NURUL AM ILI A -...

KITSIRETKARAK ,AIMIKOKISIF KITPELONAGRO ISNETOP NAD

KITOIBERP ADAP ID GNAY TRUHGOY NAKHABMAT GNUPET

NUKUS ( acotrA r sinummoc sup ) ISATNEMREF LISAH

AILIMA LURUN

AIMIK IDUTS MARGORP

IGOLONKET NAD SNIAS SATLUKAF

IREGEN MALSI SATISREVINU HALLUTAYADIH FIRAYS

ATRAKAJ

102 5 341 / M 6 H

KITSIRETKARAK KITPELONAGRO ,AIMIKOKISIF ISNETOP NAD

KITOIBERP ADAP GNUPET NAKHABMATID GNAY TRUHGOY

( NUKUS acotrA r sinummoc sup ISATNEMREF LISAH )

ISPIRKS

utaS halaS iagabeS tarayS kutnu helorepmeM raleG anajraS sniaS

aimiK idutS margorP

satlukaF sniaS nad igolonkeT

iregeN malsI satisrevinU firayS atrakaJ hallutayadiH

:helO

AILIMA LURUN 00006900111 30

AIMIK IDUTS MARGORP

IGOLONKET NAD SNIAS SATLUKAF

HALLUTAYADIH FIRAYS IREGEN MALSI SATISREVINU

ATRAKAJ

6341 / M 5102 H

KITSIRETKARAK KITPELONAGRO ,AIMIKOKISIF ISNETOP NAD

KITOIBERP ADAP GNUPET NAKHABMATID GNAY TRUHGOY

( NUKUS acotrA r sinummoc sup ISATNEMREF LISAH )

ISPIRKS

utaS halaS iagabeS tarayS kutnu helorepmeM raleG anajraS sniaS

aimiK idutS margorP

satlukaF sniaS nad igolonkeT

iregeN malsI satisrevinU firayS atrakaJ hallutayadiH

:helO

AILIMA LURUN 00006900111 30

,iujuteyneM

I gnibmibmeP II gnibmibmeP

iS.M ,hanawauM annA iS.M ,otnamreH ardnaS .PIN 309991 80504791 200 2 500 1 105002 01805791 .PIN

,iuhategneM aimiK idutS margorP auteK

.M ,radnakuS edeD .srD iS

400 1 301991 40105691 .PIN

NAIJU NAHASEGNEP

,ludujreB ispirkS “ kitsiretkaraK d kitpelonagrO ,aimikokisiF isnetoP na

kitoiberP p ada y truhgoY gna ( nukuS gnupeT nakhabmatiD supracotrA

c sinummo isatnemreF lisaH ) helo silutid gnay ” ailimA luruN MIN ,

00006900111 03 sulul nakataynid nad ijuid halet hasoqanuM gnadis malad

hallutayadiH firayS iregeN malsI satisrevinU igolonkeT nad sniaS satlukaF

dap atrakaJ “ laggnat a 13 rebotkO 102 5 halas iagabes amiretid halet ini ispirkS .”

.aimiK idutS margorP )1S( utaS atartS anajraS raleg helorepmem tarays utas

iujuteyneM ,

I ijugneP

iS.M ,nilramuS edO aL .PIN 91 700 1 108002 819057

II ijugneP laidaY irS .rD iS.M ,dilahC

100 2 213002 31308691 .PIN

I gnibmibmeP

iS .M ,hanawauM annA 200 2 309991 80504791 .PIN

II gnibmibmeP

iS .M ,otnamreH ardnaS .PIN 500 1 105002 01805791

,iuhategneM

nakeD igolonkeT nad sniaS satlukaF

.M ,milaS sugA .rD iS 300 1 309991 61802791 .PIN

auteK aimiK idutS margorP auteK

.M ,radnakuS edeD .srD iS 400 1 301991 40105691 .PIN

NAATAYNREP

HALADA INI ISPIRKS AWHAB NAKATAYNEM AYAS INI NAGNED

NAKUJAID HANREP MULEB NAD IRIDNES AYAS AYRAK LISAH

ISPIRKS IAGABES IGGNIT NAURUGREP ADAP HAIMLI AYRAK UATA

NUPANAM AGABMEL UATA .

,atrakaJ rebotkO 5102

ailimA luruN 3000006900111

KARTSBA

.3000006900111 .AILIMA LURUN kitsiretkaraK grO ,aimikokisiF nad kitpelona kitoiberP isnetoP ( nukuS gnupeT nakhabmatiD gnay truhgoY supracotrA

sinummoc isatnemreF lisaH ) iD . nagnibmib hawab HANAWAUM ANNA nad.OTNAMREH ARDNAS

nagned usus isatnemref kudorp utas halas nakapurem truhgoYnautnab .)LAB( tatkal masa iretkab tatkal masa iretkaB malad gnitnep narepreb

isgnuf agajnem .aisunam natahesek nad sigoloisif naka ini iretkab isgnuF rebmus nagnap aparebeB .kitoiberp nagned nakisanibmokid akij fitkefe hibel

dihobrak r haub utiay aynutas halas kitoiberp iagabes isnetopreb iuhatekid ta nukus ( sinummoc supracotrA .) isakifidom nakukalid ini naitilenep adaP

nataubmep isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned truhgoymuratnalP sullicabotcaL , isiverec secymorahccaS ea nad eazyro supozihR .

iju nad kitpelonagro iju iulalem hilipid kiabret gnay truhgoy isalumroF iretkabitna negotap iretkab nahubmutrep padahret iloc.E , isnetop iuhategnem anug

ilana nakukalid ayntujnaleS .aynkitoiberp sis aimikokisif truhgoy kudorp itupilem latot ,kamel radak ,siserenis ,Hp narukugnep ,kamel nakub usus natadap radak

magol naramec ,namasaek ,uba radak ,nietorp larenim nagnudnak nad . lisaHawhab nakkujnunem nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned truhgoy isatnemref lisah

muratnalP sullicabotcaL kiabret isalumrof nakapurem iretkab halmuj nagned , )LAB( retrats gnudnakret gnay utiay kaynabes 01 x 4,2 01 .g/inolok iju lisaH

padahret iretkabitna iloc.E nem 4 retemaid nagned tabmah anoz aynada nakkujnumm tubesret kiabret isalumrof truhgoY . ;62,4 Hp ialin ikilimem ;%06,7 sisereniS

kamel radak )b/b( %437,3 latot ; kamel nakub usus natadap %65,11 )b/b( ; radak nietorp %740,5 )b/b( uba radak ; %171,1 )b/b( ; namasaek %15,1 )b/b( ; naramec

magol bP gK/gm 20,0 uC magol naramec ; ;gK/gm 32,5 larenim nagnudnak aC 71,4742 gK/gm nad P larenim nagnudnak 57,3251 .gK/gm lisaH silana si satilauk

nagned truhgoy nukus gnupet nahabmanep isatnemref lisah sullicabotcaLmuratnalP raseb naigabes INS nagned iauses hadus 1892 - gnatnet 9002 tarays

.truhgoy utum

icnuk ataK kitoiberp ,isatnemref ,nukus gnupet ,truhgoy :

TCARTSBA

AILIMA LURUN . 0006900111 300 . P citpelonagrO ,lacimehcocisyh dna citoiberP fo seitreporP goY tru htiw fo noitiddA tiurfdaerB ruolF ( supracotrAsinummoc ) detnemreF . rednU fo ecnadiug eht ANNA HANAWAUM dna

.OTNAMREH ARDNAS

airetcab dica citcal yb decudorp klim detnemref a si trugoY . citcaL dicaairetcab elor tnatropmi na yalp gniniatniam ni lacigoloisyhp snoitcnuf namuh dna

htlaeh . htiw denibmoc fi evitceffe erom eb lliw airetcab siht fo noitcnuf ehT.citoiberp itoiberp yllaitnetop sa nwonk etardyhobrac fo secruos doof emoS c, eno

( tiurfdaerb si meht fo sinummoc supracotrA m a ,yduts siht nI .) fo noitacifido fo noitidda eht htiw trugoy yb ruolf tiurfdaerb P sullicabotcaL ,muratnal

isiverec secymorahccaS ea dna eazyro supozihR noitatnemreF . tseb ehT trugoy snoitalumrof morf detceles citpelonagro dna lairetcabitna tset tsniaga fo htworg

cinegohtap airetcab iloc .E , eht enimreted ot citoiberp ytiliba . P lacimehcocisyh sisylana fo truhgoy stcudorp fo tnemerusaem edulcni Hp , siserenys ,tnetnoc taf ,

latot sdilos klim ton taf ,tnetnoc hsa ,tnetnoc nietorp , ytidica , noitanimatnoc latem dna slarenim . stluseR dewohs taht trugoy fo noitidda eht htiw detnemref

tiurfdaerb yb ruolf sullicabotcaL muratnalP si tseb eht noitalumrof , htiw latotretrats airetcab hcihw deniatnoc 01 x 4,2 01 g/seinoloc . lairetcabitna fo stluser ehT

tsniaga tset .E iloc .mm 4 retemaid enoz noitibihni dewohs trugoY tsebnoitalumrof a sah Hp fo eulav 62,4 ; sisereniS %06,7 ; fo tnetnoc taf 437,3 % ( ;)w/w

latot sdilos klim ton taf 65,11 % ( ;)w/w fo tnetnoc nietorp 740,5 % ( ;)w/w hsafo tnetnoc 171,1 % ( ;)w/w ytidica 15,1 % ( ;)w/w latem noitanimatnoc bP fo 20,0

gk/gm ; noitanimatnoc latem fo uC 32,5 gk/gm ; larenim fo tnetnoc aC 71,4742 gK/gm tnetnoc larenim dna P 57,3251 gK/gm htiw trugoy ytilauq ehT . fo noitidda

yb ruolf tiurfdaerb detnemref muratnalP sullicabotcaL era tsom htiw ecnailpmocINS 1892 - tuoba 9002 .stnemeriuqer ytilauq trugoy

sdrowyeK : ,trugoy tiurfdaerb citoiberp ,noitatnemref ,ruolf

iiv

ATNAGNEP ATAK R

W mukiala’umalassA bW.r

p alageS iju nad rukuys anerak ,TWS hallA taridahek sata tamhar nahapmil

nad hayadih - ayN nakiaseleynem tapad silunep nanusuynep nad nasilunep ispirks

.ini S harucret asaitnanes agomes malas atres tawalah dammahuM ibaN adapek

WAS ,agraulek atreseb arap tabahas arap nad ayntukignep , anerak b uaileB takre

gnaret gnay namaz ek )nahodobek( hailihaj namaz irad harjih tapad atik

.ini taas itrepes igolonket nad nauhategnep umli naujamek nagned gnaredneb

,nimalA libbaR ihalliludmahlA P nakiaseleynem tapad silune ispirkS

nagned luduj “ kitsiretkaraK kitpelonagrO ,aimikokisiF isnetoP nad kitoiberP

adap nakhabmatiD gnay truhgoY ( nukuS gnupeT sinummoc supracotrA )

isatnemreF lisaH ” . ispirkS nususid ini tarays utas halas iagabes kutnu

igolonkeT nad sniaS satlukaF id aimiK anajraS raleg helorepmem satisrevinU

.atrakaJ hallutayadiH firayS )NIU( iregeN malsI

nakiaseleynem malaD ispirkS naktapadnem silunep ,ini kaynab b nautna

nad nagnukud nigni silunep ,ini natapmesek adap uti kutnU .kahip iagabreb irad

amiret asar nakiapmaynem gnay hisak malades - adapek aynmalad :

.1 awauM annA iS.M ,han gnay I gnibmibmep ukales nakirebmem halet

naitahrep nahara , nad aynnagnibmib naitilenep asam amales iapmas

ispirks nasilunep nad nanusuynep sesorp ini .

.2 iS.M ,otnamreH ardnaS II gnibmibmep ukales nakirebmem halet gnay

nad nakkusam nanusuynep malad aynnagnibmib nasilunep nad ispirks .

iiiv

.3 ,radnakuS edeD .srD iS.M aimiK idutS margorP auteK ukales ,

igolonkeT nad sniaS satlukaF , firayS iregeN malsI satisrevinU

atrakaJ hallutayadiH .

.4 iS.M ,milaS sugA .rD igolonkeT nad sniaS satlukaF nakeD ukales ,

iregeN malsI satisrevinU Sy .atrakaJ hallutayadiH fira

.5 nilramuS edO aL , iS.M nad I ijugneP nesoD ukales laidaY irS .rD

,dilahC iS.M naras nakirebmem halet gnay II ijugneP nesoD ukales

nakusam nad nugnabmem gnay .ini ispirks nakiabrep kutnu

.6 K idutS margorP nesoD panegeS lakeb nakirebmem halet gnay aimi

p nad umli anugreb tagnas gnay namalagne .silunep igab

.7 audeK atnicret aut gnarO , )irensaM( hayA nad )itiabruN( ubI atres

S suruN hisakret agraulek ,itawadI nad )kida( afi halet gnay

nakirebmem ,aod isavitom nupuam lirom kiab aynnagnukud nad

liretam .silunep adapek

.8 ( nilI uB nad nawarI kaP lonkeT isakilpA tasuP isaidaR nad potosI igo ,

( lanoisaN rilkuN aganeT nadaB RITAP – NATAB )) idE kaP atreS ,

tarobaL( gnay )rogoB nainatreP tutitsnI ,nagnaP igoloiborkiM muiro

naitilenep naracnalek utnabmem nad umli igabmem aidesreb halet

.silunep

.9 L naroba udapreT muirotarobaL tasuP ( TLP ) iregeN malsI satisrevinU

Sy hallutayadiH fira atrakaJ , aynaratnaid kaK kaK ,inrE kaK ,tipiP

,lamA kaK ,atirP ,uyhaW kaK nad sirA kaP gnay kaynab halet

utnabmem silunep amales .naitilenep

xi

.01 nad tabahaS naker irawI iluaM natnI ,’nukuS‘ naitilenep nagnaujrepes

nupuam akus malad silunep adapek aynnagnukud nad nautnab sata

ilenep amales akud .nait

.11 ihK laliB ,iwD ,aveR ,dauF ,ybbeF ,amrI ,asinnA ,adl raM ,ifiF , nad

namet hurules atrakaj NIU TLP id naitilenep nagnaujrepes sata

nautnab nad ayntagnames nakitnus silunep adapek naitilenep amales

nad .ini ispirks nakiaseleynem malad

.21 huruleS naker - t aynsusuhk ,aimiK idutS margorp id naker name - namet

agnaujrepes n AKEDILOP( 0102 natakgna aimiK ) silenap arap nad

nad nautnab sata isavitom .ini ispirks nakiaseleynem malad ayn

.31 S utnabmem halet gnay kahip aume silunep gnusgnal araces nupuam

utasrep utas naktubesid tapad kadit gnay ,gnusgnal kadit .

siluneP s parahreb agome s ispirk ini tapad taafnamreb kahip aumes igab

.nakhutubmem gnay

mukiala’umalassaW bW.rW

,atrakaJ rebotkO 5102

siluneP

x

ISI RATFAD

namalaH

RATNAGNEP ATAK ................................ ................................ ....................... iiv

ISI RATFAD ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... x

RATFAD RABMAG ................................ ................................ ......................... iiix

RATFAD LEBAT ................................ ................................ ............................. vx

RATFAD NARIPMAL ................................ ................................ ..................... vx i

NAULUHADNEP I BAB ................................ ................................ .................. 1

.1.1 gnakaleB rataL ................................ ................................ ............................ 1

.2.1 halasaM nasumuR ................................ ................................ ....................... 4

.3.1 naitileneP sisetopiH ................................ ................................ ................... 5

.4.1 naitileneP naujuT ................................ ................................ ....................... 5

.5.1 naitileneP taafnaM ................................ ................................ ..................... 6

AKATSUP NAUAJNIT II BAB ................................ ................................ ....... 7

.1.2 ( nukuS sinummoc supracotrA ) ................................ ................................ ..... 7

.2 2 . truhgoY ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 21

.2 3. kitoiberP ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 12

.2 4. kitoiborP ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 24

.2 5 . isatnemreF ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 62

.2 6. iretkabitnA sativitkA ................................ ................................ .................... 23

.2 7. VU retemotofortkepS - siV ................................ ................................ ............ 53

.2 8. riaC ifargotamorK )CLPH( iggniT ajreniK ................................ ................. 63

.2 9. )ASS( motA napareS retemotofortkepS ................................ ....................... 37

ix

NAITILENEP EDOTEM III BAB ................................ ................................ .. 04

3 .1. utkaW nad tapmeT naitileneP ................................ ................................ ...... 04

3 nahaB nad talA .2. ................................ ................................ ............................. 04

3 .3. rudesorP naitileneP ................................ ................................ ....................... 24

3 1.3. . nukuS gnupeT nataubmeP nad nukuS hauB isatnemreF ................... 24

3 2.3. . p aluG nagnudnaK asilanA isatnemreF lisaH nukuS gnupeT ada ...... 44

3 3.3. . adirakasogilO asilanA ................................ ................................ ........ 74

4.3.3 . truhgoY nataubmeP ................................ ................................ ........... 74

3 .3. 5 . kitpelonagrO ijU truhgoY ................................ ................................ .. 84

3 .3. 6 . )LAB( retratS iretkaB halmuJ nagnutihreP ................................ ........ 84

3 .3. 7 . padahret iretkabitnA sativitkA naijugneP iloc.E ............................... 94

3 .3. 8 . truhgoY aimikokisiF asilanA ................................ ............................. 15

BAB VI NASAHABMEP NAD LISAH ................................ .......................... 95

4 .1. isatnemreF lisaH nukuS gnupeT ................................ ................................ .. 95

4 .2. isatnemreF lisaH nukuS gnupeT adaP aluG nagnudnaK ............................. 06

.3.4 adirakasogilO nagnudnaK isatnemreF lisaH nukuS gnupeT ....................... 56

.4.4 truhgoY nataubmeP isalumroF ................................ ................................ .... 76

.5.4 truhgoY kitpelonagrO ................................ ................................ .................. 96

4.5 .1. rutskeT ................................ ................................ ............................... 07

4.5 .2. anraW ................................ ................................ ................................ 27

4.5.3 . amorA ................................ ................................ ................................ . 47

4.5.4 . asaR ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 67

4.5.5 . naakuseK ................................ ................................ ........................... 97

)LAB( retratS iretkaB halmuJ .6.4 ................................ ................................ ...... 08

padahreT iretkabitnA sativitkA .7.4 iloc.E ................................ ......................... 28

truhgoY aimikokisiF sisilanA .8.4 ................................ ................................ ...... 48

4.8 .1. ialiN Hp ................................ ................................ .............................. 58

4.8 .2. sisereniS nautneneP ................................ ................................ ............ 68

iix

4.8.3 . radaK tamiskorP ................................ ................................ ................. 88

4.8.4 . namasaeK ................................ ................................ .......................... 49

4.8.5 . magoL narameC ................................ ................................ ................. 59

4.8.6 . aK nagnudn )rofsoF nad muislaK( lareniM ................................ ........ 79

BAB V NARAS NAD NALUPMISEK ................................ ............................ 99

5 .1. nalupmiseK ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 99

5 .2. naraS ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 001

AKATSUP RATFAD ................................ ................................ ........................ 101

NARIPMAL ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 111

iiix

RABMAG RATFAD

namalaH

rabmaG 1 . nukuS hauB nad namanaT ................................ ................................ 9

rabmaG 2. nebmeP rulaJ fitatnemrefomoH iretkaB helo tatkaL masA nakut ..... 81

rabmaG 3 . adirakasogilO aparebeB rutkurtS ................................ ...................... 32

rabmaG 4 . asonifaR aimiK rutkurtS ................................ ................................ .... 24

rabmaG 5 . muratnalp sullicabotcaL ................................ ................................ ... 82

rabmaG 6 . eaisiverec secymorahccaS ................................ ................................ . 03

rabmaG 7 . eazyro supozihR ................................ ................................ ................. 13

rabmaG 8 . aihcirehcsE iloc ................................ ................................ ................. 43

rabmaG 9 . S amek ortkepS nenopmoK otof retem VU - siV ................................ ... 53

rabmaG 01 . nenopmoK amekS CLPH nusuyneP ................................ ............... 37

rabmaG 11 . ASS nusuyneP nenopmoK amekS ................................ .................. 83

rabmaG 21 . .A isatnemreF lisaH nukuS gnupeT ,muratnalP sullicabotcaL .B ,eaisiverec secymorahccaS .C eazyro supozihR ........................ 06

rabmaG 31 . sesorP amaleS nukuS gnupeT iskudereP aluG radaK isatnemreF .. 16

rabmaG 41 . esalimA miznE helo itaP sisilordiH ................................ ................ 26

rabmaG 15 isatnemreF sesorP amaleS nukuS gnupeT latoT aluG radaK . ......... 36

rabmaG 16 . tnelaviuqE esortxeD nukuS gnupeT lisaH isatnemreF ................... 46

rabmaG 17 nukuS gnupeT isasiremiloP tajareD . lisaH isatnemreF .................... 56

rabmaG 18 . CLPH sisilanA lisaH nukuS gnupeT isatnemreF lisaH sullicabotcaLmuratnalp ................................ ................................ ....................... 66

vix

rabmaG 19 . nukuS gnupeT nahabmaneP nagned truhgoY isalumroF ................ 86

rabmaG 02 . takgniT K naakuse T padahre T rutske Y truhgo ................................ 17

rabmaG 21 . naakuseK takgniT truhgoY anraW padahreT ................................ .. 37

rabmaG 22 . truhgoY amorA padahreT naakuseK takgniT ................................ . 57

rabmaG 23 truhgoY asaR padahreT naakuseK takgniT . ................................ .... 77

rabmaG 24 truhgoY padahreT nahuruleseK naakuseK takgniT . ........................ 97

rabmaG 25 . padahreT truhgoY kudorP iretkabitnA sativitkA iloC.E . ................ 38

vx

LEBAT RATFAD

namalaH

lebaT 1 . g 001 rep nukuS iziG taZ isisopmoK mar nahaB ................................ .. 11

lebaT 2 . truhgoY kutnu aisenodnI lanoisaN radnatS ................................ .......... 31

lebaT 3 . p amatU awayneS truhgoY nad usuS ada ................................ .............. 51

lebaT 4 . truhgoY nataubmeP isalumroF ................................ ............................. 94

lebaT 5. A truhgoY kitpelonagrO ijU akitsitatS sisilan ................................ ....... 07

lebaT 6 . nagnutihreP lisaH )LAB( retratS iretkaB ................................ .............. 18

lebaT 7 . lisaH truhgoY Hp narukugneP ................................ .............................. 58

lebaT 8 . lisaH sisereniS nautneneP truhgoY ................................ ....................... 78

lebaT 9 . lisaH A truhgoY tamiskorP sisilan ................................ ......................... 88

lebaT 01 . lisaH A truhgoY namasaeK sisilan ................................ ...................... 49

lebaT 11 . magoL narameC p ada truhgoY ................................ ........................... 69

lebaT 21 . lareniM radaK truhgoY ................................ ................................ ....... 89

ivx

RATFAD NARIPMAL

namalaH

naripmaL 1 . nagaB rulA naitileneP ................................ ................................ ..... 1 11

naripmaL 2 . iskudereP aluG radaK sisilanA lisaH ................................ ............. 112

naripmaL 3 . latoT aluG radaK sisilanA lisaH ................................ ..................... 1 51

naripmaL 4 . tnelaviuqE esortxeD )PD( isasiremiloP tajareD nad )ED( ............. 811

naripmaL 5 . CLPH nagned adirakasogilO nagnudnaK sisilanA lisaH ............... 911

naripmaL 6 . agitigeS ijU rabmeL ................................ ................................ ....... 221

naripmaL 7 . kitpelonagrO ijU rabmeL ................................ ............................... 321

naripmaL 8 . truhgoY kitpelonagrO ijU lisaH ataD ................................ ............. 621

naripmaL 9 . ijU akitsitatS sisilanA lisaH truhgoY kitpelonagrO ....................... 821

naripmaL 01 . lisaH )LAB( retratS iretkaB halmuJ nagnutihreP ......................... 331

naripmaL 11 . lisaH iretkabitnA sativitkA naijugneP T padahre iloc.E ............... 431

naripmaL 21 . kameL radaK nagnutihreP ................................ ............................ 531

naripmaL 31 . nagnutihreP kameL nakuB usuS natadaP latoT ........................... 631

naripmaL 41 . nietorP radaK nagnutihreP ................................ ............................ 831

naripmaL 51 . ubA radaK nagnutihreP ................................ ................................ 931

naripmaL 61 . nagnutihreP namasaeK ................................ ................................ . 041

1

I BAB

NAULUHADNEP

gnakaleB rataL .1.1

gnay namaz nagnabmekreP ,ini taas itrepes tasep nikames helo itukiid

ataynret sitkarp nikames gnay pudih ayag naktabikagnem natahesek farat

.nurunem nikames takaraysam G pudih aya iggnit nakubisek takgnit nagned

isalerokreb d nagne nanakam ismusnok ahrepmem gnaruk gnay nakit natahesek

nad kurub kapmad nakirebmem nahisrebek narulas adap aynusuhk ,hubut adap

negotap iretkab iskefni aynhotnoc utas halaS .naanrecnep c.E lo i gnay

iskefni isakilpmok uata eraid naktabikagnem naitamek iapmas nakhab aynnial

( .)3102 ,inadraW

iskefni nahagecnep ayapU itrepes negotap iretkab iloc.E nakukalid tapad

nagned ahubmutrep nakenem arac nahubmutreP .aynn iloc.E narulas adap

naanrecnep naketid tapad .masa tafisreb naanrecnep narulas isidnok akij isidnoK

masa gnay )LAB( tatkal masa iretkab narep anerak kutnebret tapad ini araces

tapadret imala adap naanrecnep narulas ( .)3102 ,inadraW

tatkal masa iretkaB )LAB( nad airetkabodifib kopmolek irad amaturet

malad gnitnep nanarep iaynupmem iuhatekid halet ilisabotkal seiseps aparebeb

.aisunam natahesek nad sigoloisif isgnuf agajnem ini iretkab kopmolek audeK

kana nad iyab adap tapadret aynah kadit - uj ipatet naka ,kana ag asawed gnaro adap

k numaN .tahes gnay nagned nalajes nurunem aynhalmuj ini iretkab kopmole

natahesek aynkurubmem nad aisu nahabmatrep adiaruN( la te . )6002 , . aparebeB

2

nakgnabmekid halet ahasu nad airetkabodifib halmuj naknahatrepmem kutnu

illisabotkal nagned aynaratnaid ,asawed gnaro naanrecnep narulas malad

nagnap kudorp ismusnokgnem ay itrepes ,kitoiborp iretkab gnudnagnem gn

truhgoy )3102 ,inadraW( .

arac nagned usus nahalo kudorp utas halas nakapurem truhgoY

latnek gnay nalipmat ikilimem ,isatnemref .masa gnay asar nad ini nahalo kudorP

tahes namunim iagabes lanekid nad lo iramegid nakirebmem anerak takaraysam he

ikilimem aguj truhgoY .aynnial usus nahalo irad adebreb nad kinu gnay asar

taafnam aynsusuhk ,hubut natahesek igab gab .naanrecnep narulas natahesek i

nawatsA turuneM )8002( truhgoy kaynab iaynupmem aratna hubut igab taafnam

itna ,naanrecnep narulas rutagnem nial ,eraid itna naktakgninem ,reknak

,nahubmutrep nad ,harad malad loretselok radak rutagnem atirednep utnabmem

cal ecnarelotni esot )usus asotkal igrela( . rebmus fitanretla idajnem tapad truhgoY

atirednep igab muislak ecnerelotni esotkal truhgoy malad muislak naaidesretek ,

nad emimaT( nial kutneb malad muislak adapirad naktaafnamid tapad hibel

ialiN .)9991,nosniboR ninem iretkab helo naklisahid gnay masa naturalek naktakg

aggnihes ,muislak marag helo paresid kaynab hibel muislak ,renneR( hubut .)8891

teid kutnu nakanugid tapad aguj truhgoY . malad pukuc gnay muislak ismusnoK

areb naknurunem kutnu nakrujnaid nairah teid hagecnem nad nadab t

loretselokrepih ododiW( la te . )5002 , .

.kitoiberp nagned nakisanibmokid akij kiab hibel kitoiborp ismusnoK

tapad ipatet hubut anrecid tapad kadit gnay tartsbus nakapurem kitoiberP

kitoiborp iretkab kopmolek nahubmutrep rilumitsnem . beB sinej apare

3

nad adirakasogilootkalag ,adirakasogilootkurf ,asonifar itrepes adirakasogilo

adiaruN( kitoiberp iagabes isgnufreb iuhatekid niluni la te . .)6002 , gnay kitoiberP

gnay adisokilg awaynes utiay ,adirakasogilo awaynes utaus nakapurem mumu

alug iatnar hulupes iapmas agit aratna gnudnagnem )adirakasonom( . aparebeB

tardihobrak rebmus nagnap gnay adirakasogilo gnudnagnem utiay aynaratnaid

ijib - gnacak ,naijib - ibmu ,nagnacak - namanat lisah irad nad naibmu aynnial

itayraH( la te . .)0102 ,

( nukuS trA supraco sinummoc ) iagabes laisnetop gnay haub nakapurem

kus haub ,tardihobrak nialeS .tardihobrak rebmus ,nietorp gnudnagnem aguj nu

)iseb taz nad ,rofsof ,muislak( larenim atres ,C nimativ nad ,2B,1B nimativ ,kamel

naitilenep aparebeB .)3002 ,itawodiW( nukus haub awhab nakkujnunem uluhadret

.kitoiberp iagabes nakanugid isnetopreb adiaruN naitilenep turuneM la te . ,)6002(

e nukus kartsk tatkal masa iretkab nahubmutrep gnukudnem isnetopreb

sullicabotcaL nupuam muiretcabodifiB . haub kartskE nukus ,asorkus gnudnagnem

,asotlam asonifar nad asoirtotlam . adaP kartske gnudnagnem gnay muidem haub

,nukus sullcabotcaL nad 3G .B L mugno nahubmutrep tabmahgnem tapad iretkab

negotap .E ,allenomlaS C ilo nad .B C .suere naitilenep adap alup utigeB

radnansuK la te . )7002( , isnetop iaynupmem nukus haub awhab nakkujnunem

nakidajid kutnu kiab gnay kitoiberp anerak adap lisah iskarf isakifitnedi

,satrek ifargotamork nakanuggnem nagned tardihobrak isakifitnediret nukus

.)adirakasogilo( asonifar gnudnagnem

isnetop nakrasadreB haub iagabes kiab itkubret gnay nukus ,kitoiberp

ini naitilenep adap nakukalid isakifidom taubmep na nagned truhgoy nahabmanep

4

nukus gnupet isatnemref lisah nakanuggnem muratnalp sullicabotcaL ,

eaeciverec secymorahccaS nad supozihR eazyrO K .ralukoni iagabes malad aladne

et halada nukus haub gnupet nataubmep r taas haub adap talkoc anraw aynkutneb

gnupet idajnem haloid gnaruk gnay aynamora nad iakusid F . isatnemre gnay

nakukalid ini nukus gnupet nataubmep malad , nakparahid tapad naklisahgnem

kudorp nagnap utumreb gnay kiab nagned sahk gnay rovalf tapad aguj nad

aynizig ialin naktakgninem naikimed numaN . , satilauk asilana nakukalid ulrep

truhgoy kudorp gnay naklisahid , retemarap aparebeb itupilem asilana itrepes

,kitpelonagro tafis ,aimikokisif igoloiborkim nad nagned iauses 1892 INS - 9002

,truhgoy utum tarays gnatnet atres nahubmutrep padahret iretkabitna sativitka

negotap iretkab iloc.E aynkitoiberp isnetop iuhategnem kutnu .

halasaM nasumuR .2.1

halasam nasumuR :halada ini naitilenep

.1 anamiagaB huragnep nahabmanep isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet

?naklisahid gnay truhgoy irad kitpelonagro nad aimikokisif tafis padahret

.2 hakapA satilauk truhgoy utum tarays ihunemem naklisahid gnay truhgoy

turunem INS 1892 -2 900 ?

.3 hakapA nahabmanep isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet narepreb upmam

nahubmutrep tabmahgnem malad truhgoy adap kitoiberp rebmus iagabes

iretkab iloC .E ?

5

.3.1 sisetopiH

: halada ini naitilenep irad sisetopiH

.1 P nahabmane isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet ikilimem huragnep padahret

.naklisahid gnay truhgoy irad kitpelonagro nad aimikokisif tafis

.2 K turunem truhgoy utum tarays ihunemem naklisahid gnay truhgoy satilau

INS 1892 -2 900 .

.3 nahabmaneP isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet narepreb upmam iagabes

iretkab nahubmutrep tabmahgnem malad truhgoy adap kitoiberp rebmus

iloC .E .

naitileneP naujuT .4.1

:halada ini naitilenep irad naujuT

.1 iuhategneM huragnep nahabmanep isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet

.naklisahid gnay truhgoy irad kitpelonagro nad aimikokisif tafis padahret

.2 k nakutneneM naklisahid gnay truhgoy satilau nakrasadreb utum tarays

turunem truhgoy INS 1892 - 9002 .

.3 isnetop iuhategneM nahabmanep ref lisah nukus gnupet iagabes isatnem

iretkab nahubmutrep tabmahgnem malad truhgoy adap kitoiberp rebmus

iloC .E .

6

naitileneP taafnaM .5.1

m tapad nakparahid ini naitileneP haimli araces isamrofni nakirebme

takaraysam adapek ,mumu gnatnet kudorp truhgoy nakhabmatid gnay gnupet

,kitoiberp rebmus iagabes isatnemref lisah nukus id idajnem tapad anam utas halas

natahesek naktakgninem malad taafnamreb gnay lanoisgnuf nagnap fitanretla

.takaraysam arahid uti nialeS naktakgninem tapad ini naitilenep alup nakp ialin

s nukus habmat kudorp utas halas iagabe nainatrep I lakol aisenodn .

7

II BAB

AKATSUP NAUAJNIT

1.2 ( nukuS sinummoc supracotrA )

naidumek gnay ,kifisaP ,aeniuG weN haread irad lasareb nukus namanaT

rabeynem .aisenodnI aggnih aisyalaM ek haletes haubreb ialum nukus nohoP

.nuhat 05 rumu aggnih agnubreb suret naka nad nuhat hujut iapmas amil rumureb

iskudorP haub nukus tapad 05 iapacnem - sativitkudorP .namanat/haub 051

namanat gnutnagret haread nad .aynmilki misuM nenap nukus aynasaib aud ilak

utiay ,nuhates nalub iraunaJ – iraurbeF nad iluJ – rebmetpeS , atar nagned - atar

002 - misum rep haub 003 .)3002 ,itawodiW(

namanaT s id kiab gnilap gnay hubmut ,itajes kiport namanat gnologret nuku

id kiab hubmut ini namanaT .sanap gnay hadner naratad aguj ipatet ,hasab haread

hanat isarea nad hanat ria ada naklasa gnirek tagnas gnay haread id hubmut tapad

id nakhab ,iatnap id nad gnarak ualup id kiab hubmut tapad nukuS .pukuc gnay

tabel nagned haubreb nad hubmut tapad nukus ,gnirek misum ( )9991 ,ojotiP .

nohoP nukus rabesret saul aisenodnI hurulesid iapmas hecA irad ialum ,

aupaP . lisahgnep hareaD nukus nial aratna aretamuS ,aratU aretamuS ,hecA

,saiN ,uaiR ,taraB gnupmaL , naualupeK awaJ ,hagneT awaJ ,taraB awaJ ,ubireS

,taraB araggnet asuN ,rumiT ,nataleS isewaluS ,aratU isewaluS naualupeK rignaS

nad tualaT paP au .)3002 ,itawodiW( nanialreb gnay aman ikilimem nukuS adap

haread - .aisenodnI id haread nakkujnunem ini laH haub nakapurem nukus awhab

igal gnisa kadit gnay irahes napudihek malad - dnep irah .aratnasuN kudu

8

nagned lanekid aisenodnI hayaliw iagabreb id tapadret gnay nukus namanaT

itrepes aman ,)hecA( nokas lupotah )kataB( , nokos ( arudaM )rasakaM( arakam ,)

nad asakgnA( ,niddurazaN .)4991 S ;)aratU ukulaM( oma ;)nobmA( enuu

kea usus ;)serolF ,abmuS ,amiB( araraK ;)aupaP( utieB uata menkrU ,idnamaK

nial nad )nataleS isewaluS( arakab uata akab ;)etoR( - id nukus nial amaN .nial

utiay aragen iagabreb tiurfdaerb ;)sirggnI( niap a tiurf icnareP( ;)s ,oap oturf

assam edoap ;)sigutroP( moohdoorb ,thcurvdoorb nad )adnaleB( ulu .)iawaH(

utiay ,nakanugid gnires gnay haimli aman aparebeb iaynupmem nukus namanaT

sinummoc supracotrA tsroF asicni supracotrA , l nni uata silitla supracotrA

aP( ebsroF )nosnikr ,iraS( gr 8002 .)

hubmut )imonoskat( akitametsis malaD - namanat nakududek ,nahubmut

)1991 ,aepatuH nad tayadihusmayS( .tukireb iagabes nakisakifisalkid nukus

modgniK : eatnalP hubmut( - )nahubmut

modgnikbuS : atnoiboehcarT )hulubmepreb nahubmut(

repuS isiviD : atyhpotamrepS )ijib naklisahgnem(

isiviD : atyhpoilongaM )agnubreb nahubmut(

saleK : adispoilongaM )litokid / aud gnipekreb(

odrO : selacitrU

ilimaF : eaecaroM

suneG : supracotrA

seicepS : sinummoc supracotrA

9

igolofroM nukus namanaT utiay ayniggnit gnay nohop sutibah ikilimem

etem 03 iapacnem tapad .r raseb ayngnataB , kaynab hategreb b , kaynab gnabacre

nad nahubmutrep ayn .sata ek gnurednec taresreb uyak tiluk nad kanul aynuyaK

b namanat naigab aumeS .rasak recne hategre . nukus namanat rakA iaynupmem

gnay gnaggnut raka gnipmas rakA .lakgnad gnay gnipmas raka nad malad tapad

kutnu nakanugid gnires gnay sanut hubmut tibib .)8991,afatsuM(

itrepes labet nad ,ukak ,rabel ,raseb gnologret nukus nuaD gnaluleb .

aynnarukU 03 - 02 x mc 06 - anraW .mc 04 sata halebesid nuad ,palikgnem aut uajih

esid haleb ulubreb nad rasak ,tacup uajih anrawreb hawab nad asakgnA(

.)4991 ,niddurazaN agnuB agnub( laggnut nimalekreb nukus agnub nad aniteb

hamureb ipatet ,)hasipret natnaj .utas nuad kaitek irad raulek aynagnuB adap

gnuju takgnot kutnebreb natnaj agnuB .gnitnar nad gnabac ,letno tubesid gnajnap

01 gnajnap - anrawreb mc 02 agnuB .gninuk aniteb iakgnatreb talub kutnebreb

kednep .)8991,afatsuM(

1 rabmaG . s haub nad namanaT 6002 ,enogaR( nuku )

haub epitreb nukus hauB hurules irad kutnebret gnay adnag ,naagnubrep

,nuhat rep ritub 007 kaynabes haub naklisahgnem tapad nukus nohop gnatabes

gnisam - 004 aratna ayntareb haub gnisam – 0021 gr talub kutnebreb nukus hauB .

01

.nolem haub itrepes gnojnol kaga uajih haub tiluk anraW pmas adum gninuk ia

nalabeteK .natalkocek 1 aratna rasikreb tiluk - tiluk naakumrep adum hauB .mm 2

rasak aynhaub nad aut haub haletes sulah idajnem )3002 ,itawodiW( .

,sarek hatnem taas haub rutskeT idajnem nad kanul gnigaD .gnatam haletes

tup anrawreb haub asaR .aynsinej gnutnagret ,gninuk nad nagninukek hitup ,hi

amora nagned ,gnatam haletes sinam nad sinam kaga hatnem taas aynhaub

haub iakgnat gnajnaP .gk 4 iapacnem tapad haub tareb narukU .kifiseps rasikreb

5,2 aratna - sateirav gnutnagret mc 5,21 awodiW( )3002 ,it .

1.1.2 nagnudnaK K aimi B hau S nuku

nukus hauB amal hadus nad lanoisidart nanakam iagabes naktaafnamid

.rakabid uata gnerogid ,suberid haletes ismusnokid hauB .nagnir nanakam hauB

rebmus iagabes isnetopreb gnay haub nagnolog malad nakkusamid tapad nukus

.tardihobrak gnudnagnem nukus haub ,)5002( egorA nad imitorajI turuneM

)%3,0( kamel nad )%5,1( nietorp ,)%52( tardihobrak utiay isirtun sinej iagabreb

rad .nukus haub tareb i naK ,iggnit pukuc gnay nukus tardihobrak nagnud

.gnupet idajnem haloid kutnu gnaulepreb

rusnu gnudnagnem kaynab aguj nukus haub ,uti nialeS - atres larenim rusnu

rusnU .hubut helo nakhutubid tagnas gnay nimativ - gnudnakret gnay larenim rusnu

nukus haub malad ,)eF( iseB taZ nad ,)P( rofsoF ,)aC( muislak halada nial aratna

nimativ nad ,2B ,1B nimativ halada nial aratna lojnonem gnay nimativ nakgnades

isisopmoK .% 3,36 ratikes utiay iggnit pukuc nukus haub malad ria nagnudnaK .C

ahilid tapad nukus haub izig taz t .ini tukireb 1 lebaT adap

11

lebaT 1. isisopmoK z ta g izi s g 001 rep nuku mar b naha

iziG taZ aduM nukuS auT nukuS nukuS gnupeT

)g( tardihobraK 2,9 2,82 9,87 )g( kameL 7,0 3,0 8,0 )g( nietorP 0,2 3,1 6,3

)gm( 1B nimatiV 21,0 21,0 43,0 )gm( 2B nimatiV 60,0 50,0 71,0

)gm( C nimatiV 00,12 71 6,74 )gm( muislaK 95 12 8,85

)gm( rofsoF 64 95 2,561 )gm( iseb taZ - 4,0 1,1

2002 ,PHPPB : rebmuS

2.1.2 gnupeT S nuku

asam gnajnaprepmem kutnu fitanretla utas halas nakapurem nukus gnupeT

gnupet kudorP .nukus haub napmis irad gnusgnal araces taubid tapad nukus

kelpag irad uata nakgnirekid nad turapid gnay aynhaub sulah gniligid gnay nukus

.)2002 ,itparpuS(

0021 aratna rasikreb nukus haub rotok toboB - nemedner ,haub/g 0052

es haub gnigad tareb latot iraD .%12,18 haub gnigad nad tuwasid halet

11 kaynabes gnirek tuwas nemedner naklisahgnem nakgnirekid – nad %02

01 rasebes gnupet nemedner naklisahgnem – nad naautek takgnit gnutnagret ,%81

anahredes gniregnep tala nakanuggnem nukus tuwas nagniregneP .nukus sinej

5 aratna rasikreb - 55 nagniregnep uhus nagned maj 6 - 06 o nagniregnep aliB .C

,harec gnay aradu adaP .acauc gnutnagret nagniregnep amal irahatam ranis nagned

1 ratikes nagniregnep amal – .)3002 ,itawodiW( irah 2

helo isanimodid gnay aimik isisopmok ikilimem nukuS hauB gnupeT

.tardihobrak isisopmoK ayngnupet 4 nietorp gnudnagnem - l ,%5 7,2 kame - ,%5,3

k 18 tardihobra - nad %38 p iskarf %67 ita nanimod halada a .%28 nitkepolim

21

satilauK aynisirtun arates nagned gnupet sareb id anam p nagnudnak 3 nietor - %4

nad k 28 tardihobra - ides ;%58 hawab id tik isisopmok isirtun ugiret nagned

p nagnudnak 7 nietor - nad %81 k tardihobra 38 - %88 malad 1102 ,nawanuG(

.)2102 ,igotraP

2.2 truhgoY

y ataK utiay ikruT asahab irad lasareb truhgo truguj uata ruhgoy t gnay

masa usus aynitra i , aynbabes halut ini taas iapmas tubesid aguj gnires truhgoy

” iagabes .”masa usus Y halet truhgo amal hurules id saul lanekid itkubret ,ainud

aynada irad .ini kudorp tubeynem kutnu nakanugid gnay aman iagabreb amaN -

halada aynaratnaid truhgoy aman jetsos ,)airagnoH( akelalesik ,)naklaB( ydabaz

,)naduS nad riseM( tsam ,)narI( abor ,)karI( nuzam ,)ainemrA( itruoait ,)inanuY(

uddeic ,)ailatI( udarozzem ,)ailisiS( iliif ,)aidnalniF( alagyxo nad )ainamuR(

henbal .)nonabiL( adaP aragen - us irad taubid truhgoy tubesret aragen usus ,ipas us

.)2002 ,niwdE( aduk usus nad uabrek usus ,gnibmak

irad helorepid gnay kudorp halada truhgoy ,isinifed araceS halet gnay usus

utnetret iretkab nagned nakisatnemrefid naidumek ,isasiruetsapid iapmas

,sahk gnay asar nad ,uab ,namasaek helorepid apnat uata nagned nahabmanep

nidujaruS( nial nahab la te .)6002 ,. ,)9002( INS turuneM halada truhgoy kudorp

nagned isutitsnoker usus uata nad usus isatnemref irad helorepid gnay

iretkab nakanuggnem suciraglub sullicabotcaL nad sullihpomreht succocotpertS

uata nad nahabmanep apnat uata/nagned ,iauses gnay nial tatkal masa iretkab

nial nagnap nahab nakniziid gnay nagnap nahabmat nahab nad . utum tarayS

31

nakrasadreb truhgoy aisenodnI lanoisaN radnatS 9002 ,INS( ) nakataynid adap

lebaT 2.

2 lebaT . tS noisaN radna y kutnu aisenodnI la truhgo

airetirK ijU nataraysreP

naadaeK

nakapmaneP latnek nariac - tadap

uaB lamroN sahk/

asaR masA sahk/

isnetsisnoK negomoH

radaK )b/b %( kameL 0,3 muminiM

nakub usus natadap latoT )b/b%( kamel muminiM 2,8

)b/b %( )83,6 x N( nietorP 7,2 muminiM

radaK )b/b %( ubA 0,1 lamiskaM

namasaeK iagabes gnutihid( masa )tatkal

)b/b %(

5,0 – 0,2

)gK /gm( magol narameC

)bP( labmiT 3,0 mumiskaM

)uC( agabmeT 02 mumiskaM

)nS( hamiT 04 mumiskaM

)gH( askaR 30,0 mumiskaM

)sA( nesrA 1,0 mumiskaM

aborkim narameC

retkaB ( mrofiloC i g/inolok uata g/MPA ) 01 mumiskaM

senegotyconom airetsiL g 52 / fitageN

allenomlaS g 52/fitageN

( retrats iretkab halmuJ k )g/inolo 01 muminiM 7

: rebmuS nadaB lanoisaN isasiradnatS INS 1892 - 9002

,retrats iretkab ,nahalo usus kudorp uata rages ipas usus irad taubret truhgoY

.)0002 ,tsyuV eD( latnegnep iagabes miks usus nahabmanep nad asar atic irebmep

41

S p ipas irad helorepid gnay inrum usus halada rages usu .hare nakapurem usuS

.turalret awaynes aparebeb gnudnagnem gnay ria malad kamel islume utaus

nagned ,%5,78 ratikes utiay ,iggnit tagnas usus malad id ria nagnudnaK

ratikes kamel nad ,%5,3 ratikes nietorp ,%5 ratikes )asotkal( usus alug nagnudnak

3- aguj usuS .%4 ,rofsof ,muislak rebmus nakapurem tagnas gnay A nimativ nad

( kiab .)2002 ,ododiW

iulalem libmaid kamel haletes laggnitret gnay usus naigab halada miks usuS

m igabret usuS .isagufirtnes utiay amatu naigab aud idajne miks nad usus mirk

nagned nakukalid tapad miks nad mirk nahasimeP .usus nad kinakem arac

isativarg yelloF( la te . , .)2791 elkcuB turuneM la te . halada miks usus ,)7891(

usuS .aynhurules uata naigabes libmaid mirk haduses laggnitret gnay usus naigab

miks em aumes gnudnagn nimativ nad kamel ilaucek usus irad nanakam taz -

.kamel tural gnay nimativ

iretkaB kopmolek halada truhgoy nataubmep malad nakanugid gnay iretkaB

utiay )LAB( tatkaL masA sulihpomreht .psbus suravilas succocotpertS nad

kceurbled sullicabotcaL suciraglub .psbus ii nataubmep malad retrats iagabes

atres ,truhgoy sulihpodica sullicabotcaL , iesac sullicabotcaL nad muiretcabodifiB

)9991 ,hahS( kitoiborp iretkab iagabes . iretkaB suciraglub sulicabotcaL nad

sulihpomreht succocotpertS iagabes iretkab truhgoy nataubmep malad retrats

.1 : 1 nagnidnabrep nagned nakanugid B iretka retrats nakiarugnem tubesret

nagned tatkal masa idajnem usus asotkal .asar atic nad amora nenopmok iagabreb

suciraglub sulicabotcaL malad narepreb nakgnades ,amora nakutnebmep

51

rtS sulihpomreht succocotpe malad narepreb bmep truhgoy sahk asar atic nakutne

.)2991 ,yaJ(

eK iretkab sinej aud tubesret amasreb - ,masa asar kutnebmem amas

satisnetni naktakgninem aggnihes tatkal masa kaynabrepmem atres ruovalf

nalatnekek P . gnitnep nanare masa nakutnebmep halada isatnemref amales retrats

kutnebmep iagabes atres ,sahk gnay amora nad asar nakbabeynem gnay

nenopmok - atic nenopmok trepes asar adihed latesa ,notesa i , linobrak awaynes nad

aynnial H( a .)0891 ,ffohtseW nad hcirefl

kaynab truhgoY id ,isirtun gnudnagnem idajret gnay isatnemref sesorp anam

truhgoy adap izig isisopmoK .aynizig nagnudnak habmanem naka truhgoy adap

iggnit hibel aynhalmuj gnay izig nenopmok tapadret ,nakhaB .usus nagned pirim

usus nad truhgoy izig isirtun nagnidnabreP .)2991 ,yaJ( usus irad id naklipmat

.3 lebaT adap

.3 lebaT y nad usus adap amatu awayneS truhgo

isisopmoK

)g 001/tinU(

usuS truhgoY

inruM mikS taF lluF taF woL tiurF

)lakk( igrenE 5,76 63 27 46 89

)g( nietorP 5,3 3,3 9,3 5,4 0,5

)g( kameL 52,4 31,0 4,3 6,1 52,1

)g( tardihobraK 57,4 1,5 9,4 5,6 6,81

)gm( muislaK 911 121 541 051 671

)gm( rofsoF 49 59 411 811 351

)gm( muirtaN 05 25 74 15 -

)gm( muilaK 251 541 681 291 452

: rebmuS nidujaruS la te 6002 ,.

61

idajnem igabret truhgoy aynkamel nagnudnak nakrasadreB nagned truhgoy

5,4( iggnit kamel radak - 3( gnades kamel radak ,)%01 - radak ,)%4 hadner kamel

1( - irad gnaruk( hadner tagnas kamel radak truhgoy nad ,)%3 nidujaruS( )%1 te

la .)6002 ,. utiay ,truhgoy sinej agit tapadret aynrutsket nakrasadreB tes ,truhgoy

rits der nad truhgoy gniknird .truhgoy teS tagnas gnay rutsket iaynupmem truhgoy

nakgnades ,latnek derrits nakgnidnabid alib recne hibel aynrutsket truhgoy

nagned tes nad , gniknird .namunim itrepes recne tagnas truhgoy gniknirD truhgoy

nakapurem derrits truhgoy nad emimaT( hadner gnay satisoksiv nagned ipat

)9991 ,nosniboR .

1.2.2 igoloiborkiM Y truhgo

rutluk satilauk halada truhgoy utum ihuragnepmem gnay rotkaf utas halaS

malad narepreb gnay iretkab sinej aud ada ini lah malad ,nakanugid gnay retrats

utiay ,truhgoy nataubmep suciraglub sullicabotcaL nad succocotpertS

sulihpomreht .

.1 ciraglub sullicabotcaL su

suciraglub sullicabotcaL nuhat adap fforgirG helo isalosiid ilak amatrep

haletes lanekret idajnem ini emsinagrO .airagluB isatnemref usus irad 5091

nakusubmep awhab napaggnareb gnay ffokincteM helo nakidileynep aynnakadaid

nahatid tapad susu malad gnajnaprepmem naka aggnihes isatnemref usus nagned

.)0891 ,ffohtseW nad hcirefleH( rumu

sullicabotcaL naakumrep adap aynlasim ,nanakam adap nakumetid gnires

kudorp atres usus adap nad ,)lekip isatnemref malad narepreb( naruyas - kudorp

alug hacemem gnay fitatnemrefomoh iretkab malad ek kusamret ini iretkaB .usus

71

bmut tapad nad ,tatkal masa idajnem amaturet 73 uhus adap hu o hibel uata C

.)2991 ,zaidraF(

.2 sulihpomreht succocotpertS

sulihpomreht succocotpertS fitatnemrefomoh tafisreb seiseps aparebeb nad

races tatkal masa iskudorpmem kiboeana isidnok adap tapec a ini iretkaB . gnires

nakanugid malad natewagnep tabmahgnem kutnu amaturet ,nanakam

.)2991 ,zaidraF( nucar kutnebmep nad negotap iretkab nahubmutrep turuneM

,)9891( nosniboR nad emimaT sulihpomreht succocotpertS iretkab nakapurem

gnasapreb ,norkim 1 irad gnaruk retemaid nagned alob uata talub kutnebreb -

nagnasap .gnajnap iatnar kutnebreb uata

sulihpomreht succocotpertS m ,fitisop marg iretkab nakapure

tatnemrefomoh naklisahgnem kiboreana fi litesaid nad adihedlatesa ,tatkal masa

.usus asotkal irad ini iretkaB hus adap hubmut upmam kadit 51 u o adap hubmut ,C

54 uhus o 05 uhus adap hubmut niarts raseb naigabes ,C o adap nahatreb nad C

06 uhus adap tinem 03 amales nasanamep o .C sulihpomreht succocotpertS hubmut

5,6 Hp adap mumitpo - 2,4 Hp adap hubmut itnehreb naka nad ,5,7 - .4,4

sulihpomreht succocotpertS fmem tapad ,itap ,asorkus ,asotkal ,asotkurf isatnemre

a ,asonifar htaenS( asolyx nad ,asonibar la te .)4991 ,.

nataubmep malad nakanugid gnay )retrats( nakaiB isgnufreb truhgoy

nahab iagabes nial aratna ( tewagnep evitavreserp aynkutnebreT . ) irad tatkal masa

isatnemref lisah asotkal nakbabeynem , iretkab seiseps aparebeb nahubmutrep

fitkafertup iretkab aynsusuhk ,hagecret )kusubmep( anerak , gnaruk ini iretkab

.masa padahret narelot

81

adaP sesorp masa nakutnebmep asotkal irad tatkal , alum - alum asotkal

sisilordihid asokulg idajnem nakaib helo otkalag nad as uata asotkalag -6- tafsof .

iatnar iulalem ayntujnaleS asokulg ,sisilokilg tatkal masa idajnem habuid ( ,retsoF

7591 ). sisilokilg iatnar iulalem tatkal masa nakutnebmep emsilobatem rulaJ

aklipmatid n .2 rabmag adap

.2 rabmaG l masa nakutnebmep rulaJ tatka h iretkab helo fitatnemrefomo ( uX .la te 0102 , )

2.2.2 truhgoY taafnaM

tatkal masa iretkab helo naklubmitid gnay truhgoy taafnam aparebeB

: utiay truhgoy malad

.1 i asotkal isatagneM narelotn

id isidnok utaus halada narelotni asotkaL anrecnem tapad kadit susu anam

mizne aynsatabret anerak idajret ini laH .anrupmes araces asotkal pareynem nad

aynadA .asotkal hacemem malad isgnufreb gnay naanrecnep narulas adap esatkal

91

gnag uata suriv anerak akul amaturet susu nasipal adap naanrecnep narulas naug

les adap - esatkal mizne iskudorp nakbabeynem naka esatkal mizne lisahgnep les

haletes narelotni asotkal imalagnem gnaroeses alajeg uata adnaT .satabret tagnas

ajeg nad ,hatnum ,laum ,eraid halada usus munim iretkaB .aynnial turep tikas al

adirakasonom idajnem usus asotkal nakiarugnem tapad truhgoy malad tatkal masa

.hubut paresid nad anrecid hadum usus aggnihes ,asotkalag nad asokulg utiay

usus asotkal %03 tapadret nakarikrepid truhgoy nataubmep sesorp amaleS gnay

nidujaruS( asotkalag nad asokulg idajnem iaruid la te .)6002 ,. aguj truhgoY

naaidesretek ,ecnerelotni esotkal atirednep igab muislak rebmus nakapurem

kutneb malad muislak adapirad naktaafnamid tapad hibel truhgoy malad muislak

nial ,nosniboR nad emimaT( )9991 iretkab helo naklisahid gnay masa ialiN .

helo paresid kaynab hibel muislak nad muislak marag naturalek naktakgninem

,renneR( hubut . )8891

.2 p metsis nakgnabmieyneM naanrecne

arolf nagnabmiesek agajnem naka truhgoy malad iretkaB ,susu lamron

,uti nialeS .naanrecnep isgnuf nakanrupmeynem nad ikiabrepmem tapad aggnihes

nakusubmep nakradnihgnem tapad gnay akitoibitna ayad ikilimem aguj truhgoy

.)9991 ,hahS( sulah susu malad inid

.3 k radak naknuruneM loretselo

y malad tatkal masa iretkaB masa halmujes naklisahgnem tapad truhgo

nanurunep malad narepreb gnay tatoro masa nad ,tanoiporp masa itrepes kinagro

itah malad loretselok sisetnis tabmahgnem naka tanoiporp masA .loretselok radak

3 mizne sativitka nakenem arac nagned - iskordih -3- ulg litem esatkuder AoC lirat

02

hubut malad loretselok naidumeK .loretselok sisetnis ucimep utas halas iagabes

haubes ,lonatsorpoc idajnem truhgoy malad tatkal masa iretkab helo habuid naka

sis nad lonatsorpoc naikimed nagneD .susu helo paresid tapad kadit gnay lorets a

malad tatoro masa awayneS .ajnit nagned amasreb nakraulekid naka loretselok

nakutnebmep kutnu nanakam irad loretselok nagned gniasreb naka truhgoy

anasrauS( lamron patet loretselok iskudorp aggnihes itah malad loretselok la te ,.

.)5002

.4 k hagecneM rekna

eS nanahatrep metsis ucamem naka truhgoy malad gnudnakret gnay awayn

( KN les nad norefretni itrepes ,hubut llec rellik larutan nawalem naka gnay )

nakenem naka truhgoy malad kitoiborp rusnu ,uti nialeS .reknak nad romut

h susu aborkim sativitka nad nahubmutrep nucar awaynes iskudorpmem gnay sula

nakhadnimem nad takignem naka aguj truhgoY .kednep iatnareb kamel masa uata

naka gnay kinegatumitna awaynes iskudorpmem ,negonisrak awaynes

taritub awaynes iskudorpmem nad ,reknak aynlucnum tabmahgnem naka gnay

idajnem isnetopreb gnay lamronba les narucnahgnep isalumitsnem reknak les

nidujaruS( la te .)6002 ,.

.5 b nad rumaj iskefni isatagneM iretka

awaynes naklisahgnem truhgoy malad tatkal masa iretkaB gnay aborkimitna

m iskefni nawalem naka gnay ,nisoiretkab tubesid aborki ,hubut malad negotap

rumaj anerak iskefni itrepes snacibla adidnaC nad iretkab irolyp retcabocileH

yelleF( nad ittehciM .)3002 ,

12

3.2 kitoiberP

gnay nanakam nahab iagabes nakisinifedid kitoiberP non - elbitsegid uata

wol - elbitsegid araces isalumitsnem nagned gnani emsinagro nakgnutnugnem gnay

malad kitoiborp iretkab halmujes uata utas satifitka uata nahubmutrep fitkeles

.)8991 ,nosbiG nad remiD( nolok gnay skelpmok tardihobrak halada kitoiberP

helo anrecid tapad kadit narulas nahubmutrep isalumitsnem tapad nad naanrecnep

.)2002 ,dirggnI( aisunam susu malad nakgnutnugnem iretkab

utiay ,adirakasogilo awaynes utaus nakapurem mumu gnay kitoiberP

aratna gnudnagnem gnay awaynes alug iatnar hulupes iapmas agit d nednettirC( na

enyalP , )6991 . aparebeB adirakasogilo sinej ,adirakasogilootkurf ,asonifar itrepes

kitoiberp iagabes isgnufreb iuhatekid niluni nad adirakasogilootkalag adiaruN( te

,.la )6002 . iretkab isatnemrefid kitoiberP adap kamel masa naklisahgnem susu

aguj susu iretkab ,masa nialeS .tatkal masa nad tatesa masa amaturet kednep iatnar

aborkim itna taz naklisahgnem naka )4991 ,ustamomoT( .

gninnaM .la te tabmahgnem utiay kitoiberp nagnutnuek naksalejnem )4002(

akgninem ,negotap ignudnilem ,muislak napareynep nakt ,susu reknak padahret

naktakgninem nad harad kamel naknurunem .satinumi kitoiberp mumu araceS

gnay iretkab igab susuhk isirtun irebmem arac nagned natahesek igab taafnamreb

,nakgnutnugnem nad nakgnutnugnem iretkab halmuj naktakgninem aggnihes

halmuj ignarugnem iretkab nagnabmiesek naikimed nagneD .nakigurem iretkab

.lortnokret susu malad aisunam natahesek igab taafnamreb naka tubesret laH .

oiborp iretkab utnabmem tapad kitoiberp nahabmaneP arac nagned kit

22

naanrecnep metsis malad pudih naupmamek uata satilibaiv naktakgninem

.)2002 ,dirggnI(

skooF turuneM .la te helo ihunepid surah gnay airetirk aparebeb ,)9991(

es tarays ihunemem ayapus nagnap nahab )1 utiay aynaratnaid kitoiberp iagab

t metsis sata naigab adap isbrosbaret uata sisilordih imalagnem kadi naanrecnep

.kitoiborp helo iakapid kutnu )licek susu nad gnubmal( aisunam )2 upmam aynaH

o fitkeles araces isatnemrefid m )3 .raseb susu malad kitoiborp hel ucamem upma

. raseb susu malad kitoiborp isanimod nad nahubmutrep

adirakasogilO

ug nakapurem adirakasogilO aggnih 3 nagned al 1 .adirakas tinu 0

adirakasilop kednep iatnar nakapurem adirakasogilO . awaynes kitsiretkaraK

adirakasogilo gninnaM( .la te , )4002 T )a halada iridre adirakasonom nanusus irad

)b .asotkurf nad asolyx ,asotkalag ,asokulg nial aratna M ilime kidisokilg nataki ik .

)c .adirakasilop hawabid hadner gnay lukelom tareb ikilimeM

hid tapad kadit adirakasogilO ,sulah susu paresid nad asilordi anerak asokum

α utiay adirakasogilo anrecnep mizne iaynupmem kadit ailamam - tkalag esadiso

,idathcuM( .)9891 aparebeB sinej ,asonifar itrepes adirakasogilo

isgnufreb iuhatekid halet niluni nad adirakasogilootkalag ,adirakasogilootkurf

.kitoiberp iagabes ilo rebmuS utiay anahredes tardihobrak apureb gnay adirakasog

ijib - gnacak ,naijib - ibmu ,nagnacak - naibmu aynnial namanat lisah irad nad

adiaruN( ,.la te 2 .)600

32

rabmaG 3. o aparebeb rutkurtS il og )5002 ,inamiluM nad adwogiriG( adirakas

gnay asotkalag nad asotkurf fitavired nakapurem aguj adirakasogilO

mizne helo isadargedret kadiT .satinumi naktakgninem malad kitoiberp narepreb

paresid kadit nad anrecid kadiT .gnani emsinagro naklisahid gnay sunegodne

ad igrene napusa naknurunem aggnihes naknurunem nad naanrecnep mal

helo isatnemrefid hadum nagned ipatet naka ,nilusni naraulegnep airetcabodifiB

iatnar kamel masa( AFCS naklisahgnem nad naanrecnep narulas nalad ada gnay

iretkab esatnesrep aggnihes susu Hp naknurunem naka gnay )kednep

gnay kusubmep iretkab esatnesrep nakgnades ,takgninem nakgnutnugnem

iaynupmem ini adirakasogilo irad laiborkim isatnemref lisaH .nurunem nakigurem

,susu asokum gnidnid irad les isarefilorp padahret nakgnutnugnem gnay huragnep

r itna tafis nakujnunem a d gnad satifitka naktakgninem atres romutitna satifitka na

42

nurunem tapad fitagen marG iretkab isalupop naikimed nagneD .susu kirotom

yelyaB( ,.la te .)1991

adiaruN naitilenep nakrasadreB la te awhab iuhatekid ,)6002(. e nukus kartsk

nad asotlam ,asorkus gnudnagnem kartske ,tubesret alug agitek nialeS .asonifar

.asoirtotlam gnudnagnem aguj nukus sinej utas halas halada asonifaR

tapad kadit nad namanat aparebeb irad nakinrumid tapad gnay adirakasogilo

ni sinej adirakasogilO .aisunam naanrecnep narulas malad id anrecid nakapurem i

kitit nagned asokulg nad asotkalag ,asotkurf remonom irad iridret gnay adirakasirt

87 helel o .)0791 ,ruzaP( C

4 rabmaG . r aimik rutkurtS ifa β[ason -D-F O lisonarufotkur -α-D-g lisonaripotkala - 1( - )6 -α-D-G )0791 ,ruzaP( ]adisonaripokul

4.2 kitoiborP

tegrat anerak helo kitoiborp nagned nakhasipid tapad kadit kitoiberP kitoiberp

ahubmutrep ucamem halada ,diorfreboR( kitoiborp iretkab n .)0002 kitoiborP

naupmamek iaynupmem gnay pudih aiborkim iagabes nakisinifedid kitueparet

nad aisunam adap naweh nagnabmiesek ikiabrepmem arac nagned ajrekeb gnay

.)9891 ,relluF( naanrecnep narulas malad aiborkim kitoiborp iretkab aparebeB

pukacnem laisremok atorihS iesac sullicabotcaL kaahnapS( .la te , ,)8991

podica sullicabotcaL ,susonmahR iesac sullicabotcaL muiretcabodifiB ,sulih

52

iB nad mugnol mudfiib muiretcabodfi nenimlaS( ,.la te .)4002 kitoiborP

,kinagro masa itrepes remirp tilobatem awaynes naklisahgnem adiskorep negordih

itrepes rednukes tilobatem aguj ,adiskoidnobrak nad rovalf awaynes ,nisoiretkab

adirakasiloposke nad )dihedlatesa nad litesaid( ,onoruS( )SPE( )4002

itiletid halet gnay kitoiborp taafnam aparebeb nakataynem )9991( kconnaT

halada tapad ,naanrecnep iskefni tikaynep padahret nanahatek naktakgninem

hagecnem ,eraid harad nanaket naknurunem ignarugnem ,loretselok naknurunem ,

,igrela negonisrak isnetop naknurunem ,hitup harad les sisotisogaf gnasgnarem

nad .romut isnetop naknurunem kopmolek utas halas ,)9891( relluF turuneM

b halada kitoiborp iagabes nakanugid kaynab halet gnay emsinagroorkim iretka

.)LAB( tatkal masa

kaynaB tsudni malad nakanugid gnay iretkab seiseps kadit ,usus isatnemref ir

aumes surah gnay tarays ,kitoiborp iagabes tafisreb tapad tubesret iretkab

ihunepid m )1 utiay aynaratnaid patet aggnihes iggnit gnay satilibaiv iaynupme

.naanrecnep metsis malad fitka nad hubmut ,pudih )2 iretkab suneg irad lasareB

.ismusnokid nama iuhatekid gnay )3 elib( udepme marag ,masa padahret nahaT

tlas M )4 .boreana isidnok nad ,) apec nagned hubmut upma adap lepmenem nad t

.naanrecnep narulas gnidnid )5 naknurunem nad asotkal isadargednem upmam

.loretselok radak )6 am negotap iretkab tabmahgnem upm .

rasebes iggnit gnay halmuj malad adareb nad pudih surah kitoiborp iretkaB

01 6 - 01 8 ggnihes ismusnokid taas iretkaB .natahesek igab nakgnutnugnem a

narulas iapmas ismusnokid taas pudih patet hisam nakparahid kitoiborp

nakukalem tapad nakparahid kitoiborp iretkab pudih naadaek malaD .naanrecnep

62

aggnihes ,susu gnidnid malad isasinolok ad nahubmutrep nakenem tap iretkab

ettehcnalB( negotap la te .)6991 ,.

5.2 isatnemreF

halai isatnemreF sesorp araces kiab borea gnay boreana nupuam

naklisahgnem aynkartske uata aborkim satifitka naktabilem gnay kudorp iagabreb

nokret aborkim sativitka nagned .)9891 ,arakuS nad siwraD( lort isatnemreF

kutnu ;nial aratna ,taafnam iagabreb ikilimem ,nagnap kudorp naktewagnem

nakirebmem ,utnetret nagnap kudorp padahret rovalf uata asar atic irebmem

sket nagnap kudorp adap utnetret rut tnemref sesorp aynada nagneD . isa gnay

naka nakparahid utnetret aborkim helo nakukalid gnay izig ialin naktakgninem

adap ada nagnap kudorp utum nakiabrep aynada nagneD .isatnemref kudorp

ini isatnemref akam ikilimem nagnap nakparahid helo amiret ialin natakgninep

.nemusnok

sesorP beb helo ihuragnepid isatnemref e rotkaf apar utiay aynaratnaid

.aborkim nad negisko ,namasaeK ,uhus ,tartsbus isatnemref muidem/tartsbuS

,igrene helorepmem kutnu aborkim helo nakulrepid gnay izig taz nakaideynem

tnisoib nad les kutnebmep nahab ,nahubmutrep kudorp ase - .emsilobatem kudorp

isatnemref amales nanimod gnay aborkim sinej nakutnenem isatnemref uhuS .

halmuj ,amal nahatreb tapad aynmumu adap masa gnudnagnem gnay nanakaM

tabmahgnem aggnihes ayniggnit naikimedes nikgnum kutnebret gnay masa

msinagroorkim .ayniskudorpmem gnay e kutnu rutaid isatnemref sesorp amaleS

aborkim paiteS .utnetret aborkim nahubmutrep tabmahgnem uata kaynabrepmem

72

uata nahubmutrep adap adebreb aynhalmuj gnay negisko nakulremem

les nakutnebmep - iW( urab les 1102 ,hisgninid .)

ataafnameP orkim n emsinagro ,takgninem nikam igolonketoib nega iagabes

k nial aratna lah aparebeb anera , )1 tapad nad hadum aynnakaynabreP

harum fitaler nahubmutrep tartsbuS )2 ,nakiladnekid , naklisahgnem tapaD )3

akgnabmekid laisnetop aggnihes kaynab pukuc gnay mizne alaks kutnu n rtsudni .i

nidurhcaB( te ,.la .)0002 nataigek irad lisah halada nagnap nahab isatnemreF

ubireb aratnaid emsinagroorkim sinej aparebeb – nad rimahk ,iretkab sinej ubir

alada gnitnep gnilap gnay aynaratnaid ,lanekid halet gnay gnapak iretkab h

,tatkal masa kutnebmep itrepes ,rimahk sinej aparebeb eaisiverec secymorahccaS

igar nagned aguj tubesid aynasaib gnay itrepes gnapak sinej aparebeb atres

eazyrO supozihR elkcuB( la te .)5891 ,. tatkal masa iretkaB kapurem )LAB( na

gnay iretkab .nakgnutnugnem : nial aratna LAB sinej aparebeB succocotpertS

cotconocueL ,easiverec succocoideP ,)siromerc.S nad sitcal .S ,sulihpomreht.S(

( sullicabotcaL ,sedioretnesem )iikcurbled L ,muratnalp .L ,sulihpodica .L swolaB(

la te ., )1991 .

B masa iretka tatkal gnay tatkal masA )1 ;utiay narep ikilimem naklisahid

lf nad amora nakirebmem isatnemrefret nanakam adap rova 2991 ,yaJ( .) )2

nagnap halognep isakifisrevid nega iagabes narepreb upmam tatkal masa iretkaB

rgednem naupmamek ikilimem ini iretkab babes isada gnudnakret gnay alug

nad nietorp isadargednem ,anahredes alug idajnem aynnahubmutrep aidem malad

m aditpep 891 ,dnailliG( onima masa idajne retkaB )3 .)6 kutnu nama tatkal masa i

nagnap . lefpasloH .la te 1( 599 ) awhab nakpakgnugnem , tatkal masa iretkab

82

nakapurem yllareneG( natahesek padahret okisereb kat emsinagroorkim

/efaS sA desingoceR .)SARG nega iagabes alup narepreb tatkal masa iretkaB )4

agnem tapad gnay yaR .nagnap naktew nad )2991( lehcseaD arac nakakumegnem

agned nagnap naktewagnem ini iretkab aborkim itna awaynes naklisahgnem n

lonate ,nisoiretkab ,litesaid ,adiskorep negordih ,kinagro masa apureb laisnetop ,

skoder .hadner gnay nial aborkim nagned isitepmokreb naupmamek )5 )negotap(

naweh nad aisunam naanrecnep narulas ,nanakam ,namanat adap .)4991 ,kciD(

muratnalp sullicabotcaL

muratnalp sullicabotcaL fitatnemrefomoh LAB sinej utas halas nakapurem

73 irad hadner hibel lamitpo rutarepmet nagned o .)8891 ,ffohtseW nad reizarF( C

muratnalP .L 5,0( gnatab kutnebreb - 0,1 d/s 5,1 - 01 μ kadit nad )m non( karegreb

,boreana fitatlukaf uata borea ,fitagen esalatak tafis ikilimem ini iretkaB .)litom

,tartin iskuderem kadit ,nietorp anrecnem tapec ,nitaleg nakriacnem upmam

narelot ,raga aidem malaD .tatkal masa iskudorpmem upmam nad ,masa padahret

tnalp.L mura 2 narukureb inolok kutnebmem - ,euqapo hitup anrawreb ,mm 3

,skevnoc nad otnawsuK( tatkal masa kutnebmep iretkab iagabes lanekid nad

,ijdamraduS .)8891

rabmaG 5. muratnalp sullicabotcaL ( inorhcayS 102 , 4)

92

muratnalp .L skelpmok awaynes kabmorem upmam gnay awaynes idajnem

utiay aynrihka lisah nagned anahredes hibel masa elkcuB turuneM .tatkal .la te

91( 87) tatkal masa aggnihes tartsbus adap hadner gnay Hp naklisahgnem tapad

naklubminem .masa anasaus .L muratnalp rasebes namasaek naktakgninem tapad

5,1 %0,2 iapmas selras( tartsbus adap la te ,masa naadaek malaD .)6591 ,. .L

muratnalp ikilimem iretkab nad negohtap iretkab tabmahgnem kutnu naupmamek

odagleD( kusubmep la te )1002 ,. . nahubmutreP muratnalP .L tabmahgnem tapad

tap emsinagoorkim irad isanimatnok anerak nucar lisahgnep nad negoh

kutnu aynnaupmamek masa naklisahgnem ,tartsbus Hp naknurunem nad tatkal

isgnufreb tapad gnay adiskorep negordih naklisahgnem tapad LAB uti niales

airuS( iretkabitna iagabes 91 ,airiw 59 .) muratnalp .L naupmamek iaynupmem aguj

nad eineJ( kitoibitna taz iagabes isgnufreb gnay nisoiretkab naklisahgnem kutnu

.)5991 ,iniR

( rimahK eaisiverec secymorahccaS )

eaisiverec secymorahccaS .rimahk sinej utas halas nakapurem ini rimahK

non tafisreb - non nad kinegotap - aggnihes kiskot kaynab iagabreb malad nakanugid

nad itor nataubmep itrepes isatnemref sesorp elkcuB( lohokla .la te 9002 , .)

rimahK leS .kitoirakue gnay ralulesinu ignuf halada eaisiverec secymorahccaS

kutnebreb leS .gnajnamem uata lavo ,talub eaisiverec secymorahccaS narukureb

3( - x )01 5,4( – )12 μ iskudorpeR .m eaisiverec secymorahccaS nagned nakukalid

kutnebmem .)2991 ,zaidraF( lauskes arops nad sanut

03

amas ripmah aynmumu adap rimahk nahubmutrep kutnu uhus narasiK

mitpo uhus nagned utiay ,gnapak nagned 52 mu - mumiskam uhus nad Cº03 53 -

.Cº73 upmam rimahK tafisreb gnay ipatet kiborea isidnok adap hubmut

araces hubmut tapad fitatnemref nad zaidraF( tabmal nupiksem kiboreana

.)9891 ,onraniW negisko nakulremem rimahk ,isatnemref sesorp naalumrep adaP

kutnu aggnihes aynnahubmutrep haleteS .borea araces gnusgnalreb isatnemref

kutnebret OC 2 boreana idajnem habureb naka iskaer , .)1891 ,nnuD nad ttocserP(

rabmaG 6. eaisiverec secymorahccaS ( irtuP 102 , 1)

,iggnit gnay alug isartnesnok nad borea isidnok adaP secymorahccaS

c eaisivere isidnok malaD .lohokla naklisahgnem kadit ipatet kiab nagned hubmut

tavurip nad tabmal aiborkim nahubmutrep ,boreana gnay nagnukgnil

OC nad dihedlitesa idajnem esaliskobraked 2 lonate kutnebret naka ayntujnales ,

ohokla helo dihedlatesa iskuder lisah irad l regeurC( esanegordihed nad ,regeurC

.)0991

( gnapaK eazyro supozihR )

eazyro supozihR ,hitup anrawreb ailesim utiay ,kitsiretkarak ikilimem

anrawreb gnay muignarops helo pututret naka hitup ailesim akam asawed akitek

uba - ,diozihr utiay ,kutneb 3 idajnem isasilaisepsret gnapak afiH .natalkocek uba

13

apurem diozihR .muignarops nad ,rofoignarops iapureynem gnay afih kutneb nak

gnatab iapureynem gnay afih halada rofoignaropS .)hawab ek hubmut( raka

.talub kutnebreb nad arops kutnebmep afih halada muignaropS .)sata ek hubmut(

uhuS C°03 halada mumitpo nahubmutrep .

rabmaG 7. eazyro supozihR ( 9991 ,arumihsiN )

eazyro supozihR itrepes tardihobrak isadargednep mizne iskudorpmem

,esanalyx ,esalules ,esalima ,isatnemref amaleS .ayniagabes nad esalimaokulg

gnarukreb naka tardihobrak alug idajnem kabmorid anerak - ,ruN( anahredes alug

α satifitkA .)6002 - nakbabeynem esalima nad itap radak nagnarugnep

,asotlam apureb iskuderep alug naklisahgnem nirtsked nad asoirtotlam , nakgnades

alug naklisahgnem esalimaokulg satifitka itawailleM( asokulg apureb iskuderep te

la . 6002 , .)

retsoF nad taoM rumaj awhab naktubeynem )8891( supozihR kusamret

fitatnemreforeteh seiseps rulaj iagabes esalotekofsof rulaj nakanuggnem gnay

emsilobatem irad amatu isatnemref ,fitatnemreforeteh seiseps adaP .asokulg

hibel naklisahgnem asokulg almuj malad kudorp utas irad ,amas fitaler h

seiseps adap nakgnades kudorp utas naklisahgnem aynah fitatnemrefomoh

.nanimod gnay isatnemref

23

6.2 iretkabitnA sativitkA

nakiladnegnem kutnu nakanugid gnay awaynes halada iretkabitnA

ep nailadnegneP .nakigurem tafisreb gnay iretkab nahubmutrep nahubmutr

,iskefni nad tikaynep narabeynep hagecnem kutnu naujutreb emsinagroorkim atres

uata nakusubmep hagecnem emsinagroorkim helo nahab nakasurep . awayneS

negordih ,kinagro masa halada isatnemref sesorp lisah iagabes iretkabitna

a ,adiskorep s hedlate i aid ,d s tilobatem malad lohokla nad adiskoidnobrak ,lite

nial aratna naklisahid gnay kinagro masa ,remirp .tatkal masa A mas tatkal

nakbabeynem nahubmutrep tabmahgnem tapad aggnihes Hp nanurunep iretkab

6 Hp adap mumitpo gnay - .)4002 ,onoruS( 7

nep emsinakeM tapad aborkimitna awaynes helo emsinagroorkim natabmahg

awaynes adap nauggnag )1( : nial aratna rotkaf aparebeb helo nakbabesid

natakgninep )2( ,les gnidnid nusuynep tapad gnay les narbmem satilibaemrep

)3( ,les nusuynep nenopmok nagnalihek nakbabeynem nad mizne isavitkanignem

awaynes naupmameK .kiteneg lairetam isgnuf nakasurek uata iskurtsed )4(

metsis malad aborkim nahubmutrep sativitka tabmahgnem kutnu aborkimitna

nad negisko naaidesretek ,)namasaek( Hp ,rutarepmet helo ihuragnepid nagnap

a iskaretni .)7002 ,haysnaidrA( tubesret rotkaf aparebeb aratna igrenis uat

U u kutn nad isufid edotem nagned nakukalid tapad iretkabitna sativitka ij

.narecnegnep edotem tset noisuffid csiD nagned nakukalid ksid isufid iju uata

rukugnem retemaid gnineb anoz ( enoz raelc ) aynada kujnutep nakapurem gnay

malad iretkabitna awaynes utaus helo iretkab nahubmutrep natabmahgnep nopser

33

01 utiay sativitisnes/naakepek iju kutnu iretkab halmuj tarayS .kartske 5- 01 8

Lm/UFC nawamreH( la te . .)7002 ,

edoteM .nakanugid gnires gnay edotem utas halas nakapurem isufid edoteM

rac 3 nagned nakukalid tapad isufid edotem ,rednilis edotem utiay a

narumus/gnabul trek markac edotem nad utiay narumus/gnabul edoteM .sa

ga adap gnabul taubmem ra et gnay tadap oniid hal k ,iretkab nagned isaluk naidume

ejniid gnabul nagned nakisk lepmas naka gnay s ,ijuid m nakgnade markac edote

satrek utiay id anam gnay satrek markac halet nakkatelid iretkabitna lepmas isireb

a naakumrep sata id iretkab imanatid halet gnay rag . ,isabukni nakukalid haleteS

natabmah haread aynkadit ada tahilem kutnu itamaid iretkab nahubmutrep uata

aynratikesid hinrej aera .)7002 ,initsugA nad itayamsuK(

gnay ada nanakam malad emsinagroorkim nahubmutreP tapad nakbabeynem

gnay iretkab aumeS .iskefni utiay kiportoreteh tafisreb nanakam adap hubmut

itrepes aynemsilobatem malad nahubmutrep kutnu kinagro taz nakhutubmem

nobrak rebmus iagabes nial nanakam nenopmok nad kamel ,tardihobrak ,nietorp

tap iretkab kaynab tapadreT .aynnahubmutrep kutnu igrene nad gnay nego

,aisunam natahesek nakayahabmem aynutas halas utiay iloc aihcirehcsE

)1102 ,hisgninidiW( .

iloc aihcirehcsE

iloc.E ,)lisabokok( kednep kutnebreb ,fitagen marg iretkab nakapureM

4,0 narukureb – allegalf iaynupmem nad fitatlukaf boreana tafisreb ,mμ 7,0

.lakirtirep iloc E tala malad lamron araces tapadret - nad aisunam naanrecnep tala

nagnolog malad kusamret ,naweh aecairetcaboretnE , nahubmutrep iaynupmem

43

nanakam nanucarek nakbabeynem gnires nad tapec tagnas gnay elkcuB( la te ,

)5891 .

rabmaG 8. aihcirehcsE iloc )0102 ,hasiagN(

.E iloc gnay fortoreteh iretkab malad ek kusamret nanakam helorepmem

taz iridnes nusuynem tapad kadit anerak aynnagnukgnil irad kinagro taz apureb

.aynnakhutubid gnay kinagro iloc.E ini iretkab halmuj akij negotap tafisreb

.naanrecnep narulas malad takgninem iloc.E gnay niskotoretne naklisahgnem

kbabeynem eraid susak aparebeb na ztewaJ( la te .)1002 ,.

K iretkab iskefni tabika idajret gnay tikaynep susa ini habaw nagnares utiay

gnay naktabikaid iretkab c.E ilo sinej irad cigahrromeahoretnE iloc aihcirehcsE

)CEHE( gnay adap namreJ adnalem .1102 teraM nalub nahagnetrep .E iloc sinej

E iretkab sinej halada ini CEH .E iloc gnay agihS iskudorpmem - nixot gnay

ynasaib ini haradreb eraiD .haradreb eraid naidajek nakbabeynem naka a

emordnyS cimearU citylomeaH idajnem gnabmekreb tapad SUH .)SUH(

kefni isakilpmok iagabreb nad lajnig isgnuf nalagagek nakbabeynem nial is

.)1102 ,OHW( ,enicideM fo lanruoJ dnalgnE weN ehT nakrasadreB nuruk adap

dajret halet nakropalid namreJ id 1102 inuJ aggnih ieM nalub utkaw susak 2223 i

iretkab iskefni .E iloc akgnA . susak 93 kusamret hadus ini gnay naitamek

nakbabesid iretkab iskefni helo .E iloc knarF( ,.la te )1102 .

53

7.2 VU irtemotofortkepS - siV

kutnu nakanugid gnay sisilana aimik malad edotem halada irtemotofortkepS

araces kiab lepmas utaus isisopmok nakutnenem gnay fitatilauk nad fitatitnauk

ayahac nagned iretam aratna iskaretni adap nakrasadid . tofortkeps edoteM irtemo

VU - k edotem kusamret siV o nakrasadreb inkay irtemirol w .anra ayahac napareS

VU murtkeps haread malad lukelom helo - ele rutkurts adap gnutnagret siV kinortk

lukelom irad .)2002 ,doowrednU nad yaD(

ni sisilana arac isadnalem gnay mukuH trebmaL mukuh halada i - reeB utiay ,

b iggnit akam narapsnart gnay aidem utaus iulalem sitamorkonom ayahac utaus ali

gnidnabes nakracnapid gnay ayahac satisnetni aynhadner irad isartnesnok nagned

.)5991 ,namrahuS nad ajluM( aidem

ortkepS otof retem VU - siV isartnesnok rukugnem kutnu naupmamek ikilimem

apnat naturaL .anrawreb gnay nupuam anrawreb kadit gnay kiab lepmas utaus

helo mn 004 irad hadner hibel gnabmoleg gnajnap adap isprosbaid naka anraw

ap isprosbaid naka anrawreb gnay natural nakgnades ,VU ranis gnajnap narasik ad

.mn 087 aggnih mn 004 aratna gnabmoleg

rabmaG 9. S amek k ortkepS nenopmo otof retem VU - siV .)5002 ,hafinuM(

naigaB - retemotofotkeps malad gnitnep naigab VU - siV halada iagabes

tukireb :

rotketeD metsiSretupmoK

upmaLadotaK

asneL

ebutotohP

rotamorkonoM

63

.1 upmaL b utiay isanibmok halada ini upmal irad raulek gnay hitup ayahac sakre

.)elbisiv( kapmat murtkeps gnabmoleg gnajnap aumes irad

.2 rotamorkonoM b utiay gnajnap nagned atip utaus isalosignem gnay naiga

.aynikusamem gnay ayahac igrene aumes malad irad tipmes gnay gnabmoleg

.3 ebutotohP )tevuk( t utiay .isaidarid naka gnay lepmas aynhuratid tapme

.4 rotketeD s utiay igrene habugnem gnay itnarip utau idajnem isaidar igrene

kirtsil helo isprosda id gnay isaidar ayad nagned nagnubuhreb gnay

.akep gnay naakumrep

.5 retupmoK metsiS s halada irad metsis nakhamejrenem kutnu margorp utau

nagned gnidnabreb lepmas helo isposba tabika ayahac satisnetni nanurunep

res aynisartnesnok iju lisah uata isarbilak avruk atad napmiynem at

.)5002 ,hafinuM( aynmulebes

8.2 )CLPH( iggniT ajreniK riaC ifargotamorK

edotem utaus nakapurem ifargotamorK nenopmoK .nahasimep kutnu akisif -

nenopmok ,esaf aud aratna id nakisubirtsidid nakhasipid naka gnay aynutas halas

nasipal nakapurem nad saul gnay naakumrep nagned renoisats nial gnay esaf

rilagnem gnay riac taz apureb apip gnajnapes uata submenem tabmal tubesret

dna yaD( doowrednU , 2002 .)

halada aynrasad adap ifargotamorK nenopmok nahasimep - alad nenopmok m

lepmas nakrilagnem arac nagned lepmas awabid lepmaS .molok utaus itawelem

helo ( kareg esaf esahp elibom ini lah malad gnay ) aratnemeS .nariac apureb

utaus isireb molok ( maid esaf tubesid gnay nahab yranoitats esahp gnay )

hasimem isgnufreb - nakhasim .lepmas nenopmok

73

rabmaG 01 . p nenopmok amekS CLPH nusuyne )7002 ,sretaW(

aparebeb irad iridret CLPH nemurtsnI ( nodnat utiay ,naigab riovreser nariac )

esaf nad ,rotketed ,molok ,rotkejni ,apmop ,kareg makerep . moloK nakapurem ,

.nenopmok nahasimep aynidajret tapmet K gnajnap ikilimem iakapid gnay molo

01 – 5,4 retemaid nad mc 52 – eb renoisats esaf nagned isiid gnay mm 5 r naruku

5- uata magol irad taubret nad retemorkim 01 leets selniats . ,rotketeD gid nakanu

kutnu .lepmas isketednem aparebeb tapadreT nakanugid asaib gnay rotketed sinej

malad arfni ,VU rotketed halai aynaratnaid ,CLPH skedni nad ,sneseroulf ,harem

.iskarfer

sisilana kutnu nakanugid tapad CLPH nahibeleK .fitatitnauk nad fitatilauk

CLPH nakgnidnabid nial ifargotamork sinej nagned ,iggnit aynsativitisnes halada

,tapec aynsisilana halmuj malad nenopmok nakhasimem tapad ,tikides gnay

,iggnit gnay hasip ayad ikilimem tapad nad ,ilabmek nakanugid tapad molok

gookS( raseb lukelom sisilanagnem la te ., .)8991

9.2 ortkepS otof retem )ASS( motA napareS

ortkepS otof a napares irtem rusnu sisilana edotem nakapurem ,)ASS( mot

nagned ayahac napareynep nakrasadreb aynnarukugnep gnay fitatitnauk araces

83

gookS( sabeb naadaek malad magol mota helo utnetret gnabmoleg gnajnap te la ,.

.)0002 asilana arac pisnirP ortkeps otof retem adap nakrasadid mota napares

gnabmoleg kutneb malad igrene pareynem tapad mota awhab naataynek

.mota itni ignililegnem gnay nortkele rutkurts adap gnutnagreb ,kitengamortkele

pait kutnu adebreb itni ignililegnem gnay nortkele nanusus nad halmuj aneraK

snu adebreb gnay igrene takgnit iaynupmem rusnu pait itrareb akam ,ru - ,alup adeb

nagneD .rusnu pait kutnu kitsiretkarak mota pait igrene takgnit tubesid uata

kitsiretkarak aguj mota helo paresid gnay isaidar gnabmoleg gnajnap naikimed

,rusnu mota paites kutnu gnidnabes ulales tubesret isaidar pait irad satisnetni nad

.igrene takgnit nahadniprep sesorp imalagnem gnay mota halmuj nagned

nakanuggnem nagned sisilana nakukalid akitek idajret gnay sesorP

isaidar igrene napareynep utiay mota napares irtemotofortkeps mota helo - mota

motA .rasad takgnit adap adareb gnay - adap isaidar pareynem tubesret mota

afis adap gnutnagret ,utnetret gnabmoleg gnajnap .tubesret mota t nagneD

adap mota aggnihes igrene helorepmem naka mota akam ,igrene pareynem

naktakgnitid rasad naadaek helorepid naka ayntabikA .isatiske takgnit ek idajnem

siraG .isaidar - sirag tubesid ranis napares anerak lubmit gnay murtkeps sirag - sirag

isnanoser )enil ecnanoseR( siraG . - helo akgna kutneb malad acabid naka ini sirag

tuodaeR .)7002 ,namhoR(

11 rabmaG . )6991 ,eussiT( ASS nusuynep nenopmok amekS

93

ortkeps irad amatu nenopmoK otof ta napares retem rebmus ,irad iridret mo

,isaidar rezimota ,rotamorkonom ; rotketed , reifilpma nad tuodaer ,namhoR(

)7002 .

.1 isaidar rebmuS , napares retemortkeps kutnu nakanugid kaynab gnilap gnay

halada mota pmal edohtac wolloh . naka gnay rusnu irad taubret adotaK

nad asilanaid naka gnay rusnu isipalid aynnaakumrep uata nakutnetid

.marflow uata lekin ,netsgnut irad taubid aynadona

.2 rezimotA , mota naklisahgnem kutnu isgnufreb - nakanuggnem nagned mota tala

agnep nad narakabmep nagned utiay ,tub natural apureb gnay lepmas haburem

naritub idajnem - narituB .natubagnep halitsi nagned lanekid gnay sulah naritub

k nakkusamid naidumek kutnebret gnay sulah .alayn malad e

.3 rotamorkonoM , helo paresid kadit gnay isaidar nakhasimem kutnu isgnufreb

isaidar irad )adotak upmal irad lasareb gnay( mota isalupop - gnay nial isaidar

gnay isaidar satisnetni narukugnep uggnaggnem naka nad nakulrepid kadit

.nakulrepid

.4 rotketeD , isgnufreb kitengamortkele gnabmoleg isaidar isketednem kutnu

id naka gnay idajnem aynhabugnem nagned ruku tapad kutnu kirtsil sura

.rukuid

.5 reifilpmA irad amiretid gnay langis taukrepmem kutnu tala utaus nakapurem

la acabid tapad aggnihes rotketed .lisah tatacnep ta

.6 tuodaeR uata akgna apureb tapad naacabmep lisaH .lisah tatacnep nakapurem

.isaidar satisnetni uata isnabrosba nakrabmaggnem gnay avruk apureb

04

III BAB

NAITILENEP EDOTEM

1.3 naitileneP tapmeT nad utkaW

malsI satisrevinU udapreT muirotarobaL tasuP id nakukalid ini naitileneP

atrakaJ hallutayadiH firayS iregeN , igolonkeT isakilpA tasuP isaidaR nad potosI ,

( lanoisaN rilkuN aganeT nadaB RITAP - )NATAB nataleS atrakaJ ,tamuJ rasaP

nad igolonketoiB naijakgneP ialaB naijugneP muirotarobaL – ketipsuP ,TPPB

gnopreS . tileneP nakanaskalid nai nalub irad iluJ 4102 iapmas nagned teraM 102 5.

2.3 nahaB nad talA

talA

talA - nial aratna ini naitilenep malad nakanugid gnay tala takgnarepes tala

,saleg ,kitsalp hadaw ,lirets rupad tala rednelb xiM rewoP emoH 182 AD ledom ,

,retemomret ,nelesrop nawac ,irtep nawac ,nevo ,kitilana acaren ,runat ,rotakised

,orkim tepip tawak ,eso ,tesnip ,nesnub xetrov , ,rotabukni ,falkotua ria ranimal

wolf , ,gniras satrek 1.on namtahw markac satrek , rits citengam r re , ,iskartske ubal

hctawpots , ,hasip gnoroc ,kaget nignidnep ,terub ,sagnanep toh etalp , htabretaw ,

,esufirtnes yrator rotaropave mukav krem hplodieH , retem Hp reltteM krem

odeloT , S VU retemotofortkep - emlE nikreP krem siV r ,52 adbmaL CLPH nagned

molok XPH ®xenimA - H78 )ASS( motA napareS retemortkepS nad tsylanA AA

007 krem remlE nikreP .

14

nahaB

nahaB amatu nakanugid gnay ini naitilenep malad halada nukus hauB

( supracotrA sinummoc ) gnay helorepid irad edeG kodnoP – rumiT atrakaJ adaP .

nakanugid nukus haub isatnemref sesorp muratnalp sullicabotcaL helorepid gnay

ialaB irad rogoB nenaP acsaP raseB , eaesiverec secymorahccaS nad supozihR

eazyrO irad helorepid gnay .)BPI( rogoB nainatreP tutitsnI nataubmep adaP

nakanugid truhgoy ipas usus riac krem dnomaiD kubub miks usus , krem calnuS ,

nad truhgoy retrats nialp krem luK oiB .

aimik nahaB nakanugid gnay adap nial aratna ini naitilenep ak sedau ria/

lonate ,gnilus kcreM irad )a.p( , g radnats ,kcreM irad adirolk muirtan irad asokul

,kcreM p ,B nosleN nad A nosleN iskaerep ,tadbilomonesrA iskaere taflus masa

( nad baL tramS irad )a.p f ,kcreM ,kcreM irad lone adirolk masa kcreM irad )a.p( ,

adiskordih muirtan kcreM irad )a.p( , ,kcreM irad )a.p( adiskordih muinomma lite

rete )k.t( , rete muilortep irad )a.p( rekceB TJ , adiskorep negordih irad )a.p( tramS

baL , tartin masa kcreM irad )a.p( , tafsof negordihid muilak ,kcreM irad

,kcreM irad tadbilom muinomma ,kcreM irad tadanav muinomma tarob masa irad

kcreM , adidoi muilak ,kcreM irad taflusoit muirtan ,kcreM irad ffuL iskaerep

,lroohcS ,neles silatak nuilak nad ,kcreM irad tatesa nZ .AMGIS irad adinaisoref

A asilan igoloiborkim nakanugid aidem htorB esortxeD otatoP ,)BDP( eD

eprahS dna asogoR naM ragA SRM( A) , htorB eprahS dna asogoR naM eD

SRM( B) , ragA tneirtuN )AN( nad htorB tneirtuN )BN( , atreS iretkab iloc.E gnay

igoloiB muirotarobaL irad helorepid satisrevinU udapreT muirotarobaL tasuP

atrakaJ hallutayadiH firayS iregeN malsI .

24

3.3 rudesorP naitileneP

nad nauluhadnep naitilenep utiay ,pahat aud malad igabid ini naitileneP

.amatu naitilenep P nauluhadnep naitilenep ada nakukalid nukus haub isatnemref

isatnemref lisah irad gnupet nataubmep nagned naktujnalid gnay nukus haub nad

nagnudnak asilana alug nukus gnupet adap tubesret . amatu naitilenep adaP

nahabmanep nagned truhgoy nataubmep nakukalid ,isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet

truhgoy )amiret ayad( kitpelonagro iju nagned naktujnalid nad asilana

goy utum kitsiretkarak h tru itupilem asilana nad igoloiborkim aimikokisif gnay

adap kujurem 1892 INS - 9002 .truhgoY gnatnet

1.3.3 nad nukuS hauB isatnemreF nukuS gnupeT nataubmeP

isalukonI aborkiM nukuS hauB isatnemreF kutnu

)a T aideM nataubmeP hubmu

tatkal masa iretkab utiay ini isatnemref malad nakanugid gnay aborkim sineJ

LAB uata ( muratnalp sullicabotcaL ), ( rimahk )eaesiverec secymorahccaS nad

( gnapak )eazyrO supozihR utiay nakanugid gnay hubmut muidem LAB kutnU . eD

htorB eprahS dna asogoR naM )BSRM( , narakat nagned taubid 2,5 rg malad 001

lm s ,gnilus ria utiay aynhubmut muidem gnapak nad rimahk kutnu nakgnade

htorB esortxeD otatoP narakat nagned taubid ,)BDP( 4,2 rg malad lm 001 ria

.gnilus M aide naksanapid nakanuggnem h etalpto kudaid libmas nagned citengam

rits r re raga nem aggnih negomoh .hidid lm 01 kaynabes nakkusamid uti haleteS

gnisam irad - maladek tubesret riac aidem gnisam t ,iskaer gnubat nagned putu

nad sapak tabmus id nakanuggnem isasilirets ua 21 uhus nagned falkot 1 ° amales C

34

.tinem 51 S tapad ayntujnales ,gnaur uhus adap naknignidid aidem halete

.iju aborkim inrum talosi isalukoni sesorp nakukalid

)b I napahaT isalukon M aborki

gnirim raga malad )gnapak nad rimahk ,LAB( inrum talosI gnisam - gnisam

nagned nakserogid tawak eso .naserog ilak 2 ± o tawaK es nakpulecid naidumek

riac aidem adap ( htorb ) .aynmulebes nakpaisid halet gnay iskaer gnubat malad

uti haleteS tubesret iskaer gnubat isabukniid uhus adap LAB kutnu ,maj 42 amales

73 C° , 03 uhus adap isabukniid gnapak nad rimahk kutnu nakgnades ° .C

nukuS hauB isatnemreF

B hau s nuku halet gnay sapukid naidumek ayntiluk icucid hisreb S . nuku

ajnem gnotopid id sipit siriid naidumek licek naigab aparebeb . gnaruk kaynabeS

sipit siriid halet gnay nukus gk 1 hibel kitsalp hadaw maladek nakkusamid

hurules aggnih ria nakgnautid naidumek nukus naigab .madneret lm 5 kaynabeS

amid aynmulebes nakpaisid halet gnay aborkim nasiri namadner malad nakkus

hadaw naidumek ,nukus kitsalp .pututid lid namadnerep sesorP amales nakuka 6

.maj ( itainruK la te , 2102 , isakifidom nagned .)

nukuS gnupeT nataubmeP

nagned ilawaid nukus gnupet nataubmeP nukus haub tiluk nasapugnep nad

.hisreb aggnih icucid naidumeK notopid nukus haub ,naigab aparebeb idajnem g

nagned naktujnalid nasirignep / nagnajarep nasiri idajnem nukus haub nagnotop -

.sipit gnay nasiri uti haleteS kukalid uhus adap nagniregnep na hibel gnaruk 06 ° C

lisaH .maj 42 amales u gniligid naidumek nagniregnep gnupet naklisahgnem kutn

nukus adiaruN( la te )6002 , . irad gnupet nataubmep kutnu alup utigeB lisah

44

isatnemref tapad nukus haub ,isatnemref sesorp itawelem haletes ,nukus haub

ayaid nad gniligid naidumek nakgnirekid gnusgnal .k

2.3.3 p aluG nagnudnaK asilanA isatnemreF lisaH nukuS gnupeT ada

f sesorp adaP ,aynmulebes nukus haub isatnemre nalibmagnep nakukalid

gnisam irad 6 ek maj nagned iapmas 0 ek maj irad ialum ,maj 1 paites lepmas -

lepmaS .isatnemref naukalrep gnisam - haub lepmas naidumek tubesret nukus

et idajnem gniligid nad nakgnirekid gnisam irad ayntujnaleS .gnup - gnisam

lepmas nagned nakturalid nad rg 1 kaynabes gnabmitid tubesret nukus gnupet 001

lm sedauka haleteS . tubesret nukus gnupet natural tapad naidumek gnirasid

alid alug radak nad iskuderep alug radak nakutnenem kutnu naijugnep nakuk

.aynlatot

iskudereP aluG radaK ijU edoteM iygomoS nosleN ( )0991 ,CAOA

idajnem adisko irpuk ayniskuderet awitsirep adap nakrasadid ini sisilanA

adap iskuder alug awaynes nagnudnak aynada anerak adisko orpuk nahab .

)a nataubmeP naturaL radnatS asokulG

L g radnats natura asokul alum - isartnesnok adap taubid alum nagned mpp 001

nem gnabmi gm 01 kaynabes asokulg naidumek nakkusamid maladek ubal ruku

m 001 l nad nakturalid nagned sedauka iapmas adnat .satab ayntujnaleS taubid

naiakgnares natural radnats nagned 0 isartnesnok ; 04 nad ;02 ;01 ;5 ;5,2 mpp .

nalb iagabeS g natural utiay ok .mpp 0 isartnesnok nagned

)b nautneneP gnajnaP gnabmoleG mumiskaM asokulG

naturaL asokulg isartnesnok 02 mpp negaer nagned isaraperpid halet gnay(

)iju rukuid aynnapares nakanuggnem VU retemotofortkepS - siV adap narasik

54

gnajnap gnabmoleg 4 00 -9 .mn 00 gnay lisaH helorepid utiay malad kutneb avruk

skam admaL d nad , halada aynmumiskam gnabmoleg gnajnap iuhateki 7 54 .mn

)c iskudereP aluG radaK nautneneP

kaynabes tepipid isaraperpid halet aynmulebes gnay lepmas naturaL m 1 l ,

gnisam - gnisam nakkusamid ek iskaer gnubat malad nakhabmatid nad nagned

m 1 kaynabes nosleN negaer l . aumes naidumeK iskaer gnubat naksanapid adap

ria sagnanep tinem 02 amales naknignidid nad libmaid gnubat aumes uti haleteS .

ria isireb gnay alaip saleg adap . gnisam nignid haleteS - iskaer gnubat gnisam

id habmat nagned nak gaer onesra ne m 1 kaynabes tadbilom l nad habmatid

m 7 kaynabes tsedauqa l naidumek natural id ayntujnaleS .negomoh aggnih kocok

nakukalid retemotofortkeps nakanuggnem isnabrosba narukugnep gnajnap adap

gnabmoleg 547 .mn uj amas gnay naukalreP radnats natural adap nakukalid ag

kutnu aynmulebes nakpaisid halet gnay asokulg gnabmoleg gnajnap nakutnenem

nad mumiskam .aynradnats avruk nakpatenem radaK alug ep iskuder lepmas

naamasrep irad helorepid radnats avruk asokulg natural .

iskuder aluG radaK m/gm( l isartnesnok x narecnegnep rotkaF = )

loneF edoteM latoT aluG radaK ijU - tafluS ( onotnayirpA .la te )9891 ,

)a nataubmeP naturaL radnatS asokulG

L asokulg radnats natura alum - isartnesnok adap taubid alum nagned mpp 001

nem gnabmi gm 01 kaynabes asokulg naidumek nakkusamid maladek ubal ruku

m 001 l nad nakturalid nagned sedauka iapmas adnat .satab ayntujnaleS taubid

naiakgnares natural radnats nagned 0 isartnesnok , 05 ,04 ,03 ,02 ,01 6 nad 0 mpp .

nalb iagabeS g ok .mpp 0 isartnesnok nagned natural utiay

64

)b nautneneP gnajnaP gnabmoleG mumiskaM asokulG

naturaL asokulg isartnesnok 40 mpp negaer nagned isaraperpid halet gnay(

)iju rukuid aynnapares nakanuggnem VU retemotofortkepS - siV adap narasik

gnajnap gnabmoleg 4 00 -7 .mn 00 helorepid gnay lisaH utiay malad kutneb avruk

halada aynmumiskam gnabmoleg gnajnap iuhatekid nad ,skam admaL 094 .mn

)c latoT aluG radaK nautneneP

kaynabes tepipid isaraperpid halet aynmulebes gnay lepmas naturaL 5,0 m ,l

gnisam - gnisam nakkusamid ek iskaer gnubat malad naidumek nakhabmatid 5,0 lm

2 nad ,%5 lonef negaer 5, ml taflus masa . tubesret iskaer gnubaT xetrovid ± 01

nad kited nakmaidid .tinem 01 amales ayntujnaleS nakkatelid gnubat aumes

maladid htabretaw 04 uhus adap

○ haleteS .tinem 02 hibel gnaruk C ,naknignidid

aynisnabrosba rukuid temotofortkeps nagned re gnabmoleg gnajnap adap .mn 094

halet gnay asokulg radnats natural adap nakukalid aguj amas gnay naukalreP

nad mumiskam gnabmoleg gnajnap nakutnenem kutnu aynmulebes nakpaisid

.aynradnats avruk nakpatenem lepmas latot alug radaK naamasrep irad helorepid

isnabrosba ialin iagabes y nagned radnats avruk m/gm( latot alug iagabes x nad l .)

radnats avruk isalerok x sbA = isartnesnoK

g latoT m/gm( isartnesnok = )lm/gm( alu l narecnegnep rotkaF x )

PD nad ED ialiN nautneneP ( inrauS la te ,. 7002 )

alug nagnidnabrep nakrasadreb gnutihid tapad )ED( tnelaviuqE esortskeD

:tukireb iagabes halada aynnagnutihreP .001 ilakid alug latot nagned iskuderep

ED

�

alug

iskuderep

alug

latot

x

001

%

74

isasiremilop tajared ialiN gnutihid tapad nagnidnabrep nakrasadreb ialin

.iskuderep alug ialin padahret alug latot :tukireb iagabes halada aynnagnutihreP

PD

�

alug

latot

alug

iskuderep

3.3.3 anA asil adirakasogilO )9891 ,idathcuM(

lonate lm 001 malad ek nakisnepsusid nukus gnupet marg 01 kaynabeS

.gnaur uhus adap rerits citengam nakanuggnem maj 51 amales kudaid nad %07

icucid udiser nad gniras satrek nakanuggnem nagniraynep nakukalid uti haleteS

repid gnay tartliF .%07 lonate nagned naktakepid helo nakanuggnem yrator

mukav rotaropave 01 amales adap sufirtnesid natakemep lisaH .C°04 uhus adap

hadum kartske aggnihes natadap nad narotok nakpadnegnem kutnu tinem

lirets narbmem nagned isasiliretsid ,0 2 mμ tapadret gnay adirakasogilo sineJ .

asilanaid nukus gnupet malad nagned fitatitnauk araces diuqiL ecnamrofreP hgiH

hpargotamorhC y ( CLPH ).

4.3.3 truhgoY nataubmeP

nataubmep sesorP alum utiay truhgoy - alum riac ipas usus nakhabmatid

nagned miks usus 5( % b )v/ nad nukus gnupet 01( % )b/b irad usus nahabmanep

miks . narupmaC id naksanap tinem 01 amales C°09 uhus adap naidumek

34 uhus iapmas naknignidid o nakaib( nialp truhgoy retrats isalukonI .C .L

suciraglub nad sulihpomreht .S 34 uhus adap nakukalid ) - 54 oC ,iduyhaW( )6002 .

kaynabes naidumeK 01 % retrats nialp truhgoy abmatid h nak ayntujnales nad

mrefid uhus adap isatne 93 ratikes - 04 oC amales 8 maj isabukni lisah truhgoY .

d naidumek nignidnep iramel malad napmisi ( 3102 ,inadraW isakifidom nagned , .)

84

.4 lebaT y nataubmep isalumroF truhgo nahaB truhgoY isisopmoK

341 563 495 587 029 )lm( ipaS usuS 002 002 002 002 002 )rg( mikS usuS 9 9 9 9 01

)lm( truhgoY retratS 02 02 02 02 02 )rg( nukuS gnupeT 1 1 1 1 -

:nagnareteK isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned = 341 eazyro supozihR isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned = 563 muratnalP .caL noN nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned = 495 - isatnemref isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned = 587 eaesiverec secymorahccaS )lortnok( nukus gnupet nahabmanep apnat = 029

5.3.3 kitpelonagrO ijU truhgoY )0991 ,otrakeoS(

kiremun alaks nakanuggnem halada nakanugid gnay kitpelonagro ijU

kudorp tafis ialinem kutnu truhgoy nakijasid gnay , anraw itupilem )nakapmanep( ,

amora uab/ , rutsket )isnetsisnok( nagned asar nad edotem nakanuggnem iju

inodeh k halmujreb gnay hitalret kaga silenap nakanuggnem ini ijU . 20 gnaro gnay

iju irad solol halet gnineercS iju adaP . gnineercS nakukalem silenap nolac arap ,

nagned utiay agitiges iju iulalem anraw nad amora ,asar padahret naakepek iju set

agit irad adebreb gnay lepmas utas nakutnenem naripmaL( nakirebid gnay lepmas

6 .) p ayntujnaleS goy kudorp ipicicnem atnimid silenap ara h tru ay nad taubid gn

naialinep nakirebmem ijaynep helo taubid gnay naialinep rabmel nagned iauses

naripmaL( 7). 1 alaks nakanugid kitpelonagro naialinep rokS – 5 airetirk nagned ,

5 ialin : tukireb iagabes utiay akus tagnas = ,akus = 4 , = 3 kaga akus , kadit = 2

akus nad akus kadit tagnas = 1 .

6.3.3 )LAB( retratS iretkaB halmuJ nagnutihreP

truhgoy kudorp paiT rg 1 kaynabes lm 9 nagned nakrecneid lepmas lCaN

01 natural isartnesnok helorepid aggnih % 9,0 -1 01 , -2 , 01 -3 aynsuretes nad

inairdneH( la te .)9002 ,

94

LAB kutnU , utiay nakanugid gnay hubmut muidem dna asogoR naM eD

ragA eprahS .gnilus ria lm 001 malad rg 2,6 narakat nagned taubid ,)ASRM(

M aide naksanapid nakanuggnem h etalpto kudaid libmas nagned rits citengam r re

raga .hididnem aggnih negomoh id ,uti haleteS nakanuggnem isasilirets ua falkot

21 uhus nagned 1 .tinem 51 amales C°

lm 1 kaynabeS ek nakkusamid rihkaret narecnegnep takgnit agit irad

irtep nawac malad lm 51 nagned iapmas lm 21 kaynabes naidumeK .lirets aidem

SRM A gnisam malad ek nakgnautid C° )1 ± 54( uhus nagned riac hisam gnay -

isisop nagned isabnukniid irtep nawac aumes naidumek ,irtep nawac gnisam

rotabukni malad ek kilabret tapad ayntujnaleS .irah 3 amales C° 53 uhus adap

p gnutihid aites adap inolok nahubmutre inolok 52 gnudnagnem gnay irtep nawac p

1892 INS( inolok 052 nagned iapmas - .)9002

7.3.3 padahret iretkabitnA sativitkA naijugneP iloc.E

)a aideM nataubmeP

.1 aideM ragA tneirtuN )AN(

2 kaynabeS , g 3 r nad reyemnelrE malad ek nakkusamid ,gnabmitid AN

sedauka nakhabmatid lm 001 ujnales , t naknegomohid nad naksanapid ayn

nakanuggnem etalp toh nagned ipakgnelid gnay rerrits citengam gnautid aideM .

gnisam iskaer gnubat malad ek - gnisam lm 01 gnisam , - bat gnisam tabmusid gnu

malad isasiliretsid aideM .sapak nagned falkotua C° 121 uhus adap 51 amales

haleteS .tinem ,lirets aynitnan iskaer gnubat adap aidem naka malad ek gnautid

.talp raga taubmem kutnu lirets irtep nawac

05

.2 aideM htorB tneirtuN )BN(

kaynabeS ,0 nad reyemnelrE malad ek nakkusamid ,gnabmitid BN g 9

sedauka nakhabmatid lm 001 nakanuggnem naknegomohid naidumek citengam

rerrits nad lm 001 reyemnelrE malad ek nakusamid BN lm 03 kaynabeS .

id malad isasiliretsid aidem ,sapak nagned tabmus falkotua C° 121 uhus adap

aideM .tinem 51 amales BN taubmem kutnu nakanugid ini mulukoni iretkab

iloc.E .

)b napaisreP mulukonI iretkaB

iretkab talosI iloc.E libmaid arac nagned isalukoniid gnirim raga adap

nakpaisid halet gnay BN aidem malad ek nakusamid nad eso utas kaynabes

nakanuggnem isabukniid tubesret BN aidem uti haleteS .aynmulebes rotabucni

rekahs esaf iapacnem aggnih kcoldim .tubesret iretkab

)c ijugneP iretkabitnA na ( markaC isufiD edoteM ybriK edoteM - )reuaB ,yelraH(

)2002

isnepsuS mulukoni iretkab aidem malad halet gnay BN isabukniid libmaid

m 1,0 isireb gnay iskaer gnubat malad ek nakkusamid naidumek l lm 01 aidem

AN ,nakriacid halet gnay ayntujnales nawac malad ek nakgnautid nad xetrovid

ukebmem raga haleteS .lirets irtep , retemaid nagned markac satrek nakusamid ±

31 halet gnay mm gnisam adap nakpulecid - .truhgoy lepmas gnisam nakaiB

3 uhus adap maj 42 amales kilabret arac nagned isabukniid ini iretkab .C° 7

.)mm( aynretemaid rukuid nad kutnebret gnay gnineb anoz haread itamaiD

15

8.3.3 asilanA aimikokisiF truhgoY

onotnayirpA( Hp narukugneP .la te )9891 ,

isarbilak nakukalid halet gnay retem Hp nakanuggnem Hp napateneP

.7 nad 4 Hp adap reffub natural nagned nakanuggnem rukuid lepmas uhuS

nad nakalaynid retem Hp naidumeK .rukuret uhus adap retem Hp uhus rutagnep

51( libats iapmas nakraibid – nagned salibid retem Hp adap adortkelE .)tinem 03

rtkele uti haleteS .)eussit satrek nagned adortkele nakgnirek( sedauqa ado

id nad lepmas natural malad ek nakpulecid - Hp rukugnep tes - adortkelE .ayn

helorepid iapmas taas aparebeb amales natural malad id pulecret nakraibid

.tatacid lepmas Hp naidumeK .libats gnay naacabmep

sisereniS nautneneP ( 3891 ,balaK nad raklawraH edoteM )

S .isagufirtnes edotem nagned nakukalid siserenis radak nautneneP lepma

rg 01 kaynabes gnabmitid naidumek , ulal iskaer gnubat maladek nakkusamid

5 uhuS( rotaregirfer maladek napmisid

○ lepmas aynujnaleS .maj 1 amales )C

.mpr 0003 natapecek nagned tinem 01 amales esufirtnes maladek nakusamid

gnisam irad tapadid gnay )yehw nariac( natanrepus gnabmitiD - lepmas gnisam

.sufirtnesid halet gnay

= sisereniS natanrepuS tareB %001 x lepmaS tareB

1892 INS( kameL radaK ijU - )9002

5 gnabmitiD - naidumek ,iskartske ubal malad ek )W( truhgoy lepmas rg 01

ayntujnaleS .atsap kutnebmem aggnihes kudaid nad gnilus ria lm 01 nakhabmatid

ordih muinomma lm 52,1 nagned iapmas lm 1 nakhabmatid nad takep adisk

25

usus natadap latoT)%( kamel apnat

C° 06 uhus adap ria sagnanep malad naksanapid – kudaid ,tinem 51 amales C° 07

rotakidni setet 3 nakhabmatid nignid haleteS .naknignidid nad ilak aparebeb

51 amales kudaid nad pututid iskartske ubaL .% 59 lohokla lm 01 nad nielatflonef

kited nagned ilabmek kocokid nad rete lite lm 52 nakhabmatid naidumeK .

pututid ,rete muilortep lm 52 nakhabmatid ayntujnaleS .tinem 1 amales gnacnek

idajret aggnihes tinem 1 amales gnacnek nagned kocokid nad iskartske ubal

( ria asaf nahasimep knip thgirb nad ) nakgnautid rete nasipaL .salej nagned rete

itah nagned - W( ayntobob iuhatekid halet gnay gnosok kamel ubal malad ek itah 0 .)

lm 5 nahabmanep nagned ayntukireb iskartske kutnu nakanugid ria nasipaL

sipaL .rete muilortep lm 51 nad rete lite lm 51 ,% 59 lohokla helorepid gnay ria na

lite lm 51 ,% 59 lohokla nahabmanep apnat nagned ilabmek iskartskeid naidumek

isireb gnay kamel ubal naidumek ,nakpauid turaleP .rete muilortep lm 51 nad rete

amales C° )1 ± 001( uhus adap nevo malad nakgnirekid tubesret kamel kartske 03

W( patet tobob aggnih gnabmitid nad rotakised malad naknignidid ubaL .tinem 1 .)

L radaK = )%( kame W( 1 – W0 ) × % 001 W

: nagned )rg( hotnoc tobob halada W

W0 )rg( gnosok muinimula naggnip/kamel ubal tobob halada W1 )rg( kamel nad gnosok muinimula naggnip/kamel ubal tobob halada

1892 INS( kameL nakuB usuS natadaP latoT napateneP - )9002

alug latot ignarukid natadap latot halada kamel nakub usus natadap latoT

hreP .kamel latot nad :tukireb iagabes halada aynnagnuti

)%( natadap latot = – )%( alug latot – )%( kamel latot

35

)a natadap latoT

natadap latoT nagned ria radak irad nagnutihrep lisah nakapurem

%001 = )%( natadap latoT :sumur nakanuggnem - .)6002 ,iduyhaW( ria radak

naijugneP )4891 ,CAOA( ria radaK

truhgoy lepmas rg 3 kaynabeS gnay nilesrop nawac malad ek nakkusamid

iuhatekid halet yngnosok tobob nad nevo malad ek nakkusamid naidumek ,a

501 uhus adap nakgnirekid o naknignidid ulaL .maj 42 amales C rotakised malad

gnutihid ria radaK .ilabmek gnabmitid nad :tukireb iagabes sumur nagned

= ria radaK b – c %001 x b – a

obob = a : anam id gnosok nawac t nakgnirekid mulebes nawac + lepmas tobob = b nakgnirekid haletes lepmas + nawac tobob = c

)b g latoT gnutihid alu s iagabes asoraka

5 kaynabes gnabmitid truhgoy lepmaS - malad ek nakkusamid nad )W( rg 01

ria nakhabmatid ,lm 052 ruku ubal lm 5,2 nakhabmatid naidumeK .kocokid nad

napadne lubmit kadit alibapA .adinaisoref muilak natural lm 5,2 nad tatesa nZ

K nahabmanep itrareb 4 )NC(eF 6 tubesret narupmaC .pukuc hadus N 5,0

irag adnat iapmas ruku ubal isi naktapetid nad negomoh raga nakgnayogid s

arik nakraibid ,ilabmek kocokid naidumek gnilus ria nagned - nad tinem 03 arik

,lm 001 ruku ubal malad ek tepipid lm 05 kaynabes nagniraynep lisaH .gnirasid

C° 86 uhus ria sagnanep malad sisilordihid ,% 52 lCH lm 5 nakhabmatid – C° 07

gnem( tinem 01 amales nakanug hctawpots nad takgnaid ubal uti haletes )

.naknignidid

45

naturaL lroohcS ffuL malad ek lm 52 kaynabes tepipid reyemnelrE lm 005

)tepip nakanuggnem nagned( nagniras lisah natural lm 01 nakhabmatid naidumek

m 05 idajnem emulov raga gnilus ria lm 51 nad .l reyemnelrE nagned nakgnubuhid

hididnem ialum haleteS .kirtsil sanamep sata id naksanapid nad kaget nignidnep

naknignidid areges nad takgnaid naidumek ,tinem 01 amales suret naksanapid

% 02 IK natural lm 01 nakhabmatid nignid haleteS .se isireb kab malad lm 52 nad

H natural 2 OS 4 taflusoit muirtaN natural nagned ratitid tapad ayntujnaleS .% 52

% 5,0 ijnak natural rotakidni lm 3 nagned iapmas lm 2 nakhabmatid nad N 1,0

V( 1 natural lm 52 tepimem nagned nakukalid okgnalb napateneP .) lroohcS ffuL

akhabmatid nad V( sata id itrepes nakajrekid ,gnilus ria lm 52 n 2 nagnutihreP .)

:tukireb iagabes halada asorakas iagabes alug latot

alug latoT ,0 = )%( isrevni haduses alug % x 59

= )%( isrevni haduses aluG W1 pf x %001 x W

:nagned

W 1 ,)gm( asokulg tobob halada lavike lebaT nakrasadreb taflusoit muirtaN ne31 naripmaL( kutnu nakulrepid gnay N 1,0 taflusoit muirtaN halmuJ .)

okgnalb ratit emulov nagnarugnep halada lebat malad asokulg tobob iracnemV( hotnoc ratit emulov nagned 2 - V1 .)

narecnegnep rotkaf halada pf W )gm( hotnoc tobob halada

edoteM nietorP radaK ijU lhadlejK INS( 10 - 1982 - 2991 )

ubal malad ek )W( rg 1 kaynabes gnabmitid lepmaS lhadlejK ,

H lm 52 nad neles silatak narupmac rg 2 nakhabmatid 2 OS 4 narupmaC .takep

hinrej idajnem natural nad hididnem iapmas kirtsil sanamep malad naksanapid

uajihek - tubesret narupmac uti haleteS .)masa iramel malad nakukaid( nauajih

55

nad aynpukuces gnilus ria nagned nakrecneid naidumek ,nignid nakraibid

ladek nakkusamid .sirag adnat iapmas naktapetid ,lm 001 ruku ubal ma

nad gniluynep tala malad ek tubesret natural lm 02 tepipid ayntujnaleS

.)PP rotakidni nagned askirepid( % 03 HOaN natural lm 02 nakhabmatid

tinem 01 nagned iapmas tinem 5 amales gnilusid tubesret narupmaC nagned ,

H natural lm 02 halada talitsed gnupmanep 3 OB 3 talitsed narupmac naturaL .% 2

.okgnalb napatenep aguj nakajrekid nad N 10,0 lCH natural nagned isartitid

= )%( nietorp radaK V( 1 – V2 ) pf x kf x 700,41 x N x % 001x W

id :anam V1 )lm( hotnoc isartit kutnu N 10,0 lCH emuloV halada V2 )lm( okgnalb isartit kutnu N 10,0 lCH emuloV halada

lCH natural satilamroN halada N )gm( hotnoc tobob halada W

negortiN mota tobob halada 700,41 83,6 utiay usus kutnu nietorp rotkaf halada kf

pf narecnegnep rotkaf halada

ubA radaK ijU 1892 INS( - )9002

pid nawaC maj 1 ± amales C° )5 ± 525( uhus adap runat malad naksana

nad nagned gnabmitid naidumek tinem 54 amales rotakised malad naknignidid

W( kitilana acaren 0 .) id ayntujnaleS hotnoc rg 3 nakkusam nad nawac malad ek

W( gnabmit 1 uhus adap nevo malad naksanapid hotnoc isireb gnay nawaC .)

tubesret hotnoc isireb gnay nawac naidumeK .gnalih ria iapmas C° )2±001(

uhus adap narakabmep ukgnut maladek nakkusamid iapmas maj 6 ± C° )5 ± 525(

wreb uba kutnebret nad rotakised malad ek areges nakhadnipid nawaC .hitup anra

gnabmitid naidumek tinem 54 amales naknignid W( 2 .)

= ubA radaK W 2 – W0 % 001 x W1 – W0

65

id : anam W0 )g( gnosok nawac tobob halada W1 )g( nakgnirekid mulebes hotnoc nad nawac tobob halada W2 )g( nakgnirekid haletes hotnoc nad nawac tobob halada

namasaeK ijU 1892 INS( - )9002

hotnoc rg 5 kaynabeS .tatkal masa iagabes gnutihid masa halmuJ

naidumek ,)W( hotnoc lm 5 tepipid uata gnabmitid malad ek nakkusamid

reyemnelre . id tubesret lepmaS OC sabeb ria malad naktural 2 ilak 2 kaynabes

nad emulov id 1,0 HOaN natural nagned isartitid nad PP rotakidni lm 2 nakhabmat

kutnebret iapmas N .adum harem anraw

= )%( masa halmuJ 09 x N x V × % 001 W

id : anam )gm( hotnoc tobob halada W

)lm( HOaN natural emulov halada V HOaN natural satilamron halada N tatkal masa arates tobob halada 09

narameC ijU magol 1892 INS( - )9002

truhgoy kudorp adap ijuid naka gnay magol naramec ini naitilenep adaP

naklisahid gnay aluM .)uC( agabmeT nad )bP( labmit magol utiay - alum

g 5 itilet nagned gnabmitid - asrauk/anitalp/nilesrop nawac malad hotnoc g 01

naksanapid nad kirtsil sagnanep sata id naktapmetid iju hotnoc isireb nawaC .)m(

pahatreb araces ra idajnem iju hotnoc iapmas .igal pasareb kadit nad gna

005( runat malad naktujnalid naubagneP ± hitup anrawreb uba iapmas C° )5

irad sabeb( 6 lCH lm 5 malad hitup anrawreb uba nakturalid naidumeK .)nobrak

ONH lm 5 uata N 3 sagnanepid uata kirtsil sagnanep sata id naksanapid libmas N 1

05 ruku ubal malad ek nakkusamid nad tinem 3 nagned iapmas tinem 2 amales ria

75

,ulrep akij( ,)V( gnilus ria nagned sirag adnat aggnih naktapetid naidumek lm

as satrek nakanuggnem natural gniras gnir namtahW natural nakpaisiD .)14 .on

.hotnoc itrepes amas gnay naukalrep nad iskaerep nahabmanep nagned okgnalb

acabid okgnalb padahret hotnoc natural nad ajrek ukab natural snabrosbA

kutnu mn 423 ratikes mumiskam gnabmoleg gnajnap adap ASS nakanuggnem ,uC

)lm/gμ( magol isartnesnok aratna isarbilak avruk taubiD .bP kutnu mn 382

hotnoc natural naacabmep lisaH .y ubmus iagabes snabrosba nad x ubmus iagabes

.hotnoc malad magol nagnudnak gnutihid nad tolpid isarbilak avruk padahret

= )gk/gm( magol nagnudnaK C V x m

id : anam )lm/gμ( isarbilak avruk irad magol isartnesnok halada C

)lm( rihka natural emulov halada V )g( hotnoc tobob halada m

)P( rofsoF nad )aC( muislaK lareniM radaK ijU

)a nagned muislaK radaK ijU motA napareS retemortkepS )6002 ,iduyhaW(

lm 1 nagned habmatid nakubaid halet gnay rg 3 kaynabes truhgoy lepmaS

H2O2 nagned nakgnirekid naidumek etalp toh lm 5 habmatid , ONH natural 3 nad

lCH lm 5 habmatid naidumek ,nakgnirekid 1 asisret iapmas naksanapid nad 1:1 - 2

ulal naturaL .lm agned nakrecneid pais nad lm 52 emulov iapmas sedauka n

.mn 7,224 gnabmoleg gnajnap adap ASS nagned sisilanaid

)b tadanaV edoteM rofsoF radaK ijU - onotnayirpA( tadbiloM .la te )9891 ,

gnabmitiD 1 ± - naidumek ,nelesrop nawac malad ek truhgoy lepmas rg 2

uhus adap runat maladek nakkusamid 055 ᵒ .maj 8 ± amales C ,nignid haleteS

ONH natural lm 01 nagned nakhabmatid nelesrop nawac maladid lepmas 3 ,2:1

85

± asisret lepmas emulov aggnih naksanapid naidumek natural ayntujnaleS .lm 2

gniraynep nagned gnirasid tubesret tural halet gnay lepmas renhcub nad

adnat aggnih sedauqa nagned nakhabmatid ,lm 52 ruku ubal maladek nakkusamid

gnisam natural lm 5 kaynabes tepipid ayntujnaleS .naknegomohid ulal ,satab -

gnisam gnisam adap naidumeK .lm 05 ruku ubal maladek lepmas - lepmas gnisam

lm 01 nakhabmatid ONH 3 lm 01 ,%52,0 tadanaV muinommA lm 01 ,2:1

sedauqa nagned naktapetid nad %5 tadbilom atpeh muinommA adnat aggnih

taubiD .tinem 54 ± amales nakmaidid naidumek naknegomohid haleteS .satab

radnats tered aguj HK( tafsof 2 OP 4) nagned )mpp 52 nad ;02 ;01 ;5,7 ;5 ;5,2 ;0(

nagned aynisnabrosba rukuid tapad ayntujnaleS .sata id tubesret itrepes naukalrep

kanuggnem VU retemotofortkeps na - .mn 074 gnabmoleg gnajnap adap siV radaK

rofsoF tapad lepmas malad irad iserger naamasrep irad helorepid avruk natural

radnats .P

95

VI BAB

NASAHABMEP NAD LISAH

1.4 isatnemreF lisaH nukuS gnupeT

malaD nukus haub gnupet nataubmep utiay aladnek ikilimem aynkutnebret

aynada anerak haloid taas haub adap talkoc anraw sitamizne natalkocnep iskaer

,nukus haub malad gnudnakret gnay esalonef mizne helo nakbabesid gnay

uti nialeS .naklisahid gnay nukus gnupet anraw adap huragnepreb aggnihes

iakusid gnaruk aguj aynamora nataubmep isakifidom nakukalid ,uti anerak helO .

gnupet nakanuggnem nukus haub isatnemrefmem arac nagned nukus

muratnalp sullicabotcaL , eaeciverec secymorahccaS nad eazyrO supozihR anug ,

naitilenep adap kujurem ini laH .naklisahid gnay nukus gnupet utum ikiabrepmem

itainruK .la te id ,)2102( nakanuggnem gnokgnis adap isatnemref nakukalid anam

muratnalp sullicabotcaL , eaeciverec secymorahccaS nad eazyrO supozihR malad

gnupet nataubmep facom ripmah gnay gnupet kisif kitsiretkarak naklisahgnem ,

udnak naktakgninem aguj nad ugiret gnupet iapureynem nietorp isirtun nagn

gnupet malad tubesret .

kutnu nakparetid kaynab gnay sesorp utas halas nakapurem isatnemref sesorP

.nagnap habmat ialin naktakgninem nad nagnap kudorp iagabreb iskudorpmem

ggnep awhab nakkujnunem nakukalid halet gnay naitilenep iagabreB rutluk naanu

gnay rovalf nagned kudorp naklisahgnem tapad isatnemref sesorp malad aiborkim

iadamem gnay nanamaek atres napmis ayad ,iggnit satifitkaoib tafis ,sahk

.)5991 ,zaidraF(

06

rabmaG 21 . f lisah nukus gnupeT .A isatnemre sullicabotcaL muratnalP ,

.B isiverec secymorahccaS ea , .C eazyro supozihR

nakanuggnem nukus haub isatnemref lisah nakrasadreB sullicabotcaL

muratnalp , eaeciverec secymorahccaS nad eazyrO supozihR gnupet naktapadid ,

nagned nukus gnay gnupet kisif kitsiretkarak nakgnidnabid kiab hibel hadus

naklisahid gnay nukus gnupeT .isatnemref sesorp iulalem apnat nukus gnupet

nukus ugnal amora uti nialeS .)21 rabmaG( hitup hibel gnay anraw ikilimem adap

isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet .gnarukreb aguj

2.4 P aluG nagnudnaK upeT ada isatnemreF lisaH nukuS gn

nakukalid ,gnupet idajnem taubid mulebes nukus haub isatnemref sesorp adaP

nalibmagnep ek maj irad ialum ,maj 1 utkaw gnales paites nukus haub lepmas - 0

ek maj iapmas - nidajret iuhategnem kutnu naujutreb ini laH .6 sesorp ay

atnemref aynsisilordihret nagned iadnatid anam id ,is hibel gnay alug idajnem itap

.anahredes alug radak sisilana utiay nakukalid gnay naijugneP alug nad iskuderep

naidumek gnay ,latot PD nad ED ialin nakutnetid id nagned anam ialin ini tapad

tekid alug awaynes iuha kutnebret gnay , isatnemref lisah nukus haub .

K iskuderep alug rada gnutihid nosleN edotem nakanugnem - iygomoS d , nagne

alug utaus helo iskuderet gnay isadiskognep awaynes irad halmuj rukugnem

16

utnetret iskuderem tapad gnay alug halada iskuderep aluG .)2891 ,regninheL(

aynhotnoc ,sabeb notek uata dihedla sugug ikilimem anerak nial awaynes

asotkurf ,asokulg( adirakasonoM )asotkalag nad haniamtuM( .la te .)3102 , H lisa

sisilana radak alug ep adap iskuder sam gni - gnisam lepmas nukus gnupet nakijasid

31 rabmaG adap .

rabmaG 31 . f sesorp amales nukus gnupet iskuderep alug radaK isatnemre

alug radak natakgninep nagned iadnatid isatnemref sesorp aynidajreT

iskuderep .lepmas adap nakrasadreB agitek iskuderep alug radak sisilana lisah

isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet muratnalp sullicabotcaL ,)PLT( secymorahccaS

eaeciverec )CST( nad eazyrO supozihR )ORT( imalagnem 31 rabmag adap

alug radak amatrep maj 1 adaP .iskuderep alug radak nakianek nalibatskaditek

iskuderep gnisam - lepmas gnisam nanurunep imalagnem . H nakanerakid ini la adap

,isatnemref lawa aborkim alug utiay igrene rebmus nakhutubmem ep iskuder utnu k

.aynnahubmutrep sativitka idajret ,6 ek maj utiay isatnemref rihka adap numaN

iskuderep alug radak nakianek nakifingis gnay lepmas agitek adap id , adap anam

aynlawa )maj 0( gnisam iskuderep alug radak - utiay lepmas gnisam %3578,1

,)PLT( %2915,1 nad )CST( %8123,1 )ORT( )2 naripmaL( .

%7425,2%4838,2

%5764,2

%00,0

%05,0

%00,1

%05,1

%00,2

%05,2

%00,3

0 2 4 6 8

aluG

iskudereP

W )maJ( utka

PLTCSTORT

26

naksutumem aggnihes nukus itap sisilordihgnem tubesret isatnemref sesorP

kidisokilg nataki idajnem anahredes hibel gnay alug iatnar itap sisilordih sesorP .

.mizne utiay aynutas halas ,rotkaf aparebeb helo ihuragnepid esalima miznE

.itap kabmorem malad narepreb gnay utas halas halada miznE aflA - esalima

α kidisokilg nataki gnotomem - nad malad irad )tardihobrak( itap lukelom adap 4,1

lukelom kutnebret aggnihes kaca araces gnotomem - gnay tardihobrak lukelom

kednep hibel )41 rabmag( nirtsked naklisahgnem ini mizne helo sisilordiH .

idajnem ilabmek sisilordihid naidumek asokulg , nataki nad asoirtotlam ,asotlam

gnajnap hibel gnay nial itawailleM( .la te .)6002 , uti nialeS secymorahccaS

eaeciverec esatrevni mizne ikilimem nay asorkus sisilordihgnem tapad g nad

asotlam sisilordihgnem tapad gnay esatlam mizne ,adirakasonom idajnem

s nakgnade muratnalp .caL kabmorem upmam gnay kitilolima LAB kusamret

upmam kitilolima LAB .anahredes hibel kutneb idajnem itap awaynes

nakiserkesnem kabmorem kutnu lamiskam nagned relulesartske esalima mizne

.)3102 ,ihduY( asokulg idajnem itap

rabmaG 41 . p sisilordiH ita a mizne helo esalim ,tdrahpO( )3002

36

ayntujnaleS a utiay lonef edotem nakanuggnem alug latot radak sisilan - ,taflus

id alug anam anraw naklisahgnem takep taflus masa malad lonef nagned iskaereb

aggnij - .libats gnay nagninukek nahurulesek irad halmuj nakapurem latot aluG

aguj tubesid uata aynnanurut nad adirakasilop ,adirakasogilo ,anahredes alug

.tardihobrak latot nagned

rabmaG 15. f sesorp amales nukus gnupet latot alug radaK isatnemre

nakrasadreB alug radak sisilana lisah latot lisah nukus gnupet agitek

isatnemref 1 rabmag adap 5, p awhab nakkujnunem alug radak amatrep maj 1 ada

latot gnisam - nanurunep imalagnem lepmas gnisam laucek , CST i . naidumeK

amas nad ayntukireb maj adap nakianek idajret - nanurunep imalagnem amas

.isatnemref 5 ek maj adap ilabmek ,iskuderep alug radak nagned aynlah amaS

idajret ,6 ek maj utiay isatnemref rihka adap alug radak nakianek latot agitek adap

id ,lepmas alug radak )maj 0( aynlawa adap anam latot gnisam - lepmas gnisam

utiay 06,5 % ,)PLT( 54,2 % nad )CST( 3382,3 % )ORT( )3 naripmaL( . ini laH

iskuderep alug radak natakgninep awhab nakkujnunem , id kaynab nikames anam

hibel gnay alug idajnem sisilordihret gnay itap ,anahredes padahret huragnepreb

.lepmas adap latot alug radak natakgninep

%7668,6

%7666,5%0009,4

%00,0%00,1%00,2%00,3%00,4%00,5%00,6%00,7%00,8

0 2 4 6 8

latoT alu

G

)maJ( utkaW

PLTCSTORT

46

ialin aynraseB iskuderep alug alug nad latot nakapurem gnay retemarap

ialin aynraseb gnutihgnem kutnu nakanugid ed tnelaviuqe esortx id ,)ED( anam

alug latot nagned iskuderep alug aratna oisar/nagnidnabrep nakapurem ED

)5002( etnamA nad erooM turuneM .001 nakilakid , iagabes nakataynid ED

.iskuder nataukek nakkujnunem gnay adisokulg nataki sisilordih irad esatnesrep

meS ED ialiN .idajret gnay sisilordih sesorp anrupmes nikames ED iggnit nika

iskuderep alug apureb sisilordih lisah % 001 itrareb gnay ,001 halada iggnitret

.asokulg uata

rabmaG 16. e esortxeD tnelaviuq s gnupet nuku h lisa f isatnemre

nagnutihrep lisah nakrasadreB e esortxed tnelaviuq nukus gnupet agitek )ED(

61 rabmag adap isatnemref lisah nakkujnunem , idajret raseb sirag araces awhab

P .ED ialin nakianek nukus gnupet ED ialin ,6 ek maj utiay isatnemref rihka ada

isatnemref lisah muratnalp sullicabotcaL ,%77,63 utiay )PLT( secymorahccaS

eaeciverec %90,05 utiay )CST( nad eazyrO supozihR )ORT( .%63,05 utiay ialiN

irad hibel awhab nakkujnunem CST nad ORT adap utiay iggnitret gnay ED

es alug idajnem sisilordihret halet itap aynhagnetes .)adirakasonom( anahred

isasiremilop tajareD .)PD( isasiremilop tajared nagned nagnubuhreb ED

naklisahid gnay iskuderep alug nagned latot alug aratna nagnidnabrep nakapurem

%77,63%90,05

%63,05

%00,0%00,01%00,02%00,03%00,04%00,05%00,06%00,07%00,08%00,09

0 2 4 6 8

tnelaviuqE esortxe

D

)maJ( utkaW

PLTCSTORT

56

utaus malad remonom tinu halmuj nakataynem PD .sisilordih sesorp amales

.lukelom

rabmaG 17. p tajareD ilo s gnupet isasirem nuku h lisa f isatnemre

nagnutihrep lisah nakrasadreB p tajared isasiremilo nukus gnupet agitek )PD(

idajret mumu araces awhab nakkujnunem ,71 rabmag adap isatnemref lisah

sorp amales anerak ini laH .PD ialin nanurunep natakgninep idajret isatnemref se

.itap sisilordih ujal gnay itap iskarf kaynab nikames akam PD ialin licek nikameS

alug idajnem sisilordihret - uata adirakasogilo( anahredes hibel gnay alug

.)adirakasonom dirakasogilo adap isasiremilop tajareD rasikreb a iapmas 2 aratna

s ,01 ikilimem adirakasonom nakgnade p tajared isasiremilo .)2002 ,onraniW( 1

)6 ek maj( isatnemref rihka adap naklisahid gnay PD ialin nakrasadreB ,

awhab nakkujnunem gnay 00,2 nad 27,2 PD ialin ikilimem CST nad PLT lepmas

hab nakisakidnignem kudorp aw alug kutnebret gnay .adirakasogilo utiay

3.4 dnaK nukuS gnupeT adirakasogilO nagnu isatnemreF lisaH

o nagnudnaK adirakasogil asilanaid isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet adap

nagned CLPH nemurtsni nakanuggnem ( diuqiL ecnamrofreP hgiH

yhpargotamorhC ) molok nagned XPH ®xenimA - H78 . adirakasogilo sineJ

27,2

00,299,1

00,0

00,1

00,2

00,3

00,4

00,5

00,6

0 2 4 6 8

isasiremiloP tajare

D

)maJ( utkaW

PLTCSTORT

66

tapadret gnay nenopmok irad isneter utkaw nakgnidnabmem nagned isketedid

.ijuid gnay radnats natural isneter utkaw nagned lepmas malad

adiaruN naitilenep nakrasadreB la te . awhab iuhatekid ,)6002( e nukus kartsk

gnudnagnem utiay aynaratnaid adirakasogilo nifar ,aso asotlam ,asorkus nad

.asoirtotlam adap nakukalid adirakasogilo nagnudnak naijugneP nukus gnupet

isatnemref lisah muratnalp sullicabotcaL aynmulebes iju nakrasadreb anerak ,

k iju utiay agnudna alug n iuhatekid tajared ikilimem ini lepmas awhab

isasiremilop 27,2 utiay iggnit gnilap gnay adap awhab nakkujnunem ini laH .

isasiremilop tajared anerak adirakasogilo gnudnakret hisam tubesret nukus gnupet

ogilo adap apmas 2 aratna rasikreb adirakas 01 i .)2002 ,onraniW(

1 rabmaG 8 . a lisaH CLPH sisilan s gnupet nuku f lisah isatnemre

sullicabotcaL p muratnal

H CLPH sisilana lisa rabmag adap 18 , nakkujnunem adap awhab gnupet

nukus isatnemref lisah muratnalp sullicabotcaL adirakasogilo gnudnagnem utiay

asonifar adaP .asorkus nad rgotamork alug sinej aguj tapadret ,sisilana lisah ma

ada atres ,asonmar nad asokulg utiay isketedret gnay )adirakasonom( anahredes

alug kaep utas isakifitnedniret kadit gnay radnats anerak aidesret gnay .satabret

VM

00.02-

00.0

00.02

00.04

00.06

00.08

00.001

00.021

00.041

00.061

00.081

00.002

setuniM05.0 00.1 05.1 00.2 05.2 00.3 05.3 00.4 05.4 00.5 05.5 00.6 05.6 00.7 05.7 00.8 05.8 00.9 05.9 00.01

853.4

981.5

566.5

990.6

617.6

asonifaR

asorkuS

asokulG

asonmaR

76

gnay radnats nagned amas ripmah gnay isneter utkaw anerak agudid ini lisaH

.amas nakarikrepid gnay nenopmok sinej nakkujnunem nakanugid

W turutreb asonmar nad asokulg ,asorkus ,asonifar radnats isneter utka - turut

alada h 164.4 , 440.6 ,921.5 nad 267.6 tinem . nakrasadreB lisah margotamork

sisilana isketedret ,tubesret CLPH agudid gnay kaep utkaw nagned asonifar

isneter 853.4 aera saul nad tinem 110662 isneter utkaw nagned asorkus , 981.5

aera saul nad tinem 0396761 isneter utkaw nagned asokulg , 990.6 saul nad tinem

aera 766133 , nagned asonmar atres isneter utkaw 617.6 aera saul nad tinem

873556 .)5 naripmaL( aera saul nagned lepmas aera saul nakgnidnabmem nagneD

gnisam radak naktapadid radnats - edret gnay alug gnisam asonifar utiay isket

nad ,L/gm 3331 rasebes asokulg ,L/gm 0837 rasebes asorkuS ,L/gm 619 rasebes

rasebes asonmar .L/gm 4192

4.4 truhgoY nataubmeP isalumroF

,amas aynrasad adap ipat ,isairavreb tagnas truhgoy nataubmep sesorP

utiay iretkab nagned nakisatnemrefid naidumek ,isasiruetsapid halet gnay usus

retrats apnat uata nagned ,sahk gnay asar nad ,uab ,namasaek helorepid iapmas

nidujaruS( nial nahab nahabmanep la te .)6002 ,. taubid truhgoy ini naitilenep adaP

us ,riac ipas usus irad nialp truhgoy nakanuggnem retrats iretkab ,kubub miks us

nakaib( suciraglub .L nad sulihpomreht .S ) nad nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned

)b/b %01( usus nahabmanep irad .miks

tapadreT amil nataubmep adap isalumrof truhgoy ini rabmaG( 19 utiay ,)

truhgoy uata lortnok truhgoy nahabmanep apnat nukus gnupet ( 029 isalumrof ,)

truhgoy gned noN nukus gnupet nahabmanep na - isatnemref ( 495 isalumrof ,)

86

truhgoy isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned sullicabotcaL

muratnalP ( 563 isalumrof ,) truhgoy lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned

isatnemref isiverec secymorahccaS ea isalumrof( truhgoy nad ,)587 nagned

isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep eazyro supozihR .)341 isalumrof(

rabmaG 19. s gnupet nahabmanep nagned truhgoy isalumroF nuku

adaP truhgoy nataubmep ini , narupmac usus nad miks usus ,riac ipas

,nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned id isasiruetsap hibelret ulud arac nagned ini

naksanapid 58 uhus adap - C°09 01 amales - tinem 51 ini laH . kutnu naujutreb

negotap aborkim hunubmem nad aborkim naknigniid kadit gnay aynnial aggnihes ,

tapad gnay isidnok nakirebmem kaib nahubmutrep igab kiab .truhgoy na nialeS

,uti naujutreb aguj truhgoy taubid mulebes usus nasanamep ignarugnem kutnu

naka aggnihes ,aynria tadap hibel gnay truhgoy helorepid ,retsoF( .)7591

miks usus nahabmaneP inisid ikiabrepmem nad latnegnep iagabes isgnufreb

rutsket .truhgoy

P p ada mref sesor isatne goy truh adap gnutnagreb tagnas nahab isidnok

,retrats rutluk ,usus ukab isalukonI .)3102 ,aratnA( isabukni amal atres uhus nad

truhgoy retrats 34 uhus adap nakukalid - 54 oC mumitpo uhus nakapurem gnay ,

96

,iduyhaW( retrats iretkab nahubmutrep kutnu )6002 . akij isabukni amaL

4 amales gnusgnalreb tapad mumitpo uhus adap nakisidnokid -6 akij uata maj

mrefid 21 amales gnusgnalreb tapad gnaur uhus adap isatne - .maj 51 lisah truhgoY

napmisid naidumek isabukni malad nignidnep iramel uhus adap 4-7oC gnay ,

treb kutnu nauju isatnemref sesorp nakitnehgnem id naka anam ignarugnem

tivitka iretkab sa nad kutnu .kapmok hibel gnay rutsket helorepmem

5.4 truhgoY kitpelonagrO

,gnitnep gnay itra ikilimem nagnap kudorp utaus adap kitpelonagro sisilanA

.naklisahid gnay kudorp padahret silenap naamirenep nagned natiakreb anerak

utaus halada kitpelonagro sisilanA nad sisilana ,haimli narukugnep ,isakifitnedi

tubirta isaterpretni - nad ,namuicnep ,natahilgnep aredni iulalem kudorp tubirta

hisgninayteS( napicicnep .la te 8002 , .)

nagned kitpelonagro sisilana nakanugid ini naitilenep malaD u ij kinodeh

)naakusek takgnit( ini kitpelonagro naijugneP .truhgoy lepmas padahret silenap

akukalid 02 padahret n silenap silenap utiay ,hitalret kaga nad iskeles lisah

adap hitalret kaga silenap adap iskeleS .silenap nolac halmujes irad nahitalep

acnem aynmumu amora nad asaratic nakadebmem kutnu naupmamek lah puk

ayad ,isartnesnok tajared nakadebmem naupmamek ,naadebmep gnabma ,rasad

.)3991 ,siebuH nad otrakeoS( amora nad asaratic padahret tagni

t itupilem ini naitilenep malad silenap naakusek takgnit naijugneP takgni

padahret naakusek rutsket , ,anraw ,amora ,asar araces naakusek takgnit nad

nahurulesek nahabmanep nagned truhgoy lepmas padahret irad nukus gnupet

adebreb gnay isatnemref lisah aparebeb .

07

2 nagned truhgoy kitpelonagro iju lisah ataD

0 sisilanaid ini silenap

nagned naktujnalid naka gnay AVONA magar kidis edotem nakanuggnem

sisilana nacnuD padahret isalumrof irad huragnep aynada iuhategnem kutnu

( iju retemarap naripmaL 9 .) kitpelonagro sisilana lisaH tahilid tapad truhgoy

lebaT malad eb .ini tukir

lebaT 5. A o iju akitsitats sisilan kitpelonagr y truhgo retemaraP

ijU 341 563 495 587 029

rutskeT ,3 03 a ± 0, 656 9 ,3 07 a 0 ± , 656 9 ,3 05 a 0 ± , 888 5 ,3 03 a 0 ± , 237 7 ,3 08 a 0 ± , 338 5 anraW 56,3 a ± 984,0 3 50,4 a 0 ± , 406 8 57,3 a 0 ± , 836 6 ,3 57 a 0 ± , 055 1 ,4 50 a 0 ± , 686 3 amorA 01,3 a ,1 ± 20 80 03,3 a ,0 ± 108 3 03,3 a ,0 ± 468 5 59,2 a ,0 ± 686 3 51.4 b 0 ± 076. 8

asaR 03,3 a ,0 ± 468 5 07,3 ba ,0 ± 656 9 04,3 a ,0 ± 049 3 02,3 a ,0 ± 338 5 51,4 b ,0 ± 578 1 naakuseK ,3 51 a ,0 ± 218 7 07,3 cb ,0 ± 175 2 53,3 ba ,0 ± 547 1 00,3 a ,0 ± 719 6 01,4 c ,0 ± 119 9 :nagnareteK

.1 nA adebreb gnay furuh itukiid gnay akg adap nakkujnunem sirab paites ada ayn gnay naadebrep atayn ijU( nacnuD = α %5 ataR(* .) - .)DS ± atar

.2 isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned = 341 eazyro supozihR isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned = 563 muratnalP .caL

noN nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned = 495 - isatnemref isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned = 587 isiverec secymorahccaS ea

= 029 )lortnok( nukus gnupet nahabmanep apnat

1.5.4 rutskeT

helo nakutnetid ,truhgoy itrepes ,isatnemrefret usus utum mumu araceS

awaynes nagnudnak nad ,)masa latot uata Hp( namasaek tajared ,rutsket rovalf .

nad sirosnes utum padahret huragnepreb tagnas tubesret utum retemaraP

nemusnok helo truhgoy naamirenep 3102 ,aratnA( .) iagabes nakisinifedid rutskeT

nad haynukid ,tigigid utkaw( tulum nagned itamaid tapad gnay nanaket isasnes

nagned nagnubuhreb rutsket ,truhgoy malaD .iraj naabarep nagned uata )naletid

nad nalatnekek .isnetsisnok nepid truhgoy adap rutskeT nalapmuggnep helo ihurag

elkcuB turuneM .idajret gnay .la te nalatnegnep uata nalapmuggnep ,)5891( ,

17

gnay usus tafis utas halas nakapurem gnilap tapad nalapmuggneP .sahk

mizne nataigek helo nakbabesid natakgninep uata .masa

tapad truhgoy rutsket mumu araceS inkay sinej agit idajnem nakadebid

kutnebret gnay truhgoy ini naitilenep adaP .riac nad latnek kaga ,latnek rutsketreb

nagned aguj tubesid gnay latnek gnay rutsket ikilimem y ini laH .tes truhgo

miks usus aguj nakhabmatid truhgoy nataubmep adap nakanerakid isgnufreb gnay

ebret utnabmem tapad miks usus adap nietorP .latnegnep iagabes n rutsket aynkut

rutsket adap kebmel gnay nakapmanep hagecnem nad tubmel ,kapmok gnay

lisah nukus gnupet aynnakhabmatid nagned uti nialeS .)1002 ,itawailieL(

tapad aguj isatnemref id ,truhgoy rutsket ihuragnepmem maladid iuhatekid anam

.kitoiberp iagabes narepreb gnay adirakasogilo gnudnakret nukus gnupet

aggnihes isatnemrefid naka gnay kitoiborp iretkab nanakam iagabes adirakasogilO

t idajnem truhgoy Hp nakbabeynem Hp akiteK .nuru 4 iapacnem – Hp( 5,4

I lapmuggnem naka nietorp nad nurunem naka nietorp naturalek )kirtkeleos

)3002 ,ihalaliS nad katnujnamiS(

rabmaG 02 . takgniT y rutsket padahret naakusek truhgo

D ini naitilenep mala , retemarap rutsket truhgoy arac nagned itamaid

tahilem nalatnekek ayn nad em nakasar ayn ( tulum malad id leefhtuom ) . iju lisaH

03,3

07,3

05,3

03,3

08,3

00,301,302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,3

341 563 495 587 029truhgoY lepmaS

27

atar awhab nakkujnunem kitpelonagro - atar naialinep roks padahret silenap

retemarap aratna rasikreb rutsket ,3 03 - ,3

08 ini laH . silenap awhab nakkujnunem

ayniakuynem kaga nad awhab nakisakidnignem rutsket adap tapad hadus truhgoy

nemusnok helo amiretid .

takgniT utiay 029 isalumrof adap silenap nakirebid iggnitret naakusek

nagned lortnok truhgoy uata nukus gnupet nahabmanep apnat nagned truhgoy

j kadit ini roks numaN .08,3 roks nahabmanep nagned truhgoy nagned adebreb hua

isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet muratnalP sullicabotcaL nagned )563 isalumrof(

.07,3 roks nakrasadreB kitpelonagro iju lisah atad )8 naripmaL( nakkujnunem

atar awhab - retemarap padahret silenap arap naakusek takgnit atar rutsket adareb

s adap 3 alak -5 isalumrof kutnu nagned truhgoy lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep

isatnemref muratnalP sullicabotcaL 2 alaks adap nad -5 kutnu isalumrof truhgoy

aynnial p alaks 5 irad nakanugid gnay naialine .

sisilana lisaH magar kidis )AVONA( awhab nakkujnunem aumes lepmas

truhgoy padahret naakusek takgnit ikilimem rutsket retemarap adebreb kadit gnay

agned atayn P ialin n 1,0=P utiay 50,0> 53 . awhab nakataynem ini laH nahabmanep

nukus gnupet adap silenap naamirenep takgnit padahret atayn huragnepreb kadit

rutsket halmuj anerak agudid ini atayn gnay huragnep aynada kadiT .truhgoy

gnay ,miks usus nahabmanep irad %01 aynah gnay nukus gnupet nahabmanep

k rutsket nakbabeynem .adebreb huaj ulalret kadit truhgoy nalatneke

2.5.4 anraW

nahab utaus irad utum padahret huragnepreb haltagnas anraw rotkaF

araces aggnihes ,lausiv araces gnusgnal tahilid tapad anraw anerak ,nagnap

37

nagnap kudorp utauS .nemusnok naitahrep kiranem tapad anraw rotkaf gnusgnal

tanim naktakgninem tapad naka kadit aynasar kane nad izigreb ialinid gnay

atam gnadnapid pades kadit tubesret nagnap kudorp nad anraw akij nemusnok

pmiynem halet nasek irebmem uata ,onraniW( aynranebes gnay anraw irad gna

2002 .)

rabmaG 21 . takgniT t naakusek padahre w anra y truhgo

anraW lepmas adap nahab irad kutnebret truhgoy - gnay rasad nahab

mref sesorp nad nakanugid .truhgoy nahalognep adap isatne M gnisa - gnisam

isalumrof truhgoy ini nagninukek hitup iapmas hitup gnay anraw iaynupmem

aynmumu adap truhgoy nialp itrepes . R ata - anraw iakuynem silenap atar aumes

truhgoy lepmas gned nakkujnutid gnay nairebmep na ,3 naialinep roks 56 -4,

50

.isalumrof aumes kutnu takgniT id iggnitret naakusek adap silenap nakireb

isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned truhgoy utiay 563 isalumrof

muratnalP sullicabotcaL nad truhgoy utiay 029 isalumrof ( lortnok apnat

nukus gnupet nahabmanep ) .50,4 roks nagned

nagned truhgoY nahabmanep gnupet nukus isatnemref lisah sullicabotcaL

muratnalP ikilimem lortnok truhgoy nagned amas gnay naakusek takgnit ,

akij hitup hibel gnay anraw ikilimem naklisahid gnay nukus gnupet nakanerakid

56,3

50,4

57,3 57,3

50,4

04,305,306,307,308,309,300,401,4

341 563 495 587 029

truhgoY lepmaS

47

nukus gnupet nad isatnemref naukalrep apnat nukus gnupet nagned nakgnidnabid

aynnial gnay isatnemref lisah , truhgoy anraw padahret huragnepreb kadit aggnihes

aklisahid gnay .n adaP anraw ikilimem nukus gnupet aynrasad gnurednec gnay

nagninukek .natalkocek tikides uata

sisilana lisaH )AVONA( magar kidis awhab nakkujnunem aumes lepmas

truhgoy padahret naakusek takgnit ikilimem anraw retemarap adebreb kadit gnay

agned atayn .701,0=P utiay 50,0>P ialin n awhab nakataynem ini laH nahabmanep

nukus gnupet silenap naamirenep takgnit padahret atayn huragnepreb kadit

padahret alumrof pait anraw lortnok truhgoy nagned nakgnidnabid akij truhgoy is

.nukus gnupet nahabmanep apnat

3.5.4 amorA

uab uata amorA - tapad gnay utauses iagabes nakisinifedid tapad nauab

taZ .namuicnep aredni nagned itamaid - kadit tikides ,paugnem tapad amora taz

.kamel malad tural kadit tikides nad ria malad tural tapad uab uata amorA

em tapad gnay awaynes akitek nakasarid gnudih aggnor ek kusam )litalov( paugn

metsis helo nakasarid nad irotkaflo 2002 ,onraniW( .) amora padahret naijugneP

gnatnet naialinep lisah nakirebmem tapad tapec nagned anerak gnitnep tagnas

tubesret kudorp kadit uata amiretid .

nahaburep helo nakbabesid aynmumu adap naklubmitid gnay uaB -

aratna aynlasim ,nial nahab nagned naawaynesrep kutneb nad aimik nahaburep

alug nagned nietorp nahaburep lisah onima masa - kutnebmem gnay iskuder alug

amora nad asar awaynes nagnap kudorp adap neM . retsoF turu .la te isgnuf ,)1691(

tatkal masa naklisahgnem halada retrats malad ikokotperts kitkal iretkab amatu

57

nad usus naklapmuggnem ,masa asar irebmem kutnu nakulrepid gnay

id kitit adap Hp naknurunem masa iskudorpmem amora lisahgnep iretkab anam

lov A .mumiskam araces lita nad amor rovalf nakbabesid rasadnem araces truhgoy

awaynes aynkutnebret helo - awaynes non masa - litalov masa ,litalov .linobrak nad ,

litesaid nad adihedlatesa naadarebek awhab nakataynem itilenep kaynaB

urem )linobrak awaynes kopmolek( nanimod gnilap gnay awaynes nakap

hgoy amora nakutnenem )3102 ,aratnA( tru .

rabmaG 22 . takgniT t naakusek padahre a amor y truhgo

aH 2 rabmag( amora kitpelonagro lis 2) naialinep awhab nakkujnunem

irad amora padahret silenap truhgoy isalumrof aumes aratna rasikreb 59,2 - 51,4

gnay ayniakuynem kaga silenap awhab nakkujnunem . ataR - atar silenap naakusek

iggnitret adap tapadret nukus gnupet nahabmanep apnat lortnok truhgoy lepmas ,

r nakgnades ata - adap tapadret hadneret silenap naakusek atar truhgoy lepmas

lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned ref isatnem isiverec secymorahccaS ea

.)587 isalumrof( nukus gnupet adap sahk amora nakanerakid ini laH

.naklisahid gnay truhgoy kudorp adap amora ihuragnepmem sahk gnay amorA

nahab nad nusuynep nahab adapek gnutnagret namuicnep aredni helo nakasarid

01,3 03,3 03,359,2

51,4

00,005,000,105,100,205,200,305,300,405,4

341 563 495 587 029

truhgoY lepmaS

67

malad ek nakhabmatid gnay nagnap kudorp 3991 ,idnapA( tubesret ,aganiS malad

7002 .)

sisilana lisaH )AVONA( magar kidis awhab nakkujnunem lepmas truhgoy

ikilimem mora gnay a agned atayn adebreb .50,0<P ialin n tujnal hibel ijU nacnuD

isalumrof sinej tapmeek awhab nakkujnunem gnupet nahabmanep nagned truhgoy

truhgoy nagned adebreb ,amas gnay tesbus utas malad adareb nukus apnat lortnok

nukus gnupet nahabmanep adap adareb atar ikilimem nad audek salek tesbus - atar

ilap naakusek takgnit .iggnit gn awhab nakataynem ini laH gnupet nahabmanep

nukus adap silenap naamirenep takgnit padahret atayn huragnepreb amora hgoy tru

et nahabmanep apnat lortnok truhgoy nagned nakgnidnabid akij .nukus gnup

b numaN kitpelonagro iju lisah nakrasadre nakkujnunem adap amora awhab

truhgoy non nupuam isatnemref lisah kiab ,nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned -

isatnemref nemusnok helo amiretid tapad hadus tapad aguj ini nukus sahk amorA .

uata sahk iric idajnem adap asaib truhgoy nagned nukus truhgoy adebmep

.aynmumu

4.5.4 asaR

rotkaf aratnaid gnitnep pukuc gnay rotkaf nakapurem asaR - nial rotkaf

.nagnap kudorp irad utum atres kitpelonagro nagned nagnubuhreb gnay asaR

ardni helo amiretid tapad gnay iwaimik nagnasgnar aynada tabika lubmit

.hadil uata pacegnep malad tapadret gnay nenopmok irad iridret aynasaib asaR

kutnu nakhabmatid ajagnes gnay nahab irad uata nataubmep ukab nahab

p kudorp irad satilauk naktakgninem sret nagna tube R . helo ihuragnepid asa

77

nenopmok iskaretni nad isartnesnok ,uhus ,aimik awaynes utiay rotkaf aparebeb

,onraniW( aynnial asar 2002 .)

nad tatkal masa aynkutnebret anerak lubmit truhgoy adap masa asar atiC

truhgoy isatnemref amaleS .adihedlatesa , ,gnitnep nanarep iaynupmem retrats rutluk

sahk gnay amora nad asar naklubminem aggnihes masa kutnebmep iagabes utiay

nad ,niotesa ,notesa ,dihedla ,linobrak itrepes asar atic nenopmok kutnebmep atres

litesaid .)2991 ,yaJ( eb tardihobrak emsilobatem lisaH masa apur - naka kinagro masa

truhgoy satilauk nakutnenem tuki nad asar atic ihuragnepmem ( iniramsuY nad

idnefE , 4002 ). P uata asar atic naklisahgnem aguj iretkab helo nietorp nahaceme

rovalf .)9891 ,nosniboR nad emimaT( truhgoy adap kane gnay

rabmaG 23 . takgniT t naakusek padahre r asa y truhgo

lisaH iju agro asar padahret kitpelon silenap naialinep awhab nakkujnunem

02,3 aratna rasikreb truhgoy isalumrof aumes irad - gnay 51,4 awhab nakkujnunem

egnar adap adareb silenap naakusek takgnit iapmas akus kaga aratna akus . ini laH

tapad hadus truhgoy isalumrof aumes irad asar retemarap awhab nakkujnunem

.nemusnok helo kiab amiretid aler tafisreb truhgoy asar naialineP gnisam kutnu fit -

aynmumu ,silenap gnisam iggnitret silenap naakusek lepmas adap tapadret

nukus gnupet nahabmanep apnat lortnok truhgoy s , nakgnade nagned truhgoy adap

03,307,3

04,3 02,3

51,4

00,005,000,105,100,205,200,305,300,405,4

341 563 495 587 029truhgoY lepmaS

87

,nukus gnupet nahabmanep isalumrof r ata - silenap naakusek atar iggnitret tapadret

adap lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned truhgoy lepmas isatnemref

cabotcaL muratnalP sulli isalumrof( 563 ) atar nagned - irebmem silenap atar

3 alaks adap naialinep -5 nakanugid gnay naialinep alaks 5 irad 8 naripmal( nad )

r ata - adap tapadret hadneret silenap naakusek atar nagned truhgoy lepmas

lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep satnemref i isiverec secymorahccaS ea isalumrof(

.)587

sisilana lisaH )AVONA( magar kidis awhab nakkujnunem lepmas truhgoy

ikilimem asar retemarap gnay agned atayn adebreb 50,0<P ialin n 400,0=P utiay .

awhab nakataynem ini laH nukus gnupet nahabmanep atayn huragnepreb adap

silenap naamirenep takgnit retemarap padahret asar kudorp truhgoy nakrasadreB .

awhab nakkujnunem naijugnep lisah rovalf huragnep irebmem nukus gnupet sahk

,)3102( aratnA turuneM .naklisahid gnay truhgoy adap asar r asa truhgoy adap

id ihuragnep aguj nahab helo id gnay nakhabmat ,truhgoy nataubmep malad

aynhotnoc ek haub iras uata haub nahabmanep goy malad h ,tru taubmem rovalf

amora nad ayn awaynes helo isanimodid rovalf .nakhabmatid gnay

tujnal hibel ijU nacnuD isalumrof sinej tapmeek awhab nakkujnunem

y tesbus utas malad adareb nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned truhgoy amas gna

lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned truhgoy( 563 isalumrof kutnu nad

isatnemref muratnalP sullicabotcaL ) dek salek tesbus adap adareb aguj nagned au

truhgoy gnay )nukus gnupet nahabmanep apnat( lortnok atar ikilimem - takgnit atar

ilap naakusek .iggnit gn

97

5.5.4 naakuseK

malad gnitnep gnay retemarap nakapurem nahurulesek araces naakuseK

enem n gnupet nahabmanep nagned truhgoy isalumrof sinej nakut gnay nukus

.kiabret kadit nikgnum nahab utaus padahret nemusnok naamirenep nad naakuseK

macam iagabreb helo ihuragnepid ipatet naka ,rotkaf utas helo ihuragnepid aynah

.hutu gnay naamirenep naklubminem aggnihes rotkaf padahret naialineP naakusek

araces sek nahurule naialinep nakapurem s fitkeybu lepmas padahret silenap

,truhgoy em gnay irosnes tubirta hurules itupil rutsket utiay , nad ,amora ,anraw

asar .

rabmaG 24 . takgniT k naakuse k nahurulese y padahret truhgo

nakkujnunem kitpelonagro iju lisah nakrasadreB atar awhab - naialinep atar

aratna rasikreb nahurulesek araces truhgoy kudorp naakusek padahret silenap

00,3 - gnay 01,4 egnar adap adareb silenap naakusek takgnit awhab nakkujnunem

.akus iapmas akus kaga aratna awhab nakkujnunem ini laH isalumrof aumes

ruhgoy .nemusnok helo kiab amiretid tapad hadus t

sisilana lisaH )AVONA( magar kidis aumes awhab nakkujnunem

isalumrof truhgoy ikilimem nahurulesek araces naakusek takgnit gnay adebreb

51,307,3

53,300,3

01,4

00,005,000,105,100,205,200,305,300,405,4

341 563 495 587 029

truhgoY lepmaS

08

agned atayn .50,0<P ialin n nem ini laH nakkujnu awhab gnupet nahabmanep

nukus atayn huragnepreb adap takgnit naakusek silenap truhgoy kudorp padahret .

tujnal hibel ijU nacnuD nakkujnunem awhab irad aumes isalumrof sinej

truhgoy adebreb gnay tesbus 3 maladek kusam , id anam y( 563 isalumrof truhgo

gnupet nahabmanep nagned lisah nukus isatnemref muratnalP sullicabotcaL )

truhgoy( 029 isalumrof nad 07,3 roks nagned gnupet nahabmanep apnat lortnok

01,4 roks nagned )nukus ek salek tesbus adap adareb agit gnay atar ikilimem - atar

ilap naakusek takgnit .iggnit gn

gro iju nahurulesek nakrasadreB aumes irad awhab iuhatekid kitpelona

nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned truhgoy isalumrof nupuam isatnemref lisah

non - isatnemref nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned truhgoy utiay 563 isalumrof ,

lisah isatnemref muratnalP sullicabotcaL gnilap gnay isalumrof nakapurem

.silenap iakusid nagned nakkujnutid ini laH retemarap ialin ,rutsket ,anraw ,amora

asar nad isalumrof 563 gnay roks ikilimem hibel iggnit nagned nakgnidnabid

isalumrof truhgoy tubesret laH .aynnial aguj awhab nakkujnunem ref isatnem

ikiabrepmem tapad naktakgninem uata adap nemusnok naamirenep nad satilauk

.nukus gnupet

6.4 )LAB( retratS iretkaB halmuJ

rutluK retrats narep ikilimem gnitnep truhgoy nataubmep malad nad

naklisahid gnay truhgoy utum ihuragnepmem . malad narepreb gnay iretkab sineJ

nataubmep utiay truhgoy sullihpomreht succocotpertS nad sullicabotcaL

.suciraglub iskaretni tapadreT aratna nakgnutnugnem gnilas gnay suciraglub .L

nad sullihpomreht .S naksabebmem nad asetnisnem utas gnay iretkab anerak ,

18

aynnial iretkab nahubmutrep rilumitsnem uata nakgnutnugnem gnay awaynes

milranuS( .la te .)7002 ,

lebaT 6. p lisaH s iretkab nagnutihre )LAB( retrat

truhgoY lepmaS retratS iretkaB halmuJ )g/inoloK( 1892 INS - 9002

341 x 75,6 01 8

01 .niM 7 g/inolok 563 x 4,2 01 01 495 x 521,4 01 9 587 x 721,4 01 9 029 x 549,1 01 9

nagnareteK : isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned = 341 eazyro supozihR isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned = 563 muratnalP .caL nahabmanep nagned = 495 noN nukus gnupet - isatnemref isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned = 587 isiverec secymorahccaS ea )lortnok( nukus gnupet nahabmanep apnat = 029

isatnemref usus kudorp utaus malad tatkal masa iretkab isalupop halmuJ

rotakidni idajnem .tubesret kudorp sigoloiborkim satilauk 1892 INS turuneM -

9002 , 01 laminim retrats malad tatkal masa iretkab halmuj 7 nakrasadreB .g/inolok

lebat adap retrats iretkab nagnutihrep lisah 6 truhgoy kudorp awhab nakkujnunem ,

ihunemem hadus naklisahid gnay aysrep id ,tubesret natar iretkab halmuj anam

01 aratna rasikreb truhgoy kudorp adap retrats 8- 01 01 .g/inolok

truhgoy kudorp adap nukus gnupet nahabmaneP raseb naigabes nakkujnunem

nakgnidnabid akij retrats iretkab halmuj adap natakgninep aynada truhgoy nagned

id ,)nukus gnupet nahabmanep apnat( lortnok truhgoy anam nahabmanep nagned

isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet muratnalP sullicabotcaL ikilimem )563 lepmaS(

utiay iggnitret halmuj 01 x 4,2 01 gnudnagnem iuhatekid nukus gnupeT .g/inolok

netopreb gnay adirakasogilo iagabes is kitoiberp , id anam ini kitoiberp tapad

malad anugreb tatkal masa iretkab nahubmutrep nad sativitka naktakgninem

)0002 ,diorfreboR( .

28

P ada truhgoy isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned supozihR

eazyro idajret )341 lepmaS( tikides etrats iretkab halmuj nanurunep nakgnidnabid r

.lortnok truhgoy H alug anerak agudid ini la )tardihobrak( nukus adap

amales gnapak helo iakapret kaynab nanikgnumek isatnemref sesorp nukus haub

gnupet idajnem taubid mulebes . G alu )tardihobrak( halas nakapurem isirtun utas

borkim igab a id , s anam nikame ,alug halmuj raseb tartsbus akam aidesret gnay

nad kaynab nikames aborkim igab tapec nad kaynab nikames aynnahubmutrep .

igrene rebmus iagabes isgnufreb aborkim igab isirtun ,)3002( zaidraF turuneM

kutnu kudorp sisetnisoib nad ,les kutnebmem ,nahubmutrep - tilobatem kudorp .

,uti nialeS gnay rotkaf tapad emsinagroorkim nahubmutrep ihuragnepmem

aynaratnaid utiay hus ( isabukni utkaw nad u elkcuB .la te .)7891,

7.4 padahreT iretkabitnA sativitkA iloc.E

adap iretkabitna ijU truhgoy kudorp iretkab padahret nakukalid negotap

.E c ilo iretkabitna ijU .markac isufid edotem nagned ini naitilenep adap naujutreb

tahilem kutnu isnetop nukus gnupet isatnemref lisah erp rebmus iagabes kitoib

negotap iretkab nahubmutrep tabmahgnem malad truhgoy kudorp adap .E c ilo .

iretkab nahubmutrep natabmahgnep nopser aynadA nagned nakkujnutid

aynlucnum .markac satrek ratikes id tabmah anoz uata gnineb anoz

38

rabmaG 25 . A kudorp iretkabitna sativitk t truhgoy padahre E c. ilo

h nakrasadreB iju lisa rabmaG( truhgoy kudorp adap iretkabitna sativitka 25 ,)

nakkujnunem fitisop nopser tapadret truhgoy lepmas aumes adap awhab

iretkab nahubmutrep natabmahgnep iloc.E , id anam d tabmah aya ep nahubmutr

iloc.E padret iggnitret nagned truhgoy adap ta nukus gnupet nahabmanep lisah

isatnemref muratnalP sullicabotcaL )563 lepmaS( utiay 00,4 tabmah ayaD .mm

ini truhgoy isalumrof helo naklisahid gnay )563 lepmaS( huaj , iggnit hibel

nakhab ,)029 lepmaS( nukus gnupet nahabmanep apnat truhgoy nakgnidnabid

.nakijuid gnay lisremok truhgoy padahret aguj awhab nakkujnunem ini laH

nahabmanep nukus gnupet isatnemref lisah muratnalP sullicabotcaL tagnas

isnetopreb oiberp iagabes it tapad anerak k adap iretkab tabmah ayad naktakgninem

.truhgoy

tafisreb gnay )LAB( tatkal masa iretkab kusamret ,aborkim aparebeB

sinej iagabreB .adirakasiloposke naklisahgnem naupmamek ikilimem ,kitoiborp

irad niarts muratnalP .caL .adirakasiloposke naklisahgnem tapad itiletid halet

nakiserkesid gnay adirakasilop uata alug remilop halada )SPE( adirakasiloposkE

.les raulek borkim helo sativitka tapadret anerak natahesek kefe iaynupmem SPE

38,0

00,4

76,1

76,0

05,1 76,1

00,005,000,105,100,205,200,305,300,405,4

341 563 495 587 029 lisremoK

)m

m( gnineB anoZ rete

maiD

truhgoY lepmaS

48

rkam isavitka nad romutitna ,rotalumitsonummi kutnu tisofmil nad egafo

nollaT( kitoiberp tafisreb atres ,hubut nanahatek naktakgninem .la te 3002 , .)

nukus gnupeT iridnes aynutas halas adirakasogilo gnudnagnem iuhatekid

id truhgoy kudorp adaP .kitoiberp iagabes isgnufreb tapad gnay asonifar anam

apurem ,kitoiborp rebmus nak .kitoiberp nagned nakisanibmokid akij kiab hibel

kitoiberP rilumitsnem tapad ipatet hubut anrecid tapad kadit kopmolek nahubmutrep

iretkab negotap iretkab nahubmutrep nakenem tapad aggnihes kitoiborp ,snilloC(

non nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned truhgoy adap tahilret tapad ini laH .)9991 -

id ,)495 lepmaS( isatnemref padahret tabmah ayad anam ep nahubmutr iloc.E hibel

iggnit .)029 lepmaS( lortnok truhgoy nakgnidnabid

gnepid iretkab nahubmutrep tabmah ayaD ,uhus itrepes rotkaf aparebeb helo ihura

sinej atres halmuj nad nisoiretkab aynada ,negisko naaidesretek ,Hp nanurunep

kitoiberp .)2002 ,enyalP nad senyaH( ,)9891( nosniboR nad emimaT nakataynem

s nanapmiynep ,hadner Hp adap nahat kadit mrofilok purg awhab nad hadner uhu

aborkimitna taz itrepes LAB emsilobatem lisah taz aynada nagned nahat kadit

.tatkal masa nad )nisoiretkab( radak naktakgninem utnabmem naka tatkal masA

namasaek ( 4 Hp -5 ,) negotap iretkab nahubmutrep tabmahgnem tapad aggnihes

itrepes iloc.E itaimsU( imatU nad .)8002 ,

8.4 A aimikokisiF sisilan truhgoY

anA aimikokisif sisil truhgoy isalumrof naktapadid haletes nakukalid ini

padahret truhgoy kudorp iretkabitna sativitka iju nad kitpelonagro iju lisah kiabret

E iloc. nagned truhgoy utiay 563 isalumrof tubesret iju audek nakrasadreB .

lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep isatnemref muratnalP sullicabotcaL nakapurem

58

padahret nakukalid ini aimikokisif sisilana uti anerak helo ,kiabret isalumrof

atres ,563 isalumrof guj nakukalid adap sisilana a isalumrof 029 truhgoy utiay

truhgoy nad )lortnok( nukus gnupet nahabmanep apnat gned nahabmanep na

noN nukus gnupet - isatnemref gnidnabmep iagabes )495 isalumrof( sisilanA .

aimikokisif itupilem nakukalid gnay nautnenep ,Hp narukugnep sisilana ,siserenis

tamiskorp .)P nad aC( larenim nagnudnak nad magol naramec ,namasaek ,

1.8.4 ialiN Hp

kutnu arac utas halas nakapurem )Hp( namasaek tajared narukugneP

,Hp narukugnep adaP .truhgoy kudorp adap utum nad kitsiretkarak nakutnenem

rukuret gnay ialin H ialin isartnesnok nakapurem + almuj nakkujnunem gnay h

nad reizarF( isaisosidret masa truhgoy nataubmep sesorp adaP .)8791 ,ffohtseW

)LAB( tatkal masa iretkab helo isatnemref sesorp naktabilem haburem tapad gnay

l iskudorP .tatkal masa idajnem usus asotka halmuj nakbabeynem ini tatkal masa

H noi + masa asar naklisahgnem gnay Hp nanurunep idajret aggnihes ,takgninem

.)4002 ,idnefE nad iniramsuY(

lebaT 7. p lisaH y Hp narukugne truhgo lepmaS truhgoY Hp

029 13,4 495 03,4 563 62,4

: nagnareteK apnat = 029 )lortnok( nukus gnupet nahabmanep noN nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned = 495 - isatnemref isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned = 563 muratnalP .caL

nakrasadreB ukugnep lisah nakanuggnem Hp nar etem Hp lebaT( r 7 ,)

nakkujnunem awhab y nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned truhgo ialin iaynupmem

Hp gnay truhgoy Hp nagned nakgnidnabid hadner hibel ( lortnok apnat

id ,)nukus gnupet nahabmanep lepmaS( kiabret isalumrof nagned truhgoy anam

68

et laH .62,4 utiay hadner gnilap gnay Hp ialin ikilimem )563 tapad tubesr

nukus gnupet nahabmanep awhab nakkujnunem padahret huragnepreb nanurunep

nupualaW .truhgoy Hp ihunemem hadus tubesret lisah naikimed Hp radnats tarays

goy h tiay kiab satilaukreb gnay tru 5,3 aratna rasikreb u – ,4 yaJ( 5 .la te )5002 , .

isgnufreb gnay adirakasogilo gnudnagnem iuhatekid nukus gnupeT

kitoiberp iagabes turuneM .truhgoy kudorp adap nakhabmatid akij yaJ .la te

)5002( , kanugid gnay nahab iagabes kitoiberp na isatnemref kutnu helo iretkab

.truhgoy Hp ihuragnepmem tatkal masa laH aguj ini helo gnukudid naitilenep

)0102( asoR id , turag ibmu nahabmanep nagned truhgoy anam Hp - hibel ayn

nahabmanep apnat truhgoy gnidnabid hadner iuhatekid anerak ,turag ibmu aynada

)adirakasogilo nad niluni( kifiseps tartsbus turag ibmu adap gnay tapecrepmem

.Hp nanurunep truhgoy Hp ialin uti nialeS aguj utkaw ,uhus helo ihuragnepid

retrats halmuj nad ,isabukni yaJ( .la te )5002 , .

2.8.4 sisereniS nautneneP

apnat imala araces idajret gnay leg natusuynep awitsirep halada sisereniS

nanaket uata ayag irebid ini awitsirep ,)isagufirtnes aynlasim( raul irad

ayngnalih naktabikagnem gnay leg nataki nalibatskaditek nagned nagnubuhreb

iagabes nakitraid tapad siserenis uti nialeS .mures natakignep naupmamek

( yehw nietorp nahasimep gniyehw - ffo yehw aynlucnum utiay ,) mrep adap naaku

leg ,yecuL( truhgoy nanapmiynep amales idajret asaib gnay nakasurek halini nad

.)2002 S goy satilauk retemarap utas halas nakapurem sisereni h iggnit nikames ,tru

.)0102 ,iradnaluW( aynutum nurut nikam siserenis

78

siserenis ,ini naitilenep malaD .isagufirtnes edotem nagned gnutihid

gnutihret gnay sisereniS yehw tareb nagnidnabrep nakapurem hasipret gnay

d lisaH .lawa truhgoy tareb nagne lebaT adap nakkujnutid siserenis sisilana 8.

lebaT 8. p lisaH y siserenis nautnene truhgo lepmaS truhgoY sisereniS )%(

029 12, 34 495 04,7 563 06,7

: nagnareteK )lortnok( nukus gnupet nahabmanep apnat = 029 noN nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned = 495 - isatnemref isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned = 563 muratnalP .caL

sisilana lisaH lebaT( truhgoy lepmas adap siserenis nautnenep 8 )

awhab nakkujnunem takgnit ikilimem nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned truhgoy

.lortnok truhgoy nagned nakgnidnabid hadner hibel gnay siserenis ini laH

kus gnupet nahabmanep nagned truhgoy utum awhab nakkujnunem kiab hibel nu

.)nukus gnupet nahabmanep apnat( lortnok truhgoy nagned nakgnidnabid

turuneM halmuj helo nakbabesid tapad siserenis ,)7002( nakidramuS

p nahab nagnudnak .truhgoy adap hadner gnay natada nahabmaneP nukus gnupet

tapad iridnes em n gnay natadap latot halmuj naktakgni )9002( riahK lE turunem

ebret gnay leg satisned naktakgninem naka kutn naktakgninem naka aguj nad

natakgninep adap tabikareb gnay ,ria natakignep satisapak aggnihes satisoksiv

y leg nagned latnek gnay truhgoy naklisahgnem libats nad tauk gna aggnihes ,

tapad siserenis takgnit naknurunem . helo ihuragnepid aguj truhgoy sisereniS

irtiwaS( nahabmat nahab nad ukab nahab nietorp nagnudnak .la te .)8002 ,

kutnu nietorp nagniraj naupmamek aynnurunem irad tabika nakapurem sisereniS

em sugug helo ria natakignep sesorp akam ,iggnit nietorp radak akiJ .ria takign

88

sesorp tabmahgnem aggnihes ,takgninem nikames naka nietorp kilifordih

.siserenis

3.8.4 radaK tamiskorP

.hilipret gnay truhgoy isalumrof adap nakukalid aguj tamiskorp sisilanA

sisilanA amiskorp gnay rasad iju nakapurem t iuhategnem kutnu naujutreb

gnay tamiskorp sisilana lisaH .nagnap nahab utaus adap aimik nenopmok

kudorp irad izig ialin gnatnet mumu araces narabmag irebmem naklisahid truhgoy

tamiskorp sisilanA .naklisahid gnay lid gnay nakuka truhgoy lepmas adap itupilem

latot ,kamel radak ,kamel nakub usus natadap lisaH .uba radak nad ,nietorp radak

lepmas tamiskorp sisilana lebaT malad nakijasid truhgoy 9.

lebaT 9. a lisaH y tamiskorp sisilan truhgo

kitsiretkaraK 029 lepmaS 495 lepmaS lepmaS563

INS 1892 - 9002

radaK kameL % 273,3 % 676,3 % 437,3 % 0,3 .niM kameL nakuB usuS natadaP 33,11 % 71,11 % 65,11 % % 2,8 .niM

nietorP radaK % 986,4 % 319,4 % 740,5 % 7,2 .niM ubA radaK 852,1 % 622,1 % 71,1 %1 % 0,1 .skaM : nagnareteK apnat = 029 )lortnok( nukus gnupet nahabmanep noN nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned = 495 - isatnemref

isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned = 563 muratnalP .caL

kameL radaK

natahesek agajnem kutnu gnitnep gnay nanakam taz nakapurem kameL

.aisunam hubut nagned nagnap nahab aumes ripmah adap tapadret kameL

adebreb gnay nagnudnak - atres irolak habmanem malad narepreb kameL .adeb

nagnap nahab asaratic nad rutsket ikiabrepmem . ameL nakataynid aynasaib k

,rete itrepes( kinagro turalep malad tural gnay nenopmok iagabes uata naskeh

oforolk ria malad tural kadit ipat ,)mr .)2002 ,onraniW(

98

sisilana lisaH el radak 9 lebaT( truhgoy lepmas adap kam ) nakkujnunem

awhab kamel radak gnudnagnem truhgoy lepmas agitek irad gnay iauses nagned

truhgoy utum nataraysrep . INS turuneM 1892 - 9002 k malad kamel nagnudna

0,3 laminim truhgoy .% sisilana lisaH kamel adap lepmas agitek truhgoy rasikreb

aratna 273,3 - .% 437,3 nakrasadreB idajnem igabret truhgoy aynkamel nagnudnak

5,4( iggnit kamel radak nagned truhgoy - 3( gnades kamel radak ,)%01 - radak ,)%4

1( hadner kamel - irad gnaruk( hadner tagnas kamel radak truhgoy nad ,)%3 )%1

nidujaruS( la te .)6002 ,. eb tubesret kamel radak naadebreP usus sinej nakrasadr

.aynnataubmep malad nakanugid gnay nahab narupmac nad

nahabmanep nagned utiay )563 lepmaS( kiabret isalumrof nagned truhgoY

isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet muratnalP sullicabotcaL ikilimem nakianek radak

kamel akij nagned nakgnidnabid .)029 lepmaS( lortnok truhgoy agudid ini laH

anerak halmuj iretkab retrats truhgoy adap kiabret isalumrof tubesret hibel kaynab

truhgoy nagned nakgnidnabid 6 lebaT( lortnok .) D malad id awhab iuhateki les

sret aborkim .)5991 ,airiwairuS( kamel helo aguj nusu nukus gnupet nahabmaneP

id gnudnagnem iuhatekid anam aguj adirakasogilo tapad iretkab helo isatnemrefid

masa atres tatkal masa naklisahgnem nagned tatkal masa - iatnar kamel masa

dnep ke ( .)0002 ,repporG nad fforG

atoT l kameL nakuB usuS natadaP

alug latot ignarukid natadap latot halada kamel nakub usus natadap latoT

kamel latot nad INS( 1892 - 9002 .) natadap latoT nenopmok halada - nenopmok

,nietorp ,kamel( aimik malad gnudnakret gnay )nimativ ,larenim ,tardihobrak

09

nahab 501 uhus adap nakpauid ria nagnudnak haletes nagnap

○C tareb aggnih

ijdamraduS( natsnok .la te )4891 , .

,sisilana lisah nakrasadreB truhgoy lepmas agitek latot iaynupmem

natadap aratna rasikreb gnay 412,81 - 22,81 5 % )31 naripmaL( M . emimaT turune

ialin ikilimem kiab gnay truhgoy awhab nakataynem gnay )9891( nosniboR nad

41 aratna rasikreb natadap latot - kudorp adap iggnit gnay natadap latoT .%81

truhgoy helorepid kubub miks usus nahabmanep irad . ,uti nialeS isalumrof adap

abret truhgoy nagned ki nahabmanep isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet sullicabotcaL

muratnalP j natadap latot halmuj habmanem tapad agu truhgoy naklisahid gnay .

naktakgninem tapad akam ,nakhabmatid gnay miks usus aynada nagneD

rebmus iagabes isgnufreb naka gnay natadap latot masa iretkab kutnu isirtun

itrepes truhgoy irad izig ialin naktakgninem ajrekeb naka ini tatkal masA .tatkal

itnairfoN( kamel nad nietorp ialin .la te )3102 , . nosniboR nad emimaT turuneM

,nietorp nagnudnak naktakgninem tapad kubub miks usus nahabmanep )9891(

.tatkal masa iretkab rutluk napudihek igab asotkal rebmus iagabes niales

usus natadap latot nakkianem naka takgninem nikames gnay nietorp nagnudnaK

p anerak .kaynab nikames idajret gnay niesak nalapmuggne hcirefleH turuneM nad

)0891( ffohtseW usus nahabmanep nagned truhgoy natadap latot nahabmanep

iks 0,2 kaynabes truhgoy maladek m - naka %5,3 nad izig ialin naktakgninem

tneb nad rutsket ,nalatnekek ikiabrepmem ku naklisahid gnay truhgoy .

t sisilana lisaH alug lato aratna rasikreb truhgoy lepmas agitek adap 639,2 -

515,3 % id ,asorakas iagabes gnutihid inisid alug latoT .)31 naripmaL( adap anam

adap alug latoT .iskuderep alug idajnem asilordihid asorakas aynnaijugnep

19

nanurunep aynada nakkujnunem nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned truhgoy

.lortnok truhgoy nagned nakgnidnabid sativitka nakbabesid alug latot nanuruneP

emsinagroorkim kreb kutnu kabmorem nad kaib gnabme C rebmus iagabes alug

masa idajnem nurunem alug latot ayntabikA .tatkal masa latot aratnemes

takgninem hadiabuZ( .la te )8002 , .

S turuneM 1892 IN - 9002 t ,truhgoy utum tarays ianegnem usus natadap lato

kamel nakub laminim truhgoy malad 2,8 sisilana lisaH .% t usus natadap lato

kamel nakub y aratna rasikreb truhgoy lepmas agitek adap tapadret gna 71,11 % -

65,11 % lebaT( 9 id ,) ikilimem )563 lepmaS( kiabret isalumrof anam t usus natadap lato

kamel nakub .rasebret gnay H tubesret la nakkujnunem gnay truhgoy awhab

naklisahid nad iauses hadus nataraysrep ihunemem gnay truhgoy utum .nakpatetid

nietorP radaK

gnitnep tama gnay nanakam malad rusnu utas halas nakapurem nietorP

masa irad iridret ,hubut igab - nagnem gnay onima masa ,nobrak rusnu gnud

nad kamel helo ikilimid kadit gnay gnareleb nad negortin ,negisko ,negordih

.)2002 ,onraniW( tardihobrak malad nakanugid gnay usus irad nietorp nagnudnaK

huragnepmem naka aguj gnay gnitnep rotkaf nakapurem truhgoy nataubmep i

truhgoy utum .naklisahid gnay lad gnitnep gnilap gnay nietorp sineJ usus ma

gnay usus malad kaynabret nietorp naigab nakapurem niesaK .niesak halada

,ffohtseW nad hcirefleH( truhgoy nalibatsek naknahatrepmem malad narepreb

.)0891

S turuneM 1892 IN - 9002 ,truhgoy utum tarays ianegnem nagnudnak

laminim truhgoy malad nietorp 7,2 y nietorp sisilana lisaH .% adap tapadret gna

29

aratna rasikreb truhgoy lepmas agitek 986,4 - 740,5 % nakgnidnabid iggnit hibel ,

nagned radnats gnay H .nakpatetid tubesret la nakkujnunem gnay truhgoy awhab

naklisahid hadus iauses gnay truhgoy utum nataraysrep nagned ada .

nahabmanep nagned utiay )563 lepmaS( kiabret isalumrof nagned truhgoY

isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet muratnalP sullicabotcaL nietorp radak ikilimem

.)029 lepmaS( lortnok truhgoy nagned nakgnidnabid iggnit hibel gnay nietorP

adap tapadret gnay truhgoy nahab nietorp irad latot halmuj nakapurem ukab gnay

aynmalad id tapadret gnay tatkal masa iretkab nietorp nad nakanugid . turuneM

awabiW nad itawareH malad tatkal masa iretkab halmuj kaynab nikames ,)1102(

y iggnit nikames naka akam truhgo ,aynnietorp nagnudnak raseb naigabes anerak

masa iretkab nusuynep nenopmok tatkal id ini tapadneP .nietorp halada gnukud

onraniW helo zednanreF nad les iretam awhab nakatagnem gnay )7002( iretkab

asa .nietorp irad nususret tatkal m adapek nakrasadreb ,)5991( airiwairuS turuneM

aynmalad id gnudnakret gnay awaynes , ,nietorp helo nususret aborkim les

aborkim les malad nietorp nagnudnaK .larenim marag nad ria ,kamel ,tardihobrak

ratikes raseb pukuc .%51

nietorp satilauk nad nagnudnaK truhgoy niales nahab helo ihuragnepid

rasad helo ihuragnepid aguj .isatnemref sesorp idajnem usus isatnemref taas adaP

,sisiloetorp awitsirep idajret ,truhgoy utiay masa idajnem nietorp nakabmorep

tatkal masa iretkab helo anahredes hibel gnay onima naka aggnihes ,

naktakgninem ini awitsireP .truhgoy turalret nietorp radak ietorp nakbabeynem n

idajnem es tapec hibel tafisreb gnay awayn nad nassaH( hubut helo anrecret

.)0102 ,dajmA

39

ubA radaK

nahab ,narakabmep sesorp malaD .larenim rusnu irad iridret uba radaK -

uba tubesid haluti anerak ,kadit aynkinagrona taz ipatet rakabret kinagro nahab

,onraniW( 2002 utaus helo gnudnakid gnay larenim nagned natiakreb uba radaK .)

.nahab

S turuneM 1892 IN - 9002 uba radak ,truhgoy utum tarays ianegnem malad

truhgoy 0,1 lamiskam sisilana lisaH .% uba radak y agitek adap tapadret gna

aratna rasikreb truhgoy lepmas 71,1 1 - 852,1 % nakgnidnabid iggnit hibel , nagned

radnats gnay .nakpatetid uba radaK truhgoy kudorp malad lasareb tapad irad

k ukab nahab irad gnudnakret gnay larenim nagnudna usus utiay aynnataubmep

.nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned nad kubub miks usus ,riac elkcuB .la te ( 7891 )

miks usus adap larenim nagnudnak awhab nakataynem utiay .%8 ratikes turuneM

itawodiW naitilenep .la te pukuc gnamem nukus gnupet adap uba radak )0102(

%55,1 utiay iggnit pukuc gnudnakret gnay larenim radak nakanerakid ini lah ,

.agabmet nad rofsof ,muislak radak utiay aynaratnaid ,iggnit

y lepmas adap uba radak nakrasadreB ,iggnit gnay truhgo naidumek

lisremok truhgoy kudorp utas halas adap uba radak iju alup nakukalid gnay

,nialp tes truhgoy utiay iju truhgoy lepmas nagned amas ripmah rutsket ikilimem

goy adap uba radak awhab nakkujnunem sisilana lisaH .nagnidnabrep iagabes truh

rasebes utiay naklisahid gnay truhgoy lepmas nagned amas ripmah aguj lisremok

%832,1 turuneM . ( otraiguS nad raksA )5002 k , truhgoy malad larenim nagnudna

nagnudnak iggnit nikames ,aynuba radak irad tahilid tapad nikames aynlarenim

radak alup iggnit aynuba .

49

4.8.4 namasaeK

iagabes gnutihid truhgoy adap namasaeK latot .tatkal masa tatkal masA

C( 3H6O3 sebret masa nenopmok nakapurem ) gnay ra lisah irad kutnebret

.)0891 ,ffohtseW nad hcirefleH( truhgoy idajnem usus isatnemref sesorp amaleS

inep idajret isatnemref masa latot ialin natakgn aynada nakbabesid sativitka iretkab

tatkal masa alug nad asotkal hacemem gnay - nial alug tatkal masa idajnem

( owogeL la te ,. .)9002

tatkal masa nakutnebmep rasebret isubirtnok truhgoy kudorp adaP

naka gnay asotkal helo nakirebid gnay asotkalag nad asokulg idajnem ulud habuid

gnay tavurip masa naklisahgnem sisilokilg sesorp iulalem naka naidumek

tatkal masa idajnem habuid naidumek )7002 ,aganiS( .

lebaT 01 . a lisaH sisilan k namasae y truhgo lepmaS truhgoY namasaeK 1892 INS - 9002

029 % 84,1 5,0 – % 0,2 495 94,1 %

563 % 15,1 : nagnareteK )lortnok( nukus gnupet nahabmanep apnat = 029 noN nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned = 495 - isatnemref isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned = 563 muratnalP .caL

nakrasadreB sisilana lisah latot tatkal masa gnay isartit araces nakutnetid

adnats asab nagned r awhab nakkujnunem , y gnupet nahabmanep nagned truhgo

nukus iaynupmem namasaek gnay hibel iggnit truhgoy nagned nakgnidnabid

( lortnok apnat id ,)nukus gnupet nahabmanep isalumrof nagned truhgoy anam

)563 lepmaS( kiabret nahabmanep nagned truhgoy utiay lisah nukus gnupet

isatnemref sullicabotcaL muratnalP , ikilimem saek nama gnilap gnay iggnit utiay

.%15,1 S turuneM 1892 IN - 9002 ,truhgoy utum tarays ianegnem esatnesrep

adap namasaek truhgoy aratna rasikreb 5,0 – 0,2 .% H tubesret la nakkujnunem

59

naklisahid gnay truhgoy awhab iauses hadus truhgoy utum nataraysrep nagned

gnay .ada

a lisah nakrasadreB 01 lebaT( truhgoy namasaek sisilan nakkujnunem ,)

kus gnupet nahabmanep awhab gnay truhgoy namasaek padahret huragnepreb nu

iggnit pukuc gnay tardihobrak gnudnagnem iuhatekid nukus gnupeT .naklisahid ,

kitoiberp iagabes isgnufreb tapad gnay adirakasogilo nagnolog aynutas halas .

zednanreF nad onraniW turuneM aynmumu adap tatkal masa iretkab ,)7002(

naklisahgnem tapad igrene tartsbus isatnemref irad tatkal masa raseb halmujes

.tardihobrak nad sativitka naktakgninem kutnu nakanugid iridnes kitoiberP

ab kaynab nikameS .)0102 ,asoR( tatkal masa iretkab nahubmutrep gnay iretk

kutnebret gnay masa latot iggnit nikames akam ,tatkal masa iskudorpmem

owogeL( .la te )9002 , . nagnubuhreb tatkal masa latoT aguj .Hp ialin nagned

Hp ialin hadner nikames akam ,naklisahid gnay tatkal masa ialin iggnit nikameS

( dnanreF nad onraniW ze , )7002 . gnay ,ini naitilenep lisah nagned iauses ini laH

lebat adap tahilid tapad 7.

5.8.4 magoL narameC

utum nakutnenem gnay retemarap utas halas nakapurem magol narameC

.nagnap kudorp utaus irad L tareb mago gnay nakumetid kudorp malad nagnap ,

hadus akij nama satab itawelem akam tapad nakbabeynem adap nauggnag

natahesek nanucarek nakbabeynem tapad nakhab . pad gnay natahesek nauggnaG ta

tabika naklubmitid tareb magol ini ,tasup farays metsis nauggnag aynaratnaid

tres lajnig nad itah isgnuf ,nasafanrep metsis p padahret nauggnag a nahubmutre

.lamron araces gnalut halada nanucarek nakbabeynem tapad gnay tareb magoL

69

gH ,bP itrepes laisnesenon magol atres eS nad nZ ,uC itrepes laisnese gnay magol

.)3002 ,iweD( sA nad

lebaT 11 . narameC l mago p ada y truhgo sineJ

magol gK/gm radaK

029 lepmaS 495 lepmaS 563 lepmaS 1892 INS - 9002 bP DN DN 20,0 8300,0 ± .skaM 3,0 uC 26,5 5400,0 ± 51,8 9410,0 ± 32,5 8200,0 ± .skaM 02

: nagnareteK .1 = DN detceteD oN .2 )lortnok( nukus gnupet nahabmanep apnat = 029

nagned = 495 noN nukus gnupet nahabmanep - isatnemref isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned = 563 muratnalP .caL

SAA tnemurtsni nakanuggnem nagned magol naramec sisilana lisaH adap

lebat 11 . awhab nakkujnunem isalumrof( 563 lepmas ,truhgoy lepmas agitek irad

)kiabret bP magol gnudnagnem uC nad gnay aynhalmuj ,hadner satab hawab id

lamiskam atetid gnay aisenodnI lanoisaN radnatS nakp ( 1892 INS - 9002 ) gnatnet

truhgoy utum tarays . adaP aynnial lepmas audek naramec aynada isketedret aynah

aguj aynhalmuj gnay uC magol atetid gnay lamiskam satab hawab id adareb nakp

.aisenodnI lanoisaN radnatS R aynhadne malad tareb magol naramec takgnit

lepmas truhgoy tubesret truhgoy awhab nakkujnunem isalumrof naklisahid gnay

nama kutnu .ismusnokid

nahab irad lasareb tapad nagnap kudorp adap magol narameC - nahab

ramecnem tapad magol uata aynukab tala iulalem nanakam i - nakanugid gnay tala

.)6891 ,onoskaS( nanakam naijaynep nad nahalognep malad gnay usus adaP

apurem magol gnudnagnem iuhatekid ,truhgoy nataubmep ukab nahab nak

tikides halmuj malad laisnese ( larenim ecart ) ,iseb utiay ,agabmet ,muinimula

( gnes nad ,nagnam ,muidoy elkcuB .la te )9002 , .

79

magol nagnudnak aynadA malad uC truhgoy kudorp ini hagecnem tapad

.larenim isneisifed tikaynep itrepes isirtunlam L laisnese gnay tareb mago ( ecart

emele nt) nakapurem .pudih kulhkam paites nakhutubid gnay gnitnep rusnu uC

laisnese kiner rusnu nakapurem gnay .mizne metsis iagabreb adap nakulrepid

nanakam adap ada ulales surah uC uti anerak helO gnay nad nakitahrepid ulrep

.)5991 ,ineaS( nahibelreb kadit aguj nad nagnarukek kadit ini rusnu raga halada

nakulrepid uC anerak aimena nakbabeynem naka uC nagnarukeK isprosba kutnu

aynkilabeS .nibolgomeh nataubmep kutnu nakulrepid gnay eF isasilibom nad

nanucarek nakbabeynem naka uC nahibelek .)5991 ,onomraD(

6.8.4 nagnudnaK lareniM ( rofsoF nad muislaK )

m nenopmoK lareni helo nakulrepid tagnas laisnese larenim aynsusuhk

id ,aisunam hubut rutagnep nad nugnabmep taz iagabes utiay aynisgnuf anam

%69 ratikes utiay ,nanakam nahab raseb naigabeS .hubut malad emsilobatem

dret aynasis nakgnades ,ria nad kinagro nahab irad iridret rusnu irad iri - rusnu

truhgoy adaP .)2002 ,onraniW( larenim , id ukab nahab nakapurem usus anam

aynamatu , ay larenim rusnu gnudnakret irad iridret gn utiay orkam nemele 7

,rofsof ,muislak ,muilak ruflus nad ,muisengam ,rolk ,muirtan ( elkcuB .la te ,

daP .)9002 aguj iuhatekid ,ini naitilenep adap nakanugid gnay nukus gnupet a

.)1 lebaT( iseb taz nad rofsof ,muislak larenim nagnudnak ikilimem

tapadret kaynab gnay larenim rusnu nakapurem rofsof nad muislaK

.truhgoy maladid m )tafsof kutneb malad( rofsof nad muislaK naigab nakapure

id ,niesak lekitrap irad gnay usus amatu nietorp nakapurem niesak anam

arik iapacnem aynhalmuj - nietorp latot irad %08 arik ( elkcuB .la te .)9002 ,

89

muislaK .igig nad gnalut nakutnebmep malad narepreb hubut malad rofsof nad

sigoloisif sesorp malad narepreb aguj muislak uti nialeS kutnu aynaratnaid ,

narutagnep ,harad nalapmuggnep ,toto iskartnok ,farays slupmi isimsnart

fitkaek atres ,les narbmem satilibaemrep .mizne na

lebaT 21 . m radaK lareni y truhgo lareniM nenopmoK gK/gm radaK

029 lepmaS 495 lepmaS 563 lepmaS

)aC( muislaK 76,6572 9380,0 ± 76,1732 8050,0 ± 71,4742 8880,0 ±

)P( rofsoF 00,5351 9400,0 ± 52,1351 4100,0 ± 57,3251 4100,0 ± : nagnareteK = 029 )lortnok( nukus gnupet nahabmanep apnat noN nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned = 495 - isatnemref isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned = 563 muratnalP .caL

sisilana lisaH truhgoy lepmas adap larenim radak T( 21 leba ) nakkujnunem

awhab gnay rofsof nad muislak radak gnudnagnem truhgoy lepmas agitek irad

raseb pukuc . 563 lepmas utiay nukus gnupet nahabmanep nagned truhgoy adaP

nagnudnak nanurunep idajret ,495 lepmas adap aguj nad )kiabret isalumrof(

of nad muislak larenim lepmas( lortnok truhgoy nagned nakgnidnabid akij rofs

agudid ini laH .)029 tubesret truhgoy isalumrof adap retrats iretkab halmuj anerak

hibel kaynab akgnidnabid 6 lebaT( lortnok truhgoy nagned n anam id ,) iuhatekid

rusnu nakulremem aborkim awhab - itrepes larenim rusnu ,K ,aC ,uC ,oC ,eF ,gM

.aynemsilobatem sesorp amales isirtun taz naka aynnahutubek malad oM nad nZ

helo nakulrepid tagnas aguj rofsof uti nialeS nahubmutrep kutnu emsinagro aumes

ene rebmus nad igr )2002 ,onraniW( S . aidesret gnay isirtun aynkaynab nikame

takgninem nikames naka aguj emsinagroorkim nahubmutrep akam irasatipsuP(

.)9002 ,kidiS nad

99

V BAB

EK NALUPMIS NARAS NAD

1.5 seK nalupmi

naklupmisid tapad akam ,nakukalid halet gnay naitilenep lisah nakrasadreB

.tukireb iagabes

.1 isatnemref lisah nukus gnupet nahabmaneP huragnepreb padahret tafis

aimikokisif kitpelonagro nad truhgoy kudorp anamid , iapacid kiabret lisah

helo f isalumro truhgoy utiay 563 nagned ahabmanep n nukus gnupet lisah

isatnemref uratnalP sullicabotcaL m , ialin nagned ;%06,7 sisereniS ;62,4 Hp

aC larenim nagnudnak 71,4742 gK/gm , P larenim nagnudnak 57,3251

gK/gm ialin nad , ;03,3 amora ;50,4 anraw ;07,3 rutsket kutnu kitpelonagro

.07,3 nahurulesek araces naakusek atres 07,3 asar

.2 isalumroF truhgoy ( kiabret 563 kitsiretkarak ikilimem ) truhgoy utum tarays

gnay raseb naigabes INS nagned iauses hadus 1892 - 9002 utiay , kamel radak

)b/b( %437,3 latot ; kamel nakub usus natadap %65,11 )b/b( ; nietorp radak

%740,5 )b/b( namasaek ; %15,1 )b/b( bP magol naramec ; gK/gm 20,0 nad

uC magol naramec gK/gm 32,5 ilaucek , uba radak utiay %171,1 )b/b( .

.3 Y truhgo nagned ahabmanep n nukus gnupet isatnemref lisah sullicabotcaL

uratnalP m tabmah ayad ikilimem )563 isalumroF( kiabret padahret

nahubmutrep iretkab iloc.E nagned tabmah anoz reb m 4 retemaid nad m

j 1 x 4,2 kaynabes utiay gnudnakret gnay )LAB( retrats iretkab halmu 0 01

g/inolok .

001

2.5 naraS

:nial aratna nakirebid tapad gnay naras akam ,naitilenep nakukalem haleteS

.1 p ayntujnales naitilenep kutnU nakukalid ulre amal huragnep naijugnep

anug ,naklisahid gnay truhgoy kitsiretkarak padahret nanapmiynep

nakutnenem atres napmis asam kudorp satilauk .tubesret truhgoy

.2 p aynada nakulrepiD edotem nagnabmegne malad nataubmep nagned truhgoy

nahabmanep gnupet nukus aggnihes , naklisahid gnay irosnes utum kiab hibel

nahabmanep nagned aynhotnoc igal itrepes asarep haub - nahaub nagned uata

aynnial sinej tatkal masa iretkab nakanuggnem .

.3 padahret natujnal iju nakukalid ulreP sativitka iretkabitna truhgoy kudorp

nahubmutrep padahret nakanuggnem nagned aguj nad nial negotap iretkab

tahilem kutnu aynnial iretkabitna naijugnep edotem .aynnasativitkefeek

101

AKATSUP RATFAD

.4891 .CAOA 41 .CAOA fo sisylanA fo dohteM laiciffO ht noitidE ,.cnI CAOA ..ainigriV ,notgnilrA

.0991 .CAOA sisylanA fo dohteM laiciffO .CAOA fo 51 ht noitidE . ,.cnI CAOA.C.D notgnihsaW

.4991 .niddurazaN nad .S ,asakgnA hiwuleK nad nukuS . rabeneP : atrakaJ.ayadawS

N ,aratnA S. utuM retemaraP .3102 . d sesorP na D : ilaB .usuS isatnemreF mala.anayadU satisrevinU

A ,onotnayirpA ., zaidraF .D , nad ,irasatipsuP ,.N ,itawanradeS otnayiduB S , . .9891 nagnaP sisilanA muirotarobaL kujnuteP rogoB . : .BPI

.7002 .haysnaidrA nahubmuT irad aborkimitnA . lekitrA atireB KETPI .

utuM ijU iagabeS kitpelonagrO nad iwaimiK ijU .5002 .otraiguS nad .S ,raksA .truhgoY nainatreP lanoisgnuF aganeT lanoisaN sinkeT umeT gnidisorP :

801 - 311 .

.8002 .M ,nawatsA taheS inaweH nagnadiH nagned .ayadawS rabeneP : atrakaJ .

lanoisaN isasiradnatS nadaB )NSB( . 2991 . S 10 IN - 1982 - 991 gnatnet 2 ijU araC nanakaM d namuniM na . atrakaJ : .lanoisaN isasiradnatS nadaB

lanoisaN isasiradnatS nadaB )NSB( 9002 . . 1892 INS - 9002 gnatnet truhgoY .atrakaJ : .lanoisaN isasiradnatS nadaB

nad itutsA ,.Z ,nidurhcaB .0002 .iweD .S.Y lisahgneP aborkiM iskeleS nad isalosI .uhaT irtsudnI habmiL isatnemreF adaP aynisakilpA nad tatkaL gnidisorP

igolonketoiB nad miznE irtsudnI lanoisaN ranimeS .

,A ,swollaB redraH .W ,nikrowD .M ,repurT G.H nad .K .1991 ,refielhcS H ehTsetoyrakorP 2. dn ,noitidE. airetcaB fo ygoloiB eht no koobdnah A . 07 retpahC .

pihsneknalB .C.L ,.S.J ,yeliaB nad fo tceffE .1991 .xoC .A.N nekcihC ehT fo noitanimatnoC allenomlaS no edirahccasogilootcurF

.enitsetnI icS .tluoP .

ehcnalB nad .G ,regnaleB ,.D ,yoR ,.L ,ett fo noitcudorP .6991 .F .S ,reihtuaG .airetcabodifiB yb detnemreF gnisserD gnisU eseehC egattoC riaD J .icS y .

.2002 .PHPPB nukuS nahalogneP igolonkeT nad iziG ialiN igolonkeT tidbuS ..nainatreP nemetrapeD PHPPB nejtiD ,arutlukitroH lisaH nahalogneP

201

teelF H.G ,drawdE A.R ,A.K ,elkcuB nad 5891 .notooW.M ,nagnaP umlI . nad H omonruP helo nakhamejretiD( )onoidA . atrakaJ : .sserP IU

teelF H.G ,drawdE A.R ,A.K ,elkcuB nad 891 .notooW.M 7 ,nagnaP umlI .)onoidA nad H omonruP helo nakhamejretiD( . atrakaJ : .sserP IU

teelF H.G ,drawdE A.R ,A.K ,elkcuB nad .notooW.M 9002 ,nagnaP umlI . omonruP helo nakhamejretiD( )onoidA nad H . atrakaJ : .sserP IU

.G ,snilloC G. a citoiborP ,citoiberP .9991 .R citoibnyS dn gnitaludoM roF sehcaorppA : .tuG ehT fo ygolocE laiborciM ehT rtuN nilC J mA S2501:)5(96 ; - .S7501

G.R ,nednettirC nad fo noitacilppA dna seitreporP ,noitcudorP .6991 .enyalP .J.M .sedirahccasigilO edarG dooF lonhceT .icS dooF sdnerT .

.regeurC nad regeurC .0991 ygoloiborkiM lairtsudnI fo kooB txeT A ygolonhcetoiB .2 dn .cnI setaicossA revaniS : dnalrednuS .noitide

.5991 .onomraD pudiH kulhkaM igoloiB metsiS malad tareB magoL . atrakaJ :sserP aisenodnI satisrevinU .

A.A siwraD .9891 .arakuS .E nad , laiborkiM igolonkeT ratnA tasuP : rogoB .BPI ,igolonketoiB satisrevinU .

.L.A ,doowrednU nad A.R ,yaD .2002 aimiK sisilanA fitatitnauK . atrakaJ : .aggnalrE

eD .L tsyuV 0002 . : ODMI ygolonhceT noitatnemreF ,ygoloiborciM lairtsudnI dnagnissecorP maertsnwoD . lessurB : tnemetrapeD ygoloiborciM lairtsudnI fo .

,odagleD A, .D .P ,otirB ,sereP .C ,oriereveF nad .1002 .seuqraM .F.J laiborcimitnAA fo ytivitc muratnalp .L , I a morf detalos T lanoitidar L citca A dic F noitatnemre

fo T elba O .sevil ecneicS PDE ,ARNI 302 :)1( 18 - 512 .

iweD , M .3002 . nad bP( tareB magoL narameC nad igoloiborkiM nanamaeK idutSsruB id nanajaJ nanakaM )uC a tasuP atrakaJ neneS rasaP hubuS euK ]ispirkS[ .

:rogoB .rogoB nainatreP tutitsnI ,nainatreP satlukaF

.4991 .T.M.L ,kciD yrtsudnI deeF eht ni ygolonhcetoiB layoR mahnraF : dnalgnE .skcuB .

.C ,remiD nad dna scitoiberP ,scitoiborP fo weivrevO nA .8991 .nosbiG .R.G .seigetartS erutuF dna sevitcepsreP :tpecnoC dooF lanoitcnuF ehT ni scitoibnyS

J yriaD .tnI .

.2002 .niwdE natabogneP kutnu truhgoY taisahK .taykaR narikiP nairaH : atrakaJ .

lE - rP .9002 .A ,riahK noN fo noisreV nietorP hgiH fo noitaulavE dna noitcudo - taF .truhgoY secneicS lacigoloiB dna erutlucirgA fo lanruoJ hcraeseR 013 :)4(5 , -

.613

301

2991 .S ,zaidraF . .tujnaL nagnaP nahalogneP igoloiborkiM : rogoB .peD nakididneP lardneJ tarotkeriD naayadubeK nad satisrevinU ratnA tasuP iggniT nakididneP

BPI ,iziG nad nagnaP .

.5991 .S ,zaidraF ialiN naktakgnineM kutnu isatnemreF igolonkeT nagnabmekrePnagnaP habmaT . iborkiM ranimeS isaidemeroiB nad natualeK igolo gnujU ,

.gnadnaP

.3002 .S ,zaidraF nagnaP igoloiborkiM .amatU akatsuP aidemarG : atrakaJ .

.9891 .G .F ,onraniW nad .S ,zaidraF nagnaP igoloiborkiM nakididneP nemetrapeD . ratnA tasuP .iggniT nakididneP laredneJ tarotkeriD naayadubeK nad

.rogoB nainatreP tutitsnI iziG nad nagnaP satisrevinU

C ,yelleF nad . irolyp retcabocileH dna scitoiborP .3002 ,.P ,ittehciM . .tcarP .tseB .seR.loretneortsaG .nilC

.rekcuT A.H nad nosnikciD .N.F ,htuB .L.D ,C.R ,yelloF .2791 .elttaC yriaDrP ,smelborP ,ecitcarP ,selpicnirP .regnirbeF dna aeL : aihpledalihP .stifo

,skooF J.L . R ,relluF , nad . .G ,nosbbiG tug namuH dna scitoiborP ,scitoiberP .9991 .R .ygoloiborciM acitoiborP .

.7591 .retsoF ygoloiborciM yriaD . yesreJ weN : ecitnerP - ,.cnI llaH doowelgnE sffilC .

1691 .noslO .C.J nad hcseoD .N.R ,kcepS .L.M ,nosleN .E.F ,M.E ,retsoF . yriaD .ygoloiborciM ecitnerP :yesreJ weN - .cnI llaH

.C ,knarF , D . ,rebreW J. ,remarC .P M. raksA rebaF .M , fo eliforP cimedipE .1102 .agihS - nixoT - gnicudorP iloc aihcirehcsE ynamreG ni kaerbtuO 4H : 401O

tropeR yranimilerP . : ynamreG deM J lgnE N .

.8791 .ffohtseW .C.D nad C.W ,reizarF ygoloiborciM dooF warG .cM : ihleD weN ..dtl .oC gnihsilbuP lliH

.C.W ,reizarF nad .8891 .ffohtseW .C.D ygoloiborciM dooF 4( ht .)dE eropagniS : .cMoC kooB lliH warG .

,relluF .R : K.U .slaminA nA naM nI scitoiborP .9891 loiretcaB lppA J .

.6891 .E.S ,dnailliG .sdooF rof serutluC retratS lairetcaB CRC : adirolF ,notaR acoB.sserP

naD .K adwogiriG V inamiluM . .5002 .H nihT ni noituloseR no stceffE gnidaoLP dna yhpargotamorhC reyaL repa C yhpargotamorh agrabluG . fo nemetrapeD :

.aidnI ,ytisrevinU agrabluG yrtsimehcoiB

.0002 .repporG .S neeraS nad .L semaJ ,fforG namuH dna noitirtuN decnavdAmsilobateM .htrowsdaW :ASU .noitidE drihT .

401

.N.I ,senyaH nad borP fo lavivruS .2002 .enyalP .J .M woL ni erutluC citoi - ecI taF .maerC hceT yraiD .J .tsuA 3:75 . - .7

.0891 .ffohtseW .D nad .W ,hcireflaH truhgoY tuobA llA . weN yesreJ : ecitnerP - llaH doowelgnE ,.cnI sffilC .

,yelraH P .2002 . 5 ,ygoloiborcim ni sesicrexe yrotarobaL ht noitidE :kroY weN ,warGcM - 752 ,seinapmoc lliH - .062

siserenyS ot truhgoY fo ytilibitpecuS .3891 .M ,balaK nad .R.V ,raklawraH .sdohteM eganiarD dna noitagufirtneS fo noisaropmoC trahessirehcliM ;83 ,

715 – .125

.K ,itajirpuS ,.T ,itayraH nad .0102 .R.W.I ,anasuS irad adirakasogilO awayneSialedeK likgnuB .kanreT kutnU kitoiberP iagabeS ralaJ ibU nad ranimeS

renireteV nad nakanreteP igolonkeT lanoisaN 115 : - .815

A ,nassaH nad yb deraperP truhgoY fo noitaulavE lanoitirtuN .0102 .dajmA .I serutluC retratS tnereffiD .egarotS gniruD sisylanA lacimehcoisyhP riehT dna

hcraeseR ygoloiborciM fo lanruoJ nacirfA 220 .pp ,)1( 4 .loV - 620 .

R ,inairdneH ,itawanitsoR , nad .T iretkabitnA narusuleneP .9002 .F.A.S ,amusuK lasA truhgoY malaD tatkaL masA iretkaB irad nisoiretkaB gnudnaB netapubaK

padahreT taraB suerua succocolyhpatS nad iloc aihcirehcsE : gnudnaB ..narajdajdaP satisrevinU

.1102 .awabiW.A .A nad .A .D ,itawareH nad mikS usuS isartnesnoK huragnePutkaW truhgyoS nataubmeP lisaH padahret isatnemreF . atrakaruS : revinU satis

iduB aiteS .

,nawamreH nad .W ,anaH ,A hiriS nuaD kartskE huragneP .7002 .T ,keiwiW repiP( )L elteb nahubmutreP padahreT suerua succocolyhpatS nad iloc aihcirehcsE

ksiD isuffiD edoteM nagned . .rianU : ayabaruS

H.W ,lefpazloH . nesieG .R , nad .5991 .regnillihcS .U fo noitavreserP lacigoloiB edarG dooF dna snicoiretcaB erutluC evitcetorP ot ecnerefeR htiw sdooF

.myznE laiborciM dooF .J .tnI .

O imitorajI .S nad . .F egorA .5002 dna yrosnes ,noitisopmoc lanoitirtun fo noitaulavEseitreporp lacisyhp doof elbaliava yllacol morf doof gninaew laitnetop a fo

slairetam - tiurfdaerB )silitla supracotrA( snaebyos dna )xam enicylG( . hsiloPsecneicS lanoitirtuN dna dooF fo lanruoJ .

nataheseK igab kitoibniS nad kitoiberP ,kitoiborP kefE .2002 .S ,dirggnI . iteluB nyrtsudnI egareveB dna dooF .

ztewaJ , .L.J ,kcinleM ,.E nad .A.E ,grebledA .1002 naretkodeK igoloiborkiM atrakaJ . .akideM abmelaS :

501

.2991 ,.M.J ,yaJ ygoloiborciM dooF nredoM , noitidE struoF : kroY weN . nampahC.llaH dna

M.J ,yaJ .5002 .nedloG .A.D nad nitraM .J.M.J , ygoloiborciM dooF nredoM . weN .regnirpS : kroY

seisepS aparebeB irad aborkimitnA sativitkA .5991 .iniR .E atnihS nad ,.L.S ,eineJ .nanakaM kasureP nad negotaP aborkiM padahret sullicabotcaL niteluB

nad igolonkeT nagnaP irtsudnI 64 : )2(7 , - .15

tainruK .S ,nawanuG ,.N ,adiA ,.I.L ,i nad .2102 .T ,ajajdiW nataubmeP facoM( ruolF avassaC deifidoM nakanuggneM isatnemreF sesorP nagned )

eaesiverec secymorahccaS ,muratnalp sullicabotcaL nad eazyro supozihR . kinkeT lanruJ stimoP 1 .oN ,1 .loV , 1-6.

irad iretkabitnA awayneS sativitkA ijU .7002 .W.N ,initsugA nad itayamsuKaglaorkiM .) mutneurc muidiryhproP ( doiB J .

radnansuK adiaruN ,.F , .L , nad 7002 .S.N ,ipulaP . nad turaG ,salaT nataafnameP .nagnaP nemelpuS iagabeS kitoibmiS isalumroF nad kitoiberP iagabeS nukuS

: rogoB nagnaP igolonkeT nad umlI nemetrapeD , .BPI

.R.K ,otnawsuK .8891 .ijdamraduS temalS nad sesorP - .nagnaP igoloiborkiM sesorpatrakaygoY : satisrevinU aG .adaM haj

A ,owogeL .9002 .inayluM irS nad uyaharsuK , usuS igolonkeT nad umlI gnarameS . :orogenopiD satisrevinU .

.2891 .L.A ,regninheL rasaD - aimikoiB rasaD .aggnalrE : atrakaJ .

satilauK .1002 .L ,itawailieL trugoY nezorF ,lepA hauB nahabmaneP nagned ubmaJ.BPI ,nakanreteP satlukaF : rogoB .gnasiP uata ijiB

lacisyhP dna noitamroF :drawA ralohcS noitadnuoF ASDA .2002 .A.J ,yecuL .sleG nietorP kliM fo seitreporP ecneicS yriaD fo lanruoJ .

gninnaM , T. llatsaR ,S , R. , nad nosbiG , .4002 .G dna scitoiberP airetcaB dicA citcaL ..cnI rekkeD llecraM : kroY weN

,.R ,itawailleM ,namrehuS .S.R nad ojdrabuS B , tifodnE gnapaK naijakgneP .6002 . .esalimaokulG lisahgneP iagabes numilaH gnunuG lanoisaN namaT irad tasuP

IPIL igolonketoiB naitileneP , itayaH : 91( 21 – )52 .

.G.A ,taoM nad .retsoF .W.J 8891 . ygoloisyhP laiborciM kroY weN . yeliW nhoJ : dna .snoS

nI hcratS nroC dna avassaC .5002 .R.E.C.R.L ,etnamA nad ,P.R.G ,erooM .noitcudorP nirtxedotlaM avoN acimiuQ fo lanruoJ 695 :82 - .006

601

.9891 .D ,idathcuM ialiN isaulavE nagnaP iziG itkiD nejriD ,dubkidpeD :rogoB . - UAP.BPI

.5991 .namrahuS nad .M ,ajluM latnemurtsnI sisilanA ytisrevinU aggnalriA :ayabaruS ..sserP

.5002 .hafI ,hafinuM aimiK isatnemurtsnI kinkeT mukitkarP kujnuteP NIU : atrakaJ . .hallutayadiH firayS

,afatsuM nagnudnaK isI .8991 .M.A sinummoc supracotrA . ecneicS dooF .32:9 ,

,.F ,haniamtuM .3102 .otnamA tigiS gnabmaB nad .M.A naidahaR samiD naijaKnukuS gnupeT aimikokisiF kitsiretkaraK ( sinummoc supracotrA ) isakifidomreT

.tatesA masA isartnesnoK nad namadnereP amaL isairaV nagned lanruJnagnaP sniasonkeT , 2 loV .)4(

S ,hasiagN 02 . 01 . hiriS nuaD iristA kayniM iretkabitnA sativitkA ijU nad isakifitnedI( hareM mutacorc repiP vaP & ziuR gnalegaM lasA ). ]ispirkS[ . atrakaruS :

teraM salebeS satisrevinU APIM satlukaF .

.9991 .K ,arumihsiN aignaropS eazyro supozihR . retneC hcraeseR ytisrevinU abihC.sesocixoT laiborciM dna ignuF cinegohtaP rof

udaM nahabmaneP huragneP .3102 .R ,imsayilE nad .F amizA ,.R ,itnairfoNgnugaJ truhgoY utuM padahreT . satisrevinU nagnaP igolonkeT isakilpA lanruJ

.saladnA

.6002 .H .ruN irtsudnI igoloiborkiM .idnA tibreneP : atrakaygoY .

,adiaruN .E.D ,irtuP ,.S.N ,ipulaP ,.L nad salaT isnetoP .6002 ,.Y.W.N ,itnayadiW( atnelucse aisacoloC ttohcS )L( ) nukuS nad ( ( silitla supracotrA grebsoF )kraP )

.kitoiborP tatkaL masA iretkaB nahubmutreP gnukudneM kutnu gnidisorPIPTAP lanoisaN ranimeS ,igolonketoiB nad igoloiborkiM .

.3002 .E.C ,trahpO koobmehC lautriV .sserP egelloC tsruhmlE :sionillI .

( nukuS hauB gnupeT esatnesreP naanuggneP huragneP .2102 .R ,igotraP supracotrAsinummoc tegaN aimiK isisopmoK padahreT ) icnileK . satisrevinU lanruJ

narajdajdaP .1 oN ,1 loV ,

,ruzaP .0791 .H.J 2 ,yrtsimehcoiB dna yrtsimehC :setardyhobraC ehT dn noitidE . weNkroY : sserP cimedacA .

.9991 .S ,ojotiP nukuS ayadiduB . :atrakaJ uisinaK .s

nad .C .S ,ttocserP .1891 .G .C ,nnuD ygoloiborciM lairtsudnI wargcM : kroY weN . - .ynapmoC kooB lliH

negortiN rebmuS nad B nimatiV sineJ huragneP .9002 .M ,kidiS nad .N ,irasatipsuPmalaD uyaK ibU tiluK nietorP nagnudnaK natakgnineP sesorP iulaleM

701

isatnemreF . nkeT 1S rihkA saguT ranimeS lanruJ satisrevinU aimiK kiorogenopiD .

Pu radnaksI ailegnA ,irt .1102 . helo lonateoiB iskudorP eaisivereC secymorahccaSnairuD ijiB irad ).rruM sunihtebiZ oiruD( nad rumaJ sineJ isairaV nagned

itaP radaK ]ispirkS[ . atrakaygoY .ayaJ amtA satisrevinU :

.6002 .D ,enogaR A )tiurfdaerB( silitla supracotr , dnalsI cificaP rof seliforP seicepSyrtseroforgA .iawaH ,aolauloH ,)RAP( secruoseR erutlucirgA tnenamreP .

.B ,yaR nad .2991 .lekcseaD .M snigirO laiborciM fo sevitavreserpoiB dooF : oykoT ..sserP CRC

891 .E ,renneR 8 . namuH ni kliM noitirtuN dna ecneicS kliM ,ecneicS taeM : nI .ygolonhceT .V.B srehsilbuP ecneics reveislE : kroy weN .

0002 .M diorfreboR lanoitcnuF . scitoiberP oT noitacilppA stI dna tpecnoC dooF . .JtsegiD reviL .

.7002 .A ,namhoR aimiK sisilanA isamraF .rajaleP akatsuP :atrakaJ .

turaG ibmU nahabmaneP huragneP .0102 .alivaN ,asoR ( L eaecanidnura atnaraM ) kudorP iagabes truhgoY adap kitoiberP iagabes itap nad gnupet kutneb malad

iretkaB tabmaH ayaD padahret kitoibniS iloc aihcirehcsE irkS[ .]isp : gnarameS.orogenopiD satisrevinU

,bP( slateM yvaeH fo noitartnecnoC eht neewteb noitalerroC ehT .5991 .S.M ,ineaSriaH namuH dna tnemnorivnE eht ni )gH dna ,uC . aimiK niteluB tutitsnI

rogoB nainatreP .

.6891 .L .onoskaS nanakaM isatinaS ratnagneP . inmulA tibreneP :gnudnaB .

.A thgirW ,.S ,nenimlaS nad .4002 .A dnahewuO airetcaB dicA citcaL :kroY weN ..rekkeD lekcraM

N ,iraS V.I. natabarekeK nagnubuH nad narabesreP ateP ,igolofroM isairaV .8002 .nukuS silitla supracotrA( )grebsof )nosnikraP( irad isalupoP aparebeB

nad igolonketoiB naitileneP raseB ialaB( HTBBPBB id manatid gnay aisenodnIatrakaygoY,)natuH namanaT naailumeP ]ispirkS[ . kaygoY U APIMF : atra YN .

selraS , W.B. mailliW , , C.F. eoJ , , W.B . nad yelnatS , G. .6591 .K ygoloiborciM dna lareneG 2 deilppA dn E .d )SU( kroY weN .rehtorB dna repraH :

M ,ludbA ,.M irtiwaS aiserehT nad .W , .8002 .L nahabmaneP naijaK nitaleG,Hp ,namasaeK padahreT sisereniS nad riA takI ayaD truhgoY . nad umlI lanruJ

igolonkeT kanreT lisaH 53 :3 , - .24

.8002 .atipsuP .M nad onotnayirpA .A ,.D ,hisgninayteS kutnu irosneS sisilanAirtsudniorgA .BPI iziG nad nagnaP UAP : rogoB .

801

,hahS .P.N .9991 ni lavivruS dna noitaremunE evitceleS : airetcaB citoiborP yriaD .sdooF : enruobleM fo ytisrevinU airotciV ygolonhceT .

.T.M ,katnujnamiS nad 3002 .ihalaliS .J . aimikoiB mukitkarP nutnuneP aretamuS .USU isamraf nasuruJ :aratU .

aganiS , C M. .7002 . P huragne isartnesnoK mikS usuS d asorkuS isartnesnoK nakitsiretkaraK padahreT gnugaJ truhgoY ( syaM aeZ L) ]ispirkS[ . : gnudnaB .nadnusaP satisrevinU

,gookS .D D ,.A nad relloH semaJ .F ,tseW .M dlano .0002 ,hcuorC .R yelnatSyrtsimehC lacitylanA fo slatnemadnuF .eloC skoorB :rehsilbuP .

.8991 .A.T ,namieN nad J.F ,relloH ,.A.D ,gookS sisylanA latnemurtsnI fo selpicnirP 5 ht dE .ertneC ecruoseR cimedacA gninraeL nosmohT : eropagniS .

.J ,tloH ,.E.M ,eprahS ,.S.N ,riaM ,.A.H.P ,htaenS .4991 .G fo launaM s’yegreBnoitidE htniN ,ygoloiretcaB evitanimreteD .snikliW dna mailliW : eromitlaB .

.0991 .S.T ,otrakeoS naialineP lisaH nad nagnaP irtsudnI kutnU kitpelonagrOnainatreP .araska aratahB : atrakaJ .

.3991 .siebuH .M nad onraweoS ,otrakeoS kitpelonagrO naitileneP igolodoteM . : rogoB .BPI ,nagnaP umlI idutS margorP

kaahnapS S , nad .R raanevaH tceffE ehT .8991 .G amsfaahcS fO noitpmusnoC fOkliM yb detnemreF atorihS niartS iesaC sullicabotcaL lanitsetnI ehT nOorciM dna arofl .snamuH nI sretemaraP enummI lacinilC fo lanruoJ naeporuE

noitirtuN .

T ,inrauS . A ,milraH . A nad epU . kitamiznE isakifidoM huragneP .7002 .gnotaP .Rα( - .gnugaJ gnupeT tardihobraK isisopmoK nad satisoksiV padahret )esalimA

I dn o. mehC .J 812 ,. - .222

.I anasrauS truhgoY huragneP .5002 .H.U ,nawI nad .A ,initrauS ,.A ,itsuG I ,.N latoT loretseloK radaK padahreT : ilaB .icnileK mureS nietorpopiL liforP nad

.anayadU satisrevinU

S ,ijdamraduS . B , . .4891 .idrahuS nad onoyraH rudesorP nahaB kutnu asilanAnainatreP nad nanakaM atrakaygoY. : ytrebiL .

.7002 .nakidramuS naanuggneP esolulleclyhtemyxobraC )CMC( padahret ,Hp ,namasaeK utuM nad sisereniS ,satisoksiV kitpelonagrO igolonkeT : gnalaM ..nakanreteP

retratS isanibmoK huragneP .7002 .nagneoleoP .M nad otnayiteS .H ,.R ,milranuSiretkaB sulihpomrehT.S ,suciragluB.L nad muratnalP.L utuM tafiS padahreT

isatnemreF usuS . P nad nakanreteP igolonkeT lanoisaN ranimeS gnidisorrenireteV .

901

.M ,itparpuS .2002 .L nataafnameP nad nataubmeP ,nukuS gnupeT ayn : atrakaygoY ..suisinaK

.R.F ,amusuK ,nidujaruS nad ,omonruP .D .6002 gnay isatnemreF usuS ,truhgoY .naktaheyneM : atrakaJ .akatsuP aidemorgA

U ,airiwairuS .5991 . mumU igoloiborkiM ratnagneP .asakgnA : gnudnaB .

onoruS , S.I . 4002 . nataheseK nad isatnemreF usuS ,kitoiborP . atrakaJ : nasayaY aisenodnI hurules namuniM nad nanakaM ahasugneP AY( KCIRT )IMMP .

.4102 .inorhcayS rutluK retratS isanibmoK huragneP muratnalp sullicabotcaL nad sullihpodica sullicabotcaL iwawimiK nad sigoloiborkiM kitsiretkaraK padahretisatnemreF namuniM adap ]ispirkS[ .niddunasaH satisrevinU : rasakaM .

,aepatuH nad S.S ,tayadihusmayS .1991 .R.J ,aisenodnI tabO namanaT siratnevnI.IR nataheseK nemetrapeD : atrakaJ .audek iside

.R ,nollaT , .P ,reillosserB nad .C.M ,icadrU 3002 . fo noitaziretcarahC dna noitalosIyb decudorP sedirahccasylopoxE owT muratnalp sullicabotcaL 65PE .

ni hcraeseR ygoloiborciM 507 ,451 – .217

.Y.A ,emimaT nad .9891 ,.K.R ,nosniboR ygolonhceT dna ecneicS trugoY nomagreP . 563 .pp .dnalgnE .drofxO .sserP - .373

.Y.A ,enimaT nad .9991 .nosniboR .K.R goY dE dn2 ygolonhceT dna ecneicS : tru ..dtL gnihsilbuP daehdooW : dnalgnE

G kconnaT . .9991 .W lacitirC A :scitoiborP .weiveR itneicS noziroH :dnalgnE cfi.sserP

.6991 .M.B ,eussiT cimotA - ypocsortcepS noitprosbA //:ptth . /moc.aidemics.www .4102 iraunaJ 22 laggnat adap seskaid

.H ,ustamomoT sedirahccasogilO fo stceffE htlaeH .4991 . ygolonhceT dooF , 16 :tcO -.46

nad .S ,itaimsU iraS utuM padahret kitoiborP iretkaB huragneP .8002 .imatU .T .isatnemreF hanaT gnacaK nenapacsaP lanruJ 72 : )2(5 ; - 63 .

.truhgoY utuM sisilanA nad nataubmeP sesorP .6002 .M ,iduyhaW kinkeT niteluB ,nainatreP 1 .oN ,11 .loV .

.3102 .S.H ,inadraW nahubmutreP tabmaH ayaD iloc aihcirehcsE kinodeH ijU nadS nagneD truhgoY .facoM gnupeT isutitsbu naitileneP lekitrA satisrevinU

orogenopiD .

.7002 .sretaW yhpargotamorhC diuqiL ot ediuG srennigeB . /moc.sretaw.www//:ptth .4102 iraunaJ 22 laggnat adap seskaid

011

hisgninidiW S , . .1102 gnugaj usus trugoy kitpelonagro tafis nad iretkabitna sativitkAasorkus nahabmanep nagned sinam . .SUMINU : gnarameS

ododiW , S., inayadnaH , .D nad tnasugA ,y .5002 .F.S nairebmeP teiD iggniT muislaK nahabmaneP( OCaC 3 p naktakgnineM )nanakaM musnaR ada radaK adiresilglisairT mureS p ada ratsiW niartS sucigevroN suttaR . : gnalaM

.ayajiwarB satisrevinU

.2002 .W ,ododiW usuS isatnemreF igolonketoiB nagnabmegneP tasuP : gnalaM .igolonketoiB hayidammahuM satisrevinU .

.3002 .S ,itawodiW nukuS kepsorP )sinummoc supracotrA( nagnaP iagabeS rebmuS gnukudneM malaD tardihobraK nagnaP ismusnoK isakifisreviD . halajaM

nagnaP .

,inanreH ,milranuS .R ,asotnaS .S.A.B ,.S ,itawodiW .I ,tamhcaR .R ,onomsiuS,itnawayluM .0102 .itawareH .H nad ,izeyirbeF igolonkeT napareneP ledoM

isneisifE nagned muimerP utumreB nukuS gnupeT noT 1 iskudorP ayaiB( aynnahalO kudorP macaM 5 nagnabmegneP nad %05 iskudorP dooF kcanS )

pacaliC netapubaK id . : rogoB nad naitileneP raseB ialaB nagnabmegneP.nainatreP nenapacsaP

.2002 .G.F ,onraniW iziG nad nagnaP aimiK akatsuP aidemarG TP : atrakaJ , .amatU

.7002 . zedanreF .E .I nad G.F ,onraniW kudorP nad usuS aynisatnemreF . rogoB : M- .sserP oirB

.1102 .)OHW( noitazinagrO htlaeH dlroW ehT fo weiveR htlaeH cilbuP.ynamreG ni kaerbtuO iloc aihcirehcsE cigahrromeahoretnE .OHW :eporuE

.S.W ,.E ,iradnaluW aggnaM trugoY derritS kitsiretkaraK .0102 .otnartuP arefignaM( )acidni lepA nad )acitsemod sulaM( .nanapmiyneP amaleS kanreT umlI lanruJ ,

41 ,1 .oN ,01 .loV - .61

gniT ,uX - gnohZ ,gniT - iL ,iaB gnohZ - gniB nad gnaW nauJ - gnideerB .0102 .eH gnaF(D fo –)- woL yb niartS gnicudorP hgiH dicA citcaL - noitatnalpmI noI ygrene

.msilobateM detaleR fo sisylanA yranimilerP dna lonhcetoiB mehcoiB lppA 413:061 – 123

.3102 .W.D ,saytgniN nad .R.D.W ,irtuP ,.A ,ihduY itaP isatnemreF sesorP gnokgniShelo hatneM llicabotcaL muratnalp su nad sineJ naijaK( 9B isartnesnoK

)negortiN rebmuS . nainatreP igolonkeT lanruJ ayajiwarB satisrevinU .

nagned taubiD gnay trugyoS utuM isaulavE .4002 .R ,idnefE nad iniramsuY .aluG sineJ aparebeB nahabmaneP aisenodnI rutaN lanruJ 401 :)2(6 - 011 .

.E ,itnairapaS nad .Y ,irasaiL ,.E ,hadiabuZ helo adirakasiloposkE iskudorPmuratnalP sullicabotcaL .iebruM hauB sisabreB kitoiborP kudorP adaP 2B

nainatreP igolonkeT lanruJ ayajiwarB satisrevinU .

NARIPMAL

111

.1 naripmaL nagaB rulA naitileneP

siverec secymorahccaS i ea ,eazyrO supozihR

nad muratnalp sullicabotcaL

)LAB(

utuM satilauK asilanA truhgoY nakrasadreB

1892 INS - 9002

.1 kameL radaK ijU

.2 latoT napateneP nakuB usuS natadaP

kameL .3 nietorP radaK ijU .4 ubA radaK ijU .5 namasaeK ijU .6 magoL narameC ijU

P( uC nad b )

Hp narukugneP naijugneP nad

sisereniS

ijUkitpelonagrO

nataubmePtruhgoY

gnupeT nataubmePnukuS

hauB isatnemreFnukuS

.1 aluG radaK ijUiskudereP

.2 uG radaK ijU allatoT

.3 asilanA nagnudnaK

adirakasogilO nagned CLPH

gnupeT nahabmaneP nukuS )b/b( %01 miks usus irad

sativitkA naijugneP iretkabitnA

padahret iloc.E

halmuJ nagnutihreP retratS iretkaB

)LAB(

lareniM radaK ijU nad muislaK(

)rofsoF

211

naripmaL 2 lisaH . sisilanA iskudereP aluG radaK

)1.2 mumiskaM gnabmoleG gnajnaP

)2.2 isnabrosbA asokulG radnatS isartnesnoK

)mpp( isnabrosbA

0 0 5,2 500,0

5 960,0 01 732,0 02 915,0 04 140,1

)3.2 nagnutihreP

= )b/b %( iskudereP aluG radaK )pf x isartnesnoK( %001 x lepmas gm

)maj 6( PLT nagnutihrep hotnoC )b/b %( iskudereP aluG radaK = )L 1,0 x 01 x L/gm 576,42( %001 x

gm 0001 = % 5764,2

elpmaS.mpp 02 asokulgemaN noitpircseD

004 009005 006 007 008

7.0

1.0-0.0-

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

mn

A

A05.0 ,mn30.547

x1720,0 = y - 7730,02699,0 = ²R

0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

1

2,1

0 01 02 03 04 05

isnabrosbA

)mpp( isartnesnoK

asokulG radnatS avruK

isnabrosbA

311

)4.2 iskudereP aluG radaK

lepmaS isnabrosbA isartnesnoK aluG radaK)b/b %( iskudereP

ataR - atar)b/b %(

.dtSisaiveD

)maJ 0( PLT 105,0 878,91 %8789,1 %3578,1 31340,0

044,0 726,71 %7267,1 )maJ 1( PLT 992,0 424,21 %4242,1

%8091,1 08910,0 172,0 193,11 %1931,1

)maJ 2( PLT 393,0 398,51 %3985,1 %7275,1 63600,0

483,0 165,51 %1655,1 )maJ 3( PLT 034,0 852,71 %8527,1

%9637,1 42400,0 634,0 084,71 %0847,1

)maJ 4( PLT 263,0 947,41 %9474,1 %0264,1 59400,0

553,0 194,41 %1944,1 )maJ 5( PLT 613,0 250,31 %2503,1

%1492,1 42400,0 013,0 038,21 %0382,1

)maJ 6( PLT 136,0 576,42 %5764,2 %7425,2 29120,0

266,0 918,52 %9185,2 teK nagnare : isatnemreF lisaH nukuS gnupeT = PLT muratnalP sullicabotcaL


ataR - atar)b/b %(

.dtSisaiveD

)maJ 0( CST 153,0 343,41 %3434,1 %2915,1 35230,0

793,0 140,61 %1406,1 )maJ 1( CST 823,0 494,31 %4943,1

%9763,1 70700,0 833,0 368,31 %3683,1

)maJ 2( CST 824,0 581,71 %5817,1 %7267,1 79610,0

254,0 070,81 %0708,1 )maJ 3( CST 643,0 951,41 %9514,1

%1524,1 45300,0 153,0 343,41 %3434,1

)maJ 4( CST 733,0 728,31 %7283,1 %0093,1 38200,0

143,0 479,31 %4793,1 )maJ 5( CST 114,0 755,61 %7556,1

%0146,1 66500,0 304,0 262,61 %2626,1

)maJ 6( CST 437,0 674,82 %6748,2 %4838,2 45300,0

927,0 292,82 %2928,2 teK nagnare : isatnemreF lisaH nukuS gnupeT = CST isiverec secymorahccaS ea

411


ataR - atar)b/b %(

.dtSisaiveD

)maJ 0( ORT 423,0 743,31 %7433,1 %8123,1 59400,0

713,0 980,31 %9803,1 )maJ 1( ORT 201,0 551,5 %5515,0

%1484,0 20210,0 580,0 825,4 %8254,0

)maJ 2( ORT 384,0 412,91 %4129,1 %6459,1 37210,0

105,0 878,91 %8789,1 )maJ 3( ORT 305,0 259,91 %2599,1

%4089,1 66500,0 594,0 756,91 %7569,1

)maJ 4( ORT 424,0 730,71 %7307,1 %0007,1 14100,0

224,0 369,61 %3696,1 )maJ 5( ORT 874,0 030,91 %0309,1

%8409,1 17000,0 974,0 660,91 %6609,1

)maJ 6( ORT 036,0 836,42 %8364,2 %5764,2 14100,0

236,0 217,42 %2174,2 teK nagnare : isatnemreF lisaH nukuS gnupeT = ORT eazyro supozihR

%00,0

%05,0

%00,1

%05,1

%00,2

%05,2

%00,3

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

iskudereP aluG

)maJ( utkaW

iskudereP aluG radaK kifarG

PLT

CST

ORT

511

naripmaL 3 lisaH . sisilanA latoT aluG radaK

)1.3 mumiskaM gnabmoleG gnajnaP

)2.3 asokulG radnatS isnabrosbA

)3.3 nagnutihreP

= )b/b %( latoT aluG radaK )pf x isartnesnoK( %001 x lepmas gm

)maj 6( PLT nagnutihrep hotnoC aluG radaK latoT = )b/b %( ( 333,86 )L 1,0 x 01 x L/gm %001 x

gm 0001 = % 3338,6

lortnoC.mpp 04 dtSemaN noitpircseD

004 007054 005 055 006 056mn

02.0

00.0-

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

01.0

21.0

41.0

61.0

81.0

A

A71.0 ,mn00.094

isartnesnoK)mpp( isnabrosbA

0 0 01 350,0 02 90,0 03 321,0 04 51,0 06 542,0

2600,0 + x9300,0 = y5199,0 = ²R

0

50,0

1,0

51,0

2,0

52,0

3,0

0 02 04 06 08

isnabrosbA

)mpp( isartnesnoK

asokulG radnatS avruK

isnabrosbA

611

)4.3 latoT aluG radaK

lepmaS isnabrosbA isartnesnoK latoT aluG radaK)b/b %(

ataR - atar)b/b %(

.dtSisaiveD

)maJ 0( PLT 241,0 333,54 %3335,4 %0006,5 52540,0

602,0 766,66 %7666,6 )maJ 1( PLT 031,0 333,14 %3331,4

%0000,4 66500,0 221,0 766,83 %7668,3

)maJ 2( PLT 151,0 333,84 %3338,4 %3337,4 42400,0

541,0 333,64 %3336,4 )maJ 3( PLT 421,0 333,93 %3339,3

%3383,4 90910,0 151,0 333,84 %3338,4

)maJ 4( PLT 331,0 333,24 %3332,4 %3331,4 42400,0

721,0 333,04 %3330,4 )maJ 5( PLT 901,0 333,43 %3334,3

%0007,3 13110,0 521,0 766,93 %7669,3

)maJ 6( PLT 312,0 000,96 %0009,6 %7668,6 14100,0

112,0 333,86 %3338,6 teK nagnare : isatnemreF lisaH nukuS gnupeT = PLT muratnalP sullicabotcaL


ataR - atar)b/b %(

.dtSisaiveD

)maJ 0( CST 680,0 766,62 %7666,2 %0054,2 91900,0

370,0 333,22 %3332,2 )maJ 1( CST 790,0 333,03 %3330,3

%0055,3 29120,0 821,0 766,04 %7660,4

)maJ 2( CST 441,0 000,64 %0006,4 %3386,3 98830,0

980,0 766,72 %7667,2 )maJ 3( CST 941,0 766,74 %7667,4

%0001,4 82820,0 901,0 333,43 %3334,3

)maJ 4( CST 560,0 766,91 %7669,1 %0054,3 39260,0

451,0 333,94 %3339,4 )maJ 5( CST 111,0 000,53 %0005,3

%7663,3 66500,0 301,0 333,23 %3332,3

)maJ 6( CST 291,0 000,26 %0002,6 %7666,5 36220,0

061,0 333,15 %3331,5 teK nagnare : isatnemreF lisaH nukuS gnupeT = CST isiverec secymorahccaS ea

711


ataR - atar)b/b %(

.dtSisaiveD

ORT )maJ 0( 590,0 766,92 %7669,2 %3382,3 44310,0

411,0 000,63 %0006,3 )maJ 1( ORT 080,0 766,42 %7664,2

%3385,2 59400,0 780,0 000,72 %0007,2

)maJ 2( ORT 290,0 766,82 %7668,2 %3337,2 66500,0

480,0 000,62 %0006,2 )maJ 3( ORT 790,0 333,03 %3330,3

%0058,2 87700,0 680,0 766,62 %7666,2

)maJ 4( ORT 380,0 766,52 %7665,2 %0059,2 62610,0

601,0 333,33 %3333,3 )maJ 5( ORT 570,0 000,32 %0003,2

%7662,2 14100,0 370,0 333,22 %3332,2

)maJ 6( ORT 651,0 000,05 %0000,5 %0009,4 42400,0

051,0 000,84 %0008,4 teK nagnare : isatnemreF lisaH nukuS gnupeT = ORT eazyro supozihR

%00,0

%00,1

%00,2

%00,3

%00,4

%00,5

%00,6

%00,7

%00,8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

latoT alu

G

)maJ( utkaW

latoT aluG radaK kifarG

PLT

CST

ORT

811

naripmaL 4 . tnelaviuqE esortxeD )PD( isasiremiloP tajareD nad )ED(

)1.4 isatnemreF lisaH nukuS gnupeT muratnalP sullicabotcaL

lepmaS iskudereP aluG latoT aluG PD ED PLT maj0 %3578,1 %0006,5 99,2 %94,33

maj1 PLT %8091,1 %0000,4 63,3 %77,92 maj2 PLT %7275,1 %3337,4 10,3 %32,33 maj3 PLT %9637,1 %3383,4 25,2 %36,93 maj4 PLT %0264,1 %3331,4 38,2 %73,53 maj5 PLT %1492,1 %0007,3 68,2 %89,43 maj6 PLT %7425,2 %7668,6 27,2 %77,63

)2.4 isatnemreF lisaH nukuS gnupeT eaisiverec secymorahccaS

lepmaS iskudereP aluG latoT aluG PD ED maj0 CST %2915,1 %0054,2 16,1 %10,26 maj1 CST %9763,1 %0055,3 06,2 %35,83 maj2 CST %7267,1 %3386,3 90,2 %68,74 maj3 CST %1524,1 %0001,4 88,2 %67,43 maj4 CST %0093,1 %0054,3 84,2 %92,04 maj5 CST %0146,1 %7663,3 50,2 %47,84 maj6 CST %4838,2 %7666,5 00,2 %90,05

)3.4 isatnemreF lisaH nukuS gnupeT eazyro supozihR

lepmaS iskudereP aluG latoT aluG PD ED maj0 ORT %8123,1 %3382,3 84,2 %62,04

ORT maj1 %1484,0 %3385,2 43,5 %47,81 maj2 ORT %6459,1 %3337,2 04,1 %15,17 maj3 ORT %4089,1 %0058,2 44,1 %94,96 maj4 ORT %0007,1 %0059,2 47,1 %36,75 maj5 ORT %8409,1 %7662,2 91,1 %40,48 maj6 ORT %5764,2 %0009,4 99,1 %63,05

911

VM

00.02-

00.0

00.02

00.04

00.06

00.08

00.001

00.021

00.041

00.061

00.081

00.002

setuniM05.0 00.1 05.1 00.2 05.2 00.3 05.3 00.4 05.4 00.5 05.5 00.6 05.6 00.7 05.7 00.8 05.8 00.9 05.9 00.01

921.5

VM

00.02-

00.0

00.02

00.04

00.06

00.08

00.001

00.021

00.041

00.061

00.081

00.002

setuniM05.0 00.1 05.1 00.2 05.2 00.3 05.3 00.4 05.4 00.5 05.5 00.6 05.6 00.7 05.7 00.8 05.8 00.9 05.9 00.01

164.4

lisaH .5 naripmaL sisilanA nagnudnaK adirakasogilO nagned CLPH

)1.5 CLPH isidnoK .a kareG esaF H : 2 OS 4 N 800,0 .b moloK : XPH ®xenimA - mm 8.7 x mm 003 ,H78 .c rotketeD xednI evitcarfeR : .d etar wolF nim/lm 1 : .e iskejni emuloV lμ 02 : .f molok uhuS Cº53 : .g erusserP kcaB isp 2141 :

)2.5 radnatS margotamorK .a asonifaR

emaN emiT noitargiM aerA thgieH asonifaR 164.4 437225 76244

.b asorkuS

emaN emiT noitargiM aerA thgieH asorkuS 921.5 7079421 51059

021

VM

00.02-

00.0

00.02

00.04

00.06

00.08

00.001

00.021

00.041

00.061

00.081

00.002

setuniM05.0 00.1 05.1 00.2 05.2 00.3 05.3 00.4 05.4 00.5 05.5 00.6 05.6 00.7 05.7 00.8 05.8 00.9 05.9 00.01

440.6

VM

00.02-

00.0

00.02

00.04

00.06

00.08

00.001

00.021

00.041

00.061

00.081

00.002

setuniM05.0 00.1 05.1 00.2 05.2 00.3 05.3 00.4 05.4 00.5 05.5 00.6 05.6 00.7 05.7 00.8 05.8 00.9 05.9 00.01

267.6

.c asokulG

emaN emiT noitargiM aerA thgieH asokulG 440.6 9234421 98018

.d asonmaR

emaN emiT noitargiM aerA thgieH asonmaR 267.6 825998 20465

121

VM

00.02-

00.0

00.02

00.04

00.06

00.08

00.001

00.021

00.041

00.061

00.081

00.002

setuniM05.0 00.1 05.1 00.2 05.2 00.3 05.3 00.4 05.4 00.5 05.5 00.6 05.6 00.7 05.7 00.8 05.8 00.9 05.9 00.01

853.4

981.5

566.5

990.6

617.6

)3.5 lepmaS margotamorK

oN emaN emiT noitargiM aerA thgieH 1 asonifaR 853.4 110662 84232 2 asorkuS 981.5 0396761 194811 3 566.5 868332 56341 4 asokulG 990.6 766133 27381 5 asonmaR 617.6 873556 18343

221

naripmaL 6 ijU rabmeL . agitigeS

silenaP amaN :

naijugneP aggnaT :

hotnoC sineJ namuniM :

iskurtsnI agitek aratnaid adebreb gnay hotnoc utas halas nakatayN :

.1 adnat ireb nad ini hotnoc

edoK naialineP airetirK

anraW amorA asaR

678

547

962

321

naripmaL 7 kitpelonagrO ijU rabmeL .

ED TRUHGOY KUDORP ISPIRKS

:ISINIFED

irad helorepid gnay kudorp halada truhgoY

nagned isutitsnoker usus uata nad usus isatnemref

iretkab nakanuggnem suciraglub sullicabotcaL nad

sullihpomreht succocotpertS tatkal masa iretkab uata nad

nahab nahabmanep apnat uata/nagned ,iauses gnay nial

agnap nakniziid gnay nagnap nahabmat nahab nad nial n

1892 INS( - nad aimik ,kisif tafis tarayS .)9002

.tubesret INS malad mutnacret anamiagabes igoloiborkim

:KITSIRETKARAK

asar naklisahgnem isatnemref arac nagned usus nahalo kudorp utas halas truhgoY

gnay masa amas gnalut hitup/hitup anraw ikilimem truhgoY .sahk gnay amora nad sahk

.)nial nagnap nahab nahabmanep apnat ,nialp truhgoy kutnu( usus sahk anraw itrepes

m truhgoY nagned tadap imes uata latnek iapmas latnek kaga gnay rutsket iaynupme

moh gnay nalatnekek kadit nad tubmel ,sulah aynrutsket kiab utumreb gnay truhgoY .nego

.ritubreb

SILENAP HELO NAIALINEP NAUCA

EROCS AIRETIRK TRUHGOY RETKARAK

5 akus tagnaS truhgoy kitsiretkarak nagned iauses tagnas lepmas akiJ

ada apnat ,)sataid nasalejnep itrepes( .nagnarukek

4 akuS ada ipatet truhgoy kitsiretkarak ikilimem lepmas akiJ

nagnarukek tikides

3 akus kagA ipatet truhgoy kitsiretkarak ikilimem lepmas akiJ

kaynab hibel nagnarukek

2 akus kadiT truhgoy kitsiretkarak nagned iauses kadit lepmas akiJ

nad silenap

1 akus kadit tagnaS kitsiretkarak nagned iauses kadit tagnas lepmas akiJ

truhgoy

421

KITPELONAGRO UTUM IJU

TRUHGOY kudorP isasiretkaraK

silenaP amaN …………………………: ................………………: naijugneP laggnaT

lepmaS sineJ truhgoY :

iskurtsnI .edokreb lepmas amil tapadret araduas napadahiD :

• kutnU ,rutskeT libmas ipicicid ,atam natahilgnep ardni nagned itama

adnat( nagned naialinep halireb ulal ,itamaid apnat gnusgnal ,)√

.nial gnay lepmas nagned nakgnidnabmem

• kutnU anraw ardni nagned itama , halireb nad atam natahilgnep

.naialinep

• kutnU amora gnusgnal nad itamaid libmas ,gnudih nagned halpurih ,

adnat( adna naialinep nakireb nagned nakgnidnabmem apnat ,) √

.nial gnay lepmas

isakifisepS ialiN lepmaS edoK

341 563 495 587 029

RUTSKET truhgoy sahk rutsket nagned iauses kadit tagnaS 1

truhgoy sahk rutsket nagned iauses kadiT 2

truhgoy sahk rutsket nagned iauses kagA 3

sahk rutsket nagned )sap( iauseS truhgoy 4

sahk rutsket nagned iauses tagnaS truhgoy 5

ANRAW nagned iauses kadit tagnaS aw r an truhgoy sahk 1

nagned iauses kadiT aw r an truhgoy sahk 2

nagned iauses kagA aw r an truhgoy sahk 3

nagned )sap( iauseS aw r an sahk truhgoy 4

nagned iauses tagnaS aw r an sahk truhgoy 5

AMORA majat muicret kane kadit tagnas uaB 1

muicret kane kadit uaB 2

amora uata truhgoy sahk amora muicret kagAtruhgoy sahk larten

3

H truhgoy sahk amora iauses mura , )tapet aynrovalf(

4

as muraH sahk amora iauses tagn truhgoy , )tapet tagnas aynrovalf(

5

521

KITPELONAGRO UTUM IJU

truhgoY kudorP isasiretkaraK

silenaP amaN …………………………: ................………………: naijugneP laggnaT

lepmaS sineJ truhgoY :

iskurtsnI .edokreb lepmas amil tapadret araduas napadahiD :

naataynrep nakireb nad tubesret truhgoy asar itamaid libmas halpiciC

( tsilkcehc adnat nagned adna apnaT .ialin roks molok adap )√

.lepmas ratna nakgnidnabmem

nasek irad naakusek takgnit halnakatayn kinodeH utuM kutnU

ulaL .tubesret lepmas pait nahurulesek nagned aynialin roks nakatayn

( adnat .) √

isakifisepS ialiN lepmaS edoK

341 563 495 587 029

ASAR

kane kadit tagnaS , )atayn tagnas ikadnehekid kadit gnay nial asar(

1

,kane kadiT )ikadnehekid kadit gnay nial asar tikides ada(

2

kane kagA , sahk asar )itrepes( kaga( truhgoy ) 3

,kanE sahk asar iauseS( truhgoy ) 4

kane tagnaS , sahk asar iauses tagnas(truhgoy )

5

NAAKUSEK tagnaS kadit akus 1

kadiT akuS 2

akus kagA 3

S aku 4

tagnaS akus 5

...................................................... :ratnemoK …...…......………...…,atrakaJ ........................................................................

silenaP nagnaT adnaT

.……………………

621

naripmaL 8 ijU lisaH ataD . truhgoY kitpelonagrO

silenaP rutskeT anraW amorA

341 563 495 587 029 341 563 495 587 029 341 563 495 587 029

1 3 4 4 3 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5

2 4 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 4 5 5 3 5

3 3 3 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 2 4 3 3 3

4 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 3 3 4

5 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 3 4

6 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 3 5

7 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 5 4 4 4 5

8 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 4 3 3 3 4

9 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 3 2 4

01 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 5

11 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3

21 3 5 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 5 3 4 4 2 4

31 3 4 3 4 5 3 4 3 4 4 2 3 4 4 4

41 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 4

51 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4

61 2 3 3 3 2 3 5 3 5 2 4 4 3 3 4

71 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 2 2 2 3

81 4 3 5 4 5 4 5 5 4 5 2 2 3 3 5

91 3 3 2 2 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 1 2 4

02 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

ataR - atar ,3 03 07,3 05,3 03,3 08,3 56,3 50,4 57,3 57,3 50,4 01,3 03,3 03,3 59,2 51,4

721

silenaP asaR naakuseK

341 563 495 587 029 341 563 495 587 029

1 2 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 4

2 3 5 5 3 5 3 4 5 3 5

3 3 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 5

4 3 3 4 3 5 3 3 3 3 4

5 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 2 4

6 5 4 4 3 5 5 4 4 3 5

7 5 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 4

8 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 5

9 3 4 3 3 2 2 4 3 3 2

01 4 5 5 4 4 3 5 4 3 5

11 4 4 1 3 4 4 3 2 2 4

21 4 3 4 1 2 4 4 4 1 2

31 3 3 3 4 4 2 3 3 4 4

41 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 4

51 4 3 3 3 5 4 3 3 3 5

61 3 4 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 3

71 2 3 3 3 4 2 3 3 3 4

81 3 4 3 3 5 3 4 3 2 4

91 3 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 4

02 2 3 4 5 5 3 4 4 5 5

ataR - atar 03,3 07,3 04,3 02,3 1,4 5 51,3 07,3 53,3 00,3 01,4

821

naripmaL 9. ijU akitsitatS sisilanA lisaH truhgoY kitpelonagrO

naukalrep YB gnutih_f rutskeT YAWENO SEVITPIRCSED SCITSITATS/ SISYLANA GNISSIM/ .)50.0(AHPLA NACNUD=COHTSOP/

yawenO

sevitpircseD

N naeM .dtS

noitaiveD

.dtS

rorrE

naeM rof lavretnI ecnedifnoC %59 niM xaM

dnuoB rewoL dnuoB reppU

rutskeT

341 02 0003.3 59656. 09641. 5299.2 5706.3 00.2 00.4

563 02 0007.3 59656. 09641. 5293.3 5700.4 00.3 00.5

495 02 0005.3 25888. 86891. 2480.3 8519.3 00.2 00.5

587 02 0003.3 07237. 48361. 1759.2 9246.3 00.2 00.5

029 02 0008.3 15338. 83681. 9904.3 1091.4 00.2 00.5

latoT 001 0025.3 27177. 71770. 9663.3 1376.3 00.2 00.5

AVONA

serauqS fo muS fd erauqS naeM F .giS

rutskeT

spuorG neewteB 061.4 4 040.1 308.1 531.

spuorG nihtiW 008.45 59 775.

latoT 069.85 99

stseT coH tsoP stesbuS suoenegomoH

rutskeT

nacnuD

naukalrep N 50.0 = ahpla rof tesbuS

1

341 02 0003.3

587 02 0003.3

495 02 0005.3

563 02 0007.3

029 02 0008.3

.giS 560.

.deyalpsid era stesbus suoenegomoh ni spuorg rof snaeM

.000,02 = eziS elpmaS naeM cinomraH sesU .a

921

naukalrep YB gnutih_f anraw YAWENO SEVITPIRCSED SCITSITATS/ SISYLANA GNISSIM/ .)50.0(AHPLA NACNUD=COHTSOP/

yawenO

sevitpircseD

N naeM .dtS

noitaiveD

.dtS

rorrE



anraw

341 02 0056.3 63984. 24901. 0124.3 0978.3 00.3 00.4

563 02 0050.4 18406. 42531. 9667.3 1333.4 00.3 00.5

495 02 0057.3 76836. 18241. 1154.3 9840.4 00.3 00.5

587 02 0057.3 21055. 10321. 5294.3 5700.4 00.3 00.5

029 02 0050.4 33686. 74351. 8827.3 2173.4 00.2 00.5

latoT 001 0058.3 72906. 39060. 1927.3 9079.3 00.2 00.5

AVONA


anraw

spuorG neewteB 008.2 4 007. 959.1 701.


latoT 057.63 99


anraw

nacnuD


1

341 02 0056.3

495 02 0057.3

587 02 0057.3

563 02 0050.4

029 02 0050.4

.giS 160.

rg rof snaeM era stesbus suoenegomoh ni spuo .deyalpsid


031

naukalrep YB gnutih_f amorA YAWENO SEVITPIRCSED SCITSITATS/ SISYLANA GNISSIM/ .)50.0(AHPLA NACNUD=COHTSOP/

yawenO

sevitpircseD

N naeM .dtS

noitaiveD

.dtS

rorrE



amorA

341 02 0001.3 48020.1 72822. 2226.2 8775.3 00.1 00.5

563 02 0003.3 13108. 81971. 0529.2 0576.3 00.2 00.5

495 02 0003.3 05468. 13391. 4598.2 6407.3 00.1 00.5

587 02 0059.2 33686. 74351. 8826.2 2172.3 00.2 00.4

029 02 0051.4 28076. 00051. 0638.3 0464.4 00.3 00.5

latoT 001 0063.3 67409. 84090. 5081.3 5935.3 00.1 00.5

AVONA


amorA

spuorG neewteB 043.71 4 533.4 564.6 000.


latoT 040.18 99


amorA

nacnuD


1 2

587 02 0059.2 341 02 0001.3 563 02 0003.3 495 02 0003.3 029 02 0051.4

.giS 422. 000.1



131

naukalrep YB gnutih_f asaR YAWENO SEVITPIRCSED SCITSITATS/ SISYLANA GNISSIM/ .)50.0(AHPLA NACNUD=COHTSOP/

yawenO

sevitpircseD

N naeM .dtS

noitaiveD

.dtS

rorrE



asaR

341 02 0003.3 05468. 13391. 4598.2 6407.3 00.2 00.5

563 02 0007.3 59656. 09641. 5293.3 5700.4 00.3 00.5

495 02 0004.3 23049. 62012. 9959.2 1048.3 00.1 00.5

587 02 0002.3 15338. 83681. 9908.2 1095.3 00.1 00.5

029 02 0051.4 90578. 86591. 4047.3 6955.4 00.2 00.5

latoT 001 0055.3 88198. 91980. 0373.3 0727.3 00.1 00.5

AVONA


asaR

spuorG neewteB 008.11 4 059.2 681.4 400.


latoT 057.87 99


asaR

nacnuD


1 2

587 02 0002.3 341 02 0003.3 495 02 0004.3 563 02 0007.3 0007.3

029 02 0051.4

.giS 880. 390.



231

naukalrep YB gnutih_f naakuseK YAWENO SEVITPIRCSED SCITSITATS/ SISYLANA GNISSIM/ .)50.0(AHPLA NACNUD=COHTSOP/

yawenO

sevitpircseD

N naeM .dtS

noitaiveD

.dtS

rorrE



naakuseK

341 02 0051.3 37218. 37181. 6967.2 4035.3 00.2 00.5

563 02 0007.3 42175. 37721. 7234.3 3769.3 00.3 00.5

495 02 0053.3 61547. 26661. 3100.3 7896.3 00.2 00.5

587 02 0000.3 66719. 02502. 5075.2 5924.3 00.1 00.5

029 02 0001.4 19119. 19302. 2376.3 8625.4 00.2 00.5

latoT 001 0064.3 00188. 01880. 2582.3 8436.3 00.1 00.5

AVONA


naakuseK

spuorG neewteB 047.51 4 539.3 811.6 000.


latoT 048.67 99


naakuseK

nacnuD


1 2 3

587 02 0000.3 341 02 0051.3 495 02 0053.3 0053.3 563 02 0007.3 0007.3

029 02 0001.4

.giS 791. 171. 811.



331

naripmaL 01 . lisaH )LAB( retratS iretkaB halmuJ nagnutihreP

oN edoKlepmas

narecnegnep takgniT ataR - atar K inoloufc g/ 01 -6 01 -7 01 -8

1 341 isanimatnoK 94 isanimatnoK x 75,6 01 8 isanimatnoK 74 24 2 563 DUBT DUBT 842 x 4,2 01 01 DUBT DUBT 232 3 495 372 952 811 521,4 x 01 9 113 DUBT 811 4 587 DUBT isanimatnoK 832 x 721,4 01 9 DUBT 612 isanimatnoK 5 029 662 401 001 x 549,1 01 9 382 901 511

teK : DUBT = gnutihid kutnu kaynab ulalreT

N

�

∑

C

�

�

1

x

n

1

�

+

�

0

,

1

x

n

2

�

�

x

�

d

�

: nagneD

N : inolok halmuJ , inolok malad nakataynid inolok uata lm rep .g rep C∑ : gnutihid gnay nawac aumes adap inolok halmuJ

n1 : id gnay amatrep narecnegnep adap nawac halmuJ gnutih n2 : gnutih id gnay audek narecnegnep adap nawac halmuJ d : .gnutih id gnay amatrep narecnegneP

: nagnutihrep hotnoC

029 lepmaS

→ = N 511 + 001 + 901 + 401 01 x )2 x 1,0( + )2 x 1( -7

= 824 01 x 2,2 -7

01 x 549,1 = 9 g/ufc

431

naripmaL 11 . lisaH aijugneP iretkabitnA sativitkA n T padahre iloc.E

nagnalU )mm( gnineB anoZ retemaiD

341 563 495 587 029 lisremoK

1 5,1 2 3 1 3 3

2 5,0 6 5,1 5,0 5,0 2

3 5,0 4 5,0 5,0 1 -

ataR - atar 38,0 4 76,1 76,0 5,1 76,1

lepmaS naitileneP isatnemukoD )kiabreT( 563

531

naripmaL 21 . kameL radaK nagnutihreP

lepmaS W W0 W1 radaK kameL

)%( 029 gm 0005 5,886261 gm 1,758261 gm % 273,3 495 gm 0005 2,623461 gm 0,015461 gm % 676,3 563 gm 0005 9,458861 gm 6,140961 gm % 437,3

: teK hotnoc tobob halada W W0 amel ubal tobob halada k gnosok W1 kamel ubal tobob halada kamel nad gnosok

p hotnoC : nagnutihre

lepmaS 3 56

radaK

kameL

�

1W

�

0W

W

x

%001

radaK

kameL

�

140961

,

6

�

458861

,

9

0005

x

%001

�

681

,

7

0005

x

%001

�

3

,

437

%

631

naripmaL .31 nagnutihreP kameL nakuB usuS natadaP latoT

lepmaS latoT)%( natadaP

aluG latoT)%(

kameL latoT)%(

usuS natadaP latoTkameL nakuB )%( *

029 22,81 1 % % 515,3 % 273,3 33,11 % 495 412,81 % % 763,3 % 676,3 71,11 % 563 22,81 5 % % 639,2 % 437,3 65,11 %

: teK natadap latot – alug latot – )* kamel latot

)1.31 natadaP latoT

lepmaS )a( )b( )c( radaK ria )%(

latoT natadaP

)%( ataR - atar

029 4,41461 5,02491 0,66961 56,18 1 943,81 22,81 1 %

5,54012 3,64032 5,70412 709,18 90,81 3 495 6,47012 7,47032 4,83412 18,18 1 981,81

412,81 % 9,57332 8,87362 6,32932 67,18 1 932,81 563 8,16052 9,96082 2,63652 09,08 5 590,91

22,81 5 % 8,11023 0,21053 5,23523 446,28 53,71 6

: teK ( gnosok nawac tobob = a m )g ( nakgnirekid mulebes nawac + lepmas tobob = b m )g

= c ( nakgnirekid haletes lepmas + nawac tobob m )g

nagnutihrep hotnoC :

lepmaS 3 56

radaK

riA

�

b

�

c

b

�

a

x

001

%

�

96082

,

9

�

63652

,

2

96082

,

9

�

16052

,

8

x

001

%

�

3342

,

7

8003

,

1

x

001

%

�

08

,

509

%

)2.31 latoT aluG

lepmaS toboBW( hotnoc )

emuloVV( oknalb 2)

emuloVV( ratit 1)

tobobasokulg W( 1)

latoT alug )%(

029 00001 mg lm 3,52 8,71 lm 05,81 gm % 515,3 495 00001 mg lm 3,52 1,81 lm 27,71 gm 3,3 % 76 563 gm 00001 lm 3,52 91 lm 54,51 gm % 639,2

: teK W1 nakrasadreb ,asokulg toboB = taflusoit muirtaN nelavike lebat

731

hotnoC : nagnutihrep

lepmaS 3 56

= )%( isrevni haduses aluG W1 pf x 001 x % W = 54,51 gm 02 x % 001 x

gm 00001 % 90,3 =

latoT alug )%( ,0 = isrevni haduses alug % x 59

= ,0 59 % 90,3 x

39,2 = 6 %

muirtaN nelavikE lebaT taflusoiT

aN 2S2O3 M 1,0 )lm(

iskuderep aluG )gm( asokulG

1 4,2 2 8,4 3 2,7 4 7,9 5 2,21 6 14 7, 7 2,71 8 8,91 9 4,22 01 0,52 11 6,72 21 3,03 31 0,33 41 7,53 51 5,83 61 3,14 71 2,44 81 1,74 91 0,05 02 0,35 12 0,65 22 1,95 32 2,26

831

naripmaL 41 . nietorP radaK nagnutihreP

lepmaS lepmaS assaM lCH emuloV *lCH N radaK nietorP 029 1 g 5,01 ml N 10,0 986,4 % 495 1 g 11 ml N 10,0 319,4 % 563 g 1 lm 3,11 N 10,0 740,5 %

)* isasidradnatsid haleT : teK

: nagnutihreP hotnoC

lepmaS 563

radaK

nietorP

�

(

1V

�

2V )

x

N

41x

x

kf

x

pf

W

x

%001

�

11

,

3

x

0

,

10

x

41

x

6

,

83

x

5

1

x

0001

x

%001

�

5

,

740

%

: nagnareteK pf narecnegnep rotkaf =

= m 001 l mulov( e )natural latot = 5 02 ml )nakanugid gnay natural emulov(

kf nietorp isrevnok rotkaf = 83,6 utiay usus

931

naripmaL 51 . ubA radaK nagnutihreP

lepmaS W0 W1 W2 a radaK ub )%( ataR - atar

029 2,78704 9,78734 9,52804 982,1 852,1 %

8,94012 2,55042 7,68012 722,1 495 3,94942 7,94972 7,48942 971,1

622,1 % 2,67012 8,58042 5,41112 272,1 563 8,11023 0,21053 5,74023 981,1

71,1 %1 9,78502 4,69532 6,22602 351,1

lisremoK 8,18212 5,28242 0,71312 371,1 %832,1

6,34311 7,34341 7,28311 303,1 : teK W0 ( gnosok nawac tobob halada m )g

W1 ( nakgnirekid mulebes hotnoc nad nawac tobob halada m )g W2 ( nakgnirekid haletes hotnoc nad nawac tobob halada m )g

: nagnutihrep hotnoC

lepmaS 3 56

radaK

ubA

�

W

2

�

W

0

W

1

�

W

0

x

%001

�

74023

,

5

�

11023

,

8

21053

,

0

�

11023

,

8

x

%001

�

53

,

7

0003

,

2

x

%001

�

1

,

%981

041

naripmaL 61 . nagnutihreP namasaeK

lepmaS lepmaS assaM N HOaN * emuloV HOaN)lm( ataR - atar namasaeK

029 m 0005 g 0 11, N 1 54,7

lm 24,7 % 84,1 6,7 2,7

495 m 0005 g 0 11, N 1 6,7

lm 74,7 94,1 % 6,7 2,7

563 m 0005 g 0 11, N 1 6,7

lm 75,7 15,1 % 7,7 4,7

)* isasidradnatsid haleT : teK

: nagnutihreP hotnoC

lepmaS 563 = )%( masA halmuJ V × N × 09 × % 001 W

= 75,7 × 111,0 × 09 × %001 0005 % 15,1 =

NURUL AM ILI A -...

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