PT RajaGrafindo Persada -...

Divisi Buku Perguruan TinggiPT RajaGrafindo Persada

D E P O K

RAJAWALI PERS

Perwakilan:Jakarta-16956 Jl. Raya Leuwinanggung No. 112, Kel. Leuwinanggung, Kec. Tapos, Depok, Telp. (021) 84311162. Bandung-40243, Jl. H. Kurdi Timur No. 8 Komplek Kurdi, Telp. 022-5206202. Yogyakarta-Perum. Pondok Soragan Indah Blok A1, Jl. Soragan, Ngestiharjo, Kasihan, Bantul, Telp. 0274-625093. Surabaya-60118, Jl. Rungkut Harapan Blok A No. 09, Telp. 031-8700819. Palembang-30137, Jl. Macan Kumbang III No. 10/4459 RT 78 Kel. Demang Lebar Daun, Telp. 0711-445062. Pekanbaru-28294, Perum De' Diandra Land Blok C 1 No. 1, Jl. Kartama Marpoyan Damai, Telp. 0761-65807. Medan-20144, Jl. Eka Rasmi Gg. Eka Rossa No. 3A Blok A Komplek Johor Residence Kec. Medan Johor, Telp. 061-7871546. Makassar-90221, Jl. Sultan Alauddin Komp. Bumi Permata Hijau Bumi 14 Blok A14 No. 3, Telp. 0411-861618. Banjarmasin-70114, Jl. Bali No. 31 Rt 05, Telp. 0511-3352060. Bali, Jl. Imam Bonjol Gg 100/V No. 2, Denpasar Telp. (0361) 8607995. Bandar Lampung-35115, Jl. P. Kemerdekaan No. 94 LK I RT 005 Kel. Tanjung Raya Kec. Tanjung Karang Timur, Hp. 082181950029.

Perpustakaan Nasional: Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT)Dr. Ir. Supartono, M.M. Terrorism and Disaster; Two Main Problems in Indonesia/ Supartono — Ed. 1—Cet. 1.—Depok: Rajawali Pers, 2018. viii, 64 hlm. 23 cm ISBN 978-602-425-718-7 1. Terorisme. 2. Bencana I. Supartono. 363.325

Hak cipta 2018, pada Penulis

Dilarang mengutip sebagian atau seluruh isi buku ini dengan cara apa pun, termasuk dengan cara penggunaan mesin fotokopi, tanpa izin sah dari penerbit

2018. 2120 RAJDr. Ir. Supartono, M.M.TERRORISM AND DISASTER;TWO MAIN PROBLEMS IN INDONESIA

Cetakan ke-1, November 2018Hak penerbitan pada PT RajaGrafindo Persada, DepokDesain cover [email protected] di Rajawali Printing

PT RAJAGRAFINDO PERSADA Anggota IKAPI

Kantor Pusat: Jl. Raya Leuwinanggung, No.112, Kel. Leuwinanggung, Kec. Tapos, Kota Depok 16956Tel/Fax : (021) 84311162 – (021) 84311163 E-mail : [email protected] http: // www.rajagrafindo.co.id

v

1. TRANSFORMATION OF INDONESIAN COUNTER-TERRORISM 1

Supartono, I Wayan Midhio, Budi Pramono,

Tatar Bonar Silitonga, and Novky Asmoro

2. THE ROLE OF INDONESIA IN ASEAN SECURITY 13

Supartono, I Wayan Midhio, Budi Pramono, and

Novky Asmoro

3. ENHANCING NATIONAL CENTRES FOR DISASTER RESPONSE: BUILD CAPACITY AND EXPERTISE 25

Supartono, I Wayan Midhio, Afrizal Hendra,

Dohar Sianturi, and Al Iklasniati

CONTENTS

vi Terrorism and Disaster; Two Main Problems in Indonesia

4. ASEAN DEFENSE COOPERATION TO DEAL WITH TERRORISM AS A NON TRADITIONAL THREAT 37

Supartono, Yoedhi Swastanto, Pujo Widodo, and

Novky Asmoro

5. THE MODEL OF MARITIME SECURITY COOPERATION TO DEAL WITH TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES IN SOUTH EAST ASIA REGION 43

Supartono and Novky Asmoro

BIODATA PENULIS 61

vii

The Southeast Asian region is remarkably vulnerable to natural disasters and terrorism acts which repeatedly cause desolations to human lives. Furthermore, Indonesia is a country where the threat of disaster is astonishingly vulnerable and having the potency of the cataclysm itself. Every year, Southeast Asia region faces devastating losses caused by disasters. Forest fires, tsunami, haze, floods, earthquake, other hazards and their associated consequences have significant impacts on communities, the economy, infrastructure and the environment. These background encourage the government as regulator to enhance quality, capacity, professionalism, and expertise for immediate disaster responses.

Meanwhile, terrorism is often used to refer extreme other criminal act such as transnational crime, human trafficking, people smuggling and drug trafficking. The phrase ‘terrorism’ such as extreme events is not terrorism until a vulnerable community of people is exposed by that event.

PREFACE

viii Terrorism and Disaster; Two Main Problems in Indonesia

Terrorism and disaster do not select the victims based on areas, ages, or gender; it means that it can happen anytime, anywhere, and at some point with unexpected level of destruction. As a result, it’s sometime quite devastating, therefore, vulnerability has been intensifying as a new risks as one of foremost security discussion in international level, regional and local domains.

We expect that this book can give contribution of knowledges and references in terrorism and disaster management science, especially for social sciences students. At each topics, this idea is not only presented in theories and concepts, but also it more practically gives the support and the interest of certain communities specifically for tackling the problem of political, economic, social, cultural and security aspects.

Bogor, Novermber 2018

Editor,

Dr. Ir. Supartono, M.M.

1

IntroductionThe spirit of terrorism in Indonesia since the New Order to Reform era is no significant changes from the goal that define a theocratic state with Islamic law. A way to achieve the goal for a group of people can be smooth or harsh manner. Similarly, the revelation of Peter Kropotkin who said that the terrorists were born out of a sense of "acts of violence by the impact to the public" or "a propaganda in return to the certain group"1.

The definition of terrorism is very diverse and many countries look at it from a variety of different interpretations. For example, in Southeast Asia that although each country has been incorporated in the ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations), they have a different style of handling the terrorism. Two Japannese professors who have an interest in terrorism, namely See Seng Tan and Hitoshi Nasu conveying

1Gupta, Dipak K. "Roots of Terrorism: Who's the Terrorist?" 2006, page 6.

TRANSFORMATION OF INDONESIAN COUNTER-TERRORISMSupartono, I Wayan Midhio, Budi Pramono, Tatar Bonar Silitonga, and Novky Asmoro 1

2 Terrorism and Disaster; Two Main Problems in Indonesia

example, there are countries in Southeast Asia to choose how repressive the military deployment such as Malaysia and Thailand, which results with repressive policies in South Thailand and Kuala Lumpur issued a tough policy with extradition and prolonged military operation. Very different to Singapore and Indonesia which emphasizes how the laws and legislation in addressing the problems of terrorism, seen from the Police designated as the main stakeholders.2

Counter-terrorism ModelsTom Malay stated that there are at least four ways to fight terrorism. Those models may descibe into four models such as Counter Terror Model, War Model and Enhanced Criminal Justice Model, as well as Criminal Justice Model that will be used to implicate also the techniques used by the Government of Indonesia to fight terrorism3.

Briefly, the hardest way is Counter Terror Model, this spectrum is used in the fight against terrorism carried out by countries that embrace authoritarian style. The second way is War model used by various countries, using political power, but confront the threat of terrorism experiencing severe spectrum terrorism. Third, the style Enhanced Criminal Justice Model, preposing law with moderate to high threat of terrorism and the last is the Criminal Justice Model as a

2Tan See Seng, et al. "ASEAN and Development Law and Policy, Counter-Terrorism in Southeast Asia" Part of Thematic: Counter Terrorism Law and Policy in South East Asia (2016).

3Quoted from the Defense Management course at the Indonesian Defense University with material Cranfield University hosted the lecture module 2 "Terrorism" theory of Tom Malay, in 2015, performed by Anton Aliabbas.

1 | Transformation of Indonesian Counter-Terrorism 3

form of the softest model in order to face terror with low intensity threat.

As one of the worst of Indonesian terror was attacked by neo-DI (Darul Islam) namely Komando Jihad that was handled by the Special Forces of Indonesian Armed Forces (Kopassus) to free “Garuda Indonesia Airways” hijacking at Don Mueang Airport, Thailand. The perpetrators declared that they came from Komando Jihad but how to erridicate by military force could cause collateral damage. Deployment of Special Forces and regular army is the implementation of Indoensian Armed Forces dual roles. It shows that Indonesia still has not lost a hard line pattern or use of force in attacking terrorism.

Uses of the military in operations are beneficial for the government because the military is an efficient option. The chain of command is clear, the use of weapons and professionalism in upholding the task no doubt. Indeed, in this way the source of the problems can be resolved, but not without its problems as the potential cause collateral damage as well as loss of resources if the perpetrator killed could have been done a persuasion. In addition this approach does not overcome the growing excesses or ideology.

Transformation of Indonesian Counter-terrorismIn Indonesia there were shifting of definition and paradigm regarding the subversive terrorism as extra-ordinary crime for national security. To analyze the transformation of counter-terrorism in Indonesia, a timeline of terrorism will be divided into three periods. First, the Old Order (1945-1965) and New Order (post 1965 to 1998) as well as the last of the Reform era (1998-today). The development of terrorism in


Indonesia has been very dynamic. It is also influenced by the political situation as well as international and regional geopolitics. It is quite difficult for Indonesia, which at the beginning of the old order with shades military business for doing counterterrorism military style, on the model of the new order was still centered on the military role, on the other hand the integrated intelligence system. Terrorism acts in this period were effect of the new order of government repression, followed by efforts to achieve the political status quo4. Some certain terror clusters moved during the period of the Old Order and the New Order as well as the Reformation era.

a. The Old Order. At this order counter terrorism with War model approach adapted to the dynamics of the TNI's role which was very dominant in every aspects of life in government and society. Acts of terror still shading with political and armed movement. Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) movement, Darul Islam, PRRI Permesta, Rebellion of Andi Aziz and the movement of the Republic of South Maluku (RMS) were the domain of the military terror that often staged acts of terror in society. Old Order government only used the eradication system through the military forces. Several extremist movements might eventually extinguished through repressive actions of the military.

b. The New Order. During the New Order government, extrimism movement shifted to the "Right". The Sentiment of radical Islamic movements began to strengthen. At the time The bombing of the Borobudur Temple, Garuda

4Jones, Sydney. “New Order Repression and the Birth of Jemaah Islamiyah” (2010) p. 40-42.


Indonesia Hijacking "Woyla" at Don Meuang Airport, Bangkok who allegedly lead by "Komando Jihad" were part of the terror efforts. War model remains the model of counter-terrorism which adjusted to the strengthening of Islamic political power at that time. The National Intelligence Movement aggressively suppress political and society party organizations who rejected Pancasila as the sole principle, however in the end, the ties between government and Islamic organizations was becoming more prominent.

c. The Reform Era. The reform movement on 1998 was momentum towards Indonesia increasingly more democratic and open. These conditions affect increasingly of some ideologies and principles entered to the country. The era of globalization strenghtened the effect of political euphoria in a democracy era. Islamic extremist movements have attacked through the actions of suicide bombers from the Bali bombings, explosions Hotel JW Marriot, Sarinah Terror including several terrors in the particular region. Some horizontal conflict overed the separatist movement in Aceh, Ambon and West Papua still continuing to disturb the nation's security situation. Sectarian issues and economic inequality as well as the system of direct vote of the election have been triggering several social frictions at the grassroots level. While political competition at the elite level has impacted on the emergence of extrimism to “Right and Left Movement” (Islamic Radicalizm vs Communism). The reform era also took effect separation of the TNI's role to defense affairs with the national police force as the leading sector


in terms of security and stability. This legal system is the implementation of the Criminal Justice Model approach. In this realm, the military not only involved as a major force in combating extremist movements but only as back up force of National Police.

Meanwhile, at the reform phase, the wave of terrorism becames more complex. This is compounded by globalization and makes a lot of acts of terrorism "interrelated". The case of “Foreign Fighters” like ISIS makes the way out being complex because it requires regional and international cooperation. ISIS developments in Indonesia also have rapidly and surprisingly affiliations with Jamaah Islamiyah (JI). Data from National Agency of Counter-Terrorism announced that about 500-700 people have already joined the ISIS, including women and children5.

Counter-terrorism Models in Indonesia and RegionOne of the events as the justification of the establishment of an integrated response was first Bali Blast. It happened hard damage at Paddy's Club at Kuta Bali in 2002 and that lead to many casualties, around 202 people. Regarding the response of that bombing was the formation of “Special Detachment 88” which is a special police team formed with the assistance of the United States with the help of the U.S Department's Democratic Security Service and trained directly by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)6. Various operations have been carried

5Ibid, p. 3.6Indonesiaeliteforces.tripod.com. “Indonesia Police’s Detachment 88”.

(http://indonesiaeliteforces.tripod.com/id37.html)


out in the form of ambush and capture. Based on those data, said that terrorist arrests has reached hundreds of people.

The Ways of recruitment have been done in several ways such as social media approach and ideology as well as economy aspect. Those ways make the government and stakeholders should try detection and early prevention of any suspcious acts. Therefore, the Indonesian government has been determining the prevention side as the frontline in the counter-terrorism policy as a soft approach. The prevention policy aimed for countering terrorism in order to prevent radicalism among the people.

The model that has been used by Indonesia finally transformed to soft approach such Criminal Justice. This model emphasizes the use of force of law in tackling terrorists, automatically the responsibility of combating terrorism as the duty of the National Police. Nevertheless the prevention models that have changed from War Model into Criminal Justice Model raised the question “Where is the Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI) position who had been a leading sector to eridicate the terrorist? Regarding the law No. 34 of 2004 about TNI, placing the military service as the supporting force as its task of Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW). In the execution of still more emphasized by 88 Detachment as a part of national to detect and prevention acts.

To against of terrorism acts need to comprehensively efforts that directly touch to the leader of the extreme ideologies. This approach as the kind of counter-terrorism approach namely Deradicalisation. Through this effort, the eradication of extreme movements will be taking place in the nature of long run to reduce of the possibilities to relapse


or spread more widely. Deradicalisation starting from the failure of the hard efforts of the measure through the actions of the repressive apparatus in which though the actors were able to put down but the ideology still being received by the "successors" of these terrorists. Deradicalization has been leaded by the government and the ex-terrorists who have returned "to the right path" to vigorously reduce understandings of religion perverted by the extremist movement by the name of religion.

According to the track of terror organizations in Indonesia, the government decide that soft approach strategy as a preventing policy because the targets of recruitment are the grassroot society. To stop and decrease the radicalisation needs to collaborate among the society element. According to the history of Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI) had been undergone in order to resolve the activity, for the reform era Indonesian Police has been becoming leading sector. There are three institution or communities besides National Police and Armed Forces that have important role to organize about the deradicalisation. Those are official and unofficial institutions which run their functions in the society activities directly such as:

a. The central government. This case has taken various ways, especially taking the law in accordance with the applicable procedures, the central government has made approaches to the traditional leaders, community leaders and religious leaders attempt to change their radicalism pattern of thinking more moderate by providing an understanding of jihad from their misinterpreted.


b. Traditional leader. This community could deflect and control the growing terrorism issues affecting the community with its environment through the establishment of local wisdom that promote tolerance. Local wisdom in every area is a force to be able to shield the public from the inclusion of ideologies that can damage the unity of the nation. Local wisdom that is activated by traditional leaders and other role models can help push efforts to resolve the conflict, including radicalism. Multicultural approach is an important alternative that can be used to minimize conflicts.

c. Community leaders. It may play a deciding ideology, detect the presence of terrorism, as well as network control violent behavior by involving all elements of society in the environment. One of the efforts is utilizing social organization as an anti-radicalism.

d. Religious leaders. These leaders are expected to garner an agreement concerning the dangers of terrorism and radicalism. Religious leaders also have a respected position as a role model for the wider community. Therefore, the role of religious leaders is very important to support the prevention of terrorism through counter-propaganda. If the religious leaders managed to convey a message of peace, it will be great potential for the creation of a peaceful life in the midst of society. A message of peace and non-violence can be delivered by religious leaders in many forums, such as public lectures, recitals, majlis taklim, and even through the broadcast media, such as television and radio. The themes which should be removed by religious leaders in carrying out counter-


propaganda are the themes of Islam Rahmatan lil'alamin which focus on the actual translation of jihad, religious tolerance, and love of peace as taught by Islam.

Regarding the International cooperation, it is also carried out by the Indonesian Government, especially toward the terrrorism threat in South East Asia Region. Through the ASEAN cooperation acts which have been decided the ASEAN Convention on Counter Terrorism (ACCT), it ratified the counter-terrorism effort in regional/multilateral cooperation. The mechanism of prevention procedures are ASEAN's non-interference, sharing of intelligence information of terrorist profiles as well as conducting the particular training of counter-terrorism together.

Concluding RemarksThe Counter-terrorism in Indonesia has undergone a change which has relation with strategic environment and it has been influenced by domestic politics situation. The spirit of terrorism in Indonesia since the New Order to Reform no significant changes from the goal that set up a theocratic state with Islamic law. Meanwhile, in the Old Order, counter-terrorism act was gave entirely by the armed forces as War Model looks at attacking the DI/TII in some areas Indoenesia around the 40s to 60s. Furthermore, in the New Order era was still forcing the same model with the Old Order such War Model. The difference was seen in the way the New Order government that embracing a radical Islamic organization likes Komando Jihad for government interest though ultimately terminate its existence.


The most noticeable change during the old order untill reform era is the leading sector role of counter-terrorism is national police and armed forces as a supporting force. The spectrum of threats today makes stakeholders choose to do a more comprehensive prevention by involving the public and international support as well as early detection and early prevention by involving the military. Clarify the duty of police and armed forces in combating terrorism is also important. Those institutions have had a force at the same duties for protecting Indonesia from several threats. Assignment of the military in combating terrorism in a period of reform should be involved again in training, intelligence or support facilities in tackling the terrorists in the past were quite successful. Besides of that the leading sector, national police could work more effectively and efficiently by using the technique of deradicalization.

ReferencesGupta, Dipak. K. 2006. "Roots of Terrorism: Who's the Terrorist?".Indonesia Police’s Detachment 88. Available from http:/indonesia

eliteforces.tripod.com/id37.html Indonesiaeliteforces.tripod.com. (Accessed on 4 October 2018).

Jones, Sydney. 2010. “New Order Repression and the Birth of Jemaah Islamiyah”, p. 40-42.

Ministry of Defense of The Republic of Indonesia. 2015. Defense White Paper.

Seng, Tan See, et al. 2016. "ASEAN and Development Law and Policy, Counter-Terrorism in Southeast Asia". Part of Thematic: Counter Terrorism Law and Policy in South East Asia”.

[Halaman ini sengaja dikosongkan]

13

IntroductionRegional security is not only about the matters of security alone but also related to public order as a criminality, terrorism and social problem. However, a dynamic condition has reached the type and shape of the threats ranging from poverty, health, population, food and energy scarcity, natural disasters, local political issues etc.

Southeast Asian security is a concerted effort of all ASEAN member countries, in order to protect and safeguard their national interests from various threats or interference that originates from within and/or outside the country, either directly or indirectly. It may interfere national culture, economy, politics, defense and security. Transformation of national security systems can be seen from the dynamic development of strategic environment which evolve rapidly. With the shifting of threats to become multidimensional threat, no longer leads to military invasion, but has threatened cultural, economic, political, and defense and security.

THE ROLE OF INDONESIA IN ASEAN SECURITYSupartono, I Wayan Midhio, Budi Pramono, and Novky Asmoro 2


Meanwhile, the cooperation in particular region has a relation with the mechanism of defense diplomacy pattern of each countries. The growing profile of defence diplomacy has been attributed to the expanding range of actors involved in international relations and its level of institutionalize. Today, it could be undertaken by Track-1 personnel (such as ministerial-level officials, parliament members, military and police officers) and Track-2 channels (including think tanks and civil society). In terms of military-to-military engagement, defence diplomacy involves either dyadic interaction between two countries or multilateral meeting among defence professionals in a sub-regional or regionally-focused framework (Gindarsah, 2015).

The Indonesian government has recently picked up the essence of defence diplomacy. The 2015 Defence White Paper further highlights the layers of Indonesian defence diplomacy (Defense White Paper of MoD RI, 2015). The first layer is military-to-military ties with ASEAN countries. The second layer involves defence and military cooperation with external powers, including Australia, China, Russia, South Korea and the United States.

Three Pilars of ASEAN Community As have been declared in 2003 Bali Concord II, ASEAN Community is aimed to become a community that shares prosperity in durable peace and stability supported by three pillars namely, ASEAN Political And Security Community (APSC), ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), and ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC).

2 | The Role of Indonesiain Asean Security 15

Through those three pillars, ASEAN member states have a dynamic relationship in facing the changing of strategic environment in the region currently. In the context of ASEAN, the evolvement of threat from traditional to non-traditional security has affected the security of ASEAN member states significantly. Such non-traditional security threat should be handled systematically and with the spirit of togetherness.

The development of threat encouraged the government of ASEAN member states to develop a forum that specifically discusses security. Just as significantly, at the inaugural meeting of ADMM In Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2006, a new concept and terminology in ASEAN defence cooperation was introduced.

After conducting the first Annual Meeting of NADI in 2007 at RSIS Singapore , there are various kinds of meeting which have been held by NADI Secreteriat such as Annual Meeting an Retreat as well as Workshop. Especially for workhsop, NADI always stipulated some topics as its area of discussion. As a think thank meeting that consist of academician, practician on the miltary or education and research institutions, The result of NADI’s meetings always bring several new ideas and share to ADMM or ADMM plus. The NADI meeting from the first until the current meeting had conducted as beneath.

Table 1. List of NADI Meeting and TopicNo Year Host Country Kinds of Meeting Topic

1 2007 Singapore (RSIS) 1st Annual Meeting

2 2008 Thailand (NDSI) 2nd Annual Meeting

3 2008 Singapore Workshop Maritime Sec


4 2010 Vietnam (MIR) 3rd Annual Meeting

5 2010 Malaysia (NDUM) Workshop PKO

6 2011 Indonesia (CSS) 4th Annual Meeting

7 2011 Thailand Workshop HADR

8 2012 Singapore Workshop Aviation Sec

9 2012 Cambodia 5th Annual Meeting

10 2012 Indonesia (CSS) Workshop Maritime Sec

11 2012 Brunei Workshop ASEAN Coop ADMM/Plus

12 2013 Brunei (SHHBIDSS) 6th Annual Meeting

13 2013 Thailand (NDSI) Workshop Strategic Sec Coop

14 2013 Malaysia (MiDAS) Workshop Security & Development

15 2013 Brunei 1st Retreat Prospect with ADMM

16 2013 Singapore (RSIS) Workshop Cyber Sec

17 2013 Indonesia (CSS) Workshop Challenge & Opportunity 2014

18 2013 Thailand 7th Annual Meeting

19 2014 Philippines (OSSSM) Workshop Regional Maritime

(ROE)

20 2014 Indonesia (IDU) Workshop Energy Sec

21 2014 Thailand (SSC) Workshop Role of Mil Enhc Human Sec

22 2015 Singapore (RSIS) Workshop New Trends in Terrorism

23 2015 Malaysia (MiDAS) 8th Annual Meeting

24 2015 Thailand (SSC) Workshop HADR

25 2015 Malaysia (MiDAS) Workshop & 2nd Retreat PCR

26 2015 Indonesia (IDU) Workshop Defense Diplomacy


27 2016 Lao PDR (MSHD) 9th Annual Meeting

28 2016 Thailand (SSC) Workshop Military Medicine

29 2016 Lao PDR (MSHD) Workshop National Centre for Disaster

30 2016 Indonesia (IDU) Workshop Maritime Sec

31 2016 Philippines (NDCP) 10th Annual Meeting

Regarding the data as above, the topics of NADI could be devided into any main topics classification such HADR, Maritime Security, Terrorism Issues and Defense Diplomacy. All of issues depends on the strategic environment which are being emproved in ASEAN Region.

If we analyze about any topics chosen, there is a similarity of topics in the process of Track II NADI workshop. For example, Human Assistance and Disater Relief (HADR) as well as Peacekeeping Operation (PKO) are often raised as workshop topic.

Area of Discussion about Maritime Security always focuses regarding the strengthening ASEAN centrality through enhanced cooperation and capacity building and ehancing cooperation in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief as well as peaceful resolution to regional maritime disputes. On the other hand, For maritime security issues, more focused in terms of the meeting had an extensive exchange of briefs on regional maritime rules of engagement and explored ways to promote rules-based maritime interaction in southeast asia countries. Some examples of cases that occur are often appointed as best practises for other countries regarding the engagements among the ASEAN member countries face maritime transnational crime and they should continue


to resolve those problems peacefully through diplomacy, negotiations, and other peaceful means in accordance with international laws including UNCLOS (1982).

Besides of Maritime Security and HADR, Cybers Security Issues as a topic that often to discus in NADI Meeting. As we know, the digital technologies are great enablers, but they can be misused by actors to conduct criminal actions that may exploit nations, business and individuals. Critical infrastructures, such as government operations, storage and delivery systems, banking and financial markets, as well as military control and command are targets of such cyber challenges. In order to deal with the challenges, ASEAN member should establish efforts to increase security measures with collaborative efforts in cyber security by including collaborative usage of military information infrastructure, conduct of cyber army exercises, collaborative usage of information resource, control of information network infrastructure, control of information flow and conduct of collaborative cyber space defence. To reduce the risk of cyber crimes and attacks toward the region, ASEAN member countries should extend the collaboration efforts to non-Asean member countries, including Japan and China, to obtain wider cyber space protection.

Maritime Security, HADR and Defense DiplomacyBased on data as above is known to have three topics most frequently discussed such the Maritime Security, HADR and Defense Diplomacy because those topics reflect regional issues which happened in ASEAN region as well as a effort to


strengthen of NADI function for contributing toward ASEAN countries stability.

a. Maritime Security. Transnational crimes problem are a very common occurrence in the ASEAN region. IUU Fishing, Human Trafficking, Drug Trafficking and territorial violations are transnational crime that requires several joint solutions which require a certain forum to discuss among the ASEAN member countries together.

b. Human Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR). The Southeast Asia countries are the country with a high risk of various forms of disaster. Geographic condition of Southeast Asia is highly vulnerable to disasters such as tsunami, flood, earthquake and so on. Therefore, this topic also be of particular interest issue for discussing through joint solutions comprehensively in terms of


mitigation, rehabilitation and early warning as well as the idea of the establishment of ASEAN disaster management center.

c. Defense Diplomacy. This topic is an effort to maintain its presence NADI, especially as a think-tank forum of academics who have contributed to the ASEAN regional stability of the political, economic, social, and culture and defense aspects. At each meeting, always reminded that every NADI recommendation as Track II forum is a input for Track I like ADSOM, ADMM and ADMM Plus. Therefore several NADI topics that related with defense diplomacy such as ASEAN Cooperation ADMM/ADMM Plus, Strategic Security Cooperation and Prosperity and Security through the Defense Diplomacy became some trending topics of discussion. Track II NADI is trying to strengthen its strategic position in generating credible recommendations for Track I meetings which have benefits for ASEAN.

Analyzing the condition of the current international security dynamic, there are three topics that still needs to be discussed, but with more specific issues. Special topic of Maritime Security and HADR are the two main topics that need to be explored again with discussion-more actual discussion as policy formulation and joint action for combating transnational crime. For HADR topic, it is necessary to formulate the structure of civil-military synergy that could be adopted by other countries based on best practices that have been experienced previously. It needs to be equiped by crisis center for ASEAN disaster management including the SOP mechanism of mitigation, early warning, and so on.


Special topics of Defense Diplomacy, proposed that the Track II NADI better synchronize again with the main points of ADMM objectives with some approaches to the topics that have been discussed in previous NADI, especially which related with Peace & Conflict Resolution and Energy Security. These approaches may be used in discussing of ADMM objectives namely Military Medicine and Humanitarian Mine Action.

Beside of to the issue of Maritime Security and HADR, for the next topics, it will be projected to the NADI topics which more focused on Peacekeeping Operation, Cyber Security and Counter-Terrorism issues. These issues have been discussed at the NADI workshop but the frequency is still rare though all three are part of the ADMM objectives. The three topics are important because as efforts to synchronize NADI and ADMM objectives with the trend of growing problem as well as the resources in ASEAN to seek the solutions together of these problems are adequately in ASEAN.

For the Peacekeeping Mission, There are some ASEAN members countries have already experienced to send peacekeeping troops to the UN mission and they have been recognized successfully. Indonesia has a world class peacekeeping mission center which might be a best practice for managing the peacekeeping mission that can be studied in other countries. Indonesia's position is in the top 20 Troop Contributors Country (TCC) is also a potential resource for ASEAN.

Regarding Cyber Security and Counter-Terrorism, lots of experiences from ASEAN member countries of dealing with these issues can be a valuable asset to the other ASEAN countries through share information. The IT Experts of ASEAN member countries are very experienced to face this


problem. For the issue of Counter-Terrorism, it considered necessary to unify the vision of the ASEAN policy and action toward the terrorism threat such as actors, organizations and models of the terror as the current trend. In addition, to best practice from several countries which have successfully eradicated of terrorism also important to socialize of terror prevention system through the mechanism of deradicalization approach besides the military operation.

Concluding RemarksNADI recommendation as Track II forum is a input for Track I meeting such as ADSOM, ADMM and ADMM Plus have to synchronize with ASEAN Cooperation ADMM/ADMM Plus objectives. Based on The changes of strategic environment in the world, the entire topics should discuss any current issues which have relation directly to some interest of ASEAN member countries such as politic, economic, social & culture and defense aspects. The recommendation of NADI must be applied easily in constructing of political policy either ASEAN policy or national policy.

Special topic of Maritime Security and HADR are the two main issues that very often discussed during the establishment of NADI. Mostly ASEAN member countries have a particular problem that related with those issues. Besides Maritime Security and HADR, Defense Diplomacy with any kind of issues especially that review the scheme of work between NADI with any Track I meetings have been tried to be synchronized in discussing with ADMM objectives namely Military Medicine and Humanitarian Mine Action.


For the next topics, NADI’s host countries have to be more focused on Peacekeeping Operation, Cyber Security and Counter-Terrorism issues. The three topics are important because: as efforts to synchronize between NADI Reccomendations and ADMM objectives, as a response of strategic environment dynamics as well as the resources for overcoming of these problems are adequately in ASEAN.

ReferencesGindarsah, Iis. 2015. “Indonesia’s Defence Diplomacy: Harnessing

The Hedging Strategy Against Regional Uncertainties”. RSIS Working Paper.

Ministry of Defense of The Republic of Indonesia. 2015. Defense White Paper.

S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS). 2018. Chairman’s Report of 11th NADI Meeting.

Indonesia Police’s Detachment 88. Available from http://indonesia eliteforces.tripod.com/id37.html Indonesiaeliteforces.tripod.com. (Accessed on 4 October 2018).

Seng, Tan See, et al. 2016. "ASEAN and Development Law and Policy, Counter-Terrorism in Southeast Asia". Part of Thematic: Counter Terrorism Law and Policy in South East Asia.

[Halaman ini sengaja dikosongkan]

25

IntroductionDisaster is often used to refer extreme events namely earthquakes, floods, forest fire, tsunami, hurricane and landslides (Goswami, et al, 2016). The phrase ‘disaster’ such as extreme events is not disasters until a vulnerable community of people is exposed by that event. Community who doesn’t have a proper capacity to face disaster is called vulnerability and might create tragic loss, property, and material damage after disaster happened. Vulnerability repeatedly underlined about the links between social elements and damaging factor itself.

To take into account of different social groups that suffer more in extreme events, including women, children, the frail and elderly, ethnic minorities, illegal immigrants, refugees and people with disabilities. Generally speaking, disaster does not select the victims based on areas, ages, or gender; means that it can happen anytime, anywhere, and at some point with unexpected level of destruction (Sjuve, 2015). As

ENHANCING NATIONAL CENTRES FOR DISASTER RESPONSE: BUILD CAPACITY AND EXPERTISESupartono, I Wayan Midhio, Afrizal Hendra, Dohar Sianturi, and Al Iklasniati

3


a result it’s sometime quite devastating, so because of that vulnerability has been intensifying as a new risks as one of foremost security discussion in international level, regional and local domains.

The Southeast Asian region is remarkably vulnerable to natural disasters which repeatedly cause desolations to both human lives and properties. Indonesia is a country where the threat of disaster is astonishingly vulnerable to potency of the cataclysm itself. Every year, Indonesian communities face devastating losses caused by disasters. Forest fires, tsunami, haze, floods, earthquake, other hazards and their associated consequences have significant impacts on communities, the economy, infrastructure and the environment (Hirschberger, 2016). Therefore, disaster that happens in Indonesia is a responsible for government along together with private sector and social groups. This background encourage public sector as regulator to enhance quality, capacity, professionalism, and expertise for disaster responses. Since 2008, Indonesia has created National Disaster Management Agency (also known as BNPB) as focal point to reduce disaster vulnerability.

BNPB as central organization is directly authorized to manage across agencies not solely in the domain of emergency management bodies; rather to shared ideas of how responsibility is a mutual concern between governments, communities, businesses and individuals. The purpose of BNPB is to formulate strategy due to provide high-level guidance on disaster management to central, province, and local governments, business and community leaders and the not-for-profit sectors. BNPB focuses on priority areas to build disaster resilient communities across Indonesia, while

3 | Enhancing National Centres for Disaster Response 27

educating people about hazardous threat of disaster. It also recognizes that disaster resilience is a shared responsibility for individuals, households, businesses and communities, as well as for governments. This idea is a step in a long-term vision, evolving process to deliver sustained behavioral change and enduring partnerships with across elements of nation.

BNPB has a vision to commit for reducing disaster risk nationally as Road Map Reforms Years from 2015 to 2019. In order to achieve it, BNPB drafted a mission in the Road Map Reforms Years 2015-2019. BNPB missions are:

a. Protecting the nation from the threat of disasters by building a culture of disaster risk reduction and preparedness to encounter disaster as part of integrated systems in national development;

b. Establish emergency management system quickly, effectively and efficiently;

c. Conducting post-disaster recovery of regions and communities through the rehabilitation and reconstruction, better coordinated and in a dimensions of disaster risk reduction;

d. Organizing and governance support for logistics and disaster response equipment;

e. Holding disaster management with transparency and principles of good governance.

BNPB among one of agencies directly under supervision and supported by the President and the Parliament, has incorporated environmental and disaster management to become one of 11 national development priorities in the Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMN 2010-2014). These


efforts were directed towards the development and capacity building of disaster management which includes aspects of hardware, software, and brainware7.

MaterialOne attempt of BNPB as the focal point at disaster management, in order to increase capacity related to emergency (disaster response), is to establish Center for Disaster Management and Controlling Operation (CDMCO). The control unit is located at Graha BNPB, Pramuka Street, East Jakarta, and Jakarta Province. CDMCO is stand for National Center for Disaster Response which in charge for quick response and expected to provide swift data gathering, accurate, and reliable especially throughout emergency period.

CDMCO data’s support genuinely comes from Data and Information Center (Media Center) as well as from CDMCO in the area amidst BPBDs respective cities/districts and provinces all over Indonesia. In addition CDMCO is responsible for coordinating all emergency responses necessities across ministries or agencies. Ministry or other relevant institutions such as the Meteorology, Climatology And Geophysics Agency, Volcanology Agency, Ministry of Public Works, and so on including universities also.

In keeping with the theme of building capacity and expertise, then the PB CDMCO also implement improvements in some areas regarding disaster relief efforts, primarily about disaster response. As mentioned earlier, the efforts to

7Tim BNPB, Merintis Jalan Menuju Indonesia Tangguh: Memori Akhir Jabatan Kepala BNPB Periode 2008-2014 (Jakarta: BNPB, 2015), hlm. 4.


increase the capacity and expertise in disaster management involves three aspects that are interrelated to one another. These aspects are:

a. Hardware Hardware is the existence of the centers that can be

interconnected or connected to each other and cooperate with the centers of other institutions such as ministries/agencies that related to disaster response.

b. Software Aspects of software are mainly related to fixed standard

of procedures (SOPs) and frameworks as well as other valid legal basis.

c. Brainware Brainware aspects are regard to aspects of knowledge

possessed by the human resources that work in the field of disaster.

Center for Disaster Management and Controlling Operation (CDMCO) as one of the national emergency response center in Indonesia also strives to increase the capacity of disaster management that can be viewed from three aspects. One of main task for CDMCO is to design Center for Analysis of Disaster Response Unit (CADR) based in Jakarta BNPB building. The establishment of CADR can be one BNPB efforts to improve disaster management capacity from the hardware aspects. In order to support BNPB, CADR expected to be an analysis center of disaster during critical and emergency responses. Supportive aspects such as, software of CADR and data management is still in the process of development by BNPB and related agencies. While


in the other hand, highly demand for work force and human resource who is capable for analysis in disaster field; other aspects related to brainware or technical support personnel and experts are still being the processed of recruitment and highly likely it would accomplished presently.

To support the function of CADR, CDMCO needs to improve cooperation between BNPB as central control emergency response operations in Indonesia with ministries or other institutions that are also involved in disaster relief efforts. Especially for the fulfillment aspect of brainware; it can be done by working with experts in particular in various research institutes and universities in Indonesia.

Currently, BNPB has had physical and technical support personnel or staff to run CDMCO. However, some of the supporting personnel do not have the expertise and capability to analyze the data obtained in the field, especially when disasters occurred. Knowledge in analyzing the disaster occurrences are owned by their respective experts spread across research institutions and universities (disaster study center) in Indonesia. To unify these experts will be established group of experts’ disaster in Indonesia, namely the Association of Indonesian Disaster Experts (AIDE).

AIDE is anticipated to fill the void of the elements CDMCO who lack the expert group (group of expertise) in analyzing data about disaster that is received by the technical group. AIDE already has 12 groups according to the field of expertise of each respective disaster. Within these groups, there is group of people who solemnly focused on a disaster or hazard and there is also associated with mobilization


or empowerment of the resource to the affected area (deployment).

Defense University who has had a course of Disaster Management for National Security can participate in filling the vacant group of expertise on CDMCO. IDU can provide an analysis, especially in terms of deployment, such as how the deployment of resources from the military and civilian throughout emergency response, or how the deployment of resources in the affected area associated with the field conditions or the nature of its area (conflict-prone zone or not, within reach or not, etc.), and also linkage between the disastrous events of national security and defense as well as aid from overseas. This can be done by cooperating with the Center for Disaster Studies and Adaptation to Climate Change IDU (CDS-ACC IDU). Research and related studies that has been conducted can be used as reference in maximizing the relief effort in Indonesia.

Lesson LearnedIn order to become more resilient to disasters, a clearer understanding of risks and what to do about them is needed, including before, during, and after emergency period. Information on disaster management should be communicated in a manner appropriate to its audiences, and should consider the different needs, interests and technologies used within communities (Barrantes, et al. 2009). Knowledge, innovation and education can enhance a culture of resilience at all levels of the community and should contribute to a continual cycle of learning.


One way to go is by creating CDMCO as appropriate steps to deliver the knowledge and communicate appropriate information to essentials element such as ministries and agencies. This action is mandatory to increase the capacity and expertise in disaster management in Indonesia as a one system. It is particularly to address relevant response during a disaster and emergency response. Because, the lesson we can take over the process of disaster management in Indonesia is still the lack of common disaster-related information, especially in times of emergency (Kasidi, 2009).

There is no single way of command and information chain that is "one door" or centralized between agencies and ministries concerned in the event of a disaster. Each relevant ministries and institutions as well as experts in the field of disaster issued a statement and analysis on their own. This will certainly lead to confusion and overlapping information in the community. To avoid further damage especially when disaster happened in manner of crucial and vulnerable time; the process of gathering information and analyzing quick response should be accurate and precise and do not differ from each other relevant agencies.

The effort of BNPB to incorporate disaster experts into unification as a group of expertise in CDMCO is an effective decision. Particularly in cooperation with universities, academia, and research institutions incorporated in AIDE. It can be the way out to create association for a more integrated information and analysis of disaster preparedness situation more accurately. This cooperation is expected to be implemented in the real action and supported by legal basis for the future.


ConclusionIn conclusion it can be seen that in order to increase the capacity and expertise in the field of emergency response BNPB has had CDMCO PB. CDMCO PB existence in the future will be supported by the establishment of CDMCO. CDMCO is expected to be a forum that links the various parties that involved, especially when disaster emergency response situations.

Cooperation between CDMCO specifically with college can be accomplished through an engagement with the center of disaster studies in the respective college in accordance with the focus of expertise. Included with the Indonesian Defense University to contribute actively to the relief effort, especially related the deployment aspects such as deployment of resources and studies related to the social, political, economic, and defense of the country in the areas affected by the disaster.

RecommendationIn the future we expected a full commitment and support of the various layers, including governments, communities and businesses. CDMCO existence can be a good starting point for creating the conditions more systematic and organized as well as through a system of "one-door" in Indonesia emergency response. This effort is to reduce differences and perception of information which may create confusion and chaos in society when disaster occurs.

We should be concern to the networking and engagement in order to assured CDMCO sustainability. It may take some sort of MoU between the relevant institutions of CDMCO.


Also in addition, for the fulfillment of human resources in CDMCO, BNPB can conduct special recruitment of graduated students from disaster management courses in Indonesia. This recruitment as well as improving the capacity and expertise of disaster management actors’ in Indonesia, because the graduates already had knowledge related to disaster management. Such knowledge could form the basis for improving the skills and experience through CDMCO not only at national level, but can advance to the ASEAN regional level, Asia level, and even the global scale.

CDMCO is one of many BNPB efforts in enhancing its capacity as the focal point of disaster management in Indonesia, especially in disaster response. In order to function optimally CDMCO certainly needed the efforts and support of related parties. This can be seen in three aspects, namely the capacity of hardware, software, and brainware.

a. Hardware Improvement in this aspect needs to be done, mainly by

providing technology and support the implementation of CDMCO. CDMCO expected to be a center in the situational analysis of disaster response; therefore supporting devices and related resources should certainly be available for the activities carried out by CDMCO. So it can run smoothly and give maximum contribution in situations of disaster emergency response.

b. Software The existence of a strong legal basis will certainly help in

improving the performance CDMCO. The legal basis for such a law can bind various parties BNPB as a focal point as


well as ministries and agencies and other relevant national centers operate CDMCO. This is because CDMCO should carry out coordination across ministries and agencies that will be difficult to implement if there is no legal basis that can bind the ministry or agency. Meanwhile, to form a group of expertise concentrated in CDMCO will be difficult, because it required a valid legal basis. So all the experts that scattered in all area in Indonesia can provide disaster-related analyzes when emergency situations occur, although not at the headquarters of CDMCO. Therefore, attempts to tie up the various experts and also the ministries or other institutions need more than just a legal basis but also their commitment and common vision and mission of all stakeholders in disaster management, especially in the emergency response phase.

c. Brainware This aspecs not only about knowledge but also need

a skills and experience. Therefore the use of the word "individual capacity" is more appropriate to describe these aspects. Related to these individual capacities, especially experts and staff who support CDMCO must have the ability to support disaster management. Efforts to do regarding this matter are to implement education and training, and also to add to the experience in disaster fields.

ReferencesBarrantes, A.S., et al. 2009. “Information Management and

Communication in Emergencies and Disasters: Manual for Disaster Response Teams”. Pan American Health Organization.


Goswami, Saptarsi, et al. 2016. “A Review on Application of Data Mining Techniques to Combat Natural Disasters” Ain Shams Engineering Journal.

Hirschberger, Peter. 2016. “Forests Ablaze, Causes and Effects of Global Forest Fires”. WWF Deutschland, Berlin.

Kasidi, Heri. 2009. “The Study on “Women in Times of Disaster”: The Integration of Gender Issues and Gender Perspectives in Disaster Management”, Gender Focal Point Network.

Ministry of Defense of The Republic of Indonesia. 2015. “Defense White Paper”.

37

IntroductionAccording to UNCLOS 1982 Indonesia is an archipelagic State. Indonesia has 17,508 islands and 10 maritime borders with neighboring countries such as the Indonesia-Philippines sea border where Indonesia's outer islands as the base point of Marampit Island, Marore Island and Miangas Island in North Sulawesi Province. The territorial sea borders need to be safeguarded and protected for national interest of safeguarding the sovereignty and territorial integrity as well as safety of the nation (Dabova, 2013).

From the map as beneath, it is clear that the maritime security of Southeast Asia countries and countries in the world that uses the Southeast Asian region as a trade route, are now facing non-traditional threats such as piracy, hijacking and terrorism which are increasingly prevalent (Khan, 2012).

Indonesia-Philippines border maritime threat is one of the entry of ISIS terrorist members into Indonesian territory. Since ISIS's defeat in Iraq, Syria, Africa and the Middle East

ASEAN DEFENSE COOPERATION TO DEAL WITH TERRORISM AS A NON TRADITIONAL THREATSupartono, Yoedhi Swastanto, Pujo Widodo, and Novky Asmoro

4


has caused ISIS supporters to Iraq and Syria to be hampered and unable to enter the territory of Iraq and Syria. This causes them to return to their respective states or transit in particular State.

The doctrine and calls of Isis figures such as Abu Bakr Al Badadi conveyed that ISIS supporters to fight in their own countries with the aim of planning the establishment of an Islamic State or joining the Philippines to carry out Jihad in realizing the establishment of the Islamic State of Mindanao.

Furthermore the ISIS supporters can be assuredly entering the territory of the state through the sea border. Indonesia-Philippines maritime borders in anticipation of the arrival of ISIS supporters need to be tightened in the guarding and security of the sea so that this jihad call does not affect to the local population.

ASEAN cooperation which has been facilitated by the NADI forum, can be further strengthened with other ASEAN countries. This forum can formulate and initiate a pattern of defense cooperation between Indonesia and the Philippines as a role model for input materials for Track I ADMM and ADMM, especially in preventing ISIS supporters movement in the form of Foreign Fighter and Foreign Terrorist Fighter. One of the strategies implemented by the Indonesian government is monitoring of the Indonesia-Philippine sea border because of ISIS personnel, weapons and equipment movement to Indonesian territory. This pattern of custody by strengthening the arm forces with equipment and weaponry.

Regarding the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Indonesia Armed Forces (TNI) controls the national sovereignty including the sea border region which is

4 | Asean Defense Cooperation to Deal with Terrorism 39

translated by Law No. 43 of 2008 on state borders and Law No. 2 of 2002 on the defense of the State. The implementation of the Indonesia-Philippines marine border guarding is organized by:

a. Indonesia Armed forces (TNI) and Indonesian National Police (Polri) undertakes thickening of strength in the Sitaro District (Siao, Tagulandang and Biaro Islands).

b. Immigration carries out the construction of office infrastructure and Cross Border Posts and supervises the population of “Sapi Pisang” (Sangihe-Philippines and Philippines-Sangihe).

c. Customs Office is carrying out the development of office infrastructure and Custom Post in Sitaro District.

d. The Local Government of Sitaro supports the regulation of the local regulation in infrastructure development and transportation assistance and the aid of communication tools.Indonesian government has been increasing security

forces in guarding of the maritime borders based on defense diplomacy efforts both of foreign and region such as:

a. Data of Indonesian citizens who have been returning from Iraq, and Syria. The possibility of involvement of Indonesian citizens as supporters of ISIS terrorists against the Indonesia government.

b. Data of Indonesian citizens who were shot and returned from the Philippines. The possibility of detecting the number of people shot dead in the Philippines as a supporter of the ISIS Terrorists, we could suspect many of ISIS supporters whom live in Indonesia.


c. Data of cooperation and coordination with ASEAN countries, ANZUS, FPDA, and others show that ISIS terrorist supporters in Southeast Asia still staying in some Muslim countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and the Philippines.In response to these threats and facts, the Ministry

of Defense which has responsible for maintaining the sovereignty of the nation and the State of Indonesia choses the strategy of guarding the Indonesia-Philippine border region by strengthening the number of troops and weapons as well as military equipment. To gain the effectiveness of its military cooperation, the coordination among neighboring countries is the main priority to build confidence building measures (CBM). Several diplomacy activities among ASEAN member countries to discuss about the security of maritime border in Southeast Asia are:

a. The meeting of Indonesian Coordinating Minister of Political and Security Affairs, Gen (Ret) Wiranto with 6 countries in Manado, North Sulawesi on facing ISIS terrorist threats on the Indonesia-Philippine sea border.

b. The cooperation of Indonesian Navy with the Philippine Armed Forces namely “Patkor Maphilindo” that has been applied in maritime joint patrol of Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia.

c. The cooperation between National Agency of Counter Terrorism (BNPT) and the v government on counter terrorism.

Meanwhile, the regional coordination for unity of action and law enforcement activities at the Indonesia-Philippine sea

4 | Asean Defense Cooperation to Deal with Terrorism 41

border has been realized as the main tasks of each Institution or ministries including:

a. Cooperation and Coordination among TNI, Police, Indonesian Coast Guard (Bakamla), Immigration and Customs concerning foreign supervision and entry-exit of forbidden goods.

b. Cooperation and coordination of the Army between some Military Regional Command (Kodam), especially in the suspect border area of ISIS terrorist escape route.

c. Cooperation and coordination of Kodam XIII/Merdeka, Naval Base, North Sulawesi Regional Police and Local Government of North Sulawesi in the development of Infrastructure area in Sitaro District.

Indonesia still has limitations in the development of Indonesia-Philippines maritime border safeguards including the limited Budget, Transportation, Technology, Communications and Armament and other equipment. Therefore, the Government of Indonesia hopes that ASEAN cooperation through NADI makes a bright spot in the prevention of ISIS terrorist supporters in widening their ideology to the Indonesian people.

ReferencesDabova, E.L. 2013. “Non-Traditional Security Threats in the

Border Areas: Terrorism, Piracy, Environmental Degradation in Southeast Asian Maritime Domain. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Volume XL-4/W3, 2013 ISPRS/IGU/ICA Joint Workshop on Borderlands Modelling and Understanding for Global Sustainability.


Gupta, Dipak. K. 2006. "Roots of Terrorism: Who's the Terrorist?"Jones, Sydney. 2010. “New Order Repression and the Birth of

Jemaah Islamiyah”, p. 40-42. Khan, N.S. 2012. “The Non-Traditional Security Threats to Central

Asia”. ISSRA Papers.S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS). 2018.

Chairman’s Report of 11th NADI Meeting.Seng, Tan See, et al. 2016. “ASEAN and Development Law and

Policy, Counter-Terrorism in Southeast Asia". Part of Thematic: Counter Terrorism Law and Policy in South East Asia.

43

IntroductionThe territorial waters of the border are often the transnational crimes areas such as sea piracy, terrorism activities, Illegal Unreported Unregulated (IUU) fishing and so on. We need transnational defense cooperation to jointly safeguard border security. Tri-Border Area (TBA) can be a reference to establish the Regional Border Area (RBA) as a model that can be built through defense diplomacy that emphasizes the ASEAN as a forum and invite member states outside the region to jointly establish mechanisms of RBA. Those activities are able to reduce confrontations and the arms race as well as opened war that possible happened among several countries in the same region. On the other hand, security is also talking about intrastate security problems and transnational security problems.

Regional Border Areas (RBA) mechanism as a part of model of maritime security cooperation certainly is never easy because among the countries of Southeast Asia were

THE MODEL OF MARITIME SECURITY COOPERATION TO DEAL WITH TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES IN SOUTH EAST ASIA REGION

Supartono and Novky Asmoro5


still many unresolved issues of sovereignty. On the one hand, the role of joint sea border patrol is still constrained. On the other hand, it would be very difficult to conduct diplomacy defenses against countries in conflict in the South China Sea. However, the issue of transnational crime in maritime security in Southeast Asia is not only detrimental to the issues that the countries in the region, but also detrimental to the countries that have an interest in international lane.

Transnational crime in the waters is not a new phenomenon. This crime act is a logical consequence of globalization that its influence to the stability of the region. This crime is said to be closely related to the dynamics of security at sea as it almost entirely occurs or utilizes the waters border. Based on Law no. 34 of 2004 that the occurrence of marine transnational crime is one category of non-military threat and is very synonymous with acts of violation of the region, especially marine areas. There are several types of criminal acts belonging to marine transnational crime such as sea piracy, maritime terrorism, human trafficking, Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing. Until now the waters of Southeast Asia is a place that is very vulnerable to the crime.

The constellation of world economic transactions and trade has made all of its traffics and activities more rapid and self-sustaining. The existence of logistic supply of needs from one country to another is the booming reality of the logistics industry that is the most dominant through the waters. The situation makes the maritime area of Southeast Asia being as one of the most strategic trade routes in the world. The trade passage as a connection of advanced industrial countries in Asia (Japan, Korea and China) has been meeting the needs

5 | The Model of Maritime Security Cooperation 45

of raw materials (raw materials) are widely supplied from Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam and Thailand because of two waters in Southeast Asia, namely the South China Sea (LCS) and the Malacca Straits, are considered as areas of transnational crime. This article will outline as well as analyzing the implementation of maritime security cooperation to deal with transnational crimes in Southeast Asia region in some models of official cooperation. The aim is giving input to the several parties for the formulation of national defense policies, especially which handled of monitoring the waters sovereignty.

Maritime Security ConceptsAccording to be stated by Klein [1], Kraska and Pedrozo [2] no international consensus over the definition of maritime security has emerged. Maritime security can be analyzed in similar ways by recognizing the relations to other terms or actors. At least four of these require consideration: sea power, marine safety, blue economy, and human resilience. Maritime Security relates these four concepts to each other, or potentially even intends to replace them. Graphically this can be projected as a matrix [3]. The figure provides a maritime security matrix that intends to project the relations between those concepts in ideal typical terms. It places maritime security in the center of these. It also situates the different issues of maritime security, further discussed below, in those relations.


Matrix of Maritime Security ConceptsSource: Christian Bueger, What is Maritime Security

According to matrix as above that the concepts of maritime security consist of different actors between maritime security and other concepts. The matrix provides moreover a basis for scrutinizing what actors include and exclude in their concept of maritime security. For some actors, an issue might be primarily linked to the economic dimensions, while it is for others an issue of national security or safety.

As written by Payne [6], transnational crime is understood as crime that takes place across the borders of two or more countries. Global crime has a similar definition, as it is criminal activity conducted across the globe. Transnational crime has been a part of international relations and international trade for quite some time. Furthermore, he explains that the notion of transnational crime “is intricately intertwined with revolutionary technological, financial, communications, economic, cultural, and political changes that characterize


globalization, and it is increasingly difficult to separate criminal activities from legitimate global transactions”.

Thus, the factors for the presence of transnational crime depend on the individual, and on the specific context of the case that one is examining. In addition to shifting geopolitical realities, other reasons for transnational crime have been linked to issues of poverty and economic imbalances. There are many different types of transnational crime in the international system. We have listed a number of different types of global crime that takes place across state borders. Just some of the types of transnational crime are drug trafficking, kidnapping, human trafficking, human slavery, counterfeit goods, goods smuggling, piracy, cyber-attacks, trading in stolen art, the trading of exotic animals, and other criminal activities.

Transnational Crimes in The Water Areas It seems to have become a logical thing if Indonesia as a maritime country which has two thirds of its territory is infused with an infinite source of maritime wealth. Regardless of the effectiveness of its management mechanism, the fact that the level of vulnerability to potential crimes in the waters of the archipelago is also high and it requires a comprehensive approach and strategy.

Generally, the challenge of transnational crime in these waters comes from other criminal activities on the land. For example, there is a connection to how an attempt to breach maritime boundaries is always followed by other crimes such as IUU fishing, smuggling of illegal goods, drug trafficking and terrorism. This is a strong indication that the fulfillment of


the economic needs of the people in the mainland is actually the main trigger for the violations. The border points of both land and sea have always been a concern of a country because of the high level of violation of sovereignty that occurred. Sovereignty is not just the meaning of "annexation" of the territory of other countries; in the broad sense is a serious form of harassment of the national and international laws that have been agreed.

Such a complex maritime security dimension pushes countries in one region to prioritize defense cooperation so that the stability of the region as its primary key can be realized. To understand how to organize ASEAN countries in facing the challenges of crimes in these waters, the identification of their species includes:

a. Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing. This criminal act is one of kind of transnational crime in the sea of illegal fishing activities without permits and not regulated by the fisheries management authority that very dominant happening in Indonesia. Foreign boats that act haphazardly dredge many types of favorite fish such as Tuna, Shrimp and Red Snapper so that the state losses can reach 15 billion US Dollar to 25 billion US Dollars.

In addition, this criminal act is closely related to the violation efforts of the territory of maritime sovereignty of other countries in the form of illegal activities of foreign ships that pass so that the economic losses suffered by the state is very high. This loss is estimated to reach 300 trillion without even a serious control effort, according to Indonesian Minister of Marine and Fisheries Affairs Mrs. Susi Pudjiastuti; catches


of foreign ships in the sea territory of Indonesia can reach 300 tons to 600 tons per year.

Reality that occurs today, although law enforcement efforts firmly continue to be intensively conducted government, still this action has the potential to remain rampant happened. This confirms that, the vulnerability caused by these crimes is not sufficient to cease through the prosecution of each country but it needed the synergy of all countries

b. Terrorism. This transnational crime began to be a main concern for the countries in the region because of the very harmful effects it caused. Marine lanes such as LCS, Malacca Straits and Philippine waters, are heavily congested in trade traffic to be potentially dangerous spots of terrorism. Many events have shown how terrorist acts in the Philippine archipelago make the aquatic media a vehicle for its operations.

Kidnappings with the killing of fishermen and crew in Sulu, Sabah and Tawi-Tawi Sea by Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) terrorist groups are a strong indication that transnational crime in the sea is very real. In this case, the role of the state, not only the Philippines but like Indonesia and Malaysia is but also needed to overcome it. The incident is not only limited to the use of the territorial waters of the country but also the loss or loss of life and material from some countries is the driving factor.


c. Piracy. Piracy in Southeast Asia waters are categorized as the most frequent transnational crime in the world. Noted by ICC International Maritime Bureau that armed robbery and piracy ship in Southeast Asia number one in the world that is 141 incidents.

Southeast Asia is the Highest Number of Incidents of Sea Robbery and Piracy in the World (2014)

Source: ICC International Maritime Bureau

The waters of Sulawesi-Philippines are suspected as the most vulnerable of transnational crime in Southeast Asia. Every attack of pirates always leads to violence that causes lots of casualties. This action is closely related to the crime of terrorism as described earlier where militant actors make piracy as an effort to support their organization in an effort to achieve its objectives.


d. Drug Trafficking. This transnational crime type occurs mostly in Indonesian waters as the main route of illegal drugs entry from abroad. The situation is closely related to the extent of land and sea boundaries with some neighboring countries. As is known, in the ASEAN region there is a producer area as well as the largest opium trade path known as the Golden Triangle covering the country of Thailand-Laos-Myanmar. In this area is a haven for drug dealers in smuggling their merchandise in both regional and international markets.

“Golden Triangle” as a Main Route of World Opium Distribution in Southeast Asia Region

Source: www.solacesabah.com, The Drug Issue In Southeast Asia: The Golden Triangle

If we look at the picture as above it is clear that the main line of smuggling of illicit goods from the Southeast Asian region starts from the Golden Triangle countries. Distribution flow both in the region to the international lot of sea lanes. It appears that the waters of the Malacca Strait, the Indian Ocean and the North Philippine waters are the main link of this illicit trade.


e. Human Trafficking. This transnational crime activity is quite common in Indonesian waters. In recent times, reports of trafficking in Southeast Asia have been very frequent and fall within the category of criminal acts in the sea that are hardest to detect. Anticipating that condition, ASEAN countries have encouraged joint efforts in several joint action activities. Several meetings and cooperation forums that have been initiated by ASEAN specifically to face the problem of human trafficking include ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Transnational Crime (AMMTC). At this ministerial level, all ASEAN countries agree that this interstate crime needs joint treatment.

As an implementation of these efforts, ASEAN member states must implement the provisions of the convention with the ASEAN Convention against Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (ACTIP) adopted on 21 November 2015. At the convention signed all ASEAN leaders are regulated clearly some efforts to prevent and overcome various crimes especially related to human trafficking and violence against women and children.

To deal with the diverse and wide-ranging crime challenges among countries, especially in these waters, Indonesia needs to construct several solutions. The mechanism of resolving these issues is certainly in the corridor of the rights and constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and based on internal strategic studies.

One successful example of government action in facing transnational maritime crime is the policy of eradicating fishing acts The positive step of the Ministry of KKP drowns


these illegal vessels, the effect is not only to increase the economic value of Indonesian fish trade, the welfare of fishermen also lifted even the mafia of ship auctions who are ready for action did not move. Although it is recognized that this way is at risk of friction with other countries but for the sake of sovereignty, a common solution can be pursued. The agreement on seizure, auction and sinking of the vessel can finally be understood together as an optimal effort based on agreed national and international laws.

Principal of Cooperation The Cooperation which involves several countries in a particular region, it is necessary to promote the principles of sovereignty. If alluded to the issue of defense, it becomes increasingly complex because the aspects of defense cannot be separated from the elements of the deployment of military power. The existence of the security framework also becomes very important because the perception of the types of threats, the pattern of repression until prevention efforts put forward to solve the problems faced together. The principle of respect for sovereignty and non-intervention needs to be upheld because the aim of defense cooperation is the realization of regional security stability.

The formation of regional cooperation pattern may not be separated from the starting point of bilateral cooperation which must be woven first steadily based on similarity of conflict type and threat complexity. Starting from the pattern, the pattern of cooperation continues to grow more broadly with the country's increasing coverage adjusting to the challenges of defense issues that are also increasingly diverse.


Many variants of this pattern of cooperation include attempts to overcome this transnational criminal problem. For Indonesia, referring to "Indonesian Defense White Paper 2008", there are two levels of layer "layers" i.e. the first layer representing military cooperation with the military with ASEAN member countries while the second layer, defense cooperation with "outside power" countries such as China, Australia, the United States and South Korea.

The Model of Cooperation Increasing the intensity of crimes that threaten maritime security in the region encourages more serious and proactive efforts. Criminality between countries is certainly not handled partially by each country. Various acts of maritime crime in the region by utilizing the water media is very closely linked to the geographic conditions of each country's borders. As an illustration, for Indonesia with nearly 90% border is the waters, the potential crime in this region becomes the largest too.


Indonesia Sea Borders as Vulnerable Area of Transnational CrimeSource: https://indonesianembassy.org.kz,

The presence of regional organizations such as ASEAN can be used as media to improve the pattern of cooperation and communication among member countries. The pattern of cooperation developed should continue to promote principles of mutual respect for sovereignty among nations. Approach of cooperation pattern to overcome transnational criminal problem in this sea include:

a. Multilateral. According to the previous explanation, there are inter-ministerial cooperatives at the level of ministers, for the ASEAN-ASEAN Defense Minister Meeting (ADMM). This pattern is a form of multilateral cooperation in the form of discussion forums to deal with issues in Southeast Asia. The current gait is considered effective in solving several problems in the region. There are six priorities identified by ADMM that are maritime security, humanitarian assistance


& disaster management, military health, peace operations, counter-terrorism and the prohibition of landmine use. If it refers to the geographical conditions of Southeast Asia, the occurrence of transnational crime is very strong with the nuance of violations of maritime sovereign territory. Especially with the border of countries such as Australia, China, Japan, India, South Korea and New Zealand.

Therefore, it is only natural that the countries of Southeast Asia to develop ADMM become ADMM Plus, with additional countries considered strategic for ASEAN cooperation relationship. Concrete efforts of ADMM Plus in addressing various issues, especially related to transnational crime, such as workshop, focal point/national center, and perception of SOP in handling some transnational crimes related to maritime security issues through joint counter training.

b. Bilateral. Indonesia's harmonious relationship with some neighboring countries is strategically diplomatic step to maintain the stability of its territory. The Indonesian political system that became the pattern of Indonesia's international relations demonstrates the commitment of the state that continues to promote peaceful and constructive diplomacy to resolve potential conflicts. Indonesian bilateral relationship makes independently its present as the best mediator for the conflicts of other countries. Especially in the case of transnational maritime crime, Indonesia's position as the largest country in Southeast Asia certainly has a strategic role in terms of balance of power in the region.


Supported by political stability, economy and domestic security, the atmosphere in Indonesia is sufficient to support the conduciveness of the region. The high level of transnational crime makes the neighboring countries active enough to cooperate with Indonesia. Furthermore related to maritime security, Indonesia is specifically established with several countries such as Indonesia-Malaysia Coordinated Patrol in Malacca Strait and joint patrol cooperation preventing piracy by Navy, Police, Singapore Navy and Singapore Coast Guard through Indonesia-Singapore Coordinated Patrol (ISCP). In this collaboration, there is a common perception and action in the handling of transnational maritime crime through the exchange of data and information related to the security condition of the maritime region of both countries.

c. Minilateral or Trilateral. This rapprochement mechanism is basically a continuation of the bilateral pattern. Based on the principle of facing problems and challenges together, the context of criminal settlement in the waters with this model begins to be developed. The existence of collaboration of several countries through the same approach is expected to realize the same form of action. For example, ASEAN countries include the establishment of Malacca Strait Patrol (MSP), Malacca Strait Sea Patrol (MSSP), Air Patrol Eye in The Sky (EIS) and MSP Intelligence Exchange Group (IEG).

Basically, the pattern of defense cooperation is the implementation of joint actions against criminal acts in the waters through a joint patrol format and information sharing


as well as intelligence data sharing so as to create security especially in the Malacca Strait. In addition, the trilateral pattern between Indonesia and Malaysia-Singapore has been proven effective in reducing piracy and sea robbery from 30 events in 2004 to zero in 2011. This pattern is tried to be realized to overcome the security crisis in Philippine waters. Trilateral Agreement in the form of joint patrol between Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines in the area of the Sulu Sea and Sabah continues to be rolled out to combat terrorism at sea by MILF fundamentalists.

When viewed from the development of the patterns of cooperation above, in principle all can be classified in two levels of institutional international relations or known as "Track". For Track I is a form of international cooperation involving government personnel such as ministerial level officials, parliamentarians and members of the military. Meanwhile Track II is a form of cooperation by facilitating academic forums, communities, NGOs or Think Thank government agencies.

For transnational maritime crime prevention, patterns such as joint exercise and joint patrol may be a continuation of Track-1, while academic forums, scientific discussions, workshops are examples of Track-2 applications. Both tracks are basically moving in a system that gives each other input so that the agreement formulated can be accepted by all countries.


Concluding RemarksBased on the above description there are some notes that can be a conclusion as well as entry point for improving the quality of ASEAN defense cooperation in managing transnational maritime crime The condition of most ASEAN countries that are economically more stable, a special attraction for foreign countries to open trade transactions which is getting intense. Positive impact with growing economic activity is followed by the level of vulnerability for transnational crime at sea such as drug smuggling, human trafficking, piracy and sea robbery as well as IUU Fishing and so on.

The dominance of the borders of ASEAN countries that are largely waters is a potential loophole for sovereignty violations as triggers of transnational crimes such as terrorism and piracy or piracy. This crime has a detrimental effect on the political condition of regional countries because of the loss of the lives of its citizens.

The pattern of defense cooperation established in Southeast Asian countries needs to be developed systematically by promoting the aspect of respect for sovereignty, no intervention, and equality of threat perspective and unity of action in a formal agreement under the provision of ASEAN. Multilateral, bilateral and trilateral defense cooperation formats must be in line with agreed priorities such as maritime security, humanitarian assistance & disaster management, and counter-terrorism. All cooperation programs need to put forward concrete actions such as joint patrol, crisis development, data sharing and information so that transnational crime actions in the oceans can be faced together.


ReferencesA.A, Perwita., & Y. M., Yani. 2005. “Pengantar Ilmu Hubungan

Internasional”. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.Bueger, Christian. 2015. What is Maritime Security. Department

of Politics and International Relations, School of Law and Politics, Cardiff University.

Dougherty, James and William Pfaltzgraff. 1997 [4th edition]. Contending Theories of International Relations: A Comprehensive Survey. New York: Longman.

Klein, Axel. 2013, “The Moral Economy of Somali Piracy-Organised Criminal Business or Subsistence Activity?” Global Policy 4 (1): 94–100.

Kraska, James and Raul Pedrozo. 2013. International Maritime Security Law. Leiden & Boston: Martinus Nijhoff.

Payne, R. 2013. Global Issues. New York: Pearson.

61

Laksda TNI Dr. Ir. Supartono, M.MLulusan Akademi Angkatan Laut (AAL) 1984 dan meraih gelar Doktor Teknologi Kelautan dari Institut Pertanian Bogor. Pernah menjabat sebagai Komandan Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Angkatan Laut (STTAL). Saat ini menjabat sebagai Warek II Bidang Umum dan Keuangan Unhan dan aktif mengajar di Prodi Keamanan Maritim Fakultas Keamanan Nasional Unha.

Letjen TNI (Pur) Dr. I Wayan Midhio, M.PhilLulusan Akademi Militer 1983 dan Universitas Negeri Jakarta, program Doktoral S-3 Manajemen SDM tahun 2017, merupakan Rektor Unhan ke-4, saat ini sebagai Dosen Senior Unhan yang aktif mengajar di Prodi Strategi Perang Semesta, Fakultas Strategi Pertahanan, Unhan.

BIODATA PENULIS


Letjen TNI (Pur) Dr. Yoedhi Swastanto, M.B.ALulusan Akademi Militer 1983 dan Universitas Negeri Jakarta, program Doktoral S-3 Manajemen SDM tahun 2016, merupakan Rektor Unhan ke-5, saat ini sebagai Dosen Senior Unhan yang aktif mengajar di Prodi Diplomasi Pertahanan, Fakultas Strategi Pertahanan, Unhan.

Kolonel Arh Dr. Budi Pramono, S.IP., M.M., M.A.Lulusan Akademi Militer 1988 dan meraih gelar doktornya di Universitas Nasional, pernah menjabat sebagai Kepala Pusat Kerja Sama LPPPM Unhan. Saat ini berdinas di Dewan Ketahanan Nasional (Wantannas).

Kolonel Sus Drs. Tatar Bonar Silitonga, M.Si.Lulusan Sekolah Perwira Militer Wajib (Sepamilwa) tahun 1991/1992. Pendidikan S-2 ditempuh di Program Pascasarjana Ketahanan Nasional UI dan saat ini sedang menyelesaikan S-3 Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia di Universitas Negeri Jakarta. Jabatan di Unhan adalah sebagai Kepala Pusat Penjaminan Mutu LPPPM.

Kolonel Laut (T) Dohar Sianturi, S.T., MBA.Lulusan Akademi Angkatan Laut (AAL) tahun 1988. Jabatan di Unhan adalah Sekretaris Prodi Strategi Pertahanan Laut (SPL), Fakultas Strategi Pertahanan, Unhan.

Biodata Penulis 63

Kolonel Adm Afrizal Hendra, S.IP., M.Si., M.Si (Han)Lulusan Akademi Angkatan Udara (AAU) tahun 1991 dan Universitas Pertahanan, Prodi Strategi Perang Semesta. Saat ini sedang menyelesaikan program Doktoral S-3 di Universitas Negeri Jakarta serta menjalankan pendidikan setingkat Lemhanas di Thailand. Saat di Unhan, menjabat sebagai Sekretaris Prodi Strategi Kampanye Militer (SKM), Fakultas Strategi Pertahanan, Unhan.

Kolonel Inf Dr. Pujo Widodo, S.E., M.A., MDS, M.Si., M.Si (Han)Lulusan Akademi Militer 1990, meraih gelar S-3 dari Universitas Diponegoro. Saat ini menjabat sebagai Sekretaris Prodi Doktoral Ilmu Pertahanan, Fakultas Strategi Pertahanan Unhan.

Mayor Tek Novky Asmoro, S.T., M.Si (Han)Lulusan Sekolah Pertama Perwira Prajurit Karier TNI (Semapa PK TNI) tahun 2000. Pendidikan tinggi di Universitas Suryadarma Jakarta 2003 dan Universitas Pertahanan, Prodi Ekonomi Pertahanan tahun 2014. Saat ini menjabat sebagai Kasubbag TU Pusat Tekinfokom Unhan serta Dosen Prodi Ekonomi Pertahanan, Fak. Manajemen Pertahanan, Unhan.

PT RajaGrafindo Persada -...

Documents

Transcript of PT RajaGrafindo Persada -...