九州大学学術情報リポジトリKyushu University Institutional Repository

現代エジプト・アラビア語の基礎語彙における二重言語性

Matsuda, Isaku

Ayabe, Hiroko

https://doi.org/10.15017/2552963

出版情報：文學研究. 77, pp.1-44, 1980-03-31. 九州大学文学部バージョン：権利関係：

Diglossia in Basic Vocabulary of Modern Egyptian Arabic

0. Introduction 1. Morphological correspondence 2. Phonological correspondence 3. Stress assignment

Isaku MA TSUDA Hiroko A Y ABE

4. Discordance of informant forms and dictionary forms 5. General remarks

6. Basic vocabulary list

0. Introduction

It is well known that the modern Arabic speaking world is one of the typical speech communities having the sociolinguistic phenomenon which Ferguson (1959) called diglossia, "a particular kind of language standardization where two distinct varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the speech community and where each of the two varieties is assigned a definite s~cial function." (Trudgill 1974, p. 117).

The purpose of the present paper is to inquire the phonological and morphological correlations between "Classical Arabic" and "colloquical Arabic" of 500 basic vocabulary as given by an Egyptian Arabic speaker. Classical Arabic, called al-fu~~a (lit. the purest one) in this language, is said to be a common literary language used in formal situations such as in news broadcast, newspaper editorial or sermon in Mosque ; according to our informant it is "completely the same with the language in which Qur'an is written," in spite of the fact that he pronounces [d3] in Qur'an where he gives [g] in modern literary texts. Harrel (1960, p. 16) observed that "it ( = [d3]) occurs mainly as a rare stylistic variant of/ g/ in highly dignified or serious speech.'' Colloquial Arabic, called al- 'ammfyah (lit. the vulgar one), is a regional dialect learned as a native language and is said to be used only in very informal situations.

However, our informant, Mr. Mohamad Yousif [mul}.ammad ju: suf], reports that lessons in school were usually taught in colloquial Arabic except during the classes of Arabic.

Mr. Yousif was born in 1948 in Mansoura, a city located about 100 kilometers north of Cairo in Lower Egypt with approximately one million population. Both his parents and grandparents were born and lived in this city. He was educated there up to the age of eighteen when he finished his secondary school. He graduated from Cairo University at the age of twenty-two. He came to Osaka, Japan. in April 1977 and moved in October to Fukuoka, where he has been a doctoral student in the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University. He was taught Classical Arabic in schools from the age of about ten. Lectures in Cairo University, at least in the faculty of science, were given in English, and he himself taught chemistry there in English. As an ardent Muslim he gives sermons every Friday in a small Muslim group here, and recites Qur'an. In his home here in Fukuoka he talks with his Egyptian wife and children in colloquial Arabic.

Our inquiry was carried out in English, two hours a week, for four months from July to October. Our work is based on the first 500 items including the most basic 200 items and the second basic 300 items of Linguistic Questionnaire for Asia and Africa, Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo, 1966. In the list below in paragraph 6 the number given in the left column shows the number in this questionnaire. The English words given in the second column are not always identical with the ones given in the questionnaire, but are sometimes modified to show approximate equivalents of the Arabic words given in the following four columns. The digits in the last column show types of correlation between al-fu!fl}li (hereafter abbreviated to F) and al- 'limmfyah .(hereafter A) : the first digit indicates the correlation between the singular forms for nouns or the 'perfect' forms for verbs, the second, plural or 'imperfect'.

Type O refers to the items whose correspondence can be formulated in the rules below; type 1 refers to. the items where no such rules of correspondence as in type O can be found, but where words of the same root were given for both F and A so that some kind of relation, if not correspondence, can be inferred. Type 2 are the items for which words of different roots were given for F and A. "?" means that type judgement was difficult for that particular item, and "-" means that no

2

Diglossia in Basic Vocabulary of Modern Egyptian Arabic (Matsuda, Ayabe)

equivalent word was given either for F or A, or for both. Among the words of type 2, we often find those in A which correspond to some words in F that our informant did not give as their equivalents. For instance, 9. IJ,anak («mouth» in A) means «palate» in written Arabic according to Wehr's Dictionary. Thus it may be possible for the A words of type 2 to be traced to the origin in F with certain semantic change, or in other language such as Coptic, but such a diachronic consideration is outside the scope of this paper. Neither did we discuss the semantic structure of the vocabulary; only where several Arabic words were given for a single item in English, we tried to distinguish the difference of sense in a simplest possible way.. · When our informant explained the meaning to be the same, only the mos·t frequently used words were listed. When, on the other hand, a single Arabic word was given for more than one English item, the item number with the same word was referred to. We hope to do an investigation of semantic structure on this subject based on lexicological considerations in the future.

The verb forms are given in third person singular masculine, and the noun in the nominative case of pausal form, i.e. the form used only before pause. The 'nomen unitatis', i.e. the noun signifying collective of a species when without the suffix -ah, and an individual of that species when with this suffix, is indicated by "(ah)"; e.g. waraq(ah). "[ah]" is the suffix signifying natural feminine sex, except numerals, where the gender concord is reversed. In the column of plural ·"-a: t", "-u: n", "-i: n" indicate that the plural is formed by the addition of the given form to its singular, deleting the suffix -ah.

The Arabic forms are transcribed in IP A. Exceptionally, the interdental fricatives are represented by 1, d; pharyngealized [t], [d], [s], [z) by t, q., ~. ~; voiced [x] by g; and voiceless and voiced pharyngeal fricatives by ~ and ' respectively. "C" represents consonant, and "V", a vowel.

In the pairs of sounds and forms cited below, the left side of " = " is F and the right side, A. Examples not found in our list are cited in brackets.

1. Morphological correspondence

1.1. Correspondence of 'broken plural' pattern CuCu: C = CiCu: C e.g. 6, 14, 15, 19, 20, etc.

3

Other patterns in type O items (i.e. the items which have the cor­

responding plural patterns in F and A) are identical in F and A.

1.2. Correspondence of agent affixes of verb Though verb conjugation system is not treated in this paper, a few

remarks should be made in relation to some phonological corespondences below. In our list all verbs in F end in -a in the perfect and -u in the imperfect. These are the suffixes denoting the third person singular masculine agent, and correspond to -¢ in A. Likewise the imperfect prefix of 3 . s. m. ja- in F corresponds to ji- in A. Thus, the 'Form I' verbs show the following correspondences :

perfect, active, 3. s. m CaCVCa = CVCVC imperfect, active, 3. s. m jaCCVCu = jiCCVC The 'Form I' active, imperfect verbs with w as the first radical

further follow the rule below: iw--+u/ # 0 j-?a e.g. 321 jaqifu (perfect: waqaf~) = *jiw?af • ju?af

384 jaqa'u (perfect: waqa'a) = *jiw?a• • ju?a' iw--+ u: / # j -Ca [C is consonant other than ?] e.g. 408 jada'u (perfect: wada'a) = *jiwda' • ju: da' The verbs with ? as the first radical do not follow this rule, but

follow directly the rule given in 2.9.2.: e.g. 328 ja?kulu = ja: kul, 378 ja? xugu : ja: xud

1.3. Correspondence of patterns of simple ( = 'Form I') verb In principle, the stems of active verbs 'Form I' in F can be, as

described in traditional grammar of Classical Arabic, reduced to the underlying patterns CVCVC (perfect) and CCVC (imperfect). Cor­respondence of vowels in these patterns between F and A is as follows :

4

(A, B)

(C)

(C)

perfect imperfect

F A

cacac ~ cacac -- cc{!}c (A)

CaCiC ~ CiCiC -- CC i C (B)

CaCuC CiCiC -- CC a C (C)

Diglossia in Basic Vocabulary of Modern Egyptian Arabic (Matsuda, Ayabe)

e.g. 298 c;laraba c;tarab - jic;lrab 'to beat' (A) 300 lakama lakam - jilkim 'to thrash' (A) 316 masa: misi: - jimsi: 'to walk' (B) 382 nazala nizil - jinzil 'to go down' (B) 277 sami'a simi' jisma' 'to hear' (C)

330 sakura sikir jiskar 'to be drunk' (C) exception: 291 c;lal].aka 9i}:lik jic;lq.ak 'to laugh'

340 gatasa gitis jigtas 'to sink' 348 haraba hirib jihrab 'to escape' 366 'amila 'amal ji'mal 'to work' 384 waqa'a wi?a' ju?a' 'to fall'

It has been pointed out in the traditional grammar that the above formal classification into three perfect patterns in F roughly corresponds to the classification according to semantic viewpoint. In A, however, the division is twofold if the perfect pattern alone is considered; i.e. CaCaC and CiCiC, and no semantic classification is possible. But if we take the imperfect stem vowels into consideration, the above correspondence is brought out to the surface. Semantically, verbs of patterns (A) and (B) share a common feature «positively motivated physical and/ or mental activity» (hereafter«M»), whereas verbs of pattern (C) have the negative value o~ this feature, i.e. «-M». This semantic classification seems to be valid also for F; but the distinction is not so clear as in A. For instance in the exceptions cited above, verb nos. 291, 340, 348, 384 are, in a way «-M» verbs. On the other hand no. 366 is a « + M» verb, and is realized as such in A. Thus we could say that the verbs in F which are exceptions to the above correspondences of patterns are reclassified in A so as to conform with the semantic correlation.

Of the verbs of (A) pattern in F, those that contain gutturals (x, g, h, ? , I),') in the second and /or third radical are highly likely to take a as stem vowel of the imperfect both in F and A. E.g. 291 gal)aka-jaq.l)aku

= jiq];iak, 305 las a 'a-jalsa 'u = jilsa', 323 za}:lafa- jaz}:lafu = jiz}:laf, 344 ta];iana-jat}:lanu = jitl:tan, 359 qara?a.-jaqra?u = ji?ra:, 362 ~ana'a­ja~na'u = ji~na', 363 fata}:la-jafta}:lu = jifta}:l, etc. Exceptions: 322 qa'ada-jaq'udu = ji?'ud, 378 ?axaga-ja?xugu = ja:xud, 386 nafaxa - janfuxu = jinfux. However, the verbs which contain ? as second and/ or third radical in A do not show this correspondence, since ? in these positions corresponds to q in F (cf. 2.8). E.g. 284 ra?as-ji?rus (c.f.F raqasa-jarqusu), 324 ra?ad-jir?ud (cf. F raqada-jarqudu).

5

1.4. Correspondence of patterns of derived verbs (active, 3. s. m.) Most of the verbs in our list show the 'Form I'; for 'Forms IV, VI,

IX, X' no examples of correspondence are available in our list; other derived forms show following correspondences:

perfect imperfect

Form II CaCCaCa cacc{f}c juCaCCiCu jiCacc{f}c

Form Ill Ca:CaCa Ca:c{ i)c juCa:CiCu jiCa:CiC

Form V taCaCCaCa ?itCaCC jataCaCCaCu jitcacc{f}c

Form VII ?inCaCaCa ?inCaCaC janCaCiCu jinCiCiC

Form VIII ?iCtaCaCa ?iCtaCaC jaCtaCiCu jiCtiCiC

examples: Form II: 283, 286, 299, 302, 306 (2x), 341, 343, 344, 353, 355, 360 (2x), 373, 390, 406, 420. Form III: 301, 400, 402, 403, 417. Form V: 279,285,297,342, 355, 381,388,416. Form VII: 307,315,342,380,401,404,405. Form VIII: 310,369.

2. Phonological correspondence

2.1. 1= t e.g. 82 1u'ba:n = ti'ba:n, 156 1atg = talg, 471 kati:r = kiti:r Exceptions: 391 bal).a1a bal).as, [!awrah: sawrah 'excitement', laqula = ti?iJ 'to be heavy']

2:2. g = d e.g. 28 gira:' = <lira:', 123 gigr = gidr, 100 gajl = de: 1 Exception: 491 ?iga: : ?iza: [?anqaga:? ankaz 'to save']

2.3. ?'. = 9 e.g. 21 ~ahr = <Jahr, 32 ~a: fir= <)a: fir, 45 'a?:m = 'aqm Exceptions: 116 wa~i: fah : wa~i: fah, 453 ~ari: f : ~ari: f

2.4. ~ = ~

6

e.g. 92 ~ajd = ?e: d, 73 'a~a: = 'a~a:, 284 raqa~a = ra?a~, 362 ~ana 'a = ~ana', etc. Exceptions: 24 ~adr : sidr, 282 ~araxa = sarax

Diglossia in Basic Vocabulary of Modern Egyptian Arabic (Matsuda, Ayabe)

2.5. S= S

e.g. 13 sinnah = sinnah, 11 lisa: n = lisa: n, 1 ra?s = ra: s, 340 gatasa = gitis, etc. Exception: 320 rafasa : rafa~

2.6. s = s e.g. 2 sa'ar = sa'ar, 188 'asar = 'asar, 66 'usu :s ='isu: s, etc. Exception: 150 sams : sams

2. 7. c) = 9 e.g. 154 c)aba:b = c)aba:b, 296 gac)iba = gic)ib, 61 bajc) = be:cJ, etc. Exception: 460 c;lajjiq : dajja?

2.8. q =? e.g. 36 qalb = ?alb, 14 g_aqn = da?n, 336 saqqa = fa??, etc. Exceptions can be found in words not included in our list: [ qa: ?id: ka: ?id 'commander', ?anqaga: ?ankaz 'to save']

2.9. ? in F shows various correspondences in A according to phonological and/ or morphological conditions. 2.9.1. :j:j:? = #?

e.g. 11 ?alsun =?alsun, 30 ?akuff = ?akuff, 47 ?agsa: m = ?agsa:m, 310 ?imtalaka = ?imtalak, etc. As in these examples it remains

in A when it is a part of word formation pattern, otherwise the words which begin with ? in F tend to be supplanted by other words in A ( e.g. 8 ?anf : manaxi: r, 23 ?iljah : ti: z, etc.), to disappear ( e.g. 51 ?urz: ruzz), or to change into w (e.g. 7 ? ugn: widn). Even if it appears after a juncture, it is realized phonetically as a feeble glottal stop in contrast to? which corresponds to q in F (cf. 2.8.).

2.9.2. ? = aV /av-(;>~} That is, if ? in F is preceded by a short vowel and is followed either

by a consonant, a juncture, or a short vowel, it is assimilated to the preceding vowel. e.g. 1 ra?s = ra: s, ru?u: s = ru: s (the resulting uuuu is shortened to u: by a rule which applies to both A and F that a syllable cannot contain a sequence of more than two vowels), 115 bi?r =bi: r, 359 qara?a = ?ara :, 463 da: fi? = da: fi: 2.9.3. ? = j IC- V e.g. 470 mal?a: n = malja: n 2.9.4. ? = ~/V:-#

e.g. 157 sama:? = sama:, 437 ?aqwija:? = ?-a?wija: Exception: 447 bati:? = bati:?

7

2.9.5. a:?i = a:ji/-C# e.g. 56 ~aga:?ir=~aga:jir, 96 sara;?it=sara:jit, 109 I;awa:?it = l)awa:jit, 116 wa~a: ?if= wa~a:jif, 142 gaza: ?ir= gaza:jir, 210 l)afa;?id = };lafa:jid,

467 gada: ?id= gada: jid, 472 qala: ?il = ?ala: jil

[exception: qa:?id: ka:?id 'commander']

2.9.6. a: ?i = aj /- CV e.g. 448 da: ?iri: = dajri :, 469 da :?iman = dajman

2.9.7. a:?i = i:/- Cah# e.g. 58 ra: ?il;iah = ri: l}ah, 109 ha: ?it= !;ii: tah, 217 'a:?ilah='i:lah

2.9.8. It looks as if there is a morphophonological rule in A that deletes the word initial sequence ?a in 'Form I' perfect verbs from the following instances of correspondence: 328 ?akala = kal «to eat», 378 ?axag_a = xad «to take»; However, a look at other verbs that did not appear in our list shows that this is not the case; e.g. ?amara = ?amar «to order», ?agina = ?azan «to allow». 2.10. It might be a coincidence, but as far as the items in our list are concerned, semivowels (S) in the sequence CVSV in F are doubled in A; thus,

S = SS / # CV - V (h) # e.g. 190 mi?ah (----+*mi:ah • *mijah) = mijjah, 229 huwa = huwwa, 230 hija = hijja ·

2·11· 1:!::J1-c(ah)#

e.g. 61 bajq=be:c;I, 71 sajf=se:f, 77 xajt=xe:tah (cf. 163 ?ajja:.m = ?ajja:m) 69 tawr = to:r, 74 qaws = ?o,:s, 79 tawb= to:b (cf. 124 ?awra: ?= ?awra :? ) [Exception: 1awrah: sawrah 'excitement']

2.12. The correlation of sounds between F and A in our informant can be schematized as follows, based on the correspondences shown above (2.1-9):

F fbt.t_s~std!iz'.?c;lmnrlxgJ:i'hgkq?jw

I I V\Jil,,,l I \l\t--1'\J I I I I I I I I I I [/\.:\J I A fb t ssst d z~4mnrlxgJ:i'hgk? jw

8

Diglossia in Basic Vocabulary of Modern Egyptian Arabic (Matsuda, Ayabe)

In this table sound correspondence is shown by a solid line, and the 'exception' -al correlation by a dotted line. The phonological 'discordance' is seen only in 'dental' and 'palato-guttural' classes. This

seems to be due to the difference of phonological systems that results from the absence of!, .Q and q in A. 1, .Q, s, ~. ~. 9, q, ? in F are each realized as two or more distinct sounds in A, and it looks as if no regularity governs the sound shift. However, the instances of correlation which we labeled as exceptions are fewer than those that show corre­spondences and are usually reported to be used less frequently in A. Therefore we interpreted the former to be the result of borrowing from F by A at a rather recent time, and accordingly, exceptions to the corre­spondence.

3. Stress assignment

Mitchell (1962, pp. 26-28) has given a rule of stress assignment in Egyptian Arabic, which proves to suit our present data both in F and A, as stress in F is assigned exactly in the same way as in A, in a way differently from some descriptions of Classical Arabic. After describing the syllable types, CV, CVC, CVV, CVVC, CVCC, he gives the following rule (the way of formulation is modified, and examples to follow are taken from our list.).

Stress is on the 1. final syllable if it is of the form CVCC or CVVC (e.g. 11 lisa: n,

86 baragi: t, 290 ji'u9~ ) ; 2. antipenultimate syllable of the form CV, if in the environment

-CVCV[ ] where [ ] is either a single C or V (e.g. 83. l}asarah, 93 sabakah, [katabu: 'they wrote'] ) ;

3. penultimate syllable in all other cases (e.g. 3 gabhah, ?(I: rah, 315 jatawarramu, jiwarram, 316 masa:, misi: ) .

4. Discordance of informant forms and dictionary forms

Although most of the verb forms given by the informant as F are identical with the forms in Wehr, some are different in stem vowels of perfect, imperfect, or both., so that there may be assumed influence of AonF.

9

4.1. 'Perfect' forms

Wehr

291 gal_lika 294 fazi'a

Informant F

<;tal].aka faza'a

A

dihik xa:f

Meaning

'to laugh' 'to fear'

421 'arafa 'arifa 'irif 'to know' 330 sakira sakura sikir 'to be drunk'

Here it is difficult to infer the reason for the changes that occurred. Only in 421, the influence of A over F can be seen.

4.2. 'Imperfect' forms The imperfect stem vowel of some verbs in F which deviate from the

ones given in Wehr are identical with the forms in A, so that the influence of A on F is evident.

Wehr

u a

a,u

u

F

u u a a

5. General remarks

Informant A

u u a

a

Examples

300 lakama, 351 i).alla 335 'atina, 356 labisa 278 samma 290 'a4<;1a, 338 'a:ma 350 'aqada 348 haraba 298 garaba, 340 gatasa, 376 kasara

5.1. The most frequent adjective pattern in F is CaCi: C, and this pattern corresponds to three patterns in A: CaCi: C, Ci Ci : C and CuCajja/iC. It is noteworthy that the adjectives of this last pattern have a common semantic feature, say «diminutiveness». Examples: 428 ~agi:r = ~ugajjar 'small' cf.

434 raqi: q = ru?ajja? 'thin' "

456 qa~i: r = ?u~ajjar 'short'

458 qari:b = ?urajjib 'close'

472 qali:I = ?ulajjil 'little, few' "

10

427 kabi:r

433 kati: f

455 tawi:l

457 ba'i:d

471 ka!_i :r

= kibi:r

vs tixi :n

= tawi:l

= bi'i:d

= kiti :r

'big'

'thick'

'long'

'far'

'many, much'

Diglossia in Basic Vocabulary of Modern Egyptian Arabic (Matsuda, Ayabe)

This does not apply to such adjectives as 'weak' (438 ~a'i :f) or 'light' (436 xafi :f), but 'narrow' (460 ~ajjiq) follows a pattern somewhat similar to the above pattern in F as well as in A. It seems that this phenomenon has to do with adjectives concerning size and quantity. 5.2. In F, in a casual situation, words of the form CawC are pronounced exactly in the same way as in A (Co: C), so that the orthodox aw pronunciation sounds to our informant "too fu~~a: ". The same thing applies to the words of the form CajC, which is more likely to be pronounced as Ce :C. 5.3. Classical Arabic must be common throughout the Arab world as long as it remains just written. However, as a spoken form ('spoken Classical Arabic'), there should be local difference, as it is bound to be influenced by the colloquial Arabic spoken in a particular community. However, it cannot be stated as a fact unless further comparisons of F and A, like what we have done, are carried out for various other speech communities. In this sense, our work may be said to be "only one stone in the mosaic" as Harrel (1960) says.

6. Basic vocabulary list ( on the pages to follow)

Rerference

Ferguson, A. 1959. Diglossia. Word 15, pp. 325-40. Harrel, R.S. 1960. A linguistic analysis of Egyptian radio Arabic. Contributions

to Arabic linguistics, pp. 1-77. Mitchell, T.F. 1962. Colloquial Arabic: The Living Language of Egypt. (Teach

Yourself Books), London.

Trudgill, P.I. 1974. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction. London. Wehr, H. 1961. A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic. Ed. by J.M. Cowan.,

Wiesbaden.

[Dec. 18. 1979]

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