HIMPUNAN NASKAH (II-B) SEMINAR-WORKSHOP-FORUM DISKUSI-

ORASI ILMIAH-RISET (INTERNASIONAL)

Dr. Moedjiono, M.Sc.

POGRAM STUDI: MAGISTER ILMU KOMPUTER (MKOM) PROGRAM PASCASARJANA UNIVERSITAS BUDI LUHUR

JAKARTA 2011

i

KATA PENGANTAR

Dengan selalu mengucap puji dan syukur kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas rahmat, taufik dan

hidayah-Nya, penyusun dapat menghimpun naskah-naskah seminar, workshop, forum diskusi, orasi

ilmiah, dan paper laporan hasil riset, yang pernah disampaikan pada forum-forum internasional baik di

dalam maupun di luar negeri, mewakili komunitas atau sebagai Delegasi Republik Indonesia, dalam

jangka waktu mulai bulan Oktober 2006 sampai dengan Juni 2011, yang diberi judul ”Himpunan Naskah

(II-B) Seminar-Workshop-Forum Diskusi-Orasi Ilmiah-Riset (Internasional)”.

Buku himpunan naskah ini disusun sebagai bahan untuk berbagi pengalaman dan pengetahuan

yang pernah dialami dan disampaikan penghimpun bagi rekan-rekan sejawat, komunitas teknologi

informasi dan komunikasi, para mahasiswa, dan bagi diri sendiri, yang suatu saat mungkin memerlukan

bahan atau referensi dalam penugasan terkait, penulisan karya-karya ilmiah, maupun pengetahuan

praktis.

Seperti kata pepatah, bahwa tak ada gading yang tak retak, tak ada karya tulis yang sempurna, tak

ada lembaran putih yang tak berbercak, penyusun sangat mengharapkan tanggapan, kritik dan saran-

saran penyempurnaan.

Semoga buku himpunan naskah ini bermanfaat bagi yang membutuhkan, Amin.

Jakarta, 31 Desember 2011

Penyusun,

Dr. Moedjiono, M.Sc.

ii

DAFTAR ISI

II-B Internasional: Halaman

1. “Capacity Building in Internet Governance”, Country Paper in Regional Workshop 1 on Capacity Building in Public Policy Issues of Internet Use for Business Development in Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand, 18-20 October 2006.

2. ‘Internet Governance in Indonesia”, Country Paper in Internet Governance Forum I, 11 Athens, Greece, 30 October – 2 November 2006.

3. “Indonesian Languages Diversity on the Internet”, Country Paper in The Regional 23 Consultation on Local Language Computing Policy in Developing Asia, Thimphu, Bhutan, 22-24 January 2007.

4. “Multilingualism in Indonesia”, Country Paper in The Regional Consultation on Local 34 Language Computing Policy in Developing Asia, Thimphu, Bhutan, 22-24 January 2007.

5. “Indonesia Country Report On Local Language Computing Policy Initiatives”, 48 Country Presentation in The Regional Consultation on Local Language Computing Policy in Developing Asia, Thimphu, Bhutan, 22-24 January 2007.

6. “The Development of the Indonesia’s Internet Governance 2007”, Position Paper in 64 The Internet Governance Forum II, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 12-15 November 2007.

7. “The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Role for the Capacity 72 Building and Innovation in the National, Regional, and International Level”, Keynote Speech in IT ASIA 2007 CONGRESS, Jakarta, 21-22 November 2007.

8. “Community Access Point Blue Print (CAP 2.0): Mapping Out to Fill the Gap on e-Literacy, 75 e-Skill to attain e-Learning for Community Members”, Indonesia Country Report – APECTEL, Tokyo, 15 January 2008.

9. “The Broadband Policy & Regulation in Indonesia”, iBurst International Forum 2008, 101 Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 19-20 March 2008.

10. “Cyber Law Grand Design in Indonesia”, Workshop on Cyber Law Design and 113 Principal”, Hongkong, 7-12 April 2008.

11. “ICT Development for National Competitiveness and Bridging the Digital Divide in 129 Indonesia”, Country Paper in IPPSO Seminar: E-Government Development for National Competitiveness, Seoul and Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 19-28 October 2008.

12. “The Government ICT Strategies in Supporting Indonesia Higher Learning Capacity 141 Building”, Country Presentation in SEAAIR Conference, Surabaya, 5 November 2008.

13. “The Development and Utilization of Free/Open Source Software (FOSS)”, Keynote Speech 152 – Asia-Africa Conference on Open Source, Jakarta, 18 November, 2008.

14. “Creative Business on the Next Generation Network”, Opening Remark in IMOCA 155 Conference and Exhibition 2008, Denpasar, Bali, 27 November 2008.

15. “Strategy And Policy In The Development Of Broadband Wireless Access Technology 157 Best Suited To Reduce The Digital Divide Problem In Indonesia”, Background Paper in Broadband Wireless Acess Seminar, Jimbaran, Bali, 27 November 2008.

16. “Strategy And Policy In The Development Of Broadband Wireless Access Technology 160 Best Suited To Reduce The Digital Divide Problem In Indonesia”, Keynote Speech in Broadband Wireless Acess Seminar, Jimbaran, Bali, 27 November 2008.

17. “Toward Multilingual Internet in Indonesia: Local Computing for Local Indigenous 163

iii

Language”, Country Presentation in Internet Governance Forum III, Hyderabad, India, 3-6 December 2008.

18. “Toward Multilingualism of Internet Content in Indonesia: Local Computing for 172 Indigenous Languages”, Country Paper in Internet Governance Forum III, Hyderabad, India, 3-6 December 2008.

19. “Lawful Interception Managememnt Systems”, Keynote Speech in The Lawful 178 Interception Management Systems (LIMS) Workshop, Nikko Hotel, Jakarta, 18 December 2008.

20. “Development of Community Access Point in Indonesia”, Country Report at 3rd World 181 Summit on Information Society Forum, Geneva, Swiss, 18-22 May 2009.

21. “The Strategy and Policy of Broadband Communication Infrastructure in Indonesia”, 192 at 7th iBurst International Forum: Strategy and Policy of Mobile Broadband Communication Network, Jakarta, 17 June 2009.

22. “Strategy and Policy of Mobile Broadband Communication Network”, Keynote 195 Speech at 7th iBurst International Forum: Strategy and Policy of Mobile Broadband Communication Network, Jakarta, 17 June 2009.

23. “Strategy and Policy Toward the Indonesian Information Society”, in Expert Group 208 Meeting on Regional Cooperation towards Building an Information Society in Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand, 20-22 July 2009.

24. “The Government Regulation Concept on Lawful Interception in Indonesia”, in 225 The Government Regulation Concept on Lawful Interception Seminar, Nikko Hotel, Jakarta, 9 November 2009.

25. “Using Local Language To Improve Internet-Based Information Access In Indonesia”, in 234 The Best Practice Forum on Access and Diversity, Internet Governance Forum IV, Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, 15 November 2009 (http://freedownloadbooks.net/wsis-ppt.html).

26. “Using Local Language to Improve Internet-based Information Access in Indonesia”, 238 in Best Practice Forum on Access and Diversity, Internet Governance Forum IV, Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, 15-18 November 2009 (http://freedownload books.net/wsis-ppt.html).

27. “Indonesian Languages Diversity on the Internet”, Country Paper: in Best Practice 251 Forum on Access and Diversity, Internet Governance Forum IV, Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, 15-18 November 2009 (http://freedownloadbooks.net/wsis-ppt.html).

28. “Local Language Computing Policy Initiatives To Bridge The Digital Divide Problem In 263 Indonesia”, in Best Practice Forum on Access and Diversity, Internet Governance Forum IV, Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, 15-18 November 2009 (http://freedownloadbooks.net/wsis-ppt.html).

29. “Strategy and Policy toward the Indonesian Information Society”, in the 2nd MSC 280 Malaysia Global Exchange Programme Series, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 6-11 December 2009.

30. “Cloud and Green Computing Implementation for the Next Generation”, in ASEAN+3 295 Youth Inventors Expo 2011 Talk Show “Appropriate Technology for Better Live”, Budi Luhur University, Jakarta, 6 June 2011.

1

Ministry of Communications and Information Technology Republic of Indonesia

“Capacity Building in Internet Governance”

Country Paper Presented by:

Moedjiono Senior Advisor to the Minister for International Relations and Digital Divide

in Regional Workshop on Capacity Building in Public Policy Issues of Internet Use for Business Development

in Asia and the Pacific Bangkok, Thailand

18-20 October 2006

Abstract This paper discusses the basic ICT condition especially the Internet Governance to support Business Development in Indonesia and the Asia-Pacific region. Started with identifying the current condition of Indonesian ICT infrastructure and internet governance compared to Asia-Pacific region, then identifying the Public Policy issues needed, by ranking from the most to the least needed based on the survey done by ORDIG and taking input from private sector especially internet stakeholders. In order to support the public policy issues capacity building, list of learning exchanged experiences or training modules/programmes are identified and proposed.

Introduction After struggeling with many different problems of development and poverty reduction in the world, United Nations make a strategic decision to solve the problems using the power of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Access to ICT is seen as an essential factor for development and the improvement of the well-being of society. The Information Society is characterized by the profound impact of ICT across the socio-economic, political and cultural areas of society. Economic activities at the supply and demand levels are transformed, giving the emphasis to the transmission of information and knowledge. Vast amounts of information are disseminated through ICTs worldwide and those who have no access to these technologies are left at a disadvantage, being unable to participate and share fully in the benefits of the information society. The World Summit on the Information Society’s (WSIS) Declaration of Principles underscores the importance of ICT infrastructure for the establishment of an inclusive information society. ([WSIS 2005], 14) paragraph 21, it states that: “Connectivity is a central enabling agent in building the Information Society. Universal, ubiquitous, equitable and affordable access to ICT infrastructure and services constitutes one of the challenges of the Information Society and should be an objective of all stakeholders involved in building it”.

2

To realize the concepts of connectivity in building the information society needs the basic ICT policy that is difficult enough of a challenge for developing states. Don MacLean summarizes the key factors in the lack of developing country participation in relation to international ICT policies as: a) lack of awareness of the importance of ICT-related issues in relation to development goals; b) lack of technical and policy capacity; c) lack of easy, affordable and timely access to information; d) weaknesses in governance processes; and e) financial barriers ([MacLean 2004], 8). These are not easily addressed, and greater participation in Internet governance bodies will be a long-term process for many nations and groups. However, the issues are not always a mere lack of policy development expertise. Some countries have robust policies on information and communication with governance components, which have never been implemented. There is a great for sharing experiences through regional groups to forge shared priorities and collaborative projects, for example, Open Regional Dialog on Internet Governance (ORDIG) - a project of United Nations Development Programme in Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme (UNDP-APDIP), and WSIS as an opportunity to strengthen a new model of global governance through multilateral and multistakeholders public private partnership. Indonesia’s Great Challenges The Republic of Indonesia has great challenges in ICT industry with the unique characteristics compared to other countries in particular, as follows. - Geographically, Indonesia is located in South East Asia, have a total area of 9.8 million square kilometers, of which 81% is sea. It is the world’s largest archipelagic country comprising of 5 main islands and 30 small islands and over 17,000 islands, of which a third are inhabited. The country is divided into 33 provinces, 268 regencies, 73 municipalities, 4,044 subdistricts and 69,065 villages. The population of the country projected at 222,6 millions, the fourth most populous country in the world, with uneven distribution. The culture is very diversified with more than 520 ethnic groups and 742 languages, of which 737 are indigenous languages. The country has more rural than urban areas with urban teledensity of 11-25%, rural density 0.2%, around 43.022 villages (62.3% from 69,065 villages) without phones. - Today’s infrastructures (in early 2006) are:

= Telephone lines : 9.4 millions (fixed) and 27.9 millions (mobile). = Public phone : 382,000 units. = Internet penetration : 1,2 millions subscriber and 12 millions users. = Internet Kiosks : 261,000. = Internet Exchanges (IX) : 3. = Internet users per 100 population : 3.76. = Computers penetration : 2,519,000. = Computers per 100 population : 1.19. = Internet host computers : 62,036. = Internet host computers per 100 population : 0.03. = Total International bandwith (Mbps) : 573 Mbps. = Bits per inhabitant : 2.7. = Internet access cost (20 hours/month) in US$: 22.26 = ISP : 140 licenses, 35 operational. = Radio Broadcasting : 1,400 stations (nation-wide and local). = TV Broadcasting : 10 nation-wide networks. = Pay TV : 4 TV cables, 2 DBS TV.

3

- Total IT market in Indonesia for 2007: will reach US$1.9 billion with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10% from 2002 to 2007 (source: IDC). - The Indonesian ICT vision is “To establish a global competitive Indonesian Knowledge-Based Society based on national values and cultures”. Why care about Internet governance? The Internet is recognised as the foundation of the information society. It provides an innovative environment that enables faster and cheaper communication. It is becoming the basis of global trade and important means to help achieve many essential development goals. But the price of this success includes not only the effects of increased scale but also tensions arising from operating in a global environment which is multilingual, multicultural, multi-jurisdictional and cross-border. These tensions manifest themselves in problems associated with the allocation of Internet resources such as those ICANN oversees, multilingualism, interconnection arrangements and pricing, spam, cyber crime and security, and they are also the issues most often and most emphatically raised. The Internet is a public facility that plays an increasing role in social and economic development. A development-oriented approach to Internet Governance is critical for ensuring that the benefits of the information society are available to all. The internet has evolved into a global facility available to the public and its governance should constitute a core issue of the Information Society agenda. The international management of the internet should be multilateral, transparent and democratic, with full involvement of governments, the private sector, civil society and international organizations. It should ensure an equitable distribution of resources, facilitate access for all and ensure a stable and secure functioning of the internet, taking into account multilingualism. The Internet Governance is an essential element for a people-centred, inclusive, development-oriented and non-discriminatory Information Society. The stability and security of the Internet as a global facility and to ensuring the requisite legitimacy of its governance, based on the full participation of all stakeholders, from both developed and developing countries, within their respectives roles and responsibilities. Internet use in the Asia-Pacific region has grown in leaps and bounds over the last decade. Between 2000 and 2003 alone the Internet population in the region grew by an annual average of 38 to 250 million users, making the Asia-Pacific region the world’s largest Internet community. Estimates put this number today over 300 million and predict further strong growth. These impressive numbers notwithstanding, overall penetration rates are still very low in most countries. Many remain excluded from the benefits of the information society and much remains to be done to make new information and communication technologies (ICTs), in particular the Internet, work for inclusive human development. Following the definition adopted from (*WSIS 2005+, 75), “A working definition of Internet Governance is the development and application by governments, the private sector and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision making procedures, and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the Internet”. It refers to all policies and interventions that influence the structure, operation and use of the Internet. These policies and interventions are linked to development objectives in many ways. The choice of technical Internet standards determines how easy it is to adopt Internet technologies to local needs, such as multilingual capabilities. Likewise, the rules for the global Internet naming and addressing system determine who has access to critical infrastructure components that ensure global connectivity.

4

Policy decisions in this area influence a wide array of the Internet’s practical characteristics including costs for access and content, speed, reliability and privacy of network services. In a nutshell, Internet governance critically determines how widely and how fairly the opportunities of the information society can spread and thus, what benefits the Internet holds in store for all users. Making the Internet work for sustainable human development requires policies and interventions that are responsive to the specific needs of all countries. It requires a strong voice from different stakeholders and their constructive engagement in the policy-making processes related to the Internet governance. This is a huge challenge, especially for developing countries because presently, Internet governance comprises a range of different rule-making bodies and systems. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), for example, manages the domain name system and is under the control of the U.S. government. Helping to set technical standards are the International Telecommunication Union, an international organization; the private-sector-led Internet Engineering Task force; and the more academic W3C. They vary dramatically in their structures and operating models, in their degree of openness and transparency and thus, in their accountability, inclusiveness to developmental concerns. Developing countries are further challenged by the global nature of the Internet that puts many areas of internet governance beyond the direct control of any individual country and into the realm of global cooperation. Furthermore, participation in far-away for a is often costly and complicated for stakeholders from developing countries. Timing also poses a problem. The most fundamental rules for Internet governance are already well established or under long-trem negotiation and newcomers to the Internet have had little opportunity to generate awareness across all stakeholder groups, mobilize the required policy expertise and coordinate strategies for effective engagement. In sum, the march of Internet governance continues and threatens to leave behind developing countries that are forfeiting opportunities for an inclusive information society. In order for developing countries to participate in policy-making, there must be a forum to allow them to do so. The WSIS meeting in Tunis 2005 has decided to form a forum called Internet Governance Forum (IGF). Internet Governence Forum (IGF) is a forum for multi-stakeholder policy dialogue. The mandate of the forum is to: ([WSIS 2005], 82) a. Discuss public policy issues related to key elements of internet governance in order to foster the sustainability, robustness, security, stability and development of the Internet. b. Facilitate discourse between bodies dealing with different cross-cutting international public policies regarding the Internet and discuss issues that do not fall within the scope of any existing body. c. Interface with appropriate intergovernmental organizations and other institutions on matters under their purview. d. Facilitate the exchange of information and best practices, and in this regard make full use of the expertise of the academic, scientific and technical communities. e. Advise all stakeholders in proposing ways and means to accelerate the availability and affordability of the internet in the developing world. f. Strengthen and enhance the engagement of stakeholders in existing and/or future Internet Governance mechanisms, particularly those from developing countries. g. Identify emerging issues, bring them to the intention of the relevant bodies and the general public, and, where appropriate, make recommendations. h. Contribute to capacity building for Internet Governance in developing countries, drawing fully on local sources of knowledge and expertise. i. Promote and assess, on an ongoing basis, the embodiment of WSIS principles in Internet Governance processess.

5

j. Discuss, inter alia, issues relating to critical Internet resources. k. Help to find solutions to the issues arising from the use and misuse of the Internet, of particular concern to everyday users. l. Publish its proceedings. The IGF would have no oversight function and would not replace existing arrangements, mechanisms, institutions or organizations, but would involve them and take advantage of their expertise. It would be constituted as a neutral, non-duplicative and non-binding process. It would no involvement in day-to-day or technical operations of the internet. The development of multi-stakeholder processes at the national, regional and international levels is needed to discuss and collaborate on the expansion and diffusion of the internet as a means to support development efforts to achieve internationally agreed development goals and objectives, including the Millennium Development Goals. Indonesia’s and Asia-Pacific Region’s Internet Governance The status of Internet in Indonesia is still at the stage of development both at the urban and rural levels. Currently, Internet in Indonesia is expanding in the urban segments and multi pronged efforts are being made by government and private enterprises to improve infrastructure, reduce costs and to make it accessible to the people. The real challenge for the Internet for improving the quality of life of rural Indonesian society is inequality or imbalance (digital divide) of internet accessability. The majority of Indonesians cannot afford individual internet access. Additionally, roughly 90% of homes do not have telephone lines let alone computers. Thus, if the Internet is to become widespread in the country, it would have to be through public locations. Indeed, statistics indicate that the majority of Indonesians already access the Internet from public locations such as Warnets. The high price of internet access is caused by two major variable cost components of a large ISP operating from Indonesia, i.e., the cost of domestic lines and the international bandwith. The Indonesian prices for international bandwith are significantly higher compared to other country, even when compared to its Asia-Pacific peer countries. For example, the price of a 2Mbps full-circuit international link in Indonesia costs four to five times the price charged in Tndia and EU benchmark. Since leased lines are a critical producer good for ISPs, high leased line prices naturally results in high retail price for Internet services. In the Indonesian case, the inadequate supply of network infrastructure, both of backbone and leased lines, resulted in Wi-Fi being chosen as a substitute for filling the missing link in the network. The high price of last mile infrastructure, i.e., domestic leased lines prices, meant that ISPs and others relied on a more cost-effective solution in the form of Wi-Fi links. High price of international bandwith saw ISPs connecting directly to satellites for their link to the Internet backbone. The high retail price of Internet service spawned a large number of unlicensed reseller-ISPs using Wi-Fi to recoup the high price. Finally, the significantly high price for basic communication infrastructure that is critical for Indonesia’s transition into a developed economy, indicate a failure of the market and the regulatory structure that has allowed such high prices. In order to address the problem of not enough supply of network infrastructure, the government could invest in creating more backbone by lying submarine and terrestrial cable and creating a fiber ring connecting the main islands, as it has proposed to do under the Palapa Ring Project. On the other hand, Indonesian e-commerce and e-business content on the internet is quite extensive. A good example of such content can be found at http://www.indo.com. It is one of the most popular websites for tourism in Indonesia. It carries various tourism-related pages, such as information

6

on the culture of the country, hotel reservations and local activities. However, the WebPages may not be reflective of all Indonesian e-commerce and e-business activities. Indonesia’s Internet Governance priorities based on the Open Regional Dialog on Internet Governance (ORDIG) survey, a project of UNDP-APDIP (ranked by dissatisfaction with management of status quo) ([Butt 2005], 126), is as follows: Rank in

rest of

Asia-

Pacific

Region

Rank

in

Indo-

Nesia

Issue %

dissatis-

fied

%

satis-

fied

%

no

view

3

1

2

4

6

9

8

13

16

14

7

5

10

17

12

11

15

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

Spam

Cybercrime, online fraud

Virus attack

Illegal content

Availability and cost of Internet

Online access to government information

Reliability and Speed of Internet

Availability of local language software

Network interconnection/backbone access

Internet telephony (VoIP)

Wireless Internet: spectrum and access

Privacy online

e-Commerce payment systems

ISP market conditions

Availability of local content

Fair access to/protection of intellectual property

Secure server/encryption

95.6

95

94.4

84.9

80.5

76.1

75.5

67.9

67.1

66.5

66.0

62.7

60.4

60.1

58.5

53.2

39.2

4.4

5

5.6

15.1

18.2

21.4

23.9

26.4

28.5

23.4

23.9

34.2

33.3

29.7

40.3

37.3

43.1

0

0

0

0

1.3

2.5

0.6

5.7

4.4

10.1

10.13

.2

6.3

10.1

1.3

9.5

17.6

31.0

7

19

18

20

21

22

18

19

20

21

22

Domain names with non-Roman character sets (IDN)

Access to technical standards and their adaptability

Domain name management

IP address allocation/management

Own skills for using Internet

34.2

34.0

32.7

29.3

13.3

34.8

50.6

57.2

54.8

84.8

15.4

10.1

15.9

1.9

Compared to Asia-Pacific concerns and priorities (ranked by level of dissatisfaction) is as follows. Issue % dissatisfied % satisfied

Cybercrime

Virus

Spam

Illegal content

Privacy

Availability/Cost

Reliability/Speed

Wireless

Availability of Public Information

e-Commerce Payment

Local Language Software

IPR

Local Content

Internet Telephony

Network Interconnection

ISP Market Conditions

94

93

93

82

66

61

59

59

58

53

53

52

52

51

47

46

5

6

7

16

31

38

40

25

39

37

39

31

42

30

39

34

8

Secure Server/Encryption

Technical Standards

IDNs

DNS Management

IP Address

44

37

37

35

32

33

39

23

44

40

In general, the survey clearly points out a number of eminent problems in Internet governance that require urgent attention. Most respondents were not happy with the current situation of several major topics of Internet governance, pointing to a governance system that is far from perfect and leaves much to be improved. In case of Indonesia, there are several major findings, as follows: 1. In line with all other countries in the Asia-Pacific the Internet community in Indonesia regards cyber attacks, spam and viruses as the most pressing issues for Internet governance. Virus attacks and online fraud are on the rise and becoming ever more sophisticated and although Indonesia’s spam problem is still relatively small, it is growing steadily. Developing effective policy responses to these problems is very demanding. It requires a concerted effort by all stakeholder groups and cooperation at national, regional and international levels. 2. Infrastructure issues, such as access, affordability and reliability of the Internet continue to feature very high on the list of concerns in Indonesia, higher in fact than in most other countries in the region. Indonesia’s difficult geography is partly responsible for this situation. But policy also matters. The right policy framework which removes artificial barriers to service choice and market access, and preserves spaces for new business models and experimentation with new technologies can make a significant difference. Current regulations and practices in Indonesia with regard to backbone access, Internet exchange points and Internet telephony are not optimally supportive. However, worth noting is Indonesia’s progress on the governance of Wi-Fi technologies that could set an encouraging precedence for the treatment of future wireless technologies. 3. Topics related to multilingualism, such as the availability of local language software and local content, are major concerns for the Indonesian Internet community. Indonesians are significantly more dissatisfied with the protection of privacy on the Internet and the availability of government information online. The latter is a challenge that relates directly to e-government strategies of the state and thus, could be most directly addressed through appropriate policy changes. 4. Internet governance problems are highly interrelated and cut across sectoral, political, and geographical boundaries. This poses considerable challenges for existing governance structures and requires a new quality of cooperation and openness to adequately address the most pressing Internet governance priorities in a transparent, inclusive and accountable manner. The UN Working Group on Internet Governance in its final report consequently recommends, in this respect, the “creation of a new space for dialogue for all stakeholders on an equal footing”, thereby setting the stage for moving productively forward with the Internet governance agenda during the World Summit on the Information Society in Tunis in November 2005.

9

Another findings, there are a number of specific opportunities that can be identified to foster cultural inclusion in the Asia-Pacific region, as follows: ([Butt 2005], 85) 1. Localization. The building of Internet related software and operating systems to local languages. As language is the basis of culture, the most urgent and basic priority is to provide opportunities for all people to use their native languages with information technology. 2. Shared infrastructure for local content initiatives. With many local content providers facing similar market and technical issues with respect to their initiatives, there may be opportunities to support them at a regional level. This could be through policy vision mechanisms to develop a shared understanding of local content issues and potentials, as well as coordination bodies to share infrastructure. 3. Regional Taskforces on Intellectual Property. Intellectual Property is one of the key issues threatening cultural diversity online. This is due to the harmonization of lawas, treaties, technologies, language and genre that the Internet’s global network facilitates. 4. Supporting collective Ownership Mechanisms and Alternative Programmes. The traffic of both concept and law in global Intellectual Property arrangements follows clear geo-political lines: it emerges from the most developed nations to be implemented in the lesser developed. It is crucial that the diverse ways that cultures generate and circulate intellectual products can be maintained. While harmonization of particular arrangements can be useful for international cooperation, care must be taken in committing to IP agendas whose full implications for local cultures may not be clear. A strong commitment to multistakeholder approaches in policy development will be the surest way of gaining the diversity of local perspectives needed for responsive policy. Conclusion Bridging the digital divide is a major challenge facing the global community for the establishment of an inclusive information society. To meet this challenge, the future evolution of Internet governance mechanisms must be designed to take into account the need to increase participation of developing countries in the international policy-making and coordination of Internet development. The creation of policy-making forum with involvement of stakeholders, inline with the roles defined by the WSIS, will increase awareness and enable developing countries to push forward their agendas. It will also facilitate the coordination of local development policies with the international direction. Recommendation Based on several findings mentioned above, either in Indonesia as well as in the Asia and the Pacific region, capacity building and awareness in public policy issues of Internet Use for Business Development must contain all of the Internet governance issues with several priorities mentioned in the above findings, including: Basic concepts about Digital Divide, Internet and security, cybercrime and cyberlaw, privacy and data protection, spam and viruses, incidents/cyber-attacks, Electronic/Digital Signatures and Public Key Infrastructure/Cryptography, Certification of Authority legislation/rules, Intellectual Property Rights, content regulation, e-commerce and e-business, ICTs for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), ICT infrastructure, ISPs responsibilty, cost of Internet connectivity and access, universal access policy, Human Rights in Information Society, cultural diversity and multilingualism in Internet governance, multilateral and multistakeholders public private partnership mechanisms, technology neutral and software interoperability, and best practices. Bibliography [Butt 2005] Butt, Danny, Internet Governance: Asia-Pacific Perspectives, UNDP-APDIP, ELSEVIER,

New Delhi, 2005.

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[Drake 2005] Drake, William J. (Editor), Reforming Internet Governance: Perspectives from the Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG), UNICT-Task Force, New York, 2005.

[Karan 2004] Karan, Kavita, Cyber Communities in Rural Asia (A study of Seven Asian Countries), Marshall Cavendish Academic, Singapore, 2004.

[MacLean 2004] MacLean, Don, Herding Schrodinger’s Cats: Some Conceptual Tools for thinking about Internet Governance, Background paper for the ITU Workshop on Internet Governance, Geneva, 26-27 February 2004, http//:www.itu.int/osg/spu/forum/intgov04/ contributions/itu-workshop-feb-04-internet-governance-background.pdf, accessed 9 October 2006, p.8.

[MacLean 20041] MacLean, Don (Editor), Internet Governance: A Grand Collaboration, UNICT- Task force, New York, 2004.

[Stauffacher 2005] Stauffacher, Daniel and Wolfgang Kleinwachter (Editor), The World Summit on the Information Society: Moving from the Past into the Future, UNICT Task Force, New York, 2005.

[WSIS 2005] International Telecommunication Union (ITU), World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) Outcome Documents: Geneva 2003 – Tunis 2005, ITU, Geneva, December 2005.

[Yoon 2006] Yoon, Chin Saik, Digital Review of AsiaPacific 2005/2006, Claude-Yves Charron, Southbound, Penang, 2006.

11

Ministry of Communications and Information Technology

Republic of Indonesia

“Internet Governance in Indonesia” Country Paper Presented by:

Moedjiono Senior Advisor to the Minister for International Relations and Digital Divide

in Internet Governance Forum

Athens, Greece 30 October - 2 November 2006

Abstract This paper discusses the basic ICT condition especially the Internet Governance in Indonesia. Started with identifying the current condition of Indonesian ICT infrastructure and Internet Governance compared to Asia-Pacific region, then identifying the Public Policy issues needed, by ranking from the most to the least needed based on the survey done by the Open Regional Dialog on Internet Governance (ORDIG), and taking into account some inputs from private sector, especially Internet stakeholders. Based on the survey result related to the overall theme in this forum, i.e. “Internet Governance for Development”, the list of public policy issues to be discussed on the First IGF are recommended.

Introduction After struggling with many different problems of development and poverty reduction in the world, United Nations made a strategic decision to solve the problems using the power of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Access to ICT is seen as an essential factor for development and the improvement of the well-being of society, what we are going to reach as target of the World Summit of the Information Society (WSIS) in 2015, i.e., the Information Society. The Information Society is characterized by the profound impact of ICT across the socio-economic, political and cultural areas of society. Economic activities at the supply and demand levels are transformed, giving the emphasis to the transmission of information and knowledge. Vast amounts of information are disseminated through ICTs worldwide and those who have no access to these technologies are left at a disadvantage, being unable to participate and share fully in the benefits of the Information Society. The WSIS’s Declaration of Principles underscores the importance of ICT infrastructure for the establishment of an inclusive Information Society. ([WSIS 2005], 14) paragraph 21, states that: “Connectivity is a central enabling agent in building the Information Society. Universal, ubiquitous, equitable and affordable access to ICT infrastructure and services constitutes one of the challenges of the Information Society and should be an objective of all stakeholders involved in building it”.

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To realize the concepts of connectivity in building the Information Society needs the basic ICT policy that is difficult enough of a challenge for developing states. Don MacLean summarizes the key factors in the lack of developing country participation in relation to international ICT policies as: a) lack of awareness of the importance of ICT-related issues in relation to development goals; b) lack of technical and policy capacity; c) lack of easy, affordable and timely access to information; d) weaknesses in governance processes; and e) financial barriers ([MacLean 2004], 8). These are not easily addressed, and greater participation in Internet Governance bodies will be a long-term process for many nations and groups. However, the issues are not always a mere lack of policy development expertise. Some countries have robust policies on information and communication with governance components, which have never been implemented. There is a great for sharing experiences through regional groups to forge shared priorities and collaborative projects, for example, Open Regional Dialog on Internet Governance (ORDIG) - a project of United Nations Development Programme in Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme (UNDP-APDIP), and WSIS as an opportunity to strengthen a new model of global governance through multilateral and multistakeholders public private partnership. Indonesia’s Great Challenges The Republic of Indonesia has great challenges in ICT industry’s development, with the unique characteristics compared to other countries in particular, as follows: - Geographically, Indonesia is located in South East Asia, have a total area of 9.8 million square kilometers, of which 81% is sea. It is the world’s largest archipelagic country comprising of 5 main islands and 30 small islands and over 17,000 islands, of which a third are inhabited. The country is divided into 33 provinces, 268 regencies, 73 municipalities, 4,044 subdistricts and 69,065 villages. The population of the country projected at 222,6 millions, the fourth most populous country in the world, with uneven distribution. The culture is very diversified with more than 520 ethnic groups and 742 languages, of which 737 are indigenous languages. The country has more rural than urban areas with urban teledensity of 11-25%, rural density 0.2%, around 43.022 villages (62.3% from 69,065 villages) without phones. - Today’s infrastructures (in early 2006) are:

= Telephone lines : 9.4 millions (fixed) and 27.9 millions (mobile). = Public phone : 382,000 units. = Internet penetration : 1,2 millions subscriber and 12 millions users. = Internet Kiosks : 261,000. = Internet Exchanges (IX) : 3. = Internet users per 100 population : 3.76. = Computers penetration : 2,519,000. = Computers per 100 population : 1.19. = Internet host computers : 62,036. = Internet host computers per 100 population : 0.03. = Total International bandwith (Mbps) : 573 Mbps. = Bits per inhabitant : 2.7. = Internet access cost (20 hours/month) in US$: 22.26 = ISP : 140 licenses, 35 operational. = Radio Broadcasting : 1,400 stations (nation-wide and local). = TV Broadcasting : 10 nation-wide networks. = Pay TV : 4 TV cables, 2 DBS TV.

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- The prediction of bandwidth consumption, internet users and computer population, based on the study by the Palapa Ring Team [Postel 2006], are as follows: 2006 2015 = Bandwith Consumption 7,000,000 Kbps 78,067,335 Kbps = Internet Users (Fair) 8,252,437 16,518,890 Internet Users (Optimist) 17,247,683 34,524,659 = PC Population (Fair) 2,541,027 5,086,370 PC Population (Optimist) 8,304,327 16,622,758 - Total IT market in Indonesia for 2007: will reach US$1.9 billion with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10% from 2002 to 2007 (source: IDC). - The Indonesian ICT vision is “To establish a global competitive Indonesian Knowledge-Based Society based on national values and cultures”. Based on those data mentioned above, Indonesia have a great challenges in ICT industry’s development to support the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals and objectives, including the Millennium Development Goals. The problem is how we can manage and realize the connectivity in the very big diversity and very wide digital divide, as well as several “affirmative action” from the government and other stakeholders to achieve the goals and objectives. Why care about Internet Governance? The Internet is a public facility that plays an increasing role in social and economic development. It is recognised as the foundation of the information society. It provides an innovative environment that enables faster and cheaper communication. It is becoming the basis of global trade and important means to help achieve many essential development goals. But the price of this success includes not only the effects of increased scale but also tensions arising from operating in a global environment which is multilingual, multicultural, multi-jurisdictional and cross-border. These tensions manifest themselves in problems associated with the allocation of Internet resources such as those the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) oversees, multilingualism, interconnection arrangements and pricing, spam, cyber-crime and security, and they are also the issues most often and most emphatically raised. The Internet Governance is an essential element for a people-centred, inclusive, development-oriented and non-discriminatory Information Society. A development-oriented approach to Internet Governance is critical for ensuring that the benefits of the Information Society are available to all. Its governance should constitute a core issue of the Information Society agenda. The international management of the internet should be multilateral, transparent and democratic, with full involvement of governments, the private sector, civil society and international organizations. It should ensure an equitable distribution of resources, facilitate access for all and ensure a stable and secure functioning of the internet, taking into account multilingualism. The stability and security of the Internet as a global facility, and to ensuring the requisite legitimacy of its governance, based on the full participation of all stakeholders, from both developed and developing countries, within their respectives roles and responsibilities. Internet use in the Asia-Pacific region has grown in leaps and bounds over the last decade. Between 2000 and 2003 alone the Internet population in the region grew by an annual average of 38 to 250 million users, making the Asia-Pacific region the world’s largest Internet community. Estimates put this number today over 300 million and predict further strong growth. These impressive numbers notwithstanding, overall penetration rates are still very low in most countries. Many remain excluded

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from the benefits of the Information Society and much remains to be done to make new ICTs, in particular the Internet, work for inclusive human development. Following the definition adopted from (*WSIS 2005+, 75), “A working definition of Internet Governance is the development and application by governments, the private sector and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision making procedures, and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the Internet”. It refers to all policies and interventions that influence the structure, operation and use of the Internet. These policies and interventions are linked to development objectives in many ways. The choice of technical Internet standards determines how easy it is to adopt Internet technologies to local needs, such as multilingual capabilities. Likewise, the rules for the global Internet naming and addressing system determine who has access to critical infrastructure components that ensure global connectivity. Policy decisions in this area influence a wide array of the Internet’s practical characteristics including costs for access and content, speed, reliability and privacy of network services. In a nutshell, Internet governance critically determines how widely and how fairly the opportunities of the information society can spread and thus, what benefits the Internet holds in store for all users. Making the Internet work for sustainable human development requires policies and interventions that are responsive to the specific needs of all countries. It requires a strong voice from different stakeholders and their constructive engagement in the policy-making processes related to the Internet Governance. This is a huge challenge, especially for developing countries because presently, Internet Governance comprises a range of different rule-making bodies and systems. ICANN, for example, manages the domain name system and is under the control of the U.S. government. Helping to set technical standards are the International Telecommunication Union, an international organization; the private-sector-led Internet Engineering Task force; and the more academic World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). They vary dramatically in their structures and operating models, in their degree of openness and transparency and thus, in their accountability, inclusiveness to developmental concerns. Developing countries are further challenged by the global nature of the Internet that puts many areas of Internet Governance beyond the direct control of any individual country and into the realm of global cooperation. Furthermore, participation is far-away for and is often costly and complicated for stakeholders from developing countries. Timing also poses a problem. The most fundamental rules for Internet Governance are already well established or under long-trem negotiation and newcomers to the Internet have had little opportunity to generate awareness across all stakeholder groups, mobilize the required policy expertise and coordinate strategies for effective engagement. In sum, the march of Internet Governance continues and threatens to leave behind developing countries that are forfeiting opportunities for an inclusive Information Society. In order for developing countries to participate in policy-making, there must be a forum to allow them to do so. The WSIS meeting in Tunis 2005 has decided to form a forum called Internet Governance Forum (IGF) for multi-stakeholder policy dialogue. The mandate of the forum is to: ([WSIS 2005], 82) a. Discuss public policy issues related to key elements of Internet Governance in order to foster the sustainability, robustness, security, stability and development of the Internet. b. Facilitate discourse between bodies dealing with different cross-cutting international public policies regarding the Internet and discuss issues that do not fall within the scope of any existing body. c. Interface with appropriate intergovernmental organizations and other institutions on matters under their purview. d. Facilitate the exchange of information and best practices, and in this regard make full use of the expertise of the academic, scientific and technical communities.

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e. Advise all stakeholders in proposing ways and means to accelerate the availability and affordability of the Internet in the developing world. f. Strengthen and enhance the engagement of stakeholders in existing and/or future Internet Governance mechanisms, particularly those from developing countries. g. Identify emerging issues, bring them to the intention of the relevant bodies and the general public, and, where appropriate, make recommendations. h. Contribute to capacity building for Internet Governance in developing countries, drawing fully on local sources of knowledge and expertise. i. Promote and assess, on an ongoing basis, the embodiment of WSIS principles in Internet Governance processess. j. Discuss, inter alia, issues relating to critical Internet resources. k. Help to find solutions to the issues arising from the use and misuse of the Internet, of particular concern to everyday users. l. Publish its proceedings. The IGF would have no oversight function and would not replace existing arrangements, mechanisms, institutions or organizations, but would involve them and take advantage of their expertise. It would be constituted as a neutral, non-duplicative and non-binding process. It would no involvement in day-to-day or technical operations of the internet. The development of multi-stakeholder processes at the national, regional and international levels is needed to discuss and collaborate on the expansion and diffusion of the internet as a means to support development efforts to achieve internationally agreed development goals and objectives, including the Millennium Development Goals. Indonesia’s Internet Governance The status of Internet in Indonesia is still at the stage of development both at the urban and rural levels. Currently, Internet in Indonesia is expanding in the urban segments and multi pronged efforts are being made by government and private enterprises to improve infrastructure, reduce costs and to make it accessible to the people. The real challenge for the Internet for improving the quality of life of rural Indonesian society is inequality or imbalance (digital divide) of Internet accessability. The majority of Indonesians cannot afford individual Internet access. Additionally, roughly 90% of homes do not have telephone lines let alone computers. Thus, if the Internet is to become widespread in the country, it would have to be through public locations. Indeed, statistics indicate that the majority of Indonesians already access the Internet from public locations such as Internet Café called Warnets. The high price of internet access is caused by two major variable cost components of a large Internet Service Provider (ISP) operating from Indonesia, i.e., the cost of domestic lines and the international bandwith. The Indonesian prices for international bandwith are significantly higher compared to other country, even when compared to its Asia-Pacific peer countries. For example, the price of a 2Mbps full-circuit international link in Indonesia costs four to five times the price charged in India and EU benchmark. Since leased lines are a critical producer good for ISPs, high leased line prices naturally results in high retail price for Internet services. In the Indonesian case, the inadequate supply of network infrastructure, both of backbone and leased lines, resulted in Wi-Fi being chosen as a substitute for filling the missing link in the network. The high price of last mile infrastructure, i.e., domestic leased lines prices, meant that ISPs and others relied on a more cost-effective solution in the form of Wi-Fi links. High price of international bandwith saw ISPs connecting directly to satellites for their link to the Internet backbone. The high retail price of Internet service spawned a large number of unlicensed reseller-ISPs using Wi-Fi to recoup the high price.

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Finally, the significantly high price for basic communication infrastructure that is critical for Indonesia’s transition into a developed economy, indicate a failure of the market and the regulatory structure that has allowed such high prices. In order to address the problem of not enough supply of network infrastructure, the government could invest in creating more backbone by lying submarine and terrestrial cable and creating a fiber ring connecting the main islands, as it has proposed to do under the Palapa Ring Project. On the other hand, Indonesian e-commerce and e-business content on the internet is quite extensive. A good example of such content can be found at http://www.indo.com. It is one of the most popular websites for tourism in Indonesia. It carries various tourism-related pages, such as information on the culture of the country, hotel reservations and local activities. However, the WebPages may not be reflective of all Indonesian e-commerce and e-business activities. Indonesia’s Internet Governance priorities based on the ORDIG survey, a project of UNDP-APDIP (ranked by dissatisfaction with management of status quo) ([Butt 2005], 126), is as follows:

Rank in rest of Asia- Pacific Region

Rank in Indo- Nesia

Issue % dissatis- fied

% satis-fied

% no view

3 1 2 4 6 9 8 13 16 14 7 5 10 17 12 11 15 19 18 20 21 22

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Spam Cybercrime, online fraud Virus attack Illegal content Availability and cost of Internet Online access to government information Reliability and Speed of Internet Availability of local language software Network interconnection/backbone access Internet telephony (VoIP) Wireless Internet: spectrum and access Privacy online e-Commerce payment systems ISP market conditions Availability of local content Fair access to/protection of intellectual property Secure server/encryption Domain names with non-Roman character sets (IDN) Access to technical standards and their adaptability Domain name management IP address allocation/management Own skills for using Internet

95.6 95 94.4 84.9 80.5 76.1 75.5 67.9 67.1 66.5 66.0 62.7 60.4 60.1 58.5 53.2 39.2 34.2 34.0 32.7 29.3 13.3

4.4 5 5.6 15.1 18.2 21.4 23.9 26.4 28.5 23.4 23.9 34.2 33.3 29.7 40.3 37.3 43.1 34.8 50.6 57.2 54.8 84.8

0 0 0 0 1.3 2.5 0.6 5.7 4.4 10.1 10.13.2 6.3 10.1 1.3 9.5 17.6 31.0 15.4 10.1 15.9 1.9

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Compared to Asia-Pacific concerns and priorities (ranked by level of dissatisfaction) is as follows.

Issue % dissatisfied % satisfied

Cybercrime Virus Spam Illegal content Privacy Availability/Cost Reliability/Speed Wireless Availability of Public Information e-Commerce Payment Local Language Software IPR Local Content Internet Telephony Network Interconnection ISP Market Conditions Secure Server/Encryption Technical Standards IDNs DNS Management IP Address

94 93 93 82 66 61 59 59 58 53 53 52 52 51 47 46 44 37 37 35 32

5 6 7 16 31 38 40 25 39 37 39 31 42 30 39 34 33 39 23 44 40

In general, the survey clearly points out a number of eminent problems in Internet Governance that require urgent attention. Most respondents were not happy with the current situation of several major topics of Internet Governance, pointing to a governance system that is far from perfect and leaves much to be improved. In case of Indonesia, there are several major findings, as follows: 1. In line with all other countries in the Asia-Pacific the Internet community in Indonesia regards cyber attacks, spam and viruses as the most pressing issues for Internet Governance. Virus attacks and online fraud are on the rise and becoming ever more sophisticated and although Indonesia’s spam problem is still relatively small, it is growing steadily. Developing effective policy responses to these problems is very demanding. It requires a concerted effort by all stakeholder groups and cooperation at national, regional and international levels. 2. Infrastructure issues, such as access, affordability and reliability of the Internet continue to feature very high on the list of concerns in Indonesia, higher in fact than in most other countries in the region. Indonesia’s difficult geography is partly responsible for this situation. But policy also matters. The right policy framework which removes artificial barriers to service choice and market access, and preserves spaces for new business models and experimentation with new technologies can make a significant difference. Current regulations and practices in Indonesia with regard to backbone access, Internet exchange points and Internet telephony are not optimally supportive. However, worth noting is

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Indonesia’s progress on the governance of Wi-Fi technologies that could set an encouraging precedence for the treatment of future wireless technologies. 3. Topics related to multilingualism, such as the availability of local language software and local content, are major concerns for the Indonesian Internet community. Indonesians are significantly more dissatisfied with the protection of privacy on the Internet and the availability of government information online. The latter is a challenge that relates directly to e-government strategies of the state and thus, could be most directly addressed through appropriate policy changes. 4. Internet Governance problems are highly interrelated and cut across sectoral, political, and geographical boundaries. This poses considerable challenges for existing governance structures and requires a new quality of cooperation and openness to adequately address the most pressing Internet Governance priorities in a transparent, inclusive and accountable manner. The UN Working Group on Internet Governance in its final report consequently recommends, in this respect, the “creation of a new space for dialogue for all stakeholders on an equal footing”, thereby setting the stage for moving productively forward with the Internet Governance agenda during the World Summit on the Information Society in Tunis in November 2005. Another findings, there are a number of specific opportunities that can be identified to foster cultural inclusion in the Asia-Pacific region, as follows: ([Butt 2005], 85) 1. Localization. The building of Internet related software and operating systems to local languages. As language is the basis of culture, the most urgent and basic priority is to provide opportunities for all people to use their native languages with information technology. 2. Shared infrastructure for local content initiatives. With many local content providers facing similar market and technical issues with respect to their initiatives, there may be opportunities to support them at a regional level. This could be through policy vision mechanisms to develop a shared understanding of local content issues and potentials, as well as coordination bodies to share infrastructure. 3. Regional Taskforces on Intellectual Property. Intellectual Property is one of the key issues threatening cultural diversity online. This is due to the harmonization of lawas, treaties, technologies, language and genre that the Internet’s global network facilitates. 4. Supporting collective Ownership Mechanisms and Alternative Programmes. The traffic of both concept and law in global Intellectual Property arrangements follows clear geo-political lines: it emerges from the most developed nations to be implemented in the lesser developed. It is crucial that the diverse ways that cultures generate and circulate intellectual products can be maintained. While harmonization of particular arrangements can be useful for international cooperation, care must be taken in committing to Intellectual Property agendas whose full implications for local cultures may not be clear. A strong commitment to multistakeholder approaches in policy development will be the surest way of gaining the diversity of local perspectives needed for responsive policy. First IGF Meeting As broadcasted worldwide, the overall theme chosen of the Athens First IGF meeting is Internet Governance for Development, with capacity building as a cross cutting priority. In preparation to this meeting, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) in cooperation with the Asia Pacific Development Information Programme of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP-APDIP) organized a three days Regional Workshop on Capacity Building in Public Policy Issues of Internet Use for Business Development in Asia and the Pacific, at United Nations Conference Centre (UNCC), Bangkok, Thailand, from 18-20 October 2006. The main objective of the workshop was discussing and developing a set of training modules on the use of

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Internet for business development that aims to serve as a policy making reference, principally, for senior to middle level ICT and Internet policy makers and implementors of public policy issues of Internet Governance in developing countries and countries with economies in transition in Asia and the Pacific. The developed modules are expected to serve as an introductory guide to the various issues and legislative/policy options that, especially, encourage small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) to take advantages of the Internet to actively participate in the global and national markets. The IGF overall theme will be divided into four broad themes, i.e., Openness, Security, Diversity, and Access. Based on the findings in Indonesia’s Internet Governance priorities above, the four broad themes that will be discussed, are as follows. 1. Security. WSIS recognized that increasing confidence and security in the use of ICTs is a key principle for building an open Information Society. The Geneva Declaration of Principles calls for “building confidence and security in the use of ICTs and strengthening the trust framework, including information security and network security, authentication, privacy and consumer protection” as a key principle for the development of the Information Society. Furthermore, the Geneva Declaration states that “a global culture of cyber-security needs to be promoted, developed and implemented in cooperation with all stakeholders and international expert bodies. These efforts sholud be supported by increased international cooperation. Within this global culture of cyber-security, it is important “to enhance security and to ensure the protection of data and privacy, while enhancing access and trade”. As describe above, the Internet has the potential to enable all users to communicate and acess and generate a wealth of information and opportunity. Achieving its full potential to support commercial and social relationships requires an environment that promotes and ensures users’ trust and confidence and provides a stable and secure platform for commerce. Internet security is a key element of building confidence and trust among users of ICTs. Each new device and interconnected network increases the capacity for users and their communities to make beneficial economic and social advances. However, each of them also increase the exposure of individuals and organizations to potential harm. Threats such as phishing, malicious viruses and other forms of cybercrime and spam undermine users’ confidence, while security and privacy breaches threaten users’ trust. Solving these problems depends on a heightened awareness and understanding among all stakeholders of the importance of a secure Internet infrastructure. It will involve a combination of initiatives, first and foremost awareness raising among the different stakeholders at all levels dealing with legislative, regulatory, law enforcement, and technological aspects. It also requires enhancing the users’abilities to control their data and personal information. One major concern is to find the appropriate balance between ensuring freedom of expression, protecting privacy and fighting crime. Ultimately, the responsibility for ensuring Internet security rests with all stakeholders, including the end users, and requires cooperation among them. 2. Access. WSIS recognized the importance of an enabling environment to enhance the development of the ICT infrastructure. The Geneva Declaration specified that such an enabling environment should be accompanied by a supportive, transparent, pro-competitive, technologically neutral and predictable policy and regulatory framework. WSIS also called for the development and use of open, interoperable, non-discriminatory and demand-driven standards that take into account needs of users and consumers as a basic element for the development and greater diffusion of ICTs and more affordable access to them, particularly in developing countries. Furthermore, WSIS raised concerns regarding International Internet Connectivity (IIC) and called for the development of strategies for increasing affordable global connectivity to facilitate access for all.

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Access may be the single most important issue to most people, in particular in developing countries. Access is vital to empowering more and more individuals to explore the powerful resource that the Internet represents. There are several factors that condition the availability and affordability of the Internet. The right regulatory environment at national level can do much to foster the deployment and growth of the Internet. National policies can encourage investment in capacity and growth, support the local exchange of traffic including the establishment of local Internet exchange points (IXPs). They can create a favourable legal climate for supporting e-commerce, promote the extension of broadband networks, and encourage competition in the ISP industry that lowers prices. Another element that influences the availability and affordability of the Internet are international connectivity prices and costs. Interconnection standards and agreements, including peering arrangements, are critical to the successful functioning of the Internet and for maintaining its end-to-end and cost effective availability, and reliability. 3. Diversity. WSIS recognized that fostering and respecting cultural diversity is one of the key principles for building an open Information Society. In this context, multilingualism emerged as one of the key issues. The Tunis Agenda includes a commitment “to work towards multilingualization of the Internet, as part of a multilateral, transparent and democratic process, involving governments and all stakeholders, in their respective roles”. It also supports “local content development, translation and adaptation, digital archives, and diverse forms of digital and traditional media”, and recognizes that these activities can also strengthen local and indigeneous communities. The consultations and the contributions received in the preparatory process of the Athens meeting emphasized the importance all stakeholders attach to this issue. By now, almost one billion people use the Internet. Many of these people cannot read or write in English and they use languages that do not use scripts derived from the Latin alphabet. They would like to use the Internet in their own language and with their native script. A multilingual Internet will foster an inclusive, democratic, legitimate, respectful, and locally empowering Information Society. A key element of promoting multilingualism on the Internet is creating the availability of information in local languages. Building the capacity of both individuals and institutions in creating this local content is one of the key development issues to be discussed under this theme. Additionally, many task specific multilingual applications need to be developed. The domain names are incapable of displaying characters not contained in the English alphabet. The challenge is to develop Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs) while preserving the security and stability of the Domain Name System (DNS). This is a difficult technological and policy challenge. 4. Openness. The Geneva Declaration of Principles and the Tunis Commitment refer to and underline the importance of freedom of expression and the free flow of information, ideas and knowledge as essential building blocks for the Information Society which relies and depends on these for its continued development. Openness is one of the key founding principles and characteristics of the Internet. The open nature of the Internet is part of its uniqueness, and its importance as a tool to advance human development. Internet users trade ideas and information and build on both, thus increasing the wealth of knowledge for everyone. Never have so many people been able to communicate and therefore to express themselves (i.e. to hold, receive and impart information and ideas regardless of frontiers) as richly and as clearly at such a low cost as they can today using Internet. The communications possibilities of the Internet are enhanced over any previous medium as they allow for rapid communication by voice, printed text, picture and video across the same network. Access to knowledge and empowering people

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with information and knowledge that is available on the Internet is a critical objective of an inclusive Information Society and to continued economic and social development. Conclusion and Recommendation Bridging the digital divide is a major challenge facing the global community for the establishment of an inclusive Information Society. To meet this challenge, the future evolution of Internet Governance mechanisms must be designed to take into account the need to increase participation of developing countries in the international policy-making and coordination of Internet development. The creation of policy-making forum with involvement of stakeholders, inline with the roles defined by the WSIS, will increase awareness and enable developing countries to push forward their agendas. It will also facilitate the coordination of local development policies with the international direction. Based on several findings mentioned above, several recommendations on public policy issues/ programmes coordination in Internet Governance to be discussed, in order to increase the security, access, diversity, and openness, are as follows: 1. Enhance the capacity building programmes through exchange of experiences and knowledge, best

practices, support of expertise, technology transfer, pilot project priorities, etc.; 2. Multilevel, multistakeholders Public Private Partnership in the programmes development; 3. The discussion in Security theme should examine the role of technology, legislation and greater

awareness among end users and new models of cooperation across law enforcement agencies and business to address security issues. Sub-theme issues, are: - Creating trust and confidence through collaboration; - Protecting users from spam, phishing and viruses while protecting privacy, by inter alia,

developing the early warning alert to the internet threat; - Enhanced network security, by inter alia, close coordination among institutions to overcome

the security threat, cybercrime, and to be able to create a condusive and save internet network;

4. The discussion in Access theme should explore various barriers to access that people face in terms of availability and affordability including connection costs, national policies that influence the spread of the Internet, and the role of open standards in facilitating access. Sub-theme issues, are:

- Interconnection policies and costs; - Interoperability and open standards; - Availability and affordability; - Regulatory and other barriers to access; - Capacity building to improve access; 5. The discussion in Diversity theme should focus on how to build a multilingual Internet to increase access to and participation on the Internet and in Internet Governance processes, and to inform better on who the various actors are and on current efforts to promote a multilingual Internet and local content and overcoming barriers to the development of content in different languages. Sub-theme issues, are:

- Promoting multilingualism, including IDN; - Developing local content;

6. The discussion in Openness theme should identify the appropriate enabling legal, policy and regulatory frameworks that preserve openness as one of the key founding principles of the Internet. Sub-theme issues, are:

- Free flow of information; - Freedom of expression;

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- Empowerment and access to ideas and knowledge; - Equal footing principle;

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New Delhi, 2005. [Drake 2005] Drake, William J. (Editor), Reforming Internet Governance: Perspectives from the

Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG), UNICT-Task Force, New York, 2005. [Karan 2004] Karan, Kavita, Cyber Communities in Rural Asia (A study of Seven Asian Countries),

Marshall Cavendish Academic, Singapore, 2004. [MacLean 2004] MacLean, Don, Herding Schrodinger’s Cats: Some Conceptual Tools for thinking

about Internet Governance, Background paper for the ITU Workshop on Internet Governance, Geneva, 26-27 February 2004, http//:www.itu.int/osg/spu/forum/intgov04/ contributions/itu-workshop-feb-04-internet-governance-background.pdf, accessed 9 October 2006, p.8.

[MacLean 20041] MacLean, Don (Editor), Internet Governance: A Grand Collaboration, UNICT- Task force, New York, 2004.

[Postel 2006] Ditjen Postel, Proyeksi Kebutuhan Bandwith Nasional untuk Internet Protokol di Indonesia 2006-2025, Tim Palapa Ring Ditjen Postel, 30 Agustus 2006.

[Stauffacher 2005] Stauffacher, Daniel and Wolfgang Kleinwachter (Editor), The World Summit on the Information Society: Moving from the Past into the Future, UNICT Task Force, New York, 2005.

[WSIS 2005] International Telecommunication Union (ITU), World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) Outcome Documents: Geneva 2003 – Tunis 2005, ITU, Geneva, December 2005.

[Yoon 2006] Yoon, Chin Saik, Digital Review of AsiaPacific 2005/2006, Claude-Yves Charron, Southbound, Penang, 2006.

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Indonesian Languages Diversity on the Internet

Hammam Riza1, Moedjiono2, Yoshiki Mikami3

1: Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT),

Indonesia hammam@iptek.net.id

2: Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, Indonesia moedjiono@depkominfo.go.id

3: Nagaoka University of Technology, Niigata, Japan mikami@kjs.nagaokaut.ac.jp

Country Paper:

The Regional Consultation on Local Language Computing Policy in Developing Asia Thimphu, Bhutan

22-24 January 2007 Abstract. The paper gives an overview and evaluation of language resources of Asian languages, in particular of Indonesian official and local languages that are currently used on the Internet. We have collected over 100 million of Asian web pages downloaded from 43 Asian country domains, and analyzed language properties of them. The presence of a language is measured primarily by number of pages written in each language. Through the survey, it is revealed that the digital language divide does exist at serious level in the region, and the state of multilingualism and the dominating presence of cross-border languages, English in particular, are analyzed. From this survey as well, the diversity of Indonesian official and local languages on the Internet is observed. Keywords: Asian language, Indonesian languages, web statistics, language identification, standards, multilingualism, encoding, digital language divide

Language diversity can itself be interpreted in a number of different ways. Indonesia has more than 740 local languages and India has 427 local languages in its country. Residents of English countries may have many other language skills, but few other countries can match Indonesia for diversity within one country. The numbers of speakers of neo-Latin languages, including those in the US, may be more than twice the numbers of people of English mother tongue but the US controls much of the machinery behind the World Wide Web (Mikami 2005). The relationship between languages on the Internet and diversity of language within a country indicates that even with a globalize network, nation states have a role to play in encouraging language diversity in cyberspace. Language diversity can be viewed as much within a country as within the Internet as a whole. It is a common assumption that English is the dominant force in the Internet. We, as do most others who see English as dominant, view this is a problem. It is reported that English covers about half of all Web pages and its proportion of them are falling as other nations and linguistic groups expand their presence on the Web. Paolillo (2005) points to US dominance of the force behind the Web, both commercial and regulatory, to the extent that the latter exist.

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For Indonesia, telecommunication companies who profit from the demand for communication and technology services have a special responsibility to bear in mind the linguistic diversity of the countries whose markets they serve. Hardware and software companies have a similar influence on the linguistic make up of the Internet, by producing computers with keyboards, displays and operating systems that favor particular languages. The acts of computer companies locked in competition for market dominance have a detrimental effect on the climate of multilingual computing and on-line linguistic diversity. In such circumstances, the ethno-linguistic awareness of telecommunication companies, computer companies and Internet governing authorities will begin to broaden only if a critical mass of under-represented ethno-linguistic groups can command their attention. Hence, the general issue of emergent linguistic bias requires close monitoring on global, regional and local scales. The measurement of languages on the Internet can be used as a paradigm for many issues of measuring content. To put it bluntly if we cannot measure this seemingly simple dimension of Web site content what can we measure? In this line of thought, we propose the evaluation of Indonesian official and local-regional languages diversity on the Internet. Measuring the languages in the overall number of pages on the Web increasingly presents challenges caused by the sheer volume of Web content, but just because a page is on the Web does not mean it is used, or even ‘visited’. If we are to truly measure the impact of the Information Society, we need to have statistics on how the Internet is used, and by whom. In this view Web pages are simply the supply side, in all its linguistic homogeneity or diversity, and not necessarily a reflection of use and demand. In an oversupplied market of say English language Web pages offering a variety of services, many poor quality sites may receive few or no visits. It is also a common observation that many Web sites remain without updates or modification for years. Since the early days of web development, various attempts have been made to reveal the language distribution of the web. An estimate of language distribution in terms of the Internet users’ language has been regularly reported by a marketing research group (Global Reach, 1996-2005), and estimates of distribution of the web documents are compiled by various groups, each with a different scope and focus. Most of these surveys have evolved along with the development of multilingual search engines like Inktomi, Yahoo, Google, Alltheweb, etc. The language-specific search capability of the search engines has provided means of survey for researchers. Although these surveys have given us fairly good pictures about European language presence on the web, far less attention has been paid on Asian languages, among them “less computerized languages” such as Indonesian local languages in particular. This ignorance may arise partly from the fact that the “commercial value” of Asian languages has been low, and partly from the technical difficulties of language identification of Asian languages. With the exceptions of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Malay, Turkish, Arabic and Hebrew, nothing is known about the extent of Asian languages presence on the web. We felt a strong need to implement an independent survey instrument to observe the activity level of those languages. The UNESCO report presented to the Tunis phase of the World Summit on the Information Society, “Measuring Language Diversity on the Internet” (Paolillo et al., 2005) shares exactly the same concerns as we do. In response to this, the Language Observatory (LO) project was launched in 2003 under the sponsorship of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and has been implemented in collaboration with several international partners who have common interests (Mikami, 2005). After a few years of development work, LOP team has trained a language identification engine to cover more than three hundred languages of the world, and has acquired the capability to collect terra-byte size web documents from the Internet. This paper is prepared based on the preliminary survey results of LO project with emphasis on Indonesian languages.

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The objectives of this paper are firstly to give an overview for Asian languages on the web, in particular for Indonesian official and local languages which have been ignored up to now. Through this study, we have tried to spotlight the presence of Asian languages as maximum extent as possible. The presence of a language is measured primarily by the number of pages written in each language and is supplemented by additional indicators like pages per population ratio to give an indication of the relative intensity of web authorship. In terms of language coverage, we discovered more than fifty Asian languages. Secondly the paper tries to describe the state of multilingualism in Asian country domains, with special emphasis in Indonesian country domain. The state of multilingualism can be defined at various levels, from a personal or document level to a society level. In this study, we show a multiple language presence in each country domain. To give an overview of cross-border languages is a part of these efforts. After a brief description on data collection and analytical methodologies, the Asian language presence is discussed, followed by the state of multilingualism in Indonesia and the presence of cross-border languages.

3.1 WEB PAGES COLLECTED LOP use a web crawler that works by downloading millions of web pages from the Internet. While downloading, it traces links within pages and recursively crawls to gather those newly discovered pages. The collection of downloaded web pages is then passed to the language identification engine and the language properties of the pages are identified. The collection is also used for various types of web characterization analysis (Caminero, 2006; Nakahira, 2006). The latest Asia crawl (excluding China, Japan and Korea) focused on web pages in 43 country domains (country code Top Level domain or ccTLD) in Asia. The crawl was begun from a seed file containing 13,286 URLs (see Table 1). Web pages outside of these ccTLDs were not crawled. The crawl was performed by using a decentralized, parallel crawler called UbiCrawler (Boldi et al., 2002). The crawler is configured to stop tracing further links at a depth of 8 and to download a maximum of 50,000 pages per site. The crawler waits 30 seconds for http header responds before giving up.

Table 1: Number of downloaded pages by ccTLD in comparison to Google and Yahoo

Country ccTLD Robots.

Number of downloaded / cached pages

txt found

Language Observatory (LO)

Google[1] LO / Google

Yahoo[1] LO / Yahoo

UAE ae 125 934,634 4,440,000 0.21 1,140,000 0.82 Afghanistan af 19 141,261 117,000 1.21 30,000 4.71 Azerbaijan az 233 2,251,485 2,310,000 0.97 650,000 3.46 Bangladesh bd 20 207,150 2,840,000 0.07 53,200 3.89 Bahrain bh 23 246,031 1,410,000 0.17 284,000 0.87 Brunei bn 5 94,788 1,240,000 0.08 155,000 0.61 Bhutan bt 9 44,594 233,000 0.19 62,400 0.71 Cyprus cy 127 627,056 2,440,000 0.26 962,000 0.65

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Indonesia id 1,690 5,742,097 22,100,000

0.26 4,250,000 1.35 Israel il 18,30

9 30,943,029

52,300,000

0.59 26,400,000

1.17 India in 2,156 4,262,378 33,300,00

0 0.13 8,220,000 0.52

Iraq iq 0 0 243 0.00 157 0.00 Iran ir 6,230 4,022,270 7,760,000 0.52 5,070,000 0.79 Jordan jo 20 287,341 2,200,000 0.13 545,000 0.53 Kyrgyzstan kg 288 740,921 2,130,000 0.35 348,000 2.13 Cambodia kh 2 64,265 358,000 0.18 192,000 0.33 Kuwait kw 4 59,152 2,510,000 0.02 306,000 0.19 Kazakhstan kz 1,682 6,441,378 3,940,000 1.63 1,670,000 3.86 Lao la 47 146,635 1,210,000 0.12 256,000 0.57 Lebanon lb 56 343,538 2,810,000 0.12 1,350,000 0.25 Sri Lanka lk 37 136,519 1,620,000 0.08 973,000 0.14 Myanmar mm 1 16,759 445,000 0.04 84,100 0.20 Mongolia mn 169 400,141 2,660,000 0.15 273,000 1.47 Maldives mv 6 37,393 414,000 0.09 127,000 0.29 Malaysia my 1,401 6,865,800 25,900,00

0 0.27 219,000 31.35

Nepal np 32 395,901 1,150,000 0.34 481,000 0.82 Oman om 148 145,207 474,000 0.31 179,000 0.81 Philippines ph 442 2,732,525 2,480,000 1.10 6,040,000 0.45 Pakistan pk 82 734,989 4,530,000 0.16 4,060,000 0.18 Palestine ps 9 88,203 1,390,000 0.06 297,000 0.30 Qatar qa 10 52,888 985,000 0.05 190,000 0.28 Saudi Arabia sa 151 1,053,670 6,170,000 0.17 2,120,000 0.50 Singapore sg 2,856 5,771,191 21,700,00

0 0.27 221,000 26.11

Syria sy 5 51,555 632,000 0.08 59,500 0.87 Thailand th 4,398 12,556,80

7 38,000,000

0.33 17,100,000

0.73 Tajikistan tj 19 233,623 219,000 1.07 25,900 9.02 Turkmenistan

tm 23 80,509 255,000 0.32 37,600 2.14 East Timore tp 714 13,213 178,000 0.07 51,500 0.26 Turkey tr 2,770 11,363,63

3 33,900,000

0.34 29,300,000

0.39 Uzbekistan uz 680 2,286,734 2,710,000 0.84 427,000 5.36 Vietman vn 341 4,490,288 14,800,00

0 0.30 5,300,000 0.85

Yemen ye 3 34,128 115,000 0.30 120,000 0.28 Total 107,141,6

79 303,065,243

0.35 118,898,357

0.90 [1] Numbers of Google and Yahoo’s cashed pages are as of August 8, 2006. 3.2 LANGUAGE IDENTIFICATION PROCESS Following the downloading process, the language identification engine LIM (Language Identification Module) is used to simultaneously detect the triplet of language, script and encoding scheme (LSE is used below for this triplet) for each document. The identification is based on the n-gram statistics of documents. The advantages of the n-gram approach are that it does not require a special dictionary or word frequency list for each language, and it can detect encoding scheme. Languages selected here are official or nationally recognized languages in Asian countries based on the United Nation UDHR data. Table 2 below is the complete list of the Asian languages targeted in this survey, classified by language family. For Indonesian official and local native languages is highlighted in bold. Additional information for the languages is also listed: the script(s) for the language and the encodings we trained.

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Table 2: List of Language/Script/Encoding[1] trained, grouped by language family

[Austronesian] [Indo-Iranian] [Dravidian] Achehnese/Latin/Latin1 Assamese/Bengali/UTF-8 Kannada/Kannada/UTF-8 Balinese/Latin/Latin1 Balochi/Arabic/UTF-8 Tamil/Tamil/UTF-8 Bikol/Bicolano/Latin/Latin1 Bengali/Bengali/UTF-8 Tamil/Tamil/Vikata Bugisnese/Latin/Latin1 Bhojpuri/Devanagari/Agra Tamil/Tamil/Shree Cebuano/Latin/Latin1 Dari/Arabic/UTF-8 Tamil/Tamil/Kumudam Filipino/Latin/Latin1 Farsi/Persian/Arabic/UTF-8 Tamil/Tamil/Amudham Hiligaynon/Latin/Latin1 Gujarati/Gujarati/UTF-8 Telugu/Telugu/UTF-8 Indonesian/Latin/Latin1 Hindi/Devanagari/UTF-8 Telugu/Telugu/TLW Javanese/Latin/Latin1 Hindi/Devanagari/Naidunia Telugu/Telugu/Shree Kapampangan/Latin/Latin1 Hindi/Devanagari/Arjun Iloko/Latin/Latin1 Hindi/Devanagari/Shusha [Semitic] Madurese/Latin/Latin1 Hindi/Devanagari/Shivaji Arabic/Arabic/UTF-8 Malay/Latin/Latin1 Hindi/Devanagari/Sanskrit Arabic/Arabic/Arabic Minangkabau/Latin/Latin1 Hindi/Devanagari/Kiran Hebrew/Hebrew/UTF-8 Sundanese/Latin/Latin1 Kashimiri/Devanagari/UTF-8 Hebrew/Hebrew/Hebrew Tetun/Latin/Latin1 Hindi/Devanagari/Shree Waray/Latin/Latin1 Hindi/Devanagari/KrutiDev [Turcic] Hindi/Devanagari/Hungama Abkhaz/Latin/UTF-8 [Austroaiatic] Kurdish/Latin/UTF-8 Abkhaz/Cyrillic/8859-5 Hmong/Latin/Latin1 Magahi/Devanagari/UTF-8 Abkhaz/Cyrillic/Abkh Khmer/Khmer/UTF-8 Magahi/Devanagari/Agra Azeri /Latin/Az.Times Vietnamese/Latin/UTF-8 Marathi/Devanagari/KrutiDev Azeri /Cyrillic/Az.Times Vietnamese/Latin/TCVN Marathi/Devanagari/Shivaji Kazakh/Cyrillic/8859-5 Vietnamese/Latin/VIQR Marathi/Devanagari/Kiran Kazakh/Arabic/UTF-8 Vietnamese/Latin/VPS Marathi/Devanagari/Shree Tatar/Latin/Latin1 Nepali/Devanagari/UTF-8 Turkish/Latin/UTF-8 [Sino-Tibetan] Osetin/Arabic/UTF-8 Turkish/Latin/Turkish Burmese/Burmese/UTF-8 Osetin/Cyrillic/UTF-8 Uighur/Latin/UTF-8 Chinese/Hanzi/GB2312 Pashtu/Arabic/UTF-8 Uighur/Latin/Latin1 Chinese/Hanzi/UTF-8 Punjabi/Arabic/UTF-8 Uzbek/Latin/Latin1 Hani/Latin/Latin Sanskrit/Devanagari/UTF-8 Tamang/Devanagari/UTF-8 Saraiki /Arabic/UTF-8 [Thai-Kidai] Tibetan/Tibetan/UTF-8 Sinhala/Sinhala/UTF-8 Lao/Lao/UTF-8 Sinhala/Sinhala/Kaputa Thai/Thai/TIS620 [Mongolian] Sinhala/Sinhala/Metta Thai/Thai/UTF-8 Mongolian/Cyrillic/UTF-8 Tajiki/Arabic/UTF-8 Zhuang/Latin/Latin1 Mongolian/Cyrillic/8859-5 Urdu/Arabic/UTF-8

[1] Local proprietary encodings are shown in this table by names of font 8 families

4.1 INTRODUCTION TO ASIAN LANGUAGES We can list several language families in the Asian continent; Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Dravidian, Indo-Iranian, Mongolian, Semitic, Sino-Tibetan, Thai-Kadai, Turkic and Tungus. Some of these language families are not firmly established and could be regrouped into larger language groups or could be

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divided into smaller sub-groups. For example, the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus language families can be regrouped into larger language family Altaic, and the Indo-Iranian language family can be divided into the Indo-Aryan, Iranian, and Kafiri. There are some isolated languages around the Asian continent, e.g. Korean, Japanese, Ainu and Burushaski. Some European languages, English, Russian, French, and Portuguese are also used in the region as an official language, and from the mixture of an indigenous language and one of a language, the pidgins or creoles have emerged. Among those language families, Sino-Tibetan has the largest number of speakers estimated at 1.2 billion. Next comes Indo-Iranian, with at least 700 million speakers in India, and more than 200 million people in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran and other South and Middle East Asian countries. Malay in Austronesian language family has around 250 million speaking population in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, southern Philippines and Thailand. Dravidian has about 200 million speakers in India, about 3.6 million in Sri Lanka. Semitic includes a language of many speakers, that is, Arabic, the number of which is estimated to be about 200 million. Other language families have a relatively small number of speakers. Among the isolated languages, Japanese has larger number of speakers with about 125 million and Korean comes with about 75 million. When we describe the Asian languages, we cannot avoid mentioning the diversity of scripts they use. Contrasted with the US and Europe, the diversity is outstanding. In Southeast and South Asian countries, many scripts which come from the Brahmi script are used, and in the East and Near East Asian countries, Hanzi script and some other indigenous scripts are used. Latin Arabic and Cyrillic script are also used with some additional letters and diacritical marks. 4.2 WEB PRESENCE BY COUNTRY The presence on the web of each Asian country is given in Figure 1, where the coloring of map is based on the number of web pages per 1000 population, as this is the reflection of the degree of presence of a country on the Web. This map shows that Israel is the highest (4871 pages per 1000 population) in the rank and Singapore and Cyprus follows respectively. The population data was obtained from the CIA World Factbook (estimates as of July 2006). 4.3 WEB PRESENCE BY LANGUAGE The language identification engine LIM has been trained for more than 200 languages of the world (345 in terms of LSEs) at the time of this survey. Among them, 80 languages are spoken in Asia and the survey found 60 Asian languages among them. The remaining 20 Asian languages are not found at this survey, but note that this does not mean that there are no pages at all for those languages, as the current level of training of LIM is not sufficient and several languages are not yet trained at the time of the survey. Still missing Asian languages from the UDHR listing are Zhuang, Yi, Hmong (including its various dialects), Shan, Karen, Oriya, Divehi, Dzongkha (Bhutanese), etc. The data shown in the fourth column of Tables 3 show the total number of web pages identified as written in the languages shown in the leftmost column 0f the table. The data shown in the third column of Table 3 is the speaker population of that language with statistics taken from the UDHR website. The ranking is based on the number of pages. Table 3 shows that Hebrew, Thai, Tatar, Turkish, Farsi, Vietnamese, Malay, Mongolian, Balochi and Javanese have relatively higher presence on the web. The highest number is for Hebrew, and the second highest for Thai. The fifth column gives the number of pages per 1000 speakers of each language. Almost similar ranking is observed in both the number of pages and the pages per population.

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It can be observed a high degree of “divide” in terms of usage level of languages can be observed even among Asian languages. The number of Hebrew pages per 1000 speakers is 30 times higher than that of the Malay language (ranked tenth in Table 3), 300 times higher than Kashmiri (ranked 20th), and 3,000 times higher than Cebuano (ranked 50th). The speakers’ population of languages is said to follow Zipf’s Law - the n-th ranked language speaker is one of the n-th of the population of the top ranked language. But if we measure the size of language by number of pages written in respective language, the relative size of the 1st, 10th, 20th and 50th ranked language in Table 3 becomes a series of 1, 0.036, 0.0035, 0.0001. Our observation suggests that the number of web pages written in each language follows a far progressive power law curve. The situation evidenced here can be well described as a Digital Language Divide.

Table 3: Number of web pages collected from Asian ccTLDs, by language

Language Script Speaker population

Total number of pages

No. of pages per 1000 speakers

Hebrew Hebrew 4,612,000 11,957,314 18.08

Thai Thai 21,000,000 7,752,785 11.72

Turkish Latin 59,000,000 3,959,328 5.99

Vietnamese Latin 66,897,000 2,006,469 3.03

Arabic Arabic 280,000,000 1,671,122 2.53

Tatar Latin 7,000,000 1,575,442 2.38

Farsi Latin 33,000,000 1,293,880 1.96

Javanese Latin 75,000,000 1,267,981 1.92

Indonesian Latin 140,000,000 866,238 1.31

Malay Latin 17,600,000 432,784 0.65

Sundanese Latin 27,000,000 217,298 0.33

Hindi & others Devanagari 182,000,000 119,948 0.18

Dari Arabic 7,000,000 107,963 0.16

Uzbek Latin 18,386,000 57,212 0.09

Mongolian Cyrillic 2,330,000 51,140 0.08

Kazakh Arabic 8,000,000 48,652 0.07

Madurese Latin 10,000,000 47,246 0.07

Uighur Latin 7,464,000 46,399 0.07

Kashmiri Arabic 4,381,000 41,876 0.06

Pushtu Arabic 9,585,000 41,479 0.06

Balochi Arabic 1,735,000 36,497 0.06

Turkmen Latin 5,397,500 32,156 0.05

Minangkabau Latin 6,500,000 20,766 0.03

Bikol Latin 4,000,000 18,509 0.03

Kyrgyz Arabic 2,631,420 15,606 0.02

Balinese Latin 3,800,000 14,584 0.02

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Punjabi Arabic 25,700,000 14,544 0.02

Sindhi Arabic 19,675,000 12,945 0.02

Achehnese Latin 3,000,000 11,102 0.02

Sinhala Sinhala 13,218,000 10,770 0.02

Kapampangan Latin 2,000,000 10,094 0.02

Iloko Latin 8,000,000 9,180 0.01

Bengali & Assamese Bengali 196,000,000 8,590 0.01

Filipino Latin 14,850,000 5,511 0.01

Waray Latin 3,000,000 5,426 0.01

Bugisnese Latin 3,500,000 3,533 0.01

Burmese Burmese 31,000,000 3,285 0.00

Kurdish Latin 20,000,000 3,135 0.00

Tajiki Arabic 4,380,000 2,430 0.00

Azeri Cyrillic/Latin 13,869,000 3,767 0.00

Tamil Tamil 62,000,000 2,025 0.00

Hiligaynon Latin 7,000,000 1,935 0.00

Dhivehi Thaana 250,000 1,858 0.00

Bhojpuri Devanagari 25,000,000 1,756 0.00

Tibetan Tibetan 1,254,000 1,454 0.00

Cebuano Latin 15,230,000 1,107 0.00

Telugu Telugu 73,000,000 1,072 0.00

Saraiki Arabic 15,020,000 1,036 0.00

Lao Lao 4,000,000 799 0.00

Gujarati Gujarati 44,000,000 765 0.00

Pashto Arabic 9,585,000 259 0.00

Kannada Kannada 33,663,000 164 0.00

Urdu Arabic 54,000,000 70 0.00

Khmer Khmer 7,063,200 65 0.00

Hani Latin 747,000 63 0.00

Asian Languages total (A) 33,838,551 ( 51.2%)

Other Languages total (B) 32,293,912 ( 48.8%)

Identified pages total (A+B) 66,132,463 (100%) (61.7%)

Unidentified pages total (C) 41,009,216 (38.3%)

Matching ratio below threshold [1] 5,701,765 ( 5.3%)

Empty pages 273,187 ( 0.3%)

No matching pages 9,386 (0.0%)

Duplicated pages [2] 35,024,878 (32.7%)

Total downloaded Pages (A+B+C) 107,141,679 (100%) [1] The threshold is set as 20% in this survey; [2] Almost one third of the pages were found to be an exact copy of another pages. We excluded duplicate pages from language identification process.

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5.1 MULTILINGUALISM BY COUNTRY DOMAIN The most recent version of Ethnologue (SIL, 2005) lists close to seven thousand languages around the world. More than 2600 of them are spoken in the Asian region. This indicates that huge scale linguistic diversity is observed in Asia. Among 2600, only around 51 languages are recognized by Asian governments as official or national language(s) of the country and other languages have been recognized as a language of their home use. Official and national language(s) in selected Asian countries is summarized in Table 4.

Table 4: Selected countries with its richest language diversity in Asian region

Country Number of Languages[1]

Country Population[2]

Official or National Languages

Indonesia 742 245,452,739 Indonesian

India 427 1,095,351,995 Assamese, Bengali, English, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Marwari, Nepali, Oriya, Panjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu

China 241 1,313,973,713 Chinese, Zhuang, Uighur, Hmong, Hani

Philippines 180 89,468,677 Filipino, English

Malaysia 147 24,385,858 Malay

Nepal 125 28,287,147 Nepali, Gurung, Tamang

Myanmar 109 47,382,633 Burmese

Vietnam 93 84,402,966 Vietnamese

Laos 82 6,368,481 Lao

Thailand 75 64,631,595 Thai

Iran 74 68,688,433 Arabic, Farsi

Pakistan 69 165,803,560 Urdu, Panjabi, Sindhi, English

Afghanistan 45 31,056,997 Dari, Pashto

Bangladesh 38 147,365,352 Bengali

Bhutan 24 2,279,723 Dzongkha

Iraq 23 26,783,383 Arabic, Kurdi

Cambodia 19 13,881,427 Khmer

Brunei 17 379,444 Malay, English

Mongolia 12 2,832,224 Halh Mongolian

Sri Lanka 8 20,222,240 Sinhala, Tamil, English [1] Ethnologue, Language of the World 15th ed. (2005) [2] CIA Fact book as of July 2006

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Through the survey, the rich diversity of written pages is found in the country with the richest diversity of languages in the region, in Indonesia. It is interesting to note that there is significantly larger number of pages in Javanese compare to Indonesia. It is even more surprising if we also include Malay language. Indonesia and Malay language can be categorized into a single root Indo-Malay language spoken in different dialects. This is the major language found in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, Southern Thailand and Phillipines. The surprising result shows two things: Javanese is dominating web presence in Indonesia and that most of Indo-Malay websites and pages are hosted in generic domains (.com, net, org etc.) and not in ccTLDs of those countries. The lesser Sundanese, Madurese, Achehnese and Bugisnese are found to be of great importance to Indonesia’s local language diversity on the Internet. 5.2 CROSS-BORDER LANGUAGES AND THEIR DOMINANCE Another aspect of the multilingualism in the region is the overwhelming presence of cross-border languages on the web. Here we define two categories of languages. The first category is “local languages”, which are officially recognized language(s) and home speakers’ languages of the state. In principle, all Asian languages listed in Table 3 are considered as local languages. The second category is “cross-border languages”, such as English, French, Russian, Arabic etc., which are used as a language of communication among the peoples of different nations. Arabic can be categorized in two ways. In the South East Asia region, English is recognized as an official language in many countries, but also it is working as an important cross-border language. So we treat English in two ways depending on context of analysis. Figure 2 is prepared to show the relative share of these categories of languages in each country domain.

Figure 2: Cross-border languages presence in South East Asia In South East Asia, the situation is rather different from other sub-regions. Local languages’ share is far higher than in other sub-regions in Asia. Among them, local language has a majority share in Vietnam (69.8%), Thai (64.0%) and Indonesia (58.7%) in various local languages including Javanese, Achehnese, Sundanese, Balinese, etc. English dominance is observed and it is reflected in its use on the Internet.

The survey presented, in spite of its limitations, is probably the first comprehensive survey of Asian languages and in particular of Indonesian national and local languages on the web. The results revealed

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

bn id kh la my mm ph sg th tp vn

South East Asia

% Local Languages % English % Other Cross Boader Languages

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the existence of a worrisome level of the digital language divide and the dominance of cross-border languages in the Asian domains and in particular, the Indonesian internet domains.

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Stephen A. Wurm (Eds.) (2001). Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger of Disappearing. Paris: UNESCO.

Suzuki, I., Mikami, Y., Ohsato, A. (2003). A Language and Character Set Determination Method Based on N-gram Statistics, ACM Transaction on Asian Language Information Processing, Vol. 1. No. 3, September 2002, pp. 269-278.

SIL International, Ethnologue 15th Edition,

UNESCO Publication, (2005). “Diversity and Endangerment of Languages in Nepal”, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Katmandu Office, Nepal.

UNESCO, (2003). (Adopted by the UNESCO General Conference at its 32nd session Promotion and Use of Multilingualism and Universal Access to Cyberspace”.

Vikas, O. (2004). Multilingualism for Cultural Diversity and Universal Access in Cyberspace: an Asian Perspective.

34

Ministry of Communications and Information Technology Republic of Indonesia

“Multilingualism in Indonesia”

Country Paper Presented by:

Moedjiono Senior Advisor to the Minister for International Relations and Digital Divide

in The Regional Consultation on Local Language Computing Policy in Developing Asia

Thimphu, Bhutan 22-24 January 2007

Abstract This paper discusses the Indonesian’s country report on the status of specific initiatives taken up on local language computing policy. Started with identifying the official and other country’s languages literacy as well as the IT infrastructure indicators, then local language computing policy, relevant government Ministries and Departments, Policy initiatives, challenges and future plans. Introduction As geographic participation in the Internet expands, there has been a dramatic increase in its use by diverse linguistic groups. Content reflecting this linguistic diversity has long been available online, but there is substantial demand to continue the development of multilingual access to the Internet, that is, multilingual characters on both sides of the “dot”. Aspects related to multilingual or Internationalised Domain Names (IDNs) have gathered worldwide attention because they relate to a core resource, the Domain Name System (DNS). The needs for timely deployment of IDNs to meet global demand and to preserve interoperability and global addressability have emphasized the necessity of global communication, and participation on this issue. History of Multilingualism and the Domain Name System Internationalisation measures, including IDNs, might be the largest change in Internet operation since TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) was introduced. Furthermore, IDN deployment might be more significant and complex than the original DNS introduction. To fully understand the difficulties related to internationalisation of the domain name space, it is important and useful to give a briefly review the history of IDN technology development. Consideration of internationalising domain nems goes back to the developmental stages of the Internet in the 1970s. During this time period, there were discussions around the usability of languages and scripts. However, the technology that is available and deployed in the Domain Name System today allows practically any character in the registration of a domain name was not developed at that time.

35

Therefore, a decision was made to limit the characters available for registration of domain names to ASCII (characters of letters a-z, digits 0-9, and hyphen “-“). In 2003, the topic was raised again among technical bodies, and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) released the Standards (RFCs 3490, 3491, and 3492) that also often referred to as IDNA (IDNs in Application). These standards provide technical guidelines for successful deployment of IDNs, that is, a mechanism to handle non-ASCII characters in domain names in a standard fashion. It works by converting names with non-ASCII characters to ASCII labels that the Domain Name System will understand. Subsequently, a group of Top Level Domain (TLD) registries and ICANN released version 1.0 of the “IDN Guidelines”. These guidelines were created for generic TLD (gTLD) registries to follow when implementing IDNs at the second level only. Work is underway by the IDN TLD registry working group to amend these Guidelines further in the context of a Best Current Practice framework to ensure that the guideline directions will be used deeper into the DNS hierarchy and in particular as a set of principles for the implementation of internationalised top level labels.

Introduction After struggling with many different problems of development and poverty reduction in the world, United Nations made a strategic decision to solve the problems using the power of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Access to ICT is seen as an essential factor for development and the improvement of the well-being of society, what we are going to reach as target of the World Summit of the Information Society (WSIS) in 2015, i.e., the Information Society. The Information Society is characterized by the profound impact of ICT across the socio-economic, political and cultural areas of society. Economic activities at the supply and demand levels are transformed, giving the emphasis to the transmission of information and knowledge. Vast amounts of information are disseminated through ICTs worldwide and those who have no access to these technologies are left at a disadvantage, being unable to participate and share fully in the benefits of the Information Society. The WSIS’s Declaration of Principles underscores the importance of ICT infrastructure for the establishment of an inclusive Information Society. ([WSIS 2005], 14) paragraph 21, states that: “Connectivity is a central enabling agent in building the Information Society. Universal, ubiquitous, equitable and affordable access to ICT infrastructure and services constitutes one of the challenges of the Information Society and should be an objective of all stakeholders involved in building it”. To realize the concepts of connectivity in building the Information Society needs the basic ICT policy that is difficult enough of a challenge for developing states. Don MacLean summarizes the key factors in the lack of developing country participation in relation to international ICT policies as: a) lack of awareness of the importance of ICT-related issues in relation to development goals; b) lack of technical and policy capacity; c) lack of easy, affordable and timely access to information; d) weaknesses in governance processes; and e) financial barriers ([MacLean 2004], 8). These are not easily addressed, and greater participation in Internet Governance bodies will be a long-term process for many nations and groups. However, the issues are not always a mere lack of policy development expertise. Some countries have robust policies on information and communication with governance components, which have never been implemented. There is a great for sharing experiences through regional groups to forge shared priorities and collaborative projects, for example, Open Regional Dialog on Internet Governance (ORDIG) - a project of United Nations Development Programme in Asia-Pacific Development Information

36

Programme (UNDP-APDIP), and WSIS as an opportunity to strengthen a new model of global governance through multilateral and multistakeholders public private partnership. Indonesia’s Great Challenges The Republic of Indonesia has great challenges in ICT industry’s development, with the unique characteristics compared to other countries in particular, as follows: - Geographically, Indonesia is located in South East Asia, have a total area of 9.8 million square kilometers, of which 81% is sea. It is the world’s largest archipelagic country comprising of 5 main islands and 30 small islands and over 17,000 islands, of which a third are inhabited. The country is divided into 33 provinces, 268 regencies, 73 municipalities, 4,044 subdistricts and 69,065 villages. The population of the country projected at 222,6 millions, the fourth most populous country in the world, with uneven distribution. The culture is very diversified with more than 520 ethnic groups and 742 languages, of which 737 are indigenous languages. The country has more rural than urban areas with urban teledensity of 11-25%, rural density 0.2%, around 43.022 villages (62.3% from 69,065 villages) without phones. - Today’s infrastructures (in early 2006) are:

= Telephone lines : 9.4 millions (fixed) and 27.9 millions (mobile). = Public phone : 382,000 units. = Internet penetration : 1,2 millions subscriber and 12 millions users. = Internet Kiosks : 261,000. = Internet Exchanges (IX) : 3. = Internet users per 100 population : 3.76. = Computers penetration : 2,519,000. = Computers per 100 population : 1.19. = Internet host computers : 62,036. = Internet host computers per 100 population : 0.03. = Total International bandwith (Mbps) : 573 Mbps. = Bits per inhabitant : 2.7. = Internet access cost (20 hours/month) in US$: 22.26 = ISP : 140 licenses, 35 operational. = Radio Broadcasting : 1,400 stations (nation-wide and local). = TV Broadcasting : 10 nation-wide networks. = Pay TV : 4 TV cables, 2 DBS TV.

- The prediction of bandwidth consumption, internet users and computer population, based on the study by the Palapa Ring Team [Postel 2006], are as follows: 2006 2015 = Bandwith Consumption 7,000,000 Kbps 78,067,335 Kbps = Internet Users (Fair) 8,252,437 16,518,890 Internet Users (Optimist) 17,247,683 34,524,659 = PC Population (Fair) 2,541,027 5,086,370 PC Population (Optimist) 8,304,327 16,622,758 - Total IT market in Indonesia for 2007: will reach US$1.9 billion with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10% from 2002 to 2007 (source: IDC). - The Indonesian ICT vision is “To establish a global competitive Indonesian Knowledge-Based Society based on national values and cultures”.

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Based on those data mentioned above, Indonesia have a great challenges in ICT industry’s development to support the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals and objectives, including the Millennium Development Goals. The problem is how we can manage and realize the connectivity in the very big diversity and very wide digital divide, as well as several “affirmative action” from the government and other stakeholders to achieve the goals and objectives. Why care about Internet Governance? The Internet is a public facility that plays an increasing role in social and economic development. It is recognised as the foundation of the information society. It provides an innovative environment that enables faster and cheaper communication. It is becoming the basis of global trade and important means to help achieve many essential development goals. But the price of this success includes not only the effects of increased scale but also tensions arising from operating in a global environment which is multilingual, multicultural, multi-jurisdictional and cross-border. These tensions manifest themselves in problems associated with the allocation of Internet resources such as those the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) oversees, multilingualism, interconnection arrangements and pricing, spam, cyber-crime and security, and they are also the issues most often and most emphatically raised. The Internet Governance is an essential element for a people-centred, inclusive, development-oriented and non-discriminatory Information Society. A development-oriented approach to Internet Governance is critical for ensuring that the benefits of the Information Society are available to all. Its governance should constitute a core issue of the Information Society agenda. The international management of the internet should be multilateral, transparent and democratic, with full involvement of governments, the private sector, civil society and international organizations. It should ensure an equitable distribution of resources, facilitate access for all and ensure a stable and secure functioning of the internet, taking into account multilingualism. The stability and security of the Internet as a global facility, and to ensuring the requisite legitimacy of its governance, based on the full participation of all stakeholders, from both developed and developing countries, within their respectives roles and responsibilities. Internet use in the Asia-Pacific region has grown in leaps and bounds over the last decade. Between 2000 and 2003 alone the Internet population in the region grew by an annual average of 38 to 250 million users, making the Asia-Pacific region the world’s largest Internet community. Estimates put this number today over 300 million and predict further strong growth. These impressive numbers notwithstanding, overall penetration rates are still very low in most countries. Many remain excluded from the benefits of the Information Society and much remains to be done to make new ICTs, in particular the Internet, work for inclusive human development. Following the definition adopted from (*WSIS 2005+, 75), “A working definition of Internet Governance is the development and application by governments, the private sector and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision making procedures, and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the Internet”. It refers to all policies and interventions that influence the structure, operation and use of the Internet. These policies and interventions are linked to development objectives in many ways. The choice of technical Internet standards determines how easy it is to adopt Internet technologies to local needs, such as multilingual capabilities. Likewise, the rules for the global Internet naming and addressing system determine who has access to critical infrastructure components that ensure global connectivity.

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Policy decisions in this area influence a wide array of the Internet’s practical characteristics including costs for access and content, speed, reliability and privacy of network services. In a nutshell, Internet governance critically determines how widely and how fairly the opportunities of the information society can spread and thus, what benefits the Internet holds in store for all users. Making the Internet work for sustainable human development requires policies and interventions that are responsive to the specific needs of all countries. It requires a strong voice from different stakeholders and their constructive engagement in the policy-making processes related to the Internet Governance. This is a huge challenge, especially for developing countries because presently, Internet Governance comprises a range of different rule-making bodies and systems. ICANN, for example, manages the domain name system and is under the control of the U.S. government. Helping to set technical standards are the International Telecommunication Union, an international organization; the private-sector-led Internet Engineering Task force; and the more academic World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). They vary dramatically in their structures and operating models, in their degree of openness and transparency and thus, in their accountability, inclusiveness to developmental concerns. Developing countries are further challenged by the global nature of the Internet that puts many areas of Internet Governance beyond the direct control of any individual country and into the realm of global cooperation. Furthermore, participation is far-away for and is often costly and complicated for stakeholders from developing countries. Timing also poses a problem. The most fundamental rules for Internet Governance are already well established or under long-trem negotiation and newcomers to the Internet have had little opportunity to generate awareness across all stakeholder groups, mobilize the required policy expertise and coordinate strategies for effective engagement. In sum, the march of Internet Governance continues and threatens to leave behind developing countries that are forfeiting opportunities for an inclusive Information Society. In order for developing countries to participate in policy-making, there must be a forum to allow them to do so. The WSIS meeting in Tunis 2005 has decided to form a forum called Internet Governance Forum (IGF) for multi-stakeholder policy dialogue. The mandate of the forum is to: ([WSIS 2005], 82) a. Discuss public policy issues related to key elements of Internet Governance in order to foster the sustainability, robustness, security, stability and development of the Internet. b. Facilitate discourse between bodies dealing with different cross-cutting international public policies regarding the Internet and discuss issues that do not fall within the scope of any existing body. c. Interface with appropriate intergovernmental organizations and other institutions on matters under their purview. d. Facilitate the exchange of information and best practices, and in this regard make full use of the expertise of the academic, scientific and technical communities. e. Advise all stakeholders in proposing ways and means to accelerate the availability and affordability of the Internet in the developing world. f. Strengthen and enhance the engagement of stakeholders in existing and/or future Internet Governance mechanisms, particularly those from developing countries. g. Identify emerging issues, bring them to the intention of the relevant bodies and the general public, and, where appropriate, make recommendations. h. Contribute to capacity building for Internet Governance in developing countries, drawing fully on local sources of knowledge and expertise. i. Promote and assess, on an ongoing basis, the embodiment of WSIS principles in Internet Governance processess. j. Discuss, inter alia, issues relating to critical Internet resources.

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k. Help to find solutions to the issues arising from the use and misuse of the Internet, of particular concern to everyday users. l. Publish its proceedings. The IGF would have no oversight function and would not replace existing arrangements, mechanisms, institutions or organizations, but would involve them and take advantage of their expertise. It would be constituted as a neutral, non-duplicative and non-binding process. It would no involvement in day-to-day or technical operations of the internet. The development of multi-stakeholder processes at the national, regional and international levels is needed to discuss and collaborate on the expansion and diffusion of the internet as a means to support development efforts to achieve internationally agreed development goals and objectives, including the Millennium Development Goals. Indonesia’s Internet Governance The status of Internet in Indonesia is still at the stage of development both at the urban and rural levels. Currently, Internet in Indonesia is expanding in the urban segments and multi pronged efforts are being made by government and private enterprises to improve infrastructure, reduce costs and to make it accessible to the people. The real challenge for the Internet for improving the quality of life of rural Indonesian society is inequality or imbalance (digital divide) of Internet accessability. The majority of Indonesians cannot afford individual Internet access. Additionally, roughly 90% of homes do not have telephone lines let alone computers. Thus, if the Internet is to become widespread in the country, it would have to be through public locations. Indeed, statistics indicate that the majority of Indonesians already access the Internet from public locations such as Internet Café called Warnets. The high price of internet access is caused by two major variable cost components of a large Internet Service Provider (ISP) operating from Indonesia, i.e., the cost of domestic lines and the international bandwith. The Indonesian prices for international bandwith are significantly higher compared to other country, even when compared to its Asia-Pacific peer countries. For example, the price of a 2Mbps full-circuit international link in Indonesia costs four to five times the price charged in India and EU benchmark. Since leased lines are a critical producer good for ISPs, high leased line prices naturally results in high retail price for Internet services. In the Indonesian case, the inadequate supply of network infrastructure, both of backbone and leased lines, resulted in Wi-Fi being chosen as a substitute for filling the missing link in the network. The high price of last mile infrastructure, i.e., domestic leased lines prices, meant that ISPs and others relied on a more cost-effective solution in the form of Wi-Fi links. High price of international bandwith saw ISPs connecting directly to satellites for their link to the Internet backbone. The high retail price of Internet service spawned a large number of unlicensed reseller-ISPs using Wi-Fi to recoup the high price. Finally, the significantly high price for basic communication infrastructure that is critical for Indonesia’s transition into a developed economy, indicate a failure of the market and the regulatory structure that has allowed such high prices. In order to address the problem of not enough supply of network infrastructure, the government could invest in creating more backbone by lying submarine and terrestrial cable and creating a fiber ring connecting the main islands, as it has proposed to do under the Palapa Ring Project. On the other hand, Indonesian e-commerce and e-business content on the internet is quite extensive. A good example of such content can be found at http://www.indo.com. It is one of the most popular websites for tourism in Indonesia. It carries various tourism-related pages, such as information on the culture of the country, hotel reservations and local activities. However, the WebPages may not be reflective of all Indonesian e-commerce and e-business activities.

40

Indonesia’s Internet Governance priorities based on the ORDIG survey, a project of UNDP-APDIP (ranked by dissatisfaction with management of status quo) ([Butt 2005], 126), is as follows: Rank in

rest of

Asia-

Pacific

Region

Rank

in

Indo-

Nesia

Issue %

dissatis-

fied

%

satis-

fied

%

no

view

3

1

2

4

6

9

8

13

16

14

7

5

10

17

12

11

15

19

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Spam

Cybercrime, online fraud

Virus attack

Illegal content

Availability and cost of Internet

Online access to government information

Reliability and Speed of Internet

Availability of local language software

Network interconnection/backbone access

Internet telephony (VoIP)

Wireless Internet: spectrum and access

Privacy online

e-Commerce payment systems

ISP market conditions

Availability of local content

Fair access to/protection of intellectual property

Secure server/encryption

Domain names with non-Roman character sets (IDN)

95.6

95

94.4

84.9

80.5

76.1

75.5

67.9

67.1

66.5

66.0

62.7

60.4

60.1

58.5

53.2

39.2

34.2

4.4

5

5.6

15.1

18.2

21.4

23.9

26.4

28.5

23.4

23.9

34.2

33.3

29.7

40.3

37.3

43.1

34.8

0

0

0

0

1.3

2.5

0.6

5.7

4.4

10.1

10.13

.2

6.3

10.1

1.3

9.5

17.6

31.0

15.4

41

18

20

21

22

19

20

21

22

Access to technical standards and their adaptability

Domain name management

IP address allocation/management

Own skills for using Internet

34.0

32.7

29.3

13.3

50.6

57.2

54.8

84.8

10.1

15.9

1.9

Compared to Asia-Pacific concerns and priorities (ranked by level of dissatisfaction) is as follows. Issue % dissatisfied % satisfied

Cybercrime

Virus

Spam

Illegal content

Privacy

Availability/Cost

Reliability/Speed

Wireless

Availability of Public Information

e-Commerce Payment

Local Language Software

IPR

Local Content

Internet Telephony

Network Interconnection

ISP Market Conditions

Secure Server/Encryption

94

93

93

82

66

61

59

59

58

53

53

52

52

51

47

46

44

5

6

7

16

31

38

40

25

39

37

39

31

42

30

39

34

33

42

Technical Standards

IDNs

DNS Management

IP Address

37

37

35

32

39

23

44

40

In general, the survey clearly points out a number of eminent problems in Internet Governance that require urgent attention. Most respondents were not happy with the current situation of several major topics of Internet Governance, pointing to a governance system that is far from perfect and leaves much to be improved. In case of Indonesia, there are several major findings, as follows: 1. In line with all other countries in the Asia-Pacific the Internet community in Indonesia regards cyber attacks, spam and viruses as the most pressing issues for Internet Governance. Virus attacks and online fraud are on the rise and becoming ever more sophisticated and although Indonesia’s spam problem is still relatively small, it is growing steadily. Developing effective policy responses to these problems is very demanding. It requires a concerted effort by all stakeholder groups and cooperation at national, regional and international levels. 2. Infrastructure issues, such as access, affordability and reliability of the Internet continue to feature very high on the list of concerns in Indonesia, higher in fact than in most other countries in the region. Indonesia’s difficult geography is partly responsible for this situation. But policy also matters. The right policy framework which removes artificial barriers to service choice and market access, and preserves spaces for new business models and experimentation with new technologies can make a significant difference. Current regulations and practices in Indonesia with regard to backbone access, Internet exchange points and Internet telephony are not optimally supportive. However, worth noting is Indonesia’s progress on the governance of Wi-Fi technologies that could set an encouraging precedence for the treatment of future wireless technologies. 3. Topics related to multilingualism, such as the availability of local language software and local content, are major concerns for the Indonesian Internet community. Indonesians are significantly more dissatisfied with the protection of privacy on the Internet and the availability of government information online. The latter is a challenge that relates directly to e-government strategies of the state and thus, could be most directly addressed through appropriate policy changes. 4. Internet Governance problems are highly interrelated and cut across sectoral, political, and geographical boundaries. This poses considerable challenges for existing governance structures and requires a new quality of cooperation and openness to adequately address the most pressing Internet Governance priorities in a transparent, inclusive and accountable manner. The UN Working Group on Internet Governance in its final report consequently recommends, in this respect, the “creation of a new space for dialogue for all stakeholders on an equal footing”, thereby setting the stage for moving productively forward with the Internet Governance agenda during the World Summit on the Information Society in Tunis in November 2005. Another findings, there are a number of specific opportunities that can be identified to foster cultural inclusion in the Asia-Pacific region, as follows: ([Butt 2005], 85)

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1. Localization. The building of Internet related software and operating systems to local languages. As language is the basis of culture, the most urgent and basic priority is to provide opportunities for all people to use their native languages with information technology. 2. Shared infrastructure for local content initiatives. With many local content providers facing similar market and technical issues with respect to their initiatives, there may be opportunities to support them at a regional level. This could be through policy vision mechanisms to develop a shared understanding of local content issues and potentials, as well as coordination bodies to share infrastructure. 3. Regional Taskforces on Intellectual Property. Intellectual Property is one of the key issues threatening cultural diversity online. This is due to the harmonization of lawas, treaties, technologies, language and genre that the Internet’s global network facilitates. 4. Supporting collective Ownership Mechanisms and Alternative Programmes. The traffic of both concept and law in global Intellectual Property arrangements follows clear geo-political lines: it emerges from the most developed nations to be implemented in the lesser developed. It is crucial that the diverse ways that cultures generate and circulate intellectual products can be maintained. While harmonization of particular arrangements can be useful for international cooperation, care must be taken in committing to Intellectual Property agendas whose full implications for local cultures may not be clear. A strong commitment to multistakeholder approaches in policy development will be the surest way of gaining the diversity of local perspectives needed for responsive policy. First IGF Meeting As broadcasted worldwide, the overall theme chosen of the Athens First IGF meeting is Internet Governance for Development, with capacity building as a cross cutting priority. In preparation to this meeting, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) in cooperation with the Asia Pacific Development Information Programme of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP-APDIP) organized a three days Regional Workshop on Capacity Building in Public Policy Issues of Internet Use for Business Development in Asia and the Pacific, at United Nations Conference Centre (UNCC), Bangkok, Thailand, from 18-20 October 2006. The main objective of the workshop was discussing and developing a set of training modules on the use of Internet for business development that aims to serve as a policy making reference, principally, for senior to middle level ICT and Internet policy makers and implementors of public policy issues of Internet Governance in developing countries and countries with economies in transition in Asia and the Pacific. The developed modules are expected to serve as an introductory guide to the various issues and legislative/policy options that, especially, encourage small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) to take advantages of the Internet to actively participate in the global and national markets. The IGF overall theme will be divided into four broad themes, i.e., Openness, Security, Diversity, and Access. Based on the findings in Indonesia’s Internet Governance priorities above, the four broad themes that will be discussed, are as follows. 1. Security. WSIS recognized that increasing confidence and security in the use of ICTs is a key principle for building an open Information Society. The Geneva Declaration of Principles calls for “building confidence and security in the use of ICTs and strengthening the trust framework, including information security and network security, authentication, privacy and consumer protection” as a key principle for the development of the Information Society. Furthermore, the Geneva Declaration states that “a global culture of cyber-security needs to be promoted, developed and implemented in cooperation with all stakeholders and international expert bodies. These efforts sholud be supported by increased

44

international cooperation. Within this global culture of cyber-security, it is important “to enhance security and to ensure the protection of data and privacy, while enhancing access and trade”. As describe above, the Internet has the potential to enable all users to communicate and acess and generate a wealth of information and opportunity. Achieving its full potential to support commercial and social relationships requires an environment that promotes and ensures users’ trust and confidence and provides a stable and secure platform for commerce. Internet security is a key element of building confidence and trust among users of ICTs. Each new device and interconnected network increases the capacity for users and their communities to make beneficial economic and social advances. However, each of them also increase the exposure of individuals and organizations to potential harm. Threats such as phishing, malicious viruses and other forms of cybercrime and spam undermine users’ confidence, while security and privacy breaches threaten users’ trust. Solving these problems depends on a heightened awareness and understanding among all stakeholders of the importance of a secure Internet infrastructure. It will involve a combination of initiatives, first and foremost awareness raising among the different stakeholders at all levels dealing with legislative, regulatory, law enforcement, and technological aspects. It also requires enhancing the users’abilities to control their data and personal information. One major concern is to find the appropriate balance between ensuring freedom of expression, protecting privacy and fighting crime. Ultimately, the responsibility for ensuring Internet security rests with all stakeholders, including the end users, and requires cooperation among them. 2. Access. WSIS recognized the importance of an enabling environment to enhance the development of the ICT infrastructure. The Geneva Declaration specified that such an enabling environment should be accompanied by a supportive, transparent, pro-competitive, technologically neutral and predictable policy and regulatory framework. WSIS also called for the development and use of open, interoperable, non-discriminatory and demand-driven standards that take into account needs of users and consumers as a basic element for the development and greater diffusion of ICTs and more affordable access to them, particularly in developing countries. Furthermore, WSIS raised concerns regarding International Internet Connectivity (IIC) and called for the development of strategies for increasing affordable global connectivity to facilitate access for all. Access may be the single most important issue to most people, in particular in developing countries. Access is vital to empowering more and more individuals to explore the powerful resource that the Internet represents. There are several factors that condition the availability and affordability of the Internet. The right regulatory environment at national level can do much to foster the deployment and growth of the Internet. National policies can encourage investment in capacity and growth, support the local exchange of traffic including the establishment of local Internet exchange points (IXPs). They can create a favourable legal climate for supporting e-commerce, promote the extension of broadband networks, and encourage competition in the ISP industry that lowers prices. Another element that influences the availability and affordability of the Internet are international connectivity prices and costs. Interconnection standards and agreements, including peering arrangements, are critical to the successful functioning of the Internet and for maintaining its end-to-end and cost effective availability, and reliability. 3. Diversity. WSIS recognized that fostering and respecting cultural diversity is one of the key principles for building an open Information Society. In this context, multilingualism emerged as one of the key issues. The Tunis Agenda includes a commitment “to work towards multilingualization of the Internet, as part of a multilateral, transparent and democratic process, involving governments and all stakeholders, in

45

their respective roles”. It also supports “local content development, translation and adaptation, digital archives, and diverse forms of digital and traditional media”, and recognizes that these activities can also strengthen local and indigeneous communities. The consultations and the contributions received in the preparatory process of the Athens meeting emphasized the importance all stakeholders attach to this issue. By now, almost one billion people use the Internet. Many of these people cannot read or write in English and they use languages that do not use scripts derived from the Latin alphabet. They would like to use the Internet in their own language and with their native script. A multilingual Internet will foster an inclusive, democratic, legitimate, respectful, and locally empowering Information Society. A key element of promoting multilingualism on the Internet is creating the availability of information in local languages. Building the capacity of both individuals and institutions in creating this local content is one of the key development issues to be discussed under this theme. Additionally, many task specific multilingual applications need to be developed. The domain names are incapable of displaying characters not contained in the English alphabet. The challenge is to develop Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs) while preserving the security and stability of the Domain Name System (DNS). This is a difficult technological and policy challenge. 4. Openness. The Geneva Declaration of Principles and the Tunis Commitment refer to and underline the importance of freedom of expression and the free flow of information, ideas and knowledge as essential building blocks for the Information Society which relies and depends on these for its continued development. Openness is one of the key founding principles and characteristics of the Internet. The open nature of the Internet is part of its uniqueness, and its importance as a tool to advance human development. Internet users trade ideas and information and build on both, thus increasing the wealth of knowledge for everyone. Never have so many people been able to communicate and therefore to express themselves (i.e. to hold, receive and impart information and ideas regardless of frontiers) as richly and as clearly at such a low cost as they can today using Internet. The communications possibilities of the Internet are enhanced over any previous medium as they allow for rapid communication by voice, printed text, picture and video across the same network. Access to knowledge and empowering people with information and knowledge that is available on the Internet is a critical objective of an inclusive Information Society and to continued economic and social development. Conclusion and Recommendation Bridging the digital divide is a major challenge facing the global community for the establishment of an inclusive Information Society. To meet this challenge, the future evolution of Internet Governance mechanisms must be designed to take into account the need to increase participation of developing countries in the international policy-making and coordination of Internet development. The creation of policy-making forum with involvement of stakeholders, inline with the roles defined by the WSIS, will increase awareness and enable developing countries to push forward their agendas. It will also facilitate the coordination of local development policies with the international direction. Based on several findings mentioned above, several recommendations on public policy issues/ programmes coordination in Internet Governance to be discussed, in order to increase the security, access, diversity, and openness, are as follows: 1. Enhance the capacity building programmes through exchange of experiences and knowledge, best

practices, support of expertise, technology transfer, pilot project priorities, etc.; 2. Multilevel, multistakeholders Public Private Partnership in the programmes development;

46

3. The discussion in Security theme should examine the role of technology, legislation and greater awareness among end users and new models of cooperation across law enforcement agencies and business to address security issues. Sub-theme issues, are: - Creating trust and confidence through collaboration; - Protecting users from spam, phishing and viruses while protecting privacy, by inter alia,

developing the early warning alert to the internet threat; - Enhanced network security, by inter alia, close coordination among institutions to overcome

the security threat, cybercrime, and to be able to create a condusive and save internet network;

4. The discussion in Access theme should explore various barriers to access that people face in terms of availability and affordability including connection costs, national policies that influence the spread of the Internet, and the role of open standards in facilitating access. Sub-theme issues, are:

- Interconnection policies and costs; - Interoperability and open standards; - Availability and affordability; - Regulatory and other barriers to access; - Capacity building to improve access; 5. The discussion in Diversity theme should focus on how to build a multilingual Internet to increase access to and participation on the Internet and in Internet Governance processes, and to inform better on who the various actors are and on current efforts to promote a multilingual Internet and local content and overcoming barriers to the development of content in different languages. Sub-theme issues, are:

- Promoting multilingualism, including IDN; - Developing local content;

6. The discussion in Openness theme should identify the appropriate enabling legal, policy and regulatory frameworks that preserve openness as one of the key founding principles of the Internet. Sub-theme issues, are:

- Free flow of information; - Freedom of expression; - Empowerment and access to ideas and knowledge; - Equal footing principle;

Bibliography [Butt 2005] Butt, Danny, Internet Governance: Asia-Pacific Perspectives, UNDP-APDIP, ELSEVIER,

New Delhi, 2005. [Drake 2005] Drake, William J. (Editor), Reforming Internet Governance: Perspectives from the

Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG), UNICT-Task Force, New York, 2005. [Karan 2004] Karan, Kavita, Cyber Communities in Rural Asia (A study of Seven Asian Countries),

Marshall Cavendish Academic, Singapore, 2004. [MacLean 2004] MacLean, Don, Herding Schrodinger’s Cats: Some Conceptual Tools for thinking

about Internet Governance, Background paper for the ITU Workshop on Internet Governance, Geneva, 26-27 February 2004, http//:www.itu.int/osg/spu/forum/intgov04/ contributions/itu-workshop-feb-04-internet-governance-background.pdf, accessed 9 October 2006, p.8.

[MacLean 20041] MacLean, Don (Editor), Internet Governance: A Grand Collaboration, UNICT- Task force, New York, 2004.

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[Postel 2006] Ditjen Postel, Proyeksi Kebutuhan Bandwith Nasional untuk Internet Protokol di Indonesia 2006-2025, Tim Palapa Ring Ditjen Postel, 30 Agustus 2006.

[Stauffacher 2005] Stauffacher, Daniel and Wolfgang Kleinwachter (Editor), The World Summit on the Information Society: Moving from the Past into the Future, UNICT Task Force, New York, 2005.

[WSIS 2005] International Telecommunication Union (ITU), World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) Outcome Documents: Geneva 2003 – Tunis 2005, ITU, Geneva, December 2005.

[Yoon 2006] Yoon, Chin Saik, Digital Review of AsiaPacific 2005/2006, Claude-Yves Charron, Southbound, Penang, 2006.

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Republic of Indonesia

Position Paper: “The Development of the Indonesia’s Internet Governance 2007”

Presented by:

Sardjoeni Moedjiono – Ministry of Communication and Information Technology and the Republic of Indonesia Delegation for Internet Governance Forum II *)

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 12 - 15 November 2007

Abstract This paper discusses the basic ICT condition especially the Internet Governance in Indonesia. Started with identifying the current condition of Indonesian ICT infrastructure and Internet Governance compared to Asia-Pacific region, then identifying the Public Policy issues needed, by ranking from the most to the least needed based on the survey done by the Open Regional Dialog on Internet Governance (ORDIG), and taking into account some inputs from private sector, especially Internet stakeholders. Then, the organization and progress of the need for easy and affordable access of information for anyone, anywhere, at anytime by anything requires to organize and govern the Internet in Indonesia is discussed. Indonesia’s unique characteristics and the Internet Governance Development The Republic of Indonesia has the unique characteristics compared to other countries in particular, as follows: - Geographically, Indonesia is located in South East Asia, have a total area of 9.8 million square kilometers, of which 81% is sea. It is the world’s largest archipelagic country comprising of 5 main islands and 30 small islands and over 17,000 islands, of which a third are inhabited. The country is divided into 33 provinces, 268 regencies, 73 municipalities, 4,044 subdistricts and 69,065 villages. The population of the country projected at 222,6 millions, the fourth most populous country in the world, with uneven distribution. The culture is very diversified with more than 520 ethnic groups and 742 languages, of which 737 are indigenous languages. The country has more rural than urban areas with urban teledensity of 11-25%, rural density 0.2%, around 43.022 villages (62.3% from 69,065 villages) without phones. - Today’s infrastructures (in early 2006) are:

= Telephone lines : 9.4 millions (fixed) and 27.9 millions (mobile). = Public phone : 382,000 units. = Internet penetration : 1,2 millions subscriber and 12 millions users. = Internet Kiosks : 261,000. = Internet Exchanges (IX) : 3. = Internet users per 100 population : 3.76. = Computers penetration : 2,519,000.

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= Computers per 100 population : 1.19. = Internet host computers : 62,036. = Internet host computers per 100 population : 0.03. = Total International bandwith (Mbps) : 573 Mbps. = Bits per inhabitant : 2.7. = Internet access cost (20 hours/month) in US$: 22.26 = ISP : 140 licenses, 35 operational. = Radio Broadcasting : 1,400 stations (nation-wide and local). = TV Broadcasting : 10 nation-wide networks. = Pay TV : 4 TV cables, 2 DBS TV.

- The prediction of bandwidth consumption, internet users and computer population, based on the study by the Palapa Ring Team [Postel 2006], are as follows: 2006 2015 = Bandwith Consumption 7,000,000 Kbps 78,067,335 Kbps = Internet Users (Fair) 8,252,437 16,518,890 Internet Users (Optimist) 17,247,683 34,524,659 = PC Population (Fair) 2,541,027 5,086,370 PC Population (Optimist) 8,304,327 16,622,758 - Total IT market in Indonesia for 2007: will reach US$1.9 billion with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10% from 2002 to 2007 (source: IDC). - The Indonesian ICT vision is “To establish a global competitive Indonesian Knowledge-Based Society based on national values and cultures”. Based on those data mentioned above, Indonesia have a great challenges in ICT industry’s development to support the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals and objectives, including the Millennium Development Goals. The problem is how we can manage and realize the connectivity in the very big diversity and very wide digital divide, as well as several “affirmative action” from the government and other stakeholders to achieve the goals and objectives. The status of Internet in Indonesia is still at the stage of development both at the urban and rural levels. Currently, Internet in Indonesia is expanding in the urban segments and multi pronged efforts are being made by government and private enterprises to improve infrastructure, reduce costs and to make it accessible to the people. The real challenge for the Internet for improving the quality of life of rural Indonesian society is inequality or imbalance (digital divide) of Internet accessability. The majority of Indonesians cannot afford individual Internet access. Additionally, roughly 90% of homes do not have telephone lines let alone computers. Thus, if the Internet is to become widespread in the country, it would have to be through public locations. Indeed, statistics indicate that the majority of Indonesians already access the Internet from public locations such as Internet Café called Warnets. The high price of internet access is caused by two major variable cost components of a large Internet Service Provider (ISP) operating from Indonesia, i.e., the cost of domestic lines and the international bandwith. The Indonesian prices for international bandwith are significantly higher compared to other country, even when compared to its Asia-Pacific peer countries. For example, the price of a 2Mbps full-circuit international link in Indonesia costs four to five times the price charged in India and EU benchmark. Since leased lines are a critical producer good for ISPs, high leased line prices naturally results in high retail price for Internet services. In the Indonesian case, the inadequate supply of network infrastructure, both of backbone and leased lines, resulted in Wi-Fi being chosen as a substitute for filling the missing link in the network. The high price of last mile infrastructure, i.e.,

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domestic leased lines prices, meant that ISPs and others relied on a more cost-effective solution in the form of Wi-Fi links. High price of international bandwith saw ISPs connecting directly to satellites for their link to the Internet backbone. The high retail price of Internet service spawned a large number of unlicensed reseller-ISPs using Wi-Fi to recoup the high price. Finally, the significantly high price for basic communication infrastructure that is critical for Indonesia’s transition into a developed economy, indicate a failure of the market and the regulatory structure that has allowed such high prices. In order to address the problem of not enough supply of network infrastructure, the government could invest in creating more backbone by lying submarine and terrestrial cable and creating a fiber ring connecting the main islands, as it has proposed to do under the Palapa Ring Project. On the other hand, Indonesian e-commerce and e-business content on the internet is quite extensive. A good example of such content can be found at http://www.indo.com. It is one of the most popular websites for tourism in Indonesia. It carries various tourism-related pages, such as information on the culture of the country, hotel reservations and local activities. However, the WebPages may not be reflective of all Indonesian e-commerce and e-business activities. Indonesia’s Internet Governance priorities based on the ORDIG survey, a project of UNDP-APDIP (ranked by dissatisfaction with management of status quo) ([Butt 2005], 126), is as follows:

Rank in rest of Asia- Pacific Region

Rank in Indo- Nesia

Issue % dissatis- fied

% satis-fied

% no view

3 1 2 4 6 9 8 13 16 14 7 5 10 17 12 11 15 19 18 20 21 22

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Spam Cybercrime, online fraud Virus attack Illegal content Availability and cost of Internet Online access to government information Reliability and Speed of Internet Availability of local language software Network interconnection/backbone access Internet telephony (VoIP) Wireless Internet: spectrum and access Privacy online e-Commerce payment systems ISP market conditions Availability of local content Fair access to/protection of intellectual property Secure server/encryption Domain names with non-Roman character sets (IDN) Access to technical standards and their adaptability Domain name management IP address allocation/management Own skills for using Internet

95.6 95 94.4 84.9 80.5 76.1 75.5 67.9 67.1 66.5 66.0 62.7 60.4 60.1 58.5 53.2 39.2 34.2 34.0 32.7 29.3 13.3

4.4 5 5.6 15.1 18.2 21.4 23.9 26.4 28.5 23.4 23.9 34.2 33.3 29.7 40.3 37.3 43.1 34.8 50.6 57.2 54.8 84.8

0 0 0 0 1.3 2.5 0.6 5.7 4.4 10.1 10.13.2 6.3 10.1 1.3 9.5 17.6 31.0 15.4 10.1 15.9 1.9

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Compared to Asia-Pacific concerns and priorities (ranked by level of dissatisfaction) is as follows.

Issue % dissatisfied % satisfied

Cybercrime Virus Spam Illegal content Privacy Availability/Cost Reliability/Speed Wireless Availability of Public Information e-Commerce Payment Local Language Software IPR Local Content Internet Telephony Network Interconnection ISP Market Conditions Secure Server/Encryption Technical Standards IDNs DNS Management IP Address

94 93 93 82 66 61 59 59 58 53 53 52 52 51 47 46 44 37 37 35 32

5 6 7 16 31 38 40 25 39 37 39 31 42 30 39 34 33 39 23 44 40

In general, the survey clearly points out a number of eminent problems in Internet Governance that require urgent attention. Most respondents were not happy with the current situation of several major topics of Internet Governance, pointing to a governance system that is far from perfect and leaves much to be improved. In case of Indonesia, there are several major findings, as follows: 1. In line with all other countries in the Asia-Pacific the Internet community in Indonesia regards cyber attacks, spam and viruses as the most pressing issues for Internet Governance. Virus attacks and online fraud are on the rise and becoming ever more sophisticated and although Indonesia’s spam problem is still relatively small, it is growing steadily. Developing effective policy responses to these problems is very demanding. It requires a concerted effort by all stakeholder groups and cooperation at national, regional and international levels. 2. Infrastructure issues, such as access, affordability and reliability of the Internet continue to feature very high on the list of concerns in Indonesia, higher in fact than in most other countries in the region. Indonesia’s difficult geography is partly responsible for this situation. But policy also matters. The right policy framework which removes artificial barriers to service choice and market access, and preserves spaces for new business models and experimentation with new technologies can make a significant difference. Current regulations and practices in Indonesia with regard to backbone access, Internet exchange points and Internet telephony are not optimally supportive. However, worth noting is

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Indonesia’s progress on the governance of Wi-Fi technologies that could set an encouraging precedence for the treatment of future wireless technologies. 3. Topics related to multilingualism, such as the availability of local language software and local content, are major concerns for the Indonesian Internet community. Indonesians are significantly more dissatisfied with the protection of privacy on the Internet and the availability of government information online. The latter is a challenge that relates directly to e-government strategies of the state and thus, could be most directly addressed through appropriate policy changes. 4. Internet Governance problems are highly interrelated and cut across sectoral, political, and geographical boundaries. This poses considerable challenges for existing governance structures and requires a new quality of cooperation and openness to adequately address the most pressing Internet Governance priorities in a transparent, inclusive and accountable manner. The UN Working Group on Internet Governance in its final report consequently recommends, in this respect, the “creation of a new space for dialogue for all stakeholders on an equal footing”, thereby setting the stage for moving productively forward with the Internet Governance agenda during the World Summit on the Information Society in Tunis in November 2005. Another findings, there are a number of specific opportunities that can be identified to foster cultural inclusion in the Asia-Pacific region, as follows: ([Butt 2005], 85) 1. Localization. The building of Internet related software and operating systems to local languages. As language is the basis of culture, the most urgent and basic priority is to provide opportunities for all people to use their native languages with information technology. 2. Shared infrastructure for local content initiatives. With many local content providers facing similar market and technical issues with respect to their initiatives, there may be opportunities to support them at a regional level. This could be through policy vision mechanisms to develop a shared understanding of local content issues and potentials, as well as coordination bodies to share infrastructure. 3. Regional Taskforces on Intellectual Property. Intellectual Property is one of the key issues threatening cultural diversity online. This is due to the harmonization of lawas, treaties, technologies, language and genre that the Internet’s global network facilitates. 4. Supporting collective Ownership Mechanisms and Alternative Programmes. The traffic of both concept and law in global Intellectual Property arrangements follows clear geo-political lines: it emerges from the most developed nations to be implemented in the lesser developed. It is crucial that the diverse ways that cultures generate and circulate intellectual products can be maintained. While harmonization of particular arrangements can be useful for international cooperation, care must be taken in committing to Intellectual Property agendas whose full implications for local cultures may not be clear. A strong commitment to multistakeholder approaches in policy development will be the surest way of gaining the diversity of local perspectives needed for responsive policy. The Organization and the Progress of the Internet Governance in Indonesia Access to ICT is seen as an essential factor for development and the improvement of the well-being of society, what we are going to reach as target of the World Summit of the Information Society (WSIS) in 2015, i.e., the Information Society. The need for easy and affordable access of information for anyone, anywhere, at anytime by anything requires to organize and govern the Internet in Indonesia, as follows: 1. The Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (MCIT), which has the following responsibilities:

a. National Internet Governance Coordinator, with the main attributions as follows: 1) to propose policies and procedures related to the regulation of the Internet activities;

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2) to recommend standards for technical and operational procedures for the Internet in Indonesia; 3) to establish strategic directives related to the use and development of Internet in Indonesia; 4) to promote studies and technical standards for the network and services’ security in the country; 5) to coordinate the allocation of the Internet addresses (IPs) and the registration of domain names using <.id>; 6) to collect, organize and disseminate information on the Internet services, including indicators and statistics.

b. Human Resources Development, which is executed by Human Resources Research and Development Agency of MCIT. c. Communication Infrastructure Development, which is executed by Director General of Post and Telecommunication of MCIT. The current communication Infrastructure Development is Palapa Ring Project, to establish a national broadband backbone connecting and bring broadband connectivity to all 440 districts in Indonesia, as well as the Universal Service Obligation (USO) Project to build the Telephones and Internet to all villages in Indonesia. Another projects are the deployment and development of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) and the test bed for the Electronic Numbering Mapping (ENUM).

2. The Indonesian Internet Service Provider Association (Asosisasi Jasa Internet Indonesia – APJII), which has the responsibilities to execute the management, development, and provides the Internet Service in Indonesia, with the main duties are as follows:

a. Building and improving the sense of unity and integrity among members; b. Protecting the members’ interest; c. Assisting in arbitration for mediation, reconciliation, and settlement among members; d. Organizing communication and consultation among members and their partnering associations/organizations in the home country or overseas and the business world in general; e. Organizing relationship with economic and other organizations relating to and beneficial for APJII both nationally and internationally; f. Becoming the government’s partner in building national and international information and communication facilities thereby enabling integrated, efficient and effective mobilization of sources. APJII was established on 15 May 1999.

APJII provides beneficial services for its members, among others are: a. APJII – IIX (Indonesia Internet Exchange) connection; b. APJII – NIR (IP Address and AS Number allocation); c. Organizing communication and consultation among members and their partnering

associations/organizations in the home country or overseas and the business world in general; d. Providing information sources related to members’ need; e. Protecting members’ interests, giving insights to the government through related department

regarding important issues for members; f. Organizing seminars and training.

3. The Indonesian Internet Domain Name Management Authority (Pengelola Nama Domain Internet Indonesia – PANDI), which has responsibilities to execute the services in Domain Name System (DNS) registration, administration and publication activities for the ccTLD-ID <.id> professionally, that meet the

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international standard services quality. PANDI is also oblige in assisting the Government in the development, operation and maintenance of Internet in Indonesia under the framework of ICT utilization for National Development. PANDI’s immediate goals is to implement and consolidate the management of .id domain name operation & development, in accordance to Government Internet Policy and in line to common International cc-TLD rules. PANDI was officially established on 29 December 2006 and active since 1 July 2007 after taking over the Indonesia Internet Domain Name <.id> from previous management (Indonesia Network Information Center - ID-NIC). 4. The Indonesia Security Incident Response Team on Internet Infrastructure (ID-SIRTII), which has the responsibilities to support the utilization of the telecommunication network based on the internet protocol in Indonesia, which relatively free from threats and failures. ID-SIRTII was established on 26 September 2007. The Participation in the Internet Governance Forum One of the most significant outcomes of the World Summit of the Information Society (WSIS) which took place in Tunis between 16 and 18 November 2005, was the creation of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF). The forum is modest in its means but not in its aspirations. Its hallmark is multi-stakeholder collaboration, based on the exchange of information and the sharing of best practices. This new form of international cooperation is both inclusive and egalitarian. It presents governments, the private sector and civil society, including academic and technical communities, with the opportunity to work together towards a sustainable, robust, secure and stable Internet, as envisioned by the Tunis Agenda for the Information Society. The first meeting of the IGF was took place in Athens, Greece from 30 October to 2 November 2006. The overall theme of the meeting was “Internet Governance for Development” with capacity building as a cross cutting priority, which was divided into four main discussion areas, i.e., Openness to consider free expression and the free flow of ideas and information on the Internet; Security to protect users and networks; Cultural and linguistic Diversity; and Access issues particularly on improving Internet access in the developing world. The forum was not a decision making body and did not make any declarations, although it did set up several “dynamic coalitions” to work on key issues, such as privacy, open standards, and an initiative on the rights and responsibilities of the Internet users. The “Stop Spam Alliance” was launched at the meeting. The second meeting of the IGF is scheduled to take place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from 12 to 15 November 2007. The forum should build on the success of Athens and retain its overall theme and the four main themes, with capacity building remaining a cross cutting priority. In addition, a fifth theme, “critical Internet resources”, will also be added to the agenda, together with consideration of emerging issues. Indonesia participates actively in both IGF meetings by sending delegations which contains multistakeholders. The experiences from the knowledge sharing during the forum, hopefully will enhanced the delegates of how the Internet Governance in Indonesia can be developed professionally and better in the near future. Bibliography [Butt 2005] Butt, Danny, Internet Governance: Asia-Pacific Perspectives, UNDP-APDIP, ELSEVIER,

New Delhi, 2005. [Drake 2005] Drake, William J. (Editor), Reforming Internet Governance: Perspectives from the

Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG), UNICT-Task Force, New York, 2005.

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[Karan 2004] Karan, Kavita, Cyber Communities in Rural Asia (A study of Seven Asian Countries), Marshall Cavendish Academic, Singapore, 2004.

[MacLean 2004] MacLean, Don, Herding Schrodinger’s Cats: Some Conceptual Tools for thinking about Internet Governance, Background paper for the ITU Workshop on Internet Governance, Geneva, 26-27 February 2004, http//:www.itu.int/osg/spu/forum/intgov04/ contributions/itu-workshop-feb-04-internet-governance-background.pdf, accessed 9 October 2006, p.8.

[MacLean 20041] MacLean, Don (Editor), Internet Governance: A Grand Collaboration, UNICT- Task force, New York, 2004.

[Postel 2006] Ditjen Postel, Proyeksi Kebutuhan Bandwith Nasional untuk Internet Protokol di Indonesia 2006-2025, Tim Palapa Ring Ditjen Postel, 30 Agustus 2006.

[Stauffacher 2005] Stauffacher, Daniel and Wolfgang Kleinwachter (Editor), The World Summit on the Information Society: Moving from the Past into the Future, UNICT Task Force, New York, 2005.

[WSIS 2005] International Telecommunication Union (ITU), World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) Outcome Documents: Geneva 2003 – Tunis 2005, ITU, Geneva, December 2005.

[Yoon 2006] Yoon, Chin Saik, Digital Review of AsiaPacific 2005/2006, Claude-Yves Charron, Southbound, Penang, 2006.

*) The Republic of Indonesia Delegation for the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) II: Sardjoeni Moedjiono, Budi Santoso, Hammam Riza, Ismail, Arifin Lubis, Sobirin Mochtar.

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MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

“The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Role for the Capacity Building and Innovation

in the National, Regional, and International Level”

Keynote Speech by: Moedjiono

Senior Advisor to the Minister for International Relations and Digital Divide In:

IT ASIA 2007 CONGRESS Jakarta, 21-22 November 2007

Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh, Good Morning and Peace be upon us all, Mr. Elly Beh, Senior Congress Producer – APAC Region Organiser/Host of IT Asia 2007 Congress, Distinguished Delegates, Guests, Participants, Ladies and Gentlemen, In this joyous and blessed occasion, lets offer our praise and thankfulness to God Almighty, for His blessings that we can gather here in this one of the beautiful hotel in Jakarta. I would like to welcome you all to this occasion and I would like to extend my appreciation toward the host and the organizer for having this meeting. I welcome this meeting as the ideal interaction for regional IT leaders across all industries to discuss and debate pivotal industry issues. This kind of prestigious international events in the area of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) are needed to enhance the capacity building and innovation of this technology in the national, regional and international level. This meeting is one of many avenues toward contributing new paradigms and knowledge towards improving our understanding for the ICT utilization and implementation in our real life. I sincerely hope that the knowledge gained from this event will be put to good use by all participants. Ladies and Gentlemen,

ICT has 2 main functions, i.e., as a “sector” itself, ICT can increase the national revenue, and as an “enabler”, ICT can speed up the national development growth. The ICT utilization in the information era to build the information society and to reach the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), need the implementation of the multilateral - multistakeholder Public-Private-Partnership in the national, regional and international level. This spirit is contained in the World Summit of the Information Society (WSIS) Declaration of Principles and Plan of Action. In the WSIS document, representatives of the people of the world declare their common desire and commitment to build a people-centred, inclusive and development-oriented Information Society, where anyone can create, access, utilize and share information and knowledge, enabling individuals, communities and

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peoples to achieve their potential in promoting their sustainable development and improving their quality of life, premised on the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and respecting fully and upholding the universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Furthermore, they declare to harness the potential of ICT to promote the development goals of the Millennium Declaration (MDG), namely the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, achievement of universal primary education, promotion of gender equality and empowerment of women, reduction of child mortality, improvement of maternal health, to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, ensuring environmental sustainability, and development of global partnerships for development for the attainment of a more peacefull, just and prosperous world. The question is how to implement the commitment with the problem of information infrastructure and suprastructure divide between the developed and developing countries, thus, needed a moral and real implementation promotion strategy. Ladies and Gentlemen, The Republic of Indonesia has the unique characteristics compared to other countries in particular, as follows: Geographically, Indonesia is located in South East Asia, have a total area of 9.8 million square kilometers, of which 81% is sea. It is the world’s largest archipelagic country comprising of 5 main islands and 30 small islands and over 17,000 islands, of which a third are inhabited. The country is divided into 33 provinces, 268 regencies, 73 municipalities, 4,044 subdistricts and 69,065 villages. The population of the country projected at 222,6 millions, the fourth most populous country in the world, with uneven distribution. The culture is very diversified with more than 520 ethnic groups and 742 languages, of which 737 are indigenous languages. The country has more rural than urban areas with urban teledensity of 11-25%, rural density 0.2%, around 43.022 villages (62.3% from 69,065 villages) without phones. - The prediction of bandwidth consumption, internet users and computer population, based on the study by the Palapa Ring Team [Postel 2006], are as follows: 2006 2015 = Bandwith Consumption 7,000,000 Kbps 78,067,335 Kbps = Internet Users (Fair) 8,252,437 16,518,890 Internet Users (Optimist) 17,247,683 34,524,659 = PC Population (Fair) 2,541,027 5,086,370 PC Population (Optimist) 8,304,327 16,622,758 - Total IT market in Indonesia for 2007: will reach US$1.9 billion with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10% from 2002 to 2007 (source: IDC). - The Indonesian ICT vision is “To establish a global competitive Indonesian Knowledge-Based Society based on national values and cultures”. Based on those data mentioned above, Indonesia have a great challenges in ICT industry’s development to support the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals and objectives, including the Millennium Development Goals. The problem is how we can manage and realize the ICT utilization in the very big diversity and very wide digital divide, as well as several “affirmative action” from the government and other stakeholders to achieve the goals and objectives. Ladies and Gentlemen, One of the government effort to speed up the utilization of the ICT to support the national development is performing the National ICT Council in November 2006. This Council is a national level body in the ICT development for establishing the national competitivenes, lead by the President. The member consists of and supported/advised by experts and practitioner representatives of all

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stakeholders, i.e., government institutions, private sectors (hardware/software industries and services provider) and civil society including academician. The council have decided 7 flagship programs to drive the ICT development, as follows: National Identification Number, National Single Window, e-Budgeting, e-Education, e-Procurement, Legal Software, and Palapa Ring Project. In addition, to speed up the ICT implementation programs nationally, the government is performing the Chief Information Officer (CIO) for every government institution, lead by Ministry of Communication and Information Technology. Ladies and Gentlemen, Hopefully, this event will enhance the government’s efforts to promote cooperation through high-level networking sessions between delegates from various countries. I proffer my thanks to all international and domestic speakers, for their willingness in discussing their ideas and sharing their experience to further develop the art of ICT utilization and implementation. Again, my great appreciation is also extended to the meeting organizers for their visionary endeavor and hard work. I am certain that all of us wish that we will reach the full objectives of this event and that each of us will benefit from it. With this short remarks, I am honored to declare the “IT ASIA 2007 Congress” – “officially opened”. Thank you very much. Have a successful congress. Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh.

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“COMMUNITY ACCESS POINT Blue Print (CAP 2.0):

Mapping Out to Fill the Gap on e-Literacy, e-Skill to Attain e-Learning for Community Members”

By: Moedjiono

Indonesia Country Report - APECTEL

Tokyo, 15 January 2008. Abstract Mandated by WSIS 1st in Geneva 2003 and WSIS 2nd in Tunisia 2005 in line with the Amended 1945 Constitution, Government of the Republic of Indonesia shared the responsibility with others in a global effort to reducing the population poverty by 50% at the year of 2015 with the usage of ICT. Among many, the Community Access Point (CAP) is a blanketed term for various activities held by stakeholders in utilizing ICT for either eradicating poverty or enlightening the people, especially among youth. Learning from experiences, Government tried to put in the right track and avoiding similar mistaken happened again, as well as to picking best practice to be replicated, for improving efficiency, accelerating the efforts by optimizing the goals attainment. By sharing experience, it was decided to drafting a blue print which is now under preparation with a given hand from World Bank staff. This drafted Blue Print of CAP 2.0, will categorized implementation in to three orders, namely CAP 1.0 for the first, initial models where individual and each institution had an initiative in creating the ICT usage for rural people. In this stage, every institution creates its own model from scratch and accomplishes by oneself for the whole activities. Next, CAP 2.0 of the current effort in coordinating many stakeholders to collaborate by mapping out what every body had been done to find the solution for filling the gap of among previous result. Therefore, it is hopefully will be solicited that each would share the responsibility to supplement others jobs that were not completed yet. The last stage, CAP 3.0 whose purposely, as any effort to utilize ICT will be done in a harmonized, integrated manner so it can take most efficient and accomplished effectively in delivering e-services holistically for community life betterment. In this final stage, rather than project oriented promoted by government, it is instead to encourage private sectors to taking lead in promulgating public private partnership as to materialize capacity building for rural people by utilizing ICT as a mean to empowering community. A. Introduction 1. Legal framework:

a. Presidential Decree No. 6 / 2001, on the Framework for utilizing ICT for National Development in Indonesia;

b. Medium Term National Planning 2004-2009, on Development Target for the Community Access Point (CAP).

c. Ministry for Communication and Informatics, the IT Strategic Planning 2005 – 2009 and Annual 2008 Program of the Directorate General on IT Application.

d. CSR from MNC, BUMN/ Private Corporation on ICT for community development.

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2. Evaluation for Result : a. Target obtained on RPJM National 2004-2009, as shown in the slow progress on Community

Access Point (CAP) program. b. The needs for total evaluation to foster the progress and also improve efficiency on CAP

development implementation plan.

3. Hopes: a. USO program will be treated not merely as the providing basics tele-communication service, but

also as the improvement of CAP development program in an integrated manner. b. Community Access Point (CAP) functions as the community information accesses network

provided with hardware and software appropriate for public services in term of learning and earning, technology services, and others for community empowerment’s purposes that are manage by, from, for and about the community.

c. Community empowerment as a strategic move to build an awareness, capacity building and self reliance among members to solve problems based on their self propelling power in utilizing ICT to reduce poverty and e-literacy problems.

4. Institutional commitment:

a. Global commitment on WSIS - Geneva, 2003 and WSIS - Tunisia, 2005; b. National Long Term Development Planning RPJP to connect villages, educational institution,

health and library with internet information access. c. Strategic Program for MCIT in the Smart Community Movement Program to materialize the

Indonesia’s Information Society by 2015. d. To Synergizing program sectors, either territorial, institutional and cross programs.

5. Organizational framework:

a. Establishing an Ad Hoc Team for synergizing the cross sectors administrative activities and Technical support.

b. Enriching of Organizational function without extending its structures nor establishing a brand new institution;

c. Encouraging Public private partnership for collaboration and financial support/contribution among many stakeholders;

d. Introducing Standardization and interoperability for holistic ICT services; e. Maintaining sustainability by Coaching, Social network and Technical support; f. Introducing ICT Volunteers among Indonesia’s to Collaborate forum for synergizing various

programs.

B. FRAMEWORKS AND DEVELOPMENT

1. Stages of CAP Development a. Individual project INITIALS CAP 1.0 b. Developing a coordinated CAP 2.0 c. Harmonizing ICT Usage through NETWORKED CAP 3.0

2. Frame Work in Empowering Community

a. Promoting Public Private Partnership

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b. Advocating Gender mainstreaming approach c. Focusing Youth, women and teens as concentrated effort at selected targets d. Balancing economics and socio cultural touch e. Fund raising and voluntary movement f. Introducing Out put based subsidy to flourish entrepreneurship g. Encouraging the appreciative community in creating information economics

3. Ways of EMPOWERING THE COMMUNITY – WSIS 2003

a. to connect all villages with ICT b. to connect all educational institutions c. to connect all scientific and research centre; d. to connect all public libraries, museums and archives e. to connect all health centre and hospitals; f. to connect local and central government departments g. to adapt all primary and secondary school curricula to meet the challenges of the Information

Society; h. to ensure that all have access to television and radio; i. to encourage the development of content on the Internet; j. to ensure that more than half the world’s inhabitants have access to ICT within their reach.

4. CAP elements Network

1. Infrastructure Infrastructure is most commonly recognized as the main component of a network. It forms in many building, either cabling, network circuit, or the social network of people who utilize them. Infrastructure were build in an integrated manner to allowing for the people to access information electronically. That is why infrastructure is easily recognized by the lay people as the network.

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2. People A network starts with the people, whom they create and utilize information and knowledge or sharing the experience among themselves. People is the key factor in an infrastructure. If they were unactive to play a roles in fulfilling their live being needs, then the infrastructure is only a bulk of cable and wire with no content. Community networks then is an inseparable of hardware, software and humanware in an organoware environment. Community will play a role in connecting society among nations and even in the whole world of nations.

3. Content

Content could be any thing, from data, information, fact and feature. e-mail, web site, teleconference, a phone call is some other mean of content. Further, a distance learning activities is also a form of content usage. The value of content is laid on the added value for the fulfillment of society needs, that were created and shared among members.

4. Services A web site server functions as a reservoir for content in the computer, until some one else utilize it for their personal purposes by information access through web application. This is the services that made content flown from server network in the content providers side, through network up to the consumers. By flourishing services, then the consumers is not always at a passive position for receiving content, but as an active producers to sell the content they create by up loading it in to the community network.

C. GOALS AND MISSION

1. Principle : a. ICT usage for enlightening the society and flourishing the welfare of the nation (e-literacy and

poverty eradication); b. ICT usage for social inclusiveness, non discriminatory purposes, impaired people, gender main

streaming and universal design & adoptive technology; c. Encouraging the ICT usage for raising the nation competitiveness in the global market; d. Affirmative action toward creating local culturally based digital content and conservation of

local culture as to protect the minority from vanishing.

2. Goals: a. Promoting e-literacy and e-skill as a means to permeate the creative community; b. Bridging digital divide and reducing the poverty level of among the community living; c. Flourishing Toward Indonesia’s Information Society based on knowledge management; d. Positioning the ICT Usage as a meant to unite the Archipelagic Nation of Indonesia;

Alternative goals:

a. needs-based integration of ICT in all relevant projects and programs b. promotion of and support to relevant ICT4D efforts in partner countries

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c. development of synergistic linkages and networks of collaboration among stakeholders 3. CAP Target:

a. Facilitating the deployment and implementation of ICT to form a CAP services point in the rural, remote and territory border areas;

b. Extend the opportunity to create job and walks of life for rural people within the reach of a walk-way;

c. Improving the skill and capability of rural people in utilizing ICT for the betterment of life; d. Bridging digital divide by creating the digital opportunity in creating information economics;

4. Vision and Mission a. Vision:

1) Flourishing a creative community by providing information access to maintain sustainability

of information content business to empower local culturally based industrious society by utilizing ICT.

2) Materializing the development of information economics society toward the attainment of the Indonesia’s Information Society.

b. Mission:

1) Promote e-literacy and digital skill toward the knowledge based society; 2) Availability of information access and digital services through out archipelago; 3) Develop digital services in all walk of life, to encourage the information economics content

industry; 4) Encourage creative community development through the innovative usage of ICT to boost

the information economy for the competitiveness of a nation.

D. CURRENT CONDITION

1. Infrastructure

a. Telecommunication infrastructure (2004) : 1) Teledensitas relative tinggi di Metropolitan (11 - 25 % ) 2) VoIP operator (Indosat, Telkom, Satelindo, Atlasat, Gaharu) 3) FWA Operator (Indosat, Telkom, Ratelindo) 4) Low Tele-density rate at remote areas (0.2 %) : + 43.022 villages without phone line (64.4 %

out of 66.778 villages) 5) Infrastructure: 6) 7. 82 juta fixed line (+3% ) dan + 20 juta selular (+5.5%) 7) + 1.3 billion users dan + 12 billion Internet users

3645 Post offices and 175 Post offices Online 8) Internet cafes 10.000

b. Challenges: 1) information does not exist at the desired aggregation (supply driven, top down approach)

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2) information is not available in electronic form (lacking of digitizing efforts) 3) information is not accessible through the Internet (expensive rate) 4) available information on the Internet is incomplete (local languages) 5) information is put on-line too late (government web sites content up date) 6) information is removed from the Internet after a certain time (limited server’s capacity) 7) on-line information can only be searched to a limited extent (limited bandwidth capacity) 8) on-line information cannot be downloaded in an easy way (limited bandwidth capacity

access) 9) on-line information is presented in an non-editable format 10) on-line service to citizens is virtually non-existent (priority of government agencies for back

office purposes)

2. CAP development

a. Progress development:

1) Deployment and CAP access (JIEMI, Warintek, Warmasif, CAP refurbished) +/- 200 locations;

2) association of Internet cafes’ businesses AWARI with 12.000 locations and APWI with 11.600 locations;

3) Ministry of National Education program for ICT Center at 256 regent/city; 4) ICT Volunteers (Pemuda Sadar Informatika, Pramuka Jota-Joti); 5) CSR from BUMN/MNC and Community (CTLC, CAP bottom up, MPCC, Tele- centre ) 6) Alternative schooling, Qorriyah Toyibah 7) Community/ Association of Internet service Providers initiative to connect 2000 high

schools at the year of 2000 : 8) 2001: Balai Informasi Masyarakat as the mascot of Mastel; 9) 2002-2004: Program CAP State Ministry for Communication and Information 28 locations,

1 religious boarding school location; 10 JIEMI – LIN; 21 CTLC at 8 Provinces; 10) 2005: Program CAP PC Refurbished (BPPN and Excellcomindo 42 locations (38 pesantren

and 4 institutions); 11) P3M Sovat Pesantren On-line, networking of 15 pesantren locations; 12) 2005: Program CAP CSR MNC: 8 lokasi Aceh - ExxonMobil, 5 lokasi Lampung – Qualcomm; 13) 2006: Program CAP MCIT 3 locations OSOL; 6 locations CAP, and 10 locations Warmasif; 14) 2006: Program CAP CSR MNC: 2 East Java – Huawei; 15) 2007: Program CAP MCIT 40 locations and 50 locations Warmasif.

b. Annual development results

CAP 2005

1 server and 2 PC client with SOVAT Beta version

CSR 20 PC from HP Indonesia at the P3M head office.

CSR 25 PC from Excellkomindo and 25 PC from Indosat

TOT on ICT utilization and trouble shooting for 70 persons from 35 Pesantren.

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CAP 2006 Donation 5 PC for SMU Plus PGRI Cibinong in facilitating ICT educational villages.

CAP 2006 CSR Program

CSR Bank Mandiri 2007:

105 PC (65 refurbished, 40 PC and 40 printer brand new) with tutorial for teachers and educational staffs;

Located at 20 destined at Madrasah, Pondok Pesantren, Sekolah Dasar, SLTP and SMU (5 Jabar, 5 Banten and 10 DKI Jakarta);

CAP 2007

40 location for Madrasah, Pondok Pesantren, Koperasi Mahasiswa, Religious based high school, Fishing community, and NGO;

Modified from CAP 2006 standard, for sustainable internet café’s each accomplished with 9 Mini PC – Energy efficient PC, 1 server, 1 printer, 1 camera, and 1 switch.

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Pramuka Jota-Joti each with one laptop and one PC at 40 locations (20 provinces and 20 districts.

CAP GOALS AND TARGET

a. Target achievement:

Acquisition criteria: Bridging digital divide in rural, remote, border territory areas and for marginalized community; To spreading information access and promotion of internet/ PC penetration; Encouraging digital skill to flourish creative community; Lifting family welfare to flourish information economics community.

b. ICT utilization target:

Ensuring quality e-education, e-business, and e-health Improving instructional methods on e-literacy Enhancing problem solving skill in ICT competencies Enhancing creativity and productivity in e-services

Short terms:

i. Activities:

2008 : Pilot Project; CAP 2.0 – out put based activity project – scheme World Bank – 2 provinces; CAP with Energy efficient PC 200 locations.

Sound Internet usage’s Campaign and ICT utilization through mass media 8th APICTA held in Jakarta, Indonesia. FOSS migration and IGOS campaign. ii. Program target 2008 – 2009

improving efficiency and effectiveness of programs by trimming of 14 activities to 10; Prioritizing implementation of CAP, Mobile CAP, Jota-Joti, ICT for Impaired, ICT for special purposes. 8th APICTA - Indonesia as the host country, with allotted budget Rp 1,1 M (out of Rp 1,16 M) Improving coordination and collaboration under the Welfare Coordinating Ministry to connect with Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Kecamatan 2009-2010: 500 CAP and its variants in the buffers zone of PC/ Internet penetrated areas (non marketable area, but already have access VOIP/ internet) Sound Internet usage’s Campaign and ICT utilization through mass media FOSS migration and IGOS campaign. Introducing creative community and local culturally based content industry.

Medium Terms 2011-2014:

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CAP 2.0 of the current effort in coordinating many stakeholders to integrate and collaborate by mapping out what every body had done in the field and find the solution for filling the gap of among previous result. Therefore, it is hopefully being solicited that each would share the responsibility to supplement others jobs that were not completed yet. Long Terms 2015 – 2020: CAP 3.0 whose purposely, as any effort to utilize ICT will be done in a harmonized manner so it can take the most efficient way and accomplished effectively in delivering services holistically for community life betterment. 2. Goals:

a. CAP multipurposes; i. Meso level, supporting internal institutions (sekolah/ pesantren/ community) in preparing materials for ICT literacy and skills:

Basic computing (keyboarding and word processing); Advance computing (Desktop publishing, spreadsheet, and database); Introduction to Internet and multimedia. ICT utilization for curriculum tranformation toward an integrated and holistics services (administration, data bases, and scenario for technology dissemination’s innovation).

ii. Micro level, preparing community learners in accessing a sound internet habits, productive, and responsible manners in terms of moral, ethics or legal. Utilizing ICT for ’sharing information, experiences’, and widening the horizon of knowledge, exchanges of ideas as well as to extend creativity and innovation. iii. Macro level, supporting the acceleration of learning process of the nation to utilize ICT for competitiveness and attaining social welfare.

Short and Medium terms collaborative planning:

PT Pos Indonesia (Persero) 2005 – 2009: i. quantitative target program: 2005, all districts of post officea at Kabupaten/Pemkot connected Online and 1000 outlet for financial services 2006, extended to 35% all of Indonesia’s branch office connected Online 2007, extended to 40% all of Indonesia’s branch office connected Online 2008, extended to 45% all of Indonesia’s branch office connected Online 2009, extended 60% all of Indonesia’s branch office connected Online 2010, accomplished for all of Indonesia’s branch office connected Online

ii. Benefit

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Branch post office as community center, for multipurposes services to improve public utility services, added values and create low cost economy. Strategic location and accessibility of the branch post offices as the advantages for selecting CAP locations; Availability of space and public areas in the branch post offices, to fucntion as outlet for CAP; Human resources of the Pos office, fucntion as pioneer and trainer of trainers

Policy support obtained:

* business policy: As the businesses entities, Post Indonesia need a clarified position to CAP Program for maximizing support and positioning its market. * Promotion CAP Program as a social marketing product to be introduced in the community, needs a planned promotion to obtain its target in an efficient and effective manners. E. CAP STRATEGIC IMPLEMENTATION

a Strategi 315 : i. Strategic concept:

Strategy 315 ICT Development

REGULATION

AND INCENTIVE

FOR ICT INDUSTRY

INFORMATION

INFRASTRUCTURE

DEVELOPMENT

HUMAN RESOURCES

AND

CAPACITY BUILDING

1. NATIONAL MOVEMENT FOR

SMART COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

* OSOL (One School One Computer’s Lab )* CAP (Community Acces Point)

* USO (Villages’ Ringing, Smart Villages)

* Information Dissemination

* ICT utilization for all sectors (ICT as Enabler, Accelerator & Industrial competitiveness Tools),

* ICT Accessibility and e-Literacy

2. National Software Campaign – Legal & IPR

3 . Cyber Park : facilitating ICT industry development

4 . Facilitating the development of basic application and excellence software

* Government transparency through e-Gov implementation

* e-procurement, e-business implementation

5. Public services Interoperability:

* Information system Interoperability

* Standardisation and IT application Audit

* CIN (common ID-Number)

Public Private Partnership

3

1

5

Flag

ship

Pro

gra

ms

STRATEGICPARTNERSHIP

Pilars

i4A : information for All

85

Strategic target and roles

a. strategic positioning

PERAN STRATEGIS DIREKTORAT JENDERAL APLIKASI TELEMATIKA

DEPARTEMEN KOMUNIKASIDAN INFORAMTIKA

DIREKTORAT JENDERAL APLIKASI TELEMATIKA

PERUMUSAN, PELAKSANAAN

KEBIJAKAN DAN

FASILITATOR PENGEMBANGAN

IKLIM USAHA TLEMATIKA

SIMBOL KESERIUSAN PEMERINTAH MEWUJUDKAN MASYARAKAT INDONESIA CERDAS, BERETIKA

DAN BERETOS KERJA

MENJADI HUB (ACUAN)INTEGRASI SISTEM INFORMASI

PENYELENGGARAANPEMERINTAHAN DI INDONESIA

MASYARAKATINDONESIA

YANG MAJU,CERDAS,

SEJAHTERA,DEMOKRATIS, DAMAI DAN

BERKEADILAN

STAKEHOLDERS:

• BISNIS• INDUSTRI• AKADEMISI• PROFESI • MEDIA MASSA• MASYARAKAT TELEMATIKA• PARTAI POLITIK• LSM• NEGARA DONOR• DLL

Proactive strategy : adopting Telecenter for CAP 2.0 onward

Proactive STRATEGY

1/2/2008 draft note incomplete version 1.0 97 In its ICT4D activities of CAP 2.0 could be placed on content and capacity building rather than infrastructure. Infrastructure requirement, such as equipment and connectivity, will of course play a role in ICT4Dinitiatives. After all, if the infrastructure is not in place, there can be no ICT4D activities. Nonetheless, in CAP 2.0 efforts to integrate ICT, the focus should

86

always lie on usage. In other words, the ability to use ICT in an efficient, effective and meaningful way should be prioritized over the sheer availability of ICT. This prioritization will ensure the use of ICT as a tool for development, thus avoiding technology-driven solutions where ICT is an end in itself. Further, the priority in using energy efficient PC is emphasized due to low capacity/wattage of electricity access in rural and remote areas.

Implementation Development Model

Komunitas

Berperan sebagai

Produsen dan Konsumen

Informasi dan agen

Pemb angunandi

45 ribu desaTahun 2012

Pemetaaan

Kondisi

Lembaga

Masyarakat

Pengem

bangan

Model data

basis

Pengembangan

jaringan Lembaga

CAP

Pemberdayaan

Masyarakat dgn•Aksesibilitas

•Aktifitas

•Kreativitas

Peningkatan

Kesadaranmasyarakat

Thd CAP

Kompetisi

Pengembangan nilai tambah dan

innovasi

METODE DAN TAHAPAN PENGEMBANGAN CAP

Regulasi:

Lembaga Independen

KomunitasTradisional

Bid :

•Ekonomi

•Keagamaan

•Sosial

CAP 1.0

Komunitas selektif

Sebagaipengguna

Pemula Media Baru dan TIK

CAP 2.0

Komunitas

Sebagai pemangku

pemanfaatanMedia Baru

Dan TIK terintegrasi

CAP 3.0

Komunitas

SebagaiInovatorekonomiInformasi

Kreatif danPelaku Bisnis

Berbasiselektronik

• Infrastruktur ICT

• Literasi ICT e-bisnisLiterasi Media

Pendayagunaan info

Social marketing

Social engeniring

Konten Pemerintah, Media,

Lembaga Media Watch,Komunitas, Akademisi dan

Pelaku bisnis

ProgramCAP

Pengembangan

Komunitas E-bisnis,Creative CommunityKoordinasi:

Treatment:

TahapPengem

bangan

Agen

Perubahan

sosial

Agen

Perubahan

sosial

1/2/2008 21draft note incomplete version 1.0

87

Road map CAP

Road Map Sasaran Pemberdayaan Kelompok

Masyarakat melalui Implementasi CAP

Lembaga dan

Warga Komunitasberperan

Sebagai

Infomobilizer dan

penggerakPembangunan

Ekonomi kreatif

BerbasisTelematika

Lembaga Masyarakat ditingkat akar umput

Peta

Kondisi

Peningkatan

kesadaran/pemahaman

Terhadap

TIK

PengemBangan

Model bisnis

Pemberdayaan

masyarakat•Konten

•Aktifitas•kreativitas

Lembaga : Mitrakerja, profesi, media watch, pengembang

Aplikasi, industri konten dan layanan jasa telematika

2005 2006 2007 2011 - 2015

Pengembangan

jaringanKelembagaan

sosial

Kompetisi

Nilai tambahDan

Inovasi kontenkreatif

Kelompok

Masyarakat

Remaja,

Pemuda,

Wanita

CAP 1.0 2001

CAP 2.0 2008

CAP 3.0 2011

2008 - 20101/2/2008 22draft note incomplete version 1.0

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Policy Instrument

Access to

strategic

communicatio

n

Contact and

communication

with concerned

communities

Comprehension,

consensus, and

coalition

Greater control and capacity to

act

Empowerme

nt

ICT- Women

Empowerment Model

Pola Pemberdayaan

• Fasilitasi peningkatan kemampuan akses terhadap informasi

• Fasilitasi pengembangan proses diskusi dalam rangka pengeloaan informasi

• Fasilitasi pengembangan implementasi informasi

• Fasilitasi perluasan jangkauan informasi

• Penyelengaraan kompetisi antar kelompok

1/2/2008 24draft note incomplete version 1.0

Biaya

Recycle

tinggi

Beban

APBN

Ekonomi

meningkat

Import Bekas

Gratis

Bikin Sendiri

Murah (KhususPendidikan)

Beli Harga

Pasar

Industri

komputer

hancur

Kanibalisme

industri

Bisnis

terjaga

Pemerintah

Swasta

Bisa

Meningkat

Secara cepat

Karena tidak

Ada hambatan

Memiliki komputer

Sekolah

Dengan

Kemampuan

menengah ke

Atas dapatMenggunakan

teknologi

Sekolah

Yang

Mampu

Dapat meningkatkanKualitas pendidikan

Masyarakat

Pendidikan

PENGADAAN PERALATAN DAN SOFTWARE

MA

NFA

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CAP Program development : CAP diversified to suit the people’s needs( Pramuka Jota-Joti, ICT for Impaired people, ICT border territory, ICT for UKM). CAP Modification: Mobile –CAP, CAP (10 PC) Sub CAP (5 pc) and CAP Satellite (1 laptop + in-focus). Empowerment strategic adoption: Info-mobiliser of the Telecenter Indonesia. Integrated multi media and ICT convergence (marriage CAP and community radio or community TV). Voluntary movement, fund raising and Coordinative forum. Institutional Capacity building.

CAP Implementation program Public private partnership :

1) Madrasah,Pesantren, AWARI, APWI, DEKOPIN and Indonesian Scout Movement, NGO (P3M, Dharma Wanita); 2) ExxonMobil, Qualcom, ExcelKomindo, Telkomsel, Indosat, BPPN, Bank Mandiri; 3) Gunadarma University, Hasanuddin University, ITS, State University of Semarang;

ii. FOSS:

data base development program:

1) Spatial Online Visual data Analysis Tools (SOVAT), developed by (P3M) – PB NU. 2) Wartel-warnet data base online version for registration and up dating membership 3) E-literacy and introducing FOSS among woman organization and public servant agencies.

Implementation stages:

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Concept, design, model and implementation of CAP program for businesses and sustainability; Policy formulation and promotion for CAP and FOSS to give an alternative usage; Development of CAP for e-learning, e-skill and e-earning purposes in an effort to empower the community; Capacity and institutional building to embrace network and collaboration as to flourish voluntary movement; Public private partnership and inducing entrepreneurship through best practice replication; Socialization, promotion for local culturally based content diversification;

ICT development aspects: Content development Information management Flow of information Information brokering Social Communication and interaction Networking/ social networking Capacity building and institutional development Awareness raising

Strengthen and promote cultural diversity and identity

Identify strategic venues for regional and global collaboration Participate in ICT4D-related regional and global forums and networks Explore digital opportunities for social development Use ICT for decentralization of local government empowerment and local community development

Implementation Model CAP

CAP Clustering approach:

CAP 2.0 – school based Telecenter ( private pesantren dan madrasah/ and religious based boarding school); CAP for creative community, orientasi Warmasif 2.0, cultural content conservation, digital content; CAP for special purposes, technical specification – impaired, hi-end requirement; CAP for border areas & isolated territory, additional technology – solar power, hi capacity repeater tower CAP for mobility services – M-CAP, Rescue and Recovery – post disaster management; CAP for appreciation and encouragement, Sound Internet Usage, Legal software campaign, Creative Community industry, 8th APICTA

A three-phased approach

Centralisation, control, standard processes Transactional processing Strategic sourcing

‘Internal’ e-Procurement E-office

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E-announcement, Authoriser ‘External’ e-Procurement interagency usage among government institutions:

E-Ordering/ e-Invoicing E-Tendering E-logistic, e-basic needs management

Alternative approach:

Implementing CAP 2.0 in a clustered approach to suit the availability of access and infrastructure; Social networking empowerment Strategy to extend local participation and local leaders involvement; Embracing local initiative for Local-culturally based content Development Optimizing cultural approach in introducing ICT innovation; Introducing voluntary movement on ICT and creating collaboration forum (Forum Komunikasi, Kerjasama,Koordinasi dan Kolaborasi Komunitas Telematika - F-K5T) Piggy on CAP implementation CAP among mature institutional school toward its surrounding satellite; Fund raising and partnership among stakeholders based on event and program approach; Refurbished PC as an alternative for last resort PC utilization in selected purposes and limited only for domestically ICT recycled resources; Optimizing CAP 2.0 utilization for multi-purposes community services;

Implementation impact and evaluation criteria:

Phase 1

Good: Creation of RBT Procurement, 5 FTEs, First ‘hard’ procurement savings released from budgets Bad: Resistance to change (especially from middle management)

Phase 2 Good: Self-help to end-users, 5 FTEs, Acceptance of change Bad: Workload balance within RBT Procurement

Phase 3 Good: Improved workload balance within RBT Procurement, Bad: Fingers crossed

Implementation phases Short term Promotion on ICT usage for selective members of community Selective target on recruiting voluntary and members for youth and women in NGO Medium term

Promoting Competitive business services and initiating public services digitally Introducing Killer application to raise popular usage and community attention

Long term Intelligent local culturally based content industries Multimedia interactive services for transactional purposes Commonality internet based services

Selection criteria for acceptors

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Individual Competencies Having experiences in the field (min 2 years) Having public services at certain niches Having technical, managerial and communication expertise Having a database minimal for their sectors Having commitment to attain common goals in ICT utilization

Dispersion of distribution Remote, isolated and border territory areas; Poverty, slum areas in the city, suburban and isolated community

Services areas Minimum membership of 100 persons Services for social or community inclusive

Clustering example: Universitas/ Lembaga Litbang: pengembangan komunitas kreatif industri konten dan aplikasi telematika Swasta: penyelenggaraan program CSR untuk CAP, CAP dan program Kampanye Internet Sehat Quasi Inst: pembinaan dan kerjasama kemitraan dalam dukungan teknis operasional.

Critical success factors

WARNET Join the ITN Detiknas National Movement Be part of the Support Network SUSTAINABILITY USEFULNESS NATIONAL IMPACT POVERTY REDUCTION

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Strategic Leadership & Focus

Critical Success Factors

Change/Project/

Risk management

Base-lining& Monitoring

Open to External

Challenge

QuickWins

Link to Efficiency

Partnerships&

Collaboration

Evaluation analyses:

What is the goal? Provide a safe, productive information internet based access to all community members

Critical Success Factors Effective access process & usage Sufficient information resources

Appropriate contribution from partners

Identify the primary stakeholders NGO, Families, Community, Social Workers, Support Staff

Relationship with organisation’s strategic aims

Strong alignment to government and organisational wide objectives and relevance with local government priorities

Current performance Evidence of failing to meet community demand Elements of best practice to be identified in some areas for replication purposes

Effectiveness of baseline process Access information processes and usage are not streamlined enough. Performance measures/ data gathering is not conducive to efficient working

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Current Contribution of Other support systems

None know at present

Current Contribution of IT/IS Systems need to be identified, developed and networked in the context of partnership capacity building

Model of analysis

* comparative analyses model:

MODEL ANALYSES

Financial factor

Analysis of existingCAP & CAP

High end

Medium end

Low end

strong moderate weak

strong

moderate

weak

MCAP

Service diversification factor

Warnet

WARTEL

Technological factor

CAP

CAP Mandiri

Game center

RefurbishedRT/RWnet

CAP Subsidi

E-learningcenter JIEMI

BIMBiz centerWarintek

Stand alone

1/2/2008 89draft note incomplete version 1.0

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* development approach Model

Matriks: Model pengembangan

Warnet, CAP, BIM etc

?Mobile CAP

Mobile

services

?BIM, Jiemi,

Warintek

?CAP, CAP

Wargame

Warnet

Wartel

Multi services

Game

on-line

Akses

I-net

Telecom

service

Fase

1/2/2008 91draft note incomplete version 1.0

Key performance indicators

MCIT: CAP: quantitative, functionality, and sustainability Institutional and capacity building, M-CAP, USO, (VOIP and internet access), ICT literacy and multimedia production, Local culturally based content and digital conservation.

State Ministry for Remote and border areas development: Reducing the remote categories; Reducing the regions and citizen in poverty scale index; Reducing the isolated regions.

Local government/ stakeholders: Pilot project and implementation on ICT and internet access; Social impact of CSR program; Sustainability of ARPU and the utilization of result.

Group of acceptors: Local building/ technical rooms preparation, electricity and telephone access; Others facilities preparation (furniture, AC, fan); Human resources for managerial and technical capacity building.

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Evaluation Methods

1/2/2008 26draft note incomplete version 1.0

Quantitative and qualitative measurement

Benchmarking

Periodical report

Best practice documentation

Program Review and improvement

CAP development’s instrument policy

Policy Instrument:

MCIT decree on the Blue print of CAP 2.0. Indonesia

Module CAP technical guidance

Module on ICT community empowerment methods (Telecenter – Infomobilizer)

Encouraging program CSR MNC, BUMN, BUMD on ICT usage;

MoU for [public private partnership;

Forum for collaboration and coordination purposes;

Monitoring and evaluation, and strategic studies on CAP 3.0 development models.

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Policy Recommendation:

CAP development

Establishing CAP 2.0 technical committee

Establishing Technology Management Group;

Employed Professional Manager & technical network;

Location and internet access preparation;

Developing an integrated infrastructure deployment;

Coaching and developing creative community for conservation of local culturally based content;

Diversification Strategy and inviting investors;

Provision of e-mail free of charge for community members;

web sites development for community purposes;

creative community development to flourish information economics;

Developing community directory, online and blogers to extend participation and local involvement

in public policy dialogue;

Etc.

USO development

Inline with medium term national Planning (RPJM) and World Commitment, suggested for USO

program to adopt CAP out-put based models (WSIS, Genewa 2003 and Tunisia 2005).

Channelling community aspiration and needs (Mastel dengan Task Force USO) to sinergize USO

and Telecenter/CAP.

Village ringing 2009 program accompanied by Smart Village 2025 program, to accelerate targeted

community be accomplished by 2015

In accordance with USO policy migration from CAPEX to OPEX (from assets to access subsidy) by

providing internet and data access, not only basic telecommunication services.

CAP as an enrichment factor not just an additional for basic telecommunication service extension

to rural and remote areas to attain sustainability.

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Conclusions:

National policy on CAP 2.0 development should be focused on selected target to support a sound

business environment for voluntary participation, local involvement and creative community to

flourishing information knowledge based economy.

ICT usage as a new method to empower community in e-learning, e-skill and e-earning is not just a

mere conventional learning extension, but a paradigm shift.

ICT usage to extend common users in public policy participation, local leaders involvement and

flourishing social interaction on line to boost capacity building and institutional development.

ICT usage to facilitate agent of change for local leaders to becoming coaching and facilitators in

promoting ICT innovation.

Communication and information dissemination to enriching community economy in the digital era and

information economy to bridging digital divide and eradicating poverty among members of nation.

National Communication and information dissemination strategy utilizing ICT and based on demand

driven with the core of capacity building and local institutional development to ease society’s

transformation toward an Indonesia’s Information Society 2025.

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109

110

111

112

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115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

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144

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MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

“The Development And Utilization Of Free/Open Source Software (FOSS)”

Keynote Speech By:

Moedjiono Asia-Africa Conference on Open Source

Jakarta, November 18, 2008

Assalamu’ alaikum Wr. Wb., Good Morning, Selamat Pagi, dan Salam Sejahtera. His Excellency the Minister of Research and Technology, Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen, First of all, allow me to extend my appreciation toward the organizer of the Asia-Africa Conference on Open Source 2008 for organizing this wonderful event promoting the cooperation among Asian and African countries on the use of open source software. Ladies and Gentlemen: Approximately 53 year ago, twenty-nine countries representing over half the world's population sent their delegates to the Asian-Africa Conference (AAC) in Bandung, West Java. The 1955 Conference underscored the need for developing countries in Asia and Africa to loosen their economic dependence on the developed countries by developing technical cooperation among the nations through the exchange of experts and technical assistance for developmental projects, as well as the exchange of technological know-how and the establishment of regional training and research institutes. In recent years, the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) in Geneva in 2003 has mandated the knowledge base society by the year 2015, where we need to have 50% of our population access to ICT and 100% of our population access to TV and Radio. We also need to have villages, universities and colleges, Schools, R&D centers, Public Libraries, Museums, Hospitals, Central and local Government offices, all connected to ICT. In its “Plan of Action” WSIS stated that “Sustainable development and independence of developing countries based on open IT technologies like Open Source Software, Open Protocols and Open Hardware”. Ladies and Gentlemen: The two afore-mentioned events have provided us with a basis to create a movement on the development and utilization of free/open source software (FOSS) in our region. The nature of FOSS that

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underscores the importance of inclusiveness, openness, and collaboration, fits very well with the spirit of the 1955 AAC and action plan of WSIS. It is therefore very proper and fitting for us today to gather here in order to exchange knowledge and experiences in developing and implementing FOSS in our respective countries. FOSS allows a developing nation to sidestep some of the intellectual property fights. Licensing fees for open-source software, when charge at all, are much smaller than for proprietary software. Moreover, open-source encourages copying and sharing, so piracy is not much of an issue, thus encouraging open-source software enables a country to develop its local software industry without having to tackle thorny intellectual property rights issues. One of the most prevalent arguments made for open-source software is cost based. Because of there is minimum (or event free) licensing fees need to be paid; the initial investment can be at minimum. Moreover, open-source operating systems can be used on older, cheaper computers, saving on the hardware cost. These low cost investment, allow developing nations to enter growing hi-tech global market. Ladies and Gentlemen: Focusing on the cost of FOSS will distract us from the real issue: relatively lower costs for software users do not imply that open source can lead to economic development. Growth requires sustainable profits with paid employment positions. On the other hand low cost can be balance with the services that can be offered such as installations, migrations, modifications, development and maintenance. These FOSS business models will help to sustain the business at the same time offered a better price-performance products. The most important thing is that the investment that the developing nations spent for the software mostly will remain in domestic and this will create more multiplier effect to the software industry. $1 invested in free software by a government is an investment worth 5 or 6 times the equivalent investment in proprietary software. If the nations spend more, it is an investment in local software industry. It is an incentive for local graduates to stay in the country to earn a living, rather than moving to the develop country. It's a cheap way for us to kick-start our local knowledge economy. FOSS also develops local programming talent. Using local programmers for FOSS projects promotes the diffusion of knowledge far more that proprietary software does because open-source grants free access to information. Once programming techniques are learned, they can be applied to any software production and could lead to a sustainable software industry. Switching to the open-source model should also be good for a significant overhead reduction in per-project software production costs. The open-source model allows software shops to (in effect) outsource some of their work, paying for it in values less tangible than money. The open-source model has a lot to offer the business world. It's a way to build open standards as actual software, rather than paper documents. It's a way that many companies and individuals can collaborate on a product that none of them could achieve alone. It's the rapid bug-fixes and the changes that the user asks for, done to the user's own schedule. Ladies and Gentlemen: This 2 days conference is meant for the participants to gain and builds knowledge transfers and networking between existing states on different continents that share similar challenges and views. Therefore, the regional approach is required to implement such activity in interacting among others, exchanging views and ideas, address issues, problems, needs to be facilitated, educated, improved, and grow together for better development of ICT between Asian and African countries.

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As a concluding remark, let me once again extend my appreciation toward the organizer of this conference and I hope for the success of this conference. For all participants, good luck on your conference, and enjoy your time here in Jakarta. Wabillahi taufik wal hidayah, Wassalamu alaikum warrahmatullahi wabarakatuh. Thank you, Wassalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb.

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MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

“Creative Business on the Next Generation Network”

Opening Remark By:

Moedjiono in

IMOCA Conference and Exhibition 2008 Bali, 27 November 2008

Assalamu’alaikum, Warohmatullahi Wabarokatuh, Good Morning and peace be upon us all, First of all, let us pray to God Almighty and thank His blessing for providing us with the opportunity to gather here this morning at the opening ceremony of the “IMOCA Conference and Exhibition 2008”. It gives me a great pleasure to be here and deliver an opening remark on “Creative Business on the Next Generation Network”. Ladies and Gentlemen, The Internet has surely put us in place where no man has gone before. Gone are the days when people write each other with letters, chat with long distant relatives over the phone, or waiting in line for making bank transactions. I believe that in the near future printed material will no longer be in circulation. The Internet has provided us with a world without border, inexpensive and reliable means of communication, and effective dissemination of information. The ubiquitous presence of the Internet is allowing us to lead a comfortable life, full of conveniences. All activities related to work, education and entertainment are invariably linked with the use of the Internet. I am certain there are many organizations whose entire existence relies upon the empowerment of the Internet. Ladies and Gentlemen, We have also witnessed the revolutionary development in the field of information and communication technology (ICT). From computer that used to be in the size of a house to ones that fit in our palm. From mainframe computer to personal computer and even personal digital assitant. The convergence in ICT also provides us with new ways of utilizing ICT. There are now telephones embedded computer or computer embedded phones. We can access emails and internet from our cellular phone. We can make a voice call over the internet as data packages. The speed of the access has also grown rapidly, from 2G to 3G, and now 3.5G. We can even watch video seamlessly in our phone. Internet access is now ubiquitous and seamless.

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Ladies and Gentlemen, Let’s now turn our attention to creative industry. Creative industry is becoming the main focus of many countries in the world. It is believed that creative industry contributes significantly to national economies. The contribution of creative industry to Gross Domestic Products (GDP) in different countries varies from 2.8% (Singapore) to 7.9% (UK) and its growth rates ranges from 5.7% (Australia) to 16% (UK). Creative industry also contributes in providing jobs to 3.4% of Singapore workforce to 5.9% of US workforce. We believe that creative industry will play a significant role in our economy. Indonesia has divided its creative industry into 14 different categories, namely: (1) advertising, (2) architecture, (3) art and antiques market, (4) handicraft, (5) design, (6) fashion, (7) video, film and photography, (8) interactive entertainment, (9) music, (10) performing art, (11) printing and publishing, (12) computer services and software, (13) radio and television, and (14) research and development. Indonesian creative industry has contributed, on average, IDR 104.64 trillion between 2002-2006. It ranks 7 out of 10 sectors analyzed above the transportation and communication, construction, and electricity, gas and water sectors. The number of creative businesses reaches 2.2 million or 5.17% of the total number of businesses in Indonesia and absorbs more than 3.7 million workers or 4.7% of the total workforce. In 2006, creative industry contributes IDR 81.9 trillion or 9.13% of the total of national export. Ladies and Gentlemen, The emergence of the Internet and the convergence of information and communication technology into one interconnected, ubiquitous and seamless information flow provided us with many opportunities. The fact that Indonesian creative industries plays an important role in our economy prompt us to synergize the Internet, ICT and creative industry into one powerful economics machine. With the abundance of creative minds in Indonesia, along with adequate infrastructures and government backing, I believe that the future of Indonesian mobile and online content is very promising. There is plenty opportunity to fulfill the domestic market for mobile and online content. We just need to be creative. We need to open our eyes and ears to the demand of the market. Ringback tones, VoIP, online games are examples successful products in this era of convergence. Ladies and Gentlemen, I believe that IMOCA Conference and Exhibition 2008 is an opportunity for the industry players and their stake holders to learn about the progress of the industry, to get to know each other and last but not least, to open up business opportunities. I extend my appreciation to all of you, for your willingness to share your ideas in developing Indonesian ICT based creative industry. My great appreciation is also extended to IMOCA for hosting this event and for their visionary endeavor and hard work in advancing Indonesian mobile and online content. Have a successful endeavor, enjoy the conference and exhibition and May God Bless you all. With the Blessings of God The Almighty, I now declare the “IMOCA Conference and Exhibition 2008” officially “open”. I thank you very much. Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh.

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“STRATEGY AND POLICY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BROADBAND WIRELESS ACCESS TECHNOLOGY BEST SUITED TO REDUCE THE DIGITAL DIVIDE PROBLEM IN INDONESIA”

By:

Moedjiono Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, Indonesia

In: BROADBAND WIRELESS ACCESS SEMINAR

JIMBARAN - BALI, 27 NOVEMBER 2008

The Republic of Indonesia has the unique characteristics compared to other countries in particular, as the world’s largest archipelagic country, with over than 17,000 islands, of which a third are inhabited. The population is projected at 230 millions, the fourth most populous country in the world, with uneven distribution. The culture is very diversified with more than 520 ethnic groups and 742 languages. The country has more rural than urban areas with urban teledensity of 11-25%, rural density 0.2%, around 38.471 villages out of 69,065 villages without phones. Based on those data mentioned above, Indonesia have a great challenges and opportunities in how to develop, to manage and to realize the connectivity in the very big diversity and very wide digital divide problem. The affirmative action from the government and other stakeholders is required to change the digital divide problem to become the digital opportunity, to develop ICT industry to support the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals and objectives, including the Millennium Development Goals. The connectivity means that access to and using the ICT in Indonesia is seen as an essential factor for the development and the improvement of the well-being society, what we are going to reach as target of the World Summit of the Information Society (WSIS) in 2015, i.e., the Information Society, where information can be accessed by anyone, anywhere, at anytime, and by anything. The Information Society is characterized by the profound impact of ICT across the socio-economic, political and cultural areas of society. Economic activities at the supply and demand levels are transformed, giving the emphasis to the transmission of information and knowledge. Vast amounts of information are disseminated through ICTs worldwide and those who have no access to these technologies are left at a disadvantage, being unable to participate and share fully in the benefits of the Information Society. The WSIS’s Declaration of Principles underscores the importance of ICT infrastructure for the establishment of an inclusive Information Society, paragraph 21, states that: “Connectivity is a central enabling agent in building the Information Society. Universal, ubiquitous, equitable and affordable access to ICT infrastructure and services constitutes one of the challenges of the Information Society and should be an objective of all stakeholders involved in building it”. To realize the concepts of connectivity in building the Information Society needs the basic ICT policy that is difficult enough of a challenge for developing states. The key factors in the lack of developing country participation in relation to international ICT policies, as: a) lack of awareness of the importance of ICT-related issues in relation to development goals; b) lack of technical and policy capacity; c) lack of easy, affordable and timely access to information; d) weaknesses in governance processes; and e) financial barriers. However, the issues are not always a mere lack of policy development expertise. Some countries have robust policies on information and communication with governance components, which have never been implemented. There is a great for sharing experiences through regional groups to forge shared priorities and collaborative projects, as an opportunity to strengthen a new model of global governance through multilateral and multistakeholders public private partnership.

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Based on the future trend of the ICT convergence concept, we have to be able to develop strategy and policy to develop services to facilitate the fast technology development, especially in the telecommunication infrastructure deployment. For the main infrastructure, we have planned to build and deploy the toll-road telecommunication infrastucture using the Fiber Optic (FO) infrastructure throughout Indonesia in the Palapa Ring Project, as well as building and deploying the artery-road telecommunication infrastructure using the Universal Service Obligation (USO) project. The next steps is how we can utilize effectively the telecommunication infrastructure for the benefit of all users anywhere, anytime, and by anything, by delivering the required quality services. One of current telecommunication infrastructure technology development is the extension of FO infrastructure, i.e., the broadband wireless access systems. Broadband wireless access systems have the potential to deliver services with the quality and availability of conventional networks, yet offer the potential for rapid deployment characteristic of wireless networks. There are a variety of different and competing technologies that promise to deliver broadband Internet access to both individual and business users. Broadband access will also be available over terrestrial wireless and other technologies. Although significantly less established and deployed than cable and DSL broadband services, terrestrial wireless services using land-based transmitters can also provide broadband services to businesses and individuals. While a number of different technological approaches will be available, it is not clear which will be successful in the marketplace. Nowadays, the development of Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) technologies are very significant, including, WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), WirelessMAN (WiBro, HIPERMAN), LTE (Long Term Evolution), iBurst or HC-SDMA (High Capacity – Spatial Division Multiple Access), etc. Each of the systems developed interoperable standards-based technology, enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access, as an alternative to cable and DSL. Each systems developed by different vendors/research developers that have different characteristics in services, from fixed, nomadic to mobile broadband wireless access (MBWA) services. BWA is one of the very needed access technology in Indonesia, especially to fulfill the lack of broadband access using fiber optic (FO). In urban area, FO is very difficult to be deployed, BWA is very promising as able to send broadband information to the wide coverage area. In rural area, BWA also very beneficial because of the wide coverage area and do not need Line of Sight (non-LOS). The Vision of Indonesia Broadband Access Systems are: affordable tariff, fairly distributed, and high quality. To achieve the stated vision, there are several related strategic issues on the development of Broadband Access policy that have to be considered, including: (1) Licensing (considering the appropriate regime for classes and types of licences and licensing criteria, where licensing is required); (2) Numbering (to ensure access to numbering resources and ensure that numbering, naming and/or addressing schemes encompass legacy, transitional and NGN services and associated directory services); (3) Interconnection (the regulatory considerations including whether new interconnection models may be required); (4) Standards and interoperability (the regulatory considerations, including mandating standards and interoperability between operators and new entrants to ensure no delays in the introduction of new services and providers in retail markets and to coordinate standardization activity where no specific body has been established); (5) Spectrum (the main regulatory consideration to ensure equitable access to spectrum required by new NGN operators and services and ensuring that competition is not hampered through legacy spectrum assignments to the incumbent operators for the provision of fixed, fixed-mobile and mobile services); (6) Universal service (affordability and accessibility are key policy goals that should not be abandoned or altered in a NGN environment); and (7) Consumer protection (quality of service, priority access to emergency services, the provision of information location, rights and presence management, number portability, operators’ liability, privacy and security).

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Several Policies taken for Broadband Access Technology, including: (1) The allocated spectrum frequency: 2.5 GHz (part of), 3.3 Ghz, 5.8 GHz, 10.5 GHz for Fixed BWA & 2.3 GHz for Mobile BWA; (2) The spectrum will be divided into regional areas and will be offered openly and transparently via tendering process; (3) Technology neutral; (4) Government will prioritize and promote the operator using BWA which can be developed using local/domestic industry. Hoping that participants of this seminar will be able to gain and share valuable knowledges, experiences, best practices, build networking, and develop a mutual understanding, that will enable us to develop the strategy and policy in using the advanced technologies best suited to reduce the digital divide problem in Indonesia, to build the Information Society. I thank you very much. Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh.

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KEYNOTE SPEECH BY: MOEDJIONO

AT THE SEMINAR:

“STRATEGY AND POLICY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BROADBAND WIRELESS ACCESS TECHNOLOGY BEST SUITED TO REDUCE THE DIGITAL DIVIDE PROBLEM IN INDONESIA”

JIMBARAN - BALI, 27 NOVEMBER 2008 Distinguished Speakers, Participants, Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh, Good morning, and peace be upon us,

First of all, allow me on behalf of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia, to convey my warm welcome to all speakers, participants, and guests of this seminar. Especially, to all of our guests from neighboring countries, welcome to Indonesia, welcome to Bali, have a nice stay and memorable.

It gives me a great pleasure to address this seminar on “Strategy and Policy in the Development of Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) Technology Best Suited to Reduce the Digital Divide Problem in Indonesia”. I would like also to express my greatest appreciation to the committee of this conference, the Host and the Co-Host, that have done a tremendous works to prepare, organized this very important event. Ladies and Gentlemen, The Republic of Indonesia has the unique characteristics compared to other countries in particular, as the world’s largest archipelagic country, with over than 17,000 islands, of which a third are inhabited. The population is projected at 230 millions, the fourth most populous country in the world, with uneven distribution. The culture is very diversified with more than 520 ethnic groups and 742 languages. The country has more rural than urban areas with urban teledensity of 11-25%, rural density 0.2%, around 38.471 villages out of 69,065 villages without phones. Based on those data mentioned above, Indonesia have a great challenges and opportunities in how to develop, to manage and to realize the connectivity in the very big diversity and very wide digital divide problem. The affirmative action from the government and other stakeholders is required to change the digital divide problem to become the digital opportunity, to develop ICT industry to support the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals and objectives, including the Millennium Development Goals. The connectivity means that access to and using the ICT in Indonesia is seen as an essential factor for the development and the improvement of the well-being society, what we are going to reach as

161

target of the World Summit of the Information Society (WSIS) in 2015, i.e., the Information Society, where information can be accessed by anyone, anywhere, at anytime, and by anything. The Information Society is characterized by the profound impact of ICT across the socio-economic, political and cultural areas of society. Economic activities at the supply and demand levels are transformed, giving the emphasis to the transmission of information and knowledge. Vast amounts of information are disseminated through ICTs worldwide and those who have no access to these technologies are left at a disadvantage, being unable to participate and share fully in the benefits of the Information Society. The WSIS’s Declaration of Principles underscores the importance of ICT infrastructure for the establishment of an inclusive Information Society, paragraph 21, states that: “Connectivity is a central enabling agent in building the Information Society. Universal, ubiquitous, equitable and affordable access to ICT infrastructure and services constitutes one of the challenges of the Information Society and should be an objective of all stakeholders involved in building it”. To realize the concepts of connectivity in building the Information Society needs the basic ICT policy that is difficult enough of a challenge for developing states. The key factors in the lack of developing country participation in relation to international ICT policies, as: a) lack of awareness of the importance of ICT-related issues in relation to development goals; b) lack of technical and policy capacity; c) lack of easy, affordable and timely access to information; d) weaknesses in governance processes; and e) financial barriers. However, the issues are not always a mere lack of policy development expertise. Some countries have robust policies on information and communication with governance components, which have never been implemented. There is a great for sharing experiences through regional groups to forge shared priorities and collaborative projects, as an opportunity to strengthen a new model of global governance through multilateral and multistakeholders public private partnership. Ladies and Gentlemen, Based on the future trend of the ICT convergence concept, we have to be able to develop strategy and policy to develop services to facilitate the fast technology development, especially in the telecommunication infrastructure deployment. For the main infrastructure, we have planned to build and deploy the toll-road telecommunication infrastucture using the Fiber Optic (FO) infrastructure throughout Indonesia in the Palapa Ring Project, as well as building and deploying the artery-road telecommunication infrastructure using the Universal Service Obligation (USO) project. The next steps is how we can utilize effectively the telecommunication infrastructure for the benefit of all users anywhere, anytime, and by anything, by delivering the required quality services. One of current telecommunication infrastructure technology development is the extension of FO infrastructure, i.e., the broadband wireless access systems. Broadband wireless access systems have the potential to deliver services with the quality and availability of conventional networks, yet offer the potential for rapid deployment characteristic of wireless networks. There are a variety of different and competing technologies that promise to deliver broadband Internet access to both individual and business users. Broadband access will also be available over terrestrial wireless and other technologies. Although significantly less established and deployed than cable and DSL broadband services, terrestrial wireless services using land-based transmitters can also provide broadband services to businesses and individuals. While a number of different technological approaches will be available, it is not clear which will be successful in the marketplace. Ladies and Gentlemen, Nowadays, the development of Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) technologies are very significant, including, WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), WirelessMAN (WiBro,

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HIPERMAN), LTE (Long Term Evolution), iBurst or HC-SDMA (High Capacity – Spatial Division Multiple Access), etc. Each of them develop interoperable standards-based technology, enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access, as an alternative to cable and DSL. Each systems developed by different vendors/research developers that have different characteristics in services, from fixed, nomadic to mobile broadband wireless access (MBWA) services. BWA is one of the very needed access technology in Indonesia, especially to fulfill the lack of broadband access using fiber optic (FO). In urban area, FO is very difficult to be deployed, BWA is very promising as able to send broadband information to the wide coverage area. In rural area, BWA also very beneficial because of the wide coverage area and do not need Line of Sight (non-LOS). The Vision of Indonesia Broadband Access Systems are: affordable tariff, fairly distributed, and high quality. To achieve the stated vision, there are several related strategic issues on the development of Broadband Access policy that have to be considered, including: (1) Licensing (considering the appropriate regime for classes and types of licences and licensing criteria, where licensing is required); (2) Numbering (to ensure access to numbering resources and ensure that numbering, naming and/or addressing schemes encompass legacy, transitional and NGN services and associated directory services); (3) Interconnection (the regulatory considerations including whether new interconnection models may be required); (4) Standards and interoperability (the regulatory considerations, including mandating standards and interoperability between operators and new entrants to ensure no delays in the introduction of new services and providers in retail markets and to coordinate standardization activity where no specific body has been established); (5) Spectrum (the main regulatory consideration to ensure equitable access to spectrum required by new NGN operators and services and ensuring that competition is not hampered through legacy spectrum assignments to the incumbent operators for the provision of fixed, fixed-mobile and mobile services); (6) Universal service (affordability and accessibility are key policy goals that should not be abandoned or altered in a NGN environment); and (7) Consumer protection (quality of service, priority access to emergency services, the provision of information location, rights and presence management, number portability, operators’ liability, privacy and security). Several Policies taken for Broadband Access Technology, including: (1) The allocated spectrum frequency: 2.5 GHz (part of), 3.3 Ghz, 5.8 GHz, 10.5 GHz for Fixed BWA & 2.3 GHz for Mobile BWA; (2) The spectrum will be divided into regional areas and will be offered openly and transparently via tendering process; (3) Technology neutral; (4) Government will prioritize and promote the operator using BWA which can be developed using local/domestic industry. Ladies and Gentlemen, I do hope that we will able to gain and share valuable knowledges, experiences, best practices, build networking, and develop a mutual understanding, that will enable us to develop the strategy and policy in using the advanced technologies best suited to reduce the digital divide problem in Indonesia, to build the Information Society. Have a successful endeavor, enjoy the seminar and May God Bless you all. With the Blessings of God The Almighty, I now declare this Seminar on “Strategy and Policy in the Development of Broadband Wireless Access Technology Best Suited to Reduce the Digital Divide Problem in Indonesia” officially “open”. I thank you very much. Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh.

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Toward Multilingualism of Internet Content in Indonesia:

Local Computing for Indigenous Languages

Submitted to

Internet Governance Forum 2008

By

Hammam Riza Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT)

Association of Indonesian Internet Service Provider (APJII)

hammam@iptek.net.id

S. Moedjiono Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (MCIT)

moedjiono@depkominfo.go.id

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1. Introduction Language diversity can itself be interpreted in a number of different ways. English is a tongue

spoken relatively uniformly across the countries where it has dominance. Indonesia has more than

740 languages and Papua New Guinea has over 830 languages (SIL 2006). Residents of English

countries may have many other language skills, but few other countries can match Indonesia or Papua for diversity within one country. The numbers of speakers of neo-Latin languages,

including those in the US, may be more than twice the numbers of people of English mother

tongue but the US controls much of the machinery behind the World Wide Web (Paolillo 2004, Mikami 2005). The relationship between languages on the Internet and diversity of language

within a country indicates that even with a globalize network, nation states have a role to play in

encouraging language diversity in cyberspace. Language diversity can be viewed as much within

a country as within the Internet as a whole. Access to the Internet is a pre-requisite to using the information it provides. So far, we have

considered what such access might mean in global terms. However, no such effort will be

successful if the speakers of the world‟s many languages simply opt for one of the few dominant languages. What then governs users‟ choice of languages on the Internet?

Languages are more than mere vehicles for the conveyance of information - they are complex

systems of symbols bearing rich and subtle evaluations of their context of use. Sociolinguistic studies of multilingualism have illuminated in great detail the sensitive and turbulent ecologies of

languages in contact; recent research on Internet multilingualism underscores the relevance of

these lessons in relation to the Internet. Moreover, the keen global interest in the Internet centers

on the economic advantages it offers. Does the Internet also favor larger languages in the same way?

It is not easy to identify in general terms what languages are used online and how they are used.

A range of issues are involved, from individuating language communities, to differential Internet access, to different writing systems and computer encodings to different communication modes.

Much of the available research addressing the Internet‟s potential effects on language and culture

examines case studies of particular linguistic groups using the Internet in specific contexts, rather than from a macro-social perspective. These case studies suggest that language contact on the

Internet favors powerful languages, much as off-line contacts do. For example, Wright (2004) and

Holmes (2004) report on a survey of the online linguistic behaviors of college students in eight

countries. The results indicate that the extent to which people use their native languages online varies tremendously with the context examined. At the same time, none of the populations

surveyed shows evidence of using their full linguistic repertoires online.

UNESCO – Noting that linguistic diversity in the global information networks and universal access to information in cyberspace are at the core of contemporary debates and can be a

determining factor in the development of multilingualism in the Internet,

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2. Indonesian as Official Language Vs Regional Languages It is a common assumption that English is the dominant force in the Internet. We, as do most

others who see English as dominant, view this is a problem. Pimienta (2003) considers that

English covers about half of all Web pages and its proportion of them are falling as other nations

and linguistic groups expand their presence on the Web. Paolillo (2004) points to US dominance of the force behind the Web, both commercial and regulatory, to the extent that the latter exist.

Mikami (2006) supports Paolillo on this point and emphasizes the difficulties in reconciling US

or western ICT and linguistic conventions with Asiatic scripts. A similar case as described above is also happening to regional indigenous languages of

Indonesia. Bahasa Indonesia (as the official language of Republic of Indonesia) is authorized to

be the dominating language in Indonesia, endangering more than 442 local languages.

The languages of Indonesia are part of a complex linguistic situation that is generally seen as comprised of three categories: Indonesian language, the regional indigenous languages, and

foreign languages (Alwi and Sugono, 2000). Most of these regional languages have not received

attention for computerization; they are less privilege languages that need to be brought into digitalization.

Figure 1. Fluency Mapping of Indonesian Language

Crystal (2003) posed the question:”Will the emergence of an official language hasten the

disappearance of minority languages and cause wide-spread language death?” To answer this

question, we must establish a general perspective. The process of language domination and loss has been known throughout linguistic history, and exist independently of the emergence of a

global language. No one knows how many languages have died since humans became able to

speak, but it must be thousands. In many of these cases, the death has been caused by an ethnic group coming to be assimilated within a more dominant society, and adopting its language. The

situation continues today, though the matter is being discussed with increasing urgency because

of the unprecendented rate at which indigenous languages are being lost, especially in North America, Brazil, Australia, Indonesia and parts of Africa (David Crystal, English as Global

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Language, Cambridge University Press, 2003). At least 50% of the world‟s 6000 or so living

languages will die out within the next century. This is an intellectual and social tragedy. When a language dies, so much is lost. Especially in languages which have never been written down, or

which have been written down only recently, language is the repository of the history of a people.

It is their identity. Oral testimony, in the form of sagas, folktales, songs, rituals, proverbs, and

many other practices, provides us with a unique view of our world and a unique canon of literature. Once lost, it can never be recaptured. The argument is similar to that used in relation to

the conservation of species and the environment. In 1990s, a number of international

organizations being formed with the declared aim of recording for posterity as many endangered languages as possible (e.g The International Clearing House for Endangered Languages in

Tokyo).

Figure 2. Status of Understanding vs. Using Indonesian Language

3. Multilingualism in Indonesia Internet There were several key research questions, including: • Can endangered and lesser used languages be promoted among their populations by

establishing areas of use for them on the Internet?

• Are there new language forms resulting from using a written medium for interaction which

retains many of the features of spoken discourse?

• Is the Internet contributing to any kind of language convergence? However, the first and perhaps most important task was to assemble some hard evidence about

the role of Bahasa Indonesia as the lingua franca of the medium in Indonesia:

• Is the Internet encouraging language shift to Bahasa Indonesia?

There is a widespread assumption that Indonesian is the „dominant‟ language on the Indonesian Internet and that its presence blocks the use of other languages. This research set out to

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interrogate some of the premises on which this is based and to find evidence to back or refute

that impression. The research looked at two areas • The extent to which Indonesian is the vehicle for the unprecedented flows of information of

the World Wide Web.

• The extent to which Indonesian is the language chosen for Indonesia Internet interaction

exchanges among groups and networks.

4. Social-Economic Aspect of Language Digital Divide The measurement of languages on the Internet can be used as a paradigm for many issues of

measuring content. To put it bluntly if we cannot measure this seemingly simply dimension of Web site content what can we measure? But we should not be so pessimistic. Mikami‟s Language

Observatory project offers great potential for addressing many of the technical problems and

adopting a non-English starting point. In this line of thought, we propose the evaluation of Indonesian and regional language diversity on the Internet.

Measuring the languages in the overall number of pages on the Web increasingly presents

challenges caused by the sheer volume of Web content, but just because a page is on the Web does not mean it is used, or even „visited‟. If we are to truly measure the impact of the

Information Society, we need to have statistics on how the Internet is used, and by whom. In this

view Web pages are simply the supply side, in all its linguistic homogeneity or diversity, and not

necessarily a reflection of use and demand. In an oversupplied market of say English language Web pages offering a variety of services, many poor quality sites may receive few or no visits. It

is also a common observation that many Web sites remain without updates or modification for

years. Nunberg‟s main finding is that countries with low Internet penetration used mostly English on

their websites, while countries with greater levels of penetration used greater proportions of non-

English languages. Latin America stands out in contrast to this pattern, having a very low level of Internet penetration in 1997, and an overwhelming predominance of non-English websites.

Hence, the extent of English bilingualism in a non-English-speaking country may influence the

expression of linguistic diversity on its websites.

By some estimates, nearly half of the world‟s languages will be extinct by the year 2050 (Dalby, 2003; Krauss, 1992; Nettle and Romaine, 2000). As linguistic diversity is lost through extinction

of smaller language groups, the proportion of people in the world belonging to large language

groups are increased. The loss of linguistic diversity is not localized in any particular region of the world: languages have been lost in large numbers in Europe since the rise of nation-states; in

North America, South America, and Australia, dramatic losses follow European colonization and

continue to the present; in the Pacific Islands and Indonesia, English and Indonesian are

replacing indigenous languages; and in Asia, the major languages in China, Japan, India, and Russia have expanded for centuries at the expense of other languages (Crystal, 2000;

Muhlhausler, 1996).

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Figure 3. Social-Economic Aspect of Digital Divide of Indonesian Language

For Indonesia, telecommunication companies who profit from the demand for communication

and technology services have a special responsibility to bear in mind the linguistic diversity of the

countries whose markets they serve. Hardware and software companies have a similar influence on the linguistic make up of the Internet, by producing computers with keyboards, displays and

operating systems that favor particular languages. The acts of computer companies locked in

competition for market dominance have a detrimental effect on the climate of multilingual computing and on-line linguistic diversity. In such circumstances, the ethno-linguistic awareness

of telecommunication companies, computer companies and Internet governing authorities will

begin to broaden only if a critical mass of under-represented ethno-linguistic groups can command their attention. Hence, the general issue of emergent linguistic bias requires close

monitoring on global, regional and local scales.

In this multilingual population with the capability and motivation to use the Internet in more

than one language, national languages were used more than English for both email/chat interactions and research on the WWW.

These statistics result mainly from the large number of respondents whose national language is

a “big” or “major” language with a high prestige factor attached to it (for example, in the case of this survey, French, Arabic, Italian) who used English only minimally or not at all on the Internet.

These groups reported less need for bilingual skills, probably because there are Internet resources

available to them in their own languages. The reverse applied to those who spoke a language

where speakers were either fewer in number or less favoured economically. These groups reported high levels of English.

However, there was also what appeared at first to be a slightly contradictory finding in that in

the samples in which English is least used (French, Italian, Polish, Japanese), it was actually being used primarily to gather information and for academic work. In contrast, in the samples in

which it is most used (Macedonian, Tanzanian, Indonesian) English did not dominate in any

particular domain and was used both for both accessing the WWW and writing emails and contributing to chat rooms. On reflection this contradiction can be reconciled, since the inference

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is that where English language use increases, the user tends to employ the language both for

passive understanding and for active communication. This has, of course implications for literacy practices in such settings, and is the phenomenon of „English domination‟ that has been noted and

accepted as a general truth. The set of practices here could indeed contribute to language shift to

English.

Other trends that were noticed included the increasing domestication of the IT resource. For a long period, software only supported languages which used the Roman alphabet and so

disadvantaged groups which did not, even those that were technologically advanced. Now

technical solutions to this are developing swiftly. However, even where these are not available, those whose bilingualism has given them competence in the Roman alphabet adapt that

knowledge to other languages in which they are literate. Practices are developing which allow

language with diverse alphabets to be used with Roman keyboards and software that does not support them. It is competence in English language that appears to permit these strategies. In yet

another way this dents the argument that English inevitably restricts the use of other languages on

the Internet.

5. Policy Making for Multilingual Internet Content The general assertion that English dominates on the Internet needs to be reviewed. Certainly the use of English is extensive. However, it is only in a minority of groups and in a minority of

situations that non-native speakers of English decide to use English rather than their national

language. Trends seem to be towards diversity on the Internet away from the monopoly of

English. English was a side effect of the geographical origins of the technology and the location of early users. As access opens up and participation grows in all areas of the world, the trend to a

diversity of languages can only increase. English was also a side effect of the profile of early

users who belonged to elite trans-national groups. As access becomes more democratic and there is penetration vertically into societies, the linguistic effect will be the same. These university

students who can be seen as proto-elites demonstrate the linguistic diversification inherent in

much Internet growth. In summary, English usage on the Internet appears to coexist fairly comfortably with usage of

one of the major national languages. Those bilinguals whose repertoire includes English and a

prestigious national language with large numbers of speakers and an economy, which can support

and promote this language on the Internet, do not seem to be shifting massively to English in this medium. Here, even though English is sometimes employed, it seems unlikely that this will

contribute to language shift away from the national language. The likelihood will diminish even

further as the large language groups continue to domesticate sources to be in their own language and within their own text traditions. However, using English on the Internet may be contributing

to language shift for those whose languages do not have many speakers or where the language

community does not have the economic resources to fund sites in the language. The flexibility

and competence of bilinguals in these settings contribute to this shift. These findings are not unsurprising and point to where effort should be directed in organisations concerned to foster

diversity on the Internet.

The consequences for lesser used and endangered languages need further investigation. Diversity on the Internet seems to mean more sites for national languages, rather than full

diversity. A post-national development that would see lesser used and endangered languages

coexisting more easily with International English than with national languages is certainly not apparent from these data.

UNESCO has stated that cyberspace not only carries and distributes information but is also a

vehicle for communication and the exchange of views. The wealth of information about different

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cultures and values available on the Internet enables an individual to remain based in his or her

own culture while becoming exposed to and influenced by others. One problem however is that the information and services available on the Internet are usually

written in the world‟s most dominant languages. If this state of affairs is not changed it could

quickly lead to the erosion of cultural and linguistic diversity and accelerate the extinction of

languages, customs and traditions. Member States commit themselves to encouraging digital literacy and to ensuring a greater

mastery of the new information and communication technologies, both as an educational

discipline and learning tool (Objective 9). They should promote linguistic diversity in cyberspace and encourage universal access to all information in the public domain (Objective 10).

As part of the implementation process, UNESCO has launched the Programme for Creative

Content to support creativity and innovation in local content production for television, radio and the new media. It is also developing software packages to facilitate multilingual and open

coursework for higher education, which is to be extended to basic education and vocational

education.

The Charter on the Preservation of the Digital Heritage is a declaration of principle designed to assist Member States in preparing national policies to preserve and provide access to digital

heritage. Digital heritage consists of unique resources of human knowledge and expression which

can be cultural, educational, scientific or administrative, as well as technical, legal, medical or any other kind of information created digitally or converted into digital form from existing

analogue resources.

A significant amount of world human heritage lies in content known as public domain information. This enormous legacy of knowledge, partly generated by governments, public

institutions and international organizations, exists in every country, culture and language. Making

it easier to post this information on the Web will substantially contribute to the goal of universal

access. Examples include: that Member States should define and support national policies that promote

the teaching of languages, including mother tongues, in cyberspace. They should also support

efforts to set up freely accessible automatic translation services, as well as intelligent linguistic systems such as those that perform multilingual searches for information. It also recommends that

the public and private sectors and civil society at local, national, regional and international levels

should work to reduce language barriers and promote human interaction on the Internet.

I much prefer reading the original with difficulty than reading a poor translation.” Slettenhaar says that global research in the areas of business and information should be in English, with local

versions if need be. However he believes that if information is aimed at a specific ethnic or

linguistic group, it should first be in their language with perhaps a summary in English.

References Caminero, R.C., Zavarsky, P., Mikami, Y. (2006). Status of the African Web. WWW 2006:869-

870. Global Reach, Global Internet Statistics, Retrieved August 20, 2006, http://globalreach.

biz/globstats/index.php3

Mikami, Y., Zavarsky, P., Rozan, M.Z., Suzuki, I., Boldi, P., Santini, M., $ Vigna, S. (2005). The Language Observatory Project (LOP), www2005, Chiba.

Nakahira, K.T., Hoshino, T., Mikami, Y. Geographic locations of web servers. WWW 2006: 989-

990.

Paolillo, J., Pimienta, D., Prado, D. et al. (2005). Measuring Linguistic Diversity on the Internet,

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UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Montreal Canada.

UNESCO, (2003). (Adopted by the UNESCO General Conference at its 32nd session Promotion and Use of Multilingualism and Universal Access to Cyberspace”.

Stephen A. Wurm (Eds.) (2001). Atlas of the World‟s Languages in Danger of Disappearing.

Paris: UNESCO.

Hammam Riza, Moedjiono, Yoshiki Mikami, “Indonesian Languages Diversity on the Internet, Internet Governance Forum (IGF), Athens, 2006

Hammam Riza, ST. Nandasara, Yoshiki Mikami, “The Digital Language Divide: Languages of

Indonesia on the Internet”, Konferensi Linguistik Atmajaya, Jakarta, 2007. Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in the Information Society, UNESCO Publications for the

World Summit on the Information Society, Published in 2003 by the United Nations Educational,

Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition.

Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/

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MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

LAWFUL INTERCEPTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (LIMS)

KEYNOTE SPEECH

By:

MOEDJIONO

AT THE “LAWFUL INTERCEPTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (LIMS)” WORKSHOP

NIKKO HOTEL - JAKARTA, 18 DECEMBER 2008

Distinguished Speakers, Participants, Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen,

Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh, Good morning, and peace be upon us,

First of all, allow me on behalf of the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology of the

Republic of Indonesia, to convey my warm welcome to all speakers, participants, and guests of this

workshop. Especially, to international guests/speakers, welcome to Indonesia, welcome to Jakarta, have

a nice stay and memorable. I would like also to express my greatest appreciation to PT. Nenggala Karya

who have been initializing, preparing, and supporting this important workshop.

It gives me a great pleasure to address this one day workshop on “Lawful Interception Management

System (LIMS)”.

Ladies and Gentlemen,

It is obvious that any criminal action, such as any corruption case and other organized crimes are

getting more and more difficult to investigate. The offenders have taken full advantage of the high

technology and cross jurisdiction loopholes. The conventional investigation method and the current

legal system may not be adequate to win the battle against the criminal action. We should adopt a more

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proactive approach in investigation, such as the wider use of undercover operations and the use of

lawful interception, where all requiring technical support from all stakehoders involved in this business

cases.

The success of any criminal investigation relies on the meticulous approach taken by the

investigators to ensure that “no stone is left unturned”. Areas of investigation could include detailed

background checking of the suspects, their associates and their properties, travel movements, etc.

Records kept by credit card companies, public utility companies, mobile phone and internet providers

are also useful source of information. In order to collaborate any meetings, the CCTV recording at

various public or private places can often provide excellence evidence. If the case justifies sophisticated

investigation techniques, such as telephone intercept, surveillance, observations, undercover, etc., can

be employed.

However these techniques are often criticized as intrusion of human rights and privacy. The pre-

requisite to all these proactive investigation methods are professional training, adequate operational

support and a comprehensive supervisory system to ensure that support and a comprehensive

supervisory system to ensure that they have strike a right balance between effective law enforcement

and human rights, and most importantly in compliance with the rule of evidence. If the offence is cross

jurisdictional, discreet overseas enquires should be conducted through international mutual assistance

channel. Lastly, discreet investigation should be conducted to obtain evidence of abuse of power.

The modern information and communication technology can be a great asset in supporting the

battle against the criminal action, such as: Telecommunication and other technical equipments used in

surveillance; Capability to intercept all types of telecommunication including mobile phones, internet,

fax, etc.; Speaker identification techniques for production of intercept evidence; Mobile/internet/CCTV

records; Computer forensic; Computer intelligence analysis technique; and Major enquiry/ operations

computer system, etc.

Ladies and Gentlemen,

We are already starting to design and write the government regulation on this lawful interception,

including how this lawful interception be organized and implemented efficiently, effectively, and

secretly.

The question is how to implement these technologically complex concept lawfully, efficiently,

effectively, and secretly in our own unique environments and conditions.

In this workshop, we are going to get best practices references from other countries who have the

experiences and knowledges in implementing this technology.

Please donot hesitate to discuss this matter to the speakers, to get and catch their experiences and

knowledges to share with us, in order to be able to choose the best suited technology framework, to be

implemented in Indonesia.

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Ladies and Gentlemen,

I do hope that we will be able to gain and share valuable knowledges, experiences, best practices,

build networking, and develop a mutual understanding, that will enable us to develop the strategy and

policy in using the advanced technologies best suited to Lawful Interception Management System, to be

implemented in Indonesia.

Have a successful endeavor, enjoy the workshop and May God Bless Us. With the Blessings of God

The Almighty, I now declare this workshop on “Lawful Interception Management System” officially

“open”.

I thank you very much. Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh.

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Development of Community Access Point in Indonesia

Country Report

Presented by:

Dr. Moedjiono Senior Advisor to the Minister of Communication and Information Technology

Republic of Indonesia

at 3rd World Summit on Information Society Forum

Geneva, Swiss 18 – 22 May 2009

Abstract This paper discussed the importance of ICT development in Indonesia, especially development of Community Access Point (CAP) related to the targets that should be achieved by the government of Republic of Indonesia in 2015 as target set by WSIS Tunis Declaration 2005. For the target that should be achieved, this paper identified the main problems, discussed the way to solve them, and based on the discussion in it. The identified list of key factors that should be achieved to attain these targets is recommended. Introduction After struggling with many different problems of development in the world, United Nations made a strategic decision to solve the problems in utilising the power of ICT to harness social welfare. The power of ICT is seen as an essential factor for attaining the development’s goal for improving the social welfare of society, as target set of World Summit on Information Society (WSIS) during WSIS 1st in Geneva, 2003 and WSIS 2nd in Tunisis, 2005 that the materialization of Information Society in the world should be attained by 2015. In 2003 at Geneva, the first phase of WSIS adopted a Declaration of Principles which is become a road map for achieving an information society accessible to all and based on shared knowledge, and Plan of Action that set out a goal of bringing 50 percent of world's population on line by 2015. It does

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not spell out any specific on how this might be achieved. The summit also left unresolved more controversial issues, including the question of Internet governance and funding.

The second phase of World Summit on the Information Society took place in 2005 in Tunis resulted in agreement on the Tunis Commitment and Tunis Agenda. The result of Tunis Commitment is to reiterate out unequivocal adopted support for Geneva Declaration of Principles and Plan of Action adopted at the first phase of the World Summit on the Information Society in Geneva December 2003. Meanwhile, Tunis Agenda for Information Society resulted that It is now time to move from principles to action, considering the work already being done in implementing the Geneva Plan of Action and identifying those areas where progress has been made, or has taken place. The Summit also reaffirm the commitment made in Geneva and build on them in Tunis by focusing on financial mechanism for bridging the digital divide, an internet governance and related issues, as well as an implementation and follow-up of the Geneva and Tunis decision.

Nowadays, we can observe that ICT can bring change to becoming a flat world, through revolutionary progression and implementation towards all walks of life. Namely, education, economy, social, politic, culture, industry etc. The ubiquitous presence of ICT is allowing us to appraise living in a comfortable life and convenience. Common problems faced by many countries in the world in the field of ICT development are economics burden, low e-literacy in education, and information gap that all have been phrased as “digital divide”. Some problems are mostly due to lack of access to social, economic and natural resources such as socio cultural status, low income per capita, lack of education and not to mention geographical lock. Many initiatives had already been introduced to reducing the digital divide, through various pilot projects such as e-learning, ICT training skill in rural areas and introducing public digital libraries to extend information accesses. Based on these reasons, the government of the Republic of Indonesia is prioritizing the use ICT for various walks of life to most of Indonesian citizen in order to improve their quality of life.

By taking into account the digital gap among many people due to unavailability of digital and information technology access and even worse for some, those with no access at all, it is necessary to bridge the digital gap by introducing, and deploying Community Access Point (CAP), in a series of trial, adoption and improvement program from various institutions and stakeholders. Considering that the Implementation of CAP is a crucial move, then Indonesia’s Government established a strategic choice and solicited stakeholders’ contribution as well. It is important indeed for utilizing ICT that could function to open the people’s mind and widen knowledge horizon, especially for people reside in remote territory, stranded island and rural areas. Another choice to consider ICT utilization is that it could accelerate the national movement (Toward The Indonesian Information Society) to bridge the digital gap and convert into digital opportunity. According to a study conducted by United Nations on September 5th 2003, Indonesia's Human Development Index (HDI) is ranked 122th among 175 countries, that means, we are in the lowest quartile’s rank. Therefore, CAP implementation system hopefully could provide information access that can be used to improve people’s knowledge and further to make bread and meat for society’s member.

Furthermore, on one side, the leverage effect of CAP implementation is for information exchange and experience sharing. This indirectly will promote and enhance the socio-cultural value, and transform them into commodity or services on the information economy. Such processes, we hope, can encourage people to learn, to master digital skill and to make bread and meat in various walks of life. So they can widen knowledge, sharing and raising their daily life by economics’ earning. To develop CAP as it was committed to be achieved as targeted by WSIS, it is not an easy task. Since there is not any single model of ICT implementation which can fit all of society needs; and on the

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other hand, based on the stakeholders’ need, it cannot be developed for only a few types. Various social and economics challenges among Indonesian society need to be bridged for its wide spread of coverage area as well as wide gap of digital divide. Therefore, CAP models in Indonesia are varied, such as Community Access Point or CAP, Mobile CAP, Telecenter, Internet Plaza, One School One computer Laboratorium etc. These various models of CAPs were developed by using state budget, corporate social responsibility fund, private donation, or not for profit’s institutional contribution, etc. Under the CSR regulation, what things that during previous time were regarded as voluntary contributions, they are now being regarded as mandatory contributions. Another source for extending telecommunication access in rural areas is the contribution from telecommunication operators’ shared to finance the universal services obligation. Indonesia’s Great Challenge

Indonesia is now facing a great challenge in the field of ICT development, especially for the development of CAP, with some hindrance due to unique natural characteristics compared to other countries in particular, such as:

Indonesia is the world largest archipelago country, with more than 17,000 islands, one third of them is inhabited. Its projected population is estimated around 230 millions, that makes it the fourth most populous country in the world. Indonesian culture is also very diversified. It consists of more than 520 ethnic groups and 742 languages. The country has more rural than urban areas where urban areas’ density ranged from 1 to 25%, and in rural areas, the density is only 0.2%. That represents about 38.471 villages out of 69.065 villages still have no phone lines. Furthermore, internet users are about 13% among populace or about 30 million users, while internet kiosk (warung internet) penetration reaches up to 7.062 unit. However, 70% of all internet users in Indonesia are originated and dominated by people from Jakartan and other large cities from Java, Sumatera and Kalimantan, as well as Sulawesi.

Based on those data, Indonesia has a great challenge and opportunities to develop, to manage and to materialize the access and internet connectivity to bridge digital divide problems. The Government’s affirmative action and other stakeholders’ contribution through Public Private Partnership are pre-requisite to challenging digital divide problem to become digital opportunity. Another driving force to avoid Mathias effects of alleviating digital gap was to develop ICT industry to attain internationally agreed development goals and objectives, drafted as the Millenium Development Goals.

The connectivity means the access to ICT in Indonesia which is seen as an essential factor for development and the improvement of society’s well-being, as targeted during both WSIS. To materialize the Indonesia’s Information Society in 2015, where information can be accessed by anyone, anywhere, at anytime, and by any devices, should be then enjoyed by half of the populace. The flourish of Indonesia’s Information Society is characterized by the profound impact of ICT across the socio-economic, political and cultural areas of the whole society. The Development of Community Access Point in Indonesia. As a generic model of ICT implementation, CAP is globally accepted, common solution to lacking of information access. Its implementation in Indonesia is considered very important, for the purpose of opening people’s mind, and extending knowledge horizon, particularly for those who live in remote, rural and underserved areas. CAPs can provide information that can be useful for users to improve their knowledge and to increase their economics income.

Since 2005, some 750 CAP or other nicknames such as Balai Informasi Masyarakat (BIM), CDC SME’s, Warung Information Technology (WARINTEK), Warung Masyarakat Informasi (Warmasif), CLC or

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CIC have already sprouted in Indonesia. Among these 750 CAPS, 150 are claimed being implemented by CLC Microsoft program.

In addition to those CAPS, there are internet kiosks or public internet, known as Warnet that are used as a popular means of accessing the internet to search information they need. According to Internet Kiosk Association (AWARI) there are 7.000 public internets (Warnets) that are developed and managed by private companies. Prior to that time line, if we are considering Warnet and Public Telephone or Warung Telepon (Wartel) as the similar types of point of information access by ICT utilization, we can find around 12.000 units. That number might be appropriate to be considered as a first step to create a critical mass to speed up the bridging digital gap programs.

Any community in remote areas, rural or border regions that could be classified as appropriate

to receive CAP packages, they should be selected fairly and based on criteria as follows:

Institution should have an ICT Competency. 1. Having experience for active sound organisation with a minimum of 2 years. 2. Having its own services in accordance with ICT sector related services. 3. Having expertise in HRD, ICT and business. 4. Having commitment to achieve the short term goal of ICT utilization.

Location.

a. Domicile in Rural, remote, and border areas. b. Areas classified in the category of underserved, underdeveloped and poor or isolated, border areas.

Services Coverage. a. Having a community members at minimum for 100 persons. b. Having a service of inclusive community. c. Giving services based on a non discriminatory.

To guarantee for operationalizing CAP effectively, there are some aspects that should be

considered, such as: a. The CAP system should be placed in the location that is accessible and within walks of reach by the

community members. b. The CAP system should be easy to use as most of the users are novice in term of computer usage (e-

literate). c. Information provided should be up to date so it will make the user curious to find new information. d. The sustainabilty of the CAP that needs human resources capability to maintain its operations.

In order to operate CAP effectively, DGTA will provide basic training of ICT to the appointed

persons representing the community, for CAP can be operated in a proper manner. In addition, the community that has already been appointed as the target of CAP alloted point, can also receive a certain amount of subsidy for ease of the first two month CAP’s installation.

To guarantee that CAP development will be managed effectively and efficiently, the medium terms plan that ought to be implemented as strategic moves are as follows: Short-term periods (2007 – 2009); 1. Initial Pilot Project continuation;

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2. Mobile CAP version 1.0, release 1.1 3. CAP 2.0 – Grant Project out put based activity – World Bank grant scheme – for 3 Provinces; namelly

Banten, West Java, and Lampung. 4. Eco friendly CAP (energy efficient), 25 locations. 5. CSR initiative for some CAP. Mid-term (2010 – 2014); 1. Implementation and replication CAP 2.0. 2. Collaborative CAP model 3. Indonesian ICT Volunteers 4. Public private partnership for selected CAP initiatives. 5. ICT promotion, information and socialization. Long-term (2015 – 2025); 1. Improvement, Implementation, and Replication of Society’s initiative on CAP. 2. Extending CAP services for facilitating Information and electronics transaction; 3. Flourishing digital content creative industry; 4. Encouraging SME’s intitiative for adopting ICT utilization for businesses; 5. Enhancing the e-literacy for e-earning program for social inclusiveness. Those strategic targets on CAP deployment program are basically established based on the principles of ICT policy aimed “toward a personal digital life style, an empowered community and a competitive Indonesian National Information Society in a prosperous and peaceful global sphere.” That target further strategy are tailored as follows: a. ICT4 all; e-Accessibility 4 all; e-Information 4 all; b. Universal Design and Adaptive Technology Intervention; c. Gender Mainstreaming Approach and ICT 4 Community Empowerment; d. E-literacy and e-learning for e-earning. e. Minority affirmative action; f. Multiparties partnership, fund raising and ICT voluntary movement; g. Encouraging the local culturally based content development and flourishing information based

economy at the grass root level.

The development, deployment and maintenance of CAP in Indonesia are not solely conducted by Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, but also with the support, contribution and sharing responsibility from other parties. They are namely national government, local government, academy and private institution. Even though they use different names, but they have the same purpose, aim and tools which are to empower society in the use of ICT to increase social welfare. We can find various models and name of that of CAP such as CIC, Mobile CAP, Telecenter, Internet Plaza, Warung Masif, Warung Internet, etc.

Physically, CAP is a place where public and community members have an access in to build that was installed with computers, scanners, and printers for people’s use. CAP will function as an access point where people can utilize information access, knowledge sharing and electronic transaction as well. It acts as point of access toward many internet based information sources where people can search according to their needs.

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The community benefeciaries will not have to own computers, phone, television, or pay for other ICTs appliances, since they can come to stop by and use the facilities on time based services, and just pay the rent services. A community access point and use of ICTs for free or for a small fee, is ideally materialized, but the more important aim for community members is to have a sustainability mechanism in operating the CAP. Therefore, instead of freeing the cost of operating CAP, it is being encouraged for community to stand for the sharing menchanism with which ICT usage can benefit to literate person.

Another type of usages is Mobil Community Access Point (Mobile CAP) as a specific re-engineered minibus vehicle equipped with personal computers, wireless communication peripherals, and multi media systems that will be used as a mobile access point for extending internet and telecommunication access in suburban, rural, and remote areas around Indonesia. M-CAP has dual function, in addition for promoting internet access, phone calls, printing, facsimile, and multi media usage to populace, it also serves to deliver ICT related training, as well as to diseminate public information for society members regarding public policy. Therefore, M-CAP is a real effort to promote, distribute, socialize, and utilize information technologies or telematics, and also to introduce the benefit of access to internet in particular. Since its inception in 2007, Mobile CAP has already been distributed to 8 locations, and further in 2008 to 32 locations scaterred in provinces and districts in Indonesia. In this 2009 state budget year, it will be deployed another 5 M-CAP which is mainly aimed for distribution to East Indonesia.

Warung Masyarakat Informasi Indonesia is a more specific Community Access Point which is slotted in the branch of post office in district areas, for its function to encourage local entrepreneurs in utilizing ICT related peripheral and applications to support their business practices. Warmasif also provides the website of e-SME and electronic transaction, e-library, and e-health as well. Total sum of the Warmasif project since its first launch and that have been installed are 3 locations in 2005, 10 locations in 2006, and 50 locations in 2007. During 2008 and up, Warmasif is in a temporary postpone, due to the internal inspection for reviewing the administratif procedures and effectiveness of goals targeted. The reason beyond its temporary postpone was the Finance Ministry decree No 96/ 2007 to which grant, or subsidy is not allowed to be delivered toward the financial or state funded corporate, instead they should be handed over in a form of state based funded allotment (state fund and capital investment share).

Telecenter which is initiated by National Planning Development Board and the United Nations Development Program in the project Partnership for e-Prosperity for the Poor (Pe-PP) established in 2005, at 3 locations in Central and East Java. The practice of involving local entrepreneurs and informal leaders to support the Telecenters operation is gained a reward during ADOC 2007 in Taipeh. Meanwhile, in terms of social education methods – social paedagogy – Telecenter’s Manual Guidance (consists of 5 series) is being used and introduced for CAP and M-CAP operators’ training and maintenance operations. With participant of CAP and M-CAP each two persons form each year, since 2007 and 2008, there have already been recruited 25 CAP and 8 M-CAP (66 persons) plus 15 CAP and 32 M-CAP (94 persons), and 78 Warmasif (156 persons). Hopefully, those persons added with the accompanying supervisors, voluntarily could registered in to volunteers’ web site, namely: http://www.pemberdayaan-telematika.info/relawan, http://www.pemberdayaan-telematika.info/warnet-wartel http://www.pemberdayaan-telematika.info/telecenter http://www.warmasif.co.id. to form social networking among Indonesia’s ICT volunteers or activists.

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Another form of international contribution.

APEC Digital Opportunity Office (ADOC) has also established a telecenter which is funded and developed by the government of Taiwan, and enacted in Yogyakarta and Bandung. The two locations served as a satellite for SME’s businesses, especially among women entrepreneurs. Since its establishment in 2006, both location can attract women entrepreneurs to practice and make use of its facilities. More importantly, with the support of National Women Conggres of Indonesia (KOWANI) and the wife of Yogyakarta’s Governor acted on the Regional Council of the Indonesia’s National Craft Artisan (Dekranasda), the utilisation of ADOC telecenter is another means of making e-literacy among women entrepreneurs as a reality. The almost similar move of neigbouring country, South Korea is christined by Korean Against Digital Divide Office (KADO) who gave an Internet establishment as Internet Plaza, a more complete model of Community Access point located in the General Post Office Building, Jakarta. This KADO – Internet Plaza, technically speaking consists of business facilities, internet access, e-learning/ training rooms as well as ICT technical consulting unit. Instead of the regular size of CAP that consists of 9 PC and 1 server, the KADO – Internet Plaza was constructed from 26 units with office machines (printer, fax, LCD display) as well. Blue Print CAP 2.0 Adopting evolutionary Web based model from Web 1.0, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 as those implemented in education with Edu 1.0, Edu 2.0 and Edu 3.0, as well as Health 1.0, Health 2.0, Health 3.0, in the CAP strategy also tried to mimic the trade. Global Partnership on Output-based Aid (GPOBA) is the World Bank brand new project aimed for CAP implementation with its characteristics for maintaining CAP’s sustainability in the unmature or underserved area. Basically, the idea of CAP 2.0 (compared with CAP 1.0 where every part of its bolt and nut that was usually funded by its initiator solely) is a colaborative, shared responsibility project upon ICT utilisation that aims for encouraging rural economics activities among ICT local entrepreneurs.

Managed by the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology , under the support and sponsorship of the World Bank and Global Partnership on Output-based Aid (GPOBA), this project as a prototype will be speed up in 222 locations in subdistrict level, in Province of Lampung (110 locations), Banten and West Java (112 locations). It has become widely recognized through out the developing world over the past decades or so that access to internet and ICT services is an essential component of any social and economic agenda. Since the inception of multi agencies support of the GPOBA Project, it is called CAP 2.0, where the benefit of project comes from the complimentary function of each supporter.

The other forms of CAP are the corporate social responsibility programs that are managed by cooperation between Ministry of Communication and Information Technology and some companies such as: Bank Mandiri, PT. Telkom, PT Indosat, PT. Excellkomindo, Qualcom, Hua Wei, Exxon Mobile, Hawlett Packard, and PT Telkomsel.

To give a clear picture of development CAP in Indonesia that has been donated and placed by the DG TA, it can be seen in the table below.

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RECAPITULATION OF COOPERATION IN CAP DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND REGIONAL GOVERNMENT

No Province CAP M-CAP Warmasif GPOBA 2009 - 2011

OTHERS

1 NANGGROE ACEH DARUSSALAM

2 1 2 1

2 SUMATERA UTARA 3 1 5 3

3 SUMATERA BARAT 1 1 4 7

4 RIAU 2 1 2 2

5 JAMBI 1 1 2

6 SUMATERA SELATAN 2 1 3

7 BENGKULU 2 1 3 2

8 LAMPUNG 4 1 3 110 4

9 BANGKA BELITUNG 1 1 2 2

10 KEPULAUAN RIAU 1 1 2 1

11 DKI JAKARTA 3 2 19

12 JAWA BARAT 8 6 9 45 17

13 JAWA TENGAH 7 1 5 6

14 DI YOGYAKARTA 2 1 1 2

15 JAWA TIMUR 15 4 5 5

16 BANTEN 3 1 3 67 16

17 BALI 1 2 1 1

18 NUSA TENGGARA BARAT

2 2 3 1

19 NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

3 3 1 4

20 KALIMANTAN BARAT 3 1 1 4

21 KALIMANTAN TENGAH 3 1 1 3

22 KALIMANTAN SELATAN 1 1 1 2

23 KALIMANTAN TIMUR 2 3 1

24 SULAWESI UTARA 1 1 3 4

25 SULAWESI TENGAH 2 1 1 2

26 SULAWESI SELATAN 1 1 1 4

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No Province CAP M-CAP Warmasif GPOBA 2009 - 2011

OTHERS

27 SULAWESI BARAT 1 1 1

28 SULAWESI TENGGARA 1 1 2

29 GORONTALO 1 1 2

30 MALUKU 2 1 1 3

31 MALUKU UTARA 1 2 1 2

32 PAPUA 2 1 3 2

33 PAPUA BARAT 3 2 1 2

Total 102 45 78 222 126

WSIS Plan of Action Based on internationally agreed development goals, indicative targets may serve as global references for improving connectivity and access in the use of ICTs in promoting the objectives of Plan of Action to be achieved by 2015, as follows: a. To connect the village with ICT and establish community access points; b. To connect universalities, colleges, secondary schools with ICTs; c. To connect scientific and research centers with ICTs; d. To connect public libraries, cultural centers, museums, post offices and archives with ICTs; e. To connect health centers and hospitals with ICTs; f. To connect local and central government department and establish websites and email addresses;; g. To adapt primary and secondary schools curricula to meet the challenges of the Information Society

taking into account national circumtances; h. To ensure that all world’s population have access to television and radio services; i. To encourage the development of content and to put in place technical conditions in order to

facilitate the presence and use of all word languages on the internet; j. To ensure that more than half world’s inhabitants have access to ICTs within their reach.

Taking into account of Indonesia circumstances, indeed, it is really an Herculean task. We have

to deploy telecommunication access for remaining about 43,000 villages which have no fixed telephone access, to deploy ICT connection to about 30,000 secondary schools, about 2,500 universities/colleges, about 20,000 health centers across Indonesia. Just to make clear of a picturesque, in order to increase teledensity just to the level of 25%. We have to deploy fixed telephone access for 60 million subscriber or equivalent with basically installing telephone access for the whole Britain, France, or Italian population. With this circumstance, in the statistic book of World repport, we face a grey picturesque, while in terms of absolute number we have already achieved a big amount of deployment; while in terms of ratio among population, those big picture instantaneously shrinked in the last lowest quartile of skewed statistics. Do we have no choice at all? We have to accomplish it all by any means necessary to fulfill the global commitment. Even we have done something, but we realize that they are too slow and too little. Therefore, with this model of solemnity, we think that we will never catch up our targets. So, last bullion

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of WB GPOBA project is another easing way of catching up the target. We have had various ICT projects over the years, but they have never been coordinated and well supervised. It is no wonder that what we get, for illustration in e-government system is almost non existence compared to the task that still waiting for accomplishment. If we just do the business as usual, then we will never achieve to materialize Information Society in Indonesia by any years ahead.

To pursue hard aimed at WSIS 2015 target of information society, we understand that strong e-leadership is at the highest needs. Hence the established of the National ICT task force is already in the way of 2-year practices. They embrace main tasks, among others: a. to develop and deliver national policy directive in ICT development to be followed by government

institution; b. to supervise and review closely ICT development progress in order to make sure that it is always

within the right track of the ICT roadmap; c. to approve multi institution/ across-department large ICT projects including planning, budgeting,

standardization, and evaluation aspects; d. to review basic pre-requisites of ICT development such as infrastructure, human resources to ensure

their availability and sufficiency; e. to facilitate and develop incentive scheme to induce rapid ICT development. We also realize that we need committed long-term support and cooperation from strategic stakeholder, it has been planned the existence of partnership board within the structure. We have identified numerous tasks to be implemented and then as a flagship we will pay more attention to a few but very strategic tasks which have significant impact for the government and our people. We are now considering e-Education, National Identity Number, e-Budget, e-Procurement, and e-Services to be nominated as our early win programs. We hope that such program will trigger more coordinated activities within the scope of our ICT road map. The Future of CAP Development

In order to meet the target Plan of Action to be achieved by 2015, taking into account of what DGTA have done, therefore we must put a lot of effort to achieve the goal. It must continue to involve other parties such as state funded corporation and private companies to participate in the ICT development, especially in CAP development. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a model of corporate self-regulation contribution to the national development program is being integrated into a business model, and automatically will embrace responsibility for the impact of contributing to local economy. Their activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere will be highly appreciated. Essentially, CSR is the deliberate inclusion of public interest into corporate decision-making, and honoring of a triple bottom line: People, Planet, Profit, as well as to colaborate three distinct elements; Public institution, Private corporation and Social organization. In order to get the participation largely, the state corporation and private companies should be given incentives so that they are willing to participate in the development of CAP. Innovative ways for accelerating in CAP development can be in the form of USO (Universal Service Obligation) activities in supporting developing infrastructure to encourage by giving incentives to the people in communities to build a comfortable CAP as many as possible in different purposes in the area easily to reach such as public places (bus and train station, tourist area, closer to school and universities, and SME centers).

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Conclusion and Recommendation Bridging the digital divide is a major challenge facing the global community, not to mention in

Indonesia. Those efforts of utilizing ICT in any walks of life are aimed to alleviate the poverty of populace and also to enhance the knowledge of society. A key aspect of poverty alleviation therefore is creating an environment that allows both of them, community to grow and conserve the ecology for future generation prosperity.

Based on discussion as mentioned above, several recommendations will be given so that the target of WSIS in 2015, i.e, the information society can be achieved, namely: 1. To improve the way to manage the CAP development, especially related to sustainability CAP

programs. 2. To find an innovative way by giving an incentive to the people or companies that willing to build

CAP. 3. To make a regulation that obliges the Government to build CAP for the society as targeted by WSIS

Plan of Action.

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Strategy and Policy of Mobile Broadband Communication Network

KEYNOTE SPEECH BY: MOEDJIONO

AT THE “7th iBurst International Forum: Strategy and Policy of Mobile Broadband Communication

Network”

Jakarta, 17 June 2009

Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh, Good morning, peace be upon us, Distinguished Speakers, Participants, Guests, Host, Ladies and Gentlemen,

First of all, allow me on behalf of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia, to convey my warm welcome to all speakers, participants, and guests of this 7th iBurst International Forum. Especially, to all of our guests from neighboring countries, welcome to Indonesia, welcome to Jakarta, have a nice stay and memorable.

It gives me a great pleasure and honourable to address this 7th iBurst International Forum on “Strategy and Policy of Mobile Broadband Communication Network”. I would like also to express my greatest appreciation to the host of this forum, that have done a tremendous works to prepare and organize this very important forum. Ladies and Gentlemen, The Republic of Indonesia has the unique characteristics compared to other countries in particular, as the world’s largest archipelagic country, with over than 17,000 islands, of which a third are inhabited. The population is projected at 230 millions, the fourth most populous country in the world, with uneven distribution. The culture is very diversified with more than 520 ethnic groups and 742 languages. The country has more rural than urban areas with urban teledensity of 11-25%, rural density 0.2%, around 38.471 villages out of 69,065 villages without phones. Based on those data mentioned above, Indonesia have a great challenges and opportunities in how to develop, to manage and to realize the connectivity in the very big diversity and very wide digital divide problem. The affirmative action from the government and other stakeholders is required to change the digital divide problem to become the digital opportunity, to develop ICT industry to support the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals and objectives, including the Millennium Development Goals, as stated in the WSIS documents.

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The connectivity means that access to and using the ICT in Indonesia is seen as an essential factor for the development and the improvement of the well-being society, what we are going to reach as target of the World Summit of the Information Society (WSIS) in 2015, i.e., the Information Society, where information can be accessed by anyone, anywhere, at anytime, and by anything. The Information Society is characterized by the profound impact of ICT across the socio-economic, political and cultural areas of society. Economic activities at the supply and demand levels are transformed, giving the emphasis to the transmission of information and knowledge. Vast amounts of information are disseminated through ICTs worldwide and those who have no access to these technologies are left at a disadvantage, being unable to participate and share fully in the benefits of the Information Society. The WSIS’s Declaration of Principles underscores the importance of ICT infrastructure for the establishment of an inclusive Information Society, paragraph 21, states that: “Connectivity is a central enabling agent in building the Information Society. Universal, ubiquitous, equitable and affordable access to ICT infrastructure and services constitutes one of the challenges of the Information Society and should be an objective of all stakeholders involved in building it”. To realize the concepts of connectivity in building the Information Society needs the basic ICT policy that is difficult enough of a challenge for developing states. The key factors in the lack of developing country participation in relation to international ICT policies, as: a) lack of awareness of the importance of ICT-related issues in relation to development goals; b) lack of technical and policy capacity; c) lack of easy, affordable and timely access to information; d) weaknesses in governance processes; and e) financial barriers. However, the issues are not always a mere lack of policy development expertise. Some countries have robust policies on information and communication with governance components, which have never been implemented. There is a great for sharing experiences through regional groups to forge shared priorities and collaborative projects, as an opportunity to strengthen a new model of global governance through multilateral and multistakeholders public private partnership. Ladies and Gentlemen, Based on the future trend of the ICT convergence concept, we have to be able to develop strategy and policy to develop services to facilitate the fast technology development, especially in the telecommunication infrastructure deployment. For the main infrastructure, we have planned to build and deploy the toll-road telecommunication infrastucture using the Fiber Optic (FO) infrastructure throughout Indonesia in the Palapa Ring Project, as well as building and deploying the artery-road telecommunication infrastructure using the Universal Service Obligation (USO) project. The next steps is how we can utilize effectively the telecommunication infrastructure for the benefit of all users anywhere, anytime, and by anything, by delivering the required quality services. One of current telecommunication infrastructure technology development is the extension of FO infrastructure, i.e., the broadband wireless access systems. Broadband wireless access systems have the potential to deliver services with the quality and availability of conventional networks, yet offer the potential for rapid deployment characteristic of wireless networks. There are a variety of different and competing technologies that promise to deliver broadband Internet access to both individual and business users. Broadband access will also be available over terrestrial wireless and other technologies. Although significantly less established and deployed than cable and DSL broadband services, terrestrial wireless services using land-based transmitters can also provide broadband services to businesses and individuals. While a number of different technological approaches will be available, it is not clear which will be successful in the marketplace.

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Ladies and Gentlemen, Nowadays, the development of Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) technologies are very significant, including, the iBurst or HC-SDMA (High Capacity – Spatial Division Multiple Access). Each of them develop interoperable standards-based technology, enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access, as an alternative to cable and DSL. Each systems developed by different vendors/research developers that have different characteristics in services, from fixed, nomadic to mobile broadband wireless access (MBWA) services. BWA is one of the very needed access technology in Indonesia, especially to fulfill the lack of broadband access using fiber optic (FO). In urban area, FO is very difficult to be deployed, BWA is very promising as able to send broadband information to the wide coverage area. In rural area, BWA also very beneficial because of the wide coverage area and do not need Line of Sight (non-LOS). The Vision of Indonesia Broadband Access Systems are: affordable tariff, fairly distributed, and high quality. To achieve the stated vision, there are several related strategic issues on the development of Broadband Access policy that have to be considered, including: (1) Licensing (considering the appropriate regime for classes and types of licences and licensing criteria, where licensing is required); (2) Numbering (to ensure access to numbering resources and ensure that numbering, naming and/or addressing schemes encompass legacy, transitional and NGN services and associated directory services); (3) Interconnection (the regulatory considerations including whether new interconnection models may be required); (4) Standards and interoperability (the regulatory considerations, including mandating standards and interoperability between operators and new entrants to ensure no delays in the introduction of new services and providers in retail markets and to coordinate standardization activity where no specific body has been established); (5) Spectrum (the main regulatory consideration to ensure equitable access to spectrum required by new NGN operators and services and ensuring that competition is not hampered through legacy spectrum assignments to the incumbent operators for the provision of fixed, fixed-mobile and mobile services); (6) Universal service (affordability and accessibility are key policy goals that should not be abandoned or altered in a NGN environment); and (7) Consumer protection (quality of service, priority access to emergency services, the provision of information location, rights and presence management, number portability, operators’ liability, privacy and security). Several Policies taken for Broadband Access Technology, including: (1) The allocated spectrum frequency: 2.5 GHz (part of), 3.3 Ghz, 5.8 GHz, 10.5 GHz for Fixed BWA & 2.3 GHz for Mobile BWA; (2) The spectrum will be divided into regional areas and will be offered openly and transparently via tendering process; (3) Technology neutral; (4) Government will prioritize and promote the operator using BWA which can be developed using local/domestic industry. Ladies and Gentlemen, I do hope that, at this 7th iBurst Forum, will be able to gain and share valuable knowledges, experiences, best practices, build networking, and develop a mutual understanding, that will enable us to develop the strategy and policy in using the advanced technologies best suited to reduce the digital divide problem in Indonesia, to build the Information and Knowledge Society. Have a successful endeavor, enjoy the forum and May God Bless us. With the Blessings of God The Almighty, I now declare this “7th iBurst International Forum: Strategy and Policy of Mobile Broadband Communication Network” officially “Open”. I thank you very much. Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh.

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Using Local Language to Improve Internet-based Information Access in Indonesia

By: Sardjoeni Moedjiono Mirna Adriani Ministry of Communications and University of Indonesia Information Technology, Indonesia

Republic of Indonesia

In: Internet Governance Forum IV

Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt 15-18 November 2009

1.1 Background

The Republic of Indonesia is an archipelago of 13,579 islands that spread over an area of 1,900,000 square kilometers. It is the world’s fourth largest nation with a population of 245,452,739 (July. 2006 estimated). Prior to the monetary crisis in 1997, Indonesia experienced a remarkable economic growth, while a rate of 7% growth of the Gross Domestic Produce (GDP) was recorded on per year average. Since the aftermath of the 1997 crisis, the current indicators have shown that Indonesian economy and political conditions are gradually stabilizing. Although some sectors still require special attention and empowerment, the overall condition show that Indonesia is back on the track to become an industrialized nation. Bahasa Indonesia is the national language of Indonesia which is spoken by more than 222 millions people (Etnologue, 2005). It is widely used in Indonesia to communicate in school, government offices, etc. Bahasa Indonesia became the formal language of the country, uniting its citizens who speak different languages. There are more than 742 distinct languages in the country (Etnologue, 2005) which are still used widely in various regions of the country. Bahasa Indonesia has become the language that bridges the language barrier among Indonesians who have different mother-tongues. The vocabulary of bahasa Indonesia has been extensively influenced by outside languages, especially Sanskrit, Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, and English, as well as local languages such as Javanese and Batavian. European influence on syntax has also been considerable. A national language commission has existed since shortly after independence with the dual task of developing Indonesian as a language able to cope with a full range of technical and philosophical topics and of protecting the language against unwanted change, including outside influence. Despite these efforts, however, vocabulary in Indonesian changes rapidly, and urban dialects, incomprehensible to standard speakers, develop and disappear rapidly. Bahasa Indonesia was originated from Malay, overtime, it has been influenced by many languages such as Sanskrit, Javanese, Arabic, etc. [Alwi, 2003]. However in the last few years, the influence of English has enormous impact on the language with the growth of western entertainment industry in the country. Many English words have been adapted into Indonesian words and used widely. This occurs not only in conversations, but also in printed or broadcasted media. The increase in the number of English words used in the Bahasa Indonesia has raised many concerns about the future of the language. There are still many aspects of the language that have not been studied much yet, partly because there has not been much attention on the value of having a well-formed national language.

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II. Information Access in Indonesia

Nowadays, as computers take big parts of our lives, Bahasa Indonesia has not much used as the source language in the computer software, unlike Japanese or Chinese who have their own localized version of operating systems and other software. The lack of effort in applying Bahasa Indonesia to the local computer software has left the users with no other choice than using the English version of the software. One of the reasons that caused this situation is the fact that there are no language tools for Bahasa Indonesia available. Developing such language tools may take a long time and prove very costly because a large amount of linguistic knowledge needs to be coded into such tools. However developing language tools have to be started since there are many users who really need them. For example, all users need spelling and grammar checkers when they are writing in Bahasa Indonesia, in the same way as using English word processors. They cannot check whether they spell the words correctly or they write their work using the correct grammar rules. Researchers need basic resources to study the syntax and morphology of Bahasa Indonesia in order to be able to develop the language tools. Such resources include a large corpus containing Indonesian documents for identification and testing of linguistic rules.

As with other parts of the world, Internet has connected Indonesian user with the rest of the world. It plays an important role in facilitating information seeking and exchanges. However, there are still many Indonesians who are not yet able to benefit from the technology, even though access to the internet has become more and more affordable. The fundamental barrier is language. The majority of information found on the Internet is written in English. The average English proficiency among Indonesians, particularly those living in rural areas and small towns is very low. In order to overcome this language barrier, tools such as a machine translation tool can be developed to aid such users in searching and making use of information written in many languages that are available on the Internet. Last year, an earth quake of a high magnitude hit Taiwan and caused a disruption on the communication link between eastern Asian countries and the rest of the world. People were unable to use the Internet for some time, in which made them realize that Internet had become an important part of their lives. During the disruption, the difficulty that was hard felt was the fact that search engines, which are mostly located in the United States, were unavailable. This rendered users in Indonesia unable to find sites of interest, even those located in Indonesia. The event served as an important lesson about the need for a local search engine. Such a local search engine would also be able to make use of local language tools to improve local users’ access to information written in foreign languages, particularly English. Moreover the local search engine that uses Bahasa Indonesia can be used to educate people in finding information concerning education, health, and law. The education information can be developed to improve the quality life of the people in the remote areas such as school instructional materials for children, e.g. tutorial for teaching children how to read and write, etc. It can also contains material about agriculture, fishery, etc. so that farmers can learn about the best way to cultivate and fishermen can learn the best time or way to catch fish. Information about health is much needed by women to understand what they must concern in raising their children such as where they can find medicines, doctors, etc. or what kinds of food that are healthy for their children. Besides education and health information, people also need information concerning laws that apply in Indonesia. They must be

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educated about basic laws such as what are their rights as workers, their obligations in paying taxes for the lands, etc. All of this information can help people to live better lives. Another problem that people have to face in the country is that there is a technology gap (a.k.a. digital divide) between people who live in remote areas and people who live in cities. Indonesia needs a lot of effort to connect all parts of the country because of its geographical configuration. The country has 13,000 islands, so it is not easy to build a nation-wide telecommunication system. As a result, there are many parts of the country that remain isolated because they are beyond the reach of the telecommunication system, not even telephone. In such areas, people are also left behind in getting quality education, health care, and awareness about laws. The implementation of language tools in Bahasa Indonesia will benefit people who do not understand English, and/or those who are not familiar with computers.

III. Building Language Resources for Information Access

In recent years we have started to improve computer literacy among population with no or little English proficiency through the use of local languages (localization). We have developed language resources such as corpus, dictionaries, morphology and grammar rules for Bahasa Indonesia [Nazief and Adriani, 1996]. We would like to use these language resources to build a local/national search engine for users in Indonesia to find information in foreign languages. We also would like to build digital information resources in the areas of education, health, tourism and law.

We would like to provide more comprehensive index of local sites through a search engine that would still work when the link between Asia and the rest of the world fails to function. We would also like to provide Indonesian population, particularly those living in rural areas, with access to information about health and law to improve their quality of life. The number of Internet users in Indonesia continues to increase every year, and so does the availability of online information in Bahasa Indonesia. In order for an individual user to be able to search for information relevant to his/her need efficiently, we plan to build a search engine that targets information in Bahasa Indonesia as most Indonesians speak Bahasa Indonesia. The search engine uses Bahasa Indonesia as the main language where every bit of information is processed according to the language’s parameters such as the stemming rules (algorithms) and the stopwords [Baeza-Yates & Ribeiro-Neto, 1999]. The crawling process will only collect web pages written in Bahasa Indonesia, so it needs to have a language recognizer for Bahasa Indonesia. The language recognizer will be based on the information derived from web pages such as word statistics, the internet address of the websites, etc. Web pages containing some information about Indonesia, whether written in Indonesian or English, are to be indexed by the search engine. The ranking algorithm is based on the content of the web pages and the number of user accessing the web page [Manning & Schutze, 2003]. Besides searching for web pages written in Bahasa Indonesia, the search engine will also be able to search the English web pages that discuss topics about Indonesia. In this case, a language translator functionality will be developed to translate the Indonesian query to retrieve English documents [Adriani, 2000]. In order to help the Indonesian users who do not speak English, the language translation feature will produce the web page’s summary *Mani & Maybury 1999+ and its translation in Indonesian.

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Later on we would like to develop the knowledge resources in education, health, tourism, law since we would like disseminate the important information to the people. Building the knowledge resources written in Bahasa Indonesia can be done by employing the information retrieval and data mining methods [Baeza-Yates & Ribeiro-Neto, 1999]. The information can be classified according their topics which make them easier to be search and read. However the interface and the organization of the information in each field must be different because the information need for each field is not the same. The search engine can also be used to search and organize the information. Besides collecting the information automatically, the knowledge resources are also developed manually by the expert in each domain if the information is not available yet on the internet. For example, based on the national statistics, information about national health status is identified, such as the most diseases that occur in Indonesia. For health topics, the information contains definition of a disease, what causes the disease, how to handle or to avoid it, where the local hospital or doctors that can be contacted etc. The health information is also linked to the medical journals or academic publications, so that not only regular users but professional users can get benefit from these knowledge resources.

IV. Conclusion

The search engine to be developed will have the ability to process queries written in Bahasa Indonesia but can locate not only information written in Bahasa Indonesia but also information written in English. Moreover, simple translation techniques will be built into the search engine so that Indonesian users can understand the content of English documents or English speaking users can understand Indonesian documents.

The knowledge resources that are developed in Bahasa Indonesia contain information about health and law. We believe that the information within these fields can benefit most to the Indonesian population.

REFERENCE

Alwi, Hasan et.al. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Balai Pustaka, 2003

Adriani, Mirna. Using Statistical Term Similarity for Sense Disambiguation in Cross Language Information Retrieval. Information Retrieval 2(1), p. 67-78. Springer Verlag: February, 2000

Baeza-Yates, Richardo and Ribeiro-Neto, Berthier. Modern Information Retrieval. Addison-Welley: New York, 1999

Etnologue. http:/www.etnologue.com/. 2005

Mani, Inderjeet and Maybury, Mark T., editors. Advances in Automatic Text Summarization. The MIT Press: Cambridge, USA, 1999

Manning, Christopher D. and Schütze, Hinrich. Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing. Sixth edition. The MIT Press: Cambridge, USA, 2003

Nazief, Bobby A. A. and Adriani, Mirna. A Morphology-Based Stemming Algorithm for Bahasa Indonesia.

Technical Reports, University of Indonesia, 1996.

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Indonesian Languages Diversity on the Internet

Hammam Riza1, Moedjiono2, Yoshiki Mikami3

1: Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT),

Indonesia hammam@iptek.net.id

2: Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, Indonesia moedjiono@depkominfo.go.id

3: Nagaoka University of Technology, Niigata, Japan mikami@kjs.nagaokaut.ac.jp

Country Paper:

Best Practice Forum on Access and Diversity - IGF 2009 Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt 15-18 November 2009

Abstract. The paper gives an overview and evaluation of language resources of Asian languages, in particular of Indonesian official and local languages that are currently used on the Internet. We have collected over 100 million of Asian web pages downloaded from 43 Asian country domains, and analyzed language properties of them. The presence of a language is measured primarily by number of pages written in each language. Through the survey, it is revealed that the digital language divide does exist at serious level in the region, and the state of multilingualism and the dominating presence of cross-border languages, English in particular, are analyzed. From this survey as well, the diversity of Indonesian official and local languages on the Internet is observed. Keywords: Asian language, Indonesian languages, web statistics, language identification, standards, multilingualism, encoding, digital language divide

Language diversity can itself be interpreted in a number of different ways. Indonesia has more than 740 local languages and India has 427 local languages in its country. Residents of English countries may have many other language skills, but few other countries can match Indonesia for diversity within one country. The numbers of speakers of neo-Latin languages, including those in the US, may be more than twice the numbers of people of English mother tongue but the US controls much of the machinery behind the World Wide Web (Mikami 2005). The relationship between languages on the Internet and diversity of language within a country indicates that even with a globalize network, nation states have a role to play in encouraging language diversity in cyberspace. Language diversity can be viewed as much within a country as within the Internet as a whole. It is a common assumption that English is the dominant force in the Internet. We, as do most others who see English as dominant, view this is a problem. It is reported that English covers about half of all Web pages and its proportion of them are falling as other nations and linguistic groups expand their

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presence on the Web. Paolillo (2005) points to US dominance of the force behind the Web, both commercial and regulatory, to the extent that the latter exist. For Indonesia, telecommunication companies who profit from the demand for communication and technology services have a special responsibility to bear in mind the linguistic diversity of the countries whose markets they serve. Hardware and software companies have a similar influence on the linguistic make up of the Internet, by producing computers with keyboards, displays and operating systems that favor particular languages. The acts of computer companies locked in competition for market dominance have a detrimental effect on the climate of multilingual computing and on-line linguistic diversity. In such circumstances, the ethno-linguistic awareness of telecommunication companies, computer companies and Internet governing authorities will begin to broaden only if a critical mass of under-represented ethno-linguistic groups can command their attention. Hence, the general issue of emergent linguistic bias requires close monitoring on global, regional and local scales. The measurement of languages on the Internet can be used as a paradigm for many issues of measuring content. To put it bluntly if we cannot measure this seemingly simple dimension of Web site content what can we measure? In this line of thought, we propose the evaluation of Indonesian official and local-regional languages diversity on the Internet. Measuring the languages in the overall number of pages on the Web increasingly presents challenges caused by the sheer volume of Web content, but just because a page is on the Web does not mean it is used, or even ‘visited’. If we are to truly measure the impact of the Information Society, we need to have statistics on how the Internet is used, and by whom. In this view Web pages are simply the supply side, in all its linguistic homogeneity or diversity, and not necessarily a reflection of use and demand. In an oversupplied market of say English language Web pages offering a variety of services, many poor quality sites may receive few or no visits. It is also a common observation that many Web sites remain without updates or modification for years. Since the early days of web development, various attempts have been made to reveal the language distribution of the web. An estimate of language distribution in terms of the Internet users’ language has been regularly reported by a marketing research group (Global Reach, 1996-2005), and estimates of distribution of the web documents are compiled by various groups, each with a different scope and focus. Most of these surveys have evolved along with the development of multilingual search engines like Inktomi, Yahoo, Google, Alltheweb, etc. The language-specific search capability of the search engines has provided means of survey for researchers. Although these surveys have given us fairly good pictures about European language presence on the web, far less attention has been paid on Asian languages, among them “less computerized languages” such as Indonesian local languages in particular. This ignorance may arise partly from the fact that the “commercial value” of Asian languages has been low, and partly from the technical difficulties of language identification of Asian languages. With the exceptions of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Malay, Turkish, Arabic and Hebrew, nothing is known about the extent of Asian languages presence on the web. We felt a strong need to implement an independent survey instrument to observe the activity level of those languages. The UNESCO report presented to the Tunis phase of the World Summit on the Information Society, “Measuring Language Diversity on the Internet” (Paolillo et al., 2005) shares exactly the same concerns as we do.

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In response to this, the Language Observatory (LO) project was launched in 2003 under the sponsorship of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and has been implemented in collaboration with several international partners who have common interests (Mikami, 2005). After a few years of development work, LOP team has trained a language identification engine to cover more than three hundred languages of the world, and has acquired the capability to collect terra-byte size web documents from the Internet. This paper is prepared based on the preliminary survey results of LO project with emphasis on Indonesian languages.

The objectives of this paper are firstly to give an overview for Asian languages on the web, in particular for Indonesian official and local languages which have been ignored up to now. Through this study, we have tried to spotlight the presence of Asian languages as maximum extent as possible. The presence of a language is measured primarily by the number of pages written in each language and is supplemented by additional indicators like pages per population ratio to give an indication of the relative intensity of web authorship. In terms of language coverage, we discovered more than fifty Asian languages. Secondly the paper tries to describe the state of multilingualism in Asian country domains, with special emphasis in Indonesian country domain. The state of multilingualism can be defined at various levels, from a personal or document level to a society level. In this study, we show a multiple language presence in each country domain. To give an overview of cross-border languages is a part of these efforts. After a brief description on data collection and analytical methodologies, the Asian language presence is discussed, followed by the state of multilingualism in Indonesia and the presence of cross-border languages.

3.1 WEB PAGES COLLECTED LOP use a web crawler that works by downloading millions of web pages from the Internet. While downloading, it traces links within pages and recursively crawls to gather those newly discovered pages. The collection of downloaded web pages is then passed to the language identification engine and the language properties of the pages are identified. The collection is also used for various types of web characterization analysis (Caminero, 2006; Nakahira, 2006). The latest Asia crawl (excluding China, Japan and Korea) focused on web pages in 43 country domains (country code Top Level domain or ccTLD) in Asia. The crawl was begun from a seed file containing 13,286 URLs (see Table 1). Web pages outside of these ccTLDs were not crawled. The crawl was performed by using a decentralized, parallel crawler called UbiCrawler (Boldi et al., 2002). The crawler is configured to stop tracing further links at a depth of 8 and to download a maximum of 50,000 pages per site. The crawler waits 30 seconds for http header responds before giving up.

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Table 1: Number of downloaded pages by ccTLD in comparison to Google and Yahoo

Country ccTLD Robots.

Number of downloaded / cached pages

txt found

Language Observatory (LO)

Google[1] LO / Google

Yahoo[1] LO / Yahoo

UAE ae 125 934,634 4,440,000 0.21 1,140,000 0.82 Afghanistan af 19 141,261 117,000 1.21 30,000 4.71 Azerbaijan az 233 2,251,485 2,310,000 0.97 650,000 3.46 Bangladesh bd 20 207,150 2,840,000 0.07 53,200 3.89 Bahrain bh 23 246,031 1,410,000 0.17 284,000 0.87 Brunei bn 5 94,788 1,240,000 0.08 155,000 0.61 Bhutan bt 9 44,594 233,000 0.19 62,400 0.71 Cyprus cy 127 627,056 2,440,000 0.26 962,000 0.65 Indonesia id 1,690 5,742,097 22,100,00

0 0.26 4,250,000 1.35

Israel il 18,309

30,943,029

52,300,000

0.59 26,400,000

1.17 India in 2,156 4,262,378 33,300,00

0 0.13 8,220,000 0.52

Iraq iq 0 0 243 0.00 157 0.00 Iran ir 6,230 4,022,270 7,760,000 0.52 5,070,000 0.79 Jordan jo 20 287,341 2,200,000 0.13 545,000 0.53 Kyrgyzstan kg 288 740,921 2,130,000 0.35 348,000 2.13 Cambodia kh 2 64,265 358,000 0.18 192,000 0.33 Kuwait kw 4 59,152 2,510,000 0.02 306,000 0.19 Kazakhstan kz 1,682 6,441,378 3,940,000 1.63 1,670,000 3.86 Lao la 47 146,635 1,210,000 0.12 256,000 0.57 Lebanon lb 56 343,538 2,810,000 0.12 1,350,000 0.25 Sri Lanka lk 37 136,519 1,620,000 0.08 973,000 0.14 Myanmar mm 1 16,759 445,000 0.04 84,100 0.20 Mongolia mn 169 400,141 2,660,000 0.15 273,000 1.47 Maldives mv 6 37,393 414,000 0.09 127,000 0.29 Malaysia my 1,401 6,865,800 25,900,00

0 0.27 219,000 31.35

Nepal np 32 395,901 1,150,000 0.34 481,000 0.82 Oman om 148 145,207 474,000 0.31 179,000 0.81 Philippines ph 442 2,732,525 2,480,000 1.10 6,040,000 0.45 Pakistan pk 82 734,989 4,530,000 0.16 4,060,000 0.18 Palestine ps 9 88,203 1,390,000 0.06 297,000 0.30 Qatar qa 10 52,888 985,000 0.05 190,000 0.28 Saudi Arabia sa 151 1,053,670 6,170,000 0.17 2,120,000 0.50 Singapore sg 2,856 5,771,191 21,700,00

0 0.27 221,000 26.11

Syria sy 5 51,555 632,000 0.08 59,500 0.87 Thailand th 4,398 12,556,80

7 38,000,000

0.33 17,100,000

0.73 Tajikistan tj 19 233,623 219,000 1.07 25,900 9.02 Turkmenistan

tm 23 80,509 255,000 0.32 37,600 2.14 East Timore tp 714 13,213 178,000 0.07 51,500 0.26 Turkey tr 2,770 11,363,63

3 33,900,000

0.34 29,300,000

0.39 Uzbekistan uz 680 2,286,734 2,710,000 0.84 427,000 5.36 Vietman vn 341 4,490,288 14,800,00

0 0.30 5,300,000 0.85

Yemen ye 3 34,128 115,000 0.30 120,000 0.28 Total 107,141,6

79 303,065,243

0.35 118,898,357

0.90 [1] Numbers of Google and Yahoo’s cashed pages are as of August 8, 2006.

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3.2 LANGUAGE IDENTIFICATION PROCESS Following the downloading process, the language identification engine LIM (Language Identification Module) is used to simultaneously detect the triplet of language, script and encoding scheme (LSE is used below for this triplet) for each document. The identification is based on the n-gram statistics of documents. The advantages of the n-gram approach are that it does not require a special dictionary or word frequency list for each language, and it can detect encoding scheme. Languages selected here are official or nationally recognized languages in Asian countries based on the United Nation UDHR data. Table 2 below is the complete list of the Asian languages targeted in this survey, classified by language family. For Indonesian official and local native languages is highlighted in bold. Additional information for the languages is also listed: the script(s) for the language and the encodings we trained.

Table 2: List of Language/Script/Encoding[1] trained, grouped by language family

[Austronesian] [Indo-Iranian] [Dravidian] Achehnese/Latin/Latin1 Assamese/Bengali/UTF-8 Kannada/Kannada/UTF-8 Balinese/Latin/Latin1 Balochi/Arabic/UTF-8 Tamil/Tamil/UTF-8 Bikol/Bicolano/Latin/Latin1 Bengali/Bengali/UTF-8 Tamil/Tamil/Vikata Bugisnese/Latin/Latin1 Bhojpuri/Devanagari/Agra Tamil/Tamil/Shree Cebuano/Latin/Latin1 Dari/Arabic/UTF-8 Tamil/Tamil/Kumudam Filipino/Latin/Latin1 Farsi/Persian/Arabic/UTF-8 Tamil/Tamil/Amudham Hiligaynon/Latin/Latin1 Gujarati/Gujarati/UTF-8 Telugu/Telugu/UTF-8 Indonesian/Latin/Latin1 Hindi/Devanagari/UTF-8 Telugu/Telugu/TLW Javanese/Latin/Latin1 Hindi/Devanagari/Naidunia Telugu/Telugu/Shree Kapampangan/Latin/Latin1 Hindi/Devanagari/Arjun Iloko/Latin/Latin1 Hindi/Devanagari/Shusha [Semitic] Madurese/Latin/Latin1 Hindi/Devanagari/Shivaji Arabic/Arabic/UTF-8 Malay/Latin/Latin1 Hindi/Devanagari/Sanskrit Arabic/Arabic/Arabic Minangkabau/Latin/Latin1 Hindi/Devanagari/Kiran Hebrew/Hebrew/UTF-8 Sundanese/Latin/Latin1 Kashimiri/Devanagari/UTF-8 Hebrew/Hebrew/Hebrew Tetun/Latin/Latin1 Hindi/Devanagari/Shree Waray/Latin/Latin1 Hindi/Devanagari/KrutiDev [Turcic] Hindi/Devanagari/Hungama Abkhaz/Latin/UTF-8 [Austroaiatic] Kurdish/Latin/UTF-8 Abkhaz/Cyrillic/8859-5 Hmong/Latin/Latin1 Magahi/Devanagari/UTF-8 Abkhaz/Cyrillic/Abkh Khmer/Khmer/UTF-8 Magahi/Devanagari/Agra Azeri /Latin/Az.Times Vietnamese/Latin/UTF-8 Marathi/Devanagari/KrutiDev Azeri /Cyrillic/Az.Times Vietnamese/Latin/TCVN Marathi/Devanagari/Shivaji Kazakh/Cyrillic/8859-5 Vietnamese/Latin/VIQR Marathi/Devanagari/Kiran Kazakh/Arabic/UTF-8 Vietnamese/Latin/VPS Marathi/Devanagari/Shree Tatar/Latin/Latin1 Nepali/Devanagari/UTF-8 Turkish/Latin/UTF-8 [Sino-Tibetan] Osetin/Arabic/UTF-8 Turkish/Latin/Turkish Burmese/Burmese/UTF-8 Osetin/Cyrillic/UTF-8 Uighur/Latin/UTF-8 Chinese/Hanzi/GB2312 Pashtu/Arabic/UTF-8 Uighur/Latin/Latin1 Chinese/Hanzi/UTF-8 Punjabi/Arabic/UTF-8 Uzbek/Latin/Latin1 Hani/Latin/Latin Sanskrit/Devanagari/UTF-8

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Tamang/Devanagari/UTF-8 Saraiki /Arabic/UTF-8 [Thai-Kidai] Tibetan/Tibetan/UTF-8 Sinhala/Sinhala/UTF-8 Lao/Lao/UTF-8 Sinhala/Sinhala/Kaputa Thai/Thai/TIS620 [Mongolian] Sinhala/Sinhala/Metta Thai/Thai/UTF-8 Mongolian/Cyrillic/UTF-8 Tajiki/Arabic/UTF-8 Zhuang/Latin/Latin1 Mongolian/Cyrillic/8859-5 Urdu/Arabic/UTF-8

[1] Local proprietary encodings are shown in this table by names of font 8 families

4.1 INTRODUCTION TO ASIAN LANGUAGES We can list several language families in the Asian continent; Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Dravidian, Indo-Iranian, Mongolian, Semitic, Sino-Tibetan, Thai-Kadai, Turkic and Tungus. Some of these language families are not firmly established and could be regrouped into larger language groups or could be divided into smaller sub-groups. For example, the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus language families can be regrouped into larger language family Altaic, and the Indo-Iranian language family can be divided into the Indo-Aryan, Iranian, and Kafiri. There are some isolated languages around the Asian continent, e.g. Korean, Japanese, Ainu and Burushaski. Some European languages, English, Russian, French, and Portuguese are also used in the region as an official language, and from the mixture of an indigenous language and one of a language, the pidgins or creoles have emerged. Among those language families, Sino-Tibetan has the largest number of speakers estimated at 1.2 billion. Next comes Indo-Iranian, with at least 700 million speakers in India, and more than 200 million people in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran and other South and Middle East Asian countries. Malay in Austronesian language family has around 250 million speaking population in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, southern Philippines and Thailand. Dravidian has about 200 million speakers in India, about 3.6 million in Sri Lanka. Semitic includes a language of many speakers, that is, Arabic, the number of which is estimated to be about 200 million. Other language families have a relatively small number of speakers. Among the isolated languages, Japanese has larger number of speakers with about 125 million and Korean comes with about 75 million. When we describe the Asian languages, we cannot avoid mentioning the diversity of scripts they use. Contrasted with the US and Europe, the diversity is outstanding. In Southeast and South Asian countries, many scripts which come from the Brahmi script are used, and in the East and Near East Asian countries, Hanzi script and some other indigenous scripts are used. Latin Arabic and Cyrillic script are also used with some additional letters and diacritical marks. 4.2 WEB PRESENCE BY COUNTRY The presence on the web of each Asian country is given in Figure 1, where the coloring of map is based on the number of web pages per 1000 population, as this is the reflection of the degree of presence of a country on the Web. This map shows that Israel is the highest (4871 pages per 1000 population) in the rank and Singapore and Cyprus follows respectively. The population data was obtained from the CIA World Factbook (estimates as of July 2006). 4.3 WEB PRESENCE BY LANGUAGE The language identification engine LIM has been trained for more than 200 languages of the world (345 in terms of LSEs) at the time of this survey. Among them, 80 languages

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are spoken in Asia and the survey found 60 Asian languages among them. The remaining 20 Asian languages are not found at this survey, but note that this does not mean that there are no pages at all for those languages, as the current level of training of LIM is not sufficient and several languages are not yet trained at the time of the survey. Still missing Asian languages from the UDHR listing are Zhuang, Yi, Hmong (including its various dialects), Shan, Karen, Oriya, Divehi, Dzongkha (Bhutanese), etc. The data shown in the fourth column of Tables 3 show the total number of web pages identified as written in the languages shown in the leftmost column 0f the table. The data shown in the third column of Table 3 is the speaker population of that language with statistics taken from the UDHR website. The ranking is based on the number of pages. Table 3 shows that Hebrew, Thai, Tatar, Turkish, Farsi, Vietnamese, Malay, Mongolian, Balochi and Javanese have relatively higher presence on the web. The highest number is for Hebrew, and the second highest for Thai. The fifth column gives the number of pages per 1000 speakers of each language. Almost similar ranking is observed in both the number of pages and the pages per population. It can be observed a high degree of “divide” in terms of usage level of languages can be observed even among Asian languages. The number of Hebrew pages per 1000 speakers is 30 times higher than that of the Malay language (ranked tenth in Table 3), 300 times higher than Kashmiri (ranked 20th), and 3,000 times higher than Cebuano (ranked 50th). The speakers’ population of languages is said to follow Zipf’s Law - the n-th ranked language speaker is one of the n-th of the population of the top ranked language. But if we measure the size of language by number of pages written in respective language, the relative size of the 1st, 10th, 20th and 50th ranked language in Table 3 becomes a series of 1, 0.036, 0.0035, 0.0001. Our observation suggests that the number of web pages written in each language follows a far progressive power law curve. The situation evidenced here can be well described as a Digital Language Divide.

Table 3: Number of web pages collected from Asian ccTLDs, by language

Language Script Speaker population

Total number of pages

No. of pages per 1000 speakers

Hebrew Hebrew 4,612,000 11,957,314 18.08

Thai Thai 21,000,000 7,752,785 11.72

Turkish Latin 59,000,000 3,959,328 5.99

Vietnamese Latin 66,897,000 2,006,469 3.03

Arabic Arabic 280,000,000 1,671,122 2.53

Tatar Latin 7,000,000 1,575,442 2.38

Farsi Latin 33,000,000 1,293,880 1.96

Javanese Latin 75,000,000 1,267,981 1.92

Indonesian Latin 140,000,000 866,238 1.31

Malay Latin 17,600,000 432,784 0.65

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Sundanese Latin 27,000,000 217,298 0.33

Hindi & others Devanagari 182,000,000 119,948 0.18

Dari Arabic 7,000,000 107,963 0.16

Uzbek Latin 18,386,000 57,212 0.09

Mongolian Cyrillic 2,330,000 51,140 0.08

Kazakh Arabic 8,000,000 48,652 0.07

Madurese Latin 10,000,000 47,246 0.07

Uighur Latin 7,464,000 46,399 0.07

Kashmiri Arabic 4,381,000 41,876 0.06

Pushtu Arabic 9,585,000 41,479 0.06

Balochi Arabic 1,735,000 36,497 0.06

Turkmen Latin 5,397,500 32,156 0.05

Minangkabau Latin 6,500,000 20,766 0.03

Bikol Latin 4,000,000 18,509 0.03

Kyrgyz Arabic 2,631,420 15,606 0.02

Balinese Latin 3,800,000 14,584 0.02

Punjabi Arabic 25,700,000 14,544 0.02

Sindhi Arabic 19,675,000 12,945 0.02

Achehnese Latin 3,000,000 11,102 0.02

Sinhala Sinhala 13,218,000 10,770 0.02

Kapampangan Latin 2,000,000 10,094 0.02

Iloko Latin 8,000,000 9,180 0.01

Bengali & Assamese Bengali 196,000,000 8,590 0.01

Filipino Latin 14,850,000 5,511 0.01

Waray Latin 3,000,000 5,426 0.01

Bugisnese Latin 3,500,000 3,533 0.01

Burmese Burmese 31,000,000 3,285 0.00

Kurdish Latin 20,000,000 3,135 0.00

Tajiki Arabic 4,380,000 2,430 0.00

Azeri Cyrillic/Latin 13,869,000 3,767 0.00

Tamil Tamil 62,000,000 2,025 0.00

Hiligaynon Latin 7,000,000 1,935 0.00

Dhivehi Thaana 250,000 1,858 0.00

Bhojpuri Devanagari 25,000,000 1,756 0.00

Tibetan Tibetan 1,254,000 1,454 0.00

Cebuano Latin 15,230,000 1,107 0.00

Telugu Telugu 73,000,000 1,072 0.00

Saraiki Arabic 15,020,000 1,036 0.00

Lao Lao 4,000,000 799 0.00

Gujarati Gujarati 44,000,000 765 0.00

Pashto Arabic 9,585,000 259 0.00

Kannada Kannada 33,663,000 164 0.00

Urdu Arabic 54,000,000 70 0.00

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Khmer Khmer 7,063,200 65 0.00

Hani Latin 747,000 63 0.00

Asian Languages total (A) 33,838,551 ( 51.2%)

Other Languages total (B) 32,293,912 ( 48.8%)

Identified pages total (A+B) 66,132,463 (100%) (61.7%)

Unidentified pages total (C) 41,009,216 (38.3%)

Matching ratio below threshold [1] 5,701,765 ( 5.3%)

Empty pages 273,187 ( 0.3%)

No matching pages 9,386 (0.0%)

Duplicated pages [2] 35,024,878 (32.7%)

Total downloaded Pages (A+B+C) 107,141,679 (100%) [1] The threshold is set as 20% in this survey; [2] Almost one third of the pages were found to be an exact copy of another pages. We excluded duplicate pages from language identification process.

5.1 MULTILINGUALISM BY COUNTRY DOMAIN The most recent version of Ethnologue (SIL, 2005) lists close to seven thousand languages around the world. More than 2600 of them are spoken in the Asian region. This indicates that huge scale linguistic diversity is observed in Asia. Among 2600, only around 51 languages are recognized by Asian governments as official or national language(s) of the country and other languages have been recognized as a language of their home use. Official and national language(s) in selected Asian countries is summarized in Table 4.

Table 4: Selected countries with its richest language diversity in Asian region

Country Number of Languages[1]

Country Population[2]

Official or National Languages

Indonesia 742 245,452,739 Indonesian

India 427 1,095,351,995 Assamese, Bengali, English, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Marwari, Nepali, Oriya, Panjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu

China 241 1,313,973,713 Chinese, Zhuang, Uighur, Hmong, Hani

Philippines 180 89,468,677 Filipino, English

Malaysia 147 24,385,858 Malay

Nepal 125 28,287,147 Nepali, Gurung, Tamang

Myanmar 109 47,382,633 Burmese

Vietnam 93 84,402,966 Vietnamese

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Laos 82 6,368,481 Lao

Thailand 75 64,631,595 Thai

Iran 74 68,688,433 Arabic, Farsi

Pakistan 69 165,803,560 Urdu, Panjabi, Sindhi, English

Afghanistan 45 31,056,997 Dari, Pashto

Bangladesh 38 147,365,352 Bengali

Bhutan 24 2,279,723 Dzongkha

Iraq 23 26,783,383 Arabic, Kurdi

Cambodia 19 13,881,427 Khmer

Brunei 17 379,444 Malay, English

Mongolia 12 2,832,224 Halh Mongolian

Sri Lanka 8 20,222,240 Sinhala, Tamil, English [1] Ethnologue, Language of the World 15th ed. (2005) [2] CIA Fact book as of July 2006 Through the survey, the rich diversity of written pages is found in the country with the richest diversity of languages in the region, in Indonesia. It is interesting to note that there is significantly larger number of pages in Javanese compare to Indonesia. It is even more surprising if we also include Malay language. Indonesia and Malay language can be categorized into a single root Indo-Malay language spoken in different dialects. This is the major language found in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, Southern Thailand and Phillipines. The surprising result shows two things: Javanese is dominating web presence in Indonesia and that most of Indo-Malay websites and pages are hosted in generic domains (.com, net, org etc.) and not in ccTLDs of those countries. The lesser Sundanese, Madurese, Achehnese and Bugisnese are found to be of great importance to Indonesia’s local language diversity on the Internet. 5.2 CROSS-BORDER LANGUAGES AND THEIR DOMINANCE Another aspect of the multilingualism in the region is the overwhelming presence of cross-border languages on the web. Here we define two categories of languages. The first category is “local languages”, which are officially recognized language(s) and home speakers’ languages of the state. In principle, all Asian languages listed in Table 3 are considered as local languages. The second category is “cross-border languages”, such as English, French, Russian, Arabic etc., which are used as a language of communication among the peoples of different nations. Arabic can be categorized in two ways. In the South East Asia region, English is recognized as an official language in many countries, but also it is working as an important cross-border language. So we treat English in two ways depending on context of analysis. Figure 2 is prepared to show the relative share of these categories of languages in each country domain.

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Figure 2: Cross-border languages presence in South East Asia In South East Asia, the situation is rather different from other sub-regions. Local languages’ share is far higher than in other sub-regions in Asia. Among them, local language has a majority share in Vietnam (69.8%), Thai (64.0%) and Indonesia (58.7%) in various local languages including Javanese, Achehnese, Sundanese, Balinese, etc. English dominance is observed and it is reflected in its use on the Internet.

The survey presented, in spite of its limitations, is probably the first comprehensive survey of Asian languages and in particular of Indonesian national and local languages on the web. The results revealed the existence of a worrisome level of the digital language divide and the dominance of cross-border languages in the Asian domains and in particular, the Indonesian internet domains.

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Nandasara, S.T. et. al (2006). Asian Language on the Web, Jorunal of Language Resource and Evaluation (submitted), Springer, Netherland. Nakahira, K.T., Hoshino, T., Mikami, Y. Geographic locations of web servers. WWW 2006: 989-990. Paolillo, J., Pimienta, D., Prado, D. et al. (2005). Measuring Linguistic Diversity on the Internet, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Montreal Canada. Stephen A. Wurm (Eds.) (2001). Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger of Disappearing. Paris: UNESCO. Suzuki, I., Mikami, Y., Ohsato, A. (2003). A Language and Character Set Determination Method Based on N-gram Statistics, ACM Transaction on Asian Language Information Processing, Vol. 1. No. 3, September 2002, pp. 269-278. SIL International, Ethnologue 15th Edition, UNESCO Publication, (2005). “Diversity and Endangerment of Languages in Nepal”, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Katmandu Office, Nepal. UNESCO, (2003). (Adopted by the UNESCO General Conference at its 32nd session Promotion and Use of Multilingualism and Universal Access to Cyberspace”. Vikas, O. (2004). Multilingualism for Cultural Diversity and Universal Access in Cyberspace: an Asian Perspective.

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