Pti matrikulasi

1Pengantar Teknologi Informasi

Introduction to Introduction to SoftwareSoftware

Pengantar Teknologi Informasi.: Fasilkom – UDINUS :.

Ref: IF-ITB/Santika WP/2003 2

Materi :Materi :

• Pengetahuan DasarPengetahuan Dasar• Perangkat Lunak SistemPerangkat Lunak Sistem• Perangkat Lunak AplikasiPerangkat Lunak Aplikasi

Computer software Package in Office Depot Puerto Vallara- Mexico



Pengatahuan Dasar

Abstract view

user user ... USER USER

Application Software

System Software

Computer Hardware



Pengetahuan Dasar

Perangkat lunak / software :• Instruksi dalam bahasa [formal] pemrograman, disusun

pemrogram untuk dikerjakan komputer

• Evolusi [PRE98]– Era-1 (1950-1965), orientasi batch, distribusi terbatas, custom software– Era-2 (1964-1974), multiuser, real-time, DBMS, product software– Era-3 (1973-1988), distributed, embedded intelligence, low-cost SW– Era-4 (1986-2000-an) desk-top oriented, Object Object technology,

Expert System, artificial Neural Network,parallel computing



Pengetahuan Dasar• Komponen :

–machine-executable [dapat ieksekusi komputer secara langsung]–non-machine-executable

• Lingkup Pengembangan :– System Software [agar perangkat keras bekerja]– Application software :

Real-time [ game, online application] Business Engineering & ScientificEmbedded [jaringan komputer, peralatan rumah tangga

dll]PC-orientedArtificial Inteligent



• Bahasa- deskriptif [model] matematis- High Level Language (HLL), dimengerti dan mudah pembuatan

programnyacontoh: BASIC, FORTRAN, Pascal, C, Java

- Intermediate level (ILL), tidak terlalu sulit pemahaman dan pembuatan programnya

contoh: autocoder, assembler, SPIM

- Low level (LLL), tidak mudah pembuatan programnyacontoh: machine language

Pengetahuan Dasar



• Pemrograman (programming) ~ aktifitas runtut pemrogram:– Pendefinisian masalah– Penyusunan algoritma & flowchart– Penulisan instruksi (coding) menggunakan sebuah bahasa formal– Uji coba perbaikan kesalahan (debugging)– Run program– Dokumentasi

• Algoritma (algorithm) ~ pseudocode– Aturan dan urutan langkah untuk menyelesaikan suatu masalah– langkah-langkah logis yang dideskripsi secara tekstual dengan pola baku untuk menyelesaikan suatu masalah

Pengetahuan Dasar



- Jenis algoritma [http://www.leveltendesign.com/kb_terms/algorithm.html]

1. Definitive algorithms perform tasks that have a definite answer and a best method for processing, typically of interest to only computer scientist. [ memberikan jawaban dan metode terbaik pada pemrosesan]

2. Subjective algorithm processes information based on an assumptive model where the "right" answer is a matter of opinion; is used heavily in social sciences, economics, business and financial forecasting etc. [ berbasis pada asumsi model yang diakui kebenarannya]

Pengetahuan Dasar



Pengetahuan Dasar

• Struktur baku algoritma– Runtut (sequential / linear)– Alternatif (alternative/selection)– Berulang (loop/repetition)

• Struktur baku algoritma– program flowchart [urutan langkah

pada proses]– system flowchart [urutan dan

hubungan pada bagian2 sistem]



• Program flowchart

– langkah-langkah logis untuk menyelesaikan suatu

masalah dengan menggunakan simbol baku [ANSI/IBM]

– hasil konversi sebuah algoritma dengan menggunakan simbol

baku [ANSI/IBM]

Pengetahuan Dasar



• Translasi Bahasa [proses representasi ke bahasa lain]– Dasar

low level language (LLL) hanya dimengerti mesin. high level languages (HLL) hanya dimengerti manusia. perlu translator: assembler [a low level language for

programming computers], compiler [translate from HLL to LLL], interpreter [to execute source code directly]

– Proses translasio assemblyo kompilasi (compilation), analisis:

leksikal (~ aturan penulisan ) sintaks (~ tata bahasa ) semantik (arti)

Pengetahuan Dasar



• Jenis Perangkat lunak– Operating system (OS) [BRA91]

the extremely complex software suite that enables the untamed hardware power of the computer system to be used more easily without operator intervention.

[ set perangkat lunak komplek ntuk mengontrol kemampuan perangkat keras agar dapat digunakandengan mudah]– Utilities :

• assembler• compiler / interpreter• I/O routines• diagnostic routines• JCL (command language)• DBMS (database

management system]

Perangkat Lunak Sistem

Unix-like OS, ubuntu, a popular linux distribution.



• Jenis OS , ~ paradigma proses

– Batch processing [execution of a series of programs ("jobs") on a computer without human interaction.]

– Interactive / timesharing [alokasi waktu tiap proses] – Multiprogramming– Multiprocessing [multicomputer]– Real time– Network Operating System (NOS)

• Contoh OS CP/M, OS/MFT, DOS, Mac OS, Unix, Windows




• Karakteristik OS– Preinstalled [ter install sebelumnya]– Selalu terbuka– Menjalankan program & mengelola data

• Tujuan OS :– Eksekusi user programs– Memiliki Kernel, komputer selalu siap dipakai– Pemakaian komputer efisien, untuk beragam aplikasi– Resource allocator– Mengendalikan perangkat I/O




• Aplikasi Bisnis

– Dasaruse computer to saves time hence saves money have instant

information when ever you need it [ untuk menghemat waktu, uang dan memberikan informasi sesegera mungkin saat dibutuhkan]

– Jenis :

• word & text processing, contoh: WS, MS Words, emacs, LaTex, Adobe Acrobat

• Spreadsheet: lotus, excel• Desk-top publishing (DTP): Adobe PageMaker, Adobe

InDesign, QuarkXPress, Adobe FrameMaker, and Corel VENTURA

• Internet Browser & e-mail: Netscape, Eudora

Perangkat Lunak Aplikasi



Perangkat Lunak Aplikasi• Aplikasi saintifik dan teknis

– Dasarmendukung ide creatif, pekerjaan repetitif, akurat,

pemakaian mudah, didukung banyak libraries & methods.

– Jenis• Design toolspackage: Autocad, CASE, CAD/CAM …• Data logging tools, untuk: cuaca, polusi, ….• Robotics & Artificial Intelligent tools• Embedded system tools, untuk :

– jaringan– alat rumah tangga: microwave, mesin cuci,– Multimedia & telecommunication: cellular

phone– Games


Introduction to Introduction to InternetInternet



Materi Pengenalan Internet :

• Kronologi

• Pakar Pelopor

• Pengetahuan Dasar

• Internet & Masyarakat

• Penggunaan Internet



Kronologi

• Periode Awal [http://www.packet.cc/internet.html]

– 1957, USSR meluncurkan Sputnik, satelit bumi buatan pertama. USA mendirikan Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA).

– Jul-61, First Paper on Packet Switching Theory, Leonard Kleinrock, "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets.”

– 1962, RAND Paul Baran, RAND Corporation (agen pemerintah) diberi kekuasaan untuk studi pengelolaan command and control pada misil dan bomber, setelah serangan nuklir. Tulisan yang dihasilkannya packet switched network.



Kronologi• Periode Awal

– Agu-62, First Paper on Internet Concept by J.C.R. Licklider & Welden Clark,

"On- Line Man Computer Communication".

– 1964, Communication Nets by Leonard Kleinrock provides the network design and queuing theory necessary to build packet networks. [buku]

– Mar-64 First Paper on Secure Packetized Voice, Paul Baran, "On Distributed

Communications Networks", IEEE Transactions on Systems.

– Okt-65, First Actual Network Experiment, Lincoln Labs TX-2 tied to SDC's Q32, Lawrence Roberts, MIT Lincoln Labs.



Kronologi• Periode Awal

– Okt-66, First Paper on Network Experiments, Thomas Marill & Lawrence Roberts, "Toward a Cooperative Network of Time-Shared Computers", Fall AFIPS Conf.

– Okt-67, Original ARPANET Design Paper, Lawrence Roberts, " Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communication ", ACM Gatlinberg Conf.

– Agu-68, Request For Proposals released for ARPANET by Lawrence Roberts, ARPA. The RFP mandated the main packet switching design elements for the ARPANET.

– Des-68, BBN (Bolt-Beranek-Newman) build the ARPANET Interface Message Processors (IMP’s)



Kronologi

• Periode Awal

– Okt-66, First Paper on Network Experiments, Thomas Marill & Lawrence Roberts, "Toward a Cooperative Network of Time-Shared Computers", Fall AFIPS Conf.

– Okt-67, Original ARPANET Design Paper, Lawrence Roberts, " Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communication ", ACM Gatlinberg Conf.

– Agu-68, Request For Proposals released for ARPANET by Lawrence Roberts, ARPA. The RFP mandated the main packet switching design elements for the ARPANET.

– Des-68, BBN (Bolt-Beranek-Newman) build the ARPANET Interface Message Processors (IMP’s)



Kronologi

• Periode Lanjut

– Apr-69, Request For Comments (RFC) #1, "Host Software" Released, written by Steve Crocker, covering Host-to-Host protocol, the first output of the Network Working Group (NWG).

– Sep-69, First Node of ARPANET Installed at UCLA Network Measurement Center

– Oct-69, Second Node of ARPANET Installed at SRI, first ARPANET messages passed

– Nov-69, Third Node of the ARPANET Installed at UCSB making the first redundant network

– Des-69, Fourth Node of the ARPANET Installed at the University of Utah



Kronologi• Periode Lanjut

– Jul-70, First Packet Radio -ALOHANET operational at U. Hawaii under Norm Abramson using the ALOHA concept of random packet transmission

– Dec-70, Network Control Protocol (NCP), the first host-tohost protocol, completed by Steve Crocker and NWG.

– Sep-71, First Terminal Interface Processor (TIP) in ARPANET; terminals to directly dial into the network

– Mar-72, First basic Email Programs, SNGMSG and READMAIL written by Ray Tomlinson at BBN.

– Jul-72, First Email Management Program, RD written by Larry Roberts

– Jul-72, FTP Protocol Specification ( RFC 354), Jon Postel




– Oct-72, First APRANET Public Demonstration at ICCC in Washington organized by Robert Kahn of BBN

– May-73, First Ethernet Operation at Xerox PARC designed by Robert Metcalfe

– May-74, First Internetworking Protocol, TCP outlined in a paper by Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf

– Jul-75, ARPANET Transferred to DCA, the Defense Communications Agency.

– Oct-77, First TCP Operation over ARPANET, Packet Radio Net, and SATNET (the satellite network)

– Nov-77, Complete Email Specification ( RFC 733) released by two Email pioneers, Dave Crocker and John Vittal.




– Mar-78, TCP Split into TCP and IP, where TCP was the endto-end process and IP was the network routing process by Vint

Cerf, Jon Postel, and Danny Cohen.

– Nov-83, Domain Name System (DNS) Designed by Jon Postel, Paul Mockapetris, and Craig Partridge to support the Email addressing space, creating .edu, .gov, .com, .mil, .org, .net, & .int.

– 1986, First Interop Conference organized by Dan Lynch.

– 1989, Internet opened to commercial mail through MCI Mail

– 1991, NSF Opens Internet to commercial use.

– 2001 - Finally the Internet gets Quality of Service (QOS) with guaranteed rate service for voice and video



Pakar Pelopor

• Leonard Kleinrock

– Packet Switching Theory, paper, 1961– Communication Nets, book, 1964– Network Measurement Center at UCLA, ARPANET

measurement, 1968

• J.C.R. Licklider

– On-Line Man Computer Communication (internet concept), paper, 1962

– ARPA Computer Program, 1962– First ARPA IPTO Director, 1962



Pakar Pelopor• Lawrence Roberts

– First Actual Network Experiment, Lincoln Labs TX-2 tied to SDC's Q32 [MIT], 1965

– ARPA Communications Program, 1966

– ARPA IPTO Chief Scientist and begins the design of the APRANET, 1966

– Original ARPANET Design Paper, 1967

– Request For Proposals released for ARPANET, 1968

– Fourth Director of ARPA IPTO, 1969

– Packet Satellite Technique, 1971

– First Email Management Program, 1972



Pakar Pelopor• Steve Crocker

– Request For Comments (RFC) #1, Host Software tulisan Steve Crocker mencakup Host-to-Host protocol, the first output of the Network Working Group.

• Ray Tomlinson– First basic Email Programs, SNGMSG and READMAIL.

• Jon Postel– FTP Protocol Specification ( RFC 354)– Domain Name System.

• Robert Metcalfe– First Ethernet Operation at Xerox PARC

• Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf– First Internetworking Protocol, TCP outlined in a paper



Pengetahuan Dasar

• Computer Network [Jaringan Komputer]

– (terminal, komputer, server, sistem-lain) yang saling terhubung sehingga mempermudah aliran data dan saling memakai resources.

– Kategori [http://compnetworking.about.com]

• LAN (local area network) / MAN (metropolitan AN) / WAN (wide AN) / VLAN (virtual LAN)/ VPN (virtual private network) / SAN (Storage AN, dedicated LAN/WAN untuk mass data storage and retrieval; / System AN, high-performance & high-speed LAN dengan konfigurasi cluster) /

CAN (Cluster / Controller AN)

• Internet / Intranet / Extranet



Pengetahuan Dasar• Network

LAN : computer network covering a small geographic area. MAN : large computer networks usually spanning a city WAN : computer network that covers a broad area (i.e., any

network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries

– LAN (local area network): network yang memakai bersama sebuah atau/beberapa server di satu lokasi [kantor/gedung] yang membangun interoffice system– MAN > LAN < WAN, memakai dedicated / highperformance hardware.– WAN (wide area network):

• LANs yang saling terhubung dalam area luas • Internet = WAN, extranet = WAN.• perangkat beragam & mahal dibanding LAN. Teknologi

pengembangan WAN: SONET, frame relay, dan ATM.



Pengetahuan Dasar

• Internet

– Sistem informasi global yang:

• secara logikal saling terhubung oleh sebuah ruang adres unik global berbasis Internet Protocol/IP [IP:standar pengontrol koneksi, komunikasi dan data transfer via internet];

• mampu menunjang komunikasi berbasis Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) atau ekstensi-nya, dan/atau protokol lain yang IP-compatible; dan dapat diakses, secara publik maupun private.



Pengetahuan Dasar• Internet :

– Jaringan komputer di mana situs-situs akademik, pemerintah, dan organisasi lain dapat melakukan:• komunikasi langsung (e-mail, chat)• konferensi online (Usenet News, e- mail discussion lists)• akses sumber informasi terdistribusi (World Wide Web, Gopher)• remote login [login jarak jauh] dan file transfer (telnet, ftp), dan lainnya.

– Berbasis sekumpulan protocol baku, komputer yang tersambung memiliki domain name system / DNS dan adres IP sendiri.



Pengetahuan Dasar• Intranet :

– LAN yang diimplementasi teknologi WWW; atau

– Private Internet

• Private network enterprise, LAN saling terhubung & bisa terhubung pada WAN / internet melalui gateway.

• Para pegawai dapat memakai bersama informasi dan fasilitas komputasi, juga memfasilitasi working groups dan teleconferences.

• Implementasi TCP/IP, HTTP, dan IP lainnya.• Pemakai dapat mengakses [Global / Public] Internet

melalui firewall servers yang menyaring informasi yang mengancam company security.



Pengetahuan Dasar

• Extranet :

– Private network menggunakan IP & telecommunikasi publik untuk kerjasama bisnis dengan suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, & lainnya.

– Dapat dipandang sebagai company's intranet yang diperluas untuk melayani pemakai mitra perusahaan.

– Perlu keamanan dan privasi, menerapkan firewall server management:

• user authentication• encryption of messages• menggunakan virtual private networks (VPN) yang

memanfaatkan jaringan komunikasi publik.



Pengetahuan Dasar

• Operasional Extranet

– Bertukar data volume besar dengan Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) / XML

– Berbagi katalog produk

– Berkolaborasi & bekerjasama dalam berbagai aktifitas bisnis

– Mengembangkan program pelatihan bersama

– Pelayanan oleh satu perusahaan bagi sekelompok perusahaan lain, misal online banking yang dikelola sabuah bank untuk bank-bank lain yang berafiliasi

– Berbagi berita yang menarik antar perusahaan



Internet & Masyarakat

• Dampak [ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2150.txt]

– Akses sangat mudah, perolehan info relatif murah & banyak.

– Integrasi informasi, komunikasi, dan hiburan [+audio, video, multimedia] makin mempermudah penyampaian segala jenis pengajaran.

– Kebudayaan yang baik sangat mudah terpengaruh bila tanpa filter, pengaruh info negatif pada generasi muda > TV/radio.

– Agar info positif > negatif, peranan artist, scientist & engineer sangat penting.



Internet & Masyarakat

• Komunitas Global

– Komunikasi tak dibatasi wilayah / kebangsaan / waktu

– Segala jenis data/info tersedia di berbagai jenis situs

– Berbagi kerja dan berkolaborasi mudah dilakukan oleh setiap individu dalam satu atau berbeda instansi /organisasi dalam satu atau berbeda bidang/minat.

• Ketersediaan

– Shareware, Freely Copyable software programs yang dapat di-download

– Libraries, stores, and news groups untuk mencari tools atau informasi lainnya.



Penggunaan Internet• Pengadresan

– Domain ~ kategori hirarki organisasi abstrak ke mana sebuah komputer/ situs / jaringan terdaftar, di mana top level :

• com untuk perusahaan komersil• edu untuk institusi pendidian• gov untuk situs pemerintah• net untuk infrastruktur jaringan• org untuk organisasi non-komersil• us untuk situs di USA• id untuk situs di Indonesia

– Di bawah domain dapat tercantum banyak sub domain



Penggunaan Internet• Pengadresan

– Tiap pemakai memiliki DNS dan username

– Komputer harus memiliki IP address, 4 grup bilangan dipisah oleh titik [misal: 123.123.123.123]

– Informasi memiliki URL~ alamat dokumen• misal: "http://www.waralaba.com/lok-dir/filename.ext".• Jenis yang populer:

– http = hypertext transfer protocol [the set of rules that control

the way data is sent and received over the Internet] – ftp = file transfer protocol [a set of rules for sending

files from one computer to another on the Internet ]– telnet = telecommunication network protocol,

remote service – smtp = simple mail transfer protocol

– nttp = network news transfer protocol

Penggunaan Internet

• Fasilitas

– Forum ~ tempat bertemu publik secara elektronik untuk diskusi terbuka:

• Message-based Communications, one-to-many

– Electronic mail

– Newsgroup, electronic bulletin board system created originally by the Unix community, misal Usenet

News yang membahas banyak topik secara hirarkis [comp =komputer, rec rekreasi, soc= sosial, sci = sains, dll.

– Bulletin Board System (BBS), a computer + associated software, typically providing electronic messaging

services, archives of files, and any other services or activities of interest to the BBS’s operator



Penggunaan Internet

• Fasilitas– Forum

• Real-Time Communications ~ komunikasi di mana delay yang terjadi seminim mungkin, berbasis teks di mana tiap

user memiliki special regions pada monitor [wilayah pengiriman dan penerimaan]

` – Internet Relay Chat (IRC, WebChat), text-based mechanism communication with multiple participants.

– Multicasting, technical term that means that you can send pieces of data (packets), to multiple sites

simultaneously.

– MUD [Multi-User Dungeon], an interactive game environment where both real other players and virtual other players exist and with whom you can communicate to share ideas, solve puzzles, etc.



Penggunaan Internet• Fasilitas

– Forum - Real-Time Communications

– MUD, Dungeon ~ dungeon-like environment where evil goblins, demons, and other bad-guys are wandering around ready to kill

– Audio Video Conferencing, [teachers - students, doctors - patients, artists - audience] contoh CUSeeMe [Macintosh and Windows users with an Internet connection and a desktop camera to see, hear and speak with other CU- SeeMe users across the world; this program was developed at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, USA and is freely available.]



Penggunaan Internet

• Fasilitas

– Archive [Webster's]a) a place where public records, documents, etc. are kept

b)a place where material having documentary interest, as private papers, institutional records, memorabilia, or photographs, is kept.

– Internet’s Archives are pretty much ~ exact same thing.

– Searching memakai search engine[a program usually living on a remote computer thatspends its time downloading information from othercomputers and building an index of what lives where[nickname = Web Crawler].



Penggunaan Internet

• Fasilitas– Contoh search engine

• Yahoo - Index of WWW sites, with search capabilities http://www.yahoo.com/

• DejaNews - USENET (news groups) search engine http://www.dejanews.com/

• WebCrawler - http://query.webcrawler.com/• Lycos - http://www.lycos.com/• AltaVista - WWW and USENET search engine

http://www.altavista.digital.com/• Magellan - Index of reviewed and rated Internet sites,

with search capabilities http://www.mckinley.com/• Google - Index of WWW sites, with search capabilities

http://www.google.com/



Penggunaan Internet

• World Wide Web ~ Web

– subset of the computers di Internet

– visualisasi Web sebagai rak giant magazine stand with a vast web of strings connecting various words pictures and ideas.

– organisasi Web tidak hirarkis, Web is broken up into a large set of pages (Web Pages), informasi dihubungkan dengan hypertext links.

– klik pada highlighted word / picture to call up a page of related information



Penggunaan Internet

• Cara Akses

– Akses Internet ~ receiving, downloading, and viewing files, menggunakan same tools (SW&HW) needed to create files and make them available on the Internet; memerlukan dukungan:

• Internet Service Providers

• HW + SW + modem

• Web browser

• SW anti virus

• Perangkat akses multimedia: sound card + speakers, CD-ROM player, midi equip., video equip., printer



Penggunaan Internet

• Tahapan Pengembangan Situs

– Pembuatan & pendaftaran

– Kreasi isi

• Getting help [lewat: Forum, BBS, Chat, dll.]• Format file: public domain, proprietary, dll.• Kreasi dokumen text & hyper text• Kreasi citra grafik & animasi [format: bitmap, vector,

video]• Kreasi digital audio, suara & musik

• Publikasi• Issues & Chalenges

– Security, viruses, standard disclaimer & copyrights & intellectual property (copyright, trademark, privacy, advicing), cryptography, netiquette.


Dampak SosialDampak SosialTeknologiTeknologi



Materi

• Kilas Balik

• Dampak Komputerisasi

• Kini & Masa Depan



Kilas Balik

• Definisi [www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/]

– Computer adalah mesin yang dapat diprogram untuk memanipulasi simbol. Komputer dapat mengerjakan prosesproses rumit dan berulang quickly, precisely and reliably serta dapat menyimpan dan mengambil kembali banyak data dengan cepat sekali.

– Computerization ~• to enter, process, or store (information) in a computer or

system of computers• a society where computers are ubiquitous; to carry out,

control, or conduct by means of a computer.

– IT (Applied computer systems) - HW dan SW , termasuk networking and telecommunication, biasanya dalam konteks bisnis [that deals with all things electronic].



Kilas Balik

• Sejarah Alat Hitung– Alamiah– Abacus– Napier’s Bones & Mistar hitung– Pascaline

• Sejarah Komputer [elektronis]– Babbage [Difference / analytical] engine– ENIAC, EDSAC, EDVAC– Neuman’s concept / IAS– UNIVAC



Kilas Balik

• Generasi Komputer [elektronis, berdasar komponen utama]– Tabung– Transistor– IC [Conductor / semiconductor / superconductor]– SSI / MSI / LSI / VLSI / ULSI

• Klasifikasi Komputer– Supercomputer– Large scale / mainframe computer– Minicomputer– Microcomputer / PC / desktop / workstation– Laptop / palmtop / PDA– etc. ………



Kilas Balik

• Kemajuan Teknologi Lain

– Mesin uap– Lampu listrik– Telegraf & telepon– Pesawat terbang– Bom atom– Laser– Roket– Satelit & pesawat ruang angkasa– Bio / Nano / Material - technology



Dampak Komputerisasi

• Proses & Komunikasi– 1955, IBM 650 - 1st University machine– 1960, IBM 1620 - 1st College machine [programer awal]– 1964, 1st e-mail & personal computing [time sharing]– 1975, jaringan komputer di kantor & jaringan– 1980-an, ARPANet, NSFNet, BITNET– 1990-an, INTERNET - WWW [era ubiquitous computing]

• Fungsi Komputer [sekarang], sebagai– Pencacah bilangan & General purpose system– Utility & tool– Komunikator– Search Engine




• Sejauh mana pengaruh TI ?

– Pemakai mulai berpaling dari elit professionally responsible ke komunitas dengan berbagai kepentingan yang makin luas

– Very high level applications memungkinkan kemudahan bagi tiap orang [trained, untrained, untrainable, the don’t-wannabetrained] dapat membuat sebuah program.

• Tingkatan dampak ?

– Penggantian aktifitas langsung dengan sedikit perubahan pada produktifitas

– Peningkatan berbagai aktifitas dengan perbaikan kecepatan dan efisiensi

– Perluasan ke berbagai aktifitas yang dahulu belum bisa dilakukan




• Membagi ala DIJITAL ?

– High / low, on / off, true / false, biner

– Kaya dan miskin

– Sekolah favorit dan sekolah pinggiran

– Tua dan muda

– Laki-laki dan perempuan

– Orangtua dan anak

– Kota dan kampung

– Atasan dan bawahan

– Dosen dan non-dosen




• Kehidupan manusia bertambah baik / buruk?

• Manusia sangat tergantung pada komputer ?

• Akibat kemajuan teknologi [selain TI], manusia sangat tergantung pada:

– Mobil ?– Minyak bumi ?– Listrik ?– Telefon ?– TV ?– Pesawat ?



Kini & Masa Depan

• Kehidupan

– Alat rumah-tangga: microwave, …..– Alat hiburan: radio, TV, ….– Alat komunikasi: telepon, …– Mobil [pribadi]

• Pendidikan

– Pelajaran + praktik TI tingkat PT/SMU/SMP/SD– e-learning, online course, e-education– Freeware, shareware, opensource



Kini & Masa Depan

• Bisnis & Industri

– e-commerce– e-banking– expert system [AI]– CAD/CAM/CAX ………– Robotic

• Instansi/organisasi

– Komputerisasi / otomasi kantor– Tingkat kepegawaian– Teleworking– Efisiensi sumberdaya



Kini & Masa Depan

• Sains & Teknologi (R & D)– Lingkungan PT– Lingkungan industri– High Tech [Nano- /bio- /material- tech], bioinformatik

• Masalah– Community change [indirect interactions]– Cultural & National Sovereignty– Workplace & economic impacts [organization & skills]– Information impacts [equity of access, pricing, regulation, consumer rights, privacy, e-freedoms]– Legality & security [computer crime]



Kini & Masa Depan• Pendekatan Solusi

– Risk Analysis• Quantitative

– probability of an event occurring– likely loss should it occur

• Qualitative (estimated potential loss)– threats [fire, frauds, ..] / vulnerabilities / controls

– Risk Management• proactive / reactive / non-reactive [measures]

– Control & Audit• evaluate & monitor company's risk management,

reporting, and control practices & make suggestions for improvement [not only organization's finance function, but all the operations & systems.]



Kini & Masa Depan

• Negatif ?

– Pengangguran, akibat otomatisasi– Kriminal

• virus• pembobolan• pembajakan SW• pencurian perangkat

– Privacy• cracking / hacking ?• pencurian informasi• duplikasi & manipulasi informasi


Manajemen DataManajemen Datadan Informasidan Informasi



Pengertian Dasar

• Data Management System (DMS)

– Kombinasi SW, HW, dan informasi yang didesain agar semudah mungkin cara penyimpanan dan pengambilannya kembali untuk pemanfaatannya.

– Dua jenis

• File management system (FMS) ~ sebuah DMS yang setiap saat hanya mengakses data/informasi 1 tabel atau 1 file. Cara pembuatan, pemeliharaan, dan pemakaiannya mudah dan murah [personal].

• Database Management System (DBMS) ~ sebuah DMS yang setiap saat dapat mengakses banyak tabel / file. Cara pembuatan, pemeliharaan, dan pemakaiannya tidak mudah dan tidak murah [instansi/organisasi].



Pengertian Dasar

• Tools untuk DMS

– Relational DataBase Management System adalah sebuah program untuk create, update, & administer sebuah basisdata relasional. Contoh: Oracle, DB2, SQL Server.

– Structured Query Language (baca "S-Q-L" atau "sequel") ~ bahasa baku/standard ["Select", "Insert", "Update", "Delete", "Create", and "Drop” ] untuk RDBMS.

– Object-oriented DataBase Management System ~ DBMS yang menunjang pemodelan dan kresi data sebagai objects, menentukan class dari objek dan inheritance dari class serta metoda-metoda untuk

menangani objek-objek tersebut.



Pengertian Dasar

• Tools untuk DMS

– Open DataBase Connectivity ~ API baku yang dikembangkan berdasar pada spesifikasi SQL Access Group, untuk koneksi ke basisdata SQL menghasilkan database independent applications.

– Java DataBase Connectivity ~ antarmuka agar dapat akses ke banyak basisdata lintas WWW dengan mudah,

misal jdbc://www.swaps.com:400/databasefile.

– Common Object Request Broker Architecture - memungkinkan sebuah pr oram di satu komputer minta informasi pada program lain di komputer lainnya [dalam jaringan], tanpa perlu memahami bahasa yang dipakai atau cara memintanya.



Pengertian Dasar

• Prinsip Manajemen Data– Access Restrictions - larangan akses & proses data

• Temporer, saat administrator meng-update & validasi.• Temporer, untuk menjaga intellectual property.• Temporer, sebagai jaminan pada rekanan/sponsor.• Permanen, untuk menjaga privacy of human subjects.

– Data Retention and Storage• Umumnya sebuah instansi/perusahaan dapat

menentukan minimal 3 tahun sesaat mulai operasional.• Banyak ahli merekomendasikan 5 tahun sesaat mulai

operasional. Banyak instansi besar menentukan < 5 tahun.• Bila terkait dengan hak paten dan legalitas lainnya, perlu

minta pendapat ahli hukum sebelun data dihancurkan.



Pengarsipan (Filing)

• Byte / karakter = å bits = 8 bit [ASCII]• String = rangkaian alfanumerik• Field / data item = å bytes terbatas• Record = å fields yang saling terkait• File = å records sejenis• Database = å files terintegrasi• Directory = area media tempat penyimpan files• Volume = satuan identifiable data storage, physically removable :

tape cartridge / reel, hard / floppy disk.



Pengarsipan

• Kategori Akses <==> organisasi– Serial, penyimpanan seadanya tanpa melihat urutan– Sequential, penyimpanan runtut dengan urutan kunci– Index Sequential, file sekuensial di mana akses record memakai tabel indeks.– Random/direct, penyimpanan acak di mana akses record memakai pointer

• Jenis File– Master - file terbaru, terlengkap, operasional– Transaction - file untuk meng-update master– Backup - file duplikat master --> cucu-anak- kakek– Scratch - file hasil pilahan dari master siap diproses– History - file yang “dipensiun”, diproses hanya bila perlu



Pengarsipan• Karakteristik File

– Volatility ~ frekuensi updating tinggi >< static.– Size ~ volume / kapasitas– Activity ~ hit rate = jml % volume file yang diproses persatuan waktu– Expansion ~ growth = tingkat pertumbuhan maksimum kapasitas sebuah file yang direncanakan.

• Updating– Add– Change– Delete– Modify



Pengarsipan

• Media Penyimpan– Kertas– Tape

• organisasi sekuensial• kerapatan (density): 800, 1600• gap [record / block]: 0.5 / 0.75 inch

– Disk• organisasi indeks / acak• kerapatan• gap• sector & track,



PDT (Pengolahan Data Tradisional)

• Siklus Hidup– Identifikasi masalah & objektif [studi kelayakan]– Determinasi kebutuhan informasi & Analisis sistem lama– Desain sistem baru– Pemrograman & dokumentasi SW– Uji coba & penyempurnaan– Penerapan & evaluasi– Operasional

• Sumberdaya Manusia– Manajemen– Analis– Pemrogram– Administrator



PDT

• Prosedur Umum

– Rencanakan kebutuhan data– Rancang format data masukan dan keluaran– Rencanakan cara pengumpulan & klasifikasi data– Definisikan & rancang organisasi file [-file]– Bagaimana cara entri data ?

• Verifikasi• Validasi

– Rencanakan cara penyimpanan & pengamanannya– Bagaimana cara pengambilan kembali, proses data dan pembuatan keluaran, distribusi hasil ?



PDT

• Kelemahan– Uncontrolled redundancy: aplikasi Û file sendiri– Inconsistent data: 1 file di bbrp lokasi, sebagian di-update– Inflexibility: desain tidak terpadu => respons lambat / nihil– Limited data sharing Û Uncontrolled redundancy– Poor standards => operasional tidak efektif– Low programmer productivity Û Poor standards– Excessive program maintenance

• Pendekatan Richard Nolan– Data Processing Era, 3 stages : Intiation, Contagion, Control– Information Technology Era, 3 stages : Integration,Architecture, Distribution



Basisdata

• Database ~ S files terintegrasi

• Data Format– Representasi: karakter, numerik, campuran?– Ukuran fields, records, files ?– Bagaimana cara menampilkan informasi di monitor dan di kertas ?– Bagaimana cara penyimpanan internal ?

• Data warehouse– Kumpulan terpadu data perusahaan, dapat diakses oleh business managers, administrators, service providers & researchers yang berhak untuk: dianalisis, menghasilkan ad hoc queries & reports, dan cara pemeliharaan data subsets.



Basisdata

• Data Mining

– Aktifitas ekstraksi informasi yang tujuannya untuk menemukan fakta- fakta tersembunyi dalam basisdata, yang memungkinkan prediksi hasil- hasil pada masa datang.

• Data Model

– Hasil proses desain basisdata yang dapat dipakai untuk mengidentifkasi dan mengorganisasi data logically & physically.

– Akan menunjukkan semua informasi yang harus ada dalam basisdata, bagaimana cara penggunaannya, dan bagaimana setiap item database akan saling terkait.



Basisdata

• Tingkat Model Data– External (user views) Conceptual– Internal [DBMS dependent] Physical

• Jenis Basisdata, piramid– Operasional « transaction processing– Manajerial « management information system– Stratejik « decision support system

• Asosiasi data– One-to-one : NIM « Nama-mhs– One-to-many : NIM « Cek-medis– Many-to-many : S NIM « S Mt-kul



Basisdata

• Logical Model

– Hierarchy– Network– Relational– Object-oriented

• Terminologi

– Attribute ~ kolom tabel– Entity ~ konsep/objek data terdefinisi– Table ~ file– Tupple ~ baris tabel ~ record



MIS (Management Information System)

• Definisi– Segala sumberdaya & prosedur yang dibutuhkan untuk

mengumpulkan, proses, dan distribusi informasi yang akan digunakan untuk ambil keputusan.– Sistem user-machine terpadu yang menghasilkan informasi untuk menunjang operasi, manajemen, analisis, dan fungsi-fungsi pengambilan keputusan dalam organisasi.

• Sifat dari needed information– Accuracy– Timeliness– Completeness– Conciseness



MIS

• Istilah– MIS ~ IS ~ IPS ~ CBIS

• Menggunakan– Komputer [HW & SW]– Prosedur-prosedur manual– Model-model untuk: analysis, planning, control, decision making.– Basisdata

• Perspektif– Bisnis: IS Û organization, management, technology– Kontemporer: IS Û technical (computer sc., management sc., OR), behavioral (Economics, psychology, sociology)



MIS

• Struktur

– Berbasis aktifitas manajemen: strategic, tactical, operational.

– Berbasis fungsi organisasi: (strategic planning, management control, operational control, transaction processing) versus (sales & marketing, production, logistics, personnel, finance& accounting, information proc., top-man).

• Sintesis

– Conceptual structure ~ organizational MIS

– Physical structure ~ integrated processing & common modules.


SekuritiSekuritidan Etikadan Etika



Sekuriti

• Apakah Computer Security ?

– Prosedur-prosedur technological & managerial yang diterapkan pada sistem komputer untuk menjaga availability, integrity & confidentiality informasi yang dikelola.

[www.tsl.state.tx.us/ld/pubs/compsecurity/ glossary.html]

• Taksonomi pokok, CIA: [www.albion.com/security/intro-4.html]

– Confidentiality - penjaminan bahwa informasi tidak dapat diakses oleh unauthorized persons.

– Integrity - penjaminan bahwa informasi tidak diubah oleh unauthorized persons kecuali oleh authorized users.– Authentication - penjaminan bahwa users adalah persons they claim to be (yang berhak).



Sekuriti

• Taksonomi lain

– Access control - penjaminan bahwa users hanya akses ke resources and services yang telah ditentukan & qualified users tidak ditolak akses ke services that legitimately expect to receive.

– Nonrepudiation - penjaminan bahwa pengirim messages tidak dapat menyangkal fakta.

– Availability - penjaminan bahwa sebuah sistem operational & functional tiap saat [redundancy], loss of availability disebut "denial-of-service”.

– Privacy - penjaminan bahwa individuals maintain the right to control what information is collected about them, how it is used, who has used it, who maintains it, and what purpose it is used for.



Domain

– Physical security - pengendalian comings and goings of people and materials; proteksi terhadap elements & natural disasters.

– Operational/procedural security - mencakup segala hal mulai dari managerial policy decisions sampai dengan reporting hierarchies.

– Personnel security - penjaringan pegawai: background screening, training, security briefings, monitoring, and handling departures.

– System security - pengawasan akses & otentikasi users, assignment of privilege, maintaining file and filesystem integrity, backups, monitoring processes, log-keeping, and auditing.

– Network security -- proteksi perangkat jari. & telekomunikasi, proteksi network servers & transmissions, memerangi penyadapan, pengendalian akses dari untrusted networks, firewalls, dan deteksi intrusi.



Sekuriti

• General Security Rules [www.albion.com]

– R-1: Security through obscurity [samar] doesn’t work.[X-Files: "There's always someone watching.”]

– R-2: Full disclosure of bugs & holes benefits security. [It's best if the vendors announced along with fixes].

– R-3: [Farmer's Law, promulgated disebar-luaskan] by computer security researcher Dan Farmer:] "The Security of a Computer System Degrades in Direct Proportion to the Amount of Use the System Receives.”

– R-4: Do it before someone does it wrong for you. [Computer security can never be implemented in a vacuum.]



Sekuriti• General Security Rules [www.albion.com]

– R-5: The fear of getting cought is the beginning of wisdom. [Don't underestimate the value of deterrence / rintangan.]

– R-6: There’s always someone out there smarter, more knowledgeable, or better eqquiped than you [Be careful about the assumptions you make concerning the threats your systems face.].

– R-7: There are no turnkey security solutions [There's no checklist that will account for all vulnerabilities.].

– R-8: The Good & Evil blend into gray [There are "good guys“ and "bad guys" out there, or "white hats" and "black hats.” ].

– R-9: Think like the enemy [akibat R-8].

– R-10: Trust is a relative concept [”Trust no one" is the strongest policy].



Net Dysfunctionality

• Accidental [www.anu.edu.au/people/RogerClarke/II/Netethiquettecases]

– Information overload, karena kiriman data /email yang banyak/besar & tidak relevan.

– Rumour & accidental misinformation, gosip.

– Negligent defamation, sebaran fitnah krn ceroboh.

– Persistence, anggota milis keluar lupa dihapus.

– Minor plagiarism, info dari situs diakui hasil sendiri.

– Inadequate care with data, me-reply email dengan tambahan info sensitif/rahasia.

– Trawling / Spidering, pengomentari dengan hal-hal yang sifatnya rahasia.




• Socially Aggressive

– Intentional misinformation, penyebaran fitnah.– Flaming, kirim email berbahasa kasar/kotor (foul /abusive).– Intentional defamation, sebaran fitnah.– Harassment, progam / email untuk pengacauan trafik.– Mail-bombing, pengiriman banyak email ke suatu mailbox.– Obscenity, penyediaan material yang asusila di situs.– Incitement, berita hasutan melalui bulletin board.– Impersonation, pemalsuan identitas gender di milis.– Surveillance, ngintip isi email-email banyak orang.




• Economically Aggressive

– Spamming, sebaran iklan ke banyak milis dengan banyak jawaban sehingga mailbox overflow.– Advertising, promotion, & soliciting, sebaran iklan ke banyak milis tapi intruder, dll. merugikan terkirim.– Secondary use of data, pemakaian transaksi jaringan tanpa modal.– Serious plagiarism, penjiplakan karya tulis dari situs.– Abuse of intellectual property rights, pengambilan bahan dari situs tanpa menyebut sumber.– Hacking, pembobolan keamanan sistem.– Viruses & worms, ngirim program perusak melalui jar.– Security breach, penyebaran program SATAN (Security Administrator Tool for Analyzing Networks).




• Avoidance

– Circumvention [menghindari, contoh: Someone establishes a web-server in a tax haven, and offers merchants a service whereby net-facilitated sales are legally made in that location, thereby avoiding paying tax in which the buyer and/or seller operate. ]

– Anonymisation [A so-called 'anonymous remailer' receives email addressed to a third party, removes the sender's identification, and forwards it to the intended recipient.]

– Obscuration [penyamaran, contoh: A sender encrypts their messages, but registers various parts of the encryption key with various different people and organisations, such that the messages can be decrypted provided that several of them collaborate. ]

– Compound cases [Someone brings the story to the attention of the 'victim'. ]



Computer Crimes

• Apa Computer Crime ? [www.hyperdictionary.com]

– Breaking the criminal law by use of a computer.

– Any criminal activity involving the copy of, use of, removal of, interference with, access to, manipulation of computer systems, and/or their related functions, to data or programs.

• Pelaku ?

– Hacker, mereka yang berwatak arogan [bangga diri ?] (proud of ) dengan apa yang mereka dilakukan dan publish their achievement.

– Cracker, person which hacking for profit.



Computer Crimes

• Apa motif penyusup/pembobol ?

– Kesombongan / ego [ingin menguji kemampuan yang lain] / mpo.

– Politik (hactivism).

– Iri / ingin merugikan perusahaan.

• Konsekuensi perusahaan

– Kredibilitas turun

– Kemajuan terhambat

– Menyesatkan pelanggan

– Kehilangan peluang bisnis



Computer Crimes

• Attacks yang sering ? [www.leccorder.com]

– Password sniffing, misalnya dengan TCP Grab atau Passfinder.

– CGI PHF (packet handling function) dapat dipakai untuk extract password file.

– Holes in public commercial & domain software (sendmail, flexlm, ftpd, …)

– Hostile [musuh ?] Java Applets.

– Invasion of privacy, access & modification to private data.

– Viruses.



Computer Crimes

• Attacks “favorit” ?

– Theft of data and resources.

– Denial-of-service attacks.

– Malicious codes and viruses.

– Malfeasance [penyalah-gunaan jabatan] by Computer.

• Jenis pencurian data ?

– Menyusup ke sebuah komputer, mencuri private files.

– Seseorang memakai computer account yang lain.

– Pencurian fisik [Laptops, PC, dll.].

– Penyerangan melalui email/internet.



Computer Crimes

• DoS attack

– Caranya ?• Mengunci komputer / website sehingga tidak berfungsi,

bahkan mungkin sampai crash.• Keeping you from doing any work, receiving any mail,

getting any online orders.– Akibatnya ?

• Pekerjaan terhambat• Menghalangi komunikasi melalui e-mail• e-activity [eCommerce, eLearning, ..] terganggu / mati.

– Contoh ?• Web sit-ins [protes, demo], e-mail bombs, ……



Computer Crimes

• Apa Malfeasance by Computer ? [= "gray" areas of computer abuse]– Computer-related behavior stretches the bounds of legality and may be viewed as only technically wrong, despite its widespread, potentially negative impact.

• Apa yang mungkin jadi penyebabnya ?– Memakai /membeli SW bajakan.– Pegawai secara rahasia membangun DB sebagai usaha sampingan.– Seseorang memakai account number & password orang lain untuk melihat isi sebuah DB.– Pelanggan memberi unlisted telephone number di swalayan.– Pemrogram sebuah Univ. membuat program jadwal kuliah lalu pindah ke universitas lain dengan membawa kopi program untuk dipakai di tempat baru.



Malicious Program

• Apa Malicious Program ? [www.rbs2.com/cvirus.htm ]– Program ganas/jahat penyebab kerugian (harm) ekstensif, tiap insiden harus dihadapi konsekwensi legal [penerapan hukum bagi pembuat program.

• Untuk apa tahu Malicious Program ?– Bila tahu kerusakan terjadi, agar tiap pemilik komputer selalu

memproteksinya dari tiap attacks mendatang.– Hukum yang ada hanya bereaksi pada kerusakan yang terakhir, bila ada Malicious Program baru [dan mungkin lebih ganas] maka hukum perlu diperbaru.– Agar penegak hukum mengganjar pembuat Malicious Program seberat mungkin.



Malicious Program

• Apakah ini juga malicious program ?

– Virus ~• Program that can reproduce by changing other programs

to include a copy of itself. It is a parasite program, needing another program to survive.

• Program that is designed to hide in the background and replicate itself from one computer to another by attaching itself to existing programs or parts of the operating system.

– Hoax ~ something intended to deceive [bohong];deliberate trickery intended to gain an advantage.[www.cogsci.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/webwn]



Malicious Program

• Apakah ini juga malicious program ?

– Worm ~ Program yang menyebarkan diri sendiri dari sistem ke sistem sepanjang jaringan.

– Trojan Horse ~ Program yang menyamar (masquerade) sebagai sesuatu yang useful or amusing, tetapi melakukan

sesuatu yang tak terduga.

• Pencurian passwords, credit card numbers, files, ..dsb.

• Penyebaran DoS attacks or worms/viruses.

• Sabotage, especially by insiders (time bombs).

• Biasanya dikirimkan di dalam sebuah game



Malicious Program

• Beberapa jenis Malicious Program

– Brain virus, virus untuk MS DOS dibuat 1986 berisi [unencrypted text] nama, adres, & nomor telefon Brain Computer Services (BCS) - swalayan di Lahore, Pakistan. Virus menginfeksi boot sector disket 5¼ . Robert Slade, ahli virus yakin virus dibuat sebagai bentuk iklan BCS.

– Lehigh Virus, Nov. 1987, virus yang menginfeksi file COMMAND.COM pada disket DOS di Lehigh Univ.

– Christma Worm, worm dalam bahasa REXX dibuat mahasiswa di Jerman Desember 1987 di jaringan IBM mainframe di Eropa. Worm memunculkan suatu citra pohon conifer di monitor, sambil mencari 2 files pada user's account to collect e-mail addresses kemudian secara

otomatis sent itself ke adres-adres tersebut.



Malicious Program


– Morris Worm, 2 November 1988 - Robert Tappan Morris, first-year CS graduate student Cornell Univ., worm yang secara efectif shut down Internet untuk beberapa hari.

– MBDF Virus, 1992 - 4 undergraduate students [Blumenthal, Pilgrim, Doe, ?] di Cornell Univ. created and released virus MBDF, attacks Apple Mac., berupa 3 shareware programs:

• Obnoxious Tetris [game]

• Ten Tile Puzzle [game]

• Tetriscycle [Trojan Horse berisi encrypted copy dari MBDF.

– Komputer yang terinfeksi MBDF Virus ada di seluruh wilayah USA, Japan, Europe, Australia, and Canada.



Malicious Program


– Pathogen Virus, April 1994 di-release di UK oleh Christopher Pile [“Black Baron”, pemrogram] yang uploading infected file ke computer bulletin board, di mana korban dapat download a copy of the file.

– Melissa virus, released on 26 March 1999 di-design to infect macros in wordprocessing documents used by the Microsoft Word 97 and Word 2000 programs.

– ILOVEYOU worm, pertama ditemukan di Hong Kong 4 - 5 - 2000 menyerang ³ 1/2 perusahaan di USA dan ³ 105 mail servers

di Eropa.[Internal e-mail systems at U.S. Senate & Britain's House of Commons were shut down.]



Etika - Etiket - Netiket

• Apa etiket = etika ? [pcwebopaedia.com]/www.hyperdictionary.com]

– Ethic [etika] ~ the principles of right and wrong that are accepted by an individual or a social group; "the Puritan ethic"; "a person with old- fashioned values”.– Etiquette [etiket] ~ rules governing socially acceptable behavior.– Netiquette ~

• Internet/network etiquette, panduan etiket untuk posting pesan-pesan layanan online [newsgoups], mencakup segala aturan, cara diskusi, format sederhana, ..

• A comprehensive guide to all aspects of electronic [do's and don'ts of online] communication, including Telnet and FTP.




• Prinsip umum etika [www.ccis.edu/Departments/TechnologyServices]– Respect for intellectual labor and creativity to academic discourse and enterprise. It applies to works of all authors and publishers in all media. It encompasses respect for the right to acknowledgment, right to privacy,

and right to determine the form, manner and terms of publication and distribution.

– Because electronic information is so volatile and easily reproduced, respect for the work and personal expression of others is especially critical in computer environments. Violations of authorial integrity,

including plagiarism, invasion of privacy, unauthorized access, and trade secrets and copyright violations, may be grounds for sanctions against members of the academic community.




• Bagaimana cara Ethical and Responsible Use of Computers ?

– Ingat bahwa semua fasilitas & perangkat komputasi adalah for purposes of work [business, instruction, & research].

– Taati semua aturan dan prosedur yang berlau.

– Jaringan komputer & telekomunikasi untuk free exchange of ideas and information, jadi enhancing teaching & research, as well as enabling employees to work more efficiently and productively.

– Users must not use systems of any kind to send material that is obscene, illegal, discriminating, or intended to defame or harass others, or to interfere with their work on the computer.




• Bagaimana ….. ?

– Everyone who use the computers have the right to security of their computer programs and data.

– Security systems for computers exist to ensure that only authorized users have access to computer resources.

– Abusers of computing privileges will be subject to disciplinary action.

– Software license agreements serve to increase compliance with copyright and patent laws, and to help insure publishers, authors and developers of return on their investments.




• RFC 1855, Netiquette Guidelines [www.dfcc.edu/cs/rfc1855.html]

– Komunikasi 1 - 1

• Email [ownership, mail on the Internet is not secure, respect the copyright, if forwarding / re-posting don’t change the wording, never send chain letters via electronic mail, not send heated messages /

"flames”, check all your mail subjects before responding, make things easy for the recipient, etc.]

• Talk is a set of protocols which allow two people to have an interactive dialogue via computer [use mixed case and proper punctuation, write out no more than 70 characters, and no more than 12 lines, leave some

margin, remember that talk is an interruption to the other person, always say goodbye or some other farewell, .. etc.].




• RFC 1855– Komunikasi 1 - N

• General [Read both mailing lists and newsgroups for one to two months before you post anything, Do not blame the system administrator for the behavior of the system users, Consider that a l arge audience will see your posts, Assume that individuals speak for themselves, Messages and articles should be brief and to the point, etc. ].

• Mailing list [Send subscribe and unsubscribe messages to the appropriate address, Save the subscription messages for any lists you join, it's not possible to retrieve messages once you have sent them, auto-reply feature of many mailers is useful for in-house communication, Don't send large files to mailing lists when Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) or pointers to ftp-able versions will do, etc.]




• RFC 1855– NetNews is a globally distributed system which allows people to communicate on topics of specific interest. [posting/cossposting, send mail when an answer to a question is for one person only, check the Distribution" section of the header, read all of a discussion in progress before posting replies, etc.]– Kelompok NetNews

• sci - science related discussions;• comp - computer related discussions;• news - for discussions which center around NetNews

itself;• rec - recreational activities;• soc - social issues;• talk - long-winded never-ending discussions;• biz - business related postings; and• alt - the alternate hierarchy




• RFC 1855– Information services [services belong to someone else, start problem solving by checking locally, information services also use conventions such as www.xyz.com, do NOT assume that ANY information you find is up-to-date and/or accurate, Remember that unless you are sure that security and authentication technology is in use, that any information you submit to a system is being transmitted over the Internet "in the clear", with no protection from "sniffers" or forgers].

• Gopher• Wais• World Wide Web (WWW)• Multi-User Dimensions (MUDs)• Multi-User Dimensions which are Object Oriented (MOOs)

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