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MEMORIZEEVERYDETAIL
RememberYourGoals• Getabig-picturesenseofthewayspoli9calequality,naturalrights,andthesovereigntyofthepeoplehavebeencontestedoverthecourseofAmericanhistory
• Selecthistoricalexamplestouseasevidenceinansweringtheessayprompt
TRYTOACHIEVETHELEARNINGOBJECTIVESbecause this is
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FocusontheGuidingQuesNonDoestheevidenceinTheseTruthssupporttheclaim
advancedintheDeclara9onofIndependence?
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are createdequal[poliNcalequality],thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,Libertyandthepursuit of Happiness [natural rights].--That to secure these rights,Governments are ins9tuted among Men, deriving their just powersfrom the consent of the governed,--That whenever any Form ofGovernmentbecomesdestruc9veoftheseends, it istheRightofthePeopletoalterortoabolishit...[thesovereigntyofthepeople]
Ordoesitcontradictthatclaim?
HaveAmericanstreatedtheseideasasself-evidenttruthsorhavetheynot?
PARTI:THEIDEA(1492−1799)
Chapter1:TheNatureofthePast
Chapter2:TheRulersandtheRuled
Chapter3:OfWarsandRevolu9ons
Chapter4:TheCons9tu9onofaNa9on
Chapter5:ADemocracyofNumbers *
*ThischaptercoversmaterialfromthisAPperiodbutappearsinthenextsec9onofthebook.
Chapter1:TheNatureofthePast
WhatwasthecontextforEuropeanencountersintheAmericasfrom1491to1607?
Whatwerethecausesofexplora9onandconquestoftheNewWorldbyvariousEuropeanna9ons?
WhatwerethecausesoftheColumbianExchangeanditseffectonEuropeandtheAmericasduringtheperiodaaer1492?HowandwhydidEuropeanandNa9veAmericanperspec9vesofothersdevelopandchangeinthisperiod?
Whatweretheeffectsofthedevelopmentoftransatlan9cvoyagesfrom1491to1607?
Asna9vepopula9onsmigratedandsebledacrossthevastexpanseofNorthAmericaover9me,theydevelopeddis9nctandincreasinglycomplexsocie9esbyadap9ngtoandtransformingtheirdiverseenvironments.
Differentna9vesocie9esadaptedtoandtransformedtheirenvironmentsthroughinnova9onsinagriculture,resourceuse,andsocialstructure.
ContactamongEuropeans,Na9veAmericans,andAfricansresultedintheColumbianExchangeandsignificantsocial,cultural,andpoli9calchangesonbothsidesoftheAtlan9cOcean.
EuropeanexpansionintotheWesternHemispheregeneratedintensesocial,religious,poli9cal,andeconomiccompe99onandchangeswithinEuropeansocie9es.
TheColumbianExchangeanddevelopmentoftheSpanishEmpireintheWesternHemisphereresultedinextensivedemographic,economic,andsocialchanges.
Intheirinterac9ons,EuropeansandNa9veAmericansasserteddivergentworldviewsregardingissuessuchasreligion,genderroles,landuse,andpower.
APPeriod1KeyConceptsReview
Chapter2:TheRulersandtheRuled
Whatwasthecontextforthecoloniza9onofNorthAmericafrom1607-1754?
HowandwhydidthevariousEuropeancoloniesdevelopandexpandfrom1607-1754?
HowandwhydidenvironmentalandotherfactorsshapethedevelopmentandexpansionofvariousBri9shcoloniesthatdevelopedandexpandedfrom1607to1754?
Whatwerethecausesandeffectsoftransatlan9ctradeover9me?
WhatwerethecausesandeffectsofslaveryinthevariousBri9shcolonialregions?
Howdidenslavedpeoplerespondtoslavery?HowandwhydidthemovementofavarietyofpeopleandideasacrosstheAtlan9ccontributetothedevelopmentofAmericancultureover9me?
HowandwhydidthedifferentgoalsandinterestsofEuropeanleadersandcolonistsaffectedhowtheyviewedthemselvesandtheirrela9onshipwithGreatBritain?
ComparetheeffectsofthedevelopmentofcolonialsocietyinthevariousregionsofNorthAmerica.
Europeansdevelopedavarietyofcoloniza9onandmigra9onpaberns,influencedbydifferentimperialgoals,cultures,andthevariedNorthAmericanenvironmentswheretheysebled,andtheycompetedwitheachotherandAmericanIndiansforresources.
Spanish,French,Dutch,andBri9shcolonizershaddifferenteconomicandimperialgoalsinvolvinglandandlaborthatshapedthesocialandpoli9caldevelopmentoftheircoloniesaswellastheirrela9onshipswithna9vepopula9ons.
Inthe17thcentury,earlyBri9shcoloniesdevelopedalongtheAtlan9ccoast,withregionaldifferencesthatreflectedvariousenvironmental,economic,cultural,anddemographicfactors.
Compe99onoverresourcesbetweenEuropeanrivalsandAmericanIndiansencouragedindustryandtradeandledtoconflictintheAmericas.
TheBri9shcoloniespar9cipatedinpoli9cal,social,cultural,andeconomicexchangeswithGreatBritainthatencouragedbothstrongerbondswithBritainandresistancetoBritain’scontrol.
Transatlan9ccommercial,religious,philosophical,andpoli9calexchangesledresidentsoftheBri9shcoloniestoevolveintheirpoli9calandculturalaitudesastheybecameincreasingly9edtoBritainandoneanother.
LikeotherEuropeanempiresintheAmericasthatpar9cipatedintheAtlan9cslavetrade,theEnglishcoloniesdevelopedasystemofslaverythatreflectedthespecificeconomic,demographic,andgeographiccharacteris9csofthosecolonies.
APPeriod2KeyConceptsReview
Chapter3:OfWarsandRevolu9ons
WhatwasthecontextinwhichAmericagainedindependenceanddevelopedasenseofna9onaliden9ty?
Bri9shabemptstoassertgreatercontroloverthecoloniesandintensifyingcolonialcommitmenttoself-governanceledtoindependencemovement.
Therequirementsoffigh9ngthewar(integra9onoftroopsfrommanyregions,replacementofroyalcolonialgovernmentswithnewcons9tu9onalgovernments,representa9vena9onallegisla9vebodiestocoordinatefundingandresourcesacrosscolonies,etc)inspiredexperimentswithnewformsofgovernment.
WhatwerethecausesandeffectsoftheSevenYears’(FrenchandIndian)War?Expandingcoloniesandmigra9ngcoloniststhreatenedFrenchtradenetworksandAmericanIndiansovereignty,pushingthemtowardconfronta9ontoprotecttheirinterests.
Withitsvictory,BritainexpandeditsterritoryandeliminatedarivalinNorthAmerica,butthecostoffigh9ngthewarandadministeringthenewterritoryledthemtoseekgreatercontroloverandrevenuefromthecolonies,whichcreateddiscontentamongthecolonists.
HowdidBri9shcolonialpoliciesregardingNorthAmericaleadtotherevolu9onarywar?
HowandwhydidcolonialaitudesaboutgovernmentandtheindividualchangeintheyearsleadinguptotheAmericanRevolu9on?HowdidvariousfactorscontributetotheAmericanvictoryintheRevolu9on?
HowdidtheAmericanRevolu9onaffectsociety?
WhatwastheglobalimpactoftheAmericanRevolu9on.
HowdiddifferentformsofgovernmentdevelopandchangasaresultoftheRevolu9onaryPeriod?HowdidtheAmericanindependencemovementaffect?societyfrom1754to1800(orinthiscase1783)?
Chapter4:TheCons9tu9onofaNa9on
Whatwerethedifferingideologicalposi9onsonthestructureandfunc9onofthefederalgovernment?
Whatwerethecon9nui9esandchangesinthestructureandfunc9onsofthegovernmentwiththera9fica9onoftheCons9tu9on?
Howandwhydidcompe99onintensifyconflictsamongpeoplesandna9onsfrom1754to1800?Howandwhydidpoli9calideas,ins9tu9onsandpartysystemsdevelopandchangeinthenewrepublic?
Whatwerethecon9nui9esandchangesinAmericanculturefrom1754to1800?
Whatwerethecon9nui9esandchangesinregionalaitudesaboutslaveryasitexpandedfrom1754to1800?HowdidtheAmericanindependencemovementaffectedsocietyfrom1754to1800(orinthischapter1783)?
Chapter5:ADemocracyofNumbers
Whatwerethedifferingideologicalposi9onsonthestructureandfunc9onofthefederalgovernment?
Delegatesfromthestatespar9cipatedintheCons9tu9onalConven9onandthroughnego9a9on,collabora9on,andcompromiseproposedacons9tu9on.
TheCons9tu9onalConven9oncompromisedovertherepresenta9onofslavestatesinCongress[andtheElectoralCollege]andtheroleofthefederalgovernmentinregula9ngbothslaveryandtheslavetrade,allowingtheprohibi9onoftheinterna9onalslavetradeaaer1808.
Howandwhydidpoli9calideas,ins9tu9onsandpartysystemsdevelopandchangeinthenewrepublic?
Duringthepresiden9aladministra9onsofGeorgeWashingtonandJohnAdams,poli9calleaderscreatedins9tu9onsandprecedentsthatputtheprinciplesoftheCons9tu9onintoprac9ce.
Poli9calleadersinthe1790stookavarietyofposi9onsonissuessuchastherela9onshipbetweenthena9onalgovernmentandthestates,economicpolicy,foreignpolicy,andthebalancebetweenlibertyandorder.Thisledtotheforma9onofpoli9calpar9es—mostsignificantlytheFederalists,ledbyAlexanderHamilton,andtheDemocra9c-Republican[orRepublican]Party,ledbyThomasJeffersonandJamesMadison.
Whatwerethecon9nui9esandchangesinregionalaitudesaboutslaveryasitexpandedfrom1754to1800?
TheexpansionofslaveryinthedeepSouthandadjacentwesternlandsandrisingan9slaverysen9mentbegantocreatedis9nc9veregionalaitudestowardslavery.
MoreonChapter5:ADemocracyofNumbersinPartII
Bri9shabemptstoassert9ghtercontroloveritsNorthAmericancoloniesandthecolonialresolvetopursueself-governmentledtoacolonialindependencemovementandtheRevolu9onaryWar.
Thecompe99onamongtheBri9sh,French,andAmericanIndiansforeconomicandpoli9caladvantageinNorthAmericaculminatedintheSevenYears’War(theFrenchandIndianWar),inwhichBritaindefeatedFranceandalliedAmericanIndians.
Thedesireofmanycoloniststoassertidealsofself-governmentinthefaceofrenewedBri9shimperialeffortsledtoacolonialindependencemovementandwarwithBritain.
TheAmericanRevolu9on’sdemocra9candrepublicanidealsinspirednewexperimentswithdifferentformsofgovernment.
Theidealsthatinspiredtherevolu9onarycausereflectednewbeliefsaboutpoli9cs,religion,andsocietythathadbeendevelopingoverthecourseofthe18thcentury.
Aaerdeclaringindependence,Americanpoli9calleaderscreatednewcons9tu9onsanddeclara9onsofrightsthatar9culatedtheroleofthestateandfederalgovernmentswhileprotec9ngindividualliber9esandlimi9ngbothcentralizedpowerandexcessivepopularinfluence.
Newformsofna9onalcultureandpoli9calins9tu9onsdevelopedintheUnitedStatesalongsidecon9nuedregionalvaria9onsanddifferencesovereconomic,poli9cal,social,andforeignpolicyissues.
Migra9onwithinNorthAmericaandcompe99onoverresources,boundaries,andtradeintensifiedconflictsamongpeoplesandna9ons.
InthedecadesaaerAmericanindependence,interac9onsamongdifferentgroupsresultedincompe99onforresources,shiaingalliances,andculturalblending.
Thecon9nuedpresenceofEuropeanpowersinNorthAmericachallengedtheUnitedStatestofindwaystosafeguarditsborders,maintainneutraltradingrights,andpromoteitseconomicinterests.
APPeriod3KeyConceptsReview
PARTII:THEPEOPLE(1800−1865)
Chapter5:ADemocracyofNumbers
Chapter6:TheSoulandtheMachine
Chapter7:OfShipsandShipwrecks
Chapter8:TheFaceofBable
Chapter9:OfCi9zens,Persons,andPeople *
Chapter5:ADemocracyofNumbers
Chapter7:OfShipsandShipwrecks
*ThischaptercoversmaterialfromthisAPperiodbutappearsinthenextsec9onofthebook.
Chapter5:ADemocracyofNumbers(con9nued)
Whatwasthecontextinwhichtherepublicdevelopedfrom1800to1848(or,inthischapter,1828)?
Whatwerethecausesandeffectsofpolicydebatesintheearlyrepublic?
Howdiddifferentregionalinterestsaffectdebatesabouttheroleofthefederalgovernmentintheearlyrepublic?
HowandwhydidAmericanforeignpolicydevelopandexpandover9me?Whatwerethecausesandeffectsoftheexpansionofpar9cipatorydemocracyfrom1800to1848(or,inthischapter,1828)?
Whatwerethecausesandeffectsofcon9nuingpolicydebatesabouttheroleofthefederalgovernmentfrom1800to1848(or,inthischapter,1828)?
Howandwhydidanewna9onalculturedevelopedfrom1800to1848(or,inthischapter,1828)?
Towhatextentdidpoli9cs,economics,andforeignpolicypromotethedevelopmentofAmericaniden9tyfrom1800to1848(or,inthischapter,1828)?
Chapter6:TheSoulandtheMachine
HowandwhydidAmericanforeignpolicydevelopandexpandover9me?TheU.S.GovernmentsoughtinfluenceandcontrolovertheWesternHemispherethroughavarietyofmeans,includingmilitaryac9ons,AmericanIndianremoval,anddiploma9ceffortssuchastheMonroeDoctrine
Whatwerethecausesandeffectsoftheinnova9onsintechnology,agriculture,andcommerceover9me?
Howandwhydidinnova9onintechnology,agriculture,andcommerceaffectvarioussegmentsofAmericansocietyover9me?
Whatwerethecausesandeffectsofcon9nuingpolicydebatesabouttheroleofthefederalgovernmentfrom1800to1848?Howandwhydidanewna9onalculturedevelopfrom1800to1848?
WhatwerethecausesoftheSecondGreatAwakening?
Howandwhydidvariousreformmovementsdevelopandexpandfrom1800to1848?
Whatwerethecon9nui9esandchangesintheexperienceofAfricanAmericansfrom1800to1848?
HowdidgeographicandenvironmentalfactorsshapethedevelopmentoftheSouthfrom1800to1848?
Towhatextentdidpoli9cs,economics,andforeignpolicypromotethedevelopmentofAmericaniden9tyfrom1800to1848?
Chapter7:OfShipsandShipwrecks
Howandwhydidvariousreformmovementsdevelopandexpandfrom1800to1848?
An9slaverymovementsincreasedintheNorth.
Awomen’srightsmovementsoughttocreategreaterequalityandopportuni9esforwomen,expressingitsidealsattheSenecaFallsConven9on.
MoreonChapter7:OfShipsandShipwrecksinPeriod5
APPeriod4KeyConceptsReview
TheUnitedStatesbegantodevelopamoderndemocracyandcelebratedanewna9onalculture,whileAmericanssoughttodefinethena9on’sdemocra9cidealsandchangetheirsocietyandins9tu9onstomatchthem.
Thena9on’stransi9ontoamorepar9cipatorydemocracywasachievedbyexpandingsuffragefromasystembasedonpropertyownershiptoonebasedonvo9ngbyalladultwhitemen,anditwasaccompaniedbythegrowthofpoli9calpar9es.
WhileAmericansembracedanewna9onalculture,variousgroupsdevelopeddis9nc9veculturesoftheirown.
IncreasingnumbersofAmericans,manyinspiredbynewreligiousandintellectualmovements,workedprimarilyoutsideofgovernmentins9tu9onstoadvancetheirideals.
Innova9onsintechnology,agriculture,andcommercepowerfullyacceleratedtheAmericaneconomy,precipita9ngprofoundchangestoU.S.societyandtona9onalandregionaliden99es.
Newtransporta9onsystemsandtechnologiesdrama9callyexpandedmanufacturingandagriculturalproduc9on.
Thechangescausedbythemarketrevolu9onhadsignificanteffectsonU.S.society,workers’lives,andgenderandfamilyrela9ons.
Economicdevelopmentshapedseblementandtradepaberns,helpingtounifythena9onwhilealsoencouragingthegrowthofdifferentregions.
TheU.S.interestinincreasingforeigntradeandexpandingitsna9onalbordersshapedthena9on’sforeignpolicyandspurredgovernmentandprivateini9a9ves.
Strugglingtocreateanindependentglobalpresence,theUnitedStatessoughttoclaimterritorythroughouttheNorthAmericancon9nentandpromoteforeigntrade.
TheUnitedStates’acquisi9onoflandsintheWestgaverisetocontestsovertheextensionofslaveryintonewterritories.
Chapter7:OfShipsandShipwrecks
Whatwasthecontextinwhichsec9onalconflictemergedfrom1844to1877(or,inthischapter,1860)?
Whatwerethecausesandeffectsofwestwardexpansionfrom1844to1877(or,inthischapter,1860)?
WhatwerethecausesandeffectsoftheMexican-AmericanWar?
Whatwerethesimilari9esanddifferencesinhowregionalaitudesaffectedfederalpolicyintheperiodaaertheMexican-AmericanWar?
Whatweretheeffectsofimmigra9onfromvariouspartsoftheworldonAmericanculturefrom1844to1877(or,inthischapter,1860)?
HowdidregionaldifferencesrelatedtoslaverycausetensionintheyearsleadinguptotheCivilWar?Whatwerethepoli9calcausesoftheCivilWar?
Chapter8:TheFaceofBable
Whatwerethepoli9calcausesoftheCivilWar?Thecourtsandna9onalleadersmadeavarietyofabemptstoresolvetheissueofslaveryintheterritories,includingtheKansas–NebraskaAct,andtheDredScobdecision,buttheseul9matelyfailedtoreduceconflict.
TheSecondPartySystemendedwhentheissuesofslaveryandan9-immigrantna9vismweakenedloyal9estothetwomajorpar9esandfosteredtheemergenceofsec9onalpar9es,mostnotablytheRepublicanPartyintheNorth.
WhatweretheeffectsofLincoln’selec9on?AbrahamLincoln’svictoryontheRepublicans’free-soilplarorminthepresiden9alelec9onof1860wasaccomplishedwithoutanySouthernelectoralvoice.Aaeraseriesofcontesteddebatessecession,mostslavestatesvotedtosecedefromtheUnion,precipita9ngtheCivilWar.
WhatwerethevariousfactorsthatcontributedtotheUnionvictoryintheCivilWar?(notcoveredbyLepore)
HowdidLincoln’sleadershipduringtheCivilWarimpactAmericanidealsoverthecourseofthewar?
LincolnandmostUnionsupportersbegantheCivilWartopreservetheUnion,butLincoln’sdecisiontoissuetheEmancipa9onProclama9onreframedthepurposeofthewarandhelpedpreventtheConfederacyfromgainingfulldiploma9csupportfromEuropeanpowers.ManyAfricanAmericansfledsouthernplanta9onsandenlistedintheUnionArmy,helpingtounderminetheConfederacy.
LincolnsoughttoreunifythecountryandusedspeechessuchastheGebysburgAddresstoportraythestruggleagainstslaveryasthefulfillmentofAmerica’sfoundingdemocra9cideals.
Chapter9:OfCi9zens,Persons,andPeople
WhatweretheeffectsofgovernmentpolicyduringReconstruc9ononsocietyfrom1865to1877?
Reconstruc9onalteredrela9onshipsbetweenthestatesandthefederalgovernmentandledtodebatesovernewdefini9onsofci9zenship,par9cularlyregardingtherightsofAfricanAmericans,women,andotherminori9es.
The13thAmendmentabolishedslavery,whilethe14thand15thamendmentsgrantedAfricanAmericansci9zenship,equalprotec9onunderthelaws,andvo9ngrights.
Thewomen’srightsmovementwasbothemboldenedanddividedoverthe14thand15thamendmentstotheCons9tu9on.
EffortsbyradicalandmoderateRepublicanstochangethebalanceofpowerbetweenCongressandthepresidencyandtoreorderracerela9onsinthedefeatedSouthyieldedsomeshort-termsuccesses.Reconstruc9onopeneduppoli9calopportuni9esandotherleadershiprolestoformerslaves,butitul9matelyfailed,duebothtodeterminedSouthernresistanceandtheNorth’swaningresolve.
HowandwhydidReconstruc9onresultincon9nuityandchangeinregionalandna9onalunderstandingsofwhatitmeanttobeanAmerican?
Southernplanta9onownerscon9nuedtoownthemajorityoftheregion’slandevenaaerReconstruc9on.Formerslavessoughtlandownershipbutgenerallyfellshortofself-sufficiency,asanexploita9veandsoil-intensivesharecroppingsystemlimitedblacks’andpoorwhites’accesstolandintheSouth.
Segrega9on,violence,SupremeCourtdecisions,andlocalpoli9caltac9csprogressivelystrippedawayAfricanAmericanrights,butthe14thand15thamendmentseventuallybecamethebasisforcourtdecisionsupholdingcivilrightsinthe20thcentury.
MoreonChapter9:OfCi9zens,Persons,andPeopleinPartIII
TheUnitedStatesbecamemoreconnectedwiththeworld,pursuedanexpansionistforeignpolicyintheWesternHemisphere,andemergedasthedes9na9onformanymigrantsfromothercountries.
PopularenthusiasmforU.S.expansion,bolsteredbyeconomicandsecurityinterests,resultedintheacquisi9onofnewterritories,substan9almigra9onwestward,andnewoverseasini9a9ves.
Inthe1840sand1850s,Americanscon9nuedtodebateques9onsaboutrightsandci9zenshipforvariousgroupsofU.S.inhabitants.
Intensifiedbyexpansionanddeepeningregionaldivisions,debatesoverslaveryandothereconomic,cultural,andpoli9calissuesledthena9onintocivilwar.
IdeologicalandeconomicdifferencesoverslaveryproducedanarrayofdivergingresponsesfromAmericansintheNorthandtheSouth.
Debatesoverslaverycametodominatepoli9caldiscussioninthe1850s,culmina9nginthebiberelec9onof1860andthesecessionofSouthernstates.
TheUnionvictoryintheCivilWarandthecontestedreconstruc9onoftheSouthsebledtheissuesofslaveryandsecession,butleaunresolvedmanyques9onsaboutthepowerofthefederalgovernmentandci9zenshiprights.
TheNorth’sgreatermanpowerandindustrialresources,theleadershipofAbrahamLincolnandothers,andthedecisiontoemancipateslaveseventuallyledtotheUnionmilitaryvictoryovertheConfederacyinthedevasta9ngCivilWar.
Reconstruc9onandtheCivilWarendedslavery,alteredrela9onshipsbetweenthestatesandthefederalgovernment,andledtodebatesovernewdefini9onsofci9zenship,par9cularlyregardingtherightsofAfricanAmericans,women,andotherminori9es.
APPeriod5KeyConceptsReview
PARTIII:THESTATE(1866−1945)
Chapter9:OfCi9zens,Persons,andPeople
Chapter10:EfficiencyandtheMasses
Chapter12:TheBrutalityofModernity
Chapter10:EfficiencyandtheMasses
Chapter11:ACons9tu9onoftheAir
Chapter9:OfCi9zens,Persons,andPeople
WhatwerethecausesandeffectsoftheseblementoftheWestfrom1877to1898?
Howdidvariousfactorscontributetocon9nuityandchangeinthe“NewSouth”from1877to1898?
WhatweretheeffectsoftechnologicaladvancesinthedevelopmentoftheUnitedStatesover9me?Whatwerethesocioeconomiccon9nui9esandchangesassociatedwiththegrowthofindustrialcapitalismfrom1865to1898?
Howdidculturalandeconomicfactorsaffectmigra9onpabernsover9me?
Whatwerethevariousresponsestoimmigra9onintheperiodover9me?
Whatwerethecausesofincreasedeconomicopportunityanditseffectsonsociety?
HowdiddifferentreformmovementsrespondtotheriseofindustrialcapitalismintheGildedAge?
Whatwerethecon9nui9esandchangesintheroleofthegovernmentintheU.S.economy?Whatwerethesimilari9esanddifferencesbetweenthepoli9calpar9esduringtheGildedAge?
Chapter10:EfficiencyandtheMasses
WhatweretheeffectsoftechnologicaladvancesinthedevelopmentoftheUnitedStatesover9me?
Whatwerethesocioeconomiccon9nui9esandchangesassociatedwiththegrowthofindustrialcapitalismfrom1865to1898?
Howdidculturalandeconomicfactorsaffectmigra9onpabernsover9me?
Whatwerethevariousresponsestoimmigra9onintheperiodover9me?Whatwerethecausesofincreasedeconomicopportunityanditseffectsonsociety?
HowdiddifferentreformmovementsrespondtotheriseofindustrialcapitalismintheGildedAge?
Whatwerethecon9nui9esandchangesintheroleofthegovernmentintheU.S.economy?
Whatwerethesimilari9esanddifferencesbetweenthepoli9calpar9esduringtheGildedAge?
Technologicaladvances,large-scaleproduc9onmethods,andtheopeningofnewmarketsencouragedtheriseofindustrialcapitalismintheUnitedStates.
Large-scaleindustrialproduc9on—accompaniedbymassivetechnologicalchange,expandinginterna9onalcommunica9onnetworks,andpro-growthgovernmentpolicies—generatedrapideconomicdevelopmentandbusinessconsolida9on.
Avarietyofperspec9vesontheeconomyandlabordevelopedduringa9meoffinancialpanicsanddownturns.
Newsystemsofproduc9onandtransporta9onenabledconsolida9onwithinagriculture,which,alongwithperiodsofinstability,spurredavarietyofresponsesfromfarmers.
Themigra9onsthataccompaniedindustrializa9ontransformedbothurbanandruralareasoftheUnitedStatesandcauseddrama9csocialandculturalchange.
Interna9onalandinternalmigra9onincreasedurbanpopula9onsandfosteredthegrowthofanewurbanculture.
LargernumbersofmigrantsmovedtotheWestinsearchoflandandeconomicopportunity,frequentlyprovokingcompe99onandviolentconflict.
TheGildedAgeproducednewculturalandintellectualmovements,publicreformefforts,andpoli9caldebatesovereconomicandsocialpolicies.
NewculturalandintellectualmovementsbothbubressedandchallengedthesocialorderoftheGildedAge.
Drama9csocialchangesintheperiodinspiredpoli9caldebatesoverci9zenship,corrup9on,andtheproperrela9onshipbetweenbusinessandgovernment.
APPeriod6KeyConceptsReview
Chapter10:EfficiencyandtheMasses
Whatwerethesimilari9esanddifferencesinaitudesaboutthena9on’sproperroleintheworld?
Imperialistscitedeconomicopportuni9es,racialtheories,compe99onwithEuropeanempires,andthepercep9oninthe1890sthatthewesternfron9erwas“closed”toarguethatAmericansweredes9nedtoexpandtheircultureandins9tu9onstopeoplesaroundtheglobe.An9-imperialistscitedprinciplesofself-determina9onandinvokedbothracialtheoriesandtheU.S.foreignpolicytradi9onofisola9onismtoarguethattheUnitedStatesshouldnotextenditsterritoryoverseas.
WhatweretheeffectsoftheSpanish-AmericanWar?
HowdidthegoalsoftheProgressivereformmovementcomparetoitseffects?
Howwouldyoucomparethedifferingaitudestowardtheuseofnaturalresourcesfrom1890to1945?
WhatwerethecausesandconsequencesofU.S.involvementinWorldWarI?
Whatwerethecausesandeffectsofinterna9onalandinternalmigra9onpabernsover9me(bothinrela9ontotheWorldWarIhomefrontandintheculturalchangesofthe1920s)?Whatwerethecausesandeffectsoftheinnova9onsincommunica9onandtechnologyintheUnitedStatesover9me?
WhatwerethecausesandeffectsofdevelopmentsinpopularcultureintheUnitedStatesover9me?
Chapter11:ACons9tu9onoftheAir
Whatwerethecausesandeffectsoftheinnova9onsincommunica9onandtechnologyintheUnitedStatesover9me?
Whatwerethecausesandeffectsofinterna9onalandinternalmigra9onpabernsover9me?
WhatwerethecausesandeffectsofdevelopmentsinpopularcultureintheUnitedStatesover9me?WhatwerethecausesoftheGreatDepressionanditseffectsontheeconomy?
HowdidtheGreatDepressionandNewDealimpactAmericanpoli9cal,socialandeconomiclifeover9me?
Whatwerethesimilari9esanddifferencesinaitudesaboutthena9on’sproperroleintheworld?
IntheyearsfollowingWorldWarI,theUnitedStatespursuedaunilateralforeignpolicythatusedinterna9onalinvestment,peacetrea9es,andselectmilitaryinterven9ontopromoteavisionofinterna9onalorder,evenwhilemaintainingU.S.isola9onism.
Inthe1930s,whilemanyAmericanswereconcernedabouttheriseoffascismandtotalitarianism,mostopposedtakingmilitaryac9onagainsttheaggressionofNaziGermanyandJapanun9ltheJapaneseabackonPearlHarbordrewtheUnitedStatesintoWorldWarII.
Chapter12:TheBrutalityofModernity
Whatwerethesimilari9esanddifferencesinaitudesaboutthena9on’sproperroleintheworld?
IntheyearsfollowingWorldWarI,theUnitedStatespursuedaunilateralforeignpolicythatusedinterna9onalinvestment,peacetrea9es,andselectmilitaryinterven9ontopromoteavisionofinterna9onalorder,evenwhilemaintainingU.S.isola9onism.
Inthe1930s,whilemanyAmericanswereconcernedabouttheriseoffascismandtotalitarianism,mostopposedtakingmilitaryac9onagainsttheaggressionofNaziGermanyandJapanun9ltheJapaneseabackonPearlHarbordrewtheUnitedStatesintoWorldWarII.
HowandwhydidU.S.par9cipa9oninWorldWarIItransformAmericansociety?
WhatwerethecausesandeffectsofthevictoryoftheUnitedStatesanditsalliesovertheAxispowers?WhatweretheconsequencesofU.S.involvementinWorldWarII?
Growthexpandedopportunity,whileeconomicinstabilityledtoneweffortstoreformU.S.societyanditseconomicsystem.
TheUnitedStatescon9nueditstransi9onfromarural,agriculturaleconomytoanurban,industrialeconomyledbylargecompanies.
IntheProgressiveEraoftheearly20thcentury,Progressivesrespondedtopoli9calcorrup9on,economicinstability,andsocialconcernsbycallingforgreatergovernmentac9onandotherpoli9calandsocialmeasures.
Duringthe1930s,policymakersrespondedtothemassunemploymentandsocialupheavalsoftheGreatDepressionbytransformingtheU.S.intoalimitedwelfarestate,redefiningthegoalsandideasofmodernAmericanliberalism.
Innova9onsincommunica9onsandtechnologycontributedtothegrowthofmassculture,whilesignificantchangesoccurredininternalandinterna9onalmigra9onpaberns.
PopularculturegrewininfluenceinU.S.society,evenasdebatesincreasedovertheeffectsofcultureonpublicvalues,morals,andAmericanna9onaliden9ty.
Economicpressures,globalevents,andpoli9caldevelopmentscausedsharpvaria9onsinthenumbers,sources,andexperiencesofbothinterna9onalandinternalmigrants.
Par9cipa9oninaseriesofglobalconflictspropelledtheUnitedStatesintoaposi9onofinterna9onalpowerwhilerenewingdomes9cdebatesoverthena9on’sproperroleintheworld.
Inthelate19thcenturyandearly20thcentury,newU.S.territorialambi9onsandacquisi9onsintheWesternHemisphereandthePacificaccompaniedheightenedpublicdebatesoverAmerica’sroleintheworld.
WorldWarIanditsaaermathintensifiedongoingdebatesaboutthena9on’sroleintheworldandhowbesttoachievena9onalsecurityandpursueAmericaninterests.
U.S.par9cipa9oninWorldWarIItransformedAmericansociety,whilethevictoryoftheUnitedStatesanditsalliesovertheAxispowersvaultedtheU.S.intoaposi9onofglobal,poli9cal,andmilitaryleadership.
APPeriod7KeyConceptsReview
PARTIV:THEMACHINE(1946−2016)
Chapter13:AWorldofKnowledge
Chapter14:RightsandWrongs
Chapter15:BableLines
Chapter16:America,Disrupted
Chapter15:BableLines
Chapter13:AWorldofKnowledgeWhatwerethecon9nui9esandchangesinColdWarpoliciesfrom1945to1980(or,inthischapter,1957)?
UnitedStatespolicymakersengagedinacoldwarwiththeauthoritarianSovietUnion,seekingtolimitthegrowthofCommunistmilitarypowerandideologicalinfluence,createafree-marketglobaleconomy,andbuildaninterna9onalsecuritysystem.Aspostwartensionsdissolvedthewar9mealliancebetweenWesterndemocraciesandtheSovietUnion,theUnitedStatesdevelopedaforeignpolicybasedoncollec9vesecurity,interna9onalaid,andeconomicins9tu9onsthatbolsterednon-Communistna9ons.ConcernedbyexpansionistCommunistideologyandSovietrepression,theUnitedStatessoughttocontaincommunismthroughavarietyofmeasures,includingmajormilitaryengagementsinKorea.TheColdWarfluctuatedbetweenperiodsofdirectandindirectmilitaryconfronta9onandperiodsofmutualcoexistence(ordétente).
WhatwerethecausesandeffectsoftheRedScareaaerWorldWarII?
WhatwerethecausesofeconomicgrowthintheyearsaaerWorldWarII?
Whatwerethecausesandeffectsofthemigra9onofvariousgroupsofAmericansaaer1945?
Ashighereduca9onopportuni9esandnewtechnologiesrapidlyexpanded,increasingsocialmobilityencouragedthemigra9onofthemiddleclasstothesuburbsandofmanyAmericanstotheSouthandWest.TheSunBeltregionemergedasasignificantpoli9calandeconomicforce.
Howhasmassculturebeenmaintainedorchallengedover9me?
MoreonChapter13:AWorldofKnowledgeonnextslide
Chapter13:AWorldofKnowledge(con9nuedfrompreviousslide)
Howandwhydidthecivilrightsmovementdevelopandexpandfrom1945to1960(or,inthischapter,1957)?
SeekingtofulfillReconstruc9on-erapromises,civilrightsac9vistsandpoli9calleadersachievedsomelegalandpoli9calsuccessesinendingsegrega9on,althoughprogresstowardracialequalitywasslow.Thethreebranchesofthefederalgovernmentusedmeasuresincludingdesegrega9onofthearmedservicesandBrownv.BoardofEduca4on(1954)topromotegreaterracialequality.
Whatwerethevariousmilitaryanddiploma9cresponsestointerna9onaldevelopmentsover9me?
ColdWarcompe99onextendedtoLa9nAmerica,wheretheUnitedStatessupportednon-Communistregimesthathadvaryinglevelsofcommitmenttodemocracy.Americansdebatedthemeritsofalargenucleararsenalandthemilitary–industrialcomplex.Postwardecoloniza9onandtheemergenceofpowerfulna9onalistmovementsinAfricaandtheMiddleEastledbothsidesintheColdWartoseekalliesamongnewna9ons,manyofwhichremainednonaligned.
Whatweretheeffectsofthegrowthofreligiousmovementsoverthecourseofthe20thcentury(or,inthischapter,between1945and1957)?
Therapidandsubstan9algrowthofevangelicalChris9anchurchesandorganiza9onswasaccompaniedbygreaterpoli9calandsocialac9vismonthepartofreligiousconserva9ves.
Chapter14:RightsandWrongsHowhasmassculturebeenmaintainedorchallengedover9me?Whatwerethevariousmilitaryanddiploma9cresponsestointerna9onaldevelopmentsover9me?
ColdWarcompe99onextendedtoLa9nAmerica,wheretheUnitedStatessupportednon-Communistregimesthathadvaryinglevelsofcommitmenttodemocracy.Americansdebatedthemeritsofalargenucleararsenalandthemilitary–industrialcomplex.Postwardecoloniza9onandtheemergenceofpowerfulna9onalistmovementsinAfricaandtheMiddleEastledbothsidesintheColdWartoseekalliesamongnewna9ons,manyofwhichremainednonaligned.
WhatwerethecausesandeffectsoftheVietnamWar?
Whatwerethethecausesandeffectsofcon9nuingpolicydebatesabouttheroleofthefederalgovernmentover9me?
DespiteanoverallaffluenceinpostwarAmerica,advocatesraisedconcernsabouttheprevalenceandpersistenceofpovertyasana9onalproblem.Liberalism,basedonan9-communismabroadandafirmbeliefintheefficacyofgovernmentpowertoachievesocialgoalsathome,reachedahighpointofpoli9calinfluencebythemid-1960s.LiberalideasfoundexpressioninLyndonJohnson’sGreatSociety,whichabemptedtousefederallegisla9onandprogramstoendracialdiscrimina9on,eliminatepoverty,andaddressothersocialissues.
Howandwhydidvariousgroupsrespondtocallsfortheexpansionofcivilrightsfrom1960to1980(or,inthischapter,1974)?
Ashighereduca9onopportuni9esandnewtechnologiesrapidlyexpanded,increasingsocialmobilityencouragedthemigra9onofthemiddleclasstothesuburbsandofmanyAmericanstotheSouthandWest.TheSunBeltregionemergedasasignificantpoli9calandeconomicforce.
Howdidthefederalgovernmentrespondtothecallsfortheexpansionofcivilrights?
MoreonChapter14:RightsandWrongsonnextslide
Chapter14:RightsandWrongs(con9nuedfrompreviousslide)
Howandwhydidvariousgroupsrespondtocallsfortheexpansionofcivilrightsfrom1960to1980(or,inthischapter,from1958to1974)?
La9no,AmericanIndian,andAsianAmericanmovementscon9nuedtodemandsocialandeconomicequalityandaredressofpastinjus9ces.Feministandgayandlesbianac9vistsmobilizedbehindclaimsforlegal,economic,andsocialequality.Feministswhopar9cipatedinthecountercultureofthe1960srejectedmanyofthesocial,economic,andpoli9calvaluesoftheirparents’genera9onandadvocatedchangesinsexualnorms.
Howandwhydidopposi9ontoexis9ngpoliciesandvaluesdevelopandchangeoverthecourseofthe20thcentury(or,inthischapter,from1958to1974)?
Althoughan9-communistforeignpolicyfacedlibledomes9copposi9oninpreviousyears,theVietnamWarinspiredsizableandpassionatean9-warproteststhatbecamemorenumerousasthewarescalatedandsome9mesledtoviolence.Somegroupsontheleaalsorejectedliberalpolicies,arguingthatpoli9calleadersdidtoolibletotransformtheracialandeconomicstatusquoathomeandpursuedimmoralpoliciesabroad.Youngpeoplewhopar9cipatedinthecountercultureofthe1960srejectedmanyofthesocial,economic,andpoli9calvaluesoftheirparents’genera9on,introducedgreaterinformalityintoU.S.culture,andadvocatedchangesinsexualnorms.
Whatwerethecausesandeffectsofcon9nuingpolicydebatesabouttheroleofthefederalgovernmentover9me(or,inthischapter,1958to1974)?
Inthe1960s,conserva9veschallengedliberallawsandcourtdecisionsandperceivedmoralandculturaldecline,seekingtolimittheroleofthefederalgovernmentandenactmoreasser9veforeignpolicies.Publicconfidenceandtrustingovernment’sabilitytosolvesocialandeconomicproblemsdeclinedinthe1970sinthewakeofeconomicchallenges,poli9calscandals,andforeignpolicycrises.The1970ssawgrowingclashesbetweenconserva9vesandliberalsoversocialandculturalissues,thepowerofthefederalgovernment,race,andmovementsforgreaterindividualrights.
Chapter15:BableLines
Whatwerethecon9nui9esandchangesinimmigra9onpabernsover9me(or,inthischapter,1960to2000)?
Immigrantsfromaroundtheworldsoughtaccesstothepoli9cal,social,andeconomicopportuni9esintheUnitedStates,especiallyaaerthepassageofnewimmigra9onlawsin1965.
Howandwhydidvariousgroupsrespondtocallsfortheexpansionofcivilrightsfrom1960to1980(or,inthischapter,1974)?
La9no,AmericanIndian,andAsianAmericanmovementscon9nuedtodemandsocialandeconomicequalityandaredressofpastinjus9ces.Feministandgayandlesbianac9vistsmobilizedbehindclaimsforlegal,economic,andsocialequality.Feministswhopar9cipatedinthecountercultureofthe1960srejectedmanyofthesocial,economic,andpoli9calvaluesoftheirparents’genera9onandadvocatedchangesinsexualnorms.
Howandwhydidopposi9ontoexis9ngpoliciesandvaluesdevelopandchangeoverthecourseofthe20thcentury(or,inthischapter,1957to1974)?
Althoughan9-communistforeignpolicyfacedlibledomes9copposi9oninpreviousyears,theVietnamWarinspiredsizableandpassionatean9-warproteststhatbecamemorenumerousasthewarescalatedandsome9mesledtoviolence.Somegroupsontheleaalsorejectedliberalpolicies,arguingthatpoli9calleadersdidtoolibletotransformtheracialandeconomicstatusquoathomeandpursuedimmoralpoliciesabroad.Youngpeoplewhopar9cipatedinthecountercultureofthe1960srejectedmanyofthesocial,economic,andpoli9calvaluesoftheirparents’genera9on,introducedgreaterinformalityintoU.S.culture,andadvocatedchangesinsexualnorms.
MoreonChapter15:BableLinesonnextslide
Chapter15:BableLines(con9nuedfrompreviousslide)
Howandwhydidpoliciesrelatedtotheenvironmentdevelopandchangefrom1968to1980?
Ideological,military,andeconomicconcernsshapedU.S.involvementintheMiddleEast,withseveraloilcrisesintheregioneventuallysparkingabemptsatcrea9ngana9onalenergypolicy.Environmentalproblemsandaccidentsledtoagrowingenvironmentalmovementthataimedtouselegisla9veandpubliceffortstocombatpollu9onandprotectnaturalresources.Thefederalgovernmentestablishednewenvironmentalprogramsandregula9ons.
Whatwerethecausesandeffectsofcon9nuingpolicydebatesabouttheroleofthefederalgovernmentover9me(or,inthischapter,between1974and2000)?
Publicconfidenceandtrustingovernment’sabilitytosolvesocialandeconomicproblemsdeclinedinthe1970sinthewakeofeconomicchallenges,poli9calscandals,andforeignpolicycrises.The1970ssawgrowingclashesbetweenconserva9vesandliberalsoversocialandculturalissues,thepowerofthefederalgovernment,race,andmovementsforgreaterindividualrights.
Whatweretheeffectsofthegrowthofreligiousmovementsoverthecourseofthe20thcentury(or,inthischapter,between1957and2000)?
Therapidandsubstan9algrowthofevangelicalChris9anchurchesandorganiza9onswasaccompaniedbygreaterpoli9calandsocialac9vismonthepartofreligiousconserva9ves.
MoreonChapter15:BableLinesinPeriod9
TheUnitedStatesrespondedtoanuncertainandunstablepostwarworldbyasser9ngandworkingtomaintainaposi9onofgloballeadership,withfar-reachingdomes9candinterna9onalconsequences.
UnitedStatespolicymakersengagedinacoldwarwiththeauthoritarianSovietUnion,seekingtolimitthegrowthofCommunistmilitarypowerandideologicalinfluence,createafree-marketglobaleconomy,andbuildaninterna9onalsecuritysystem.
ColdWarpoliciesledtopublicdebatesoverthepowerofthefederalgovernmentandacceptablemeansforpursuinginterna9onalanddomes9cgoalswhileprotec9ngcivilliber9es.
Newmovementsforcivilrightsandliberaleffortstoexpandtheroleofgovernmentgeneratedarangeofpoli9calandculturalresponses.
SeekingtofulfillReconstruc9on-erapromises,civilrightsac9vistsandpoli9calleadersachievedsomelegalandpoli9calsuccessesinendingsegrega9on,althoughprogresstowardracialequalitywasslow.
Respondingtosocialcondi9onsandtheAfricanAmericancivilrightsmovement,avarietyofmovementsemergedthatfocusedonissuesofiden9ty,socialjus9ce,andtheenvironment.
Liberalisminfluencedpostwarpoli9csandcourtdecisions,butitcameunderincreasingabackfromtheleaaswellasfromaresurgentconserva9vemovement.
Postwareconomicanddemographicchangeshadfar-reachingconsequencesforAmericansociety,poli9cs,andculture.
RapideconomicandsocialchangesinAmericansocietyfosteredasenseofop9misminthepostwaryears.
Newdemographicandsocialdevelopments,alongwithanxie9esovertheColdWar,changedU.S.cultureandledtosignificantpoli9calandmoraldebatesthatsharplydividedthena9on.
APPeriod8KeyConceptsReview
Chapter15:BableLinesWhatwerethecausesandeffectsofcon9nuingpolicydebatesabouttheroleofthefederalgovernmentover9me(or,inthischapter,between1980and2000)?
RonaldReagan’svictoryinthepresiden9alelec9onof1980representedanimportantmilestone,allowingconserva9vestoenactsignificanttaxcutsandcon9nuethederegula9onofmanyindustries.Conserva9vesarguedthatliberalprogramswerecounterproduc9veinfigh9ngpovertyands9mula9ngeconomicgrowth.Someoftheireffortstoreducethesizeandscopeofgovernmentmetwithiner9aandliberalopposi9on,asmanyprogramsremainedpopularwithvoters.Policydebatescon9nuedoverfree-tradeagreements,thescopeofthegovernmentsocialsafetynet,andcallstoreformtheU.S.financialsystem.Conserva9vebeliefsregardingtheneedfortradi9onalsocialvaluesandareducedroleforgovernmentadvancedinU.S.poli9csaaer1980.Intensepoli9calandculturaldebatescon9nuedoverissuessuchasimmigra9onpolicy,diversity,genderroles,andfamilystructures.
WhatwerethecausesandeffectsoftheendoftheColdWaranditslegacy?
Whatwerethecausesandeffectsofeconomicandtechnologicalchangeover9me(or,inthischapter,between1980and2000)?
Economicproduc9vityincreasedasimprovementsindigitalcommunica9onsenabledincreasedAmericanpar9cipa9oninworldwideeconomicopportuni9es.Technologicalinnova9onsincompu9ng,digitalmobiletechnology,andtheinternettransformeddailylife,increasedaccesstoinforma9on,andledtonewsocialbehaviorsandnetworks.Employmentincreasedinservicesectorsanddecreasedinmanufacturing,andunionmembershipdeclined.Realwagesstagnatedfortheworkingandmiddleclassamidgrowingeconomicinequality.
Whatwerethecausesandeffectsofdomes9candinterna9onalmigra9onover9me(or,inthischapter,between1980and2000)?
Aaer1980,thepoli9cal,economic,andculturalinfluenceoftheAmericanSouthandWestcon9nuedtoincreaseaspopula9onshiaedtothoseareas.Interna9onalmigra9onfromLa9nAmericaandAsiaincreaseddrama9cally.ThenewimmigrantsaffectedU.S.cultureinmanywaysandsuppliedtheeconomywithanimportantlaborforce.
Whatwerethecausesandeffectsofcon9nuingpolicydebatesabouttheroleofthefederalgovernmentover9me(or,inthischapter,between2000andthepresent)?
RonaldReagan’svictoryinthepresiden9alelec9onof1980representedanimportantmilestone,allowingconserva9vestoenactsignificanttaxcutsandcon9nuethederegula9onofmanyindustries.Conserva9vesarguedthatliberalprogramswerecounterproduc9veinfigh9ngpovertyands9mula9ngeconomicgrowth.Someoftheireffortstoreducethesizeandscopeofgovernmentmetwithiner9aandliberalopposi9on,asmanyprogramsremainedpopularwithvoters.Policydebatescon9nuedoverfree-tradeagreements,thescopeofthegovernmentsocialsafetynet,andcallstoreformtheU.S.financialsystem.Conserva9vebeliefsregardingtheneedfortradi9onalsocialvaluesandareducedroleforgovernmentadvancedinU.S.poli9csaaer1980.Intensepoli9calandculturaldebatescon9nuedoverissuessuchasimmigra9onpolicy,diversity,genderroles,andfamilystructures.
Whatwerethecausesandeffectsofeconomicandtechnologicalchangeover9me(or,inthischapter,between2000andthepresent)?
Economicproduc9vityincreasedasimprovementsindigitalcommunica9onsenabledincreasedAmericanpar9cipa9oninworldwideeconomicopportuni9es.Technologicalinnova9onsincompu9ng,digitalmobiletechnology,andtheinternettransformeddailylife,increasedaccesstoinforma9on,andledtonewsocialbehaviorsandnetworks.Employmentincreasedinservicesectorsanddecreasedinmanufacturing,andunionmembershipdeclined.Realwagesstagnatedfortheworkingandmiddleclassamidgrowingeconomicinequality.
Whatwerethecausesandeffectsofthedomes9candinterna9onalchallengestheUnitedStatesfacedinthe21stcentury?
InthewakeofabacksontheWorldTradeCenterandthePentagonin2001,theUnitedStateslaunchedmilitaryeffortsagainstterrorismandlengthy,controversialconflictsinAfghanistanandIraq.ThewaronterrorismsoughttoimprovesecuritywithintheUnitedStatesbutalsoraisedques9onsabouttheprotec9onofcivilliber9esandhumanrights.ConflictsintheMiddleEastandconcernsaboutclimatechangeledtodebatesoverU.S.dependenceonfossilfuelsandtheimpactofeconomicconsump9onontheenvironment.Despiteeconomicandforeignpolicychallenges,theUnitedStatescon9nuedastheworld’sleadingsuperpowerinthe21stcentury.
Chapter16:America,Disrupted
Anewlyascendantconserva9vemovementachievedseveralpoli9calandpolicygoalsduringthe1980sandcon9nuedtostronglyinfluencepublicdiscourseinthefollowingdecades.
Conserva9vebeliefsregardingtheneedfortradi9onalsocialvaluesandareducedroleforgovernmentadvancedinU.S.poli9csaaer1980.
Movingintothe21stcentury,thena9onexperiencedsignificanttechnological,economic,anddemographicchanges.
Newdevelopmentsinscienceandtechnologyenhancedtheeconomyandtransformedsociety,whilemanufacturingdecreased.
TheU.S.popula9oncon9nuedtoundergodemographicshiasthathadsignificantculturalandpoli9calconsequences.
TheendoftheColdWarandnewchallengestoU.S.leadershipforcedthena9ontoredefineitsforeignpolicyandroleintheworld.
TheReaganadministra9onpromotedaninterven9onistforeignpolicythatcon9nuedinlateradministra9ons,evenaaertheendoftheColdWar.
FollowingtheabacksofSeptember11,2001,U.S.foreignpolicyeffortsfocusedonfigh9ngterrorismaroundtheworld.
APPeriod9KeyConceptsReview