology

14

Biomechanical analysis of force

production during under-arm

throwing techniques in cricket

Syed Ibrahim1 , Mohammed

Arshad Bari2 and Ikram Hussain2

Dr. Mohd. Arshad

Bari

Annals of Biological

Research 2014 0976-1233 https://www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com/articles/biomechanical-analysis-of-force-production-during-underarm-throwing-techniques-in-cricket.pdf



Naushad Waheed Ansari, Mohd


Fuzail Ahmad

Dr. Naushad Waheed

Ansari


Applied Sciences and

Engineering Research


16




Field Hockey



Fuzail Ahmad

Dr. Naushad Waheed

Ansari



17






Fuzail Ahmad

Dr. Naushad Waheed

Ansari

Journal of Education


18



Players



Ikram Hussain

Dr. Naushad Waheed

Ansari

Advances in Physics


19



Players



Ikram Hussain

Dr. Fuzail Ahmad Advances in Physics


20




Field Hockey



Fuzail Ahmad

Dr. Fuzail Ahmad International Journal of


21






Fuzail Ahmad

Dr. Fuzail Ahmad Journal of Education






Fuzail Ahmad

Dr. Fuzail Ahmad


Applied Sciences and

Engineering Research



Fitness Test For Batsman

Ahsan Ahmad, Ikram Hussain,

Fuzail Ahmad Dr. Fuzail Ahmad

Horizon Palaestra


Health Sports and Physical

Education

2014 2278-2982 http://wk.ixueshu.com/file/65cbbda5a2e1a07a.html

24 Level of Anxiety among Two Genders Zamirullah Khan Zamirullah Prof. Zamirullah Journal of Education and 2015 2222-288X https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEP/article/view/22377

https://www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com/articles/biomechanical-analysis-of-force-production-during-underarm-throwing-techniques-in-cricket.pdf









http://wk.ixueshu.com/file/65cbbda5a2e1a07a.html

https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEP/article/view/22377

of 11

Appearing for National Level Test: A

Comparative Study

Khan, Naseem Ahmad Khan Practice

25 The Level of Stress in Male and

Female School Students

Zamirullah Khan, Naseem

Ahmad

Prof. Zamirullah

Khan

Journal of Education and

Practice 2015 2222-288X https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEP/article/view/22377

26

Aggression and Mental Toughness

Among Indian Universities Basketball

Players: A Comparative Study

Zamirullah Khan, Anwar Ali,

Naseem Ahmed

Prof. Zamirullah

Khan

Journal of Physical


27 Influence of Body Kinematics on

Tennis Serve

Ikram Hussain., Syed Anayat

Hussain ., & Fuzail Ahmad Prof. Ikram Hussain

European Academic

Research 2015 2286-4822 http://www.euacademic.org/UploadArticle/1535.pdf

28

Kinematic Characteristics of Two

Different Service at Three Varied

Stages during the Match

Ikram Hussain., Fuzail Ahmad,

Shien Ruzadi, Prof. Ikram Hussain

International Journal for

Research in Applied Science

& Engineering Technology

2015 2321-9653 https://www.ijraset.com/fileserve.php?FID=1994


Fitness Test For Bowlers

Ikram Hussain., Ahsan Ahmad,

Fuzail Ahmad Prof. Ikram Hussain Academic Sports Scholar 2015 2277-3665 http://oldpesrj.lbp.world/UploadedArticles/265.pdf

30

‘Design of Manual Treadmill With

Electricity Generator For Energy

Saving’

Shamshad Ali, Syed Tariq

Murtaza, Ashish Kumar Katiyar

Dr. Syed Tariq

Murtaza


Research in Engineering &

Applied Sciences.

2015 2249-3905 http://euroasiapub.org/design-of-manual-treadmill-with-electricity-generator-for-energy-saving/

31 ‘Azhar Cricket-Specific Fielding Test

For Youth Cricketers’

Syed Tariq Murtaza, Shahanawaz

Khan, Mohd. Imran, Ashish

Kumar Katiyar, Qamber Rizwan.

Dr. Syed Tariq

Murtaza Golden Research Thoughts 2015 2231-5063 https://www.academia.edu/15632799/_AZHAR_CRICKET-SPECIFIC_FIELDING_TEST_FOR_YOUTH_CRICKETERS

32 ‘Contemporary Approach of

Practicing in Cricket Net’

Ashish Kumar Katiyar, Syed Tariq

Murtaza, Dr.Mohd.Imran,

Mohd.Sharique,

Taufiq Ahmad, Dr.Farkhunda

Jabin, Shamshad Ahmad, Ravi

Prakash Singh,Arshad Hussain

Bhat, Salman Ahmad Khan, Raof

Ahmad Bhat, Irshad Maqbool

Malik, Showkat Ahmad Naikoo,

Mohd Zakir, Mohd. Sabir,

IftikharAhmad, Sateesh Chandra,

Lalita Kumari, Tasleem Khan,

SarvarAli, Qamber Rizwan,

IntazarAli, Vinay Kumar Singh

Dr. Syed Tariq

Murtaza Review of Research 2015 2249-894X http://oldror.lbp.world/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1392

33 ‘Determination of Training Status of

Batsmen in Open-net in Cricket’

Irshad Maqbool Malik, Syed

Tariq Murtaza, Mohd.Imran,

Mohd.Sharique, Taufiq Ahmad,

Dr. Syed Tariq

Murtaza Academic Sports Scholar 2015 2277-3665 http://oldpesrj.lbp.world/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=278



http://www.euacademic.org/UploadArticle/1535.pdf

https://www.ijraset.com/fileserve.php?FID=1994

http://oldpesrj.lbp.world/UploadedArticles/265.pdf

http://euroasiapub.org/design-of-manual-treadmill-with-electricity-generator-for-energy-saving/

https://www.academia.edu/15632799/_AZHAR_CRICKET-SPECIFIC_FIELDING_TEST_FOR_YOUTH_CRICKETERS

http://oldror.lbp.world/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1392


of 11

Farkhunda Jabin, Ashish Kumar

Katiyar, Shamshad Ahmad, Ravi

Prakash Singh, Arshad Hussain

Bhat,Salman Ahmad Khan, Raof

Ahmad Bhat, Showkat Ahmad

Naikoo, Mohd Zakir8,Mohd.

Sabir, IftikharAhmad, Sateesh

Chandra, Lalita Kumari, Tasleem

Khan,SarverAli, Qamber Rizwan,

IntazarAli, Vinay Kumar Singh

34 ‘Training Log to Determine Skills of

Fielding in Cricket’

Mohd Zakir; Syed Tariq Murtaza

; Dr.Mohd.Imran ;

Dr.Mohd.Sharique3 ; Taufiq

Ahmad; Dr.Farkhunda Jabin ;

Ashish Kumar Katiyar; Shamshad

Ahmad; Ravi Prakash Singh ;

Arshad Hussain Bhat; Salman

Ahmad Khan; Raof Ahmad Bhat;

Irshad Maqbool Malik; Showkat

Ahmad Naikoo; Mohd.Sabir;

Iftikhar Ahmad; Sateesh Chandra

; Lalita Kumari ; Tasleem Khan ;



Dr. Syed Tariq

Murtaza Golden Research Thought 2015 2231-5063 http://oldgrt.lbp.world/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=5227

35 ‘Construction of Training Log for

Wicket-Keeper in Cricket’

Salman Ahmad Khan; Syed Tariq

Murtaza; Dr.Mohd.Imran ;

Dr.Mohd.Sharique; Taufiq

Ahmad; Dr.Farkhunda Jabin;


Ahmad; Ravi Prakash Singh ;

Arshad Hussain Bhat ; Raof

Ahmad Bhat ; Irshad Maqbool

Malik; Showkat Ahmad Naikoo;

Mohd Zakir ; Mohd. Sabir;

Iftikhar Ahmad; Sateesh


Khan; Sarver Ali; Qamber Rizwan

; Intazar Ali; Vinay Kumar Singh

Dr. Syed Tariq

Murtaza Golden Research Thought 2015 2231-5063, http://oldgrt.lbp.world/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=5228

http://oldgrt.lbp.world/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=5227


of 11

36 ‘Need Based Cricket-Specific Training

Log for Batsmen in Closed Net’

Raof Ahmad Bhat; Syed Tariq

Murtaza; Dr.Mohd.Imran;

Dr.Mohd.Sharique; Taufiq


Ashish Kumar Katiyar ;

Shamshad Ahmad; Ravi Prakash

Singh; Arshad Hussain Bhat;

Salman Ahmad Khan; Irshad

Maqbool Malik; Showkat Ahmad

Naikoo; Mohd Zakir; Mohd.

Sabir; Iftikhar Ahmad; Sateesh


Khan; Sarver Ali; Qamber

Rizwan; Intazar Ali; Vinay Kumar

Singh

Dr. Syed Tariq

Murtaza Review of Research 2015 2249-894X http://oldror.lbp.world/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1393

37 ‘Observatory Log for Spinners in the

Game of Cricket’

Lalita Kumari; Syed Tariq

Murtaza, PhD; Dr.Mohd.Imran;

Dr.Mohd.Sharique ; Taufiq



Ahmad; Ravi Prakash Singh;




Ahmad Naiko; Mohd Zakir;

Mohd. Sabir; Iftikhar Ahmad;

Sateesh Chandra; Tasleem Khan;



Dr. Syed Tariq

Murtaza Golden Research Thought 2015 2231-5063 http://oldgrt.lbp.world/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=5226

38 ‘Log to Determine the Status for Fast

Bowler’

Qamber Rizwan ; Syed Tariq

Murtaza, PhD; Dr.Mohd.Imran;








Dr. Syed Tariq

Murtaza Research Direction 2015 2321-5488, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301815196_LOG_TO_DETERMINE_THE_STATUS_FOR_FAST_BOWLER

http://oldror.lbp.world/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1393


https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301815196_LOG_TO_DETERMINE_THE_STATUS_FOR_FAST_BOWLER

of 11



Sateesh Chandra; Lalita Kumari;

Tasleem Khan; Sarver Ali; Intazar

Ali; Vinay Kumar Singh.

39 ‘Innovative Method to Practice &

Improve the Game of Cricket’

Syed Tariq Murtaza;

Dr.Mohd.Imran;










Sateesh Chandra; Lalita Kumari;

Tasleem Khan; Sarver Ali;

Qamber Rizwan ; Intazar Ali;

Vinay Kumar Singh.

Dr. Syed Tariq

Murtaza

Indian Streams Research

Journal 2015 2230-7850 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281820461_INNOVATIVE_METHOD_TO_PRACTICE_IMPROVE_THE_GAME_OF_CRICKET

40




Ikram Hussain, Fuzail Ahmad,

Shien Ruzadi

Dr. Naushad Waheed

Ansari





41

Analysis of Fitness Status of Urban

and Rural Youth’s of Maharashtra

State

Fuzail Ahmad, Brajesh Kumar Rai Dr. Fuzail Ahmad Academic Sports Scholars 2015 2277-3665 http://oldpesrj.lbp.world/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=372

42 Influence of Body Kinematics on

Tennis Serve

Ikram Hussain, Syed Anayat

Hussain & Fuzail Ahmad Dr. Fuzail Ahmad

European Academic

Research 2015 2286-4822 http://www.euacademic.org/UploadArticle/1535.pdf

43





Shien Ruzadi Dr. Fuzail Ahmad






Fitness Test For Bowlers

Ikram Hussain, Ahsan Ahmad,

Fuzail Ahmad Dr. Fuzail Ahmad Academic Sports Scholar 2015 2277-3665 http://oldpesrj.lbp.world/UploadedArticles/265.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281820461_INNOVATIVE_METHOD_TO_PRACTICE_IMPROVE_THE_GAME_OF_CRICKET



http://www.euacademic.org/UploadArticle/1535.pdf



of 11

45

Investigate the Manipulation of

Kinematics on Tennis Serve

Performance

Ikram Hussain.,Naushad

Waheed Ansari., & Fuzail Ahmad Prof. Ikram Hussain


Engineering Sciences &

Research.

2016 2277-9655 https://zenodo.org/record/60843#.XnSQL4gzbIU

46

Influence Of Spatio-Temporal

Parameters On Gait Speed In School

Children

Ikram Hussain., Syed Anayat

Hussain, Fuzail Ahmad Prof. Ikram Hussain


Advanced Research 2016 2320-5407 https://www.academia.edu/25905339/INFLUENCE_OF_SPATIO-TEMPORAL_PARAMETERS_ON_GAIT_SPEED_IN_SCHOOL_CHILDREN

47 Kinematics of Usain Bolt’s 100 m

performance: A Review

Ikram Hussain, Tawseef Ahmad

Bhat & Syed Anayat Hussain Prof. Ikram Hussain





48 The Generic Preparation Phases For

100 Meter Male University Sprinter

Ikram Hussain, Sayed

Mohammad Ayub Prof. Ikram Hussain Research Pedia 2016 2347-9000 https://www.academia.edu/29453345/THE_GENERIC_PREPARATION_PHASES_FOR_100_METER_MALE_UNIVERSITY_SPRINTER

49

"A Study on Biacromial Bicristal

Diameter of Elite Male Hammer

Throwers"

Brij Bhushan Singh Prof. Brij Bhushan

Singh

International Conference on

"Global Conference on

Scientific Culture in Physical

Education & Sports"

sponsored by International

Council of Sports Science &

Research (ICSSR), organized

by Department of Physical

Education, Punjabi

University, Patiala, Punjab

2016 978-93-85446-

45-0

https://www.academia.edu/17759981/GLOBAL_CONFERENCE_ON_SCIENTIFIC_CULTURE_IN_PHYSICAL_EDUCATION_AND_SPORTS

https://zenodo.org/record/60843#.XnSQL4gzbIU

https://www.academia.edu/25905339/INFLUENCE_OF_SPATIO-TEMPORAL_PARAMETERS_ON_GAIT_SPEED_IN_SCHOOL_CHILDREN


https://www.academia.edu/29453345/THE_GENERIC_PREPARATION_PHASES_FOR_100_METER_MALE_UNIVERSITY_SPRINTER

https://www.academia.edu/17759981/GLOBAL_CONFERENCE_ON_SCIENTIFIC_CULTURE_IN_PHYSICAL_EDUCATION_AND_SPORTS

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50

Effects of Asanas and Pranayama on

Motor Learning Development of

School Boys

Rajendra Singh, Dharmendra

Kumar Singh, Durvesh Kumar Dr. Rajendra Singh

Journal of Physical

Education Research 2016 2394-4056

http://euacademic.org/UploadArticle/2568.pdf

51

Changes in Behavior among Juvenile

Deliquents after 6 weeks of Yogic

Practice

Rajendra Singh, Gagan Kumar Dr. Rajendra Singh Journal of Physical


https://www.joper.org/

52 Meta-Analysis on the Development

of Cricket Bat Over the Years


Murtaza and Shamshad Ali

Dr. Syed Tariq

Murtaza Golden Research Thoughts 2016 2231-5063 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301684029_META-ANALYSIS_ON_THE_DEVELOPMENT_OF_CRICKET_BAT_OVER_THE_YEARS

53 ‘Innovative Cricket Bat- A Way to

Reduce player’s Burdon’ Syed Tariq Murtaza, Shamshad

Ali, Ashish Kumar Katiyar

Dr. Syed Tariq

Murtaza


Engineering & Scientific

Research

2016 2249-5894 https://www.ijmra.us/2016ijesr_january.php

54 Role of Media in the Promotion of

Sports Merajudddin Faridi,

Dr. Merajuddin

Faridi

International Research

Journal of Human Resources

and Social Sciences

2016 2349-4085 http://aarf.asia/hr2.php?p=Volume3,Issue2,February2016

55

Joint Effect of Stride length and

Stride width on Running

Performance

Naushad Waheed Ansari Dr. Naushad Waheed

Ansari



Research Technology

2016 2277-9655

https://zenodo.org/record/160901#.XpQR_UAzbIU

56

Investigate the Manipulation of

Kinematics on Tennis Serve

Performance

Ikram Hussain, Naushad Waheed

Ansari & Fuzail Ahmad Dr. Fuzail Ahmad



Research

2016 2277- 9655 https://zenodo.org/record/60843#.XnSQL4gzbIU

57

Influence Of Spatio-Temporal

Parameters On Gait Speed In School

Children


Hussain, Fuzail Ahmad Dr. Fuzail Ahmad


Advanced Research 2016 2320-5407 https://www.academia.edu/25905339/INFLUENCE_OF_SPATIO-TEMPORAL_PARAMETERS_ON_GAIT_SPEED_IN_SCHOOL_CHILDREN

http://euacademic.org/UploadArticle/2568.pdf

https://www.joper.org/

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301684029_META-ANALYSIS_ON_THE_DEVELOPMENT_OF_CRICKET_BAT_OVER_THE_YEARS

https://www.ijmra.us/2016ijesr_january.php

http://aarf.asia/hr2.php?p=Volume3,Issue2,February2016

https://zenodo.org/record/160901#.XpQR_UAzbIU

https://zenodo.org/record/60843#.XnSQL4gzbIU

https://www.academia.edu/25905339/INFLUENCE_OF_SPATIO-TEMPORAL_PARAMETERS_ON_GAIT_SPEED_IN_SCHOOL_CHILDREN

of 11

58 Gait Cycle Duration: A Determining

Factor of Gait Maturity in Children


Hussain Prof. Ikram Hussain


Current Research and

Review

2017 0975-5241 http://ijcrr.com/uploads/159_pdf.pdf

59 Key Kinematics Element iin Show-

Jumping Event Ikram Hussain, Fuzail Ahmad Prof. Ikram Hussain

Journal of Physical


https://www.amu.ac.in/newdata/depttmom/16024.pdf

60

A Biomechanical Investigation of

Prominent Kinematic Factor in Drag

Flick


Mohd. Tanveer khan Prof. Ikram Hussain

Journal of Advance Research

in Applied Science 2017 2394-8442 https://nnpub.org/index.php/AS/article/view/639/575

61 Contribution of Angular Velocity on

Drag Flick A Three Dimensional Study

Ikram Hussain, Fuzail Ahmad and

Tausif Ahmad Bhat Prof. Ikram Hussain


Research in Management &

Social Science

2017 2322-0899 http://empyreal.co.in/downloads/ijrmss-volume-5-issue-3-V-july-september-2017.pdf

62 Effects of Yogic Practices on Vital

Capacity among Adolescents Rajendra Singh, Durvesh Kumar Dr. Rajendra Singh Anthropological Bulletin 2017 2348-4667

http://www.anthropologicalbulletin.in/journals/vol8-17/rajendra-singh.pdf

63 Status Analysis of Awareness of

Sports Nutrition Among the Athletes Merajudddin Faridi, Safura Khan

Dr. Merajuddin

Faridi


Research in Social Sciences

Vol. 7 Issue 8, August 2017

2017 2249-2496 http://www.ijmra.us

64

A Biomechanical Investigation of

Prominent Kinematic Factor in Drag

Flick


Mohd Tanveer Khan Dr. Fuzail Ahmad

Journal of Advance Research

in Applied Science 2017 2394-8442 https://nnpub.org/index.php/AS/article/view/639/575

65 Contribution of Angular Velocity on

Drag Flick A Three Dimensional Study

Ikram Hussain, Fuzail Ahmad and

Tausif Ahmad Bhat Dr. Fuzail Ahmad


Research in Management &

Social Science

2017 2322-0899 http://empyreal.co.in/downloads/ijrmss-volume-5-issue-3-V-july-september-2017.pdf

66 The Effects of a 8-Week Plyometric

Training Program on Horizontal Jump

Zamirullah Khan Zamirullah

Khan, Naseem Ahmad

Prof. Zamirullah

Khan

Journal of Education and

Practice 2018 2222-288X https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEP/article/view/22377

67

Biomechanical Investigation of the

Changing Kinematic in Show-Jumping

Event

Fuzail Ahmad, Ikram Hussain Prof. Ikram Hussain Academic Sports Scholar 2018 2277-3665 http://oldpesrj.lbp.world/UploadedArticles/612.pdf

68

Curriculum Assessment of Teacher

Education Program in Physical

Education: A Meta-analysis

Jyoti Maan, Ikram Hussain and

Kalpana Sharma Prof. Ikram Hussain

International Journals of

Educational Sciences 2018 2456-6322

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Murtaza

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Physical Education 2018 2347-6737 https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jspe/pages/vol5-iss3-ver-1.html

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Constraining Numerical Values For A

Referenced Cricket Bat Handle On

Selected Geometrical Parameters



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Murtaza

European Journal of Physical

Education and Sports

Science

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A Study of Motivational Factors

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http://xajzkjdx.cn/Current-Issue/

NORTH-ZONE BADMINTON PLAYER’S DEGREE OF SELF-ESTEEM ZAMIRULLAH KHAN1, ANWAR ALI2, NASEEM AHMED3 1Department of Physical Education, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh,INDIA

Email: [email protected] 2Department of Physical Education, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, INDIA

3Department of Physical Education, Mumtaz P.G. College, Lucknow, INDIA

How to cite this article: Khan, Z., Ali, A. & Ahmed, N. (2014). North zone

badminton player’s degree of self-esteem.Journal of Physical Education Research,

1, December, 27-30. Received:September 30, 2014 Accepted:October 25, 2014

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to find out the levels of self-esteem of north-zone men and

women badminton players. The data was collected during the north-zone badminton

tournament. The tourney was held at Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, in 2013-2014.

The sample of the present study comprised of 50 (25 men and 25 women) badminton

players. The questionnaire of self esteem developed by Rosenberg (1965) was employed

in this work. The outcome of the study indicated that men players had much higher self

esteem than their similitude.

Keywords: badminton, self-esteem, men, women.

1. INTRODUCTION

Self respect is one of the dimensions of personality which helps in knowing the

personal satisfaction and effective functioning.Whether people’s self respect is high or depressed has a marvelous impact on their ability to derive joy and

satisfaction from life. Self-esteem has become a household word. People high in

self-esteem claim to be more likable and attractive, to have better relationships,

and to make better impressions on others than people with low self esteem

(Baumeister, Campbell, Krueger, &Vohs, 2003).

Self-esteem is the regard that one hold for oneself. It is significant to know

that self-esteem can be acquired at any time in the lifespan. Self-esteem is a state

of mind. Self respect is one proportion of self concept and refers specifically to

our self evaluations. It is also termed as self worth and is understood as

generalized feelings of adequacy or inadequacy on the part of the individual.

Cooper (1981) defined self esteem as a positive or negative attitude and value by

Journal of Physical Education Research, Volume 1, December, 2014, pp.27-30 ISSN: Print-2394 4048, Online-2394 4056

Correspondence: Zamirullah Khan, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of

Physical Education, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, INDIA, Tel:

+919411465571, Email: [email protected]

Khan, Z., Ali, A. & Ahmed, N. (2014). North zone badminton player’s degree of self-esteem.

Journal of Physical Education Research, 1, December, 27-30.

28 | JOPER JOPER® www.joper.org

which a person view the self image and the evaluation or judgment he makes

about it from the person’s self esteem.

People who value their competence and worth in terms of positive terms

are said to have high self esteem and those whose self evaluations are poor

described as having low self-esteem (Pestonjee, 2011). Self-esteem is important

from such points of view as the individual’s gaining his autonomy, having a life full of satisfaction, carrying out activities directed at a goal, establishing healthy

and perpetual relations, having a high level of the ability to adaptation, developing

value systems, being successful and the ability to plan the future.

Self-esteem is a psychological state that arises from the affirmation of the

concept of ego that a person attains as a result of adopting himself and having a

high opinion about himself, his self confidence and self esteem. Such positive

psychological traits as self-esteem, optimism, will be successful, not giving in the

difficult are observed in individuals with a high level of self-esteem. Individuals

with a low level of self-esteem, on the contrary, has a low level of self-esteem,

they give away to despair easily and shortly they are more down to developed

negative psychological symptoms. Kassin (1998), has stated that the individuals with a low level of self-

esteem have exhibited such traits as waiting for the failure, nervousness, showing

a low level of effort and that they may neglect important aspects of life and may

blame themselves as valueless and untalented when they are unsuccessful.

2. METHODS AND MATERIALS 2.1 Subjects

Data was collected from north-zone badminton intervarsity tournament held at

Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi, India. The sample consisted of 50 (25 men and

25 women) badminton players. The age of the subjects ranged from 18 to 28

years.

2.2Tool

The researcher used self esteem questionnaire developed by Rosenberg, (1965).

The scale consists of 10 items related to the self esteem. Four alternatives

characterized by the nature of the statements from which a respondent has to

choose any one. The higher score indicates the higher level of the self esteem.

2.3Procedure

For the acquisition of data, researcher contacted with the coaches and team

managers for their consent. After acquiring consent the questionnaire of self-

http://www.joper.org/




esteem was administered on the subjects during north-zone badminton

competitions.

2.4Statistical Analysis

Descriptive statistic was used for the analysis of obtained data.

3. RESULTS

The result of the study is presented in the following Table.

Table1:Indicating descriptive statistics of the level of self-esteem between men and women badminton players

Gender

Levels of Self Esteem

High Self Esteem Medium Self

Esteem Low Self Esteem Total

N Scoring of the

Players N

Scoring of

the Players N

Scoring of

the Players

Men 12 48% 8 32% 5 20% 25

Women 9 36% 13 52% 3 12% 25

From the Table 1 it is evident that most of the men badminton players showing

high self esteem as compared to women badminton players.

The above table showed that 12 i.e.48% men badminton players scored high

self esteem as compared to women 9 i.e. 36% badminton players out of 25. On

the other hand 8 i.e. 32% men players as compared to 13 i.e. 52% women

showing medium self esteem and 5 i.e. 20% men players and 3 i.e. 12% women

players scored low self esteem.

4. DISCUSSION

The results obtained from the data showed that men badminton players scored

higher self esteem scale as compared to women badminton players.Men

badminton players scored higher as compared to their counterpart, it might have

been due to inclusion of 10 players (subjects in the sample) who compete till the

final in the men section.Women players have lower self-esteem than men players

this is supported by the Marcotte, Fortin, Potvin, & Papillion, (2002), who

observed that men have high self esteem as compared to women players.Result in

this study is also inline with the findings ofBaumeister, et al. (2003), who in their

research work proved that men badminton players had high self esteem in

comparison to women badminton players.





5. CONCLUSIONS

On the basis of results it is found that men badminton players have high degree of

self-esteem, it implies they are convinced and feel honest about themselves,

which is helpful to perform well in the contest. They accept more energy for

working hard to take care because of high self regard.

6. REFERENCES

Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., &Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does

high self esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success,

happiness, or healthier esteem lifestyles? Psychological Science in the

Public Interest, 4, 1-44.

Cooper, S.K., (1981). Discussion of some variables effecting attitudes of

workers.Indian Journal of Psychology, 5(1), 78-81.

Kassin, S., (1998).Psychology(2nd

Ed.), New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Marcotte, D., Fortin, L., Potvin, P.& Papillion, M. (2002). Gender differences in

depressive symptoms during adolescence: Role of gender-typed

characteristics, self-esteem, body image, and pubertal status. Journal of

Emotional & Behavioral Disorders, 10 (1), 29-43. Martens R. (1987).Coaches guide to sport psychology Illinois.President Human

Kinetics Publishers.

Pestonjee, D.M. (2011). A study on the job areas of job satisfaction in relation to

involvement and participation.International Multidisciplinary Research

Journal, 5(1), 67-69.


Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org

ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)

Vol.29, 2014

87

Three Dimensional Analysis of Drag-flick in The Field Hockey of

University Players

Mohd Arshad Bari

Department of Physical Education, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (U.P) 202002 India

Tel: +91-8439438134 E-mail [email protected]

Naushad Waheed Ansari (Corresponding author)



Fuzail Ahmad



Ikram Hussain



The authors would like to acknowledge the cooperation of UGC-SAP (DRS-I) Programme, Department

of Physical Education, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Abstract

The penalty corner one of the most important technique to score the goal in field hockey. The penalty corner

depends upon three different technical applications like push, stop and drag. Technical application of drag flick

in penalty corner covered maximum number of successful goal. The main aim of this study was to analyze

spatial and temporal kinematics in the drag flick of elite field hockey players. Two main drag flickers from

Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh hockey team were selected as a subject for this study. The body weight,

Height and Age of each subject ware recorded subsequently Sub1=65 kg body weight, 180.50cm of height and 19

years of age and Sub2= 60 kg body weight, 167.00 cm of height and 19 years of age. A static calibration method

was used to capture drag flick by Two Cameras, sampling at 50 Hz. Six successful trials at target were selected

from each subject for the study. Videos of selected trials were digitized by the Max Track 3D motion analysis

software. The three dimensional (3D) motion was determined from digitized video analysis using 18-point body

model together. Results of this study shows that spatial / temporal variable between the players, there exist little

difference in stance width in ball contact phase, recommended that little or no difference exist in techniques

between both players.

Key points: spatial / temporal, kinematics, drag, digitized.

1. Introduction

The success of the penalty corners depend three main technical application i.e. pusher, stopper and drag flicker.

Out of the three , the drag flicker contribute the most in the success of goals scored that have come from the

penalty corner (Lees, 2002).

The most important scoring plays in the field hockey are the technique of penalty corner (Laird and Sunderland,

2003 and Pineiro, 2008). The drag-flick is used in the field hockey for shooting at goal with speed and desire

accuracy as it is more scoring than other techniques such as hits and pushes during the penalty corner (Yusoff et

al., 2008).

As per the rules book of hockey (FIH, 2009), there is no any set rules regarding the maximum and minimum

height of the ball when the first shot to score a goal is a push or a drag-flick. Sports scientist, have focused on

strike techniques in field hockey but a few have analysed the technical aspect of drag-flick (Yussoff et al., 2008),



Vol.29, 2014

88

focus to analyzed biomechanical parameters in relation to the performance of the players.

Biomechanical analysis of the techniques have no any single definition, however it is scientifically agreed that

technique analysis depend on the way in which skills are executed, from all parameters of biomechanics

(Kinetics and kinematics) (O’Donoghue., 2010). Both Biomechanical studies were conducted a 2D or 3D motion

analysis based on videography with a set specified sampling frequency. Biomechanics of throwing and hitting

skills should be follow same pattern as drag flick in field hockey which aim to get higher speed and accuracy of

the free end (distal) segment at release. In these techniques, back to back segments reach their maximum speed

in the beginning of series with those utmost from the free end of the kinetic chain (Bartlett and Best, 1988).

Kinetics chain of segmental rotations of the pelvis, upper trunk, and stick occurred in the drag-flick (Hussain et.

all. 2012). Kerr and Ness (2006) found that the movement pattern of the push is a compounding of consecutive

and simultaneous segment rotations. Furthermore, during the drag-flick the major contribution to the ball

velocity were stance, stance width, the distance between ball and front foot, the beginning of double foot contact,

angular and linear velocity of different body segment at ball release (McLaughlin, 1997; Kerr and Ness, 2006).

The most of the previous researches have been conducted a 2D analysis, there is a dearth of research on the 3D

analysis of the drag flick in the field hockey. However no 3D biomechanical study of the drag-flick techniques

has been done in Indian players. Thus, the research has been proposed to carry out 3D analysis of elite

specialized drag flicker from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligah.

2. Methodology

2.1 Selection of Subjects

Two specialized right handed drag flickers are current member of Aligarh Muslim University male hockey team

has been selected as the subject. The measurements were recorded by using the standard equipment, which were

presently available at hand. The body weight of each subject ware recorded in kilogram Sub1=65 kg and Sub2=

60 kg by using weighing machine (including player’s kit, which was wearing during the videography session).

Heights of each subject were recorded in centimeter (Sub1=180.50cm and Sub2=167.00 cm) by using stadiometer

and age of both subjects were 19 years measured in chronological order.

2.2 Filming Procedure:

The film recording conducted on sunny and clear weather in the Astroturf Hockey field during regularly

scheduled practice session. Subjects instructed to wear complete specified kit in order to perform successful drag

flick requirement of the study. The target 1"×1" square fixed at upper left corner of the goal post. 06 successful

drag flicks toward target of each drag flicker were selected for the analysis.

2.3 Variables: Kinematic / temporal variables, determined from the digitized 3D data, were used to describe five

(04) key positions (a) approach(From to the last left foot contact before ball pick up) (b) ball Contact (c) drag

Phase (From left foot contact to ball release) and (d) follow throw (From ball release to end of recovery) during

drag flick.

2.4 Model of Dreg Arm

The dreg arm was modeled as two segment kinetic chain composed of (a) upper arm segment and (b) distal

segment that include the forearm, hand and hockey stick. The distal segment was assumed to be a rigid body

with its longitudinal axis led along the longitudinal axis of the forearm

2.5 Videographic Equipments and Location

The subject’s drag flick movements were recorded using two Canon Legria SF-10, 8.1 video cameras in a field

setting, operating with a specified shutter speed and frame rate. The cameras were set-up on a rigid tripod and

secured to the floor in the location. The drag-flicks recorded with two cameras, sampling at 50 Hz. Both cameras

intersect to each other at 600 angles. First camera place right side 34 ft from the ball points at 90

0 of mediolateral

axis parallel to the ground, second camera placed laterally at the distance of 31.5ft and cameras were fielded

synchronized, static calibration method was used to calibrate both the cameras.

Videos of all trials were digitized using the Max Track 3D motion analysis software. Digitization was done from



Vol.29, 2014

89

right foot contact with the ground to eight frames after the ball leaving the stick.

The 3D motion of the drag flicker, stick and ball were determined from digitized video analysis using 18-point

body model together. The following points were digitised; Joint centers and points describing the stick and the

ball were estimated.

3. Results

The main purpose of this study was to determine kinematical differences between two best drag flickers of

Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh and find out those variables which is given positive contribution in ball

speed. If a common intersegment coordinative pattern existed between drag flickers, with the hopes of being able

to make drag flick look the same kinetics. T-test and regression analysis were used to find out differences and

relationship between drag flickers.

The analysis of data table-1 that there is an insignificant differences exist between both drag flicker in distance of

left foot from ball (DLB1) and stick velocity (SV1) during approach phase as obtain ‘t’ ratio is less than the

required ‘t’ value of 2.30

The analysis of data table-2 that there is a significant differences find between drag flicker in stance width (SW2)

during ball contact phase as obtain‘t’ ratio is greater than the required ‘t’ value of 2.30. Whereas no significance

differences were found in the distance of right foot from ball (DLB2), stick velocity (SV2), shoulder axis

orientation (SAO2) and hip axis orientation (HAO2) exist between drag flicker during ball contact phase.

The analysis of data table-3 that there is no significant differences were found between both drag flicker in drag

distance (DD), left knee angle (LKA), stick velocity (SV3), shoulder axis orientation (SAO3) and hip axis

orientation (HAO3) during drag phase as obtain‘t’ ratio is lesser than the required ‘t’ value of 2.30.

The analysis of data table-4 that there is no significant differences exist between both university drag flicker in

ball velocity (BV), stick velocity (SV4), shoulder axis orientation (SAO4) and hip axis orientation (HAO4) during

drag phase as obtain‘t’ ratio is lesser than the required ‘t’ value of 2.30.

The analysis of data table-5 that there is a significant relationship exist ball velocity after release with stick

velocity final phase in both drag flickers. Whereas insignificance relationship exit ball velocity after ball release

with drag distance, shoulder axis orientation and hip axis orientation in follow through phase.

4. Discussions

The technique analysis of drag flick in field hockey had aim to find out the biomechanical variation in

techniques between two best drag flicker of Aligarh Muslim University hockey players. Results of this study

show that, insignificantly differences exist in plantation of left foot behind the ball and stick velocity of between

hockey players during approach. Plantation of left foot behind the ball play significant role in different aspect of

drag flick like: it will demand of the flicker to reach behind the ball properly, force generation, it required to

adjust body properly further will then the ball will be dragged over a greater distance (Subijana et al., 2011 and

2012) and to attain peak angular velocity of the sticks.

In ball Contact Phase significant differences exist between both drag flickers in stance width. In which the

flicker average stance width subsequently are Sub1=1.42m and Sub2= 1.77m. Player Sub1 was fulfilled the

mostly criteria of international level athlete, reported as 1.42m (McLaughlin., 1997), 1.49m, 1.55m (Lopez de

Subijana et al., 2010) and 1.51m (Lopez de Subijana et al., 2011). Player Sub2 had greater stance width as

compare to Sub1 and reported studies. The variation in stance width may be due to anthropometrical difference

exist between the athlete (Hussain et al., 2012). this extremely wide stance width enable the drag flicker to get

the low hip and provided large distance of ball could be accelerate toward the target (Yusoff et al. 2002).

In drag phase insignificant differences exist between drag flicker players in drag distance, left knee angle, stick

velocity during drag, shoulder axis orientation and hip axis orientation. As left foot contact with ground the ball

has been dragged with hockey stick toward the target by the total drag distance mean consequently Sub1=2.30m

and Sub2=2.33m with greater drag distance directly associated with greater resultant ball velocity (Yusoff et al.

2002). These statements support the result of this study as both players had insignificant differences in drag

distance and resultant ball velocity.

In follow-through phase insignificant differences exist between both university players in ball velocity, stick

velocity, shoulder axis orientation and hip axis orientation. Ball velocity at ball release mean range between drag



Vol.29, 2014

90

flickers is 18.09 – 21.39 m/s. Highest ball velocity play significant contribution in scoring of goal. When ball

travelled toward the target with greater speed, the goal keeper has little time to change our body position to safe

the goal (Yusoff et al. 2002).

Both drag flicker ball velocity after the ball release has significant positive correlated with stick velocity in final

phase. Sub1 and Sub2 stick velocity in final phase has 77% and 92% subsequently contribute on ball velocity

after ball release. Highest stick velocity help to generate greater momentum force and greater stick velocity both

are directly associated with resultant ball velocity (Bartlet, 2007). The player Sub1: Drag distance and shoulder

axis orientation has insignificant positive relationship and hip axis orientation has insignificant negative

relationship with ball velocity. Player Sub2: Drag distance, shoulder axis orientation and hip axis orientation in

follow through phase has insignificant positive relation with ball velocity. Finally, the drag flicker of Aligarh

Muslim University had a greater stance, long drag, and proper leg flexed than previous study reported by

(Bartlett, 2012, Nichol, 2005, and Mosquera et al, 2007) indicate approximately good technique. When

comparing biomechanical variable between the players, there exist little difference in stance width in ball contact

phase, recommended that little or no difference exist in techniques between both players.

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Belconnen, A.C.T.; Australia: Australian Sports Commission.

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Table:01 Approach (From to the last left foot contact before ball pick up)

Variables Subjects Sub1 Sub2 t- value

DLB1 Mean 0.17 0.40 1.01

SD 0.02 0.54

SV1 Mean 0.80 0.86 0.14

SD 0.24 0.17

DLB 1= Distance of left foot from ball in approach (m).

SV1= Stick velocity in approach (m/s)

Table:02 Ball Contact


DLB 2 Mean 0.47 0.62 2.05

SD 0.08 0.16

SW2 Mean 1.42 1.77 2.89*

SD 0.08 0.29

SV2 Mean 1.46 1.50 0.21

SD 0.36 0.31

SAO2 Mean -5.33 -5.16 0.08

SD 4.03 3.19

HAO2 Mean -5.33 -5.17 0.64

SD 4.03 3.19

Tab t.0.05

(10) =2.30 *Significance at 0.05 levels.

DLB2= Distance of right foot from ball in ball contact phase (m)

SW2= Stance width in ball contact phase (m)

SV2= Stick velocity in ball contact phase (m/s)

SAO2= Shoulder axis orientation in ball contact phase

HAO2= Hip axis orientation in ball contact phase

Table: 03 Drag Phase


DD Mean 2.30 2.33 0.10

SD 0.52 0.48

LKA Mean 113.83 117.83 0.59

SD 10.74 12.62

SV3 Mean 6.99 6.93 0.00

SD 1.53 1.47

SAO3 Mean -2.83 -6.83 1.79

SD 2.93 4.62

HAO3 Mean 25.50 25.83 0.07

SD 8.36 9.13

DD= Drag distance

LKA= Left knee angle

SV3= Stick velocity in drag phase

SAO3= Shoulder axis orientation in drag phase

HAO3= Hip axis orientation in drag phase



Vol.29, 2014

92

Table: 04 Follow- through Variables Subjects Sub1 Sub2 t- value

BV Mean 21.39 18.09 1.40

SD 4.41 3.73

SV4 Mean 18.91 15.39 1.55

SD 3.83 4.04

SAO4 Mean 63.83 67.67 0.67

SD 11.44 8.16

HAO4 Mean 51.50 51.83 0.06

SD 10.21 10.42

BV= Ball velocity

SV4=Drag distance in follow-through

SAO4= Shoulder axis orientation in follow-through

HAO4= Hip axis orientation in follow-through

Table: 5 Regressions

Subjects Dependent

variable

Predictors R R Square Adjusted R Square

Sub1 Ball velocity

after ball release

SV4 0.85* 0.77 0.65

DD 0.45 0.21 0.01

SAO4 0.00 0.00 -0.25

HAO4 -0.16 0.02 -0.22

Sub2 Ball velocity

after ball release

SV4 0.96* 0.92 0.90

DD 0.30 0.09 -0.14

SAO4 0.62 0.38 0.23

HAO4 0.49 0.23 0.05 *Significance at 0.05 levels.

SV4= Stick velocity

DD=Drag distance



Figure 01- Drag flick Phase from ground contact to ball release.



Vol.29, 2014

93

Subject: Sub1 Subject: Sub2

Figure 02- Stick figure whole drag phase:

Graph 01: Stick velocity m/s Phase by phase

Sub1 Sub2

Graph 02 : ( Hockey and Ball ) velocity v/s time graph

International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology [IJRSSET]

Volume 1, Issue 2, May 2014, PP 74-78

©IJRSSET 74

Three Dimensional Analysis of Variation between Successful and

Unsuccessful Drag flick Techniques in Field Hockey

Mohd Arshad Bari, Naushad Waheed Ansari,

Ikram Hussain , Fuzail Ahmad, Mansoor Ali Khan,

Department of Physical Education Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, (U.P) India

[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract: Three dimensional Biomechanical Analyses of drag flick techniques in hockey is the best way to

determine different mechanical parameter of the performance. The focus of this study was to analysed kinematical

differences between successful and unsuccessful drag flick and find out those parameters which is given convinced

contribution in the accuracy. For this study one (01) main drag flicker from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

(U.P) India (mean age 19 years; height 180.50 cm and weight 65 kg) was selected as a subject. The movements of

the drag flick techniques were recorded with two Canon video cameras. Trials were digitized by the Max Track 3D

motion analysis software. The result of this study shows that there are little or no movement variations in the

individual technique of drag flick.

Keywords: Drag, Kinematical, Three Dimensional, Motion analysis, performance

1. INTRODUCTION

Technique of biomechanical analysis is the best

way to find out the key mechanical factors of

performance. Biomechanical analysis is not

limited for the few sports; it is well versed in

testing specific skills in open sports. For example,

serve in tennis, Bowling and throwing in cricket,

shooting in basketball, drag flick in hockey; these

are the few examples of open sports for the

biomechanical analysis to find out the factors

responsible in skills (Gomez et al., 2012)

3D motion analysis always performed like 2D

analysis as well as advanced motion analysis

technology with advance plate data. In 3D

analysis reflective markers are placed on the

subject and tracked with infrared camera to create

model of the athlete during the activity. 3D

analysis is the best way to visualize and track

progresses over time.

Drag flick is an attacking technique in the sports

of field hockey. Drag flick is known as the most

scoring technique in the field hockey, it is mainly

use in penalty corner. The drag flick is mostly use

by the men than women in penalty corner and its

more effective then pushes or hits during penalty

corner.

Approximately half of all goals have been scored

from the penalty corner. Direct hit and Drag flick

are two shooting style used for a direct shot on

goal from penalty corners set play. During direct

hit the ball must be played low around the

wooden area of the goal post, and the drag flick

in which the ball is allowed to be lifted at any

part of the goal post. Drag flick is the

combination of common flick and scoop stroke.

Drag flick is a very effective goal-scoring

weapon because ball mostly travels above the

level of the goalkeeper into the top corner of the

goal post with accuracy and speed. For the

analysis the drag flick can be broken into the four

phases: 1- preparation, 2- force generation, 3- ball

contact with the ball, and 4- follow through

phase.

mailto:[email protected]


Mohd Arshad Bari et al.

International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology [IJRSSET] 75

Mechanics of each phase of the drag flick has

significant with the performance (Bari et al.

2014). Main aim of this study to find out

kinematical factors which are responsible for

better performance in relation to accuracy.

2. METHODOLOGY

One main drag flicker of Aligarh Muslim

University, Aligarh (U.P) India (mean age 19

years; height 180.50 cm and weight 65 kg)

participated as a subject in this study. Participant

was free of injury and had a hockey drag flick

experience of 06 years.

Player wear specified tight clothing during the

data collection. Reflective marker were placed

on Clavicle, Sternum, Shoulder (right and left),

elbow (right and left), wrist (right and left), pelvic

left and right axis, Knee (right and left), medial

knee (right and left), ankle (right and left)and

three point in hockey stick.

The three dimensional (3D) motion of the drag

flicks, stick and ball were ascertained from

digitized video analysis using 21-point body

model together. The complying markers were

digitised; Joint centres and points describing the

stick and the ball were estimated (Bari et. al,

2014).

The data recording of drag flick conducted on

sunny and clear weather condition in the

Astroturf Hockey field during regularly practice

scheduled. The target 1×1 square feet was fixed at

upper left corner of the goal post. Twelve drag

flicks toward target were selected (Six successful

and Six unsuccessful) for the analysis.

The movements of the drag flick were captured

using two Canon Legria SF-10, 8.1 video

cameras in a field setting operating and with a

specified shutter speed and frame rate field

setting (sampling at 50 Hz). Cameras intersect to

each other at 600 angles. Placement of the first

camera on the right side at 34 ft from the ball

points at 900

of mediolateral axis parallel of

latitude to the ground, second camera placed

laterally at the distance of 31.5ft. Cameras were

fielded synchronized, static calibration method

was used to calibrate both the cameras (Bari et.

al, 2014).Videos of all trials were digitized using

the Max Track 3D motion analysis software.

3. RESULTS

The main purpose of this study was to determine

kinematical differences between successful and

unsuccessful drag flick and find out those

variables which has given positive contribution in

ball accuracy. T-test and correlation analysis were

used to find out differences and relationship

between successful and unsuccessful drag flicks.

Table 1.

Var

iabl

e

N Mea

n

Std.D

eviati

on

Std.

Error

Mean

t-

valu

e

DD

(m)

SF 06 2.14 0.50 0.20 0.53

UF 06 2.00 0.39 0.16

BV

(m/

s)

SF 06 18.61 3.30 1.34 1.35

UF 06 16.29 2.63 1.07

SV

(m/

s)

SF 06 16.39 3.86 1.56 0.83

UF 06 14.92 1.96 0.80

SA

O

(°)

SF 06 63.67 12.74 5.20 1.30

UF 06 54.17 12.56 5.13

HA

O

(°)

SF 06 49.17 9.11 3.72 0.14

UF 06 48.33 11.20 4.57

*Significance at 0.05 levels.

DD=Drag distance (m)

BV= Ball Velocity after ball release (m/s)

SV= Stick velocity (m/s)

SAO= Shoulder axis orientation in follow-

through (°)

HAO= Hip axis orientation in follow-through (°)

The analysis of data table-1 shows that there is an

insignificant differences shows between

successful and unsuccessful drag flicks

kinematics i.e. drag distance (DD), Ball velocity

after ball release (BV), stick velocity (SV) during

follow-through phase as obtain ‘t’ ratio is less than the required ‘t’ value of 2.30

Three Dimensional Analysis of Variation between Successful and Unsuccessful Drag flick Techniques in Field

Hockey


Graph 1. Drage distance (m)

Graph 2. Ball and stick velocity (m/s)

Graph 3. shoulder and hip axis orientation (m/s)

Table 2. correlations

Subjects Dependent

variable

Predictors R

Successful Ball velocity

after ball

release

DD 0.52

SV 0.71

SAO -0.10

HAO 0.24





SAO= Shoulder axis orientation in follow-through (°)


The analysis of data table-2 shows that there were

no significant relationship between ball velocity

after release with Drag distance (DD),stick

velocity (SV), shoulder axis orientation (SAO)

and hip axis orientation (HAO) in follow through

phase during successful drag flick.


Subjects Dependent

variable

Predictors R

Un-

Successful

Ball

velocity

after ball

release

DD 0.515

SV 0.858*

SAO 0.645

HAO 0.046







The analysis of data table-3 shows that there is a

significant positive relationship between ball

velocity after release with stick velocity in follow

through phase. Whereas insignificance

relationship exit between ball velocities after ball

release with drag distance, shoulder axis

orientation and hip axis orientation in follow

through phase during unsuccessful drag flick.

4. DISCUSSION

The main purpose of this study was to find out

the kinematical differences in the drag-flick

pattern between successful and unsuccessful drag

flicks in order to render to the point selective

information for goalkeepers. Many researchers

have studied the kinetic and kinematical pattern

of the drag-flick technique, with the propose to

find the reminds for an optimum performance

(Subijana et al., 2010; Yusoff et al., 2008). In

addition, some research was focused on the

goalkeepers’ anticipation when facing a penalty corner (Canal-Bruland et al., 2010).

Result of this study has shown no significant

differences between successful and unsuccessful

drag-flick pattern depending on the direction of



the shot. Result of the study contradicts with the

result of (Gomez et al., 2012) as the direction of

the shot occurred before the dragging action of

the stick (Gomez et al., 2012).

The participants in the study by Gomez et al.,

2012 had more experience and skillful than the

participant in this study. They were skilled drag-

flickers, their patterns could have been more

consistent than the one described in the present

study. This may be a reason that no significant

differences were shown between successful and

unsuccessful drag-flick pattern.

Furthermore, there were no significant


drag-flick patterns. Successful and unsuccessful

drag-flick patterns showed the same kinematic

sequence of drag distance (m), Ball Velocity after

ball release (m/s), Stick velocity (m/s), Shoulder

axis orientation in follow-through (%) and Hip

axis orientation in follow-through (%). This

kinematic sequence differed from that described

by Subijana et al. (2010), again with successful

drag flick where higher stick and ball velocity of

the stick preceded maximum shoulder axis

orientation in follow-through (%) and Hip axis

orientation in follow-through (%) as compare to

unsuccessful drag flick.

In this study, the drag-flicks shot in set target

showed lower ball velocities (18.61 ± 3.30 m/s

successful drag-flicks; 16.39 ± 2.63 m/s

unsuccessful drag-flicks) than in the study

by López de Subijana et al. (2010) with male

hockey players (21.9 ± 1.7 m/s) and female

hockey players (17.9 ± 1.7 m/s). These values

were also lower than those reported

by McLaughlin (1997) (19.1 to 21.9 m/s) and

Yusoff et al. (2008) (19.6 to 27.8 m/s). It was

noticeable that there were no significant

differences in ball velocities between successful

and unsuccessful drag-flicks, but successful drag

flick recorded higher mean ball velocity as

compare with unsuccessful drag flicks, so

velocity of ball were equally efficient to get

accuracy.

The drag distance successful and unsuccessful

drag flicks shows insignificant relationship with

ball velocity after ball release. Therefore the drag

distances of drag flick were 2.14 m (Successful)

and 2.00 m (unsuccessful) drag flick techniques.

Successful drag flick technique toward target had

greater mean drag distance as compare with

unsuccessful drag flick techniques.

Average drag distance was lower than the value

found for junior players by (Subhijana et. al,

2012) and elite and sub elite players by (Mc

laughem, 1997) . there was not a big difference

between the mean value of drag distance of

successful and unsuccessful drag flick.

Drag distance highly correlated with criterion ball

velocity. Additionally importance of create higher

ball velocity after release (Mc laughem, 1997).

These studies also supported with, the successful

drag flick techniques had greater ball velocity and

greater drag distance as compare with

unsuccessful drag flick (Gonez et al. 2012).

In successful drag flicks, drag distance, stick

velocity and hip axis orientation produced

insignificant positive contribution and shoulder

axis orientation insignificant negative

contribution on ball velocity after release.

Unsuccessful drag flicks, drag distance, and hip

axis and shoulder axis orientation insignificant

contribute in ball velocity after release. Therefore

stick velocity shows significant positive


An accurate motor execution of the drag flick

techniques is essential to construct a proper

skilled of drag flick performance (Canal-Bruland

et al., 2010). Furthermore, in high-speed sports

such as drag flick in hockey, the speed of play

and ball velocity dictate that decisions must often

be made in advance of the action (Savelsbergh et

al., 2002).

There are little or no movement variations in the

individual technique of drag flick between

successful and unsuccessful drag flick. Some

movement’s variations are necessary to accommodate with experimental constraints in


Hockey


successful and unsuccessful drag flick situations

(Beckmann et al., 2010).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to acknowledge the

cooperation of UGC-SAP (DRS-1) programme,

department of Physical Education, Aligarh

Muslim University, Aligarh.

REFERENCES

[1] Bari, M. A., Ansari, N. W., Ahmad, F., &

Hussain, I. (2014). Three Dimensional

Analysis of Drag-flick in The Field Hockey

of University Players. Advances in Physics

Theories and Applications, 29, 87-93.

[2] Beckmann H, Winkel C & Schollhorn WI.

(2010). Optimal range of variation in hockey

technique training, Int. J Sport Psychology,

41, 5–45.

[3] Canal-Bruland R, Van der Kamp J,

Arkesteijn M, Janssen RJ, Van Kesteren J &

Savelsbergh GJP. (2010).Visual search

behaviour in skilled field-hockey

goalkeepers. Int J Sport Psychol, 41, 327–339.

[4] Lopez de Subijana C, Juarez D, Mallo D &

Navarro E. (2010) Biomechanical analysis of

the penalty-corner drag-flick of elite male

and female hockey players. Sport Biomech,

9(2), 72–78.

[5] Maria Gomez, Cristina Lopez de Subijana,

Raquel Antonio & Enrique Navarro (2012).

Journal of Human Kinetics, 35, 27–33.

[6] McLaughlin P. (1997). Three-dimensional

biomechanical analysis of the hockey drag-

flick: full report.Belconnen, A.C.T.,

Australia: Australian Sports Commission.

[7] Savelsbergh GJP, Williams AM, Van der

Kamp J & Ward P. (2002). Visual search

anticipation and expertise in soccer

goalkeepers, J Sport Sci. 20, 279–287.

[8] Yusoff S, Hasan N & Wilson B. (2008).

Three-dimensional biomechanical analysis of

the hockey drag flick performed in

competition. ISN Bulletin, National Sport

Institute of Malaysia, 1(1), 35–43.

5/18/2020 Three Dimensional Biomechanical Analysis of the Drag in Penalty Corner Drag Flick Performance | Semantic Scholar

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Three-Dimensional-Biomechanical-Analysis-of-the-in-Ansari/9c30433485f0722767d6b93a36e42e6ceb4d0… 1/3

ABSTRACT

9 REFERENCES

RELATED PAPERS

References

Publications referenced by this paper.

Corpus ID: 55767850


Analysis of the Drag in Penalty Corner

Drag Flick Performance

Naushad Waheed Ansari • Published 2014 • Mathematics

Penalty corner in eld hockey is a complex motor skill. It required high level ofcoordination. The aim of this study was to provide important biomechanicalvariables related information for the Sports biomechanist, Young sportsscientist, Coaches and also for drag ick specialist for their performanceenhancement programs. Four specialist male drag-ickers of two differentuniversities namely LNIPE, Gawalior , and Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh,age range 19-25 years, height ranged 174-182cm and weight range 59.4- 66.8Kg. and all having six to eight years of experiences were participated in thisstudy. Three dimensional (3D) experimental setup was conducted for the study.All of the measurements were carried out on the Asto truf ground in theirrespective universities elds. Two video cameras Canon Legria SF-10 were usedto capture all drag ick trials. The shuttering speed of cameras were set on1/1000 and 50hz frame rate. Both cameras were set with the help of tripodplaced at right side of the subjects mounted at a height of 1.2m. Duringcaptured drag ick, the distances of cameras were set at 13m and 17m from thestationary ball position and optical axes of the recording cameras wereintersect each other on the subject at 90° and 60° respectively to right side in aeld setting. The drag ickers and ball movement during the drag ick phasewere recorded. Videos footages were edited and synchronized for 3Dbiomechanical analysis. DLT method was used to calibrate of both the cameras.The drag distance, stride length, ball velocity and acceleration, angles, linear andangular velocity and linear and angular acceleration of shoulder, knee, elbow,wrist of left and right side were digitized and three dimensional data wasobtained with the help of Max TRAQ 3D motion analysis software.SPSSv.16. wasused to calculate the selected parameters and statistical analysis mean andstandard deviations. T-test was used to nd out the comparison between LNIPE,Gawalior and A.M.U.Aligarh. And the result was found that drag distance andhockey stick blade, linear velocity of shoulder (L&R), pelvic (L&R), Knee (L) andwrist (R),angular velocity of shoulder (L&R), elbow (L&R), pelvic(L&R), Knee(L),ankle(R) and wrist(R), linear acceleration of hockey stick blade and ball,shoulder (L), Knee(R), ankle(R) and toe(R), angular acceleration of wrist (R) andjoint angles of shoulder (L&R), elbow (L), wrist (R) and ankle(R) during dragdiffers signicantly and hence does inuences on drag ick technique underaccuracy condition. Keywords: Drag of Dragick, Biomechanical, ThreeDimensional, Motion analysis, performance LESS

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SHOWING 1-9 OF 9 REFERENCES

Biomechanical Study on Drag Flick in Field HockeyIkram Hussain, Saleem Ahmed, Sartaj Khan • 2012

Kinematic Pattern of the Drag-Flick: a Case StudyMaria Gomez, Cristina López de Subijana, Raquel Carros Antonio, Enrique Fernando Canto Navarro • Medicine, Computer Science• Journal of human kinetics • 2012

Training-induced changes in drag-ick technique in female eld hockey playersCristina López de Subijana Hernández, María Gómez Jiménez, Laura Martín Casado, Enrique Navarro Cabello • Engineering •2012

Biomechanical analysis of the penalty-corner drag-ick of elite male and female hockey playersCristina López de Subijana Hernández, Daniel Juárez Santos-García, Javier Mallo Sainz, Enrique Navarro Cabello • Engineering •2010

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Biomechanical analysis of the penalty-corner drag-ick of elite male and female hockey players.Cristina López de Subijana, Daniel Juárez, Javier Mallo, Enrique Fernando Canto Navarro • Medicine, Mathematics • Sportsbiomechanics • 2010

Differences between international men’s and women’s teams in the strategic action of the penalty corner in eldhockeyRebeca Piñeiro Mosquera, J. Sampedro Molinuevo, Ignacio Refoyo Román • Psychology • 2007

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Penalty Corners in Field Hockey: A guide to successPeter Laird, P. W. Sutherland • Psychology • 2003

VIEW 1 EXCERPT

P Mclaughlin • 1997

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5/18/2020 Three dimensional kinematic analysis of the drag flick for accuracy | Semantic Scholar

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Corpus ID: 32659527

Three dimensional kinematic

analysis of the drag ick for accuracy

Naushad Waheed Ansari, Mohd. Arshad Bari, +1 author Fuzail Ahmad •

Published 2014 • Mathematics

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of biomechanical selectedparameters of penalty corner drag ick for accuracy. The best drag icker ofA.M.U. Aligarh, Hockey team has been selected for this study. His age, height,weight was 19yrs, 180.50cm and 65kg respectively. The subject used his ownstick approved by the All India Association Committee, India. He took 10 trials ofdrag ick from stationary ball to hit given target (1 X 1feet) hung on the rightcorner of the goal post. The two Canon Legria SF-10, 8.1 video cameras wereused. The lm was recorded on sunny and clear weather at Astroturf HockeyField during evening training session. For the 3D co-ordinates 18 bodylandmarks were used to reconstruct the 3D motion using standard DLTprocedures. The digitized 3D data were collected from two phase (1) Contactphase and (2) Release phase. The Knee exion angle was considered for thefront foot only. Max TRAQ 3D motion analysis software was used to calculatethe selected parameters and statistical analysis was accepted using SPSSv.16,mean, standard deviations and correlation was used to nd out the relationshipof selected variables of the study with ball velocity. The alpha level ofsignicance was set at p<0.05 for all statistical tests. The result was found thatsignicant relationship exist ball velocity with HSB at both phases, EA at contactphase, EV at contact phase and KA at release. Where as insignicantrelationship exist ball velocity with ES, PS SA, PA, SV, PV and KV at both phasesand KA at contact phase and EA and EV at release phase. LESS


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PRINT ISSN : 2278 - 2982, ON LINE ISSN : 2319 - 6459Double Blind Peer-Reviewed Refereed Research Journal

Available online http//www.horizonpalaestra.org

Construction of Specific Physical Fitness Test for Batsman

HORIZON PALAESTRA International Journal of Health, Sports and Physical Education Vol.3 No. 1 (July 2014) : 31 - 36

Ahsan Ahmad, Ikram Hussain and Fuzail Ahmad

Correspondence to :

Ahsan Ahmad

Research Scholar,

Department of Physical Education,

Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (India)

How to Cite this article : Ahmad, A., Hussain, I. and Ahmad, F. (2014). Construction of Specific Physical Fitness Test for Batsman. Horizon

Palaestra : International Journal of Health, Sports and Physical Education, 3 (1), 31 - 36.

Sports and games unite individuals, societies and

Nations. A competitive sport is a universal passion and usually

seen as an alternative to the smile which removes barriers.

Sports have now achieved a significant position in the culture

of the society and this culture is measured through its

achievement in sports. Test and measurement in the field of

physical education are relatively recent outgrowth of the

general testing movements. Beginning late in the19th century

as strength test, test of track and field and anthropometric

measurement, they have increased in number and

completeness with amazing rapidly. During most of the skills

on abilities measured, the development of test in physical

education has avoided many of the pitfalls that have been

encountered by test builders in the mental discipline (Flegel

and Kolobe 2002).

Hence, there is a need to pay attention specific fitness

to a great extent. On the basis of different findings by

researchers and sports scientists, that fitness has been

analyzed as the degree of a person to function effectively, and

the aim to full fill his potential. Many researchers, scientists

and physical educationists have written much about the

“principles of specificity”. But very few have defined a specific

fitness. As Singh (1984) has stated that each sports activity

demands different types and levels of different motor, abilities

and when a sports man possesses these, he said to have

specific fitness. The concept of specific physical fitness test

requires that the test avoid as much as possible highly

specialized skills (Haywood and Getchell, 2005). In

considering of the construction of a physical fitness test battery

for players of any chronological age, growth, and maturational

characteristics of the subjects.

Moreover, administrative feasibility, available of

economy of time, tools and the practice of testing a maximum

number of subjects should be considered in developing an

effective physical fitness test battery (Bravo, 1994). Though a

small number of scientifically constructed physical test battery

for players of different games is available (Girard, 2006). No

How to Cite this URL : Ahmad, A., Hussain, I. and Ahmad, F. (2014). Construction of Specific Physical Fitness Test for Batsman. Horizon

Palaestra : International Journal of Health, Sports and Physical Education, 3 (1), 31 - 36. Available from : http://www.horizonpalaestra.org/

journal/paperv3.i1.10.pdf (Accessed Date)

Construction of Specific Physical Fitness Test for

Batsman

specific physical fitness test battery is existing for the batsman

cricketers of any age. Sport-specific tests are increasingly

popular in modern sports and are mostly developed to

replicate characteristic sport performances, with the main

idea of them being similar to real-life sport situations. It is

generally accepted that these tests are more appropriate than

standard tests (General Fitness Tests) for assessing

athletes’ capacities that are challenged during a real

competition (Meckel, 2009), the appropriate variables for

sport-specific selection and orientation (Sattler, 2012), and

the physical qualities that are useful for discriminating

between different positions in team sports (Kondric, 2012;

Melchiorri, 2009).

Therefore, the fitness of a cricketer which is specific to

the game has no utility for the fitness of other game. Cricket

occupies a significant place among all other games and

sports. In some respects it is unique as a sport Cricket requires

specific physical fitness characteristics to be on top gear to

take all the qualities in the match. In some respects it is

unique as a sport. It is an ideal sport and is a giving enjoyment

and pleasure and demanding fitness and dedication. Even

though cricket is one of the oldest organized sports, there are

very few studies on the physical demands of the game

(Woolmer and Noakes, 2008; Christie and King, 2008;

Christie, 2008). Batting is intermittent in nature with the

demands placed on the players being dictated by the type of

match being played. Due to this stop-start nature of cricket,

accurate assessments are often difficult and as such,

research is sparse (Bartlett, 2003).

Here the concern of researcher is construction of

specific physical fitness, particularly for the batsman, game

of cricket. Cricket batsman fitness training is a form of sport-

specific training designed for batsman cricket players During

an innings two members of the batting side are on the pitch

at any time: the one facing the current delivery from the bowler

is denoted the striker, while the other is the non-striker. Batting

tactics and strategy vary depending on the type of match being

played as well as the current state of play. The main concerns

for the batsmen are not to lose their wicket and to score as

many runs as quickly as possible. The top cricket players in

the world use fitness plans to developed and customized for

their needs by their coaches. And other people can consult

with personal trainers and cricket coaches to get advice on

creating a cricket fitness training program, provide information

and assistance with fitness training, including recommended

workout schedules that people can use as a basis for the

program. Cricket is a physically demanding sport. Players

need to be capable of high intensity bursts of energy, but they

also need the endurance to make it all the way through a

match. Brute muscular power is not a liability to this position,

but reaction time, batting technique, and balance in the crease

are of basic importance. A batsman may be required to

maintain his position for a number of hours. The cricket batting

stroke relies upon core strength, particularly in the abdominal

and oblique muscle groups, the gluteal muscles, and the

upper arms and shoulders.

Therefore argue that only the best physically prepared

cricketers will perform better, more consistently and with fewer

injuries and, in turn, will enjoy longer and more illustrious

careers. Thus, understanding the specific fitness placed on

players and in particular batsmen respectively. It is important

to recognize fitness level, skills and mental aptitude needed

to succeed for a good batsman in the game of cricket. (Noakes

and Durandt, 2000) Specific Physical fitness of the game

enhancing and bringing the game forward, even though,

scientific and systematic, approach of training and research

in the field of cricket contributes to improved performance.

Subjects

The subjects for the study were 30 intervarsity cricket

players specialized in batting. The chronological age of the

players was between 18 to 25 years. They were recruited

randomly from various universities participated in North-zone

intervarsity cricket tournament held at Aligarh Muslim

University, Aligarh. No grouping of players was made during

this phase. The sample for the construction phase was 30

players exposed to sixteen different fitness items. Then after

taking data, all the skills were raised through factorial analysis.

Variable and Test Items

In order to select the broad component of test, the

available literature of physical fitness were critically reviewed

and opinions of experts regarding these tests obtained. Also

existing literature on the appropriate component of physical

fitness in Indian geographical condition / situation were

considered. All the components of the physical fitness were

considered. On the basis of these the following components

for the specific physical f itness test for cricketer are

considered. The physical fitness components are : Strength,

Endurance, Agility, Flexibility, Coordination and Balance.

During the process of selection of the components of

specific fitness test, the test items for each components were

also identified along with and 16 test items were considered

as : Standing vertical Jump, Sit - ups, Dips, Pull - ups, Zig -

zag, Shuttle run, 50 yard dash, Side - stepping, Squat Thrust,

600mts run/walk, Criss-cross, Skipping, Stroke Stand, Trunk

lift, Sit and reach, and Head Reaction.

Method of Execution

Each experimental test items administration was

adhered strictly administration procedure outline and

protocol.

Statistical Analysis

The results have been obtained through the statistical

package social sciences SPSS version 17.0. The Pearson

product formula has been utilizing for correlation of variables

and the matrix of inter correlation among the sixteen variables

was obtained. The data was then being factor analysis. The

principal component analysis was used to extract factors.

Varimax rotation (Kaiser’s normalization) was used to

generate rotated factor matrix. After that the rotated factor matrix

was used to the selected factor for analysis of data.



32


In this study Considering the Eigen value, rotated factor

loadings, communality, a construction of specific fitness test

for the batsman in the sports of cricket. The obtained data

was analyzed by the statistical procedure of Factorial analysis.

The factorial analysis was done by SPSS version 17.0.

Table-1 : Descriptive analysis of 16 fitness test items.

S.No. Test Variables Catalogue Mean S.D.

1. Standing vertical Jump Test item-1 40.829 2.844

2. Sit- ups Test item-2 45.057 8.095

3. Dips Test item-3 32.429 12.675

4. Pull- ups Test item-4 11.429 4.189

5. Zig-zag Test item-5 9.195 0.063

6. Shuttle run Test item-6 10.187 0.393

7. 50 yard dash Test item-7 6.306 0.487

8. Side-stepping Test item-8 17.000 2.196

9. Squat Thrust Test item-9 9.714 1.808

10. 600mts run/walk Test item-10 1.417 0.083

11. Criss-cross Test item-11 10.914 2.490

12. Skipping Test item-12 56.371 7.818

13. Stroke Stand Test item- 13 14.435 2.221

14. Trunk lift Test item -14 32.447 3.392

15. Sit and reach Test item- 15 9.759 4.485

16. Head Reaction Test item -16 29.200 9.483

In this study Table 1 displays the descriptive statistics

analysis and of mean and SD of the selected sixteen

experimental test items which were administered on the

batsman who played as subject in this study for obtaining the

data. The mean of standing vertical jump in item number-1 is

40.829 and SD is 2.844.The mean of sit-ups in item number-

2 is 45.057 and SD is 8.095 The mean of dips in item number

-3 is 32.429 and SD is 12.675 The mean of pull-ups in item

number -4 is 11.429 and SD is 4.189 The mean of zig-zag in

item number -5 is 9.195 and SD is 0.063 The mean of Shuttle

run in item number-6 is 10.187 and SD is 0.393 The mean of

50 yard dash in item number-7 is 6.306 and SD is 0.487 The

mean of Side-stepping in item number-8 is 17.000 and SD is

2.196 The mean of Squat Thrust in item number-9 is 9.714

and SD is 1.808 The mean of 600mts run/walk in item

number-10 is 1.417 and SD is 0.083 The mean of criss-

cross in item number -11 is10.914 and SD Is 2.490 The

mean of Skipping in item number-12 is 56.371 and SD is

7.818 The mean of Stroke Stand in item number- 13 is 14.435

and SD is 2.221 The mean of Trunk lift in item number-14 is

32.447 and SD is 3.392 The mean of Sit and reach in item

number -15 is 9.759 and SD is 4.485 The mean of Head

Reaction in item number -16 is 29.200 and SD is 9.483.

Factor Analysis : The purpose of factor analysis is to “explore

the under lying variance structure of a set of correlation

coefficient. Thus, factor analysis useful for exploring and

verifying patterns in a set of correlation coefficient” (Brown,

2001).

Table-2 : Representing Factor Loading of factor I.

S.No. Test Variables Catalogue Factor loading

1. Dips Test item-3 0.974

2. Pull- ups Test item-4 0.978

3. Side stepping Test item-8 0.977

4. Skipping Test item-12 0.918

5. Stroke stand Test item-13 0.950

6. Sit and reach Test item-15 0.968


Available online http//www.horizonpalaestra.org 33


Factor I : The highest factor loading test variables the factor

loadings 0.978 to pull - ups is used to determine to measure

shoulder, upper strength and upper body endurance. Followed

by side stepping is used to lateral speed, agility, and body

control. However sit and reach to measure flexibility of the

lower back and hamstring muscles. Strock stand measure

body balance. The balance act as show the movement or

with change of direction and position. When logically analyzed

it reveals only the importance of mostly the shoulder muscles

with respect to the Strength.

Fig.1 : Representing the highest factor loading of Factor I

Table-3 : Representing Factor Loading of factor II.


1. Standing vertical jump Test item-1 0.925

2. Sit-ups Test item-2 -0.006

3. Shuttle -run Test item-6 0.086

4. Squat thrust Test item-9 0.915

Factor II : These four test items were identified in four different

components of physical fitness i.e. standing vertical jump to

determine explosive strength. The shuttle run and 50 yard

dash have significance positive loading. Speed the rate of

change of successive movement of the same pattern. The

squat thrust shown the above table is highest factor loading

is 0.915 this test item describing the quality and has a great

importance for improving fitness level of crackers.

Fig. 2 : Representing the highest factor loading of Factor II

Factor Loading




34

Factor III : Zig-zag running appear to be primarily reaction

ability and measure of coordination movement and speed.

Cress-cross shown the highest factor loading is 0.723 this

Table-4 : Representing Factor Loading of factor III.


1. Zig-zag running Test item-5 0.478

2. Criss-cross Test item-11 0.723

factor emphasis the development of athletes improve agility

for rapid and accurate directional change in play, it improve

body awareness and eye, and foot coordination.

Fig. 3 : Representing the highest factor loading of Factor III

Factor Loading

Table-5 : Representing Factor Loading of factor IV.


1. 50 yard Dash Test item-7 0.958

2. 600 mts run/walk Test item-10 0.138

3. Trunk lift Test item-14 0.050

4. Hand reaction Test item-16 0.021

Factor IV : Many physical fitness factor contribute to excellence

in physical fitness test including strength, power, endurance

flexibility, agility etc. But the entire factor affect in the physical

fitness. Which are 600 meters run/walk determine measure

of cardio-respiratory fitness. In this table 50 yard dash shown

the highest factor loading is 0.958. speed as the rate of motion

or velocity. Hand reaction this factor emphasis react faster.

However Trunk lifts has shown the flexibility in this factor.

Based on the findings and statistical analysis, critiques

and experts deliberation in the light of critical literature and

scientific information on the performance demands of

construction of specific physical fitness test for batsmen,

cricketers. Existing knowledge could be completed by

obtaining the considered opinions and insides of coaches

and players. This information would also provide a framework

for the development of design of batting a specific

assessment, focused on systematic training, conditioning

and coaching protocols.

In the light of facts the following conclusions were drawn.

1. Factor analysis Rotated Varimax solution significantly

and appropriately identified the test items for the

Fig. 4 : Representing the highest factor loading of Factor IV

Factor Loading




construction a specific physical fitness test for batsman

for North - Zone level cricket players.

2. Every sport differs from one to another and the demand

of specific physical fitness ability in various games/jobs.

3. A batsman differs from bowlers, fielders etc in a quality

and quantity of fitness components like balance, reaction

ability (sharp movement ability to change position

immediately). The test items derived indisputably

represent the specific physical fitness components for

batsman.

1 Factor-1 Pull-ups 0.978

2 Factor-2 Standing Vertical Jump 0.925

3 Factor-3 Criss-cross 0.723

4 Factor-4 50 yard dash 0.958

Table-6 : Constructed specific physical test battery for

batsman (cricket).

Factor-I is Pull-up which is the first test item obtained

during the construction of test battery. Pull-ups used to

measure shoulder, upper arms strength and upper body

endurance. It’s very important test items for batsman in cricket,

because for playing full stroke is to be needed shoulder and

upper body strength.

Factor-II is standing vertical jump the second test items

obtained by constructed design test battery. Vertical bat shots

can be played either off the front foot or the back foot depending

upon the predictable height of the ball at the moment it reaches

the batsman, the characteristic position of the bat is a vertical

alignment at point of contact. Vertical bat shots are typically

played to accurately judge the line of the ball. The batsman

should have explosive power for quick movement and

immediate acceleration or pickup the run during matches.

The third factor is Criss-Cross, physical fitness test

can improve agility for rapid and accurate directional change

in play, it improves body awareness and eye, hand and foot

coordination. It helps to develop explosive start speeds and

footwork for running events, develops upper-body momentum,

and anaerobic fitness. Criss - cross is more beneficial for

testing overall fitness and physical efficiency for batsman

needed in cricket.

The last and fourth factor is 50 yard dash have positive

significance loading. Speed is the rate of change of

successive movement of the same pattern. Fast movements

of the body (arms and legs) with a minimum numbers effort

were designed in the test of the factors. 50 yard dash sprinting

is to be needed to run between the wickets.

In the light of above mentioned discussion researcher

reached the conclusion that these test items are highly specific

in measuring the specific physical fitness test for batsman in

the game of cricket.

Bartlett, R.M. (2003). The Science and Medicine Of Cricket : An

Overview And Update. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21, 733 -

752.

Bravo, G., Gauthier, P., Roy, P.M., Daniel, T., Gaulin, P., Dubois

M,F. and Peloquin, L. (1994). The Functional Fitness

Assessment Battery : Reliability and Validity Data for Elderly

Women Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. The TEMP-AD

Protocol, JAPA, 2(1), 67 - 79.

Brown, J.D. (2001). Using Surveys in Language Programs.

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Cozenes, F.W. (1929). The Measurement of General Athletic Ability

for College Men. Oregon : University of Oregon Publication.

Flegel, J. and Kolobe, T.H.A. (2002). Predictive Ability of the Test

of Infant Motor Performance as Measured by the Bruininks -

Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency at School Age Physical

Therapy. 82(8), 762 - 771.

Girard, O., Chevalier, R., Micallef, J.P. and Millet, G.P. (2006).

Specific Incremental Field Test for Aerobic Fitness in Tennis.

British journal of Sports Medicine, 40, 791 - 796.

Brace, D.K. (1927). Measuring Motor Ability. NY : A.S. Barnes and co.

Haywood, K.M. and Getchell, N. (2005). Life Span Motor

Development. 4th edition. Human Kinetics, Champaign.

Kondric, M., Uljevic, O., Gabrilo, G., Kontic, D. and Sekulic, D.

(2012). General Anthropometric and Specific Physical Fitness

Profile of High-Level Junior Water Polo Players. Journal of Human

Kinetics, 32, 157 - 165.

Lewes, T. (1994). MCC Masterclass : The New MCC Coaching Book.

London : Weidenfeld and Nicholson.

Meckel, Y., Machnai, O. and Eliakim, A. (2009). Relationship among

Repeated Sprint Tests, Aerobic Fitness, and Anaerobic Fitness

In Elite Adolescent Soccer Players. Journal of Strength and

Conditioning Research, 23(1), 163 - 169.

Melchiorri, G., Manzi, V., Padua, E., Sardella, F. and Bonifazi, M.

(2009). Shuttle Swim Test for Water Polo Players : Validity and

Reliability. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 49(3),

327 - 330.

Sattler, T., Sekulic, D., Hadzic, V., Uljevic, O. and Dervisevic, E.

(2012). Vertical Jumping Tests in Volleyball : Reliability, Validity,

and Playing-Position Specifics. Journal of Strength and


Singh, J. (1984). Physical Conditioning Vs Physical Fitness. SNIPES

Journal. 5, 28.

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Cape Town : Struik Publishers.

All the Authors declared there is not any potential conflict

of interests regarding this article.

Author's affiliations :

Ikram Hussain

Professor



Fuzail Ahmad

Research Scholar, Department of Physical Education,





36






Correspondence to :

Ahsan Ahmad

Research Scholar,



















and Kolobe 2002).



























Batsman













Melchiorri, 2009).























































Subjects




























Method of Execution



protocol.













32










2. Sit- ups Test item-2 45.057 8.095

3. Dips Test item-3 32.429 12.675









































2001).






































Factor Loading




34












Factor Loading





























Factor Loading













batsman.






batsman (cricket).























needed in cricket.













752.













Therapy. 82(8), 762 - 771.










Kinetics, 32, 157 - 165.










327 - 330.






Journal. 5, 28.






Ikram Hussain

Professor



Fuzail Ahmad






36

Academic Sports Scholar ISSN : 2277-3665Vol. 3 | Issue. 11 | Nov 2014 Impact Factor : 1.3205 (UIF)

DEVELOPMENT OF CRICKET-SPECIFIC BOWLING ACCURACY TEST

Abstract:-It has been observed in competitive sports scenario that certain amount of proficiency is inevitable for successful participation in games & sports in our society (A Yobu 2010). There have been many motor-skill tests that are constructed especially in the last few decades for almost all types of physical activities thus measuring every sort of physical movement.

Keywords:physical movement , Development , Cricket-Specific Bowling , sports scenario .

INTRODUCTIONOver the past one decade the amount of cricket being played has increased many-folds at the

global plane. Though the game of cricket relishes the history of 400-Odd years, no standardized test is available in literature till date to measure the skill level (accuracy) of bowlers in cricket (Murtaza S. T. & et. al. 2014). In the game of cricket, bowling is the process of prompt the ball towards the stumps safeguarded or secured by the batsman. A player proficient at bowling is called a bowler. The main task of the bowler is to bowl at the right line and length, thereby preventing the batsman from scoring runs and to get him out. Accurate quantitative measurement of cricketer's abilities has never been made, especially in the literature of physical education & sports sciences. In addition to subjective evaluation, a player's ability is often judged by comparing his batting and bowling averages to those of other players (Richard A. S., 1984).

1.Objective of the Test: The test was ideated with the single objective i.e. to construct the test which assesses the

bowling accuracy of male cricketers.

2.Utility of the Test: Modern day’s cricket has been transformed into more competitive & become more

1 2 3 4 5 6 7Please cite this Article as :Syed Tariq Murtaza, PhD , Mohd.Imran , Mohd.Sharique , Taufiq Ahmad , Farkhunda Jabin , Ashish Kumar Katiyar , Shamshad Ahmad ,Ravi Prakash

7 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9Singh , Arshad Hussain Bhat , Salman Ahmad Khan , Raof Ahmad Bhat , Irshad Maqbool Malik , Showkat Ahmad Naikoo , Mohd Zakir , Mohd. Sabir , Iftikhar Ahmad , Sateesh

9 9 9 9 9 9 9Chandra , Lalita Kumari , Tasleem Khan , Sarver Ali ,Qamber Rizwan , Intazar Ali , Vinay Kumar Singh , “DEVELOPMENT OF CRICKET-SPECIFIC BOWLING ACCURACY TEST” : Academic Sports Scholar (Nov ; 2014)

1 2 3 4Syed Tariq Murtaza, PhD , Mohd.Imran , Mohd.Sharique , Taufiq Ahmad ,

5 6 7Farkhunda Jabin , Ashish Kumar Katiyar , Shamshad Ahmad ,

7 7 8 8Ravi Prakash Singh , Arshad Hussain Bhat , Salman Ahmad Khan , Raof Ahmad Bhat ,

8 8 8 9Irshad Maqbool Malik , Showkat Ahmad Naikoo , Mohd Zakir , Mohd. Sabir ,

9 9 9 9 9Iftikhar Ahmad , Sateesh Chandra , Lalita Kumari , Tasleem Khan , Sarver Ali ,

9 9 9Qamber Rizwan , Intazar Ali , Vinay Kumar Singh

1Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, A.M.U., Aligarh.

2PTT (+2, Boys), A.M.U., Aligarh.

3Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, KMCUAF University, Lucknow.

4Assistant Director of Physical Education & Sports, Department of Physical Education, A.M.U., Aligarh.

5Registered Physician & Assistant Professor, Ayurveda & Unani medical College & Hospital, Aligarh.

6Physical Education Teacher, Brilliant public School, Aligarh.

7Research Scholars, Department of Physical Education, A.M.U., Aligarh.

8Students M.P.ED (Sem. III), Department of Physical Education, A.M.U., Aligarh.9Students M.P.ED (Sem. I), Department of Physical Education, A.M.U., Aligarh.

1

.

aggressive where every player has to put extra efforts in order to perform at the optimum level. In such a scenario, players have no objective method to analyze their bowling skills, and moreover traditional methods have been adopted in the selection process by letting the bowlers bowl mechanically where even neither they nor selectors concentrate on no-balls. Due to the preceding reasons, the authors set out to construct a bowling accuracy test for the cricketers. The most important aspect of the test is that it will play an instrumental role to boost the confidence level of the bowlers & the selection process will become more objectified.

3.Nomenclature of the Test: Every motor-skill test has been christened by the choice of the testers, this test is henceforth

christened as the NARAASHANS CRICKET BOWLING ACCURACY TEST, and where-in Naraashans is the Vedic word means ‘a praised man’ or ‘a man who has been eulogized among mankind’.

4.Equipments: Following equipments are needed for the proper execution of the test:

5. Marking for the Test: A square of 9 inches with its centre is drawn at a distance of 3 metre from the popping

crease. The back line of the square must be perpendicular to the leg stump that represent the four (4) point area, and is as per the standard measurement of the distance of cricket stumps i.e. 9 inches. A square of 9 inches is also drawn on the batting crease (i.e block-hole of the batsman) just in front of the stumps that also represent the four (4) point area. Three (3) point area is drawn by extending 9 inches from above, below and front side of the four (4) point area. Two (2) point area is made by extending 9 inches from above, below and front side of the three (3) point area. Similarly, one (1) point area is drawn by extending 9 inches from above, below and front side of the two (2) point area. All lines are 3cm thick and included in their respective point areas. The foregoing marking areas shall be the target zones for the bowlers.

Diagram of the test


2Academic Sports Scholar | Volume 3 | Issue 11 | Nov 2014

S. No. Equipments Quantity

1 Measuring tape (30 mt.) 1

2 Coloured chalks As per the requirement

3 4-piece standard cricket balls 6

4 Rope (10 mt.) & Nails 1 & 2

5 Score sheet 1 per Bowler

6 Pen/pencil As per the requirement

.

6. Test Administration: The test would always be conducted on the natural even turf or on cemented turf. Before administering the test, a demonstration trial may be shown to the participants with the help of trained helper. After a good warming up session and a practical demonstration to the participants, the participants would be divided into different groups of four participants each (as per the logistics given by Bob Woolmer (2008). One group of participants would be asked to bowl by providing a ball to each of them. Each bowler is required to bowl as he normally bowls in the game of cricket aiming at hitting the target areas to score more points. After the completion of six balls by each player another group would be asked to complete their six balls, similarly all participants would bowl 24 balls (4-overs) to get maximum score.

7. Scoring Rule: The number of hits on different target areas in 24 balls (4 Overs) would determine the total

score of the player. The ball hitting on the line of different target areas will be counted as the part of that very target area i.e. the higher point will be given. Points given are shown as below:

8. Scoring Sheet for the NARAASHANS CRICKET BOWLING ACCURACY TEST

Signature of the Scorer Signature of the Player

9. TEST PERSONNELS9.1. Umpire:9.1.1.) Number of Umpire: 1(one).9.1.2.) Position of Umpire: The umpire should stand behind the stumps at the bowling end, so that a clear vision could be achieved straight down the pitch.


Target Points awarded

Hitting 4 point area 4 point


Hitting 2 point area 2 Point


Beyond 1 point area 0 point

Name of the Player

Sex (tick) M F

Age (in years)

Training Age

(in months/years)

Level of Play (tick) Community School Inter-varsity Board Trophy

Speciality (tick) Bowler All-Rounder

Preferred Type of Bowling

(tick)

Fast Medium Spin

Preferred Hand (tick) Left Right

Address

Contact No.

No. Of Balls Score

Ball 1 Ball 2 Ball 3 Ball 4 Ball 5 Ball 6 Total Score

Over 1

Over 2

Over 3

Over 4

Total Score

(in 4 Overs)


.

9.1.3.) Duties of the Umpire: The main duty of the umpire is to check whether the delivery is legal or not in every aspect. He should also inform the participants about the last delivery of their over by saying loudly & clearly ‘last ball each bowler’.

9.2. Callers:9.2.1.) Number of Callers: Two (2). Primary Caller (PC) and Secondary Caller (SC).9.2.2.) Position of Primary Caller: PC will stand adjacent to the target area mostly in a diagonal direction at a distance of 3-5 metre on one side of the cricket pitch, so that a clear vision could be achieved.9.2.3.) Duties of the Primary Caller: The duty of the PC is to speak score loudly by showing fingers as per the score. For example 3 fingers for 3 points and so on.9.2.4.) Position of the Secondary Caller: SC will stand adjacent to the target area mostly in a diagonal direction at a distance of 3-5 metre on another side of the cricket pitch (opposite to the PC), so that a clear vision could be achieved. 9.2.5.) Duties of Secondary Caller: The duty of the secondary caller is to assist the primary caller in case of confusion in awarding the points.

9.3. Scorer:9.3.1.) Number of Scorer: One (1).9.3.2.) Position of the Scorer: Scorer will stand at the opposite side of the primary scorer outside the pitch.9.3.3.) Duties of the Scorer: The primary duty of the scorer is to pen down the score. He will also assist the umpire if needed.

9.4. Retriever:9.4.1.) Number of Retriever: One (1).9.4.2.) Position of the Retriever: Retriever will stand at the leg side of the pitch behind the stumps mostly towards the fine leg at a distance of 6 feet.9.4.3.) Duties of the Retriever: The duty of the retriever is to collect the ball and give it back to the bowler.

10. CONCLUSION:With the advent of the design of the preceding test of the bowling accuracy in cricket,

coaches & players would find themselves in a much better place to improve & preserve their confidence level during the bowling skill and moreover the selection process will become more objective in cricket.

REFERENCES:1.Bob Woolmer (2008). Bob Woolmer’s Art & Science of Cricket, published by Struik Publishers (a division of New Holland Publishing (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd) 2.Richard Aldworth Stretch (1984). Validity and reliability of an objective test of cricket skills. Unpublished Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree, Department of Human Movement Studies and Physical Education, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa3.Syed Tariq Murtaza, Mohd. Imran, Taufiq Ahmad, Mohd. Sharique, Farkhunda Jabin, Shamshad Ahmad, Ravi Prakash Singh, Arshad Hussain Bhat, Ashish Kumar Katiyar, Irfan Khan, Bhupesh Kumar, Sanjeev Pandey, Salman Ahmed Khan, Raof Ahmad Bhat, Irshad Maqbool Malik, Showkat Ahmad Naikoo, & Mohd. Zakir (2014). Construction & Standardization of Fielding Test in Cricket. Published in Indian Streams Research Journal, Vol. IV, Issue VIII/September, ISSN: 2230-78504.Yobu A. (2010). Test Measurement in Physical Education & Sports, published by Friends Publications (India), New Delhi. ISBN 978-81-7216-317-4 page no. 408.





























1

.







Diagram of the test







4 Rope (10 mt.) & Nails 1 & 2



.














Name of the Player

Sex (tick) M F

Age (in years)

Training Age

(in months/years)




(tick)

Fast Medium Spin


Address

Contact No.

No. Of Balls Score


Over 1

Over 2

Over 3

Over 4

Total Score

(in 4 Overs)


.




































1

.







Diagram of the test







4 Rope (10 mt.) & Nails 1 & 2



.














Name of the Player

Sex (tick) M F

Age (in years)

Training Age

(in months/years)




(tick)

Fast Medium Spin


Address

Contact No.

No. Of Balls Score


Over 1

Over 2

Over 3

Over 4

Total Score

(in 4 Overs)


.












©IJRSSET 74
















1. INTRODUCTION

























corner.

















phase.










2. METHODOLOGY




















2014).















points at 900








3. RESULTS








Table 1.

Var

iabl

e

N Mea

n

Std.D

eviati

on

Std.

Error

Mean

t-

valu

e

DD

(m)

SF 06 2.14 0.50 0.20 0.53

UF 06 2.00 0.39 0.16

BV

(m/

s)

SF 06 18.61 3.30 1.34 1.35

UF 06 16.29 2.63 1.07

SV

(m/

s)

SF 06 16.39 3.86 1.56 0.83

UF 06 14.92 1.96 0.80

SA

O

(°)

SF 06 63.67 12.74 5.20 1.30

UF 06 54.17 12.56 5.13

HA

O

(°)

SF 06 49.17 9.11 3.72 0.14

UF 06 48.33 11.20 4.57






through (°)









Hockey






Subjects Dependent

variable

Predictors R


after ball

release

DD 0.52

SV 0.71

SAO -0.10

HAO 0.24














Subjects Dependent

variable

Predictors R

Un-

Successful

Ball

velocity

after ball

release

DD 0.515

SV 0.858*

SAO 0.645

HAO 0.046















4. DISCUSSION




























































accuracy.







































al., 2002).






Hockey




ACKNOWLEDGEMENT





REFERENCES









41, 5–45.










9(2), 72–78.



















Vol.29, 2014

87


University Players

Mohd Arshad Bari






Fuzail Ahmad



Ikram Hussain





Abstract















1. Introduction







al., 2008).






Vol.29, 2014

88


















2. Methodology
















drag flick.










0 of mediolateral






Vol.29, 2014

89





3. Results






















4. Discussions

























Vol.29, 2014

90















References


























March 2013).





Sciences, 6(1), 1-38.


5 (1), 47-61.



Vol.29, 2014

91



DLB1 Mean 0.17 0.40 1.01

SD 0.02 0.54

SV1 Mean 0.80 0.86 0.14

SD 0.24 0.17





DLB 2 Mean 0.47 0.62 2.05

SD 0.08 0.16

SW2 Mean 1.42 1.77 2.89*

SD 0.08 0.29

SV2 Mean 1.46 1.50 0.21

SD 0.36 0.31

SAO2 Mean -5.33 -5.16 0.08

SD 4.03 3.19

HAO2 Mean -5.33 -5.17 0.64

SD 4.03 3.19

Tab t.0.05









DD Mean 2.30 2.33 0.10

SD 0.52 0.48

LKA Mean 113.83 117.83 0.59

SD 10.74 12.62

SV3 Mean 6.99 6.93 0.00

SD 1.53 1.47

SAO3 Mean -2.83 -6.83 1.79

SD 2.93 4.62

HAO3 Mean 25.50 25.83 0.07

SD 8.36 9.13

DD= Drag distance







Vol.29, 2014

92


BV Mean 21.39 18.09 1.40

SD 4.41 3.73

SV4 Mean 18.91 15.39 1.55

SD 3.83 4.04

SAO4 Mean 63.83 67.67 0.67

SD 11.44 8.16

HAO4 Mean 51.50 51.83 0.06

SD 10.21 10.42

BV= Ball velocity





Subjects Dependent

variable


Sub1 Ball velocity

after ball release

SV4 0.85* 0.77 0.65

DD 0.45 0.21 0.01

SAO4 0.00 0.00 -0.25

HAO4 -0.16 0.02 -0.22

Sub2 Ball velocity

after ball release

SV4 0.96* 0.92 0.90

DD 0.30 0.09 -0.14

SAO4 0.62 0.38 0.23


SV4= Stick velocity

DD=Drag distance






Vol.29, 2014

93




Sub1 Sub2




©IJRSSET 74
















1. INTRODUCTION

























corner.

















phase.










2. METHODOLOGY




















2014).















points at 900








3. RESULTS








Table 1.

Var

iabl

e

N Mea

n

Std.D

eviati

on

Std.

Error

Mean

t-

valu

e

DD

(m)

SF 06 2.14 0.50 0.20 0.53

UF 06 2.00 0.39 0.16

BV

(m/

s)

SF 06 18.61 3.30 1.34 1.35

UF 06 16.29 2.63 1.07

SV

(m/

s)

SF 06 16.39 3.86 1.56 0.83

UF 06 14.92 1.96 0.80

SA

O

(°)

SF 06 63.67 12.74 5.20 1.30

UF 06 54.17 12.56 5.13

HA

O

(°)

SF 06 49.17 9.11 3.72 0.14

UF 06 48.33 11.20 4.57






through (°)









Hockey






Subjects Dependent

variable

Predictors R


after ball

release

DD 0.52

SV 0.71

SAO -0.10

HAO 0.24














Subjects Dependent

variable

Predictors R

Un-

Successful

Ball

velocity

after ball

release

DD 0.515

SV 0.858*

SAO 0.645

HAO 0.046















4. DISCUSSION




























































accuracy.







































al., 2002).






Hockey




ACKNOWLEDGEMENT





REFERENCES









41, 5–45.










9(2), 72–78.

















www.scholarsresearchlibrary.comt Available online a

Scholars Research Library

Annals of Biological Research, 2014, 5 (4):62-67 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html)

ISSN 0976-1233

CODEN (USA): ABRNBW

62


Biomechanical analysis of force production during under-arm

throwing techniques in cricket

Syed Ibrahim1, Mohammed Arshad Bari

2 and Ikram Hussain

2

1Physical Education Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, KSA

2Department of Physical Education, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (U.P) India

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT

10 cricketers representing Aligarh University in the North-Zone inter university cricket tournament were selected as

subjects for this study. The subjects were asked to make under-arm throws from marked spot at 900 angle from the

stump/target situated at a distance of 10 m. All the subjects were instructed to follow to take first step run with

approach angles (1800). Successful throws were selected on the basis of experts rating and qualitative analysis. The

variable analyzed were velocity, acceleration, force and the angle of the wrist joint to that of the force model when

under arm throws were made. The subject’s under arm throwing movements were recorded using Canon Legria SF-

10, 8.1 Mp video camera in a field setting operating at a nominal frame rate of 50 Hz and with shutter speed of

1/2000 s and at 60fps camera in a field setting. The camera was set-up on a rigid tripod and secured to the floor in

the location. From that, the data for velocity, acceleration, angle of wrist and distance when throwing were asserted.

The data was subjected to Biomechanical analysis with the application of Silicon Coach Pro-7 and Statistical

Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS-18). The equation that related with the variables was identified according to

the result from SPSS-18 table of summary for regression model, ANOVA of regression model and coefficient of

regression model for each variable. This study will help the cricket teams to create and determine the best and

possible solution to enhance their throwing skills.

Keywords: Biomechanics, kinematics, acceleration, velocity, angle, force

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

INTRODUCTION

Throwing is a fundamental movement skill that forms the cornerstone of many games and the development of this

skill could be of paramount importance for some athletes [7]. Not only appropriate physical movements are

important in ball throwing, but proper sense also plays an important role. In the technique of under arm throwing a

thrower must be able to execute the skill accurately. The numerous aspects of throwing make it a complex skill to

gain expertise, and therefore generally follow different predictable stages. The theoretical concept have conclusively

defines that elite sportsmen of skilled levels exhibit mechanical variability.

The biomechanical analysis of throwing technique is the response to full fill existential vacuum, refinement, and

stabilization of the game and sports arising in the competitive sporting world to the changing demand at the

international level of competition where a minute variation may result in win or loss. Every nation is backing their

sports person with biomechanical researches to accomplish the much needed fillip to climb higher ladder of

performance [5].

The developing countries have incorporated changes according to the demand and thus superseded the global level

of performance. In this context the game cricket also needs support from researchers to identify variation and

variables to steer their performance and optimize it to greater heights. The objective of the present investigation was

Syed Ibrahim et al Annals of Biological Research, 2014, 5 (4):62-67

______________________________________________________________________________

63


to produce vital information on the segment interaction and force production during under arm throwing technique,

which in turn would permit a better understanding of the factor that affect the motion of the throwing arm during

under arm cricket ball throwing. Hence, the present research has been under taken to find out under arm throwing

techniques in relation to biomechanical aspect of high skilled cricket players.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 The Subjects:

Ten (10) cricket players of Intervarsity level participated in this study, with mean age (21.90± 3.63), height (171±

4.50) and weight (60.30± 7.17). All the selected players had readily agreed and volunteered to act as subject for the

study.

2.2 Selection of trails:

The subject had taken under-arm throws from marked spot at 900 angle from the stump/target situated at a distance

of 10 m. They had been instructed to follow approach angles (1800) selected for research purpose. Each thrower

performed 03 accurate throws with 1800 angle of approaches from 10 mts. throwing distance. The best throw among

the 03 was selected on the basis of expert rating through qualitative analysis.

2.3 Videography Techniques:

The video graphic technique was further organized into two sections in the following manner:

(i) Video Graphic Equipment and Location

(ii) Subject and Trail Identification

2.3.1 Vediographic Equipment and Location:

The subject’s throwing motion were recorded using Canon SF-10, 8.1 Mp video camera in a field setting with a

shutter speed of 1/2000 s and at 60fps camera in a field setting. The camera was set-up on a rigid tripod and

secured to the floor in the location.The camera was positioned perpendicular to the sagittal plane and parallel to the

Medio lateral axis (camera optical axes perpendicular on the sagittal plane) as their throwing arm giving

approximately 90o

between their respective optical axes. The camera was also elevated to 95 cms and tilted down in

order to get the image of the subject as large as possible while all the points of interest remained within the range.

2.3.2 Subject and trail Identifications: To identify the subject in the video graph, each subject was allotted a number, so as to distinguish in the data

recorded. To identify best throws, the trails were viewed on the computer and the subjects were distinguished in the

trail for the data acquisition. The identified successful throws were spotted, slashed and edited for analysis.

2.4 Data reduction:

After video recordings and trail identification, the identified trails were played in Sony Vegas-10 software to make

separate clips as well as rendering the data of each player. Separate clips were then opened on to the Silicon Coach

Pro-7 software for analysis. The software has provision to analyze the angles, displacement, time, speed,

acceleration and number of frames as in the feature.

Under arm throwers who have a flexed elbow during the latter stages of throwing carry the ball in the hand for some

distance from the upper arm internal rotation axis, providing the opportunity to take advantage of this segmental

rotation to contribute to ball speed. A two-link model representing the upper arm and forearm was used to compare

the wrist/ball speed produced by a straight or a flexed throwing arm during throws [4]. Thus, to the ball speed


______________________________________________________________________________

64


contribution formula we now add the upper arm angular velocity (internal rotation) (ῲ IR) times the ball-internal

rotation axis distance (ῲ D). However, since a flexed elbow also decreases the shoulder-wrist distance (rf< TA), it is

necessary to consider the reduction in the contribution to ball speed from the arm's angular flexion velocity (ῲ A)

RESULTS

The resultant arm length (rA) decreases as the flexion angle (0) is increased whereas the effective wrist-internal

rotation axis distance (d) increases (Table 3). With an increase in elbow flexion angle to 60°, the resultant arm length

decreases minimally (0.410 m) while distance d increases to 0.201 m.

Table-I Kinematics of Wrist Angle During Under-Arm Throwing Phase by Phase

Kinematics of Wrist Angle During Under-Arm Throwing Phase by Phase.

Phases X-axis(Angle) Y-axis(Angle) Delta time (s) Measurement (°)

1- Phase 148 362 0 144.90

2- Phase 164 361 0 131.71

3- Phase 213 347 0 101.99

4- Phase 247 316 0 149.55

5- Phase 277 302 0 173.30

6- Phase 314 310 0 170.32

7- Phase 358 321 0 158.93

8- Phase 377 339 0 123.40

Table-II Kinematics of Wrist during Under-Arm throwing Phase by Phase at scale 108 pixels per Meters

Continuous

distance

Continuous

distance Scale 108 pixels per Meters

X-axis Y-axis Abs time

(s)

Delta time

(s)

Measurement

(m)

Cumulative measurement

(m)

Speed

(m/s)

Accelerati

on

253 285 1.28 0 0 0 0 0

294 259 1.34 0.060 0.451 0.45 7.68 5.29

342 243 1.40 0.059 0.470 0.92 11.09 108.41

433 260 1.46 0.060 0.861 1.78 13.81 -17.97

516 281 1.52 0.059 0.796 2.58 16.53 108.62

641 307 1.58 0.060 1.187 3.77 14.59 -173.04

701 316 1.64 0.060 0.564 4.33 12.15 91.70

796 331 1.70 0.060 0.894 5.22 0 0

Table III- The Resulting Shoulder-Wrist Distance and the Effective Wrist-Internal Rotation Axis Distance as a Result of Elbow Flexion

Elbow flexion

Angle degree

Resultant throwing

arm length (m)

Effective wrist-IR

axis distance (m)

Degree (ᶿ) Mean Mean

00 0.473 0.000

10 0.463 0.042

20 0.452 0.061

30 0.440 0.098

40 0.427 0.117

50 0.418 0.142

60 0.410 0.201

As ᶿ is changed from 0° to 60° the increase in wrist speed due to internal rotation at either 1150 0/s or 2200

0/s

becomes increasingly greater than the loss in wrist linear velocity due to a decrease in forearm length. Few authors

have reported angular velocities of the arm for throwing, although calculations based on the data in the review

Journal [1] which suggest a value of approximately (30 r/s) is required to produce the recorded ball speeds. The

studies of [2] and [3] have reported upper arm internal rotation speeds of about (100 r/s) in baseball pitching. Note

that the internal rotation speeds achievable are influenced by the mass of the ball being thrown.

3.1 Least squares, regression analysis: The methods of least squares and regression analysis are conceptually different. However, the method of least

squares is often used to generate estimators and other statistics in regression analysis. Consider a simple example

drawn from physics. A under arm throwing arm should obey Hooke's law which states that the flexion of a

throwing arm is proportional to the force, F, applied to it.

F (F i , k)= k F i


______________________________________________________________________________

65


Constitutes the model, where F is the independent variable. To estimate the force constant, k, a series of n

measurements with different forces will produce a set of data, (F i ,yi) , i = 1,n where yi is a measured arm flexion.

Each experimental observation will contain some error. If we denote this error ε, we may specify an empirical model

for our observations,

yi = kFi+εi.

There are many methods we might use to estimate the unknown parameter k. noting that the n equations in the m

variables in our data comprise an over determined system with one unknown and n equations, we may choose to

estimate k using least squares. The sum of squares to be minimized is

n

S=∑(y i- k Fi)2

i-1

The least squares estimate of the force constant, k, is given by

K= ∑i .Fi Yi / ∑I Fi2

One of Newton’s laws was that force equals mass multiplied by acceleration. We already know that the ball is about

0.16 kg. Now, we just need to find the acceleration of the ball, which is the change in velocity of the ball.

The force acting on the ball is the mass of the ball, 0.16 kg, multiplied by the acceleration. Considering the

Newton’s third law, in which every force is balanced by an equal but opposite force, so the same amount of force

would be acting on the player’s arm as well as on the ball. If we want to convert this amount to a weight, we would

look for what mass would have this as its weight. The weight of a mass m kilogram is 9.8m.

3.2 Regression analysis:

3.2.1 Velocity: Table 4 shows a regression model for velocity. The productivity regression model, R2 as the

coefficient of the multiple determinations for the productivity regression model, R2 = 1.00 and the output reports R2

× 100% = 100%. This can be interpreted as indicating that the model containing velocity for approximately 100% of

the observed variability in force.

Table 4: Summary of regression for velocity

Model R R2 Adjusted R2 Std. error of the estimate

1 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.1342

Figure I :The basic throwing technique (right-handed cricket player) have many characteristics: the run-up, wind-up phase, left foot

contact, throwing arm rotation, late- cocking phase, acceleration phase, ball release, and follow-though in respect to cricket ball velocity

phase by phase

For a straight throwing arm, ball velocity (BVe) can be considered to be the sum of the linear velocity of the

shoulder (LVSh) plus the linear velocity of the hand (LVh) plus the linear velocity of the wrist (LVWr) resulting

from arm motion (ῲA Am) as a result of hand flexion (ῲAHf) (Figure 2). This analysis examines the changes to the

LVwr component of ball speed as a result of elbow flexion. We assume changes to wrist speed would have the same

effect on ball speed for both straight and flexed elbow deliveries.


______________________________________________________________________________

66


Figure-II.The throwing arm represented as a simple two-link model, showing the contribution of arm and hand flexion angular velocity

to wrist and ball velocity

3.2.2 Force: The force acting on the ball is the mass of the ball, 0.16 kg, multiplied by the acceleration, 1234.15

m/s2, which is 197.464 kg tm/s

2 per second squared. If we want to convert this amount to a weight, we would look

for what mass would have this as its weight. The weight of mass m kilograms is 9.8m, so we want 9.8m = 197.464.

This means m = 197.464/9.8 = 20.14 kg. So a professional University cricket player would experience a force on his

arm during under arm throwing at 10m distance that would likely to be weight of 20.14 kg.

DISCUSSION

The highest average force is 4936.00 N and 197.464 kilograms times’ meters per second squared at 17.25 m sec-1

average velocity. Other than that, the objective to come out with one force equation which cover all the parameters

involved has been done using SPSS software which includes some assumption.

Under arm cricket thrower do not hold a flexed elbow during the starting phase of delivery. This effectively

invalidates the possible contribution of upper arm internal rotation, which is a major subscriber to ball or racquet

speed in most other throwing [6]. From our calculations, thrower using a flexed elbow during delivery may be able

to produce a clear-cut advantage when originating wrist speed. The generation of wrist speed via upper arm internal

rotation significantly outweighs any loss of wrist speed due to a reduction in effective bowling arm length. The

range of elbow angles (0-60°) used and the slow internal rotation speed gain in wrist speed (and therefore ball

speed) was between 0.89^124 m/s). Internal rotation speed is limited by the mass of the ball, and thus one would

expect greater internal rotation speeds than this during the under arm throws of a cricket ball. Therefore, it does not

matter whether a bowler consciously maintains a flexed elbow during delivery, nor has an elbow deformity either of

the fixed flexion or carry angle type — both provide the potential for substantially increased wrist and ball speed

through the use of internal rotation of the upper arm.

CONCLUSION

It was concluded that the internal rotation of the upper arm increases the wrist and ball speed irrespective of the

player keeping a flexed elbow or is effected by elbow deformity while attempting an under arm throw in cricket.

.


______________________________________________________________________________

67


REFERENCES

[1] Bartlett, R. M., Stockill, N. P., Elliott, B. C., & Burnett, A. F., Journal of Sports Sciences, 1996, vol. 14: 403-424.

[2] Elliott, B. & Anderson, G., Journal of Human Movement Studies,1996, vol. 18: 1-24.

[3] Feltner, M. &Dapena, J., International Journal of Sport Biomechanics,1986, vol. 2 (4): 235-260.

[4] Hussain, I., Bari M.A., Khan, A., & Mohammad A. Ahmad A., International Journal of Sports Science and

Engineering,2011, Vol. 05, 1, 043-048.

[5] Lucas McKay,J and Lena H. Ting., PLOS Computational Biology, 2011,8(4).

[6] Marshall, R. N., and Elliott, B. C., Journal of Sports Sciences, 2000,18, 247-254.

[7] Solum, J.,Science of shooting - water polo fundamentals (1st ed.) Los Angeles, California, USA, 2010.



ABSTRACT

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©IJRSSET 74
















1. INTRODUCTION

























corner.

















phase.










2. METHODOLOGY




















2014).















points at 900








3. RESULTS








Table 1.

Var

iabl

e

N Mea

n

Std.D

eviati

on

Std.

Error

Mean

t-

valu

e

DD

(m)

SF 06 2.14 0.50 0.20 0.53

UF 06 2.00 0.39 0.16

BV

(m/

s)

SF 06 18.61 3.30 1.34 1.35

UF 06 16.29 2.63 1.07

SV

(m/

s)

SF 06 16.39 3.86 1.56 0.83

UF 06 14.92 1.96 0.80

SA

O

(°)

SF 06 63.67 12.74 5.20 1.30

UF 06 54.17 12.56 5.13

HA

O

(°)

SF 06 49.17 9.11 3.72 0.14

UF 06 48.33 11.20 4.57






through (°)









Hockey






Subjects Dependent

variable

Predictors R


after ball

release

DD 0.52

SV 0.71

SAO -0.10

HAO 0.24














Subjects Dependent

variable

Predictors R

Un-

Successful

Ball

velocity

after ball

release

DD 0.515

SV 0.858*

SAO 0.645

HAO 0.046















4. DISCUSSION




























































accuracy.







































al., 2002).






Hockey




ACKNOWLEDGEMENT





REFERENCES









41, 5–45.










9(2), 72–78.



















ABSTRACT

9 REFERENCES

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