DELIMA PUTIH UNTUK DISENTRI, KEPUTIHAN DAN CACINGAN

Delima putih

Nama latin: Punica granatum L.

Nama daerah: Dalima; Glima; Dalimo; Gangsalan; Talima; Dilimene

Deskripsi tanaman: Tanaman perdu, tinggi 2-5 meter. Batang berkayu, bulat, bercabang, berduri, batang muda berwarna cokelat setelah tua berwarna hijau kotor. Daun tunggal, bentuk lanset, panjang 1-8 cm, lebar 5-15 mm, bertulang menyirip, warna hijau. Bunga tunggal di ujung cabang, mahkota membulat berwarna merah atau kuning. Buah buni, bulat, diameter 5-12 cm, warna hijau kekuningan.

Habitat: Tanaman ini banyak tumbuh liar dihutan-hutan atau di tanam dikebun sebagai tanaman hias/buah-buahan.

Bagian tanaman yang digunakan: Kulit kayu ; Kulit buah ; Akar

Kandungan kimia: Alkaloid tropan; Tanin; Gula; Triterpenoid; Glukosida; Estron; Lendir

Khasiat: Antelmintik; Astringen

Nama simplesia: Granati Cortex, Granati fructus Cortex, Granati Radix

Delima

(Punica granatum L.)

Sinonim :Malum granatum Rumph.Familia :Punicaceae.

Uraian :Delima berasal dari Timur Tengah, tersebar di daerah subtropik sampai tropik, dari dataran rendah sampai di bawah 1.000 m dpl. Tumbuhan ini menyukai tanah gembur yang tidak terendam air, dengan air tanah yang tidak dalam. Delima sering ditanam di kebun-kebun sebagai tanaman hias, tanaman obat, atau karena buahnya yang dapat dimakan. Berupa perdu atau pohon kecil dengan tinggi 2--5 m. Batang berkayu, ranting bersegi, percabangan banyak, lemah, berduri pada ketiak daunnya, cokelat ketika masih muda, dan hijau kotor setelah tua. Daun tunggal, bertangkai pendek, letaknya berkelompok. Helaian daun bentuknya lonjong sampai lanset, pangkal lancip, ujung tumpul, tepi rata, pertulangan menyirip, permukaan mengkilap, panjang 1--9 cm, lebar 0,5--2,5 cm, warnanya hijau. Bunga tunggal bertangkai pendek, keluar di ujung ranting atau di ketiak daun yang paling atas. Biasanya, terdapat satu sampai lima bunga, warnanya merah, putih, atau ungu. Berbunga sepanjang tahun. Buahnya buah buni,

bentuknya bulat dengan diameter 5--12 cm, warna kulitnya beragam, seperti hijau keunguan, putih, cokelat kemerahan, atau ungu kehitaman. Kadang, terdapat bercak-bercak yang agak menonjol berwarna tebih tua. Bijinya banyak, kecil-kecil, bentuknya bulat panjang yang bersegi-segi agak pipih, keras, tersusun tidak beraturan, warnanya merah, merah jambu, atau putih. Dikenal tiga macam delima, yaitu delima putih, delima merah, dan delima ungu. Perbanyakan dengan setek, tunas akar atau cangkok. 

Nama Lokal :NAMA DAERAH Sumatera: glima (Aceh), glimeu mekah (Gayo), dalimo (Batak). Jawa: gangsalan (Jawa), dalima (Sunda), dhalima (Madura). Nusa Tenggara: jeliman (Sasak), talima (Bima), dila dae lok (Roti), lelo kase, rumau (Timor). Maluku: dilimene (Kisar). NAMA ASING Shi liu (C), granaatappel (B), grenadier (P), granatbaum (J), luru (V), thap thim (T), granada (Tag.), pomegranate (I). NAMA SIMPLISIA Granati Cortex (Wit kayu delima), Granati Pericarpium (Wit buah delima).

Penyakit Yang Dapat Diobati :Sewaktu panen, buah dikumpulkan. Bijinya dikeluarkan, lalu kulitnya dijemur sampai kering. Sebelum digunakan, dapat disimpan dalam wadah yang tertutup baik. Kulit buah rasanya asam, pahit, sifatnya hangat, astringen, beracun (toksik). Berkhasiat menghentikan perdarahan (hemostatis), peluruh cacing usus (vermifuga), antidiare, dan antivirus. Kulit buah dan bunganya merupakan astringen kuat. Rebusan keduanya bisa menghentikan perdarahan. Kulit kayu dan kulit akar mempunyai bau lemah dan rasa asam. Berkhasiat sebagai peluruh dahak, vermifuga, pencahar, dan astringen usus. Daunnya berkhasiat untuk peluruh haid. Daging buah (daging pembungkus biji) berkhasiat penyejuk, peluruh kentut. Biji sifatnya sejuk, tidak berracun, berkhasiat pereda demam, antitoksik, melumas paru, dan meredakan batuk. Kulit akar berkhasiat peluruh cacing usus. Kulit buah menghambat pertumbuhan basil typhoid. Kulit buah dapat mengendalikan penyebaran infeksi virus polio, virus herpes simpleks, clan virus HIV.

Pemanfaatan :

Komposisi :Kulit buah (shi liu pi) mengandung alkaloid pelletierene, granatin, betulic

acid, ursolic acid, isoquercitrin, elligatanin, resin, triterpenoid, kalsium oksalat, dan pati. Kulit akar dan kulit kayu mengandung sekitar 20% elligatanin dan 0,5--1% senyawa alkaloid, antara lain alkaloid pelletierine (C8H14N0), pseudopelletierine (C9H15N0), metilpelletierine (C8H14NO.CH3), isopelletierine (C8H15N0), dan metilisopellettierine (C9H1,N0). Daun mengandung alkaloid, tanin, kalsium oksalat, lemak, sulfur, peroksidase. Jus buah mengandung asam sitrat, asam malat, glukosa, fruktosa, maltosa, vitamin (A, C), mineral (kalsium, fosfor, zat besi, magnesium, natrium, dan kalium), dan tanin. Alkaloid pelletierine sangat toksik dan menyebabkan kelumpuhan cacing pita, cacing gelang, dan cacing keremi. Kulit buah dan kulit kayu juga astringen kuat sehingga digunakan untuk pengobatan diare.DELIMA PUTIH Nama latin: Punica granatum L.Nama daerah: Dalima; Glima; Dalimo; Gangsalan; Talima; DilimeneDeskripsi tanaman: Tanaman perdu, tinggi 2-5 meter. Batang berkayu, bulat, bercabang, berduri, batang muda berwarna cokelat setelah tua berwarna hijau kotor. Daun tunggal, bentuk lanset, panjang 1-8 cm, lebar 5-15 mm, bertulang menyirip, warna hijau. Bunga tunggal di ujung cabang, mahkota membulat berwarna merah atau kuning. Buah buni, bulat, diameter 5-12 cm, warna hijau kekuningan.Habitat: Tanaman ini banyak tumbuh liar dihutan-hutan atau di tanam dikebun sebagai tanaman hias/buah-buahan.Bagian tanaman yang digunakan: Kulit kayu ; Kulit buah ; AkarKandungan kimia: Alkaloid tropan; Tanin; Gula; Triterpenoid; Glukosida; Estron; LendirKhasiat: Antelmintik; AstringenNama simplesia: Granati Cortex, Granati fructus Cortex, Granati RadixResep tradisional: Disentri:Daun delima putih segar 5 g; Rimpang temu giring 2 g; Daun jambu biji segar 6 g; Air 110 ml, Dibuat infus, Diminum 1 kali sehari 100 ml; diulang selama 7 hari.Keputihan:Kulit buah delima segar 5 g; Daun beluntas segar 6 g; Herba tapak liman 5 g; Majakan 1 g; Air 110 ml, Dibuat infus, Diminum 1 kali sehari 100 ml; diulang selama 7 hari.Obat cacing:Akar delima putih 1 jari; Rimpang temu giring segar 1 jari; Air 110 ml, Dibuat infus atau diseduh, Diminum 1 kali sehari 100 ml; diulang selama 4 hari.

Antimicrobial activityAn aqueous and a 95% ethanol extract of the bark had weak activity in vitro against Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of 25.0 mg/well (20). A decoction of the crude drug inhibited the growth of Trichophyton tonsurans, T. rubrum, T. simii, Trichosporon beigelii, Microsporum fulvum, M. gypseum and Candida albicans when added to the nutrient medium at a concentration of 5% (21).Anthelminthic and molluscicidal activitiesPelletierine, an alkaloid constituent of the bark, was active against tapeworms(Taenia solium), but was not active against other intestinal parasites (4). At a concentration of 1:10 000, pelletierine hydrochloride kills tapeworms within 5–10 minutes (22). This alkaloid acts by causing the tapeworm to relax its grip on the intestinal walls and thereby making it possible to be expelled by cathartics. The molluscicidal activity of the crude drug against the snail Lymnaea acuminata was found to be both time- and dose-dependent. An ethanol extract of the bark was effective in killing the test animals, with a 24 h median lethal concentration of22.42 mg/l (23). The extract was not toxic to the fish, Colisa fasciatus, which shares the same habitat with the snail (23).Antiuraemic activityAdministration of a decoction of the bark in the drinking-water, at a dose of approximately 150.0 mg/kg body weight (bw), prevented casein/adenine-induced kidney failure in rats (24).PharmacokineticsThe metabolism of punicalagin, a water-soluble ellagitannin isolated from the crude drug, was assessed in rats (25). The animals were treated with repeated oral administration of a 6% punicalagin-containing diet for 37 days. Punicalagin and related metabolites were identified by high performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector–mass spectrome try–mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS-MS) in plasma, liver and kidneys. Five punicalagin-related metabolites were detected in liver andkidney, that is, two ellagic acid derivatives, gallagic acid, 3,8-dihydroxy-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one glucuronide, and 3,8,10-trihydroxy-6Hdibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one (25).ToxicologyIn animal experiments, intragastric administration of very large doses (not stated) of the alkaloids isolated from the bark caused respiratory arrest and death (26). Punicalagin has been reported to be toxic to cattle and rats (25). The chronic toxicity of punicalagin was assessed in rats.Treatment consisted of repeated oral administration of a 6% punicalagincontainingdiet for 37 days. Feedstuff intake, food utility index and growth rate were lower in treated rats during the first 15 days, but no significant adverse effects were observed. No significant differences were found in treated rats in any blood parameter analysed (including the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) with the exception of urea and triglycerides, which remained low throughout the experiment (25).Clinical pharmacologyToxicology

Ingestion by humans of more than 80.0 g of drug may cause severe vomiting with blood, dizziness, fever, tremor and collapse. After 10 hours to 3 days temporary blindness may occur, which usually resolves after several weeks. Ingestion of pelletierine may cause visual disturbances with mydriasis (dilated pupils), dizziness and headache, as well as long-lasting anaesthesia or somnolence. Further symptoms of overdose include colic, cold sweat, dizziness, headache, muscle cramps, weakness or paralysis of the lower extremities, nausea, cardiac and respiratory collapse (27).Adverse reactionsCommon adverse events observed in humans include dizziness, visual disturbances, weakness, calf spasms and tremors. Large overdoses (> 80.0 g) of the crude drug may lead to dizziness, mydriasis, severe headache, vertigo, vomiting, lethargy, collapse and possible death due to the alkaloid content (26).ContraindicationsHypersensitivity or allergy to the bark.

WarningsFor diarrhoea lasting for longer than 3 days, contact a health care provider. For diarrhoea associated with fever, nausea and vomiting, or bloody stools, contact a health care provider. Do not exceed recommended dosage.PrecautionsGeneralNo information was found.Drug interactionsNo information was found.Drug and laboratory test interactionsNo information was found.Carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, impairment of fertilityThe genotoxic effects of the crude drug were examined in established human cell lines, Raji and P3HR-1. Cells were treated with a decoction of the bark at various concentrations for 24 and 48 hours in vitro. Cell growth and viability were dose-dependently reduced. No apparent chromosomal aberrations were induced by the treatment. Administration of a bark extract induced apoptotic DNA fragmentation (28).Pregnancy: teratogenic effectsNo information was found.Pregnancy: non-teratogenic effectsDue to the lack of safety data, the use of Cortex Granati during pregnancy is not recommended.Nursing mothersDue to the lack of safety data, the use of Cortex Granati during breastfeeding is not recommended.Paediatric useDue to the lack of safety data, the use of Cortex Granati in children under the age of 12 years is not recommended.Other precautionsNo information was found.