Concise Pocket Medical Dictionary

Concise PocketMedical Dictionary

JAYPEE BROTHERS MEDICAL PUBLISHERS (P) LTD.New Delh i • Ahmedabad • Bengaluru • Chennai • Hyderabad

Kochi • Kolkata • Mumbai • Nagpur • St Louis (USA)

Compiled and Edited by

UN Panda MD

Senior PhysicianNew Delhi, India

Concise PocketMedical Dictionary

Second Edition

®

Published by

Jitendar P VijJaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd

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Concise Pocket Medical Dictionary

© 2009, UN Panda

All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permissionof the editor and the publisher.

This book has been published in good faith that the material provided by editor is original. Every effort is made toensure accuracy of material, but the publisher, printer and editor will not be held responsible for any inadvertenterror(s). In case of any dispute, all legal matters to be settled under Delhi jurisdiction only.

First Edition: 1995Reprints: 1999, 2003, 2006Second Edition: 2009

ISBN 978-81-8448-600-1Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unitPrinted at

ToMy wife

andChildren

Preface to the Second Edition

This new edition of Concise Pocket Medical Dictionary hasundergone a thorough revision process. It includesbeautiful, self-explanatory diagrams and illustrations, allin four colors. More than 500 new figures and numerousnew enteries have been added.

It is sincerely hoped that this concise, yet completemedical dictionary would prove as a readily availablesource of reference and would greatly benefit the medicalstudents, teachers, practitioners as well as all theprofessionals engaged in health care. This dictionaryincorporates most commonly used vocabulary and wordsencountered in numerous medical specialities includingmedicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, ENT,ophthalmology, etc. The meaning of each medicalterminology, its explanation and examples have beendescribed in an easy to understand, comprehensibleformat.

Constructive criticism and continuing support fromthe readers is highly encouraged.

UN Panda

Preface to the First Edition

There is mushrooming growth of medical dictionaries inthe market. Some are too big to only serve as referencebooks while others are too small and incomplete to bedepended upon. Most dictionaries do not incorporatepharmaceutical preparations. Hence, students feel letdown when they fall back on a medical dictionary for help.

This distinct gap prompted me to compile and presentto our esteemed readers a compact and complete dictionarytitled Concise Medical Dictionary. Though concise, itincorporates most commonly used words and vocabularymentioned in any dictionary of repute. The meaning of aword, its explanation and examples are described in asimple and comprehensible form. Most pharmaceuticalproducts presently available in the market find theirrightful place in the book. However, unnecessaryexplanations and examples have been avoided. The bookshould be useful for medical students, practitioners as wellas teachers and all professionals engaged in health care.

With the continuing support from the readers, I amconfident to upgrade the book over coming years.

UN Panda

AppendicesAppendix 1

Metric SystemMasses

Scale Table Grams Grains

Kilo ........................ 1 Kilogram = 1000.0 = 15,432.35Hecto ...................... 1 Hectogram = 100.0 = 1,543.23Deca ....................... 1 Decagram 10.0 = 154.323Unit ........................ 1 Gram = 1.0 = 15.432Deci ........................ 1 Decigram = 0.1 1.5432Centi ....................... 1 Centigram = 0.01 = 0.15432Milli ....................... 1 Milligram = 0.001 = 0.01543Micro ..................... 1 Microgram = 10–6 = 15.432 × 10–6

Nano ...................... 1 Nanogram = 10–9 = 15.432 × 10–9

Pico ......................... 1 Picogram = 10–12 = 15.432 × 10–12

Femto ..................... 1 Femtogram = 10–15 = 15.432 × 10–15

Atto ........................ 1 Attogram = 10–18 = 15.432 × 10–18

Arabic numbers are used with masses and measures, as 10 gm, or 3 ml, etc.Portions of masses and measures are usually expressed decimally. 10–1

indicates 0.1; 10–6 = 0.000001; etc.

686

Appendix 2

Prefixes and Multiples Used in SI

Prefix Symbol Power Multiple or Portion of a Multiple

tera T 1012 1,000,000,000,000giga G 109 1,000,000,000mega M 106 1,000,000kilo k 103 1,000hecto h 102 100deca da 101 10unity 1deci d 10–1 0.1centi c 10–2 0.01milli m 10–3 0.001micro μ 10–6 0.000001nano n l0–9 0.000000001pico p 10–12 0.000000000001femto f 10–15 0.000000000000001atto a 10–18 0.000000000000000001

Appendix 3

Units of Length

Millimeters Centimeters Inches Feet Yards Meters

1 mm = 1.0 0.1 0.03937 0.00328 0.0011 0.0011 cm = 10.0 1.0 0.3937 0.03281 0.0109 0.011 in. = 25.4 2.54 1.0 0.0833 0.0278 0.02541 ft. = 304.8 30.48 12.0 1.0 0.333 0.30481 yd = 914.40 91.44 36.0 3.0 1.0 0.91441 m = 1000.0 100.0 39.37 3.2808 1.0936 1.0

1 μm = 1 micrometer = 0.001 millimeter 1 mm = 1000 μm1 km = 1 kilometer = 1000 meters = 0.62137 statute mile1 statute mile = 5280 feet = 1.609 kilometers1 nautical mile = 6076.042 feet = 1852.276 meters

Appendices Appendices

687

Appendix 4

Units of Volume (fluid or liquid)

Milliliters US fluid Cubic US fluid US fluid LitersDrams Inches Ounces Quarts

1 ml = 1.0 0.2705 0.061 0.03381 0.00106 0.001l fl. 3 = 3.697 1.0 0.226 0.125 0.00391 0.003691 cu. in. = 16.3866 4.4329 1.0 0.5541 0.0173 0.01639l fl. 3 = 29.573 8.0 1.8047 1.0 0.03125 0.029571 qt. = 946.332 256.0 57.75 32.0 1.0 0.94631 L = 1000.0 270.52 61.025 33.815 1.0567 1.0

1 gallon = 4 quarts = 8 pints = 3.785 liters1 pint = 473.16 ml

Appendix 5

Units of Weight

Grains Grams Apothecaries Avoirdupois KilogramsOunces Pounds

1 gr = 1.0 0.0648 0.00208 0.0001429 0.0000651 gm = 15.432 1.0 0.03215 0.002205 0.00113 = 480.0 31.1 1.0 0.06855 0.03111 lb = 7000.0 453.5924 14.583 1.0 0.453541 kg = 15432.358 1000.0 32.15 2.2046 1.0

1 microgram (µg) = 0.001 milligram1 mg = 1 milligram = 0.001 gm; 1000 mg = 1 gm1 grain = 64.8 mg; 1 mg = 0.0154 grain

Appendices Appendices

688

Appendix 6

Physical Constants of the Elements

Element Symbol Atomic Approx. RelativeNumber Atomic Weight*

Actinium Ac 89 (227)Aluminum Al 13 27.0Americium Am 95 (243)Antimony Sb 51 122Argon Ar 18 39.9Arsenic As 33 74.9Astatine At 85 (210)Barium Ba 56 137Berkelium Bk 97 (249)Beryllium Be 4 9.01Bismuth Bi 83 209Boron B 5 10.8Bromine Br 35 79.9Cadmium Cd 48 112Calcium Ca 20 40.1Californium Cf 98 (251)Carbon C 6 12.0Cerium Ce 58 140Cesium Cs 55 133Chlorine Cl 17 35.5Chromium Cr 24 52.0Cobalt Co 27 58.9Copper Cu 29 63.5Curium Cm 96 (247)Dysprosium Dy 66 162Einsteinium Es 99 (254)Erbium Er 68 167Europium Eu 63 152Fermium Fm 100 (253)Fluorine F 9 19.0Francium Fr 87 (223)Gadolinium Gd 64 157

Contd...

Appendices Appendix 6

689

Contd...


Gallium Ga 31 69.7Germanium Ge 32 72.6Gold Au 79 197Hafnium Hf 72 178Helium He 2 4.00Holmium Ho 67 165Hydrogen H 1 1.01Indium In 49 115Iodine I 53 127Iridium Ir 77 192Iron Fe 26 55.8Krypton Kr 36 83.8Lanthanum La 57 139Lawrencium Lr 103 (257)Lead Pb 82 207Lithium Li 3 6.94Lutetium Lu 71 175Magnesium Mg 12 24.3Manganese Mn 25 54.9Mendelevium Md 101 (256)Mercury Hg 80 201Molybdenum Mo 42 95.9Neodymium Nd 60 144Neon Ne 10 20.2Neptunium Np 93 (237)Nickel Ni 28 58.7Niobium Nb 41 92.9Nitrogen N 7 14.0Nobelium No 102 (253)Osmium Os 76 190Oxygen O 8 16.0Palladium Pd 46 106'Phosphorus P 15 31.0Platinum Pt 78 195

Contd...


690

Contd...


Plutonium Pu 94 (242)Polonium Po 84 (210)Potassium K 19 39.1Praseodymium Pr 59 141Promethium Pm 61 (147)Protactinium Pa 91 231Radium Ra 88 (226)Radon Rn 86 (222)Rhenium Re 75 186Rhodium Rh 45 103Rubidium Rb 37 85.5Ruthenium Ru 44 101Samarium Sm 62 150Scandium Sc 21 45.0Selenium Se 34 79.0Silicon Si 14 28.1Silver Ag 47 108Sodium Na 11 23.0Strontium Sr 38 87.6Sulfur S 16 32.1Tantalum Ta 73 181Technetium Tc 43 (98.9)Tellurium Te 52 128Terbium Tb 65 159Thallium Tl 81 204Thorium Th 90 232Thulium Tm 69 169Tin Sn 50 119Titanium Ti 22 47.9Tungsten W 74 184Unnilhexium Uah 106 (263)Unnilpentium Unp 105 (262)Unnilquadium Unq 104 (264)Unnilseptium Uns 107 (262)Uranium U 92 238

Contd...


691

Contd...


Vanadium V 23 50.9Xenon Xe 54 131Ytterbium Yb 70 173Yttrium Y 39 88.9Zinc Zn 30 65.4Zirconium Zr 40 91.2

*The relative atomic mass values have been rounded off to three significantfigures. Values for elements with no stable isotope are shown in parenthesesand represent the most stable known isotopes.


692

Appendix 7

Phobias

Fear of Condition Fear of Condition

air aerophobia everything panphobia, panopbobia,

animals zoophobia pantophobiaanything new neophobia excrement coprophobiabacilli bacillophobia eyes ommatophobiabearing a deformed child teratophobia failure kakorrhaphiophobiabees apiphobia, fatigue kopophobia

melissophobiabeing buried alive taphephobia feathers pteronophobiabirds ornithophobia fever pyrexeophobiablood hematophobia, filth mysophobia

hemophobia filth or automysophobiaodor,personal

blushing ereuthrophobia fire pyrophobiabrain disease meningitophobia fish ichthyophobiabridges (crossing of) gephyrophobia floods antlophobiacats ailurophobia, fog homichlophobia

galeophobiachange or novelty kainophobia food cibophobia, sitophobirchildbirth tocophobia forest hylophobiachoking pnigophobia frogs batrachophobiacold or something cold psychrophobia ghosts phasmophobiacolor(s) chromatophobia, giris parthenophobia

chromophobia glare of photaugiaphobialight

confinement claustrophobia glass crystallophobia,contamination or molysmophobia hyalophobiainfection God theophobiacorpses necrophobia gravity barophobiacrowds ochlophobia hair trichopathophobiadampness hygrophobia heat thermophobiadarkness nyctophobia, height acrophobia

scotophobiadawn eosophobia hell hadephobia,

stygiophobia

Contd..


693

Appendix 7 (Contd)...


daylight phengophobia heredity patroiophobiadeath thanatophobia and

hereditarydisease

definite, specific disease monopathophobia high objectsbathophobiadeformity dysmorphophobia or being on

tall buildingsdepth bathophobia house, domatophobia

being in a oikophobiadeveloping a phobia phobophobiadirt mysophobia, ideas ideophobia

rupophobiadisease nosophobia, injury traumatophobia

pathophobiadogs cynophobia innovation neophobiadolls pediophobia insane, maniaphobia

becoming acarophobia,drafts anemophobia insects entomophobiadust amathophobiaeating phagophobia jealousy zelophobiaelectricity electrophobis justice dikephobiaemptiness kenophobia, knife or aichmophobia

cenophobia pointedobjects

error hamartophobia large megalophobiaobjects

left levophobia rain or ombrophobiarain storm

light photophobia rectum proctophobialightning astraphobia, red erythrophobia

astraphobia, responsi- hypengyophobiakeraunophobia bility

returning nostophobiahome

locked in, being clithrophobia light dextrophobialooked at, being scopophobia river potamophobia

Contd...


694



machinery mechanophobia robbers harpaxophobiamen androphobia rod or rhabdophobia

instrument ofmany things polyphobia punishmentmarriage gamophobia ruin atephobiamedicine pharmacophobia sacred hierophobia

thingsmetals metallophobia scabies scabiphobiamice musophobia school school phobiamirror and seeing eisoptophobia, scratches amychophobiaoneself in spectrophobia or being

scratchedmissiles ballistophobia sea thalassophobiamoisture hygrophobia self autophobiamoney chrematophobia semen, spermatophobia

loss ofmotion kinesophobia sex genophobiamyths mythophobia sexual coitophobia

intercoursenaked body gymnophobia shock hormephobianame, hearing a certain onomatophobia sin hamartophobianeedles belonephobia sinning peccatiphobianeglect or omission paralipophobia sitting thassophobiaof duty

night noctiphobia, sitting kathisophobianyctophobia down

northern lights auroraphobia skin disease dermatosiophobianovelty kainophobia skin lesion dermatophobiaodor olfactophobia, skin of doraphobia

osmophobia animalsosphresiophobia sleep hypnophobia

Odor, Personal bromidrosiphobia small microphobia,objects microbiphobia

open space agoraphobia smothering pnigerophobiaoverwork ponophobia snake ophidiophobiapain algophobia, snow chionphobia

odynophobia

Contd...


695



parasites parasitophobia solitude eremophobiaor beingalone

people anthropophobia sounds acousticophobiaplace topophobia sourness acerophobiapleasure hedonophobia speaking, lalophobia

talkingpointed objects aichmophobia spider arachnophobiapoison iophobia, stairs climacophobia

toxicophobiapoverty peniaphobia standing stasibasiphobia

or walkingprecipices cremnophobia standing up stasiphobiapunishment poinephobia stars siderophobiarabies cynophobia, stealing kleptophobia

lyssophobiarailroad or train siderodromophobia storiesmythophobiastrangers xenophobia trichinosis trichinophobiastreet agyiophobia tuberculosis phthisiophobia,string linonophobia tuberculophobiasunlight heliophobia vaccination vaccinophobiasymbolism symbolophobia vehicle, amaxophobia

being insyphillis syphilophobia venereal cypridophobia

diseasetapeworms taeniophobia voice, phonophobia

one’s owntaste geumaphobia void kenophobiateeth odontophobia vomiting emetophobiathinking phronemophobia walking basiphobiathunder astraphobia, water hydrophobia

brontophobia weakness asthenophobiatime chronophobia wind anemophobiatouched, being haphephobia, women gynephobia

haptephobia words,hearingcertain onomatophobia

travel hodophobia work ergasiophobiatrembling tremophobia writing graphophobia


696

Appendix 8

Bones of the Skeleton

AXIAL (80 Bones) clavicle — 2Head (29 Bones) scapula — 2

Cranial (8) humerus — 2frontal — 1 radius — 2parietal — 2 ulna — 2occipital — 1 Wrists (16)temporal — 2 navicular or scaphoid — 2sphenoid — 1 lunate — 2ethmoid — 1 triquetrum — 2

Facial (14) pisiform — 2maxilla — 2 trapezium — 2mandible — 1 trapezoid — 2zygoma — 2 capitate — 2lacrimal — 2 hamate — 2nasal — 2 Hands (38)turbinate — 2 metacarpal — 10vomer — 1 phalanx (finger bones) — 28palate — 2 Lower Extremities (62 Bones)

Hyoid (1) Legs and Hips (10)Auditory ossicles (6) innominate bone (a fusion

malleus — 2 of the ilium, ischium, andincus —2 pubis-hip bone) — 2stapes — 2 femur — 2

Trunk (51 Bones) tibia — 2Vertebrae (26) fibula — 2

cervical — 7 patella (knee cap) — 2thoracic — 12 Ankles (14)lumbar — 5 astragaloid — 2sacrum — 1 calcaneus (heel bone) — 2coccyx — 1 scaphoid — 2

Ribs (24) cuboid — 2true rib — 14 cuneiform, internal — 2false rib — 6 cuneiform, middle — 2floating rib — 4 cuneiform, external — 2

Sternum (1) Feet (38)APPENDICULAR (126 Bones) metatarsal — 10

Upper Extremities (64 Bones) phalanx (toe bones) — 28Arms and Shoulders (10)


697

Appendix 9Psychomotor and Physical Development Birth to One Year

Physical Development

Length Range Weight Range

in. cm lb kg

Birth boys 18¼ – 21½ 46.4 – 54.4 5½ – 9¼ 2.54 – 4.15girls 17¾ – 20¾ 45.4 – 52.9 5¼ – 8½ 2.36 – 3.81

1 Month boys 19¾ – 23 50.4 – 58.6 7 – 11¾ 3.16 – 5.38girls 19¼ – 22½ 49.2 – 56.9 6½ – 10¾ 2.97 – 4.92

3 Months boys 22¼ – 25¾ 56.7 – 65.4 9¾ – 16¼ 4.43 – 7.37girls 21¾ – 25 55.4 – 63.4 9¼ – 14¾ 4.18 – 6.74

6 Months boys 25 – 28½ 63.4 – 72.3 13¾ – 20¾ 6.20 – 9.46girls 24¼ – 27¾ 61.8 – 70.2 12¾ – 19¼ 5.79 – 8.73

9 Months boys 26¾ – 30¼ 68.0 – 77.1 16½ – 24 7.52 – 10.93girls 26 – 29½ 66.1 – 75.0 15½ – 22½ 7.0 – 10.17

12 Months boys 28¼ – 32 71.7 – 81.2 18½ – 26½ 8.43 – 11.99girls 27½ – 31¼ 69.8 – 79.1 17¼ – 24¾ 7.84-11.24

Psychomotor Development

Birth Through Ability to suck, swallow, gag, cry, and maintain eyecontact with a person.

1st Month The head needs to be supported. Loud noises may causea startle reflex.

2nd Month May turn to either side when on their backs; will followmoving objects; able to lift head but not for a sustainedperiod; begin to smile, frown, and turn away.

3rd Month Greater movement and vocal response to stimuli; noticeown hands and suck on them; head will be steady whilein a supported position.

Contd...


698

Contd...

4th and 5th Months Able to lift head higher when lying on stomach; willreach for objects and may be able to encircle a bottlewith both hands; may drool a lot; attempt to put allkinds of objects in mouth.

6th-9th Months Develop ability to grasp and pick up food; are able topull themselves up to a sitting position and eventuallywill crawl; they begin to make noises that sound likewords and to recognize certain words; will play peek-a-boo.

9th-l1th Months Develop ability to handle food and to drink from a cup;may imitate sounds and say certain words; crawl bypulling body along with arms, and pull themselves toa standing position; they will point at objects and throwthings; they want to feed themselves and to help withdressing and undressing; they will walk while holdinga person’s hand.

12th Month Can eat food alone and drink from a cup with assistance;able to move around easily, and crawl up stairs, andout of crib.

699

Appendix 10

Size, Weight, and Capacity of Various Organs and Partsof the Adult Body male female

Description Size Weight Capacity

Adrenal gland 5 cm high 5.0 gm3 cm across1 cm thick

Bladder 12 cm in diameter 50 ml (whenmoderately full)

Blood volume 4680 ml 3400 ml

Brain 1240-1680 gm 1130-1570 gm

Ear,external canal 2.5 cm long

(from concha)Esophagus 23-25 cmEye 23.5 mm vertical

diameter24 mm antero-posterior diameter

Fallopian tube 10 cmGallbladder 7-10 cm long 30-50 ml

3 cm wideHeart 12 × 8-9 × 6 cm 280-340 gm

230-280 gmIntestines —small Quite variable

6-7 meters longIntestines —large 1.5 meters long

Intestines — 2-20 cm longvermiform Average 9 cmappendix

Contd...


700

Contd...


Intestines —rectum 12 cm long

Kidney 11 cm long 150 gm6 cm broad 135 gm3 cm thick

Larynx o 44 × 43 × 36 mmo 36 × 41 × 26 mm

Liver 1.4-1.8 kg 6500 cc 1.0-2.5 kg

Lung Rt. 625 gmLt. 565 gm

Ovaries 6 × 3-4 × 1-2 mm 50 mgPharynx 12.5 cm longProstate 2 × 4 × 3 cm 8 gmSkeleton Average adult

male, 4957 gmSkull Average 406 ml

(without teeth), 207 ml642 gm

Spinal cord 42-45 cm long 30 gmSpleen 12 × 7 × 3-4 cm 150 gm

Range 80-300 gmDecreases wilh age

Stomach Quite variable Quite variable25 cm long 1500 ml10 cm wide

Testes 4-5 × 2.5 × 3.0 cm 10.5-14 gmThoracic duct 38-45 cm longThymus Newborn,

10.9 gm10-15 yr,29.5 gm20-25 yr,18.6 gm

Contd...


701

Contd...


Thyroid Each lobe 5 × 3 × 2 cm 30 gm totalTrachea 11 cm long

2-2.5 cm in diameterUreter 28-34 cm longUrethra 17.5-20 cm long

4 cm longUterus 7.5 × 5.0 × 2.5 cm 30-40 gm

(nonpregnant)Vagina Anterior wall length

7.5 cmPosterior wall length9.0 cm


702

Appendix 11

Composition of Whole Milk

Human Milk Cow’s Milk

Water ........................................................ 87–88% 85–88%Minerals ........................................................ 0.2% 0.8%Protein ........................................................... 1.1% 3.3%Fat .................................................................. 3.8% 3.7%Sugar (lactose, carbohydrate) .............. 6.5–7.0% 4.8%Sodium ............................................... 7 mEq/liter 25 mEq/literPotassium ....................................... 14 mEq/liter 35 mEq/literCalories ............................................... 22 kcal/oz 20 kcal/oz

Appendix 12

Colors of Indicators of pH

Color

Toward Toward RangeAcid Alkali of pH

Methyl yellow Red Yellow 2.9 – 4.0Congo red Blue Red 3.0 – 5.2Methyl orange Red Yellow 3.1 – 4.4Methyl red Red Yellow 4.2 – 6.2Litmus Red Blue 4.5 – 8.3Bromcresol purple Yellow Purple 5.2 – 6.8Bromothymol blue Yellow Blue 6.0 – 7.6Phenol red Yellow Red 6.8 – 8.4Phenolphthalein Colorless Pink 8.2 – 10.0

Appendices Appendices 11, 12

703

Appendix 13Incubation and Isolation Periods in Common Infections

Infection Incubation Period Isolation of Patient

AIDS Serological evidence in Blood and body fluidseveral months. Clinical precautions. Privatedevelopment of signs and room if personalsymptoms may require years. hygiene habits areApprox. half of infected poorpatients will have developedclinical signs and symptomsby 11 years post infection

Brucellosis Highly variable, usually 5-21 Nonedays; may be months

Chickenpox 2-3 weeks 1 week after appear-ance of vesicles

Cholera A few hours to 5 days Enteric precautionsCommon cold 12 hr to 3 days NoneDiphtheria Usually 2 to 5 days Until two cultures

from nose and throat,taken at least 24 hrapart, are negative;cultures to be takenafter cessation ofantibiotic therapy

Dysentery, From a few days to several Noneamebic months, commonly 2-4 weeksDysentery, bacillary 1-7 days As long as stools(shigellosis) remain positiveEncephalitis, 5-15 days Nonemosquito-borneGiardiasis Variable; median 7-10 days Enteric precautionsGonorrhea 2-7 days; may be longer No sexual contact

until curedHepatitis A Variable, 15-50 days; mean Enteric precautions

about 30 days until 1 week afteronset of jaundice

Hepatitis B Variable, usually 45-180 Blood and body fluiddays; mean 60-90 days precautions until

antibodies to virusdisappear

Contd...


704

Contd...


Hepatitis C 15–64 days As for hepatitis AInfluenza 1–3 days As practicalLegionella 2–10 days NoneMalaria 12 days for Plasmodium Protect from

falciparum; 14 days for mosquitoesP. vivax, P. ovale; 30 days forP. malariae

Measles (rubeola) 8–13 days from exposure to From diagnosis to 7onset of fever; 14 days until days after appea-rash appears rance of rash;

strict isolation fromchildren under 3 yrs

Meningitis, 2–10 days Until 24 hr aftermeningococcal start of chemotherapyMononucleosis, 4–6 weeks None; disinfect arti-infectious cles soiled with nose

and throat dischargesMumps 2–3 weeks Until the glands

recedeParatyphoid fevers l–3 weeks for fever; 1–10 Until 3

days for gastroenteritis stools are negativePneumonia, Believed to be 1-3 days Until 24 hr after ad-pneumococcal ministration of

antibioticsPoliomyelitis 3–35 days 1 week from onsetPuerperal fever, 1–3 days Transfer fromstreptococcal maternity wardRabies Usually 2–8 weeks; Strict for duration of

occasionally only 10 days illness; danger toattendants

Rubella (German 16–18 days with range of 23 None, but avoid con-measles) days tact with nonimmune

pregnant womenSalmonellosis 6–72 hr; usually 12–36 hr Until stool cultures

are salmonella-freeon two consecutivespecimens collectednot less than 24 hrapart

Contd...


705

Contd...


Scabies 2–6 weeks before onset of Excuse patient fromitching in patients without school or work untilprevious infections; 1–4 day after treatmentdays after re-exposed

Scarlet fever 1–3 days 7 days; may be termi-nated in 24 hr

Smallpox 8–17 days Strict; in screened hos-pital wards until allscabs havedisappeared

Syphilis 10 days – 10 weeks; usually In noncooperative3 weeks patients, it should be

enforced until surfacelesions are healed

Tetanus 4 days–3 weeks NoneToxic shock Unknown but may be as Nonesyndrome brief as several hoursTrachoma 5–12 days Until lesions dis-

appear, but usuallynot practical

Tuberculosis 4–12 weeks to Variable, dependingdemonstrable primary on conversion oflesion or significant sputum to negativetuberculin reactions after specific therapy

and on ability ofpatient to understandand carry outpersonal hygienemethods

Tularemia 2–10 days NoneTyphoid fever Usually 1–3 weeks Until 3 cultures of

feces and urine arenegative. Theseshould be taken notearlier than 1 monthafter onset

Typhus fever 7–14 days NoneWhooping cough Usually 1 week For 3 weeks after

onset of spasmodiccough


706

Appendix 14

Exercise: Energy Required*

Calories Required Activity+

per Hour of Exercise

80 Sitting quietly, reading

200 Golf with use of powered cart

250 Walking 3 miles/hr (4.83 km/hr); housework; lightindustry; cycling 6 miles/hr (9.7 km/hr)

330 Heavy housework; walking 3.5 miles/hr (5.6 km/hr) cycling 6 miles/hr (9.7 km/hr); golf, carrying ownbag; tennis, doubles; ballet exercises

400 Walking 5 miles/hr (8 km/hr); cycling 10 miles/hr(16.1 km/hr); tennis, singles; water skiing

500 Manual labor; gardening; shoveling

660 Running 5.5 miles/hr (8.9 km/hr); cycling 13 miles/hr (20.9 km/hr); climbing stairs; heavy manual work

1020 Running 8 miles/hr (12.9 km/hr); climbing stairswith 30-pound (13.61 kg) load

*These estimates are approximate and can serve only as a general guide.They are based on an average person who weighs 160 pounds (72.58 kg).+Energy requirements for swimming are not provided because of the variablessuch as temperature of the water, whether the water is fresh or salt, buoyancyof the individual, and whether the water is calm or not.


707A

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714Appendices Appendix 15Fi

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Food

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Car

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cium

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Food

Pro

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Fat

Car

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cium

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118

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Live

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106.

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195

148

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512

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870

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133

90—


AAbadie’s sign 1. A sign in tabes

dorsalis in which there is loss ofpain from squeezing the calcanealtendon 2. Spasm of the levatorpalpebrae superioris musclesoccurring frequently in thyro-toxicosis but also seen normallyespecially with tension andfatigue.

Abalienation Mental deteriorationor derangement.

Abampere An electromagneticunit of current equivalent to 10amperes.

Abapical Away from or opposite theapex.

Abaptiston A conical trephineso designed that it will not slipthrough the bony opening andinjure the underlying dura materor brain.

Abarognosis Loss or lack of theability to estimate weight, brag-nosis.

Abarticular Not connected with orsituated near a joint.

Abarticulation 1. A diarthrodialjoint 2. A dislocation of a joint.

Abasia Inability to walk because ofmotor incoordination; compareastasia.

Abate To lessen in force or intensity;to moderate or subside.

Abattage, abatage 1. The slaughterof animals, specifically, the slaugh-ter of diseased animals to preventinfection of others 2. The art ofcasting an animal preparatory toan operation.

Abattoir A slaughter house or an es-tablishment for the killing anddressing of animals.

Abaxial Not situated in the line ofthe axis of a structure.

Abderhalden reaction or test Thedetection of an abnormal proteo-lytic enzyme active against aforeign protein elaborated inthe course of pregnancy, cancer,schizophrenia and various infec-tions.

Abdomen abstipum An abdominaldeformity resulting from congeni-tally short recti muscles.

Abdominal angina An acute attackof severe abdominal pain, comm-only occurring after eating andoften associated with weight loss,nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Itis caused by narrowing or obstruc-tion of the mesenteric arteries,primarily atherosclerotic in origin.

Abdominal aponeurosis The widetendinous expanse by which the ex-ternal oblique, internal oblique andtransverse muscles are inserted.

Abdominal apoplexy Infarction ofan abdominal organ, usually thesmall intestine, resulting from vas-cular stenosis or occlusion.

Abdominal dropsy Ascites.Abdominal epilepsy A convulsive

equivalent in which abdominalpain, a sense of nausea and oftenheadache are the most prominentsymptoms.

Abdominal influenza Viral gastro-enteritis.

2

Abdominal migraine Abdominalpain, nausea, vomiting or diarrheaassociated with migraine. See alsoconvulsive equivalent.

Abdominal ptosis Visceroptosis.Abdominal reflex Contraction of the

abdominal muscles induced bystroking the overlying skin; a super-ficial or cutaneous reflex.

Abdominal regions The nine regionsof the abdomen artificially deli-neated by two horizontal and twoparasagittal lines. The horizontallines are tangent to the cartilagesof the ninth ribs and iliac crests,respectively, and the parasagittallines are drawn vertically on each-side from the middle of the inguinalligament The regions thus formedare 1. Above—the right hypochon-driac, the epigastric and the lefthypochondriac. 2. in the middle—the right/left lateral or lumbar,umbilical and, 3. below—the rightinguinal or iliac, the pubic or hypo

gastric, and the left inguinal or iliac.Also called regions abdominis.

Abdominal respiration A type ofrespiration caused by the contrac-tion of the diaphragm and theelastic expansion and recoil of theabdominal walls.

Abdominal ribs 1. The floating ribs.2. Ossifications of the intersectionstendineae.

Abdominoposterior In obstetrics,designating a fetal position inwhich the belly is forward.

Abdominovesical pouch A pouchformed by the reflection of theperitoneum from the anterior ab-dominal wall onto the distendedurinary bladder, it contains thelateral and medial inguinalfossae.

Abducent nerve The sixth cranialnerve, whose fibres arise fromthe nucleus in the dorsal portionof the pons near the internal genuof the facial nerve and runs a longcourse to supply the lateral rectusmuscle which moves the eyeballoutward; also called nervesabducens.

Abducent nucleus A nucleus lyingunder the floor of the fourthventricle at the junction of the ponsand medulla which gives origin tothe abducent nerve.

Abduct To draw away from themedian line.

Abduction 1. A movement wherebyone part is drawn away from theaxis of the body or of an extremity.2. In ophthalmology (a) Turning of

Abdominal migraine Abduction

Regions of the Abdomen

3

the eyes outward beyond parall-elism.

Abduction cap An orthopedicappliance of canvas or leather tomaintain abduction in case of sub-deltoid bursitis.

Abductor A muscle which on con-fraction, draws a part away fromthe axis of the body or of anextremity.

Abductor A muscle found in tailedanimals corresponding to the coc-cygeal muscle in man.

Abductor digitiminimi The abduc-tor muscle of the little finger orlittle toe. Also called musculusabductor digitiminimi.

Abductor hallucis A muscle of themedial side of the foot inserted intothe base of the first metatarsal.Also called musculus abductorhallucis.

Abductor hallucis longus A muscleof the anterior region of the leginserted into the base of the firstmetatarsal.

Abductor indicis The first dorsalinterosseous muscle of the hand.

Abductor ossis metatarsi quinti Avariant slip of the abductor digiti-minimi inserted into the tuberosityof the fourth metatarsal.

Abductor paralysis Paralysis of ab-duction especially of the posteriorcricoarytenoid muscle and, thus ofthe vocal cords.

Abductor pollicis brevis The shortabductor muscle of the thumb.Also called musculus abductorpollicis.

Abductor pollicis longus The longabductor muscle of the thumb. Alsocalled musculus abductor pollicislongus.

Aberrant Varying or deviating fromthe normal in form, structure orcourse.

Aberration 1. Deviation from thenormal or usual. 2. Unequal refrac-tion or focalization of a lens.Chromatic aberration: unequalrefraction of light rays of differentwavelengths, producing a blurredimage with fringes of color.Chromosomal aberration: loss/gain/or exchange of genetic mate-rial in the chromosomes of a cellresulting in a deletion, duplication,inversion or translocation of genes.

Abetalipoproteinemia A diseaseentity due to almost total absenceof β-lipoproteins, characterized bythe predominating presence inblood of acanthocytes, hypocholes-terolemia, the celiac syndrome inearly childhood and later ataxia,peripheral neuropathy andfrequent retinitis pigmentosa andmuscular atrophy; an autosomalhereditary trait.

Abeyance 1. A cessation of activityor function 2. A state of suspendedanimation.

Abiochemistry Inorganic chemistry.Abiogenesis A theory that living

organisms can originate fromnonliving matter; spontaneousgeneration.

Abionarce Lethargy due to infirmity.Abiosis 1. Absence of life 2. Non-

viability.

Abduction cap Abiosis

4

Abiotrophy Progressive loss ofvitality of certain tissues or organsleading to disorders or loss offunction applied especially todegenerative, hereditary diseasesof late onset, e.g. Huntington’schorea.

Abirritant An agent such as a creamor powder, that relieves irritation.

Ablasten An antibody like substance,appearing in the blood of ratsinfected with trypanosomes, whichinhibits reproduction of theseorganisms.

Ablation The removal of part of atumor by amputation, excision orother mechanical means.

Ablatio placentae Abruptio pla-cenate.

Ablepharia A congenital defectmarked by partial or total absenceof the eyelids.

Ablepsia Loss or absence of vision.Abluent Detergent, Cleansing.Abnormal 1. Not normal. 2. Devia-

ting in form, structure or position,not conforming with the natural orgeneral rule.

ABO blood group That geneticallydetermined blood group systemdefined by the agglutinationreaction of erythrocytes exposed tothe naturally occurring antibodiesanti-A and anti-B and to similarantiserums. The serum of normalindividuals contains isoantibodiesagainst the antigens lacking in theirerythrocytes giving the followingarrangement of antigens(isoagglutinogens) and antibodies.

Group Erythrolyte Serum(Land- Antigen Antibodysteiner) (Agglutinogen)(Agglutinin)0 A and B absent Anti-A

anti-BA A Anti-BB B Anti-AAB A,B NONESub Groups of A are recognised and

designated by subscripts as A1, A2etc.

Abort 1. To miscarry, to bring fortha nonviable fetus. 2. To terminateprematurely or stop in the earlystages, as the course of a disease. 3.To check or fall short of maximalgrowth and development.

Aborted systole A premature cardiacsystole which produces noperipheral pulse wave because ofminimal venticular filling in theshort preceding diastole.

Aborticide 1. The killing of an un-born fetus. 2. An agent that des-troys fetus and produces abortion.

Abortifacient A drug or agent in-ducing expulsion of the fetus.

Abortion A broth filtrate of Brucellaabortus used to elicit a reaction inpatients with active brucellosis orin those who have recovered fromthe infection.

Abortion 1. The giving birth to anembryo or fetus prior to the stageof viability, i.e. 20 weeks ofgestation (fetus weighs less than400 gm). A distinction is madebetween abortion and prematurebirth. Premature infants are thoseborn after the stage of viability has

Abiotrophy Abortion

5

been reached but before full term,2. The product of such nonviablebirth. 3. The arrest of any action orprocess before its normalcompletion.

a. accidental Due to a fall, blow orother injury.

a. complete One in which the embryoincluding the membranes isexpelled entirely and identified.

a. criminal Induced termination ofpregnancy without medical orlegal justification.

a. habitual A condition in which awoman has had three or moreconsecutive spontaneous abor-tions.

a. insipient Threatened or imminentor impending abortion in whichthere is copious vaginal bleeding,uterine contractions and cervicaldilation.

a. incomplete In which part of theproduct of conception has beenpassed but part (usually theplacenta) remains in uterus.

a inevitable One signalled by ruptureof the membranes in the presenceof cervical dilation that hasadvanced beyond any hope ofpreventing complete abortion.

a. missed One in which the fetus diesin utero but the product ofconception is retained in utero fortwo months or longer.

Abortive poliomyelitis An earlyform of poliomyelitis, charac-terized clinically by relatively mildsymptoms of upper respiratoryinfection, headache, gastro-

intestinal disturbances, nausea,and vomiting but which does notprogress to involve the centralnervous system. Definite diagnosistests upon isolation of the virus andserologic reactions.

Abrachia Armlessness.Abrachiocephalia Congenital

absence of the head and arms.Abrachius An armless individual.Abrasion 1. A spot denuded of skin,

mucous membrane or superficialepithelim by rubbing or scrapingas of corneal abrasion, anexcoriation. 2. The mechanicalwearing down of teeth, as fromincorrect brushing, appliances orbruxism. Compare attrition,erosion.

Abreaction In psychoanalysis, themental process by which repressedemotionally charged memoriesand experiences are brought toconsciousness and occur inhypnosis and narcoanalysis.

Abrikosov’s or Abrikosoff’s tumorGranular cell myoblastoma.

Abrosia Abstinence from food,fasting.

Abruptio Abruption, a tearing away.Abruptio placentae Premature

separation of the placenta prior todelivery of the infant.

Abscess A circumscribed collectionof pus.

a. amebic An abscess of the liver thatcontains ameba, and may followamebic dysentery. It may occurindependently also without intes-tinal infection.

Abortion, accidental Abscess, amebic

6

a. anorectal One in the connectivetissues about the anus.

a. bezold’s A deep abscess in the neckassociated with suppuration of themiddle ear and purulent sinusthrombosis.

a. Brodie’s A chronic inflammation,sometimes tuberculus, of the headof a bone especially of the tibia.

a. canalicular An abscess of thebreast discharging into the milkducts.

a. caseous One in which the pus hasa soft cheesy consistency.

a. cold Abscess without heat or otherusual signs of inflammationcommonly tuberculous.

a. delpech’s An abscess appearingsuddenly but with slight inflam-matory symptoms accompanied bymarked adynamia.

a. dentoalveolar An abscess confinedto the alveolar process investing atooth’s roots.

a. Douglas’ Suppuration in Douglas’pouch.

a. Dubois’ A cyst of the thymuscaused by the growth of thymictissue into Hassall’s corpuscles.

a. epiploic Abscess in or surroundedby omentum majus.

a. glandular An abscess within anygland but especially on or arounda lymph node.

a. gummatous One due to the softeningand breaking down of a gummaespecially in bone or in the thymus ofchildren with congenital syphilis,e.g. Duboisa.

a. ischiorectal One involving thetissues in the ischiorectal fossa.

a. lacoinar One involving the urethrallacunae.

a. milk A mammary abscess occur-ring during lactation.

a. munro’s A microscopic collectionof leukocytes found in stratumcorneum at the granular layer inpsoriasis.

a. omental Abscess in or surroundedby omentum majus.

a. ossifluent Usually a cold wande-ring abscess originating from afocus of disease in a bone.

a. parametric One in the connectivetissue of the broad ligament of theuterus.

a. Pautrier’s A microscopic lesionin the epidermis seen in mycosisfungoides. It is composed of thesame type of cells as those that formthe infiltrate in the corium.

a. pericoronal Infection with collec-tion of pus around the crown of apartially erupted tooth usually

Abscess, anorectal Abscess, pericoronal

Abscess

7

upper or lower third molars. Puscollects in a pocket, either distal,distobuccal and or distolingual tothe tooth crown.

a. phegmonous Circumscribedsuppuration associated with acuteinflammation of the subcutaneousconnective tissue.

a. Pott’s Cold or tuberculous a.a. wandering An abscess occurring

at a distance from the primaryfocus of disease, pus burrowingalong fascial planes or otherstructures.

Abscessus flatuosus Tympaniticabscess.

Abscessus perdecobitum Wande-ring abscess.

Abscissa 1. The horizontal of the twocoordinates used in plotting theinterrelationship of two sets ofdata The vertical line is called theordinate. 2. In optics, the pointwhere a ray of light crosses theprincipal axis.

Absence 1. Inattention to one’s en-vironment. 2. Temporary loss ofconsciousness, as in absence attacksor psycho motor seizures. 3. Fleetingloss of consciousness occurring inhysterical attacks or at the climaxof completed or very intense sexualgratification (Freud).

Absence attack or seizure A form ofepilepsy characterized by a suddentransient lapse of consciousness, bya blank stare as in a state of“Suspended animation”,sometimes accompanied by minormotor activities such as blinking

of the eyes, smacking of lips,stereotyped hand movements andautomatism, often there isindistinct vision.

Absolute refractory period: Therefractory period in which nostimulus, however strong canexcite a response.

Absolute scotoma Scotoma withperception of light entirely absent.

Absolute temperature Temperaturereckoned from the absolute zeroestimated at approximately -273°C or-459°F.

Absolute threshold The lowest in-tensity as measured under optimalexperimental conditions. At whicha stimulus is effective or perceived.

Absolute zero A temperature of ap-proximately-273.2° C or-459.8° F;the complete absence of heat.

Absorb 1. In physiology to suck; take,imbibe as fluids or gases throughosmosis and capillarity. 2. Toinfiltrate into the skin as ultravioletrays. 3. To incorporate into the bodyvia the blood and lymph. 4. Toreceive radiant energy and convertit to another form often with rise oftemperature.

Absorbance In applied spectroscopythe negative logarithm to the base10 of transmittance. The termoptical density has been used toexpress the absorbance of solutions.

Absorbable ligature A ligaturecomposed of animal tissue such ascatgut which can be absorbed bythe tissues.

Absorbed dose In radiology theamount of energy imparted by

Abscess, phegmonous Absorbed dose

8

ionizing particles to a unit mass ofirradiated material at a place ofinterest.

Absorbefacient Any agent thatpromote absorption.

Absorbent 1. Anything capable ofabsorbing or sucking up fluids,faeces or light waves, 2. A drugapplication or dressing thatpromotes absorption of diseasedtissues.

Absorptiometer 1. An instrumentwhich determines the solubility ofa gas or the amount absorbed. 2.An apparatus which measures thethickness of a layer of fluid betweentwo parallel sheets of plate glassin apparent apposition.

Absorption 1. In physiology andpharmacology the passage by oneor more processes of various bodyconstituents or of medicinal agentsthrough body membranes from onetissue compartment to another, e.g.products of digestion throughgastrointestinal mucosa or ofdrugs through the skin. 2. In physics,and chemistry the taking up by oneor more physical or chemicalprocesses of a gas by a solid orliquid or of a liquid by a solid. 3. Inphysics, radiology and spectro-photometry the process wherebythe intensity of a beam of anyelectromagnetic radiation isattenuated in passing through anymaterial by conversion of theenergy of radiation to an equivalentamount of energy which appearswithin the medium, the radiantenergy is converted to heat or some

other form of molecular energy. 4.In psychology inattention to all buta single thought or activity.

Absorption atelectasis Obstructivealelectasis.

Absorption band A region of theabsorption spectrum in which theabsorptivity passes through maxi-mum or inflection.

Absorption coefficient A constantin the law of absorption forhomogeneous radiations.

Absorption curve In radiobiology acurve showing variation inabsorption of radiation as afunction of wave length.

Absorption spectrum A spectrum ofradiation which has passedthrough some selectively absorb-ing substance as white light after ithas passed through a vapor.

Absorptive Absorbent.Abstergent 1. Having cleansing or

purgative properties. 2. A cleaninglotion. 3. A purgative.

Abstinence Voluntary self denial ofor forbearance from, indulgence ofappetites, especially from food, al-coholic drink or sex relations.

Abstinence delirium Deliriumoccurring on withdrawal ofalcohol or of a drug from oneaddicted to it.

Abulia Loss or defect of the ability tomake decisions.

Abulomania Mental disorder char-acterized by lack of will power andindecisiveness.

Acalcerosis Calcium deficiency ofthe diet or of the body as a result ofthe loss of the mineral in the excreta.

Absobefacient Acalcerosis

9

Acalculia Loss of the power to workout any mathematical problemseven the simplest.

Acampsia Rigidity of a joint;ankylosis.

Acanthesthesia A form of pares-thesia in which there is a sensationas of a pinprick.

Acanthion The tip of the anteriornasal spine.

Acanthocephaliasis Infestation witha species of acanthocephala.

Acanthocheilonema A genus offilaria worms parasitic in mancharacterised by adult forms thatlive chiefly in the body cavities orin skin and subcutaneous tissue.

a. perstans The ‘persistent filaria’,is prevalent in tropical Africa andthe northern part of South America,characterised by adult forms thatlive in the peritoneal, pericardialcavities and by microfilaria thatare not sheathed and manifest noperiodicity in the circulating blood;transmitted by culioides species(biting gnats). A. perstans is usuallyregarded as a harmless parasite butsome observers think that it maycause oedema and a condition thatresembles trypanosomiasis. For-merly termed Filaria sanguinis.

a. streptocerca A species of filariaworms found only rarely andexclusively in natives of tropicalAfrica characterized by adultforms that live in the dermis andsubcutaneous tissues and bymicrofilaria that are not sheathedand manifest biperiodicity in the

circulating blood, may cause rareexamples of chronic edema of theskin. Formerly termed Micro-filaria streptocera.

Acanthocyte A throny or peculiarlyspiny erythrocyte characterized bymultiple spiny cytoplasmicprojections.

Acanthocytosis A rare condition inwhich as many as 70 to 80 percentof the redblood cells are acantho-cytes ‘throny erythrocytes, i.e.peculiar spherocytes with irregu-larly placed broad or coarsepseudopodia like projections; theabnormal cells manifest a greatlyincreased mechanical fragilityand content of lipolecithin A; isthought to result from a mutantrecessive allele for a gene thatcontrols normal structure ofredblood cells.

Acanthoid Spine shaped, spinous.Acanthokeratodermia Hyper-

keratosis.

Acalculia Acanthokeratodermia

Acanthocytes inAbetalipoproteinemia

10

Acantholysis A term used in dermalpathology to denote dissolution ofthe layers of the epidermis. It is seenin such conditions as pemphigusvulgaris and keratosis follicularis.

Acanthoma Well differentiatedkeratinizing cornifying squamouscell (or epidermoid) carcinoma,term sometimes used especiallywith reference to such neoplasmsin the skin with little or nohistologic evidence of invasion.Regarded by some observers asbenign neoplasms.

a. adenoidescysticum A cutaneousdisease consisting of multiplesmall (2 to 5 mm) pearly yellow orflesh colored nodules of neoplasticbenign epithelial cells derived frombasal cell of the epidermis orsimilar cells in hairs folliclesoccurring mostly on the face, at theroot of the nose, temples, eyelids,cheek, forehead and chin. Alsoknown as epithelioma adenoidscysticum or multiple benign cysticepithelioma, sometimes associatedwith syringoma or cylindroma.

a. acanthosis An increase in thethickness of the prickle cell layer ofthe epidermis. May be due to anincrease in the size of the cells.

a. nigricans An eruption of wartygrowths and hyperpigmentationoccurring in the skin of the axillaeand in the groins. In adults it isindicative of abdominal malig-nancy. A benign type occurs inchildren. In the benign or juveniletype the subjects are obese and theskin condition is self limited.

Acarbia Pronounced reduction inbicarbonate of the blood.

Acardia Congenital absence of theheart, a condition sometimespresent in the parasitic membersof conjoined twins.

Acardiacus A conjoined twinparasitic on its mate or utilizingthe placental circulation of its mateand having no heart.

Acariasis Any disease caused by anacarid.

Acarid A member of the orderAcarina, a mite.

Acaroid 1. Resembling a mite 2. Anacarus or mite.

Acarophobia Fear of small parasitesor small particles

Acatalepsia, catalepsy 1. Mentaldeficiency characterized by a lackof understanding 2. Uncertainty indiagnosis or prognosis.

Acataleptic Deficient in comprehen-sion. 2. Uncertain.

Acataphasia A loss of the power ofcorrectly formulating a statement.

Acataposis Difficulty in swallo-wing liquids; strictly inability todo so.

Acathexia An abnormal loss of thesecretions.

Acathexis A mental disorder inwhich certain objects or ideas failto arouse an emotional response inthe individual.

Accident A sudden unexpected eventor injury occurring without omenor forewarning or developing inthe course of a disease.

Accommodation Adjustment of theeye for various distances specifically

Acantholysis Accommodation

11

alteration of the covexity of thecrystalline lens in order to bringlight rays from an external object toa focus on the retina.

Accoucheur Obstetrician.Accretic cordis Adhesion of the

pericardium to adjacent extra-cardiac structures.

Accretion 1. Increase by addition tothe periphery or material of thesame nature as that already pre-sent, e.g. the manner of growth ofcrystals. 2. In dentistry foreignmaterial collecting on the surfaceof a tooth or in a cavity. 3. Agrowing together.

Acebutolol Betadrenergic blockingagent used in hypertension.

Aceclidine A synthetic compoundresembling acecholine, used inglaucoma 0.5–4%.

Acenesthesia Absence of the normalsensation of physical existence orof the consciousness of visceralfunction.

Acecainide A metabolite of pro-cainamide.

Acenocoumarol (NND) An orallyeffective synthetic anticoagulant ofthe coumarin type and with similaraction.

Acephalechiria Absence of head andhands.

Acephalopodus A malformed fetuswithout head or feet.

Acephalogastria Absence of head,thorax and abdomen as noted in aparasitic twin with pelvis and legsonly.

Acephalopodia Congenital absenceof head and feet.

Acephalostoamus A malformedfetus having partically no head, butwith a mouth like opening in itsuppermost region.

Accervuloma An intracranialtumor containing ocervulus orbrain sand, psammoma.

Acervulus Brain sand.Acescence 1. A slight degree of

acidity. 2. The process of becomingsour.

Acescent Slightly acid.Acestoma Exuberant granulations

that are forming a cicatrix.Acetal A clear liquid made by the

imperfect oxidation of alcohol. Hasbeen used as hypnotic.

Acetal dehyde 1. Acetic aldehyde 2.Elthaldehyde ethanol, CH3 CHO, acolourless liquid of irritating odor;it is polymerized into paraldehydein presence of sulphuric acid. It isan intermediate in yeastfermentation of carbohydrate andin alcohol metabolism in man.

Acetatmide Acetic acid amideformed by the action of ethyl acetateon ammonia, occurs in colourlessdeliquescent crystals of a mousyodor.

Acetaminophen N-Acetyl-p-amino-phenol, P-acetamidophenol, awhite odorless crystalline slightlybitter powder used as an anti-pyretic and analgesic.

Acetanilide Made from aniline bythe action upon it of acetyl chloride.Occurs in the form of white scalesor crystalline powder, veryslightly soluble in water but solublein 5 parts of alcohol, used as an

Accoucheur Acetanilide

12

analgesic and antipyretic Toxic,continued use causes cyanosis.

Acetarsone Acetarsol(BP) acetylamino hydroxy phenyl arsenicacid, N acetyl-4- hydroxy-M-arsanilic acid; stovarsol, used inamebiasis and as a local appli-cation in vincents angina and intrichomonas vaginalis.

Acetate A salt of acetic acid.Acetazolamide Diamox, the

heterocyclic sulfonamide. 2.Acetylamino-1.3.4, thiadiazole 5-sulfonamide. It inhibits the actionof carbonic anhydrase in the kidneycausing an increase in the urinaryexcretion of sodium, potassiumand bicarbonate, reduced excretionof ammonium, a rise in the pH ofthe urine and a fall in the pH of theblood. Has been used in respiratoryacidosis for diuresis and control offluid retention in epilepsy and inglaucoma.

Acetic Relating to vinegar, sour.Acid-acetic Diacetic acid, CH3,

COOH, a product of the oxidationof alcohol and of the destructivedistillate of wood, the official acidis a liquid containing 36 percent (BP33%) of absolute acetic acid(hydrogen acetate). Used locally asa counterirritant and occasionallyinternally. Used also as a reagent.

Acetoacetic acid Diacetic acid, CH3COCH2 COOH, one of the ketonebodies formed in excess andappearing in the urine in starvationor diabetes.

Acetobacter A genus of the familypseudomonadaceae, containing

rodshaped organisms frequentlyfound in elongated, branched orswollen forms, polarly flagellatewhen motile, energy secured byoxidation of alcohol in wine cideror beer to acetic acid.

Acetohexamide A sulfonylurea,used in diabetes.

Acetokinase An enzyme found inEscherichia coli catalyzing theformation of acetylphosphate fromacetate in the presence of ATP.

Acetolactic acid An intermediate inpyruvic acid catabolism in yeast.

Acetolase An enzyme that cataly-zes the oxidation of alcohol toacetic acid.

Acetomenaphthone Used in thepreparative treatment of obstruc-tive jaundice, in hemorrhagicdisease of the newborn and prophy-lactically to prevent neonatalhemorrhage.

Acetomeroctol An organic mer-curial antibacterial agent.

Acetomorphine Heroin, see diacetyl-morphine.

Acetonaphthone Naphthyl methylketone occurs as yellow needles.

Acetone A colourless volatile in-flammable liquid dimethyl ketone.Extremely small amounts arefound in normal urine but largequantities occur in urine and bloodof diabetic persons, it sometimesimparts an ethereal odor to urineand breath of such patient.

Acetonuria The excretion in the urineof large amount of acetone, anindication of incomplete oxidation

Acetarsone Acetonuria

13

of large amount of fat, commonlyoccurs in diabetic acidosis.

Acetophenazine maleate Tindalmaleate, phenothiazine dimaleate,a tranquilizing agent withantiemetic hypotensive spasmo-lytic and antihistaminic actions.

Acetophenetidin Occurs as colour-less glistening crystals usuallyscaly or a fine white glisteningpowder, antipyretic.

Acetophenone A coal tar derivative,phenylethyl ketone, a colorlessliquid crystalizing to white needlesat low temperatures with an odor,of bitter almond. Has been used asa hypnotic or mild depressant.

Acetrizoate A radio-opaque com-pound used in urography, injectedintravenously.

Acetrizoic acid A radio-opaquemedium.

Acetyl-p-aminophenylsalicylateSalicylic acid ester of acetyl-p-aminophenol, used as an analgesic,antipyretic, and intestinalantiseptic.

Acetylcholine The acetic acid esterof choline isolated from ergot. Alsoliberated from preganglionic andpostganglionic, endings of para-sympathetic fibers and frompreganglionic fibers of the sym-pathetic. Causes cardiac inhibition,vasodilation, gastrointestinalperistalsis and other para-sympathetic effects. It is hydrolizedinto choline and acetic acid by theenzyme cholinesterase that ispresent in blood and other tissue.

Acetylcholinesterase Choline-sterase, that breaks down acetylcholine into choline and aceticacid.

Acetylcoenzyme A Condensationproduct of coenzyme A and aceticacid, an intermediate in transfer oftwo carbon fragment notably in itsentrance into the tricarboxylic acidcycle.

Acetylcysteine Mucomyst, amucolytic agent that reduces theviscosity of mucous secretions.

Acetyldigitoxin Acylanid, same ac-tions and uses as digitoxin but ofmore rapid onset and shorterduration of action.

Acetylene A colorless gas of a dis-agreeable odor that burns with anintense white flame. It is preparedcommercially by the action ofwater on calcium carbide.

N-Acetylglucosamine A hydrolysisproduct of some mucopoly-saccharides, notably of hyaluronicacid.

Acetylphenylhydrazine A crystal-line powder obtained by treatingphenylhydrazine with aceticanhydride, a powerful antipyreticbut destructive to red blood cells.Used in polycythemia vera, alsoused externally in parasitic skindiseases as 10 percent ointment.

Acetylphosphate A high energyphosphate that plays the part of“active acetate” in the metabolismof various bacteria.

3-Acetylpyridine An antimetaboliteof nicotinamide, produces

Acetophenazine maleate 3-Acetylpyridine

14

symptoms of nicotenamide defi-ciency when fed to mice.

Acetylsalycylic acid An odorless whitecrystalline powder soluble in 300part of water or 5% alcohol readilyabsorbed from mucous membranesand excreted in urine within 6 hours,widely used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory agent and in thetreatment of rheumatism.

Achalasia Failure to relax, referringespecially to visceral openings suchas the cardia or any other sphincterof muscles.

Acheilia Congenital absence of the lips.Achilles A mythical greek warrior

who was vulnerable only in theheel.

Achillodynia Pain due to inflam-mation of the bursa between thecalcaneus and the tendo Achilles,(achillobursitis).

Achilliotomy Division of the tendocalcaneus.

Achiria 1. Congenital absence of thehands. 2. Anesthesia with loss ofthe sense of possession of one orboth hands, a condition some-times noted in hysteria. 3. A formof dyschiria in which the patientis unable to tell on which side ofthe body a stimulus has beenapplied.

Achirus A malformed individualwithout hands.

Achlorhydria Absence of hydro-chloric acid from the gastric juice.

Achluophobia Fear of darkness.Acholia Suppressed secretion of bile.Acholic Without bile.Acholuria Absence of bile pigments

from the urine in certain cases ofjaundice.

Acholuric Without bile in urine.Achondroplasia Chondrodystrophy,

diaphysial aclasis, abnormality in conversion of cartilage into bone

resulting in an asymmetricaldwarf.

Achondroplasty Chondrodystrophy.Achorion A genus of parasitic fungi,

proper term now Trichophyton.Achroacytosis The occurrence of a

great number of lymphocytes in theperipheral circulation; lympho-cytosis.

Achromasia 1. Cachectic pallor,pallor associated with the Hipo-cratic facies of extremely severeand chronic illness often heraldingthe moribund state 2. Absence ofthe ordinary staining reaction in acell or tissue. 3. Achromatopsia.

Achromate An absolutely colorblind person.

Acetylsalycylic acid Achromate

Achalasia Cardia

15

Achromatic 1. Colorless. 2. Notdecomposing white light. 3. Notstaining readily.

Achromatolysis Plasmalysis, pro-toplasmolysis, karyoplasmo-lysis–dissolution of the chromaticof a cell or of its nucleus.

Achromatophil 1. Not being colo-red by the histologic or bacterio-logic stains. 2. A cell or tissue thatcannot be stained in the usual way.

Achromatopsia Complete colorblindness.

Achromatosis Absence of naturalpigmentation as in albinism.

Achromaturia The passage of color-less or very pale urine.

Achylia 1. Absence of gastric juice orother digestive forment 2. Absenceof chyle.

Achylous 1. Lacking in gastric juiceor other digestive secretion. 2.Having no chyle.

Acid 1. A compound of an electro-negative element or radical withhydrogen; it forms salts by repla-cing all or part of the hydrogenwith electropositive elements orradical. An acid containing onedisplaceable atom of hydrogen inthe molecule is called monobasic;one-containing two such atomsdibasic and one containing morethan two-polybasic. 2. In popular

Achromatic Acid

Achondroplasia

16

language any chemical compoundwhich has a sour taste.

Acidaminuria The passage of an ex-cess of amino acid in the urine.

Acidemia An increase in the H-ionconcentration of the blood–a fallbelow normal in pH not with-standing alterations in content ofbicarbonate.

Acid-fast A term denoting bacteriathat are not decolorized by mineralacids after having been stained withaniline dyes; the leprosy, tubercleand hay bacilli are examples.

Acidismus Poisoning by acids intro-duced from without as contradistin-guished from acidosis or poisoningby acids formed in metabolism.

Acidosis Oxysis, a condition ofreduced alkali reserve (bicarbo-nate) of the blood and other bodyfluids with or without an actualdecrease in pH.

a. carbon dioxide Acidosis resultingfrom retention of CO2, it is anexception to the definition in themain heading, for the bicarbonateof the body fluids is usuallyincreased.

a. compensated Reduced alkali reservein which compensatory mechanismsmaintain the pH of the body fluids atthe normal value; in compensatedacidosis CO2 and bicarbonateusually increases although pHremains within normal range.

a. renal tubular Inability to excreteacid urine with hyper-chloremiadue to congenital defect in carbo-nic anhydrase. causing deficientformation of bicarbonate.

a. respiratory Reduced alkalireserve of the body fluids with afall in pH resulting from the failureof adequate compensatorymechanisms; bicarbonate may bewithin normal range in uncompen-sated acidosis from CO2 retention.

Acinus 1. One of the minute sac likesecretory portions of an acinousgland. Some authorities use the termsacinus and alveolus interchangeablywith reference to glands whereasother differentiate them by theconstricted openings of the acinusinto the excretory duct. 2. In the lungterritory supplied by one terminalbronchiole (an absolute usage).

Acivicis A pyrimidine analog thatblocks conversion of UTP to LTP.

Aclasis Pathologic tissue originatingfrom and continuous with normaltissues thereby providingcontinuity of structure as inchondrodystrophy.

Aclusion Lack of contact of opposingsurface of molar and bicuspid teethwhen jaws are closed.

Acne The period of greatest intensityof any symptom, sign or process.

Acne A papular and pustulareruption due to inflammation withaccumulation of secretioninvolving the sebaceous glands.

a. agminata Acnitis, an eruption ofsmall dusky reddish papules on theface becoming pustular andfollowed by slight scarring.

a. artificialis Produced by externalirritants such as tar or drugs in-ternally administered such asiodine. Often self inflicted.

Acidaminuria Acne, artificialis

17

a. atrophica Vulgaris in which thelesions leave a slight amount ofscarring.

a. ciliaris Follicular papules andpustules on the free edges of theeyelids.

a. decalvans A rare type of pustularfolliculitis of scalp producing scarand then a alopecia.

a. keratosa An eruption of papulesconsisting of horny plugs projec-ting from the hair follicles accom-panied by inflammation.

a. neonatorum A rare condition ininfants characterized by papulesand comedones on forehead andcheeks.

a. papulosa A condition thatresembles chloracne in that blackcentral comedones are present inall the lesions.

a. rosacea Erythematosa, rosacea, acneof the cheeks and nose associatedwith papules, pustules, dilated blood

vessels in the nasolabilal folds anddilated follicles.

a. syphilitica Pustular syphilides, arare type of secondary; syphilis.

a. telangiectodes An acneiformeruption associated with tuber-culosis.

a. urticata An eruption beginning assmall urticarial wheals andfollowed by slight scarring.

a. vulgaris Acne simplex, acnedisseminata, simple uncompli-cated acne, an eruption of papulesand pustules on an inflammatory

Acne, atrophica Acne, vulgaris

Acne Vulgaris

Acne Vulgaris Rosacea

18

base; condition occurs primarilyduring puberty and adolescencedue to overactive sebaceousapparatus, probably affected byhormonal activity.

Acnegenic Pertaining to substancesthought to be responsible forcausing acne vulgaris.

Acnemia 1. Atrophy of the calfmuscles. 2. Congenital absence oflegs.

Acognosia, acognosy A knowledgeof remedies.

Acology Therapeutics.Acomania Servile submission to

those in authority while being over-domineering at home.

Acomia Alopecia, baldness.Aconative Without the desire or wish

to act.Aconite The dried root of Aconitum

napellus, Antipyretic, diuretic,diaphoretic anodyne, cardiac andrespiratory depressant, externallyanalgesic.

Acoprosis Absence or great scanti-ness of fecal matter in the intestines.

Acorea Congenital absence of thepupil of the eye.

Acoria Absence of the feeling ofsatiety after eating.

Acousma An auditory hallucinationin which indefinite sounds such asringing or hissing are heard.

Acoustic Relating to hearing or theperception of sound.

Acousticophobia Fear of sounds.Acoustics The science of sounds and

their perception.Acquired Denoting a disease

predisposition, that is not

congenital but has developed afterbirth.

Acrania Lack of a cranium.Acremoniosis A condition marked

by fever and the occurrence ofgumma like swellings caused by afungus Acremonium potronii.

Acriflavine An acridine dye, amixture of 2:8 diamino-10-methyl-acaridinium chloride and 2,8diaminacridine. A brownish redodorless powder soluble in water.A powerful antiseptic.

a. hydrochloride Acid acriflavine,acid trypaflavine, used as a woundantiseptic. It has been administeredintravenously in brucellosis,tularemia, blastomycosis, andtrypanosomiasis.

Acrimony The quality of beingintensely irritant; biting or pungent.

Acrisorcin Antifungal agent availa-ble as 0.2% cream.

Acritochromacy Color blindness.Acroagnosis Absence of limb sen-

sibility.Acrobrachycephaly Condition in

which the anteroposterior diameterof the skull is abnormally short.

Acrocephaly Malformation of thehead consisting in a high or pointedcranial vault due to prematureclosure of the sagittal, coronal andlamboid sutures.

Acrocyanosis A circulatory disorderin which the hands and lesscommonly the feet are persistentlycold, blue, and sweaty. Milder formsare closely allied to chillblains.

Acrodolichomelia Large size anddisproportionate growth of thehands and feet.

Acnegenic Acrodolichomelia

19

Acrodynia 1. Peripheral neuritis of thefingers or toes 2. A condition causedin rats by a deficiency of pyridoxine(B6) characterized by redness andswelling of the tips of the ears andnose leading to necrosis of these parts.

Acroesthesia 1. Extreme degree ofhyperesthesia 2. Hyperesthesia ofone or more extremities.

Acrogeria Premature aging of theskin of the hands and feet.

Acromegaly Acromegalia; Mariedisease, a trophic disorder markedby progressive enlargement of thehead and face, hands and feet andthorax due to excessive secretionof growth hormone by the anteriorlobe of the pituitary gland.

Acromelagia A vasomotor neuro-sis marked by redness, pain andswelling of the fingers and toes,headache and vomiting, probablythe same as erythromelalgia.

Acromion Acromial process, theouter end of the spine of the scapula

which projects as a broad flattenedprocess overhanging the glenoidfosssa; it articulates with theclavicle and gives attachment to thedeltoid and some fibers of thetrapezius muscles.

Acropachy Hypertrophic pulmo-nary osteoarthropathy.

Acropathy Simple hereditary clubbingof the digits without associatedpulmonary or other progressivedisease; often more severe in males,autosomal dominant inheritance.

Acrophobia A morbid dread ofelevated places.

Acrose A sugar obtained by theaction of a weak alkaline solutionon formaldehyde.

Acrosome The juxtanuclear body atthe anterior extermity of aspermatid derived from the Golgiapparatus.

Acrotism Absence or impercep-tibility of the pulse; pulse-lessness.

Actin One of the protein componentsinto which actomyosin can be split.Can exist in a fibrous form (f-actin)or a globular form (G-actin).

Acrodynia Actin

Acromegaly

Acromion

20

Actinobacillus A genus of the familyBricellacea, Gram negative non-motile small rods or coccoid formscharacterized by the tendency toform aggregates in tissues or culturewhich resemble the sulfur granulesof actinomycosis. Pathogenic foranimals, some species attack man.

Actinomyces Ray fungus so calledbecause it occurs in the form of ag-gregation of radiating clubshapedrods; a genus of the familyActinomycetaceae, containingnonmotile branching filamentousorganisms forming a mycelium andfragmenting into elements ofirregular sizes. They are mostlyanaerobic but some aremicroaerophilic. A few of the speciesare pathogenic for man; severalcause scab and other potato diseasesbut the greater number of them arenonpathogenic soil organisms.

Actinomycin An antibacterial crys-talline substance isolated from Ac-tinomyces (streptomyces) an-tiboiticus. Active against Grampositive bacteria, e.g. Bacillus sub-tilis; slightly active against Gramnegative bacteria. It is also fungi-cidal and toxic to animal tissues.There are three close similarcompounds termed A, B and C.

Actinomycosis A disease of cattleand swine, sometimes communi-cated to man, caused by the rayfungus Actinomyces (Nocardia). Itaffects the jaw most commonly(lumpy jaw) but it may invade thebrain, lungs or gastroenteric tract.

It is characterized by the formationof granulomas of sluggish growthwhich eventually breakdown anddischarge a viscid pus containingminute yellowish granulles; theconstitutional symptoms are of aseptic character.

Actiophage A virus destructive toactinomycetes.

Actinophore A mixture of three partscercum dioxide and one partthorium dioxide used in roentgenray diagnosis.

Activation 1. The act of rendering active2. An increase in the energy content ofan atom or molecule through theraising of temperature absorption orlight photons, etc. which renders thatatom or molecule more reactive. 3.Techniques of altering the physiologicenvironment of the brain bystimulating it by light sound orelectricity in order to produce hiddenor latent abnormal activity in theelectroencephalogram. 4. Stimulationof cell division in an ovum byfertilization or by artificial means.

Activator 1. A substance that rendersanother substance such as anenzyme active. 2. Internal secretionof the pancreas. 3. An apparatus forimpregnating water with radiumemanation. 4. A catalyst oraccelerator for the polymerizationof resins.

Active 1. Production effect; not pas-sive. 2. More than usually likely toundergo some chemical– reaction.

a. transport The name given to thepassage of ions or molecules

Actinobacillus Active

21

across a cell membrane not by pas-sive diffusion but by an energyconsuming process. Activediffusion can take place against aconcentration gradient.

Actomysoin A protein complexcomposed of the globulin mysoinand actin in the micellae of themuscle fiber. It is the essentialcontractile substance of muscle.

Actonia A Fungus that causes yel-lowish patches on the pharyngealmucous membrane which may bemistaken for diphtheria, belongs toorder Endomycetales.

Acuity Sharpness, clearness, dis-tinctness.

a. visual Acuteness of vision; it isindicated by a fraction in whichnumerator is a number expressingthe distance in feet at which thepatient sees a line or typed on thechart (usually 20 feet) and thedenominator a number expressingthe distance in feet at which thenormal eye would see the smallestletters which the patient sees at thedistance at which he is; thus if at 20feet he sees only the letters whichthe normal eye would see at 50 feetthe formula of his vision will be V = 20/50.

Acupuncture Puncture made withlong fine needles for diagnostic ortherapeutic purposes.

Acyclovir Antiviral agent used inherpes.

Acyesis 1. Sterility in the woman. 2.The nonpregnant condition.

N-Acylsphingosine N-Acylsphin-gol, a condensation product of an

organic acid with sphingosine atthe amino group of the lattercompound.

Adamantine Exceedingly hardspecifically relating to the enamelof the teeth.

Adamantinoma A tumor of jaw,arising from enamel cells. May bebenign or of low grade malig-nancy. SYN—ameloblastoma.

Adams-Stokes syndrome Black outdue to sudden fall in cerebral circulationcommonly after heartblock.

Addict A person who finds it difficultto stop some practice especially thetaking of drugs or excessive use ofalcohol.

Addiction Habituation to somepractice, withdrawal from whichcauses symptoms.

Addisin Factor in gastric tissue andgastric mucosa that acts upon theextrinsic factor to produce thehematinic principle of liver.

Additive A substance not essen-tially part of a material such asfood, fuel, etc. but which isdeliberately added to fulfill somespecific purpose.

Adducent To draw toward themedian line.

Adduction 1. Movement of a limbtoward the central axis of the bodyor beyond it. 2. A position resultingfrom such movement.

Adductor A muscle drawing a parttowards the medianline.

Adenase A deaminating enzyme inthe liver, pancreas and spleen thatconverts adenosine into hypo-xanthine.

Actomysoin Adenase

22

Adenine One of the two purinesfound in both ribonucleic acid anddeoxyribonucleic acid; found alsoin various nucleotides ofimportance to the body, e.g.adenylic acid adenosine triphos-phate (ATP) coenzymes I and II, Q-nitrogen.

Adenitis Inflammation of a lymphnode or of a gland.

Adenoacanthoma A malignantneoplasm consisting chiefly ofglandular epithelium (adenocar-cinoma) usually well differentiatedwith foci of metaplasia tosquamous (or epedermoid) neo-plastic cells.

Adenoblast An embryonic celldestined to proliferate into cellsthat will enter into the formationof a gland.

Adenocarcinoma A malignantneoplasm of epithelial cells inglandular or glandlike pattern;frequently with infiltration ofadjacent tissue, metastases, recur-rence after removal, etc. a malig-nant adenoma.

Adenocyst A cystic tumor develop-ing from glandular epithelium,adenocystoma.

Adenocystoma Adenoma in whichthe neoplastic glandular epithe-lium forms cysts or cysts likestructures.

Adenohypophysis Anterior lobe,pars anterior or pars glandularisof the pituitary gland.

Adenoid Gland like, adeniform,lymphoid; denoting a form ofconnective tissue found in the lymphnodes, spleen, tonsils, solitary andaggregated nodules of the intestine,red bone marrow and elsewhere; itconsists of a connective tissue framework or reticulum; containingmasses of round cells (lymphocytes)in its interestices.

Adenoidism Symptoms and signsassociated with enlarged adenoids.

Adenoleiomyofibroma A benignneoplasm of mesodermal originconsisting chiefly of fibroblasts andconnective tissue with neoplasticsmooth muscle cells, glandular oradenomatous elements.

Adenoma A neoplasm of glandularepithelium.

a. chromophobe A tumor of thechromophobe cells of the anteriorpituitary body associated withhypopituitarism, the cells do notstain well with acid or basic dyes.

Adenine Adenoma, chromophobe

Adenohypophysis

23

a. eosinophilic A tumor of theeosinophilic chromophil cells of theanterior pituitary associated withgigantism and acromegaly.

a. getsowa’s An adenocarcinoma ofthe thyroid gland formerly thoughtto originate in a lateral angle butprobably represents a metastasisfrom a primary neoplasm in thegland per se, termed also strumapostbranchiallis.

a. islet cell A benign neoplasm of thepancreas composed of tissue similarin structure to that of the islets ofLangerhans. It may containfunctioning beta cells and may causehypoglycemia, sometimes termedinsulinoma or Langerhansiana.

a. malignant Sometimes used foradenocarcinoma especially whena portion of an adenoma is thoughtto be histologically malignant ormetastatic neoplasm of similartype is recognised.

a. racemose A benign neoplasmcomposed of epithelial tissueresembling racemose gland.

a. sebaceum A neoplasm occurringon the face composed of a mass ofsebaceous glands and appearing asan aggregation of red yellow andyellow papules; the patients aresometimes mentally retarded withseizure.

Adenomyosis The ectopic occur-rence or diffuse implantation ofadenomatous tissue in muscle(usually smooth muscle) as inbenign invasion of myometrium byendometrial tissue.

Adenomyxoma A benign neoplasmwith histologic characteristics ofadenoma and myxoma.

Adenosarcoma A malignant neo-plasm of mesodermal tissue withadenomatoid element, sometimesapplied to sarcoma originating inconnective tissue of a gland.

Adenosine A condensation productof adenine and D-ribose anucleoside which can be foundamong the hydrolysis products ofall nucleic acids and of the variousadenine nucleotides.

Adenosine diphosphate A conden-sation product of adenosine withpyrophosphoric acid, ADP, formedfrom adenosine triphosphate (ATP)by the hydrolysis of the terminalphosphate group of latter compound.

Adenosis A more or less generalizedglandular disease especially oneinvolving the lymphatic nodes.

Adenotome An instrument for theremoval of adenoids in the naso-pharynx.

Adenylate cyclase An enzyme thatsynthesizes c-AMP.

Adiaphoresis Absence or deficiencyof perspiration.

Adiaphoretic A drug that causesrepression of perspiration.

Adipocere A fatty substance of waxyconsistency into which deadanimal tissues are sometime con-verted when kept from the air undercertain favouring conditions oftemperature; it is believed to beproduced by the conversion into fatof the proteins of the tissues.

Adenoma, eosinophilic Adipocere

24

Adipokinn An anterior pituitary factorthat brings about mobilization of fatfrom kidney and liver depots.

Adiposis An excessive local orgeneral accumulation of fat in thebody, liposis.

a. dolorosa Dercum’s disease, anaffection characterized by a depo-sit of symmetrical nodular orpendulous masses of fat in variousregions of the body attended withmore or less pain.

a. tuberosa simplex Anders disease,an affection resembling A. dolorsain which the fat occurs in smallmore or less circumscribed masseson the abdomen or confined to theextremities; these masses aresensitive to the touch and may bespontaneously painful.

Adipsia Absence of thirst.Adjuvant That which aids or assists;

denoting a remedy that is added toa prescription to assist or increasethe action of the main ingredient;synergist.

Adolescence Period of attainingcomplete growth and maturity

Adolescent Pertaining to the periodor state of adolescence.

Adonis The herb Adonis vernalis. Ithas a digitalis like action and issometimes used as a cardiacstimulant and diuretic.

Adrenaline Trade name for epine-phrine.

Adrenalism A condition resultingfrom abnormal function of theadrenal (suprarenal) glands,suprarenalism.

Adrenergic Relating to nerve fibersthat liberate adrenaline.

Adrenochrome The red oxidationproduct of epinephrine, was usedtherapeutically in Germany duringthe second world war to increaseefficiency of diabetic laborers. It issaid to produce psychic changes.

Adrenocorticotrophin Adrenocor-ticotrophic hormone.

Adrenosterone An androgen iso-lated from the adrenal cortex, alsoknown as andrenosterone and asReichsteins compound G.

Adriamycin Doxorubicin, an an-ticancer antibiotic.

Adsorb To attach atoms or moleculesto the surface of a substance bymeans of unsatisfied valence bonds.

Adsorbent A substance which ad-sorbs, e.g. ADTE, carbon, clay,magnesia, etc.

Adtorsion Internal rotation of botheyes.

Adult Fully grown and mature, afully grown individual.

Adulterant Impurity, additive thatis considered to have an un-desirable effect.

Adulteration The alteration of anysubstance by the deliberate addi-tion of a component not ordinarilypart of that substance, usually usedto imply that the substance isdebased as a result.

Adventitia The outer most coveringof any organ or structure which ispoorly derived from without anddoes not form an integral part ofsuch organ or structure specifically

Adipokinn Adventitia

25

the outer coat of an artery; thetunica adventitia.

Adventitious 1. Coming fromwithout; extrinsic. 2. Accidental. 3.Relating to the adventitia of anartery or an organ.

Adynamia Weakness, vital debility,asthenia.

Aerasthenia A psychoneurotic con-dition marked by worry, lack of selfconfidence and mild depression oc-curring in aviators.

Aerobacter A genus of the tribe Es-cherichia, family Enterobac-teriacea, containing rod shapedGram negative organisms, foundchiefly in the intestine.

Aerocystography X-ray of bladderafter air has been injected into it.

Aerodynamics The study of air andother gases in motion, the forcesthat set them in motion, and theresult of such motion.

Aerometer An apparatus for deter-mining the density of or forweighing air.

Aerophagia Swallowing of air.Aeropholia Abnormal and extreme

dread of fresh air or of air inmotion.

Aeroscope An instrument for the ex-amination of air for visible im-purities.

Aetinolol Cardioselective beta-blocker used in hypertension.

Afebrile Nonfebrile, apyretic.Affect 1. Feeling 2. The sum of an

emotion.Afferent Bringing to or into, denot-

ing certain arteries, veins, lym-phatics and nerves.

Affinity 1. Attraction. 2. In chemis-try the force that attracts certainatoms to unite with certain othersto form compound 3. The selectivestaining of a tissue by a dye or theuptake of a dye chemical or othersubstance selectively by a tissue.

Affusion The pouring of water uponthe body or any of its parts fortherapeutic purposes

Afibrinogenemia The absence of adetectable amount of fibrinogen inthe blood, a relatively rare cause ofhemorrhages.

Afterbirth The placenta and memb-ranes that are extruded after thebirth of the fetus and most othermammals.

Aftercare The care and treatment ofa patient after operation, or of oneconvalescing from an acute orserious illness.

After discharge The prolongationof reflex response after cessationof stimulation.

After image 1. After vision, Spectrum.2. Ocular spectrum, the image of anobject of which the subjectivesensation persists after the object hasdisappeared. It is called positivewhen its colors are the same as in theoriginal, negative when thecomplementary colors are perceived

After pains Painful cramplike con-tractions of the uterus occurringafter child birth.

After potential The small changesin electrical potential in a stimu-lated nerve which follow the mainpotential change. They follow the“spike” potential of the oscillo-

Adventitious After potential

26

graphic record and consists of aninitial negative deflection followedby a positive deflection in theoscillograph record.

Agalactia Absence of milk in thebreasts after child birth.

Agammaglobulinemia A conditioncharacterized by 1. A lack or ex-tremely low levels, of gammaglobulin in the blood (and lymphoidtissue) 2. Defective formation ofantibody and. 3, Frequentoccurrence of suppurative andnonsuppurative infectious diseaseobserved in 2 clinical forms, i.e.primary and secondary.

a. acquired A type of primaryagammaglobulinemia occurs inboth sexes at various ages pro-bably resulting from pathologicalalteration or destruction of normallymphoid tissue. Level of gammaglobulin likely to be from zero to100 or 125 mg per 100 ml.

a. congenital A type of primaryagammaglobulinemia occurs chief-ly in male infants more than 4 to 6months of age probably resultingfrom sex linked recessive gene; levelof gamma globulin likely to be fromzero to 20 or 30 mg per 100 ml.

a. primary As distinguished fromhypogammaglobulinemia; in-cludes transient, congenital andacquired forms, probably resultsfrom decrease synthesis of gammaglobulin with levels usually lessthan 100 or 125 mg per ml.

a. secondary Probably results fromincreased rate of catabolism or

unusual loss of γ-globulin; levelsof gamma globulin usually rangefrom 200 to 400 mg per 100 ml.

a.transient A type of primaryagammaglobulinemia occurs ininfants of both sexes usually duringthe second to sixth months of lifeprobably resulting from immaturityof lymphoid tissue, level of gammaglobulin likely to be less than 100 to150 mg per 100 ml.

Agamegenesis Asexual repro-duction.

Agamogenetic Indication of a sexualreproduction.

Agamogony Asexual reproduction.Aganglionosis The state of being

without ganglia, absence of gan-glion cells from Auerbach plexusin eye, distal colon in congenitalhypertrophic dilation of the colon.

Agar A gelatinous substance pre-pared from seaweed in Japan andIndia, used in constipation toincrease the bulk of the feces and inbacteriology as a base for culturemedia; when unqualified it isusually called agar-agar.

a. Brodet and Gengou potato bloodGlycerine potato agar with 25percent of blood.

a. Brilliant green bilesalt A culturemedium consisting of agar withpeptone, lactose, sodium tauro-cholate, brilliant green and picricacid solution.

a. cholera An alkaline agar mediumfor cultures of the cholera vibrio.

a. Endo’s fuchsin Nutrient agarcontaining lactose alcoholic

Agalactia Agar, Endo's fuchsin

27

solution of fuchsin, sodium sulfiteand soda solution; used as a culturemedium to differentiate the typhoidbacillus from the colon bacillus andothers of that group.

a. eosinmethylene blue EMB Agarlactose medium for isolation ofcoliform organisms.

a. gelatin Made by dissolving pep-tone gelatin glucose or mannitesodium chloride and potassiumchloride in water and addingagar.

a. lactose litmus Made by adding 2percent lactose and litmus to acidfree nutrient agar. Used in thedifferentiation of the typhoidbacillus.

a. Mac Conkey’s bile salt Made bythe addition of 12 to 20 percent ofagar to Mac Conkey’s bile saltbouillon.

a. Novy and MacNeal’s blood Anutrient agar containing 2 volumesof defibrinated rabbits bloodsuitable for the cultivation of anumber of trypanosomes.

Agenosomi Markedly defectiveformation or absence of thegenitalia in a fetus. The conditionis usually accompanied by protru-sion of the abdominal viscerathrough an incomplete abdominalwall.

Agent An active force or substancecapable of producing an effect.

a. antifoaming Chemicals such asethylalcohol or 2-ethylhexanoladministered with oxygen topatients in pulmonary edema to

relieve the respiratory obstructionaggravated by the foam of edemafluid.

a. blocking A drug that blockstransmission at an automaticsynapse or myoneural junction.

a. chelating A compound such as cal-ciumdisodium ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid which forms acomplex with a metal. Themedicinal use of these agents is torender poisonous metal com-pounds innocuous. The resultingchelate complex is unionizable,stable and nonpoisonous and isexcreted in the urine.

a. eaton A living organism of acoccobacillary type 125 to 150 μthat is grown on living cells and onofficial media and produces acharacteristic cold agglutinin.

a. reducing Any substance that hasthe power of initiating a reactioninvolving the gain of electrons.

a. sclerosing A compound such assodium ricinoleate used in thetreatment of varicose veins.

Ageusia Loss of the sense of taste.Agglutinate Pertaining to a specific

activity of antibody in an antigenantibody reaction, as a specifichemagglutin as certain red bloodcells.

Agglutination Aggregation intoclumps or masses of micro-orga-nisms or other cells upon exposureto a specific immune serum or othersource of appropriate antibody.

a. cold Agglutination of red bloodcells by their own serum or by any

Agar, eosinmethylene blue Agglutination, cold

28

other serum when the blood iscooled below body temperature butis most pronounced below 25° C.The phenomenon results from coldagglutinins. Although it is seenoccasionally in the blood ofapparently normal persons it ismore frequent in scarlet fever,staphylococcal infections, pneu-monia, certain hemolytic anemiasand trypanosomiasis.

Agglutinin Antibody that causesclumping or agglutination of thebacteria or other cells which eitherstimulate the formation of theagglutinaion or containimmunologically, similar reactivematerial.

a. cold Agglutinin that agglutinateshuman group O erythrocytes atzero to 5° C but not at 37° C, foundin the serum of less than half ofpatients with primary atypicalpneumonia and also in certainother diseases especially trypano-somiasis, titer is usually at a peakrelatively early during recovery.

Agglutinogen An antigenic sub-stance that stimulates the forma-tion of specific agglutinin.

Agglutinoid An agglutinin that haslost its agglutiophore group whileretaining its haptophore group,such substances can combine withagglutinogens of bacteria or bloodcells but do not produce clumping.

Aggregate 1. To unite or cometogether in mass or cluster. 2. Thetotal of individual units making upa mass or cluster.

Agitophasia Abnormally rapidspeech in which words are imper-fectly spoken or dropped out of asentence.

Aglutition Inability to swallow orgreat difficulty in swallowing,aphagia, dysphagia.

Agnosia Lack of sensory ability torecognize objects.

a. auditory Central auditory in-appreciation of sound, ability toperceive sound at the end organwith inability to interpret itcentrally.

a. ideational Loss of the concept dueto damage of associate areas.

a. optic Inability to interpret visualimages.

a. position Failure to recognize theposture of extremity.

a. tactile Inability to recognizeobjects by touch.

a. visual spatial Disturbance inspatial orientation and in under-standing of spatial relations;apractognosia.

Agonal Relating to the process ofdying or the movement of death socalled because of the formererroneous notion that dying is apainful process.

Agonist Denoting a muscle in stateof contraction with reference to itsopposing muscle or antagonist.

Agrammatism Loss, through cere-bral disease, of the power toconstruct a grammatical or intelli-gible sentence, words are utteredbut not in proper sequence, a formof aphasia.

Agglutinin Agrammatism

29

Agranulocytosis Acute conditioncharacterized by pronouncedleukopenia with great reduction inthe number of polymorphonuclearleucocytes, infected ulcers likely todevelop in the throat, intestinaltract and other mucous membranesas well as in the skin.Termed also sepsis agranulocytica,malignant leukopenia, agranu-locytic angina, mucocytis necro-ticans agranulocytica and Schultzangina.

Agraphia Loss of the power ofwriting due or to an inability tophrase thought. Acoustic agraphiais acquired inability to write fromdictation. In amnemanic agraphia,letters and words can be writtenbut not connected sentences; inverbal agraphia single letters canbe written. Musical agraphia is theloss of power to write musicalnotation.

Albinism Congenital leukoderma orabsence of pigment in the skin andits appendages, it may be partialor complete.

Akathisia Motor restlessness.Albino A person with very little or

no pigment in the skin, hair or cho-roid. A congenital diffuse absenceof melanin in the skin and hair.

Albumen 1. White of egg, eggalbumin ovalbumin 2. Albumin.

Albumin A simple protein widelydistributed throughout the tissuesand fluids of plants and animals, itis soluble in pure water,precipitable from a solution by

mineral acids and coagulable byheat in acid or neutral solution.Varieties of it are found in blood,milk and muscles.

a. native Protein existing in itsnatural state in the body, it issoluble in water and not preci-pitated by diluted acids, the twoprincipal forms are serum albuminand egg albumin.

a. normal human serum A sterilepreparation of serum albuminobtained by obtaining bloodplasma proteins from healthypersons. Used as a transfusionmaterial and to treat edema due tohypoproteinemia.

Albumin radioiodinatcd serum 131Imade by mild iodination of normalhuman serum albumin; one atomof iodine per 60,000 molecularweight of albumin; 131I emitsnegative beta particles and gammaradiation, half life of 131I is 8.0days. Used for the determinationof blood and plasma volumes,circulation time and cardiac outputand for the detection andlocalization of brain tumors.

Albuminuria The presence of proteinin urine chiefly albumin (but alsoglobulin) usually indicates diseasebut sometimes results from atemporary or transient dysfunction.

a. adolescent Functional albu-minuria occurring at about the timeof puberty, it is usually cyclic ororthostatic albuminuria.

a. of athletes A form of functionalalbuminuria following excessivemuscular exertion.

Agranulocytosis Albuminuria, of athletes

30

a. bamberagers Hematogenous thatis sometimes observed during thelater phase of advanced anemia.

a. benign orthostatic Dietetic andsimilar types of albuminuria thatare not the result of pathologicchanges in the kidneys.

a. cyclic A functional form some-times observed intermittently incycles of 12 to 36 hours durationchiefly in younger persons, thedegree of albuminuria is usuallyslight.

a. dietetic The excretion of protein inthe urine following the ingestionof certain foods, also termeddigestive albuminuria.

a. essentiala A collective term thatincludes various forms of functionalalbuminuria, e.g. of athletes,postural, etc. not associated withrecognizable pathologic conditions.

a. functional A collective termdesignating any albuminuria inwhich there is no detectable,associated pathologic condition inthe kidneys or other tissues; may beobserved intermittently duringpregnancy or adolescence, inathletes, etc.

a. orthostatic A condition charac-terized by the appearance of albuminin the urine when the patient is in theerect posture and its disappearancewhen he is recumbent.

Albuterol A sympathomimetic drugused in bronchial asthma.

Alcaine Proparacaine, a local anaes-thetic.

Alcohol 1. One of a series of organicchemical compounds in which the

hydrogen (H) in a hydrocarbon isreplaced by hydroxyl (OH), thehydroxide of a hydrocarbonradical reacting with acids to formesters as a metallic hydroxidereacts to form salt. 2. Any beveragecontaining ethyl alcohol. 3. Ethanola liquid containing 92.3 percent byweight corresponding to 94.9percent by volume of C7H5OH.

a. absolute With a minimumadmixture of water at most 1 percent.

a.dehydrogenase A pyridinoen-zymeof the liver catalyzing thedehydrogenation of ethyl alcoholto acetaldehyde.

a. dehydrated Absolute alcohol;ethyl hydroxide C2H5-OH. Contain-ing not more than 1 percent byweight of water.

a. denatured Methylated spirit, ethylalcohol that has been madeundrinkable by the addition of oneninth of its volume of methylalcohol and a small quantity ofbenzine or the pyridine bases.

a. dilute Eight concentration areofficial, 90, 80, 70, 50, 45, 25 and 20percent V/V.

a. diluted Contains 41.5 percent byweight (48.6% by volume) ofabsolute or ethyl hydroxide.

a. fatty A long chain alcohol, e.g.stearyl alcohol.

a. tertiary An alcohol characterizedby the trivalent atom group (CHOH).

a. triatomic or tirhydric Onecontaining three atom Groups(OH), e.g. glycerol.

a. unsaturated Those whose carbonchains contain one or more doubleor triple bonds.

Albuminuria, bamberagers Alcohol, unsaturated

31

Alcoholism Poisoning with alcohol.Alcoholophilia The craving for

alcohol.Alcuronium A neuromuscular

blocking agent; non-depolarizing.Aldolase Zymohexase, an enzyme

involved in the glycolytic chaincatalyzing the splitting of fructose-1, 6-disphosphate to 3-phos-phoglyceraldehyde and phos-phodihydroxyacetone.

Aldose A monsaccharide contain-ing the characterizing group of thealdehydes (CHO).

Aldosterone A steroid principle ofthe adrenal cortex which is morepotent than deoxycorticosterone incausing sodium retention andpotassium loss. It possesses littleor no antirheumatic property.Chemically it differs from cortico-sterone in having an aldehydegroup at C-18.

Aldosteronism Excessive produc-tion or excretion of aldosterone.Two forms are recognized 1. Trueor Primary, characterized bypersistent hypokalemia (withalkalosis), hypertension, polyuria,exacerbation of muscular

weakness and normal or elevatedserum sodium 2. So-called secon-dary form that is characterized byconspicuous edema (in contrast toprimary) and is associated withcongestive cardiac failure,cirrhosis, nephrosis and so on.

Aleukemia 1. Literally a lack ofleukocytes in the blood. Term isgenerally used to indicate varie-ties of leukemic disease in whichthe white blood cells count incirculating blood is normal oreven less than normal (i.e. noleukocytosis) but a few youngleukocytes are observed; some-times used more restrictedly forunusual instances of leukemiawith no leukocytosis and noyoung forms in the blood 2.Leukopenic myelosis, i.e. leukemicchanges in bone marrowassociated with a sub-normalnumber of leukocytes in the blood.See also sub-leukemia.

Aleukia 1. Absence or extremelydecreased number of leukocytes incirculating blood, sometimes alsotermed aleukemic myelosis. 2. Ab-sence or extremely decreasednumber of blood platelets. See alsothrombopenia.

Aleukocytosis Absence or greatreduction (relative or absolute) ofthe number of white blood cells incirculating blood (i.e. an advanceddegree of leukopenia) or the lack ofleukocytes in an anatomical lesion.

Alexia Loss of the power to graspthe meaning of written or printedwords, sentences, also called

Alcoholism Alexia

Aldosterone

32

optical, sensory or visual alexia indistinction to motor alexia(aphemia or anarthria) in whichthere is loss of the power to readaloud although the significance ofwhat is written or printed isunderstood; musical blindness isloss of the power to read musicalnotation.

Alfentanil Newer more potentopioid analgesic with shorterduration of action.

Algesia State of increased sen-sitivity, to pain some times provo-ked by stimuli not normallypainful.

Alegesimeter, algesiometer An in-strument for measuring the degreeof sensitivity to a painful stimulus.

Algesthesia The appreciation ofpain especially hypersensitivity topainful stimuli, a form ofhyperesthesia.

Algid Chilly cold.Alimentary Relating to food or

nutrition.Aliphatic 1. Fatty. 2. Denoting the

open chain compounds most ofwhich belong to the fatty series.

Alkalies A strongly basic substancealkaline in reaction and capable ofsaponifying fats, i.e. sodiumhydroxide, potassium hydroxide.

Alkaloid A basic substance found inthe leaves, barks, seeds and otherparts of plants usually constitutingthe active principle of crude drug.A substance of similar nature isformed in animal tissues. Alkaloidsare usually bitter in taste and

alkaline in reaction and unite withacids to form salts.

Alkalosis A normally high alkalireserve (biocarbonate) of blood andother body fluids with a tendency foran increase in pH of the bloodalthough it may remain normal. Itmay result from persistent vomiting,hyperventilation or excessiveingestion of sodium bicarbonate.

a. compensated A rise in the alkalireserve but as a result of compen-satory readjustment, e.g. retentionof CO2 or increased excretion ofalkali, no rise in pH occurs. Thuscompensated alkalosis is usuallyassociated with a subnormal levelof bicarbonates.

a. metabolic A condition in whichthe blood and the other body fluidshave pH greater than normalassociated with an increasedconcentration of bicarbonatepossibly resulting from an ex-cessive intake of alkaline materialsor a great loss of chloride (as inpersistent vomiting).

a. uncompensated Usually related to arise in the alkali reserve of the bloodpossibly resulting from vomiting(loss of CI) or intake of bicarbonateand compensatory mechanisms mayfail thereby leading to alkalemia.

Alkaptonuria Urinary excretion ofalkaptone bodies (e.g. homo-gentisic acid) which cause a darkcolor if the urine is permitted tostand or is alkalinized; Representsa defect in the metabolism oftyrosine and phenylalanine; sometimes associated with ochronosis.

Alfentanil Alkaptonuria

33

Alkylamine An organic compoundcontaining an NH2 group, an openchain hydrocarbon.

Alkylation The substitution of analiphatic hydrocarbon radical fora hydrogen atom in a cyclic or ringcompound.

Allantoid 1. Sausage shaped 2.Relating to or resembling thealantois.

Allantoin Ureidohydantoin, glyo-xyidiureide, a nitrogeneouscrystalline substance present in theallantoic fluid, the urine of the fetusand elsewhere. Used externally topromote wound healing. It is theoxidation product of purine meta-bolism in animals other than manand other primates.

Allele Any one of a series of two ormore different genes that mayoccupy the same position or locuson a specific chromosome. Asautosomal chromosomes arepaired each autosomal locus isrepresented twice in normalsomatic cells. If the same alleleoccupies both loci the individual orcell is homozygous for this allele,if the two loci are different theindividual or cell is heterozygousfor both.

Allelism State of two or more genesthat must occupy the same positionor locus on a specific chromosome.

Allergen A substance (usuallyprotein but may be non-proteinmaterial) that stimulates an alteredcellular response in the animal orhuman body thereby resulting in

manifestation of allergy as theprotein (S) of certain foods, bac-teria, pollen and so on.

a. bacterial The specific protein (orother material) in the bacterial cellthat may stimulate an allergicresponse, e.g. tuberculin which isprepared from tubercle bacilli.

a. pollen The material in pollen thatmay stimulate an allergic response.

Allergic Relating to a recognizablecondition of allergy or to anyresponse stimulated by an allergen.

Allergy 1. Any abnormal or alteredreaction to an antigen or allergenincluding greater (hyper) or lesssensitivity, the term is now used al-most invariably to indicatehypersensitivity of the body cellsto a specific substance (antigen,allergen) that results in varioustypes of reaction. The excitingmaterial or antigen may be protein,lipid or carbohydrate in nature. Theallergic reaction is basically anantibody reaction and includesanaphylaxis, atopic diseases,serum sickness, contact dermatitis.2. That branch of medicine whichembraces the study diagnosis andtreatment of allergicmanifestation. 3. An acquiredhypersensitivity to certain drugsand biologic preparations.

a. bacterial Increased sensitivity tovarious substance of certain speciesof bacteria. Usually result fromprevious infection with a specificorganism but under specialcondition may occasionallydevelop after injection of antigenic

Alkylamine Allergy, bacterial

34

materials not related to antibodyin circulating blood.

a. bronchial Asthma and similarconditions that are allergic inorigin.

a. cold Physical allergy produced byexposure to cold.

a. contact Cutaneous reaction causedby direct contact with an allergen towhich the person is hypersensitive.

a. delayed Allergic response that isnot apparent until several hours ora few days have passed as inhypersensitivity to tuberculin,coccidioidin, and other extractsfrom microorganism.

a. drug Unusual sensitivity to a drugor other chemical or to combinationproducts of such compounds withvarious substances in the body.

Alloeroticism Sexual attractiontoward another person, as oppo-sed to autoeroticism.

Allogamy The fertilization of the ovaof one individual by thespermatozoa of another; theopposite of autogamy.

Allopath One who practises medi-cine according to the system ofallopathy.

Allopathy A therapeutic system inwhich disease is treated byproducing a morbid reaction ofanother kind or in another part bymethod of substitution.

Alloploidy The condition of a hybridindividual or cell having two or moresets of chromosomes derived fromtwo different ancestral species.

Allopurinol Xanthine oxidase in-hibitor, used in gout and hyper-uricemia.

Allosome One of the chromosomesdiffering in appearance or behaviourfrom the ordinary chromosomes orautosomes and sometimes unequallydistributed among the germ cell,heterotypical chromosome.

Allylestrenol Progestational agent.Almetrine Respiratory stimulant

used in COPD.Alopecia Acomia, baldness.

a. areata Condition of unknownetiology producing of circum-scribed, noninflamed areas ofbaldness on the scalp, eyebrows andbearded portion of the face.

Alpha 1 antitrypsin An inhibitor oftrypsin deficient in patients of em-physema.

Alpha fetoprotein An antigenpresent in fetus increased in adultswith hepatic cancer.

Alprazolam A benzodiazepine,anxiolytic agent.

a. dynamica Hair loss due to somedestructive disease process affec-ting the hair follicles.

Allergy, brochial Alprazolam, dynamica

Alopecia Areata

35

a. follicularis A papular or postularinflammation of the hair folliclesof the scalp resulting in scarringand loss of hair in the affected area.

Aluminium A white silvery metal ofvery light weight. Symbol Al. atomicno 13, atomic weight 26.97 meltingpoint 660°, inhalation of the finelydivided dust has been proposed tobind silica, to prevent silicosis.

a. carbonate Aluminium hydroxidecarbonate complex; occurs in whitelumps, insoluble in water. Used asan aqueous suspension for itspowder to bind phosphorus in theintestinal tract; the serum inorganicphosphorus concentration islowered as a result reabsorption ofphosphorus by the renal tubules isincreased and its excretion in theurine reduced. Useful in dimini-shing the tendency towards theformation of phosphatic urinarycalculi; also used to reduce gastricacidity especially in the treatmentof gastric and duodenal ulcer.

a. chloride White or yellowish whitecrystalline powder used as anastringent or antiseptic in 10percent water solution. May beirritating.

a. hydroxide Hydrated alumina alight white powder. Soluble inwater, used as an astringentdusting powder. Also used inter-nally as a mild astringent,antacid.

a. oleate A yellow mass insoluble inwater. Used locally, on mucousmembranes as an astringentantiseptic.

a. phosphate A white infusiblepowder insoluble in water butsoluble in alkali hydroxides. Usedfor dental cement with calciumsulfate and sodium silicate.

a. subacetate Used in solution as anastringent, and in emblemingfluids. Diluted to about 0.5 percentwith water it is used as aningradient in mouth washes.

a. sulfate Cake alum, a whitecrystaline powder soluble in water,used as an astringent, detergent inskin ulcers.

a. tannate A basic salt of varyingcomposition, a brownish powderinsoluble in water. Used as astrin-gent solution for local appli-cations.

a. torotannate A brownish powder.Used as an antiseptic and dustingpowder. The tartarte is soluble inwater, it is used as a local astringent.

Alveolitis Inflammation of alveoli.a. allergic Diffuse granulomatous

Alprazolam, follicularis Alveolitis

Alveolus

36

lung disease caused by hyper-sensitivity to organic dusts.

Alzheimer’s disease A disease ofunknown etiology causing pre-senile dementia.

Amalgam A solution of metal inmercury. In dentistry the metalconsists mainly of intermetalliccompound Ag3 Sn, zinc and copperare useful but not essential. Aboutone part alloy to two parts mercuryare mixed and packed, this hardensto almost full strength in 24 hours.Properties of set amalgam dependlargely on technique, mixing time,packing, pressure etc. Crushingstrengths range from 45,000 to65,000 pounds per square inch formost.

Amanita A genus of fungi, Agaricus.a. phallaoides deadly agaric,

contains a poisonous principle thatcauses severe gastrointestinalsymptoms and is hemolytic andinjurious to the kidneys.

Amantidine An agent used inParkinsonism, and influenza.

Amaurosis A total loss of vision.a. fugax Temporary blindness in

airoplane pilots when making acircular manoeuvre with headtoward the centre of the circle dueto centrifugal force causing cere-bral ischemia, flight blindness,blackout.

a. partialis fugax Temporary blind-ness occurring in attacks asso-ciated with headache, nausea andscotomas.

a. burn’s Postmarital amaurosis;blindness following sexual excess.

a. toxic Blindness due to optic neuritisexcited by tobacco, alcohol, woodalcohol, lead, arsenic, quinine orother poisons.

Ambenoniam An anticholinesteraseagent.

Amblyoscope An instrumentresembling a stereoscope used intraining the fusion sense andhabituating an amblyopic eye tobear its share of vision.

Amebiasis Infestation with Amoebahistolytica or other pathogenicamebas.

a. hepatic Infection of the liver withentamoeba histolytica, may occurwith or without antecedent ame-bic dysentery.

Amebocyte A cell such as a neutro-phil leukocyte having the power ofameboid movements.

Ameboid 1. Resembling an amebain appearance or characteristic 2.Of irregular outline with peri-pheral projections.

Ameboma An amebic granuloma, anodular tumorlike focus ofproliferative inflammation some-times developing in chronicamebiasis especially in the wall ofcolon; may occur 1. as a fairly wellcircumscribed solitary lesion or 2.multiple nodular foci or massivelesion comprised of several smallerfoci that become coalescent.

Ameiosis A cell division resultingin formation of gametes withoutreduction in chromosome number.

Amelia Congenital absence of a limbor limbs.

Alzheimer's disease Amelia

37

Amelioration Improvement, mode-ration in the intensity of symptoms.

Amelobastoma A neoplasm origi-nating from epithelial tissue.Related to the enamel organ;consists of rounded cordlike orirregular foci of epithelial cell thatfrequently surround a stellatereticulum; the basal layers ofepithelial cells, resemble amelo-basts, but differentiation intokeratinizing cells may be observed;enamel is not formed; the stroma isusually loose connective tissue butis sometimes densely fibrous; thestellate reticulum may degeneratethere by resulting in one or morecysts, occurs chiefly in themandible especially in molarregion; histologically similarneoplasm rarely occur in the regionof the sella turcica and in the tibia.Termed also adamantinoma.

Amenorrhoea Absence or abnormalcessation of the menses.

Amentia 1. Idiocy 2. A form of con-fusional insanity marked espe-cially by apathy, disorientationand more or less stupor.

Amepthoterin Methotrexata, acytotoxic drug.

Amiloride A potassium sparingdiuretic.

Amikacin An aminoglycosideantibiotic.

Aminacrine Antibacterial, anti-trichomonal agent used in vaginalpreparations.

Amino caproic acid Antifibrinolyticagent used for vascular pluggingin haemorrhage.

Aminopterin 4-Aminopteroyl-glutamic acid, a folic acid anta-gonist, yellow crystals, soluble inalkali. Used in treatment of acuteleukemia and other neoplasticdiseases.

Aminopyrine Amidopyrine, pyra-midon, dimethylamino antipyrine;odorless white crystals, soluble in18 parts of water or 1.5 parts ofalcohol. Melting point 107° C. Usedas an antipyretic and analgesic inrehumatism, neuritis, pulmonarytuberculosis and common colds.May cause leukocytopenia.

Aminosalicylic acid P-Amino-salicylic acid, 4-amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid, small crystalsslightly soluble in water. Meltingpoint 150°C. A bacteriostatic agentagainst tubercle bacilli, used as anadjunct to streptomycin. Abbre-viated AS or PAS.

Amitriptyline hydrochloride Chemi-cally and pharmacologicallyrelated to imipramine hydro-chloride. An antidepressant agentwith mild tranquilizingproperties, used in the treatment ofmental depression and maniacdepressive states.

Ammonia A volatile alkaline gas,NH3, very soluble in water combi-ning with acids to form a numberof salts.

Ammoniemia The presence ofammonia or some of its compoundsin the blood, thought to be formedfrom the decomposition of ureawith weak pulse, gastroentericsymptoms and coma.

Amelioration Ammoniemia

38

Amminoglutethimide Adreno-cortical suppressant used in breastcancer.

Ammonium A group of atoms, NH4that behaves as a univalent metalin forming ammonical compound;it has never been obtained in a freestate.

a. acetate White, deliquescent,crystals, soluble in water, meltingpoint 112° C. Mild diaphoretic andrefrigerant, used in preservingmeat.

a. carbonate A mixture of carbondioxide and carbonate soluble inwater, occurs in white masses withammonical odor. Cardiac andrespiratory stimulant and expecto-rant.

a. chloride White crystalline pow-der soluble in water. Stimulant-expectorant and cholagogue. Usedto relieve alkalosis, also promoteslead excretion.

a. nitrate A white deliquescentcrystalline salt, soluble in water.Used in making nitrous oxide gasin freezing mixtures and in ferti-lizers.

a. salicylate White crystallinepowder soluble in water. Used inrheumatism.

Amnesia Loss or impairment ofmemory, inability to recall pastexperiences.

a. anterogradea In reference to eventsoccurring after the trauma ordisease that cause the condition.

a. retrograde In reference to eventsthat occurred before the trauma or

disease that caused the condition.a. visual Inability to recall to mind the

appearance of objects that have beenseen or to recognize printed words.

Amnion The innermost or themembranes enveloping the embryoin utero. It consists of a layer ofsplanchnopleure with its ecto-dermal components toward theembryo and its somatic meso-dermal component external.

Amniorrhea The escape of amnioticfluid or liquor amni.

Amobarbital White crystallinepowder of a bitter taste slightlysoluble in water, melting point 156°C. A central nervous system depres-sant, has an intermediate durationof action.

Amodiaquine hydrochloride Camo-quine hydrochloride, as thedihydrochloride hemihydrate,yellow crystals soluble in water.A synthetic antimalarial drug,effective against plasmodiumvivax in the erythrocytic phase ofmalaria, less effective againstP. vivax falciparum and P. malariainfections. Also used in treatmentof amebic hepatitis, rheumatoidarthritis.

Ameba A genus of unicellularprotozoan organisms of micro-scopic size existing in nature in largenumbers, many living as parasites,some species pathogenic for man.

Amoxapine Tricyclic antidepres-sant.

Amoxicillin Ampicillin group of an-tibiotic with better GI absorption.

Amminoglutethimide Amoxicillin

39

Ampere Unit of strength of anelectrical current representing acurrent having a force of one voltand passing through a conductorwith a resistance of one ohm.

Amphetamine An acrid liquidracemic synthetic preparationslightly soluble in water, closelyrelated in its structure and actionto ephedrine and other sym-pathomimetic amines. Centralnervous system stimulant.

Amphoric Denoting the sound heardin precussion and auscultationresembling the noise made byblowing across the mouth of abottle.

Amphoteric Having two oppositecharacteristics especially thecapacity of reacting as either acidor base.

Amphotericin B An antibioticsubstance derived from strains ofstreptomyces nodosus, used for thetreatment of deep seated myocoticinfections.

Ampicillin Semisynthetic broadspectrum penicillin, acid resistant.

Ampoule A hermetically sealedcontainer usually made of glasscontaining a sterile medicinalsolution or powder to be made upin solution, to be used for subcuta-neous, intramuscular, or intra-venous injection.

Ampulla A sacular dilation ofcanals, is seen in the semicircularcanals of the ear or the lactiferousducts of the mammary glands.

Amputation 1. The cutting off of alimb or part of a limb, the breastor other projecting part. 2. Indentistry amputation may be ofthe root of a tooth or of the pulp oreven of a nerve root or ganglion,e.g. the Gasserian ganglion.

Amrinone Bipyocidine derivativewith positive inotropic effect,used in heart failure.

Amygdala A nugget like mass ofgray matter in the anterior portionof temporal lobe.

Amylase A starch splitting oramyloytic enzyme that causeshydrolytic cleavage of the starchmolecule.

Amylnitrate A vasodilator used inangina and cyanide poisoning.

Amylocaine hydrochloride Ben-zoyl ethyldimethyl — aminopro-panyl hydrochloride, a localanaesthetic. Its action is slightlystronger than that of cocaine less

Ampere Amylocaine hydrochloride

Amputation

40

toxic but more irritant. It has beenused for spinal anesthesia. Sideeffects and after effects are frequent.

Amyloid A protein (probably com-bined with chondroitin sulfuricacid) that is microscopically homo-geneous hyaline and acidophilicand frequently manifests greataffinity for congored; occurscharacteristically as pathologicextracellular deposits beneath theendothelium of capillaries orsinusoids in the walls of arteriolesand especially in association withreticuloendothelial tissue.

Amyloidosis Deposits of amyloid invarious organs tissues. Four typesof conditions are recognized, i.e.primary secondary, a localizedmasses or nodules, and associatedwith multiple myeloma.

a. primary A form of amyloidosis notassociated with other recognizeddisease, tends to involve diffuselythe mesenchymal tissues in thetongue, lungs, intestinal tract, skin,skeletal muscles, and myocardium,the amyloid in this condition fre-quently does not manifest the usualaffinity for congored and sometimesprovokes a foreign body type ofinflammatory reaction in theadjacent tissue.

a. secondary The most frequent formof amyloidosis occurs inassociation with another chronicdisease, e.g. tuberculosis, osteo-myelitis, pyelonephritis and so on;organs chiefly involved are theliver, spleen, and kidneys and theadrenal glands less frequently.

Amylopectin A polysaccharide foundin the outer layer of the starch granule,characterized by glucose residuesarranged in branched chains.

Amyoplasia Deficient formation ofmuscle tissue.

Amyotonia Myotonia.Amyotrophy Muscular wasting or

atrophy.Anabolism The process of assimi-

lation of nutritive matter and itsconversion into living substances.This includes synthetic processesand requires energy.

Anabolite Any substance formed asa result of anabolic processes.

Analgesia Loss of sensibility to pain.Analgia Freedom from pain.Analogous Resembling functionally

but having a different origin orstructure.

Analogue 1. One of two organs orparts in different species of animalsor plants which differ in structureor development but are similar infunction. 2. In chemistry one of twoor more compounds with similarstructure but different atoms, e.g.nitrogen and carbon monoxide.

Analysis 1. The breaking up of a che-mical compound into its simplerelements, a process by which thecomposition of a substance is deter-mined. 2. The separation of anycompound substance into the partscomposing it. 3. Applied inelectroencephalography to the es-timation or recording of thecomponents of a complex waveform in terms of their frequencyand amplitude.

Amyloid Analysis

41

a. gastric Analysis of the contents ofthe stomach after the ingestion of atest meal. The gastric contents areaspirated through a speciallydesigned stomach tube, and the freeand total acidities, the pH and thepeptic activity are determined. Theymay also be examined for foodresidue, bile, blood, mucus etc.

Anamnesis 1. The act of remem-bering. 2. The medical history of apatient.

Anandria Absence of masculinity.Anaphase The stage of mitosis or

meiosis in which the chromosomesmove from the equatorial platetoward the poles of the cell. Inmitosis a full set of daughterchromosomes (46 in man) movestowards each pole. In the firstdivision of meiosis one member ofeach homologous pair (23 in man)now consisting of two chromatidsunited at the centromere, movestowards each pole. In the seconddivision of meiosis the centromerehas divided and the two chromatidsseparate one moving to each pole.

Anaphoria A tendency of the eyeswhen in a state of rest to turnupward.

Anaphylactoid Resembling ana-phylaxis. A shock may result fromintravenous injection of 1. serumthat is pretreated with kaolin orstarch 2. Trypsin 3. organic col-loids. 4. peptone or 5. several othermaterials. The pathologic changesin a shock are different from thoseof true anaphylaxis.

Anaphylatoxin According to thehumoral hypothesis of the mecha-nism of anaphylaxis, anaphylaxisresults from the in vivocombination of specific antibody(anaphylactin) and the specific.Sensitizing material, when thelatter is injected at a shock dose ina sensitized animal.

Anaphylaxis The antithesis ofprophylaxis; anaphylaxis is an ex-aggerated or extreme hypersen-sitivity that may be induced in variousanimal species as the result of theinjection of even a small dose of foreignmaterial (anaphylactogen) this isusually termed the sensitizing dose.Anaphylaxis develops during anincubation period of 10 to 14 days andthen the injection of a second largerdose of the same material (usuallytermed the shocking dose) promptlyresults in anaphylatic shock.

Anaplasia 1. A reversion in the case ofa cell to a more primitive embryonictype, i.e. to one in which reproductiveactivity is marked. 2. Loss ofstructural differentiation.

Anastomosis 1. A natural com-munication direct or indirectbetween two blood vessels ortubular structures. 2. An operativeunion between of two hollow ortubular structures.

a. arteriovenous A situation whereblood is shunted from arterioles tovenules without passing throughcapillaries.

a. Braun’s After gastroenteros-tomyprevention of reverse peristalsis by

Analysis, gastric Anastomosis, Braun's

42

anastomosis between loops ofjejunum on either side of stomachanastomosis.

a. Clado’s Anastomosis betweenovarian and appendicular arteriesin the broad ligament.

a. Glen’s A nerve that connectssuperior and inferior laryngealnerves in the larynx and suppliessensory fibres to the latter.

a. isoperistaltic One to allow thecontents in the same and naturaldirection.

a. Schmidel’s Abnormal channels ofcommunication between the venacava and portal system as forexample a communicationbetween the coronary veins of thestomach and the azygus vein.

Anatomy 1. The structure of an or-ganism; morpholgy. 2. The scienceof the morphology or structure oforganisms. 3. Dissection. 4. A workdescribing the form and structureof an organism and its variousparts.

a. applied Anatomical knowledgeutilized in the diagnosis of diseaseand in treatment especiallysurgical treatment.

a. comparative 1. Anatomy of thelower animals 2. The comparativestudy of the human body with thoseof other animals and observationof analogous and homologousparts.

a. surface The study of the configu-ration of the surface of the bodyespecially in its relation to deeperparts.

Ancylostoma A genus of Nematoda,the old word hookworm themembers of which are parasiticin the duodenum where they attachthemselves to the mucous mem-brane sucking the blood andcausing a state of anemia andmental and physical inertia. Theeggs are passed with the feces andthe larvae develop in moist soil,they enter the body of manthrough the skin of the feet andankles, possibly also in the drink-ing water and reach maturity inthe intestine.

a. caninum A species with three pairsof ventral teeth in the oral cavityinfesting dogs, cause of kennelanemia, it occurs also althoughrarely in man.

a. duodenale A reddish worm withtwo pairs of hooklike teeth on theventral surface and one rudi-mentary minor pair. This speciesand A. braziliense (with only onepair of ventral teeth) are found inman, the latter in dogs and catsalso.

Androlelastoma A relatively infre-quent functional neoplasm of theovary derived from cells of the maleanlage and resulting in varyingdegrees of defeminization andmasculinization.

Androgen A generic term for anagent usually a hormone, e.g.testosterone or androsterone thatstimulates the activity of theaccessory sex organs of the male;

Anastomosis, Clado's Androgen

43

encourages the development of themale sex characteristics.

Androgynoid A man with her-maphroditic sexual characteristicswho is mistaken for a woman, apseudohermaphrodite. Possessionof masculine characteristics by agenetically pure female.

Androgynus Female pseudoher-maphrodite.

Andropathy Any disease such asprostatitis peculiar to the male sex.

Androstenodione A testosteroneprecursor.

Anemia (Anaemia) Qualitative orquantitative in reduction in redblood cells.

a. elliptocytic Anemia characterizedby elliptical erythrocytes(ovalocytes) resembling thoseobserved normally in camels; 1 to15 percent of erythrocytes in non-anemic persons may be oval butgreater proportions are observedin certain patients with microcyticanemia, latter conditionsfrequently termed symptomaticovalocytosis.

a. hyperchromic Characterized by anincrease in the ratio of the weight ofhemoglobin to the volume of the

erythrocyte, i.e. the mean corpuscularhemoglobin concentration is greaterthan normal with the exception ofsome instances of hereditaryspherocytosis such “supersatu-ration” does not occur although theweight of hemoglobin per cell maybe greater in the macrocytes ofpernicious anemia, the increase isproportional to larger volume andsuch cells are not trulyhyperchromic.

a. hypochromic Characterized by adecrease in the ratio of the weight ofhaemoglobin to the volume of theerythrocyte, i.e. the mean corpuscularhemoglobin concentration (MCHC) isless than normal; the individual cellscontains less hemoglobin than theycould have under optimal conditions.

a. hypochromic microcytic A type ofanaemia caused by a deficiency ofiron; the amount of haemoglobinis reduced to a greater degree thanthe blood red cell count as a resultof 1. less than the normal percentageof haemoglobin per cell and 2. thesmaller than the normal size ofmost of the erythrocytes. The meancorpuscular volume (MCV), meancorpuscular haemoglobin (MCH)and mean corpuscular hae-moglobin concentration (MCHC)are less than normal.

a. Iron deficiency Any hypochromicmicrocytic anemia with theexception of that occurring inthalassemia and anemia producedin certain experimental animalsthat are deficient, in vitamin B6 orcopper.

Androgynoid Anemia (Anaemia) , Iron deficiency

Androsterone

44

a. macrocytic Any anaemia in whichthe average size of circulatingerythrocytes is greater thannormal, i.e. the mean corpuscularvolume (MCV) is 94 cu or more(normal range 82 to 92 cu) includessuch syndromes as perniciousanemia, celiac disease, anaemia ofpregnancy etc.

a. megaloblastic Any anaemia inwhich there is a predominantnumber of megaloblasts andrelatively few normalasts among

the hyperplastic erythroid cells inthe bone marrow (as in perni-cious)

a. normochromic Anemia in which theconcentration of hemoglobin in theerythrocytes is within the normalrange, i.e. the mean corpuscularhaemoglobin concentration (MCHC)is around 32 to 36 percent.

Anemic Deficient in hemoglobin.Anemophobia Morbid fear of wind.Anencephalus Congenital absence

of brain and spinal cord with opencranial cavity and a groove likespinal canal.

Anergia Lack of activityAnergy Impaired ability to react

with antigens.Aneroid Equipment that does not

utilize liquid medium for measure-ment of pressure, e.g. aneroidbarometer.

Anesthesia Partial or complete lossof sensation with or without loss ofconsciousness, (depending uponstage of anaesthesia) induced byadministration of an anaestheticagent.

Anemia (Anaemia) , macrocytic Anesthesia

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Macrocytic Anemia

Anencephalus

45

a. caudal injection of anaestheticagent into caudal epidural space.

a. dissociative A type of anaesthesiacharacterized by amnesia, analgesiaand cataplexy. The patient isdissociated from environment.

a. Gwathmey’s Anaesthesia inducedby injecting olive oil and eithersolution into the scrotum.

a. infiltration Local anaesthesiaproduced by injecting the localanaesthetic solution directly intotissue.

a. inhalational General anesthesiaproduced by inhalation of vapor orgas anaesthetic like ether, nitrousoxide, halothane, trilene etc.

a. pudendal The pudendal nerve nearthe spinous process of ischium isblocked; used in perineal andobstetric surgery.

a. sexual Absence of sexual desire.a. spinal Anaesthesia produced by

injection of anaesthetic agent intosubarachnoid space.

a. surgical Depth of anaesthesia ofwhich relaxation of muscles andloss of sensation and conscious-ness are adequate for performanceof surgery.

a. twilight State of light anaesthesia.Anesthesiologist Physician speciali-

zing in anaesthesiology.Anesthetize To induce anesthesia.Anetoderma Atrophy of skin with

soft fibromata forming largependulous massess.

Aneuploidy Possession of abnormalnumber of chromosomes.

Aneurysm Localized abnormaldilatation of a blood vessel due tocongenital weakness or defect in thewall.

a. atherosclerotic Aneurysm due todegeneration of arterial wall byatherosclerosis.

a. berry Small saccular congenitalaneurysm of cerebral vessel.

a. cirsoid A dilatation of network ofvessels, forming a pulsating sub-cutaneous tumor, usually on thescalp.

a. compound Aneurysm in whichsome of the layers of vessel wallare ruptured and others dilated.

Anesthesia, caudal Aneurysm, compound

Caudal Anesthesia

Aneurysm

46

a. dissecting Aneurysm in whichfollowing interruption of wall of ablood vessel, blood enters inbetween the walls separating themfor variable distance and oftenobstructing the vessel lumen.

a. fusiform Aneurysm in which allthe walls of blood vessel dilatemore or less equally, forming atubular swelling.

a. mycotic Aneurysm due to bacte-rial infection of vessel wall.

a. saccular The dilatation does notinvolve the entire circumference ofvessel.

Aneurysmorrhaphy Surgical clo-sure of sac of an aneurysm.

Angel dust Phencyclidine, a psy-chodelic.

Angel’s trumpet A flowering shrubproducing alkaloids like atropine,hyoscyamine and hyoscine.

Angel’s wing Posterior projection ofscapula caused by paralysis ofserratus anterior.

Angelucci’s Syndrome Vasomotordisturbances associated withvernal conjunctivitis.

Anger The emotion of extreme dis-pleasure to a person, a situation oran object.

Angiectasia Dilatation of blood andlymph vessel.

Angina Severe pain.

a. abdominis Abdominal pain due toischaemia of gut.

a. agranulocytic Acute sore throatwith pain due to agranulocytosis.

a. cruris Leg pain due to vascularobstruction.

a. decubitus Attacks of angina pectorisoccurring in recumbent position.

a. Ludwig Deep infection of tissues inthe floor of the mouth.

a. pectoris Ischemic pain of cardiacorigin manifesting as constrictionaround heart, faintness; radiationof pain occurring to jaw, neck, leftshoulder, upper abdomen andalong inner border of left arm.

a. prinzmetal’s Angina pectoris withST elevation due to coronaryspasm.

Aneurysm, dissecting Angina, prinzmetal's

Berry Aneurysm

Anginal Pain

47

a. unstable Angina of recent onset,abrupt progression; occurring atrest; is due to superadded coronarythrombosis, a fore runner ofimpending infarction.

a. variant Angina occurring at restin absence of cardiac acceleration.

Auginous Resembling angina.Angioblast The mesenchymal cell

derivative which ultimately deve-lops into blood vessels.

Angioblastoma Tumor involvingblood vessels of brain and menin-ges.

Angiocardiogram Serial X-rays ofheart after intraventricular injec-tion of radio-opaque dye.

Angiocarditis Inflammation ofheart and great vessels.

Angioedema An allergic conditioncharacterized by urticaria andedematous areas of skin andmucous membrane or viscera. Thereaction is IgE dependent, but isoften complement mediated as inhereditary angioedema.

Angioendothelioma A tumor withendothelial cells predominanceoccurring in bone.

Angiogenesis Development of bloodvessels.

Angiogenic factors A group ofpolypeptides that either stimulatevascular endothelium to pro-liferate or stimulate macrophagesto secrete endothelial growthfactors.

Angiography X-ray of blood vesselsafter injection of radioopaquematerial.

a. coronary X-ray of coronarycirculation to evaluate ischaemicdisease.

a. cerebral X-ray picture of cerebralcirculation to evaluate stroke,tumor, av malformation, aneurysmor abnormal vascular pattern.

a. digital subtraction A computeraided “subtraction” technique thatsubtracts images of surroundingtissue from the contrast image togive better resolution and minordetails.

Angioid streaks Dark wavy anas-tomosing striae lying beneath theretinal vessels.

Angiokeratoma Thickening ofepidermis of feet with telangictaseswarty growths.

Angioleukitis Inflammation of lym-phatics.

Angiolipoma A mixed tumorcontaining blood vessels and fattytissue.

Angiolith Calcareous deposits inwalls of blood vessels.

Angiology Science of blood vesselsand lymphatics.

Angioma A tumor containing bloodvessels (hemangioma) or lymphvessels (lymphangioma), consideredto be misplaced fetal tissueundergoing abnormal development.

a. capillary Congenital superficialhemangioma appearing as irre-gular red discolouration due toovergrowth of capillaries.

a. cavernous Elevated dark red tumorconsisting of blood filled vascularspaces; involves sub-mucous and

Angina, unstable Angioma, cavernous

48

subcutaneous tissue and ispulsatile.

a. senile Hemangioma in elderly dueto capillary wall degeneration,producing a compressible mass.

a. serpiginous A Skin disordercharacterized by appearance ofsmall, red vascular dots arrangedin rings due to proliferation ofcapillaries.

a. stellate Hemangioma in whichtelangiectatic blood vessels radiatefrom a central point SYN —spideronevus.

Angiomalacia Softening of wall ofblood vessels.

Angiomatosis Multiple angiomas.Angiomyolipoma A benign growth

containing vascular, muscular andfatty elements.

Angionoma Ulceration of a vessel.Angiopathy Any disease of blood or

lymph vessel.Angiotensin A vasopressor sub-

stance formed by interaction ofrenin on a serum globulin calledangiotensinogen.

a. I Physiologically inactive form ofangiotensin.

a. II Physiologically active form ofangiotensin; a potent vasopressor andstimulant of aldosterone secretion.

Angiotensinogen A serum globulinfraction formed in the liver;hydrolyzed to angiotensin by renin.

Angle The space outlined by twodiverging lines from a commonpoint or by the meeting of twoplanes.

a. acromial Angle formed by junctionof lateral and posterior borders ofacromion.

a. alpha Angle formed by intersectionof visual line with optic axis.

a. alveolar Angle between the hori-zontal plane and a line drawnthrough the base of nasal spine andthe midpoint of alveolus of upper jaw.

a. cardiophrenic The angle formedby diaphragm and heart outline.

a. carrying Angle made at the elbowby extending the long axis offorearm and the upper arm.Normally it is around 15° in maleand 18° female.

a. costophrenic Angle formed bylateral end of diaphragm with therib cage.

a. facial Angle made by the lines fromthe nasal spine and externalauditory meatus meeting betweenupper middle incisor teeth.

a. gamma Angle between line ofvision and visual axis.

a. of Treitz Sharp curve at duodenojejunal junction.

a. sphenoid Angle formed at the topof sella turcica by intersection oflines drawn from nasal point andtip of rostrum of sphenoid bone.

a. visual Angle formed by the linedrawn from nodal point of eye tothe edges of the object being viewed.

Angor animi The feeling that one isdying as in angina pectoris.

Angstrom unit Unit for measurementof wavelength equal to 10-10 meter.

Angular artery Artery at inner can-thus of eye.

Anhedonia Lack of pleasure in nor-mally pleasurable acts.

Anhidrosis Absence of sweat secre-tion.

Angioma, senile Anhidrosis

49

Anhydrase Enzyme that helps inremoval of water from a chemicalcompound.

Anhydride Compound formed byremoval of water from a substance,especially an acid.

Anhydrous Lacking water.Anicteric Without jaundice.Aniline The simplest aromatic

amine, an oily liquid derived frombenzene, used for dyes.

Anilism Chronic aniline poisoningmanifesting with vertigo, cardiacconduction defects, muscularweakness.

Anima Soul, individual’s innerself.Animal A living organism.a. cold blooded An animal whose

body temperature changes withthat of environment.

a. warmblooded Animals thatmaintain constant body tempe-rature irrespective of change inenvironmental temperature.

Animation State of being alive.a. suspended State of apparent death.Anion An ion carrying negative charge

being attracted to positive pole,anode.

Anion gap It is calculated from sub-tracting HCO3 + Cl- from plasmasodium. Normal value is 8-12mEq/L.

Aniridia Congenital absence of apart of iris.

Aniseikonia A condition in whichthe size and shape of ocular imagein the both eyes differ from oneanother.

Anisocoria Inequality in size ofpupils.

Anisocytosis Marked inequality insize of cells.

Anisogamy Sexual fusion of twogametes of different form and size.

Anisometropia Condition in whichrefractive powers of each eye aredifferent.

Anisophoria Muscular imbalance ineye so that horizontal visual planeof one eye is different from other.

Anisotropine A belladona alkaloidderivative, spasmolytic.

Anisindione Anticoagulant agent.Ankle The hinge joint formed by ar-

ticulation of tibia, fibula and talus.

a. clonus Repeated contraction andrelaxation of leg muscles follow-ing mild extension of ankle inpatients of corticospinal disease, anevidence of increased muscle tone.

Ankle jerk Plantar flexion of footdue to contraction of calf muscu-lature following a brisk tap totendo-Achilles tendon.

Ankyloblepharon Adhesion of upperand lower eyelids at lid margin.

Ankylocolpos Imperforated oratretic vaginal canal.

Ankyloglossia Poor tongue protru-sion due to abnormally shortfrenulum.

Anhydrase Ankyloglossia

Bones of Foot and Ankle

50

Ankylosis Immobility of a joint, dueto fibrous tissue growth or bonyfusion within joint.

a. dental fusion of root cementumwith adjacent alveolar bone.

Annular Circular.Annuloraphy Closure of hernial ring

by suture.Annulus A ring shaped structure.Anococcygeal body The muscle and

fibrous tissue lying in between anusand coccyx; giving attachment to.

Anococcygeal ligament A band offibrous tissue joining coccyx to ex-ternal sphincter ani.

Anode The positive pole.Anodontia Absence of teeth.Anomaloscope Device for detection

of color blindness.Anomaly Deviation from normal,

irregularity.Anomia Inability in naming objects.Anopheles A genus of mosquito,

vector for plasmodia, the causativeagent of malaria.

Anorchism Congenital absence ofone or both testes.

Anorexia Loss of appetite.a. nervosa A psychological malade

of young girls who are anorexic forfear of becoming obese.

Anorexigenic Causing loss of apetiteAnoscope Speculum for examining

anus and lower rectum.Anosmia Loss of sense of smell.Anovulatory Not associated with

ovulation.Anovulatory cycle Menstrual cycle

not preceded by ovulation.Anoxemia Insufficient oxygenation

of blood.

Anoxia Reduced oxygenation of tis-sues from various causes.

a. altitude Insufficient oxygencontent of inspired air in high al-titude causing anoxia.

a. anemic Anoxia due to decreasedoxygen carrying capacity of blood.

a. anoxic Anoxia due to defectivepulmonary mechanism of oxyge-nation, i.e. pulmonary fibrosis,edema, bronchial obstruction,emphysema, etc.

a. stagnant Tissue anoxia due tostagnant peripheral circulation asin cardiac failure, shock.

Ansa Any structure in the form of aloop or arc.

Ankylosis Ansa

Anorexia Nervosa

51

a. cervicalis A nerve loop in the neckformed by fibres from first threecervical nerves.

a. lenticularis Fibre tract from globuspallidus to ventral nucleus ofthalamus that winds round ininternal capsule.

a. peduncularis Fibre tract fromanterior temporal lobe to mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus, exten-ding around internal capsule.

a. sacralis Nerveloop connectingsympathetic trunk with coccygealganglion.

Ansamycin A rifamycin derivative,used in tuberculosis.

Ansiform Shaped like a loop.Antabuse Disulfiram, used to cause

aversion in alcoholics by increasingacetaldehyde concentration.

Antacid Agent that neutralizesgastric HCI.

Antagonism Mutual opposite orcontradictory action.

Antagonist Agent or any other thingthat counteracts the action ofsomething else.

a. narcotic A drug that reverses actionof a narcotic hence producingwithdrawal symptoms in some.

Antalgesic SYN–analgesic, i.e. painreliever.

Antaphrodisiac Agent that sup-presses sexual desire.

Antasthenic Invigorating, streng-thening, relieving weakness.

Antazoline An antihistamine usedfor allergic conjunctivitis.

Ante Prefix meaning before.Antecedent Some thing coming

before; precursor.

Antecibum Before meals.Antecubital At the bend of elbow.Antecubital fossa Triangular area

lying anterior to and below theelbow, bounded medially bypronator teres and laterally bybrachio-radialis.

Anteflexion Abnormal bendingforward, e.g. especially of uterinebody at its neck.

Antegrade Moving forward or inthe direction of flow.

Antemortem Before death.Antenatal Occurring before birth.Antenatal diagnosis Diagnostic

procedures done to determine thehealth and genetic status of foetus,e.g. ultrasound, amiocentesis,chorionic villi sampling,biophysical profile, non-stresstest.

Antepar Piperazine citrate.Antepartum Before onset of labor.Anterior In anatomy refers to ventral

portion of body.Anterior chamber The front cham-

ber of eye bounded infront bycornea, behind by iris and lens;contains aqueous humor.

Anterior horn cell The nerve cells inanterior horn of spinal cord whoseaxons form the efferent fibresinnervating the muscles.

Anterograde Moving frontward.Anteroinferior Infront and below.Anterolateral Infront and to one side.Anteromedian Infront and towards

midline.Anteroposterior Passing from front

to rear.

Ansa, cervicalis Anteroposterior

52

Anterosuperior In front and above.Anteversion A tipping forward of

an organ as a whole, withoutbending.

Anthelmintic Agents againstintestinal worms.

Anthracoid Resembling or pertai-ning to anthrax.

Anthracometer An instrument formeasuring combustion products inthe air.

Anthracosis SYN–black lung;accumulation of carbon deposits inlungs due to smoking or coal dust.

Anthralin A synthetic hydrocarbonused as ointment to treat fungalinfections and eczema.

Anthrax Disease caused by bacillusanthracis, a disease primarily ofanimals. In man it may occur ascutaneus pustule with black eschar,or a pulmonary form (WoolSorter’s disease) with pulmonaryedema, necrotizing mediastinallymph adenitis, pleural effusion etc.

Anthropogeny Origin and develop-ment of man.

Anthropology The study of man;physical, cultural, linguistic andarchaeologic.

Anthropometer Device for measu-ring body parts.

Anthropometry Science of measuringhuman body, including craniometry,osteometry, skin fold thickness,height and weight measurement.

Anthropomorphism Attributinghuman qualities to nonhumans.

Anthropophilic Parasites that preferhuman host rather than otheranimals.

Anti Prefix meaning againstAntiadrenergic Counter acting or

preventing adrenergic actions.Antiagglutinin A specific antibody

opposing the action of agglutinin.Antiamebic A medicine used to treat

amebiasis.Antiandrogen Substances anta-

gonizing action of androgen, e.g.ciproterone acetate.

Antibiosis Relationship between twoorganisms where one is harmfulto the other.

Antibiotic Substances that inhibit ordestroy micro-organisms; can bebactericidal or bacteriostatic (onlyinhibit growth).

Antibody A protein substancedeveloped on challenge by anantigen. Antibodies may be pre-sent due to previous infection,vaccination, transplacental trans-fer (IgG only) or unknown idio-pathic antigenic stimulation.

a. blocking Antibody that reacts withother antigens and blocks its effects.

a. cross reacting Antibody that reactswith other antigens functionallysimilar to its specific antigen

a. fluorescent Antigen antibodyreaction made visible by incorpo-rating a fluorescent material intothe reaction and their examinationunder fluorescent microscopy.

Antibody coated bacteria Bacteriacoated with antibody present inurine. Analysis of antibody patterncan localize the site of invasion ofbacteria in urinary tract.

Antibromic Deodorant.

Anterosuperior Antibromic

53

Antiburn scar garment A garmentmade of stretchable filamentsworn to provide uniform pressureover burn graft sites in order toreduce scarring during healing.

Anticholinergic Agents that preventparasympathetic transmission, e.g.belladona, tricyclic antidepressants,thereby causing dryness of mouth,constipation, urinary retention,blurring of vision and tachycardia.

Anticholinesterase Substance op-posing action of choline sterate whichcauses, breakdown of acetylcholine.

Anticipate To occur before.Anticoagulant Agents that prevent/

delay clot formation, e.g. sodiumcitrate; heparin.

Anticodon A triple arrangement ofbases in tRNA that complements thetriplet on corresponding MRNA.

Anticonvulsant Agents that preventor control seizure.

Antidepressant Agents that prevent,cure or alleviate mental depression.

Antidiuretic hormone Vasopressin.Antidote Agents that neutralize

poisons or their effects.a. chemical Antidote that reacts with

poison to produce harmlesschemical compound, e.g. commonsalt precipitates silver nitrate toproduce silver chloride.

a. mechanical Antidote that preventsabsorption of poison, e.g. charcoal,egg albumin, milk casein and fats(fats contraindicated in camphor,phosphorus poisoning).

a. universal Two parts of activatedcharcoal, one part tannic acid, onepart magnesium oxide; givenorally mixed with water. Charcoaladsorbs, tannic acid precipitates andmagnesium oxide neutralizespoisons. This antidote like chemicalantidotes should be removed fromstomach after some time.

Antidromic Nerve impulse travel-ling in opposite direction thannormal.

Antiburn scar garment Antidromic

Antibodies

54

Antiemetic Agent that prevents orrelieves vomiting and nausea.

Antiestrogen Substances that blockor modify action of estrogen, e.g.clomifene citrate.

Antigen Substance that induces an-tibody production and interactswith it in a specific way.

Antigen-antibody reaction Com-bination of antigen with specific an-tibody that may result in aggluti-nation, precipitation, neutralization,complement fixation or increasedsusceptibility to phagocytosis.

Antihelix Inner curved ridge of ex-ternal ear parallel to helix.

Anti-inflammatory Counteractinginflammation.

Antiluetic Agent that cures orrelieves syphilis.

Antilymphocytic serum Serum usedin certain autoimmune disordersand in transplant patients to reducechances of rejection.

Antimetabolite 1. A substancestructurally similar to metabolite,opposes or replaces a metabolite 2.a class of antineoplastic drugs usedto treat cancer.

Antimony A metal whose compoundsare used to treat trypanosomiasis.

Antineoplastic Agents that preventthe development growth andproliferation of malignant cells.

Antinuclear antibody A group ofantibodies that react against normalcomponents of cell nucleus. They arepresent in SLE, PSS, scleroderma,polymyositis etc.

Antioxidants Agents that prevent orinhibit oxidation, e.g. vit E.

Antipathy Antagonism, strongaversion.

Antiperistalsis Reverse peristalsis.Antiplastic Preventing or inhibiting

wound healing.Antiprostaglandins Agents that

interfere with prostaglandinactivity; used for treatment ofarthritis, dysmenorrhoea.

Antiprostate Cowper’s gland.Antipruritic Preventing or relieving

itching.Antipyretic Agent that reduces fever.Antishock garment Inflatable

garment that compresses lowerextremity and abdomen to preventpooling of blood. Useful in aviationand in treating hypotension.

Antiseptic Agent preventing sepsisby inhibiting growth of micro-organisms.

Antisudorific Agent that inhibitsperspiration.

Antithrombotic Preventing throm-bosis or blood coagulation.

Antithrombin III A protein syn-thesized in liver. Its concentrationis lowered in nephrotic syndromeleading to renal veins thrombosis.

Antitoxin Antibody capable ofneutralizing a toxin.

Antitrypsin A substance that inhibitsaction of trypsin.

a. alpha I A low molecular weightglycoprotein whose deficiency isassociated with early onset emphy-sema and neonatal hepatitis.

Antitussive Agent preventing orrelieving cough.

Antivenin Serum that containsantibodies against animal or insectvenom.

Antiemetic Antivenin

55

a. black widow spider Horse antiveninagainst black widow spider.

a. polyvalent Antisnake venomagainst common snakes.

Antivitamin A vitamin antagonist,agents that oppose action of vitamins.

Antizymotic Agent that prevents orarrests fermentation.

Antrectomy Excision of walls of anantrum.

Antroatticotomy Operation to openthe maxillary sinus and the attic oflympanum.

Antrocele Fluid accumulationcausing a cystic swelling of antrum.

Antrostomy Opening up of antralwall by surgery.

Antrum Any nearly closed cavity orchamber especially in a bone.

Anulus A ring shaped structure.a.fibrosus The tough outer portion

of intervertebral disk.Anuresis Absence of urination.

Anus The lower external opening ofGI tract, lying between the folds ofbuttocks.

Anxiety A feeling of apprehension,worry, uneasiness.

Anxiety neurosis A mental disorderwith excessive anxiety notrestricted to specific situation orobjects and is associated withsomatic symptoms like palpitation,tremor, dryness of throat, headache.

Anxiolytic Agents that diminish orcounteract anxiety.

Aorta The main arterial trunk arisingfrom left ventricle and lying to theright and anterior to pulmonaryartery. The aortic arch ends at levelof fourth thoracic vertebra. Thebranches of aorta are 1. ascendingaorta — two coronary arteries, right

Antivenin, black widow spider Aorta

Anus

Aorta

56

and left 2. arch of aorta-rightinnominate, left subclavian 3.thoracic aorta-bronchial arteries,esophageal arteries, intercostalarteries 4. abdominal aorta-celiacartery, renal arteries, mesentericarteries (superior and inferior).

Aortic regurgitation Leakage ofblood from aorta into left ventricleduring diastole.

Aortic stenosis Narrowing of aorticvalve. Normal valve diameter2 cm/m2

Aortic valve The valve between leftventricle and ascending aorta,consists of three semilunar cuspsthat appose during diastole, thuspreventing backflow of blood fromaorta to left ventricle.

Aortitis Inflammation of aortic wall,commonly syphilitic or ofunknown origin.

Aorto coronary bypass Surgicalprocedure to direct blood from rootof aorta to coronary vessels byputting a saphenous vein graft orinternal mammary arteries; amodality of treatment for coronaryobstruction.

Aortography X-ray of aorta aftercontrast injection.

Aortolith Calcareous deposits in theaortic wall.

Apareunia Inability to accomplishsexual intercourse.

Apathetic Indifferent, disinterested.Apathism Slowness to react to

stimuli, (opposite of erethism).Apatite The deceptive stone, a

mineral containing calcium andphosphorus ions.

Apeidosis Slow modification or dis-appearance of the clinical andhistological characteristics of adisease.

Aperient A very mild laxative.Aperitive Appetite stimulant.Apert’s syndrome Congenital dis-

order with peaked head, webbedfingers and toes.

Aperture An orifice or opening.Apex The pointed end of any cone

shaped structure.Apex beat The systolic movement of

left ventricular apex against chestwall, felt in 5th intercostal space1/2" inside midclavicular line.

Apgar score A system of assessinginfants’ physical condition oneminute after birth. The heartrhythm, respiration, muscle tone,response to stimuli and skin colourare assigned a score of 0, l or 2.Total score is 10. Those with verylow score require immediateattention. Apgar score at birth hasa prognostic bearing on ultimateneurological development.

Aphakia Absence of lens of eye.Aphasia Impairment of speech; may

be motor or sensory (Wernicke’s).a. amnestic Loss of memory for

words.a. anomic Forgetful for naming.a. Broca’s Motor aphasia with intact

comprehension.a. global Failure of comprehension

as well as speech production.a. jargon Use of disconnected words.a. motor Inability to use muscles

controlling speech production.

Aortic regurgitation Aphasia, motor

57

a. semantic Inability to understandmeaning of words.

a. syntactic Lack of proper gram-matical composition.

Aphemia Motor aphasia.Aphephobia Morbid fear of being

touched.Apheresis Technique of separating

blood into its components.Aphonia Peripherial failure of speech

production; commonly due to alaryngeal lesion.

Aphrasia Inability to speak or un-derstand phrases.

Aphrodisiac Sex stimulant.Aphthae Small ulcer on mucous

membrane.Aphthous Pertains to aphthae, i.e.

recurrent stomatitis.Apicectomy Excision of apex of

petrous part of temporal bone.Apicitis Inflammation of tooth/lung

apex.Aplanatic lens A lens that corrects

spherical aberration.Aplasia Failure of an organ or tissue

to develop normally.Aplastic Having deficient or arrested

development.Apnea Temporary cessation of

breathing.Apneumatosis Congenital atelectasis.Apneusis Abnormal respiration

with sustained inspiratory effort;caused by pontine lesion.

Apochromatic lens Lens that correctsboth spherical and chromaticaberration.

Apocrine Secretory cells that contri-bute part of their protoplasm to thematter secreted.

Apocrine sweat glands Sweatglands of axilla and pubic regionthat open into hair follicles ratherthan directly onto surface.

Apoenzyme The protein portion ofan enzyme.

Apoferritin The protein thatcombine with iron to form ferritin.

Apolipoprotein The nonlipid proteinportion of lipoprotein named asB100, AI, AII, B and E.

Apomorphine A grayish whitepowder; derivative of morphine,used as emetic and cough suppres-sant.

Aponeurosis A flat fibrous sheet ofconnective tissue serving to attachmuscle to bone.

a. epicranial Fibrous membranejoining occipital and frontalmuscles.

a. pharyngeal Fibrous sheet lyingbetween mucosal and muscularlayers of the pharyngeal wall.

a. Plantar Connective tissue sheetinvesting muscles of the sole of thefoot fit.

Apophysis An outgrowth from bonewithout as independent center ofossification.

Apophysitis Inflammation ofapophysis.

Apoplexy Bleeding into an organ;sudden loss of consciousness withparalysis due to haemorrhage intobrain.

Apoptosis Disintegration of cells intomembrane bound particles, thatare then phagocytosed by othercells; an important process forlimitation of tumor growth.

Aphasia, semantic Apoptosis

58

Apparatus 1. A mechanical device orappliance used in operations orexperiments. 2. A group of structuresor organs that work together toperform function, e.g. a auditory, abiliary, a juxtaglomerular, a larcrymal.

Appendectomy Surgical removal ofvermiform appendix.

Appendicitis Inflammation ofvermiform appendix. Characterizedby pain in right iliac fossa, nauseaand vomiting, tenderness andrigidity over right rectus muscle orMc Burney’s point, mild fever,leukocytosis.

a. chronic Follows acute attack withinflammatory adhesions, andformation of a lump.

a. gangrenous Acute appendicitisinvolving blood vessels with theirocclusion and development ofgangrene and its vulnerability forrupture.

Appendicolysis Operation to freeappendix from adhesions.

Appendicostomy Operation in whichopening is made in vermiformappendix to irrigate cecum andcolon.

Appendix An appendage.a. atrial Muscular pouch attached to

left and right atria; the sites foratrial thrombi.

a. epiploica Numerous pouches ofperitoneum on colon filled with fat.

Appestat Area of brain controllingappetite.

Appetite Strong desire for food inconstrast to hunger which is apainful condition due to lack of food.

a. perverted Desire to eat unnaturalsubstances SYN— pica.

Appetizer Substance that promotesappetite.

Applanometer Device for measu-ring intraocular pressure.

Apple Adam’s The laryngeal promi-nence formed by two laminae ofthyroid cartilage.

Apple Picker’s disease Respiratoryinvolvement due to fungicides usedin apple harvesting.

Appliance In dentistry a device usedto correct bite such as artificialdentures.

Applicator A rod with cotton swabon end for making local appli-cations.

Apposition Being positioned side byside.

Approach 1. Surgical procedures forexposing any organ or tissue 2.draw near.

Apraxia Inability to performpurposive and learned movementseven though there is no motor/sensory loss.

a. amnestic Patient cannot under-stand the action asked to performeven though ability to perform theact is intact.

a. constructional Inability to constructtwo or three dimensional figures dueto lack of ability to integrateperception into kinesthetic images.

a. dressing Patient’s inability to dressdue to lack of knowledge aboutspatial relations of body.

a. ideational Incorrect use of objectsdue to inability in perceiving theircorrect use.

Apparatus Apraxia, ideational

59

a. motor Inability to perform anaction although the components ofit are understood.

Apron Outergarment for protectionof clothing inside.

Aprosody Absence of normalvariations in pitch, rhythm andstress in the speech.

Aprotinin Protease inhibitor used inpancreatitis, carcinoid syndromeand during surgery to reduce bloodloss.

Aptitude Inherent ability or skill inlearning or performing.

Aptyatism Deficient secretion ofsaliva.

APUD cells Amine precursor uptakeand decarboxylation cells; the classof cell producing hormones likeACTH, insulin, glucagon, thyroxindopamine, serotonin, histamine,etc.

Aqua Water.a. aerata Carbonated water.a. calcariae Lime water.a. fervens Hot water.a. fontana Spring water.Aquanant Persons working under

water for carrying research.Aquaphobia Morbid fear of water.Aquapuncture Subcutaneous injec-

tion of water to produce counterirritation.

Aqueduct Canal or channel.a. cerebral Canal in midbrain join-

ing third and fourth ventricles.a. vestibular Passage from vestibule

to petrous part of temporal bone.a. cochleae Canal connecting

subarachnoid space and thecochlear perilymphatic space.

Aqueous WateryAqueous humor Transparent liquid

produced by ciliary processes andfilling the posterior and anteriorchambers of eye and finallyabsorbed into venous system bycanals of Schlemm.

Arabinose A pentose plant sugar,gum sugar.

Arachidonic acid An essential fattyacid, precursor for prostaglandins,thromboxane and leukotrienes.

Arachnida A class of arthropodesthat includes spiders, ticks, mitesand scorpions.

Arch Any anatomic structure with acurved or bow like outline, e.g.aortic arch.

a. axillary An anomalous muscularslip across the axilla betweenpectoralis major and latissimusdorsi.

a. crural The inguinal ligamentextending from anterior superioriliac spine to pubic tubercle.

a. longitudinal The antero-posterior arch of the foot; themedial portion is formed bycalcaneus, talus, navicular,cuneiform and first threemetatarsals and the lateralportion by calcaneus, cuboid and4th and fifth metatarsals.

a. mandibular The first branchialarch from which upper and lowerjawbones and associated struc-tures develop, so also malleus andincus.

a. palmar The superficial arch isformed by termination of ulnarartery and the deep arch by

Apraxia, motor Arch, palmar

60

communicating branch of ulnarand the radial artery.

a. plantar Arch formed by externalplantar artery and deep branch ofdorsalis pedis artery.

a. transverse Transverse arch of footformed by navicular, cuboidcuneiform and metatarsals.

a. zygomatic Arch formed by malarand temporal bones.

Archenteron The primitive digestivecavity of gastrula.

Archetype Original type from whichother types have developed by dif-ferentiation.

Archinephron Primordial kidney ofembryo.

Archipallium Olfactory cortex.Architis Inflammation of anus.Arcuate Shaped like an arc.Arcus An arch.a. juvenalis Opaquering at the

periphery of cornea in young, maybe due to hypercholesterolemia,corneal irritation/inflammation.

a. senilis Opaque white ring at peri-phery of cornea due to deposit offat granules or hyalinedegeneration.

Ardor A burning sensation duringurination.

Area Well defined space with definedboundaries.

a. association Area of cerebral,cortex that is neither sensory normotor but seat of higher mentalprocesses.

a. Brodman’s Division of cerebralcortex into 47 areas in respect totheir different functions.

a. Kiesselbach’s Area in anteriorportion of nasal septum, withrich capillaries, a site of frequentbleed.

a. of Rolando Area infront of fissureof Rolando in anterior centralconvolution governing motorfunction of body.

a. silent Any area of brain whosedestruction does not producedetectable motor or sensory loss.

Areflexia Absence of reflexes.Areola 1. A small space or cavity in

a tissue. 2. Circular area of differentpigmentation, e.g. around nipple.

Areolar glands (Montgomery’sglands). Large modified sweatglands beneath the areola secretinga lipoid material that lubricates thenipple.

Areometer Device for measuringspecific gravity of fluids.

Argentaffinoma An Argentaffintumor secreting serotonin that mayarise in intestinal tract, bile ducts,pancreas, bronchus or ovary.

Arginine Amino acid obtained fromdecomposition of vegetable matter,protamines and proteins. Onhydrolysis it yields urea andornithine.

Arginosuccinic acid Formed fromcitruline and aspartic acid.

Argon An inert gas occupying 1% ofatmosphere.

Argyl Robertson pupil Absence oflight reflex with preservation of ac-commodation reflex as in tabes.

Argyria Bluish discolouration ofskin and mucous membranes from

Arch, plantar Argyria

61

prolonged administration ofsilver.

Argyrol Mild silver protein used asan antiseptic for eye, nose, throatand urethral irrigation.

Argyrophil Cells that bind to silversalts producing brown or black stain.

Aristogenics SYN-eugenics. Thescience dealing with genetic andprenatal influences affectingexpression of certain characteristicsin offspring.

Arithmetic mean In statistics, thenumber obtained by addition of allthe values listed in a group dividedby total values.

Armamentarium The total utilitiesat disposal-like drugs, instru-ments, books, supplies.

Armature 1. A part of an electricgenerator consisting of a coil ofinsulated wire. 2. In biology astructure that serves to protect.

Arm board Board placed under thearm for stabilization during I.V.administration.

Arnold-Chiari deformity A condi-tion in which the inferior poles ofcerebellar hemispheres and me-dulla protrude through foramenmagnum causing hydrocephalus.It is commonly associated withspina bifida and meningomye-locele.

Aroma Pleasant odor.Aromatic 1. Having an aggreable

odor. 2. Belonging to a series ofcompounds in which the carbonatoms form a closed ring (as inbenzene) in comparision to ali-

Argyrol Arsphenamine

phatic series where carbon atomsform straight or branched chains.

Aromatic ammonia spirit Solutionof ammonium carbonate in dilutedammonia solution, fragrant oils,alcohol and water. It acts as a reflexstimulant on inhalation. Also actsas an antacid and carminative.

Arousal 1. Alertness. 2. Sexual ex-citement

Arrectores pilorum Involuntarymuscle in skin connected tohairfollicle whose contraction dueto cold, fright causes erection ofhair and goose flesh appearance ofskin.

Arrest Cessation of function.a. cardiac Cessation of heart

function.a. epiphyseal Arrest in growth of

long bones.a. pelvic The foetal presenting part

is arrested in its descent in mater-nal pelvis.

a. respiratory Stoppage of spon-taneous respiration.

a. sinus The SA node does not initiatethe impulse formation, a feature ofsick sinus syndrome.

Arrhenoblastoma An ovariantumor secreting male sex hor-mones, causing virilization infemales.

Arsenic poisoning Accidental ordeliberate ingestion causes acutegastroenteritis with shock, convul-sion, paralysis and death.

Arsphenamine 30% arsenic pre-viously used for treatment ofsyphilis. SYN—Salvarsan.

62

Arterial line A method of haemo-dynomic monitoring where cathe-ter is put into an artery for recordingblood pressure, arterial gasanalysis.

Arteriogram X-ray of an artery afterinjection of radio-opaque material.

Arteriole A minute artery that leadsinto capillary.

Arterioplasty Repair or reconstruc-tion of an artery.

Arteriosclerosis Thickening andhardening of an artery with loss of

elasticity and contractility. Riskfactors for arteriosclerosis includeageing, hyperlipidemia, obesity,diabetes mellitus, smoking etc.

Arteriostenosis Narrowing of thelumen of an artery.

Arteriostosis Calcification of anartery.

Arteritis Inflammation of an artery.a. nodosa Widespread inflammation of

adventia of small and medium sizedarteries with impaired function.

a. temporal Chronic inflammation oftemporal and often occipital andophthalmic arteries with presenceof giant cells and occlusion ofvascular lumen.

Artery (from Greek - arteria mean-ing wind pipe). The ancient Greeksbelieved that air travelled throughthem. Arteries carry oxygenatedblood from heart to distant bodyparts : exceptions are pulmonaryartery and umbilical artery.

a. end Artery whose branches do notanastomose with those of other

Arterial line Artery, end

Arterial Balloon Angioplasty

Arteriosclerosis

63

arteries, e.g. arteries of brain andspinal cord.

Arthralgia Joint pain.Arthritide A skin eruption caused

by arthritis.Arthritis Inflammation of a joint

usually following trauma, due todegeneration, infection (gono-coccal, tubercular, brucella, pneu-mococcal), rheumatic fever, ulce-rative colitis, collagen disorders,SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, gout,synovioma, para or periarticularinfections, denervation, e.g. tabesdorsalis.

Arthrocentesis Puncture of a jointto drain joint fluid for analysis.

Arthrodesis The surgical immobi-lization of joint, ankylosis.

Arthrogram Visualisation of inte-rior of a joint after injection of radioopaque dye into joint space.

Arthrogryposis Fixation of a joint ina flexed position.

Arthrolysis Restoration of mobilityof an ankylosed joint.

Arthropathy Any joint disease.Arthroplasty Reconstruction or

reshaping of a diseased joint, evenby replacement of joint components.

Arthroscope An endoscope for ex-amination of interior of a joint.

Arthroscopy Visualization ofinterior of a joint by arthroscope.

Arthrospore A bacterial sporeformed by segmentation.

Arthrotome Knife for making incisioninto joint.

Arthus reaction An immediatehypersensitivity reaction due to

Arthralgia Arthus reaction

Arteries

64

preformed antibody to injectedantigen.

Articulate 1. To join together as ajoint. 2. To speak clearly.

Articulation 1. A joint, classified,being synarthrosis (immovable),amphiarthrosis (slightly mov-able) and diarthrosis (freelymovable) 2. Utterance of wordsand sentences.

a. apophyseal The joint betweensuperior and inferior articulatingprocess of vertebra.

a. confluent Speech in which syllablesrun together.

Artefact Anything artificiallyproduced; as in histology/radio-logy a feature produced by thetechnique but not occurringnaturally.

Artificial Not natural, formed byimitation of nature.

a. insemination donor Artificialinsemination of a woman withsperms of anonymous donor.

a. insemination husband Use ofhusband’s sperms for insemi-nation of wife.

a. intelligence Computer perfor-mance of congnitive tasks.

a. pneumothorax Introduction of airinto pleural cavity to inducecollapse of lung as to controlhaemoptysis in tuberculosis.

Artisan’s cramps Muscle cramp in-volving muscles used in prolongedspells of writting, sewing,telegraphing etc.

Aryepiglottic Pertaining to aryte-noid cartilage and epiglottis.

Asafetida A gum resin with strongodor and garlic taste.

Asbestos Fibrous incombustibleform of magnesium and calciumsilicate used to make insulatingmaterial.

Asbestosis A form of pneumo-coniosis due to inhalation ofasbestos dusts, also responsible forpleural mesothelioma.

Ascariasis Infestation with ascarislumbricoides.

Ascaris lumbricoides A species ofascaris inhabiting human intes-tine, often producing dyspepsia,intestinal obstruction, biliary colicand appendicitis.

Aschheim-Zondek test A pregnancytest where patient’s urine is injectedinto female mice to induce ovulation.

Aschner’s phenomenon Slowing ofpulse following carotid sinusmassage or pressure on eyeball.

Aschoff’s cells Large multinucleatedcell with vesicular nucleus andbasophilic cytoplasm.

Articulate Aschoff's cells

Ascaris Lumbricoides

65

Aschoff’s nodule Small nodulescomposed of central fibrinoidnecrosis surrounded by giant cellsand leukocytes, seen in interstitialtissues of heart in rheumatic myo-carditis.

Ascites Accumulation of fluid inperitoneal cavity.

a. chylous Milky ascites resultingfrom rupture of thoracic duct.

Ascorbic acid Vit C.Aseptic Sterile, free from germs.Aseptic technique Techniques that

prevent contamination ofoperative wounds.

Aschoff's nodule Assault

Asparagine Aminosuccinic acid; anon-essential amino acid.

Aspartame An artificial sweetner,180 times sweeter than sugar;synthesized from aspartic acid andphenyl alanine. Unsuitable forcooking as the flavor changes oneating.

Aspartic acid A nonessential aminoacid, product of pancreatic di-gestion.

Apergillosis Granulomatous infla-mmation of skin, lungs, ear canaland mucous membrane by A.fumigatus.

Aspergillin A pigment produced byA. niger which also produces blackspores and commonly infects earcanal.

Aspermia Lack of or failure toejaculate semen.

Aspersion Sprinkling of an affectedpart with water, a form of hydro-therapy.

Asphyxia Suffocation caused by lackof oxygen due to failure ofbreathing, tracheobronchial obs-truction, drowning, environmentaloxygen lack, edema of the lungs.

Asphyxiant An agent, especially gasproducing asphyxia.

Asphyxiate To cause asphyxia.Aspirate To draw in or out by

suction.Aspirator Apparatus for evacuating

fluid contents of a cavity.Aspirin Acetyl salicylic acid.Assault Violent physical attack on

an individual. In legal sense anyprocedure on an individual with-out proper permission.

Aschoff Nodule

Ascites

66Assault, sexual Astringent

a. sexual Sexual intercourse withoutconsent/against will.

Assay The analysis of a substance ormixture to determine its constituentsor the relative proportion of each.

Assimilate To absorb digested food.Assimilation 1. The processes

whereby the products of digestionare absorbed and utilized in thebody. 2. In psychology, theabsorption of newly perceivedinformation into the existingconscious structure.

Association Relationship; inter-relationship of conscious and un-conscious; in genetics the occur-rence together of two charac-teristics at a frequency greater thanwould be predicted by chance.

Association cortex Areas other thanmotor and sensory cortex whichserve to integrate brain functions.

Association test A test in whichpatient is given a word and hereplies with another word to in thefirst. The time taken in his responseis an indicator of his brain function.

Astasia Inability to stand or sit erectdue to motor incoordination.

a. abasia A form of hysterical ataxiawith inability to stand or walkalthough all leg movements can beperformed while sitting or lyingdown.

Asteatosis Any diseased conditionwith scaling of skin due to lack ofsebaceous secretion.

Asterognosis Inability to recognizeobjects or forms by touch.

Astemizole H1 receptor blocker,antiallergie.

Asterion The junction of lambdoid,occipitomastoid and parieto-mastoid sutures.

Asterixis Transient lapses of muscletone with involuntary jerky move-ments especially of hands as inhepatic failure.

Asteroid Star shaped.Asthenia Loss of strength, debility.a. neurocirculatory A psycho-

somatic disorder characterizes bymental and physical fatigue,dyspnea, giddiness etc.

Asthma Paroxysmal dyspnea andwheezing caused by broncho-spasm, bronchial mucosal swell-ing and retention of viscid sputum.

a. cardiac Asthma secondary to leftventricular failure.

a. extrinsic Asthma due to en-vironmental allergens.

a. intrinsic Asthma where noexternal cause is identifiable.

Astigmatism A form of ametropiawhere the curvature of cornea orlens differ in different meridiansso that an object is not sharplyfocussed on retina.

a. compound The horizontal andvertical curvatures are abnormal.

a. simple Only one meridian isdefective.

Astragalus Old term for talus.Astraphobia Fear of thunder and

lightening.Astringent An agent that has con-

stricting or binding effect, i.e. thatcauses coagulation of proteins andthus contracts organic tissue;thereby checks haemorrhages and

67Astrocyte Atheroma

secretions. Common examples aresalts of lead, iron, zinc, tannic acid.

Astrocyte Star shaped neuroglial cellwith many branching processes.

Astrocytoma A tumor of astrocytes;classified in order of increasingmalignancy as Grade I—consis-ting of fibrillary or protoplasmicastrocytes—Grade II composed ofastroblasts Grade III-IV—calledglioblastoma multiformecomposed of spongioblast, astro-blast and astrocyte in varyingproportion.

Astrophobia Morbid fear of stars andcelestial bodies.

Asylum An institution for mentallyill.

Asymmetry Without symmetry.Asymptomatic Without any symp-

toms.Asynclitism An oblique presentation

of foetal head during labor.Asyndesis A form of mental defect

in which related thoughts cannotbe assembled to form a compre-hensive concept.

Asynergia Lack of co-ordination be-tween body parts or muscles thatnormally act in unison.

Ataraxia A state of complete mentalrelaxation and tranquility.

Atavism The appearance of charac-teristics presumed to be present insome ancestors.

Ataxia Defective muscular controland coordination.

a. alcoholic Ataxia due to loss ofproprioception in chronic alco-holism.

a. Brun’s Ataxia of bilateral frontallobe lesions with a tendency tostagger and fall backwards.

a. cerebellar Motor ataxia ofcerebellar disease. Often withnystagmus, tremor, scanningspeech and dysmetria.

a. Friedreich’s An inherited diseasemanifesting in childhood oradolescence. There is degenerationof lateral and dorsal columns ofspinal cord. Peripheral neuropathy,high arch palate, kyphoscoliosisare often associated.

a. sensory Ataxia due to loss ofproprioceptive impulses.

a. telangiectasia IgA deficiency stateof congenital origin manifestingwith cerebellar ataxia, telan-giectasia and recurrent sino-pulmonary infections.

Atelectasis Collapsed or airless con-dition of lungs; the affected lungsare often unexpanded since birth,can be caused by bronchialobstruction, or compression.

Ateliosis A form of infantilism dueto pituitary insufficiency.

Atherogenesis Formation of athero-mata in the walls of arteries.

Atheroma Fatty degeneration ofarterial wall with cholesterol depositand smooth muscle hyperplasia.

Atheroma

68

Atherosclerosis A sclero degenerativedisease of arterial wall marked byintimal lipid deposit, fibrous tissueaccumulation and smooth musclecell proliferation.

Athetosis Slow irregular twistinginvoluntary movement of hand andfingers.

Athlete’s foot Fungus infection offoot particularly in between toes.

Atlantoaxial Pertaining to first andsecond curvical vertebrae.

Atlas The first cervical vertebraarticulating with occipital bone(Atlas is the Greek God holding theworld on his shoulders).

Atom The smallest form of anelement consisting of protons, neutrons and electrons.

Atopy An allergy with a geneticpredisposition. Principal forms ofatopy are bronchial asthma,urticaria, eczema and rhinitis.

Atresia Congenital absence orclosure of any tubular structure.

Atrial fibrillation Randomized ir-regular arrhythmic atrial contrac-tions giving rise to irregularly ir-regular pulse.

Atrial flutter Rapid regular atrialcontraction with a varying butregular ventricular response due tofixed or varying A-V block.

Atrial natriuretic factor A hormonesecreted by dilated atria that helpsin natriuresis.

Atherosclerosis Atrial natriuretic factor

Atherosclerosis

Atlas

69

Atrichosis Congenital absence ofhair.

Atrioventricular bundle The con-ducting system extending from A-V node till division into left andright bundles.

Atrioventriculares communis Per-sistence of the common atrio-ventricular canal manifesting withatrioventricular septal defects andA-V valve incompetence.

Atrium A chamber or cavity in com-munication with another.

a. of ear Portion of tympanic cavitylying below the malleolus.

Atrophy Decrease in size of tissue orwasting.

a. acute yellow Extensive necrosis ofliver cells with jaundice, haemorr-hage and mental obtundation.

a. optic Degeneration of optic nervehead, primary or secondary (MS,glaucoma, trauma etc).

a. disuse Atrophy resulting from lackof use of muscle.

a. peroneal muscular A hereditarydisease involving peroneal nerveswith progressive atrophy ofperoneal muscles.

a. sudek’s Acute atrophy of bone atthe site of injury, possibly due tolocal vasospasm.

Atropine sulfate A parasympatho-lytic agent used for preanestheticmedication to decrease bronchialsecretions and in organophos-phorous poisoning.

Atropinization Administration ofatropine till desired effect isobtained.

Attack The sudden on set of an illness,e.g. heart attack.

Attention-deficit-disorder A diseaseof infancy or childhood, mainly boyscharacterized by inappropriateattention, hyperactivity andimpulsivity.

Attenuate To render thin, weak orless virulent.

Attic The middle ear cavity abovethe tympanic membrane.

Attitude 1. Behavior towards aperson, thing or situation 2. Bodilyposture or position assumed, e.g.catatonic posture.

Audible sound Sound with frequencyof 15-15000 Hz.

Audiologist A specialist in theevaluation and rehabilitation ofpersons with hearing disorder.

Audiometry Testing of hearing byaudiometer.

Audito-oculogyric reflex Suddenturning of eyes and head towardsdirection of loud sound.

Auditory bulb The membranouslabyrinth and cochlea.

Auditory Evoked Response Anobjective method of assessinghearing where the hearing stimu-lus as traverses along its path toauditory cortex produces charac-teristic electric potentials recordedacross the cortex. It is useful inchildren, in malingerers, and inpsychiatric patients. It can pinpoint as to the site of lesion alongthe auditory pathway.

Auditory reflex Any reflex producedby stimulation of auditory nervelike blinking of eyes in response tosudden sound.

Atrichosis Auditory reflex

70

Auerbach’s plexus A plexus formedby sympathetic nerve fibers inmuscular coats of GI. tract.

Auer bodies Rod shaped in-tracyto-plasmic structure present inmyeloblasts in acute myeloblasticleukemia.

Augmentin Amoxycillin-clavulanicacid.

Aura A subjective sensation prece-ding an attack of epileptic seizureor migraine; epileptic aura may bepsychic in nature or sensory in theform of auditory, visual, olfactoryor taste hallucinations.

Auranofin Gold preparation forrheumatoid arthritis.

Aureomycin Chlortetracyclinehydrochloride.

Auricle 1. Left and right atria 2. Pinnaof the ear.

Auriculopalpebral reflex Closureof eye resulting from tactile orthermal stimulation of externalauditory meatus. Synonym:Kisch’s reflex.

Auriscope Instrument for exami-nation of ear.

Aurotherapy Treatment with goldsalts, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis.

Auscultation The technique oflistening to sounds produced withinbody, e.g. passage of air in bronchi,blood in occluded vessels, and A-Vmalformation, bowel movement,beating of heart, murmurs and ad-ventitious heart sounds, etc.

Austin Flint murmur Diastolicmitral regurgitation in a aortic in-sufficiency mimicking mitral

stenosis but without the openingsnap or pre-systolic accentuation.

Australia antigen Hepatitis B surfaceantigen, existing in serum as partof Dane particle (40-400 nm) or asfree particles and rods (22 nm).

Autacoids Generic name for his-tamine and antihistamine likeagents in body.

Autism Mental introversion with at-tention centered around own ego.

a. infantile A syndrome appearing inchildhood with self absorption,aloneness, inaccessibility, ragereactions and behavioral-languageproblems; a form of childhoodpsychosis.

Autoagglutinin Agglutinins that ag-glutinate individuals own redblood cells.

Autoanalyzer Device that analyzesmultiple samples automatically.

Autoantibody Antibody actingagainst the host antigens.

Autocatharsis A form of psycho-therapy in which patient gets aninsight into his problems by a frankdiscussion.

Autoclave A device used for sterili-zation by steam pressure.

Autocrine factor A growth factorprobably produced by cells inresponse to virus infection andplaying some role in genesis ofmalignancies.

Autodigestion Digestion of a tissue bytissue’s own products, e.g. pancreaticdigestion in acute pancreatitis.

Autoerotism Sexual arousal orgratification by using one’s ownbody as in masturbation.

Auerbach's plexus Autoerotism

71

Autograft A graft transferred fromone part of body to another.

Autohemolysis Hemolysis of onesblood by person’s own serum.

Autohemotherapy Injection ofpatient’s own blood.

Autoimmunity Condition in whichantibodies are produced againstbody’s own tissues.

Autoimmune disease Diseases inwhich antibodies are producedagainst body’s own tissues to causeorgan damage, e.g. rheumatoidarthritis, SLE, glomerulonephritis,rheumatic carditis, myastheniagravis.

Autoinfection Infection produced byan agent already present within thebody.

Autoinfusion Forcing blood fromextremities to body core by apply-ing tight bandages.

Autoinoculation Inoculation of aperson by organisms obtainedfrom the same individual.

Autologous blood transfusion Use ofpatient’s own blood for transfusion,the blood being collected prior tooperation or during operation fromwound site; thus avoiding dangers ofmismatch and transfusion associatedinfections like; HBV, AIDS.

Automatism Behavior withoutconscious volition or knowledge,the individual appearing normalbut amnesic for the events.

Autonomic nervous system The partof nervous system controllinginvoluntary functions like heart beat,glandular secretions, bowel andbladder contraction and other smooth

muscle function. It is divided into para-sympathetic or craniosacral systemand sympathetic or thoracolumbarsystem.

Autopsy Postmortem examinationto ascertain cause of death.

Autoregulation A phenomena wherethe involved tissue regulates eventslike blood flow into/through itaccording to its requirement, e.g.as in brain.

Autosomes Any of the chromosomesother than sex chromosomes.

Autosplenectomy Multiple infarctsof spleen that cause it to shrink asin sickle cell anaemia.

Autotrophic Self nourishing, e.g.green plants and bacteria formingprotein and carbohydrate frominorganic salts and bicarbonates.

A-V block A block in atrioventri-cular node whereby impulsesarising from atria cannot reachventricles or are delayed; dividedinto first degree (prolonged PR),second degree (mobitz type I andII) and third degree A-V block.

Avascular Having poor bloodsupply.

Avalanche theory Theory thatnervous impulses are reinforcedand thereby become more intenseas they travel peripherally.

Aversion therapy A form of beha-vior therapy where unpleasant andundesired (e.g. alcohol) stimuli arepresented to patient simultaneouslyso that patient associates theundesired stimulus with the un-pleasant one and thus discontinuesthe undesired stimulus.

Autograft Aversion therapy

72Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

73

Avidin A protein of egg whiteinhibiting biotin.

Avulsion A tearing away forcibly ofa part or structure.

Axilla Armpit.Axanthopsia Yellow blindness.Axial line A line running in the main

axis of body. The axial line of handruns through second digit.

Axis 1. A line running through the centerof the body. 2. The second cervicalvertebra bearing the odontoid processabout which atlas rotates.

a. cardiac A graphic representationof the main conduction vector of the

heart. Normal axis is 0 to + 90°.a. visual The line passing from object

through center of cornea and lensto the fovea.

Axis deviation Deviation of cardiacaxis, like left axis deviation –10° to –90°, right axis deviation + 91 to –90°.

Axis traction Traction made on thefetus in the direction of long axis ofbirth canal.

Axon A process of nerve cell con-ducting impulse away from the cellbody.

Axoneme Axial thread of a chromo-some.

Avidin Axoneme

Autonomic Nervous System

74

Axonometer Device for determiningaxis of astigmatism.

Axonotemesis Nerve injury disrup-ting nerve impulse transmissionbut without severing the nerve.

Avidin A glycoprotein that binds tobiotin, preventing its absorption.

Azapropazone A pyrazolon, aspi-rin like agent, potent uricosuric.

Azaserine Glutamine antagonist,potent inhibitor of purine nucleo-tide biosynthesis.

Azathioprine An immunosuppressant.Azauridine A pyrimidine analog.

Azoospermia Complete absence ofsperms in the semen.

Azotemia Increased blood urea.Azotobacter Gram negative rod-

shaped gram negative non-pathogenic bacteria that fixatmospheric nitrogen.

Azygos Occurring singly, not in pairs.Azygos vein The thoracic conti-

nuation of ascending lumbarvein through aortic hiatus indiaphragm entering superiorvena cava at the level of D4vertebra.

Axonometer Azygos vein

Axis

BBabesia A genus of the order

Haemosporidia found in the cattle,sheep, horse, dogs and other ver-tebrate animals, transmitted bytick.

Babesiosis A disease caused byintraerythrocytic protozoan para-site.

Babesia microti Principally mani-festing with fever, chills andhemoglobinuria.

Babinski’s reflex Dorsiflexion ofgreat toe and fanning out of othertoes on stimulation of lateral partof sole of foot is called positiveBabinski’s reflex; commonly resultsfrom pyramidal tract interruption;also positive in infants below 6months (before myelination).

Bacampacillin A long acting am-picillin given in twice daily dose.

Bacillemia Presence of bacilli inblood.

Bacillus Any rod shaped micro-organism.

b. abortus (undulant fever in man).b. cereus anaerobic spore bearing

opportunistic invader in im-munocompromised.

b. Doderleins (identical with lac-tobacillus acidophilus).

b Dcrey (causes soft sore).b. Friedlander’s (Klebsiella pneu-

moniae).b. Koch-Weeks (Haemophilus aegy-

ptius causing conjunctivitis).b. melaninogenicus (gram negative

bacillus causing vincents angina).b. morax Axenfeld. (causes angular

conjunctivitis).

Bacitracin Topically used antibac-terial agent.

Backache Any pain in back; due tomuscle spasm, disease of disk, liga-ments, vertebral body, nerve roots,and meninges.

Baclofen GABA inhibitor used toreduce muscle spasticity.

Bacteria Any micro-organism, of theclass Schizomycetes; can bespherical or ovoid (cocci); rodshaped (bacilli) or spiral.

Bacteriocin Protein produced bycertain bacteria which is lethal toother bacteria.

Bacteriocinogen A plasmid thatproduces bacteriocin.

Bacterioclasis Fragmentation ofbacteria.

Bacteriophage A virus that infectsbacteria.

Bacteriuria Presence of bacteria inurine, significant if concentrationexceeds 105/ml.

Bacteroides A genus of non-sporeforming, gram negative, anaerobicbacteria frequently found innecrotic tissue.

Bagasosis Hypersensitive pneu-monitis due to inhalation ofbagasse dust, the moldy fibrouswaste of sugarcane.

Baker’s cyst Synovial cyst inpopliteal fossa.

Balanitis Inflammation of the glanspenis and mucous membranebeneath it.

Balantidiasis Infestation with B. coli.Balanoposthitis Inflammation of

glans and prepuce.

76

Ballottement Palpatory techniquefor examining floating objects, e.g.foetus in uterus, hydronephrotickidney.

Balneology Science of baths andbathing.

Balser’s fatty necrosis Gangrenouspancreatitis with fatty necrosis ofpancreas and often of bone marrow.

Bandage A piece of gauze to bewrapped around a body part asdressing.

b. barton Double figure of eightbandage for the lower jaw.

b. butterfly Adhesive bandage usedto hold wound edges together.

b. buttocks T or double T bandage oropen triangle bandage for buttocks.

b. cravat Triangular bandage foldedto form a band around any injuredbony part, e.g. knee elbow, hand,wrist, head, clavicle.

b. figure of eight Bandage in whichturns cross each other like the figure8. Used to fix and elevate theshoulders in fracture clavicle, to fixsplints for the foot or hand.

b. spica Bandage in which a numberof figure of 8 turns are applied, eacha little higher or lower with someoverlapping. Used for breasts,shoulders, great toe etc.

b. suspensory used for support ofbreast and scrotum.

Banti’s syndrome A combination ofanaemia, cirrhosis and splenic en-largement.

Bandl’s ring Ring like thickening atthe junction of upper and loweruterine segments.

Barber’s itch Folliculitis of facemostly by Staph. aureus.

Barbotage Repeated injection andwithdrawal as in withdrawal ofCSF and injection of drugs into SAspace.

Baresthesia Pressure sense.Barium An alkaline metallic com-

pound used as barium sulphate forupper GI studies, colon and GI tract

Baritosis Barium dust inducedpneumoconiosis.

Barlow’s disease Vit. C deficiencystate.

Barognosis The ability to estimateweight.

Baroreflex Reflex mediated bypressure changes within greatvessels through stimulation ofmechanoreceptors.

Barotrauma Trauma due to changesin atmospheric pressure.

Barr body Sex chromatin mass seenwithin the nuclei of normal femalesomatic cells, representing inac-tivated X-chromosome.

Barrel chest Rounded chest due toair trapping as in emphysema. Innormal chest, AP diameter is morethan transverse, hence ellipticalshape.

Bartholin’s gland A compoundmucus gland lying in lateral wallof vestibule of vagina, at thejunction upper and middle onethird.

Bartholin’s duct Duct of sublingualsalivary gland that runs parallelwith Wharton’s duct and openswith it.

Ballottement Bartholin’s duct

77

Bartonellosis Infection due to bar-tonella bacilliformis (oroya fever)characterised by fever and haemo-lysis; transmitted by female sandfliesand treated with chloramphenicol.

Bartter’s syndrome Hyperplasia ofJuxtaglomerular cells with hypo-kalemia, hyperaldosteronism butwithout a rise in blood pressure.

Basal ganglia Four masses of graymatter (caudate, lentiform, amyg-daloid and claustrum) lying deepin cerebral hemispheres.

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) Normalvalue is 40 kcal/m2/hour, a test ofthyroid function.

Base Any substance that acceptshydrogen ion; strong bases feelslippery and are corrosives.

Base pair In double stranded helicalDNA the connecting chemicals, i.e.base pairs adenine-thymine,guanine-cytosine bind the strands.

Basion Mid point of anterior borderof foramen magnum.

Basiphobia Fear of walking.Basisphenoid An embryonic bone

that becomes the lower portion ofsphenoid.

Bassini’s operation Surgical repairof inguinal hernia.

Battered child syndrome Physicalinjuries inflicted upon children.

Battery Assault.Bazin’s disease Erythema in-

duratum.B cells Bone marrow derived lym-

phocytes, which when stimulatedby antigen, transform to antibodyproducing plasma cells.

BCG vaccine Bacilli-Calmette-Guerin, indicated for vaccinationof tuberculin negative children.

Beaker Wide mouthed glass vessel.Beau’s line White lines on finger

nails.Beclomethasone Synthetic cor-

ticosteroid.Becquerel (BQ) A measure of

radioactivity of radionuclidesequal to 3.7 × 1010 curies.

Bedlam Asylum for insane.Bedsore Pressure Sore, i.e. ischae-

mic necrosis of tissue esp. over bonyprominences.

Behcet’s syndrome A symptomscomplex of recurrent orogenitalulceration, uveitis and joint pains,5 times more frequent in males.

Belching Expulsion of stomach gasthrough mouth and nose.

Bell’s palsy Sudden unilateral lowermotor facial palsy due to swelling/ischemia of the nerve in bony canal.

Bellini’s tubule The straight con-necting tubule of the kidney.

Bence Jones protein A low mole-cular weight protein that dis-appears when urine is boiled toabove 60°C but reappears onceurine is cooled, commonly seen inmultiple myeloma.

Benedict’s sol A solution of coppersulfate, sodium citrate and sodiumcarbonate, used for testing presenceof reducing sugars in urine.

Benedict’s test 8 drops of urine isadded to 5 ml. of Benedicts Sol. andboiled to see for green, yellow, redprecipitate.

Bartonellosis Benedict's test

78

Benign Not recurrent, nor progressive.Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)

Prostatic enlargement in elderlydue to hyperplasia causingobstruction of prostatic urethra.

Benoxynate HCL Topically usedophthalmic local anaesthetic.

Benserazide Inhibitor of amino aciddecarboxylase, used in parkin-sonism.

Bentonite Hydrated alumino - sili-cate, used as a suspending agent.

Benzalkonium chloride An an-timicrobial preservative, used asdetergent and germicide.

Benzafibrate Lipid lowering agentBenzene A volatile liquid used in

synthesis of dyes and drugs.Benzidine Used for test of occult

blood in stool, (to a solution ofbenzidine in glacial acetic acid isadded 3% H2O2 and the stoolsample. Appearance of blue colourindicates presence of blood.

Benznidazole A nitroimidazole forChaga’s disease.

Benzobromarone Uricosuric agentused in gout.

Benzocaine Topical anaesthetic.Benzodiazepine Psychotropic

agents with potent hypnotic andantianxiety effects.

Benzoic A plant resin used as in-halant, or protective coating forulcers.

Benzoic acid Antifungal agent.Benzoyl peroxide Keratolytic agent

(for acne).Benzthiazide Diuretic of thiazide

group.Benztropine mesylate Antipara-

sympathomimetic agent for treat-ment of parkinsonism.

Benzyl benzoate Scabicide.Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate

Anthelmintic for hookworm andmixed infestation.

Beraud’s valve A fold of mucousmembrane at the mouth of lacry-mal duct in the lid.

Beri beri A disease due to thiaminedeficiency characterized by car-diac failure (wet type) or fatigue,neuritis, poor memory, anorexia(dry type).

Benign Beri beri

Benzoic Acid

79

Berylliosis Beryllium induced pul-monary fibrosis.

Bestiality Sexual intercourse withanimals.

Beta adrenergic receptors Specificreceptors in blood vessels, heart,bronchi intestine, etc. for action ofadrenaline and noradrenaline.

Beta adrenergic receptor blockersDrugs that block both Beta1 andBeta2 receptors.

Betahistine Drug used for vertigo.Betaine An alkaloid from beet, used

orally as a source of HCl.Betadine Povidone-iodine.Betalactamase An enzyme produced

by certain bacteria that inactivatesantibiotics.

Beta methasone Synthetic gluco-corticoid.

Betatron Electron accelerator thatproduces high energy electrons orX-rays.

Bethanicol Choline ester used forrelief of urinary retention.

Betz cells Giant pyramidal cells inthe motor cortex whose axons formpyramidal tract.

Bezoar A hardmass of entangledmaterial found in stomach orintestine, hair ball (trichobezoar)hair and vegetable fiber (tricho-phyto bezoar).

Biblio mania Obsession withcollection of books.

Biceps A muscle with two heads.b. brachii flexor of elbow and

supinater.b. femoris muscle on posterior lateral

side of thigh, flexor of knee androtates it outwards.

BCNU Carmustine, an antineoplasticagent.

Biconcave Concave on each side.Biconvex Convex on both sides.Bicornis Uterus with two horns due

to incomplete union of müllerianducts.

Bicuspid Having two cusps orleaflets. mitral, often aortic.

Berylliosis Bicuspid

Bikornuate Uterus

80

Bicuspid tooth Permanent premolarsare bicuspid.

Bicycle ergometer Stationarybicycle used for cardiac exercise,i.e. MUGA testing/intraoperativeexercise test.

Bifid Cleft or split into two parts.Bifocal Eye glasses with lenses for

distant and near vision.Bifonazole An imidazole with

antifungal activity.Bigemini Group of two beats sepa-

rated by a long pause. Commonlydue to regular extrasystoles, (e.g.digitalis toxicity).

Bile A thick viscid fluid with bittertaste secreted by liver. The bilewhen secreted in liver is strawcoloured but down below isyellow-brown or green in colour.

Bile acids Cholic, taurocholic andglycocholic acids that exist as saltsin bile and are helpful for intestinalfat absorption (micelle formation).

Bile pigment Bilirubin and bili-verdin, imparting brown colour to

urine and faeces and give positivereaction in Vandenberg’s test.

Biticyanin A blue or purple pigment,an oxidation product of biliverdin.

Biligenesis Formation of bile.Bilirubin Bile pigment; yellow to

orange coloured, can be directacting when conjugated to glu-curonic acid or indirect actingwhen unconjugated.

Biliverdin Greenish pigment, formedby oxidation of bilirubin.

Billroth’s operation BI: Excision ofpylorus and gastroduodenal anas-tomosis BII: Partial gastrectomyfollowed by side to sidegastrojejunal anastomosis.

Bimanual Examination by bothhands.

Bimodal Means a graphic presen-tation with two peaks.

Bioassay Determination of strengthof a drug in live animal/humans.

Bioavailability The rate and extentto which an active drug or meta-bolite enters the general circulationto be available at the acting site.

Biochemistry Chemistry of livingthings.

Biodynamics The science of force orenergy of living matter.

Biofeedback A training programmeaimed at controlling in function ofautonomic nervous system.

Biogenic amines Chemical com-pounds important in neuro trans-mission, e.g. dopamine, nore-pinephrine, serotonin and his-tamine.

Bicuspid tooth Biogenic amines

Bile Drainage

81

Biokinetics Study of growth chan-ges and movements in developingorganisms.

Biometry Computation of life ex-pectancy, application of statisticsto biological science.

Biophysics Application of physicallaws to biological processes andfunction.

Biostatistics Application of statis-tical processes and methods to theanalysis of biological data, e.g.morbidity rate, mortality rate etc.

Biot’s breathing Short breaths insuccession followed by long apneaas seen in raised intracranialpressure.

Biotin Otherwise known vit. H;deficiency manifests with poormental and physical development,alopecia, impaired immunity, etc.

Biparietal Distance between bothparietal eminences important forfoetal descent and delivery.

Bipolar In bipolar disease patient hasalternating mania and depression.

Birth mark Nevus, pigmentation orvascular tumor.

Bisacromial Pertains to two acro-mial processes.

Bismuth Silvery metallic elementwhose salts are astringent, protec-tive, soothing and antidiarrhoeal.

Bite In dentistry denotes the angleand manner at which upper andlower teeth meet when jaw is closed.

b. closed lower incisors lie behindupper incisors.

b. open gap existing between upperand lower incisors.

b. over upper incisors overlap lowerones.

b. under lower incisors pass in frontof upper ones.

Bite wing radiograph X-ray show-ing crown and upper third of rootof upper and lower teeth.

Bitot’s spots Triangular, shinny,gray spots on conjunctiva seen invit A deficiency.

Bjerrum’s screen Used for mappingthe field of visions esp. central andparacentral scotomas.

Blackhead A plug of dried sebum ina sebaceous gland (Acne).

Black eye Bruising, discoloration andswelling of eyelids followingtrauma.

Biokinetics Black eye

Bitot Spot

82

Black measles Also called haemor-rhagic measles implying a severehemorrhagic measle eruption.

Blackout Sudden loss of conscious-ness.

Black water fever Haemoglobinuriafollowing P. falciparum inducedhemolysis.

Black widow A species of poisonousspider: Latrodectus mactans,

whose bite causes severeabdominal cramps.

Bladder Receptacle to hold secretions,(urinary bladder, gallbladder).

b. autonomous Bladder with loss ofboth efferent and affarent limbs ofreflex arc, constant dribbling withlarge amount of residual urine.

b. exstrophy Congenital eversion ofbladder.

b. neurogenic Any bladder dys-function due to interruption of itsinnervation.

b. worm Larval form of tapewormwith a rounded cyst or bladder intowhich scolex is invaginated.

Blanch To lose colour. In blanchingtest, the nail is pressed quickly andthen released. When circulation isgood, colour returns within 5seconds.

Black measles Blanch

Black Eye

Urinary Bladder

83

Bland diet Diet without irritantfoods, e.g. milk, cream, preparedcereals, eggs, lean meat, fish, cheese,custard, cookie etc.

Blandin’s glands Glands on each sideof frenulum of tongue.

Blastocyst A stage of mammalianembryo next to morula and consistsof outer trophoblast to which isattached an inner cell mass. Theenclosed cavity is blastocele.

Blastoma Neoplasm composed ofimmature undifferentiated cells.

Blastomere One of the cells result-ing from cleavage of a fertilizedovum.

Blastomyces A genus of yeast likebudding fungi pathogenic to man.

Bleaching powder Calcium hypo-chlorite or chlorinated lime.

Bleeding time Time required forblood to stop flowing from a pinprick. Normal range 1-3 minutes(Dukes) or 1-9 minutes (Ivy).

Blennorrhagia A discharge frommucous membranes.

Bleomycin Anti-tumor agent usedfor carcinoma of skin, lungs, headand neck.

Blepharitis Inflammation of lidmargins including hair folliclesand the glands.

Blepharodiastasis Excessive sepa-ration of eyelids.

Blepharospasm Twitching or spasmof orbiculares oculi muscle.

Blindness Amauresis.Blindspot Physiological scotoma

situated 15° to outside of visualfixation point, corresponding tooptic disc.

Blister Collection of fluid withinepidermis.

Blood brain barrier A barriermembrane, i.e. endothelium andbasement membrane, that prevententry of damaging substances intoCNS.

Bland diet Blood brain barrier

Blastocyst

84

Blood group A genetically deter-mined system of antigens locatedon surface of RBC. AB, and O systemis the commonly accepted one.There are 30 Rh antigens too.

Blood pressure Pressure exerted bymoving blood on the vessel wall. Avalue beyond 140/90 mm Hg inthose below 50 years and 160/95mm Hg in those above 60 years isabnormal.

BP diastolic BP in between heart beats;depends upon elasticity of arteriesand peripheral vascular resistance.

Blumenbach’s sign Sign indicativeof peritonitis, pain is experiencedwhile pressure is relieved, on theabdomen by examining hand.

Boa’s point A tender spot left of 12thdorsal vertebra, in patients withgastric ulcer.

Bochdalek’s ganglion Ganglion ofplexuses of dental nerve in the max-illa above the canine tooth.

Bodyb. ketone They are acetone, aceto-

acitic acid and betahydroxy buty-ric acid.

b. amygdaloid Almond shaped graymatter in the lateral wall and roofof third ventricle of brain concernedwith memory.

b. Aschoff Microscopic areas ofcentral fibrinoid degeneration withsorrounding chronic inflam-matory cell infiltration seen inrheumatic fever.

Blood group Body, Aschoff

Blood Groups

Body Carotid, Body Perineal

85

b. carotid Flat structure at bifur-cation of common carotid, contai-ning baroreceptors.

b. chromaffin Also known asparaganglia, ectodermal in origin,lie along both sides of dorsal aorta.

b. donovan Chlamydia granulo-matis, causative organism ofgranuloma inguinale.

b. medial geniculate Lie in posteriordorsal thalamus and receive acousticfibers from medullary centerspassing to it via inferior colliculus.

b. lateral geniculate Receives af-farentfibers from retina through optic tracts.

b. Leishman-Donovan Leishmandonovan parasite seen both extra-and intracellularly in kala-azar(Dum-Dum fever).

b. malpighian Renal corpuscleconsisting of glomerulus and theBowman’s capsule.

b. mammilary It is a roundedeminence projecting into interpeduncular fossa. It acts as a relaystation for olfactory impulses.

b. Negri Inclusion bodies in nervecells of CNS in patients of rabies.

b. Nissl Large inclusion bodies innerve cells.

b. pacchionian Arachnoid granu-lation.

b. pineal Located near splenium ofcorpus callosum secreting melatonin.

b. psammoma Laminated calcareousbody seen in certain tumors(meningioma).

b. restiform Inferior cerebellarpeduncle.

Body mass index Body weight in kgdivided by height in meters squared(W/H2), an index for estimatingobesity.

Body rocking Rhythmic purposelessbody movements.

Boeck’s sarcoid Older name forsarcoidosis.

Boil A furuncle, acute inflammationof subcutaneous tissue includingglands and hair follicles.

Bombesin A neuropeptide present ingut and brain.

Boneb. alveolar bone of maxilla and

mandible supporting the teeth.b. sesamoid bone found embeded in

tendons and joint capsule.Bone age Estimation of biological age

based on development of ossificationcenters of wrist and long bones.

Borborygmus A gurgling, splashingsound heard in abdomen caused bypassage of gas.

Boric acid An odourless whitecrystaline powder used as a mildantiseptic solution especially foreyes, mouth and bladder.

Body, carotid Boric acid

Geniculate Body

86Bone Bone of the body

Bone

Bone of the Body

87Bornholm disease Brain

Bornholm disease Pleurodyniacaused by coxackie B. virus.

Botulin The neurotoxin responsiblefor botulism.

Botulism A severe form of foodpoisoning due to botulinous toxinsA,B,C,D,E,F and G.

Bougie A slender flexible instrumentfor dilating tubular organs, e.g.urethra.

Boutonniere deformity Proximal IPjoint flexion and DIP hyper-extension, characteristic of rheu-matoid deformity.

Bowleg Outward bending of lowerlimbs (genu varum, due to rickets).

Bowman’s capsule A bilayeredmembrane closely applied toglomerulus. functioning as a filterfor formation of urine.

Bowman’s membrane Thin homo-geneous membrane separatingcorneal epithelium from cornealsubstance.

Boyle’s law The law states that at aconstant temperature, the volumeof gas varies inversely withpressure.

Brachium pontis Middle cerebellarpeduncle.

Brachycheilia Abnormally shortlips.

Brachydactylia Abnormally shortfingers and toes.

Brachytherapy Radioactive mate-rial implant (radium, cesium,indium or gold) at the malignancysite.

Bradycardia Sinus rhythm, < 60/minute in adult, 100/minute in achild and 120/minute in fetus.

Bradyarrhythmia Slow and irregu-lar heart rate.

Bradykinesia Slowness of move-ment (parkinsonism).

Bradyphrasia Slowness of speech.Braille Raised dots system for

education of blind.

Brain Composed of neurones andneuroglia, average weight 1350-

Midsagittal Section of the Brain

Bradycardia Sinus

88

1400 gin of which 2% in spinal cordand 85% is cerebrum, divided into1. diencephalon (thalamus,hypothalamus, epithalamus) 2.mesencephalon (tegmentum, cruracerebri, medulla) 3. metencephalon(cerebellum, pons) and 4.telencephalon (cerebral cortex).

Brain death Isoelectric EEG for atleast 30 minutes with no change inresponse to sound and pain stimuli;absent respiration and all reflexes,(barbiturate, diazepam,methaqualone can produce shortperiods of isoelectric EEG).

Bran Outer layer or husk of grains/cereals composed of undigestiblecellulose, adding bulk to stool.

Branchial arches Five pairs of archedstructure that form lateral andventral walls of pharynx of theembryo from which structures offace and neck are formed.

Branchial clefts Openings betweenbranchial arches.

Brandt-Andrews maneuver Ex-pression of placenta from uterusduring third stage of labour bygentle traction on cord by one hand,the other hand pressing uterusbackwards and upwards.

Braxton-Hicks sign Painless inter-mittent uterine contractions occurringafter 3rd month of pregnancy.

Break bone fever Dengue fever(group B arbovirus).

Breathing Act of inhaling andexhaling air.

b. bronchial Prolonged high pitchedexpiration with often a tubularquality.

Breech presentation Foetal buttockspresent at pelvic inlet.

Bregma That point on skull wherecoronal and sagittal sutures join.

Breisky’s disease Kraurosis vulvae.

Brain death Breisky's disease

Breech Presentation

89

Brenner’s tumor Benign fibro-epithelioma of ovary.

Bretylium Antiarrhythmic agent.Briquets syndrome A personality

disorder with alcoholism andsomatization disorder.

Brittle diabetes Changing and un-predictable response to insulinleading to ketosis, particularly inchildhood diabetes.

Broca’s area Posterior end of leftinferior frontal gyrus whichcontains motor speech area con-trolling movements of lips, tongueand vocal cord.

Brodies’s abscess Subacute osteo-myelitis usually due to tuberculosisor Staph. aureus infection.

Bromocryptine mesylate A dopa-minergic ergot derivative that isused in hyperprolactinemia.

Bronchiectasis Chronic irreversibleand permanent dilatation ofbronchi, may be congenital oracquired.

Bronchiocele Circumscribed dila-tation of bronchus.

Bronchiole Respiratory bronchioleis the last division of bronchial treeand continues as alveolar duct intoalveolus. Terminal bronchiole isnext to last subdivision of abronchiole.

Bronchiolitis Inflammation ofbronchioles, commonly in smallchildren.

Bronchitis Inflammation of mucousmembrane of bronchi.

Bronchogram Radioopaque mate-rial opacification of bronchi.

Broncholith A calculus in thebronchus.

Bronchophony The voice as heardover normal bronchus by use ofstethoscope.

Bronchopneumonia Inflammationof terminal bronchioles andalveoli.

Bronchoscope An endoscope forvisualization of tracheobronchialtree, biopsy and foreign bodyremoval.

Bronchoscopy Examination ofbronchial tree by a bronchoscope.

Broncho vesicular Sounds inter-mediate between bronchial andalveolar sounds.

Bronchus The hollow tubes formedby division of trachea at the levelof D4.

Brown Sequard’s syndrome Hemi-section of spinal cord with loss ofpain and temperature on oppositeside, motor paralysis on the sameside with loss of position andvibratory sense.

Brucellosis Infection caused byBrucella organism (B. abortus, suisand mellitensis),

Bruch’s membrane The membranelying between choroid membraneand the pigmented epithelium ofretina.

Bruck’s disease A combination ofmuscle atrophy and skeletaldisorder like multiple fracture,ankylosis.

Bruise Injury with effusion of bloodinto subcutaneous tissue and skindiscolouration with intact skin.

Brenner's tumor Bruise

90

Bruit An adventitious sound ofarterial or venous obstructionnarrowing.

Brunner’s glands Compound glandsof duodenum and upper jejunumsecreting mucus.

Brush border Hollow microvilli inthe renal tubules and intestinalepithelium.

Brushfield spots Gray or pale yel-low spots present at the peripheryof iris in Down’s syndrome.

Bruxism Grinding of teeth par-ticularly during sleep.

Bryant’s traction Traction appliedto lower leg vertically in treatingfemur fracture in children.

Buck’s traction Traction of lowerextremity applied in line with longaxis of the leg.

Buclizine Antihistamine used formotion sickness.

Buerger’s disease Thrombo angitisobliterans, a vasospastic disease,often nicotine induced, respondingto sympathectomy, revascula-rization and vasodilators.

Buffalo hump Excess fat depositionin cervical and upper thoracicregion due to cortisone excess.

Buffer A substance that maintainshydrogen ion concentration inblood. Principal blood buffers are:bicarbonates, carbonates, carbonicacid, dibasic phosphates, Hb andplasma proteins.

Bufotenine A hallucinogen fromplant, N-methylation product of -5HT.

Bulb Any rounded or globular struc-ture; bulbar paralysis-paralysis dueto disease of medula oblongata.

Buffy coat A light coloured layercontaining white cells that forms

Bruit Buffy coat

Bulbourethral Glands

91

when blood is centrifused or is al-lowed to stand in a test tube.

Bulbitis Inflammation of urethra inits bulbous portion, e.g. posteriorportion of corpus spongiosumfound between the two crura ofpenis.

Bulbocavernosus reflex Contrac-tion of bulbocavernosus muscle onpercussing of dorsum of penis.

Bulbomimic reflex Contraction offacial muscles following pressureon eye ball.

Bulbourethral glands Cowper’sglands: Two small glands aboutthe size of a pea, one on each side ofprostate gland secreting a viscidfluid adding to semen.

Bulimia Excessive and insatiableappetite. Bouts of over eatingfollowed by vomiting in younggirls.

Bulla A large blister or skin vesiclefilled with fluid.

Bumetanide A diuretic.Bunion Inflammation and thickening

of the bursa of the joint of great toeoften with lateral displacement ofthe toe.

Buphthalmos Infantile glaucomawith uniform enlargement of eyeesp. cornea.

Buprenorphine Semisyntheticmorphine analog, very potentanalgesic.

Burr A device that rotates at highspeed, used by dentist or surgeon tomake holes in cranium.

Burkitt’s lymphoma Undifferen-tiated lymphoblastic lymphomainvolving sites other than lymphnodes and RE system, with strongassociation with EB virus infection.

Burnett’s syndrome Milk-alkalisyndrome.

Burning foot syndrome Burning inthe sole of feet due to vitamindeficiency and chronic renal failure.

Bursa A pad like cavity in the vicinityof joint lined with synovialmembrane, acting to reduce frictionbetween tendon and bone.

Bursitis Inflammation of a bursa.Bursolith Calculus formed in bursa.Burton’s line A blue line along the

margin of the gum visible in chroniclead poisoning.

Buspiron Antianxiety agent.

Bulla

Bulbitis Buspiron

Buphthalmos

92Bursa Bursa

Bursa

Bursa

93

Butterfly rash Skin rash on bothcheeks joined by an extension acrossthe bridge of nose.

Butorphanol Morphine conzener,acts like pentazocine.

Butoxamine Beta2 adrenergicantagonist.

Butyric acid A fatty acid used indisinfectants, emulsifying agent.

Butyrophenone A class of chemicalsof which haloperidol is a member,antipsychotic agents.

Byssinosis Pneumoconiosis of cottonand textile workers.

Butterfly rash Byssinosis

CCabot’s Ring Blue stained thread like

inclusions in red blood cells insevere anaemia.

Cachectin Tumor necrosis factoralfa.

Cachet Used for administeringmedicines with a bitter taste.

Cachexia A state of ill health,malnutrition, wasting.

Cacogenesis Abnormal develop-ment or growth.

Cacogeusia Unpleasant taste in themouth.

Cacosmia Unpleasant odor (olfac-tory hallucination).

Cadaver Dead body, corpse car-daverine-malodorous substance,cadaverous; resembling corpse.

Cadence Rythmic movements.Cafe-au-lait spots Spots of patchy

pigmentation of skin, usually lightbrown in color-characteristic ofneurofibromatosis.

Caffein An alkaloid of tea, coffee.CNS stimulant, analgesic.

Caissons disease A condition thatdevelops in divers when airpressure is rapidly reduced whileascent to the surface. Symptoms aredue to bubbling out of dissolvednitrogen.

Calamine A pink powder contain-ing zinc oxide and little ferric oxide,used as protective, astringent.

Calcaneus The heel bone articulat-ing with talus and cuboid.

Calcareous Having the nature oflime, chalky

Calcicosis Pneumoconiosis causedby inhalation of lime stone dusts.

Calciphylaxis Calcification of tissuedue to induced tissue sensitivity

Calcitonin Calcium loweringhormone, used in hypercalcemia,Paget’s disease secreted by D cellsthyroid.

Calcium A silvere white metallicelement, calcium phosphateconstitutes 85% of mineral mattersof bone; calcium is essential forblood coagulation, enzymeactivation and acid base balance,muscle and myocardialcontraction and maintenance ofmembrane permeability.

c. carbonate is used as antacid,Cachloride is given IV for ionicbalance.

c. cyclomate is an artificial sweetner.c. disodium edetate binds metallic

ions;c. gluconate is used orally and IV.c. hydroxide is used in dentistry as

cavity liner or pulp cappingmaterial under a layer of zincphosphate.

c. lactate/levulinate used IV.c. oxalate a constituent of renal stone;

Caoxide used as disinfectant andgeremicide;

C. phosphate used as antacid.Calcium Channel blockers A group

of drugs that act by slowing theinflux of calcium ions into musclecells resulting in decreased arterialresistance and decreasedmyocardial O2 demand.

Calciferol Vit D2, ergocalciferol.Calcitrol A sterol of vit D activity,

very potent.

95

Calculus Any abnormal concretionin the body.

Calf Fleshy muscular back part ofleg formed by gastrocnemius andsoleus.

Calefacient Agent that gives senseof warmth when applied to thebody.

Calcivirus Cause epidemics of viralgastroenteritis in adult andchildren

Calisthenics An exercise programmeto bring suppleness and gracefulnessof body combined with music.

Calomel Mercurous chlorideCalyx Any cuplike organ or cavity.Callosity Localized hypertrophy/

thickening of skin at friction/pressure points.

Callus See callosity.Calmodulin Intracellular proteins that

combine with calcium and activatea variety of cellular responses.

Calvaria The dome like superiorportion of cranium.

Calve-Perthe’s disease Asepticnecrosis of femoral head epiphysis.

Campylobacter A gram negative rodshaped spirally coiled bacteria,flagellated and mobile causingdiarrhoea

C of Lambert Broncho alveolarcommunication channels thatprevent hatelectasis

C pterygoid A canal in sphenoid bonetransmitting Pterygoid vessels andnerves.

C of Sclemm Spaces at sclero cornealjunction draining aqueous humor.

C Volkman’s canals on periosteumthrough which blood vessels passto connect to those in haversiancanals

Canal Channel, passage way.c. adductor: triangular space lying

beneath the sartorius muscle andbetween the adductor longus andvastus medialis muscles; transmitsfemoral vessels and saphenousnerve; also called Hunter’s canal.

c. Alcock’s Canal on the pelvic surfaceof abturator internus formed byobturator fascia, transmitspudendal vessels and nerve.

c. femoral the medial division offemoral sheath, containing somelymphatic vessel and a lymph node.

c. inguinal 1½” long oblique passageextending from internal inguinalring to external inguinal ringtransmitting spermatic cord, andilioinguinal nerve in male andround ligament of uterus andilioinguinal nerve in female.

Calculus Canal, inguinal

Calculus

96

c. semicircules Three half circular,interconnected tubes present in theinner ear.

Canaliculus Small channel or canal.Cancer Malignant tumor which is

invasive and metastasizes to newsites by lymph/blood.

Cancrum A rapidly spreading ulcer.Candida A genus of yeast like fungi

that develop a pseudomyceliumand reproduce by budding.

Candidiasis Infection of skin andmucous membrane by candida.

Cane Sugar Sucrose.Canker Ulceration of mouth and lips.Cannabis Dried flowering tops of the

cannabis saliva.Cannibalism Eating of human flesh

(kuru)Canthridin Keratolytic for removal

of warts.

Canthoplasty Enlargement ofpalpebral fissure by division ofexternal canthus.

Capitellum The round eminence atlower end of humerus articulatingwith the radius

Capitulum A small roundedarticular end of a bone.

Caplan’s syndrome Rheumatoidarthritis with progressive massivelung fibrosis in pneumoconiosis.

Capreomycin A second line tuber-culostatic drug.

Capsid Protein covering around thecentral core of virus particleprotecting the virus particle fromdestructive enzymes.

Capsule Gelatin enclosure for drugdelivery.

c. articular A two layered coveringfor sinovial joints. The inner layer

Canal, semicircules Capsule, articular

Semicircular Canal

97

is sinovial and outer layer isfibrous.

c. Glisson: outer fibrous capsulecovering liver and portal vessels.

c. Tenon: the thin fibrous sacenveloping the eyeball.

c. glomarculus fibrous capsulecovering the glameruli.

Captopril AC enzyme inhibitor,blocking conversion of angiotensinI to angiotensin II. A vasodilatoruseful for hypertension andcongestive failure.

Caput succedaneum Swelling onpresenting part of foetal headduring labour.

Caramel Flavoring and colouringagent made by heating sugar orglucose, destroying the sweet tastein the process.

Carbachol Cholinergic drug forproducing miosis, also used foremptying bladder.

Carbamazepine Antiepilepsy drugused for temporal lobe epilepsy andtrigeminal neuralgia.

Carbenoxolone Oleandane deri-vative used in peptic ulcer.

Carbasone Contains 28% arsenicantiamoebic agent.

Carbenicillin Broad spectrumantibiotic, penicillin derivative.

Carbidopa Dopa decarboxylaseinhibitor, used in combination withlevodopa for parkinsonism.

Carbimazole Antithyroid drug.Carbohydrate Chemical substances

containing carbon, oxygen andhydrogen, e.g. sugar, glycogen,starches, dextrin and celluloses.Sucrose is glucose + fructose;maltose is 2 D glucose; lactose isglucose + galactose.

Carbon 14C is radiocative isotope ofcarbon with halflife of 5600 years.Used in archeology dating and astracer element in metabolic studies.

Carbon dioxide Final metabolicproduct of carbon compoundspresent in food. CO2 combiningpower is a test of buffer capacity ofblood. Solid CO2 (-80°C) used forremoval of naevi, telangiectasis,warts, haemorrhoids etc.

Carbon monoxide Present inautomobile exhaust fumes, dis-places O2 from haemoglobin, hencediminishing O2 transport.

Carbon tetrachloride A colourlesstoxic anesthetic liquid, previouslyused for ankylostomiasis but toxicto liver and kidney.

Carboxyhemoglobin Compoundformed by CO and Hb.

Carboxylase An enzyme thatcatalyzes the removal of carboxylgroup (COOH) from amino acidsin the presence of Vit. B1 acting asan coenzyme.

Carboxylation Replacement ofhydrogen by a carboxyl (COOH)molecule.

Capsule, gilsson Carboxylation

Capsule Glomerular

98

Carboxylic acid Organic acid withCOOH group.

Carbuncle Spreading inflammationof deeper skin.

Carbutamide An oral hypoglycemicagent.

Carcino embryonic antigen A classof antigen in fetus and expressedby colonic tumors. CEA levelreturns to normal after completeremoval of colonic tumor.

Carcinogen Carcinoma inducingchemicals, e.g. benzpyrines.

Carcinoid Tumor of Argentaffin cellsin the GI tract, bronchi, ovary,secreting serotonin.

Carcinoid syndrome Syndrome dueto metastatic carcinoid tumorssecreting serotonin, bradykinin,histamine and prostaglandin.Symptoms are diarrhoea, flushing,hypotension and heart valvelesions.

Carcinoma Malignant growth ofepithelial tissue; basal cell carci-noma is from basal layer of skin,rarely metastasizes (rodent ulcer)epidermoid carcinoma: tumor onthe surface either wartlike orinfiltrating. Medullary carcinoma:Carcinoma that is soft because of

predominance of cells and paucityof fibrosis. Squamous cell cancer:Cancer from squamous epitheliumwith rolled out everted edges.Scirrhous carcinoma: A form ofcylindrical carcinoma with a firm,hard structure.

c. cylindrical Carcinoma of glandsusually entodermal origin.

Carcinophilia Having affinity forcancer cells.

Cardarelli’s sign Pulsating move-ment of trachea with aortic aneu-rysm.

Cardiac cycle The period frombeginning of one heart beat tobeginning of next beat It comprisesatrial systole 0.1 second, ventricularsystole 0.3 second and ventricularrelaxation of 0.5 seconds.

Cardiac failure Condition resultingfrom inability of heart to pumpsufficient blood to meet the bodyneeds.

Cardiac output Blood ejected fromleft/right ventricle per minute,usually 3 lit/m2.

Cardiac plexus Branches of vagusand sympathetic trunk encirclingbase of heart.

Cardiac reflex Slowing of heartrate from stimulation of sensorynerve endings in the walls ofcarotid sinus from a rise in arte-rial blood pressure. (Marey’slaw).

Cardiac reserve The capacity of heartto increase cardiac output and raiseblood pressure to meet bodyrequirements.

Carboxylic acid Cardiac reserve

Carbuncle

99

Cardiectasis Dilatation of heart.Cardinal Important or of primary

importance.Cardiocele Herniation of heart

through an opening in diaphragmor chest wall.

Cardiocentesis Puncture of heart.Cardiac cirrhosis Cirrhosis of liver

secondary to a cardiac cause.Commonly constructive pericarditis.

Cardiodynia Pain in the region ofheart.

Cardioesophageal reflux Reflux ofgastric contents into esophagus.

Cardiogenesis Formation andgrowth of embryonic heart.

Cardiogenic In relation to heartitself.

Cardiogram Recording of electricalactivity of heart.

Cardiograph Machine that picks upelectrical activity of heart.

Cardiolipin An extract of beef heartused for test of syphilis.

Cardiomegaly Enlargement of heartCardiomyopathy Primary disease of

heart muscle.Cardiomyopexy Stitching of pecto-

ral muscle to cardiac muscle inorder to augment vascular supplyto heart muscle.

Cardiomyoplasty Reinforcement ofcardiac muscle contractility bytransfer of latissimus dorsi tosurround the heart and to contractsynchronously with cardiacmuscle.

Cardiomyotomy Surgical therapy ofachalasia in which the musclesurrounding cardioesophageal

junction is cut but the mucousmembrane is left intact.

Cardioplegia Deliberate arrest ofcardiac function by use of hypo-thermia, potassium, etc.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitationEmergency medical care to aperson whose heart and lungfunction is going to stop or hasrecently stopped. Artificialrespiration and cardiac massageare the two principal componentsof CPR.

Cardiorrhexis Rupture of heart.Cardioverter Defibrillator that

delivers electric shockwaves fortreating cardiac arrhythmia/ventricular standstill.

Caries Tooth decay with loss ofenamel and dentin G.V. Black’sclassification of dental caries:class I-occlusal, class II-interproximal of bicuspids andmolars; class III-interproximalsurfaces involving incisal surfaces;class IV-interproximal but notinvolving incisal surface. Root oftooth in more susceptible to decaydue to lack of enamel covering.

Cariogenic Conducive to dentalcaries formation.

Carisoprodol A muscle relaxant,acting through CNS.

Carminative Agent that helps to getrid of gas in intestine.

Carmustine Antineoplastic agent.Carnal Related to desires or appetite

of flesh.Carnitine A chemical important in

metabolism of palmitic and stearic

Cardiectasis Carnitine

100Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

101

acid. Used therapeutically intreatment of myopathy due tocarnitine deficiency.

Carnivorous Flesh eating.Carotinase Enzyme that converts

carotine into Vit A.Carotene Yellow cristalline pig-

ments of plant and animal tissue,converted to Vi t A in liver.

Carotenemia A benign conditionwith high blood caroten levelcausing yellow colouration of skinbut not of conjunctiva.

Carotid body A pressure and hypo-xia sensitive flat structure presentat carotid bifurcation.

Carotid sinus A dilated area at thebifurcation of common carotid,richly supplied with sensory nerveendings, responding to changes inconcentration of O2 and bloodpressure.

Carotid siphon The S shaped termi-nal portion of internal carotidartery.

Carotidynia Pain elicited by pres-sures on common carotid artery.

Carpal tunnel The canal beneathflexor retinaculum of wrist inwhich flexor tendons and mediannerve pass.

Carpal tunnel syndrome Pain,tenderness and weakness of musclesof thumb caused by pressure onmedian nerve in carpal tunnel.

Carphology Involuntary picking atbed clothes, muttering etc. the signsof impending end.

Carpopedal spasm Spasms of handand feet seen in tetany and hyper-ventilation.

Carrier A person who harbors apathogenic organism without anysign or symptom of disease but iscapable of spreading the organismto others.

Cartilage A type of dense connectivetissue capable of withstandinghigh pressure and tension.Cartilage is avascular and iswithout nerve supply.

Carnivorous Cartilage

Carpal Tunnel

Carpopedal Spasm

102

c. hyaline Bluish-white glassytranslucent cartilage, e.g. semi-lunar cartilage of knee, thyroidcartilage.

Caruncle Small fleshy growth.Carvallo’s sign Murmurs of heart

originating from tricuspid valveincrease during inspiration anddecrease during expiration.

Casein The principal protein in milkderived from casinogen.

Casoni’s test Appearance of whealsurrounded by erythematous zonefollowing intradermal injection ofsterile hydatid fluid. The test is falsepositive in 40% cases in diagnosisof Echinococcus granulosus.

Cast 1. A solid mold of a part, usuallyapplied for immobilization offracture, dislocation and severeinjuries. 2. In dentistry a positivecopy of tissues of jaw over whichdenture base is to be made. 3. Pliableor fibrous matter which mould tothe shape of the part in which theyaccumulate. According to sourcethey can be classified as bronchial,intestinal, nasal, esophageal, renal,vaginal etc. According toconstituents casts can be bloody,fatty, hyaline, granular, waxy etc.

Castellani’s paint Composed of phenol,resorcinol, used as a disinfectant forskin and as an antifungal.

Castor oil Obtained from the plantRicinus communis, hydrolyzed inintestine to ricinoleic acid that actsas laxative.

Castrate To remove or inactivateovaries or testes.

Casuality Accident/injury/death.

Cartilage, hyaline Casuality

Arytenoid Cartilage

Casts

Urinary Casts

103

Catabolism Breakdown of complexsubstances into simpler substanceswith consumption of energy;opposite of anabolism.

Catagen Intermediate phase of hairgrowth lying between anagen(growing) and telogen (Restingphase).

Catalase An enzyme that helps inbreakdown of hydrogen peroxideinto water and oxygen.

Catalepsy A trance like state withdiminished responsiveness butoften intact perception.

Catalysis Enhancement of a chemi-cal reaction by a catalyst.

Catalyst A substance that speeds upchemical reaction without itselfbeing permanently altered, e.g. HClcatalyzes hydrolysis of sucrose.

Catamenia Menstruation.Cataphasia Involuntary repitition of

same word.Cataphoria Tendency of visual axes

to incline below the horizontalplane.

Cataphylaxis The process of carry-ing antibodies and leukocytes to thesite of an infection.

Cataplexy The brief sudden loss ofmuscle control brought on bystrong emotion, i.e. excitement,anger.

Catapres Clonidine, an antihyper-tensive agent.

Cataract Opacity of lens nucleus,capsule or both. Immature stage:lens swollen, anterior chambershallow mature stage: lens shrinks,no iris shadow on transillu-mination cataract can be polar,lamellar, nuclear, cortical, conge-nital, traumatic, diabetic butsenility is the single most commoncause.

Catarrh Inflammation of mucousmembranes esp. of head and throat.

Catatonia A phase of schizophreniain which patient is unresponsiveand tends to assume fixed posture.

Catecholamine Biologically activeamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine derived from aminoacid tyrosine.

Catgut Suture made up of ship’sintestine. Chromium trioxidetreatment enhances strength of thesuture.

Catabolism Catgut

Cataract

104

Catharsis Purgation.Cathartic Agent causing purgation.Cathepsin D An estrogen induced

lysosomal protease, a predictor ofbreast cancer recurrence

Cathepsis Synthesis of proteins inliving animals or autolysis in dead.

Catheter A hollow tube for evacu-ation and injection of fluids.Arterial and venous catheters forrecording of pressure, pacingcatheter for a trial/ventricularpacing; self retaining bladdercatheter; Tenckoff peritonealcatheter for peritoneal dialysis.

Cathexis The emotional or mentalenergy used in concentrating on anobject or idea.

Cathode Negative electrode, oppo-site of anode.

Cation An ion with positive chargethat travels onto cathode.

CAT scan Computerized axialtomography: computerized X-raypicture of any body part.

Cat scratch fever Febrile diseasewith lymphadenopathy trans-mitted by cats.

Cauda Tail or tail like structure.Terminal portion of spinal cord —cauda equina. Inferior portion ofepididymis—cauda epididymidis.

Caudate Possessing a tail.Causalgia Intense burning pain

accompanied by trophic skinchanges, due to injury to sympa-thetic innervation.

Caustic An agent particularly analkali that destroys living tissue.

Cauterization Destruction of tissue bycaustic, electric current, freezing, etc.

Cautery The means of destroyingtissue.

Cavalry bone Sesamoid bone in ad-ductor longus of thigh in riders.

Cavernitis Inflammation of corpuscavernousum of penis.

Cavernoma Cavernous haeman-gioma.

Cavernous Containing a hollowspace.

Cavitis Inflammation of vena cava.Cavity A hollow space in a viscus or

tooth.

Cavity preparation Artificial cavityprepared in teeth for tooth resto-ration, e.g. root canal treatment.

CD4 A cluster differentiation proteinreceptor specific to mature Tlymphocytes; through it HIV bindsto T lymphocytes

c. clue Vaginal epithelial cell coatedwith cocobacillary organisms, aclue to bacterial vaginosis.

Catharsis CD4, clue

Dental Caries

105

Cecectomy Surgical removal ofcaecum.

Cecopexy Surgical fixation of ceeumto abdominal wall.

Cecum The first portion of largeintestine, 6 cm in length, 7.5 cm inwidth, with appendix arising at itslower end.

Cefadroxyl Long-acting oralcephalosporin.

Celiac disease Intestinal mal-absorption syndrome mostlygluten induced.

Celiac plexus Sympathetic plexusnear origin of celiac artery.

Cell The basis structural unit of allplants and animals containingprotoplasm and nucleus.

c. argentaffin Epithelium of diges-tive tract containing grannules thatstain with silver.

c. basket 1. branching basal cell ofsalivary gland 2. Certain cells ofcerebellar cortex.

c. Betz Large pyramidal cells ofmotor cortex.

Cecectomy Cell, Betz

Cell

106

c. beta Insulin secreting cells ofpancreas (islets of Langerhans).

c. chief Parathormone secreting cells,pepsin secreting gastric cells,chromophobe cells of pituitary.

c. columar Cells with height breadth.c. cuboid Cell with height equal to

width and depth.c. endothelial Flat cells outlining

blood vessels, peritoneum andpleura-pericardium.

c. Hela Cells cultured from patientsof carcinoma of cervix.

c. Kuffer Fixed phagocytic cells insinusoids of liver.

c. Leydig Interstitial cells of testes.c. Littoral Macrophages in sinuses

of lymphatic tissue.c. mast Cells containing heparin and

histamine.c. natural killer A line of B

lymphocytes that kill the virusinfected and tumor cells.

c. neuroglia Supporting cells in CNSand retina.

c. Niemann-Pick At foamy lipid filledcell present in spleen and bonemarrow in Niemann and Pick’sdisease.

c. Purkinje Cells of cerebral cortexwhose axon extend to brain stemnuclei, cerebellum or anterior horncells of spinal cord.

Cell kinetics The study of growthand division of cells.

Cell membrane The envelopsurrounding cell, composed ofcarbohydrate, lipid and protein.

Cellophane Thin transparent waterproof sheet of cellulose acetate,used as dialysis membrane.

Cell organelle Structures in thecytoplasm like mitochondria,Golgi complex, endoplasmic reti-culum, ribosomes etc.

Cellular immunity T-cell mediatedimmune reaction, basis of organtransplant rejection, lepromin testand BCG vaccination.

Cell, beta Cellular immunity

Types of Blood Cells

Cellulitis

107

Cellulitis Inflammation of cellularor connective tissue.

Cellulose A plant polysaccharide, thesupporting framework of mostplants. It is undigestible and addsto bulk of stool.

Celsius scale Temperature scalewhere boiling point of water is 100 and melting point is of ice is 0°.

Cement Material that makes onesubstance bind to another.

Cementitis Inflammation of dentalcementum.

Cementoblast Cells lining thedeveloping tooth depositingcementum.

Cementoclast Multinucleated largecells that remove cementum (i.e.odontoclasts).

Cementoma A benign fibrousconnective tissue growth usually

at root of tooth containing smallmasses of cementum.

Cementum Thin layer of calcifiedtissue formed by cementoblastcovering the root of tooth.

Center A group of nerve cells in CNSsubserving special function.

c. apneustic Center in brainstemregulating breathing.

c. auditory Center for hearing in theanterior part of transversetemporal gyri.

c. autonomic Center controllingautonomic functions located inhypothalamus, brainstem andspinal cord.

c. cardioaceleator and c. cardioin-hibitory Both present in medullaoblongata, innervating the heartthrough sympathetic and para-sympathetic fibers.

c. Broca’s Center in inferior frontalgyrus (area) controlling speech.

c. ciliospinal Center in spinal cordgiving rise to sympathetic fibersdilating the pupil.

c. defecation Two centers located inmedulla oblongata and in S2-S4segments of spinal cord.

c. deglutition Center in medullaoblongata on the floor of fourthventricle that controls swallo-wing.

c. heat regulating A heat loss and aheat production center located inmedulla.

c. micturition Located in S2-S4,medulla and hypothalamuscontrolling micturition.

c. pneumotaxic Center in pons thatrythmically inhibits inspiration.

Cellulitis Center, pneumotaxic

Cellulitis

108

c. respiratory The inspiratory,expiratory and pneumotaxic centersin medula oblongata controlling therespiratory movements.

c. satiety An area in ventromedialthalamus that modulates eatingbehavior.

Centigram Hundredth of gram, 10 mg.Centiliter Hundredth of liter, 10 ml.Centimeter Hundredth of meter,

10 mm.Centepede Arthropod with long flat

segmented body each with a pairof legs.

Central core disease A form ofbenign familial polymyopathycharacterized by hypotonia, andnonprogressive muscle weakness.

Central venous pressure Thepressure within superior vanacava; normally 5-10 mm Hg.

Centrifugal Force directed outwardsfrom center of rotation.

Centrifuge A machine that spins testtubes at high speed, causing heavyparticles to settle down to thebottom. RBCs settle down atbottom, and WBCs form a thinlayer between RBC and plasma.

Centrilobular Concerning the centerof a lobule.

Centriole A minute organelle consis-ting of a hollowed cylinder closedat one end and open at the other.During mitosis the centriolesmigrate to opposite poles of the cellto which spindle fibers are attached.

Centripetal Directed towards theaxis, i.e. center.

Centromere The constricted centralportion of chromosome thatdivides chromosome into two.

Cephalgia Headache, pain in the body.Cephalexin Analog of antibiotic

cephalosporin.Cephalhematoma Subcutaneous

swelling containing blood found onthe head of a newborn babydisappearing within 2-3 months.

Cephalic Index Maximal length of headdivided by maximal breadth × 100.

Cephalometry Measurement of thehead using various bony pointsused to assess growth and indetermining orthodontic or pros-thetic treatment

Cephaloridine An analogue of theantibiotic cephalosporin.

Cephalotomy Perforating the foetalhead to facilitate delivery.

Cercaria A free swimming stage inthe development of fluke ortrematode.

Cerebellum Largest portion ofrhombencephalon lying dorsal topons and medulla oblongata;involved in coordination of finemovements, maintenance of pos-ture, equilibrium, muscle tone, etc.

Cerebral palsy A nonprogressiveneurological impairment occurringin early childhood due to cerebralinsult or congenital anomalies.

Cerebromalacia Softening of cere-brum.

Cerebroside A lipid constituent ofnerve tissue.

Cerebrospinal fever Inflammationof brain and meninges.

Cerebrospinal fluid The cushioningfluid formed in the choroid plexusesof the lateral and third ventricle.Normal amount 100-140 ml,specific gravity 1003-1008.

Center, respiratory Cerebrospinal fluid

109Cerebellum Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation

Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation

Cerebellum

110

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)Ischemic or haemorrhagic cere-bral events due to embolism,thrombosis, vasculitis, aneurysm,A.V. malformation, etc.

Cerebrum Consists of two hemi-spheres united by two commis-sures; corpus callosum, anteriorand posterior hippocampalcommissures.

Ceroma A waxy tumor that hasundergone amyloid degeneration.

Ceruloplasmin Copper transportingglycoprotein in blood,

Cerumen The wax like, soft brownsecretion in external auditorycanal.

Ceruminosis Excessive secretion ofcerumen.

Cervical plexus The plexus formedby joining of anterior rami of first4 cervical nerves, communicatingwith sympathetic ganglia.

Cervical spondylosis Osteoarthritisof cervical vertebra withosteophytic growths often causingnerve root compression.

Cervical vertebra First seven bonesof spinal column.

Cervicitis Inflammation of uterinecervix.

Cervicodynia Pain in the neck,cervical neuralgia.

Cervix The neck or part of an organresembling neck.

c. uteri The lower tubular part ofuterus, 1" long protruding intovaginal valt.

Cesarean section Delivery of foetusby giving incision on uterus, either

extraperitoneal or intraperitoneal.Commonly done in cephalo-pelvicdisproportion, breech presentationand foetal distress.

Cesium 137Cs an radioactive isotopeof metal cesium is used forradiation of cancer tissue.

Cestoda A subclass that includestapeworms that have a scolex anda chain of segments (proglottids).

Chaddock’s reflex 1. Extension ofgreat toe when outer edge of dorsumof foot is stroked. 2. Flexion of wristand fanning of fingers when tendonof palmaris longus is pressed;positive in corticospinal tract lesions.

Chadwick’s sign Deep blue violetcolour of cervix and vagina, inearly pregnancy

Chafing Erythema, maceration andfissuring of skin due to friction ofclothing in axilla, groin, betweendigits.

Chaga’s disease African trypa-nosomiasis.

Chalasia Relaxation of sphincters.Chalazion Distention of a meobo-

mian gland of eyelid with hardsecretions, resembling tumor.

Chalicosis Pneumoconiosis asso-ciated with inhalation of dustproduced during stone cutting.

Challenge In immunology, adminis-tration of specific antigen to anindividual known to be sensitiveto that antigen in order to producean immune response.

Chamber Closed space or compart-ment.

c. anterior, posterior Anterior andposterior chambers of eye contain-

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) Chamber, anterior, posterior

111

ing aqueous humor, lying betweencornea and iris, iris and lensrespectively.

c. Boyden Chamber used to measurechemotaxis.

c. hyperbolic Closed chamber withhigh internal air pressure, e.g.hyperbaric oxygen chambers fortreatment of frost bite, gangrenedecompression sickness.

c. pulp The chamber within crown oftooth containing nerve endings andblood vessels.

Chancre Hard painless syphiliticprimary ulcer on exposed partwith, slough leather base.

Chancroid Non-syphilitic venerealulcer due to haemophilus ducrey.

Charcoal Activated charcoal used foradsorption of gas and poisonousalkaloids in GI tract.

Charcot Bouchard aneurysm Microaneurysms in cerebral smallvessels due to weakening of mediain hypertension.

Charcot’s joint Denervated degene-rating joint in syrin-gomyelia,tabes dorsalis or spinal cord injurywith hypermobility.

Chamber, Boyden Charcot's joint

Chancre

Chalazian

112

Charcot-Leyden Crystal Colourless,hexagonal, double pointed andoften needle like crystals found insputum of asthmatic patients andin faeces of patients of intestinalamoebiasis.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Aform of hereditary progressiveneuro-muscular atrophy usuallydeveloping in childhood, commonlymales. (SYN-peroneal muscularatrophy).

Charcot’s triad Combination ofnystagmus, intention tremor, andscanning speech; frequently asso-ciated with multiple sclerosis.

Charle’s law At constant pressure, agiven amount of gas will expandin direct proportion to absolutetemperature.

Charting The process of making atabulated record of the progress ofpatient during hospital stay inrelation to temperature, bloodpressure, intake, etc.

Chediak-Higashi syndrome ARdisease in which neutrophilscontain peroxidase positive inclu-sion bodies. Partial albinism,photophobia and pale optic fundiare the clinical features. Childrenusually die between 5-10 years ofage due to lymphoma like disease.

Cheilitis Inflammation of lips.Cheilosis Red lips, with fissured

angles of mouth commonly due toriboflavin deficiency.

Chelation The process of chelating;meaning to hold ionic metalliccompounds preventing their

absorption or action at target sites,e.g. calcium disodium edetate.

Chemabrasion Use of chemicals todestroy superficial dayers of skinto treat scars, tatoos, abnormalpigmentation.

Chemical warfare Warfare withtoxic-chemical/biological agents.The chemicals used are nerve gases/disease producing organisms.

Chemiluminscence Light producedby chemical reactions withoutproduction of heat, e.g. lightproduction during bacterial killingby neutrophils, fire flies.

Chemodectoma Tumor of chemo-receptor system, e.g. para gang-lioma.

Chemoprophylaxis Use of drugs toprevent occurrence of disease.

Chemoreceptor A sense organ orsensory nerve ending that isstimulated by and reacts to certainchemical stimuli; usually locatedoutside CNS, e.g. carotid and aorticbodies, taste buds olfactory cells ofnose.

Chemosis Edema of conjunctiva.Chemotaxis Movement of cells in

response to a chemical stimulus ormessage, e.g. movement ofneutrophils to site of injury.

Chemotherapeutic index The ratioof the toxicity of the drug, expressedas maximum tolerated dose/kgbody weight to the minimalcurative dose/kg of body weight.

Chemotropism Ability of impulseto progress or turn in certain

Charco-Leyden Crystal Chemotropism

113

direction in response to certainstimuli.

Chenodeoxy cholic acid Used fordissolution of gallstones.

Cherry red spots Red spot in retinaof Tay-Sachs disease.

Chest The body part accommodatingheart and lungs.

c. emphysematous Short and roundthorax with AP diameter equal totransverse diameter, horizontalribs (barrel chest).

c. flail Paradoxical chest movementdue to multiple rib fracture.

c. flat Chest deformity with short APdiameter, long thorax, oblique ribsand prominent scapula.

c. pigeon Prominent sternum withprominent sternal ends of the ribs.

Chest thump A sharp blow to chestin precordial area in order to reverta VT or restore normal rhythm incardiac arrest.

Cheyne-Stokes respiration Breath-ing pattern in which period of apneais followed by gradually increasingdepth and frequency of respiration.

Common in diencephalic andfrontal lobe dysfunction.

Chiari-Frommel syndrome Persis-tent amenorrhoea and lactationfollowing child birth due tohyperprolactinemia.

Chiasm A crossing or decussation.c. optic An incomplete crossing of

the optic fiber.Chilblain A form of cold injury

characterized by local erythema,itching and often blistering.

Child abuse Emotional, physical andsexual injury to a child.

Chill Shivering with sensation ofcoldness and pallor of skin.

Chimpanzee An intelligent apenative to parts of Africa.

Chinese Restaurant SyndromeHeadache, perspiration and chestpain after eating monosodiumglutamate.

Chiropodist PodiatristChiropractic A system of health care

which emphasizes on goodrelatioship between organs forproper functioning.

Chi-square (x2) A statistical test todetermine the similarity of thenumber of occurrences beinginvestigated to the expectedoccurrences.

Chlamydia A genus of microorganisms causing ornithosis,lymphogranuloma venereum,trachoma and genital infection.

Chloasma Skin pigmentation(localized) following trauma,idiopathic or pregnancy.

Chenodeoxy cholic acid Chloasma

External Chest Compression

114

Chloral hydrate Colourless, caustic,hypnotic agent

Chlorambucil Cytotoxic agent usedto treat CLL, Hodgkin’s disease, etc.

Chloramphenicol Antibiotic isolatedfrom Streptomyces venzualae,specific for treatment of entericfever.

Chlordane An insecticide.Chlordantoin Topical antifungal

agent.

Chlordiazepoxide A benzodiaze-pine, used to treat anxiety, alcoholwithdrawal syndrome etc.

Chloremia Increased chlorideconcentration in blood.

Chlorhexidine Topical anti-infec-tive agent.

Chlorinated lime Calcium hypo-chlorite and calcium chloride, usedas bleaching agents and antiseptic.

Chlorite A salt of chlorous acid, usedas disinfectant and bleaching agent.

Chlorbutanol Antiseptic and local

anaesthetic used in dentistry andas a preservative.

Chlormezanone Antianxiety seda-tive agent.

Chloroguanide Antimalarial agent.Chloroma Sarcoma of periosteum

of cranial bones (green cancer).Chlorophane Green yellow pigment

in retina.Chloroquine An antimalarial; also

used in amoebiasis, SLE arthropathy.Chlorphenothane An insecticide

known as DDT.Chlorophyll The green pigment in

plants.

Chlorothiazide A diuretic.Chlorpheniramine An antihista-

mine agent.Chlorphenoxamine Drug for

parkinsonism.Chlorpromazine Tranquilliser used

in psychosis.Chlorpropamide Oral hypoglycemic

agent of sulfonyl urea group.Chlorprothixene Antidepressant.Chlortetracycline Bacteriostatic

antibiotic of tetracycline group.Chlorthalidone Diuretic.Chloroxazone Muscle relaxantChoana Funnel shaped opening esp.

on the posterior nares.

Chloral hydrate Choana

Chloramphenicol

Chlordiazepoxide

Chlorothiazide

115

Choking Obstruction within respi-ratory passage or constriction inthe neck obstructing breathing andcirculation to brain.

Cholangiectasis Dilatation of bileducts.

Cholangiography Radiography ofbiliary system.

Cholangioma Tumor of bile ducts.Cholangitis Inflammation of the bile

ducts.Cholecystectomy Excision of

gallbladder.Cholecystitis Inflammation of gall

bladder manifesting with fever,chills, upper abdominal pain andmild jaundice; nearly alwayscaused by gall stones.

Cholecystokinin Hormone secretedby duodenum that stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreaticsecretion.

Cholelithiasis Stone formationwithin gall bladder.

Cholemia Hyperbilirubinemia.Cholera Profuse watery diarrhoea

and vomiting with dehydrationcaused by vibrio cholerae.

Choleriform Resembling cholera.Cholesteatoma An epithelial pocket

filled with keratin debris.Cholesterol A monohydric alcohol,

principal constituent of gall stonesand constituent of cell membrane,percursor of hormones.

Cholesterosis Cholesterol depo-sition in tissues.

Cholestyramine An ion exchangeresin to treat itching of hyper-bilirubinemia.

Cholic acid A bite acid.Choline An amine, constituent of

lecithin and other phospholipids;involved in protein metabolism.

Cholinergic Nerve endings thatliberate acetyl choline.

Cholinergic fibers They include allpreganglionic fibers, all post-ganglionic parasympatheticfibers, postganglionic sympatheticfibers to sweat glands and, efferentfibers to skeletal muscle.

Cholinesterase Enzyme thatcatalyzes the hydrolysis of cholineesters, i.e. acetyl cholinesterasebreaks down acetylcholine intoacetic acid and choline.

Choking Cholinesterase

Cholecystolithiasis

Cholesterol

116

Chondrin Gelatin like materialobtained by boiling of cartilage,(the basic substance of cartilage).

Chondritis Inflammation of cartilage.Condrodysplasia Multiple exostoses

of epiphysis esp. of long bones,metacarpals and phalanges.

Chondrogen Basal substance ofcartilage and corneal tissue, whichchanges to chondrin on boiling.

Chondroitin Substance present inconnective tissue, including corneaand cartilage.

Chondroma A painless, slowgrowing tumor of cartilage.

Chondromalacia Softening ofarticular cartilage, usually invol-ving patella.

Chondrosarcoma Cartilaginoussarcoma.

Chorda A cord or tendon.c. tympni branch of facial nerve

whose efferent fibers innervate sub-mandibular and sublingual glandsand affarent fibers convey tastesensation from anterior two thirdsof tongue.

Chordae tendinae Tendinous cordsconnecting free edges of A-V valvesto papillary muscles.

Chorditis Inflammation of vocal/spermatic cord.

Chordoma A tumor along vertebralcolumn composed of embryonicnerve tissue.

Chorea A movement disorder due toextrapyramidal damage charac-terized by quasipurposive,

Chondrin Chorea

Chondrosarcoma

Chondromalacia

117

involuntory, non-repetitive limbmovements, e.g. Sydenham’s(rheumatic) chorea, choreagravidarum, Huntington’s chorea.

Choreoathetosis Jerky bizarreinvoluntary muscle contraction,usually more proximal than distal.

Chorioadenoma Adenoma ofchorion, the outer membraneenclosing the foetus.

Chorioamnionitis Inflammation ofmembranes covering foetus, i.e.amnion and chorion.

Choriocarcinoma Malignantneoplasm of chorion usuallyfollowing hydatid mole, abortionor often normal pregnancy.

Choriomeningitis Inflammation ofmeninges.

c. lymphocytic is of viral origin.Chorion An extraembryonic memb-

rane that covers outerwall ofblastocyst from which developchorionic villi.

Chorionic Villi Sampling Theprocedure of obtaining samples ofchorionic villi for prenatalevaluation of foetus.

Chorioretinitis Inflammation ofchoroid and retina.

Choristoma A neoplasm ofembryonic rudiments at sites wherethe tissue is usually not found.

Choroid Dark brown vascular layerof eye in between sclera and retina.

Choroideremia X-linked choroiddegeneration manifesting as nightblindness progressing to absoluteblindness.

Choroiditis Inflammation of thechoroid.

Christion-Weber disease Nodular,nonsuppurating panniculitis withfever.

Christmas factor A thromboplastinactivator present in plasma.

Chromaffin cells Pigment cells ofadrenal medulla and paraganglia

Choreoathetosis Chromaffin cells

Chorionic Villus Sampling

118

containing granules that stain withchromium salts.

Chromatid Replication ofchromosome into two beforemitosis joined at centromere.

Chromatin It is a DNA structurepresent in the cell nucleus. Malesare chromatin negative andfemales are chromatin positive(inactivated X-chromosome).

Chromatography A method ofseparating two or more chemicalcompounds in solution by passingacross the surface of an absorbentpaper.

Chromatophore A pigment bearingcell.

Chromatoptometry Measurement ofcolor perception.

Chromoblasts An embryonic cellthat becomes a pigment cell.

Chromolysis Dissolution of chromo-phil substance (Nissle bodies) inneurons in certain pathologicalconditions.

Chromomycosis Fungal infection ofskin marked by warty plaques.

Chromophil Easily staining cell ofanterior pituitary which is usuallysecretory.

Chromosome The structurescontaining DNA that store geneticinformation. There are 22 pairs ofautosomes and one pair of sexchromosome in every cell.

Chronic fatigue syndrome A diseaseof unknown cause probably causedby EB virus with excessive fatigue,mild fever and myalgia

Chronic granulomatous disease Adisease of children characterized

by inability of neutrophils to killingested organisms.

Chronic obstructive lung disease(COLD) Included in this group anchronic asthma and bronchitiswitt dyspnoea, poor FEV1, andmaximum breathing capacity.

Chronological Description of anevent in natural sequence accordingto time.

Chvostek’s sign Spasm of facialmuscle by tapping over area offacial nerve, a sign of tetany.

Chyle The protein and fat rich fluid oflymphatic channels drained to leftsubclavian vein via thoracic duct

Chylemia Chyle in peripheralcirculation.

Chylomicron Small particles of fatrich in triglycerides.

Chyluria Presence of chyle or fatglobules in urine.

Chymopapain An enzyme related topapain.

Chromatid Chymopapain

Chvostek's Sign

119

Chymotrypsin A proteolytic enzymepresent in the intestine thathydrolyses proteins to peptones.

Cicatrix Scar left by a healed wound.Cicatrization Healing by scar

formation.Ciclopirox Locally applied anti-

fungal agent.Cilia Hair like processes projecting

from epithelial cells of bronchipropelling up mucus and foreignparticles.

c. immotile syndrome A group ofinherited conditions characterizedby immotility of cilia of respiratorymucosa and sperms. SYN–Kartagener’s syndrome.

Ciliary ganglion The ganglion inorbital fossa receiving preganglio-nic fibers from Edinger-Westphalnucleus and giving rise to 6 shortciliary nerves that innervate ciliarymuscles, sphincters of iris andsmooth muscles of blood vessels.

Ciliary muscles Smooth muscles ofciliary body, by contraction loosensuspensory ligament of lensallowing lens to become morespherical for accomplishing nearvision.

Ciliary process About 70 foldsarranged meridionally so as toform a circle, secrete nourishingfluid for cornea, lens and vitreous.

Ciliary reflex Normal contractionof pupil during process ofaccommodation.

Ciliospinal reflex Dilatation ofpupil following stimulation of theskin of the neck.

Ciliospinal center Center in spinalcord that controls dilatation ofpupil.

Cimetidine H2 receptor antagonistinhibiting gastric acid secretion.

Cinnarazine Drug used for vertigo.Cinchona Dried bark of cinchona tree

containing quinine, cinchonine.Cinchophen Old agent for gout

frequently producing fatal hepa-titis.

Cineangiocardiography Graphicrecord of heart and blood flowdynamics after constrast injection.

Cingulotomy Excision of anteriorhalf of cingulate gyrus for controlof intractable pain.

Cingulum A band of associationfibers in the cingulate gyrusextending from anterior perfo-rated substance to hippocampalgyrus.

Cinoxacin A quinolone, anti-bacterial agent.

Ciprofloxacin A quinolone withbroad spectrum antibacterialactivity.

Circadian Pertains to events thatoccur approximately at 24 hoursinterval.

Circle of Willis The anastomosis atbase of brain where posteriorcerebral and middle cerebralvessels meet.

Circulation fetal Oxygenated bloodfrom placenta is carried to fetalheart by umbilical vein and ductusvenosus. The blood enters aorta viaductus arteriosus bypassing fetallung.

Chymotrypsin Circulation fetal

120

Circulation time the time requiredfor a drop of blood to completesystemic and pulmonarycirculation normal circulationtime from arm vein to tongue is 10-16 seconds. It is prolonged in heartfailure and shortened in anaemiaand hyperthyroidism.

Circulatory failure Inadequate cardiacpump action to meet oxygen demandof body tissues. Peripheral circulatoryfailure means pooling of blood in ex-panded vascular space consequent tovasodilatation resulting in decreasedvenous return to heart.

Circumcision Removal of extraprepucal skin covering glans penis.

Circumduction Circular movementperformed by the limb, the jointperforming the movement is at theapex of the cone.

Circumflex Winding around.Circumvalate papillae V-shaped

row of papillae at base of tongue.Cirrhosis Chronic liver disease

characterized by bridging fibrosis,hepatic cell degeneration andregeneration and evidence of portalhypertension.

c. alcoholic 20% of chronic alcoholicsdevelop cirrhosis.

c. biliary Cirrhosis followingchronic bile stasis.

c. cardiac Chronic heart failureleading to passive congestion ofliver ending in cirrhosis.

c. infantile Childhood cirrhosis dueto protein malnutrition.

c. macronodular Cirrhosis charac-terized by broad bands of fibroustissue and large irregular regene-

rating nodules, e.g. post necrotic/post hepatic cirrhosis.

Cisplatin Antineoplastic agent fortreatment of ovarian and testiculartumors.

Cisterna A reservoir or cavity.Cisvestitism Wearing of clothes

contrary to ones profession.Citric acid A tribasic acid present in

juice of citrous fruits.Citrovorum factor Folinic acid used

with dihydrofolate reductaseinhibitors.

Citruline Amino acid formed fromornithine, present in water melons.

Citric acid cycle (Kreb’s cycle) Thecycle involving oxidativemetabolism of pyruvic acid to CO2,and H2O, releasing energy (36 ATP).

Clark’s rule A formula for calcu-lating pediatric dose, i.e. weight ofthe child in lb. × adult dose/150.

Circulation time Clark's rule

Cirrhosis

121

Clasmatocyte A large wanderinguninucleated cell with manybranches, a fixed macrophage ofloose connective tissue.

Claude’s Syndrome Third cranialnerve palsy, contralateral ataxiaand tremor, caused by lesionaround red nucleus.

Claudication Pain in calf muscleduring walking due to inadequateWood supply.

Claustrophilia Dread of being in anopen space, a morbid desire toremain within with windowsshut.

Claustrophobia Fear of closed space.Claspknife rigidity Passive flexion

of the joint causes increasedresistance of the extensors. Thisgives way abruptly if flexon iscontinued, a sign of pyramidal tractlesion.

Clavulanic acid Beta lactamaseinhibitor.

Clawhand A hand characterized byhyperextension of proximalphallanges and extreme flexion ofmiddle and distal phallanges.

Clawfoot Excessively high longi-tudinal arch of foot with dorsalcontracture of toes.

Clean catch method Contaminationfree urine specimen collection.

Cleavage Splitting a complex mole-cule into two or more simple ones.

Cleft A fissure or elongated opening.c. alveolar An anomaly resulting

from lack of fusion betweenmedian nasal process and themaxillary process, commonly

Clasmatocyte Cleft, alveolar

Clawhand

Cleft Palate

122

associated with cleft lip and cleftpalate.

c. bronchial An opening betweenbranchial arches of an embryo.

Cleft foot A bipartite foot resultingfrom failure of a digit and itscorresponding metatarsal todevelop.

Clenching With the teeth in contact,forcible repeated contraction of jawmuscles.

Cleptomania Impulsive stealing inwhich motive is not related to valueof stolen object.

Clidinium bromide Parasympa-thetic inhibitor used for treatmentof peptic ulcer.

Climacteric Menopause or end ofwoman’s reproductive ability.Male climacteric points to lessen-ing male sexual activity.

Climax Sexual orgasm, period ofgreatest intensity.

Clindamycin hydrochloride Anantibiotic against gram-positivecocci, implicated to producepseudomembranous colitis due toresistant claustridium dificile.

Clinocephaly Congenital flatness orsaddle-shape of the top of the headcaused by bilateral prematureclosure of the sphenoparietal sutures.

Clinodactyly Hypoplasia of middlephalanx as in Down syndrome.

Clinoquinol Iodochlor hydroxyquine, anti-amoebic agent.

Clinoid processes Three pairs ofprominences on upper surface ofsphenoid bone.

Clithrophobia Morbid fear of beinglocked in.

Clitoris Small erectile body beneathanterior labial commissure offemale, homologous to penis ofmale.

Clitorism Recurring painful erectionof clitoris, akin to priapism in male.

Clitoris Crises Involuntary orgasmin female in tabes dorsalis.

Clivulus A surface that slopes as insphenoid bone.

Clofazimine Antileprotic agent thatstains skin.

Clofibrate Lipid lowering agent,may be carcinogenic and causesgall stones.

Clomid Clomiphene citrate, anonsteroidal agent to stimulateovulation in females andspermatogenesis in males.

Clonazepam Anticonvulsant formyoclonic seizure.

Clonidine Antihypertensive agent,also used for migraine pro-phylaxis.

Clonus Alternate contraction andrelaxation of muscles, sign of uppermotor lesion.

Clonic spasm Spasm marked byrepeated muscular contractionfollowed by relaxation.

Clonorchiasis Liver fluke caused bychlonorchis sinensis which infectsbile duct of man. Infectioncontacted by eating uncooked freshwater fish containing larvae.Treatment is with praziquantel.

Chlorphene A phenol, disinfectantClostridium Anaerobic spore

forming rods common in soil andGI tract of animal and man.

c. botulinum Produces botulism.

Cleft, bronchial Clostridium, botulinum

123

c. difficile Causes pseudomemb-ranous colitis.

c. histolytium Proteolytic, isolatedfrom gas gangrene.

c. perfringens Causes gas gangrene(C. welchii)

c. tetani Produces tetanus.Clotrimazole Antifungal agent for

treatment of vulvovaginalcandidiasis.

Cloxacillin Betalactamase resistantpenicillin.

Clozapine Diabenzodiazepinegroup of antipsychotic agent.

Clubbing Bulbous enlargement offinger and toes tips with exasse-rated lateral and longitudinalcurvatures. Most commonly foundin infective endocarditis,suppurative lung disease, cyanoticheart disease and often congenital.

Clumping Thick grouping of micro-organisms in a culture whenspecific immune serum is added.

Cluster headache Nocturnal head-ache, 2-3 hours after falling asleep,continuing for months associatedwith watering from eyes.

Clutton’s joint Hydroarthrosis ofknee joint often associated withinterstitial keratitis, seen incongenital syphilis.

Cluquet's canal The hyaloid canalthrough vitreous in fetus.

Coagulation The process of clotting,dependent upon availability ofprothrombin, calcium, fibrinogenand thromboplastin. Prothrombinis converted to thrombin by the

action of thromboplastin in thepresence of calcium ions.Thrombin then converts solublefibrinogen to insoluble fibrinmesh work on which RBCs areentangled. Thromboplastin isproduced from injured vesselwall or by activated platelets.

Clostridium, difficile Coagulation

Clubbing

Blood Coagulation

Coarctation

124

Coarctation A stricture, compres-sion of walls.

Coat’s disease Development of largewhite masses in blood vessels ofretina.

Cobalt 60 Radioactive isotope fortreating malignancies.

Cocaine CNS stimulant, in toxicdoses causes CNS depression,cardiac arrhythmia, and respi-ratory depression.

Coccidioidomycosis A coccidioidalgranuloma.

Coccygeal body Small arteriovenousanastomosis at the level of coccyx.

Cochlea A winding cone-shaped tuberesembling a snail shell, windingtwo and three quarter turns abouta central bony axis, organresponsible for hearing.

Cochlear implant An electronicdevice that receives sounds andtransmits the resulting electricsignals to implanted electrodes in

cochlea so that the sound isperceived. SYN–Cochlear pros-thesis.

Cochlear nerve 8th cranial nervesupplying cochlea with nucleus atpons and medulla.

Cochleo-palpebral reflex Contrac-tion of orbicularis oculi fromsudden noise near the ear.

Cocktail Any beverage or productcontaining several ingredients.

Cock-up splint a static aplintdesigned to keep the wrist either inextension or dorsal flexion.

Codeine Derivative of opium usedas analgesic-hypnotic.

Cod liver oil Oil extracted from liverof fish rich in vitamin A and D.

Coenzyme A diffusible heatstableof enzyme which when combineswith apoenzyme forms activecomplete enzyme, e.g. riboflavin,coenzyme I and II.

Coenzyme A precursor for biosyn-thesis of fatty acids and sterols.

Coarctation Coenzyme

Cochlea

125

Cogan’s syndrome Interstitialkeratitis associated with tinnitus,vertigo and usually deafness.

Cognition Awareness with percep-tion, reasoning, judgement,memory, etc.

Cogwheel Combination of tremorand rigidity as in extrapyramidaldisease, i.e. Parkinson’s disease.

Coherent Sticking together, adhe-siveness.

Cohort The component of populationborn during a period and tracedthrough life.

Cohort Study In epidemiology, amethod of investigation is a cohort,q.v.; is followed prospectively orretrospectively.

Coilonychia Dystrophy of finger-nails with spoon shaped surface,feature of iron deficiency anaemia.

Coin test A test for pneumothorax, acoin placed on chest is struck withanother coin. A metallic ringingsound is heard at a distant site ofthe chest in pneumothorax.

Coitus Sexual intercourse betweenmale and female.

Colchicine Antigout medicine, mayproduce GI side effects.

Cold agglutinin The agglutininagglutinating RBCs at 4°C, comm-only seen in viral and mycoplasmainfections.

Cold common SYN–nasal catarrh,acute catarrhal inflammation ofmucous membrane of nasal cavity,sinuses and pharynx caused byrhinovirus.

Cold pack Wrapping patient in coldwater soaked clothing to reducefever, for relief of pain anddiminution of swelling in bruise.

Colestipol Ion exchange resin akinto cholestyramine.

Colic Spasmodic pain originatingfrom any hollow viscus.

c. biliary Gall stone in bile duct/cystic duct causing pain.

c. intestinal Abdominal pain due toworms, infection, spasm ofintestines.

c. renal Passage of stone, clot alongureters with pain in loin radiatingto groin, genitalia and inner aspectof thigh.

c. uterine Dysmenorrhoeic pain dueto retained clots.

Colistin Potymyxin, an antibioticeffective against many organismsincluding pseudomonas.

Colitis Inflammation of colon.c. ulcerative Inflammation invol-

ving rectum with skip lesions,cobble stone appearance, friablemucosa and bloody offensivediarrhea.

Collagen Fibrous insoluble protein ofskin, bone, ligaments and cartilages.

Collagenase Enzyme responsible forbreakdown of collagen.

Collagen vascular diseases A groupof diseases of blood vessels ofunknown etiology manifestingwith joint pain, skin rash, muscleache and bleeding manifestations.Included in this group are SLE,rheumatoid arthritis, systemicsclerosis etc.

Cogan's syndrome Collagen vascular diseases

126

Collapse 1. An abnormal retractionof the walls of an organ 2. A suddenexhaustion, prostration orweakness due to poor circulation.

Collapsing pulse Pulse of aorticregurgitation.

Collapse therapy Unilateralpneumothorax induced to promotehealing/stop bleeding of Koch’slesion.

Collecting tubule Small ducts inrenal medulla that receive urinefrom several renal tubules. Theseducts form papillary ducts of Bellinithat open into renal papillae.

Colle’s fascia Inner layer ofsuperficial fascia of perineum.

Colle’s fracture Transverse fractureof distal end of radius withdisplacement of lower fragmentbackwards, upwards andlaterally.

Coloboma a fissure or cleft in iris/ciliary body/choriod

Colon irritable Motility disorder ofcolon manifesting with abdominalpain, frequent small ribbon likestools, usually triggered by anxiety.

Colonic irrigation Flushing out ofcolon prior to surgery of colon,colonoscopy.

Coloproctectomy Surgical removalof colon and rectum.

Colour blindness Defective percep-tion of colour; colour blindness inwhich all colours are perceived asgray is called monochromasia.

Colorimeter Instrument for measu-ring intensity of colour.

Colostomy Opening up of colon toexterior through abdominal wall.

Colostrum Breast fluid secretedduring first 2-3 days after delivery,rich in protein, calories andantibodies.

Colpectomy Surgical removal ofvagina.

Colpostenosis Narrowing of vagina.Colposcopy Examination of vagina

and vaginal portion of cervix bycolposcope, usually to select sitesof abnormal epithelium for biopsyin patient with abnormalpapsmear.

Column A cylindrical supportingstructure.

c. clarkis A group of large cells in themedial portion of the base of theposterior gray column of spinalcord.

c. anterior The anterior portion ofthe gray-matter on each side of thespinal cord.

c. lateral A column in the lateralportion of gray matter of spinalcord containing preganglionicnurones of sympathetic nervoussystem.

c. of Morgagni One of the severalvertical ridges in the mucousmembrane at the junction of anusand rectum.

c. posterior Posterior horn of graymatter in spinal cord.

c. vertebral The axial skeletoncontaining vertebrae (7 cervical, 12thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum and thecoccyx) and encasing the spinal cord.

Coma A state from which patientcannot be aroused by painfulstimuli and he does not respond toinner needs.

Collapse Coma

127

Comedo Blackhead, discoloureddried sebum plugging an excretoryduct of the skin, e.g. acne involvingface, back and neck in adolescents.

Comma bacillus Vibrio comma,organism of cholera.

Comma tract of Schultze Thefasciculus interfascicularis, a tractof descending fibers locatedbetween the fasciculus cuneatusand fasciculus gracilis in theposterior funiculus of spinal cord.

Commensal Organisms that live inan intimate non-parasitic relation-ship.

Comminuted fracture A fracturewhere the bone is splintered orcrushed.

Comminution Reducing a solid bodyto varying sizes by grating,pulverizing, slicing etc.

Commissure A transverse band ofnerve fibers passing over the midlinein the CNS.

c. anterior cerebral Band of whitefibers that passes across laminaterminalis connecting the twocerebral hemispheres.

c. posterior Commissure just abovethe midbrain containing fibers thatconnect the superior colliculi.

Commissurotomy Surgical incisionof any commissure. Commonlyrefers to mitral commissurotomyin mitral stenosis.

Communicable disease A diseasethat may be transmitted directly orindirectly from one person toanother.

Compartment syndromeCompression of nerve and vessels

within a tight musculofascialcompartment e.g. of leg in burn orinfection.

Compatibility Ability of two indi-viduals or groups to live togetherwithout strife or tension.

Complement A series of enzymaticproteins in normal serum that onceactivated augment immunemechanisms by leukocyte chemo-taxis, and bacterial opsonization.

Complement fixation Some antigenantibody reactions fix complementfor completion of reaction. Thisprocess is the basis of Wassermanreaction for syphilis.

Compliance The property of alteringsize and shape in response toapplication of force, weight orrelease from such force, e.g.pulmonary compliance a measureof the force required to expand thelungs. Children have higherpulmonary compliance incomparision to adults.

Compound fracture Fracture withcommunication to exterior bybreach in the skin.

Compound astigmatism Myopia/hypermetropia of differing diop-ters in both longitudinal andvertical axes.

Compulsion Repetitive stereotypedact performed to relieve fearconnected with obsession; dictatedby patient’s subconscious mindagainst his wishes and if notperformed causes uneasiness.

Compulsion neurosis Obsessionthat compels one to perform anabsurd act.

Comedo Compulsion neurosis

128

Compulsive ideas An idea thatcontinues to haunt against one’swill.

Computer An electronic device forstoring and retrieving numericalor textural information.

Computer assisted design Compu-ter use to assist in designing objects,e.g. reshape body parts in plasticsurgery, artificial hip implant,crown preparation.

Concanavalin A A lectin that stimu-lates proliferation of T lymphocytebut not B lymphocytes.

Conceive To become pregnant, toform an idea, to form a mentalimage.

Concentration Strength of a sub-stance in solution; fixation of mindon one subject with exclusion of allother thoughts.

Conception Union of male sper-matozoa with ovum.

Concha The outer ear or pinna; theturbinate inside nasal cavity.

Conchotomy Surgical incision ofnasal concha.

Concoction Mixture of two medi-cinal substance aided by heating.

Concomitant Occurring at the sametime.

Concussion cerebral Transient lossof consciousness from externalcranial trauma.

Conditioning Improving physicalcapability by an exercise pro-gramme.

c. operant Learning of a particularaction or type of behavior that isfollowed by reward.

Condom A latex sheath used forcontraception, can be used by maleor female (polyurethane) and canoften be costume made.

Conduction The transfer of electron,heat, ions or sound wave through aconducting medium or the processwhereby a state of excitation istransmitted.

Condyle A rounded protruberanceat the end of a bone forming anarticulation.

Condyloma A wart like growth inthe skin around anus/externalgenitalia.

c. acuminata Usually venereal,caused by virus.

c. latum A mucous patch on the vulvaor anus characteristic of syphilis.

Confabulation A form of memoryloss in which the patient fills hismemory gaps with inappropriatewords.

Confluent Running together, mer-ging together.

Confusion Disorientation in respectto time, place or person.

Congener Two or more muscles withsame function, or two substanceswith similar origin, function orline structure.

Congestion The presence of excessiveamount of blood or tissue fluid inan organ or tissue.

c. active Congestion arising out ofincreased blood flow or vasodi-latation.

c. passive Vascular congestion dueto impaired pumping action byheart.

Compulsive ideas Congestion, passive

129

c. pulmonary Pulmonary vascularcongestion due to increased LApressure (MS) or LVF.

Coniology The study of dust and itseffects.

Coniotomy Cricothyrotomy.Conization Excision of a cone of

tissue as in chronic cervicitis.Conjugate Paired or joined.c. deviation Deviation of both eyes

to either side.c. diagonal Distance measured from

center of sacral promontory to theback of symphysis pubis. Trueconjugate is 1.5 to 2 cm less thandiagonal conjugate.

c. true It is anterior-posteriordiameter of pelvic inlet; the distancebetween the midline superior pointof the sacrum and the upper marginof symphysis pubis.

Conjugation A coupling together. Inbiology, the union of two unicellularorganisms accompanied by aninterchange of nuclear material.

Conjunctiva Mucous membrane thatlines eyelids and is reflected ontoeyeball.

Conjunctivitis Inflammation ofconjunctiva.

Congestion, pulmonary Consensual light reflex

c. actinic Conjunctivitis from ex-posure to actinic (ultraviolet rays).

c. angular Conjunctivitis involvingangles of eyes, due to MoraxAxenfield bacillus.

c. catarrhal Conjunctivitis withmucoid discharge due to foreignbody, allergy, heat, cold, etc.

c. epidemic haemorrhagic Viralinfection of eye with swollen eyelids,and subconjunctival haemorrhage.

c. inclusion Purulent inflammationof conjunctiva due to chlamydiatrachomatis.

c. phlyctenular Nodules aroundlimbus, particularly in allergy toKoch’s bacillus.

c. vernal Allergic sping conjunctivitis.Conjunctivoma A tumor of con-

junctiva.Conn’s syndrome Primary hyper-

aldosteronism with muscle weak-ness, polyuria, hypertension,hypokalemia and alkalosis.

Consanguinity Blood relationship,i.e. being descended from acommon ancestor.

Consciousness A state of awareness,i.e. orientation in time, place andperson. Stupor is a state from whichonly intense stimulus can arousethe patient. Normal motor reflex.In coma patient does not perceivethe environment and intense stimuliproduce only rudimentaryresponse if any at all.

Consensual Reflex stimulation ofanother or opposite part.

Consensual light reflex Contractionof opposite pupil from focussing oflight on one side.

Conjunctivitis

130Consent Contract

Consent Granting permission bypatient for a procedure.

c. implied Consent presumed incertain circumstances, i.e. whenpatient sits on a dental chairthereby implying examination.

c. informed The understandingbetween the person and institutionconducting an experimentalmedical investigation involvinghuman subjects.

Consolidation The act of becomingsolid, especially solidification oflung due to pathological engorge-ment of the tissue as occurring inpneumonia.

Constipation Infrequent defecationwith passage of unduly hard anddry fecal material, sluggish actionof bowels.

c. obstructive Obstructive colonic/intestinal lesion causing consti-pation.

c. atonic Constipation due to weaknessof muscles of colon and rectum.

c. spastic Constipation due toexcessive tonicity of intestinal wall.

Consummation The completion ofmarriage by the first act of sexualintercourse.

Contact Mutual touching or appo-sition of two persons/objects or onewho has recently been exposed tocontagious disease.

Contact dermatitis Dermatitis dueto an irritating or sensitizingchemical.

Contact lens Device, either rigid orflexible that rests on cornea toimprove refractive error.

Contagious Communicable; trans-mitted readily from one person toanother either directly or indirectly.

Contagium The agent causinginfection or contagion.

Contamination 1. Introduction ofdisease germs, or infectiousmaterials into normally sterileobjects. 2. Radiation in or on a placewhere it is not wanted.

Continent Capable of controllingurination and defecation or sexualindulgence.

Contortion A twisting into an un-usual shape.

Contour Surface configuration of apart.

Contraception Prevention ofconception.

Contraceptive Any process, deviceor method that prevents contra-ception. They include spermicides,estrogen-progesterone pills, andphysical barriers like IUD.

Contract To contract a disease/infection, to shorten or reduce in size.

Contraceptive Diaphragm

131

Contraction isotonic Muscularcontraction in which the musclemaintains constant tension bychanging its length duringcontraction.

Contraction isometric Muscularexercise where muscle does notchange its length.

Contracture Permanent contractionof a muscle due to paralysis/spasm/ischaemia.

c. Dupuytrens Contraction of palmarfascia leading to deformity offingers.

c. Volkman’s Atrophy of forearmmuscles with pronation andflexion of the hand resulting fromconstricting cast/bandage onbrachial artery.

Contraindication Inadvisable formof therapy.

Contralateral Opposite side of body.Contrast In radiology, radiopaque

material to provide a contrast indensity between tissue or organbeing X-rayed.

Contrecoup injury Injury to one partof brain with lesion on oppositeside, e.g. blow to the back of headcausing injury to frontal lobes asthey are forced against anteriorportion of cranial valt.

Contusion A bruise, injury withsubcutaneous hemorrhage butintact skin.

Conus Shaped like a cone.c. arteriosus The portion of right

ventricle giving rise to pulmonaryarteries.

c. medullaris Lower conical portionof spinal cord.

Convalescence The period of reco-very after an illness/operation.

Convection Heat transfer throughliquids or gases.

Convergence The moving of two ormore objects at same point.

Conversion reaction Hystericalneuroses denoting a psychologicalconflict translated into physicalailment.

Convolution A turn, fold or coil ofanything that is convoluted. Inanatomy, a gyrus, one of the manyfolds on the surface of cerebralhemispheres that are separated bygrooves, sulci or fissures.

Convulsion Paroxysms of involun-tary muscle contraction andrelaxation.

Cooley’s anemia Thalassemiamajor, an inherited disorder ofhemoglobin synthesis.

Coombs’ test A test for detection ofantiglobulins in blood, helpful indiagnosis of autoimmune hemo-lytic anemia.

Cooper’s ligament Supportingfibrous bands in female breast.

Co-ordination Working together ofvarious muscles for performingcertain movements.

Copolymer A polymer composed oftwo different kinds of monomers.

Copper sulfate Deep blue crystals/granules, used as algicide/astrin-gent.

Coprolalia The use of vulgar,obscene language as in schizo-

Contraction isotonic Coprolalia

132

phrenia and Gilles dela Tourettesyndrome.

Coprolith Hard feces.Coprophilia Unusual preoccupation

with feces, a perversion in adults.Coproporphyria Excessive copro-

porphyrin excretion in feces, as ininherited porphyrias.

Coproporphyrin A porphyrin pre-sent in urine and feces.

Copula Any connecting part.Copulation Sexual intercourse.Coracoid Resembling in shape

acrow’s beak.Coracoid process Process on ante-

rior upper surface of scapula.Cord A string like structure.c. spermatic The channel for sperms

to pass from testes to seminalvesicle.

c. spinal Extension of CNS into thespinal canal upto upper border offirst lumbar vertebra.

c. umbilical Cord that connects fetalcirculatory system to the placenta,consists of two umbilical arteriesand one umbilical vein.

Cordotomy Resectional of lateralspinothalamic tracts in the cord torelieve intractable pain.

Cori cycle In carbohydrate meta-bolism, the breakdown of muscleglycogen with formation of lacticacid which is converted to glyco-gen in liver. Liver glycogen isreleased as glucose which is takenup by muscles being then recon-verted to muscle glycogen.

Corn Hardening or thickening of skinthat has a conical shape extendinginto dermis causing pain.

Cornea The clear, transparentanterior portion of eye covering 1/6 the surface of globe functioningas an important refractive medium.It is composed of 5 layers:epithelium, Browman’smembrane, substantia propria,Descemet’s membrane and layer ofendothelium.

Cornea reflex Closure of eyelid ontouching the cornea: Afferent limbby trigeminal and efferent by facialnerves.

Corneal transplant Either partialthickness or full thickness transferof cornea from a healthy cadaver,donor to treat corneal opacityobstructing vision.

Corneoblepharon Adhesion of eyelidto cornea.

Cornification The process by whichsquamous epithelial cells areconverted into hard hornymaterial, e.g. horns, hairs, nails,feathers etc.

Cornu Any projection like a horn.

Coprolith Cornu

Corn

133

Corona Any structure resembling acrown.

Coronal plane Plane dividing intofront and back portions.

Corona radiata Ascending anddescending fibers of internalcapsule that above corpus collo-sum extend in all directions to reachcerebral cortex.

Coronary arteries A pair of arteries,left and right arising from left andright coronary sinuses supplyingblood to myocardium. The leftartery is usually dominant.

Coronary angiography Opacifi-cation of coronary arteries byinjection of iohexol or urograffinor any such contrast agent.

Coronary bypass Surgically esta-blished shunt between root of aortaand involved coronary distal toblock or diverting internalmammary to augment myocardialblood flow.

Coronary care unit A specially,equipped unit in a hospital provi-ding intensive care to patients ofcoronary artery disease, i.e.myocardial infarction, unstableangina etc.

Coronary plexus A plexus of auto-nomic nerve fibers supplying theheart.

Coronary sinus The channel carry-ing venous drainage of heart intoright atrium.

Corona virus The virus particlesurrounded by a crown, e.g.common cold virus.

Coronoid fossa An oval depressionon anterior surface of distal end ofburner us articulating withcoronoid process of ulna.

Cor pulmonale Right heart failuresecondary to pulmonary patho-logy.

Corpus The principal part of anyorgan or body.

Corona Corpus

Coronary Bypass Grafting

134

c. callosum The commissure joiningtwo cerebral hemispheres.

c. cavernosum Erectile tissue of penis,clitoris, bulb of vestibule etc.

c. spongiosum Mass of spongy tissuewithin the penis surrounding themale urethra

c. striatum The structures in cere-bral hemispheres consisting ofcaudate and lentiform nuclei.

Corpuscle Any small rounded body,an encapsulated sensory nerveending, blood cell.

c. malphigian A renal corpuscleconsisting of a glomerulous andBowman’s capsule.

c. Meissner’s An encapsulated touchreceptor in the epidermis of skin espof palm, hand and feet.

c. Pacinian A large ovoid sensory endorgan consisting of concentric layersof connective tissue surroundingnerve ending acting as receptor ofproprioception and deep pressure.

Corrigan’s pulse A full boundingpulse of aortic insufficiency.

Corrosive poisoning Poisoning bystrong alkalies, acid, antiseptics,e.g. hydroxides of sodium, ammo-nium, potassium.

Corrugator The muscle of eyedrawing eyebrow medially andinteriorly, arising from frontalbone and inserted on the skin ofmedial half of eyebrows.

Cortex Outer layer of an organ likekidney, adrenal, ovary, lymphnode, thymus, cerebrum andcerebellum.

Corticoid Steroid hormone secretedby adrenal cortex.

Corticosterone Hormone of adrenalcortex influencing carbohydratemetabolism, Na+ and K+

homeostasis.Corticotrophin (ACTH) The anterior

pituitary hormone that stimulatesadrenals to secrete glucocorticoids.

Corpus, callosum Corticotrophin

Corpus Spongiosum

135

Corticotrophin releasing factor Thehypothalamic factor regulatingsecretion of corticotrophin.

Cortisone Adrenal hormone, largelyinactive till converted to activecortisol. Influences metabolism offat, carbohydrate, protein, N+ andK+

Corynebacterium Gram positivenonmotile drum stick shaped rod,causing diphtheria.

Coryza Acute nasal catarrh withprofuse watery secretion.

Cosmetic Agents or methods ofimproving physical appearance,(appearance promoters)

Cosmetic surgery Commonlyknown as plastic surgery done toimprove appearance, i.e. correctionof ugly burns and scars,elephantiasis, localized obesity,pendulous breast, facial wrinkles.

Cosmic Universe.Costens syndrome Temperomandi-

bular arthritis.Cosyntropin Synthetic corticotropin

used to test adrenal insufficiency.Continine Principal metabolite of

nicotine excreted in urine.

Cotton wool spots Soft woolyexudates in retina in hypertensionand uremia, probably superficialinfarcts.

Couching Forcible downwarddisplacement of lens caused toimprove vision in cataract patients.

Cough Forceful expiratory effortwith closed glottis, to expectoratemucous and foreign body.

Counselling Providing of advice andguideline to a patient by healthprofessional.

Counter Geiger Device for detectionand counting of ionizing radiation.

Counter current exchanger Theexchange of chemicals betweentwo counter current streamsseparated by a membrane.

Counter immunoelectrophoresis Aprocess in which antigen andantibodies are placed in separatewells and an electric current is passedthrough diffusion medium. Antigensmigrate to anode and antibodies tocathode. If the antigen and antibodycorrespond to each other, they uponmeeting in the diffusion mediumwill precipitate and will form aprecipitin band or line.

Counter incision A second incisionmade to facilitate drainage or toreduce tension on the stitches.

Counterirritant An agent appliedlocally to produce mild inflam-matory reaction to relieve pain ofadjacent or deeper structure.

Counter shock An electric shockapplied to heart to correct arrhy-thmia.

Corticotrophin releasing factor Counter shock

Cortisone

136

Countertraction Application of aforce in a direction opposite to theforce of traction, usually in frac-ture reduction.

Couple To join together, to havesexual union.

Courvoisier’s law Sudden obstruc-tion of bile duct by gallstone doesnot cause enlargement of gallbladder as opposed to gradualobstruction as in malignancy ofpancreas/ampulla of Vater whichconsistently causes markedenlargement of gall bladder.

Covalent Sharing of electronsbetween two atoms.

Cowden’s disease Multiple hamar-tomas.

Cowling’s rule Age of child on nextbirth day divided by 24 to givepediatric dose.

Cowper’s gland A pair of compoundtubular mucous glands beneath thebulb of male urethra, akin toBartholin glands in female.

Coxalgia Pain in the hip.Coxiella burnetti Causative

organism of Q fever.Coxsackie virus A member of picorna

virus causing herpangina, asepticmeningitis, pleurodynia, epidemicconjunctivitis, myocarditis.

Crab louse Louse infecting pubicregions (phthirus pubis)

Cracked pot sound Percussion noteresembling cracked pot as in pul-monary cavity, hydrocephalus.

Cramp Spasmodic painful contrac-tion of a muscle.

Cranioclast Instrument for crushingfoetal skull to facilitate delivery oflarge dead foetus.

Craniocleidodysostosis A conge-nital condition that involvesdefective ossification of bones offace, head, and clavicle.

Craniometry Measurement of skullbones.

Craniostenosis Contracted skull dueto premature closure of cranialsutures.

Cranio ostosis Congenital ossifi-cation of cranial sutures.

Craniotabes Abnormal softening ofskull bones.

Cravat bandage Triangular band-age folded to form a band aroundthe injured part.

Crazybone Name for medial epi-condyle of humerus, as slighttrauma to it causes pain andtingling in fingers due tostimulation of ulnar nerve.

c. reactive protein Acute phasereactant, aserum globulin whoseconcentrations is increased in acuteinfections like rheumatic fever.

Creatine Methylglycocyamine, acolourless substance excreted inurine. Combines with phosphate toform creatine phosphate.

Creatine kinase Enzyme present inskeletal and cardiac muscles thatacts in breakdown of ATP to ADP.Serum level is increased inmyocardial infarction, skeletalmuscle injury, and muscledystrophy.

Countertraction Creatine kinase

137

Creatinine Formed from creatine.Crede’s method Expulsion of

placenta by putting downwardpressure on the uterus throughanterior abdominal wall andsqueezing uterus but inversion is adanger.

Cremaster A fascia like musclesuspending and enveloping testi-cles and spermatic cord.

Cremasteric reflex Retraction oftestes on stimulation of innersideof thigh, a superficial reflexmediated via L1, L2 segment.

Crepitation Crackling sound heard1. in lungs in pneumonia, 2.movement of fractured bones, 3.in soft tissues in anaerobic gasfor-ming infections and in 4. sub-cutaneous emphysema.

Crescent Shaped like sickle, e.g.menisci of knee joint, choroidatrophy in myopics (myopiccrescent).

Cresol Coal tar derivative disinfec-tant containing 5% phenol.

Cresomania Hallucination ofpossession of great wealth.

Crest Ridge or elongated promi-nence, e.g. alveolar crest thatsurrounds teeth whose resorp-tion can be delayed by flur-biprofen.

Crest Syndrome Calcinosis,Raynaud’s phenomenon, esopha-geal dismotility, sclerodactyly andtelangiectasia, a variant of systemicsclerosis.

Cretin Hypothyroidism in babiesmanifesting as rough skin, mentalsubnormality, potbelly, coarsefeatures, hypoactivity and delayeddentition.

Crevice A small fissure or crack, e.g.gingival crevice: a fissure producedby the marginal gingiva with toothsurface.

Crib A small bed with high legs andsides for infants and babies.

Cribiform Sieve like, e.g. 1. Cribi-form plate, the thin perforatedmedial portion of ethmoid boneperforated by olfactory nervefibers. 2. Cribiform fascia, the partof deep fascia of thigh coveringfossa ovalis.

Cricoid Shaped like a signet ring, e.g.cricoid cartilage; the lower mostcartilage of larynx, the broad

Cretin

Creatinine Cricoid

138

portion being posterior andanterior portion forming the arch.

Cri-du-chat syndrome A chromo-somal deletion disorder charac-terized by cry like a cat, micro-cephaly, mental retardation,dwarfism and laryngeal defect.

Crisis Critical period, e.g. 1. Ad-disonian crisis., (acute adrenalfailure) 2. Sickle cell crisis (acutebone/abdominal pain of sickle cellanemia due to thrombotic infarcts)3. Thyroid crisis: Fever, deliriumand extreme tachycardia of suddendeterioration of hyperthyroidism.4. Sudden fall in temperature inpneumonia.

Crista A crest or ridge, e.g. 1. Crystaampularis, the localized thicken-ing of membrane lining the ampullaof semicircular canals. 2. Cristasupraventricularis of heart.

Crocodile tear Production of tearduring mastication in patients withfacial palsy due to abnormal

regeneration, so named becausecrocodiles are believed to weepafter eating their victims.

Crohn’s disease Regional enteritis,a granulomatous inflammationinvolving all the three coats ofsmall intestine and often colon.

Cromolyn sodium Disodiumchromoglycate, useful in bronchialasthma, mast cell stabilizer.

Cross fertilization Fusion of maleand female gametes from differentpersons.

Crossmatching A test for compa-tibility in blood transfusion Awhere donor red cells are matchedwith recipient plasma and viceversa.

Cross over Reciprocal exchange ofgenetic material between chromo-somes.

Crotamiton Ascabicide used as 2%ointment

Croup Laryngitis marked by barkingcough, stridor, and respiratorydifficulty usually due to formationof diphtheritic membrane.

Crouzon’s disease Congenitaldisease characterised by hyper-telorism (wide spaced eyes)craniofacial dysostosis. exoph-thalmos, optic atrophy and diver-gent squint.

Crowning Showing of fetal head invulva during parturition.

Cruciate Cross shaped as in cruciateligament of knee.

Crura Divergent bands resemblinglegs, e.g. crura of diaphragm,connecting to spinal column; cruracerebri; cerebral peduncles.

Cri-du-chat syndrome Crura

Cricoid Cartilage

139

Crush syndrome Renal failurefollowing crush injury withmyoglobinuria.

Crutch paralysis Crutch inducedparalysis of brachial plexus/radial nerve.

Cryocautery Cold application fortherapeutic objective.

Cryoextraction Use of liquid nitro-gen/carbon dioxide probe toanterior lens aiding in its extrac-tion.

Cryoglobulin An abnormal globulinthat precipitates when cooled butdissolves on heating, found inmultiple myeloma, leukemia andmycoplasma pneumonia.

Cryoprecipitate Precipitation ofimmunecomplexes in patients withautoimmune diseases when theirserum is stored in cold.

Cryopreservation Preservation ofbiological material, e.g. sperm,organs, tissue, plasma in subzerotemperature.

Cryosurgery Tissue destruction byapplication of cold probe (-20 C orbelow) as to control pain, bleeding,e.g., haemorrhoidectomy,tonsillectomy, conization of cervix,thalamotomy.

Crypt Small cavity, i.e. anal crypts,lying behind junction of anal skinand rectal mucosa, tonsillar cryptson tonsils surrounded bylymphnodules.

Cryptitis Inflammation of analcrypts.

Cryptococcosis SYN–torulosis:Systemic fungal infection involv-ing skin, brain, lungs caused bycryptococcus neoformans.

Crush syndrome Cryptococcosis

Crura of Diaphragm

140

Cryptogenic Of unknown or indeter-minate origin.

Cryptomenorrhoea Monthly sub-jective symptoms of menstruationwithout vaginal bleed usually dueto unperforated hymen.

Cryptosporidiasis Acute diarrhoeacaused by protozoa crypto-sporidium usually in immuno-compromised.

Crystal Small particles with definitepattern and angles, e.g. apatitecrystals of calcium phosphate withother elements; Charcot-Leydencrystals found in sputum of patientswith asthma where in there iseosinophilia.

Crystallography Study of crystals,pertains to study of renal andbiliary calculi.

Crystalluria Appearance of crystals,in urine, commonly afteradministration of sulfa drugs.

c. terminal The alpha carboxyl groupof last amino acid.

Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ)The area of medulla oblongatawhose stimulation causes vomi-ting.

Cubital fossa The hollow anteriorto elbow bounded medially bypronater teres and laterally bybrachioradialis.

Cubitus Forearmc. valgus lateral deviation of

forearms beyond 16-18°.c. varus medial deviation of forearm.Cuff Glove, structure encircling a

part.

Cryptogenic Cuff

Rotator Cuff

141

Cul-de-sac A blind pouch or cavity.Culdocentesis Perforation of

posterior upper vaginal wall fordraining rectouterine pouch fordiagnostic/therapeutic purposes.

Culdoscopy Examination of pelviccavity by passing endoscope intoposterior vaginal fornix.

Culex Mosquito responsibe forfilariasis.

Culicide Agents that destroy gnatsand mosquitoes.

Cullen’s sign Bluish discolorationof periumbilical skin due tointraperitoneal hemorrhage,usually following pancreatitis,tubal pregnancy rupture.

Culmen Top or submit of a thing.Cult People following an ideal or

principle.Culture Propagation of micro-

organisms or living tissue inspecial media.

Cumulus Small elevation.Cupid’s bow The normal bow shape

of upper lip.Cupola The dome at the apex of

cochlea; the dome of pleuracovering apex of lung.

Cuprous Monovalent copper Cu+;Cupric is Cu++.

Curarization Anticonvulsant medi-cation, by administration of agentsnegating effects of acetylcholine,i.e., suxamethonium.

Currett A spoon shaped scrappinginstrument used in dentistry,gynaecology and orthopedics.

Curie Unit of radiation equivalentto 1010 × 3.7 disintegration persecond.

Curling ulcer Peptic ulcer followingsevere stress, i.e. burn injury.

Current A flow, usually of electricalimpulse.

c. alternating Current that perio-dically flows in opposite directions.

c. direct Unidirectionally flow ofcurrent.

Curriculum Course of study.Crushmann’s spirals Coiled spirals

in sputum of asthmatic patients.Curvilinear Concerning or per-

taining to a curved line.Cushing’s disease Hypersecretion of

ACTH with hypercortisolismmanifesting with trunkal obesity,hyperglycemia, hypokalemiapurplish striae and osteoporosis.

Cushing’s syndrome Symptomsarising out of hypercortisolism.

Cusp Points on crown of tooth, leaflike portions constituting heartvalves.

Cutis The skin.Cyanemia Blue colour of blood.Cyanhemoglobin Cyanide haemo-

globin compound where bloodappears cherry red as in cyanidepoisoning.

Cyanocobalamin Vit B12Cyanosis Bluish discolouration of

skin due to raised (> 4 gm%) ofreduced hemoglobin in blood.

c. central Occurring by admixture ofvenous and arterial blood in heart/lungs, e.g. pulmonary a-v fistula,Fallot tetralogy and TGV

c. peripheral Local cyanosis over coldparts due to increased oxygenextraction, e.g. CHF

Cul-de-sac Cyanosis, peripheral

142

c. differential Cyanosis of feet butnot arms in Eisenmenger syndromein patent ductus arteriosus.

Cyclamate Artificial sweetner 30times more sweet than sugar.

Cyclandelate Vasodilator.Cyclazocin Used in opioid addiction.

Cyclic AMP Adenosine 3’5' cyclicmonophosphate, an intracellularmessenger of end organ stimu-lation.

Cyclitis Inflammation of ciliarybody.

Cyclodialysis Drainage operationfor treatment of glaucoma inwhich communication is esta-blished between supra arachnoidspace and angle of anteriorchamber.

Cyclizine Antihistamine for motionsickness.

Cyclooxygenase Enzyme conver-ting arachidonic acid to prosta-glandin.

Cyclophosphamide Antineoplasticand immunosuppressant.

Cycloplegia Paralysis of ciliarymuscles leading to dilatation ofpupils.

Cyclopropane Gaseous anaestheticagent.

Cycloserine Broad spectrum anti-biotic used in tuberculosis.

Cyclosporine Immune suppressantused in transplant patients.

Cyclotron A particle accelerator inwhich the particle is rotatedbetween the ends of a magnet,gaining speed with each rotation.

Cylindroma Malignant tumorcontaining a collection of cellsforming cylinders.

Cyproheptadine Antiserotonin drugused in allergy and dumpingsyndrome.

Cyst A closed sac or pouch with adefinite wall containing fluid,semi-solid material.

c. alveolar Cyst at tooth apex, aircontaining cyst in lungs due toruptured alveoli.

c. colloid Cyst with gelatinous contents.c. dentigerous A fluid filled cyst

around crown of an unerupted tooth.

Cyanosis, differential Cyst, dentigerous

Cyclic AMP

Ovarian Cyst

143

c. dermoid Cyst containing epider-mal elements like hair, nail, teeth.

c. Gartner Cyst developing from avestigeal mesonephric duct(Gartner’s duct) in female.

c. meibomian Cyst of meibomiangland of eyelid, usually postinflammatory.

c. nabothian Retention cyst ofnabothian glands of cervix.

c. pilonidal Midline cyst over sacrumlined with stratified squamousepithelium.

c. porencephalic Anomalous cysticcavity in cortex communicatingwith ventricular system.

Cystadenoma An adenoma contain-ing cyst, may be serous when filledwith clear fluid orpseudomucinous when containsthick viscid fluid.

Cystathionine An intermediatecompound in the metabolism ofmethionine to cystine.

Cysticercosis Formation of cysts byencapsulation of larvae of tape-worm (T. solium).

Cystic fibrosis Inherited disease ofexocrine gland affecting respiratorytract, pancreas and intestinecharacterized by dry viscid mucus,

respiratory infection, pancreaticinsufficiency, increased sodiumcontent of sweat SYN–mucoviscidosis.

Cystitis Inflammation of urinarybladder; usually bacterial/viral/chemical.

c. interstitial a disease of youngfemales with chronic bladderirritation of unknown etiology butmarked voiding symptoms.

Cytarabine Compound of cytosineand D ribose.

Cytochrome A pigment importantfor cellular respiration.

Cytochrome oxidase Enzymeresponsible for electron transferfrom cytochromes to oxygenthus activating oxygen tocombine with hydrogen to formwater.

Cytochrome P450 A protein similarto Hb in the microsomes of livercells, catalyzing metabolism ofsteroid hormones and detoxi-fication of many chemicals.

Cytogenesis Origin and develop-ments of cell.

Cytokine More than 100 distinctiveprotein secreted by white bloodcells regulating inflammation,immunity and tissue repair e.g.interleukins, interferon’s, tumornecrosis factor, erythropoietin andcolony stimulating factors.

Cytomegalic inclusion disease Aviral disease that often affects fetusin utero and immunocompromised(AIDS victims) with

Cyst, dermoid Cytomegalic inclusion disease

Dermoid Cyst

144

hepatosplenomegaly, micro-cephaly, mental retardation.

Cytoskeleton Internal supportingframework of a cell consistingof microfilaments, intermediatefilaments and microtubules.

Cytotrophoblast The thin inner layerof trophoblast with cueboidal cellssecreting hormones.

Czemak’s spaces Spaces in dentincaused by fai lure of calci-fication.

Cytoskeleton Czemak's spaces

DDacarbazine An alkylating agent

used in treatment of malignantmelanoma, Hodgkin’s disease.

Dacryo cystitis Inflammation oflacrimal gland.

Dacryostenosis Narrowing oflacrimal duct.

Dactinomycin Antitumor antibiotic.Dactylitis Chronic inflammation of

phalanges and metatarsals.Dalton’s law In a mixture of gases

total pressure is equal to sum ofpartial pressure of each gas.

Danazol A progesterone used inendometriosis and fibroadenosisof breast.

Dance saint vitus SYN–chorea, i.e.involuntary quasipurposive non-repetitive jerky movements.

Dandruff Seborrhoea, exfoliation ofepidermis of scalp with whitegreasy, dry scales.

Dandy-Walker syndrome Conge-nital hydrocephalus due to block-age of foramen of Luschka andMagendie.

Dane particle 42 nm sphere ofhepatitis B virus.

Dantrolene A muscle relaxant.Dapsone Diamino diphenyl sul-

phone, a bacteriostatic antileproticagent.

Daraprim Pyrimethamine, used inmalaria.

Darier’s disease (Keratosis folli-cularis) a congenital disordercharacterized by verrucous papu-lar growths that colaesce intoplaques of various sizes on scalp,face, neck and trunk.

Dark room Light tight room forprocessing X-ray films.

Dartos The subcutaneous muscle ofscrotum.

Datura The plant, source of scopal-amine and hyosciamine, theanticholinergic agents.

Daunorubicin Anthracycline anti-neoplastic antibiotic used forleukemia and malignancies.

Davidson’s sign Decreased or absentpupillary light reflex when electriclight is held in closed mouth as intumor or fluid in maxillary sinus.

Dawn phenomenon A phenomenain diabetes mellitus with morninghyperglycemia due to growthhormone release.

DDT Dichlordiphenyl trichlo-rethane (chlorphenothane) aninsecticide used in mosquitocontrol.

Dead space The portion of tidalvolume not participating in gasexchange

d. alveolar volume of alveolar gasnot perfused with capillary blood

d. anatomical the air from nose tobronchial tree, not participating ingas exchange.

Deafness Complete or partial lossof ability to hear

d. conduction resulting from obstruc-tion to sound waves reaching thenormal cochlea, e.g. otosclerosis,wax, eustachian catarrh.

d. perceptive deafness due to lesionsof cochlea or cochlear nerve/nucleus.

Deamination Removal of NH2radicals from amino compounds.

146

The process being oxidative orhydrolytic.

Death Permanent cessation of allvital functions including that ofbrain, heart, lung.

Death rate Number of deaths per1000 population in a given time.

Death rattle Rattle sound producedby passage of air throughaccumulated mucous in the bron-chi in terminal patients due to wantof cough reflex.

Debridement Removal of foreignmaterial along with devitalizedtissue.

Debrisoquin Antihypertensiveagent.

Decadron Dexamethasone, a longacting corticosteroid.

Decadurabolin Nandrolone deca-noate, an anabolic steroid.

Decameter A measure of 10 meters.Decapitation Beheading.Decarboxylase Enzyme catalyzing

release of carbon dioxide fromcompounds like amino acids.

Deceleration Decrease in velocity.Decibel The unit expressing degree

of intensity or loudness of sound.Decidua Endometrium of uterus

during pregnancy with outercompact layer and inner spongylayer.

d. basalis That unites with chorionto form placenta.

d. capsularis That surroundschorionic sac.

Deciduoma Uterine tumor contai-ning decidual tissue, when malig-nant termed choriocarcinoma.

Deciduous teeth Primary dentitionof 20 teeth that erupt between 6months and 3 years.

Deciliter 100 ml or 10 centi liter.Decimeter 10 cm or 1/10 of meter.Decision analysis A logically

consistent approach to the commonclinical problem of needing to makea decision when its consequencescannot be foretold with certainty.The biological variation,inconsistent drug response andpoor clinical outcome data onmany drug/therapeuticprocedures make decision analysisa charter so that patient can beforetold in advance all about thepossible outcome of treatment andhe can choose the one he thinks best.

Decision making The process ofusing all the informations availa-ble about a patient and arriving ata decision concerning therapeuticplan.

Declaration of Geneva The declara-tion adopted in 1948 by WorldMedical Association at Genevawhich reads as “At the time of beingadmitted as a member of medicalprofession I solemnly pledge mylife to the service of humanity cond..

Declaration of Hawaii The guide-lines laid down by General Assem-bly of world psychiatricassociation for psychiatrists in1976 at Hawaii.

Decline Progressively decrease.Decoction A liquid medicinal pre-

paration made by boiling vege-table substances with water.

Death Decoction

147

Decompensation Failure of heart tomaintain adequate circulation tomeet oxygen demand of tissues.

Decomposition Decay, putrefaction.Decompression illness Illness

arising from rapid reduction ofsurrounding pressure as in seadivers suddenly coming to surface.Symptoms are due to release ofdissolved nitrogen.

Decongestant Reducing congestionor swelling.

Decortication Removal of surfacelayer of an organ, e.g. removal ofpleura, renal capsule.

Decorticate posture The typicalposture like flexed arms, clenchedfists and extended legs in acomatose patient with lesion aboveupper brainstem.

Decrudescence Decrease in theseverity of symptoms of a disease.

Decubitus ulcer Skin ulceration dueto prolonged pressure, commonlyover bony prominences.

Decussation A crossing of structuresin the form of X.

De differentiation 1. The return ofparts to a homogeneous state, 2.process by which mature differen-tiated cells or tissues at sites oforigin of immature elements of thesame type, as in some cancers.

Deduction Reasoning from generalto particular.

Deep reflex Reflexes influenced byhigher cortical centers, e.g. ankle,knee, supination, biceps jerks.

Defecation Bowel evacuation.Defecation syncope Syncope

occurring during or immediatelyafter defecation.

Defecography Imaging of anorectalregion after instilling barium intorectum – a procedure to knowpuborectalis function duringdefecation

Defeminization Loss of femalesexual characteristics.

Defense Resistance to disease.Defensins Antimicrobial peptide

secreted by leukocytes.d. silver fork forearm deformity

following Colle’s fractured. sealfin lateral deviation of fingers

in rheumatoid arthritisd. Sprengel’s congenital upward

displacement of scapulaDeferens Carrying away.Deferoxamine Iron chelating agent

used in thalassaemia major, hae-mosiderosis.

Defibrillation Stoppage of fibrilla-tion of heart by drugs or electricalcurrent.

Definition The precise.Definitive Clear and final without

ambiguity.Deformity An alteration in the

natural form or alignment of anorgan.

Degeneration Deterioration inorgan structure or function.

d. fatty deposition of abnormalamounts of fat replacing normalcells.

d. calcareous Deposition of calciumsalts.

Decompensation Degeneration, calcareous

148

d. cystic Degeneration with cystformation.

d. hyaline The degenerated tissuesassume a homogeneous and glossyappearance.

d. hydropic Appearance of waterdroplets in cytoplasm.

d. pigmentary Degenerated cellschange their colour.

d. spongy familial demyelination ofdeep cerebral cortex.

d. subacute combined Degenerationof lateral and posterior columns ofspinal cord as in Vit. B12 deficiency.

Dehydration Excessive fluid loss orinadequate fluid intake resulting inhaemoconcentration and renalfailure.

Dehydrocholic acid A bile salt thatstimulates production of bile fromthe liver.

Dehydrocholesterol Precursor of vit.D.

Dehydrocorticosterone Adrenalcorticosteroid.

Dehydroepiandrosterone A 17ketosteroid with androgenicactivity.

Deiter’s cells Supporting cells inorgan of corti.

Deiter’s nucleus Cell collectionbehind auditory nerve nucleus.

Deja entendu The illusion orexperience of hearing a thing whichhe has previously heard.

Deja vu The illusion or experience ofseeing some thing which as if hasseen/experienced previously,(unreasonable familiarity withperson/surrounding).

Deladelaphus Twins fused abovethorax, but separated below.

Deleterious Harmful.Deletion The loss of genetic mate-

rial from one chromosome.Delinquent One with antisocial/

criminal behavior.Delirium A state of mental confusion

in which patient is disoriented fortime and place with illusions andhallucinations. This may occurduring fever, after head injury, drugintoxication, etc.

d. of persecution Delirium in whichpatient feels persecuted by others.

d. tremens Delirium in patients ofchronic alcoholism followingabstinence or illness. Usuallybenign but convulsion is a danger.

Delivery Child birth.Deltoid ligament Internal lateral

ligament of knee joint.Deltoid muscle The prominent muscle

covering shoulder — attached todeltoid ridge of humerus.

Delusion A false belief inconsistentto ones knowledge and experience,and with evidence to contrary.

d. nihilistic Victim believes thateverything has ceased to exist.

d. grandeur Victim feels himselfwealthy, rich and extraordinaryand behaves so.

d. persecution Patient feels that everybody around him are against himand may persecute him.

d. reference Delusion that causes thevictim to read a meaning notintended in the acts or words ofothers.

Degeneration, cystic Delusion, reference

149

d. systematized Logical correlationwith false reasoning and deduction.

d. unsystematized Delusion withoutany correlation between ideas andsurroundings.

Demeclocycline An antibiotic oftetracycline group.

Dementia Global impairment ofintellectual function (cognition)interfering with social andoccupational activities.

Demerol Meperidine hydrochloride,opium derivative.

Demilune A crescent shaped groupof serous cells forming a caplikestructure over a mucous alveolus,commonly present in submandi-bular gland.

Demineralization Loss of minerals:calcium and phosphorus frombone.

Demography Statistical and quanti-tative study of characteristics ofhuman population like size,growth, density, sex, age, etc.

Demorphinization Gradualdecrease in the dose of morphine inmorphine addicts.

Demulcent Soothening agent actingon mucous membrane like honey,glycerin, olive oil.

de. mussets sign Head nodding witheach cardiac contraction in severeaortic incompetence.

Demutization Overcoming mutismby teaching the patient to speak oruse sign language.

Demyelination Destruction ofmyelin sheath.

Denaturation Addition of substances

to ethyl alcohol to make it toxic andunfit for human consumption.

Denatured protein A protein that haslost some of its physical andchemical properties by treatment.

Dendrite A branched protoplasmicprocess of a neurone that conductsimpulses to cell body.

Denervation Depriving a structureor organ from its nerve supply.

Dengue A group B arbovirus diseasecaused by bite of Aedis egyptimosquitoes, characterized by fever,myalgia, lymphadenopathy andoften purpuric spots.

Densimeter An instrument formeasuring optical density of aradiograph.

Densitometry Determining theamount of ionizing radiation towhich a patient is being exposed.

Dental arch The arch formed bycutting and chewing surfaces ofteeth.

Dental consonant A consonantpronounced with the tongue at ornear the front upper teeth.

Dental disk The disk with abrasivepowder for cutting or polishingteeth.

Dental formula A brief method ofexpressing the dentition of mam-mals.

Dental plaque A gummy mass ofmicro organisms and minerals thatgrows on the crown and causesdissolution of enamel and toothsubstance.

Dental pulp The embryonic connec-tive tissue rich in vessels and nerves

Delusion, systematized Dental pulp

150

occupying the central space withinthe tooth and its roots.

Denticle A small tooth like projec-tion, A calcified structure withinpulp of tooth.

Dental scalants Application ofplastic films to the chewingsurfaces of teeth to seal the pits andgrooves where food and bacteriacan be trapped.

Dentifrice A powder or othersubstance used for cleaning the teeth.

Dentin The calcified hard part oftooth surrounding the pulp cham-ber, covered by enamel in the crownand by cementum in the root area.

Dentinogenesis Formation of dentinin development of a tooth.

Dentition The type, number andarrangement of teeth in the dentalarch.

Dentulous Having one’s naturalteeth.

Denture Artificial teeth substitutingnatural teeth.

Deodorant An agent that masks orabsorbs fowl odour.

Deontology Study of professionalobligations and commitments.

Deoxycorticosterone A renal hor-mone with mineral corticoidactivity.

Deoxycholic acid C24H40O4, a bileacid.

Deoxycoformycin Anti leukemicagent.

Denticle Deoxycoformycin

Dentition

151

Deoxyribonuclease Enzyme causinghydrolysis of DNA.

Deoxyribonucleic acid A proteinconsisting of deoxyribose, phos-phoric acid, two purine bases(adenine and guanine) and twopyrimidines (thymine and cyto-sine), principally present in cellnucleus; principal protein of genesand chromosomes.

Deoxyribose A phosphoric ester ofa pentose sugar.

Dependence Psychic craving for adrug that may or may not beaccompanied by physiologicaldependence.

Depersonalization disorder Thebelief that ones own reality is lostor altered.

Depilation The process of hairremoval.

Depletion Removal of substanceslike water, electrolyte, blood fromthe body.

Depolarization Reversal ofelectrical changes on cellmembrane.

d. secretory diarrhea due to excesspouring of fluid and electrolytesinto intestine as in carcinoidsyndrome, Z.E. syndrome,mudullary carcinoma thyorid,VIPOMA and some pancreaticadenomas.

Depolymerization The breakdownof polymers into monomers.

Depomedrol Methyl prednisoneacetate.

Depot Storage, e.g. fat depot.Depressant Agent that depresses

body function or nerve cell activity.Depression 1. Altered mood with

loss of interest in pleasurableactivities, feeling of worthless,excessive guilt, self reproach,suicidal ideation. 2. lowering of apart, 3. Decrease in the activity of avital organ.

d. bipolar depression with alter-nating periods of elation and grief.

d. endogenous depression withoutapparent cause.

d. reactive depression followingadverse life situations.

de. Quervain’s disease Tenosyno-vitis involving tendon sheaths ofabductor pollicis longus andextensor pollicis brevis.

Dercum’s disease SYN–adiposisdolorosa. Painful areas of fataccumulation in menopausalwomen.

Deoxyribonuclease Dercum's disease

DNA

152

Dereism In psychiatry, activity andthought based on fantasy andwishes rather than logic or reason.

Derivative Derived from another.Dermalaxia Morbid relaxation or

softness of skin.

Dermatitis Inflammation of skin,may be allergic, actinic, infective,exfoliative, etc. characterized byredness, itching, etc.

d. atopic Dermatitis of unknownetiology, usually familial mostlyself limited in children, often withlichenification.

d. contact Secondary to contact withsuch agents like deodorants andperfumes, usually in hyper-sensitive skin.

d. exfoliative Constitutional symp-toms, desquamation and extensiveinvolvement. Pigmentation isfrequent.

d. herpetiformis Chronic inflam-matory disease with vesicular,bulbous or pustular eruptions withlinkage to HLA-B8 and gluten.Responds to oral dapsone.

d. seborrheic Rounded irregular orcircinate lesions on scalp, eye

brows, nasolabial folds withgreasy, shinny yellow or yellowgray scales.

Dermatoglyphics Study of lines ofhand and feet for drawing inferenceabout one’s susceptibility todisease.

Dermatolysis Tendency of hyper-trophied skin and subcutaneoustissue to hang in folds.

Dermatome 1. Area of skin inner-vated by one segment of spinal cord2. Instrument to cut thin section ofskin as in skin grafting.

Dermatomyositis A connectivetissue disorder characterized byskin edema, dermatitis and inflam-mation/dysfunction of voluntaryand involuntary muscles.

Dermatophobia Excessive fear aboutskin disease.

Dermatophyte A fungus that growsin skin or its appendage, e.g.epidermophyton, trichophyton andmicrosporum.

Dermatophytosis Fungus infectionof skin of hand and feet.

Dermatosis Any disease of skin;inflammation may not be there.

Dermis The true skin below epider-mis, containing nerve fibers andblood vessels.

Dermoid Resembling the skin.Dermoid cyst A non malignant

cystic tumor containing ecto-dermal elements like skin, hair andteeth.

Dermonosology The science ofclassification of skin disease.

Dermotropic Acting especially onthe skin.

Dereism Dermotropic

Acute Irritant Dermatitis

153

Dermatome Pattern

Dermodidymus A malformed foetuswith two heads and neck but asingle body and normal limbs.

Desalination Removal of salt, e.g.removal of salt from sea water tomake the water drinkable.

Desaturation A process where bya saturated organic compound isconverted into an unsaturatedone.

Descemet’s membrane Membranebetween endothelial layer of corneaand substantia propria.

Desensitization Prevention ofanaphylaxis usually by adminis-tering repeated small doses of theagent causing anaphylaxis/allergy.

Desert fever Coccidioidomycosis.Desferrioxamine Iron chelating

agent.

Dermodidymus Desferrioxamine

154

Desiccant Agent causing dryness.Desipramine Antidepressant

(tricyclic group).Deslanoside Cardiac glycoside

similar to lanatoside - CDesmitis Inflammation of a ligament.Desmocyte A supporting tissue cell.Desmodynia Pain in a ligament.Desmoid Resembling a tendon.Desmoplasia An abnormal tendency

to form fibrous tissue or adhesivebands.

Desmopressin Synthetic vaso-pressin analogue.

Desmorrhexis Rupture of theepidermis.

Desquamation Shedding of the,epidermis.

Destructive Causing ruin, oppositeto constructive.

Detachment Becoming separate.Detail In radiology, the sharpness

with which an image is presentedon a radiograph.

Detector An instrument for deter-mining the presence of something.

d. lie A polygraph, an instrument fordetermining minor physicalchanges assumed to occur under-stress of lying or any other emotion.

Detergent Cleansing agents, eitheranionic or cationic.

Deterioration Retrogression.Determinant That which determines

the character of any thing.Determination Establishing the

nature or precise identity of asubstance, organism or event.

Detonation A violent noise causedby an explosive.

Detoxify To remove toxic quality ofa substance. To treat toxic overdoseof a drug/alcohol.

Detrition Wearing away of a partusually due to friction as that of teeth.

Detritus Degenerative matterproduced by disintegration.

Detrusor External muscular coat ofurinary bladder.

Detumscence Subsidence of swell-ing, esp. of erectile tissue like penisand clitoris.

Deuteranopia Green colour blind-ness.

Deuterium Heavy hydrogen withtwo atoms.

Developer In radiology, the solutionused to make the latent imagevisible on the radiograph.

Developmental milestonesDevelopment of skills like craw-ling, fitting, laughing, walking ininfants and children.

Deviant behavior Actions consi-dered abnormal.

Deviation Departure from normal.d. conjugate Deviation of face and

eyes to same side.d. standard In statistics, the measure

of variability from the centraltendency of any frequency curve. Itis the square root of variance.

Device intrauterine contraceptiveDevices placed in uterus to preventcontraception, e.g. copper T.

Devitalization Loss of vitality; esp.anesthetizing the pulp of a tooth.

Devolution Degradation, or destruc-tive process.

Dexamethasone Synthetic gluco-corticoid.

Desiccant Dexamethasone

155

Dex chlorpheniramine Antihis-taminic (polaramine).

Dexterity Motor skill.Dextrality Right handedness.Dextran A plasma volume expan-

der, a polysaccharide fermentedfrom sucrose.

Dextrase Enzyme splitting dextroseinto lactic acid.

Dextrin (C6H10O5)11, a carbo-hydrate produced during digestionof starch.

Dextriferron Ferric hydroxide usedin treating iron deficiency.

Dextroamphetamine An isomer ofamphetamine, a CNS stimulant.

Dextrocardia Heart positioned inright side of thoracic cavity.

Dextrocardiogram Electrocardio-gram representing right ventri-cular forces.

Dextroduction Movement of visualaxis to right.

Dextromethorphan A cough supp-ressant.

Dextrophobia Abnormal aversionto objects on right side of body.

Dextropropoxy phene Analgesicwith high addiction potency.

Dextroposition Displaced to right.Dextrose C6H12O6 (SYN-glucose), a

simple monosaccharose sugar.Dextrothyroxine A thyroxine like

drug used to treat type II hyper-lipoproteinemia.

Diabetes A general term for disea-ses causing excessive urination.

d. brittle Patient’s glucose tolerancevariable especially, in type Idiabetes mellitus.

d. bronze (hemochromatosis) ironstorage disease with hepato-megaly, darkening of skin, pan-creatic endocrine deficiency oftenwith cardiac dysfunction.

d. insipidus Polyuria and polydipsiadue to inadequate antidiuretichormone secretion by posteriorpituitary.

d. mellitus A disorder of carbo-hydrate metabolism due to eitherinsulin deficiency, insulin resis-tance or insulin antibodies charac-terized by hyperglycemia andglycosuria.

Diabetic tabes Diabetic neuropathywith neuritic leg pain and loss ofknee jerk.

Diabenese Chlorpropamide, an oralsulphonyl urea.

Diacele Third ventricle of brain.Diacetic acid Acetoacetic acid, a

ketone found in urine in diabeticketoacidosis.

Diacetyl morphine Heroin, strongaddictive potential.

Diadochokinesia Ability to makeantagonistic movements likepronation and supination in quicksuccession.

Diagnosis The term used to denotethe name of disease or diseasedprocess using scientific and skill-ful methods.

d. antenatal Diagnostic proceduresto determine the health of the foetus,e.g. amniocentesis, biochemicalprofile (L.: S ratio, estriol assay),amnioscopy, non-stress test,ultrasound, chorionic villousbiopsy.

Dex chlorpheniramine Diagnosis, antenatal

156Diabetes complications Diabetes complications

Diabetes Complications

157

d. differential Comparison ofdiseases having some what simi-lar presentation.

Dialysate The dialysis fluid used toremove or deliver compounds orelectrolytes that the failing kidneycannot excrete or retain in properconcentration.

Dialysis The process of diffusingblood across a semipermeablemembrane to remove toxic mate-rials.

d. continuous ambulatory peritonealPatient is put on continuousperitoneal dialysis by an implan-ted peritoneal catheter and atta-ched disposable dialysate bags; asubstitute to chronic haemo-dialysis.

d. dementia Neurologic disturbanceslike speech difficulties, dementia,seizure, myoclonus, etc. afterchronic dialysis, probably relatedto increased aluminiumconcentration in brain.

d. disequilibrium The symptoms ofnausea, vomiting, drowsiness,headache and seizures that appearshortly after starting hemo/peritoneal dialysis. The cause isbrain edema as urea in brainremains relatively higher incomparison to serum.

d. haemo The patient’s blood anddialysate are passed in oppositedirections across a semipermeablemembrane (a coil, plate) in adialysis machine. More effectivethan peritoneal dialysis.

d. peritoneal Dialysis in which thelining endothelium of peritoneal

cavity is used as dialysis memb-rane. 2 liters of dialysis fluid areintroduced into peritoneal sac in 20minutes, is retained for 20 minutesand is then drained off in 20 minutes(one cycle), 8 cycles in a day.

Diameter Distance from one pointto another diagonally oppositepoint on the perimeter of a sphere.

d. antero-posterior of pelvic inletDistance between posterior surfaceof symphysis pubis to sacralpromontory usually 11 cm in adultfemale.

d. antero-posterior of pelvic outletDistance between tip of coccyx andlower edge of symphysis pubis.

d. biparietal Transverse diameterbetween parietal eminences of bothsides (about 9.25 cm).

d. bitemporal Distance between twotemporal bones (about 8 cm)

d. bitrochanteric Distance betweenhighest point of two trochanters(useful for breech delivery).

d. bizygomatic Distance betweenmost prominent points of zygo-matic arches.

d. cervico bregmatic Distancebetween anterior frontal andjunction of neck with floor ofmouth.

d. diagonal conjugate Distance fromthe upper part of symphysis pubisto the most distant part of brim ofpelvis.

d. external conjugate Antero poste-rior diameter of pelvic inletmeasured externally, i.e. distancefrom the skin over the upper part ofsymphysis pubis to the skin over a

Diagnosis, differential Diameter, external conjugate

158Diameter Diagnal Conjugate

Diameter

Diagonal Conjugate

159

point corresponding to the sacralpromontory.

d. mento bregmatic Distance fromchin to the middle of anteriorfontanel.

d. occipito frontal Distance fromposterior fontanel to the root ofnose.

d. occipito mental Greatest distancebetween the most prominentportion of the occiput and point ofchin (13.5 cm).

d. of fetal skull In full term fetus,the various diameters are: sub-occipitobregmatic: 9.5 cm, cer-vicobregmatic 9.5 cm, fronto-mental: 8.1 cm, occipitomental:12.7 cm. Occipitofrontal: 11.4 cm,biparietal: 9.5 cm. bitemporal: 8.1cm.

Diamox Acetazolamide, a carbonicanhydrase inhibitor.

Diapedesis Passage of blood cellsesp. leukocytes by amoeboidmovement through the intact wallof capillary.

Diaphane A very small electric lightutilized in transillumination.

Diaphanometer A device for esti-mation of the amount of solids in afluid by its transparency.

Diaphanography Transilluminationof breast.

Diaphanoscope Device for trans-illumination of body cavities.

Diaphoresis Profuse sweating.Diaphoretic Agents that increase

sweating/perspiration.Diaphragm The musculo memb-

ranous wall separating abdomenfrom thoracic cavity. It contracts

with each inspiration permittingdescent of base of lung. Theattachment is to 6th rib anteriorlyand 11-12th ribs posteriorly.Diaphragmatic contraction aids indefaecation, parturition andurination by increasing intra-abdominal pressure. It becomesspasmodic in hiccough and sneez-ing. Contribution of bothdiaphragms to respiratory inflowis 40% and nerve supply is byphrenic nerves.

d. pelvic Formed by levator ani andcoccygeus muscles pierced inmidline by vagina, urethra andrectum.

d. urogenital Urogenital trigone ortriangular ligament that liesbetween ischiopubic rami. It liessuperficial to the pelvic diaphragmand in the male surrounds themembranous urethra; in females itsurrounds vagina.

d. contraceptive A rubber or plasticcup that fits on to the cervix toprevent entry of sperms into uterus.

d. of microscope The apparatuscontrolling illumination in theinstrument

Diaphysis The middle part of longbone.

Diapophysis An upper articularsurface of transverse process ofvertebra.

Diarrhoea Frequent passage ofunformed watery stool due toinflammation, irritation, retention,emotion, etc.

d. traveler’s Diarrhoea in travellersdue to E. coli

Diameter, mento bregmatic Diarrhoea, traveler’s

160

Diascope A glass plate held againstthe skin for examining superficiallesions. Erythematous lesions blanchbut not haemorrhagic lesions.

Diastage The enzyme convertingstarch to sugar.

Diastasis The last part of diastole, of0.2 second duration and isimmediately followed by atrialcontraction.

Diastematomyelia A congenitalfissure of spinal cord, oftenassociated with spina bifidacystica.

Diastole That period of cardiac cycle(usually of 0.5 sec) during whichthe heart dilates, ventricles fill withblood.

Diastolic pressure The period ofleast pressure in the arterialvascular system.

Diathermy The therapeutic use of ahigh frequency current to generateheat within some part of body.

d. short wave Employs wavelengthsof 3-30 meters.

d. surgical Diathermy of highfrequency for electrocoagulation orcauterization.

Diathrosis A hinge joint.Diatom One group of unicellular

microscopic algae seen in lungs ofpatients with antemortemdrowning.

Diatrizoate meglumine Radio-opaque dye for arterial use (gastro-graffin).

Diatrizoate sodium Radiopaque dyefor visualisation of bladder,urinary tract, reproductive system.

Diaxon A neurone having two axons.Diazepam Antianxiety benzodia-

zepine useful in treatment ofcocaine poisoning, status epilep-ticus, convulsion and a variety ofanxiety disorders valium.

Diazo reaction A deep red colour inurine produced by action ofammonia and p-diazobenzenesulfuric acid on aromatic sub-stances of urine.

Diazoxide Drug used IV to treathypertensive crisis and hypo-glycemia.

Dibasic Substance with two atomsof hydrogen in each moleculereplaceable by a base.

Dibenzyline Trade name forphenoxybenzamine.

Dibucaine hydrochloride Localanaesthetic similar to cocaine.

Dicalcium phosphate Dibasiccalcium phosphate, used forcalcium supplement.

Dichloramine A germicide, disinfec-tant containing chlorine.

Dichlorphenamide Carbonic anhy-drase inhibitor used for glaucoma.

Dichotomy Dividing into two parts.Dichromation Ability to distinguish

only two primary colours, i.e. redand green.

Dick test A skin test for susceptibilityto scarlet fever similar to shick testfor diphtheria.

Dicloxacillin sodium A semi-synthetic penicillin for treatmentof penicillinase resistant staphylo-cocci.

Dicophane DDT.

Diascope Dicophane

161

Dicrotic Relates to a double pulse.Dicrotic notch The notch on descen-

ding limb of pulse wave.Dicrotic wave The positive wave

following dicrotic notch.Dictyoma A tumor of capillary

epithelium.Dicumarol An anticoagulant that

increases prothrombin time.Dicyclomine An anticholinergic

agent.Didactic Pertains to teaching by

lectures or texts as opposed toclinical or bedside teaching.

Didelphic Pertains to double uterus.Didymodynia Pain in the testicle.Didymitis Inflammation of testicle.Diechoscope A stethoscope for

simultaneous auscultation fromtwo different sites.

Dieldrin A chlorinated hydrocarbonused as insecticide.

Diencephalon The portion of brainencompassing epithalamus, thala-mus, metathalamus andhypothalamus.

Dienestrol Synthetic estrogen.Dientameba fragilis Parasitic

ameba inhabiting small instestineand causing diarrhoea.

Diet Food substances normallyconsumed in the course of living.

d. balanced diet adequate in energyproviding all tissue buildingmaterials, vitamins and proteins.

Diethazine hydrochloride Anti-cholinergic used in treatment ofParkinsonism.

Diethylcarbamazine Antifilarialagent.

Diethylpropion An adrenergic drugwith actions similar toamphetamine.

Diethyl stilbestrol Synthetic estrogen.Diethyl toluamide Insect repellent.Diethyl tryptamine Hallucinogenic

agent.Dietitian A person experienced in

field of nutrition and dietetic advice.Dietl’s crisis Renal colic from partial

obstruction of ureter.Dieulafoy’s triad Tenderness,

muscular rigidity and skin hyper-esthesia at McBurney’s point inacute appendicitis.

Differential blood count Deter-mination of number of each varietyof leukocytes in one micro litre ofblood.

Diffraction The deflection thatoccurs when light rays are passed1 through crystals, prisms or otherdeflecting media.

Diffusion A process by whichvarious gases intermingle as aresult of incessant motion of theirmolecule, i.e. there is always atendency of molecule or substances(gas, liquid, solid) to move from aregion of high concentration to alow concentration.

Digestion The process by which foodis broken down by enzymaticaction into absorbable forms.

Digital radiography Radiographyusing computerized imaginginstead of conventional film orscreen imaging.

Digitalis Cardiotonic glycoside thatincreases myocardial contractionand refractory period of AV node.

Dicrotic Digitalis

162

Digital reflex Sudden flexion ofterminal phalanx when nail issuddenly tapped.

Digitoxin Cardiotonic glycoside.Dihydroergotamine Vasocons-

trictor used in migraine.Dihydrosphingosine An amino

alcohol present in sphingo lipids.Dihydrotachysterol A sterol obtai-

ned by irradiation of ergosterol andfunctions as Vit D.

Dihydroaluminium aminoacetateAn antacid.

Dihydroxycholecalciferol Sterolswith hormonal properties akin tovit. D, e.g. calcitrol.

Diiodohydroxyquin Iodoquinol.Diktyoma Tumor of ciliary epi-

thelium.Dilantin A derivative of glyceryl

urea, (diphenyl hydantoin sodium)used as antiepileptic, best forclonic/toxic clonic seizure.

Dilatation Expansion of a vessel oran orifice.

Dilation and curettage Cervicalcanal dilatation and scraping ofuterine cavity.

Dilation and evacuation Cervicalcanal dilatation and evacuation ofproduct of conception by suction/forcep.

Dilators Instruments used to dilatecanals, cavities or openings.

Diltiazem Calcium channel blocker,useful for ischaemic heart disease.

Dimenhydrinate A drug for controlof dizziness, vomiting and nausea.

Dimercaprol Used as an antidote forgold, arsenic, mercury, etc. injected

IM mixed with benzyl benzoateand alcohol.

Dimethicone A silicone oil used toprotect the skin against watersoluble irritants.

Dimethindene maleate Antihis-tamine.

Dimethisterone Progesteronecompound.

Dimethylphthalate An insectrepellant.

Dimethyl sulfoxide A solvent usedto facilitate absorption of medi-cines through the skin.

Dimethyl tryptamine An agent withproperties similar to halluci-nogens like LSD.

Dimple sign A sign used to differen-tiate dermatofibroma frommalignant nodular melanoma.Upon application of lateral pressure,the dermatofibroma will dimple orbecome indented, but melanomaprotrudes above plane of skin.

Dinoprost tromethamine A drugcausing uterine contraction henceused to induce abortion.

Dioctyl calcium, sodium/potas-sium/sulfosuccinate A stoolsoftner.

Diopter Refractory power of lenswith focal length at 1 meter.

Dioxybenzone Chemical for protec-ting skin from sun.

Dipeptidase An enzyme thatcatalyzes the hydrolysis of dipep-tides to amino acids.

Diphemanil methyl sulfate An an-ticholinergic agent used for treat-ment of peptic ulcer.

Digital reflex Diphemanil methyl sulfate

163

Diphenhydramine hydrochlorideAntihistamine, (Benadryl).

Diphenoxylate Antidiarrheal agentsmooth muscle relaxant (Lomotil).

Diphenyl hydantoin sodium Anticonvulsant.

Diphenyl pyraline An antihista-mine.

Diphonia Simultaneous productionof two voice tones.2-3 diphosphoglycerate An org-anic phosphate that effects affinityof haemoglobin for RBC and isdepleted in stored blood.

Diphtheria Acute infectious disease,characterized by fever, sore throat,cervical lymphadenopathy andformation of gray pseudomembraneat the site of infection, i.e. tonsil,pharynx larynx nose, etc. Causativeagent is club shaped bacillus, corynebacterium diphtheriae.

Diphtheroid Resembling diphtheriaor diphtheria bacillus.

Diphyllo bothrium Genus of tapeworm, D-latum is fish tapeworminfesting humans, causing B12deficiency.

Diplegia Paralysis of legs and handsof one side.

Diplomyelia Doubling of spinalcord due to a length wise fissure,often seen in patients of spina bifida.

Diploë Spongy tissue between thetwo layers of compact bone.

Diploid Having two sets of chromo-somes.

Diplopia Double vision.d. binocular Double vision occurring

when both eyes are used due todiseases of cranial nerves,cerebrum.

d. monocular Double vision with oneeye open (hysterics).

d. uncrossed SYN — homonymousdiplopia; each image appears onthe same side as the eye that seesthe image.

d. crossed Images are on the sideopposite to the eye that sees theimage.

d. vertical Diplopia with one of thetwo images higher than other.

Dipole Two equal and oppositecharges separated by a distance.

Dipsesis Extreme thirst or cravingfor abnormal fluids.

Dipsomania A morbid craving foralcohol.

Dipstic A chemical impregnatedpaper strip used for analysis ofchemical constituents in urine.

Direct current An electric currentflowing continuously in onedirection only.

Direct light reflex Contraction ofpupil on focussing a light beam onit.

Dirofilaria A genus of micro filaria.Disaccharidase Carbohydrate

composed of two monosaccharides,e.g. sucrose.

Discitis Inflammation of intervertebral disk.

Disconnection syndrome Distur-bances of visual and languagefunctions due to section of corpuscallosum or occlusion of anteriorcerebral artery, manifesting asinability to match an object held inone hand with that in the other wheneyes are closed.

Diphenhydramine hydrochloride Disconnection syndrome

164

Discordance In genetics, the expres-sion of a trait in only one of the twinpair.

Discrete Separate, distinct.Discrimination The process of

distinguishing or differentiating.d. tonal ability to distinguish one

tone from the other, a functiondependent upon integrity oftransverse fibers of the basilarmembrane in organ of corti.

d. two point ability to localize twopoints of pressure when applied toskin as separate sensations.

Disdiadochokinesia Inability tomake quick alternating move-ments like pronation and supi-nation common to cerebellardisease.

Disease Literally the lack of ease, orillness/suffering.

d. autoimmune A state of immuneaberration where body producesantibodies against healthy hosttissues as in some cases of glo-merulonephritis, haemolyticanaemia, rheumatoid arthritis,myasthenia gravis, thyrotoxicosis,SLE, scleroderma, etc.

d. heavy chain Diseases in whichheavy chain production of immuno-globulins is in excess. IgA chainexcess manifests with abdominallymphoma and malabsorption,IgM with repeated bacterialinfections, lymphadenopathy andIg D chain with picture similar tomultiple myeloma.

d. hereditary Where disease istransmitted from parent to offs-pring.

d. motor neurone There is degene-ration of anterior horn cells ofspinal cord, cranial nerve nuclei inthe brainstem, and pyramidaltracts, e.g. progressive muscularatrophy, amyotropic lateral sclero-sis.

d. psychosomatic Psychologicalfactors contribute to initiation orexacerbation of the disease, e.g.asthma, tension headache, neuro-dermatitis, peptic ulcer, etc.

Disengagement The emergence offoetal head from within the mater-nal pelvis.

Disinfectant A substance thatprevents infection by killingpathogenic organisms.

Disinfection The process of makingrooms/linens/organs germ free.The common methods ofdisinfection are by autoclaving,boiling in water, ethylene oxide/formal dehyde gas, alcohol, iodine,phenols, etc.

Disinfestation The process of killinginfesting insects/parasites.

Disintegration The falling apart ofconstituents of a substance.

Dislocation Displacement of anypart.

d. monteggia Dislocation of the hipin which the head of femur lies nearanterosuperior spine of ileum.

d. Nelaton’s Dislocation of ankle inwhich talus is forced up betweenthe end of the tibia and fibula.

Dismutase superoxide An enzymethat destroys superoxide (O2

-)formed by flavo enzymes. The

Discordance Dismutase superoxide

165

enzyme protects aerobic bacteriafrom superoxide being present inthem. Now being used for myocardialprotection soon after infarction.

Disodium edetate A chelating agentused to treat hypercalcemia.

Disopyramide phosphate Anti-arrhythmic agent of class II.

Disorientation Inability to be awareof time, place and person.

Dispensary Place for dispensationof drugs.

Disperate Suspension of finelydivided particles in liquid.

Dispersion Dissipation or dis-appearance of colloid in a fluid.

Dispersonalization Mental state inwhich individual denies presence ofsome of his body parts orpersonality.

Displacement Removal from nor-mal place. In psychiatry, trans-ference of emotion from theoriginal idea with which it wasassociated to a different idea.

Disposition Individuals aptitude,behavior as sum total of suchevident characteristics.

Disproportion A part being differentin size from that considered to benormal.

Dissect To split, to go into detail,to separate various parts ofcadaver.

Dissection The cutting of parts forpurpose of separation and study.

Disseminated Scattered or widelydistributed.

Disseminated intravascular coagu-lation A coagulation disorder withbleeding tendency due to

consumption of clotting factorsand platelets due to thrombingeneration in bloodstream.

Dissipation Dispersion of matter.Dissociation Separation of complex

compounds into simpler ones.Dissociation AV Atria and ventri-

cles beat independently as sinusnode impulse does not reach theventricle.

d. of personality Split in conscious-ness resulting in two differentphases of personality, neither beingaware of words, acts or feelings ofothers.

Dissolution Breaking up the integrityof anatomical entity.

Dissolve Dispersion of a solidwithin a liquid.

Dissonance Disagreement.Distal Farthest from the center, from

a medial line.Distance Space between two objects.d. focal Distance from the optical

center of lens to focal point.Distend To stretch; to inflate.Distensibility The property of being

stretchable.Distichiasis Maldirection of eye

lashes, commonly directed in-wards.

Distillation Condensation of vaporthat has been obtained from aliquid heated to volatilizationpoint.

Distillate Substance obtained bydistillation.

Distome A fluke with two suckers.Distomiasis Infestation with flukes.Distortion Change from regular to

irregular/altered shape.

Disodium edetate Distortion

166

Distractibility Inability to focus onesattention) or mental wandering.

Distraction State of mental con-fusion.

Distraught The mental state of beingdeeply troubled, having conflictingthoughts.

Distress Physical or mental agony.Distribution The lay out pattern, or

spreading/supply of nerve, bloodvessels, etc.

Districhiasis Two hairs growingfrom the same hair follicle.

Disulfiram Drug used to createaversion from alcohol.

Diuresis Passage of large amountsof urine.

Diuretic An agent that increasesformation of urine.

Diurnal Daily.Divalent A molecle with two electric

charges.Divergence Separation from a

common center.

Diverticulum A pouch or sac in thewall of a hollow organ.

d. false Diverticulum withoutmuscular coats in the wall of thepouch.

d. Meckle’s Diverticulum due topersistence of omphalomesentericduct.

d. of colon Most are asymptomaticand cause symptom wheninflamed.

d. of jejunum and duodenum Diverti-culum commonly located nearentrance of common bileduct andpancreatic duct into duodenum.Jejunal diverticula are usuallysymptomatic and cause severebleeding.

d. Zenker: See: Zanker’s diverticulum.Diving reflex Emersion in cold

water or sprinkling of cold wateron body causes parasympatheticstimulation with reduced cardiacoutput and increasing AV block.Hence used to treat paroxysmalsupraventricular tachycardia.

Division Separation into parts.Divulsion Forcibly pulling apart.Dizygotic twins Twins who are

roducts of two ova.Dizziness A sensation of un-

steadiness or whirling.DNA finger printing DNA analysis

to settle paternity, and in criminalinvestigations.

DNA probe A method of identifyingdefective genes and geneticconstitution of a cell throughemployment of recombinant DNAtechnology.

Distractibility DNA probe

Mackel's Diverticulum

167

Doctor To teach, A person qualifiedto practice medicine.

d. bare foot A practitioner oftraditional or native medicine inChina who have not attended anymedical school.

Dobutamine A beta-adrenergicagonist, used in hypotension.

Doctrine The system of principlestaught or advocated.

Docusate sodium A stool softner.Dohle bodies Inclusions in neutro-

phils as seen in burn, trauma,infection and neoplastic diseases.

Dolicocephalic Having a skull withlong antero posterior diameter.

Dolicomorphic A long and slenderbody (ectomorph).

Dolophine hydrochloride Metha-done.

Dolorimeter Device for measure-ment of degree of pain.

Domiciliary Carried on in a house.Dominance 1. Genetic quality

through which one gene of pair ofallele expresses, while the other issuppressed. 2. Preferred hand orside of body. 3. In psychiatry thetendency to control others.

Domperidone Antiemetic increasesgastric motility, useful indyspepsia.

Donath-Landsteiner phenomenon Atest for paroxysmal cold haemo-globinuria where cold haemolysincombines to RBCs at 5°C and uponwarming these red cellshaemolyze.

Donan’s equilibrium A equilibriumis established between two

solutions separated by a semi-permeable membrane so that thesum of anions and cations on oneside is equal to that on other side.

Donor One who donates blood, tissueor an organ for use in anotherperson.

d. universal One with blood group‘O’ which is compatible with bloodof all other persons, though this isnot universally true as there aremany other blood antigens besidesA, B, and O.

Donovan body Organism of granu-loma inguinale, i.e. chlamydiatrachomatis.

Dopa 3:4 dihydroxy phenylalanine,produced by oxidation of tyrosineby tyrosinase.

Dopamine hydrochloride A vaso-pressor catecholamine and neuro-transmitter, also implicated insome forms of psychosis andabnormal movement disorder.Doping In sports medicine, use ofdrugs to improve sports perfor-mance; commonly androgenicanabolic steroids.

Doppler A method to measure bloodflow in arteries and veins.

Doraphobia Aversion to touching thehair or fur of animals.

Dorllo’s canal A bony canal in thetip of temporal bone enclosingabducens nerve.

Dorsal Pertains to back, opposite ofventral.

Dorsal nerves Branches of spinalnerves that pass dorsally to innervatestructures near to vertebral column.

Doctor Dorsal nerves

168

Dorsal slit A surgical method ofmaking the foreskin of penis easilyretractable. The foreskin is cut indorsal midline but not far enoughto extend to mucous membranenext to glans.

Dorsiflexion Bending a part towardsposterior aspect of body.

Dosage Pertains to quantity, fre-quency and number of doses of adrug/radiation.

Dose calculation for childrenYoung's formula

=

Age in years× Adultdose

Age + 12

Body surface, area of child/1.7 ×adult dose.

Dose Amount of medicine/radiationto be given at one time.

d. absorbed Dose of ionizing radiationimparted to a tissue or target.

d. cumulative Total dose of radiationresulting from repeated exposures.

d. maximum permissible The maxi-mum amount of radiation ex-posure permitted to person whoseoccupation requires working withradioactive agents.

d. therapeutic Dose required toproduce therapeutic effect.

Dose response curve A graphshowing the degree of effect of a drugin relation to its doses.

Dosimeter Device for measuringradiation.

Double blind technique A method ofscientific investigation in whichneither the subject nor theinvestigator knows what treat-

Dorsal slit Double blind technique

Doppler

Dorsiflexion

or

169

ment the subject is receiving. Thecode is only broken at the end ofcompletion of treatment.

Double contrast examination Radio-graphic examination in which botha radiopaque and a radioluscentcontrast medium are usedsimultaneously to visualize internalanatomy.

Double personality Dual personalityseen in hysteria and schizophrenia.

Douche A current of vapour orstream of hot/cold water directedagainst a part.

d. vaginal Douche of vagina is used fordeodorant, antiseptic, stimulating orhaemostatic purposes. Douching inhealthy women is not warranted asit may alter vaginal pH and flora pre-disposing to vaginitis.

Douglas pouch Peritoneal space lyingbetween uterus and front of rectum.

Douglas fold The arcuate line of thesheath of rectus muscle.

Down syndrome Congenital ano-maly due to trisomy 21 mani-festing with mental retardation,skeletal anomalies and lightyellow spots at periphery of iris.

Doxapram Respiratory stimulant.Doxepin Tricyclic - antidepressant.Doxorubicin Anthracycline anti-

tumor antibiotic.Doxycycline Broad spectrum

tetracycline used in b.i.d dose.Doxylamine A sedative.Dracontiasis SYN–Dracunculiasis,

i.e. infestation with d. medinesis.Drain To draw off a fluid, exit or

tube for discharge of body fluid.Drainage The free flow of fluid from

a wound/cavity.d. closed Drainage without access of

air into drained site via the tube.d. negative pressure Drainage where

negative pressure is maintainedwithin the tube, e.g. pneumothoraxdrainage.

d. open Drainage without exclusionof air.

d. postural Drainage of sinuses andbronchi by gravity.

Dramamine Diphenhydramine, anagent for vertigo.

Dramatism Dramatic behavior andlofty speech as in lunatics.

Drastic Acting strongly.Draught A liquid medicinal dose to

be gulped at once; drink.Drawer sign Sign of cruciate

ligament rupture of knee.Draw sheet The rubber cloth spread

on the bed to protect the mattressand linen from drainage andsoilage.

Double contrast examination Draw sheet

Down Syndrome

170

Drepanocyte Resembling sickle cell.Dressing Protective or supportive

covering for injured part.d. occlusive Dressing that seals the

wound completely thus preventinginfection and also preventingmoisture from the wound escapingthrough the dressing.

d. pressure Dressing that appliespressure on the wound, e.g.following skin grafting.

Drift Movement due to an externalforce, in an aim less fashion.

Drill (SYN-burr) Device for rota-ting sharp cutting instrument, e.g.cavity preparation in dentistry.

Drip Infusion of a liquid drop bydrop.

d. post nasal Post nasal discharge asin chronic sinusitis.

Dromostanolone An antineoplasticagent.

Dromotropic Fibers in cardiacnerves influencing conduction.

Dronabinol Synthetic tetrahydrocanabinol, a psychoactive substance.

Droperidol A neuroleptic, sedativeand tranquilizer.

Droplet infection Infected particlescoming as spray from patient’smouth and nose.

Dropsy Generalized edema.Drowning Asphyxiation due to

immersion in liquid.Drowsiness The state of almost

falling asleep.Drug abuse Self administered drug

overuse.Drug addiction A condition caused

by excessive or continued use ofhabit forming drugs.

Drug dependence A psychic and oftenphysical dependence upon a drug.

Drug fever Fever caused by drugs.Drug interaction Interaction bet-

ween drugs taken concurrently.Drug rash Rash produced in some

individuals by intake or appli-cation of drugs.

Drug reaction Adverse and un-desired reactions to a substance.

Drug receptors The protein mole-cules on cell surface that bind to aparticular drug and then activate aseries of reactions through whichthe drug produces the desiredpharmacological effect.

Drunkenness Alcoholic intoxicationwith blood ethyl alcohol levelexceeding 0.3-0.4%.

Drusen Small hyaline, globularpathological growths formed onDescemet’s membrane.

Duazomycin Glutamine antagonist,anticancer drug.

Dubin-Jonson syndrome Inheriteddefect of bile metabolism withconjugated hyperbilirubinemia.

Ducrey’s bacillus Small rod shapedorganism found in pairs, causativeagent of soft sore.

Duct A narrow tubular vessel orchannel to convey secretions fromgland.

d. alveolar A branch of respiratorybronchiole that leads to alveolarsacs of lungs.

d. commonbile Duct formed by joiningof hepatic duct with cystic duct anddraining to duodenum at ampullaof vater.

Drepanocyte Duct, commonbile

171

d. endolymphaticus Duct connectingendolymphatic sac with the utricleand saccule.

d. Gartner A remnant of wolfian ductextending from parovariumthrough the broad ligament intovagina.

d. lacrimal Two ducts, superior andinferior draining tear from eye intolacrimal sac.

d. mesonephric Duct in embryoconnecting mesonephros with thecloaca. In the male, it develops intoreproductive ducts.

d. mullerian Ducts in the embryo thatform the uterus, vagina andfallopian tubes.

d. right lymphatic Duct draininglymph from right side of bodyabove diaphragm into right inno-minate vein.

d’s of skene’s Two slender ducts ofskene’s glands that open on eitherside of female urethral orifice.

d. thoracic The left lymphatic ductthat drains the lymph from bodybelow diaphragm and the leftthorax into left innominate vein.

Ductus arteriosus The channelcommunicating ascending aorta toleft pulmonary artery in the fetus.

Ductus venosus The duct throughwhich the umbilical vein drainsinto inferior vena cava in fetus.

Duffy system A blood groupingsystem.

Dumping syndrome Dumping ofstomach contents into the intestinemanifesting with weakness andsweating soon after food inpatient’s of gastrojejunostomy.

Duodenal bulb First part of duo-denum beyond pylorus.

Dupuytren Contracture Contractureof palmar fascia causing flexiondeformity of ring and fifth fingers.

Dura mater The outer membranecovering the brain and spinal cord.

Duritis SYN – pachymeningitis,inflammation of dura.

Duroziez murmur Systolic anddiastolic murmur heard over anartery when pressure is applied justdistal to stethoscope.

Dust Minute fine particles of earth.

Duct, endolymphaticus Dust

Dupuytren Contracture

172

d. ear Fine calcareous bodies foundin gelatinous substance of otolithmembrane of ear.

d. house Matters included in housedust are mites, hairs, pollen, andsmoke particles.

Dwarf An abnormally shorterundersized person.

d. achondroplastlc Normal trunk,small extremities, large head andprominent buttocks.

Dyclonine hydrochlorides A topicalanaesthetic.

Dye Any coloured or colouringagent, employed for staining slidesfor histopathological examinationor manufacturing test reagents.

Dynamic Pertains to vital force orinherent power; opposite of static.

Dynamograph Device for recordingmuscular strength.

Dyne Force needed for impartingacceleration of 1 cm per second to a1 gm mass.

Dynorphins An endogenous opioidpeptide.

Dysacusis Difficulty in hearing,dycomfort caused by loud noise.

Dysarthria Difficulty in articulationor speech.

Dysautonomia A hereditary diseaseinvolving autonomic nervoussystem characterized by motorinco-ordination, fluctuating bloodpressure, mental retardation, etc.

Dysbasia Difficulty in walking.Dyscalculia Inability to solve

mathematical problems.Dysdiadochokinesia Inability to

perform quick alternating move-ments.

Dust, ear Dysmenorrhoea

Dysentery Inflammation of mucosallining of GI tract with passage ofblood, pus and mucus in stool.

Dysesthesia Abnormal sensation onthe skin with tingling, numbness,burning, etc.

Dysgammaglobulinemia Dispro-portion in the concentration ofgammaglobulins in blood.

Dysgenesis Defective development.Dysgerminoma Malignant neo-

plasm of ovary.Dysgeusia Impairment or per-

version of gustatory sense so thatnormal taste is interpreted as beingunpleasant.

Dysgraphia Difficulty in writting.Dyshidrosis Disorder of sweating;

recurrent vesicular erruption on thelimbs with intense itching(pompholyx)

Dyskeratosis Altered keratinizationof epithelial cells of epidermis,characteristic of many skindisorders.

Dyskinesia Defect in voluntarymovement.

d. tardive Slow rhythmical, involun-tary stereotyped movementsespecially with use of psychotropicdrugs.

Dyslexia Inability to interpretwritten language even thoughvision is normal.

Dysmaturity SYN – small-for-dateinfants, intrauterine growth retar-dation; infant’s weight is less forhis length or age.

Dysmenorrhoea Painful menstrua-tion.

173

d. congestive Caused by pelviccongestion.

d. membranous Passage of uterinecasts causing pain.

d. spasmodic Spasmodic uterinecontractions causing pain.

Dysmetria Rapid jerky movementas patient is unable to control rangeand strength of muscularcontraction, as seen in cerebellardisease.

Dysostosis Defect in ossification.Dysoxia Inability of mitochondria

to utilize oxygen properly.Dyspareunia Painful sexual inter-

course.Dyspepsia Imperfect digestion with

abdominal bloating, heart burn,flatulence, anorexia nausea, etc. canbe gastric, hepatic, biliary,alcoholic in origin.

Dysphagia Difficulty in deglutition,can be due to spasm of pharyngoesophageal musculature, stricture,neoplasm, paralysis.

Dysphasia Impairment of speechboth articulation and compre-hension.

Dysphonia Difficulty in speaking buts comprehension is normal;hoarseness.

Dysphoria Excessive depressionfeeling without apparent cause.

Dysplasia Abnormal tissuegrowth/differentiation.

d. ectodermal Absence of sweatglands, hair follicles and abnor-mality of nail, teeth, and mentaldevelopment

d. monostotic Replacement of boneby fibrous tissue.

d. polystotic fibrous Replacement ofbone by vascular fibrous tissuewith bone deformity and fracture.

Dyspnea Labored or difficulty inbreathing either due to vigorousphysical activity, anemia, cardiacor pulmonary disease.

Dyspraxia A disturbance in theprogramming, control and execu-tion of volitional movements.

Dyssynergia Difficulty in propermuscular co-ordination.

Dysthymia A form of minordepression with low mood morethan half the time for 2 years in

Dysmenorrhoea, congestive Dysthymia

Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy

174

adult or 1 year in children andadolescents.

Dystocia Difficult labor, can be dueto abnormal passage (small outlet), passenger (large foetus) orpower (uterine inco-ordination)

Dystonia Increased muscle tone.d. musculum deformans Progressive

disorder of childhood with distortedtwisting body movements.

Dystopia Displacement of anyorgan.

Dystrophy Defective muscle power,nutrition and metabolism.

d. Landouzy-Dejerine Childhoodprogressive muscular dystrophyinvolving muscles of shoulder

girdle, face characterized bymyopathic facies, inability to raisearms above head, inability towhistle.

d progressive muscular Familialdisease with atrophy of muscles,occurring at early childhood.

d pseudohypertrophic muscularAffected muscles are bulky but weakat the beginning but ultimatelybecome atrophic.

Dysuria Painful micturition eitherdue to concentrated acid urine,urinary crystals/concretions,urinary infections, pelvic patho-logy and prolapse uterus.

Dystocia Dysuria

EEale’s disease Retinal vein thrombo-

phlebitis with recurrenthemorrhages into retina andvitreous.

Ear dust Calcareous concretions inthe membranous labyrinth.

Ear plug Device for plugging theexternal auditory canal, there bypreventing access of sound tointernal ear.

Ear wax Sticky honey colouredcerumen secreted by glands at outerone-third of ear canal mixed withdust.

Eaton agent Mycoplasma pneu-moniae.

Ebanation Removal of bonefragments from wound

Ebola fever A RNA virus formmonkeys causing haemorrhagicfever in human with highmortality

Ebstein anomaly Downward dis-placement of septal leaflet oftricuspid valve with gross tricuspidregurgitation.

Ecchondroma Cartilaginous tumor.Eccrine sweat glands Sweat glands

of skin with density of over 400 persq. cm. on the palms and about 80per sq. cm. on thigh.

Eccyclomastopathy Lesion of breastmade up of connective tissue andepithelial cells.

Echeosis Mental disturbance causedby noise.

Echinococcosis Infestation with T,echinococcus.

Echinococcus A genus of tape worm.Consisting of scolex and three orfour proglottids.

e. granulosus A species of tapeworms infesting carnivores caus-ing hydatid cyst in liver or lungs.

Echinocyte Abnormal erythrocytewith multiple spiny projectionsfrom surface.

Echinostoma A genus of fluke foundin aquatic birds.

Echo A reverberating sound pro-duced when sound waves arereflected back to their source.

Echinococcus Granulosus

Echinococcus GranulosusEchinococcus Granulosus

176

Echocardiography The technique ofimaging the cardiac structures non-invasively through passage ofultrasound.

Echoencephalogram Recording ofmidline shift of brain structures byultrasound waves.

Echokinesia Involuntary repetitionof another’s gestures.

Echopraxia Imitation of actions ofothers.

ECHO virus Enterocytopathogenichuman orphan virus causing viralmeningitis, enteritis, pleurodynia,myocarditis, etc.

Eclampsia Coma and convulsionoccurring after 28th week ofpregnancy and in immediate post-partum.

Eclecticism An old system ofmedicine where treatment isdependent upon individual signsand symptoms rather than thedisease as a whole.

Econazole A topical antifungal agent.Economo’s disease Encephalitis

lethargica.Ecstasy An exhilarated trance like

state; a designer drug- MDMA (3-4methylene dioxymethamphetamine.

Ectasia Dilatation of any tubularstructure.

Ecthyma A shallow skin lesion withcrusting, often followed bypigmentation and scarring.

Ectocervix The portion of cervicalcanal outlined by squamousepithelium.

Ectoderm The outer layer of cells indeveloping embryo giving rise toskin, teeth, nervous system, organsof special sense, pituitary, pinealand suprarenal glands.

Ectomorph Linear slender body buildwith poor musculature.

Ectoparasite Parasite living on outersurface of body, e.g. lice, fleas, ticks.

Ectopia Malposition or displacement.e. cordis Malposition of heart with

the organ lying outside the thorax.e. lentis Displacement of lens in the

eye.e. vesicae Displacement of bladder,

e.g. extrophy.Ectopic In an abnormal position, e.g.

ectopic heart beat.Ectopic pregnancy Implantation of

fertilized ovum outside the uterinecavity; can be abdominal, tubal, orovarian with liability for ruptureand hemorrhage.

Echocardiography Ectopic pregnancy

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177

Ectopic rhythm Any abnormal orirregular cardiac rhythm.

Ectoplasm The outer most layer ofcell protoplasm.

Ectostosis Formation of bone beneathperiosteum.

Ectothrix Fungus growing on hairshafts.

Ectotrichophyton Fungi causing hairand skin infection.

Ectozoon Parasite living on anotheranimal.

Ectopic rhythm Ectozoon

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178

Ectromelia Hypoplasia of long bonesof limbs.

Ectropion Eversion of eyelid margin.Eczema Acute or chronic cutaneous

lesion with erythema, papule,vesicles, and crusts leading to itching,lichenification and pigmentation;mostly atopic or allergic.

e. marginatum Eczema caused byringworms.

e. nummular Coin or oval shapedeczema lesions!

e. pustular Follicular or impe-tiginous form of eczema.

e. seborrheic Eczema with seborrhea.e. vaccinatum Generalized vaccinial

lesion or local lesions elsewhere inpersons with eczema who receivevaccination.

Edema Excessive tissue accumu-lation water, either localized orgeneralized, can be due to poorvenous drainage, lymphaticobstruction, increased venouspressure (CHF), hypoalbuminemia,or increased water retention.

e. angioneurotic Local edema due tohypersensitivity to drugs food,physical agents (cold) or idiopathic.

e. brain Brain swelling due to wateraccumulation as following injury,toxemia or infection.

e. cardiac Dependent edema ofcongestive heart failure.

e. high altitude Pulmonary edema ofmountaineers related to lowpartial pressure of oxygen.

e. larynx Usually of allergic originbut life threatening.

e. of glottis Usually follows infec-tion with cough, hoarseness anddyspnea.

e. nonpitting Myxomatous tissueaccumulation appearing as edemawithout any dimple on pressure,e.g. myxedema.

e. pulmonary Increased fluidaccumulation in lungs followingleft heart failure, toxic gas inha-lation, or ARDS.

Edge A margin or border.Edrophonium chloride A cholinergic

drug (anticholinesterage).Edrophonium test A test for myas-

thenia gravis. A positive testdemonstrates brief improvementin the muscle strength.

Effacement Dilatation of cervix andstretching of birth passage.

Effect Result of an action or force.e. cumulative Drug effect on repeated

administration of a drug.Effector One of the nerve endings

having the efferent process and in agland or muscle cell. Also applied

Ectromelia Effector

Pedal Edema

179

for effector organs (muscle andglands).

Effeminate A male having physicalcharacteristic or mannerism of afemale.

Efferent Carrying away from acentral organ.

Efferent nerve Nerves that carryimpulses away from the nerve cell,(motor nerve).

Effervescence Formation of bubblesof gas rising to surface of fluids.

Effluent Fluid discharged fromsewage treatment or industrialplant.

Effusion Escape of fluid/air into acavity, e.g. hydropneumothorax,chylothorax, pleural effusion.

Eflornithine An antineoplastic andantiprotozoal agent

Ego 1. In psychoanalysis, the threedivisions are id, ego and superego.The ego possesses consciousnessand memory and serves to mediatebetween the primitive instinctualor animal drives (the id), internalsocial prohibitions (super ego) andreality. 2. Selfishness or self love.

Egoism An inflated estimate of one’svalue or effectiveness.

Egophony A nasal sound likebleating of a goat, present on lungtissue above effusion.

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome An inhe-rited disorder of elastic connectivetissue characterized by fragilehyperelastic skin, hyper mobilejoints.

Eiconasoids Metabolites ofarachidonic acid metabolism like

prostaglandins, thromboxane andleukotrienes.

Eisenmenger’s complex In a case ofcongenital heart disease with leftto right shunt (ASD, VSD, PDA, etc.)when the pulmonary vascularresistance equals or exceedssystemic resistance it is calledEisenmenger complex.

Ejaculation Ejection of seminal fluidfrom male urethra.

e. retrograde Lax internal sphincterdue to autonomic dysfunction indiabetics or following prosta-tectomy, the ejaculation occursretrogradely to bladder.

Ejaculatory duct The terminalportion of seminal duct formed bythe union of the ductus deferens andexcretory duct of the seminalvesicle.

Ejection fraction The percentage ofblood ejected from LV into aortawith each cardiac contraction.

Elastase Proteolytic pancreaticenzyme.

Elastic Stretchable.Elastic bandage Bandage that can be

stretched to exert continuouspressure.

Elastic cartilage Yellow cartilage ofepiglottis, pharynx, external ear,auditory tubes.

Elastic stocking Stocking applied toaid in return of blood from theextremity to heart (e.g. in varico-sity).

Elastic tissue Connective tissuesupplied with elastic fibers as intunica media of vessels.

Effeminate Elastic tissue

180

Elastin The protein of elastic tissue.Elastometry The measurement of

elasticity of tissues.Elbow Joint between arm and fore

arm, consisting of humeroulnar,humeroradial and proximal radio-ulnar articulations.

e. tennis Tendinitis of lateralforearm muscles near their originfrom lateral epicondyle ofhumerus (lateral epicondylitis).

Elective therapy A planned conve-nient therapy/operation.

Electra complex In psychoanalysis, agroup of symptoms due to suppressedsexual love of daughter for father.

Electricity A form of kinetic energyhaving magnetic, chemical, mecha-

nical and thermal effects; formedfrom interaction of positive andnegative charges.

Electric shock Tissue injury frompassage of electricity.

Electroanalgesia Pain relief by useof low intensity electric currents.

Electrocardiogram Record of electricactivity of heart.

Electrocardiograph The machineused to record electrocardiogram.

Electrocautery Cauterization by anarc heated by electric current.

Electrocoagulation Coagulation oftissue by means of a high-frequencycurrent.

Electroconvulsive therapy The usedof shock to produce convulsion,

Elastin Electroconvulsive therapy

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181

indicated for acute psychosis anddepression with suicidal tendency.

Electrocution Death by electriccurrent.

Electrode A medium interveningbetween an electric conductor andthe object to which the current is tobe applied.

Electrodesiccation Drying of cellsor tissues by means of highfrequency electric spark used forachieving hemostasis followingbleeding from small capillariesand veins during surgery.

Electrodialysis A method of sepa-rating electrolytes from colloids bypassing current through thesolution.

Electrodynamometer Instrumentused to measure strength of current.

Electroejaculation Production ofejaculation by electrical stimu-lation from a probe placed inrectum, e.g. in paraplegics forartificial insemination.

Electroencephalogram (EEG) Recor-ding of electrical activity of brainthrough surface electrodes.

Electroencephalograph Themachine recording EEG.

Electrogoniometer Electrical devicefor measuring angles of joints andtheir range of motion.

Electrology The branch of sciencedealing with properties of electricity.

Electrolysis Dissolution of tissue byelectric current, e.g. destruction ofhair follicle.

Electrolyte 1. A solution whichconducts electricity. 2. Ionised saltsin blood, tissue fluids and cells.

Electrocution Electrolyte

QRS Complex of ECG

182

Electrometer An instrument formeasuring differences in electricpotential.

Electromotive force (EMF) Thedifference in potential that causesthe flow of electricity. It ismeasured in volts.

Electromyography Preparation,study and interpretation ofelectromyograms.

Electromyogram A graphic recordof the contraction of muscle onelectric stimulation,

Electron The negatively chargedparticle of an atom.

Electronics The science of all systemsinvolving use of electric devices, e.g.communication, data control andprocessing.

Electro-oculogram Recording ofelectric currents produced by eyemovements.

Electronystagmography A methodof recording nystagmus fromelectrical activity of extraocularmuscles.

Electrophoresis The movement ofcharged colloidal particles as aresult of changes in electricpotential.

Electrophysiology Branch ofphysiology dealing with relation-ships of body functions to electri-cal phenomena.

Electroretinogram (ERG) A recordof action currents of retina pro-duced by visual or light stimuli.

Element A substance that cannot befurther broken down to substancesdifferent from it, e.g. carbon,sodium, calcium, etc.

Elephantiasis Hypertrophy of skinand subcutaneous tissue due tolymphatic stasis, e.g. in filariasisthat involves scrotum, penis, legs,breasts and hands.

Elevator Surgical instruments usedto raise depressed fractures (e.g.skull), extracting teeth.

Eliminate To expel, to get rid of bodywaste product.

Elimination diet A diet regime usedto determine which foods causeallergic response. Offending foodthen is discovered when one by onefood is gradually introduced intodiet.

Elixir Sweetened hydro-alcoholicliquid.

Ellipsoid Spindle shaped.Elliptocyte Oval shaped red blood

cell. Normally 15% of human RBCare oval and bird and reptiles havenormally all RBC in eliptocyticform.

Elliptocytosis Benign hereditarydisease, causing haemolytic anae-mia.

Ellis-van Creveld syndrome Conge-nital syndrome consisting ofpolydactyly, chondrodysplasiaand congenital heart defect (ASD).

Emaciation To become excessivelylean.

Emasculation Castration; excisionof entire male genitalia.

Embalming Use of antiseptics andpreservatives to prevent prematurebiodegradation of dead body.

Embarrass To interfere with orcompromise function.

Electrometer Embarrass

183

Embden-Meyerhof pathwayAnaerobic metabolism of glucoseto lactic acid in humans.

Embolectomy Removal of embolusfrom a vessel, e.g. in stroke,pulmonary embolism.

Embolism Obstruction to blood flowby mass of red blood cells andfibrin mesh. Atrial fibrillation andpelvic-leg vein thrombosispredispose to embolism.

Embolotherapy Use of embolicmaterials for therapeutic obliterationof vessels e.g. aneurysms, bleedingvessel, or malformation.

Embolus A mass of undissolvedmatter in blood vessel, may be clot,fat, air bubble, clumps of bacteria,amniotic fluid.

Embryo 2nd through 8 weeks of fetaldevelopment.

Embryoscopy Visualization ofembryo by inserting an endoscopetrans abdominally or throughvagina into chorionic space forcorrection of congenital defects,and collection of amniotic fluid foranalysis.

Embryogeny The growth anddevelopment of an embryo.

Embryology The science that dealswith origin and development of anorganism.

Emergency cardiac care (ECC) Carenecessary to deal with an acutecardiopulmonary event likeinfarction, arrhythmia, pulmo-nary embolism.

Emesis Vomiting, due to gastric, CNS,systemic or metabolic factors.

Emetic Agent producing vomiting,e.g. apomorphine.

Emetine Ipecac derivative, used forextraintestinal amebiasis.

Emigration Passage of WBC throughwalls of capillaries.

Eminence Prominence or projectionesp. on a bone.

Emissary An outlet.Emission Discharge.e. nocturnal Involuntary discharge

of semen during sleep.Emmetropia When the eyes are at

rest parallel rays are focussedexactly on retina, i.e. normalrefraction.

Emmetropic Normal vision.Emolient An agent that smoothens

and softens the skin when applied.Emotion A mental state or feeling

such as fear, hate, grief, joy with

Embden-Meyerhof pathway Emotion

Stages of Development ofHuman Embryo

184

some change in cardiorespiratoryfunction.

Empathy Objective awareness of andinsight into the feelings, emotionsand behavior of another person andtheir meaning and significance.

Emphysema 1. Pathological dis-tension of tissues by air/gas. 2.Chronic pulmonary disease withdilatation of airspaces beyondterminal bronchioles.

Empirical Based on experience ratherthan scientific principle.

Emprosthotonus A form of spasm inwhich body is flexed forwardopposite to opisthotonus.

Empyesis Any pustular skin lesion.Empyocele Suppurating hydrocele.Emulsification Breaking down of

large fat globules into smaller onesby bile acid that lower surfacetension.

Emulsion A mixture of two liquidsnot mutually soluble.

Enalapril Converting enzymeinhibitor, used in heart failure,hypertension.

Enamel Hard dense glistening whitesubstance forming a covering oncrown of teeth.

Enamel organ A cup shaped struc-ture that forms on the dental laminaof an embryo.

Enathem Eruption on mucousmembrane.

Enantiopathy Treatment of onedisease by using another diseasethat produces symptoms anta-gonistic to former.

Encapsulation The process offormation of a capsule around astructure.

Encephalalgia Deep seated headache.Encephalitis Inflammation of brain

parenchyma, manifesting withchanges in level of consciousness,increased intracranial pressure,sensory motor dysfunction.

Encephalocele Protrusion of brainsubstance through a cranial defect.

Encephalogram (air) X-ray of brainwith air injected into ventricularsystem.

Encephalomeningocele Softening ofbrain.

Encephalomeningocele Protrusionof membrane and brain paren-chyma through cranial defect.

Encephalomyelitis Inflammation ofbrain and spinal cord.

e. acute disseminated that followingacute exanthema but fewersymptoms.

Empathy Encephalomyelitis, acute disse

Emphysema

185

Encephalopathy Any dysfunction ofbrain.

Enchondroma A benign cartilaginoustumor occurring within a bone andexpanding the diaphysis.

Encopresis Condition associatedwith constipation and passage ofwatery colonic content across thehard fecal mass, mimicking diarr-hoea.

Endarterectomy Surgical removalof lining endothelium of an artery.

Endarteritis Inflammation of intimaof an artery resulting from syphi-lis, trauma, infective thrombi.

Endemic A disease occurringrepeatedly in a particular popu-lation confering some immunityand hence low mortality.

Endocarditis Inflammation ofendothelial lining of heart cham-bers and heart valves; may be dueto invasion of microorganisms orabnormal immunologic response.

Encephalopathy Endocarditis

Infective Endocarditis

186

e. verrucous Nonbacterial endo-carditis associated with wastingdiseases, e.g. SLE, SYN — Libman–Sack.

e. subacute bacterial Caused bystreptococcus viridans group.

e. ulcerative Rapidly destructiveacute bacterial endocarditis.

Endocervicitis Inflammation ofmucus lining of endocervix.

Endocrine glands Glands secretingdirectly into bloodstream.

Endocytosis A method of ingestionof a foreign substance by a cell.

Endodontics A branch of dentistryconcerned with diagnosis, treat-ment and prevention of diseases ofdental pulp and its surroundingtissue.

Endogenous Produced or arisingfrom within a cell or organism.

Endolymax nana A nonpathogenicparasite in human gut.

Endolymph Pale transparent fluidwithin the labyrinth of ear.

Endometer Electronic device used todetermine the length of tooth rootcanal.

Endometriosis Proliferation ofendometrium at ecopic sites, i.e.sites other than ulterine cavity.

Endometritis Inflammation ofendometrium.

Endocarditis, verrucous Endometritis

Endometriosis

Endocrine Organs

187

e. dissecans Endometritis accom–panied by development of ulcers andshedding of mucous membrane.

Endomorph Body build charac-terized by predominance of tissuesderived from endoderm.

Endomysium A thin layer ofconnective that tissue surroundseach striated muscle fiber.

Endoneurium A delicate connectivetissue sheath that surrounds nervefibers.

Endonuclease Enzyme that clearsends of poly nucleotides.

Endopelvic fascia The downwardcontinuation of the parietal peri-toneum of abdomen that supportspelvic viscera.

Endopeptidase Proteolytic enzymethat cleaves peptides.

Endophthalmitis Inflammationwithin substance of eye.

Endorgan The expanded end of anerve fiber in a peripheral tissue.

Endorphins Polypeptides producedin the brain tissue that bind toopioid receptors and block them,there by producing analgesia. Themost important is beta endorphin.

Endosalpingitis Inflammation oflining of fallopian tubes.

Endoscope A device containingoptical system for observing orconducting surgery in hollowstructures like abdomen, pelvis.

Endosome The vacuole formed whenmaterial is absorbed in the cell byprocess of endocytosis. The vacuolefuses with lysosome.

Endosteitis Inflammation of theendosteum of medullary cavity.

Endothelioma Malignant tumor ofendothelial cells lining any cavity,blood vessel lumen.

Endotheliosis Increased growth ofendothelial cells.

Endothrix Fungus growth withinhair.

Endometritis, dissecans Endothrix

Gastroscope

188

Endotoxemia Toxemia due topresence of endotoxin in blood.

Endotoxin Bacterial toxin releasedafter death of bacteria.

Endotracheal tube Tube thatprovides an airway throughtrachea while preventing aspi-ration by its inflated cuff.

Endplate The terminal end of nervefibre to a muscle.

End product The final product of achemical/metabolic process.

Enema Stimulation of bowel acti-vity by introduction of soothning,cleansing and chemical agents intorectum. Drugs can be given asenema, e.g. steroids in ulcerativecolitis, paraldehyde.

e. double contrast Enema of bariumand air for colonography.

e. retention e.g. saline or steroids forpurpose of nutrition/medication.

Energy The capacity of a system indoing work.

Energy expenditure basal (BEE)Harris Benedict equation.

For women 6.55 + (9.6 × W) +(1.8×H)-(4.7×A)

For men 66 + (13.7 × w) + (5 × H)-(6.8× A).

Where A = Age in years H =Height in cm and W = Weight in kg.Energy expenditure is increasedby 13% over basal needs for each C°

rise in temperature than normal.Stress, burn, trauma increase theneed of calories to the extent of 40-100%.

Enflurane Anaesthetic agent (vola-tile)

Engagement In obstetric descent ofpresenting part into true pelviccavity, i.e. the part is immobile.

Engorgement Vascular congestion.Enkephalins Polypeptides produced

in brain that bind to opioidreceptors to produce analgesia.

Enolase An enzyme present in muscletissue that converts phos-phoglyceric acid to phospho-pyruvic acid.

Enophthalmos Recession of eyeballinto orbit.

Enriched Addition of somethingextra.

Entameba A genus of parasiticameba found in human digestivetract, e.g. E. coli, E gingivalis, Ehistolytica E. undulans.

Enteral tube feeding Feeding patientwith a tube passed into stomach.

Enteric coated Tablet or capsulecoated with special coating thatonly dissolves in intestine.

Enteritis Inflammation of intestine.Enterobacteriaceae Gm -ve non-

spore bearing rods which includeShigella, Salmonella, Klebsiella,Yersinia, Proteus, Escherichia.

Enterobiasis Infestation withpinworms.

Enterococcus Any species of strepto-coccus inhabiting human intestine.

Enterocolitis Inflammation ofintestine and colon.

e. necrotizing Unknown necrotizingfatal disease of newborn.

Enterocolostomy Surgical joining ofsmall intestine to colon.

Endotoxemia Enterocolostomy

189

Enterocystoplasty Use of a portionof small intestine to enlarge thebladder.

Enteroenterostomy Establishingcommunication between twointestinal segments that are notcontinuous.

Enterogastrone A hormone secretedby intestinal mucosa that decreasesgastric emptying. Fat stimulates itssecretion.

Enterolith Concretions in intestine.Enteromyiasis Disease caused by

maggots (larva of flies) in theintestine.

Enteron The elementary canal.Enteropathogen Microorganism

that causes intestinal infection.Enteropeptidase Enzyme of duo-

denal mucosa that helps conversionof trypsinogen to trypsin.

Enteropexy Fixation of intestine toabdominal wall.

Enterovirus A class of picornavirus,that includes polio, coxsackie andECHO viruses.

Enterozoon Any intestinal parasite.Enthesis The use of metallic or other

inert substances to substitute orreplace lost tissue.

Enthesitis Inflammation at site oftendon insertion to bone

Enthiasis A depressed fracture ofskull

Entoderm Innermost primary germlayer giving rise to epithelium ofdigestive tract, and associatedglands, the respiratory tract,bladder, vagina and urethra.

Entome A knife for division ofurethral stricture.

Entomology Study of insects andtheir relationship to disease.

Entoptic phenomena Visual pheno-mena like seeing floating bodies,circles of light, black spots,transient flashes of light.

Entropion Inward turning of an edge,e.g. margin of eyelid.

e. cicatricial Inversion resulting fromscar tissue (e.g. trachoma)

e. spastic Inversion resulting fromspasm of orbicularis oculi.

Enucleate To remove eyeball, toremove a part of mass or entiremass.

Enuresis Involuntary passage ofurine in bed after the age of 5 years,often a familial tendency.

Envenomation Introduction ofpoisonous venum into body by biteor sting.

Enzootic Endemic disease confinedto animals.

Enzyme Complex proteins catabo-lizing reactions but without beingchanged themselves; can be synthe-sizing, coagulating, branching,debranching, digestive, fermenting,glycolytic, lipolytic, mucolytic.

e. mucolytic Enzyme that depoly-merizes mucus by splitting muco-proteins, e.g. mucinase, hyalu-ronidase.

e. respiratory Enzymes acting withincells catalyze oxidative reactionswith release of energy (ATP), e.g.cytochromes, flavoproteins.

Enzyme induction Increase inenzyme level due to its increasedproduction or decrease degra-dation. Drugs commonly causing

Enterocystoplasty Enzyme induction

190

hepatic enzyme induction arebarbiturates.

Enzyme linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA) A test to detectantigen or antibody, hormones.

Eosin Synthetic rose colored dye usedfor staining tissues/body fluids formicroscopic examination.

Eosinophil Granular leukocytestaining with acid stain eosin.

Eosinophilia Increased bloodeosinophil count beyond 6-8% or300/cmm.

Ependyma Membrane lining thecerebral ventricles and centralcanal of spinal cord.

Ependymitis Inflammation ofependyma.

Ependymoma A tumor of ependy-mal elements.

Ephebiatrics Adolescent medicine.Ephebology Study of puberty and its

changes.Ephedrine Sympathomimetic agent

used locally as decongestant andsystemically for bronchodilationand raising blood pressure.

Epiandrosterone Androgenic hor-mone normally present in urine.

Epiblast SYN — ectoderm; outerlayer of cells of blastoderm.

Epiblepharon A fold of skin passingacross either lids so that eye lashesare pressed against eye.

Epicanthus A vertical fold of skinextending from root of nose to themedian end of eye brow coveringinner canthus and caruncle.

Epichordal Dorsal to notochord.

Epichorion The portion of decidua ofplacenta that covers the ovum.

Epicondyle Bone element above thecondyle, i.e. articular surface ofbone.

Epidemic Appearance of a disease ina high proportion not expected fora community in a geographicalarea.

Epidemiology Science concernedwith study and analysis of inter-relationship of factors that deter-mine disease frequency.

Epidermis Outer layer of skin,avascular, consists of 4 layers frominwards to outwards, i.e. stratumgerminatum, stratum granulosum,stratum luciderm and stratumcorneum.

Epidermization Conversion ofdeeper germinative layers of cellsinto outer layers of epidermis.

Epicyte An epithelial cell.Epidermoid A tumor arising from

aberrant epidermal cells.Epididymis A small long convoluted

organ lying behind testes andcontaining the ducts of testes. Itends in spermatic duct.

Enzyme linked immunosorbent Epididymis

Epicanthus

191

Epididymitis Inflammation ofepididymis, usually as a compli-cation of gonorrhoea, syphilis,tuberculosis, mumps, filariasis, etc.

Epididymography Radiographicexamination of epididymis afterintroduction of contrast.

Epididymo orchitis Inflammation ofepididymis and testes.

Epidural Outside dura.Epigastric reflex Contraction of

upper portion of rectus abdominiswhen skin of epigastric region isscratched.

Epigastrium Region over pit of thestomach.

Epiglottis Leaf shaped flat membranecovering entrance of larynx duringswallowing.

Epiglottitis Inflammation of epi-glottis, usually bacterial, oftenthreatens airway obstruction iftreatment is delayed.

Epididymitis Epiglottitis

Epidermis

Epididymis

192

Epilate To extract hair by the roots.Epilation Extraction of hair.Epilemma Neurilemma of small

branches of nerve filament.Epilepsy Recurrent, paroxysmal

electrical dysfunction of braincharacterized by alteredconsciousness and motor/sensoryphenomena.

Epileptic Concerning epilepsy.Epileptiform Mimicking epilepsy.Epiloia A syndrome of mental retar-

dation, convulsion, hypertrophicsclerosis of brain, adenomasebaceum, tumors of kidneys.

Epimorphosis Regeneration of a partof organism by growth from cutsurface.

Epimysium Outermost sheath ofconnective tissue surrounding askeletal muscle.

Epinephrine Hormone of adrenalmedulla, synthesized from phe-nylalanine having ionotropic,

bronchodilator and sympatho-mimetic effects.

Epinephritis Inflammation ofadrenal gland.

Epinephroma Lipomatoid tumor ofkidney.

Epineurium Connective tissue sheathof a nerve.

Epiphora Abnormal overflow oftears either due to excess secretionor blockage of lacrimal duct.

Epiphylaxis Increase in defensivepower of body.

Epiphysiolysis Separation of anepiphysis.

Epiphysis An ossification centerseparated from parent bone by acartilage in infants and children; anindicator for assessment of bone age.

Epiphysitis Inflammation of anepiphysis especially that of knee,hip shoulder in infants.

Epiplocele Hernia containingomenturn.

Epiploic Pertains to omentum.Epipygus A developmental anomaly

where accessory limb is attachedto the buttocks.

Epirubicin Antitumor antibiotic.Episcleral Overlying sclera of eye.Episiotomy Incision of perineum to

facilitate delivery and avoidlaceration.

Epispadius Congenital opening ofurethra on dorsal aspect of penis,or clitoris.

Episplenitis Inflammation of spleniccapsule.

Epistasis Suppression of anydischarge.

Epilate Epistasis

Epiglottis

193

Epistaxis Bleeding from Kiessel-bach’s area of nose.

Epitendon The connective tissueholding a tendon within its sheath.

Epithelial cells Cells irregular inshape, having a single nucleus.

Epithelial tissue Those tissuescovering outer surface of body andlining the internal passages orcavities. The cells lie in closeproximity of each other with littleintercellular substance.

Epithelioid Resembling epithelium.Epithelioma Malignant tumor

arising from epithelium, e.g. skinor mucous membrane.

e. adamantinum Tumor of jaw arisingfrom enamel organ usually of lowgrade malignancy, may be cystic.

Epoprostinol PGI2.Epsom salt = MgSO4 a, cathartic.Epsilon-aminocaproic acid Synthe-

tic substance, antifibrinolytic, usedto check bleeding.

Epstein Barr virus A member ofherpes virus family causingmononucleosis, nosopharyngealcancer.

Epstein’s pearls Whitish yellowaccumulation of epithelial cells orretention cyst on hard palate innewborn.

Epulis A fibrous sarcomatous tumorof lower jaw.

Equivalent to weight The weight ofan element that is equivalent to andwill replace in chemical reaction ahydrogen atom.

Eradication Complete elimination ofdisease.

Erben’s reflex Slowing of pulsewhen head and trunk are forciblybent forward.

Erb’s paralysis Paralysis of musclessupplied by C5 and C6.

Erectile tissue Spongy vasculartissue which when filled withblood becomes erect and rigid, e.g.penis, clitoris, nipple.

Erection Swelling, hardness andstiffness of penis on sexualarousal/physical handling.

Erector spinae reflex Irrigation ofskin of back causes hardening dueto contraction of erectorspinae.

Erethism Excessive excitation orirritation.

Erg In physics, the amount of workdone when a force of 1 dyne actsthrough a distance 1 cm.

Ergasthenia Weakness due tooverwork.

Ergocalciferol Vit D2.Ergocristine An ergot alkaloid.Ergograph An apparatus for recor-

ding contractions of muscles andmeasuring the amount of workdone.

Ergometer An apparatus formeasuring amount of work per-formed.

Ergonomics The science concernedwith how to fit a job to man’sanatomical, physiological andpsychological characteristics in away that will enhance humanefficiency and well-being.

Ergonovine maleate An ergotderivative used in treatment ofmigraine. It also stimulatescontraction of uterus.

Epistaxis Ergonovine maleate

194Ergosterol Erythrocyanosis

Ergosterol The sterol of plant andanimal tissue that can be convertedto vitamin D2 on irradiation.

Ergotamine tartarate Ergot alkaloidused to treat migraine or to enhanceuterine contraction.

Ergotism Ergot poisoning.Erode To wear away.Erosion Destruction of surface layer.e. dental Enamel loss.e. cervix Alteration of the epithelium,

squamous cells replacingcolumnar cells following lowgrade infection.

Erotism Sexual desire.e. auto Self gratification of sexual

instincts by manual stimulation oferogenous areas like penis, clitoris.

Erotology The study of love and itsmanifestations.

Erotomania Pathological exaggera-tion of sexual behavior.

Erotophobia Aversion to sexual loveor its manifestations.

Erratic Floctuating, unpredictable.Error Mistake, miscalculation.Eructation Belching, bringing out gas

from stomach.Eruption Appearance of a lesion such

as redness or spotting on the skinor mucous membrane.

e. creeping A skin lesion charac-terized by a tortuous, elevated redline that progresses at one endwhile fading at the other usuallycaused by migration of larva ofAnkylostomas.

e. drug Drug ingestion causing skineruption.

Erysipelas Spreading inflammationof skin and subcutaneous tissue

accompanied by systemicdisturbance.

Erysipeloid An infective dermatitisresembling erysipelas.

Erythema Diffuse macular rednessof skin.

e. induratum Chronic vasculitis ofskin occurring in young adultfemales; often breaking down withformation of atrophic scar.

e. multiforme A macular erruptionwith dark red papules or tuber-cles that appear as rings, discshaped patches, figured arrange-ments.

e. marginatum A form of erythemamultiforme with central fadingarea but elevated edges.

e. nodosum Red and painful noduleson legs, often caused by drugs,toxins.

Erythrasma Red brown eruption inpatches in axillae and groin causedby Corynebacterium minu-tissimum.

Erythredema An infantile diseasecharacterized by itchy lesions ofhands and feet, and polyarthritis.

Erythrityl tetranitrate Anti anginalagent.

Erythroblast Nucleated red bloodcell, may be pronormoblast,basophilic normoblast, poly-chromatic normoblast, ortho-chromatic normoblast.

Erythroblastosis fetalis Hemolyticdisease of newborn usually due toRh incompatibity or ABOmismatching.

Erythrocyanosis Red or bluishdiscolouration of skin with swel-ling, burning and itching.

195

Erythrocyte The non nucleatedbiconcave disc of 7.7 micronmatured red blood cell containinghemoglobin, involved in oxygentransport

e. crenated RBC with serrated orcrenated edge.

Erythrocythemia Increased red cellmass.

Erythrocytopenia Decrease innumber of red cells.

Erythrocytorrhexis Breaking downof RBC, with some amount escap-ing to plasma.

Erythrocytosis Increase in red cellmass.

Erythroderma Abnormal redness ofskin.

Erythrodontia Reddish brownstaining of teeth.

Erythroid Concerning red blood cells.Erythroleukemia A variant of acute

myeloid leukemia with anaemia,bizarre red cell morphology,erythroid hyperplasia in bonemarrow.

Erythromania Uncontrolled blush-ing.

Erythromelia Painless erythema ofextensor surface of arm.

Erythromelalgia Burning andthrobbing in feet that come and go.

Erythromycin Antibiotic fromStreptomyces erythreus effectivefor many gm + ve and few gram -veorganisms.

Erythropoitin An alfaglobulinsecreted by kidney that stimulateserythropoisis.

Erythropsin Pigment in externalportion of rods of retina.

Erythrosine Sodium A dye (2%) usedas dental disclosing agent.

Esculent Suitable for use as food.Esophagoenterostomy Making

communication between esop-hagus and intestine followingresection of stomach as in gastricmalignancy.

Esophagomyotomy Incision ofmuscular coat of esophagus as inachalasia cardia.

Esophagoplication Reduction ofdilatation of esophagus by takingtucks in its walls.

Esophagotomy Surgical incisioninto the esophagus as in achalasiacardia.

Esophoria Amount of inwardturning of eye, SYN-esotropia.

ESR Electron spin resonance, a newermedical technique for imaging, e.g.NMR studies.

ESP Extrasensory perception.Essence Alcoholic solution of

volatile oil.Essential Indispensable.ESRD End stage renal disease with

GFR below 10 ml/minute.EST Electroshock therapy.Ester Compound formed by organic

acid with alcohol.Ester Enzyme catalyzing hydrolysis

of esters.Esthesia Perception, feeling, sen-

sation.Esthesiometer Device for measuring

tactile sensibility.Estradiol C18H24O2. Steroid hor-

mone of ovary with estrogenicproperties.

Erythrocyte Estradiol

196

Estriol C18H24O3 Metabolic productof estrone and estradiol.

Estrogen Substance having estro–genic activity, i.e. development offemale sex characteristics, cyclicchanges in endometrium andvaginal epithelium, breast changes.

Estrone C18H22O2. Natural estro-genic hormone less active thanestradiol but more active thanestriol.

Estrus The cyclic period of sexualactivity in mammals; during estrusanimal is said to be ‘in heat’.

Etching Application of corrosivesmaterial to a glass/metal to createa pattern or design.

Ethambutol Antitubercularbacteriostatic agent.

Ethanol Ethyl alcohol.Ethaverine hydrochloride Mild

coronary artery dilator.Ethchlorvynol Hypnotic agent.Ether diethyl C4H10O inflammable

anaesthetic agent.Ethics Moral principles or standards

governing conduct.Ethinamate Mild sedative-hypnotic

agent.Ethinyl estradiol An estrogenic

hormone.Ethionamide Bacteriostatic second

line antitubercular drug.Ethionine Progestational agent used

in contraceptive.Ethomoid bone Sieve like spongy

bone forming roof of nasal fossaand partly floor of anterior cranialfossa containing ethmoidal aircells.

Ethmoiditis Inflammation ofethmoidal air cells causing pain inbetween eyes, headache and nasaldischarge.

Ethnic Groups of people with onecultural system.

Ethnology Comparative study ofcultures using ethnographic data.

Ethopropazine Anticholinergic usedin parkinsonism.

Ethosuximide Anticonvulsant,principally used for absenceseizure.

Ethotoin Sparingly used anti-convulsant.

Ethyl chloride C2H5Cl. Volatileliquid used for topical anaesthesia.

Estriol Ethyl chloride

Estrogen

197

Ethyl cellulose Ether of cellulose, usedfor drug preparation.

Ethylene glycol Antifreeze, poisnous.Ethylene oxide C2H4O a fumigant.

Also used for sterilizing articlesthat cannot withstand heat.

Ethylenediamine Solvent fortheophyline.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA) A chelating agent.

Ethyl morphine Used as coughsuppressant.

Ethylnorepinephrine Adrenergicdrug used in asthma.

Etidronate Drug used in Paget’sdisease.

Etofamide An intraluminal amoe-bicide.

Etoposide Podophylotoxin formalignant diseases.

Etretinate Retinoid used for acne.Eucalyptus oil Oil distilled from

eucalyptus leaves, used as anexpectorant.

Eucapnia Normal CO2 concentrationin blood.

Eudiometer Instrument for testingpurity of air and making analysisof gases.

Eugenics The science dealing withgenetic and prenatal influences thataffect the expression of certaincharacteristic in offsprings.

Eugenol A topical analgesic used indentistry. Used with zinc oxide tomake temporary filling.

Eunuch Castrated male; male withoutsecondary sexual characteristics.

Eunuchoidism Deficient male sexualcharacteristics.

Euphoria Exaggerated feeling ofwell-being.

Euploidy In genetics, a state of havingcomplete sets of chromosomes.

Eustachian tube 4 cm long mucuslined tube extending from middleear to pharynx.

Eustachian valve Valve at theentrance of inferior vena cava.

Euthanasia Mercy killing; dyingeasily, quietly and painlessly;ending ones life with an incurabledisease.

Euthenics The science of improve-ment of population throughmodification of environment.

Euthyroid Normal thyroid function.Evacuate To discharge especially.

bladder and bowel; to transferpatient from one site to another.

Evaluation Assessment.Evanescent Not permanent, brief

duration.Evans blue A dye used IV as

diagnostic agent.Evaporation Change from liquid to

gaseous state.Evenomation Removal of venom

from biting site.Eventration Removal of contents of

abdominal cavity, partial pro-trusion of abdominal contentsthrough an opening in the abdo-minal wall.

Eversion Turning outwards.Evisceration Removal of viscera.Evoked response Study of function

of sense organs even though patientis unconscious by giving sensorystimuli and recording the electric

Ethyl cellulose Evoked response

198

response along the propagationpathway to brain.

Ewing’s tumor Diffuse endotheliomacausing a fusiform swelling of longbone.

Exacerbation Aggravation ofsymptoms.

Exanthem Eruption of skin rash.Exchange transfusion Transfusion

and withdrawal of small amountsof blood until blood volume isentirely replaced; used in auto-immune haemolytic anaemia,hyperbilirubinemia.

Excipient The vehicle for the drug.Excise Removal by surgery.Excitability Property of muscle or

nerve fiber to contract or produceaction potential on stimulationrespectively.

Excitation wave The wave ofirritability originating in sino-atrial node and moving across atriaand conduction system toventricular muscles.

Excoriation Abrasion of epidermisby chemicals, burns, irritation.

Exenteration Evisceration.Exercise Performed activity of

muscles.e. isometric Active contraction of

muscle without shortening ofmuscle length.

e. isotonic Active muscle contractionwhere muscle length is decreased.

e. static Alternate contraction andrelaxation of muscle withoutmovement of joint.

Exercise electrocardiogram SYN –stress test.

Exercise tolerance test A test todetermine the efficiency of cardio-respiratory system, e.g. treadmilltesting.

Exflagellation The formation ofmicrogametes (flagellated bodies)from microgametocytes. Occurs inplasmodia in the stomach ofmosquito.

Exfoliation The shedding of cells.

Ewing's tumor Exfoliation

Exercise Test

199

Exhalation The process of breathingout.

Exhaustion Fatiguee. heat A state of salt and water deficit

on constant exposure to hightemperature.

Exhibitionism Tendency to attractattention to oneself by any means.

Exhumation Removal of a dead bodyfrom grave.

Exner’s nerve Nerve from pharyn-geal plexus to cricothyroid memb-rane.

Exocrine Secretion of a gland toexterior lumen.

Exodontology Branch of dentistrydealing with dental extraction.

Exoerythrocytic Occurring outsideRBC.

Exomphalos Umbilical hernia.Exophoria Tendency of visual axes

to diverge outwards.

Exophthalmos Abnormal excessiveprotrusion of eyeballs due tothyrotoxicosis, retro orbitaltumors, aneurysm, secondary toleukemic deposit.

Exoplasm Outer protoplasm of a cell.Exostosis Outgrowth from bone

surface.Exotic Not native.Exotoxin Toxins produced by micro-

organism to surrounding medium.Exotropia Divergent squint.Expectoration The act of expulsing

sputum.Expiration Breathing out of inhaled

air. It may be active or passive.Explode To burst.Exponent The mathematical method

of indicating the power.Exposure The amount of radiation

delivered/received.Exsanguination Excessive blood loss

to the point of death.Extrophy Congenital turning inside

out of an organ.Extension Movement by which both

ends of a part are pulled apart.Extinction The process of extin-

guishing or putting out.Extirpation Excision of a part.Extorsion Rotation of a part out-

ward.Extracorporeal Outside the body.Extracapsular Outside the joint

capsule.Extracorporeal membrane oxyge-

nator (ECMO) A device foroxygenation of blood used forpatients of acute respiratory failure.

Extracorporeal shock wave litho-tripsy: (ECSWL) shock wavedissolution of renal and gallstones.

Extract To pull out forcibly, e.g. teeth;Active principle of a drug obtainedby distillation or chemical process.It can be alcoholic, aqueous.

Exhalation Extract

Exophthalmos

200

Extradural Outside dura mater.Extramural Outside the wall of an

organ or vessel.Extraocular eye muscles Muscles

attached to the capsule of eyecontrolling its movements.

Extrapyramidal Outside the pyra-midal tracts of CNS.

Extrapyramidal syndrome Syn-drome arising out of disease ordegeneration of basal ganglia andtheir connections manifestingwith tremor, rigidity, in coordi-nation.

Extrasensory perception Perceptionof external events by other than thefive senses.

Extrasystole Premature contractionof heart muscle by a stimulusoriginating in the conductionsystem or musculature. It can beatrial, junctional, nodal or ventri-cular.

e. atrial Normal QRS complex withaltered P. waves.

e. ventricular Wide bizarre QRSwithout P waves.

Extravasation Fluid escaping fromvessel.

Extremity The terminal part of anything, an arm or leg.

Extroversion Eversion, turninginside out.

Extrovert Opposite of introvert. Onewho is interested mainly inexternal objects and actions.

Extrusion In dentistry, position of atooth when pushed forward fromline of occlusion.

Extubation Removal of tube, e.g.laryngeal.

Exuberant Excessive growth oftissue, joyful, happy.

Exudate A protein rich fluid, high incell count can be pus, catarrhal,haemorrhagic, fibrinous.

Extraocular Eye Muscles

Extradural Exudate

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Exude To pass out slowly throughthe tissues.

Eye Organ of vision consisting ofouter layer (cornea and sclera),middle layer (choroid, ciliary bodyand iris) and inner retina.

e. aphakic Eye without lens.e. black Ecchymosis of tissue

surrounding eye.e. dominant Eye which one prefe-

rentially uses as in seing throughmono-ocular microscope, whileusing a gun.

Eye bank An organization thatcollects corneas and stores them fortransplantation.

Eyelids Movable protective foldsclosing the anterior surface of eyeball; the upper is the larger and moremovable, raised by contraction oflevator palpebrae superioris.

Eye muscle imbalance Incoordinateaction of extraocular musclescausing esophoria or exophoria.

Eye strain Tiredness of eye due toerrors of refraction, overuse,debility, anaemia.

Exude Eye strain

Anatomy of Eye

FFabrication Deliberately false

statement told as if it were true,present in Korsakoff’s syndrome.

Fabry’s disease An inheriteddisorder of metabolism withaccumulations of glycolipid intissues.

Face Anterior part of head fromforehead to chin, composed of 14bones.

Facet A small smooth area on a boneor hard surface.

Facetectomy Excision of articularfacet of vertebra.

Facial center Brain center respon-sible for facial movements.

Facial nerve Seventh cranial nervesupplying facial muscles,platysma, submandibular andsublingual glands, and carryingtaste sensations from anterior twothirds of tongue.

Facial reflex Contraction of facialmuscles following pressure on eyeball.

Facial spasm Involuntary contrac-tion of muscles supplied by facialnerve.

Facies The expression or appearanceof face.

f. adenoid Dull lethargic appearancewith open mouth due to chronicmouth breathing.

f. aortica Seen in aortic insufficiency;with bluish sclera, sunken cheeksand sallow face.

f. hepatica Shunken eyes, yellowconjunctiva.

f. hippocratic Face of long continuedillness with hollow cheeks, sunken

eyes, lead complexion and relaxedlips.

f. leonine Lion like face of lepro-matous leprosy with thick inelasticskin, depressed bridge of nose andleprosy nodules.

f. masklike Expressionless face withlittle or no animation/blinking asseen in parkinsonism.

f. mitralis Face of mitral insufficiencywith dilated capillaries, pink andoften cyanotic cheeks.

f. myopathic Fades due to muscularatrophy and relaxation, lids dropand lips protrude.

Facilitation Hastening of an action.Factitious False, not natural,

artificial.Factitious disorder Disease not

genuine, produced voluntarily forgain, etc. Munchausen syndrome.

Factor An essential elementf eosinophilic chemotatic a substance

released from mast cells;f. epidermal growth: a macrophage

produced cytokine that stimulatesgrowth of smooth muscle cells andfibroblasts;

f. hepatocyte growth formed byplatelets, fibroblasts, macro-phages, endothelial and smoothmuscle cells stimulating growth ofhepatocytes;

f. intringic secreted by parietal cellsof gastric mucosa essential for vitB12 absorption.

Facultative In biology and bacterio-logy, having the ability to liveunder certain conditions. Thus a

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bacteria can be facultative withrespect to O2 and be able to live withor without O2.

Faculty A normal mental attributeor sense; teaching staff.

Faget’s sign a pulse slower thancorresponding body temperature

f. brown fat around major bloodvessels in newborn, burnt forthermogenesis as shiveringmechanism is lacking

Fahrenheit A temperature scale withfreezing point of water at 32° andboiling point at 212° point.

Failure Loss of function of an organ.f. heart Poor pump function secon-

dary to myocardial anoxia, necro-sis, abnormal pre/after load orelectrical disturbance.

f. renal Loss of kidney function withuremia due to infection, diabetes,hypertension, glomerulonephritis,etc.

f. respiratory Inability of lungs tooxygenate the blood and expelcarbon dioxide, occurring due todisease of diaphragms/intercostalmuscles or lung parenchyma,(ARDS,COPD).

f. hepatic Liver failure with chole-mia due to cirrhosis, acute hepaticnecrosis, etc.

Faint syncope About to lose con-sciousness.

Faith healing Healing through divinepower, without medical aid.

Falciform Sickle shaped.Falciform ligament Triangular

ligament attached to sides ofsacrum and coccyx by its base.

Falciform ligament of liver Sickleshaped reflection of peritoneumattaching liver to diaphragm andseparating right lobe from left lobe.

Falciform process That portion offalciform ligament along the innermargin of ramus of ischium.

Fallopian tube The 4½” long tubejoining peritoneal cavity near theovary to lateral side of fundus ofuterus. It serves to convey ovumfrom ovary to uterus. It has threeparts: the infundibulum, isthmusand ampulla.

Fallot tetralogy Congenital cyano-tic heart disease characterized byoverriding of aorta, infundibularstenosis, right ventricular hyper-trophy and a ventricular septaldefect.

Fall out Settling of radioactivefission products from atmosphereafter nuclear explosion.

False positive A test indicating thatthe disease is present when in factit is not

Faculty False positive

Fallot's Tetralogy

204

False negative A test indicating thatthe disease is not present whenactually it is present.

False ribs The lower five pairs ofribs that do not unite directly withthe sternum.

Falx Any sickle shaped structure.f. cerebelli A vertical fold of dura

partitioning the two halfs ofcerebellum.

f. cerebri A fold of dura mater lyingin longitudinal fissure, separatingthe two cerebral hemispheres.

f. inguinalis The conjoint tendon thatforms the origin of transverseabdominis and internal obliquemuscles.

Familial Disease occurring morefrequently in a family than wouldbe expected by chance.

Familial Mediterranean fever Inheri-ted autosomal recessive disorder in

persons of Irish or Italian descentmanifesting with periodic fever,chest/abdominal pain and apropensity for amyloidosis.

Familial periodic paralysis Para-lysis occurring at awakening withhypokalemia or even normoka-lemia.

Family 1. A group of individualsdescending from a common ances-tor. 2. A group of people living in ahousehold who share commonattachments, such as mutualcaring, emotional bonds, commongoal, etc. 3. In biology the divisionbetween an order and genus.

Family planning Planning andspacing of child birth according towishes of the couple rather than tochance.

Famotidine H2 receptor blocker,used for peptic ulcer disease.

False negative Famotidine

Falx Cerebelli

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Fanconi’s syndrome Rickets withaminoaciduria, hypoplastic anae-mia, growth failure.

Fang A sharp pointed tooth.Fantasy The mechanism of creating

in one’s mind.Farad A unit of electrical capacity.

The capacity of a condenser thatcharged with 1 coulomb, gives adifference of potential of 1 volt.

Faradism Therapeutic use of aninterrupted current to stimulatemuscles and nerves.

Farmer’s lung Hypersensitivealveolitis on exposure to moldyhay.

Farsightedness An error of refrac-tion in which parallel rays arefocussed at a point behind retina,so that near objects are not seenclearly.

Fascia Fibrous membrane covering,supporting or separating muscles,uniting skin with underlying tissue.

f. Buck’s Facial covering of penisderived from Colle’s fascia.

f. Cloquet’s Femoral fascia.f. cribiform Fascia of thigh covering

saphenous opening.f. pelvic It maintains strength of

pelvic floor.f. Scarpa’s The deep layer of

superficial fascia of abdomen.f. transversalis Fascia located

between the perineum and trans-versalis muscle.

Fascicle A fasciculus.Fasciculation Involuntary contrac-

tion or twitching of muscle fibers.

Fasciculus A small bundle especiallyof muscle or nerve fibers.

f. cuneatus Triangular shaped bundleof nerve fibers in the dorsal columncarrying sense of proprioceptionand deep touch. Syn — column ofBurdach.

f. gracilis It lies medial to f. cuneatusSYN — Column of Goll.

Fasciectomy Excision of a portion offascia.

Fasciolopsis buski A fluke infestingintestinal tract of certain mammalsincluding man.

Fasciorrhaphy Repair of fascia.Fascitis Inflammation of fascia.Fastidium Aversion to eating.Fastigium The highest point; The

most posterior portion of fourthventricle in brain.

Fasting Accepting no food.Fat Adipose tissue of body serving

as energy reserve, providing fatsoluble vitamins.

Fatigue Feeling of tiredness resul-ting from continuing activity.

Fatty acids Omega-3 Unsaturatedfatty acids present in fish and certainvegetables, not synthesized in body.They reduce platelet adhesivenessand. lower serum triglyceride;hence used in coronary arterydisease prevention.

Fatty change Abnormal accumu-lation of fat within the cell.

Fauces The constricted openingleading from mouth to the pharynxbounded by soft palate, base of thetongue and palatine arches.

Fanconi’s syndrome Fauces

206

Faucial reflex Sensation of vomi-ting resulting from irritation offauces.

Favism Hereditary hypersensitivityto a kind of bean, vicia fabacharacterized by fever, hemolyticanemia, vomiting; common topatients of G6-PD deficiency.

Favus Fungal infection of skincharacterized by yellowish crustsover hair follicle with itching andmusty odor.

Fazadinium Neuromuscular block-ing agent.

Fc fragment A part ofimmunoglobulin for antigenrecognition and processing bymacrophages.

Fc receptor Present in neutrophils,monocytes and macrophages thatbinds to Fc fragment of immuno-globulin.

Fear Emotional reaction to externalor internal threat, a feature ofdepression.

Febrile convulsion Convulsionprecipitated by fever.

Feces Excreta, stool.Fechner’s law A theory stating that

the magnitudes of sensationsproduced by given stimuli form anarithmetical progression; 1 thestimuli forming a geometricalprogression.

Feculent Having sediment.Fecundation Fertilization, impreg-

nation.Fecundity Fertility, ability to produce

children.

Feedback Return to original place,can be positive or negative.

Feeder A device permitting indepen-dent eating by severeneurologically disabled person.

f. artificial Tube feeding, the tubepassed through esophagus orrectum.

Feeling The conscious phase ofnervous activity. Emotions arecentrally stimulated feelings.

Fehling’s solution A solution fortesting urine sugar; prepared bydissolving 34.66 gm of coppersulfate in 500 ml of water to makesolution A and 173 gm potassiumiodide and 50 gm of sodiumhydroxide in 500 ml of water tomake (solution B). When urinecontaining sugar is boiled afteraddition of both the solutions, a redprecipitate of cuprous oxide isformed.

Felon Abscess of soft tissue interminal portion of finger.

Felty’s syndrome Rheumatoid arth-ritis associated with spleno-megaly, neutropenia, anemia andoften thrombocytopenia.

Female Woman, sex that producesova.

Feminism Male developing secon-dary sexual characteristic offemale.

Feminization testicular An appa-rent female with genetic charac-teristic of male due to tissueresistance to androgenic hormonessecreted by testes.

Faucial reflex Feminization testicular

207

Femoral artery A branch of exter-nal iliac artery.

Femoral nerve Largest branch oflumbar plexus supplying the skinin front of thigh and musclesinvolved in straightening the leg.

Fenestra An aperture frequentlyclosed by membrane.

Fenfluramine An adrenergic agent.Fenofibrate Lipid lowering agent.Fenoprofen calcium Non steroidal

anti inflammatory agent.Fenoterol Beta adrenergic agonist

used in bronchial asthma.Fentanyl citrate Synthetic potent

analgesic.Ferment To decompose.Fern A flowerless plant, whose

extracts are used as anthelmintic.Fern pattern Palm leaf (arbori-

zation) pattern of cervical mucuswhen allowed to dry on a glass

slide; dependent on salt concen-tration in mucus which is furtherdependent upon amount of estro-gen in the mucus. This test is onlypositive in mid cycle. If positive inlate cycle, indicates lack ofprogesterone.

Ferritin Iron-phosphorus proteincomplex containing about 23%iron, the principal tissue storageform of iron.

Ferrokinetics Study of absorption,utilization, storage and excretionof iron.

Ferroprotein Important oxygentransferring enzyme.

Ferrous Bivalent iron.Ferric Trivalent iron, oxidized form.Ferule A bond or ring of metal applied

to the end of the root or crown oftooth in order to strengthen it.

Fertilization Union of ovum withspermatozoa or union of male andfemale gametes in plants.

Fervescence Increase of fever.Festinant Increase in speed, accele-

rating.

Femoral artery Festinant

Femoral Nerve

Fern Pattern

208

Festish An object thought to havemagical supernatural power.

Fetal alcohol syndrome Birth defectsand mental retardation in babiesborn to alcoholic mothers whocontinued alcohol ingestion duringfirst trimester.

Fetal circulation Oxygenated bloodfrom placenta passes viaumbilical vein and ductus venosusto inferior vena cava bypassingliver and thence to right atrium andthen via foramen ovale to leftatrium, left ventricle and aorta.

Festish Fetal circulation

Fertilization

Fetal Circulation

209

Some blood from right atrium alsoenters right ventricle andpulmonary artery to be shunted toaorta via ductus arteriosus. Bloodto placental villi are returned viathe two umbilical arteries whichare continuation of hypogastricarteries.

Feticide Killing of the fetus.Fetoprotein A fetal antigen often

present in adults. Amniotic fluidfetoprotein level can indicate aboutfetal well being and maturity. Levelis increased in defects of neuroaxis.Increased level in adults indicateshepatoma.

Fetoscope An flexible optical deviceof fiberoptic material used fordirect visualization of fetus inutero.

Fetotoxic Materials toxic to deve-loping fetus, e.g. alcohol sedatives,tetracycline, tobacco.

Fetus Child in utero from third monthto birth.

f. amorphus Shapeless fetus, barelyrecognizable as fetus.

f. calcified Fetus dyeing in utero withcalcification.

f. in fetu A small imperfect fetus iscontained within body of anotherfetus (e.g. desmoid).

f. mummified A dead fetus that hasassumed mummified form.

f. papyraceus In twin pregnancy, thedead fetus is pressed flat by livingfetus.

FEV1 Forced expiratory volume in 1second. After full inspirationpatient exhales as hard and as fast

as possible into spirometer and theamount of air exhaled in 1 secondis recorded. FEV1 is reduced inobstructive lung disease.

Fever Elevation of body temperatureabove 37°C (98.6°F). Rectaltemperature is 0.5-1°F higher thanoral temperature. Body calorieexpenditure is increased by 12%for each 0°C of fever.

f. continuous Fever with diurnalvariation of below 2°F as in enteric,typhus.

f. drug Almost any drug can causefever as a side effect.

f. of unknown origin (FUO) Feverabove 38°C on several occasionscontinuing for more than 3 weeksbut without a diagnosis even with1 week of hospital investigation.Common causes are neoplasms,collagen vascular diseases,pulmonary embolism, drug fever.

f. periodic Inherited disease ofunknown etiology manifestingwith joint pain, abdominal pain,pleurisy, etc.

f. blister Herpes simplex (type I)eruption of lips.

Fiber Thread like element, can benerve fiber, muscle fiber or acellular product like collagen fiber,elastic fiber, reticulin fiber.

f. afferent Fiber carrying impulsestowards nerve cell.

f. dietary Undigestible elements offood, i.e. cellulose, hemicellulose,lignin, pectin that add bulk to stool.Foods rich in fiber include wholegrain, fruits, leafy vegetables, and

Feticide Fiber, dietary

210

their skin. High fiber intakeprevents constipation, preventsdiverticulosis, lowers cholesteroland sugar and possibly preventscolon cancer.

f. efferent Nerve fiber carryinginformation away from nerve cell.

f. medullated Nerve fiber whose axiscylinder is covered by myelinsheath.

Fibril A small fiber, often thecomponent of a cell or a fiber; canbe myofibril or neurofibril.

Fibrillation Spontaneous contrac-tion of individual muscle fibers.

f. atrial Rapid, irregular andincomplete contraction of atria.

f. ventricular Similar to above, withineffectual contraction of ventri-cles. May result from mechanicalinjury to heart, coronary arterydisease, drugs, electrocution,electrolyte imbalance, etc. Lifethreatening unless immediatelytreated.

Fibrin Whitish filamentous proteinformed by action of thrombin onfibrinogen. Fibrin entangles RBCand platelets to produce theclotting.

f. foam A sponge like substanceprepared from human fibrin usedas hemostatic in surgery.

Fibrinogen A coagulation protein ofplasma that is precursor of fibrin.

Fibrinogenolysis Dissolution offibrin.

Fibrinogenopenia Reduction inblood fibrinogen.

Fibrinoid Resembling fibrin.

Fibrinoid change Change in connec-tive tissue with immunologic injury,the tissue becoming homogeneous,swollen and band like.

Fibrinokinase Enzyme of animaltissue that activates plasminogen.

Fibrinolysin SYN— plasmin thatdissolves fibrin.

Fibrinolysis The process of disso-lution of fibrin by plasmin.

Fibrinopeptide The substanceremoved from fibrinogen duringblood coagulation; fibrin degra-dation product.

Fibrinosis Excess fibrin in blood.

Fibroadenoma Adenoma withfibrous tissue stroma.

Fibre angioma A fibrous tissueangioma.

Fibrocartilage A type of cartilage inwhich the matrix contains thickbundles of white or cartilaginousfibers. Found in the intervertebraldisks.

Fibrocyst A fibrous tumor havingundergone cystic degeneration.

Fibrocystic disease of breast Pain-ful lump in breast, the pain and sizefluctuating with menstrual cycle;50% of women in reproductive agehave this problem and carry a

Fiber, efferent Fibrocystic disease of breast

Fibroadenoma

211

2-5% greater risk of developingbreast cancer.

Fibrocystic disease of pancreasCystic fibrosis.

Fibroid Fibromyoma of uteruswhich may grow inwards oroutwards to become subperitoneal.

Fibroma Encapsulated, irregular,firm slow growing connectivetissue tumor. Can arise withinmuscle, breast, uterus, (causesmenorrhagia).

Fibromatosis Simultaneousdevelopment of multiple fibromas.

f. gingivae An inherited condition inwhich there is hypertrophy of gumsprior to eruption of teeth.

Fibromyositis Inflammation ofmuscle and surrounding connec-tive tissue, a nonspecific illnesscharacterized by pain, tenderness,stiffness of joint capsule.

Fibromyxoma A fibroma that hasundergone partial myxomatousdegeneration.

Fibromyxosarcoma A sarcomacontaining fibrous and myxoidtissue or sarcoma that has under-gone mucoid degeneration.

Fibropapilloma Mixed fibroma andpapilloma seen in bladder.

Fibrosarcoma A spindle celledsarcoma containing abundantconnective tissue.

Fibrosis Abnormal fibrous tissueformation.

f. diffuse interstitial pulmonary SYN— Hamman rich syndrome,causing respiratory distress ofnewborn.

f. of lungs Formation of scar tissue inlungs following pneumonia, lungabscess, tuberculosis.

f. retroperitoneal Of unknownetiology, causes obstruction ofureter and great vessels.

Fibula The outer and smaller bone ofleg, often sacrificed in bonegrafting.

Pick method A method to determinecardiac output.

Field A specific area in relation to anobject.

Fifth cranial nerve Trigeminalnerve, a mixed nerve with itssensory-motor nuclei in Pons-medulla.

Fibrocystic disease of pancreas Fifth cranial nerve

Fibroid Uterus

212

Fifth disease Parvovirus infectionwith rash mimicking rubella.

FIGLU excretion test Test for folicacid deficiency. When histidine isadministered to a patient with folicacid deficiency formimino-glutamic acid excretion in urine isincreased.

Filament Thread like coil ofTungsten found in X-ray tube.

Filaria A long filiform nematodefound in lymphatics, serous cavitiesand connective tissue, e.g. f.bancrofti.

Filariasis A chronic disease due tofilaria species.

Filiform Hair like, filamentous.Film A thin membrane/covering;

photographic film usually cellulosecoated with a light sensitiveemulsion.

f. bitewing Technique used for takingfilm of several teeth at the sametime.

f. badge A badge containing a film tocalculate the total exposure of anindividual to X-rays.

Filter Device for filtering light,liquid, radiation, etc.

f. Berkefeld A diatomaceous earthfilter designed to remove bacteriafrom solutions passed through it.(excepting viruses).

f. infrared Filter that permits onlypassage of infrared waves ofcertain wave lengths.

f. optical Device that only permits aportion of the visible lightspectrum. The filter absorbs theunwanted wave length.

f. umbrella Filter placed in bloodvessels in order to prevent passageof emboli, e.g. inferior vena cavaumbrella filter placement to reducepulmonary embolism in patients ofpelvic or deep leg vein thrombosis.

f. wood’s A glass screen allowingpassage of ultraviolet rays andabsorbing rays of visual light,useful for diagnosis of fungusinfection of hair.

Filtrate The fluid that has been passedthrough a filter.

f. glomerular The protein freeplasma filtered while passage ofblood through glomeruli.

Filum A thread like structure.f coronaria A fibrous band extending

from the base of the median cusp oftricuspid valve to the aortic annulus.

f. terminate A long slender filamentat the terminal end of cord termi-nating in coccyx.

Fimbriate Having finger likeprojections.

Fine motor skills Skills pertainingto synergy of small muscles ofhand.

Finger One of the five digits of hand.f. clubbed Enlarged terminal phalanx

of the finger. Present in cyanoticheart disease, pulmonarysuppuration and malignancy,bacterial endocarditis.

f. hammer Permanent flexion ofterminal phalanx due to damageof extensor tendons.

Finger print An imprint made by thecutaneous ridges of fingers, used forthe purpose of identification.

Fifth disease Finger print

213

First aid Emergency assistance toinjured sick individuals prior tophysician’s care or transportationto hospital. Common situationsnecessitating first aid are: foreignbody, coma, convulsion, burn,poisoning, etc.

First cranial nerve Nerve carryingsmell sensation from olfactorymucosa,

First degree AV block Partial block ofconduction in AV node characterizedby prolonged PR interval. Whenoccurring independently does notneed treatment but if with anteriormyocardial infarction or bundlebranch block, it may progress tocomplete heart block and henceneeds permanent pace maker.

Fish skin disease A disease of skincharacterized by increase of thehorny layer and deficiency of theskin secretion.

Fission Splitting into two or moreparts, method of asexual repro-duction in bacteria, protozoa andother lower forms of life.

Fissiparous Reproducing by fission.Fissure A groove or natural division,

cleft or slit, break in enamel of tooth,crack like sore, deep furrow in anorgan like brain, lung, liver, spinalcord.

f. anal Linear painful ulcer at analmargin.

f. auricular Fissure of petrous part oftemporal bone.

f. Broca Fissure encircling the thirdleft frontal convolution of thebrain.

f. inferior orbital Fissure at the apexof orbit, through which pass theinfraorbital blood vessels andmaxillary branch of trigeminalnerve.

First aid Fissure, inferior orbital

Fissure of Lung

214

f. of Rolando Fissure separatingfrontal and parietal lobes.

f. of Sylvius Fissure separatingfrontal and parietal lobes fromtemporal lobe.

f. transverse 1. Fissure betweencerebrum and cerebellum of brain.2. Fissure on the lower surface ofliver serving as the hilum forentrance of hepatic vessels and exitof ducts.

Fistula An abnormal free passagefrom cavity/or inner organ toexterior/another organ.

f. arteriovenous Direct communi-cation between artery and vein.

f. horseshoe Perianal fistula in whichthe tract goes round the rectum andcommunicates with skin at one ormore point.

f. thyroglossal A midline fistulaabout thyroid that connects thepersistent embryonic thyroglossalduct to exterior.

Fixation point The fovea or the pointon the retina where the visual axesmeet for clearest vision.

Flaccid Paralysis with loss of muscletone, reduction or loss of tendonreflexes, atrophy of muscles, usuallydue to lesion of lower motor neurone.

Flagellate A protozoon with one ormore flagella.

Flagellation Whipping, massage bystrokes, a form of sexual aberrationin which sexual urge is broughtabout by being whipped orwhipping the partner.

Flagellum A hair like motile processon a protozoon.

Flagyl Metronidazole.Flail chest A condition arising from

fracture of a number of ribs, or ribsat many points, resulting in the flailrib segment moving inparadoxically with inspirationand out with expiration.

Flail joint Joint with excessivemobility due to paralysis of acting,muscles.

Flange In dentistry, the part of anartificial denture that extends fromembedded teeth to the border ofdenture.

Flank The part of body between ribsand upper border of ilium.

Flap A mass of partially detachedtissue used in plastic surgery.

f. pedicle Flap made by suturing theedges to form a tube. Then one endof the tube is severed and sutured toanother site. By use of this jump flaptechnique, such a flap may be movedin several stages, a great distance.

f. periodontal Gingival flap remo-ved or repositioned to eliminateperiodontal pockets or to correctmucogingival defects.

Flare A spreading area of rednessthat surrounds a line made bydrawing a pointed instrumentacross the skin. It is due todilatation of blood vessels.

Flashbacks The return of imageryand hallucinations after the imme-diate effect of hallucinogens is wornoff.

Flash point The temperature at whichsubstance will burst into flamesspontaneously.

Fissure, of Rolando Flash point

215

Flatfoot Abnormal flatness of soleand loss of arch on innerside of foot.

Flatness Resonance heard onpercussion over solid organs orwhen there is fluid in the thoraciccavity.

Flatulence Excessive formation orpassage of gas from GI tract.

Flatus Expulsion of gas from anus.Average person excretes 400-1200cc of gas everyday, containinghydrogen, methane, skatoles, in-doles, carbon dioxide, smallamounts of oxygen and nitrogen.Flatulogenic foods are milk,legumes, fried items.

Flatus tube A rectal tube which ispushed to facilitate expulsion ofgas.

Flavin One of a group of naturalwater soluble pigments occurringin milk, yeast, bacteria and someplants.

Flavism Having a yellow tinge.

Flavi virus Previously called groupB arbo virus responsible for yellowfever, dengue fever andencephalitis.

Flavobacterium A group of bacteriaproducing orange-yellowpigments in culture. Flavo-bacterium meningosepticumcauses virulent meningitis inprematures.

Flavoprotein A group of conjugatedproteins that constitute yellowenzyme for cellular respiration.

Flavour The quality that affects thesense of taste.

Flaxedil Gallamine triethiodide.Flea Wingless blood sucking insects

that have legs adapted for jumping.Xenopsella species transmit plaguefrom rats to humans. Fleas maytransmit tularemia, endemictyphus and brucellosis.

f. chigger Sand flea.Fleccainide acetate Antiarrhythmic

agent.Fleece of Stilling Meshwork of

white fibers that surrounds thedentate nucleus of cerebellum.

Fleming Alexander Scottish physi-cian who in 1945 was awardedNobel prize for discoveringpenicillin.

Flesh Soft tissues of animal body,esp. the muscles.

Fletcher factor A blood clottingfactor, prekallikrein.

Flexibility Adaptibility, quality ofbeing bent without breaking.

Flexion The act of bending forward.

Flatfoot Flexion

Flatfoot

216

Flexor Muscle that bends a part inproximal direction.

f. left colic Bend in colon wheretransverse colon continues asdescending colon SYN — splenicflexure.

f. right colic Bend in colon whereascending colon becomes thetransverse colon SYN — hepaticflexure.

Flexure A bendFlicker The visual sensation of

alternating intervals of brightnesscaused by rhythmically interrup-ting light stimuli.

Flight of ideas Continuous butfragmentary stream of talk may beseen in acute mania.

Floaters Translucent specks ofvarious sizes and shapes that floatacross the visual field; usuallysmall bits of protein or cells.

Flocculation The gathering togetherof fine dispersed particles in asolution into larger visibleparticles.

Flocculus 1. A small tuft of wool likefibers. 2. lobes of cerebellum behindthe middle cerebral peduncle.

Floppy - valve syndrome Mitralvalve prolapse.

Floss To use dental floss or tape toremove plaque or calculus.

Flour Ground wheat powder.Flowmeter Device for measuring

flow of gas or liquid, i.e. flow ofanesthetic gases.

Flow state An altered state ofconsciousness in which the mindfunctions at its peak, time may seem

to be distorted and a sense ofhappiness seems to pervade thatperiod.

Floxuridine An antimetabolite usedin cancer treatment.

Fluctuation A wavy impulse felt inpalpation and produced by vibra-tion of body fluid.

Flucytosine Antifungal agent.Fludrocortisone Synthetic cortico-

steroid with high mineral retaine-ring property.

Flufenamic acid Nonsteroidalantiinflammatory agent.

Flufenazine enathate A pheno-thiazine type antipsychotic drug.

Fluid amniotic Clear yellowish fluidof specific gravity 1.006 composedof albumin, urea, water mixed withlanugo, epidermal cells, vernixcaseosa, and meconium.

Fluid cerebrospinal Fluid found incentral canal of spinal cord, in theventricles of brain and in the sub-arachnoid space.

Fluid synovial Fluid containedwithin synovial cavities, bursaeand tendon sheaths.

Fluid balance Regulation of waterhomeostasis in body.

Fluke A parasite belonging to classtrematoda.

f. blood Schistostoma hematobium,S. mansoni, S. japonicum, belong tothis group inhabiting mesentericand pelvic veins.

f. hepatica Fasciola hepatica, chloro-sis sinensis.

f. intestinal Fasciolopsis buski.f. lung Paragonimus westermani.

Flexor Fluke , lung

217

Flumethasone Synthetic cortico-steroid.

Flunarizine Calcium channelblocker for migraine.

Fluocinolone acetonide Syntheticcorticosteroid.

Fluorescein sodium A red crystal-line powder, used to for cornealstaining and angiography.

Fluorescence Property of certainsubstances to emit light whenexposed to ultraviolet radiation.

Fluorescent Luminous when ex-posed to other light rays.

Fluorescent antibody A body taggedwith fluorescent material, fordiagnosis of various kinds ofinfections.

Fluorescent treponemal antibodyabsorption test (FTA-ABS) Test forsyphilis using fluorescentantibody.

Fluoridation Addition of fluoridesto water to prevent dental caries inthe concentration of 1 mg/1000 mlof water drinking to assure dailyfluoride intake of 0.25 to 0.5 mg.

Fluorometer Device for determiningamount of radiation produced byX-rays.

Fluoroscope A radiological toolconsisting of a fluorescent screenby means of which the shadows ofobjects interposed between the tubeand screen are made visible.

Fluoroscopy Patient examination byfluoroscope.

Fluorosis Chronic flourine poisoningcausing mottling of tooth enamel,and hyperlucency of bone.

Fluorouracil Antimetabolite, anti-cancer agent.

Fluoxetine 5HT antagonist, anti-depressant.

Fluoxymesterone An anabolic andandrogenic hormone.

Flupenthixol Antipsychotic agent.Flurandrenolide A corticosteroid.Flurbiprofen Propionic acid deri-

vative NSAID.Flurazepam Sedative-hypnotic

agent.Fluoroapatite A compound formed

when the enamel of teeth is treatedwith appropriate concentration offluoride to form hydroxyapatitewhich is less acid soluble, henceresistant to caries.

Flurogestone A progestational drug.Fluroxene An anesthetic agent

administered by inhalation.Flush 1. Sudden redness of skin. 2.

Irrigation of cavity with water.f. hot Flush accompanied with

sensations of heat, common inmenopausal syndrome and neu-roses.

Flutter A tremulous movement.f. atrial Rapid atrial contraction

(200-400/min) but with a regularheart beat due to 1:2/1:3 AV block.

f. diaphragmatic Rapid diaphrag-matic contraction.

f. mediastinum Abnormal side toside motion of diaphragm.

Flux An excessive flow or dischargefrom an organ or cavity of body.

Foam Production of gas bubbleinterspersed with fluid.

Foam solubility test Procedure fordetermining the presence or

Flumethasone Foam solubility test

218

absence of surfactant active mate-rial in amniotic fluid. Surfactantdeficit is diagnostic of respiratorydistress syndrome.

Focus The point of convergence oflight rays or waves of sounds.

Fog Water droplets in air.Fogging 1. A method of testing vision

used particularly in testing astig-matism and in post cycloplegicexamination. 2. Unwanted densityon the radiographic film resultingfrom exposure to secondaryradiation, light, chemicals, heat,etc.

Foil A thin pliable sheet of metal.Gold foils are used in dentalrestoration work.

Fold A doubling back.f. aryepiglottic The ridge like lateral

walls of the entrance to larynx.f. gastric Gastric mucosal folds;

mostly longitudinal.f. rectum Transverse mucosal folds

of rectum, SYN – valves of Houston.Foliaceous Resembling leaf.Folic acid C19H19N7O6, chemically

pteroyl glutamic acid, found ingreen plant tissue, liver and yeast.Deficiency causes megaloblasticanaemia.

Folinic acid The active form of folicacid.

Follicle A small secretory sac orcavity.

f. aggregated SYN – Peyer’s patch.An aggregation of solitary nodu-les or group of lymph nodules atthe junction of ileum with colon atthe anti mesentric border.

f. graffian Developing primaryoocyte in the cortex of ovary.

f. hair An invagination of theepidermis from which hair deve-lops.

f. lymphatic The densely packedcollection of lymphocytes andlymphoblasts that make up cortexof a lymph node.

f. nabothian Dilated cyst of glandsof uterine cervix.

f. ovarian A spherical structure inthe cortex of ovary consisting of anoocyte and surrounding follicularcells.

f. primordial Follicle of ovary withovum enclosed in a single layer ofcells.

f. of thyroid Spherical structure linedwith a single layer of cuboidalepithelium secreting thyroidhormones.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)Hormone of anterior pituitarystimulating spermatogenesis inmale and maturation of graffianfollicle in female.

Follicular tonsillitis Inflammationof follicles on surface of tonsilswhich become filled with pus.

Foliculitis barbae Ringworm ofheard.

Folliculoma A tumor of ovaryoriginating in graffian follicle inwhich cells resemble the cells ofstratum granulosum.

Folliculosis Presence of an abnormalquantity of lymph follicles.

Follow-up The continued care ormonitoring of a patient after theinitial visit or examination.

Focus Follow-up

219

Fomentation A hot, wet applicationfor the relief of pain or inflam-mation.

Fomes (fomite) Any substance thatadheres to and transmits infectiousmaterial.

Fontana’s spaces Spaces between theprocesses of ligamentumpectinatum of iris, conveyingaqueous humor.

Fontanel Unossified space lyingbetween cranial bones of the skull.

f. anterior Lying at the junction ofcoronal, frontal and sagittalsutures.

f. posterior Lying at the junction ofsagittal and lambdoid sutures.

Food additives Substances otherthan basic food stuffs that arepresent in food during production,processing, storage or packaging.

Food adulterants Substances mak-ing food impure or toxic like toxicorganisms, pesticide residues,poisonous substance or substancesadded to increase weight or bulk offood.

Food allergies Allergic reactionresulting from ingestion of food to

which one has become sensitized.Common offenders are: milk, egg,shellfish, chocolate, oranges.

Food and drug administration (FDA)In USA, an official regulatory bodyfor food, drugs, cosmetics, andmedical devices, a part ofDepartment of health and humanservices.

Food ball Gastric stone made up offruit and vegetable skins, seeds andfibers. SYN — phytobezoar.

Food chain Sequential transfer offood energy from green plants toherbivorous animals and then toman through animal flesh.Interruption of this chain can resultin ecological disaster.

Food poisoning Illness resultingfrom ingestion of foods containingpoisonous substances, e.g.mushroom poisoning, insecticidescontaminating food, milk fromcows that have eaten somepoisonous plants, ingestion ofputrefied or decomposed food.

Food requirement Requirement ofcalorie and protein depending uponage, muscular work andenvironment. Average activehealthy (70 kg) man requires 2700cal/day and average healthywoman 2000 cal/day. Persons insedentary work require less calo-ries. Protein requirement of adultis 1 gm/kg of their ideal weight.Pregnancy and lactation demand15-25% extra calories. In growingchildren protein requirement is 2-3 gm/kg/day.

Fomentation Food requirement

Fontannels in Infants

220

Foot Terminal portion of lowerextremity.

f. arches Four arches: internallongitudinal, outer longitudinal,and two transverse arches.

f. athlete’s Fungus infection ofinterdigital spaces.

f. cleft A condition where cleft extendsbetween the digits to the metatarsalregion, usually due to a missingdigit.

f. flat The inner longitudinal andanterior transverse metatarsalarches are depressed and flat; veryoften asymptomatic.

f. immersion Resulting from prolongedimmersion of foot in cold water orexposure of foot to extreme coldswampy atmosphere resulting inimpaired circulation and anesthesia.

f. madura Bone hypertrophy anddegeneration, frequently followedby suppuration and gangrene,causative agents are - mycetomas.

f. splay Flat wide foot.

Foot and mouth disease A viraldisease of cattle and horses.

Foot board A device that helps toprevent foot drop.

Foot candle An amount of lightequivalent to one lumen per squarefoot.

Foot drop Plantar flexion of foot dueto paralysis of muscles in anteriorcompartment of leg. (lateralpopliteal palsy).

Foot plate The flat part of stapes, thebone of middle ear.

Foot print An impression of foot usedfor identification of infants.

Forage Creating a channel throughenlarged prostate by use of anelectric cautery.

Foramen A passage; opening; anorifice; a communication betweentwo cavities.

f. apical Opening at the end of rootcanal transmitting blood, lymphand nerve supply to dental pulp.

Foot Foramen, apical

Bones of Leg and Foot

Foramen Caecum of Tongue

221Foramen, Caecum of tongue Foramen, internal auditory

f. Caecum of tongue a median openingon the dorsum of the posterior partof tongue.

f. condyloid Opening above thecondyle of occipital bone forpassage of hypoglossal nerve.

f. epiploic Opening connecting theperitoneal cavity to lesser sacSYN— foramen of Winslow.

f. internal auditory The opening inthe petrous portion of sphenoid

Foramina of Skull

222

bone through which 7th and 8thcranial nerves pass.

f. intervertebral Opening betweenadjacent articulated vertebrae forpassage of nerves.

f. jugular Opening at base of skullpermitting passage of sigmoid andinferior petrosal sinus and 9th,10th, and 11th cranial nerves.

f. magnum Opening in the occipitalbone through which passes thespinal cord.

f. of Monro Communication betweenthird and lateral ventricles of brain.

f. optic Opening in the lesser wing ofsphenoid bone permitting passage ofoptic nerve and ophthalmic artery.

f. ovale Opening between the twoatria in fetal heart which oftencontinues into adulthood.

f. rotundum Opening in greater wingof sphenoid in which maxillarybranch of trigeminal nerve passes.

Forbe’s disease Type III glycogenstorage disease.

Force A push or pull exerted upon anobject, measured in Newtons. 1Newton is equivalent to 0.225pound force.

f. electromotive Energy that causesflow of electricity in a conductor.

Forceps Pincers for holding/extracting.

f. alligator Toothed forceps with adouble clamp.

f. artery Forceps for holding ends ofan artery in order to performligation.

f. clamp Any forcep with automaticlock.

f. dental Forceps of varying shapesfor grasping teeth during extrac-tion.

f. obstetrics Forceps used to extractthe fetal head from pelvis.

f. towel/tissue Forceps for clippingtowels to operation site or grasp-ing delicate tissue.

Fordyce’s disease Enlarged ectopic,sebaceous glands in mucosa ofmouth and genitals.

Fordyce-Fox disease A diseasesimilar to prickly heat in whichitchy follicular papules are presentin axilla, areola of breast, labia, etc.

Forensic Pertains to legal.Forensic dentistry Application of

science of dentistry for the purposesof law, e.g. establishing identity.

Forensic medicine Medicine inrelation to law, legal aspects ofmedical ethics and standards.

Foreskin Prepuce; loose skin coveringend of penis/clitoris.

Fore waters Mucus discharge fromvagina during pregnancy.

Fork turning An elongated instru-ment that bifurcates at one end,used for testing hearing, boneconduction and vibration.

Formaldehyde A colorless pungentirritant gas formed by oxidationof methyl alcohol, used as dis-infectant, preservative in histologyand for sterilizing feces, urine,sputum.

Formalin Aqueous solution of 37%formaldehyde.

Formation A structure, shape orfigure.

Foramen, intervertebral Formation

223Forceps Forceps

Forceps

224Formation, reticular Fracture, comminuted

f. reticular Found in medullaoblongata between the pyramidsand floor of the fourth ventricle,supposed to be the activating orarousal system for con-sciousness.

Forme fruste An aborted or incomp-lete form of disease arrested beforerunning its course.

Formic acid A clear pungent acidobtained from oxidation of for-maldehyde or wood alcohol,responsible for pain and swellingfollowing stings and bites.

Formication Sensation of insectscreeping upon the body.

Formiminoglutamic acid (FIGLU) Achemical intermediate in themetabolism of histidine to gluta-mic acid. In folic acid deficiencystates FIGLU excretion is increa-sed in urine.

Fornication Sexual intercoursebetween unmarried partners.

Fornix Anything of arched or vaultlike shape.

f. conjuctivae Loose fold connectingpalpebral and bulbar conjuctivae.

f. uteri Anterior and posterior spacesinto which upper vagina is divided.

Forskolin Cardiac stimulant forcongestive failure.

Fortification spectrum Appearanceof dark patch with zigzag outlinein the visual field causingtemporary blindness in thatportion of eye.

Fossa A shallow depression.f. claudius Triangular area

accommodating ovary.

f. condylar Depression behind theoccipital epicondyle.

f. coronoid Depression on theanterior surface of lower end ofhumerus.

f. ethmoid The groove in cribiformplate of ethmoid occupied byolfactory bulb.

f. Rosenmüller Depression in thepharynx posterior to opening ofeustachian tube.

Fourchette Transverse band ofmucous membrane at the posteriorcommissure of vagina.

Fourth cranial nerve Trochlearnerve emerging from dorsalsurface of midbrain, supplyingsuperior oblique.

Fovea A pit or cup like depression,e.g. fovea centralis of eye.

Fowler’s position Semisittingposition with angulation of upperportion of body at 45°-60°; kneesmay or may not be bent.

Foxglove Common name for plantdigitalis purpurea.

Fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2)The concentraction of O2 in theinspired air.

Fractional testmeal Fractionalexamination of stomach contentsfor free and total hydrochloric acid.

Fracture Dissolution in continuityof bone.

f. avulsion Tearing of a piece of boneaway from the main bone by forceof muscular contraction.

f. comminuted Fracture where boneis broken into many pieces.

225

f. compound Fracture where bonefragment protrudes through skinor there is communication betweenfracture site and exterior.

f. compression Fracture of vertebraby pressure along long axis of thevertebral column.

f. epiphyseal Separation of epiphysisfrom bone, occurs only in youngpatients.

f. fissured A narrow split in the bone,the split not extending to other sideof bone.

f. greenstick Fracture when one cortexfractures, the other being intact.

f. hair line A. Thin narrow incomp-lete fracture line not extendingthrough the entire bone.

f. impacted Fracture where one endis wedged into the interior of other.

f. pathologic Fracture of a weakenedbone produced by a force, thatwould not have fractured a healthybone.

f. pingpong Depressed fracture ofskull resembling indentation madeon pingpong ball by compression.

f. Pott’s Fracture of lower end offibula with outward displacementof the ankle and foot.

Fragile-x-syndrome Mutation in x-chromosome manifesting withmental retardation and greatlyenlarged testicles after puberty.

Fragilitas Brittleness as of the hair.Fragility State of brittleness.

Fracture, compound Fragility

Types of Fracture

226

f. erythrocyte Rupture of RBC invarious strengths of salt solution.Normal blood starts hemolyzingat about 0.44% and complete at0.35%.

Frambesia Infectious disease causedby a spirochete.

Frambesioma Primary lesion ofyaws in the form of a protrudingnodule.

Franceschetti’s syndrome Mandi-bulo facial dysostosis SYN–Treacher-Collins syndrome.

Francisella tularensis Non motile,encapsulated, gram -ve organismcausing plague.

Fratricide Murder of one’s brotheror sister.

Freckle Small brownish oryellowish pigmentation of skin.

Freiberg’s infarction Osteochon-dritis of head of second metatarsalbone.

Fremitus Vibrating tremors esp.those felt through the chest wall bypalpation or auscultation.

French scale A system indicatingouter catheter diameters. Each unitof scale is equivalent to 1/3 mm.

Frenotomy Cutting of the frenum esp.of tongue.

Frenulum linguae A fold of mucousmembrane that extends from floorof mouth to the inferior surface oftongue along midline.

Frenzy A state of violent mentalagitation or excitement.

f. response In electrodiagnostic studyof spinal reflexes, the time requiredfor a stimulus applied to a motor

nerve to travel in the oppositedirection up the nerve to the spinalcord and return.

Fretum A constriction.Freud, Sigmund Austrian neuro-

logist and psychoanalyst.Freudian Freud’s theories of un-

conscious or repressed libido onpast experiences or desires as thecause of various neuroses, and curefor which is the restoration of suchconditions to consciousnessthrough psychoanalysis.

Friable Easily breakable.Friction Rubbing, massage.Friction rub The sound produced by

friction of two dry surfaces.Friedländer’s bacillus Klebsiella

pneumoniae causing pneumonia,sinusitis.

Friedrich’s ataxia An inheriteddisease involving degeneration ofdorso-lateral columns of spinalcord, kyphoscoliosis and muscularweakness of lower limbs.

Fright Extreme sudden fear.Frigid Cold, irresponsive to emotions

or lack of sexual desire in women.Frigidity Partial or complete

inhibition of sexual excitement.Frogbelly Flaccid atonic abdomen

of children with rickets.Frog face Facies of chronic sinusitis.Fröhlich’s syndrome Obesity,

hypogonadism, due to hypo-thalamic disturbance.

Froin’s syndrome High CSF proteincontent that rapidly coagulates andis yellow caused by spinal canalobstruction.

Fragility, erythrocyte Froin’s syndrome

227

Fromet’s sign Flexion of distalphalanx of thumb when a sheet ofpaper is held between thumb andindex finger, a feature of ulnar nervepalsy.

Frontal lobe 4 main convolutions in-front of central sulcus of cerebrum.

Frontal plane Plane parallel with thelong axis of body and at rightangles to the median sagittal plane.

Frontal sinus A pair of hollowasymmetrical spaces in the frontalbone above the orbits, filled withair and lined by mucous memb-rane.

Front tap reflex Contraction ofgastrocnemius muscles whenstretched muscles of extended legare percussed.

Frost uremic Deposit of urea crystalson skin in uremia patient.

Frostbite Freezing and death of abody part due to cold exposure.

Frottage Orgasm produced bypressing against some body,massage technique using rubbing.

Frozen section A technique ofexamining and reporting onpathological tissue cut from apatient while on surgical table, thusdeciding future course of action inthe theatre itself.

Frozen shoulder restricted shouldermobility due to adhesive capsulitis

Fructose C6H12O6, fruit sugar,monosaccharide akin to glucose.

Fructose intolerance Inability tometabolize fructose in absence ofenzyme aldolase thus producingnausea, vomiting, sweating,

tremor, hypoglycemia on fructoseconsumption.

Fructokinase Enzyme that transfershigh energy phosphate from adonor to fructose.

Frustration Disappointment.Fucose A mucopolysaccharide

present in blood group substancesand in human milk.

Fucosidosis Hereditary disease withthick skin, heart disease,hyperhydrosis and poor neuralgrowth resulting from impropermetabolism of fucose.

Fugitive Inconstant symptoms,transient, wandering.

Fugue A dissociative disorder inwhich a person acts in normalmanner but has complete amnesiafor that period of action.

Fulguration Destruction of tissue byhigh frequency electric sparks.

Full term In obstetric child bornbetween 38-41 weeks of gestation.

Fulminant Coming like flashes ofpain, as in tabes dorsalis. Syno-fulgurant.

Fumaric acid One of the organic acidsin the citric acid cycle.

Fumigation Use of poisonous gasesfor destroying living organismslike insects, rats, mice, etc. rootdisinfection.

Functional disease Emotionalresponse to physical disease, takingthe form of conversion or hystericalresponse.

Fundoplication Surgical reductionin size of opening into fundus ofstomach, used in treating refluxesophagitis.

Fromet’s sign Fundoplication

228

Funduscopy Visual examination offundus of eye.

Fundus The portion of an organ mostremote from its opening.

Fungus Plant like organism inclu-ding yeasts and molds but withoutchlorophil, hence of havingparasitic or saprophytic existence.

Fungiform papillae Small roundedeminences on the tongue.

Funicular process That part of tunicavaginalis covering spermatic cord.

Funiculitis Inflammation of sper-matic cord.

Funiculopexy Suturing the sper-matic cord to tissues in cases ofundescended testes.

Funiculus Any small structureresembling cord.

Funnel Conical wide mouthed devicefor pouring through it with atubular end.

Funnel chest Sternal depressionresembling funnel.

Funny bone Medial epicondyle ofhumerus.

Fur fur Dandruff scales.Furgemia Presence of fungi in blood.Furor Extreme violent outbursts of

anger.Furosemide Loop diuretic, kaliuretic.Furrow A groove.Furuncle A boil.Furunculoid Resembling boil.Furunculosis Condition resulting

from boil.Fuscin A dark brown pigment

present in pigment epithelium ofretina.

Fusiform Spindle shaped, i.e.tapering at both ends.

Fusion Meeting and joining together.Fusobacterium A genus of nonspore

forming, non-motile-nonencapsulated gram -ve rods caus-ing gingivitis, and seen in necroticlesions.

f. waves Flutter waves in atrialfibrillation.

Funduscopy Fusobacterium, waves

Fungi

GGadfly A kind of fly that lay eggs

under the skin of victim causingswelling simulating a boil.

Gadolinium A rare element used asNMR contrast agent.

Gag reflex Gagging and vomitingresulting from irritation of fauces.

Gaisbock’s syndrome synonym-spurious erythrocytosis orpseudopolycythemia vera .

Gait Manner of walking.g. ataxic Staggering unsteady gait,

e.g. alcoholics.g. cerebellar Staggering broad based

gait.g. double step Gait in which alter-

nate steps are of a different lengthor at a different rate.

g. equine High stepping gait ofperoneal nerve palsy.

g. festinating Walking on toes as ifpushed from behind. Starts slowlyand then accelerates till he holdson to something that stops him, e.g.parkinsonism.

g. hemiplegic The paralyzed limbabducts and makes a circle to cometo front to touch the ground.

g. scissor Gait in which legs crosswhile walking, e.g. cerebral palsy.

g. slapping High stepping ataxic gaitdue to loss of proprioception as intabes dorsalis.

g. Waddling Walk resembling thatof a duck as in muscular dystrophy.

Galactogogue Agent promotingsecretion of milk.

Galactan A complex carbohydratethat forms galactose on hydrolysis.

Galactase A proteolytic ferment ofmilk.

Galactemia Milky condition ofblood.

Galactocele A tumor caused byocclusion of a milk duct; hydrocelecontaining milk like fluid.

Galactokinase Enzyme transferringhigh energy phosphate groupsfrom a donor to D-Galactose.

Galactometer Device for measuringspecific gravity of milk.

Galactoplania Secretion of milk inany other part of body other thanbreast.

Galactopoitic Substance promotingsecretion of milk.

Galactorrhoea Excessive flow ofmilk, continuation of lactation evenwithout childbirth.

Galactose C6H12O6 a monosaccha-ride, isomer of glucose convertedto glycogen in liver.

Galactosemia An autosomal reces-sive inborn error of metabolismcharacterized by inability toconvert galactose to glucose due toabsence of enzyme galactose-1phosphate uridyl transferase.Symptoms are diarrhoea andvomiting with failure to thriveafter birth. Infants urine containshigh galactose. Intrauterine diag-nosis possible from amniocentesis.

Galactosuria Excretion of galactosein urine.

Galeazzi’s sign A clinical test fordetermining presence of congenitalhip dislocation in infants andtoddlers; with the child lyingsupine, knees and hips flexed to 90°;dislocation is evidenced if one kneeis higher than other.

230

Galen’s veins These veins runthrough the tela chorodiae formedby the joining of the terminal andchoroid veins. They formvenacerebra magna, that emptiesinto straight sinus.

Gallamine triethiodide A drug thatinhibits transmission of nerveimpulses across myoneuraljunction of voluntary muscles.Trade name flaxedil.

Gallbladder Pear shaped sac onunder surface of right lobe of liverholding bile and discharging it intocommon bile duct through cysticduct during digestion.

Gallium Radio nucleide of galliumused in bone scan.

Gallon Measure of liquid equivalentto 4.55 liters.

Gallstone Concretion formed in thegallbladder or common bile duct,

Galen’s veins Gallstone

Gallstones

231

commonest being cholesterol stone.Excess of cholesterol or decreasedbile acid concentration in bile helpto precipitate cholesterol leadingto stone formation.

Galvanic current Direct electriccurrent from battery.

Galvanometer An instrument formeasurement of current.

Galvanoscope An instrument thatshows presence and direction ofgalvanic current.

Gamete A mature male or femalereproductive cell.

Gamete intrafallopian transfer(GIFT) The process involvesobtaining ova through laparo-scope and mating it with spermsand then placing in fallopian tubefor completion of fertilization andtransfer to uterus.

Gametocide Agents that destroymalaria gametocytes.

Gametes The sexually differentiatedform of protozoa that when entersmosquito reproduces intosporozoites.

Gametogenesis Development ofgametes.

Gamma benzene hexachlorideScabicidal agent and insecticide.

Gamma globulin Immunoglobulinfraction in plasma containing IgG,IgA, IgD and IgE.

Gamma rays Electromagnetic wavesof extremely short wave lengthemitted by radioactive substanceshaving high tissue penetration.

Gammopathy Diseases with highgammaglobulin, e.g. multiplemyeloma.

Gamophobia Neurotic fear ofmarriage.

Gancyclovir An antiviral used IV inCMV infection

Gangliocyte A ganglion cell.Ganglioma Tumor of lymphatic

gland.

Ganglion 1. A mass of nervous tissuecomposed principally of nerve cellbodies lying outside brain andspinal cord. 2. Cystic tumordeveloping in a tendon oraponeuroses.

g. cardiac Tiny ganglion towardswhich converge the fibers ofsuperficial cardiac plexus, lying onthe right side of the ligamentumarteriosum.

g. carotid Ganglion formed byfilamentous threads from thecarotid plexus beneath the carotidartery.

g. celiac One pair of paravertebralor collateral ganglia located nearthe origin of celiac artery.

g. dorsal root Ganglia located indorsal nerve root containing cellbodies of sensory nerves.

g. geniculate Ganglion on the parsintermedia, the sensory root offacial nerve.

Galvanic current Ganglion, geniculate

Ganglion

232

g. jugular Ganglion located on theroot of vagus nerve lying in upperportion of jugular foramen.

g. otic A small ganglion located inzygomatic fossa below the foramenovale.

g. sphenopalatine Ganglion asso-ciated with the great superficialpetrosal nerve and maxillarynerve, transmitting both sympa-thetic and parasympathetic fibersto nasal mucosa, palate, pharynxand orbit.

g. spiral A long coiled ganglion inthe cochlea of ear containingbipolar cells whose peripheralprocesses terminate in organ ofcorti. The central processes formthe cochlear nerve to terminate inmedulla.

g. vestibular A bipolar ganglionlocated in the vestibular branch of8th cranial nerve at the base ofinternal acoustic meatus. Itsincoming fibers arise from macu-les of utricles and saccules andcristae of ampullae of semicircularcanals.

Ganglioneuroma A nerve cell tumorcontaining ganglion cells.

Ganglion blockade Blockage ofneurotransmission in autonomicganglia by drugs that occupyreceptor sites for acetylcholine orstabilize postsynaptic membraneagainst action of acetylcholineliberated in presynaptic nerveendings.

Ganglioside A particular class ofglycosphingolipid present in nervetissue and in the spleen.

Gangrene Necrosis or death of tissue,usually due to deficient bloodsupply.

g. dry Aseptic gangrene due tocessation of blood supply, the veinsremaining patent.

g. diabetic Infected gangrene indiabetics.

g. traumatic Gangrene followingextensive injury severing bloodsupply.

Ganser’s syndrome A factitiousdisorder in which individualmimics symptoms of psychosis.

Gardenella vaginalis A bacteriacausing vaginitis.

Gardner’s syndrome Familialpolyposis of colon, an autosomaldominant condition with pro-pensity for development of carci-noma.

Gargoylism A congenital conditioncharacterized by dwarfism, kypho-sis, and skeletal abnormalitieswith mental retardation.

Garlic An edible strongly flavouredbulb containing chemical allicin,possessing antithromboticproperties.

Garré’s disease Chronic sclerosingosteomyelitis.

Gartner’s duct A vestigial structurerepresenting the persistent meso-nepheric duct.

Gas mustard Dichlorethyl sulfide, apoisonous gas used in warfare.

Gasoline A distillation product ofpetroleum often containing toxicadditives like tetraethyl lead ortricresyl phosphate.

Ganglion, jugular Gasoline

233

Gastrectomy Surgical removal of apart or total stomach.

Gastro duodenoscopy Visualexamination of stomach andduodenum by endoscope.

Gastric analysis Analysis of gastriccontents to determine quality ofsecretion, amount of free andcombined hydrochloric acid,absence or presence of blood, bileacid, etc. The test is particularlyhelpful in cases of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and gastricmalignancy.

Gastric digestion Pepsin secreted instomach hydrolyzes proteins toproteoses and peptones. HCl isessential for activity of pepsin. Italso dissolves collagen, splitsnucleoproteins, hydrolyzes dis-accharides and kills bacteria.Gastric lipase reduces fat to fattyacids and glycerol.

Gastric glands Tubular glands lyingin gastric mucosa that containpeptic cells secreting pepsinogen,oxyntic cells secreting HCl andmucus cell lying at the neck of gland

Gastrectomy Gastric glands

Gangrene

234

secreting cytoprotective gastricmucin.

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)A polypeptide in the cells ofduodenum and jejunum whichinhibits secretion of gastric juice.

Gastric juice Digestive juice ofgastric glands containing HCl,pepsin, mucin, small amount ofinorganic salts, intrinsic factor. pHis 0.9 to 1.5, total acidity beingequivalent to 30 ml of 1/10 N HCl.

Gastric lavage Emptying out ofstomach contents to relieve hiccup;before anesthesia for fear ofaspiration and in intestinalobstruction, removal of ingestedpoisons.

Gastric ulcer Ulcer in the stomach.Gastrin A group of hormones

secreted by antral mucosa thatcirculating via blood stimulategastric HCI secretion. Gastrins alsoaffect secretory activity ofpancreas, small intestine.

Gastrinoma Tumor of gastrinsecreting cells causing Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Gastritis Inflammation of stomachcharacterized by epigastric pain,vomiting and dyspepsia. Gastricmucosa may be atrophic or hyper-trophic. Dietary indiscretion,excessive indulgence in alcohol,compylobacter are responsible.

g. acute Manifesting with fever,epigastric pain, vomiting with redangry hyperemic mucosa.

g. hypertrophic SYN Ménétrier’sdisease; gastric folds are hyper-trophic.

Gastrocnemius Larger superficialmuscle in the back of lower leg thathelps to plantarflex the foot and flexthe knee upon the thigh.

Gastrocolic reflex Peristaltic wavein colon induced by entrance of foodinto stomach.

Gastroenteritis Inflammation ofstomach and intestinal tractmanifesting with epigastric pain,vomiting, fever and dysentery.

Gastroenterology The branch ofmedical science dealing withdiseases of digestive tract andrelated structures like esophagus,liver, gallbladder and pancreas.

Gastroepiploic Pertains to stomachand greater omentum.

Gastroesophageal reflux Reflux ofacid contents of stomach intolower esophagus due to obesity,hiatus hernia, anticholinergic use,pregnancy, etc.

Gastrografin Diatrizoate meglu-mine used for radiological exami-nation of GI tract.

Gastro ileal reflex Physiologicrelaxation of ileocecal valveresulting from food in stomach.

Gastrointestinal decompressionRemoval of gas and fluids from GItract through Kyle’s tube.

Gastrojejunostomy Surgical anas-tomosis between stomach andjejunum.

Gastrolysis Surgical breaking ofadhesions between the stomachand adjoining structures.

Gastroptosis Downward dis-placement of stomach.

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide Gastroptosis

235

Gastrostomy Surgical creation of astoma in stomach for purpose ofintroducing food into stomach asin gastroesophageal malignancy.

Gate theory The hypothesis thatpainful stimuli can be preventedfrom reaching higher centers forrecognition by stimulation ofsensory nerves, a key mechanismexplaining acupuncture analgesia.

Gaucher cells Large reticulo-endothelial cells with eccentricnucleus seen in Gaucher’s disease.

Gaucher’s disease A disease due toglycosphingolipid accumulationin RE cells with splenomegaly, bonelesions, skin pigmentation, etc.

Gautt’s reflex Blinking of eyefollowing a loud noise-close to ear,a test helpful in people malingeringdeafness.

Gauss sign Unusual mobility ofuterus in early pregnancy.

Gauze Loosely woven cotton.Gay’s glands Large sebaceous

circum anal glands.Geiger counter Instrument for

detecting ionizing radiation.Geiger reflex Contraction of

muscles of lower abdomen onstimulation of inner aspect of thighin females. It corresponds tocremasteric reflex.

Gel Jelly like semisolid state.Gelasmus Spasmodic laugther of

insane.Gelatin A protein derivative of

collagen, used in X-ray films tosuspend silver halide crystals, usedin capsule making.

Gelatinase An enzyme present inbacteria, molds, and yeasts thatliquefies gelatin.

Gelatinous Having consistency ofgelatin.

Gelfoam Absorbable gelatin foam,a hemostatic.

Gemfibrozil Lipid lowering agent(mainly triglycerides)

Gemination Development of twoteeth or two crowns within a singleroot.

Gemistocyte Swollen astrocyte witheccentric nucleus seen adjacent toareas of infarct/edema.

Gemmation Cell reproduction bybudding.

Gender Sex of an individual.Gene Basic unit of heredity lying in

chromosomes. Their mutationgives rise to new characters.

g. allelic Pairs of genes located atsame site on chromosome pair.

g. dominant Gene that expresseswithout assistance from its allele.

g. histocompatible Gene that controlsthe specificity of antigenicexpression by tissues.

g. recessive Gene that expresses itseffect only when present in bothchromosomes.

Gene amplification The duplicationof regions of DNA to form multiplecopies of a specific portion of theoriginal region.

Gene map A map of the humangenome, i.e. a map of each cromo-some. Man has 100000 genes thatdetermine the amino acid structureof proteins.

Gastrostomy Gene map

236

General adaptation syndromeOrganism’s nonspecific responseto stress occurring in 3 stages. 1.alarm reaction with pituitaryadrenal hyperactivity to face thestress by fight or flight 2. stage ofadaptation when the physicalsymptoms diminish and 3. stage ofexhaustion when body can nolonger respond to stress butmanifests with stress relatedemotional disturbances, cardio-vascular problems, etc.

Generation 1. The act of forming anew organism 2. Period of timebetween birth of parents and birthof their children.

Generator pulse Device producingstimuli intermittently, e.g. cardiacpacemaker.

Generic Distinctive, general.Genesiology The science of repro-

duction.Genesis Act of reproducing, gene-

ration, origin of any thing.Gene splicing In genetic molecular

bilogy, the substitution of a portionof a DNA is spliced into the DNA ofanother gene.

Gene therapy Inserting a normalgene into an organism in order tocorrect a genetic defect.

Genetic code The informationsystem in living cells that deter-mines the amino acid sequence inpolypeptides.

Genetic counselling The applicationof knowledge of genetics inproviding advice to parents to haveoff springs free of hereditary disease.

Genetic engineering The synthesis,modification or repair of geneticDNA by synthetic means.

Genetics The study of heredity andits variation.

Gene transfer Transfer of gene fromone person to another for repair ofinherited defect in the recipient.

Geneva convention 1864 declara-tion in Geneva that the sick andwounded victims of war includingpersons involved in their care likedoctors, nurses, ambulance drivers,stretcher bearers are neutral andwould not therefore be target ofmilitary action.

Genioplasty Plastic surgery of cheekor chin.

Genitalia Reproductive organs.g. ambiguous External genitalia do

not clearly conform to that of maleor female.

g. female Labia majora/minora,clitoris, fourchet, vestibular gland,Bartholin’s gland, vagina, uterus,two fallopian tubes and twoovaries.

g. male Penis, two seminal vesicles,two ductus deferens, two testes,two bulbourethral glands.

Genitourinary system Organs andparts concerned with urine forma-tion and excretion and repro-ductive organs.

Genius An individual with excep-tional menial or creative capability.

Genome A complete set of chromo-somes.

Gentamicin An antibiotic from fungiof genus micro monospora.

General adaptation syndrome Gentamicin

237

Gentian Dried rhizome roots ofplant Gentian lutea.

g. violet A dye derived from coaltar.Widely used as a stain in histology,cytology and bacteriology. Also isanti-infective and antifungal.

Genu The knee.

g. valgum Knock knee, a condition inwhich knees are close to each otherand ankles are wide apart (> 5 cm).

g. varum Bowleg, curving out of thelegs.

g. recurvatum Hyperextension at theknee joint.

Gentian Genu, recurvatum

Female Genitalia

Male Genitalia

238

Genus In biology, taxonomicdivision between species andfamily.

Geographic tongue Numerousdenuded areas on dorsal surfaceconforming to geographical pa-ttern.

Gerdy’s fibers Superficial trans-verse ligament of palm.

Geriatrics The study of variousaspects of aging including physio-logy, pathology, economic andsocial problems.

Gerlach’s valve Inconstant valve atthe opening of appendix into thececum.

Germ An organism that causesdisease.

Germicidal Agent destructive togerms.

Germinal center A light area oflymphocytopoietic cells thatoccupies the center of lymphatic

nodules, of spleen, tonsils andlymph nodes.

Germinal epithelium The epithe-lium that covers the surface of thegenital ridge of an embryo.

Germination Development ofimpregnated ovum into an embryoor sprouting of spore.

Germinoma Neoplasm arising fromgerm cells of testes or ovary.

Geroderma Appearance of senilitybrought about by premature lossof hair, wrinkling of skin, generalbody atrophy.

Gerotophilia Fondness or love forold.

Gerota’s capsule The perirenal fascia.Gestation Time span from concep-

tion to birth, usually 259-287 days.g. ectopic Fetus develops outside the

uterus.g. interstitial Tubal gestation in

which ovum develops in a portionof fallopian tube.

Genus Gestation, interstitial

Genu

239

g. secondary Gestation in which theovum becomes dislodged from theoriginal seat of implantation andcontinues to develop at new site.

Gestation assessment Assessmentof fetal age and maturity byultrasound.

Gesture A body movement thatassists in expression of thoughts(body language).

Ghon’s focus Sharply definedperipheral lesion in X-ray chestwith hilar lymphadenitis, a featureof primary kochs.

Giant cell A large cell with severalnuclei.

Giant cell tumor 1. A connective tissuetumor of bone marrow 2. tumor oftendon sheath 3. epulis 4.chondroblastoma.

Giardia A flagellated protozoainhabiting intestinal mucosa.

Giardiasis Infestation with Giardialamblia.

Gibbus Humped back, commonly dueto compression fracture, collapse.

Gibson’s murmur Murmur of patentductus arteriosus.

Giddiness Light headed sensation.Giemsa’s stain A stain for staining

blood smears for differential countand detection of parasiticmicroorganisms.

Gifford’s reflex pupillarycontraction upon effort to closeeyelids held apart.

Gigantism Excessive physicaldevelopment due to increasedgrowth hormone secretion, fate

fusion of bones (eunuchoid gigan-tism).

Gigli's saw A wire saw previouslyused to cut symphisis pubis fordelivery of fetus.

g.median rhouboid Diamond shapedinflammation on dorsum of tongue

g.Moeller’s Chronic superficialglossitis.

Gilbert’s syndrome Hereditarydeficiency of glucuronyl trans-ferase with unconjugated hyper-bilirubinemia.

Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome Aneurological disorder manifestingwith muscular coordination, ticksand barks.

Gimbernant’s ligament The lateralportion of inguinal ligamentforming medial portion of femo-ral ring.

Gingiva The tissue surrounding theneck of tooth in maxilla andmandible. Gingiva has free edgesurrounding anatomic crown oftooth, a labial surface and lingualsurface.

Gingivectomy Excision of gingivain periodontal disease.

Gingivitis Inflammation of gumscharacterized by redness, swellingand tendency to bleed.

g. necrotizing ulcerative Ulcerativeand necrotic gingivostomatitis,usually by fusiform organisms.

Giralde’s organ A remnant of wolffianbody at posterior side of testicle.

Gestation, secondary Giralde's organ

240

Girdle Structure that resembles acircular belt or band.

g. pelvic Composed of the ileosacraland femoral articulation.

g. shoulder Two clavicles, scapulaeand humeral articulation.

Girdle symptoms Feeling of cons-triction in the chest, as in tabesdorsalis, or cord compression.

Gitter cell A honey combed cellpacked with lipid granules.

Gitalin A cardiac glycoside.Glabella That portion of frontal bone

lying between the superciliaryarches just above root of nose.

Glacial Resembling ice.Gland A secretory organ.g. acinous Glands with secreting

units in shape of sacs each posses-sing a narrow lumen.

g. apocrine Glands in which thesecreting cells lose some of theircytoplasmic contents in the formof secretion, e.g. some sweatglands, mammary gland.

g. Bartholin Numerous glands thatopen into the vestibule of vaginaakin to bulbourethral glands ofmale.

gs. ceruminous Glands in externalauditory canal, secreting cerumen.

gs. Ebner’s Serous glands of tonguelocated in the region of valatepapillae whose ducts open into thefurrows surrounding the papillae.

g. mammary A compound alveolargland secreting milk. It has 15-20lactiferrous ducts each one dischar-

ging milk through a separateorifice on the surface of the ripple.The dilatation of these ducts formthe milk reservoir during lactation.

g. mixed 1. Glands having bothexocrine and endocrine function,e.g. pancreas 2. Salivary glandssecreting mucus and serous secre-tions.

g. pineal Tiny conical body lyingbetween two superior quardri-geminal bodies, connected withthalamus.

g. parathyroid 4 in number of size 6× 4 mm lying at the lower edge ofthyroid gland secreting para-thormone.

g. prostate Gland surrounding neck ofbladder and upper urethra, consistsof a median lobe and two laterallobes, weighing about 20 gm. Secretesthin opalescent slightly alkaline fluidthat forms part of semen.

g. sebaceous A simple or branchedalveolar gland secreting sebum,the ducts opening into hair follicle.

s.g. of Skene Two glands at themargin of female urethra, openinginto lower urethra on either side.

g. thyroid A ductless gland locatedin the base of neck; below consistsof two lateral lobes connected byisthmus. Histologically consists oflarge number of closed vesiclescalled follicles lined with tallcolumnar cells synthesizing T3and T4.

s. g. Tyson’s Tiny sebaceous glandsin the inner surface of perpuce andon the glans penis.

Girdle Gland, Tyson's

241

g. Zuckerkandl’s Accessory thyroidgland between genioglosus mus-cles.

Glander Contagious disease ofhorses caused by Pseudomonasmallei, transmitted often to man.

Glans The head of the clitoris/penis.Glanzman’s thrombasthenia Conge-

nital abnormality of platelets witheasy bruising, prolonged bleedingtime and poor clot retraction.

Glasgow Coma Scale A scale forevaluating and quantitating thedegree of coma by determining thebest motor response, verbal and eyeopening to standard stimuli. A scoreof 9 or greater excludes diagnosisof coma.It also has prognostic significancein head injury patients.

Glass photochromatic The glassbecoming dark on exposure to lightand regaining transparency onbeing away from light

g. bifocal Glasses in which therefractory power of lower portionof glass is for near vision and theupper portion for distant vision.

Glaucoma Raised intraocularpressure which can end in blind-ness. Narrowing of filtration angle,and sclerosis of canal of Schlemm,ocular diseases are responsible.

Glenoid cavity The socket in scapulathat receives head of humerus.

Glenoid fossa The fossa of temporalbone that receives the condyle orcapitulum of the mandible.

Gliadin A water insoluble proteinpresent in the gluten of wheat.

Glioblastoma A malignant tumorof neurological cells.

Glioma A sarcoma of neurologicalorigin.

Gliomatosis Formation of glioma.Glipizide Sulphonyl urea compound

for diabetes.Globulin Simple protein present in

blood.g. antihemophilic A clotting com-

ponent of plasma, deficient inhemophiliacs.

g. gamma That fraction of globulinresponsible for body immunity.

Gland, Zuckerkandl's Globulin, gamma

Glaucoma

242

g. antilymphocyte Globulin from aperson who has become immuni-zed to lymphocytes; used asimmunosuppressants.

Globus hystericus Sensation of lumpin throat in hysterics.

Glomangioma A benign tumordeveloping from an arteriovenousglomus of skin.

Glomerular disease A group ofdisorders mostly autoimmune butsome secondary (systemic disease,infectious disease, metabolicdisease, hypertension, poison, etc.)that involve the glomerulusmanifesting with proteinuria,hematuria and hypertension.

Glomeruli Cluster of capillaryvessels enveloped in Bowman’scapsule in cortex of kidney.

Glomerulonephritis A form ofnephritis where lesions are confi-ned primarily to glomeruli.

Glomerulopathy Any disease ofglomeruli.

Glomerulosclerosis Fibrosis ofglomeruli.

Glomoid Similar appearance toglomeruli.

Glomus A small round mass madeup of tiny blood vessels and found

in stroma containing many nervefibers.

Glossina Tsetse flies that transmittrypanosomes, agents of trypa-nosomiasis.

Glossitis Inflammation of tongue;can be acute, painful or chronic, dueto infection or avitaminosis (Bcomplex group).

Glossodynamo meter Device formeasuring contractile power oftongue muscles.

Glossograph An instrument formeasuring tongue’s movementduring speech.

Glossopharyngeal nerve Ninthcranial nerve carrying taste sensa-tion from posterior third of tongueand distributed to pharynx,meninges, parotids and ears.

Glossotrichia Hairy tongue due togreatly elongated filiform papillaeoften that give the tongue a hairyappearance, often associated withantibiotic therapy.

Glottis Larynx with the two vocalcords and the intervening space, therime glottides.

Glucagon Polypeptide hormonesecreted by alpha cells of pancreas

Globulin, antilymphocyte Glucagon

Glomerulas

Glossitis

243

that raises blood sugar and rela-xes smooth muscles of GI tract.

Glucagonoma A malignant tumorof alpha cells of pancreas.

Glucocerebroside A cerebrosidewith glucose in the molecule,present in tissues in patients ofGaucher’s disease.

Glucocorticoid A class of adrenalhormones that are released inresponse to stress and effectcarbohydrate and protein meta-bolism.

Glucogenesis Formation of glucosefrom glycogen.

Glucokinase An enzyme in liver thatconverts glucose to glucose 6phosphate.

Gluconeogenesis Formation ofglycogen from noncarbohydratesources like amino or fatty acids.

Glucopenia Abnormal low concen-tration of glucose.

Glucosamine An amino saccharidepresent in chitin and mucus.

Glucose Called D-glucose, theprimary fuel of human body; intissue either converted to glycogen,or fat or is oxidized to CO2 and H2O.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydro-genase An essential enzyme forpentose-phosphate pathway ofglucose metabolism that generatesreduced glutathione.

Glucose tolerance test A testperformed by giving 1.5 gm/kg wtof glucose to a patient orally inempty stomach and then examiningblood samples every ½ hr for 2hours. The test helps to assess abilityof patient to metabolize glucose andis of primary importance indiagnosis of prediabetic states and

hyperinsulinemia.Glucoside A glycoside that upon

hydrolysis yields glucose andadditional products, e.g. digitalin,present in digitalis.

Glucosuria Abnormal amount ofsugar in urine.

Glucoronic acid An acid thatpossesses detoxifying action.

Glucuronide Combination ofglucuronic acid with phenol,alcohol, etc.

Glutamic acid An amino acidformed during hydrolysis ofproteins. It is the only amino acidmetabolized by brain.

Glutamine The monoamide ofaminoglutaric acid, essential forhydrolysis of proteins.

Glutaminase An enzyme that catalyzesthe breakdown of glutamine intoglutamic acid and ammonia.

Glutaraldehyde A sterilizing agenteffective against all microorga-nisms.

Glutathione A tripeptide of gluta-mic acid, cystine and glycine,important for cellular respiration.

Gluten Vegetable albumin, a proteinobtained from wheat and other grain.

Gluten free diet Elimination ofgluten from the diet by exclusion ofall products prepared from wheat,rye, barley and oats.

Gluten induced enteropathy Adultceliac disease manifesting withmalabsorption and diarrhea.

Gluburide Sulphonyl urea compoundfor diabetes mellitus.

Glycerin C3H8O3 A trihydric alco-hol present in chemical combi-

Glucagonoma Glycerin

244

nation in all fats used extensivelyas a solvent, preservative andemolient.

Glyceride An ester of glycerincompounded with an acid.

Glyceryl The trivalent radical ofglycerol.

g. monostearate An emulsifyingagent used in preparing creams andointments.

g. trinitrate Nitroglycerin, agentused in angina pectoris.

Glycorbiarsol An arsenical amebi-cide

Glycocholic acid Bile acid present inbile, a conjugate of cholic acid andglycine.

Glycogen Polysaccharide; thestorage form of carbohydrate in thebody (liver and muscle).

Glycogenase An enzyme in the liverthat hydrolyzes glycogen toglucose.

Glycogenesis Formation of glyco-gen from glucose.

Glycogenolysis Conversion ofglycogen to glucose.

Glycogen storage disease Inheriteddisease with abnormal storage ofglycogen in the liver.

gsd type I - (von Gierke’s disease)Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency.

gsd type II - Lysosomal alpha gluco-sidase deficiency

gsd type III - Deficiency of debran-ching enzymes.

gsd type IV - (Anderson’s disease)brancher enzyme deficiency withhepatic failure.

gsd type V- (McArdle’s disease)Muscle phosphorylase deficiency.

gsd type VI - Deficiency of liverphosphorylase with growth retar-dation, hepatomegaly, acidosisand hypoglycemia.

gsd type VII - Deficiency of musclephospho-fructokinase with weak-ness and cramping.

Glycolipid Lipid with carbohydrateand nitrogen, but no phosphoricacid; found in myelin sheath ofnerves.

Glyconeogenesis SYN – gluco-neogenesis

Glycophorin Glycoprotein thatspans the bilipid layer of erythro-cyte membrane, functioning as achannel for passage of anions inand out of red cells.

Glycopyrrolate An anticholinergicdrug used in preanesthetic medi-cation to reduce GI and bronchialsecretions.

Glycoside A plant product which onhydrolysis yields sugar andadditional products.

Glycosphingolipids Carbohydratecontaining fatty acid derivatives ofceramide, e.g. cerebrosides,gangliosides and ceramide oligo-saccharides. Abnormal accumu-lation of them in nervous tissue dueto deficiency of metabolizingenzymes leads to death.

Glycosuria Presence of glucose in theurine resulting from insulin defi-ciency, reduced renal threshold,excessive glycogenolysis oradreno pituitary disorders.

Glyceride Glycosuria

245

Gnat Insects smaller than mos-quitoes that include black flies,sandflies and midgets.

Gnathostoma A genus of nematodesthat inhabit alimentary tract ofdomestic animals andoccasionally infest man.

Gonosia The perceptive faculty ofrecognizing persons, things andforms.

Goblet cells A unicellular gland seenin intestinal and respiratory tract,that secretes mucus by rupture ofcell wall.

Goiter An enlargement of thyroidgland.

g. adenomatous Thyroid enlarge-ment due to adenoma.

g. colloid Thyromegaly with greatincrease in follicular contents.

g. cystic Cystic thyromegaly; cystformation being due to degene-ration within an adenoma.

g. diffuse Diffuse increase in thyroidtissue in contrast to its nodularform as in adenomatous goiter.

g. endemic Thyromegaly due to iodinedeficiency in water in somegeographical areas.

g. exophthalmic Grave’s diseasewhere antithyroid receptor anti-bodies play the dominant role withincreased TSH and stimulation ofthyroid.

g. lingual Hypertrophied aberrantthyroid tissue forming a mass ondorsum of tongue posteriorly.

g. toxic Goiter with excessiveproduction of thyroxine and triodothyronine.

Gold Yellow metal used as alloy(mixed with copper, silver, plati-num for dental use (crown, inlays,orthodontics); sodium thiomalateand thioglucose used in rheumatoidarthritis.

Gold standard A standard withwhich other tests or procedures arecompared.

Golgi apparatus A lamellar memb-ranous structure near the nucleus.In secretory cells it functions toconcentrate and package thesecretory products.

Golgi cells Multipolar nerve cells inthe cerebral cortex and posteriorbones of spinal cord.

Golgi corpuscle A sensory nerveending or receptor found in tendonsand aponeureses.

Goll’s tract SYN — fasciculusgracilis, posterior white column ofspinal cord.

Gonad A generic term referring tomale and female sex glands (testesand ovary).

Gnat Gonad

Goiter

246

Gonadal dysgenesis Congenitaldisorder with failure of ovaries torespond to pituitary gonadotropinstimulation resulting inamenorrhea, failure of sexualmaturation and short stature.Webbing of neck, cubitus valgusmay be present. Genetic pattern is45 XO (SYN — Turner’s syndrome).

Gonadotrope A gonadotropichormone.

Gonadotrophic Relates to stimu-lation of gonads.

Gonadotroping. s. anterior pituitary Secreted by

anterior pituitary as FSH and LH,called interstitial cell stimulatinghormone in male (ICSH)

g. chorionic Produced by chorionicvilli of placenta.

Gonadotropin releasing hormoneProduced in hypothalamus, it actson pituitary to cause release ofgonadotropic hormones.

Goniometer Apparatus to measurejoint movement and angles.

Gonioscope Device for inspecting theangle of anterior chamber of eyeand determining ocular mobilityand rotations.

Goniotomy Incision at angle ofanterior chamber to promote freeflow of aqueous into canals ofschleim.

Gonococcus Neisseria gonorrhoeae,causative organism of gonorrhea.

Gonorrhea Contagious inflam-mation of genital mucous memb-rane manifesting with burningmicturition, painful induration ofpenis in males, vaginitis and

cervicitis in females. Can causesalpingo-oophoritis ending intubal blockage and sterility infemale and chronic prostatitis inmale. Can spread to blood to involveprincipally the joints.

Goodell’s sign Softening of thecervix during pregnancy.

Goodpasture’s syndrome IgAnephropathy with hemoptysis andhemosiderosis.

Goose flesh Transient roughness ofskin with contraction of arrectorpili muscles, as a reaction to coldor shock.

Good Samaritan Law Legal stipu-lation for protection of those whogive first aid in emergency situation.

Godon’s reflex Extension of greattoe on pressure to calf muscles, asign of pyramidal tract disease.

Gorget An instrument grooved toprotect soft tissues from injury aspointed instrument is inserted in abody cavity.

Goserelin A synthetic LHRH, usedin treatment of prostatic cancer,endometriosis

Gossypol A toxic chemical of cottonseed.

Gouge Instrument for cutting awayhard tissue of bone.

Goundou Bilateral hyperostosis ofnasal bones.

Gout Hereditary metabolic diseaseof uric acid metabolism withhyperuricemia and arthropathy.

g. tophaceous Gout marked bydevelopment of tophi (deposits ofsodium urate) in the joints, exter-nal ear and about the finger nails.

Gonadal dysgenesis Gout, tophaceous

247

Gower’s sign Clinical sign ofmuscular dystrophy in childhood.Affected children use their arms topush themselves erect by movingtheir hands up their thighs.

Gower’s tract Spino-cerebellar tractGraffian follicle A mature follicle

of ovary which on rupture dis-charges the ovum. Within theruptured graffian follicle, thecorpus luteum develops that secretsestrogen and progesterone to helpin implantation of fertilized ovum.

Gracile Slender, thin built.Gracile nucleus Nucleus in medulla

oblongata where fasciculusgracilis ends.

Gracilis A long slender muscle onthe medial aspect of thigh.

Gradenigo’s syndrome Suppurativeotitis media with abducens nervepalsy.

Gradient A slope or grade.Graefe’s sign Failure of the upper

eyelids to follow a downwardmovement of the eyeball, a featureof Grave’s disease.

Graft Transplanted tissue in a partof body for repair of a defect.

g. allogeneic Graft from geneticallynon identical donor of the samespecies as the recipient, (allograft)

g. cadaver Grafting tissue taken fromcadaver like cornea, bone, heart,lungs, kidney, etc. soon aftermolecular death.

g. fascicular Nerve graft with eachbundle of nerve stitched separately.

g. full thickness Graft of entire layerof skin without the subcutaneousfat.

g. homologous The donor is of samespecies as the recipient.

g. isologous Graft in which the donorand recipient are geneticallyidentical, i.e. identical twins.

g. lamellar Very thin corneal graftused to replace superficial opaquecorneal layer.

g. pedicle A skin graft that is leftattached at one end until the freeend has begun to receive bloodsupply from grafted site.

g. sieve Graft in which a section ofskin is removed except for smallregularly spaced areas that growto cover the donor site.

g. thiersch’s Graft in which only

Gower's sign Graft, thiersch's

Gout

248

epidermis and small amount ofdermis is used.

Graham’s law The rate of diffusionof a gas is inversely proportionalto the square root of its density.

Gram A unit of weight (mass) ofmetric system equal to 1000 mg.

Gram’s method A method forstaining bacteria, a heat fixed bloodfilm is stained with gentian violet,rinsed off and, then iodine solutionis put and rinsed off and decolorizedin 90% ethyl alcohol or acetone.Then the slide is counterstainedwith carbolfuschsin or safranine.Gram-positive organisms retainviolet stain while gram-negativeorganisms become red.

Grandiose In psychiatry, unrealis-tic and exaggerated concept of selfworth, importance, ability, powerand wealth.

Granlocyte macrophage colonystimulates factor: A glycoproteinthat stimulation proliferation ofneutrophils, monocytes andmacrophages; both GCSF andGMCSF helpful in treatingchemotherapy induced neutropenia

Granular Of the nature of granules,rough.

Granular cast Coarse or finegranules or casts, sometimesyellowish, soluble in acetic acid;seen in inflammatory and degene-rative nephropathies (chronic renalfailure).

Granulation Formation of granules,often by outgrowth of capillaries

g. arachnoidal Villus like projectionsof subarachnoid layer of the

Graham's law Granulocyte

meninges that project into thesuperior sagittal sinus and othervenous sinuses of brain. Thoughthese CSF is absorbed into venoussystems.

g. exuberant Excessive mass ofgranulation tissue formed in theprocess of healing of wound orulcer.

Granule A minute mass in a cell thathas an outline but no apparentstructure.

g. acidophilic Granules easilystaining with acid dyes, e.g.granules in eosinophils.

g. azurophil Granules that take stainwith azure dyes easily, found inlymphocytes and monocytes.

g.s. chromatin Small masses ofdeeply staining substances sus-pended within the meshes of liningnetwork of nucleus of a cell.

g. chromophil Granule of chromo-phil substance present in cyto-plasm of neurones (e.g. Nissl)

g.s. metachromatic Granules foundin protoplasm of numerous bacte-ria, irregular in size and staindeeply.

g. Schuffner’s Coarse and redgranules in parsitized erythrocytesin malaria.

g.s. zymogen Granules present ingland cells esp. secretory cells ofpancreas, chief cells of gastricglands and serous cells of salivarygland. They are precursors ofenzyme secreted by these glands.

Granulocyte A granular leukocyte,i.e. neutrophil, eosinophil andbasophil.

249

Granulocyte colony stimulatingfactor A glycoprotein thatstimulates or neutrophilproliferation.

Granulocyte macrophage colonystimulating factor A glycoproteinthat stimulation proliferation ofenutrophils, monocytes andmacrophages both GCSF andGMCSF helpful in treatingchemotherapy induced Neutropenia

Granuloma A granular tumor orgrowth of lymphoid and epithe-lioid cell. It occurs in variousinfectious diseases like leprosy,yaws, syphilis, etc.

g. dental Granuloma developing atroot of a tooth, secondary to pulpinfection. It contains chronicinflammatory cells, debris andbacteria.

g. eosinophilic A form of xantho-matosis with eosinophilia andcystic degeneration of bone.

g. inguinale Granulomatous ulce-rative disease caused by Dono-vania granulomatis, a gram -vecoccobacillus.

g. Wegner’s A rare disease ofunknown etiology characterizedby widespread granulomatouslesions of the bronchi, necrotisingarteriolitis, and glomeruloneph-ritis.

Granulocytopenia Reduction inblood granulocyte count.

Granulomatosis The development ofmultiple granulomas.

Granulopoiesis Formation of bloodgranulocytes.

Granulosa cell tumor Tumor ofovary secreting estrogens, hencefeminizing in nature.

Granulosa theca cell tumor Ovariantumor related to graffian follicle,feminizing in function.

Graphesthesia The ability by whichoutlines, numbers, words, symbols,traced or written upon skin arerecognized.

Grasp To hold.Grattage Removal of morbid growth

by rubbing with a brush.Gravel Coarse sand; concretions in

kidneys, made up of calcium,oxalate, phosphate, uric acid.

Grave’s disease Exophthalmic goiter.Gravid PregnantGravitation Force that draws every

particle of matter.Gravity Property of possessing

weight. The force of earth’sgravitational attraction.

g. specific Weight of a substancecompared with an equal volume ofwater.

Gray Colour between extremes ofblack and white.

Gray matter Nervous tissue lyingperipherally in brain and some-what centrally in spinal cordwhere myelinated fibers do notpredominate.

Gray syndrome of the newborn Ashengray colour, vomiting, cyanosis andflaccidity of newborn when treatedwith chloramphenicol.

Grinder’s disease Chronic lungdisease due to dust inhalation(SYN-pneumoconiosis).

Granulocyte colony stimulating Grinder's disease

250

Gripe Acute infectious disease withfever, malaise, headache, cough andnasal congestion (SYN-influenza).

Gripes Spasmodic bowel pain,intestinal colic.

Griseofulvin An antifungal anti-biotic given orally.

Grits Coarsely ground corn.Groin Inguinal region, area between

thigh and trunk.Grommet Ventilation tube placed

across the tympanic membrane forequalization of pressure intreatment of retracted tympanicmembrane secondary to eusta-chian block/catarrh.

Groove Long narrow channel.g. bicipital Groove for long tendon

of biceps brachi on anterior surfaceof humerus.

g. carotid Broad groove on the innersurface of sphenoid bone lateral tothe body accommodating carotidartery and cavernous sinus.

g. Harrison’s Groove or line exten-ding laterally from xiphoid pro-cess, marking attachment ofdiaphragm, prominent in patientsof rickets.

g. malleolar Groove on anteriorsurface of distal tibia that lodgestendon of tibialis posterior andflexor digitorum longus.

Ground bundle A bundle of shortdescending nerve fiberssurrounding gray matter of spinalcord

Ground itch Skin inflammation infoot due to invasion by larva ofhookworm.

Ground substance The material thatoccupies the intercellular spaces infibrous connective tissue, cartilageor bone.

Grouping Classification of indi-vidual traits according to sharedcharacteristics.

g. blood Classification of blood ofdifferent individuals according toagglutinating and hemolyzingproperties.

Group therapy A form of simul-taneous psychotherapy involvingmany patients by psychotherapist.

Growing pain Pain in the musculo-skeletal system in growing children.

Growth The progressive increase insize or development bothphysical/mental in a living thing.

Growth hormone Anterior pituitarysecretion that regulates humangrowth; SYN – somatotropin.

Grunfelder’s reflex Faning of thetoes with extension of great toe onpressure over posterior fontanel.

g. suit A type of garment havinginflatable compartments over legsand abdomen to prevent pooling ofblood.

Guaiacol O-methoxyphenol used asantiseptic, germicidel, intestinalantiseptic and expectorant.

Guanabenz A vasodilator.Guanadrel Adrenergic blocking

agent.Guanase Enzyme that converts

guanine into xanthineGuanethidine A sympatholytic drug

used in hypertensionGuanidine A protein product.

Gripe Guanidine

251

Guanine C5H5N5O. An organiccompound of animal and vegetablenucleic acids. Uric acid is itsmetabolic end product.

Guanosine A nucleoside formed fromguanine and ribosome, It is a majorconstituent of RNA and DNA.

Gubernaculum A structure thatguides, a cord like structure linkingtwo structures.

g. dentis A connective tissue bandconnecting unerupted tooth withoverlying gum.

g. testis A fibrous band extendingfrom caudal end of fetal testisthrough the inguinal canal toscrotal sac; playing no role indescent of testis,

Gudden’s law In division of a nerve,degeneration in the proximalportion is towards nerve cell.

Guide wire Wire helpful in posi-tioning and manipulating anintravenous or intraarterialcatheter.

Guillain-Barré-syndrome Poly-neuritis with flaccid muscularpalsy following an infectiousdisease.

Guillotine Instrument for excisingtonsils and laryngeal growth.

Guilt Feeling grief for doings whatis thought to be wrong.

Guinea pig A small rodent used inlaboratory research.

Guinea worm Dracunculus medi-nensis.

Gum The fleshy tissue covering thealveolar process of jaw.

Gum boil Abscess of jaw.Gumma Encapsulated granulo-

matous tumor with central nec-rosis, characteristic of tertiarysyphilis seen in skin, liver, testis,brain and bone.

Gustatory Pertains to sensation oftaste.

Gustometry Measurement of senseof acuteness of taste.

Gut The bowel or intestine.Gut associated lymphoid issue The

lymphoid tissue of tonsil, appendix,Peyer's patches, primarily Blymphocytes

Gutta-percha Purified dried latex ofcertain trees, used in dentistry forroot canal treatment.

Guttering Groove in bone.Guyon’s canal A tunnel on ulnars

side of wrist formed by pisiformbone and hook of hammate forpassage of ulnarx nerve

Guyon’s sign Ballotment of kidney.Gymnophobia Abnormal aversion

to seeing a naked body.Gynandroid Individual having

hermaphroditic sexual charac-teristics to be mistaken for a personof opposite sex.

Gynecoid Resembling female.Gynecology The study of disease of

female reproductive organs includ-ing breast.

Gynecomastia Abnormally largemammary tissue in male (> 2.5 cmin dm) often secreting milk.

Guanine Gynecomastia

252

Gypsum Hydrated calcium sulfate,used for plaster, dental casting.

Gyrus Convolution of the cerebralhemispheres.

g. angular Gyrus of the parietal lobethat embraces the posterior end ofsuperior temporal sulcus.

g. callosal A large gyrus on themedial surface of cerebral hemi-sphere lying directly above corpuscallosum.

g. dentate Gyrus lying abovehippocampal gyrus

g. Hescl’s Transverse temporalgyrus.

g. pre central Gyrus immediatelyanterior to central sulcus contain-ing the pyramidal cells (motorarea).

g. post central Gyrus immediatelyposterior to the central sulcus ofcerebrum containing sensory cortex.

g. of Retzius The supra and sub-callosal gyri.

g. supramarginal Gyrus in theinferior parietal lobule twistingabout the upper terminus of thesylvian fissure.

g. uncinate Anterior hooked portionof hippocampal gyrus.

Gynecomastia

Gypsum Gyrus, uncinate

HHabenula A whip like structure; A

stalk attached to pineal body ofbrain; a narrow band like structure.

Habenular commissure A trans-verse band of fibers connecting thetwo habenular areas.

Habenular trigone A depressedtriangular area located on thelateral aspect of the posterior thirdventricle.

Habilitation The process of edu-cation and training persons withdisability both physical and mentalto improve their ability to functionin society.

Habit A motor pattern followingfrequent repetition or an involuntaryact that comes as a reflex action.

h. spasm Involuntary spasmodicmuscle contraction; SYN-tic.

Habituation Act of becomingaccustomed to anything fromfrequent use.

Habitus A physical appearance thatindicates a tendency to certaindiseases or positioning of internalorgans in certain planes.

Hacking cough Recurrent non-productive cough.

Hemogogus A genus of mosquitoeswhich serves as a vector for yellowfever.

Hailey Hailey disease Benignfamilial pemphigus.

Hageman factor Blood coagulationfactor, helps in kinin synthesis.

Hair A thin keratinized and corni-fied structure arising from hairfollicle. The shaft of hair has 3

Hair in Longitudinal and Cross Section

254

layers, the outer cortex containingthe pigment melanin. Hair ofeyebrow has life of 3-5 months andthat of head 2-5 years withcontinuous turnover.

h. auditory An epithelial cell towhich are attached delicate hairlike processes. These are present inthe spiral organ of Corti concernedwith hearing and in cristaampularis, macula utriculi andmacula sacculi concerned withequilibrium.

h. bamboo Sparse brittle hair withbamboo like nodes. SYN — tri-chorrhexis nodosa.

h. beaded Swellings and constri-ctions in the hair shaft due todevelopmental defect; monilethrix.

h. gustatory Fine hair like processesextending from ends of gustatorycells in a taste bud.

h. kinky Short, sparse, kinky hair,poorly pigmented associated withkinky hair disease.

Hair analysis Investigation forchemical composition of hair toexclude toxic chemical intoxi-cation, state of nutrition andmonitoring course of certaindiseases.

Hair bulb The lower expandedportion of a hair.

Hair follicle An invagination of theepidermis that forms a cylindricaldepression extending into sub-epidermal layer. Sebaceous glandsand arrectores pili muscles areattached to these hair follicles.

Hair papilla A projection of dermisextending into hair bulb at the

bottom of hair follicle. It containscapillaries through which hairreceives its nourishment.

Hair transplantation Technique oftransferring skin containing hairfollicles from one place to another;done to treat alopecia.

Hairy tongue Tongue covered withhair like papilla with threads ofAspergillus or Candida.

Halazone A chloramine waterdisinfectant.

Halcinonide A corticosteroid.Half-life 1. Time required for

radioactive substance to reduce toone-half its energy due to meta-bolism or excretion. 2. Time requi-red for radioactive nuclei under-going decay to lose half theirradioactivity. 3. Time taken bybody to inactivate half of theadministered drug/chemical(biological half-life).

Half way house A facility to housemental patients who do not needhospitalization but who are notready for independent living.

Halibut liver oil An oil obtainedfrom liver of halibut fish rich in vitA and vit D.

Halide Compound containing ahalogen i.e., bromine, chlorine,fluorine or iodine.

Halitosis Bad breath, offensivebreath.

Hallervorden Spatz disease Aninherited progressive degenerativedisease beginning in childhoodmanifesting with rigidity, athetoticmovements and mental retardation.

Hair, auditory Hallervorden Spatz disease

255

Hallucination A sense of falseperception.

h. auditory Imaginary perceptionsof sounds, usually voices.

h. gustatory Sense of tasting.h. hypnagogic Pre-sleep phenomena

having the same practicalsignificance as a dream but experi-enced while consciousness persists.

h. olfactory Hallucination involv-ing smell.

h. tactile False sensation of insectscreeping under skin.

h. visual Sensation of seeing objectsthat are not real.

Hallucinogen Drugs that producehallucination e.g., LSD.

Hallucinosis The state of havinghallucinations.

Hallux The great toe.h. dolorosus Pain in the meta-

tarsophalangeal joint of great toedue to flat foot.

h. rigidus Painful restricted mobi-lity of great toe.

h. valgus Displacement of great toetoward other toes.

h. varus Displacement of great toeaway from other toes.

Halo 1. A circle of light surroundinga shinning body. 2. A ringsurrounding the macula.

h. Fick’s A colored halo around light,observed in some people wearingcontact lens.

h. glaucomatous Visual perceptionof rainbow like colors due toglaucoma induced edema of cornea.

Halofantrine Antimalarial agent.Halogen A substance forming salt

like chlorine, iodine, bromine andfluorine which combine withmetals to form salt and withhydrogen to form acid.

Haloperidol Antipsychotic agentused in schizophrenia.

Haloprogin Halogenated phenolicether, fungicidal.

Halothane Fluorinated hydrocarbonused as general anesthetic.

Halsted’s operation An operationfor inguinal hernia, also radicalmastectomy

Halsted’s suture An interruptedsuture for intestinal wounds

Hamartoma Disorganized self-limited, benign growth of normaltissue; when occurring in bloodvessels called hemangioma; co-mmon to lungs and kidneys.

Hamate bone The medial bone in thedistal row of carpal bones of wrist.

Hammer An instrument with rubbercap to tap muscle, tendon or nerveto initiate reflex response.

Hammer finger Flexion deformityof the distal joint of a finger, causedby avulsion of extensor tendon.

Hallucination Hammer finger

Hallux Valgus

256

Hamstrings The group of threemuscles on the posterior aspect ofthigh comprised of semi-membranous, semitendinosus andbiceps femoris that flex the leg,extend and adduct the thigh.

Ham test Test for diagnosis ofparoxysmal nocturnal hemo-globinuria. The red cells lyse inacidic medium.

Hand That part of body attached toforearm at the wrist consisting of8 carpal bones, 5 metacarpals and14 phallanges.

Hand-foot-mouth disease Highlyinfectious coxsackie virus causingpainful ulcerative and vesicularlesions of hand and feet.

Handicap Mental or physicalimpairment preventing or inter-fering with normal physical andmental activities.

Hand-Schuller-Christian disease Alipid storage disease manifestingwith histiocytic granuloma inskull, skin and viscera often withexophthalmos and diabetesinsipidus.

Hang nail Partly detached piece ofskin at root or lateral edge of fingeror toe nail.

Hanger’s lines The structuralorientation of fibrous issue of skin.

Hanger’s muscle Muscular fibersfrom insertion of pectoralis majorover the bicipital groove to theinsertion of lattisimus dorsi.

Hangman’s fracture Fracturedislocation of upper cervical spinedue to judicial hanging.

Hangover Headache, depression,fatigue and irritability presentsome times after consumption ofalcohol or CNS depressant.

Hansen bacillus Lepra bacillus.Haploid Presence of half the number

of chromosomes (i.e., 23) as foundin ovum and sperm.

Hapten That portion of an antigendetermining its immunologicalspecificity.

Haptoglobin Mucoprotein acceptinghemoglobin in plasma on release inhemolytic conditions. Hencehaptoglobin is decreased inhemolytic disorders and increasedin certain inflammatory conditions.

Hardness Water with less cleansingaction due to presence of soluble saltsof calcium and magnesium. Thesecompounds precipitate with soap.

Hare lip A cleft in the upper lip due tofaulty fusion of median nasalprocess and the lateral maxillaryprocesses.

Hare lip suture A twisted figure ofeight suture used in surgicalcorrection of hare lip.

Harlequin fetus Newborn with skinfeatures of ichthyosis with deep redfissures.

Hamstrings Harlequin fetus

Harlequin Baby

257

Harpoon A device with a hook on theend for obtaining small pieces oftissue.

Harris-Benedict equation Equationfor calculating basal body energyexpenditure.

Hartman’s solution A solution of 0.6gram NaCl, 0.03 gram KCl, 0.02gram CaCl2 and 0.31 gram sodiumlactate in 100 ml of water used forfluid and electrolyte replacement.

Hartnup disease A disorder oftryptophan metabolism mani-festing with pellagra.

Harvey, William British physicianwho described circulation of blood.

Hashimoto’s struma Hashimoto’sthyroiditis.

Hashish An extract from flower,stalk and leaves of cannabis saliva,smoked or chewed for its euphoriceffect.

Hasner’s valve Fold of mucousmembrane at the opening ofnasolacrimal duct.

h. burn burning sensation behindsternum due to acid reflux

h. failure failure of cardiaccontraction to maintain adequatecirculation for tissue oxygenation.

h. lung machine a device thatmaintains function of heart andlung during bypass surgery orvalve replacement.

Hassal’s corpuscle Spherical bodieswith central area of degenerationwith surrounding flattened cells,seen in thymus gland.

Haunch The hips and buttocks.Haustra The sacculated pouches of

colon, formed because the

longitudinal bands are shorter thanthe gut.

Haversian canal Minute vascularcanals in bone transmitting nu-trient vessels.

Haversian gland Minute projectionsfrom the surface of synovial tissueinto the joint space.

Haversian system Architecturalunit of bone consisting of haversiancanals, with alternate layers ofintercellular matrix surroundingit in concentric cylinders.

Hay fever Allergic rhinitis usuallycaused by airborne pollens, fungalspores.

Head 1. The part of animal bodycontaining brain and organs forvision, hearing, smell and taste. 2.Proximal end of bone.

Headache Acute or chronic pain overthe skull not confined to any nervedistribution.

h. cluster Headache occurring incluster usually in male soon afterfalling asleep; akin to migraine.

h. exertional Headache of shortduration, appearing after strenuousphysical activity, relieved by rest.

h. histamine Headache resultingfrom ingestion of histamine con-taining foods.

h. post lumbar puncture Leakage ofCSF after lumbar puncture leadingto CSF hypotension and headache.

h. tension Contraction of musculo-tendinous structures of scalp givingrise to a band line compressingaround head in situationsproducing mental strain.

Harpoon Headache, tension

258

Healing Restoration to normalmental or physical state.

Health A state of complete mental,physical and social wellbeing, notbeing mere absence of disease orinfirmity.

Health certificate An officialstatement signed by a physicianattesting to state of health.

Health education Educationalprogram aimed for improving andmaintaining good health.

Health hazard Any substance,condition or circumstances notconducive to good health.

Hearing aid An apparatus ampli-fying sound, worn by persons withimpaired hearing.

Heart A hollow muscular 4-cham-bered contractile pump in the chestcavity, the principal organ ofcirculating system.

Heavy chain disease Abnormality ofimmunoglobulin when excessivequantities of alpha, gamma, mu orepsilon chain are produced causing

fever lymphadenopathy, hepato-splenomegaly, malabsorption etc.

Hegar’s sign A sign of earlypregnancy when in bimanualexamination lower part of uterusis easily compressed.

Heimlich maneuver A technique forremoving foreign body fromtrachea and pharynx by givingthrust on victim’s upper abdomen.

Heinz bodies Granules in red bloodcels due to damage to haemoglobinin splenic disease and haemolyticanaemias.

Heliobacter pylori Motile gramnegative bacteria of stomachcausing peptic ulcer and MALTlymphoma

Hellin’s low A law stating that twinsoccur once in 80 pregnancines,triplets in 802 and guadrupletsonce in 803, pregnancies

HELLP syndrome Occurs in severepreeclampsia with haemolysis,raised liver enzymes, low platelets

Helmet cells A damaged RBC,

Healing Helmet cells

Heart

259

partially fragmented, seen in somecancers, DIC and G6 PD deficiency

Helminth A worm, free living orparasitic.

Helweg’s bundle A part of extra-pyramidal system extending fromolivary body to anterior horn cell

Hemagglutinin An antibody thatcauses clumping of erythrocytes.

Hemangioendothelioma A tumor ofendothelial cells lining bloodvessels.

Hemangioblast A mesodermal cellthat can form either endothelial cellor haemocytoblasts

Hemangioma A benign tumor ofblood vessel, with dilatedcapillaries

Hematemesis Vomiting of bloodHematin The non protein portion of

haemoglobin where iron is in ferricstate.

Hematinic A blood forming tonicHematochezia Passage of bloody

stool.Hematocrit Percentage of RBCs in

volume in a given volume of blood.Hematoma A swelling due to

collected blood.Hematopoiesis The process of

formation of red blood cellsHematospermia Semen containing

bloodHematosalpinx Retained menstrual

blood in the fallopian tube.Hematuria Passage of blood in urineHeme An iron containing

porotoporphyrin.Hemiarthrosis A false articulation

between two bones.

Hemiballismus Switching or jerkingof one side of body

Hemihydrate A compound with onemolecule of water for every twomolecules of other substance

Hemimelus A fetal malformationwith defective development ofextremities

Hemipagus Twins joined at thoraxHemiplegia Paralysis of one half of

body.h. capsular Lesions of internal

capsule producing hemiplegia.Hemisacralization Abnormal deve-

lopment of one half of fifth lumbarvertebra fusing with the sacrum.

Hemispasm Spasm of one side ofbody or face.

Hemisphere Either half of thecerebrum or cerebellum.

h. dominant Cerebral hemispherecontrolling speech usually the leftin 90% right handed persons and15% of left handed persons.

Hemithorax One half of the chestHemivertebra Congenital absence

or failure of development of half ofvertebra.

Hemoagglutination Clumping ofRBC.

Hemoagglutinin An agglutinin thatclumps RBC.

Hemobilia Blood in bile duct.Hemochromatosis A congenital

disorder of iron metabolismleading to excess iron accumu-lation in liver, pancreas, and heart.SYN-bronze diabetes.

Hemoconcentration A relative or aabsolute increase in RBC mass; canbe secondary to fluid loss.

Helminth Hemoconcentration

260

Hemocyanin An oxygen carryingblue pigment in the plasma ofarthropods and moluscus.

Hemocytoblast The primitivereticuloendothelial stem cell ofbone marrow differentiating intovarious blood components.

Hemocytogenesis Formation ofblood cells.

Hemocytology Study of structureand function of blood cells.

Hemodialysis A method of remov-ing poisonous substances, urea,creatinine, etc. from plasma bypassing the patient’s blood acrosssemipermeable membranes. SYN—hemoperfusion.

Hemodialyzer Device used inperforming hemodialysis.

Hemodilution Reduction in relativeconcentration of RBC due toplasma volume expansion.

Hemocyanin Hemodilution

Hemocytoblast

Hemocytogenesis

261

Hemodynamics Study of bloodcirculation.

Hemoflagellate Any flagellateprotozoan of the blood e.g.,trypanosoma, leishmania.

Hemofuscin A brown pigmentderived from hemoglobins.

Hemoglobin The iron containingprotoporphyrin IX, responsible forcarriage of oxygen from lungs totissues.

h. fetal Fetal hemoglobin contains 2alfa and 2 gamma chains in globinunit, constitutes the total Hb in fetusand is replaced by adult Hb afterbirth. Normal concentration inadults is 2%, level is increased inthalassemia minor.

Hb S The hemoglobin of sickle cellanemia which polymerizes onexposure to hypoxic conditions,causes hemolysis and organdysfunction due to vascularocclusion.

Hb M The iron in HbM is in ferricform and is not able to combine withoxygen (hence called methe-moglobin). There is diffuse cyanosis.

Hb AIC Glycosylated Hb whereglucose is attached to terminalamino acid of betaglobin chain.Normal level is s 6%. Value above6% indicates poor blood sugarcontrol.

Hemoglobinemia Presence of freehemoglobin in plasma.

Hemoglobinometer Apparatus forestimating blood Hb.

Hemoglobinuria Presence of hemo-globin in urine.

Hemogram Differential blood count.Hemolysin Agents destroying blood

corpuscles.Hemolysis Destruction of RBC.Hemolytic anemia Anemia resulting

from haemolysis of red blood cells.Hemolytic disease of newborn ABO

or Rh incompatibility resulting inhemolysis, anemia, jaundice,edema and hepatic enlargement.

Hemolytic-uremic syndromeCharacterized by microangio-pathic hemolytic anemia, acutenephropathy and thrombocyto-penia in children usually precededby upper respiratory illness or GIupset.

Hemoperfusion Perfusion of bloodthrough substances, such asactivated charcoal or ion exchangeresins, to remove toxic material.The blood is not separated from thechemical or solution by semi-permeable dialysis membraneunlike hemodialysis.

Hemopericardium Accumulation ofblood in the pericardial sac.

Hemoperitoneum Accumulation ofblood in peritoneal cavity.

Hemopexin A glycoprotein of betaglobulin that binds to hemin but nothemoglobin.

Hemophilia A sex linked hereditarydisorder of coagulation withprolonged clotting time, repeatedhemarthrosis and bleeding fromnose or after trivial trauma. Thereis deficiency of factor VIII.

Hemophilus A genus of bacteria,gram -ve, non motile, requiring

Hemodynamics Hemophilus

262

blood factors X or V for theirgrowth.

h. aegyptus Koch Week’s bacillus,causative agent of conjunctivitis.

h. ducreyi Causative agent of soft sore.h. influenzae Causative agent of

pneumonitis, meningitis.h. pertussis Causative agent of

whooping cough.Hemopneumopericardium Blood

and air in pericardial cavity due tothe injury to trachea or media-stinum.

Hemopneumothorax Blood and airin pleural cavity.

Hemopoiesis Formation of blood cells.Hemoptysis Expectoration of blood

or coughing up of blood.Hemorrhage Bleeding, either

external or internal.h. antepartum Bleeding after 28

weeks of gestation and before onsetof labor.

h. accidental Retroplacental bleeding.

h. postpartum Bleeding in excess of500 ml after childbirth.

Hemorrhagic disease of newbornBleeding from nose, umbilicalstump in newborn due to inade-quate prothrombin synthesis(premature fetal liver/poor bacte-rial flora).

Hemorrhagic fevers A group ofdiseases due to arthropod borneviruses like yellow fever, Kyasa-nur Forest disease.

Hemorrhoid Dilated, tortuous veinsin the ano-rectal region.

Hemophilus, aegyptus Hemorrhoid

Hemorrhoid

Hemopoiesis

263

h. external Dilated vein or veins atthe junction of anal mucosa withthe anal skin.

h. prolapse Prolapse of internalhemorrhoids through the anus.

h. strangulated Painful prolapsedhemorrhoids with cessation intheir blood supply by pressure fromanal sphincter.

Hemorrhoidectomy Removal ofhemorrhoids by surgery, ligationor cryo, etc.

Hemosalpinx Bleeding into fallo-pian tube.

Hemosiderin Iron containingpigment derived from hemoglobinliberated from disintegrated RBC.

Hemosiderosis Deposition of ironin reticuloendothelial cells of liverprincipally after multiple bloodtransfusion as in hemoglobino-pathy and hemolytic diseases.

Hemostasis Arrest of bleeding.Hemothorax Blood in the pleural

cavity, either due to trauma, tumorof lungs and pleura, connectivetissue disease, etc.

Henderson Hasselbalch equationAn equation for expression of pH.

Henöch-Schonlein purpura Allergicpurpura with erythema, urticariaaccompanied by gastrointestinaland joint symptoms.

Henry’s law The weight of a gasdissolved by a given volume ofliquid at a constant temperature isdirectly proportional to thepressure.

Heparin A polysaccharide producedby mast cells of liver and basophils,

inhibits conversion ofprothrombin to thrombin.

Hepatic coma Impaired CNSfunction due to liver dysfunction.Coma results from increasedserum ammonia, false neuro-transmitters and middle molecules,the toxic products of proteinmetabolism. Common preci-pitating factors are high proteindiet, bleeding into GI tract (varices),infections, electrolyte imbalance,diuretics and drugs. Mousy odor,flapping tremor and EEG changesare characteristic.

Hepatic duct The bile channel fromliver that joins with cystic duct toform common bile duct

Hepatic veins The three veinsdraining right and left lobes of liverinto inferior vena cava.

Hepatitis Inflammation of liver;causative agents include viruses(Hepatitis A, B, C, delta agent),bacteria, alcohol, drugs andautoimmune diseases. Commonsymptoms and signs are nausea,vomiting, jaundice, fever andhepatomegaly.

h. A Average incubation period 4weeks, acute onset, transmitted byfeco-oral route. Rarely leads tochronic liver diseases.

h. B Average incubation period 60days, slow onset, usually pro-gresses to chronic active hepatitis,spread is by blood and bloodproduct and sexual contact.

h. C Previously designated non A, nonB, acute onset, usually spreads

Hemorrhoid, external Hepatitis, C

264

through blood and blood products,mild course.

h. delta Onset may be acute, usuallyoccurs in those having hepatitis B.Usually self limited.

h. amebic The liver dysfunction is dueto a nonspecific reaction to amebiccolitis, not true invasion of amebainto liver. Right subcostal pain,tender hepatomegaly, fever andleukocytosis are present.

h. alcoholic History of excessiveindulgence in alcohol, with tenderhepatomegaly, icterus and markedelevation of SCOT and SGPT.

h. fulminant Rapidly progressivehepatitis with deepening jaundice,liver cell failure and coma.

Hepatitis-associated antigen It wasoriginally applied to hepatitis B

surface antigen or Australiaantigen. Now other antigens likecore antigen (Hbc), ‘e’ antigen arealso identified for diagnosis ofhepatitis B infection.

Hepatitis B ImmunoglobulinDerived from blood plasma ofhuman donors who have highliters of antibodies against hepa-titis B.

Hepatitis B vaccine A recombinantvaccine with hepatitis B surfaceantigen given as 20 mgm dose-3doses, to persons at high risk.

Hepatoblastoma Malignant tera-toma of liver.

Hepatogenic Having its origin in theliver.

Hepatogenous Originating in theliver.

Hepatitis, delta Hepatogenous

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265

Hepato-jugular reflux Pressure onthe liver or right upper abdomencauses a rise in jugular venouspressure in patients of congestiveheart failure.

Hepatolenticular degeneration Anautosomal recessive trait withcopper deposition in liver, cornea,kidney and brain due to decrease inplasma copper binding protein, theceruloplasmin.

Hepatolith Biliary concretion inliver.

Hepatology Study of liver.Hepatoma A primary malignant

tumor of liver.Hepatomegaly An enlargement of

liver, may be upward or down-ward. Commonly due to alcohol,hepatitis, amebiasis, congestivefailure, infectious fevers, etc.

Hepato-renal syndrome Kidneydysfunction with uremia secon-dary to acute or chronic hepaticcatastrophe.

Hepatosis Non-inflammatorydisease of liver.

Hepatosplenomegaly Enlargementof both liver and spleen; commonlydue to enteric fever, malaria, kala-azar, leukemia and lymphoproliferative disorders, cirrhosis,portal hypertension, etc.

Herb A plant with soft stem contain-ing little wood, usually seasonal.

Hereditary Genetic characteristictransmitted from parent to offs-pring.

Heredofamilial Any disease recur-ring in family members due to

inherited defect or other familialfactors.

Hering Breuer reflex Reflex inhibi-tion of inspiration resulting fromstimulation of lung receptorsfollowing lung inflation.

Hering’s nerve Affarent nerve fibersfrom carotid sinus passing to brainvia glossopharyngeal nerve. A risein blood pressure stimulates thesenerves to reflexly diminish heartrate.

Heritage The genetic and othercharacteristics transmitted fromparents to offsprings.

Hermaphrodite One possessinggenital and sexual characteristic ofboth male and female. The clitorisis usually enlarged to resemblepenis of male.

Hermaphroditism Existence ofovarian and testicular tissue insame individual.

h. false Possession of either testis orovary but secondary sexualcharacteristics and external geni-talia of opposite sex. SYN—pseudohermaphroditism.

Hernia Protrusion of an organ orpart of it through a defect in thewall surrounding it.

h complete One in which the organalong with its sac has passedcompletely through the opening.

h epigastric Hernia of intestinethrough an opening in the midlineabove umbilicus.

h. fascial Protrusion of musculartissue through its covering fascia.

Hepato-jugular reflux Hernia, fascial

266

h. femoral Hernia through femoralring.

h. hiatal Hernia of fundus of stomachthrough the esophageal hiatus ofdiaphragm.

h. incarcerated Hernia with comp-lete obstruction of herniatingbowel segment.

h. inguinal Herniation of abdominalcontent (intestine or omentum)through inguinal rings.

h. direct inguinal The hernial sacprotrudes through the externalinguinal ring in the region ofHesselbach’s triangle.

h. indirect inguinal The hernial sacprotrudes through internal ingui-nal ring and descends alonginguinal canal to protrude inexternal inguinal ring.

h. labial Protrusion of a loop ofbowel into the labium majus.

h. mesocolic Herniation between thelayers of mesocolon.

h. obturator Hernia through obtu–rator foramen.

h. retroperitoneal Hernia intoperitoneal sac extending behind theperitoneum into the iliac fossa.

h. Ritcher’s A portion of the wall ofthe intestinal loop protrudes, thelumen remaining patent.

h. sliding The herniating organ slidesin and out of hernial sac.

Hernia, femoral Hernia, sliding

Femoral Hernia

Direct Inguinal Hernia

Indirect Inguinal Hernia

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267

h. strangulated Irreducible herniawhere there is complete cut offblood supply to herniating organwith threatening gangrene.

h. tonsillar Protrusion of cerebellartonsils through the foramenmagnum, causing often compres-sion of medulla oblongata.

h. transtentorial Herniation ofuncus and part of temporal lobethrough tentorium cerebelli.

Hernial sac The pouch of peritoneumpushed before the hernia and intowhich it descends.

Herniated disc Rupture of nucleuspulposus through annulus fibrosusto protrude into spinal canal.

Herniorrhaphy Surgical repair ofhernia.

Herniotomy Surgical correction ofirreducible/strangulated herniaby incision over constricting ring.

Heroin An extract of morphine withstrong analgesic and addictivepotential. Acute intoxicationproduces euphoria, respiratorydepression, hypotension andhypothermia.

Herpangina A coxsackie virusinfection with fever, sore throat,and increased salivation. Thethroat is covered with vesicles.

Herpes Vesiculated eruptions causedby herpes virus.

h. simplex Thin walled vesiclesoccurring at mucocutaneousjunctions. (lips, vagina) or overoral mucous membrane.

h. simplex encephalitis Caused byherpes simplex virus ‘B’, predo-minantly involving temporal lobesand is hemorrhagic.

h. zoster Caused by varicella zostervirus with inflammation of poste-rior root ganglia of cranial orspinal nerves. Painful vesiculareruptions, usually unilateral,distributed over few spinal seg-ments or forehead and eye (trige-minal nerve) are characteristic.

Herring bodies Neurosecretorygranules in the terminal nerveendings of hypothalamus andhypophyseal tract.

Hertz An unit of frequency equivalentto one cycle per second.

Hesperidin A chemical present inorange and lemon peel that ishemostatic by strengthening thecapillaries.

Hesselbach’s hernia Hernia pass-ing through cribiform fascia.

Hesselbach’s triangle Triangularspace bounded by Poupart’sligament below, outer border ofrectus sheath and epigastric artery.

Heterogeneous Composed ofdifferent kinds of substances.

Hernia, strangulated Heterogeneous

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268

Heterogenesis Production ofoffsprings that have differentcharacteristics in alternate gene-rations.

Heterogeusia Perception of aninappropriate quality of tastewhen food is chewed.

Heterograft Graft from anotherindividual.

Heterolalia The use of meaninglesswords.

Heterologous 1. Composed of tissuenot normal to the part. 2. A tissue,cell or blood obtained from adifferent individual/species.

Heterometropia Two eyes withdifferent refraction.

Heterophil An antibody reactingwith other than specific antigen.

Heterophonia Change of voiceoccurring esp. at puberty.

Heterophoria Tendency of the eyesto deviate from their normalposition for visual alignment dueto imbalance or insufficiency ofocular muscles.

Heterosexual One whose sexualorientation is to members ofopposite sex.

Heterosmia Perception of in-appropriate smell.

Heterotopia Development of normaltissue at an abnormal location ordisplacement of an organ from itsnormal location.

Heterotrichosis Growth of differentkinds or colors of hairs on the scalpor body.

Heterotroph An organism like manwho requires complex organicfood for growth and development.

Heterozygote An individual withdifferent alleles for a given charac-teristic.

Heubner’s disease Syphilitic endarteritis in brain.

Hexachlorphene Polychlorinatedphenol, antiseptic disinfectant.

Hexokinase An enzyme catalyzingphosphorylation of glucose; presentin muscle tissue and yeast.

Hexose Any monosaccharide offormula C6 H12 O6.

Heterogenesis Hexose

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269

Hexylresorcinol Anthelminticagent.

Hiatus An opening.h. semilunaris Groove in the external

wall of middle meatus of nose intowhich frontal sinus, maxillary sinusand anterior ethmoidal cells drain.

Hibernation Condition of remainingasleep and immobile for the winter,especially in animals.

Hibernoma A rare multilobularencapsulated tumor containingfetal fat tissue closely resemblingfat stored in the foot pads ofhibernating animals.

Hiccough Intermittent spasmodiccontraction of diaphragm withclosure of glottis, causing a shortsharp inspiratory cough.

Hick’s sign Intermittent painlessuterine contraction occurring afterthird month of pregnancy.

Hidradenoma Adenoma of sweatglands.

Hierarchy In order of importance.High blood pressure Blood pressure

above the normal range for age.Usually 140/90 mm Hg if below50 years and above 160/90 if above60 years.

High residue diet High fiber/cellulose diet (above 30 gm/day)beneficial for colorectal diseases,diabetes and obesity.

Hilton’s law A nerve supplying amuscle also supplies the joint thatmuscle moves and the skin over-lying the insertion of that muscle.

Hilton’s line A white line at thejunction of skin of the perineum andanal mucosa.

Hilton’s sac A pit along the externalportion of false vocal cord.

Hilum (SYN— hilus) 1. The root oflungs at the level of 4th and 5thdorsal vertebra. 2. depression orrecess at exit or entrance of a ductinto a gland or nerves and vesselsinto an organ.

Hind gut The caudal portion ofentodermal tube giving rise toileum, colon and rectum.

Hinge joint A joint permitting onlyflexion and extension in a singleaxis.

Hip Upper part of thigh formed byfemur, ilium, ischeum and pubis.

Hip joint The ball and socketarticulation between head of femurand acetabulum.

Hippocampal commissure A thinsheet of fibers passing transverselyunder posterior portion of corpuscallosum.

Hippocampal formation Olfactorystructures including hippo-campus, dentate gyrus, supracallosal gyrus, diagonal band ofBroca and hippo campal commi-sure.

Hippocampus major Elevation offloor of inferior horn of lateralventricle.

Hippocampus minor Small elevationon the medial wall of lateralventricle formed by end of calca-rine fissure.

Hippocrates Greek physician whofirst established the scientific basisof medical practice; hence knownas father of medicine.

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270

Hippocratic facies The appearanceof face at the time of impendingdeath.

Hippocratic oath The oath Hippocratesexacted from his students whichreads like “I will follow that systemof regimen which, according to myability and judgement, I consider forthe benefit of my patients, and abs-tain from whatever is deleteriousand mischievous. I will give neitherdeadly medicine to any one if askednor suggest any such counsel, and inlike manner I will not give to awoman a pessary for abortion. Withpurity and holiness I will pass mylife and practise my art, intowhatever houses I enter, I will go intothem for the benefit of the sick, and Iwill abstain from every voluntaryact of mischief and corruption, andfurther from seduction of females ormales, of free men and slaves.Whatever in connection with myprofessional practice, or not inconnection with it, I see or hear in thelife of men, which ought not to bespoken of abroad, I will not divulge,as reckoning that all such should bekept secret.“While I continue to keep this oathunviolated, may it be granted to meto enjoy life and the practice of thisart, respected by all men in alltimes. But should I trespass andviolate this Oath, may the reversebe my lot.”

Hippuric acid Endogenous acidformed in the human body fromcombination of benzoic acid andglycine and excreted by kidneys.

Hippus Rhythmical and rapiddilatation and contraction of pupil.

Hirschberg’s reflex Adduction offoot when sole at base of great toeis stimulated.

Hirschsprung’s disease A dynamicmegacolon due to failure ofdevelopment of mysenteric plexusin the rectosigmoid area of colon.

Hirsutism Excessive hair growth inwomen.

Hirudicide Any substance thatdestroys leeches.

His bundle Atrioventricular bundlearising in AV node and ending inthe ventricles.

Histamine A derivative of histidinethat is secreted by mast cells and isresponsible for triple response.

Hippocratic facies Histamine

Hirsutism

Histamine

271

Histamine blocking agents H1receptor blocking agents areantiallergic and H2 receptor bloc-kers reduce gastric acid produc-tion.

Histamine headache Headache aftertaking histamine containing foods.

Histidine An amino acid obtainedby hydrolysis from tissue proteins.

Histiocyte A phagocytic cell withameboid activity, present in mostconnective tissues.

Histiocytosis Abnormal presence ofhistiocytes in the blood.

Histiocystosis-x A granulomatousdestructive disease.

Histochemistry Light and electronmicroscopy and special chemicaltests and stains done to studychemistry of cells and tissues.

Histocompatibility The ability ofcells to survive without anyimmunological influence or inter-ference; important in blood trans-fusion and tissue transplantation.

Histocompatibility antigens Anumber of antigens expressed byall nucleated cells which arecontrolled by genes located inmajor histocompatibility genecomplex (mhc) in chromosome 6.

Histogenesis Origin and develop-ment of tissue.

Histoid Resembling one of the tissues.Histology Study of microscopic

structure of cells and tissues.Histone A class of simple proteins

present in cell chromatin.Histonomy The law governing

development and structure oftissues.

Histoplasmosis A systemic fungalinfection with histoplasma capsu-latum, manifesting as fever,anemia, splenomegaly, leukopeniaand pulmonary infiltrations.

Histotomy Cutting of thin sectionsof tissue for microscopic study.

Histozyme A renal enzyme thatconverts hippuric acid into benzoicacid and glycine.

Histrionic Theatrical, dramatic.Hives Eruption of itchy wheals due

to allergy; local or systemic.Hoarseness A rough quality of voice

due to simple chronic laryngitis,vocal cord palsy, or infiltration ofvocal cords.

Hobnail liver Liver with an irre-gular surface, usually cirrhosis.

Hochsinger’s sign Closure of the fistin tetany when bicep muscle ispressed

Hodgkin’s disease A lymphoproli-ferative disease with painlesslymphadenopathy, hepatospleno-megaly, and often relapsing fever.Reed-Sternberg’s giant cells inlymph node biopsy arecharacteristic.

Hoffman’s sign Flicking the ter-minal phalanx of finger causesreflex flexion of other fingers ofsame hand in pyramidal damage.

Holistic medicine Comprehensiveand total care of a patient, takinginto account his physical, mental,social, economic and spiritualneeds.

Hollenhorst plaques/bodiesAtheromanous patches in retinalvessels after dislodgement fromcarotids

Histamine blocking agents Hollenhorst plaques/bodies

272

Holodiastolic Covering entirediastole, i.e. closure of aortic valveto closure of mitral valve.

Holoendemic A disease affectingalmost all population in a givenarea. In malaria epidemiology,spleen index rate of > 5% in childrenunder 10 implies the disease to beholoendemic.

Holography A method of producing3 dimensional pictures. The pictureobtained is called hologram.

Holoprosencephaly Deficiency infore brain with CSF accumulationdue to trisomy of 13, 14, 15, or 18chromosomes.

Holorachischisis Complete spinabifida.

Holosystolic Related to entire periodof systole.

Holt Oram syndrome Combinationupper limb anomaly and congenitalheart disease, usually ASD

Holter monitor An ECG recordingsystem capable of recording ECGfor 24 hours, particularly useful forrecording arrhythmias, and silentischemia.

Homan’s sign Pain in the calf onpassive dorsiflexon of great toe, anevidence of deep vein thrombosis.

Holodiastolic Homan’s sign

Hodgkin's Disease

273

Homatropine Antimuscarinic agentused to dilate pupil.

Homeopathy A system of medicinedeveloped by Hahnemann based onthe theory “like cures likely”, i.e.,large doses of a drug that producessymptoms of disease in healthypeople will cure the samesymptoms in small doses.

Homeostasis. State of equilibriumof internal environment of the body.

Homicide Murder.Homoblastic Developing from a

single type of tissue.Homocystine A homologue of

cystine formed during catabolismof methionine.

Homocystinuria An inheritedmetabolic disease due to absenceof an enzyme essential in themetabolism of homocystine.Clinical features include marfanoidfeatures, mental retardation,subluxation of lens, etc.

Homogeneous Uniform in structure,composition or nature.

Homogenesis Reproduction by sameprocess in succeeding generationsuniform.

H1 and H2 receptor blockers Agentsthat block H1 and H2 receptors e.g.,terphenadrine and ranitidinerespectively.

Hormone The secretion fromductless glands, a substanceoriginating in one organ, gland orbody part but acting at a distantsite with stimulation or inhibitionof activity or secretion of anotherhormone.

Horn Cutaneous outgrowth com-posed chiefly of keratin.

horn anterior Gray substance inanterior portion of spinal cordSYN—ventral horn.

horn dorsal Posterior projection ofgray matter in spinal cord.

horn ofAmmon HippocampusHorner’s syndrome Myosis, ptosis,

enopthalmos and loss of sweatingover affected side of face due toparalysis of cervical sympathetictrunk.

Horse power A unit of power equalsto 33.000 foot pounds per minuteor 745.7 watts.

Horse-shoe shaped kidney A conge-nital renal abnormality in whichboth the kidneys are united at theirlower poles.

Hospital Institution for treatment ofsick and injured.

Hospitalization Admission of apatient into hospital.

Homatropine Hospitalization

Homan's Sign

274

Host 1. The organism which nouri-shes the parasite. 2. The individualreceiving the graft intransplantation program.

host definitive The final host inwhich parasite has sexual matu-rity and sexual union for repro-duction.

host intermediate Host in whichparasite undergoes sexual develop-ment.

Hostility Manifestations of anger,animosity or antagonism directedtowards oneself or others. It maybe a symptom of depression.

Hotline A continuously functioningtelephone connection.

Hot water bag A rubber or plasticbag for application of dry heat orkeeping moist applications warm.

Hour-glass contraction Excessivecontraction of an organ at its centerresembling hourglass e.g., inmalignancy of stomach or gastriculcer.

House maid’s knee Patellar bursitisin house maid due to prolongedkneeling.

House physician An intern orresident responsible for patientcare under direction of a seniorstaff.

Houston’s valves Crescent shapedfolds of mucous membrane in therectum.

Howell-Jolly bodies Sphericalgranules in the erythrocytes seenin asplenia, thalassemia, leukemiaetc.

Howship’s lacunae Grooves or pitsoccupied by osteoclasts duringbone resorption.

Hubbard tank Tank of suitable sizeand shape for active and passiveunderwater exercises.

Huguier’s canal Canal in the base ofskull through which chordatympani nerve exits from brain

Huhner’s test Aspiration of vaginawithin an hour of coitus to test forsperm motility in investigation ofinfertility.

Hum Soft continuous sound.Human immunodeficiency virus see

AIDS.Human insulin Insulin prepared by

recombinant DNA technologyusing E. coli.

Human placental lactogen Placentalsecretion that helps to prepare thebreast for milk secretion.

Host Human placental lactogen

Humerus

275

Humerus Bone of upper arm thatarticulates with scapula above andradiusulna below.

Humidity Moisture in the atmo-sphere.

Humor Any fluid or semifluidsubstance in the body.

h. aqueous The secretion of cilliarybody occupying anterior andposterior chambers of eye. It isabsorbed to venous system throughcanal of Schlemm.

h. vitreous The transparent jelly likesubstance occupying the spacebetween lens and retina.

Humpback Curvature of spine orkyphosis.

Hunchback Kyphosis with promi-nent rounded deformity of back.

Hunger A desire to eat with dull painin epigastrium. Appetite in contrastis pleasant sensation of seekingfood to eat to enjoy it.

Hunter’s canal Adductor canal.Hunter’s disease Mucopoly-saccha-

ridosis II.Hunterian chancre Indurated

syphilitic chancre.Huntington chorea Inherited disease

of CNS manifesting with chorea,progressive dementia.

Hurler’s syndrome A form ofmucopolysaccharidosis withskeletal abnormality, cloudycornea, and often mental defi-ciency.

Hutchinson Sir British surgeon.H.’s pupil Widely dilated pupil in

CNS disease.

H.’s teeth A feature of congenitalsyphilis in which the lateralincisors are peg shaped and thecentral incisors are notched.

H.’s triad In congenital syphilis thisdiagnostic triad consists ofdeafness, interstitial keratitis andHutchinson’s teeth.

Hyaline It refers to any alterationwithin cell or in the extracellularspace, which gives a homogeneous,glassy, pink appearance inhistologic sections stained withhematoxylin and eosin.

Hyaline Bluish-white glassy trans-lucent cartilage, e.g., semilunarcartilage of knee, thyroid cartilage.

Hyaline cartilage Smooth, pearlytrue cartilage covering articularsurface of bone.

Hyaline casts Pale, transparent castswith homogeneous rounded endsseen in urine in nephropathy.

Hyaline membrane disease Arespiratory disease of newbornwith poor gas transfer.

Hyalinization The development ofan albuminoid mass in a cell ortissue.

Hyalinosis Waxy or hyaline dege-neration.

Hyalitis Inflammation of vitreoushumor; can be asteroid, punctateand suppurative.

Hyalogen A protein substance invitreous humor and cartilage.

Hyaloid artery A fetal arterysupplying nutrition to the lens. Itdisappears after birth.

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276

Hyaloid canal Lymph channel invitreous extending from optic diskto posterior capsule of lens;contains hyaloid artery in fetus.

Hyaloid membrane Membrane thatenvelops the vitreous humor.

Hyaluronic acid An acid mucopoly-saccharide forming the groundsubstance of connective tissue;functioning as a binding andprotective agent.

Hyaluronidase An enzyme thatdepolymerizes hyaluronic acid,thereby increases permeability ofconnective tissues.

Hybrid The offspring of parent thatare of different species.

Hybridization Production of hybridsby cross matching.

Hybridoma It is the cell produced byfusion of an antibody producingcell and a multiple myeloma cell.The hybrid cell thus formed can bea source of continuous monoclonalantibodies.

Hydantoin A colorless base, glyco-lyl urea.

Hydatid A cyst formed in internalorgans, commonly lungs or liverby developing larva of E. granu-losus.

Hydatid disease The diseaseproduced by the cysts of larvalstage of echinococcus.

Hydatidiform mole Degenerativeprocess of chorionic villi withformation of multiple cysts withinuterus.

Hydatid of Morgagni Cyst likeremnant of mullerian duct that isattached to fallopian tube.

Hydradenitis Inflammation ofsweat glands.

Hydradenoma Tumor of sweatgland.

Hydragogue Drug promoting wateryevacuation of bowel like sodiumsulphate or magnesium sulphate.

Hydralazine Antihypertensiveacting through vasomotor centerin CNS.

Hydramnios An excess of liquoramnii around the developingfetus.

Hyaloid canal Hydramnios

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277

Hydranencephaly Hydrocephalusdue to congenital absence ofcerebral hemispheres.

Hydrarthrosis Serous effusion intoa joint cavity.

Hydraulics The science of fluids.Hydriatrics Application of water for

treatment SYN—hydrotherapy.Hydrocarbon Compound made of

only hydrogen and carbon.h. acyclic Contains cyclic and

straight chain components.h. aliphatic Contains only cyclic

components.h. aromatic Contains carbon atoms

in ring or cyclic fashion.Hydrocele Fluid accumulation in

tunica vaginalis testes or in any saclike cavity.

h. cervical Hydrocele of neck resultingfrom accumulation of fluid inpersistent cervical duct or cleft

h. congenital Hydrocele present sincebirth resulting in failure of tunicavaginalis to close.

h. encysted Hydrocele in theprocessus vaginalis with closureof its abdominal and scrotal ends.

Hydrocephalus Increased content ofCSF within the ventricles resultingfrom decreased absorption of CSF,its increased production orblockage to its circulation resultingfrom develop–mental anomalies,infection, injury or tumor.

h. communicating Hydrocephalus inwhich normal communicationbetween 4th ventricle and sub-arachnoid space is maintained.

h. normal pressure Hydrocephaluswith normal CSF pressure andwithout demonstrable block, toCSF circulation.

Hydrochloric acid Produced byoxyntic cells of gastric glands, servesto convert pepsinogen into pepsin,

Hydranencephaly Hydrochloric acid

H Mole

Hydrocephalus

278

dissolves and disintegrates nucleoproteins, precipitates caseinogen,hydrolyzes sucrose, inhibitsbacterial multiplication, etc.

Hydrochlorothiazide Diuretic.Hydrochloresis Stimulation of bile

secretion with reduced specificgravity, viscosity and total solids.

Hydrocodone Opioid alkaloid,analgesic and hypnotic.

Hydrocolpos Retention cyst ofvagina.

Hydrocortisone Corticosteroidhormone produced by adrenalgland.

Hydrocystoma Small sweat glandcysts in the face.

Hydrodiascope Device used intreatment of astigmatism.

Hydroflumethazide A diuretic.Hydrogen A colorless, odorless and

tasteless gas with atomic weightof 1. Three isotopes of hydrogen,e.g. protium, deuterium and tritiumhave (appx) atomic weights of 1, 2,3 respectively.

Hydrogenase An enzyme thatcatalyzes reduction by molecularhydrogen.

Hydrogenation Addition of hydro-gen to convert unsaturated fat tosolid fat.

Hydrogen donor In oxidation-reduction reactions a substancethat gives up hydrogen to anothersubstance.

Hydrogen ion The positively chargedhydrogen particle.

Hydrochlorothiazide Hydrogen ion

Hydrocele

279

Hydrogen ion concentration The pHvalue is the negative logarithm ofH. ion concentration of a solution,expressed in gram ions (moles) perliter. A solution with pH of 1 is tentimes more acid than one with pHof 2 and 100 times more acid thanone with pH of 3. A pH above 7means alkalinity. The blood pH isaround 7.35.

Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 colorlessgreasy liquid with irritating odorand acrid taste, decomposes easilyliberating oxygen in presence oflight 3% solution is a mildantiseptic, germicide and cleansingagent. Used commercially as ableaching agent.

Hydrogen sulfide H2S A poisonous,gas with pungent odor of rottenegg.

Hydrolase An enzyme causinghydrolysis.

Hydrolysis Combination of waterwith salt to produce acid and baseor a chemical decomposition inwhich a substance is split intosimpler compounds by addition orthe taking up of the elements ofwater.

Hydrometer An instrument thatmeasures density of liquid.

Hydromorphone An analgesic,opium derivative.

Hydromyelia Distention of centralcanal of spinal cord with fluid.

Hydromyelocele Protrusion ofspinal CSF sac through spinalbifida.

Hydromyoma Cystic uterine fibroid.Hydronephrosis Collection of fluid

in renal pelvicalicyeal systemusually due to obstruction to urineflow, ultimately causing atrophyof renal parenchyma.

Hydrophobia Morbid fear for water,synonym for rabies in which

Hydrogen ion concentration Hydrophobia

Hydronephrosis

280

attempt to drink water causesspasm of pharynx due to CNSirritation.

Hydrophilic oint Topical ointmentthat absorbs water and hence isemollient.

Hydrophobophobia Morbid fear ofcontracting hydrophobia.

Hydropneumatosis Liquid and gasin tissues producing combinededema and emphysema.

Hydropneumopericardium Fluidand gas in pericardial cavity.

Hydropneumothorax Gas and fluidin pleural sac.

Hydrops Edema.h. endolymphaticus Edema of

labyrinth.Hydropyonephrosis Dilatation of

renal pelvis with pus and urine.Hydroquinone A depigmenting

agent.Hydrostatic densitometry An

underwater weighing techniquefor determination of body compo-nents, usually percentage of fat.

Hydrostatic test A test to know if thedead infant has breathed prior todeath. If the infants lungs float inwater, breathing had beenestablished prior to death.

Hydrosudotherapy Treatment ofdisease by sweating and hydro-therapy.

Hydrotherapy Scientific applicationof water in treatment of diseasesfor following therapeuticobjectives. Brief hot tub and showerbaths relieve fatigue, cold bath toconstrict blood vessels, to reduce

tissue edema after injury. Hot bathdilates blood vessels, encouragesperspiration.

Hydrothorax Accumulation of non-inflammatory fluid within thorax.

Hydroureter Distension of ureterdue to obstruction.

Hydroxo cobalamin A chemical withactivity similar to B12.

Hydroxyapatite Calcium phosphatein combination with calciumcarbonate present in the bones; whenit combines with fluorine, it becomesdecay resistant fluoroapatite.

Hydroxybenzene Phenol.Hydroxybutyric acid A component

of ketone body produced byabnormal metabolism of fat indiabetic ketosis.

Hydroxy chloroquin Antimalarialagent.

Hydrophilic oint Hydroxy chloroquin

Hydroureter

281Hydroxyproline Hyperammonemia

Hydroxyproline An amino acidfound in collagen.

Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Asubstance used to increaseviscosity of solutions.

Hydroxy stibamidine isethionateAntiprotozoal antimonial.

5 hydroxy tryptamine Serotonin.Hydroxyzine An antihistamine.Hydroxyurea Cytotoxic agent used

in leukemia.Hygiene Study of methods and

means of preserving health.Hygroma A sac containing fluid.h. cystic A rapidly growing cystic

swelling in neck of lymphatic origin.Hygrometer Instrument for measu-

ring moisture in air.Hymen A fold of mucous membrane

that partially covers the entranceto vagina.

h. annular Hymen with ring shapedopening in the center.

h. biforis Hymen with two parallelopenings with a thick septum inbetween.

h. cribiform Hymen with many smallopenings.

h. denticulatus Hymen opening hasserrated edges.

Hymenitis Inflammation of hymen.Hymenolepsis A genus of tapeworm.h. nana Dwarf tapeworm, average

length 1" capable of completing lifecycle within one host.

Hymenology Science of the memb-ranes and their diseases

Hymenoptera An order of insectsthat includes ante, bees, hornets andwasps.

Hymenorrhaphy Plastic surgery ofhymen to restore it to prerupturedstate.

Hyoglossus Muscle arising fromhyoid bone and inserted intodorsum of tongue. It draws sidesdown and retracts the tongue.

Hyoid bone Horseshoe shaped bonelying at the base of tongue.

Hyopharyngeus Middle pharyngealconstrictor.

Hyoscine hydrobromide Belladonaalkaloid having atropine like effect.

Hyper Prefix meaning excessive,beyond.

Hyperacidity Excess of acid instomach.

Hyperactivity Excessive activity ofan organ or entire organism.

Hyperacusis Abnormal sensitivityto sound, e.g. in hysteria.

Hyperalgia Excessive sensitivity topain.

Hyperalimentation IV infusion ofhypertonic solution that containssufficient amino acids, electrolytesand glucose to sustain life and achievenormal growth and development.

Hyperammonemia Excess of ammo-nia in blood, e.g., cirrhosis can becongenital either due to deficiency

Hyoid Bone

282

of carbamyl phosphate synthetaseor ornithine trans carbamylasethat metabolize ammonia.

Hyperamylasemia Increased bloodamylase.

Hyperbaric oxygen Oxygen onincreased pressure to treat gasgangrene, air embolism, decom-pression sickness, CO poisoning,nonhealing ulcers, etc.

Hyperbetalipoproteinemia Ex-cessive amount of betalipoproteinin blood.

Hyperbilirubinemia Excessiveamount of bilirubin in blood.

Hypercalcemia Excessive amount ofcalcium in the blood. (12.2 mg%)either idiopathic, or secondary tomalignancy, prolongedrecumbency, vit D intoxication etc.

Hypercalciuria Excessive excretionof calcium in urine.

Hypercapnia Excess CO2 in blood.Hyperchloremia Increased chloride

content of blood e.g., hyper-chloremic acidosis.

Hyperchlorhydria Excess secretionof HCl in stomach.

Hypercholesterolemia Excessive (>250 mg%) cholesterol in blood;often familial, but usually dietary.

Hyperchromatic Overpigmented.Hyperchromatopsia Defect of vision

in which all objects appear colored.Hyper corticism Excessive produc-

tion of adrenocortical hormones.Hypercyesis Presence of more than

one fetus in uterus.Hyperdontia Presence of more than

normal number of teeth.

Hyperemesis Excessive vomiting.Hyperemesis gravidarum Nausea

and vomiting during pregnancythreatening dehydration, andacidosis.

Hyperemia Vascular congestion; canbe active as in increased blood flowor passive due to venous stasis.

Hypereosinophilic syndrome Idio-pathic persistent hypereosino-philia often with CNS and cardiacinvolvement.

Hypererethism Excessive irrita-bility.

Hyperergasia Unusual functionalactivity.

Hyperesthesia Increased sensitivityto sensory stimuli especially painand touch.

Hyper extension Excessive degreeof extension movement in a joint, afeature of collagen disorder.

Hyperferremia Increased ironcontent of blood.

Hyperfibrinogenemia Increasedblood fibrinogen, often threateningspontaneous coagulation.

Hyperglycemia Increased bloodsugar as in diabetics.

Hyperglycinemia Accumulation ofamino acid glycine in bloodmanifesting with mental andgrowth retardation.

Hypergnosia Distorted or ex-aggerated perception.

Hypergonadism Excessive secretionof sex hormones.

Hyperhidrosis Unusually highsweating, often due to fever, drugs,anxiety.

Hyperamylasemia Hyperhidrosis

283

Hyperhydration Excess amount ofwater in the body.

Hyperinsulinism Excess of insulinin the body causing hypoglycemiathat manifests with hunger,sweating, weakness, convulsionand often coma.

Hyperkalemia Serum potassiumexceeding 5 mEq/lit.

Hyperkeratosis Thickening of hornylayer of epidermis often due tovitamin A deficiency.

Hyperkinesia Increased muscularmovement and physical activity. Inchildren often due to braindysfunction and phenobarbitone.

Hyperlipemia Excessive quantity offat in the blood.

Hyperlipoproteinemia Increasedlipoprotein content in blood due toincreased synthesis or decreasedbreakdown.

Hypermelanosis Increased melanincontent of skin either in epidermis(melanoderma) in which thecoloration is brown, or in thedermis in which skin color is blueor slate grey. Conditionsresponsible for hypermelanosis areACTH producing tumors, Wilson’sdisease, biliary cirrhosis, chronicrenal failure, etc.

Hypermenorrhea Abnormal inc-rease in duration or amount ofmenstrual blood loss.

Hypermetabolism Increased meta-bolic rate seen in hyperthyroidism,fever, following trauma andsurgery.

Hypermetria Unusual range ofmovement as in cerebellar disease.

Hypermetropia Far-sightedness, i.e.,the parallel rays fall behind themacula.

Hypermimia Making great numberof gestures while speaking.

Hypermnesia Great ability toremember or memorize minutedetails as in mania or in conditionsof temporal lobe stimulation.

Hypermobility Increased range ofjoint movement due to lax surroun-ding structures as in Ehlers-Danlossyndrome, Marafan’s syndrome.

Hypermorph Large limb lengthcausing high standing height incomparison to sitting height.

Hypernatremia Excess sodiumcontent of blood (150 mEq/lit).

Hypernephroma Renal cell carci-noma.

Hypernormal Abnormal.Hyperosmia Abnormal sensitivity

to odors.Hyperosmolarity Increased osmo-

larity of blood (300 mOsms/lit.)Hyperostosis Abnormal and ex-

cessive growth of osseous tissue.h. frontalis interna Multiple osteo-

mas arising from frontal boneinternally into nasal sinuses.

h. infantile cortical Excessive sub-periosteal bone growth in themandible or clavicles.

Hyperoxaluria Increased oxalic acidexcretion in urine.

h. enteric Caused by disease orsurgical removal of ileum.

Hyperhydration Hyperoxaluria, enteric

284

h. primary Defective oxalate meta-bolism causing oxlate calculi inurinary system.

Hyperparathyroidism Increasedparathormone secretion, causingosteitis fibrosa cystica, bone pain,renal stone and fracture.

Hyperpathia Hypersensitivity tosensory stimuli.

Hyperphasia Abnormal desire to talk.Hyperphenylalaninemia Increased

phenylalanine in blood.Hyperphonia Eplosive speech in

stammerers.Hyperphoria Tendency of one eye to

turn upward.Hyperphosphatasemia Raised

alkaline phosphatase in bloodeither due to biliary obstruction orbone destruction.

Hyperphosphatemia Increasedblood phosphorus content.

Hyperphosphaturia Increasedamount of phosphates in urine.

Hyperphrenia Excessive mentalability as in mania.

Hyperpituitarism Overactivity ofpituitary, commonly the anteriorlobe producing gigantism/acro-megaly.

Hyperplasia Excessive growth ofnormal cells with normal tissuearchitecture.

Hyperploidy Condition having oneextra chromosome, e.g. DownSyndrome (trisomy 21).

Hyperpnea Increased rate and depthof breathing,

Hyperpraxia Excessive activity andrestlessness.

Hyperprolactinemia Amenorrhea,galactorrhea produced by increa-sed serum prolactin due to hypo-thalamic pituitary dysfunction.

Hyperprolinemia Excess bloodproline level due to inheritedmetabolic defect.

Hyperproteinemia Excess of proteinin plasma, as in multiple myeloma.

Hyperproteinuria Protein excretionin urine exceeding 150 mg/24 hours.

Hyperptyalism Excess salivarysecretion.

Hyperpyrexia Body temperatureexceeding 106°F. (41.1°C).

h. malignant Hyperpyrexia occur-ring with inhalant anesthetics andmuscle relaxants.

Hyperreflexia Increased tendonreflexes.

Hyper resonance Increased reso-nance to percussion especially overcavity, bullae, pneumothorax andemphysematous lung tissue.

Hypersensibility Hypersensitivityto a foreign protein or drug.

Hypersomnia Prolonged sleepiness,usually pathological, i.e.narcalepsy.

Hypersplenism Enlarged spleenwith enhanced removal of bloodcomponents from circulation.

Hypersthenia Abnormal strength orexcessive tension of the entire bodyor part of it.

Hyperoxaluria, primary Hypersthenia

Hyperplasia

285

Hypersthenuria Passage of abnor-mally concentrated urine.

Hypersusceptibility Unusualsusceptibility to a disease, patho-logical process, parasite or che-micals.

Hypertelorism Abnormal widthbetween two paired organs, us-ually the eyes.

Hypertension Blood pressureconsidered abnormally high for anage.

h. essential Hypertension withoutapparent cause.

h. malignant Severe hypertensionwith diastolic pressure exceeding130-140 mmHg. with papilledema.

h. portal Increased portal veinpressure caused by obstruction toportal flow as in cirrhosis, portalvein thrombosis/compression andBudd-Chiari syndrome.

h. renal Hypertension secondary torenal artery occlusion leading tohyperreninemia.

Hyperthecosis Hyperplasia of thecainterna of ovary often leading toamenorrhea and hirsutism.

Hyperthelia Presence of more than 2nipples.

Hyperthermia Unusual high fever;a treatment modality by whichforeign protein is introduced intobody to raise body temperature.

Hyperthrombinemia Increasedthrombin concentration in blood.

Hypertonia Increased vascular/muscle tone.

Hypertonic Having higher osmoticpressure or having greater thannormal tension.

Hypertrichosis Excess growth ofhair due to endocrine disease.

Hypertrophy Non tumorous enlarge-ment of an organ or structure due toincrease in size or number of cells.

h. concentric The walls of the organbecome symmetrically thick with-out increase in size of cavity.

h. eccentric Reginonal hypertrophywith dilatation.

h. pseudomuscular An inheriteddisease affecting boys where themuscles commonly of calf, thigh,buttocks enlarge due to depositionof fat and fibrous tissue. Theinvolved muscles are weak andatrophied with waddling gait andincreased spinal curvature.

Hyperuricemia Increased serumuric acid (8 mg%).

Hypervascular Excess vascularity.Hyperventilation Increased rates

and depths of inspiration andexpiration.

Hyperviscosity Excess adhesivenessor stickiness property of fluid,commonly blood.

Hypervitaminosis Excessive vita-min content of body tissues,commonly involves fat solublevitamins like A, D, E and K; usuallysecondary to excess ingestion.

Hypervolemia Abnormal increasein volume of circulating blood.

Hyphema Bleeding into anteriorchamber of eye.

Hypnagogic Induced by sleep;inducing sleep; in psychiatry relatesto hallucinations and dreams justbefore loss of consciousness.

Hypersthenuria Hypnagogic

286

Hypnodontics The application ofcontrolled suggestions and hyp-nosis to practice of surgery.

Hypnology Scientific study of sleep.Hypnosis A subconscious condition

in which the patient responds tosuggestions made by the hypnotist,useful for treatment of phobias,anxiety and chronic pain disorder.

Hypnotics Drugs that cause insensi-tivity to pain by inducing hypnosis.

Hypnotism An induced sleep likestate during which the patient ispeculiarly susceptible to thesuggestions of the hypnotist.

Hypoacusis Decreased sensitivity tosound stimuli.

Hypoalbuminemia Decreasedplasma albumin manifesting withedema, usually due to malnutritionor cirrhosis.

Hypoaldosteronism Decreasedplasma aldosterone with hypo-tension and hyperkalemia.

Hypoalimentation Insufficientnourishment.

Hypobaric Decreased atmosphericpressure.

Hypocalcemia Decreased plasmacalcium manifesting with stridorand tetany.

Hypocalciuria Decreased calciumexcretion in urine.

Hypocarbia Decreased CO2 in blood.Hypocapnea Decreased CO2 in

blood.Hypocellularity Decreased cell

population in any tissue.

Hypochloremia Decreased chloridecontent in blood.

Hypochlor hydria Decreased HClsecretion in stomach often indi-cative of malignancy of stomach.

Hypochlorous acid HClO, used asdisinfectant/bleaching agent.

Hypochondriac Abnormal andexcessive fear of disease.

Hypochondrium Part of the abdomenbelow the lower ribs.

Hypochromasia Lack of hemoglobinin RBC SYN—hypochromia.

Hypocomplementemia Decreasedcomplement concentration inblood.

Hypocorticism Decreased corticalhormone.

Hypodermic Inserted under the skin.Hypodontia Absence or poor tooth

development.Hypoersthesia Lessened sensibility

to touch.

Hypnodontics Hypoersthesia

Hypochondrium

287

Hypofunction Decreased function.Hypogammaglobulinemia Decrea-

sed gammaglobulin concentrationin blood leading to frequentinfections; can be congenital oracquired (AIDS).

Hypogastrium Region below theumbilicus, between the right andleft inguinal regions.

Hypogeusia Blunting of tastesensation.

Hypoglossal Situated below thetongue.

Hypoglossal nerve 12th cranialnerve originating in medulla andsupplying intrinsic and extrinsicmuscles of tongue.

Hypoglottis Under surface of tongue.Hypoglycemia Decreased blood

glucose below 50 mg% mani-festing as tremor, sweating, weak-ness, etc.

Hypoglycemic agents Sulphonylurea compounds causing a dec-rease in blood sugar.

Hypoglycemic shock Shock pro-duced by hypoglycemia induced byinsulin injection to treatschizophrenia.

Hypokalemia Decreased bloodpotassium (< 3 mEq/l) manifestingwith weakness, paralysis andhypotension.

Hypokinesia Decreased motoractivity.

Hypolipidemic Reducing lipidconcentration.

Hypomagnessemia Decreasedplasma magnesium with neuro-muscular excitability.

Hypomelanosis Decreased melaninin epidermis, e.g. vitiligo, burn.

Hypomenorrhea Decreased men-strual flow.

Hypomorph Individual with dis-proportionately short legs.

Hyponatremia Decreased bloodsodium concentration (é mEq/L).

Hypoparathyroidism Insufficientparathormone production withhypocalcemia and tetany.

Hypopharynx Lowermost portion ofpharynx leading to esophagus andlarynx.

Hypophonia Weak voice.Hypophoria Tendency of one visual

axis to fall below the other.Hypophosphatasia Decreased

alkaline phosphatase in serum,usually an inherited metabolicdisease manifesting with rickets,osteomalacia, poor dentition etc.

Hypophosphatemia Decreasedplasma phosphate concentration.

Hypophyseal Pertains to hypophysisor pituitary.

Hypophysectomy Excision ofhypophysis.

Hypophysis The pituitary glandoccupying sella turcica.

Hypophysitis Inflammation ofpituitary body.

Hypopituitarism Diminishedpituitary hormone secretionsecondary to pituitary destructionby tumor, infarction, compressionresulting in secondary dysfunctionof thyroid, adrenal, testis/ovaryand growth disturbance in children.

Hypoproteinemia Decreased plas-ma protein.

Hypofunction Hypoproteinemia

288

Hypopyon Pus in anterior chamberusually secondary to corneal ulcer.

Hypospadias Abnormal urethralopening, either in the under surfaceof glans, penile shaft or in perineum.

Hypostasis Diminished blood flowor circulation.

Hyposthenia Weakness, subnormalstrength.

Hyposthenuria Secretion of lowspecific gravity urine.

Hyposthesia Lessened sensibility totouch.

Hypotension Abnormally low bloodpressure.

Hypothalamus The portion ofdiencephalon comprising theventral wall of third ventricle andadjacent structures responsible forregulation of body temperature,sugar and fat metabolism, andsecretion of releasing andinhibiting hormones. It is theprincipal center for integration ofsympathetic and parasympatheticactivities.

Hypothenar The fleshy prominenceat the base of little finger alonginnerside of palm.

Hypopyon Hypothenar

Hypospadias

289

Hypothermia Subnormal (below96°F) body temperature, inducedfor open heart surgery and neuro-logical procedures.

Hypothesis An assumption notproved by experiment or obser-vation.

Hypothrombinemia Deficiency ofthrombin in blood.

Hypothyroidism Deficiency ofthyroid hormones causing thickcoarse hair, dry thick inelastic skin,hoarse voice, obesity, depressedmuscular activity, slow pulse andhypercholesterolemia. Mentalretardation and growth failuremay occur in children (cretinism).

Hypotonia Loss of muscle or arterialtone.

Hypotrichosis Sparse hair.Hypotrophy Degeneration and

atrophy of tissues.Hypotympanum The part of middle

ear below the level of tympanicmembrane.

Hypoventilation Reduced rate anddepth of breathing.

Hypovitaminosis Condition arisingfrom lack of vitamins.

Hypovolemia Diminished circu-lating blood volume.

Hypoxanthine A purine derivativeformed during protein decom-position to form urea and uric acid.

Hypoxemia Insufficient oxygencontent of blood,

Hypoxia Decreased O2 concen-tration in inspired air.

Hypsarrhythmia An abnormal EEGpattern in which there is persistent

generalized slowing and very highvoltage discharge; characteristic ofinfantile epilepsy.

Hypsiloid U or Y shaped.Hypsiloid ligament Iliofemoral

ligament.Hypsokinesis Tendency to fall

backwards when standing as seenin Parkinson’s disease.

Hypsophobia Fear of being at greatheights.

Hysterectomy Surgical removal ofuterus either by abdominal orvaginal route. It can be subtotal,total or radical. In radical hyste-rectomy (Wertheim’s operation)uterus, tubes, ovaries, adjacentlymph nodes and part of vagina areremoved; usually done in stage Iand II cancer cervix.

Hysteresis Failure of the mani-festation of an effect to keep up withits cause.

Hysteria A conversion disorder inwhich patient transforms long-standing mental conflict intosomatic symptoms. There is noorganic disease to account for thesymptoms. Patient is amnesic forthe period of illness as the primaryconsciousness reasserts itself.

Hysteric chorea A form of hysteriawith choreiform movements.

Hysterography Recording of fre-quency and intensity of uterinecontractions.

Hysterogram X-ray of uterus.Hysteroid Resembling hysteria.Hysteromania Nymphomania.Hysterometry Measurement of size

of uterus.

Hypothermia Hysterometry

290

Hysteromyemectomy Excision ofuterine fibroid.

Hystero-oophorectomy Excision ofuterus and ovaries.

Hysteropia Hysteric visual defect.Hysterorrhexis Rupture of pregnant

uterus.Hysterosalpingectomy Excision of

uterus and tubes.Hysterosalpingography X-ray

visualization of uterus and thetubes by introduction of contrastmedia.

Hysterosalpingostomy Anasto-mosis of uterus with the remain-ing healthy portion of fallopiantube after excision of diseased part.

Hysteroscope Instrument forexamination of inside of uterus.

Hysterotomy Incision of uterus as inevacuation of mole, dead fetus orcesarian section.

Hysterotrachelectomy Amputationof uterine cervix.

Hysterotrachelorrhaphy Repair oftorn cervix.

Hysteromyemectomy Hysterotrachelorrhaphy

IIatrogenic Adverse body effect

induced by drug, procedure or thedoctor.

Ibuprofen A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent.

Ice bag A water tight bag to hold icefor cold sponging over bruised orsprained area.

Ice Solid form of water at tempe-rature of 0°C or below.

Ichnogram A footprint taken whilestanding.

Ichor Fetid discharge from an ulcer.Ichthammol A reddish brown

viscous fluid acting as an anti-septic, often used in eardressing andskin applications.

Ichthyosis Condition in which skinis dry, scaly resembling fish skin.Ichthyosis vulgaris is hereditary.

Ichthyotoxin Any toxin present infish.

Ictal Pertains to acute attack ofepilepsy or stroke.

Icteric Pertains to jaundice.Icteroid Resembling jaundice.Icterus Yellow pigmentation of

sclera, mucous membrane and skindue to excess bile sails in blood.

Id. In psychiatry one of the threedivisions of psyche, the other twobeing ego and super ego. The id isthe obscure, inaccessible part of ourpersonality that serves as arepository of instinctual drivescontinually striving for expres-sion.

Idea A mental image, concept.i. compulsive A persistent ob-

sessional thought.i. dominant Idea that controls one’s

thought and action.i. fixed Idea dominating one’s mind

and not amenable to changeirrespective of evidence to contrary.

i. of reference An impression that theconversations or actions of othershave reference to oneself.

Ideal A goal regarded as a standardof perfection.

Ideation The process of thinking orformation of ideas. It is quick inmania but slow in depression, anddementias.

Identical Exactly alike.Identification 1. The process of

determining the sameness of a thingor person with that described orknown to exist. 2. A defensemechanism operating un-consciously, by which a personpatterns himself after some otherperson. This plays a major role inpersonality development

Ichthyosis

292

i. dental The use of dental charts,radiographs or records to establisha person’s identity.

i. palm and soles Prints of palm andsole used for one’s identification.

Identity The physical and mentalcharacteristic by which an indi-vidual is known and recognized.

Ideology A philosophy, the scienceof ideas and thoughts.

Ideomotor Muscular automaticmovement regulated by a domi-nant idea.

Idiocy Severe mental deficiency dueto defective mental development,the cause of which may be genetic,vascular or birth asphyxia.

Idioglossia Inability to articulateproperly so that the language is notcomprehensible.

Idiogram Graphic representation ofchromosome karyotype.

Idiolalia Speaking in an unknownself invented language.

Idiomuscular Muscle contractionindependent of nerve control.

Idiopathic A disease without recog-nizable cause.

Idiopathic pulmonary Fibrosis Aform of interstitial lung diseasewith diffuse fibrosis and rapiddeterioration.

Idiophrenic Pertaining to or origi-nating in the mind alone.

Idiosyncrasy A peculiar or indi-vidual reaction to an idea, action,drug, food or some other substance.Special characteristic by which oneperson differs from another orreacts differently from another.

Idiot Person with severe mentaldeficiency.

Idiotropic In psychology turninginward mentally and emotionally,i.e., introvert who is stisfied withhis own emotions and is content tolive apart from social contacts.

Idiotype In immunology, the speci-fic Fab region of the immuno-globulin to which the specificantigen binds.

Idioventricular A heart rhythmarising from conduction tissue orventricular muscle without anyinfluence from sinus node.

Idoxuridine Antiviral agent; used forherpes1 infection of eye in the formof ointment 2%.

IgA Principally present in exocrinesecretions like milk, saliva, intes-tinal secretions and tear. Hence itprotects against mucosal invasionby pathogenic organism. IgE issecreted by mast cells and isresponsible for allergy, asthma,eczema, etc. IgG is the principalimmunoglobulin and is the majorantibody against bacteria, virusesand fungi, IgM is formed duringearly period of antigenicstimulation or infection.

Ileal bypass: A method of treatingobesity whereby absorption ofnutrients from intestine is de-creased from anastomosis of oneportion of upper small intestine toanother portion down below.

Ileal conduit Method of diverting theurinary flow by transplanting theureters into an isolated segment ofileum opening into the abdominalwall.

lleitis Inflammation of ileum.

Identification, dental lleitis

293

i. regional A nonspecific chronicgranulomatous lesion involvingterminal ileum giving rise to pain,weight loss, intestinal obstructionand often fistula formation.

Ileocecal valve A muscular ring atthe terminal ileum that regulatespassage of food from small intes-tine to large intestine and preventsreentry of food back into smallintestine.

Ileocecostomy Surgical formationof an opening between ileum andcecum.

Ileocolostomy Anastomosisbetween the ileum and colon.

Ileoileostomy Surgical formation ofan opening between two parts ofileum.

Ileorrhaphy Surgical repairof ileum.Ileostomy Surgical opening of ileum

through external abdominal wall.Ileum Lower 3/5 of small intestine

from jejunum to ileocecal valve.Average length 15-31 feet.

Ileus A form of intestinal obstruc-tion due to intestinal muscleparalysis, spasm or obstruction inintestinal lumen, e.g. meconiumileus of newborn.

Iliac crest Upper free margin of hipbone or ileum.

Iliac fascia Transversalis fascia overthe anterior surface of iliopsoasmuscle.

Iliac region Inguinal region on eitherside of hypogastrium.

Iliac spine One of the four spines ofilium namely the anterior andposterior inferior spines, and the

anterior and posterior superiorspines.

Iliotibial band A thick wide fasciallayer from the iliac crest to kneejoint.

Ilizarov method A method of bonelengthening by distraction up to1 mm/day by cutting through outerlayer but not marrow.

Illness Sickness, ailment.Illumination Lighting up of a part for

examination or of an object undermicroscope.

i. darkfield A method used to observespirochetes or colloid particles inwhich the central or axial light raysare stopped and the object isilluminated by light rays comingfrom sides.

Illusion Inaccurate perception,misinterpretation of sensory im-pressions; when an illusionbecomes fixed, it is called delusion.

Image A mental picture representingreal object or the picture of an objectproduced by lens or mirror.

i. body The concept an individual hasof his or her physical self.

i. double Occurs in squint where thevisual axis of eye are not identical.

lleitis, regional Image, double

Ilizarov's method

294

i. latent In radiology, the image onan exposed film that is invisiblebecause it has not been developed.

i. radiographic An image formed ona fluorescent screen or photo-graphic film by X-ray.

i real Image formed by convergenceof rays of light from the object.

Image intensifier Device thatincreases brightness of an imageand permits discrimination ofmuch smaller objects in the image.

Imagery The calling up of events ormental pictures pertaining tosound, smell, taste, etc.

Imagination Formation of mentalimages of things, persons orsituations.

Imaging Production of image of anobject by X-ray, ultrasound, mag-netic resonance, etc.

Imbalance Loss of balance usuallybetween opposing body forces.

i. autonomic Sympathetic para-sympathetic imbalance.

i. vasomotor Excessive vasoconstric-tion or dilatation.

Imbecile Severe mental deficiency.Imbed In histology, to surround with

a firm substance such as paraffinor colloidium.

Imbibition The absorption of fluidby a solid.

Imbricated Overlapping as tiles.Imidazole An organic compound

with heterocyclic ring as in hista-mine and histidine.

Imipenem An antibiotic, betalac-tamase resistant.

Imipramine A tricyclic antide-pressant, also used in migraine andenuresis.

Immature Not fully developed ormature.

Immediate Without delay.Immedicable Incurable.Immersion foot A form of cold

injury due to dampness and cold.Immersion Placing body or object

under water or fluid; in microscopythe act of immersing the objective(lens) in oil.

Immiscible Which cannot be mixed,e.g. oil and water.

Immobilization To make a part orlimb immovable by splint, trac-tion, plaster cast.

Immune Protected from or resistantto disease due to development ofantibodies.

Immune reaction Reaction of hostcells to antigenic stimulation.

Immune response The response ofbody to substances that are foreignor are interpreted as foreign.Immune response can be cellmediated, humoral or nonspecific.

Immunifacient Making immune.Immunity State of being protected

against disease either by previousinfection or by vaccine.

i. acquired Immunity due to active orpassive immunization.

i. cell mediated The T cells interact withantigen with a delayed response asseen in graft rejection or infectionwith tuberculosis, leprosy.

i. natural Immunity conferred bynatural inherent factors like race,species.

i. passive Immunity due to trans-placental transfer of maternalantibodies, antibodies secreted inmilk or injection of hyperimmunespecific sera.

Image, latent Immunity , passive

295

Immunization The process ofrendering a person immune byactive (toxoid, inactivated, killedorganisms) or passive process.

Immunoassay Assay of concen-tration of a substance by using thereaction of an antigen with speci-fic antibody.

Immunobiology Study of immunephenomena in biological systems.

Immunochemistry The chemistry ofantigen, antibodies and theirrelation to each other.

Immunocompetence Being capableof developing antibody responsestimulated by an antigen.

Immunocompromised Unable tohave adequate immunologicalresponse because of genetic defectof T and B cells, immunosuppressivedrugs or AIDS virus infection.

Immunodiagnosis Use of specificimmune response in diagnosingmedical conditions.

Immunodiffusion A test method inwhich antigen and antibody are

placed in a gel where they diffusetowards each other and when theymeet a precipitate is formed.

Immunoelectrophoresis A methodof investigating the amount andcharacter of antibodies andimmuno proteins present in bodyfluids.

Immunofluorescence The use offluorescein stained or fluoresceinlabeled antibodies to locate antigenin tissues. The sample is examinedin fluorescent microscope.

Immunogen A substance that stimu-lates formation of antibody.

Immunogenetics The study ofgenetics by use of immuneresponses.

Immunogenic Capable of inducingimmunity.

Immunogenicity The capability tostimulate antibody formation.

Immunoglobulin Proteins capable ofacting with antigens; can be IgG,IgA, IgM, IgD and IgM.

Immunization Immunoglobulin

Immunoglobulins

296

Immunology Study of immunity todisease.

Immunopathology Study of tissuealterations resulting from immuneor allergic reactions.

Immunoselection Selective survivalof cell populations due to theirhaving least amount of cell surfaceantigenicity.

Immunostimulant Agent capable ofstimulating antibody production.

Immunosuppressant Agent suppres-sing body immune response,usually employed in treatment ofautoimmune diseases.

Immunosurveillance The immunesystem’s recognition and destructionof newly developed abnormal cellsarising from mutations. This processeliminates some cancer cells.

Immunotherapy Modalities toenhance immunity.

Impaction Condition of being tightlywedged into a part e.g., toothimpaction, impaction of feces inbowel.

Impairment Any loss or abnormalityof psychological, physiological oranatomical structure or function.

Impalpable Not perceptible to touch.Impedance Resistance met by

alternating current while passingthrough a conductor.

i. acoustic Resistance to the passageof sound waves.

Imperative Obligatory, involuntary.Imperception Lack of perception,

inability to form a mental picture.Imperforate Without an opening. In

imperforate hymen the menstrual

blood accumulates behind to causehematocolpos. In imperforate anusthe infant has absoluteconstipation.

Impervious Difficult to be penetrated.

Impetigo Inflammatory skin diseasemarked by formation of pustuleswhich rupture with crustformation, may occur in crops, arecontagious.

i. herpetiformis A rare pustulareruption of unknown etiology thatoccurs especially duringpregnancy and in association withhypocalcemia.

Implant To graft, to insert.i. dental Prosthetic device; endos-

seous, subperiosteal, mucosal orendodontic.

Implosion A violent collapse inward;opp., (explosion).

Impotency Inability of male toachieve erection, can be anatomic(defect in the genitalia), atonic(paralysis of nervi erigentis),functional or vasculogenic.

Impotent Inability to copulate andprocreate.

Immunology Impotent

Impetigo

297Implant Implant

Implant

298

Impregnate Saturate, to makepregnant

Impression A hollow or depressionon surface; effect produced uponmind by external stimuli, theimprint of dental arch.

Impression material Materialsappropriate for dental impressionwork, like plaster of Paris, zincoxide paste, reversible colloids.

Impression tray A tray to carryimpression material to mouth andhold it in opposition to jaw/teeth.

Impulse An incitement of mind; inphysiology passage of stimu-lating/inhibitory wave acrossmuscle or nerve.

Impulsion Idea to do something orcommit some act suddenly imposedupon the subject that tortures himuntil the accomplishment of that act.

Inaction Decrease response or failureof response to a stimulus.

Inactivate To make inactive or tocause loss of activity.

Inadequacy Insufficiency, incom-petence.

Inanimate Dull, lifeless.Inanition Physical debility due to

lack of food.Inapparent Not noticeable.Inarticulate Without joints, unable

to express oneself intelligibly.Inassimilable Not capable of being

utilized by body.Incarcerated Confined, constricted,

constriction as in hernia.Incarceration Legal confinement.Incarnatio To grow in (e.g.—toe

nails); the process of being conver-ted to flesh.

Inception The beginning, ingestion,intussusception.

Incest Coitus between close relatives.Incidence The frequency of occur-

rence of any event or condition overa period of time in a specifiedpopulation.

Incident A happening, event oroccurrence, falling or striking rayof light

Incipient Beginning, coming intoexistence.

Incise To cut, as with a sharpinstrument.

Incisor One of the cutting teeth, thatwhich cuts.

Incisura Indentation at edge of anyat structure, e.g. stomach incisuraat distal end of lesser curvature.

Incitant The stimulus that sets off areaction, disease.

Inclination Leaning from normal orfrom a vertical as in case of tooth,vertebra or pelvis.

Inclinometer Device for measuringocular diameter from vertical andhorizontal lines.

Inclusion Being included or enclosed.Inclusion bodies Bodies present in the

nucleus of cytoplasm of certaincells, e.g. Negri bodies.

Inclusion conjunctivitis Chlamydiatrachomatis infection of the conjuc-tiva.

Incoercible Uncontrollable, not ableto be held in check.

Incoherent Not coherent or under-standable.

Incombustible Unfit for burning.Incompatible Not being in harmony.Incompetence Inadequacy in func-

tion of a part or organ or comm-

Impregnate Incompetence

299

only a valve (ileocecal, mitral,aortic, pulmonary, venous, etc.).

Incompetent One legally unable toexecute; incapable.

Incompetent palatal syndromeDistortion of speech (whinolalia)due to ineffective function of softpalate.

Incontinence Inability to retain urine,feces because of sphincter laxity.

Incontinence stress (urinary) Leak-ing of urine during coughing,sneezing, laughing, lifting, etc.

Incoordination Inability to produceharmonious, rhythmic muscularmovement.

Incorporation Combining twosubstances to produce a homo-geneous mass.

Increment Something added orgained; an addition in number, sizeor extent.

Incrustation Formation of crusts orscabs.

Incubation Interval between ex-posure to an infection andappearance of first symptoms; inbacteriology period of culture.

Incubator 1. Enclosed crib in whichtemperature and humidity arecontrolled for nursing prematurebabies 2. Apparatus for main-taining bacterial culture.

Incus The middle of the three osciclesin middle ear.

Indacrinon Uricosuric diuretic.Indecision Inability to make up one’s

mind.

Incompetent Indecision

Incubation

300

Indentation A depression or hollow.Index case In hereditary disease, the

initial patient whose condition ledto investigation of the disease.

Index The forefinger, the ratio of themeasurement of a given substancewith that of a fixed standard.

i. cardiac Cardiac output expressedas liters/min divided by bodysurface area in m2.

i. cephalic Skull breadth to lengthmultiplied by 100.

i. cerebral Ratio of greatest transverseto anteroposterior diameter ofskull.

i. pelvic Ratio of pelvic conjugate andtransverse diameters.

i. phagocytic Average bacteriaingested per phagocyte.

i. therapeutic The maximum tole-rable dose of a drug divided byminimum curable dose.

i. thoracic Ratio of thoracic APdiameter to transverse diameter.

i. vital Ratio of number of births tonumber of deaths in a givenpopulation over a stated period oftime.

Indican Potassium salt of indoxy-sulfate found in sweat and urineduring conversion of tryptophan toindole by action of intestinal flora.

Indicant Some sign or symptom thatpoints to presence of disease.

Indicator In chemical analysis, asubstance that can be used todetermine pH.

Indifferent Not responsive tonormal stimuli, apathetic, neutral.

Indigenous Native to a country orregion.

Indigestion Imperfect digestionmanifesting as nausea, vomitingheart burn, belching, etc.

Indium A rare metallic element, itsisotope 113I used in scanning.

Indocyanine green A dye used intesting hepatic and renal excretoryfunction.

Indole A solid crystalline substancefound in feces, a bacterial decom-position product of tryptophan.

Indolent Inactive, sluggish.Indolent ulcer Ulcer slow in healing.Indomethacin Antiprostaglandin

agent with anti-inflammatory,analgesic and antipyretic pro-perties.

Induction The process of facilitatinglabor with oxytoxic drugs.

Inductor Any substance that willcause cells exposed to it to differen-tiate into an organized tissue.

Induration The act of heardening.Inebriant Any intoxicant; making

drunk.Inebriation State of intoxication.Inelastic Not elastic.

Indentation Inelastic

Incus

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Inert Not active; in chemistry not ableto react with other chemicals.

Inertia 1. Sluggishness, lack ofactivity. 2. In physics tendency ofbody to remain in its state uptillacted upon by external force.

i. uterine Absence of uterine contrac-tions.

Infant From time of birth to one yearof age.

i. preterm Born prior to 37 weeks ofgestation.

i. post term Born after 42 weeks ofgestation.

i. term Born between 38-41 weeks ofgestation.

Infarct Area of necrosis consequentto cessation of blood supply.

Infarction Formation of an infarct.Infection Tissue invasion with

pathogenic agent that produceinjurious effect.

i. acute Infection appearing suddenly.i. chronic Infection having protracted

course.i. concurrent Existence of two or

more infections at the same time.i. cross Transfer of one disease from

one hospitalized patient to another.i. droplet Infection acquired through

microorganisms disbursed to airvia breath or nasobronchialsecretion.

i. pyogenic Infection by pusformingorganisms.

i. lowgrade Mild inflammationwithout pus formation.

Infectious disease Disease caused byan infecting agent, not necessarilycontagious.

Infiltration The process of passinginto or through a substance orspace.

Infinity Space, time and quantitywithout limits.

Infirmary A small hospital, a placefor care of sick.

Inflammation Tissue reaction toinjury with vasodilatation, exuda-tion, leukocyte migration followedby healing.

i. acute Rapid onset and short course.i. adhesive Inflammation with

adhesion of tissue to surroundingstructures.

i. catarrhal Inflammation of mucousmembrane with excessive mucoussecretion.

i. exudative Inflammation withextreme vasodilatation, and largeaccumulation of blood cells.

i. granulomatous Inflammation withexcessive granular tissueproduction as in tuberculosis,syphilis and systemic fungalinfections.

i. hyperplastic Inflammation withexcess production of fibrous tissueSYN— in proliferative.

i. interstitial Inflammation invol-ving supporting structures in anorgan.

i. pseudomembranous Inflammationin which necrotic tissues form apseudomembrane, e.g. diphtheria.

i. purulent Inflammation with pusformation.

i. ulcerative Inflammation with ulcerformation.

Inert Inflammation, ulcerative

302

Inflation Distention of a part by airgas or fluid.

Inflator Device used to force air intoan organ.

Inflection An inward bending;change of tone or pitch of the voice.

Influenza A viral acute contagiousupper respiratory infection.

Influenza virus vaccine Vaccinecontaining inactivated influenzavirus A and B; given every year withdifferent strains of A and B.

Infolding Process of enclosing withina fold.

Informed consent Competent andvoluntary permission for a medi-cal test, procedure or medication.

Infra-axillary Below the axilla.Infra Prefix meaning below, under,

beneath.Infra-red rays Invisible heal rays

beyond the red end of spectrum,of 7500-150, 000 AU used forlocal application of heat and painrelief.

Infracostal Below the ribs.Infracotyloid Beneath the cotyloid

cavity of the acetabulum of hip.Infraction An incomplete fracture of

bone.Infradentale The bony point

between the mandibular centralincisors.

Infradiaphragmatic Below thediaphragm.

Infraglenoid Beneath the glenoidfossa.

Infraglottic Below the glottis.Infrahyoid Below the hyoid bone.Inframammary Below the breast.Inframandibular Below the jawbone.

Infraorbital Below the orbit.Infrapsychic Below the level of

consciousness or automatic.Infrapubic Below the pubis.Infrascapular Beneath the shoulder

blade.Infraspinous Beneath the scapular

spine.Infratrochlear Beneath the trochlea.Infundibulum 1. Funnel shaped

passage or/structure. 2. Tubeconnecting the frontal sinus withmiddle nasal meatus. 3. Stalk ofpituitary gland. 4. Peritoneal endof fallopian tube. 5. Upper end ofcochlear canal.

Infusion Liquid substance introducedinto body vein.

Ingestion Intake of food or theprocess by which cells take foreignparticles.

Ingravescent Becoming more severe.Ingredient Any unit or part of a

complex compound or mixture.

Inflation Ingredient

Infusion

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Ingrowing Growing inward.Ingrown nail Growth of nail edge

deep into soft tissues causing painand inflammation.

Inguinal canal The canal 1½” long,providing passage for spermaticcord in the male and roundligament of uterus in the female. Apotential source of weakness; mayserve as site of inguinal hernia andundescended testis.

Inguinal glands Lymph nodes ofgroin draining from lower limband perineum.

Inguinal ligament SYN — Poupart’sligament. Fibrous band extendingfrom anterior superior iliac spineto pubic tubercle.

Inguinal Pertains to region of groin.Inguinal region The iliac region on

either side of pubes.Inguinal ring Interior and exterior

openings of inguinal canal, termedas internal and external inguinalrings.

Inhalation The act of drawing in thebreath, vapor or gas into the lungs.

Inhalation therapy Administrationof medicine, water vapor and gases(O2, CO2, NO2).

Inhaler Device for administeringmedicines by inhalation.

Inherent Natural SYN—innate,intrinsic.

Inheritance Something hereditary,acquired through eggs and sperms.

Inhibin A testicular hormone thatinhibits LH secretion by pituitary.

Inhibition 1. Restraint of a function.2. In physiology slowing orstopping the function of an organ.

i. competitive Inhibition by compe-ting with cell receptors.

i. psychic Arrest of an impulse,thought, action or speech.

Inhibitor That which inhibits.Inhibitrope Person in whom certain

stimuli cause partial arrest offunction.

Inhomogeneity Lack of uniformquality or consistency.

Iniencephalus Congenitally defor-med fetus in which brain substanceprotrudes through a fissure in theocciput.

Inion External occipital protru-berance.

Iniopagus Twins fused at the occi-put.

Initials Beginning or commence-ment.

Initis Inflammation of fibrous tissue.Inject To introduce.Injection Forcing a fluid into body

via vessel or skin.i. epidural Injection of anesthetic

agent into epidural space.i. hypodermic Injection of substance

beneath the skin.i. alveolar dental infiltration of

anesthetic agent.i. intra-muscular Injection directly

into muscles, e.g. thigh, deltoid,glutei.

i. intra-articular Injection into jointspace.

i. z. track An injection technique, theneedle taking a Z track to make theinjected fluid difficult to track back.

Injectors Instruments used forinjection of fluids.

Injury Damage or trauma to somebody part.

Ingrowing Injury

304

i. steering wheel Automobile acci-dents where victims lung and heartare contused by pressure of steeringwheel.

Inlay A solid filling made to theprecise shape of a cavity of a toothand cemented into it.

Innate Something natural, belongingfrom birth.

Innervation Nerve supply, distri-bution and function of nervoussystem.

i. collateral Outgrowth of nervesfrom adjacent nerves, once theoriginal nerve supply is damaged.

i. reciprocal An innervation mecha-nism by which if flexors arestimulated, the extensors areinhibited.

Innocent Harmless, benign, clini-cally unimportant.

Innocuous Harmless, benign, with-out serious effects.

Innominate artery The arteryarising on right side from aorticarch and dividing into rightsubclavian and right commoncarotid.

Innominate bone The hip bonecomposed of ilium, ischium andpubis.

Innominate Nameless.Innominate vein Formed by union

of internal jugular and subclavianveins.

Inoculate To inject microorganism,serum or toxic materials into body.

Inoculation The process of beinginoculated.

Inoculum Substance introduced byinoculation.

Inocyte Fihroblast.Inogenesis Formation of fibrous

tissue.Inoperable Unsuitable for surgery.Inopexia Tendency of blood to

coagulate spontaneously.Inorganic compound A chemical

compound without carbon.Inosemia An excessive amount of

fibrin in the blood.Inositis Inflammation of fibrous

tissue.Inositol A sugar like crystalline

substance, a part of vitamin Bcomplex group.

Inotropic Augmenting force ofmuscular contraction.

Inpatient Hospitalized patient.Inquest Investigation into circum-

stances, manner and cause of health.Insalubrious Not healthy.Insanitary Not conducive to health.Insanity Severe mental derangement.Insatiable Unable to be appeased or

satisfied.Inscription A prescription slip with

name of the drug and its doses.Insect bites and stings The venom of

stinging insect, may be more toxicthan that of poisonous snake butfortunately the quantity injected issmall.

Insecta A class of phylum Arthropodacharacterized by three distinct bodydivisions like head, thorax andabdomen, two pairs of wings andthree pairs of jointed legs.

Insecticide An agent destructive toinsects.

Injury, steering wheel Insecticide

305

Insectifuge Insect repellant.Insecurity Feeling of helplessness,

apprehension.Insemination Fertilization of ovum,

semen discharge into vagina duringcoitus.

Insenescence Process of growingold.

Insensible Without feeling orperception.

Insertion 1. Placement or implantingof some thing into another. 2. distalend of muscle attachment throughwhich it moves a part.

Insidious Used to denote the onset ofa disease so silently withoutpatient’s awareness.

Insight Self understanding; absenceof awareness.

Insipid Lacking in spirit, withouttaste.

In situ In position, localized, withoutinvasion.

Insolation Heat stroke.Insoluble Unable to be dissolved.Insomnia Lack of sleep.Inspect To examine visually.Inspection Visual examination.Inspersion Sprinkling with powder

or a fluid.Inspiration Indrawing of air into

lungs.Inspissate To thicken by evaporation

or absorption of fluid.Insterscapular reflex Scapular

muscular contraction followingpercussion between the scapula.

Instillation Slowly pouring ordropping a liquid into body cavity.

Instinct The inherited tendency for themembers of a specific species toreact to certain environmentalconditions and stimuli in a parti-cular way.

Instruction Directions or command.Instrumentation The use of instru-

ments.Insufficiency Inadequacy of function.i. adrenal Decreased adrenal func-

tion.i. aortic Imperfect closure of aortic

leaflets with back flow.i. cardiac Poor cardiac pump function.i. coronary Diminished blood flow

through coronary vessels.i. hepatic Hepatic insufficiency with

cholemia.i. mitral Inefficient mitral valve

closure with backflow of bloodinto left atrium during ventricularsystole.

i. respiratory Hypoxemia andhypercarbia due to poor pulmo-nary function.

Insufflate The act of blowing into orpumping air into a cavity/lung asin infants.

Insula Triangular area of the cere-bral cortex lying in the floor of thelateral fissure.

Insulator That which insulates.Insulin Hormone secreted by the beta

cells of islets of Langerhans ofpancreas.

i. human Synthesized by recombinantDNA technology using E. coli.

i. monocomponent Highly purifiedinsulin containing impurity 10parts per million.

Insectifuge Insulin, monocomponent

306

i. isophane (NPH) Intermediate actinginsulin with 18-28 hours of action.

Insulin lipodystrophy Atrophy orhypertrophy of skin fat at theinsulin injection site.

Insulin pump A battery driven pumpdelivering insulin subcutaneouslyinto abdominal wall according topreset program.

Insulin shock Hypoglycemic shockdue to overdose of insulin.

Insulinase An enzyme that inacti-vates insulin.

Insulinemia Excess of blood insulin.Insulinogenesis Production of

insulin by the pancreas.Insulinogenic Pertains to production

of insulin.Insulinoma Insulin producing tumor

of pancreas.Intake Things taken up like food and

liquids.Integration The bringing together of

various parts or functions forharmonious working.

Integrator Device for measuringbody surfaces.

Integument A covering, the skin.Integumentary system The skin and

its appendages.Intellect The mind, conscious brain

function.Intelligence quotient A standard score

that places an individual in referenceto the scores of others within thesame age group. This is determinedthrough the subject’s answers toarbitrary chosen questions.

Intelligence test A test designed todetermine the intelligence of anindividual.

Intelligence The ability to think, thecapacity to comprehend.

Intemporance Lack of moderation,excess in use of anything.

Intensity The degree or extent ofactivity, strength, force.

Intensive Related to or marked byintensity.

Intention Goal or purpose, a naturalprocess of healing.

i. first Healing without granulationtissue formation or suppuration.

i. second Healing by adhesion of twogranulated surfaces.

i. third Healing by granulation tissueand scar formation.

Insulinoid Resembling or havingproperties of insulin.

Intention tremor Occurrence oftremor on attempted coordinatedmovements.

Inter arytenoid Between arytenoidcartilages of larynx.

Inter prefix Means between, midst.Interradicular bone The alveolar

bone between the roots of multi-rooted teeth.

Inter radicular fibers The collagenfibers of periodontal ligament inthe interradicular area, anchoringthe tooth to alveolar bone.

Interacinar Located between acini ofglands.

Interalveolar Between alveoli of lungs.Interatrial Located between the atria.Interauricular As above.Intercadence A supernumerary pulse

wave between two regular beats.Intercalated ducts Short narrow

ducts that lie between secretory

Insulin, isophane (NPH) Intercalated ducts

307

ducts and the terminal alveoli inthe parotid and submandibularglands and in the pancreas.

Intercalated Inserted between.Intercapillary Between the capil-

laries.Intelcarpal Between the carpal bones.Intercellular Between the cells.lntercerebral Between the cerebral

hemispheres.Intercilium The space between the

eyebrows.Interclavicular Between the clavicles.Intercoccygeal Between the seg-

ments of coccyx.Intercostal Between the ribs.Intercostal muscles, external Outer

layer of muscles between the ribs,originating from the lower marginof rib and inserted to the uppermargin of next rib below; act todraw adjacent ribs togetherthereby increasing volume ofthorax.

Intercostal muscles, internal Liebeneath external intercostal andfunction in the same way.

Intercourse Sexual union; socialinteraction between individuals orgroups.

Intercurrent Intervening.Interdent A specially designed knife

used for removing interdentaltissue.

Interdentium The space betweencontiguous teeth.

Interface In computers, a device thatenables two normallynoncompatible circuits or parts tofunction together.

Interference Clashing.Interferon A protein formed by

leucocytes and plasma cells inresponse to viral or other foreignnucleic acids, used in treatment ofhepatitis B and C, hairy cellleukemia.

Intergemmal Between taste buds.Interglobular spaces Gaps in dentin

due to failure of calcification.Intergluteal Between the two

buttocks.Intergyral Between the cerebral gyri.Interictal Between the two seizure

attacks.Interlamellar Between lamellae.Interleukin A type of cytokine

essential for communicationamong leukocytes, inflammationand cell mediated immunity. 19interleukins are identified and theirfunctions defined.

Interleukin I Substance from mono-cytes and macrophages responsiblefor acute phase response.

Interleukin II A lymphokine thatstimulates growth of T-lympho-cytes, often used in treatment ofmetastatic renal cancer.

Interlobar Between two lobes.Intermalleolar Between two

malleoli.Intermammary Between two breasts.Intermarriage Marriage between

persons of two distinct popu-lations.

Intermediary metabolism Theseries of intermediate productsformed during process of digestionand excretion.

Intercalated Intermediary metabolism

308

Intermediary Situated between twobodies; occurring between twoperiods of time.

Intermediate In between.Intermedia A substance secreted by

pituitary controlling pigmentationof skin in lower animals.

Intermenstrual Between menstrualperiods.

Intermission Interval between twoparoxysm of disease.

Intermittent Coming and going.Intermittent fever Fever in which

there is complete absence ofsymptoms between paroxysms.

Intermittent positive pressurebreathing Assisted breathing inpatients of respiratory failure,myasthenia gravis.

Intermural Between the walls orsides of an organ.

Internal bleeding Hemorrhageespecially from G.I. tract.

Internal ear The cochlea, semi-circular canals, vestibule.

Internal injury Any injury not visiblefrom outside.

Internal secretion Secretion ofductless glands.

Internalization The unconsciousmental mechanism in which thevalues and standards of society andone’s parents are taken as one’s own.

Internatal Between the buttocks.International classification of

diseases A classification codedevised by WHO, helpful forinternational comparison.

International normalized ratio(INR) A system of standoardizing

prothrombin time in people on oralanticoagulants. It is derived fromcalibrations of commercialthromboplastin reagents against asensitive human brainthomboplastin. A PT ratio of 1.3.to 2 in equivalant to INR of 2-4.

International unit Internationallyaccepted amount of a substanceslike vitamins, hormones, vaccines,etc.

Interneuron A neuron situated inbetween neurons.

Internist Physician specializing ininternal medicine.

Internuncial Acting as a connectingmedium.

Interocclusal Between the occlusalsurfaces or cusps of opposite teeth.

Interoceptive Sensations arisingwithin body itself, not those arisingfrom outside the body.

Interoceptor A receptor activated bystimuli within the body.

Interoinferior Inward and down-ward position.

Interparietal Between the parietalbones; between the parietal lobesof cerebrum, between walls.

Interpersonal Concerning therelations and interactions betweenpersons.

Interphase The resting stage of a cellbetween divisions.

Interpolation 1. In surgery transferof tissue from one site to another. 2.In statistics the calculation of anintermediate value from theobserved values.

Interposition The state of beinginterposed or inserted between.

Intermediary Interposition

309

Interpretation Analysis, signifi-cance.

Interradicular Between the roots ofteeth.

Intersection Site where one structurecrosses another or joins similarstructure.

Intersex A person having both maleand female sex characteristics butgenetically either male or female.

Interspace Space between twosimilar parts.

Interspinal Between the two spinousprocesses of the spine.

Interstitial cells of testes Cells ofLeydig in seminiferous tubulesproducing testosterone.

Interstitial cystitis Idiopathicinflammation of bladder.

Interstitial fluid Fluid thatsurrounds cells.

Interstitial lung disease A largegroup of diseases, chronic noninfectious in nature that hamperoxygen transfer from alveoli to thecapillaries.

Interstitial tissue Intercellularconnective tissue.

Interstitium Space or gap in astructure or an organ.

Intertransverse Joining the trans-verse processes of vertebrae.

Intertriginous Having similaritywith intertrigo.

Intertrigo Superficial dermatitis ofthe skin folds.

Intertrochanteric Between greaterand lesser trachanter of femur.

Intertrochanteric line Ridge betweengreater and lesser trochanter offemur.

Intervaginal Between the sheaths.Interval Space, time or period

between two objects or happenings.i. AV Interval between beginning of

atrial systole and ventricularsystole.

i. cardio arterial Time between apexbeat and radial pulse.

i. isometric Time between onset ofventricular systole and opening ofsemilunar (aortic-pulmonary)valves.

i. lucid Brief remission of symptomsin head injury and psychosis.

i. PR Period between onset of P waveand beginning of QRS complex.Normal-less than 0.2 sec.

i. QR Period between onset of Q waveand peak of R wave.

i. QRS—QRS duration from begin-ning of Q wave to end of S wave.Normal 0.12 sec.

i. QT Interval between beginning ofQ wave and end of T wave.

Intervention Taking appropriateaction.

Intervertebral disc A broad and flatdisk of fibrocartilage between thebodies of vertebra.

Intervillous Between the villi.Intestinal bypass Surgical short

circuiting of small intestine toproduce controlled malabsorptionto treat massive obesity.

Intestinal flora Bacteria present inintestine that synthesize vitamins.

Intestinal gas H2, methane, CO2, H2Sand methyl mercaptan produced inGI tract during digestive process.

Intestinal juice Secretion of smallintestine containing a number of

Interpretation Intestinal juice

310

enzymes like maltase, lipase,peptidase, sucrase, etc.

Intestinal obstruction Blockage ofintestinal lumen due to stricture,worms, fibrous band, foreignbody, stone, fecolith, etc. producingabsolute constipation, abdominaldistention, dehydration and pain.

Intestinal perforation Soiling ofperitoneal cavity with intestinalcontent; commonly a complicationof enteric fever, tuberculosis orprolonged intestinal obstruction.

Intestinal putrefaction The putre-fying effect of intestinal bacteriaproducing indole, skatole, para-cresol, phenol, phenylpropionicacid, phenyl acetic acid, and gases.

Intestinal reflex Intestinal contrac-tion and relaxation above theportion of bowel that is stimulated.

Intestinal tubes Plastic or rubbertubes placed in intestinal tractthrough nose or mouth to suck gas,fluids or solids.

Intestine The alimentary canalextending from pylorus to anus.The small intestine is 7 meter longand the large intestine 1.5 meter.Cecum is the beginning of largeintestine and appendix (3-4" long)is attached to it. The duodenum is8-10" long; jejunum 9 feet and ileum14 feet. In the wall of the smallintestine are Brunners glands,crypts of Lieberkuhn and Peyers’spatches.

Intolerance Unable to bear pain,effects of a drug or other substance.

Intorsion Rotation of eye inward.

Intoxication State of being intoxi-cated with alcohol, drugs, chemi-cals.

Intra aortic balloon counterpulsationPlacement of an inflatable balloonin aortic root to lower/decreasesystolic work of LV and to promotecoronary blood flow; useful intreating shock. The balloon isinflated with helium during diastoleand deflated during systole.

Intra-atrial Within the atrium.Intracardiac Within the heart.Intracath A device for facilitating

for introduction of IV catheter. Aneedle is ensheathed by a catheterand once introduced into vein theneedle is withdrawn and catheterremain in place.

Intracisternal Within cistern ofbrain.

Intracranial Within brain.Intradural Enclosed by dura mater.Intragastric balloon Placement of

inflatable balloon in stomach totreat obesity.

Intrahepatic Within liver.Intralocular Within the cavity of any

structure.Intraluminal Within the lumen.Intramedullary Within the medulla

oblongata of brain; within bonemarrow; within the spinal cordsubstance.

Intramural Within the walls of ahollow organ or cavity.

Intraocular Within the eye.Intraoral Within the mouth.Intrapartum Occurring during child

birth.

Intestinal obstruction Intrapartum

311

Intraperitoneal Inside the peritonealcavity.

Intrauterine contraceptive deviceCopper or other metallic deviceplaced within uterus to preventconception.

Intrauterine Within the uterus.Intravasation Entry into blood

vessels.Intravenous infusion Injection of

colloid or crystalloid solutions intoa vein to treat hypovolemia, ormaintenance.

Intravenous infusion pump A deviceto provide constant but adjustablerate of flow of IV solutions.

Intravenous Into a vein.Intravesical Within urinary bladder.Intravitreous Within the vitreous of

eye.Intrinsic Belonging to or embedded

in, essential nature of a thing.Intrinsic factor Substance present in

the gastric juice that facilitatesabsorption of vit B12.

Intrinsic muscles Muscles havingtheir origin and insertion entirelywithin a structure, e.g. intrinsicmuscles of eye, tongue and larynx.

Introducer Device for controlling,directing and placing intubationtube within trachea, blood vesselsor heart.

Introitus Entrance into a canal orcavity.

Introjection In psychoanalysis,identification of self with another,the victim assuming the supposedfeelings of the other personality.

Intromission An insertion or plac-ing of one part into another.

Introns The noncoding regionbetween the coding regions (exons)of the DNA in gene.

Introspection Looking within one’smind.

Introversion Preoccupation withone’s self; turning inside out of apart.

Introvert A personality charac-terized by withdrawal fromreality, fantasy formation, as inschizophrenia.

Intubation To insert a tube, e.g. intolarynx.

Intuition Knowing somethingspontaneously in advance.

Intumescence Swelling up or enlarg-ing.

Intussusception Invagination;slipping of one part of intestine intoanother part below.

Intussusceptum The inner segmentof intestine in intussuception.

Intussuscipiens That portion ofintestine that receives the intus-susceptum.

Inuction Ointment rubbed into skinfor medicinal effect.

Inulase Enzyme that converts inulinto levulose.

Inulin A polysaccharide found inplants yielding levulose on hydro-lysis. Used in study of renalfunction (GFR).

Invaginate To insert one part of astructure within a part of samestructure; to ensheath.

Invalid A sick person confined to bedor wheel chair.

Invasion Entrance of microorga-nisms into body and their distri-bution into tissues.

Intraperitoneal Invasion

312

Invasive procedure Procedure inwhich the body cavity is enteredthat could interfere with bodilyfunction.

Invasive Tending to spread, e.g.malignant growth.

Invermination Worm infestation.Inverse square law Law stating that

the intensity of radiation or lightat any distance is inverselyproportional to the square of thedistance between the irradiatedsurface and a point source.

Inversion Reversal of normalrelationship; turning inside out.

i. uterine Uterus is turned inside outwith internal surface protruding atvagina, a serious complication ofplacental delivery and causes ofpostpartum bleeding.

Invert sugar A mixture of levuloseand dextrose, formed by inversionof sucrose by the enzyme invertase.

Invertase A sugar-splitting enzymefound in GI tract.

Invertebrate Those species withouta backbone.

Investment A covering or sheath.Inveterate Chronic, firmly seated

habit.In vitro Outside the living body, e.g.

tests done in laboratory involvingisolated tissue or cell preparation.

In vivo Within the living body ororganism.

Involucrum The covering of newlyformed bone enveloping thesequestrum in infected bone.

Involuntary Independent, notdepending upon volition.

Involution Turning inward, reduc-tion in size of uterus followingdelivery, the retrogressive changein vital processes after theirfunctions have been fulfilled.

Involutional melancholia Depres-sion visiting men and womenbetween 50-65 years and 40-55years of age.

Iodameba A genus of ameba seen inGI tract.

Iodide A compound of iodine, e.g., potiodide.

Iodine A nonmetallic halogen givingviolet vapour on melting. Totalbody content is 50 mg, one third ofit being present in thyroid. Dailyrequirement is 100-150 µg.

i. protein bound That iodine boundto plasma protein.

i. radioactive Isotopes of iodine 131Ior 125I, used for thyroid uptakestudies, hepatic studies or intreatment of hyperthyroidism andthyroid cancer.

Iodine tincture Preparation of iodinein alcohol and water.

Iodipamide meglumine Agent usedfor gallbladder X-ray.

Iodism Condition resulting fromexcess and prolonged use of iodine.

Iodized salt Salt containing 100 mgof sodium or potassium iodide pergram.

Iododerma Dermatitis due to iodine.Iodoform A compound formed by

action of iodine on acetone in thepresence of an alkali. Used topi-cally for mild antibacterial action.

Invasive procedure Iodoform

313

Iodohippurate sodium A radioactive dye used in renal studies.

Iodophilia Unusual pronouncedaffinity of polymorphs for iodinein some infections and anemia.

Iodophor Iodine in a solubilizingagent, e.g. povidone iodine.

Iodoquinol Antiamebic agent, cancause subacute myelo-optic neuro-pathy.

Ion A particle carrying an electriccharge. Ions carrying positivecharge aggregate near cathode andthose with negative charge nearanode.

Ion exchange resins Resins that bindto some ions, e.g. cholestyramine.

Ionium A natural radioactive ion ofthorium.

Ionization Dissociation of acids,bases and salts into their constituentions.

Ionometer A device to measureamount of radiation and intensityof rays.

Iontophoresis Introduction ofvarious ions into the skin by meansof electricity.

Iopanoic acid Radiopaque dye usedfor gallbladder studies.

Iophendylate Radiopaque dye usedin myelography.

Iothalamate meglumine Radio-opaque material for angiography.

Ipatropium bromide An anti-cholinergic given by inhalation inbronchial asthma.

Ipecac Dried roots of plant ipeca-cuanha, source of emetine.

Ipodate calcium Radioopaquematerial for X-ray studies of gall-bladder.

Iproniazid Antitubercular drugs.Ipsilateral On the same side.Iridalgia Pain in the iris.Iridauxesis Increase in thickness of

iris as in glaucoma.Iridectome Instrument for cutting

iris in iridectomy.Iridectomy Surgical removal of a

portion of iris as in glaucoma,corneal scar.

Iridemia Bleeding from iris.Irideremia Partial or total conge-

nital absence of iris.Irides Pleural of iris.Iridesis Formation of an iris arti-

ficially.Iridium A white hard metallic

element.Iridoavulsion Tearing away of iris.Iridocapsulitis Inflammation of iris

and capsule of lens.Iridocoloboma Congenital defect or

fissure in iris.Iridocele Protrusion of a portion of

iris through a defect in cornea.Iridocyclectomy Surgical removal of

iris and ciliary body.Iridodesis Ligature of part of the iris

to from an artificial one. SYN —iridesis.

Iridodialysis Separation of outermargin of iris from its ciliaryattachment.

Iridodonesis Tremulousness of irisseen in aphakic eye or subluxatedlens.

Iridokinesis Contraction and ex-pansion movement of iris.

Iridoplegia Paralysis of iris.Iridoptosis Prolapse of iris.Iridorrhexis Rupture of or tearing of

the iris from its attachment.

Iodohippurate sodium Iridorrhexis

314

Iridoschisis Splitting of stroma ofiris with disintegration.

Iridotasis Stretching of the iris in thetreatment of glaucoma.

Iridotomy Incision of iris for mak-ing a new aperture.

Iridotomy Incision of iris.Iris The organ between lens and

cornea.i. bombe Bulging of iris forwards

with annular posterior synechia.Irish moss A genus of seaweeds.Irisopsia Visual defect in which

coloured circles are seen aroundlights

Iritis Inflammation, of the iris, withphotophobia, lacrimation, irre-gular pupil, dull-muddy lookingiris.

i. plastic Iritis with fibrinousexudate.

Iron A metallic element existing asFerrous (Fe++) and Ferric (Fe+++)forms, essential part of hemo-globin and myoglobin. Adultrequirement of iron is 0.5- 1 mg perday; manganese, copper and cobaltare necessary for properutilization of iron.

Iron-dextran Injectable form of iron.Iron storage disease Hemochro-

matosis.Irradiation Therapeutic application

of X-ray, radium as in malignancy.Irrational Contrary to what is

reasonable or logical.Irreducible Not capable of being

reduced or made smaller.Irrelevance Unrelated to, in appro-

priate.

Iridoschisis Isoagglutination

Irreversible Impossible to reverse.Irrigation Cleansing with fluids.Irrigator (Device used to flush or

irrigate.Irritability Excitability; impatience.Irritations Reaction to what is

irritating.Ischemia Lack of blood supply.Ischiocavernosus An erectile muscle

extending from ischium to penis orclitoris.

Ischiococcygeus Coccygeus muscleforming posterior portion oflevator ani.

Ischiorectal abscess Collection ofpus in ischiorectal fossa.Ischiorectal fossa Para rectal fat

filled fossa bounded laterally byobturator internus and ischialtuberosity, posteriorly by gluteusmaximus and medially by levatorani.

Island A structure detached fromsurrounding structures or a tiny,isolated mass of one kind of cellswithin another type.

i. of Calleja Groups of densely packedsmall cells in the cortex of gyrushippocampus.

i. of Reil The insula, in the floor ofsylvian fissure.

i’s of Langerhans Clusters of cells inpancreas containing the alpha, betaand delta cells. The alpha cells aredominant and produce insulin.

Ismelin Guanethidine sulphate.Isoagglutination Agglutination of

red blood cells by agglutinin fromblood of another person.

315

Isoagglutinin Antibody in the serumthat agglutinates RBC of samespecies.

Isoantigen A substance present incertain individuals that stimulatesproduction of antibody in othermembers SYN—alloantigen.

Isobucaine hydrochloride A localanesthetic agent.

Isochromatic Having the same color.Isochromosomes A chromosome

with arms that are morpho-logically; identical and contain thesame genetic loci.

Isochronal Taking place at regularintervals or in uniform time.

Isochronia The correspondence ofevents with respect to time, rate orfrequency.

Isocoria Equality in size of bothpupils.

Isocytosis Cells of equal size.Isodontic Having teeth of equal size.Isoelectric Having equal electric

potentials.Isoelectric period The time or point

when no electric energy is pro-duced.

Isoenzyme A form of an enzyme.Isoetharine hydrochloride A

sympathomimetic agent, used asbronchodilator.

Isoflurophate An anticholinesteragedrug used to treat glaucoma andatony of intestinal and vesicalsmooth muscles.

Isogamete A cell which on fusionwith a similar cell reproduces.

Isogamy Reproduction resultingfrom conjugation of isogametes oridentical cells.

Isohemaglutin Blood group antibodynormally present in blood thatcauses clumping of incompatibleblood.

Isoimmunization Immunization ofan individual against the blood ofanother individual of same species.

Isolation Limitation of movementand social contact of patientssuffering from or a known carrierof communicable disease.

Isoleucine An essential amino acid.Isomer Substances having same

molecular formula but differentchemical and physical properties,e.g., dextrose is an isomer oflevulose.

Isomerase Any enzyme that cata-lyzes isomerization of its substrate.

Isomerism Compounds with equalnumber of atoms but with differentatomic arrangements.

Isomerization Conversion of asubstance to its isomer.

Isometric contraction Contractionwithout change in muscle lengthi.e., tension development withoutany mechanical work.

Isoniazid Antitubercular agent,bacteriocidal, can cause peripheralneuritis.

Isophoria Equal tension of verticalmuscles of each eye with visuallines in the same horizontal plane.

Isopropamide Iodide A syntheticantimuscarinic drug with actionssimilar to belladona.

Isopropyl alcohol C3H8O, an alco-hol used in medical preparationsfor external use, antifreeze, cosme-tics, and as a solvent.

Isoagglutinin Isopropyl alcohol

316

Isoproterenol A sympathomimetic,used in bronchial asthma.

Iso osmotic Having the same totalconcentration of osmotically activemolecules.

Isosexual Concerning or charac-teristic of same sex.

Isosorbide dinitrate Antianginaldrug.

Isospora A genus of sporozoa e.g., I-hominis, a nonpathogenic proto-zoa inhabiting small intestine.

Isosthenuria Passage of urine havingconstant specific gravity; a sign ofadvanced renal disease.

Isotherapy Treatment of a disease bythe same causative agent.

Isotonic Having same osmoticpressure.

Isotonic exercise Contraction of amuscle during which the force ofresistance to the movement re-mains constant throughout therange of motion.

Isotonic solution A solution withosmotic pressure same as that ofanother solution with which it iscompared.

Isotope Elements with nearlyidentical chemical properties butdifferent atomic weights andelectric charges.

Isotretionin A retinoid used in acne.Isotropic Possessing similar quali-

ties in every direction; havingequal refraction.

Isoxsuprine hydrochloride A vaso-dilator and smooth muscle relaxant.

Issue Offspring.Isthmoplegia Paralysis of fauces.Isthmus A narrow passage connec-

ting two cavities, a narrow struc-ture connecting two larger parts, aconstriction between two largerparts.

Isuprel hydrochloride Isoproterenolhydrochloride.

Itch Irritation of skin inducing desireto scratch.

i. barbar’s Fungus infection of beardarea.

i. dhobi Fungus infection of groin andperineum.

i. ground Itching in feet due topenetration by hookworm larva.

i. swimmer’s Dermatitis due toswimming in water containinglarvae form of schistosomes.

Itraconazole Antifungal agent.IVY method A method for estimation

of bleeding timeIvy poisoning Poison ivy dermatitis.Ixodes A genus of ticks.

Isoproterenol Ixodes

JJacket A bandage usually applied to

the trunk to immobilize the spineor correct deformities.

j. procelain Crown restoration withprocelain.

j. sayre’s Plaster of Paris jacket tosupport spinal deformity.

Jackscrew A threaded screw used forexpanding the dental arch.

Jacksonian epilepsy Focal epilepsywith spasm confined to a group ofmuscles.

Jacobson Danish anatomist.j’s cartilage Cartilage lying along

anterior inferior border of nasalseptum.

j’s nerve tympanic nerve.Jacquemier’s sign Blue or purple

color of vagina in early pregnancy.Jactitation Restless to and fro

movement of body.Jaegers test types A reading test type

for near vision.Jamais vu Feeling of being placed in

a strange environment orunfamiliarity; a feature of tempo-ral lobe epilepsy.

Jame’s fiber Preexcitation of ventri-cles by fibers connecting atria toventricle or distal. His bundle,bypassing AV node.

Janeway lesion Small painless redblue macular lesions in palms andsoles in bacterial endocarditis.

Jargon Speech or writting thatincludes unfamiliar terms orabbreviations.

Jarvi’s snare Snare for removinggrowth in nasal cavity.

Jaundice Yellow coloration of skin,conjuctiva and mucous memb-ranes due to hyperbilirubinemia.

j. acholuric Jaundice with clear urinei.e., unconjugated hyper-bilirubinemia of hemolysis.

j. cholestatic Conjugated hyper-bilirubinemia due to stasis of bileexcretion, either intrahepatic orextrahepatic.

j. hemolytic Jaundice due to hemo-lysis.

j. hepatocellular Jaundice due tohepatitis.

j. obstructive Conjugated hyper-bilirubinemia with itching due tobile duct stricture, compression orluminal obstruction.

Jaw Maxilla and mandible bearingteeth and forming the frameworkof mouth.

j. cleft Lack of fusion of the right andleft mandible into a single bone.

j. crackling Noise of normal ordiseased temperomandibular jointduring movement of jaw.

j. dislocation The jaw is pusheddownward and forward, occur-ring due to trauma, followingyawning, hearty laugh or chewinglarge chunks of food.

j. winking Voluntary movement oflower face causing unilateral

Jaundice

318

contraction of orbicularis oculi,seen during the process of recoveryfrom Bell’s palsy.

Jejunitis Inflammation of jejunum.Jejunocolostomy Anastomosis of

colon with jejunum.Jejunoileitis Inflammation of

jejunum and ileum as in Crohn’sdisease.

Jejunorrhaphy Surgical repair ofjejunum.

Jejunum The second portion of smallintestine next to duodenum, about8 feet in length, making about 2/5of small intestine.

Jelly A thick semisolid gelatinoussubstance.

j. wharton’s Soft gelatinous connec-tive tissue that constitutes thematrix of umbilical cord.

Jendrassik’s maneuver Facilitationof deep tendon reflexes of lowerextremity by hooking the fingersof both hands by the patient andtrying to pull them apart.

Jenner Edward British physicianwho invented cowpox vaccine forimmunization against smallpox.

Jenner’s stain Eosin methylene bluestain.

Jerk Sudden muscular movement,often as a reflex from tapping ofthe tendon.

j. ankle Contraction of soleus-gastrocnemius by tapping tendo-Achilles.

j. biceps Contraction of bicepsfollowing tapping of biceps tendonat elbow.

j. jerk Taping of mandible when jawis half open. Vigorous mouth

closure indicates bilateral supra-nuclear cerebral lesions.

j. knee Striking the patellar tendoncauses contraction of quadricepswith extension of knee.

Joffroy’s sign Absence of facialmuscle contraction when eyes turnupward in exophthalmic goiter

Jogger’s heel Irritation of fibrofattytissue of heel in joggers.

Joint An articulation, between twobones. Joints are grouped accordingto motion: ball and socket(enarthrosis), hinge (ginglymus);condyloid, pivot (trochoid), gliding(arthrodial) and saddle joint. Jointscan move in four ways: 1. gliding,in which one bony surface glides onanother without angular orrotatory movement. 2. angular3. circumduction and 4. rotation.Angular movement when occursforwards or backwards is calledflexion and extension and awayfrom the body abduction andtowards median plain of bodyadduction.

j. amphidiarthrodial Joint that isboth ginglymoid and arthrodial.

j. ball and socket Rounded end of onebone fits into cavity of another.

j. Charcot’s Denervated joint withincreased range of movement as insyringomyelia and tabes dorsalis.

j. condyloid Joint permitting allforms of angular movementsexcept axial rotation.

j. hinge Joint having only forwardand backward motion.

j. pivot Joint permitting rotation.

Jejunitis Joint, pivot

319Shoulder joints Shoulder joints

Shoulder Joints

320

j. saddle Joint in which the opposingsurfaces are reciprocally concavo-convex.

Joint capsule The sac like coveringenclosing the articulating ends ofbones in a diarthrodial joint. Itconsists of an outer fibrous layerand inner synovial layer.

Jones criteria USA physician whodevised the major and minorcriteria for diagnosis of acute;rheumatic fever. The major criteriainclude: 1. fleeting polyarthritis 2.chorea, 3. erythema marginatum,and 4. subcutaneous nodules.

Joule Work done in one second bycurrent of one ampere against aresistance of one ohm.

Jugular Pertains to throat.Jugular foramen Opening formed

by jugular notches of the occipitaland temporal bones.

Jugular ganglion Nodes of vagus rootand glossopharyngeal nerve injugular foramen.

Jugular process Projection ofoccipital bone towards the tem-poral bone.

Jugular vein 1. External lies super-ficial to sternocleido mastoid andjoins subclavian vein. 2. Internal isdirect continuation of transversesinus and joins subclavian vein toform innominate vein. The vein ismore prominent duringexpiration. The height of pulsating

Elbow Joints

Joint, saddle Jugular vein

321

blood column in internal jugulargives an indication of right atrialpressure.

Jugum Ridge or furrow connectingtwo points.

Junction The place of union of twoparts.

j. cementodentinal Interface of dentinand cementum.

j. cementoenamel The boundary linebetween crown and root of tooth.

j. dento-gingival The interface andzone of attachment betweengingiva and enamel of tooth.

j. mucocutaneous Junction betweenthe skin and mucous membrane.

j. mucogingival A scalloped indis-tinct boundary between coral colorgingiva and more vascular oralmucosa.

j. myoneural SYN — motor end plate;where nerve ending meets the muscle.

j. sclerocorneal Outer scleral sulcuswhere sclera ends and cornea begins.

j. squamocolumnar Line in the cervixwhere vaginal squamousepithelium meets the columnar

epithelium of endocervix, the sitefor malignancy of cervix.

Jurisprudence The scientific studyor application of the principles oflaw and justice.

j. medical The application of theprinciples of law as they relate tothe practice of medicine.

Jury mast Apparatus for support ofhead in diseases of spine.

Juster’s reflex linger extensioninstead of flexion when palm of thehand is irritated.

Juvenile Youth or childhood.Juxta Close proximity.Juxta-articular Situated close to a jointJuxtaglomerular apparatus The

myoepithelioid cell structurecuffing affarent renal arterioleconcerned with production of renin.

Juxtaglomerular cells Myoepithe-lioid cells resembling those ofcarotid body in juxtaglomerularapparatus.

Juxtangina Inflamed condition ofpharyngeal muscles.

Juxtaposition Positioned side by side.

Jugum Juxtaposition

Juxta Glomerular Apparatus

KKader’s operation Surgical forma-

tion of gastric fistula with thefeeding tube inserted through avalve like flap.

Kakidrosis Unpleasant odor of thesweat.

Kakosmia Perception of bad odorthat does not exist.

Kakotrophy Malnutrition.Kala-azar Protozoal tropical disease

caused by Leishmania donovanimanifesting with fever, lympha-denopathy and hepatospleno-megaly with darkening of skin.

Kalimeter Device for determiningalkalinity of a substance.

Kalium A mineral (potassium).Kaliuresis Excretion of potassium

in urine.Kallikrein An enzyme, when

activated is a potent vasodilator.Kanamycin Aminoglycoside anti-

biotic, used in tuberculosis.Kanner syndrome Infantile autism.Kaolin Clay powder containing

hydrated aluminium silicate usedas adsorbent in diarrhea.

Kaolinosis Pneumoconiosis causedby inhalation of kaolin particles.

Kaposi Hungarian physician.Kaposi’s disease Xeroderma pig-

mentosum.Kaposi sarcoma AIDs associated

sarcoma of skin.Kaposi’s varicelliform eruption

Herpes or vaccinia infection inpresence of pre-existing eczema.

Karaya gum Plant product, used asadhesive and bulk laxative.

Karman catheter Catheter used inperforming suction curretage ofuterus.

Kartagener’s syndrome Hereditarysyndrome consisting ofbronchiectasis, sinusitis andtransposition of viscera.

Karyoclasis Fragmentation of cellnucleus.

Karyocyte Nucleated red blood cell,normoblast.

Karyogamy Union of nuclei in cellconjugation.

Karyolysis Destruction of cellnucleus.

Karyopyknosis Shrinkage of nucleusof a cell with condensation ofchromatin.

Karyorrhexis Fragmentation ofchromatin in nuclear lysis.

Karyosome Irregular clumps of non-dividing chromatin in cell nucleus.

Karyotype A photomicrograph of asingle cell in the metaphase

Karyotype of Human Chromosomes

323

to.show chromosomes in descen-ding order of size.

Kasabach Merrit syndrome Capil-lary hemangioma associated withthrombocytopenic purpura.

Kata (Cata) Prefix meaning down,wrongly, back, against.

Kawasaki disease Mucocutaneouslymph node syndrome; children arethe prime victims and run a risk ofcoronary arteritis with infarction.

Kayser Fleischer ring The green-ring around the cornea due todeposition of copper in descmet’smembrane in Wilson’s disease.

Kegel exercise An exercise forstrengthening the pubococcygeallevator ani muscles in control ofurinary and fecal incontinence.

Keinbock’s disease Osteochondrosisof lunate bone of wrist

Keith-Wagener-Barker classifi-cation A classification of hyper-tensive changes of retina. Grade I—moderate narrowing of retinalarterioles, Grade II—retinalhemorrhages, Grade III—cottonwool exudates, and Grade IV—papilledema.

Kell blood group One of the humanblood groups, composed of threeforms of antigens.

Keloid Hypertrophied, raised, firm,thick scar following trauma orsurgical incision.

Kelvin scale Temperature scale inwhich absolute zero is equal tominus 273° on Celsius scale.

Kemadrin Procyclidine hydro-chloride, used in Parkinsonism foranticholinergic effect.

Kenalog Triamcinolone hydro-chloride.

Kenny treatment Physical therapyfor treating poliomyelitis consis-ting of application of hot moistpacks, early muscle education.

Kenophobia Fear of empty spaces.Kent’s bundle Accessory conduction

pathway joining atria withventricles as in WPW syndrome.

Kerasin A cerebroside.Keratectomy Excision of a portion

of cornea.Keratin A tough protein substance

in hair, nail, horny tissue, producedby keratinocytes.

Keratinization The process ofkeratin formation within keratino-cytes and its progress upwardthrough the layers of epidermis tothe surface stratum corneum.

Keratinocyte Cell synthesizingkeratin.

Keratitic precipitates Inflam-matory cells in anterior chamberthat stick to inner endothelialsurface of cornea.

Keratitis Inflammation of cornea.k. band White or grey band exten-

ding across cornea.

Kasabach Merrit syndrome Keratitis, band

Keloid

324

k. bullosa Formation of large tenseblebs on cornea as in trachoma.

k. deep Interstitial keratitis.k. dendritic Superficial branching

corneal ulcer.k. disciformis Gray disc shaped

opacity in the middle of cornea.k. fascicular Corneal ulcer resulting

from phlyctenules that spreadfrom limbus to center of corneawith blood vessels.

k. interstitial Deep non suppurativekeratitis with vascularizationoccurring in syphilis.

k. phlyctenular Circumscribedinflammation of conjuctiva andcornea with accumulation oflymphoid cells, the phlyctenules.

k. sclerosing Triangular opacity inthe deeper layers of cornea asso-ciated with scleritis.

k. superficial punctate Small grayspots in superficial layers of corneabeneath Bowman’s membrane inviral keratitis.

k. xerotic Softening, desiccation andulceration of cornea withavitaminosis A.

Keratoacanthoma A papular kera-tin filled lesion resembling squa-mous cell carcinoma but subsidingspontaneously.

Keratocele Herniation or pro-trusion of Descemet’s membranethrough a weakened or absentcorneal stroma as a result ofcorneal ulcer or corneal trauma.

Keratoconjuctivitis Inflammation ofcornea and conjuctiva.

k. epidemic viral, self limited buthighly infectious keratoconjuc-tivitis.

k. flash Ultraviolet irradiationinduced as in welders and moun-taineers.

k. sicca Dryness of conjuctiva withhyperemia and thickened cornealepithelium, occurring in arthro-pathies.

Keratoconus Conical protrusion ofcenter of cornea without inflam-mation.

Keratoderma blenorrhagica Promi-nent hyperkeratotic scaling lesionsof palms, soles associated withReiter’s syndrome.

Keratitis, bullosa Keratoderma blenorrhagica

Keratoconus

325

Keratodermia Hypertrophy ofstratum corneum of palms andsoles of feet.

Keratoma A callosity, a hornygrowth.

Keratomalacia Softening of corneaas in childhood vit A deficiency.

Keratometer An instrument formeasuring curvature of cornea.

Keratometry Measurements ofcornea.

Keratomileusis Plastic surgery ofcornea in which a portion of corneais removed, frozen, its curvature isreshaped and then reattached in itsplace.

Keratomycosis Fungus growth incornea.

Keratonosis Any non inflammatorydisease or deformity of horny layerof skin.

Keratonyxis Surgical puncture ofcornea.

Keratopathy band Calcium depositin superficial layer of cornea andBowman’s capsule, occurring inhypercalcemia or chronicintraocular inflammation.

Keratoplasty Plastic surgery ofcornea.

k. optic Replacement of corneal scarwith healthy donor corneal tissue.

k. refractive Treatment of myopiaor hypermetropia by reshapingcorneal curvature either by multi-ple incision or as in keratomileusis.

k. tectonic Use of corneal tissue toreplace that lost due to trauma.

Keratoprotein The protein of hair,nail and epidermis.

Keratorrhexis Rupture of cornea.

Keratoscope Instrument for exami-nation of cornea.

Keratosis Any condition of skinwith excessive horny growth.

k. actinic A horny keratotic premalignant lesion due to prolongedexposure to sunlight.

k. climactericum Circumscribedhyperkeratosis of palms and solesin post menopausal women.

k. follicularis SYN—Darier’s disease,characterized by verrucouspapular growths that colaesce intoplaques affecting face, neck, axillaeand scalp.

k. pharyngis Horny projections fromtonsils and adjacent lymphoid tissue.

k. pilaris Chronic inflammation ofunknown etiology involving hairfollicle.

k. punctata Discrete horny projec-tions from sweat pores of palmsand soles.

k. senilis Dry harsh skin of aged.Keratotome A knife for corneal

incision.Keratotomy Incision of cornea.k. radial Very shallow, bloodless,

hairline incisions are made in outerportion of cornea thereby allowingit to flatten; a treatment modalityfor axial myopia upto 5 diopters.

Keraunophobia Morbid fear ofthundering and lightening.

Kerion A lesion secondary to tineacapitis.

Kerley lines Thickening of interalveolar septa due to pulmonaryedema. See — lines kerley.

Kernicterus Bilirubin infiltration ofbasal ganglia and other areas of

Keratodermia Kernicterus

326

brain and spinal cord occurring inerythroblastosis fetalis ofnewborns when unconjugatedhyperbilirubinemia touches25 mg% or above.

Kernig’s sign Reflex spasm and painin hamstrings when attempting toextend the knee after flexion of hip;a sign of meningitis.

Kerosene A flammable liquid fueldistilled from petroleum. Fumes ofit can cause pneumonitis.

Ketamine A nonbarbiturate anal-gesic-hypnotic substance used IM/IV.

Ketanserine 5 HT antagonist.Keto acid Any organic acid contain-

ing ketone (CO) radical.Ketoacidosis Acidosis due to excess

of ketone bodies.Ketoacid uria Presence of ketoacids

in urine.

Ketoconazole Systemic antifungalagent.

Ketogenosis Production of ketones.Ketogenic diet Diet insufficient in

calories to produce mild ketosishelpful in some cases of childhoodepilepsy.

Ketohexose A nonsaccharide con-sisting of a six carbon chain andcontaining a ketone group inaddition to alcohol group (e.g.fructose)

Ketolysis The dissolution of keto-nes.

Ketone A substance containingcarbonyl group (C = O) attached totwo carbon atoms, e.g. acetone. Theketones are end-products of fatmetabolism.

Ketone bodies A group of com-pounds produced during oxidationof fatty acids and include acetone,

Kernig’s sign Ketone bodies

Kernig's Sign

327

beta hydroxy butyric acid andacetoacetic acid.

Ketonemia Presence of ketone bodiesin blood in excess quantity.

Ketone threshold Level of ketones inblood above which they appear inurine.

Ketonuria Presence of ketone bodiesin urine.

Ketorolac Non opioid analgesic.Ketose A carbohydrate containing

the ketones.Ketosis The accumulation in the

body of the ketones causingacidosis commonly occurring instarvation, high fat diet, pregnancy,uncontrolled diabetes mellitus,following ether anesthesia. Theyimpart a fruity odor to the breath.

17 ketosteroid One of a group ofneutral steroids having a ketone

group in 17th position, principallyproduced by adrenal cortex andgonads. They are androsterone,d e h y d r o i s o a n d r o s t e r o n e ,corticosterone, compound E, 11hydroxy isoandrosterone.

Ketoprofen NSAID group of drug.Kidney Paired retroperitoneal

structures, one on each side of spinalcolumn, wt - 4-6 oz, size 4" long, 2-3" broad. The kidneys in thenewborn are about 3 times as largein proportion to body weight as inthe adult. The outer cortex containsthe glomeruli, 1 million in number.The inner medulla contains thepyramids 8-18 in number made upof collecting tubules being pene-trated by cortical substance. Knownas columns of Bellini; kidneys areinstrumental to the formation of

Ketonemia Kidney

Kidney

328

urine which in 95% water and 5%solids, (urea, uric acid, cretinine,hippuric acid, sodium and potas-sium); conversion of vit D intoactive form and secretion of renninand erythropoitin.

k. artificial Haemodialysis device thatremoves wastes like that of kidney.

k. contracted The small kidneyscharacteristic of chronic glo-merulonephritis or interstitialnephritis.

k. fatty Kidney with fatty infiltrationcausing degeneration of renalsubstance.

k. flee bitten Arteriosclerotic kidney.k. floating Displaceable and mova-

ble kidney due to weak fasciasupport.

k. granular Kidney of chronicnephritis where it is small, and offibrous hard granular texture.

k. horseshoe Congenital malfor-mation where the upper or lowerpoles of both kidneys united by afibrous isthmus.

k. polycystic Kidney with multiplecysts, congenital in origin, can beadult onset type or infantile type.

k. sacculated A condition in whichrenal parenchyma is absorbedleaving behind the distended capsule.

k. sponge Multiple small cysts in therenal parenchyma.

k. wandering Hypermobile kidney.Kidney failure Diminished function

of the kidneys. This may be acuteand temporary or may progress tocomplete loss of renal function.

Kidney stone Calculus present inrenal parenchyma, calyx or renalpelvis, composed principally ofcalcium, urate, oxalate, phosphatesand carbonates, ranging from smallgranular masses to 5 cm or more indiameter. Most common in patientsof hyperparathyroidism, oxaluria,gout and chronic pyelonephritis.

Kidney, artifticial Kidney stone

Polycystic Kidney Kidney Stone

329

Kiesselbachs plexus A rich networkof capillaries on the anteroinferiorpart of nasal septum; the mostcommon site of bleeding in epistaxis.

Kilocycle One thousand cycles as inelectricity.

Kilogram One thousand gram.Kilohertz One thousand cycles as in

electricity.Kilometer 1000 meters, 3281 feet or

0.61 mile.Kilowatt A unit of electrical energy

equivalent to 1000 watts.Kimmelsteil Wilson syndrome 1

Nodular glomerulosclerosis inlongstanding diabetes mellituswith hypertension, edema, retinallesions, and proteinuria.

Kinanesthesia Inability to perceiveextent of movement or directionresulting in ataxia.

Kinase An enzyme that catalyzes thetransfer of phosphate from ATP toan acceptor.

Kinematograph Device for viewingphotographs of objects in motion.

Kineplasty A form of amputationenabling the muscles of stump toimpart motion to artificial limb.

Kinescope Device for conductingrefraction of eye.

Kinesiatrics Treatment involvingactive and passive movements.

Kinesics Systematic study of thebody and use of its static anddynamic position as a means ofcommunication.

Kinesiology The study of musclesand body movement.

Kinesthesia Ability to perceiveextent, direction and weight ofmovement.

Kinetic Pertaining to or consistingof motion.

Kinetosis Any disorder caused bymotion, such as sea sickness.

Kinin A general term for a group ofpolypeptides capable of causingsmooth muscle contraction,hypotension, hyperpermeability ofcapillaris and pain.

Kininogen Percursor of kinin.Kinky hair disease Congenital

autosomal recessive syndromeconsisting of short, sparse kinkyhair, poor physical and mentaldevelopment, associated withdegenerative changes of cerebralgray matter.

Kinomometer device for measuringdegree of motion in a joint.

Kinship The descendants from acommon ancestor.

Kiotome Device for amputation ofuvula.

Kisch’s reflex Closure of an eye fromstimulation of auditory meatus.

Kite apparatus Apparatus forreeducation of weak muscles andprevention of contractures aroundforearm, wrist and fingers.

Klebsiella Short mump gram-negative bacilli, encapsulated,nonspore forming frequentlycausing respiratory infection.

k. pneumonae A species causingpneumonia.

k. rhinoscleromatis Species causing

Kiesselbachs plexus Klebsiella, rhinoscleromatis

330

rhinoscleroma, a destructivegranuloma of nose and pharynx.

Klepto To steal.Kleptolagnia Sexual gratification

obtained from stealing.Kleptomania Impulsive stealing, the

motive not being for substantialgain, stolen without prior planningor assistance from others. Stealingprovides gratification and mentalrelaxation.

Kleptomaniac A psychopathicpersonality suffering from impul-sive stealing.

Kleptophobia Morbid fear ofstealing.

Klieg eye Conjuctivitis, lacrimationand photophobia from exposure tointense lights as used in makingtelevision, film shooting.

Klinefelter’s syndrome XXYchromosomal disorder of malemanifesting with gynecomastia,tall height, subnormal intelligence,small firm testes.

Klippel’s disease Pseudoparalysisdue to generalized arthritis.

Klippel-Feil syndrome Congenitalanomaly characterized by shortwide neck, low hair line, reductionin number of cervical vertebra oftenwith features of upper cervicalmyelopathy.

Klumpke’s paralysis Atrophicparalysis of forearm usually dueto birth trauma with stretching,avulsion of brachial plexus.

Kluver-Bucy syndrome Behavioralsyndrome usually followingbilateral temporal lobectomy,manifesting with hypersexuality,rage, memory deficit, hyper-religiosity, hyperphagia, failure ofvisual recognition etc.

Knapp’s forceps Forceps with rollerlike blades for expressingtrachomatous granulations on .thepalpebral conjuctiva.

Kneading A form of massageconsisting of grasping, wringing,lifting, rolling, pressing.

Klepto Kneading

Klinefelter's Syndrome

331

Knee Femero-tibial articulationcovered anteriorly with patella.

k. Brodie’s A chronic fungoidsynovitis of knee joint in whichaffected parts become soft andpulpy.

k. internal derangement Pertains toa knee with injury to collateral/cruciate ligaments, the menisci,fracture of tibial spine.

k. housemaid Bursitis of bursaanterior to patella due to prolongedkneeling.

k. knock Outward bending of legsallowing the knees to touch eachother SYN — genu valgum.

Knee Knee jerk reflex

k. locked Inability to extend the legdue to torn semilunar cartilage.

Knee cap Patella.Knee chest position Position in

which patient is on knees withthighs straight, head and upper partof chest resting on table and armscrossed in front of head. Employedfor sigmoidoscopic examination ofcolon and rectum, repositioning ofretroverted uterus or displacedovary.

Knee jerk reflex Contraction ofquadriceps on tapping ligamentumpatellae, while the leg hangs looselywith knee at right angle. The reflex

Knee Chest Position

Knot

332

arc is via La-Li Pyramidal tractlesions exaggerate knee jerk and itis absent in lesions of peripheralnerves and anterior horn cells ofinvolved spinal segments.

Knemometry A precise method ofdetermining the length of a limb.

Knob A mass or nodule.Knot 1. In surgery, the inter-twinning

of the ends of a suture, ligature,bandage so that the ends will notslip or get loose. 2. An intertwin-ning of a cord or cord like structureto form a knob or lump.

k. false An external bulging of theumbilical cord resulting fromcoiling of umbilical blood vessels.

k. granny A double knot in which theends of cord do not lie parallel butalternate being over and under eachother.

k. Hensen’s A knob-like structure atthe anterior end of primitive streak.

k. square A double knot in whichthe ends of second knot are in thesame place as the ends of the firstknot

k. surgical A double knot in whichthe cord is passed through the firstloop twice.

k. syncytial A protruberance formedby many nuclei of thesyntrophoblast and found on thesurface of chorionic villus.

k. true A knot formed by the fetusslipping through loop of umbilicalcord.

Knuckle Prominence of the dorsalaspect of any of the phallangealjoints.

Kochers reflex Contraction ofabdominal muscles followingmoderate compression of testicle.

Koebner phenomenon Appearanceof skin lesion as a result ofnonspecific trauma.

Kohler’s disease Aseptic necrosisof navicular bone of wrist.

Koilocyte An abnormal cell ofsquamous epithelium of the cervix,a forerunner of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

Koilonychia Dystrophy of fingernails, thinning spooning as in irondeficiency anemia.

Koniology Science of dust and its effect.Koniometer Device for estimating

amount of dust in air.Koplik’s spots Small red spots with

blue white centers on the oralmucosa opposite the molars, adiagnostic sign of measles.

Korotkoff’s sounds Sounds heard inauscultation of blood pressure.

Korsakoff’s syndrome Personalitycharacterized by psychosis, poly-neuritis, disorientation, delirium,confabulation, a feature of chronicalcoholism.

Koilonychia

Knemometry Korsakoff’s syndrome

333

Krabbe’s disease Globoid cellleukodystrophy due to collection ofgalactocerebrocides in the tissues.Clinically manifesting withseizure, deafness, blindness, andmental retardation.

Kraurosis Atrophy and dryness ofskin and mucous membrane — esp.of vulva, malignant degenerationmay occur.

Krause’s glands Accessory lacrimalglands opening into fornix of eye.

Krause’s valves Fold of mucousmembrane of the lacrimal sac atthe junction of lacrimal duct.

Krause’s bulbs Encapsulated nerveendings present in skin.

Krebs’ cycle The chain reaction cycleinvolving oxidation of pyruvic acidand production of ATP.

Krukenberg’s tumor A malignanttumor of ovary, usually bilateraland frequently secondary tomalignancy of G.I. tract (throughperitoneal seedling).

Krypton A gaseous element in theatmosphere.

Kuf’s disease Adult form of cere-bral sphingo-lipidosis with demen-tia, retinitis pigmentosa, blindnessand myoclonic jerks.

Kugelberg-Welander disease Juve-nile spinal muscular atrophy.

Kummel’s disease Spondylitisfollowing compression fracture ofvertebra.

Kuffer’s cells Fixed phagocytic cellslining hepatic sinusoids.

Kuru A progressively fatal en-cephalopathy probably of slowvirus infection spreading bypractice of cannibalism.

Kussmaul’s breathing Very deep andgasping respiration in acidosis.

Kussmaul’s disease Periarteritisnodosa.

Kwashiorkor A severe proteindeficiency syndrome in childrenmanifesting with lethargy, drybrittle hair, growth failure, sub-cutaneous edema, skin changes andhepatomegaly.

Kyasanur forest disease Tick bornencephalitides of South India.

Kyllosis Club foot.

Kwashiorkor

Krabbe’s disease Kyllosis

334

Kymograph 1. A device for recor-ding movements of a stylus on amoving drum, thus helpful torecord respiratory movements,muscle contractions. 2. A radio-graphic device for recording therange of motion of involuntarymovements of the heart or dia-phragm.

Kymoscope Device for measuringvariations in blood flow andpressure.

Kynurenine An intermediatecompound in tryptophan meta-bolism.

Kyphoscoliosis Forward bending ofspine along with increased lateralcurvature.

Kyphosis Excessive curvature ofspine with convexity backwards.May be congenital or secondary tocompression fracture, malignancySYN— humpback.

Kysthitis Inflammation of vagina.

Kymograph Kysthitis

Kyphosis

LLA 50 The total body surface size of

a burn that will kill 50% of victims,used for statistical analysis ofmortality figures in burn patients.

Labeling The process or procedurefollowed in using chemical orradioactive labels as an aid inreaching a diagnosis or for experi-mental study.

Labetalol Both alpha and betablockerused in hypertension.

Labile Unstable, emotions that areeasily changeable.

Labioplasty Plastic surgery oflabium majus or minus.

Labium A lip shaped structure, afleshy margin or fold.

Labor The onset of forceful uterinecontraction to expel the fetus;divided into three phases, first:from onset of contraction till fulldilatation of cervix, second: fromfull dilatation till delivery of fetusand third: delivery of placenta.

l. arrested Failure of progression oflabor.

l. dry Premature rupture of memb-ranes with escape of liquor.

l. false Uterine contractions that donot progress.

l. induced Labor precipitated bydrugs, (oxytocics) or artificialrupture of membrane.

l. obstructed Arrest in progress oflabor due to cephalo-pelvic dis-proportion, contraction ring,abnormal fetal position etc.

l. precipitate Rapidly progressinglabor threatening fetal and mater-nal injury.

l. prolonged Extended duration oflabor as first phase exceeding 20hours in nullipara, 14 hours inmultipara or cervical dilatationless than 1.2 cm/hr in nulliparaand 1.5 cm in multipara.

Labrocyte Mast cells.Labrum Lip tike structure.l. acetabulare Triangular rim of

fibro cartilage, base of which isfixed to acetabular margin, deepe-ning its cavity.

l. glenoidale A triangular rim offibrocartilage, the base of which isfixed to circumference of glenoidcavity of scapula.

Labyrinthectomy Partial or comp-lete surgical destruction of laby-rinth as in Menier’s disease;Techniques employed includeinjection of absolute alcohol,diathermy, ultrasound, cryo-surgery or avulsion of lateralsemicircular canal/transtym-panic avulsion of utricle.

Labyrinthitis Inflammation of innerear; can be circumscribed, serousor suppurative.

Labyrinth Any thing twisted or ofspiral shape.

l. ethmoidalis Oblong mass of thinwalled air cells between twoparallel vertical plates of bone.

l. membranous A closed system ofcommunicating sacs in the inter-nal ear, containing endolymph andsurrounded by perilymph.

l. osseous The bony cavities inpetrous part of temporal bonehousing the membranous laby-

336

rinth and connected to middle earby fenestra vestibuli and fenestracochleae.

l. vestibularis The portion ofmembranous labyrinth compri-sing sacculus, utriculus and theirconnections and the three semi-circular canals.

Laceration Tearing of tissues withragged irregular margins andsurrounding contusion.

l. first degree obstetric Lacerationof perineum involving the four-chette, vaginal mucosa, and skin butnot underlying fascia and muscle.

l. second degree obstetric Involvesunderlying fascia and muscle butdoes not extend to anal sphincter.

l. third degree obstetric Lacerationextends to involve anal sphincter.

l. fourth degree obstetric Lacerationinvolves anal sphincter and rectumwith rectovaginal fistula.

Lacrimation Production of tears,weeping.

Lactalbumin Proteins in milk thatare not precipitated with ammo-nium sulfate.

B. lactamase Bacterial enzyme thathydrolyzes the B lactam bondantibiotics like penicillin andcephalosporins leading to loss ofantibiotic activity.

Lactate dehydrogenase An enzymecatalysing reaction of lactate topyruvate with liberation of NADH

Labyrinth, vestibularis Lactate dehydrogenase

Bony Labyrinth

337

and H+, helping hereby in anaerobicglycolysis. The enzyme is atetramer consisting of 2 types ofchains, the alfa is predominant inheart muscle and beta in skeletalmuscle.

Lactic acid A product of anaerobicglycolysis in muscles and by milk-souring bacteria.

Lactiferrous Capable of producing,transporting or secreting milk.

Lacto bacillus Gram-positive,anaerobic nonspore formingbacilli producing D or L lactic acidin the milk.

Lactoferrin Iron binding protein ofmilk.

Lactogen Agent stimulating lacta-tion, like prolactin; human placen-tal lactogen is a polypeptidehormone structurally related tohuman growth hormone andprolactin secreted by placenta. It isessential in maintenance of growthof fetus.

Lactoglobulin A milk protein with aconcentration of 3 gm per liter incow’s milk, second only to caseinamong milk proteins.

Lactose The principal sugar of milkhydrolyzed by B galactosidase toglucose and galactose. Thosedeficient in this enzyme havediscomfort on drinking milk.

Lactose synthetase Enzyme helpingin synthesis of lactose, found inmammary glands.

Lactosuria Presence of lactose in theurine.

Lacune A space or cavity betweencells or structures.

l. cerebral Hypertensive lipohyalu-nosis causing minor infarctionwith lacune formation withincerebral hemisphere (lacunarsyndrome).

l. Howship’s Bony pits occupied byosteoclasts.

Lag Slowness to act or react, theinterval between an expected actionor reaction and its occurrence.

l. anaphase A retarded movement ofchromosome during mitosis.

l. eyelid Failure of upper eyelid todescend promptly while lookingdown as in Graves’ disease.

l. globe While looking upward, uppereyelid pulls faster than the eyeballis raised, thus exposing the scleraabove the iris.

l. jet Altered biological rhythms likesleep, satiety, hunger, after rapidjet transport.

Lagophthalmos Inability to close theeyelids completely as in facialpalsy.

Lambda The 11th letter of Greekalphabet; the junction of sagittaland lambdoid sutures.

Lamella Thin plate, layer or sheet asof compact bone.

Lamina A plate or thin sheet ofmaterial.

l. dental A flat band of epithelial cellsthat develops in the embryos alongwhich develop the tooth germsgiving rise to primary andsecondary dentition.

l. of Rexed Lamination of cells inspinal gray matter marked 1 to 9,arranged in dorsoventral directionand lamina 10 situated centrally.

Lactic acid Lamina, of Rexed

338

l. terminally A membrane formed inthe developing embryo remainingto adulthood as a thin layer of graymatter extending from superiorsurface of optic chiasma to rostrumof corpus callosum.

Laminated Arranged in layers.Laminotomy Division or partial

removal of vertebral lamina.Lamp A device producing light

artificially.l. Eldridge Green Color vision testing

device using spectral filters.l. Finsen Carbon arc lamp utilized

for treating lupus vulgaris.l. Kromayer Mercury quartz ultra-

violet lamp for treatment of skinulcers.

l. Wood’s Lamp producing ultravioletrays at 365 nm giving charac-teristic fluorescence of some fungi.Infected hairs have bright greenfluorescence; T. versicolor has goldfluorescence.

Lancet A small surgical blade, usedfor making small drainage inci-sions.

Lancinating Sudden sharp transientpain as if tearing into pieces.

Lange’s test A gold precipitation teston CSF for diagnosis of CNS syphilis

Langhan’s layer The cytotrophoblasticlayer of chorionic villi

Languor Lack of vigor, lassitudeLanolin A waxy fatty secretion of

sebaceous glands of the sheepdeposited on wool fibers, used asan ointment base.

Lanugo The fine downy hairs devoidof medulla, covering fetus.

Laparoscope An endoscope devisedfor examination of abdomino-pelvic organs.

Laparotomy Surgical incisionabdominal wall for access toabdominal organs.

Larva Motile developing stage ofworms, maggots, cater pillars. 1.

Lamina, terminally Larva

Laparoscopy

339

fillariform: Infective larva ofnematodes.

Larva migrans Migratory phase ofthe cycle of helminth in an abnor-mal host/site with random wande-ring.

l.m cutaneous Linear eruption causedby hookworm larva.

l.m visceral Disorder of viscerallarval migration from normal i.e.,intestine to liver, heart, lungs,trachea, mouth and back to intes-tine so that the larva migrate inrandom with ultimate encapsu-lation in aberrant site.

Larvicide Medication effectiveagainst larval form.

Larvi parous Deposition of hatchedlarvae than eggs.

Laryngectomy Excision of a part ortotal larynx.

l. lateral partial Partial laryngec-tomy for small tumors localizedto membranous part of vocal cords.

Laryngismus stridulus Brief noctur-nal attack of laryngo spasm.

Laryngitis Inflammation of lining oflarynx, may be catarrhal, chronichyperplastic (often precancerous),chronic non specific, diphtheritic,membranous, (diphtheria,streptococci, pseudomonas).

Laryngocele An air containingpouch, usually bilateral in windinstrument players and glassblowers.

Laryngomalacia A flaccid 3-supraglottic larynx in babiescausing inspiratory stridor butwith spontaneous cure.

Laryngoplasty Reconstruction oflarynx to improve airway as inbilateral abductor palsy.

Laryngoscleroma Rhinoscleromawith laryngeal involvement heal-ing with scarring and distortion.

Laryngoscopy Inspection of interiorof larynx.

l. fiberoptic Indirect (mirror)laryngoscopy.

Laryngospasm Spasm of glotticsphincter produced by foreignmaterial, blood, secretion gettingaccess to laryngeal inlet.

Laryngostomy Making an openinginto subglottic larynx for relief ofupper airway obstruction.

Laryngotracheobronchitis Inflam-mation of larynx, trachea andbronchi often producing criticalrespiratory embarrassment insmall children chiefly due tosubglottic swelling and tenaceoussecretion usually of viral origin.

Laser Light amplification by stimu-lated emission of radiation.

l. carbon dioxide Used to removelesions of skin or other superficialorgans.

l. argon Its blue green light causescoagulation of bleeding sites insurgery.

l. neodymium Yag Laser used forcapsulotomy, vitrectomy.

Lasigues sign Pain that radiates toleg after hip and knee is extended –an indication of lumbar rootcompression

Latent Existing but not apparent,dormant.

Larva migrans Latent

340

Latency The period between stimu-lation application and onset ofresponse.

Lateral On the side of body.Lateralization The tendency to

perform an act predominantly onleft or right side of the body.

Lathyrism Spastic paraplegia withsensory impairment due to con-sumption of khesari dal contain-ing fungus Lathyrus sativatus.

Lauric acid A fatty acid found inneutral fat like butter.

Lavage The washing out of holloworgan, e.g. gastric, peritoneal,intestinal.

Law An accepted and tested pheno-mena.

l. Collin’s After removal of a tumorin infancy or childhood if meta-stasis or recurrence does notdevelop within period equal to ageof patient plus 9 months then riskof such development is small.

l. Courvoisier’s Obstruction ofcommon bile duct by a gallstonerarely causes dilatation of gallbladder.

l. Faget’s Lack of correlation betweenbody temperature and heart rate inyellow fever.

l. Flatav’s The longer ascending anddescending tracts of spinal cordtend to be displaced peripherallyby shorter axons arriving orterminating at that level.

l. Graham’s The rate of diffusion of agas is inversely proportional to thesquare root of its density.

l. Laplace The transmural pressurein a free sphere or cylinder isdirectly proportional to the

circumferential tension in the wall;inversely proportional to theradius.

l. Ohm’s Voltage across a resistor isequal to current x resistance.

l. Starling’s The force of contractionin cardiac muscle is equivalent tofiber length at beginning ofcontraction.

l. Teevan’s Fractures of bones occurin lines of extension and in the lineof compression.

Laxative Agent promoting orstimulating bowel movement.

LD 50 The median lethal dose of asubstance that will kill 50% ofanimals receiving that dose.

L-dopa Dihydroxy phenylalanineused in treatment of Parkinson'sdisease.

L.E. cell (Lupus erythematous cell) amature polymorph containingphagocytosed nucleus of anothercell.

Lead A toxic metallic element, toxicityoccurring from intake more than 0.5mg/day. Any level in blood isabnormal . l encephalitis occurs dueto lead ingestion causing rise in ICP,and permanent damage to CNS

Leber’s disease Congenital opticatrophy

Lecithin A fatty substance likephospholipids found in blood, bile,brain, egg yolk, nerves, and otheranimal tissues.

Legg’s disease Osteochondritis ofupper femoral epiphysis

Legionella L pneumophila, a nonmotile gram -ve rod present in airconditioning system causingpneumonia.

Latency Legionella

341

Legionnaires disease A form ofpneumonitis caused by gramnegative bacillus Legionellapneunophila

Leiomyoma A low mitotic benigntumor of smooth muscle cell. Canbe seen on skin (dermatomyoma)uterus, seminal vesicles, bloodvessels (angiomyoma).

Leiomyosarcoma Malignant tumorof smooth muscle cells.

Leishmaniasis Infectious diseasecaused by flagellate protozoanparasites and transmitted to manby sandflies.

Leishmanoid Facial cutaneous lesioncontaining leishmania.

Lemniscus A ribbon, band, bundle ofaxons.

l. lateral Longitudinal tract ofauditory system terminating ininferior colliculus and medialgeniculate body.

l. medial Myelinated tract emergingfrom nucleus gracilis and cuneatusand crossing over to opposite sidein medulla and terminating inventrobasal thalamic nucleus.

l. trigeminal A large band ofmyelinated axons originating

Legionnaires disease Lemniscus, trigeminal

Lateral Lemniscus

342

from principal trigeminal nucleusand crossing over to opposite sidein pons to join medial lemniscus.

Length:l. cranial Skull length between

glabella and inion.l. crown heel Fetal or infant length

from crown to heel.l. foot Toe to heel length for

estimation of age of fetus.l. sitting Distance between vertex

and coccyx.Lennox-Gestaut syndrome A

complex form a early childhoodepilepsy poorly controlled withdrugs

l. achromatic it corrects chromaticaberration.

l. aplanatic it corrects sphericalaberration.

l. bifocal a corrective lens havingupper and lower segment withdifferent power for distant and nearvision.

l. intraocular Artificial lens placesin lens capsule or behind the cornea

l. oilimmersion Used in microscopefor higher magnification wheresedar wood oil is used.

Lens 1. Transparent biconvex disklying between iris and vitreous. 2.A medium with retractile surfaces.

l. aniseikonic Lens that changes thesize of an image without alteringthe focal distance.

l. contact Resin lens fitting directlyon cornea.

l. iseikonic A lens that changes sizeof an object.

l. minus Lens that diverges light rays.l. photo chromatic Lens that darkens

on exposure to ultraviolet light,used in sunglasses.

l. plus Lens that converges light.Lenticular Pertaining to lens.Lentiform Shaped like a lentil or lens

of eye.Lentiginosis Presence of lentigens in

large numbers.Lentigo A small brown macule

resulting from increased numberof meianocyte at dermo-epidermaljunction, pleural-lentigines.

Lentigomelanosis Irregular brow-nish black localized pigmentationproduced by senile lentigo.

Lentiasis Bilateral symmetricalhypertrophy of bones of face andcranium of unknown cause.

Lepothrix A superficial Coryne-bacterium infection of axillary orpubic hair in which nodules formon hair.

Leproma A histiocytic cellularreaction characteristic of lepro-matous leprosy.

Leprosy Chronic mycobacterialdisease of skin and peripheralnerves caused by Mycobacteriumleprae; can be divided into border-line, borderline lepromatous,

Length Leprosy

Lens

343

lepromatous, border line tuber-culoid and tuberculoid types.

l. borderline Affects persons withmoderate degree of cell mediatedimmunity, can upgrade to tuber-culoid or downgrade to lepro-matous pole.

l. lepromatous Diffuse bilaterallysymmetrical lesions in personswith poor cell mediated immu-nity.

Bacilli are plenty and well disse-minated.

l. lucio A diffuse non-nodular variantof lepromatous leprosy.

l. tuberculoid Few hypostheticmacules, enlarged cutaneousnerves, well developed cellularimmunity and few bacteria.

Leptocyte A thinner erythrocyte,appearing hypochromic, seen iniron deficiency anemia, thalasse-mia, etc.

Leptodactyly Unusual slendernessof fingers.

Leptomeninges Pia-arachnoidmembranes together.

Leptophonia A weak thin quality ofvoice.

Leptoscope An optical instrumentused to measure thickness of a thinfilm.

Leptospira A genus of coiled ectopicspirochete.

Leptospira ictero hemorrhagica Afebrile illness caused by leptospiramanifesting with hemolysis,jaundice, anemia, bleedingtendency.

Lergotrile Ergot alkaloid.Leriche’s syndrome Atherothrombotic

occlusion of aortic bifurcation inpelvic with ischaemic pain in legs,claudication and inpotency.

Lesbian Female homosexual.Lesch-Nyhan syndrome An

inherited form of hyperuricemia inmale, mental retardation, selfmutilation, aggressive behaviourand renal failure.

Lesion A pathological alteration instructure or function of an organ.

Lethal Deadly, capable of causingdeath.

Lethargy A state of excessive fatigue,diminished physical and mentalactivity.

Letterer-Siewe disease Granulo-matous destructive disease.

Leucine An essential amino acid.Leucovorin A calcium salt of folinic

acid that counteracts toxic effectsof folic acid antagonists.

Leprosy, borderline Leucovorin

Leprosy

344

Leukapheresis Selective removal ofleukocytes by hemo-pheresis,useful in treatment of blast crisisor to obtain leukocyte donation.

Leukemia Malignant proliferation ofleukocytes and their bone marrowprecursors with organ infiltration.Principal types are: acute myeloid,acute lymphoblastic, chronicmyeloid, chronic lymphocytic. Acutemyeloid has six subtypes- M1 to M6that includes monocytic,myelomonocytic, promyelocytic anderythro-leukemia.

l. aleukemic Peripheral blood pictureis normal but there is pancytopenia.Bone marrow puncture yields theexcess blast cells.

l. basophilic Marked increase inbasophils of blood and marrow, avariant of chronic myeloidleukemia.

l. eosinophilic Peripheral eosino-philia with increased blasts inmarrow.

Leukapheresis Leukoderma

l. lymphosarcoma cell Characterizedby numerous large lymphocyteswith prominent single nucleoli, avariant of chronic lymphocyticleukemia.

Leukemid A nonspecific cutaneouslesion containing infiltration ofleukemic cells.

Leukemoid Resembling leukemiawith appearance of immatureleukocytes in peripheral blood amleukocytosis. Seen in someinfectious diseases.

Leukoblastosis Any malignantdisorder of white cells includingleukemia and lymphoma.

Leukocyte Nucleated cells of bloodand marrow excluding erythrocyteprecursors.

Leukocytoblast The earliest recog-nizable leukocyte precursor.

Leukocytoma Tumorous accumu-lation of leukocytes includingchloroma, granulocytic leukemiaand lymphoma.

Leukocytosis Increased number ofleukocytes in blood may be lym-phocytic, neutrophilic, eosino-philic. It can be seen in newborn,often physiological after exercise,terminal (before death) and toxic(severe infection).

Leukocytotaxis Migration of leuko-cytes to the site of inflammation andinjury.

Leukocytotoxin Any substance thatselectively damages leukocytes.

Leukoderma Lack of normal skinpigmentation.

Leukemia

345

Leukodystrophy Myelin degene-ration in white matter of brain andspinal cord consequent to inheriteddisorders of lipid metabolism.

Leukoencephalitis Encephalitispredominantly involving cerebralwhite matter.

Leukoencephalopathy Any diseaseof cerebral white matter; may behemorrhagic, necrotizing.

Leukoerythroblastosis Presence inthe blood of numerous normo-blasts together with precursors ofgranulocyte series.

Leukokoria White reflex of pupil asin retinopathy or any pathologicalcondition posterior to crystallinelens.

Leukoma Dense white scar of cornea.Leukopathy Punctate leukoderma.Leukopedesis Migration of lympho-

cytes through walls of bloodvessels.

Leukopenia Abnormal decreasein number of blood leukocytes,(s 4000/cmm).

Leukoplakia Epithelial hyperplasiawith keratosis of mucousmembrane appearing as whitepatch. It chiefly affects gums, lips,cheeks, tongue, larynx, urinarybladder and female genitalia.

Leukopoiesis Formation, growthand maturation of leukocytes.

Leukopsin The colorless product ofbleaching of rhodopsin.

Leukorrhea Abnormal white non-bloody discharge from vagina.

Leukotactic Capable of attractingleukocytes.

Leukotaxis Active ameboid, unidi-rectional movement of leukocytestowards an attractant.

Leukodystrophy Leukotaxis

Leukoplakia

Leukokoria

346

Leukotomy Transorbital frontallobotomy.

Leukotrienes Mediators of inflam-mation derived from arachidonicacid. Leukotriene C4 D4 E4 play rolesin anaphylaxis (slow reactingsubstance) and B4 is a chemoattractantand aggregator of neutrophils.

Leuprolide Gonadotropin releasinghormone analog for prostaticcarcinoma.

Levallorphan tartarate A narcoticantagonist for treatment of respi-ratory depression caused bynarcotics.

Levamisole The l-form tetramisole,used for treatment of roundworm,hookworm, strongyloides. Alsoused as an immunopotentiator.

Levarterenol Norepinephrine.Levator A muscle that raises up the

part into which it is inserted.Levocardia Visceral situs inversus

with a normally positioned left sided

heart. Such a heart often has aorticarch and valvular malformations.

Levodopa 3-hydroxyl-L-tyrosine,administered orally in parkin-sonism and heart failure.

Levorotatory Capable of rotating theplane of polarized light counter-clockwise.

Levorphanol Narcotic analgesicsimilar to morphine.

Levothyroxine L thyroxine; yellowcrystalline powder for oral supple-ment in hypothyroid cases.

Levoxadrol L-isomer of dioxadiol,used as local anesthetic andsmooth muscle relaxant.

Levulinic acid 4 oxopentanoic acid,source of aminolevulinic acidwhich is an intermediate inbiosynthesis of porphyrins.

Levulose Levorotatory glucose.l. forms Slowly growing spherical

cells of certain bacterial species thathave lost the rigid murien layer.

Leukotomy Levulose, forms

Leukopoiesis

347

Lewy bodies Neuronal cells withpigmented inclusion bodiesfound in substantia nigra inparkinsonism.

L forms Spontaneous variant ofbacteria with deficient cell wall.

Lhermitte's sign – sudden electricshock like pain by flexion of neck – afeature of multiple sclerosis, cervicalspondylosis and cervical cord tumor

Libido Sexual desire or appetite.Lichen A tree moss, localized

thickening, shinning itchy skin lesiondue to continuous friction or rubbing.

Licorice A flavouring agent,demulcent and mild expectorant.

Lidocaine A local anesthetic appliedas sprays, creams to skin andmucous membrane.

Lidoflazine A coronary vasodilator.Lie The relation of long axis of fetus

to that of mother; can be longi-tudinal, transverse or oblique.

Linorenal Pertaining to spleen andkidney.

Life The time span between birth anddeath.

Ligament 1. Any band of fibroustissue connecting bones. 2. Anymembranous fold sheet or cord likestructure that holds an organ inposition.

l. acromioclavicular Extends fromacromion process of scapula toclavicle.

l. alar Short rounded cords connec-ting axis to skull base SYN —odontoid ligament.

Lewy bodies Ligament, alar

Ligament

348Ligament Vocal Ligament

Vocal Ligament

Ligament

349

l. alveolodental Periodontal liga-ment.

l. apical odontoid Ligament exten-ding from apex of odontoidprocess of axis to anterior marginof foramen magnum.

l. arcuate Median and lateral, thatattach diaphragm to first lumbarvertebra and the 12th rib on eitherside.

l. arcuate median Ligament betweencrura of diaphragm.

l. broad, of uterus Fibrous sheets ofperitoneum extending from uterusto lateral pelvic wall.

l. calcaneofibular Extends fromlateral malleolus to lateral surfaceof fibula.

l. cardinal A sheet of subserous fasciaon either side of cervix.

l. Cooper’s Suspensory ligament ofbreast.

l. cricothyroid Extends from supe-rior border of cricoid to inferiorborder of thyroid cartilage.

l. cruciate of knee One anterior andone posterior crossing each otherlike x that prevent rotation in kneejoint.

l. deltoid The medial reinforcingligament of ankle.

l. falciform A sickle shaped ligamentcomposed of two layers ofperitoneum attaching liver toanterior abdominal wall.

l. fibular collateral Attached fromlateral condyle of femur to lateralside of heads of fibula.

l. fundiform of penis Fibroelastictissue adherent to linea alba and

pubic symphysis and extending todorsum of penis.

l. inguinal Rolled inferior margin ofexternal oblique aponeurosisextending from anterior superioriliac spine of ileum to pubic tubercle.SYN—Poupart’s ligament.

l. lacunar A triangular band exten-ding horizontally from the ingui-nal ligament to iliopectineal lineof pubis.

l. longitudinal anterior and poste-rior Broad, flat and strong extend-ing from anterior and posteriorsurface of vertebral bodies, from2nd vertebra to sacrum.

l. nuchal A broad triangular memb-ranous septum in the back of the neckextending from tips of cervicalspinous processes to the externaloccipital crest. The muscles of neckon either side are attached to it.

l. ovarian A cordlike bundle of fibersbetween the folds of broad-ligament joining ovary to uterus.

l. palpebral Medial short bands;connecting medial ends of tarsi tothe frontal process of maxilla.

l. pectineal A strong aponeuroticband extending from pectineal lineof pubis to the lacunar ligament.

l. round of liver Remnant of umbi-lical vein extending from umbilicusto anterior border of liver SYN —ligamentum teres hepatis.

l. round of uterus A fibromuscularcord extending from either side ofuterus to labium majus passingthrough inguinal canal.

Ligament, alveolodental Ligament, round of uterus

350

l. sacrotuberous A strong triangularligament extending from tubero-sity of ischium to the lateral part ofsacrum and coccyx and to theposterior inferior iliac spine.

l. sphenomandibular A band extend-ing from spine of sphenoid bone tothe lingula of lower jaw.

l. stylomandibular Condensed bandof cervical fascia extending fromapex of the styloid process toposterior border of angle of lowerjaw.

l. tibial collateral A broad flatmembranous band situated medi-ally and posteriorly of knee jointattached to medial condyle of femurand medial surface of tibia.

l. ulnar collateral Thick triangularband of fibers attached above tomedial epicondyle of humerus andbelow to coronoid process of ulnaand medial margin of olecranon.

l. uterosacral Fibrous band exten-ding from cervix to sides of sacrum.

l. vestibular of larynx A thin fibrousmembrane in the ventricular foldof larynx extending from thyroidcartilage to arytenoid cartilage.

l. vocal The band that extends on eitherside from thyroid cartilage to vocalprocess of arytenoid cartilage.

Ligand Any of the molecules or ions,identical or different that bind tosame central entity by multiplecoordination bonds, e.g., O2 and N2attaching to same iron moleculecontained in Hb.

Ligate To tightly tie a thread tocompress a vessel, pedicle of atumor.

Ligation The action to ligate.l. tubal Both fallopian tubes are tied

and cut or crushed for purpose ofsterilization.

Ligator Surgical instrument facili-tating ligation, superficial or deep.

Ligature A suture tied around avessel or tube in order to obliteratethe lumen. Ligature can begrassline, double, interlocking andcontinuous type.

Lingula A narrow band of whitematter in brainstem connectingnucleus gracilis to inferior cerebellarpeduncle, tongue shaped lobule ofsuperior vermix of cerebellum.

Light Electromagnetic radiation of400-700 nm.

Lightening The descent of fetus deeperinto pelvis.

Limb An arm, leg, appendageprojecting from trunk.

l. anacrotic Ascending limb ofarterial pulse wave.

l. anterior, of internal capsule Themost anterior part of internalcapsule separating head of caudatenucleus from lenticular nucleus,formed by cortico-spinal fibers.

Ligament, sacrotuberous Limb, anterior, of internal capsule

Limbic System of the Brain

351

Limbic system The parts of brainincluding hippocampus, amyg-dala, dentate-gyrus, cingulategyrus responsible for emotion,arousal, behavior and motor auto-nomic functions.

Limbus An edge, border or fringe.Limes zero The largest amount of

toxin which when mixed with onestandard unit of antitoxin andgiven to 250 gm guinea pig willproduce no reaction.

Lindane Gamma benzen hexa-chloride, used in pediculosis.

Line A connection between twopoints or a boundary between twoareas.

l. Beau’s Superficial transversedepressions in the nail platesappearing after an illness.

l. bismuth Blackline at the gingivalmargin due to action of bismuth onsulfur of, dental plaques.

l. Camper’s Line drawn from base ofanterior nasal spine to upper endof tragus of ear.

l. Chamberlain’s A line drawn inlateral X-ray of skull from poste-rior end of hardpalate to theposterior margin of foramenmagnum. In normal individual theodontoid process should not lieabove this line.

l. cleavage Fine linear clefts in theskin produced by parallel bundlesof connective tissue in the reticularlayer.

l. Kerley’s Thin linear soft tissuedensities seen in X-ray chestrepresenting thick interlobular

septa. Kerley B lines are located incostophrenic area. A lines are locatedcentrally and C lines are tiny lace likedensities in hilum. They are all seenwith interstitial pulmonary edemaand with pulmonary fibrosis.

l Meyer’s An axial line through bigtoe which when extended poste-riorly will pass through center ofheel in a normal foot.

l. Nelaton’s A line drawn fromanterior superior iliac spine toischial tuberosity, passing abovegreater trochanter of femur in anormal person.

l. pectinate An uneven horizontalline formed by the continuitybetween the anal valves and basesof rectal columns 2 cm. above theanal opening. The line representsectoentodermal junction.

l. Schoemaker’s The line joininggreater trochanter of femur andanterior superior iliac spine passesnormally above umbilicus.

l. simian A transpalmar crease morecommon to those with Down’ssyndrome.

l. white of Frankel Line of increasedradiodensity in the metaphysis atthe provisional zone ofcalcification; a sign of scurvy.

Linea Along thin mark, ridge, creaseor line.

l. alba Midline tendinous bandextending from xiphoid process tosymphysis pubis, formed byaponeurosis of external oblique,internal oblique and transversalismuscles.

Limbic system Linea, alba

352

l. nigra Pigmented linea alba ofpregnancy.

Lineage The direct descendants ofan individual.

Linear Having the properties of aline.

Lingual Tongue shaped process;l of lung separates cardiac notch

from inferior margin of left lung.l of mandible The mandibular

projection giving attachment tosphenomandibular ligment.

l of sphenoid The ridge betweenbody and ala magna of sphenoid.

Linoleic acid An essential fatty acid,precursor of prostaglandin.

Lingulectomy Surgical resection oflingula of left upper lobe.

Linguopapillitis Painful ulcersaround the papillae on the tonguemargins.

Linguoversion Malposition of toothtowards the tongue.

Liniment An oily medicinal liquidapplied to skin by friction as ancounter irritant.

Linin Fine thread like achromaticsubstance of the cell nucleus thatinterconnects the chromatingrannules.

Lining In dentistry, the coatingapplied to the walls of a toothcavity to .protect the pulp fromirritation by restorative filling e.g.,zinc oxide, eugenol, zinc phosphateand calcium hydroxide.

Linitis Inflammation of cellulartissue of stomach.

l. plastica Extensive thickening ofstomach wall due to infiltration byscirrhous carcinoma.

Linkage 1. The force that holdstogether the atoms in a chemicalcompound. 2. The relationshipexisting between two or moregenes in the same chromosome.

Linseed The oil acts as a demulcentand laxative.

Lip Any projecting labrum, fleshyparts surrounding mouth opening.

l. cleft Notch, furrow or open space inupper lip developmental in origin.

Lipase Enzyme that catalyzeshydrolysis of fat.

Lipectomy Excision of subcutaneousadipose tissue.

Lipemia Increased turbidity ofplasma due to increased lipids.

Lipid Any natural compound solublein apolar but insoluble in polarsolvents. Lipids contain fatty acids,one chain alcohols, steroids orsphyngolipids.

Lipid A The endotoxic component oflipopoly saccharide consisting ofglucosamine disaccharide.

Lipidosis Disease state with abnor-mal lipid storage by RE cells, e.g.metachromatic leukodystrophy(sulfatide); Niemann-Pick disease(sphingomyelin), gangliosidosis,cerebral lipidosis.

Lipoadenoma A tumor with mixtureof glandular and fat tissue, e.g.parathyroid adenoma.

Lipoatrophy Atrophy of subcuta-neous tissue at sites of insulininjection.

Lipoblast A polyhedral cell withsmall lipid droplets which becomesa fat cell.

Linea, nigra Lipoblast

353

Lipoblastomatosis A benign lobu-lated tumor of fetal fat cell, may belocalized or diffuse.

Lipodermatosclerosis A brawnypigmented fibrosis of the skin andsubcutaneous tissue of lower legresulting from venous stasis.

Lipodystrophy A condition due toabnormal fat metabolism.

l. acquired generalized Loss of bodyfat, accelerated linear growthhepatomegaly, nephrotic syn-drome insulin resistant hyper-glycemia hypertriglyceridemia(SYN —Laurence syndrome).

Lipofuscin A brown pigment,partially soluble in fat, occurringin nerve and muscle cells.

Lipogranuloma A granulomatousinflammation of the subcutaneousfat.

Lipogranulomatosis A rare meta-bolic disorder in which ceramidesand gangliosides accumulate as aresult of ceramidase deficiency.

Lipohyalin Lipoid material some-times seen in hyalinized beta cells

of pancreatic islets of Langerhansin diabetes.

Lipofuscin A golden brown lipidcontaining pigment representingindigestible residue of cellularlysosomal activity.

Lipoma A benign growth of matureadipose tissue cells.

l. arborescens A lipomatous trans-formation of synovium producinga villous form.

l. of corpus callosum Calcified lipomawith typical radiologicalappearance.

l. diffuse symmetrical of neck(Madelung disease) diffuse benignadipose tumor of neck.

l. lumbosacral Overlies a spinabifida.

l. spermatic cord As it extends intoscrotum, often resembles hernia.

Lipomatoid Resembling lipomaLipomatosis Presence of multiple or

diffuse lipomas.l. dolorosa Presence of multiple

painful lipomas.Lipophilic Fat soluble.

Lipoblastomatosis Lipophilic

Lipoma

354

Lipophore A pigmented cell whosecolor is caused by lipochromepigment.

Lipopolysaccharide Any substancemade up partly from lipid andpartly from polysaccharide e.g.,bacterial cell wall which is highlyantigenic.

Lipoprotein Compounds of lipid andprotein.

l. high density Contains 50% protein,25% phospholipid, 20%cholesterol, and 5% fat, originateboth in liver and intestine, functionin cholesterol transport, havelonger half life and are cardio-protective.

l. low density Contains more ofcholesterol and lipids and littletriglyceride high blood level isatherogenic.

l. very low density Density 1.006mg/ml. Contains 50% fat, 25%cholesterol and 20% phospholipid.

Lipoprotein lipase The enzyme thatcatalyzes hydrolysis of fat intofatty acids and glycerol. VLDL ishydrolyzed in this way. Theenzyme lies bound to capillarywall by glycosaminoglycan.

Liposarcoma Malignant tumor ofadipose tissue common to softtissue and retroperitoneum. It canbe well differentiated, myxoid(embryonal), round cell, pleomor-phic or mixed.

Liposis Diffuse fatty infiltration ofbody tissues. SYN— adiposis.

Liposome A small vesicular struc-ture which forms spontaneously

when phospholipids are placed inwater.

Liposuction Or suction lipotomy –where subcutaneous fat is suctionedout through cannula.

Lipoteichoic acid The teichoic acidfound in bacterial membranes.

Lipotropin Any hormone that causesrelease of fatty acids from fat.

β lipotropin A single chain poly-peptide hormone with 91 aminoacids, functions as a prohormonefor endorphins, encephalins andMSH.

γ lipotropin Single chain polypeptidehormone with 58 amino acids,physiologic property unknown.

Lipovaccine Vaccine prepared bysuspending the microorganisms invegetable oil so that absorption isdelayed.

Lipoxygenase An oxidising enzymefor linoleate group.

Lipping A bony spur.Liquefaction Becoming liquid, often

due to hydrolysis.Liquid A fluid state.Liquor The fluid secreted by choroid

plexus of ventricles, ovarian follicles.Lisch nodule Melanocytic

hamartoma from iris.Lisencephaly Failure of cerebral gyri

to develop with smooth brainsurface

Listeria Small gram-positive aero-bic rods, e.g. L. monocytogenescausing meningitis, septicemia,abscess.

Listerosis Infection with Listeriaorganisms.

Lipophore Listerosis

355

Lithagogue Agent that enhancesremoval of stone/calculus.

Lithectasy Extraction of bladderstone through previously dilatedurethra.

Lithiasis Formation of stones; renal,biliary, conjuctival.

Lithium A silvery, soft element, thecarbonate form used for manicdepressive disorder.

Lithocholic acid Bile acid, foundconjugated with taurine andglycine.

Lithogenesis Formation of calculi.Litholysis Fragmentation or disso-

lution of stones.Litholyte An instrument designed to

administer stone dissolving agentsdirectly inside bladder.

Lithopedion A retained calcifiedfetus.

Lithotomy An incision into a duct ororgan for removing stone.

Lithotony Formation of bladderfistula for stone removal.

Lithotresis Drilling holes intocalculus for its removal.

Lithotripsy Breaking up of gall/urinary stones by shock waves,delivered directly or extra corpo-really.

Lithotrite Surgical instrumentdesigned to crush or fragmentstones and help their removal.

Lithuria Passage of excess urate oruric acid in urine.

Litmus A natural pigment fromlichens whose principle is azo-litmin.It is used as pH indicator being redat pH and blue at pH 8.3.

Litter 1. A stretcher for transportingthe invalid. 2. A group of animalsproduced at one birth by a multi-parous mammal. Also calledbrood.

Livedo A discoloration, skin ery-thema that follows a reticularpattern of the cutaneous vascularnetwork.

l. reticularis Circulatory disorder ofunknown origin causing constantbluish discoloration on large areasof extremity.

Liver Largest glandular organ in thebody. Weighing 1200-1600 gm. (1/40 of body wt), located in right upperquadrant below right dome ofdiaphragm; major functions aresecretion of bile, synthesis of plasmaprotenis, fibrinogen, prothrombin;detoxification, metabolism ofcarbohydrate, fat and protein andstorage of glycogen.

l. amyloid Large pale gray waxylooking liver due to deposition ofamyloid. Amyloid deposits appear

Lithagogue Liver, amyloid

Liver

356

as an amorphous eosinophilicsubstance, in the space of Disse,between hepatocyte and sinusoidalendothelial cells.

l. cirrhotic biliary Deeply bilestained nodular liver caused byautoimmune damage to small bileducts (primary biliary cirrhosis)or obstruction to bile outflow.

l. cirrhotic Scarred nodular liver,post hepatitis, alcoholic.

l. brimstone Enlarged bright yellowliver of congenital syphilis.

l. Indian childhood cirrhosis En-larged firm liver with a leafy edge

l. fatty Yellow soft greasy liver withincreased cytoplasmic fat withinhepatocytes.

l. frosted Liver with hyaline thicke-ning of its capsule due to chronicperihepatitis.

l. nutmeg Liver affected by chronicvascular congestion as in CHF.

l. polycystic Liver with multiplecongenital cysts, often associatedwith polycystic kidney, usuallyasymptomatic.

Lividity A black and blue discolo-ration of skin such as caused bycontusion.

Lividomycin Aminoglycosideantibiotic.

Loa A genus of filarial nematodetransmitted by blood sucking flies.

Loa-loa The thread like eye worm ofAfrica causing blindness andcalabar swelling. The microfilaraewith nuclei extending right uptotail are found only during day.

Lobe 1. A fairly well defined portionof an organ or gland bounded bystructural borders such as fissures,sulci or septa-2. Projecting fibrofatty lobule of human ear. 3. One ofthe main divisions of crown,formed from distinct point ofcalcification.

l. azygos An occasional small tri-angular lobe on the mediastinalsurface at the apex of the right lung.

l. caudate A small lobe of liversituated posteriorly between theinferior venacava and fissure forligamentum venosum.

l. frontal The portion of each cerebralhemisphere bounded behind bycentral and below by lateral sulci.

l. limbic Cingulate and para-hippocampal gyri, as well asunderlying hippocampal forma-tion, and dentate gyrus, the oldestportions of cerebral cortex.

l. occipital Most posterior portionof each cerebral hemispheres,bounded anteriorly by parietooccipital sulcus and the line joiningit to the preoccipital notch.

l. olfactory A general term usuallydenoting olfactory bulb, tract,trigone plus anterior perforatedsubstance.

l. parietal Upper central portion ofeach cerebral hemispheres betweenthe frontal and occipital lobes andabove the temporal lobes, separatedfrom frontal lobe by central sulcus.

l. median of prostate The portion ofprostate between ejaculatory ductsand urethra, forming the superior

Liver, cirrhotic biliary Lobe, median of prostate

357

Lobe

Riedel's Lobe

Lobe Riedel's Lobe

358

part of posterior surface ofprostate, only becomes obviouswhen enlarged and enlargementcauses bladder neck obstruction.

l. flocculonodular Oldest division ofcerebellum made up of the midlinenodules and two stalk like flocculilocated in the poste–rior andventral surface of cerebellum. It isfunctionally related to vestibularnerve and nuclei.

l. piriform A portion of the anteriorand ventromedial face of temporallobe composed of the terminalextensions of the lateral olfactorystriae, the uncus and the anteriorpart of parahippocampal gyrus.

l. pyramidal of thyroid gland Aninconstant, narrow cone-shapedlobe of thyroid, arising from upperborder of isthmus, often attachedto hyoid bone by a fibrous band.

l. Riedel’s A tongue shaped mass oftissue often extending downwardfrom right lobe of liver.

l. quadrate A small lobe on inferiorsurface of liver-between gall-bladder and ligamentum teres.

l. temporal A long lobe on outer sideand inferolateral surface ofcerebral hemispheres boundedabove by lateral sulcus.

Lobeline Ganglionic stimulant.Lobotomy Incision of a lobe.l. prefrontal A psychosurgical

procedure with division of fibersconnecting prefrontal and frontallobes with thalamus. Also calledprefrontal leukotomy.

Lobulated Consisting of or dividedinto lobules.

Lobule A small lobe.Lobulet A very small lobule or a

section or subdivision of lobule.Lobulization The process by which

homogeneous tissue is changedinto a tabulated state.

Localization 1. Determination of siteof a morbid process. 2. Restrictionof a process to an area.

Localizer A visual training instru-ment used in the treatment ofamblyopia.

Lochia Discharge from uterusfollowing childbirth.

l. alba Light colored uterine dis-charge consisting of leukocytes.

l. rubra Bloody uterine dischargeimmediately after delivery.

Lochiometra Retention of lochia(blood and mucus) within uterus.

Lochiorrhea Excessive vaginaldischarge after child birth.

Lockjaw Trismus, a symptom oftetanus.

Locomotion Movement from placeto place.

Locomotor Relating to motion.Loculated Divided into many loculi.Loculation 1. A tissue or structure

having numerous small cavities. 2.formation of small cavities.

Loculus A small cavity.Locum tenens One who temporarily

assumes place of another.Locus A place or spot, as the specific

site occupied by a gene in thechromosome.

l. ceruleus A bluish gray area in thefloor of fourth ventricle.

l. histocompatibility One of thegenes located within major

Lobe, flocculonodular Locus, histocompatibility

359

histocompatibility complex thatspecifies transplantation antigensor immune response functions.

l. operator A regulator locus thatgoverns the transcription ofadjacent structural genes of theoperon and is the binding site of arepressor protein molecule.

Loeffler’s syndrome Disorderlasting less than a month, charac-terized by transient infiltrates inlungs, low fever and eosinophilia.

Loeffler’s disease Also calledeosinophilic endomyocardialdisease with eosinophilic coro-nary arteritis, congestive cardiacfailure, eosinophilia and multiplesystemic emboli.

Logopathy Speech disorder.Logoplegia Paralysis of speech.Logorrhea Excessive uncontrolled

speech, i.e., logomania.Loin The part of back and sides of

body between the ribs and thepelvis.

Loop A bend in a cord or cord likestructure, the arched dermal ridgesin dermatoglyphics.

l. capillary Capillaries in the dermalpapillae.

l. gamma The reflex arc involvinggamma efferent fibers arising inmuscle spindles.

l. of intestine One of several U-shapedflexures formed by jejunum andileum.

l. Lippe’s S-shaped intrauterinecontraceptive device.

l. Meyer’s The portion of geniculo-calcarine radiation that loops

around inferior horn of lateralventricle.

l. of recurrent laryngeal nerve Thearching of recurrent laryngealnerves after their origin from vagusin the chest. The left one hooks belowthe arch of aorta behind attachmentof ligamentum arterisoum and thenup the left side of trachea while theright one hooks around first part ofsubclavian artery.

Loperamide A meperidine congener,intestinal smooth muscle relaxant.

Lophophorine An extreme toxicalkaloid found in cactus.

Lophotrichous Bacteria possessingmultiple flagella at one pole only.

Lorazepam A benzodiazepineanxiolytic.

Lorbamate A cyclopropane carba-mate ester used as muscle relaxant.

Lorcainide Antiarrhythmic agent,for ventricular tachycardia.

Lordosis Abnormally increasedforward curvature of lumbarspine. Also called sway back orsaddle back.

l. compensatory Lordosis secondaryto pelvic obliquity/deformity.

Lossl. dissociated sensory Pain and

temperature severely lost withpreservation of touch as in syrin-gomyelia or central cord tumors.

l. hearing 1. Sensory neural due toageing or autoimmune 2. Conduc-tive due to disease of middle ear orexternal ear.

Lotion Medicated liquids for externalapplication or cosmetic liquid

Locus, operator Lotion

360Loudness Lumbosacral

preparations, e.g. benzyl benzoate,I. calamine, (calamine, zinc oxide,glycerin, bentonite, calciumhydroxide).

Loudness The intensity of noise orsound.

Loupe Small magnifying lens.

Louse Small flat bodied parasiticinsect, e.g., body louse, crab louse,head louse, pubic louse).

Low birth weight Birth weight lessthan 2500 gm.

Lowe’s syndrome Oculo-cere-brorenal syndrome.

Lovastatin Ester of methyl butanoicacid, given orally for increased LDLand cholesterol.

Loxapine A tricyclic anti-psychoticagent with tranquillizing pro-perties.

Loxotomy Surgical amputation bymeans of an oblique incision.

Lozenge A tablet, often diamondshaped, containing medication ina flavoured and sweetened base.

L.S. ratio Ratio of lecithin tosphingomyelin in amniotic fluid offetus; an indicator of fetal lungmaturity.

Lubb-dupp First and second heartsound auscultatory appearance.

Lubricant Agent used to reducefriction.

Lucanthone hydrochloride Anti-schistosomial drug.

Lucid Easily understood, clear, ableto think properly.

Luciferase An enzyme whichcatalyzes the transfer of an electronfrom luciferin to oxygen withemission of light, (bioluminescenceof fire flies, glow worms andbacterial fungi).

Lucifugal Avoiding light.Ludwig’s angine Suppuration in

subcutaneous tissue of upper neckbelow submandibular gland.

Luetic Syphilitic.Lugol’s solution Strong iodine

solutionLumbago Pain in lumbar region.Lumbar Pertaining to loins.Lumbarization Fusion between the

transverse processes of the lowestlumbar and adjacent sacral verte-bra.

Lumbosacral Pertaining to lumbarportion of spine and the sacrum.

Louse

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Lumbrical Resembling an earthworm, lumbrical muscles of hand.

Lumbricoid Earthworm like appea-rance.

Lumen The cavity within tubularstructure; the SI unit of luminousflux.

Luminescence Emission of infrared,visible light or ultraviolet bymatter from any cause exceptincandesence.

Luminiferous Capable of trans-mitting light.

Lumpectomy Localized excision ofbreast lump.

Lunate Moon or crescent shaped,semilunar.

Lunacy Major mental illness.Lung Paired organ of respiration in

the chest enveloped by pleura. Sub-serving the function of oxygenuptake and CO2 elimination.

l. farmer’s Extrinsic allergic alveo-litis occurring in farmers due toinhalation of moldy hay mani-festing with cough, dyspnea andfever. Repeated exposures lead topulmonary fibrosis.

l. honey comb Small multiple areasof radiolucency with interveningborders of soft tissue density as seenin interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.

l. post perfusion A condition ofatelectasis, pulmonary arterio-venous shunting and consolidationfollowing cardiopulmonarybypass.

l. uremic Pulmonary edema withbutterfly appearance of lung in X-ray due to circulatory overload anduremic dysfunction of LV.

Lupoma A small granulomatousnodule characteristic of lupusvulgaris.

Lupus Resembling wolf.l. discoid A disease confined to skin,

marked by scaly rash usually inbutterfly pattern over nose andcheeks, sometimes extending toscalp but no visceral involvement.

l. pernio Sarcoid lesions of the handsand face, especially the ears andnose resembling frost bite.

l. vulgaris Redbrown nodular skinlesions of face in tuberculosis.

l. systemic Chronic autoimmunedisease marked by an erythe-matous rash on face and otherareas exposed to sunlight withvasculitis involving kidneys, brainand arthritis. Antinuclearantibodies to double stranded DNAand native DNA nucleohistone arediagnostic.

l. drug induced Similar to systemiclupus induced by drugs likeprocainamide and hydralazine butwithout renal and braininvolvement.

Luteal Relating to corpus luteum ofovary.

Lutein A yellow pigment, closelyrelated to xanthophyll occurring inluteal cells of corpus luteum.

Luteinization Transformation ofgranulosa cells into lutein cells inthe ovary. Other cells may under-go luteinization including thecacells, celomic cells and cervicalcells.

Luteoid Acting like progesterone.

Lumbrical Luteoid

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Luteolysis Involution or destructionof corpus luteum.

Luteoma Growth of lutein cells ofovary during third trimester withregression after parturition, oftenmay secrete androgens.

Luteotropic Promoting develop-ment, maturation or hormonalsecretion of corpus luteum.

Lutetium Element No 71, isotopesused in nuclear medicine.

Lutembacher’s syndrome Conge-nital cardiac abnormality withASD and mitral stenosis.

Lutheran blood group Antigens ofred blood cells, specified by lugenethat react with antibodiesdesignated as anti Lua and anti Lub,first detected in serum of anindividual who had received manytransfusions and who developedantibodies against erythrocyte ofa donor named Lutheran.

Lux A unit of illumination, equal toone lumen per square meter.

Luxation Dislocation.Lye Sodium potassium hydroxide.Lying-in Confinement of a woman

during childbirth.Lyme disease A spirochetal disease

transmitted by ticks characterizedby erythema chronicum migrans,fever, myalgia, lymphadenopathy,arthritis, pericarditis, myocarditis,and CNS involvement.

Lymph A transparent or slightlyopalescent fluid containing lym-phocytes, which flows throughlymph channels and enters finally

into venous system via thoracicducts.

Lymphaden Lymph node.Lymphadenectasia Enlargement of

lymph nodes with excessive lymph.Lymphadenectomy Surgical exci-

sion of lymph nodes.Lymphadenia Chronic overgrowth

of lymphoid tissues.Lymphadenitis Inflammation of

lymph nodes.Lymphadenography X-ray exami-

nation of lymph nodes.Lymphadenoma A tumor made of

lymphoid tissue.Lymphadenomatosis Presence of

numerous enlarged lymph nodes.Lymphadenopathy A diseased state

of lymph nodes.Lymphadenosis Generalized enlar-

gement of lymph glands andlymphatic tissue, may be benign(e.g., infectious mononucleosis) ormalignant.

Lymphagogue An agent that inc-reases formation and flow of lymph.

Lymphangiectasia Abnormal dila-tation of lymphatic vessels.

l. intestinal Dilatation of intestinallymphatic with subsequent proteinlosing enteropathy, steatorrheaand diarrhea. It may be congenitaldue to hypoplasia of thoracic ductor acquired due to inflammationor malignancy of lymphatics.Small intestinal biopsy isdiagnostic with dilated lacteals inintestinal villi.

Lymphangiectasis Dilatation oflymph vessels.

Luteolysis Lymphangiectasis

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l. pericaliceal Multiple lymphaticcyst formation around calyces.

l. pulmonary A congenital conditionof lung in which there is multiplesmall cystic dilatations in thelymphatic network, associatedwith neonatal respiratory distressand death.

Lymphangiectomy Surgical excisionof lymphatic vessel.

Lymphangioendothelioma A tumorcomposed of small masses ofendothelial cells and aggregationof tubular structures thought to belymphatic vessels.

Lymphangiography X-ray visuali-zation of lymphatic vessels afterinjection of contrast medium.

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Aproliferation of lymphatic andsmooth muscle cells typicallyaffecting lung and lymph node, alesion of women in reproductiveage, with honey combing andrespiratory insufficiency.

Lymphangioma A benign growthcomposed exclusively of lymphvessels lined by a single layer ofendothelial cells. The lesion is oftencongenital, can be subtyped intocapillary, cavernous and cystic.The latter two are most frequent incervical, mediastinal andretroperitoneal regions of infants(hygroma); capillarylymphangioma is difficult toidentify from hemangioma.

Lymphangiomyoma A growthcomposed of bundles of smoothmuscle tissue about endothelium

lined lymph spaces, commonly seenin mediastinum and retro-peritoneum with chylothorax.

Lymphangioplasty Surgical replace-ment or repair of damaged ordestroyed lymphatic vessels.

Lymphangiosarcoma Malignanttumor of lymphatic tissue, mainlyassociated with chronic lymphstasis usually secondary to radi-cal mastectomy.

Lymphangitis Inflammation oflymphatic vessels.

l. carcinomatosa Growth of carci-noma in lymphatics or lymphaticobstruction by carcinoma.

Lymphatic Relating to lymph, lymphnode or lymph vessel.

Lymphectesia Dilatation of lymphvessels.

Lymphedema Chronic unilateral orbilateral swelling of extremitiescaused by obstruction of lymphvessels or disease of lymph nodes,usually congenital, type I:autosomal dominant, associatedintestinal protein loss and pleuraleffusion (Millroy’s disease), typeII: slowly progressive form withonset around puberty.

l. praecox Lymphedema occurringin girls approaching puberty.

Lymph node A rounded bodyconsisting of accumulations oflymphatic tissue found in the courseof lymphatic vessels.

Lymphoblast An immature cell, theprecursor of lymphocyte, alsoknown as lymphocytoblast/immunoblast.

Lymphangiectasis, pericaliceal Lymphoblast

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Lymphatic System

Lymphatic system Lymphatic system

365

Lymphedema

Lymphoblastoma A form of malig-nant lymphoma, composedmainly of lymphoblasts.

Lymphocytosis Development ofmultiple cystic lymphangiomas.

Lymphocyte A white blood cellderived from lymphoid tissueconstituting 25-33% of white blood

cells in peripheral blood. It has around nucleus with well condensedchromatin, no nucleolus, andagranular cytoplasm staining paleblue.

l. B Derived from bone marrow,involved in humoral immunity.They recognize antigens irres-

Lymphoblastoma Lymphocyte, B

366

pective of MCH molecule andtransform to plasma cells to secreteantibodies on antigenic stimulation.They are thymus independent.

l. T. Thymus derived lymphocyte, thathas been exposed to antigen on anantigen presenting cell. They playlarge role in cellular immunity. Canbe helper cells, killer cells,suppressor cells or null cells.

Lymphocytoma A tumor of lowgrade malignancy arising in alymph node, composed mainly ofmature lymphocyte.

Lymphocytopenia Marked reductionin number of circulatinglymphocytes.

Lymphocytosis Greater than normalnumber of lymphocytes inperipheral blood.

l. acute infectious An acute benigninfectious disease of obscure

etiology in children with headache,upper respiratory symptoms, andlymphocytosis.

Lymphocytotoxin A complementfixing antilymphocyte antibody.

Lymphoepithelioma A malignanttumor derived from epitheliumaround tonsils and nasopharynxcontaining abundant lymphoidtissue.

Lymphogenous Producing lymph,originating from lymph.

Lymphogranuloma venereum Achlamydial infection marked byappearance of transient ulcer on thegenitalia, and enlargement oflymph node in the groin. Can leadto urethral and rectal strictures,rectovaginal fistula.

Lympokine A hormone like factorproduced by sensitized lympho-cytes when they come in contact

Lymphocyte, T Lympokine

Lymph Node

367

with antigen to which they weresensitized, acts as an intercellularmessenger to regulate immuno-logic and inflammatory responses.

Lymphokinesis 1. Circulation oflymph through lymphatic vesselsand nodes. 2. Movements of endo-lymph in the membranouslabyrinth of the internal ear.

Lymphoma Malignant disease oflympho reticular system.

l. Burkitt’s Malignant lymphomainvolving extra-nodal sites likejaw, orbit, abdominal viscera, andovaries, the most common child-hood tumor of tropical Africa.Possibly caused by EB virus andlinked to falciparum malaria.

l. histiocytic Lymphoma composedof histiocytes. (poorly differentiatedlymphocytic lymphomas).

l. lymphocytic A malignant lym-phoma composed of lymphocytes.The pattern may be nodulas ordiffuse, and the cells may be poorlydifferentiated, well differentiated.

l. prolymphocytic The cells arelarger and have less condensednuclear chromatin.

l. sclerosing A lymphoma withprominent stromal component.

l. signet ring cell Cells with alarge cytoplasmic vacuole of im-

munoglobulin which displaces thenucleus to periphery.

l. stem cell Composed of large basketlike cells.

Lymphopoietin A soluble factorrequired for maturation of lym-phocytes.

Lymphorrhea Flow of lymph fromruptured lymph channel.

Lymphotaxis The induction oflymphocyte movement.

Lymphotoxin Substance destructiveto lymphocytes.

Lymphotrophic Attracted to lym-phatic system.

Lynestrenol A semisynthetic pro-gestin.

Lyon hypothesis: One X chromosomein female is inactivated duringembryogenesis and forms Barrbody.

Lyophilic Dispersing or dissolvingeasily because of affinity forsolvent.

Lyophobic Difficult to dispersebecause of poor affinity for solvent.

Lypressin Vasopressin with lysinein place of arginine in position 8.An antidiuretic and vasopressor.

Lyophilize To separate a solid fromsolution by rapid freezing anddehydration under vacuum.

Lysergic acid diethylamide Ahallucinogen, can induce chromo-somal changes.

Lysine One of the twenty aminoacids. It is an essential amino aciddeficient in plant proteins.

Lysin Any substance capable ofcausing lysis.

Lysis 1. Destruction of cell by specificlysin. 2. gradual recovery from anacute disease.

Lysochrome A lipid soluble pigmentthat is suitable for staining fat.

Lysogen An antigen that stimulatesthe formation of specific lysin.

Lymphokinesis Lysogen

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Lysogeny A form of viral parasitismin which viral DNA becomesincorporated in a (bacterial) cellgenome, without destroying thecell, thereby permittingtransmission of virus to subsequentbacterial generations.

Lysokinase An activator agent offibrinolytic system.

Lysolecithin A lecithin without un-saturated fatty acid residue. It is

strongly hemolytic, a good deter-gent.

Lysosome A membrane limitedcytoplasmic organelle containinghydrolytic enzymes capable ofbreaking down most of the consti-tuents of living matter.

Lysozome An antibacterial enzymepresent in tear, sweat, saliva andnasal secretion.

Lyssa virus A genus of rhabdo viruse.g. rabies virus

Lysogeny Lyssa virus

MMacaca mulata The rhesus monkey

of South East Asia frequently usedas laboratory animal.

Mace Chloracetophenone, the com-ponent of tear gas.

Macerate To soften a solid or tissueby soaking the tissue in enzyme/acid. 2. The autolysis of fetal tissueafter fetal death.

Machine A device for accomplishinga specific objective.

m. heart-lung A combination ofpump and oxygenator to affectextracorporeal circulation andoxygenation of blood during openheart surgery.

m. Holtz A machine for developinghigh voltage static electricity bymultiplication of an inducedcharge.

m. panoramic rotating An X-raymachine capable of radiographingall the teeth and surroundingstructures by using a reciprocatingmotion of the tube and extra oralfilm.

m. van-de Graaf An electrostaticmachine that produces high poten-tial, used for generating highvoltage X-rays.

m. Wims Hurst’s A machine thatconverts mechanical energy intoelectrical energy by electrostaticaction.

Macroamylase A form of amylasethat occurs as a complex joined to aserum globulin.

Macrobrachia Unusually long arm.Macrocephalus Unusually large

head.

Macrochilia Unusually large lips,usually due to distended lymphspaces.

Macrochiria Unduly enlargedhands.

Macrocrania Abnormal generalenlargement of head.

Macrocryoglobulinemia Presence ofcold precipitin in blood.

Macrocyte Red blood cell 2 micronlarger than normal RBC, also calledmegalocyte.

Macrocytosis A condition in whichred blood cells are larger thannormal, e.g. Vit. B12 and folic aciddeficiency.

Macrodactylia Abnormally largedigits.

Macrodont Abnormally large tooth;a skull with dental index ≥ 44.

Macrodontia The condition ofhaving large teeth.

Macroencephaly Malformation andincrease in size and weight of braindue to proliferation of glia withsmall ventricles and mental retar-dation.

Macrogamete The female gamete,larger egg fusing with micro-gamete, leading to zygote forma-tion.

Macrogametocyte The mother cellproducing macrogamete.

Macroglia The astrocyte and oligo-dendrocyte, the two neuro glialelements of ectodermal origin.

Macroglobulin Plasma globulinwith molecular weight of1000000, increased in multiplemyeloma, cirrhosis, collagendisorders.

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Macroglobulinemia Plasma cellmyeloma, a disorder with excessiveproduction of IgM with anemia andbleeding; also called Walden-Strom’s macroglobulinemia.

Macroglossia Enlarged tongue.Macrogyria Congenital malfor-

mation in which the cerebral gyriare large due to few sulci.

Macrolides A group of antibioticshaving molecles made up of largering lactones, e.g. erythromycin.

Macromelia Enlarged limbs.Macromolecule Any molecule

composed of several monomeres.Macrophage A large mononuclear

cell that ingests degenerated cells,widely distributed in body butgreatest accumulation in spleenwhere they remove senescent RBC.In brain and spinal cord known asmicroglia and in the blood asmonocyte.

m. alveolar A cell that moves on thealveolar surface of lung engulfingairborne particles reaching thealveoli.

Macropsia Condition of seeingobjects larger than their actual size.

Macroscopic Visible with naked eye.Macrostomia Abnormally large

mouth.Macrotia Abnormally large ears.Macula A small area differing in

appearance from surroundingstructure.

m. corneae A moderately dense whiteopacity of cornea.

m. communis The thickened portionof the medial wall of the auditory

vesicle in the embryo, eventuallydividing to form macula sacculiand macula utriculi.

m. densa That portion of distalconvoluted tubule of the kidney incontact with the wall of afferentarteriole just before the latter entersthe glomerulus, it contains cells thatare tall and narrow, secretingrenin.

m. retinae A small yellow ovaldepression on the retina 2 discdiameter lateral and slightly belowthe optic disc containing foveacentralis.

m. sacculi The oval neuroepithelialsensory area in the medial wall ofthe saccule that houses the terminalfilaments of vestibular nerve.

Maculation The formation of macu-les or spots on the skin.

Macule A non elevated discoloredlesion on the skin.

Maculocerebral Relating to brainand macula lutea of retina.

Maculoerythematous Both red andspotted.

Maculopapular Spotted and eleva-ted.

Maculopathy Any disease of maculaof retina.

Mad Suffering from mental disorder,rabid, angry.

Maddox rod Multiple parallel cylin-drical rods of glass fused side toside and shaped into a trial lensused for testing of squint andfusion.

Madelong deformity Subluxationof distal radioulnar joint secondary

Macroglobulinemia Madelong deformity

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to abnormal growth and curvatureof distal radius.

Madarosis Loss of eye lashes.Madurella A genus of fungi causing

maduramycosis.Maduramycosis A chronic disease

affecting feet with draining sinusesdischarging yellow to black gra-nules.

Maffucci’s syndrome A combinationof multiple cutaneous heman-giomas and dyschondroplasia.

Magaldrate Hydroxy magnesiumaluminate, an antacid.

Maggot A legless soft bodied larvaof various insects, common hou-sefly, developing in dead organicmatter.

Magma 1. A paste like preparationof any organic matter. 2. Finelydivided material supended in asmall quantity of water.

Magnesia Magnesium oxide, itneutralizes acids to give solublemagnesium salts.

Magnesium Element number 12, thesilvery white metal, one of theprincipal cations governingelectrochemical properties of livingsystem.

m. carbonate MgCO3, insolublein water, used as laxative andantacid.

m. citrate Used as laxative.m. hydroxide Insoluble in water, used

as laxative and antacid.m. oxide also called magnesia (see

above).m. sulphate MgSO4. Effective catha-

rtic, antiarrhythmic and anti-

epileptic, useful in certain pois-onings.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)A form of imaging usingelectromagnetic energy, visualizesbrain contents better and can imagelarge sized vessels without use ofcontrast material

Magnetism 1. The properties ofmutual attraction, or repulsionproduced by magnet or electriccurrent.

2. Study of magnet and their pro-perties. 3. The force exhibited by amagnetic field.

Magneton A unit of measure of themagnetic movement of an atomicor subatomic particle.

Magnification An enlargement of anobject by an optical element orinstrument.

Mahaim fibers Conduction tissueconnecting proximal av bundle toseptal myocardium causingventricular pre-excitation.

Maim To disable, mutilate, crippleby injury.

Main French for hand.m. d’ accoucheur The characteristic

position of hand produced bytetany.

m. en crochet Permanent flexion ofthe fourth and fifth fingers,resembling the position of aperson’s hand while crocheting.

m. en griffe Permanent extension ofmetacarpophallangeal joints.

m. en lorgnette Opera glass hand;shortening of fingers and trans-verse folding of skin caused byabsorption of phallanges.

Madarosis Main, en lorgnette

372

Mainlining Term used by drugaddicts denoting IV injection ofheroin or other drugs.

Majocchis’ disease Annular telan-giectatic purpura.

Major histocompatibility complexA group of genes on chromosome 6that code for antigens thatdetermine tissue and bloodcompatibility. Class I MHCantigens are HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, present on all nucleated cells;class II antigens axe HLA-DR, HLA-DQ and HLA-DP present onlymphocytes and antigenprocessing cells.

Majority The age at which a personbecomes legally entitled to full civilrights of an adult. It is 18 in UK, 21in India, USA, Canada and 20 inJapan.

Mal French for disease.Mala Latin for cheek bone, cheek.Makeshift Denoting a shunt from a

large variceal collateral vessel toa systemic vein when a standardshunt cannot be employed. Em-ployed for portal hypertension.

Malabsorption Impaired or incomp-lete absorption of nutrients by theintestine.

m. lactose Lactase deficiency, mostlyinherited, commonly manifestingin adults, with pain and diarrhoeaafter lactose ingestion. Unabsorbedlactose is converted to butyric andlactic acid by colonic bacteria, thatcauses pain. Lactose being hyper-osmolar draws fluid to add to stoolvolume.

m. syndrome Manifests with pallor,potbelly, bleeding tendency,weakness due to malabsorption ofnutrients, caused by any disease.

Malachite green Green crystallinesubstance used as a pH indicator.

Malacia Softening of tissues.m. cordis morbid softening of heart.Malady Illness.Malaise A vague general discomfort

or feeling ill.Malakoplakia The formation of soft,

fungus like growths on the mucousmembrane of a hollow organ, esp.urinary bladder.

Malalignment 1. Incorrectly alignedfractured parts. 2. Displacement orabnormal position of tooth.

Malar Relating to cheek or cheekbone.

Malaria An infectious disease causedby any of the four plasmodia,transmitted by mosquitoes of thegenus anopheles, manifesting withchill and fever, anemia, spleno-megaly.

m. falciparum Caused by plasmodiumfalciparum, the parasite developswithin small vessels of internalorgans frequently blocking them.Fever paroxysm often occurs dailyand is often continuous. Patient canhave cerebral, gastrointestinal,renal and pulmonary compli-cations. Also known as malignanttertian.

m. malarae Caused by plasmodiummalarae, Fever paroxysm occurs onevery third day.

m. quotidian A form in which paro-xysms occur daily, can be caused

Mainlining Malaria, quotidian

373

by combination of plasmodiumvivax and falciparum or twogenerations of falciparum.

m. relapsing A type in whichexoerythrocytic cycle persists inliver with relapse e.g., in vivax andovale infection.

m. vivax Caused by plasmodiumvivax or ovale, the fever paroxysmoccurring every other day.

Malassizia furfur Fungus thatcauses tinea versicolor.

Malate Salt of malic acid.Malathion Insecticide.Male Sex of an individual contain-

ing organs that produce sperma-tozoa, with one X and one Ychromosome.

Malformation A defect or deformity.m. Klippel - Feil Short webbed neck

due to malformation of cervicalvertebrae.

m. Mondini Congenital deafness dueto hypoplasia of latter part ofcochlea.

Malfunction Abnormal or inade-quate function.

Malic acid An intermediate incarbohydrate metabolism, presentin unripe apples, cherries, tomatoesetc.

Malignant Denoting any diseaseresistant to treatment, and of fatalnature. In case of tumor it denotesuncontrollable undifferentiatedgrowth and dissemination.

Malinger To pretend to be ill, forpersonal gains.

Malingerer Who pretends to be sick.Malleable Pliable, capable of being

made into small sheets.

Malleation A spasmodic movement.Malleolar Relating to one or both

prominences on either side of ankle.Malleolus One of the two projections

on either side of ankle.Malleus The club shaped and most

lateral of the three auditory ossi-cles involved in sound trans-mission across middle ear. It isattached to tympanic membraneand articulates with incus.

Mallory Weiss syndrome Lacera-tion of lower esophagus withhematemesis following severeretching and vomiting.

Malnutrition Faulty nutrition due toinadequate diet, metabolicabnormality, wrong proportionsof items etc.

Maloclusion Abnormal contactopposing teeth.

m. close bite When jaws are closededges of anterior mandibular teethextend lingually towards the gum.

m. open bite When the jaws are closed,the opposing teeth fail to establishcontact.

m. Taussig-Bling A congenitalmalformation characterized by theaorta arising from morphologicalright ventricle and pulmonarytrunk over riding an anterior interventricular communication.

Malonic acid It competitively inhi-bits the oxidation of succinate tofumarate.

Malonyl-coenzyme A Formed fromacetyl COA, helpful in fatty acidbiosynthesis.

Malpractice Improper, unskillful, ornegligent treatment of an indi-vidual by a medical man.

Malaria, relapsing Malpractice

374

Malpighian body Renal corpuscle.Malrotation Developmental failure

of rotation in the normal directionand to normal degree, mostcommon to digestive tract.

Malt Grain, especially barley,containing dextrin, maltose,glucose and some enzymes.

Maltase Digestive enzyme promo-ting conversion of maltose toglucose.

Maltose C12H22O11; a sugar formedby action of a digestive enzyme onstarch.

Malunion Faulty union of fracturedbones.

Mamma Breast, rudimentary in maleand but containing milk producingglands in female.

Mammal Vertebrates that nourishtheir offspring with milk.

Mammoplasty Plastic surgery ofbreast; can be augmentative(increase in size by implants) orreductive.

Mammary Relating to breast.

Mammila Nipple, nipple like protru-berance.

Mammiloplasty Reparative surgeryof nipple.

Mammilate Having nipple likestructures.

Mammogram X-ray of mammarygland.

Mammography A soft tissue X-raytechnique for visualization offemale breast; used to detect non-palpable lesions and identify palpa-ble lesions.

Mammotrophic Promoting develop-ment, and growth of mammaryglands.

Mandelate Salt of mandelic acid.Mandelic acid Urinary antibacterial

agent.

Mandible The horseshoe shapedbone of lower jaw in mammals.Articulating with skull at temporo-mandibular joint and housing thelower teeth.

Mandibullectomy Removal of lowerjaw.

Maneuver A skillful movement.

Malpighian body Maneuver

Mammary (Breast)

Mandible (Lateral View)

375

m. Bracht’s In obstetrics, maneuverused in breech extraction

whereby breech is allowed to deliverspontaneously upto umbilicus andthen the fetal body is held ante-riorly toward mother’s abdomento facilitate delivery of vertex.

m. credes A method of expressing theplacenta in which body of uterus isvigorously squeezed inorder toproduce placental separation.

m. Heimlich A maneuver done todislodge food stuck in throatobstructing airway. Standing at theback of the victim the rescuer placesboth the arms around him, makinga fist with one hand and graspingit with the other hand presses thefist sharply upwards below theribcage to cause a forced expirationto dislodge the foreign body.

m. Hippocratic A maneuver to res-tore proper position of dislocatedshoulder. The operator places hisfoot in patient’s axilla and pullsthe arm downwards.

m. Phalens A method of bringing outor accentuating symptoms of car-pal tunnel syndrome by forcedflexion of affected wrist for 30-60seconds or applying BP cuff to thearm and inflating it above systolicpressure for one minute.

m. Pinard Method of fetal extractionin frank breech presentation; twofingers are passed along fetal thighto push it away from midline andflex the leg, the foot then easilygrasped and brought down andout.

m. Prague A procedure used in breechdelivery in which the finger ishooked over shoulder of fetus toexert traction and allow engage-ment of the head.

m. Scanzoni’s Rotation of fetal headwith mid forceps from posterior toanterior position.

m. Sellick’s Application of pressureon cricoid cartilage to occlude theesophagus posteriorly therebypreventing acid regurgitationespecially in patients requiringintubation with full stomach.

m. Valsalva 1. Forced expirationagainst closed glottis to increasepressure within lungs. 2. Forcedexpiration with mouth closed andnose pinched to open up auditorytubes.

Manganese Element no. 25, anessential micronutrient.

Manganous Bivalent salts of manga-nese.

Mange Scabies.Mania Emotional disorder charac-

terized by excitement, hyper-activity and garrulousness.

Maniac Emotionally disturbedindividual with violent behavior.

Manifestation Display of charac-teristic signs and symptoms of adisease.

m. neurotic The use of variousdefense mechanisms like conver-sion, dissociation, depression in anattempt to resolve emotionalconflicts.

m. psychotic Loss of contact withreality, personality disintegration.

Maneuver, Bracht’s Manifestation, psychotic

376

Manikin An anatomic model ofhuman body for practice of certainmanipulations as those of obste-trics and dentistry.

Manipulation Treatment by skillfuluse of hand in reducing dislocationor changing the fetal position.

Manna The dried sugary exudate ofash tree, rarely used as a laxative.

Mannerism Distinctive charac-teristic or behavioral trait.

Mannitol An alcohol, C6H14O6,derived from fructose, used inpreparation of dietetic sweets andas an osmotic diuretic.

Manometer An instrument formeasuring pressure of liquid andgases.

Mansonia A genus of mosquitoestransmitting filaria.

Mantoux test A intracutaneous testto know exposure of an individualto tuberculosis. 0.1 ml of PPD isinjected and result in read after 72hours. Induration and erythemamore than 10 mm in diameterindicates positive test.

Manubrium A structure that resemb-les a handle but when used alonerefers to manubrium sterni.

Manus Latin for hand.Mantle A covering.Maple syrup urine disease An

autosomal recessive disordermarked by deficient oxidativedecarboxylation of alpha ketoacids; the urine has characteristicmaple syrup odor and the symp-toms soon after birth are hypo-glycemia, hypotonia, convulsion,

etc. Also known as branched chainketonuria.

Mapping In genetics, locating theposition and order of gene loci on achromosome by analyzing thefrequency of recombinationbetween the loci.

Maprotiline Tricyclic antidepres-sant.

Marasmus Protein calorie mal-nutrition in young children withprogressive wasting, wizenedface, shrunken eyeballs but alertedmind.

Marble bone disease Abnormallycalcified bone with spotted appear-ance in X-ray.

Marcus-Gunn’s phenomenonClosing of the eyes when mouth isclosed and exaggerated opening ofthe eyes when mouth is opened.SYN— Jaw winking syndrome.

Manikin Marcus-Gunn’s phenomenon

Marasmus

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Marfan’s syndrome Autosomaldominant trait with defectiveformation of elastic fibers markedby abnormally long slender extre-mities, spidery fingers, high archedpalate, lax joints, aortic regur-gitation, MVP and dislocation of lens.

Margin The edge or border of astructure or organ.

m. of safety A measure of drug safetybased on the dose required to producean effective, therapeutic response inmost individuals versus the doserequired to produce toxic effects infew individuals. It is similar to butnot same as therapeutic index.

m. ciliary of iris The border of irisattached to ciliary body.

m. costal The curved lower portionof thoracic wall formed by thecartilages of the seventh throughtenth ribs.

m. falciform The lower lateral borderof saphenous opening in fascia lataof thigh.

m. free gingival The part of gum, notattached to tooth.

m. orbital Margin of orbit boundedby frontal bone superiorly,zygomatic bone laterally, maxillainferiorly and the process ofmaxilla and frontal bone medially.

m. pupillary of iris The border of irisforming edge of pupil.

Margination Adhesion of leukocytesto the interior of capillary wallduring early stages of inflam-mation.

Marginoplasty Plastic surgery ofeyelid border.

Marijuana The dried, chopped leaves,flowers and stems of the commonhemp plant canabis sativa, smokedor eaten to induce euphoria.

Marie Strumpel disease Ankylosingspondylitis.

Mark A blemish, a spotm. port wine Congenital discolo-

ration of skin, usually on the facevarying from pink to purple.

Marker 1. A characteristic factor bywhich a cell or molecule can beidentified or a disease can berecognized. 2. A general term forany trait that helps to throw lighton the genetic nature of a disorder.

Marmot Ticks that transmit rockymountain spotted fever.

Maroteax Lamy syndrome A formof mucopolysaccharidoses charac-terized by dwarfism, chestdeformity, knock knee, stiff joints,cloudy cornea, short hands andfingers, inherited as autosomalrecessive and there is excessivedermatan sulphate excretion inurine.

Marrow The meshy material fillingthe medullary cavities of bones.

m. red Marrow in the cancellous orspongy bones of sternum, ribs, iliaccrest, vertebrae and ends of longbones. Concerned with formationof blood.

m. yellow The fatty marrow in centerof long bones.

Marsupialization Surgical proce-dure for eradication of cyst inwhich the sac is incised, and itsedges are stitched to the edges of

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external incision e.g., pilonidalcyst.

Masculine Relating to charac-teristics of male sex.

Maser A device that converts incidentelectromagnetic radiation ofvarious frequencies into a beam ofhighly amplified monochromaticradiation.

Mask 1. A covering for the face andnose to prevent spread of infection.2. An expressionless appearance offace, e.g. Parkinson fades. 3. A metalframe covered with gauze placedover face for giving inhalationanesthesia. 4. To cover metal partsof a denture with an opaque mate-rial.

m. BLB An oxygen mask used at highaltitudes, having a combination ofinspiratory and expiratory valvesin a rebreathing bag.

m. Venturi Mask that develops aconstant concentration of oxygen,using the Venturi principle ofentrainment of air to dilute the flowof pure oxygen.

Masking 1. The introduction of noisein one ear for the purpose of exclu-ding that ear from a hearing testgiven to the other ear. 2. The opaquematerial placed over the metal orany other part of a dental pros-thesis.

Masochism 1. A form of sexualperversion where satisfaction isdependent upon physical torture. 2.The infliction of physical orpsychological pain upon oneself torelieve guilt.

Masochist 1. The passive partner inpractice of masochism. 2. One whofor psychological purposesexposes himself unnecessarily tosufferings.

Mass A collection of tissue; inpharmacology, a soft pasty mix-ture of drugs suitable for rollinginto pills.

m. inner cell An aggregation of cellsthat stick together and collect atembryonic pole of the blastocyst.

m. lateral of atlas The solid parts offirst cervical vertebra (atlas) oneither side, articulating above withoccipital condyles of skull andbelow with the axis.

Mass psychogenic illnessPsychogenic illness in a group ofpeople at one time e.g. vanishingphallus, decreasing anddisappearing breast in females(tarantism).

Massage Rubbing body parts fortherapeutic goals.

m. Cardiac Rhythmic manualcompression of heart either bythoracotomy (open cardiacmassage) or by pressure applied tosternum (closed cardiac massage).

m. carotid sinus Massage of carotidsinus at the angle of jaw for treat-ment of SVT or identification oftachycardia.

m. prostatic Massage of prostatethrough rectum to express itssecretions into prostatic urethra(examination for gonococci).

Masseter Muscle of lower jaw usedfor chewing.

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Masseur A person trained in or whopractises the art of massage.

Mast cell A large tissue cellresembling basophil but does notcirculate in the blood. Mast celldegranulation by antigens producesimmediate hypersensitivity.

Mastectomy Surgical excision ofbreast.

m. extended radical Mastectomy thatincludes removal of chest muscles,axillary lymphnodes and theinternal mammary chain of lymphnodes.

m. Halstead radical Removal ofbreast, chest muscles and lymphnodes of axilla.

m. modified radical Removal ofbreast and axillary lymphnodeswithout removal of pectoralismuscle.

m. total Removal of breast only.Master two sep test A test to evaluate

angina when patient goes up anddown two steps 9” high

Masticate To chew.Mastication The process of chewing.Mastigophora The subphylum bf

protozoa that includes leishmaniaand trypanosomas; organismswith one or more flagella and asingle nucleus.

Mastitis Inflammation of the breast.m. chronic cystic Fibrocystic disease

of breast.m. interstitial Inflammation of

connective tissue of breast.m. phlegmonous Diffuse breast

inflammation tending to abscessformation.

m. plasma cell Benign conditioncharacterized chiefly by dilatationand occlusion of mammary ductswith indurated mass of secretionand plasma cells.

Mastochondroma A benign breasttumor composed chiefly of carti-laginous tissue.

Mastocytogenesis The formation ofmast cells.

Mastocytoma A nodule resemblinga tumor, composed chiefly of mastcells.

Mastocytosis Disorder charac-terized by yellow, brown maculesand papules on skin due to skininfiltration by mast cells.

Mastodynia Pain in the breast.Mastoid 1. Resembling a breast or

nipple in shape. 2 The downwardprojection of the temporal bonelocated behind the ear.

Mastoidectomy Removal of mastoidair cells indicated for persistent orrecurrent mastoiditis not control-led by antibiotics.

m. conservative The operation doesnot interfere with sound conduc-ting system of middle ear.

m. modified radical The pars tensa oftympanic membrane and attachedhandle of malleolus are spared.

m. radical Done by trans meatal ortransmastoid routes with tympa-nectomy and excision of alldiseased tissue of middle ear andmastoid leaving intact the postero-superior bony canal wall to facili-tate subsequent tympanoplasty.

Mastoiditis Inflammation of mas-toid process of temporal bone.

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m. Bezold’s Mastoiditis leading todestruction of mastoid tip andabscess formation deep to the fiberof sternomastoid muscle.

m. masked Mastoiditis in the absenceof overt physical signs like swell-ing and tenderness over mastoidprocess.

Mastomenia Vicarious menstrua-tion from breast.

Mastoptosis Dropping or pendulousbreasts.

Mastoplastia Hypertrophy orenlargement of the breast.

Masturbation Self-manipulation ofgenitals to achieve sexual grati-fication.

Materia Latin for substance ormatter.

m. alba White deposit on teeth ordental appliance.

m. medica The science concerned withdrugs.

Material The substance of whichsomething is made or composed.

m. impression Substances used fortaking impressions like plaster ofparis, hydrocolloid compounds.

Maternal Relating to mother.Maternity Pertaining to pregnancy,

the state of being pregnant.Mating The union of male and female

for reproduction.m. assortative Mating that is not

random but involves individualsof specific characteristics whichmay be similar or dissimilar.

m. random Mating without regardto genetic constitution of mate.

Matrilineal Relating to inheritanceof traits through the maternal linerather than the paternal.

Matter Any thing that occupies spacem. gray nerve tissue containing cell

body of neurons on external surfaceof brain or inner surface of spinalcord.

m. white Consists of nerve fibersoccupying periphery of spinal cord.

Maturation 1. The process of becom-ing mature. 2. A stage of celldivision in which chromosome ishalved.

Mature Complete in natural develop-ment, the reproductive cell whichhas undergone meiosis.

Matrix 1. The inter cellular sub-stance in a tissue. 2. The mold fordental restoration in the form ofthin steel or plastic strip surroun-ding tooth.

m. bone The ground substance ofbony tissue which is composed ofprotein and mucopolysaccharide.As the bone matures, the content ofcollagen fibers and bone saltincreases.

m. cartilaginous A basic, homo-geneous basophil substance ofembryonic skeletal tissue in thecenter of which articular cartilagedevelops.

m. mesangial A mesh in the spacebetween the renal glomerularloops, formed from material simi-lar to that of capillary basementmembrane. The phagocytic mesan-

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381

gial cells are dispersed in thismatrix. The matrix is permeableto substances of higher molecularweight which aggregate to formdeposits.

Matron The chief nursing officer in ahospital.

Mattress ripple Mattress containingtransverse inflatable tubes linkedin a series to pump so that alternatetube is inflated. Thus the area ofcompression between skin andmattress changes that preventsformation of decubitus ulcer/bedsore.

Maurer’s dots Coarse stippling ofred cells in falciparum infection

Maxilla The upper jaw bone suppor-ting upper teeth and taking part inthe formation of orbit, nasal cavity,and hard palate.

Maximum 1. The greatest quantity,value or degree. 2. The height of afever or any acute state.

m. glucose transport The maximumrate at which kidneys can reabsorbglucose (300 mg/min).

m. tubular (Tm) The maximumability of renal tubules either toexcrete or secrete a substance.

May Hegglin anamaly Anautosomal dominant blooddisorder with presence of Dohlebodies in granulocytes and platelet

Maze An intricate labyrinth ofwalled pathways frequently usedto study the learning process inlaboratory animals.

Mazindol A CNS stimulating agentwith properties similar to amphe-

tamine, hence used as anorexogenicagent.

Mc Ardle’s disease Glycogenstorage V due to deficiency ofmyophosphorylase C

Mc Burney’s point A point 1-2 inchesabove anterior superior iliac spineon a line between ilium andumbilicus

Mc Donald’s rule A formula fordetermining expected height offundus

Meal Food.m. Boyden Meal used to test the

evacuation time of gall bladder; itconsists of flour, egg yolks, andmilk mixed with sugar.

m. test Bland food given beforeanalysis of gastric secretion.

Mean An average of a set of values.m. arythematic The ratio of the sum

of the terms in a statistical series totheir number.

m. geometric A value indicating thecentral tendency of a statisticalseries of ‘n’ terms, equal to thepositive ‘n’th root of their products.

m. harmonic For a given set of values,the reciprocal of the mean of thereciprocals of the individualvalues.

Measles Highly contagious diseasecaused, by paramyxo virus occur-ring in young children with fever,coryza, koplik spots, erythematousmaculopapular rash spreadingfrom head to trunk to limbs, oftencomplicated by meningitis, carditis.

Measure 1. The dimensions, quan-tity, capacity like length, area,

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volume, etc. 2. The act of deter-mining such dimensions, quantityor capacity. 3. A device used formeasuring like graduated glass,tape.

Measurement The act of measuring.m. skin fold Skin fold measurement

by caliper for assessing body fatpercentage.

Meatometer Apparatus for measu-ring urinary meatus.

Meatoplasty Reconstructive surgeryusually of external auditorymeatus.

m. Stacke’s A type of meatoplastyused in final stage of radicalmastoidectomy where a largerectangular flap of meatal skin isturned back to line the floor ofmastoid cavity.

Meatorrhaphy Enlarging the ure-thral meatus by suturing theurethral membrane to glans penis.

Meatotomy An incision of a meatusto increase its diameter.

Meatus An opening to a canal, orpassage in the body.

m. external acoustic S shaped canalof external ear, upto tympanicmembrane lined by skin whichcontinues on to the tympanicmembrane.

m. internal acoustic A short canalabove the anterior part of jugularforamen in the petrous part oftemporal bone transmitting facial,intermediate, and vestibulo-cochlear nerves and the labyrin-thine vessels.

m. medial nasal The passage undercover of middle nasal. Into its

anterior end or infundibulum thefrontonasal duct opens while nearthe roof is the opening of maxillarysinus.

m. superior nasal A short narrowpassage located partly undersuperior nasal choncha into whichthe posterior ethmoidal sinusesopen by single aperture.

Mebendazole A benzimidazolegiven for hookworm, roundworm,trichuriasis and enterobiasis.

Mebeverine A smooth musclerelaxant used for gastrointestinalmotility disorder like IBS.

Mebutamate Orally acting hypo–tensive agent.

Mecamylamine An orally actingganglion blocking agent rarelyused to treat severe hypertension.

Mechanics 1. The branch of physicsconcerned with the interaction offorce and matter.

m. body mass The study of action ofmuscles on body in motion and inrest.

Mechapion Device used to measureoutput of an x-ray tube in roentgens.

Mechanism 1. An aggregation ofparts that interact in order toperform a specific or commonfunction. 2. The means by which aneffect is obtained

m. association Mental processthrough which the memory of pastexperiences may be related to orcompared with present ones.

m. cough A mechanism for expulsionof foreign material from respi-ratory tract, consisting of shortinspiration, closure of glottis,

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383

forced expiration with opening ofglottis with a air flow rate of 3000to 4000 ml/sec.

m. counter current Mechanismessential to the production of anosmotically concentrated urine; itinvolves two basic processes,counter current multiplication inloop of Henle and countercurrentexchange in vasa recta.

m. defense A psychic structure,usually unconscious, which servesas a protection against awarenessof conflicts or anxiety.

m. investing The structures thatsurround a tooth and provideretention including periodontalmembrane, cementum, alveolarbone and gingiva.

m. pressoreceptive Mechanismwhereby pressor receptors in carotidsinus and aortic arch respond tochange in blood pressure.

m. proprioceptive Process by whichbody regulates its muscular move-ment and maintains its equili-brium.

m. reentrant A fundamental mecha-nism of arrhythmogenesis inwhich cardiac tissue is reexcited bythe same impulse for one or morecycles.

Mechlorethamine Alkylating agentused in treatment of lymphomas.

Meckel’s diverticulum Thepersistent proximal end of yolk sacpresent in 2% people 2” long and 2’above ileocaecal junction

Meclizine Drug used in treatmentand prevention of motion sickness.

Meclocycline A topically appliedantibiotic closely related to chlorte-tracycline.

Mecloqualone A compound withhypnotic and sedative properties.

Meconism Opium addiction oropium poisoning.

Mecometer Instrument used tomeasure newborn infant.

Meconium The odorless, stickygreenish black semisolid intestinalcontent of fetus. It is replaced byfeces within 2 days of birth.

Medallion A circumscribed red,scally patch, characteristic ofpityriasis rosea.

Medazepam A week tranquilizer,anxiolytic agent.

Medial 1. Towards the midline 2.relating to tunica media or middlelayer.

Median In statistics denoting themiddle value in a distribution i.e.,the point in a series at which half ofthe plotted values are on one sideand half on the other.

Mediastinitis Inflammation ofmediastinum.

Mediastinography X-ray visuali-zation of mediastinum by injectionof NO2.

Mediastinoscope An endoscope tovisualize superior mediastinum,introduced through a smallsuprasternal incision.

Mediastinum 1. The central space inchest bounded anteriorly by ster-num, posteriorly by vertebralcolumn and laterally by pleuralsacs. 2. Any septum or partitionbetween two parts of an organ.

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384

m. anterior That portion of lowermediastinum located in front ofheart behind the sternum. It containsthymus gland, few lymphnodesand loose areolar tissue.

m. lower The part of mediastinumbelow the plane of manubriosternaljoint in front and lower border of4th thoracic vertebra behind. It isdivided into anterior, middle andposterior.

m. middle It contains the heart,pericardium and the emerginggreat vessels.

m. posterior It contains esophagus,thoracic duct, thoracic aorta, vagusand lymphnodes

m. superior It lies above the pane ofmanubrio sternal articulation andcontains aortic arch and its bran-ches, superior venacava, brachio-cephalic veins, left recurrentlaryngeal nerve, thoracic duct,thymus, vagus nerve and somelymph nodes.

Medicament A remedy, healingagent.

Medicate To treat disease withmedicine, to impregnate with amedicinal substance.

Medicated Treated medically,permeated with a medicinal sub-stance.

Medicine A drug: The art and sciencedealing with the maintenance andrestoration of health.

m. adolescent The branch of medi-cine dealing with care and treat-ment of individuals from onset ofpuberty to the age of 19.

m. aviation A specialized branch ofmedicine dealing with physiologic,pathologic psychologic conditionswhich occur in fliers, and peopletransported in air. It helps inselection of aircraft personnel, airtransport of sick and wounded.

m. behavioral The applications of theprinciples of learning and learningtheory to treat those disorderscaused at least in part by psycho-logic factors as if they were beha-vioral. Specific techniques areapplied to reverse the expressionsof maladaptive functioningwhether purely psychologic as inphobias or partly physiologic asin faulty patterns of learned auto-nomic nervous system responseleading to cardiovascular disease.

m. clinical The study and practice ofmedicine at bed side, as opposed totheoretical and laboratoryinvestigations.

m. community Medicine dealing withcommunity health care and theirsolution as a whole rather thanindividual health problem e.g.,preventive medicine, public healthservices.

m. family Medical speciality dealingwith first patient contact, long termcare, and a broad responsibility toall members of the family irres-pective of age.

m. folk Treatment of disease at homewith remedies and techniques passedfrom generation to generation.

m. emergency A branch of medicinethat specializes in providing

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immediate diagnosis and treat-ment of those who are acutely oroften suddenly ill or severelyinjured.

m. environmental The study ofenvironmental aspects related tohealth and their modification forbetter health.

m. experimental Study of diseaseprocess and various therapies inanimal models.

m. forensic The application of medi-cal knowledge and skill to thesolution of problems encounteredin administration of justice.

m. geriatric Medicine dealing withdiagnosis, treatment and pre-vention of disease in elderly.

m. holistic An approach to health carebased on theory that health is theresult of harmony between body,mind and spirits and that stress ofany kind including physical,psychological and social pressureis inimical to health.

m. internal The branch of medicinewhich deals with the diagnosis andnonsurgical treatment of diseases.

m. nuclear Application of nuclearenergy in the diagnosis and treat-ment of disease e.g., use of radio-isotopes.

m. occupational A branch of medi-cine dealing with prevention ofdisease and injury among peopleat work. It has two functions: toensure suitability of an individualfor particular work and to identifyand control health and safetyhazards in the work.

m. oral The study and treatment ofdiseases of soft tissues of mouth.

m. perinatal A specialized branch ofmedicine dealing with the manage-ment of mother and fetus duringpregnancy and the infant imme-diately after delivery.

m. physical and rehabilitation Thebranch of medicine concerned withuse of physical agents andmodalities including electricitylight, heat, sound, mechanicaldevices and physical activity, in thediagnosis, treatment andprevention of disease.

m. space A special branch of aviationmedicine which deals with thestresses imposed on man byprojection through and beyond theearth’s atmosphere, flight ininterplanetary space and return toearth. Such stresses include theagravic state, exposure to radia-tion and isolation.

m. tropical The medical specialityconcerned with diseases anddisorders contracted in tropic orwhich exhibit unique charac-teristics in tropical countries.

Medico A medical student, a combi-ning form meaning medical.

Medicolegal Pertaining to a matterthat involves both medicine andlaw.

Medionecrosis Necrosis of middlelayer (tunica media) of an artery.

Meditation (transcedental) (TM) Anexercise of contemptation thatinduces a temporary hypo-metabolic state, a sense of well

Medicine, environmental Meditation

386

being, and a feeling of completerelaxation; this hypometabolicstate is associated with change inphysiologic function including areduction in oxygen consumption,a decrease in cardiac output andaltered EEG activity.

Medium 1. A material in which asubstance, an impulse, or infor-mation is transported. 2. Amaterial, in which interactiontakes place. 3. Culture medium.

m. apathy’s An aqueous medium formounting slide preparationsdirectly from water. It is used whendehydration with alcohol andxylene would be detrimental.

m. Bavister’s A simple culture mediumin which hamster and human eggscan be fertilized in vitro.

m. brain-heart-infusion A liquidculture medium containing peptoneand infusion solids of calf brain andbeef heart for growing fastidiousbacteria.

m. clearing A medium used to makehistologic specimens transparentor transluscent.

m. contrast In radiology, a substanceof different radio-opacity from thatof the organ or tissue studied, toallow X-ray demonstration ofcontour or lumen. When the sub-stance is more radiopaque thantissue it is positive contrast; e.g.barium sulphate, iodine, when thesubstance is less radiopaque thantissue — negative contrast e.g., air.

m. Neal and Nicolle A saline rabbit’sblood medium suitable for cultureof leishmania donovani.

Medls part forms the floor of fourthventricle. It contains central nucleiof glossopharyngeal, vagus,accessory and hypoglossal nervesand regulates life sustainingcardiovascular and respiratoryreflexes.

m. ovary The central vascular por-tion of ovary with loose elastictissue, smooth muscle fibers and amass of contorted blood vessels.

m. renal The inner part of kidneycontaining renal pyramids, thebases of which face outwardsabutting on cortex whereas theapex is directed inwards appear-ing as renal papillae projecting intominor calyx. Each pyramid iscomposed of renal tubules.

m. of bone The soft material fillingthe cavities of bones composed ofhemopoitic tissue.

Medullary Relating to or resemblingthe medulla or marrow.

Medullated Having a myelin sheath,having a medulla.

Medullization The replacement ofbone by marrow tissue.

Medulloblast An undifferentiatedcell of embryonic neural tube. It isrounded, poor in cytoplasm with-out processes found in middle layerof neural tube and is derived fromgerminal cells of inner ependymallayer.

Medulloblastoma A rapidly grow-ing malignant brain tumor compo-sed of poorly differentiated smallpreneuroglial cells that tend toform pseudo rosettes. Common to

Medium Medulloblastoma

387

children, arising from cerebellarvermis and floor of fourth ventricle.

m. desmoplastic A variant ofmedulloblastoma appearing inelderly and with abdundant reticu-lin fibers and fibrous stroma.

Medulloepithelioma A tumor of eye,primarily of children, charac-terized by formation of multi-layered sheets of undifferentiatedcells resembling primitive medul-lary epithelium of optic vesicle. Themalignant form resembles retino-blastoma.

Mees lines Transverse white linesin finger nails in arsenic exposure

Mefenamic acid An agent withanalgesic, anti-inflammatory andantipyretic properties.

Mefexamide A CNS stimulant, usedto treat fatigue and depression.

Mefloquine Antimalarial agent,schizonticide.

Mefruside A diuretic with usesimilar to chlorthiazide.

Megabecquerel A unit of activity inradionuclide equal to 106 bec-querel. Symbol —MBq.

Megacolon Abnormally large colon,either segmental or total, mani-festing with constipation.

m. acquired Enlargement is secon-dary to an associated disease.There is neither aganglionosis norany other congenital motor abnor-mality.

m. congenital An autosomal reces-sive condition characterized bymarked dilatation of colon proxi-mal to a narrowed segment which

is devoid of ganglionic cells insubmucosal (Meissner’s) andmyenteric (Aurbach’s) plexuses.This aganglionic area is unable torelax properly during normalperistaltic activity SYN—Hirs-chprung’s disease.

m. toxic Gross colonic dilatation incomplicated ulcerative colitis,Crohn’s disease, infectious colitis.

m. idiopathic Megacolon without aknown causes but related probablyto laxative abuse.

Megadyne Unit of force equal to 1million dynes.

Mega electron volt (mev) Onemillion electron volts.

Megaesophagus Abnormal enlarge-ment of lower esophagus.

Megakaryoblast A primitive cell ofmegakaryocyte series with a largeoval or kidney shaped nucleus andscanty cytoplasm. It develops intoa promegakaryocyte and finallythen to megakaryocyte.

Megakaryocyte A giant cell withusually multilobed nucleus, (upto100µ.) the precursor of platelets.

Megaloblast Large nucleatederythrocyte precursor seen m bonemarrow in vit B12 and folic aciddeficiency.

Megaloblastoid Having some fea-tures resembling megaloblasticmaturation. An erythrocyte pre-cursor is said to be megaloblastoidwhen nuclear chromatin conden-sation is in clumps but with aprominent parachromatin, i.e.open, transparent, unstained cleft

Medulloblastoma, desmoplastic Megaloblastoid

388

are prominent in the nucleus and thecontours of nucleus are irregular.

Megalocornea A sex-linked reces-sive disorder in which the centralcorneal diameter is enlarged with-out increased intraocular pressure.

Megalocystis An abnormally en-larged or distended bladder.

Megaloglossia Macroglossia.Megalomania A psychopathologic

condition in which the individualhas unfounded conviction of hisgreat importance and power.

Megaloureter Abnormally dilatedureter in absence of obstruction.

Megavitamin A vitamin dose far inexcess of daily recommended dose.

Megavolt A unit of electromotiveforce equal to one million volts.

Megavoltage Electromotive force inthe range of 2-10 mev. used inradiotherapy.

Megestrol acetate A syntheticprogestin used as antineoplasticagent in palliation of metastaticendometrial cancer.

Meglumine A substance used in thepreparation of radio opaque com-pounds.

Meiosis The reduction cell divisionduring maturation of sex cells inwhich two nuclear cell divisionsoccur in quick succession thusforming four gametes each contain-ing half the number of chromo-somes.

Meig’s syndrome Poly serositisassociated with ovarian fibroma.

Meissner’s corpuscle Anencapsulated end organ of touchfound on hairless portion of skin

Melalgia Pain in the lower extremity.Melancholia A condition charac-

terized by severe depression asmanifested by loss of pleasure inall activities, early morning awake-ning, anorexia and feeling of guilt.

m. involutional A major depressionoccurring in the involutionalperiod, i.e. 40-55 years in femaleand 50-65 years in males. Itscharacteristic triad of symptomsare delusions of guilt or poverty,obsession with death, and delu-sional fixation on gastrointestinalfunctioning all within a setting ofdepression and agitation.

Melanic Having a dark color.Melanin The natural pigment of hair

and skin formed by oxidation oftyrosine via dopa and dopaquinoneto a complex polymeric material.

Melanomeloblastoma Benigntumor of anterior maxilla, usuallyoccurring in infants.

Melanoblast A derivative of neuralcrest which differentiates in anembryo into a melanocyte.

Melanocyte A cell capable of for-ming melanin, mature pigmentcell.

Melanocytoma A benign pigmentdeposit on optic disk occurringespecially in black persons.

Melanoderma Any abnormal darkpigmentation of the skin predo-minantly resulting from accumu-lation of the pigment melanin.

Melanogenemia The presence inblood of substances that producemelanin.

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389

Melanoginesis The formation orproduction of melanin by living cells.

Melanoma Any benign or malignantmelanocytic tumor.

m. acral lentiginous A malignantmelanoma occurring on palms,soles, nail beds and characterizedby a lentiginous growth of atypicalmelanocytes in the epidermis,elongated rete ridges and acan-thosis.

m. lentigo maligna An irregularlyshaped, flat patch with variousshades of brown, blue, red, whiteand tan, typically occurring in sunexposed skin and old people.

m. malignant Malignant tumor ofmelanin producing cells comm-only in the skin, uveal tract of eye,oral mucosa, vagina, lung, menin-ges. Metastasis are typically wide-spread at unusual sites like heartand small bowel. Tumor can benodular, i.e., spreading verticallyand rapidly exhibiting deep darkbrown discoloration or may besuperficial spreading type withirregular borders.

Melanomatosis Presence of nume-rous melanomas.

Melanonychia Black discolorationof nail.

Melanopathy Any disease charac-terized by black discoloration ofskin.

Melanophage A phagocytic cell thatengulfs the melanin particles.

Melanophore A pigment cell carry-ing melanin.

Melanoplakia Pigment patches ontongue and oral mucosa.

Melanoprotein A protein complexwith melanin.

Melanosis Abnormal deposits ofdark pigment in various organs.

Melanosome A single melanincontaining organelle that hasfinished synthesizing melanin.

Melarsoprol A trivalent arseniccontaining antiprotozoal drug fortrypanosomiasis.

Melasma Cloasma affecting cheeks,forehead and lips.

Melatonin A hormone believed to besecreted by pineal gland. It hasaction opposite to that of MSB. Itstimulates aggregation of melano-somes in melanophores, thus lighte-ning the skin.

Melena Black tarry stool due to GIbleed.

m. spuria Melena in breast fed babieswhere blood originates fromfissures in mother’s nipple.

Melioidosis An infectious diseaseprimarily affecting rodents.Caused by Pseudomonas pseudo-malleli, often transmitted to manvia open wounds, manifesting withfever, pneumonia and metastaticabscess formation.

Melitis Inflammation of cheek.Mellitum Any pharmaceutical

preparation having honey as exci-pient.

Mellitus Latin for honeyed.Melphalen A phenylalanine ana-

logue of nitrogen mustard, anantineoplastic agent for multiplemyeloma.

Melomelia A condition of unequalconjoined twins in which both

Melanoginesis Melomelia

390

normal limbs and rudimentaryaccessory limbs are present.

Melorheostosis A rare disease oflong bones where new bornformation resembles a candle withwax dripping down the sides

Membrane A thin sheet of tissue thatcovers a surface, envelops a part,lines a cavity, divides a space orconnects two structures.

m. abdominal Peritoneum.m. alveolocapillary The blood air

barrier in the lungs consisting ofalveolar epithelium, basal laminaand capillary endothelium.

m. anterior limiting Bowman’smembrane.

m. atlanto occipital Anterior andposterior membranes extendingfrom border of foramen magnumto the atlas.

m. basement A thin transparent noncellular layer under the epitheliumof mucous membranes and secre-ting glands.

m. basilar of cochlear duct Memb-rane extending from the osseousspiral lamina to the basilar crestof cochlea, forming the floor of thecochlear duct and supporting thespiral organ of corti.

m. Bowman’s One of the five layersforming the cornea, consisting offine inter woven fibrils.

m. Brusch’s Basal lamina of choroidin contact with the pigmented layerof retina.

m. cell A delicate structure about 90Å thick that encloses a cell.Composed of mucopoly-saccharides and lipids, regulates

the movement of substances in andout of cell.

m. cricothyroid A broad thin memb-rane originating from upperborder of cricoid cartilage andextending to the vocal process ofarytenoid cartilage and to thethyroid cartilage.

m. Descemet’s One of the five layersof cornea covering the posteriorsurface of substantia propria, alsocalled posterior limiting memb-rane and is extremely thin, elastic,transparent and homogeneous.

m. diphtheritic Yellowish grayleathery exudate on the mucousmembrane of upper respiratorytract seen in diphtheria.

m. dialysis A semipermeable cellu-lose membrane separating bloodfrom dialysate in hemodialysis.

m. external limiting The third of tenlayers of retina, it has the form ofchicken wire.

m. s fetal Extraembryonic memb-ranes concerned with respiration,excretion, nutrition, and protectionof embryo. They include amnion,chorion, allantois, yolksac, deciduaand placenta.

m. glassy A prominent basal laminain the ovary separating the epithe-lial layer of follicle from thesurrounding connective tissuestroma.

m. glomerular filtration The capil-lary wall of the renal corpusclepermitting ultrafiltration of blood.

m. hyaline Like the eosinophilichomogeneous, transparent memb-

Melorheostosis Membrane, hyaline

391

rane lining the alveoli in prematureinfants afflicted with hyalinemembrane disease.

m. internal limiting The last of tenlayers of retina forming the innerlimit of retina and outer limit ofvitreous.

m. mucous Membrane lining tubularstructures and consisting of epithe-lium, basement membrane, laminapropria and lamina muscularis.

m. obturator Membrane that almostcompletely closes the obturatorforamen except superiorly wherethe membrane is deficient, forminglower boundary of obturatorcanal. The obturator externus andinternus muscles partly arise fromthis membrane.

m. perineal The inferior layer of thefascia of urogenital diaphragm.

m. periodontal Dense white cartila-ginous connective tissue that atta-ches root of tooth to alveolar bone.

m. post synaptic The portion of cellmembrane at the site of synapse,sensitive to neurotransmitter sub-stances.

m. presynaptic The cell membraneof an axon at the site of the synapsethrough which neurotransmittersubstances pass into the synapticcleft.

m. secondary tympanic The memb-rane closing the round windowbetween blind end of scala tympaniand the middle ear chamber.

m. Reissner’s Vestibular membraneof cochlear duct.

m. semipermeable A membranewhich permits the passage of waterand small molecules but not largemolecules and colloidal matter.

m. serous The outer most coat liningthe external walls of body cavitiesand reflected over exposed surfacesof protruding organs.

m. suprapleural A dense tent shapedfascial layer attached from theinner part of first rib and costalcartilage to the transverse processof seventh vertebra, thus closing thethoracic inlet.

m. synovial The connective tissuemembrane that lines the cavity of asynovial joint and produces thesynovial fluid.

m. tectorial of cochlear duct Adelicate gelatinous membrane inspiral organ of corti.

m. Toldt’s The anterior layer offascia of kidney.

m. thyrohyoid A broad fibro elasticsheet that fills the interval betweenthe hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage.

m. tympanic (TM) The membraneseparating the external ear fromthe middle ear cavity, kept tense bytensor tympani. The displacementof tympanic membrane (vibration)during ordinary conversation isonly that of the diameter ofmolecule of hydrogen.

m. undulating An organelle oflocomotion of certain flagellateparasites consisting of a fin likeextension of the limiting membranewith a wave like flagellar sheath.

Membrane, internal limiting Membrane, undulating

392

m. urogenital The anterior part ofcloacal membrane in the embryo.

m. vaginal The hymen.m. Zinn’s The anterior layer of iris

comprising a layer of flattenedendothelial cells.

Membranelle A minute membranecomposed of fused cilia, seen insome ciliate organisms.

Membranocartilaginous Partlymembranous and partly carti-laginous.

Membraniform Having the appear-ance of a membrane.

Membrano cranium The primitiveprecursor of skull in embryo.

Membranoid Like a membrane, asin appearance or quality.

Membranous Being or having pro-perties of a membrane.

Membroid A capsule of membranouscomposition which is resistant tothe action of gastric secretions butdissolves in small intestine, henceused for enteric coating of drugs tobe delivered in small intestine.

Memory 1. To remember; the persis-tence of the effects of experience onthe behavior of living organismwhich includes learning,retaining, recalling andrecognizing. 2. That portion ofcomputer in which instructionsand data are stored.

m. iconic The hypothesized first stageof visual memory formation inwhich a faint copy of visual inputpersists very briefly allowing alonger interval for extraction ofinformation.

m. immunologic The capacity ofimmune system to mount a vigo-rous and sustained response to asubsequent exposure to a parti-cular antigen than was mounted toinitial exposure. This memory isretained by a subpopulation of Tlymphocytes (memory cells).

m. kinesthetic Memory of movementrather than event.

m. long-term The hypothesizedsubstage of memory process inwhich information is stored in arelatively permanent way for therest of life.

m. retrograde The memory for eventsprior to a trauma or other incidentthat has affected one’s memory.

m. short term A hypothesized sub-stage of memory process notexceeding 25 minutes per event.

Menacme The height of menstrualactivity in a woman life.

Menadione (Vit. K3) Methylnaphthoquinone, parent substanceof various forms of vitamin K.

Menadiol sodium diphosphate Asynthetic derivative of menadione.

Menadione sodium bisulfite Thewater-soluble form of menadione,used in the treatment of hemorr-hage consequent to hypopro-thrombinemic states.

Menaquinone Any of the severalsubstituted menadiones withVitamin K activity.

Menarche Appearance of firstmenstrual period.

Mendelevium Radioactive element(Md), atomic number = 101.

Membrane, urogenital Mendelevium

393

Menetrier’s disease/syndrome Adisease of unknown etiologycharacterized by large gastricrugae, and pseudo-polyps whichmay be associated with ulcer likesymptoms, bleeding or idiopathichypoproteinemia, SYN — Hyper-trophic gastritis.

Meniere’s disease/syndromeParoxysmal labyrinthine vertigowith deafness and tinnitus, due tounexplained increase in endo-lymphatic pressure.

Meninges The three membranes thatcover the brain and spinal cord;consisting of dense fibrous outerdura mater, thin innermost piamater and trabeculated middlearachnoid mater. The last two aregrouped as leptomeninges.

Meningitis Inflammation of meni-nges; can be cerebral, spinal or

cerebrospinal. Pachymeningitisinvolves dura mater while lepto-meningitis involves pia arachnoidbut the latter is more common.

m. acute aseptic Viral infection withCSF lymphocytic pleocytosis; anytoxic state, parameningeal infectiveprocess.

m. acute septic Bacterial meningitiswith pus formation, e.g. meningococcal, pneumococcal, E. coli menin-gitis.

m. basal Meningitis largely restric-ted to base of brain occurring insubacute, chronic or inadequatelytreated bacterial meningitis or ingranulomatous processes liketuberculosis, sarcoidosis, syphilis.

m. carcinomatosa Widespread ordiffuse metastatic carcinoma in themeninges.

m. eosinophilic Occurring inparasitic infection or malignancy,

Menetrier’s disease/syndrome Meningitis, eosinophilic

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394

e.g. rat lung worm, parago-nimiasis, schistosomiasis, gnatho-stomiasis, etc. with CSFeosinophilia but benign and self-limited.

m. gummatous Meningitis occurringin tertiary stage of syphilis withgumma formation in pia or duramater, manifesting as increasedintracranial pressure or basalmeningitis.

m. mollarets Acute meningitis withCSF pleocytosis and presence ofabundant large endothelial cells inCSF; rapid spontaneous remission.

m. neonatal Acute septic meningitisof neonates caused by gram -veorganisms mainly E. coli.

m. tuberculous Occurs due tohematogenous spread or rupture ofcortical tuberculoma into CSF. Sub-acute onset with chronic course,often with encephalomyelopathy,cerebral arteritis, subarachnoidadhesions.

Meningioma Tumor of meninges,especially from dura where ara-chnoid villi are numerous. Usuallybenign, producing symptoms dueto compression or bone erosion,can undergo sarcomatous changes.

m. anaplastic Meningioma withanaplastic features but not sarcoma.

m. angiomatous Small and largevascular channels predominate.

m. hemangioblastic Resembleshemangioblastoma of cerebellum.

m. olfactory groove Gives rise tounilateral anosmia, and FosterKenedy syndrome.

m. parasagittal Causes spasticparaparesis of legs.

Meningiomatosis Presence of multi-ple meningiomas.

Meningism A group of symptomsand signs suggesting meningitisbut without identifiable pathologiclesion of meninges. Occurs inchildren suffering from febrileinfections like pneumonia, tonsil-litis, systemic viral infection.

Meningocele A congenital sac likeskin covered protrusion ofmeninges through a defect in skullor vertebral column. Common tomid occipital area or lumbosacralarea.

Meningococcemia Presence ofmeningococci in blood, often asso-ciated with petechial rash, cardio-vascular collapse and meningitis/( w a t e r h o u s e - F r e d r i c h s o nsyndrome), chronic persistentmeningococcemia may beassociated with lowgrade fever,rash and arthritis.

Meningoencephalitis Inflammationof brain and meninges.

m. primary amebic Caused byNaegleria or Acanthameba, infec-tion travelling via cribiform platewith fatal course in a week.

m. trypanosomal Subacute or chronicmeningoencephalitis predomi-nantly involving the base of braincaused by Trypanosoma gambiensaeor rhodesiense. Producing sleepingsickness and dementia.

Meningoencephalomyelitis Combi-nation of meningitis, encephalitisand myelitis.

Meningitis, gummatous Meningoencephalomyelitis

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MeningoencephalomyelopathyAny disease involving brain,meninges and spinal cord.

Meningoencephalomyeloradiculo -neuritis Inflammation of brain,spinal cord, meninges, nerve rootsand peripheral nerves.

Meningocyte A mesenchymal epi-thelial cell of subarachnoid space.

Meningoencephalopathy A diffusedisorder of function of brain andmeninges; commonly relates totoxic and metabolic encephalo-pathies.

Meningomyelitis Inflammation ofspinal cord and its covering memb-ranes.

Meningomyelocele A protrusion ofspinal cord and associatedmeninges through a developmentaldefect in spinal canal.

Meningo-osteophlebitis Periosteitisthat is associated with inflam-mation of venous sinuses andmeninges.

Meningovascular Concerning menin-ges and adjacent blood vessels.

Meniscectomy Surgical removal ofsemilunar cartilage especially ofknee.

m. arthroscopic Removal of a part ofdamaged meniscus througharthroscope.

Meniscus A crescent shaped struc-ture; one of the fibrocartilaginousdiscs of knee joint.

m. lateral A nearly circular crescentshaped fibrocartilage attached tolateral articular surface of upperend of tibia.

m. medial A crescent shaped fibro-cartilage attached to medialsurface of upper end of tibia.

Meningoencephalomyelopathy Meniscus, medial

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396

Menolipsis The temporary cessa-tion of menstruation.

Menometrorrhagia Abnormalbleeding during or between mens-trual periods.

Menopause The normal physiologiccessation of menstruation comm-only between 45 and 50 years ofage. Frequent symptoms includehot flushes, headache, vulvar dys-comfort, painful sexual intercourseand mental depression.

m. artificial Cessation of menopauseby irradiation or surgical removalof ovaries.

m. premature Early menopause,idiopathic or secondary to pitui-tary disease, systemic illness.

Menorrhagia Excessive or pro-longed menstruation, SYN—hypermenorrhea.

Menoschesis Suppression of menses.Menostasis Amenorrhea.Menses Periodic bloody discharge

from uterus, called menstruation.

Menstrual Relating to menses.Menstruation The periodic dis-

charge from uterus of a non clottingbloody fluid at 4-5 weeks interval.

m. anovulatory Menstruation notpreceded by ovulation.

m. vicarious Bleeding from sitesother than uterus occurring at thetime of normal menstruation.

Mensual Monthly.Mensuration Measurement by

immediate comparison.Mental 1. Relating to mind. 2. relating

to chin.Mentation Mental activity.Menthol Peppermint camphor, an

organic compound derived frompippermint oil or prepared synthe-tically. It provides a sensation ofcoolness in mucosal membranes bystimulation of cold receptors.

Mentoanterior In a face presentation,having the fetal chin pointinganteriorly in relation to maternalpelvis.

Menolipsis Mentoanterior

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Mentoplasty Plastic operation onchin.

Mentoposterior In face presentation,having fetal chin pointing posteriorlyin relation to maternal pelvis.

Mentotransverse In face presenta-tion, having the fetal chin pointinglaterally in relation to maternalpelvis.

Mentum The anterior prominenceof mandible produced by mentalprotruberance; the chin.

Mepacrine An anthelmintic fortapeworm and giardiasis, also anantimalarial agent.

Meparfynol A colorless liquid withunpleasant burning taste, often usedas a short acting hypnotic.

Mepazine A phenothiazine com-pound, used for pre or post-opera-tive sedation and anxiety.

Mepenzolate bromide An anti-cholinergic agent used forhypermotility of colon.

Meperidine A synthetic narcoticanalgesic, with spasmolyticproperties and high addictionpotential.

Mephenesin An agent used forskeletal muscle relaxation.

Mephenoxalone A skeletal musclerelaxant, also has mild anxiolyticproperties.

Mephentermine An adrenergicagent used as a nasal decongestantor in certain hypotensive states toaugment vascular tone.

Mephenytoin Anticonvulsant agentfor focal, jacksonian, grandmal andpsychomotor seizure.

Mephobarbitol Long actingbarbiturate with anxiolytic andanticonvulsant properties.

Mepivacaine An analogue of lido-caine for local anesthesia, peri-pheral nerve block or epiduralblock.

Meprednisone A synthetic glucocorticoid used to treat corti-costeroid responsive diseases,allergic conditions.

Meprylcaine A local anesthetic forinfiltration and nerve block anes-thesia.

Mepyramine malleate An anti-allergic.

Mequidox An antibacterial agent.Meralgia Pain in the thigh.m. Paresthetica is troublesome

tingling, pricking or numbness inlateral aspect of thigh due tocompression of lateral femoralcutaneous nerve while it passesbeneath or through the inguinalligament just medial to anteriorsuperior iliac spine.

Meralein sodium A water solubletopically applied antibacterialagent.

Meralluride A mercurial salt ofsuccinamic acid used as a paren-terally administered diuretic.

Merbromin Topically used anti-bacterial and antiseptic Syn-Mer-curochrome.

Mercaptan Any substance contain-ing the radical- SH bound to carbon,analogous to alcohol and phenolsbut containing sulfur instead ofoxygen. Used in dentistry as anelastic impression compoud.

Mentoplasty Mercaptan

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Mercaptoethanol Most commonlyused reagents containing thiolgroup.

Mercaptoethylamine A componentof coenzyme A, used in treatmentof radiation sickness and chronicleukemia.

2-Mercaptoimidazole A thioureagroup of antithyroid drug, fivetimes more potent than methyl-thiouracil.

Mercaptomerin sodium A mer-curial diuretic given SC/IM.

Mercaptopurine 6-Purinethol, Ahypoxanthine and adenineanalogue used as antineoplasticagent for its potent inhibitory effecton DNA synthesis.

Mercapturic acid An S-aryl-N acetylcysteine found in the urine afteringestion of aromatic halogencompounds.

Mercurialism Poisoning by mercuryor its compounds.

Mercuric Bivalent mercury.Mercurous Monovalent mercury.Mercury A heavy, silvery poisonous

metallic element liquid at roomtemperature, atomic No. - 80, usedin thermometer.

Mercury197 (197Hg) A radioactivemercury isotope used in braintumor localization and in the studyof renal function.

Meridian A line surrounding aspherical body passing throughboth poles or half of such circlecontaining both poles.

Merocrine Denoting secretory cellsthat remain intact during

discharge of secretory products asthose in the salivary glands.

Merotomy Cutting into parts.Merozoite The product of asexual

schizogony of a protozoan in thebody of host; in malaria mero-zoites are liberated from ruptureof RBC to invade fresh RBC or formgametocyte, the sexual form in man,infective to mosquito.

Merocyte An incompletely isolatedcell found in the vicinity of the yolkof a fertilized ovum during segmen-tation. Its nucleus is generallyderived from accessory sperma-tozoa.

Meroencephalus Developmentalabsence of any parts of brain.

Merogony The development of onlya portion of an egg. If the eggcontains only male pronucleus, thedevelopment is called andro-merogony and if only femalepronucleus gynomerogony.

Merology Study of rudimentarytissue.

Meromycin One of the two proteins— heavy meromycin and lightmeromycin formed by enzymaticdigestion of muscle protein mycin.

Merphalon A racemic mixture ofmelphalan and medphalan;antineoplastic drug.

Mersalyl sodium A mercurialdiuretic given parenterally.

Mesangiolysis Degeneration ofmesangial cells and matrixsecondary to radiation and somesnake toxins.

Mesangium The framework ofglomerulus which arises from

Mercaptoethanol Mesangium

399

vascular pole and extends intointercapillary spaces. It containsmatrix and mesangial cells whichare phagocytic in nature.

Mesarteritis Inflammation loca-lized to tunica media of vessel.

Mescaline A hallucinogenic alka-loid.

Mesaortitis Inflammation of mus-cular coat of aorta.

Mesaxon A supporting cell memb-rane that completely encloses theaxon like a jelly roll, forming amyelin lamellae.

Mesencephalon The embryonicmidbrain; the second cephalicdilatation of neural tube thatdevelops into corpora quadri-gemina, the cerebral peduncles andaqueduct of Sylvius.

Mesenchyme Embryonic connectivetissue consisting of an aggregationof cells in close contact by means oflong processes thus forming aloose network (stellate cells).

Mesenchymoma A rare benign ormalignant tumor consisting of twoor more clearly identifiable mesen-chymal elements in addition tofibrous tissue.

Mesenteritis Mesenteric inflam-mation.

m. retractile Chronic mesenteritisresulting in progressive fibrosisand nodular thickening withretraction and distortion of intes-tinal loops, related to retroperi-toneal fibrosis.

Mesentery A double layer of peri-toneum attaching various organs

to body wall and conveying to themtheir blood vessels and nerves;commonly referred to peritonealfold attaching small intestine to theposterior body wall.

m. primitive Double layered em-bryonic membrane formed byunion of the two opposing splan-chopleuric layers when the abdo-minal wall closes off and theperitoneal cavity develops. Thedorsal part of primitivemesentery becomes commondorsal mesentery.

m. common dorsal A double layerpartition of visceral splachnicmesoderm which divides the em-bryonic coelem into halves, sus-pends primitive digestive tube frombody wall and carries the bloodsupply to tube.

m. persistent common A condition inwhich the embryonic dorsal mesen-tery retains the primitive attach-ments between the mid dorsal bodywall and the G.I. tract.

m. ventral A fold of peritoneumwhich extends from the ventralwall of fore gut towards dia-phragm and anterior abdominalwall.

Meshwork Network.Mesial Situated in, near, or towards

the midline or apex of dental arch.Mesoappendix A triangular fold of

peritoneum around the vermiformappendix, attaching the latter toposterior surface of the mesenteryof the ileum. The artery to appendix

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400

runs along the free margin of thisfold.

Mesocardium The double layermesoderm attaching the em-bryonic heart to the wall of peri-cardial cavity.

Mesiobuccal Pertaining to the mesialand buccal surface of tooth.

Mesiobucco-occlusal Relating to themesial, buccal and occlusal sur-faces of posterior tooth.

Mesioclusion Malocclusion inwhich the lower dental arch isanterior to the upper.

Mesiodens An accessory toothlocated between two upper incisors.

Mesiodistal Denoting the plane of atooth from its mesial surface acrossto its distal surface distal surface.

Mesiolabioincisal Relating to themesial, labial and incisal surfacesof an anterior tooth, usually deno-ting the point angle formed byjunction of three surfaces.

Mesiolinguo-occlusal Relating tomesial, lingual and occlusal sur-faces of posterior tooth.

Mesio-occlusal Relating to mesialand occlusal surface of posteriortooth, usually denoting the lineangle formed by junction of twosurfaces.

Mesioversion 1. Position of toothcloser to midline than normal, 2.Position of jaw anterior to itsnormal position.

Mesmerism A form of hypnosis.Mesoblast The mesoderm in early

stage of development, the middleof three germinal layers of embryo.

Mesocecum The mesentery of cecum.Mesocephalic Denoting a skull

having cephalic index between75-80; intermediate betweendolichocephalic and brachycephalic.

Mesocolon The double layer ofperitoneum attaching colon toposterior abdominal wall. Only thetransverse colon and sigmoidcolon have actual mesentery.

Mesocolopexy Surgical procedurein which the mesocolon is fixed orresuspended to prevent ptosis ortorsion of transverse colon.

Mesocoloplication A surgicalprocedure of folding back themesocolon on itself and stitchingin place in order to restrict mobilityof transverse colon.

Mesocord An umbilical cord, asegment of which is bound toplacenta by an accessory fold.

Mesocortex The cerebral cortex ofthe cingulate and retrosplenial gyrithat does not pass through a sixlayered developmental stage.

Mesocyst A rare peritoneal fold thatsuspends gallbladder from its fossaon the liver.

Mesoderm The middle of primarygerm layers, in between outerectoderm and inner entoderm.From this layer are derived themajority of skeletal system, thecirculatory system, the muscu-lature, the excretory system andmost of the reproductive system invertebrates.

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401

Mesoduodenum A part of the pri-mitive midline dorsal mesentery inrelation to embryonic duodenum.

Mesoepididymis A fold of tunicavaginalis that connects the testis tothe epididymis.

Mesogastrium That part ofprimitive dorsal mesentery whichis related to developing stomachand becomes greater omentum.

Mesognathic Having an average jawto head relationship or gnathicindex between 98-103.

Mesomelia The relative shorteningof middle segments of limbs.

Mesometrium The portion of broadligament below mesovarium.

Mesomorph A person having a bodybuild with prominent musculatureand heavy bony structure.

Mesognathion The part of maxillabearing the lateral incisor.

Meson Subatomic paricle with massa in between that of electron andproton.

Mesonephroma Rare ovarian tumorbelieved to be formed from dis-placed mesonephric tissue.

Mesonephros An intermediateexcretory organ of the embryo, it isreplaced by permanent metane-phros (kidney). While its ductalsystem is retained in male asepididymis and deferent duct andin female as tubules of epoophoron.Also known as wolfian body.

Mesorchium A thick fold of peri-toneum which connects the deve-loping testis to the mesonephricfold in embryo. It contains testi-cular vessels and nerves.

Mesorectum A short peritoneal foldinvesting the upper part of rectumand connecting it to sacrum.

Mesoridazine Antipsychotic agent.Mesosalpinx The upper free portion

of broad ligament investing thefallopian tube.

Mesosigmoidopexy Attaching thesigmoid mesocolon to anteriorabdominal wall to prevent sigmoidvolvulus or rectal prolapse.

Mesosome A convoluted memb-ranous body derived frominvagination of plasma membranein some bacteria functioning thecellular respiration.

Mesotendon The connective tissuefold of synovial membrane exten-ding from a tendon to the wall ofits synovial tendon sheath.

Mesothelioma A benign or malig-nant tumor arising from the meso-thelial lining of one of the coelomiccavities, commonly pleura orperitoneum, consisting of epithelialand spindle cell elements.

Mesothelium Epithelial cells ofmesodermal origin which line theserous cavities, also found assecretory epithelium of kidney andmesothelium of anterior chamberof eye.

Mesovarium A short thick peritonealfold that attaches ovary to poste-rior layer of broad ligament andpermits passage of blood vesselsand nerves to ovary.

Messenger 1. The RNA that carriesthe information coded in DNAsequence to the site of protein

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402

biosynthesis where it specifies theorder of aminoacid residues. 2. Themediator of an effect.

Mestranol An estrogen used inpreparation of oral contraceptive.

Mesurpine HCl A vasodilator andsmooth muscle relaxant.

Meta Prefix means 1. changed inform, or position transformed, 2.after, behind, following 3. next to.

Meta analysis A statisticalprocedure for combining data froma number of studies and theiranalysis

Metabiosis The dependence of anorganism upon the preexistence ofanother for its development.

Metabolic rate The rate ofutilization of energy calculatedfrom oxygen consumption

m rate basal The metabolic rate whenbody in at complete rest. It is 1 cal/ kg / hour or 40 cal/m2/ hour

Metabolism A general term appliedto chemical processes taking placein the living tissues for maintenanceof life.

m. acid-base The processes influ-encing hydrogen ion concentrationin the body.

m. aerobic Metabolic activity depen-dent upon oxygen.

m. intermediary The chemical chan-ges associated with the synthesisof cellular components from foodmaterials and their degradation.

Metabolite A substance takingpart in or produced by metabolicactivity.

m. secondary Any of the compoundsproduced by many micro-organisms not subserving growth.

Metabutethamine Used in dentistryas a local anesthetic for nerveblock/infiltration anesthesia.

Metacarpus The five bones of handbetween the carpus and the phallan-ges.

Metacentric Pertaining to chromo-some with centromere in themiddle.

Metachromasia 1. The property bywhich some cells stain in a colourdifferent from the dye with whichthey are stained 2. The propertythrough which a single dye stainsdifferent tissues in differentcolours.

Metachromatic Term applied to cellsand dyes exhibiting meta-chromasia.

Metacercaria The encysted stage ofa digenetic trematode which occursin the tissues or on the surface ofintermediate host such as snail.This stage is usually infective or isthe transfer stage to definitive host.

Metachrosis The ability to changecolor.

Metacresol A local antiseptic.Metacryptozoite A member of

second or subsequent generation ofthe extra erythrocytic, tissuedwelling malarial parasite; itdevelops from sporozoites.

Metacyesis Extrauterine pregnancy.Meta female A female with 3 X

chromosomes (trisomy X) usually

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403

short statured, mentally retardedand obese.

Metagonimus A genus of smallflukes which may infect man uponeating fish containing the larvae.

Metakinesis The separation of twochromatids of a chromosomeduring the anaphase of mitosis.

Metal Any of the several chemicalelements that share a group ofcharacteristic properties, are goodconductors of electricity, malleableand liberate cations.

m. heavy Any metal 5 times or moreheavier than water.

m. noble Metal that can neither beoxidized by heat nor can be easilydissolved, e.g. gold, silver, plati-num.

m. rare earth Any metal with atomicno. 57 through 71.

Metaldehyde A polymer of acetal-dehyde formerly used as an anti-septic.

Metalloenzyme An enzyme havinga metal ion as an integral part ofits active form, e.g., cytochrome(Fe2+ Fe3+). Cytochrome oxidase(Cu2+, Cu2) or alcohol dehydroge-nase (Zn2+).

Metallophil A cell or tissue whichstains with metallic salts, e.g.,reticular cells.

Metalloprotein A protein with metalion bound to it. Many enzymes aremetalloproteins.

Metamale A male with one x chromo-some but 2y chromosomes; usually

tall, lean, often having tendencytowards aggressive behavior.

Metamere One of a series of homo-logous body segments, e.g. earth-worm.

Metamerism The state of having aseries of structures arranged in arepetitive pattern.

Metamorphopsia Distortion ofvisual image as in parietal lobedisease, retinal lesion or intoxi-cation.

Metamorphosis A change in form orstructure as in the development ofcertain insects from larva to adult.

m. retrograde The gradual degene-ration of certain structures throughlack of use, as eyes of certain deepsea dwelling fish.

Metamyelocyte An immaturegranulocyte, an early stage ofgranulocyte derived from myelo-cyte with kidney shaped nucleusand finely granulated cytoplasmcontaining azurophilic granules.

Metanephrine One of the catabolicproducts of epinephrine excreted inurine.

Metanephros The permanent kidneyin the human fetus, formed caudalto mesonephros close to termi-nation of cloaca. It is composed ofmetanephric duct (primitive ureter)and the metanephrogenic tissue.

Metaneutrophil Not staining nor-mally with neutral dyes.

Metaphase The second stage of celldivision by mitosis during which

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the chromatids are aligned alongthe equatorial plate of cell andattached by spindle fibers to centro-mere.

Metaphysis The line of junction ofepiphysis with diaphysis (shaft).

Metaplasia The abnormal trans-formation from one differentiatedadult tissue to another type adulttissue within a given organ.

m. agnogenic myeloid Extramedul-lary hematopoisis especially in thespleen in myelofibrosis.

m. apocrine A metaplasia of breastepithelium to apocrinesweatgland epithelium as infibrocystic disease.

m. intestinal The transformation ofgastric mucosa into a glandularepithelium typical of intestinewith goblet cells and Paneth cellsas seen in chronic atrophicgastritis.

m. squamous The transformation ofan epithelium, usually mucosal orglandular to a stratified squamousepithelium. It is a common adap-tation to injury as in ciliated colum-nar epithelium of bronchus inconsequence to chronic cigarettesmoking.

Metaplexus The choroid plexus offourth ventricle.

Metaproterenol A potent beta-adrenergic stimulant used asbronchodilator.

Metarminol A compound withvasopressor activity used to treatacute hypotension.

Metarhodopsin An intermediateformed in retina from degradationof lumirhodopsin. It is unstable anddegrades to scotopsin and transretinene.

Metarminol Sympathomimetic agent.Metarteriole That part of terminal

arteriole that is surrounded by anadditional layer of smooth musclecells and acts as the final controlof blood flow to capillary bed.

Metastasis Transfer of a diseasefrom its primary site to a distantlocation either by blood, lymphaticchannel, CSF flow, etc.

Metaphysis Metastasis

Metastasis

405

m. osteoblastic Metastasis whichis bone forming, e.g. carcinomaprostate.

m. osteoclastic Destruction of boneat metastatic site.

m. paradoxical Metastasis in adirection other than that of expectedflow of blood or lymph.

Metatarsus The anterior portion offoot between the toes and the instep.Composed of 5 cylindrical bones.

m. adductus A deformity where frontpart of foot is drawn towards themidline.

m. varus A fixed deformity in whichthe distal part of the foot is rotatedon longitudinal axis of the foot sothat plantar surface of ball and toestend to face the sagittal plane of thebody.

Metathalamus That portion ofthalamus composed of medial andlateral geniculate bodies.

Metathesis The deliberate movingof a pathologic process to a sitewhere it will be less troublesome.

Metathrombin A thrombin-anti-thrombin complex formed duringclotting and is inactive.

Metaxalone Orally administeredsmooth muscle relaxant.

Metazoa A subkingdom of animalscomprising all multicellular orga-nisms having specialized cellsproducing a different type of tissue.

Metazoonosis A type of zoonosisrequiring both a vertebrate and aninvertebrate host stage in the life-cycle of causative organism.

Metencephalon The more rostralpart of brain in embryo that deve-lops into cerebellum and pons.

Meteorism Distention of intestinewith gas.

Meter (m) Measure of length equalto 39.37 inches or 100 cm.

Metergoline An ergot alkaloidderivative.

Metestrus The period of regressionimmediately following the periodof sexual desire (estrus) in, themating season.

Metformin A structural analogueof in phenformin, hypoglycemicagent.

Methacholine A derivative of acetylcholine with only muscarinic effect.

Methacycline A semisynthetic anti-biotic of tetracyclic group givenorally.

Methadone A synthetic narcoticanalgesic with morphine likeeffect. It is used in opium with-drawal and as a maintenance treat-ment in heroin addicts.

Methallenestril A synthetic non-steroidal estrogenic agent.

Methamphetamine A sympatho-mimetic amine similar to amphe-tamine; used as a CNS stimulant.

Methandriol Anabolic steroid.Methandrostenolone A compound

of methyl testosterone with ana-bolic and androgenic properties.

Methane CH4 Marsh gas, the sim-plest hydrocarbon.

Methanol Methyl alcohol, preparedsynthetically or from distillationof wood. Toxic and causes blind-ness when drunk.

Methantheline bromide An anti-cholinergic agent used to suppressgastric motility and secretion.

Metastasis, osteoblastic Methantheline bromide

406

Methapyrilene Antihistaminic ofmedium potency and short dura-tion; used as fumarate or hydro-chloride.

Methaqualone A sedative and hyp-notic, chronic use can lead topsychologic and physical depen-dence.

Metharbital A barbiturate used asanticonvulsant for grandmal, peti-tmal and myoclonic seizures.

Methazolamide An agent inhibitingcarbonic anhydrase, hence used inglaucoma; given orally.

Methemalbumin A complex ofplasma albumin with heme relea-sed from hemoglobin when thereis intravascular hemolysis.

Methemoglobin A derivative ofhemoglobin with oxidized iron,hence incapable of carrying oxygen.

Methemoglobinemia Methemo-globin greater than 1%. of totalhemoglobin in blood; thereforecausing cyanosis.

m. enterogenous Conversion ofingested nitrate to nitrite by intes-tinal bacteria and its absorptioncausing hemoglobin oxidation tomethemoglobin.

m. hereditary Hereditary disease dueto deficiency of RBC methemo-globin reductase.

m. toxic Methemoglobinemiaresulting from exposure of Hb totoxic drugs, or their metabolites andnitrites. The drugs most commonlyresponsible are phenacetin, sulfone(dapsone), phenazopyridine etc.

Methemoglobin reductase Enzymethat converts methemoglobin toHb.

Methenamine C6H12N4 Used intreatment of infections of urinarytract because of its slow hydrolysisto formaldehyde. Hippurate andmandelate salts are in use.

Methetoin An analog of phenytoinused as oral anticonvulsant.

Methicillin sodium Asemisynthetic derivative ofpenicillin given IM. in infectionsresistant to penicillin G.

Methimazole Potent, widely usedantithyroid drug. It acts by inter-fering with incorporation of iodine.

Methiodal sodium Iodine containingcontrast for urinary tract.

Methionine One of the essentialamino acids, the main biologicdonor of methyl groups for proteinsynthesis.

Methisazone A synthetic antiviralagent, not in use.

Methixene hydrochloride Anti-cholinergic agent used orally ingastrointestinal hypermotility andspasm.

Methocarbamol A muscle relaxant,given orally, IM and SC.

Method A set form or mode ofprocedure, a systemic way ofperforming an examination, test oroperation.

m. Abbott’s A technique for correc-tion of scoliosis.

m. agar diffusion A method forestimating drug sensitivity orconcentration by measuring the

Methapyrilene Method, agar diffusion

407

diameter of area of growth inhi-bition around a deposit of drug ona heavily seeded plate.

m. Bell’s A vertical tooth brushingtechnique in which the bristles of asoft multituft brush are sweptfrom teeth to gums.

m. Cajal A histologic technique fordemonstrating the presence ofastrocytes in nervous tissue byusing gold chloride.

m. Castel A histochemical method todemonstrate arsenic or bismuth inthe tissue.

m. Charter’s A vibratory toothbrushing technique in which thebristles of a hard two rowed brushare applied at 45° to the long axisof teeth directed towards bitingsurfaces.

m. Copenhegen A technique of arti-ficial respiration developed byDanish Army in which the patientlying prone inspiration is inducedby extension of arms and expi-ration by pressure on the scapula.

m. Crede ‘s A method of expressingthe placenta in which the body ofthe uterus is vigorously squeezedin order to produce placentalseparation.

m. Dickinson’s A technique to controlpost partum hemorrhage. Theuterus is lifted superiorly out ofpelvis and is compressed againstvertebral column.

m. Esbach’s A method for semi-quantitative estimation of proteinin the urine by using picric acidprecipitation.

m. Fick Measurement of cardiacoutput using Fick principle.

m. Fone’s A tooth brushing techniquewith the teeth in occlusion and thehead of the brush describing largecircles over the teeth and gum.

m. immunofluorescence Any methodin which a fluorescent labelledantibody is used to detect the pre-sence or determine the location ofcorresponding antigen.

m. Lee - White A method of deter-mining the coagulation time ofvenous blood by placing it in tubesof standard bore at body tempe-rature.

m. India Ink A method for visuali-zing spirochetes and yeast or otherfungi.

m. Manchester A method for repairof bilateral congenital cleft lip.

m. Nissl’s A histologic technique thatdemonstrates the presence ofaggregated RNA or Nissl’s gra-nules in neurones.

m. Radioactive balloon A method ofradioactive exposure to bladderwall by placing the radioactivematerial in the balloon of Foley’scatheter.

m. rhythm Birth control by avoidingsexual intercourse for 4 days beforeand 4 days after the approximatedate of ovulation.

m. Shick’s A method of producingimmunity to diphtheria by injectinga mixture of toxin and antitoxin ofthat disease.

m. Westergreen A method for esti-mating the sedimentation rate of

Method, Bell's Method, Westergreen

408

redblood cells in the blood; 4.5 mlof venous blood is mixed with0.5 ml of 3.8% sodium citrate andis pippetted into a standard 2 mmbore 300 mm long pippette, filledupto zero mark and kept in uprightposition for 1 hour to record the fallof RBC column. Normal value formale in 0-10 mm and for female is0-20 mm.

m. Wintrobe The determination ofESR by measurement of sedimen-tation at one hour and correctionfor hematocrit value by a standardtable.

Methohexital sodium Short actingbarbiturate used IV like pentothalsodium.

Methotrexate A potent folic acidantagonist used as cytotoxic agentand immunosuppresant.

Methotrimeprazine A phenothia-zine with potent analgesic pro-perties used in obstetric analgesia,and as a preanesthetic medication.

Methoxamine An adrenergic vaso-pressor, often used in supraventri-cular tachycardia.

Methoxsalen A psoralen compoundused in association with ultra-violet exposure to enhance repig-mentation in vitiligo. It is also usedto precipitate a phototoxic res-ponse in the treatment of psoriasis.

Methoxychlor An insecticide usedto control mosquito larva and flies.

Methoxyphenamine An adrenergicagent used as bronchodilator.

Methoxyflurane A colorless nonexplosive liquid used as a slowanesthetic.

Methoxypromazine A pheno-thiazine tranquilizer.

Methscopolamine A quaternaryderivative of scopolamine withanticholinergic actions; used asgastrointestinal sedative.

Methsuximide An anticonvulsantfor petit mal and psychomotorepilepsy.

Methyclothiazide A thiazide anti-hypertensive diuretic.

Methylal Dimethoxy methane, anes-thetic and hypnotic agent.

Methylchloride A refrigerant, usedin spray form for local anesthesia,also same property by m. iodide.

m. methacrylate An acrylic resin fordental use.

m. salicylate An antipyretic, anal-gesic, used in pain killing ointments.

Methyl orange Used as an indicatorwith a pH range of 3.2-4.4 (yellowat 3.2 and pink at 4.4).

Methyl red Used as an indicator, redat 4.4 and yellow at 6.

Methylate To combine with methylalcohol or the methyl radical.

Methyl cellulose A bulk formingcellulose derivative with laxativeproperties. Used for constipation,as appetite suppressant in manage-ment of obesity, and in ophthalmicsolutions/ointment.

Methyl benzenethonium chloride Atopical antiinfective agent.

Methylcholanthrene One of thecarcinogenic polycyclic hydro-carbons of coaltar.

Methyl dopa Sympathetic activityinhibitor used in treatment ofhypertension.

Method, Wintrobe Methyl dopa

409

Methylene blue Methyl thioninechloride, an aniline dye formerlyused as urinary antiseptic; nowused in treatment of methemo-globinemia, as an antidote forcyanide poisoning, as a stainingagent for basophilic and meta-chromatic substances.

Methylene green A synthetic meta-chromatic dye used to distinguishmast cell granules.

Methyl ergonovine maleate Anoxytocic agent used to induceuterine contraction to reduce postpartum hemorrhage.

Methylene dioxyamphetamine(MDA) A hallucinogen commonlyreferred as the love drug.

Methyl glucamine ditrizoate Anorganic compound used as a con-trast medium in the making of X-ray transparencies.

Methyl malonic aciduria Elevationof methyl malonic acid in bloodwith excessive excretion in urine.Caused due to congenital enzy-matic deficiency or B12 deficiency.

Methyl malony CoA Formed frompropionyl CoA, helpful for utili-zation of fatty acids.

Methyl methacrylate Acrylic resinused to make denture bases, artifi-cial teeth, crowns and restorations.

Methyl phenidate Mild psychomotorstimulant, used to treat hyperkineticchildren, and narcolepsy.

Methyl prednisolone Methylatedanalog of prednisolone givenorally as immunosuppressant.

Methyl salicylate A colorless oilyliquid with strong odor used inperfumes and as counter irritants.

Methyl testosterone Orally givenandrogenic steroidal agent as areplacement therapy for androgendeficiency states.

Methyl tetrahydrofolic acid Anintermediate subserving as a donorof methyl group to homocystine toform methionine.

Methyl violet Dye for stainingamyloid.

Methyprylon A compound withsedative and hypnotic properties.

Methysergide A serotonin receptorantagonist used as vasoconstrictorin migraine.

Metitepine 5 HT antagonist.Metmyoglobin Oxidized (Fe3+)

myoglobin.Metocurine A derivative of tub-

ocurarine which is more potent andlonger acting.

Metolazone A diuretic acting onproximal and distal tubules.

Metopagus Equal conjoined twinswith the union at forehead.

Metopion The craniometric point atwhich a line joining the frontaleminences intersects the mediansagittal plane.

Metopism The persistence in theadult of the frontal or metopicsuture.

Metoprolol A betaadrenergic anta-gonist used in treatment ofhypertension and angina pectoris.

Metorchis A genus of flukes inanimals, occasionally transmittedto man.

Methylene blue Metorchis

410

Metratonia Lack of uterine tone afterchildbirth.

Metrectomy Hysterectomy.Metrifonate A drug effective against

bladder flukes (Schistostoma hema-tobium).

Metritis Inflammation of uterus.Metrizamide A nonionic radio-

graphic contrast agent.Metrizoate sodium A contrast

medium for coronary angio-graphy.

Metrizoic acid A compound used ascontrast medium in diagnosticprocedures.

Metromalacia Necrosis and soften-ing of uterus.

Metronania Unusually small sizeof uterus.

Metronidazole A nitroimidazolecompound used for treatment ofamebiasis, trichomoniasis,anaerobic infections.

Metrodynamo meter Instrumentused to measure the strength ofuterine contractions.

Metropathia hemorrhagica Exces-sive prolonged bleeding fromuterus associated with cyst forma-tion in the endometrium.

Metroptosis Prolapse of uterus.Metrorrhexis Rupture of uterus.Metrostaxis Continuous oozing

from uterus.Metyrapone An inhibitor of adreno-

cortical steroid C-ll betahydroxy-lation, administered orally or IVas a diagnostic test to determine thecapability of pituitary to increaseproduction of corticotropin.

Mexilentine Antiarrhythmic drug.Mevalonic acid A product of methyl

valeric acid produced in the path-way of biosynthesis of sterols.

Mevinolin HMG CoA reductaseinhibitor used as lipid loweringagent.

Micelle 1. A submicroscopic unit ofa protoplasm. 2. A molecularaggregate as that of a colloid oftenformed by action of detergents on ahydrocarbon in water.

Miconazole Antifungal, topicallyused 2%.

Micro One million the (106); verysmall, minute.

Microabscess A small abscess us-ually less than a mm, often multiple.

m. of Munro One of the characteristiclesions of psoriasis consisting offocal accumulation of poly-morphonuclear leukocytes in theupper layer of epidermis.

m. Pautrier’s Focal collection ofatypical T lymphocytes in theepidermis in mycosis fungoides.

Microadenoma A small (≤ 10 mmdiameter) non malignant glan-dular tumor, as associated withCushing’s disease.

Microaerophil An anaerobe that cantolerate low O2 tension.

Microaerosol A suspension in theair of minute particles of 1-10 µ.

Micro albuminuria Excretion inurine of less than 100 µgm perminute of albumin.

Microanalysis Analysis using smallamounts of material than classicalmethods of chemical analysis thatinvolves weighing precipitatematerial.

Metratonia Microanalysis

411

Microaneurysm An aneurysmaldilatation affecting small arteriesarterioles and capillaries; a featureof diabetes mellitus, thromboticthrombocytopenic purpura. Dia-betic microaneurysms of retinawith exudates and hemorrhagesconstitute characteristic features ofdiabetic retinopathy.

Microangiography Magnificationroentogenography of small bloodvessels that have been opacified byinjection of contrast medium.

Microangiopathy A disease processaffecting small blood vessels.

m. diabetic Thickening of capillarybasement membrane, in the retina,kidney, heart with micro aneurysmformation.

Microbiology Branch of scienceconcerned with microorganismssubdivided into virology, bacterio-logy, mycology, protozoology andphycology.

Microbe A microorganism, a onecelled plant.

Microbalance A scale designed toweigh minor amounts of material.

Microcephaly Abnormal smallnessof head.

Microblast A small nucleated redblood cell.

Microcirculation Blood circulationin arterioles, capillaries andvenules.

Micrococcoceae A family of grampositive spherical bacteria thatcharacteristically divide in morethan one plane to yield irregularclusters.

Micrococcin A naturally occurringantibiotic obtained from parti-cular strain of Micrococcus. It hasantitubercular activity.

Microcoria An abnormal smallnessof pupil.

Microcurie A unit of activity ofradionuclides equal to 10-6 curie,3.7 × l04 becquerels.

Microcyte A small red blood cell atleast 2 µ smaller than normal, asseen in iron deficiency.

Microcytosis Condition in whichRBCs are abnormally small.

Microdactyly Abnormally smallfingers.

Microdontia Abnormally smallteeth.

Microfilaria A prelarval or em-bryonic form of filarial worms.

Microgamete The smaller maleelement in the conjugation of cellsof unequal size.

Microgametocyte The mother cellthat produces microgametes.

Microgamy Conjugation between twoyoung cells in certain protozoans.

Microgenia Abnormal smallness ofchin.

Microglia The smallest neuroglialcell, the macrophage of brain andspinal cord that remove cellulardebris in CNS.

Microglossia Small tongue.Micrognathia Abnormal smallness

of jaw, especially the lower jawproducing bird like profile.

Microgram Unit of weight equivalentto 10-6 gram.

Microgyria Abnormally smallcerebral convolutions.

Microaneurysm Microgyria

412

Microinvasion The earliest stage inthe spread of carcinoma to adjacenttissue.

Microlith A small calculus.Micrometer One millionth of a meter.Micrometer An instrument contai-

ning a microscope for accuratelinear measurement of very smallunits of length.

Micronize To pulverize or reducematerial to particles of very smallsize.

Micronutrient Any essential dietaryconstituent like vitamins andminerals required by body in smallquantities.

Microorganism Any single celledorganism.

Microphage A small phagocyte,especially polymorphonuclearleukocyte capable of digestingbacteria.

Microphonics Electrical potentialsgenerated in the cochlea by passageof sound waves.

Micropipette A pipette calibrated foraccurate delivery of very smallquantities less than 0.5 ml.

Micropore A submicroscopic breakin the membrane of a protozoan cellor microbe through which exchangeof materials, pinocytosis occur.

Microprobe An ultrafine probe usedfor exploration and fixation of tissuesin microsurgical procedures.

Micropsia Perception of objects assmaller in comparison to theiractual size. It occurs in retinaldetachment, temporal lobe epi-lepsy, delirium and drug into-xication.

Microradiograph A recorded imageobtained by microradiography,used in high resolution imaging ofthin objects like tissue sections.

Microscope An optical instrumentused for viewing magnifiedimages of small objects.

m. acoustic A device in which ultra-sound distorts a reflective surface,which is then optically scanned toproduce an image.

m. dissecting A compound micro-scope with two sets of eye piecesand objectives constructed topresent a nonreversed, stereoscopicimage of three dimensional objects.

m. electron A microscope that useselectrons rather than visible lightto irradiate clear magnifiedimages; capable of magnifyingobjects having dimensions smallerthan wavelength of light.

m. interference A microscope inwhich emerging light is split into

Microinvasion Microscope, interference

Microscope

413

two beams which pass through theobject and are recombined in theimage plane where transparent andrefractile specimen details becomevisible as intensity differencesoccur; useful in the examination ofliving or unstained cells.

m. laser A microscope in whichLASER beam is focussed on micro-scopic field, causing it to vaporize;the emitted radiation is analyzedby a microspectrophotometer.

m. operating A microscope used inoperating room for magnifying thesurgical field.

m. phase contrast A microscope thatmakes use of the relationshipbetween two paths of light 1. lightthat enters microscope objectivethrough the specimen and 2. lightthat enters objective after beingdiffracted by the specimens; allpoints of divergence between thesetwo paths of light reveal a specimenor object whose lack of contrastwould make it invisible under othertypes of illumination.

m. polarizing A microscope es-pecially equipped to polarized lightand to examine the alterations ofpolarized light by the specimen,useful in identification of crystals.

m. electron scanning A microscopewhere specimen is examined pointby point by an electron beam andan image is formed on televisionscreen from the secondary electronsgiven off the surface.

m. ultraviolet A microscope whoseenergy source is electromagnetic

radiation with a wavelength of180-400 nm.

m. X-ray A microscope which uses abeam of X-ray instead of light withthe image.usually being recordedon photographic film.

Microscopic Extremely small.Microscopy The study of objects

using a microscope.Microsecond One millionth of a

second.Microsection A thin slice of tissue

prepared for examination under amicroscope.

Microsome A fragment of endo-plasmic reticulum with associatedribosomes.

Microspectrography Study ofcomposition of an object, especiallyof cellular constituents using aspectroscope. That makes a photo-graphic record of the spectrum.

Microspectrophotometer An instru-ment used to measure the absorp-tion, reflection or emission of lightby objects under a microscope,especially used for spectral ana-lysis of individual cells.

Microsporidiosis Intracellular sporeforming protozoa causing humandisease in HIV patients

Microstomia Disproportionatelysmall oral orifice.

Microtia Abnormally small auricleor pina.

Microtome A mechanical deviceused for preparing histologic sec-tions for microscopic exami-nations; can be m. freezing or m.rotary.

Microscope, laser Microtome

414

Microtomography A technique forrotating a small sample in anelectron microscope through 90degrees, processing the data bycomputer and displaying threedimensional images.

Microtonometer An instrument formeasuring the partial pressure ofgases in minute quantities ofmaterial.

Microtubule A small, hollow,cylindrical structure found in thecell cytoplasm. During cell divisionthey increase greatly in number toform the mitotic spindle, play animportant role in intracellularmovements and in maintainingshape of the cell.

Microvilli Submicroscopic fingerlike projections on the surface ofcell membrane which greatlyincrease the surface area.

Microvolt One millionth of a volt,10-6 volt.

Microwave Any electromagneticradiation having a very shortwavelength between 1 mm and 30cm wavelength 1 mm are ininfrared region and that beyond 30cm are radio waves. Sources ofemission include radar, cathoderay tubes, induction furnaces, andelectrotherapy devices. Micro-wave exposure can cause cataract.

Micturition The act of urination.Midazolam A benzodiazepine.Midbrain The part of brain deve-

loping from embryonic mesen-cephalon, divided into three parts;

tectum, (quadrigeminal plate),tegmentum (cephalic continuationof pontine tegmentum) and the cruscerebri.

Middle lobe syndrome A form ofchronic atelectasis marked bycollapse of middle lobe of the lungresulting from compression ofbronchus by enlarged lymph-nodes/tumor. Symptoms includechronic cough and recurrent respi-ratory infections. SYN — Brock’ssyndrome.

Midfoot The middle portion of footconsisting of navicular, cuboid andcuneiform bones.

Midgut 1. The small intestinecomprising jejunum and ileum. 2.The middle segment of embryonicintestine, precursor of stomach totransverse colon.

Midpelvis The area of pelvis exten-ding from the posterior inferioraspect of symphysis in a linethrough ischial spines to sacrumintersecting it at S2 or S3 vertebra.

Midwife A woman who attendswomen during delivery.

Midwifery Practical obstetrics.Migraine A recurrent hemicranial

intense headache associated withnausea, vomiting and visual distur-bances.

m. abdominal Episodic abdominalpain, nausea, vomiting in migrainesufferers.

m. complicated An attack of migraineaccompanied by prolongedaphasia, hemiplegia, hemianopia,epilepsy etc.

Microtomography Migraine, complicated

415

m. facioplegic Transient unilateralfacial palsy occurring duringattack of migraine.

m. hemiplegic Migraine in whichrecurrent attacks of hemiplegiaoccur.

m. ophthalmoplegic Oculomotorpalsy occurring during an attackof migraine.

migraine equivalant Symptomsproduced by migraine like mecha-nism but without an associatedheadache e.g., transient partial lossof vision.

Migration Passing from one part ofbody to another.

Mickulicz’s disease Benign bilateralswelling of the lacrimal and salivaryglands associated with dryness of

mouth and reduced, lacrimation,identical to Sjogren’s syndrome.

Mickulicz’s syndrome Painlessbilateral enlargement of salivaryand lacrimal glands with drynessof mouth and decreased lacri-mation as in sarcoidosis.

Miliaria Skin eruption due to reten-tion of sweat in sweat follicles.SYN — sweat fever, summer erup-tion; can be m. papulasa, profunda,rubra and even pustular types.

Miliary Of the size of a millet (2 mmdiameter).

Milieu Environment, surroundings.Milium A minute whitish or yello-

wish papule on the skin caused byretention of fatty material (sebum)or densely packed keratin.

Migraine, facioplegic Milium

416

m. colloid A degenerative disorderof dermal connective tissue withyellowish translucent plaques.

Milk The secretion of mammaryglands.

m. adapted Cow’s milk made simi-lar to human milk by reducingcasein and increasing the ratio ofunsaturated to saturated fattyacids.

m. homogenized Milk treated mecha-nically after pasteurization tobreakdown the fat globules intosmall parts.

m. witch’s A few drops of milkexpressed from newborn’s nippleduring first few days of life.

Milk alkali syndrome Hyper-calcemia without hypercalciuriaor hypophosphaturia induced byprolonged ingestion of large quan-tity of milk and soluble alkali as intherapy of peptic ulcer.

Milking A manual or mechanicaltechnique for removing fluid frombody part.

Milk-leg Colloqial term for a painfulswollen leg due to leg vein throm-bosis occurring in post-partumperiod.

Milkman’s syndrome Osteoporosiswith multiple fractures as seen inpost menopausal women.

Milk teeth Deciduous teeth.Millard-Gubler syndrome Para-

lysis of facial muscles on one sideand extremities on opposite side bybrain stem lesions.

Millicurie A measure of radio-activity; one thousandth of a curie.

Milliequivalent A quantity equal to10-3 of the equivalent weight of anelement or compound.

Milligray A unit of absorbed dose inthe field of ionizing radiation equalto 10-3 gray.

Millimeter One thousandth of ameter.

Milligram One thousandth of agram.

Millimicrogram One billionth of agram, biller called a nano gram.

Milling in The placing of abrasivesbetween the occlusal surface ofdentures, used to perfect theocclusion.

Milliosmole One thousandth of anosmole; the osmotic pressureexerted by the concentration of asubstance in solution; expressed asmilligrams per kilogram dividedby atomic weight for an ionizedsubstance or divided by molecularweight for nonionized solute.Normal plasma osmolality is 280-300 mOsm/kg.

Millirad A unit of absorbed dose ofionizing radiation equivalent to 10-

3 rad, 10-5 Gray.Millirem A unit of radiation dose

equivalent to 10-3 ren 10-5 joule/kg, 10-5 silvert.

Milliroentgen A unit of ionizationexposure equal to 10-3 roentgen;2.58 × 10-7 coulomb/kg.

Milrinone Sympathomimetic, car-diac stimulant.

Milroy’s disease Familial andcongenital swelling of subcuta-neous tissues usually confined toextremities with large accumu-lation of lymph.

Milium, colloid Milroy’s disease

417

Milwaukae brace Brace extendingfrom chin upto pelvi’s, meant tocorrect scoliosis

Mimesis State in which one diseasepresents the symptoms of another.

Mimetic Of or relating to mimesis.Mimicry The imitation of one spe-

cies by another in an adaptationtending to improve its chances ofsurvival.

Minaserine 5 HT antagonist.Mind The organized total of psycho-

logical processes and contents thatallow the individual to respond toexternal and internal stimuli in anintegrated and dynamic way, relat-ing response of present to both pastand future of the individual. Theprincipal processes of mind areperceiving, learning, thinking,remembering, feeling and beha-ving with intelligence.

Mineral Any naturally occurringhomogeneous inorganic substance,having a characteristic crystallinestructure and chemical compo-sition.

Mineralization The conversion oforganic material to inorganicmaterial.

Mineral corticoid One of the steroidsin the adrenal cortex that act prin-cipally on renal retention of sodiumand excretion of potassium, e.g.aldosterone.

Minim A unit of fluid measure; abouta drop or l/60th of a dram.

Minimum Smallest amount or size.Minimal brain dysfunction syndrome

A complex of symptoms that

involve impairment of some or allof the following functions:language, perception, memory,concentration, and motor functions.

Minimal change disease A form ofnephrotic syndrome in whichminimal or no glomerular abnor-malities are, noted by light micro-scopy but fusion of foot processesof podocytes in electron micro-scopy.

Minocycline A semisynthetic anti-biotic of tetracycline group used foracne.

Minoxidil Vasodilator; used foralopecia locally as 2% solution.

Miopus Unequal conjoined twinsunited at head in such fashion thatface of one member is rudimentary.

Miosis Marked constriction ofpupils, can be spastic or paralytic.

Miotic Any agent causing miosis.Miracidium A free swimming cilia-

ted larva of a trematode that pene-trates a small intermediate hostwhere it develops into a sporocyst.

Mirror A polished surface that formsoptical images by reflection.

m. head A concave mirror worn on aheadband or spectacle frame usedfor focussing a beam of light.

m. laryngeal A circular plane mirrorused to examine the interior oflarynx and hypopharynx.

Miscarriage Spontaneous abortion.Miscarry To give birth to a nonviable

fetus.Misce Mix, a direction given in

pharmacy.

Milwaukae brace Misce

418

Miscible Capable of being mixed.Misdiagnosis Wrong diagnosis.Misogyny Hatred of women.Misophobia Abnormal fear of conta-

mination.Mistura Mixture; used in pharmacy.Mite Any of various minute arach-

nids that are often parasitic on manand animals; they may infest foodand propagate disease.

Miticide An agent for killing mite.Mithramycin An antineoplastic

antibiotic given IV in testicularmalignancy and hypercalcemia.

Mitigate To make or become milder.Mitochondria A double membrane

cytoplasmic organelle, self repro-ducing, present in cell cytoplasmof all living cells; responsible forenergy production (ATP), Each cellhas several hundreds of mito-chondria, each of 15.00 Å length.

m. giant Unusually large mito-chondria produced due to nutri-tional deficiency, toxic influencesor effects of electromagnetic fields.

Mitogen Agent promoting cell mito-sis and lymphocyte transformation.

Mitogenesis The induction of mito-sis in a cell.

Mitosis Multiplication or divisionof a cell that results in formation oftwo daughter cells normally recei-ving the same chromosome andDNA as that of original cell.

Mitomycin A group of antibioticsubstances produced by species ofstreptomyces and differentiated asmitomycin A, B, and C. MitomycinC inhibits cell division by blocking

the cross linking of DNA strands;hence used as antineoplastic agentin lymphomas and solid tumors.

Mitotane Antineoplastic agent.Mitral Left atrioventricular valve.Mitral valve The bicuspid valve

between left atrium and leftventricle with a orifice of 2.5 cm

Mitral valve prolapse The mitralvalve prolapses into left atriumduring systole causing regurgitation

Mitralization Straightening of leftcardiac border due to enlarged leftatrial appendage and pulmonaryartery in mitral stenosis.

Mittelschmerz Inter menstrual painspecially at the time of ovulation.

Mixture 1. An aggregation of two ormore substances that are not chemi-cally combined 2. A pharma-ceutical preparation consisting ofan insoluble substance suspendedin a liquid by viscid material suchas sugar, glycerol etc.

m. Brompton A mixture of cocainehydrochloride and morphinehydrochloride given orally topatients for relief of cancer pain.

m. Vincent’s A combination ofsodium hypochlorite and boricacid used for covering surgical ortraumatic wounds.

M. mode A motion B mode tracing ofultrasound to visualize movingstructures.

Mnemonic The use or devising oftechniques to facilitate memory.

MNS blood groups A system oferythrocyte antigen determined bythe allelic genes, M.N. and S; thegrouping is primarily used to solve

Miscible MNS blood groups

419

identification problems such asdisputed paternity and geneticlinkage, population studies.

Mobility The capacity for move-ment.

m. electrophoretic The velocity atwhich ions of a substance migratein an electric field.

Mobilization A process or an opera-tion whereby an object or a sub-stance is freed or made mobile.

m. chromosome The conjugativetransfer of part or all of a bacterialchromosome, resulting from inte-gration of plasmid that codes fortransfer of itself.

m. stapes The transmeatal operativemobilization of the stapes asankylosed in otosclerosis, therebyrestoring hearing loss.

Mobius sign Convergence weaknessof eyes occurring in exophthalmicgoiter.

Mobius syndrome A congenitaldisorder characterized by bilateralparalysis of both external recti andhypotrophy of facial musculaturedue to agenesis of ganglion cells inthe brainstem of occulomotor andfacial nerve nuclei.

Modality 1. Any of the several formsof therapy 2. Any of the main formsof sensation.

Mode In statistics, the value occurringmost often.

Model 1. A three dimensional shaperepresenting a likeness of someexisting structure 2. In dentistry,positive reproduction of the denti-tion and adjoining structures.

m. disease The artificial creation ofan abnormality in an experimentalanimal in order to allow furtherstudy of the entity.

m. study A replica of teeth andadjoining oral structures used asdiagnostic aid.

m. Danielli-Davson A representa-tion of the molecular arrangementof the components of cellularmembranes in which the lipid layerseparates two protein layers. Thelipids are phospholipids and arearranged in two monomolecularlayers with their hydrophobic tailstowards the inside of membraneand their hydrophilic phosphatestowards surface protein.

m. Waston-Crick A molecular modelwhich represents the structure ofdeoxyribonucleic acid as a solublehelix with right handed coiling. Thetwo strands of helix are composedof antiparallel strands of poly-nucleotides.

Modifier Agent that alters form, orcharacter without transforming;e.g., in genetics, a gene which altersthe phenotic effect of another gene.

Modiolus The central pillar orcolumn of bone around which thespiral canals of cochlea turn.

Modulation The changes that takeplace in response to changes in theenvironment.

Moiety One of two, more or lessequal parts. One of two or moremain components, such as thegroups of atoms in a complexmolecule.

Mobility Moiety

420

Molality The amount of substanceof a solute divided by mass of thesolvent; expressed in mole per kg.

Molar Any of the most posterior teethin jaw.

Molarity The concentration of asubstance expressed in moles perliter.

Mold 1. Any fungus having a cottonyappearance, usually growing ondecaying material. 2. A receptaclefor shaping any cast material. 3. toshape.

Molding 1. The process of shaping 2.The changes in shape of the fetalhead as it passes through the birthcanal.

Mole 1. Intrauterine mass. 2. Pig-mented cellular nevus; circum-scribed pigmented growth on skin.3. gram molecule.

m. carneous A spontaneous abortionin which the ovum is surroundedby a capsule of clotted blood.

m. hydatidiform A developmentalanomaly of placenta consisting ofa nonmalignant mass of clearvesicles resembling bunch of grapesformed from cystic swellings ofchorionic villi. The moles maycause uterine enlargement dis-proportionate to period of gesta-tion.

Molecular Relating to or consistingof molecules.

Molecular weight The sum of theatomic weights of all the atomsmaking up a molecule.

Molecule The smallest unit of asubstance which can exist in a free

state and still retain the chemicalproperties of the substance.

m. cyclic A molecule that appears inorganic compounds and whoseatoms are arranged in a ring orpolygon.

Molimen The effect exerted in theperformance of bodily function,often applied to pre- and perimen-strual dyscomfort.

Molindone Antipsychotic agent.Molluscum A skin disease marked

by the presence of soft roundedtumors.

m. contagiosum An infectious di-sease of skin marked by small wartlike lesions containing a substanceresembling curd, usually of viraletiology.

Molt To cast off.Molybdenum Element No. 42, a

silvery white hard metal requiredfor many animal enzyme function.

Moment of death That point in timewhen an individual is declareddead. This determination is basedon criteria which are defined bylaw and which differ according tosituation. For autopsy and burialpurposes, criteria include the clini-cal judgement that respiration andcirculation have ceased and rigormortis has started. For organtransplantation brain death isemployed even though functionalcirculatory and respiratory activi-ties may persist.

Momentum The product, of massand velocity of a body, an index ofquantity of motion.

Molality Momentum

421

Momism The state of being ex-cessively dependent on or sub-ordinate to one’s mother.

Monad A free swimming solitaryunicellular flagellate organism.

Monarthritis Arthritis of single joint.Monarticular Denoting a single joint.Monaural Relating to one ear.Monday disease The return of symp-

toms after a weekend away fromwork, as in the case of an allergicreaction to a substance encounteredwhile at work.

Mondor’s disease Inflammation ofthe subcutaneous veins of the chestand breast, usually extending fromepigastric region to the axilla andoccurring in both sexes.

Mongolism Down syndrome due totrisomy 21.

Mongoloid Having characteristicsor resembling mongolism.

Monilethrix Beaded hair, an ano-malous condition in which the hairshaft exhibits nodosities or pointsof thickening alternating withnormal or constricted areas.

Monilia A genus of molds or fungi,commonly known as fruit molds,now called Candida.

Moniliasis lnfection with any fungusof genus monilia.

Moniliform Having the shape of anecklace.

Monitor 1. To keep close watch over2. An apparatus used to record ordisplay data.

m. apnea An alarm system foralarming attendants to the occur-

rence of apnea commonly in apremature infant.

m. cardiac Continuous display ofcardiac rhythm in a screen to detectirregularities in the heart rhythm.

m. electronic fetal An electronicinstrument monitoring fetal heartrate and patterns of uterinecontraction.

Monkey rhesus Macaca mulattawidely distributed in India andChina; easily raised in captivity,hence amply used in medical andbiological research.

Monoamine Compound containingonly one amine group.

m. oxidase An enzyme that catalyzesthe oxidation of a wide variety ofphysiologic amines into aldehydesand ammonia. It is important forcatabolism of epinephrine andtyramine.

Monobenzene The monobenzylether of hydroquinone used asointment to cause hypopigmen-tation in the treatment of hyper-pigmentation.

Monoblast An immature cell ofmonocytic series, 18-22 µ in dia-meter, having many nucleoli, for-med primarily in spleen and lym-phoid tissue.

Monochromatic Having one colour.Monocrotic Forming a smooth single

crest on the downward line of acurve. e.g. pulse.

Monocular Relating to, having, orused by one eye.

Monocyte A large mononucleatedwhite blood cell 15-25 µ with a

Momism Monocyte

422

round kidney shaped or lobulatednucleus and gray-blue cytoplasm.It is the largest cell in blood filmand on leaving blood it becomesmacrophage.

Monocytosis Abnormal increase innumber of monocytes in blood.

Monograph A detailed writtenaccount of one particular subject ora small area of a special field oflearning.

Monohybrid A cross betweenparents that differ in one character.

Monoiodotyrosine (MIT) An aminoacid formed by iodination of tyro-sine at C3, the first step in produc-tion of thyroxin.

Monokine A hormone like factorproduced by activation of mono-cytes; acts as an intercellularmessenger to regulate immuno-logic and inflammatory responses.

Monolepsis The appearance inoffspring of the characteristic ofone but not the other parent.

Monomer A single unit or moleculewhich can polymerize with similarunits to form a chain or polymer.

Monomania Pathologic pre-occupation with only one idea.

Monomorphic Having but one shape,unchangeable in size and form.

Mononeuritis Inflammation ordegeneration of a single nerve trunkor some of its branches.

m. multiplex Neuritis involvingsingle nerves at several distantsites, usually vascular origin(PAN).

Mononuclear Unicellular.

Mononucleosis EB virus infectionmarked by fever, sore throat,splenomegaly, lymphadenopathyand peripheral atypical lympho-cytosis. SYN— kissing disease;similar symptoms also occur inpost transfusion patients.

Monophasia Disorder in which theindividual’s vocabulary is limitedto a single word or sentence.

Monoplegia Paralysis of one limb.Monorchid An individual with only

one testis.Monosaccharide A carbohydrate

which cannot be further brokendown, simple sugar.

Mono sodium glutamate (MSG) Thesodium salt of glutamic acid withone sodium ion per molecule usedas a food flavoring agent, causa-tive agent for chinese restaurantsyndrome.

Monosome A chromosome withoutits homologous chromosome.

Monosomy Condition in which onechromosome of a pair of homo-logous chromosomes is missing.

Monostotic Pertaining to or invol-ving a single bone.

Monosynaptic Pertaining to a neuralpathway like reflex are containingonly a single synapse.

Monotrichous Possessing a singleflagellum.

Monoxide An oxide containing onlyone oxygen atom.

Monozygotic Denoting identialtwins, or twins formed by divisioninto two of the embryo derivedfrom a single fertilized egg.

Monocytosis Monozygotic

423

Mons In anatomy, a slight pro-minence, or elevation.

m. pubis The fleshy prominenceformed by a pad of fatty tissue overthe symphysis pubis in female.

m. ureteris A slight prominence atthe wall of the bladder at theentrance of ureter.

Monster A congenitally severelydeformed individual.

Montage In EEG, an arrangement ofelectrodes applied to the scalp insuch a way that the electricalactivity of entire brain or of aparticular area can be recordedsimultaneously.

Monticulus Protuberance e.g.m.cerebelli

Mood A prevailing emotional stateof mind.

Moraxella Short, aerobic, gram-negative bacteria.

Morbid Diseased, pathologic, per-taining to or affected by disease.

Morbidity The condition of beingdiseased; within a given popu-lation, the number of sick personsor cases of disease recorded as of astated point in time or over a statedperiod. Thus morbidity can beexpressed as the number of newcases arising (incidence) or thenumber of cases existing whetherold or new (prevalence).

Morbilliform Resembling the skineruption of measles.

Morbus Latin for disease.Mordant A substance used in

bacteriology to fix a dye or stain.Morgan (m) The unit of map distance

on a chromosome.

Morgue A place where dead bodiesare kept pending identification,autopsy or burial/cremation.

Moribund Dying; Close to death.Morioplasty Surgical restoration of

parts lost through injury or disease.Morning sickness Nausea and

vomiting occurring particularly inthe morning during first trimesterof pregnancy

Morning stiffness Joint and musclestiffness on awakening, a featuresof inflammatory arthropathy e.g.rheumatoid disease

Moro reflex A reflex of healthynewborn. When the surface onwhich infant lies is struck, there israpid abduction and extension ofarms followed by adduction(embrace reflex, startle reflex)

Morphea A circumscribed form ofscleroderma presenting as acentral atrophic lesion with apigmented border occurringchiefly on the chest, face or neck.

Morphine The principal alkaloid ofopium; white, crystaline, insolublein water, alcohol and ether; potentnarcotic analgesic, can causerespiratory depression. Repeateduse causes physical dependence andaddiction. Used as morphine sulfateor tartarate.

Morphogenesis The embryonicdifferentiation of cells leading toformation of characteristic struc-ture or form of the organism or itsparts.

Morphologic Relating to structureor form of organism.

Mons Morphologic

424

Morphology 1. The study of confi-guration or structure of livingorganism. 2. The form or structureof an organism.

m. colonial The form of bacterialcolony including such importantfeatures as size, shape, colour,surface, texture, opacity and fria-bility.

Morquio’s syndrome A form ofmucopolysaccharidosis charac-terized by dwarfism, knock knee,pectus carinatum, flat vertebra,corneal clouding, deformed wristand hands. There is excess excretionof keratin sulfate in urine and thedisease is autosomal recessive, alsocalled mucopolysaccharidosis IV.

Mors Latin for death.Mortal Subject to death, deadly.Mortality The quality of being

mortal. The death rate.m. neonatal Death during first month

or four weeks of life.m. perinatal The combined morta-

lity from still births and deaths infirst week of life.

m. reproductive The total mortalityrelated to reproductive function,and associated diseases.

Morrhuate sodium The oily saltused as sclerosing agent and isinjected into veins.

Mortification Gangrene or necrosis,death of a part.

Mortar A small receptacle in whichsubstances are crushed or pul-verized with a pestle.

Mortification Gangrene.Morton’s disease/syndrome

Congenital short hypertrophiedsecond metatarsal

Morton’s neuralgia Pressure inlateral plantar nerve due to collapseof transverse plantar arch

Morton’s neuroma A neuroma ofinter metatarsal nerve

Mortuary A funeral home wherebodies of deceased are prepared forcremation SYN— morgue.

Morula A cluster of cleaving blasto-meres resulting from early divisionof zygote; a stage in the develop-ment of the embryo prior to theblastula.

Morulus The lesion characteristic ofyaws, resembling a mulberry orraspberry.

Mosaic 1. In genetics an individualwhose cells consist of at least twogeno typically distinct popu-lations that arose after fertiliza-tion through somatic mutation orsomatic non-disjunction.

Mosaicism The state or situation ofbeing mosaic.

m. chromosomal The state of beingmosaic for a morphologic varia-tion in karyotype.

m. erythrocyte The presence of twodistinct populations of erythro-cytes in the blood of one individualbeing not the result of bloodtransfusion or chimerism.

m. gonodal In genetics, the presencein a gonad of a germ cell line that isgenotypically distinct from thatcomprising rest of individual.

Mosquito Blood sucking wingedinsects of family culicidae, respon-sible for transmission of malaria,dengue, etc.

Mother surrogate One who replacesan individual’s mother in

Morphology Mother surrogate

425

emotional feelings. A mother whobears offspring of another.

Motile Having capacity to movespontaneously.

Motion Movement.Motion sickness A condition marked

by nausea, dizziness, and oftenvomiting and headache, induced bysome movement as in travel byaeroplane, train, bus or ship.

Motilin A gastrointestinal peptideof 22 amino acids located in entero-chromaffin cells, chiefly of duo-denum and upper jejunum thatstimulates gastric and colonicmotility.

Motility The capacity for spon-taneous movement.

m. segmental Regularly spaced ringlike contractions of small intestine.

Motivation An incentive to act or thereason for an attitude; an inner stateof a person that serves to arouse,maintain and guide behaviortowards a goal.

Motor Carrying or transmitting animpulse to a peripheral effectororgan of the nervous system, eitherto elicit a response or to inhibit it 2.Producing movement.

Mottling 1. A condition marked byspotty coloration 2. Macularlesions of varying shades and hues.

Moulage The making of a mold of abodily structure, especially foridentification, prosthetics andteaching models.

Mount To prepare slides of tissuesfor microscopic examination.

Mound anal A small midline swell-ing in front of the anal opening of

an embryo formed by union of analtubercles.

Mountain sickness (Monge’sdisease) Rapid climbing to highattitude (>9000 ft.) causes headacheand sleeplessness due to anoxia

Mounting A dental laboratoryprocedure in which a maxillary ormandibular cast is attached to anarticulator.

Mouse A small rodent.Mouse pox A viral disease of mice,

also called ectromelia.Mouse peritoneal A discrete, smallcalcific density seen in abdominalX-ray representing an appendixepiploica or a small piece of omen-tum which is twisted, necrosed andcalcified.

Mouse pleural A round soft tissuedensity seen in chest X-ray re-presenting a fibrin body in thepleural space.

Mouth The body opening throughwhich one takes food.

m. tapir The characteristic poutingappearance of lips seen in facioscapulohumoral muscular dys-trophy.

Mouth trench Necrotizing ulcerativegingivitis.

Mouthwash A solution for rinsingthe mouth, having antibacterial,astringent or deodorant properties.

Movement 1. Change of place orposition. 2. the act of defecation.

m. ameboid Locomotion of cells likeleukocytes or amebas resultingfrom protoplasmic streaming intopseudopodia.

m. brownian Erratic motion ofmicroscopic particles suspended in

Motile Movement, brownian

426

a liquid or gas resulting fromcollision with molecles in thesuspending medium.

m. cardinal The six cardinal posi-tions of eye.

m. ciliary Rhythmic movement ofcilia of epithelial cell or protozoa.

m. circus The movement of an exci-tation wave, continuing unin-terrupted around a ring of muscleor through the wall of the heartresponsible for tachyarrhythmias.

m. dystonic Slow and often bizarreinvoluntary movement with altera-tion of posture.

m. Frenkel’s A system of exercisesused in the treatment of Parkin-sonism and ataxia to increaseprecision and spontaneity of move-ment.

m. conjugate (of eyes) Movement ofboth eyes in one direction.

m. involuntary Involuntary contrac-tion of one or more muscle groupsproducing movement of a limb orbody part, e.g. tremor, chorea,athetosis, tics, myoclonus, dystoniaand hemiballismus.

m. morphogenic The changes inposition and displacement of cellsand groups of cells, the folding andrearrangement of layers of cellsand any alteration in position ofstructures or organs duringdevelopment of an embryo.

m. passive Movement of body or anyof its parts effected by an externalforce.

m. rapid eye (REM) The short quickmovements of eyes during sleep

which last from 5-60 minutes andassociated with dreaming.

m. saccadic Rapid abrupt movementof eyes as occurs in changingfixation from one point to another.

m. streaming The characteristicmovement of the protoplasm ofcertain white cells and unicellularorganisms.

Moxa A small mass of combustiblematerial placed near the skin andignited to produce counterirritation.

Moxalactam A cephalosporin groupantibiotic.

Moxibustion Counter irritation bymeans of a moxa.

Muciferous Secreting or producingmucus.

Mucilage In pharmacology, a thickviscous liquid, a water solution ofthe mucilaginous principles ofcertain vegetable substances.

Mucin A substance secreted bymucous membranes containingmucopolysaccharide which raisesthe viscosity of medium around it.

Mucinase Any of several enzymesthat break down the mucin orglycosaminoglycan.

Mucinemia The presence of mucinin blood, often occurring in meta-static malignancies of GI tract orthe ovaries.

Mucinosis An abnormal accumu-lation of mucopolysaccharides inthe skin.

m. follicular An inflammatorydisorder characterized by infil-trated cutaneous plaques with

Movement, cardinal Mucinosis, follicular

427

scaling and loss of hair. Histo-logically there is accumulation ofmucopolysaccharides in the seba-ceous glands and the outer rootsheath of hair follicle.

Mucocele 1. An intrasinus cysta-rising from mucosal lining. 2. Anenlarged cavity containing mucus.3. Mucus polyp.

Mucocartilage Cartilaginous tissuewith a soft mucoid matrix as foundin central nucleus pulposus of theintervertebral disk.

Mucoclasis The surgical removal ordestruction of the inner lining ofany hollow organ.

Mucocyte An amorphous extracel-lular basophillic metachromaticmass averaging 100 µ found inwhite matter of normal and abnor-mal brains; probably artifactual,derived from precipitation ofmyelin during tissue fixation.

Mucocutaneous Relating to bothmucous membrane and skin; es-pecially the line of meeting of thesetwo tissues in lips, nose, vaginaland anal orifices.

Mucocutaneous lymph node syn-drome (Kawasaki disease)Condition affecting mainly infantsand young children; marked byfever, conjuctivitis, reddening oforal cavity and lips, cervicallymphadenopathy, peeling ofhands and feet. Coronary arteritiswith infarction is a complicationand aneurysms in coronarycirculation may occur.

Mucoenteritis Inflammation ofintestinal mucous membrane.

Mucoid Resembling mucus.Mucolipidosis Any inborn error of

metabolism that has characteris-tics of both mucopolysaccharido-sis and sphyngolipidosis. 4 distincttypes of disease known and areautosomal recessive.

Mucoperiosteum Periosteum havinga mucous surface.

Mucopolysaccharidase Enzyme thatcatalyzes hydrolysis of poly-saccharides.

Mucopolysaccharide Polysaccha-ride that forms chemical bondswith water. It is thick, gelatinousand forms intercellular groundsubtance. It is found in mucoussecretions and synovial fluid. SYN— Glycosaminoglycan.

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) Agroup of inherited disorders withaccumulation of mucopolysaccha-rides in reticuloendothelial system,intimal smooth muscle cells andfibroblasts within body; mani-festing with coarse facies, mentalretardation, corneal clouding,skeletal dysplasia, joint stiffness, etc.

MPS IH is known as Hurler syn-drome. It is due to deficiency of theenzyme alpha-L-iduronidase withaccumulation of heparan sulphateand dermatan sulphate.

MPS IS Scheie’s syndrome. It is avariant of MPS IH but withoutmental retardation.

MPS IHS It is intermediate betweenMPSIH and MPSIS.

MPS II Hunter syndrome. It is due todeficiency of L-iduronosulphate

Mucocele MPS II

428

sulphatase. Unlike MPS IH there isno corneal clouding.

MPS III Sanfilippo syndrome.Corneal clouding is absent andskeletal growth is normal.

MPS IV Morquio’s syndrome Thedeficient enzyme is N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulphatase.Distinguishing features, aredwarfism, kyphoscoliosis, cardiaclesions and joint hypermobility.

MPS VI Maroteaux Lamy syndrome.Deficient enzyme is N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulphatase.Clinically it is similar to MPS IHbut there is no mental retardation.

MPS VII The deficient enzyme isbeta-glucoronidase.

Mucoprotein A complex of proteinand mucopolysaccharide.

m. Tamm-Horsfall It is secreted inrenal tubules (not from plasma) andis contained in most urinary casts.

Mucopurulent A mixture of mucusand pus.

Mucor A genus of fungi seen on deador decaying matter; often causesinfection of external ear, skin andrespiratory passage.

Mucosa A mucous membrane withepithelial lining, basement memb-rane, and often lamina propria. Itmay contain goblet cells, may bekeratinized and the coveringepithelium may be stratified squa-mous, columnar or pseudo strati-fied columnar depending uponlocation.

Mucosin Mucin found in thick stickymucus.

Mucositis Inflammation of mucousmembrane.

Mucous colitis SYN — irritablebowel syndrome.

Mucoviscidosis SYN — cystic fib-rosis.

Mucus A viscid secretion containingmucin, leukocytes, epithelial cells,etc. secreted by mucous membrane.

Muller Heinrich German anatomist.M.’s muscle 1. Circular fibers of

ciliary muscles. 2. Superior tarsalmuscle of eyelid.

M’s trigone Portion of tuber cine-reum folding over optic chiasm.

Multi Prefixe indicating many ormuch.

Multifactorial The result of manyfactors.

Multifocal Concerning many foci orlocations.

Multiform Having many forms.SYN— Polymorphic.

Multigravida A woman who hasbeen pregnant two or more times.SYN —multipara.

Multinodular Containing manynodules.

Multiparity Condition of havingborne more than one child.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia(MEN) An inherited diseaseinvolving hyperplasia/malig-nancy of multiple endocrine glands.

MEN I SYN —Wermer’s SyndromeTumors of parathyroids, pan-creatic islets and adrenal cortex.

MEN II Pheochromocytoma, para-thyroid hyperplasia, medullarycarcinoma thyroid.

MPS III MEN II

429

Multiple personality Condition inwhich the subject may developmore than one personality.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) An auto-immune demyelinating disorderdue to decrease in suppressor Tlymphocyte function, manifestingwith visual loss, gait disorder,motor dysfunction and bladderbowel disturbance. Multiple sitesof involvement in brain and spinalcord common.

Mummification Drying and shrivel-ling of body; mortification pro-ducing a dry hard mass.

Mumps A febrile viral diseasecharacterized by inflammation ofsalivary and parotid glands.

Munchausen syndrome A psy-chiatric disorder in which patientfeigns illness by self-mutilation.

Muramidase SYN—lysozyme. Anenzyme richly present in leuko-cytes. Level increased in leukemias.

Murmur A soft blowing or raspingsound heard during cardiac auscul-tation; produced due to excess bloodflow through normal valves ornormal flow through diseasedvalves.

m. Austin Flint A mid or late mitraldiastolic murmur heard in aorticregurgitation due to partial closureof mitral valve due to aorticregurgitant jet.

m. Carey Coomb Diastolic murmurof mitral valvulitis in rheumaticfever.

m. Cruveilhier Murmur heard inabdominal wall due to porto-systemic shunting.

m. Durozeiz Systolic and diastolicmurmurs heard over femoralartery in aortic insufficiency.

m. Gibson Continuous machinarymurmur of patent ductus arte-riosus.

m. Graham Steell’s Early diastolicmurmur of pulmonary insuffi-ciency in pulmonary hypertension.

m. Still’s Benign functional mid-systolic murmur of children.

Murphy’s sign Pain and catch in righthypochondrium to pressure duringdeep inspiration in acute chole-cystitis.

Musca domestica The common housefly transmitting cholera, typhoid,amebic/bacillary dysentery, andother diseases.

Muscae volitantes Black floaters invisual field due to vitreous opa-cities.

Muscarine A toxic poison found infungi.

Muscle Contractile tissue of meso-dermal origin with properties likeirritability, conductivity, andelasticity. Can be smooth, striatedand cardiac. Smooth muscles (in-voluntary muscle) are found to lineGI tract, bronchi, urinary and geni-tal ducts, gall bladder, urinary blad-der. The cells are fusiform orspindle-shaped with one centralnucleus. Striated (skeletal) musclesare under conscious control. Themuscle fibers are grouped intobundles called fasciculi and eachcell or fiber has multiple nuclei.Denervation causes complete

Multiple personality Muscle

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paralysis of striated muscle but notof cardiac or smooth muscle.

m.’s antigravity Muscles that pullthe skeleton against force of gravityto maintain erect posture.

m.s articular Muscles attached tocapsule of a joint.

m. axial Muscle of head and trunk.

m. extrinsic Muscle whose origin isoutside the part it moves.

m. intrinsic Muscle having its originand insertion within the samestructure, e.g. tongue, eye, limb.

m. papillary Muscle within ventricleof heart from which arise thechordae tendinae.

Muscle

Muscle's antigravity Muscle, papillary

Muscle Depolarization and Repolarization

431

Muscles of the Face

Muscles of the ArmsMuscle of the Leg

Muscle of the Leg Muscles of the Face

432

m. pectinate Muscle in right atriumgiving it a ridged appearance.

Muscle cramp Painful contractionof muscle, idiopathic or due toelectrolyte imbalance.

Mushbite Making a dental impres-sion by asking the patient to biteinto a soft wax.

Mushroom Umbrella-shaped fungusgrowing on decaying material.

Musicomania Intense love for music.Musk Oily perfumed secretion of

male musk deer.Musset’s sign Nodding movement

of head synchronous with ventri-cular contraction as in gross aorticincompetence.

Mussitation The muttering of deli-rium or moving of the lips withoutproduction of sound.

Mustard Powder of mustard seedsused as counter-irritant, rube-facient, emetic, stimulant, andcondiment.

Mutagen Any agent that causes genemutation, e.g. ionizing radiation.

Mutant A variant of genetic structure.Mutase Enzyme that accelerates

oxidation-reduction reactions.Mutation Change in genetic struc-

ture; can be natural or induced bydrugs, chemicals and radiation.

Mutilation Destruction, maiming.Mutism Unable to speak.m. akinetic Condition in which

patient can neither speak nor canmove body parts.

Myalgia Pain in the muscles oftenwith tenderness.

Myasis Infestation with larva of fliesor maggots.

Myasthenia Weakness of muscles.m. gravis An autoimmune disease

with extreme muscle weakness dueto presence of acetyl choline recep-tor antibodies.

Mycetes The fungi.Mycetism Poisoning from eating

fungi.Mycetoma A suppurative condition

due to actinomycetes and fungi.Mycobacterium A genus of acid-fast

organism causing leprosy andtuberculosis. They are gram-positive, nonsporeforming and nonmotile rods.

m. atypical Forms of mycobacteriacausing mild but resistant form oftuberculosis in man. They are M.avium-intracellular, M. kansasii, M.chelonei, M. marinum, M. xenopi, etc.

Mycology Science of fungi.Mycoplasma Organisms in between

bacteria and viruses, responsiblefor atypical pneumonia, urethritis;common forms are — M. hominis,M. orale, M. salivarium.

Mycosis fungoides A malignant dis-ease of RE system of skin, with in-tense itching and lymph node andinternal organ involvement.

Mydriasis Dilatation of pupils.Mydriatic Drug/agent causing

pupillary dilatation, e.g. atropine,belladona.

Myelatelia Defective developmentof spinal cord.

Myelencephalon The embryonichindbrain giving rise to medullaoblongata.

Muscle, papillary

Muscle, pectinate Myelencephalon

433

Myelin The complex lipid-proteinsheath around axons in nervoussystem.

Myelinosis Fatty degenerationduring which myelin is produced.

Myelitis Inflammation of spinalcord.

Myeloblast Immature white cellprecursor of marrow from whichdevelop myelocytes and eventuallygranulocytes.

Myelocele Protrusion of spinal cordthrough a defect in spinal arch —usually spina bifida.

Myelocyte A leuckocyte precursorin bone marrow.

Myelo diastasis Destruction and dis-integration of spinal cord.

Myelofibrosis A condition wherebone marrow is replaced by fib-rous tissue.

Myelogram 1. X-ray of spinal canalafter injection of radiopaquematerial into spinal sub-arachnoidspace. 2. Differential count of bonemarrow cells.

Myelolysis Dissolution of myelin.Myeloma A tumor originating from

marrow element.m. multiple A plasma cell tumor with

multiple lytic bone lesions andincreased paraprotein in blood and

urine.

Mycetoma

Myelin Myeloma, multiple

434

Myelomalacia Abnormal softeningof spinal cord.

Myelomeningocele A conditionwhere spinal cord along withmeningeal covering protrudesthrough the spinal defect.

Myelopathy Any pathologicalcondition of spinal cord.

Myelopoiesis Development of bonemarrow.

Myeloproliferative Concerningproliferation of bone marrowelements.

Myeloradiculitis Inflammation ofspinal cord and nerve roots.

Myenteric reflex Intestinal contrac-tion above and relaxation belowthe point of stimulatioin.

Myerson’s sign Inability to stopblinking on tapping the foreheadas in Parkinson’s disease.

Myoblast Embryonic cell develop-ing into muscle fiber.

Myocardial infarction Death ofmyocardium usually due to coro-nary thrombosis or spasm.

Myocarditis Inflammation of myo-cardium, mostly viral, due tocoxsackie group of viruses.

Myochorditis Inflammation ofmuscles of vocal cord.

Myocyte A muscle cell.Myodynamometer Device for deter-

mining muscle strength.Myoepithelial cells Spindle-shaped

contractile cells found betweenglandular elements and basementmembrane of sweat, mammaryand salivary glands.

Myoepithelium Tissue containingcontractile epithelial cells.

Myofilament Electron microscopicpicture of muscle showing thickmyosin and thin actin filaments,essential for muscle contraction.

Myoglobin The respiratory pigmentin muscle tissue that serves asoxygen carrier.

Myograph Instrument for graphicrecording of muscle contraction.

Myoma A tumor containing muscletissue.

Myeloblast

Myelomalacia Myoma

435

Myonectomy Removal of myo-matous tumor, generally of uterus.

Myometrium The muscular layer ofuterus.

Myonecrosis Death of muscle tissue.Myopathy Any disease or abnormal

condition of striated muscle; maybe an acquired or hereditary.

Myope One suffering from myopiaor short sightedness.

Myopia Short sightedness, the paral-lel rays passing through opticalaxis are focussed in front of retina.Can be axial (elongation of eyeball), curvature or lenticular types.Corrected by use of minus lens.

Myoplasm The contractile part ofthe muscle cell.

Myorrhaphy Suture of a musclewound.

Myosin The contractile protein ofmyofibrils constituting about 65%

of muscle prbteins. Myosinogen isthe precursor of myosin.

Myositis Inflammation of striatedmuscle.

m. ossificans Calcification andosteoblastic invasion of musclehematoma, commonly after supra-condylar fracture of elbow.

Myotonia Tonic spasm of a muscle.m. congenita SYN — Thomsen’s

disease. A hereditary disease withtonic spasm of muscle induced byvoluntary movements.

m. dystrophica Hereditary diseasecharacterized by myotonia, muscleatrophy and cataract.

Myringa The tympanic membrane.Myringitis Inflammation of tym-

panic membrane.Myringoplasty Plastic surgery of

tympanic membrane usually forclosure of perforation.

Myringotomy Incision of tympanicmembrane as to relieve pain inacute otitis media.

Mythophobia Abnormal fear ofmaking an incorrect statement.

Myxedema A condition resultingfrom hypofunction of thyroid;commonly autoimmune or due toiodine lack, dyshormonogenesis.

Myxoma Tumor composed of mu-cous connective tissue similar tothat present in embryo or umbilicalcord. It is soft, gray, lobulated,translucent and incompletely en-capsulated.

Myxovirus Family of viruses, thecommon member being influenzavirus.

Myopia

Myonectomy Myxovirus

NNabothian cyst Retention cysts of the

nabothian glands in the cervicalcanal, usually associated withectropion.

Nadolol A beta-blocker, used in hy-pertension.

Naegele German obstetrician (1777-1851).

n. obliquity Anterior parietal presen-tation of fetal head in labor.

n. pelvis An obliquely contractedpelvis.

n. rule The method of countingexpected date of delivery by count-ing 90 days backwards from LMPand adding 7 days to that date.

Nafcillin A semisynthetic penicil-linase resistant penicillin.

Nafoxidin Antiestrogen.

Nail A modified epidermal structureforming flat plate on dorsal aspectof terminal phallanx.

n. eggshell A condition in which thenail plate is soft and semi-trans-parent, bends easily and splits at theend, a feature of leprosy, hemiplegia.

n. hang Broken epidermis at the edgeof nail.

n. ingrown Growth of nail edge intothe soft tissue.

n. intermedullary Surgical rodinserted into the intermedullarycanal to fix the fracture.

n. Smith-Peterson A three flangednail used to fix fracture neck offemur.

n. spoon Nail with depressed centreand raised borders, feature of irondeficiency SYN — koilonychia.

n. biting A form of neurosis wherefree edge of nail is bitten down bythe patient.

n. fold The groove in the cutaneoustissue surrounding the nail exceptat its free edge.

nail-patella syndrome Onycho-osteodysplasia.

Naked Exposed to view; withoutcloth.

Nalbuphine Opioid receptor anta-gonist.

Nalidixic acid Urinary antibiotic;also used for gastrointestinal infec-tions.

Nalorphine Narcotic antagonist.Naloxone Narcotic antagonist.Naltrexone Narcotic antagonist.Nandrolone decanoate Anabolic

steroid.Nanism Dwarf like body build.Nano - 10–9 or one billionth part.Nap Short sleep.Nape Back of neck.Naphazoline hydrochloride Topi-

cal vasoconstrictor, ingredient ofnasal and eye drops.

Naphthalene A coaltar derivative,used as antimoth agent.

Nail

437

Narcissism Sexual pleasure soughtby observing one’s own nakedbody; self-admiration.

Narcoanalysis A form of psycho-therapy where the subconscious isexposed after light anesthesia.

Narcolepsy Recurrent attacks ofuncontrollable desire to sleep buteasily awakenable.

Narcotic An agent that in moderatedoses relieves pain but in higherdoses causes coma and respiratoryparalysis.

Narcotism State of stupor inducedby a narcotic.

Nasal feeding Feeding through atube passing through nose.

Nasal index The greater width ofnasal aperture in relation to a linefrom the lower edge of nasal aper-ture to the nasion.

Nasal reflex Inducible sneezingfrom irritation of nasal mucosa.

Nascent Just born, beginning; sub-stance being set free from a com-pound.

Nasion The point where sagittalplane intersects frontonasal suture(root of nose).

Nasmyth’s membrane Epithelialmembrane that envelops theenamel of a tooth after birth.

Nasogastric tube Tube insertedthrough nose into the stomach forfeeding or stomach wash.

Nasomental reflex Percussion onside of nose causing contraction ofmentalis muscle with elevation oflower lip and wrinkling of skin ofthe chin.

Nasopharynx Part of pharynx situatedabove the level of soft palate.

Natal Relating to birth.Natamycin Topical antibiotic.Nates Gluteal region SYN — but-

tocks.Native Born with, inherent.Natriuresis Excess excretion of

sodium in urine.Natural killer cells Large T-

lymphocytes that bind to cellsinfected with viruses and kill themand often kill tumor cells; the mostnatural defence against tumor/viral infection.

Naturopathy A therapeutic systemthat employs natural forces aslight, heat, air and water to cureailments rather than drugs.

Nausea Unpleasant epigastric sensa-tion preceding vomiting.

n. gravidarum Morning sickness ofpregnancy.

Nauseant Provoking nausea.Navel The depressed scar in the cen-

ter of abdomen SYN — umbilicus.Navicular Shaped like a boat.Near death experience The feeling

of an after life while coming closeto death.

Near drowning The survival in animmersion incident that could havebeen fatal

Near point Closest point of nearvision with maximum accommo-dation. It is 3" at 2 yrs and recedesto 40" at 60 years.

Nearsighted Only able to see clearlythe near objects; SYN—myopia,corrected by concave lens.

Narcissism Nearsighted

438

Nebula Very thin scar on cornea.Nebulizer An apparatus for produc-

ing fine spray or mist.Necator A genus of nematode hook-

worms, includes N. americanus.Neck That part of body lying between

shoulders and the head.n. femoral The thick compact portion

of femur joining head with the shaft.n. of mandible The narrow area

below the articular condyle whereare attached the lateral pterygoidmuscle and the articular capsule.

n. surgical of humerus The narrowedportion of humerus below thetuberosity; more prone for fracture.

n. wry SYN — torticollis; musclecontraction involving sterno-cleidomastoid, the neck rotated toopposite side.

Necklace of Casal Ring of pigmentedreddened skin around the neck inpellagra.

Necrobiosis Degeneration and swell-ing of collagen in the dermis, com-mon to diabetics.

Necromimesis A delusion in whichone believes to be dead.

Necrophilia Sexual intercourse withdead; abnormal interest in corpses.

Necrosis Death of tissue followingcut-off in blood supply, physical orchemical injury, infection, etc.

n. coagulation Necrosis where thenecrosed area is converted to ahomogeneous mass.

Necrotizing Causing necrosis.Needle A pointed instrument for

stitching, puncture or ligature; can

be straight, curved, double curvedor sigmoid

n. atraumatic a needle of smallerdiameter than the suture material

Negativism Behavioral disorder inwhich patient does opposite to sug-gested action or does not do it atall, a sign of dementia.

Negri bodies Aggregations in nervecells as in rabies.

Nebula Negri bodies

Necrosis

439

Neisseria Gram -negative bacteria,lie in pairs, e.g. N. gonorrhoeae, N.meningitidis, N sicca and N. catar-rhalis (last two cause respiratoryinfection and often endocarditis).

Nelton’s line Line from anterior su-perior iliac spine to tuberosity ofischium.

Nematoda Spindle shaped orrounded worms.

Neocerebellum The posterior lobeof cerebellum that develops last andis concerned with integrations ofvoluntary movements.

Neodymium A silvery rare earthmetal used in LASER.

Neogenesis Regeneration of tissue.Neologism A new work or phrase or

a new meaning put to an old work/phrase; a feature of mental diseases.

Neomycin An aminoglycoside an-tibiotic isolated from strepto-myces, toxic to kidney and eighthcranial nerve but effective againstmany gram +ve and -ve bacteria,particularly resistant tuberclebacilli.

Neon A rare inert gas.Neonate First six weeks after birth.Neoplasia The development of

neoplasms.Neoplasm A tumor or new growth.n. benign Growth having a definite

capsule and non-infiltrating.n. malignant Growth that lacks a

capsule, infiltrates surroundingstructures or has distant metas-tasis, or recurs after surgery.

n. organoid Neoplasm resemblingsome organ in its structure.

Neostigmine Cholinergic drug usedfor myasthenia; bromide andmethyl sulfate salts are used.

Neostriatum Caudate nucleus andputamen together.

Neothalamus The lateral anddorsomedial parts of thalamus.

Nephrectomy Removal of kidneys.Nephritis Inflammation of kidneys

involving glomeruli, tubules andinterstitial tissue singly or com-binedly, can be acute/chronic;interstitial, salt losing (Chrohn’ssyndrome).

Nephritogenic Causing nephritis.Nephrocalcinosis Deposit of calcium

in renal tubules.Nephroid Resembling kidney.Nephromere The intermediate

mesoderm of embryo from whichkidney develops.

Nephropathy Any diseased condi-tion of kidney including inflam-matory, degenerative, arterio-sclerotic lesions, e.g. analgesicnephropathy, hypokalemic neph-ropathy, membranous nephro-pathy, etc.

Nephropexy Surgical fixation ofmobile kidney.

Nephroptosis Downward displace-ment of kidney.

Nephrosclerosis Arteriosclerosis ofkidney vessels resulting in is-chaemic atrophy and fibrosis ofkidney.

Nephrosis Non-inflammatorydegenerative disease of kidney, e.g.lipoid nephrosis manifesting asnephrotic syndrome.

Neisseria Nephrosis

440

Nephrotic syndrome A symptomcomplex with leakage of protein in

urine due to damage to capillarywall of glomeruli.

Nephrotomography Tomography ofkidney after injection of radiopaquedye to opacity the kidneys.

Nerve Bundles of nerve fibers con-necting CNS or spinal cord withvarious parts of body.

n. adrenergic Sympathetic nervesthat liberate noradrenaline at theneuro effector synapse.

n. afferent Any nerve that transmitsimpulses from periphery towardscentre.

Nephrotic syndrome Nerve, afferent

Nephrotic Syndrome

Cranial Nerves

441

n. cholinergic Parasympatheticnerve liberating acetylcholine forimpulse transmission.

n. cranial Nerves emerging directlyfrom brain stem.

n. efferent Nerves that transmitimpulses from center towardsperiphery.

n. mixed Nerve contains both motor(efferent) and sensory (afferent)fibers.

n. secretory Nerve that stimulatessecretion from glands.

n. spinal 31 pairs of peripheralnerves, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal.

Nerve gas Gaseous material (usuallyorganophosphorus compoundaerosolized) used in war that alsopenetrates through the skin,protection is by gas mask andcharcoal lined suits.

Nerve growth factor A proteinnecessary for growth and main-tenance of certain nerves.

Netilmicin Amino glycoside an-tibiotic.

Neural crest A band of cells alongthe neural tube of embryo fromwhich cells forming cranial, spinaland autonomic ganglia arise.

Neural fold One of two longitudinalelevations of the neural plate ofembryo that unite to form the neuraltube.

Neuralgia Sharp pain along thecourse of nerve.

n. geniculate Neuralgia charac-terized by pain in distribution offacial nerves.

n. glossopharyngeal Severe pain inthe back of throat, tonsils andmiddle ear along the distributionof glossopharyngeal nerve.

n. Morton’s Neuralgic pain of thirdand fourth metatarsal.

n. occipital Neuralgia involvingupper cervical nerves.

n. trigeminal Neuralgia involvingthe gasserian ganglion or one ormore branches of trigeminal nerve.

Neural plate A thickened band of ec-toderm along the dorsal surface ofan embryo.

Neural tube Tube formed fromfusion of neural folds.

Neural tube defect Defective closureof neural tube during embryo-genesis leading to defects like spinabifida, anencephaly, meningocele,meningomyelocele.

Neurasthenia Psychiatric illnesswith unexplained chronic fatigueand lassitude.

Neurilemma The schwann cellsheath around myelin in peripheralnervous system that contributes toregeneration of nerve fibers byproducing growth factors andserving as a tunnel for growth ofnerves fiber.

Neurilemmoma A firmencapsulated fibrillar tumor ofperipheral nerve

Neurinoma A peripheral gliomaarising from endoneurium.

Neuritis Inflammation of nerve; in-flammatory or degenerative.

Neuroblastoma A malignant tumorof neuroblasts in children giving

Nerve, cholinergic Neuroblastoma

442

rise to cells of sympathetic nervoussystem; especially adrenal medulla.

Neurocirculatory asthenia Func-tional circulatory and nervousdisturbance with precordial painand fatigue.

Neurodermatitis Cutaneous infla-mmation with itching mostly dueto emotional disturbances.

Neuroepithelium Specializedepithelial structure forming thegustatory cells, olfactory cells, haircells of inner ear, rods and cones ofretina.

Neurofibril Tiny fibrils in thecytoplasm of nerve cell body.

Neurofibroma Tumor of connectivetissue around nerve.

Neurogenesis Growth and develop-ment of nerve tissues.

Neurogenic Originating from nerv-ous tissue or happening due to nerv-ous dysfunction.

Neuroglia Supporting tissue of nerv-ous system, includes astrocytes,microglia, Schwann cells, satelitecells, ependyma, etc. All exceptmicroglia are of ectodermal origin.

Neurohypophysis Posterior lobe ofpituitary secreting oxytocin andvasopressin.

Neurokeratin The type of keratinfound in myelinated nerve fibers.

Neuroleptic Synonymous withantipsychotic.

Neuroleptic malignant syndromeCatatonic rigidity, stupor, sweatingand hypertheremia occurring withuse of astipsychotic agents

Neurolysis Stretching of a nerve torelieve tension; release of a nervefrom fibrous tissue.

Neuroma cells Any tumor com-posed of nerve.

Neuromatosis Multiple tumors ofnerve tissue.

Neuromyesthenia Muscular weak-ness consequent to emotionaldisorder.

Neurone A nerve cell; consisting ofcell body and its processes, i.e.axons and dendrites.

Neurocirculatory asthenia Neurone

Neurofibroma

Neurone with its Dendrites

443

n. afferent Neurone conductingimpulses to the brain and spinalcord.

n. associative Neurone coordinatingimpulses between sensory andmotor neurons.

n. efferent Neurones conductingimpulses away from brain andspinal cord.

n. lower motor Neurone with cellbody in anterior gray column.

n. upper motor Neurone with cellbody in motor cortex.

n. preganglionic Neurone of auto-nomic nervous system whose cellbody lies in central nervous systemand axon terminates in peripheralganglia.

n. postganglionic Neurone whosecell body lies in an autonomicganglion and its axon terminatesin effector organ.

Neuronitis Inflammation of nerve cell.Neuropathy Any disease of nerves.n. entrapment Nerve inflammation

secondary to entrapment in a closedconstricting space, e.g. mediannerve in carpal tunnel of wrist.

n. hypertrophic Inflammation withthicking of nerves as in Refsumdisease.

Neurophysin Proteins that bindoxytocin and ADH, secreted byposterior pituitary.

Neuropraxia Trauma to a nerve fol-lowed by loss of conduction eventhough anatomical integrity ismaintained.

Neuroradiology Branch of medicalscience utilizing radiography fordiagnosis of neurological diseases.

Neurosis A minor mental diseasewhere person’s insight is main-tained.

n. anxiety Neurosis where vagueanxiety or apprehension interfereswith effective functioning.

n. obsessional Neurosis whereobsession dominates.

Neurosyphilis Syphilis affecting thenervous system.

n. meningovascular The meningesand the cerebral blood vessels areaffected the most with ischemia,infarction, hydrocephalus.

Neurotensin Tridecapeptide fromhypophysis stimulating pituitary.

Neurotic Person suffering fromneurosis.

Neurotmesis Nerve injury with com-plete loss of function in absence ofanatomical disruption.

Neurotransmitter Chemical sub-stance released by stimulation ofpresynaptic neurone that excites orinhibits target cell, e.g. acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine.

Neutral Neither alkaline nor acidic,indifferent.

Neutralization The process ofcounteracting the effects of anyharmful agent/substance.

Neutral point A pH of 7.0 which isneither acid nor alkaline.

Neutral red An indicator dye.Neutron Electrically neutral particle

equal in mass to proton.Neutrophil A leukocyte staining

easily with neutral dyes.Nevus Congenitally discolored local-

ized area of skin; vascular skin

Neurone, afferent Nevus

444

tumor due to hyperplastic bloodvessels.

n. junctional Nevus in the basal layerof epidermis appearing asnonhairy pigmented area, withhigh malignancy potential.

Niacin Nicotinic acid used forpellagra.

Niche A depression or recess on asmooth surface, e.g. ulcer niche.

Nicking Compression of retinal veinat the site crossed by artery.

Niclosamide Anthelmintic.Nicotinamide adenine diphosphate

(NADP) An enzyme that acceptselectrons.

Nicotine Alkaloid of tobacco, avasoconstrictor, stimulant andaddictive agent.

Nidus Focus of infection, nest likestructure.

Niemann-Pick disease A distur-bance of sphingolipid metabolismcharacterized by hepato-splenomegaly, lymphadenopathyand mental deterioration.

Nifedipine Calcium channel bloc-ker.

Nightblindness (nyctalopia) Inability to see in dark due to deficientrhodopsin or its slow regenerationafter exposure to light, a feature ofretinal pigmentary degeneration orvitamin A deficiency.

Nightmare A bad dream accom-panied by fear.

Night sweat Profuse sweating duringnight sleep, e.g. diabetes, withhypoglycemia due to excess insulin,chronic debilitating diseases(tuberculosis), rickets.

Nigrostrial Bundle of nerve fiberconnecting corpus striatum withsubstantia nigra.

Nihilism A delusion in which everything in unreal or does not exist

Nikethamide Respiratory and CNSstimulant.

Nikolsky’s sign Spreading of a pem-phigus bleb by application of mildpressure due to easy epidermalseparation.

Nimodipine Calcium channel blocker.Nipple The conical protruberance at

center of breast containing erectiletissue and pierced by milk ducts.

Niridazole Anthelmintic used forguinea worm and schistosomiasis.

Nissl bodies Chromophil granulesin cell bodies and dendrites ofneurones composed of RNA.

Nevus, junctional Nissl bodies

Nicotine

Neutrophil

445

Nit Egg of louse or any parasitic in-sect.

Nitazoxanide A drug used intreatment of amoebiasis

Nitrate Salt of nitric acid.Nitrazepam Benzodiazepine, anxio-

lytic.Nitrendipine Calcium channel

blocker.Nitric oxide A vasodilator gas

produced by vascular endothelium.It also inhibits aggregation,activation and adhsion of platelets

Nitrite Salt of nitrous acid, an an-tispasmodic and smooth muscledilator.

Nitroblue tetrazolium test A test ofability of leukocytes to transformnitroblue tetrazolium from a color-less state to deep blue, a test ofleukocyte bacterial killing ability.

Nitrofurantoin Urinary antibac-terial agent.

Nitrofurazone Topically used an-tibacterial agent.

Nitrogen mustards Antilymphoidagents used in treating lympho–sarcoma, rheumatoid arthritis,leukemia, nephritis. Agents in thisgroup are cyclophosphamide,mechlor ethamine, melphalan andchlorambucil.

Nitrogen balance The difference be-tween the amount of nitrogen in-gested and excreted per day.

Nitrogen narcosis Increased nitro-gen concentration in body tissueswith euphoria, impaired motorability and co-ordination as indivers and submarine troops.

Nitroglycerin Any nitrate of glycerolused for vasodilatation in anginapectoris as 2% ointment or tablets;be kept in tinted glass (not plastic)container without cotton plug.

Nitromersol Topically used mer-curial antiseptic.

Nitrous oxide Inhalation anestheticused in conjuction with oxygenSYN — laughing gas.

Nocardiasis Infection with gram-positive aerobic bacteria (often acidfast to be confused with tuberclebacillus), causing pulmonary infec-tion or foot infection (madura-mycosis).

Nociceptive reflex Reflex initiatedby painful stimuli.

Nocturia Urination at night.Nocturnal emission Involuntary

semen discharge during sleep.Nocturnal penile tumescence Penile

erection during sleep, a normalphenomenon, when present ex-cludes organic causes ofimpotency.

Nodal points A pair of points situatedon the axis of optical system.

Nodal rhythm Cardiac rhythmoriginating at AV node.

Nodding Falling forward of the head.Node A small swelling or constric-

tion.n. AV The mass of Purkinje fibers at

lower end of interatrial septumgiving origin to bundle of His.

n. Bouchard's Bony enlargement ofproximal interphallangeal joint inosteoarthritis.

Nit Node, Bouchard's

446

n. Heberden’s Nodes in terminalinterphallangeal joints of hand inosteoarthritis.

n’s of Ranvier Constriction of myelinsheath along the course ofmedulated nerve fiber.

n’s Osler Tender nodes in pulp offinger and toes in subacute bacterialendocarditis.

n’s of Parrot Osteophytes aroundanterior fontanel in congenitalsyphilis.

n. Schmorl’s Prolapse of nucleuspulposus into vertebral body.

n. Singer’s Small white nodes onvocal cords due to vocal abuse.

n. Sinoatrial Node in the wall of rightatrium near entry of SVC acting asthe pacemaker of heart.

Nodule A small node; collection ofcells.

n. Aschoffs Myocardial nodule withcentral fibrinoid necrosis with sur-rounding epithelioid cells, a featureof rheumatic carditis.

Noma (cancrum oris) A gangrenousinfection spreading from mucusmembrane of mouth to skin inunder nourished children

Nomogram Representation bygraphs, diagrams or charts of therelationship between numericalvariables

Non compos mentis Mentallyincompetent

Nonoxynol A spermicide.Noonan’s syndrome Congenital pul-

monary stenosis with skeletal ab-normalities.

Norepinephrinc Vasopressor hor-mone secreted by adrenal medulla.

Norethandrolone An anabolicsteroid.

Norethindrone Progestational agent.Norfloxacin A quinolone with broad

spectrum antibacterial activity.Norgestrel A progestational agent.Normetanephrine A metabolite of

epinephrine.Normoblast Type of nucleated red

blood cell during erythropoisis.Normochromasia Normal staining

capacity of tissue.Normocyte Averaged size RBC.Normosthenuria Urine of normal

amount and specific gravity.Normotensive Normal blood pres-

sure.Norplant Levonogestrel implant for

contraceptionn. see saw nystagmus in which the

interning eye moves up and theopposite eye moves down

Norrie’s disease Sex linked blind-ness with retinal malformation,vitreous opacity, often with hear-ing loss and mental retardation.

Nortryptyline Tricyclic anti-depressant.

Norwalk agent A virus implicatedin gastroenteritis.

Noscapine Antitussive opiumalkaloid.

Nose The organ of olfaction, alsowarms, moistens and filters the air.Orifices of frontal, anteriorethmoid and maxillary sinusesopen into middle meatus whileposterior, ethmoid and sphenoidsinuses open into superior meatus.

Node, Heberden's Nose

447Nosocomial Nucleus, Dentate

Nosocomial Hospital acquiredinfection.

Nosology The science of classifica-tion of diseases.

Nosophilia An abnormal desire tobe ill.

Nostalgia Homesickness.Notch Depression, narrow gap.n. acetabular Notch on the inferior

border of acetabulum.n. aortic Notch of aortic valve closure

in pulse tracing.n. sciatic Two in number, greater and

lesser sciatic notches on hip bone.Notifiable disease All communi-

cable and contagious diseases to benotified to local health authoritiesunder the starutes of law.

Notochord The axial skeleton ofembryo, its remnant in adult isnucleus pulposus of intervertebraldisk.

Novocain Procaine hydrochloride.Noxious Harmful.NREM sleep Nonrapid eye move-

ment sleep.Nuck’s canal A peritoneal pouch ex-

tending into labium in female,homologous to processus vagi-nalis of male.

Nuclear antigen Antigenicity ofnuclear materials in some connec-tive tissue disorders.

Nuclear magnetic resonance Whencertain atomic nuclei with oddnumber of protons or neutrons orboth are subjected to strong mag-netic field they absorb and reemitelectromagnetic energy. Applica-tion of a radio frequency pulse

causes deflection in the net mag-netization vector and imageproduction. The technique is usefulfor imaging of brain, soft tissue andheart.

Nuclear medicine Medicine dealingwith diagnostic, therapeutic and in-vestigative aspects of radionuclides.

Nucleic acid A complex product con-sisting of pentose, phosphoric acid,purines and pyrimidines.

Nucleolus A spherical body withinthe nucleus.

Nucleoprotein Combination ofnucleic acid with protein found incell nuclei.

Nucleoside Glycoside formed byunion of pentose sugar with purineor pyrimidine.

Nucleotide Compound containingphosphoric acid, pentose sugar andpurine/pyrimidine.

Nucleosidase Enzyme causinghydrolysis of nucleoside.

Nucleus The central vital portion ina cell which controls metabolism,reproduction and transmission ofcell characteristic.

n. ambiguous Nucleus of 9th and 10thcranial nerves in the medulla.

n. caudate The comma shaped consti-tuent of basal ganglia.

n. cuneate Nucleus in lower medullain which end the fibers of fasciculuscuneatus.

n. Deiters Lateral vestibular nucleus.n. Dentate The large nucleus in

lateral part of cerebellar lobegiving rise to fibers of superiorcerebellar peduncle.

448

n. Edinger Westphal Nucleus inmidbrain giving rise to parasym-pathetic fibers to innervate cilliarymuscles and sphincter iris.

n. emboliform Nucleus in cerebellumlying in between dentate andglobose nuclei.

n. fastigial Nucleus in medullaryportion of cerebellum.

n. gracilis Nucleus in lower portionof medulla where fibers of fas-ciculus gracilis terminate.

n. habenular Nucleus in dien-cephalon functioning as olfactorycorrelation center.

n. pulposus The central gelatinousremnant of notocord in inter-vertebral disks.

Null hypothesis The hypothesis thatthe observed difference betweentwo groups of patients studied isaccidental.

Nullipara A woman who has notproduced a viable child.

Numb Dead, insensible.Numular Shaped like a coin.Nurse Person providing health care.Nursery Newborn care center.Nutrient Food constituents supply-

ing body with essential elementsof metabolism.

Nutriment Nutritious substance.Nutrition The process involved in as-

similation and utilization of food.Nutritious Providing nutrition.Nux vomica Poisonous seed contain-

ing strychnine.

Nyctalopia Night blindness as seenin avitaminosis A and retinitispigmentosa.

Nyctamblyopia Poor night visionwithout any other eye changes.

Nyctaphonia Hysterical loss of voiceonly at night.

Nyctophilia Abnormal preferencefor darkness.

Nyctophobia Abnormal fear ofdarkness.

Nylidrin Peripheral vasodilator.Nymph Wingless immature stage in

developmental cycle of insects.Nympha Labia minora.Nymphomania Abnormal and exces-

sive sexual desire in a female.Nystagmograph Apparatus for

recording nystagmus.Nystagmus Involuntary to and fro

movement of eye ball.n. fixation Nystagmus only

occurring on fixation of eyes.n. latent Nystagmus that occurs only

when eye is closed.n. miners Nystagmus in those

working in darkness.n. optokinetic Nystagmus occurring

while looking at moving objects.n. rhythmic Nystagmus where eyes

move slowly in one direction andthen are jerked back to originalposition.

Nystalin Antifungal agent.Nyslen’s law The law that states that

rigor mortis begins with musclesof mastication and then progressesdown.

Nucleus, Edinger Westphal Nyslen’s law

OOat A cereal used as food.Oat meal Porridge of oat.Obduction Autopsy.Ober test A clinical test for tightness

of iliotibial bandObese Fatty.Obesity Weight in excess of 20% than

the ideal weight for height, age andsex.

o. endogenous Obesity caused bymetabolic abnormality within thebody.

o. exogenous Obesity due to excessfood calori intake.

o. hypothalamic Obesity resultingfrom hypothalamic dysfunction,i.e. regulation of eating behavior.

Obfuscation Mental confusion.Object Anything visible or appea-

ling to senses.Objective sign In reaching a diag-

nosis, a sign that can be seen, heardor felt by the examining doctor.

Objective symptoms Symptom ap-parent to physical means of diag-nosis.

Obligate NecessaryOblique Slanting or diagonal.Obliquity The state of slanting.o. Litzman’s Inclining of fetal head

with posterior parietal bonepresenting.

o. Naegele’s Inclining fetal head withoblique biparietal diameter inrelation to pelvic brim.

Oblongata Oblong, e.g. medullaoblongata.

Obscure Hidden, indistinct.Obsession A mental state where one

is occupied with uncontrollable

desire, idea or emotion even thoughhe knows fully about it.

Obstetrics Branch of medicine deal-ing with child birth, puerperiumand management of pregnancy.

Obstipation Complete constipationwithout passage of flatus and feces.

Obstructive lung disease A group ofdiseases which cause increasedresistance to passage of air in andout of the lungs, e.g. asthma, chronicbronchitis, etc.

Obstruent Blocking up.Obtundent A soothing remedy.Obturator Anything that closes a

cavity or opening.Obturator foramen An opening in

the membrane.Obturator muscle Muscle in the pel-

vis that rotates the thigh outwards.Obturator sign Inward rotation of hip

so as to stretch obturator internus,causes pain in acute appendicitis.

Occipital bone Bone in hind part ofskulll between parietal andtemporal bones.

Occipital lobe Posterior lobe ofcerebral hemisphere shaped like athree sided pyramid.

Occiput The back part of skull.Occlusion State of being closed.Occult Hidden, concealed.Occult blood test Examination of

stool for microscopic hemorrhage.Occupational therapy Therapy

aimed at making a patient inde-pendent and able for self care, andprevent disability.

Occupational neurosis Neurosis thatdevelops in certain persons inparticular occupations.

450

Ochlesis Any disease caused by overcrowding.

Ochlophobia Abnormal fear ofpopulated places or crowds.

Ochronosis An inborn error of meta-bolism marked by dark pigmenta-tion of cartilage, ligaments andskin with black coloration of urinedue to excretion of homogentisicacid.

Octamethyl-pyrophosphoramideAnticholinesterage insecticide.

Octapeptide Peptide with eightamino acids.

Octogenarian A person in his/hereighties.

Octopanine An adrenergic trans-mitter.

Oculocardiac reflex Slowing ofpulse following pressure on eyeball.

Oculo-cerebro renal syndrome Asexlinked syndrome characterizedby cataract, mental retardation,amino aciduria, vitamin D resistantrickets, etc.

Oculogyric crisis Involuntary up-ward gaze fixation lasting forminutes to hours in post-en-cephalitic parkinsonism.

Oculomotor nerve The third cranialnerve arising from midbrain andsupplying extrinsic muscles of eyeexcluding lateral rectus and supe-rior oblique.

Odaxesmus Biting of tongue, lip orcheek during attack of epilepsy.

Odogenesis The generation of axonsfrom proximal severed end.

Odontalgia Toothache.

Odonterism Chattering of teeth.Odontitis Inflammation of tooth.Odontoblast The dentin forming

cells in dental papilla or pulpchamber.

Odontocele An alveodental cyst.Odontoclasis Fracture of tooth.Odontoclast A class of cells that

bring about resorption of roots ofdeciduous teeth.

Odontodynia Toothache.Odontogenesis The formation/

development of teeth.Odontograph Equipment to deter-

mine the degree of uneveness ofenamel.

Odontoid Tooth like.Odontoid process Tooth like projec-

tion from 2nd cervical vertebra.Odontology The art and science of V

dentistry.Odontoma Tumor originating from

dental tissue.o. ameloblastic Tumor of dental

tissue containing enamel, dentineand odontogenic tissue but does notform enamel.

o. composite Odontoma in whichepithelial and mesenchymal cellsare completely differentiatedproducing enamel and dentin.

o. follicular Odontoma crepitatingto pressure with excessive numberof dental follicles.

Odontosis Development of teeth.Odor Any smell.Odorant Anything that stimulates

the sense of smell.Odoriferous Perfumed.Odorous Having fragrance.

Ochlesis Odorous

451

Odynophagia Dysphagia.Oedius complex Abnormally intense

love of child for opposite sexparent.

Ogilvie’s syndrome Acute intestinalpseudoobstruction.

Ohm Unit of electrical resistanceequal to current of 1 ampereproduced by potential difference ofone volt across the terminals.

Ohm’s law The strength of an electriccurrent expressed in amperes isequal to the electromotive forceexpressed in volts divided byresistance.

Oikofugic Having a compulsion toleave home.

Oikophobia Morbid dislike for home.Ointment A medicated fatty soft sub-

stance for external application.Oleic acid Fatty acid.Oleogranuloma Granuloma forma-

tion at the site of injection of oilysubstances.

Olfaction The act of smelling.Olfactometer The apparatus for

testing power of sense of smell.Olfactory area Area in hippocampal

convolution and uncus of brain.Olfactory bulb Enlarged upper end

of olfactory tract.Olfactory membrane Membrane in

the upper part of nasal cavity con-taining olfactory receptors.

Olfactory nerves Fine unmyelinatedfibres arising from olfactorymucosa and ending in olfactorybulb after piercing cribiform plate.

Olfactory tract The tract that extendsfrom olfactory bulb to the anterior

perforated substance where itdivides into olfactory striae.

Olfactory trigone Small triangulararea between lateral and medialolfactory striae.

Oligemia Low blood volume.Oligo Small or few.Oligodendroglia The neuroglial cell

with long slender processes whichmaintains the myelin sheath.

Oligodendroglioma A malignanttumor of CNS, frequently calcifiedarising from oligodendrocytes.

Oligohydramnios Less than normalamniotic fluid, a feature of postmaturity.

Oligomenorrhea Scanty or infre-quent menstruation.

Oligosaccharide Compound madeup of small number of monosac-charides.

Oligospermia Diminished spermcount.

Oligotrophy Inadequate nutrition.Oliguria Decreased formation of

urine.Olivary body A rounded mass of

nerve tissue in anterolateral portionof medulla oblongata.

Ollier’s disease Chondrodys–plasia.Ollier’s layer The deepest layer of

periosteum containing bone form-ing osteoblasts.

Olophonia Malformed vocal ap-paratus with production of un-natural speech.

Olsalazine A drug to treat ulcerativecolitis

Omalgia Neuralgic pain aroundshoulder.

Odynophagia Omalgia

452

Omental bursa The cavity in greateromentum.

Omentopexy Fixation of omentumto anterior abdominal wall.

Omentum A double fold of peri-toneum attached to stomach, theportion attached to greater cur-vature of stomach extending to en-velop the intestines is called greateromentum and the portion extendingfrom lesser curvature of stomachto transverse fissure of liver iscalled lesser omentum.

Omeprazole Proton pump inhibitor,used in peptic ulcer; Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Ommaya reservoir A mushroomshaped reservoir with a self sealingplastic dome and attached to acatheter. The reservoir is implantedunder the skin flap in skull andcatheter is put into lateral ventricleuseful for measuring CSF pressureand administration of drugs.

Omnivorous Eating both meat andvegetables.

Omohyoid Concerning scapula andthe hyoid bone, the muscle attachedto these two structures.

Omphalitis Inflammation of um-bilicus.

Omphalocele Congenital umbilicalhernia.

Omphalophlebitis Inflammed um-bilical veins.

Omphalorrhexis Rupture of um-bilicus.

Omphalotomy Cutting of umbilicalcord after birth.

Onanist Person practising coitusinterruptus.

Onanoff’s reflex Contraction ofbulbocavernosus muscle onpressing the glans penis.

Onchocerca volvulus Oncocerca in-vading the eye and causing blind-ness in Africa.

Oncogene Genes that can causetumor formation.

Oncogenesis Tumor initiation andgrowth.

Oncology The branch of medicinedealing with tumors.

Oncotic pressure The osmotic pres-sure exerted by proteins in plasma.

Oncovin Vincristine sulphate.Ondine’s curse Primary alveolar

hypoventilation due to reducedresponsiveness of respiratorycenter to CO2.

Oneirology The scientific study ofdreams.

Oneiroscopy Dream analysis forstudy of one’s emotional state.

Oniomania An irrepressible urge tospend money.

Onlay A graft applied to the surfaceof tissue, e.g. bone graft applied tobone.

Ontogeny The history of develop-ment of an individual.

Onychia Inflammation of nailbedwith loss of nail.

Onychodystrophy Maldevelopmentof a nail.

Onychograph Device that recordscapillary blood pressure under thefinger nail.

Onycholysis Losing and detachmentof nail.

Onychomycosis Fungal infection ofnails.

Omental bursa Onychomycosis

453

Oocyst Encysted form of zygote incertain sporozoa.

Oocyte Primitive ovum.Oogenesis Growth and maturation

of ovum.Oogonium The primordial cell from

which an oocyte originates.Ookinesis Mitotic phenomena

taking place within an ovum duringmaturation and fertilization.

Ookinete Motile zygote of plas-modia.

Oophorrhaphy Suture of displacedovary to pelvic wall.

Oospore A spore formed by the unionof opposite sexual elements

Opaque Not transparent; not allow-ing light rays to pass through.

Open heart surgery Surgery on heartor its blood vessels requiringcardiopulmonary bypass.

Open reduction Exposure of frac-tured ends of a bone for bringingreunion by suitable reduction.

Operant conditioning Conditioningor influencing behavior by reward-ing for certain desired acts.

Operation The act of operating, i.e.incision, excision, suture.

o. ablative Operation where a bodypart is removed.

o. radical Operation involvingremoval of large part of an organ.

Opercular Concerning a coveringstructure.

Operculitis Inflammation of gingivaover a partly erupted tooth.

Operculum Any covering.Operon A term used in genetics to

mean a group of linked genes and

regulatory elements functioning asan unit for transcription.

Ophiases A form of baldness of scalp.Ophidism Poisoning from snake bite.Ophritis Inflammation of eyebrow.Ophthalmia Inflammation of the eye.o. gonococcal Severe purulent

conjunctivitis.o. neonatorum Severe purulent

conjunctivitis of newborn, usuallygonococcal.

o. sympathetic Uveitis of healthy eyefollowing trauma to other eye.

Ophthalmic nerve A branch oftrigeminal, having only sensoryfunction.

Ophthalmitis Inflammation of eye.Ophthalmodynamometer Instru-

ment for measuring pressure inophthalmic arteries.

Ophthalmodynia Pain in the eye.Ophthalmologist A doctor who

practises in the treatment of dis-eases of eye.

Ophthalmometer Instrument formeasuring errors of refraction, sizeof eye and anterior curvature.

Ophthalmoplegia Paralysis ofocular muscles.

o. externa Paralysis of extraocularmuscles.

o. interna Paralysis of iris and ciliarybody.

o. nuclear Paralysis of 3rd, 4th and6th cranial nerves due to a lesioninvolving their nuclei.

o. Parinaud’s Paralysis of conjugatedeviation of eyes in upward direction.

Ophthalmoscope Instrument for ex-amination of fundus and retina.

Oocyst Ophthalmoscope

454

Opiate receptor Specific receptorson cell surfaces to which combinethe opiates, endorphins and en-cephalitis for mediating their ef-fects.

Opioid Synthetic narcotics or en-dogenous substances with opiumlike activity, e.g. encephalins andendorphins.

Opisthion The craniometric point atthe middle of the lower border offoramen magnum

Opisthotonus A form of tetanicspasm where the body bends back-wards.

Opium Substance derived from juiceof unripe capsules of poppy.

Oppenheim’s disease SYN—myotonia congenita characterizedby poor muscular development inthe limbs.

Opponens digiti minimi Intrinsicmuscle of hand that helps apposinglittle finger to thumb.

Opponens pollicis Muscle that placesthumb opposite the little finger.

Opsin One of the colorless proteinsin rods and cones.

Opsonin A substance present in bloodthat prepares bacteria forphagocytosis.

Opsonize To render microor-ganisms susceptible to phago-cytosis.

Optical center The point where thesecondary axes of a refractory sys-tem meet and cross the principalaxis.

Optical index A constant applied toobjectives for purpose of com-parison taking into account thefocal length.

Optical isomerism Substanceshaving similar structural formulabut differing rotation of polarizedlight.

Optic atrophy Atrophy of optic nervehead with sharply demarcatedchalky white optic disc.

Optic axis The imaginary line pass-ing through center of cornea andposterior pole of retina.

Optic canal The groove at the apex oforbit through which pass opticnerve and ophthalmic artery.

Optic chiasma The commissureanterior to hypophysis where thereis partial decussation of fibers ofoptic nerve.

Optic disk The posterior pole inretina where the fibers fromganglion cell converge to form opticnerve.

Optic neuritis Involvement of opticnerve due to inflammation,degeneration, demyelinationresulting in visual loss.

Optic radiation The geniculocal-carine tract connecting lateralgeniculate body with area 17 and19 of calcarine cortex.

Optics Branch of science relating toproperties of light, its refraction,reflexion and relation to vision.

Opiate receptor Optics

Opisthotonus

455Optic disk Optic radiation

Optic Disk

Optic Radiation

456

Optic tract The visual path from opticchiasm to lateral geniculate body.

Optic vesicle The embryonicevagination of diencephalongiving rise to pigmentary andsensory layers of retina.

Optimal Most desirable.Optokinetic Relating to eye move-

ments in relation to movement ofobjects in visual field.

Optokinetic nystagmus Nystagmusoccurring when moving objectstraverse the field of vision or viceversa.

Optometer Instrument for mea-suring refractive error of eye.

Optometry Measurement of visualpower.

Oral contraceptive Contraceptivestaken by mouth.

Ora serrata Portion of retina behindciliary body.

Orbicularis oculi The ring muscle ofeye, causing its closure.

Orbicularis oris The ring muscle ofmouth, causing pursing of lips.

Orbit The bony socket containing theeye formed by frontal, sphenoid,ethmoid, maxillary and palatalbone.

Orbital cellulitis Inflammation ofsoft tissue of orbit usually follow-ing sinusitis causing proptosis anddiplopia.

Orbital index Orbital height to orbi-tal breadth X100.

Orbital lobe Part of frontal lobe thatrests on orbital plate of frontal bone.

Orchic Testis.Orchiopexy Surgical fixation of

testis.

Orchitis Inflammation of testis.Ordinate The vertical line of the two

coordinates.Organelle Special structures of a

cell, e.g. mitochondria.Organic 1. Pertains to living or-

ganisms, 2. In chemistry pertainingto compounds of carbon, 3. Physi-cal not mental or psychogenic.

Organic acid Any acid containingcarboxyl group.

Organic brain syndrome Diffuseimpairment of brain function.

Organic disease Disease with recog-nizable structural changes inorgans and tissues.

Organic murmur Murmur due tostructural changes in heart valves.

Organism Any living entity capableof carrying on life process.

Organize To undergo organization,i.e. repair process with growth offibroblasts and capillaries.

Organizing pneumonia Pneumoniawhere the exudate undergoes or-ganization and cicatrizationrather than resorption.

Organogenesis The formation anddevelopment of body organs fromembryonic tissue

Organoid Resembling an organ.Orgasm The intense pleasure of

sexual intercourse at climax withpelvic throbbing, contraction oflevator ani and anal sphincters toculminate in seminal ejaculation.

Orifice An opening or entrance to acavity.

Origin The starting point.Ormond’s disease Retroperitoneal

fibrosis

Optic tract Ormond’s disease

457

Ornithine An amino acid in the ureacycle.

Ornithosis Psittacosis contractedfrom birds other than parrots.

Oropharynx Portion of pharynxbelow the level of soft palate.

Orosomucoid An acidic mucoprotein from nephrotic urine.

Orotic acid A pyrimidine precursor.Oroya fever Bartonellosis.Orphenadrine Antispasmodic

antitremor drug.Ortalani’s sign Slipping of femoral

head back to acetabulum with asnapping sound when congenitallydisplaced hip in full abduction istapped.

Orthochromatic Having normalstaining characteristics.

Orthodontics The branch of den-tistry dealing with malocclusionand its treatment.

Orthograde Walking or standing inupright position.

Orthopedics That branch of surgerydealing with corrective treatmentof deformities, diseases oflocomotor apparatus.

Orthophoria Normal balance of eyemuscles, i.e. parallel.

Orthopnea Difficulty in breathingin lying down but not in sitting orupright position.

Orthopraxis Mechanical correctionof deformities

Orthoptics The training meant formaking visual responses normallike esophoria.

Orthosis Any device added to the bodyto stabilize or immobilize the bodypart, prevent deformity or assistwith function

Orthostatic Standing upright.o. albuminuria Albuminuria when

assuming erect position.o. hypotension Fall in blood pressure

while assuming erect position.Orthostat Device for straightening

curvatures of long bones.Orthotics Science of orthopedic ap-

pliance and their use.Orthotopic In the natural or normal

position.o. transplantation Transplantation

of an organ from a donor into itsnormal anatomical position inrecipient.

Os Bone, mouth.Oscillation A swinging or vibration.Oscilopsia A form of visual aberra-

tion where stationary objectsappear to move to and fro leadingto blurred vision.

Oscilloscope A cathode ray vacuumtube to reflect oscillations ofelectromotive forces.

Osgood-Schlatter disease Osteo-chondritis of tibial tubercle.

Osler-Rendu-Weber disease Here-ditary hemorrhagic telangiec-tasia.

Osler’s disease Polycythemia vera.Osler’s node Painful indurated red

areas on finger pulp in acute bac-terial endocarditis.

Osmol The quantity of a solute exist-ing in solution as molecules, com-monly stated in grams, that isosmotically equivalent to one moleof an ideally behaving electrolyte.

Osmometer Instrument for measur-ing osmotic pressure.

Osmophobia Abnormal fear ofodors.

Ornithine Osmophobia

458

Osmoreceptors Hypothalamicreceptors that respond to changesin osmotic pressure of blood andhence influence ADH secretion.

Osmosis The passage of solventthrough a membrane from a dilutesolution into a more concentratedone.

Osmotic fragility The susceptibilityof RBCs to lyse in hypotonic solu-tions.

Osmotic pressure The pressuredeveloped when two solutions ofdifferent concentrations of somesolute are separated by a semi-permeable membrane.

Osseous Bony.Ossicle A small bone, particularly

that in middle ear.Ossification The formation of bone.Ossifucent Breaking down and sof-

tening of bone.Ossifying fibroma A benign tumor

from connective tissue of bone.Osteitis Inflammation of bone.o. carnosa Inflammation of bone with

excess of granulation tissueformation.

o. condensans: ilii Formation ofopaque sclerotic bone in the ileumadjacent to sacroiliac joint causinglow back ache; of unknown etiology.

o. deformans Paget’s disease.o. flbrosa cystica Generalized bone

demineralization with large osteo-porotic areas resembling cyst as inhyperparathyroidism.

o. fragilitans Osteogenesis imper-fecta.

o. fungosa Inflammatory hyper-plasia of medulla of bone with new

ossification of fungoid granulationtissue.

Osteoarthrosis Degenerative jointdisease.

Osteoblast Cells of mesenchymalorigin concerned in the formationof bony tissue.

Osteoblastoma Malignant tumor ofosteoblasts SYN—Osteosarcoma.

Osteochondral Composed of bothbone and cartilage.

Osteochondritis dissecans A jointdisease characterized by partial orcomplete detachment of a fragmentof articular cartilage andunderlying bone.

Osteochondrodysplasia Abnormaldevelopment of bony and car-tilaginous structures.

Osteochondrodystrophy Morquio’ssyndrome.

Osteochondroma Benign hamar-tomatous tumor of bone or cartilage.

Osteochondromyxoma An osteo-chondroma with myxoid com-ponent.

Osteochondrosarcoma An osteo-sarcoma with significant myxo-sarcomatous element.

Osteochondrosis A process involv-ing ossification centers withavascular necrosis followed byslow regeneration.

Osteoclasis The fracture of a longbone without resorting to opensurgery for correcting deformity.

Osteoclast Multinucleated cellsresponsible for bone remodelling.

Osteoclast activating factor Alymphokine that causes boneresorption IL-1 is an OAF.

Osmoreceptors Osteoclast activating factor

459Osteoclastoma Osteogenesis imperfecta

Osteoarthrosis

Osteoclastoma

Osteoclastoma Giant cell tumor.Osteocyte A mesodermal bone

forming cell of marrowOsteodiastasis Separation of bone

without true fracture.

Osteodystrophy Defective bone for-mation.

Osteofibroma A benign bone tumorwith fibrous tissue component.

Osteogenesis imperfecta Auto-somal dominant disease characte-

460Osteogenic sarcoma Osteosis

rized by hypoplasia of bone andcartilage leading to fracture withminimal trauma, hypermobility,blue sclera.

Osteogenic sarcoma A malignanttumor composed of mesenchymalanaplastic cells with varying ele-ments of osteogenesis, osteolysis,telangiectasis and bone cyst forma-tion.

Osteoid The young hyaline matrixof true bone in which calcium isdeposited.

Osteoid osteoma A benign hamar-tomatous tumor of bone composedof a nidus of well vascularized tis-sue with pain.

Osteolysis Bone resorption/dege-neration.

Osteoma Benign bony tumor arisingfrom membranous bones.

Osteomalacia Failure of ossificationdue to fall in serum calcium.

Osteomatosis Presence of multipleosteomas.

Osteometry The study of proportionsand measurement of skeleton.

Osteomyelitis Inflammation ofmarrow and hard tissue of bone.

Osteonectin A glycoprotein presentin the noncollagenous portion ofbone matrix

Osteopathy A school of healing artwhich teaches that the body is a vitalmechanical organism whosestructural and functional integrityare coordinated and interdependent.

Osteopenia Less bone tissue thannormal.

Osteopetrosis A familial diseasecharacterized by excessive radio-graphic density with a tendencytowards fracture and obliterationof marrow cavity.

Osteophyte A bony outgrowth.Osteopoikilosis Disease of unknown

etiology with ellipsoidal dense fociin all bones of body.

Osteoporosis Absolute decrease inquantity of bone tissue with enlarg-ing marrow cavity and haversianspaces.

Osteosclerosis Abnormal increasein density of bone.

Osteosis Metaplastic bone for-mation.Oesteomyelitis

461

Osteotome An instrument forcutting bone.

Osteotomy Cutting of a bone.Osteotropy Nutrition of bony tissue.Ostium A mouth or aperture.Otic Pertaining to ear.Otic capsule The cartilage capsule

that surrounds developing audi-tory vesicle and later fuses with thesphenoid and occipital cartilage.

Otitis Inflammation of the ear.Otitis externa Inflammation of ex-

ternal ear.Otitis interna Inflammation of inter-

nal ear.Otic ganglion The nerve ganglion

immediately below foramen ovaleof sphenoid bone giving rise to postganglionic parasympathetic fibersto parotid gland.

Otitic hydrocephalus Hydro-cephalus associated with chronicear infection, esp. mastoiditis.

Otitis media Inflammation ofmiddle ear.

Osteotome Outpouching

Otocleisis Occlusion of ear.Otogenic Originating or arising

within the ear.Otolaryngology Speciality dealing

with diseases of ear, nose andlarynx.

Otolith Calcareous concretionswithin membranous labyrinth.

Otology The science of ear and itsdiseases.

Otomycosis Fungal infection of earcanal.

Otorhagia Discharge of blood fromthe ear.

Otorrhea Discharge from externalauditory meatus.

Otosclerosis A disease charac-terized by new bone formationaround oval window with immo-bilization of foot plate of stapesand hence conductive hearing loss.

Otoscope Instrument for visualiza-tion of external ear and the tym-panic membrane.

Ototoxic Agents toxic to the neuralprocess of hearing.

Ouabain A digitalis glycoside, rapidacting.

Ounce An unit of measure equivalentto 28 grams.

Outer nuclear layer The layer ofretina which contains rods andcones.

Outflow In neurology trans–missionof efferent impulses.

Outgrowth Growth or developmentfrom a pre-existing structure orstate.

Outline The shape.Outpouching Evagination.

Otitis Media

462

Ovale malaria Malaria caused byPlasmodium ovale with the redblood cells and trophozoites bothbeing often oval in shape.

Ovalocyte Elliptocyte.Ovarian agenesis Failure of develop-

ment of ovaries. SYN—Turner’ssyndrome.

Ovarian follicle An ovum and thegranulosa cell surrounding it oc-cupying the cortex of ovary.

Ovarian graft A portion of ovaryimplanted commonly to abdo-minal wall to preserve hormonesecretion.

Ovarian hormones 1. Follicularhormones-estradiol, estrone, andestriol 2. luteal hormone-proges-terone.

Ovarian ligament The terminal por-tion of genital ridge uniting thecaudal end of embryonic ovarywith the uterus.

Ovarian plexus A network of veinsin the broad ligament or nerveplexus around the ovary.

Ovariocele Hernia of the ovary.Ovariocyesis Ovarian pregnancy.Ovary The glandular female repro-

ductive organ giving rise to ova.Overbite The extent to which the

upper anterior teeth overlap thelower during occlusion.

Overriding The extent of overlap-ping of broken ends in a fracture.

Overweight Excessive weight of anindividual by more than 10% thanpermissible for sex and age.

Oviparous Producing eggs.Ovoid Egg shaped.

Ovotestis Ovarian and testicular tis-sue combined in the same gonad.

Ovulation The maturation and dis-charge of ovum.

Ovum The female germ cell.Oxalate Any ester or salt of oxalic

acid.Oxalic acid An acid found in plants

and vegetables, used as reagent.Oxaloacetic acid A participant in

citric acid metabolic cycle.Oxalosis An inborn error of meta-

bolism due to impaired glyoxylicacid metabolism with overpro-duction of oxalic acid and depo-sition of calcium oxalate in bodytissues.

Oxaluria Presence of oxalic acid oroxalates in urine.

Oxandrolone An anabolic steroidOxazepam A benzodiazepine,

tranquilizer.Oxethazaine Gastric mucosal anes-

thetic.Oxidase Enzyme that promotes an

oxidation reaction.Oxidation An increase in positive

valence of an element or decreasein negative valence occurring dueto loss of electrons; the process ofcombining with oxygen.

Oxime Any compound resultingfrom action of hydroxylamineupon an aldehyde or ketone.

Oximeter Photoelectric instrumentfor measuring degree of oxygensaturation of blood.

Oxprenolol A beta-blocker used incoronary artery disease.

Oxtriphylline A drug that resemblestheophylline in action

Ovale malaria Oxtriphylline

463

Oxycephaly A condition where headis conical in shape.

Oxycodone A narcotic analgesic,dihydro hydroxy codeinone.

Oxygen The colorless and odorlessgas that supports combustion andessential to animal life. It con-stitutes one-fifth of atmosphere,eight-ninth of water and one-halfof earth’s crust.

Oxygen saturation Oxygen contentdivided by oxygen capacity ex-pressed in volume per cent.

Oxygen tent A transparent air tightchamber, enclosing patient’s headand shoulder, in which oxygen con-

tent can be maintained at a higherlevel.

Oxygen toxicity Progressiverespiratory failure with inhalationof more than 100% oxygen forprolonged period

Oxyhemoglobin Hemoglobin com-bined with oxygen.

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curveA curve that shows the relationshipbetween partial pressure of oxygenand percentage saturation ofhaemoglobin

Oxylalia Rapid speech.Oxymetazoline A vasoconstrictor

used topically to reduce nasal con-gestion.

Oxycephaly Oxymetazoline

Ovulation

464

Oxymetholone An anabolic steroid.Oxymorphone A semisynthetic nar-

cotic analgesic.Oxyntic Secreting acid, e.g. parietal

cells of stomach.Oxyopia Unusual acuity of vision.Oxyphenbutazone A metabolite of

phenyl butazone used for itsanalgesic-anti-inflammatoryproperty.

Oxyphenisatin A cathartic.Oxyphenonium bromide An an-

ticholinergic agent used in pepticulcer and gastrointestinal hyper-motility or spasm.

Oxypurinol A xanthine oxidase in-hibitor, used in gout.

Oxytetracycline An antibiotic oftetracycline group from Strep-

tomyces rimosus where the hydro-gen atom of tetracycline is repla-ced by a hydroxyl group.

Oxytocin An octapeptide secreted byposterior pituitary, causes uterinecontraction and promoteslactation.

Ozena A form of atrophic rhinitiswith crusting, bleeding andoffensive odor

Ozone O3. An allotropic form ofoxygen, a powerful oxidizingagent, used as disinfectant.

Ozonide A compound of ozone withcertain unsaturated organicsubstances that exert bactericidaleffect from liberation of nascentoxygen.

Oxymetholone Ozonide

PPachhionian bodies Pedunculated

fibrous tissue growths along lon-gitudinal fissure of cerebrum.

Pacemaker 1. Electronic device thatcontrols rate and rhythm of heart2. The specialized cells in rightatrium that generate impulse.

p. wandering A form of arrhythmiawhere the origin of cardiac impulseshifts from place to place.

Pachyderma Unusual thickening ofskin.

Pachydermatocele A pendulousstate of skin with thickening; usual-ly due to large neurofibroma.

Pachymeniagitis Inflammation ofdura mater.

Pachyonychia Abnormal thickeningof nails.

Pachysomia Pathological thickeningof soft parts of body.

Pacing code A three letter code fordescribing pacemaker type andfunction. The first letter indicatesthe heart chamber paced (V =ventricle, A = atrium, D = dual), thesecond letter indicates the chamberfrom which electrical activity issensed and the third letter indicatesthe response to sensed electrical ac-tivity.

Pacinian corpuscle Encapsulatedsensory nerve endings of skin andinternal organs sensitive to deeppressure.

Pack A dry or moist; hot or coldblanket or sheet used for therapeuticpurpose.

Packed cell Blood containing cellu-lar elements only, devoid of plasma.

Pa CO2 Partial pressure of CO2 inarterial blood.

Pad Cushion of soft material used toapply pressure, or support on anorgan.

Paget’s disease Skeletal disease ofelderly with thickening, softeningand bending of bones.

P’s disease of breast Carcinoma ofmammary ducts.

Pagophagia A form of pica wherepatient loves eating ice.

Pain Sensory and emotional ex-perience associated with irrita-tion/inflammation of tissue.

p. girdle A constricting cord like painaround the waist in spinal corddisease

p. growing Joint and limb pain ingrowing children but certainly notrelated to somatic growth

p. hunger Epigastric pain due tohunger

p. referred Pain arises from an areaother than where it is felt; e.g.anginal pain referred to arm andshoulder due to same somaticinervation

Paint Castellani’s A germicide con-taining phenol, resorcinol, boricacid etc.

Palatal reflex Soft palate contractionduring attempt of swallowing.

Palate Roof of the mouth separatingit from nasal cavity.

Palatine arches Two arch like foldsof mucous membrane (glosso-palatine and pharyngopalatine)that form the lateral margin offaucial and pharyngeal isthmuses.

466

Palatine artery Branch of maxillaryartery, supplying palate andpharynx.

Palatoglossus Muscle that arisesfrom sides and undersurface oftongue and inserted to palatineaponeurosis. It acts as a constrictorof faucial isthmus by raising theroot of tongue.

Palatography Recording of move-ment of palate during speech.

Palatopharyngeus Muscle thatarises from thyroid cartilage andpharyngeal wall and inserted intoaponeurosis of soft palate. It con-stricts pharyngeal isthmus andraises larynx.

Palatorrhaphy Operation for cleftpalate.

Paleocerebellum The oldest portionof cerebellum that includes flocculi,and part of vermis concerned withequilibrium, and locomotion.

Paleothalamus Medial older partsof thalamus.

Palilalia Rapid repetition of samewords and phrases.

Palinal Moving backward.Pallidectomy Surgical or cryogenic/

laser destruction of globus palli-dus.

Pallor Paleness.Palm Anterior surface of hand from

wrist to fingers.Palmar reflex Grasping reflex in in-

fants that disappears after 4-5months of age.

Palm-Chin reflex Contraction ofsuperficial muscles of eye and chinon scratching of thenar eminenceof the same side. SYN— Palmomental reflex.

Palmitic acid A long chain fatty acidfound in palm oil.

Palpable Perceptible to touch.Palpation Examination by applica-

tion of hand or fingers.Palpebra An eyelid.Palpebral Commissure. The union

of the eyelids at each end of pal-pebral fissure.

Palpebral fissure Opening betweenthe eyelids.

Palpebral ligament The medial andlateral ligaments that fix the twoends of tarsi to the orbital wall.

Palpitation Rapid throbbing pulsa-tion of heart.

Palsy Paralysis/loss of ability to act.p. Bell’s Lower motor facial palsy.p. bulbar Paralysis of lower cranial

nerves.

Palatine artery Palsy, bulbar

Cerebral Palsy

467

p. cerebral Nonprogressive palsy ofchildhood from developmentaldefect of brain, or birth asphyxiaor trauma.

p. Erb’s Palsy of C5C6 due to lesion ofbrachial plexus.

p. shaking Paralysis agitans.Palynology Study of spores and pol-

lens.Pampiniform Convoluted like a

tendril.Pampinocele SYN — varicocele;

swollen dilated veins of pam-piniform plexus of spermatic cord.

Panangitis Inflammation of all thethree layers of a blood vessel.

Panarteritis Inflammation of all thethree coats of an artery.

Pancarditis Inflammation of all thethree layers of heart, i.e. pericar-dium, myocardium and endocar-dium.

Pancoast’s syndrome Tumor of lungapex that erodes into brachialplexus to produce Horner’s syn-drome.

Pancolectomy Surgical excision ofentire colon.

Pancreas A compound acinotubulargland in front of L1L2 vertebra be-hind the stomach, secretes hor-mones like insulin, glucagon anddigestive enzymes.

p. annular A portion of pancreasencircles duodenum.

p. divisium The two portions ofembryonic pancreas have failed tofuse

Pancreatic juice 500-800 ml ofalkaline pancreatic secretion perday containing enzymes like try-psinogen, amylopsin, lipase etc.Secretin and cholecystokinin secre-ted by duodenum stimulate pan-creatic secretion.

Palsy, cerebral Pancreatic juice

Pancreas

468

Pancreaticoduodenostomy Surgicalcreation of an artificial tract be-tween pancreas and duodenum.

Pancreatin A mixture of pancreaticenzymes like amylase, lipase andproteases.

Pancreatitis Inflammation of pan-creas.

p. calcareous Pancreatitis accompa-nied by pancreatic calcification.

p. chronic Scarred pancreas due tochronic inflammation.

Pancreatolith Calculus withinpancreas.

Pancreozymin Polypeptide thatstimulates pancreas to secrete in-sulin; also found in brain.

Pancuronium bromide Neuromus-cular blocking agent.

Pancytopenia Reduction in all cel-lular elements, i.e. RBC, WBC,platelets in blood.

Pandemic Disease widely prevalentin population.

Pandiculation Yawning and stretch-ing of limbs as on awakening fromsleep.

Panic Sudden anxiety, terror or fright.Panic attack Acute intense anxiety

with sweating, palpitation,nausea, chest pain and feeling ofapproaching death.

Panniculitis Inflammation of fattyconnective tissue.

Pannus Vascularization around cor-nea.

Pansinusitis Inflammation of allparanasal sinuses, i.e. maxillaryfrontal, ethmoidal.

Pantalgia Pain over entire body.Pantamorphia Malformation

involving entire body.Panting Shallow rapid breathing.Pantograph A device that reproduces

figures or drawings.Pantopaque Iophendylate, a radio-

graphic contrast for myelography.Pantothenic acid A member of

vitamin B complex group found inyeast, liver, eggs etc.

PaO2 Partial pressure of oxygen inarterial blood.

Papain Proteolytic enzyme frompapaya.

Papanicolaou test A study for detec-tion of cancer from examination ofcells shed from abnormal mucosalgrowths.

Papaverine Smooth muscle rela-xant.

Papilla Small elevation, nipple like.p. circum vatiate Large papilla near

base of tongue.

Pancreaticoduodenostomy Papilla, circum vatiate

Papaverine

469

p. filiform Small papilla at tip oftongue.

p. interdental Triangular shapedgingiva between the teeth.

p. lacrimal Small elevation at innerend of eyelid through which lacri-mal duct opens.

p. of hair A conical portion of dermisthrough which capillaries enterinto hair root.

p. of Vater Elevation in medial wallof second part of duodenumthrough which pancreatic andcommon bile duct open.

p. renal Apex of renal pyramids.Papillary muscle The two muscle

groups in each ventricle of heartconnecting to free margin of A-Vvalves.

Papilledema Edema of optic nervehead.

Papilliform Resembling papilla.Papillitis Inflammation of optic

nerve head.

Papilla, filiform Papillitis

Papilla

Papilloma

Papilloedema

470

Papilloma Benign epithelial tumorsincluding wart, condyloma andpolyp.

Papillomatosis Widespread forma-tion of papillomas.

Papovavirus The group includespolyoma virus, papilloma viruswhich are incriminated in cancer.

Pappus The fine downy beard hairappearing at puberty.

Papule Solid circumscribed eleva-tion of skin.

Papulosquamous Presence of papu-les and scales.

Papyracens Parchment like, deadmumified fetus

Para-aminobenzoic Used as sun-screen.

Para amino hippuric acid Deriva-tive of amino benzoic acid used fortesting renal excretory function.

Para amino salicylic acid Bacterio-static antituberculous agent.

Paracentesis Cavity puncture fordraining fluid.

Paracentral Near to center.p. lobule Cerebral convolution on

medial surface serving as motorarea of leg.

Parachromatism Defective colorperception.

Paracoccidioido mycosis Chronicgranulomatous fungal disease ofskin.

Paradigm An example that serves asa model

Paradox Absurd, inconsistent withlogic, conflicting

Paradoxical respiration 1. Seen inopen pneumothorax where lungs

fill during expiration 2. Moving upof diaphragm during inspirationin diaphragmatic palsy.

Paraffin Hydrocarbon derivative ofpetroleum.

p. liquid Mineral oil.p. soft petrolatum Used for making

creams and ointments.Paraganglia Sympathetic ganglia

akin to adrenal medulla.Paraganglioma Tumor of adrenal

medulla and paraganglia.Paragonimiasis Infestation with

fluke P. westermanni, transmittedthrough crabs and causing lung in-fection.

Paragranuloma Benign form ofHodgkin’s disease only limited tolymphatic system.

Para influenza virus A group ofviruses causing acute upper respi-ratory infection.

Parakeratosis A partial keratini-zation process where keratino-cytes still contain nuclei.

Paraldehyde Colorless liquid poly-mer of acetaldehyde used as a hyp-notic, analgesic and anticon-vulsant.

Paralexia Difficulty in comprehen-sion of vocal/printed matter withsubstitution of meaningless words.

Paralax Displacement of objects bychange in observer’s position.

Paralysis Loss of muscular functionusually due to nerve dysfunction;may be spastic or flaccid.

p. agitans Parkinson’s diseasecharacterized by rigidity, akinesia,tremor and gait disorder.

Papilloma Paralysis, agitans

471

p. Bell’s Lower motor facial palsy.p. crossed Paralysis of one side of

body and opposite side of face, afeature of lesion in brainstem.

p. familial periodic Flaccid palsyusually on awakening due todisturbances in serum potassium.

p. hysteric Apparent paralysis dueto psychiatric conflict.

p. Erb’s Paralysis of muscles of upperarm due to C5C6 root lesion.

p. Klumpke’s Birth injury causingparalysis of arm and hand muscles(Policeman’s hand in bribe).

p. Pott’s Tuberculosis of spinecausing paraplegia.

p. pseudobulbar Upper motor palsyof cranial nerves due to centrallesion.

p. Saturday night Compression ofradial nerve in spiral groove(usually due to alcoholic binge onsaturday night).

p. Todd’s Transient muscular palsy(upto 24 hours) following epilepsy,due to neuronal exertion.

Paralytic ileus Intestinal palsy withdistention of abdomen, vomitingand obstipation.

Paramagnetic Anything attracted bya magnet.

Paramedian Close to midline.Paramedic A trained person to assist

doctor.Paramedical Supplementary to

medical profession like occupa-tional, speech and physiotherapy.

Paramethidione Anticonvulsant.Parametritis Inflammation of para-

metrium.

Parametrium Loose connective tis-sue around uterus.

Paramnesia Use of words withoutmeaning or recall of events thatnever occurred.

Paramyotonia Increased muscle toneand poor relaxation after con-traction.

Paramyxoviruses Includes measles,mumps, parainfluenza and respi-ratory syncytial virus.

Paranasal Sinuses Frontal, maxi-llary, ethmoidal and sphenoidalsinuses.

Paraneoplastic syndrome Symp-toms of multiple organ dysfunc-tion in a patient of cancer (lung,kidney) without actual metastasis.

Paranoia Paranoid schizophrenia.Paranoid Ideas of persecution, suspi-

cious thinking.Paraphasia Misuse of spoken words

or word combinations.Paraphilia A psychosexual disorder

that includes festishism, transves-tism, pedophilia, voyeurism whichmean bizarre acts for sexual excit-ation.

Paraphimosis Inflamed or narrowedprepuce unable to be retracted overglans and strangulating it.

Paraphrasia Unintelligible speechdue to incorrect and jumbling up ofwords used.

Paraplegia Paralysis of both legs.p. dolorosa Extremely painful para-

plegia due to pressure of a neoplasmon nerve roots and spinal cord.

p. Pott’s Tuberculosis of spine withparaplegia.

Paralysis, Bell’s Paraplegia, Pott’s

472

Paraprotein Abnormal plasmaprotein like macroglobulin, mye-loma protein.

Parapsoriasis Itchy, scaly red skindisease

Parapsychology Psychology thatdeals with extrasensory perception,telepathy, psychokinesis

Paraquat A weed killer that wheningested causes liver, renal and pul-monary damage.

Parasite Organism living at expenseof another organism.

p. external Parasite living on outersurface of host, e.g. lice, fleas, ticksetc.

p. facultative Parasite capable ofliving independent of the host attimes.

Parasitemia Presence of parasite inthe blood.

Parasitize To infest with a parasite.Parasitology The study of parasites

and parasitism.Parasternal Adjacent to sternum.Parasympathetic nervous system

The preganglionic fibers arisefrom midbrain, medulla and sac-ral portion of spinal cord through3rd, 7th, 9th and 10th cranialnerves and S2-S4 somatic nervesto synapse with postganglionicneurones located in autonomicganglia. Parasympathetic stimu-lation causes smooth musclecontraction, increased glandularsecretion (except that of sweat) andslowing of heart.

Parasympathomimetic Agent thatproduces actions similar toparasympathetic stimulation.

Parasympatholytic Agents that haveactions opposite to parasympa-thetic stimulation.

Parasystole Ectopic rhythm fromventricle.

Parathion Insecticide, toxic tohumans.

Parathormone Parathyroid hor-mone controlling calcium andphosphorus metabolism.

Parathyroids 4 small glands lyingin neck adjacent to thyroid whoseextirpation leads to hypocalcemia,carpopedal spasm, and tetany.

Paratrichosis Abnormality of hairor its growth pattern.

Paratyphoid fever A less severeform of typhoid caused by sal-monella paratyphi.

Paraprotein Paratyphoid fever

Parathyroids

473

Paraurethral Close to urethra.Paravertebral Close to or alongside

vertebra.Paravesical Close to urinary

bladder.Paraxial On either side of body axis.Parazoon An animal that lives as

parasite on another animal.Paregoric 1. Soothing 2. Tincture

opium used for diarrhea.Parenchyma The functional portion

of an organ.Parent A father or mother.Parenteral Any route other than

alimentary canal.Paresis Partial or incomplete para-

lysis.Paresthesia Sensation of numbness,

pricking, needling, tingling due toirritation of a nerve or its centralconnections.

Parietal Forming wall of a cavity orouter shell.

p. cells Large cells or oxyntic cellssecreting HCl in stomach.

Perinaud’s syndrome Paralysis ofvertical gaze due to subthalamicbleed.

Pari passu Side by side, occurring atthe same time/rate.

Parity Carrying pregnancy uptoviability (28 weeks gestation).

Parkinson’s disease See paralysisagitans.

P’s facies Expressionless mask likeface.

Parodontitis Inflammation of tissuesaround a tooth.

Paromomycin Aminoglycoside an-tibiotic used to treat amebiasis.

Paroniria Terrifying dreams.Paronychia Infection of nail margin

soft tissue.

Paronychosis Growth of nail in anabnormal position.

Paroophoron Vestigial structureconsisting of minute tubules, theremains of caudal group of meso-nephric tubules, homologous toparadidymis of male.

Parosmia Perversion of sense ofsmell where agreeable odors areconsidered offensive and viceversa.

Parosteal Connected to or arisingfrom outer layer of periosteum.

Parotid duct The duct of parotidgland 2" long opening into mouthopposite 2nd upper molar.

Parotid gland One of the salivaryglands near angle of mouth secret-ing saliva.

Parotitis Inflammation of parotidgland.

Parovarium Vestigial remains ofmesonephric tubules located inmesosalpinx between the ovaryand fallopian tubes.

Paraurethral Parovarium

Paronychia

474

Paroxysm Periodic recurrence ofsymptoms.

Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuriaAutoimmune hemolysis due tohemolysins occurring in syphilisand some viral infections, mani-festing with chill, abdominal painand fever with hemoglobinuria.

Parrot’s node Bony outgrowths onthe skull of infants with congenitalsyphilis.

Pars flaccida A portion of ear drumthat is not taut SYN — Sharpnell'smembrane.

Pars tensa Tightly stretched largerportion of tympanic membrane.

Parthenogenesis (Parthenos = vir-gin). Reproduction arising from un-fertilized female egg.

Particle A tiny fragment or veryminute piece.

p. alpha A charged radioactiveparticle of low penetrability.

p. beta A high speed electron emittedduring decay of an atom.

p. Dane HBsAg, serum hepatitiscapsular antigen.

Parturient Concerning childbirth.Parturition Delivery or childbirth.Parvo virus A group of viruses

similar to adenovirus; pv B19 causeserythema infectiosum or fifthdisease

Passion Great emotion or zeal usual-ly concerning sexual excitement.

Passive exercise Exercise to musclegiven by an assistant or machine.

Passive smoking Inhaling smoke bypersons around the smoke.

Passivity Dependence upon others,not willing to take responsibility.

Pasteurella The organism of plagueP. multocida is a gram negative

coccobacillus that causes cellulitis,pneumonia, meningitis

Pasteurization The process of sterili-zing a fluid without changing itschemical composition.

Past pointing Inability to placefingers at a selected point in space,a feature of cerebellar disorder.

Patella The sesamoid bone infrontof knee in the tendons of quadricepsfemoris

p. alta high positioned patellap. baja low positioned patellap. bipartite patella developing from

two centers of ossification,mistaken for fracture

Patellar ligament The extension ofquadriceps femoris tendon beyondinferior pole of patella to be at-tached to tuberosity of tibia.

Patellar reflex Contraction of quad-riceps on tap on patellar ligament.

Patent Open.Patency The state of being open.Patent ductus arteriosus Persistent

communication between aorta andpulmonary artery after birth.

Paternity test Group of tests (bloodgroup, HLA) done to determine if aparticular individual has fatheredthe specific child in question.

Pathetism Winning over and explor-ing some one’s mind by suggestion.

Pathogen Any microorganism capa-ble of causing disease.

Paroxysm Pathogen

475

Pathognomonic Discrete or charac-teristic symptom of a disease.

Pathology Branch of medical sciencedealing with nature and cause ofdisease and the functional/struc-tural changes caused by the disease.

p. experimental Study of diseaseprocess induced artificially usuallyin animals.

p. surgical Study of surgicallyremoved tissues for studying dis-ease.

Pathophysiology Study of changesin physiology by the diseasedprocess.

Patient One who is ill or sick, physi-cally or mentally.

Patient-controlled analgesia A sys-tem of controlling pain by drugswhose delivery is controlled by thepatient himself; usually helpful inobstetric pain of labor by epiduralcatheter drug delivery.

Patulous Open, spread apart.Paul-Bunnel Test Test for heterophil

antibody in patients of infectiousmononucleosis.

Peau d’ orange Dimpled skin resem-bling orange as in carcinomabreast.

Pectin A carbohydrate obtained frompeel of citrous fruits and apple pulpused as astringent.

Pectineal line The ridge of pubisbone.

Pectineus The quadrangular muscleat upper and inner thigh acting as aflexor and adductor of thigh.

Pectoralis Pertains to breast; themuscles on anterior chest wall.

p. major Triangular muscle attachedto upper humerus that draws thearm forward and downward.

Pectoriloquy The distinct transmis-sion of vocal sounds to ear throughthe chest wall as in consolidation.

Pectus The chest or thorax.p. carinatum Abnormal prominence

of sternum as in rickets SYN—Pigeon chest.

p. excavatum Abnormal depressionof sternum.

Pedesis Brownian movement of par-ticles in a system, may be liquid orgas.

Pediatrics Medical science dealingwith children below 14 years ofage.

Pedicle The stem that attaches thetumor to the organ.

Pedicle flap The, skin flap used inplastic surgery which carries itsblood supply.

Pediculosis Infestation with lice.Pedigree The tree or chart involving

one’s ancestors as used for geneticanalysis.

Pathognomonic Pedigree

Peau d' Orange

476

Pedodontist Dentist practisingpediatric dentistry.

Pedograph Imprint of foot on paper.Peduncle A connecting band of

nervous tissue.p. cerebellar inferior Connects spinal

cord and medulla with cerebellum.p. cerebellar middle Channel for

pontocerebellar fibers.p. cerebellar superior Connects

cerebellum with midbrain.p. cerebral A pair of white bundle

connecting cerebrum to midbrain;the pathway for descending cortico-spinal and corticonuclear projec-tion.

Pegrete The downward extensionof thickened epidermis between thedermal papillae.

Pel-Ebstein fever Cyclic fever oc-curring in Hodgkin’s disease.

Pelger-Huet anomaly A congenitalinherited anomaly of neutrophilswhich have coarse chromatin in thenuclei but function in normalmanner.

Peliosis Purple patches on skin andmucous membrane. SYN — pur-pura.

Pellagra Avitaminosis due to wantof nicotinic acid manifesting withdiarrhea, dermatitis and dementia.

Pellet A tiny pill.p. cotton a small rolled cotton ball

particularly useful in dentistryPellicle Scum, film on surface of

liquidPelotherapy Therapeutic use of mud

or hay to treat disease by applica-tion on body.

Pelvic inflammatory disease Infec-tion of fallopian tubes, broad liga-ment and supporting tissues ofuterus.

Pelvic inlet Upper pelvic entry, i.e.space between sacral promontoryand upper aspect of symphysispubis.

Pelvic outlet Lower pelvic outletoutlined by tip of coccyx, ischialtuberosities and lower margin ofsymphysis pubis.

Pelvic rock An exercise to strengthenthe abdominal muscles and reducethe risk of backache duringpregnancy

Pelvimetry Measurement of pelvicdimension manually or byX-ray.

Pelvis The structure formed by iliacbones, sacrum and coccyx.Inlet A-P diameter =11 cm.Diagonal conjugate = 13 cm.True conjugate =11 cm.Transverse diameter =11 cm.Outlet AP diameter = 11 cm.

p. android Male type pelvis withshallow sacral hollow.

p. anthropoid Long narrow pelvis.

Pedodontist Pelvis, anthropoid

Pelvic Abscess

477

p. contracted Pelvis in which one ormore diameters are less so as toimpede birth of fetus.

p. funnel shaped Pelvis with normalinlet but markedly contractedoutlet.

p. Naegeles Obliquely contractedpelvis.

p. Otto Pelvis in which head of femurextends into pelvic cavity due todepressed acetabulum.

Pemphigus A bullous disease thatappears suddenly on normal skinand disappears leaving pigmentedspots.

p. erythematous Erythematousmacules and blebs resemblinglupus erythematosus and per-phigus vulgaris.

p. foliaceus Pemphigus with a chro-nic course and purulent bulousfluid from beginning.

p. vegetans Pemphigus with pustulesinstead of bullae followed by wartyvegetations.

p. vulgaris Common form of bullouspemphigus with bilateral dis-tribution.

Pemphigoid Skin lesion similar topemphigus.

Penetrance The frequency of mani-festation of a hereditary disease inindividuals who have the dominantor double recessive gene.

Penicillamine A derivative of peni-cillin used to treat rheumatoidarthritis and heavy metal poisoning.

Penicillin Antibiotic synthesized byvarious molds, bactericidal togram positive cocci, spirochaetesand rickettsiae by inhibition of cellwall synthesis.

Penicillinase An enzyme that breaksup molecule of some penicillins.

Penicillium A genus of molds thatoccasionally produce infection of

Pelvis, contracted Penicillium

Pelvis

Android Pelvis

478

external ear, skin and respiratorypassage.

Penicilloyl-polylysine A substanceused to test sensitiveness of a per-son to penicillins by intradermalskin test or instillation to conjuc-tival sac.

Penile prosthesis Implantable devicein the penis to achieve erection; thedevice is in form of inflatable plas-tic cylinders implanted to corporacavernosa attached to a pumpembeded in scrotal pouch. The fluidreservoir to fill the cylinders is im-planted behind the rectus.

Penile reflex Contraction of bulbocavernosus muscle on percussionof dorsum of penis or compressionof glans penis.

Penile ring A malleable ring that bypreventing venus return from penishelps to maintain erection anddelaying orgasm.

Pennifonn Feather shaped.Pentaerythritol tetranitrate Organic

nitrate for angina pectoris.Pentagastrin Synthetic gastrin to

stimulate HCl secretion.Pentamidine An antimonial used to

treat leishmaniasis.Pentavalent Having valency of five.Pentazocine An analgesic with

strong addictive potential.Pentobarbital A hypnotic-sedative

agent.Pentolinium Ganglion blocking agent.Pentosuria Excretion of pentose

sugars in urine.Pentothal sodium Thiopental

sodium, used for induction of anes-thesia.

Pentoxyphylline Aa vasodilatorPepsin Proteolytic enzyme of gastric

juice which converts proteins intoproteoses and peptones.

Pepsinogen The inactive precursorof pepsin found as granules in chiefcells of stomach.

Peptic ulcer An ulcer occurring atsites of peptic mucosa, i.e. lower endof esophagus, stomach, first partof duodenum.

Peptide Compound formed by com-bination of 2 or more amino acids.

Peptidoglycan The material makingthe cellwall of most microor-ganisms.

Peptococcus Anaerobic gram posi-tive cocci present in oral cavity, in-testine and urinary tract.

Peptone Nitrogenous compoundsformed by action of proteolytic en-zymes on certain proteins.

Peptostreptococcus Gram positiveanaerobic cocci.

Percentile One of 100 equal divi-sions of a series of items or data.

Perception Process of being awareor being conscious.

Percolate To filter, to strain.Percolator Apparatus used for ex-

traction of a drug with a liquid sol-vent

Percussion The use of fingertips totap the body directly or indirectlyto determine position, size andconsistency of underlying structure.

Percutaneous Through skin.Percutaneous ultrasonic lithotriptor

Device using ultrasound appliedexternally to break up kidney stone.

Penicilloyl-polylysine Percutaneous ultrasonic

479

Percutaneous transluminal coronaryangioplasty (PCTA) A non-opera-tive balloon dilatation of partiallyoccluded coronary vessels.

Perforation A hole.Perfusion Supply of an organ/tissue

with blood.Periactin Cyproheptadine hydro-

chloride, antiserotonin.Periadenitis Inflammation of tissue

surrounding a lymph node.Perianal Around the anus.Periarteritis Inflammation of outer

coat of an artery.Periarthritis Inflammation of joint

capsule.Peribronchial Surrounding the

bronchus.Pericardiocentesis Drainage of

pericardial sac.Pericardial rub Friction between the

inflamed layers of pericardium.Pericardiectomy Excision of peri-

cardium.Pericardiopexy Increasing blood

supply to heart by joining pericar-dium to adjacent tissue.

Pericarditis Inflammation of peri-cardium often with serofibrinouseffusion and rarely constriction.

p. constrictive Pericarditis leadingto restriction in ventricular fillingwith equalisation in diastolicpressure in both ventricles and atria.

Pericardium A bilayer fibroseroussac enclosing heart.

Pericholangitis Inflammation of tis-sue surrounding bile duct.

Perichondritis Inflamed peri-chondrium.

Perichondrium Fibrous membranearound the cartilage.

Pericranium Periosteum of skull.Perikarion Cell body of a neuron.Perikymata Transverse grooves on

surface of enamel of newly eruptedanterior teeth

Perimysium Connective tissue sheatharound bundle of muscle fiber

Perineoraphy Repair of perineal tearcaused during parturition.

Perineotomy Incision into perineumto facilitate delivery as in rigidperineum of primi.

Perinephric Around the kidney.Perineum The structures occupying

the pelvic outlet and constitutingpelvic floor.

p. tears of First degree tear involvesvaginal mucosa, second degreeinvolves the musculature in addi-tion and in third degree tear theanal sphincter is also torn.

Perineural Around the nerve.Perineurium Connective tissue

sheath around bundle of nervefibers.

Period The menstruation; the timeinterval between two events.

p. absolute refractory The periodduring which any strong stimuluscannot bring about muscle contrac-tion.

p. gestation Period of pregnancy, i.e.10 lunar months or 280 days mea-sured from onset of last menstrualperiod.

p. incubation Time from contactinginfection till appearance of firstsymptom.

Percutaneous transluminal Period, incubation

480

p. isoelectric In ECG electricalneutrality or balancing positiveand negative charges.

p. latent Time between applicationof stimulus and onset of con-traction.

p. missed Non-occurrence of men-struation at expected time.

p. puerperal The six weeks periodimmediately following child birth.

p. safe The period during the men-strual cycle during which inter-course cannot lead to conception. Itusually includes the first 5 daysafter stoppage of period and the last10 days prior to next period.

Periodicity Recurring at more or lessregular intervals.

Periodic table The chart depictingchemical elements arranged bytheir atomic numbers.

Periodontal abscess Abscess forma-tion in gingiva, periodontal pockets.

Periodontal disease Disease of sup-porting structure of teeth withbleeding gum, loosening of teeth, etc.

Periodontal ligament The fibrousbundles attaching tooth to alveolarbone.

Periodontics The branch of dentistrydealing with study and treatmentof periodontal disease.

Periodontitis Inflammatory ordegenerative disease of dentalperiosteum, alveolar bone, cemen-tum and gingiva.

Periodontium The structures thatsupport the teeth and firmly anchorit to alveolar bone.

Periodoscope Pregnancy table forknowing expected date of delivery.

Perionychia Inflammation arounda nail.

Perioperative Period immediatelybefore or after an operation.

Perioral Around the mouth.Periosteitis Inflamed periosteum.

Period, isoelectric Periosteitis

Perineum

481

Periosteum A fibrous membranecovering the bone, supporting theblood vessels supplying bone andgiving attachment to ligamentsand muscles. Its inner cellular layerforms new bone.

Periostotomy Incision of peripsteum.Periosteophyte New bone formation

from periosteum.Peripheral nervous system Included

in this are 12 cranial nerves, 31spinal nerves, sympathetic andparasympathetic nerves.

Periphlebitis Inflammation of outercoat of vein or tissue around thevein.

Periportal Around the portal vein orits branches.

Periproctitis Inflamed loose areolartissue around anus and rectum.

Periprostatic Around the prostate.Perirenal Around the kidney.Perisplenitis Inflammation of

splenic capsule.Peristalsis Wave like contraction oc-

curring in hollow viscus.Peristasis A temporary decrease in

blood flow in early inflammation.Peritomy Incision around cornea to

treat pannus.Peritoneal dialysis Removal of toxic

metabolic byproducts and somepoisons from body by irrigation ofperitoneal cavity by dialysate andthen draining out the dialysate.

Peritoneopexy Fixation of uterus byway of vagina.

Peritoneoscope An endoscope tovisualize abdominal cavitythrough an incision in the abdo-minal wall.

Peritoneum A serous membranereflected over abdominal visceraand lining the abdominal cavity.

Peritonitis Inflamed peritoneummanifesting with board likerigidity of abdomen and aperis-talsis, commonly follows ruptureof hollow organ, pelvic inflam-mation, or is primary; can belocalized or generalized; acute orchronic, adhesive and aseptic.

Peritrichous Cilia or flagellacovering entire surface’of microorganism

Periurethral Around the urethra.Permeability The quality of being

permeable that which can betraversed.

Pernicious anemia Vitamin B12 defi-cient anemia due to antibodies togastric parietal cells leading todeficient intrinsic factor secretion.

Pernio Swelling of skin due to cold.Perone Fibula.Peroneal Concerning fibula.Peroneal sign In tetany tapping over

peroneal nerve causes dorsiflexionand eversion of foot.

Peroral Through the mouth.Peroxidase An enzyme essential for

oxygen transfer, hence importantin cellular respiration.

Peroxisome Granules in cell cyto-plasm that contain a variety ofenzymes.

Perphenazine Antipsychotic agent.Perseveration Repetition of mean-

ingless words, phrases or answers.Personality The composition of

one’s characteristics, behavior,grooming etc.

Periosteum Personality

482

p. compulsive A type of personalitywhere individual’s perfectionism,indecisiveness hampers with so-cial adjustment and interpersonalrelationship.

p. extroverted Individual’s activitiesand libido are directed to otherindividuals or environment.

p. histrionic Personality with selfexaggeration, dramatisation, ir-rational and angry outbursts.

p. introverted Person’s activities andlibido are directed towards himself.

p. paranoid Undue suspiciousness,mistrust and hypersensitiveness.

p. schizoid Shyness, seclusiveness,eccentricity.

Perspiration Water loss from skinvia evaporation of sweat; 1 liter ofsweat evaporation removes 580calories of heat from the body.

p. insensible The evaporation iswithout prior appearance of mois-ture on skin.

p. sensible Perspiration that formsmoisture on skin.

Perthe’s disease Osteochondritis offemoral head due to compromisedcirculation.

Perturbation Agitated, uneasiness ofmind.

Pertussis Acute infectious respi-ratory disease caused by B.pertussis, SYN— whooping cough.

Pertussis immune globulin Globulinderived from patients immunizedwith pertussis vaccine, used forpassive immunization.

Pertussis vaccine Killed pertussisbacilli used for active immuniza-tion.

Perversion Deviation from normalaccepted path.

p. sexual Abnormal sexual behavior.Pervert One who has deviated from

normal path.Pervious Capable of being per-

meated.Pes Foot.

p. cavus Increased concavity of foot.p. equinovalgus Elevation and lateral

rotation of heel.p. equinovarus Elevation and inter-

nal rotation of heel.p. equinus Walking on forefoot, the

heel not touching the ground.Pessary Device inserted into vagina

to support pelvic structures likeuterus, urethra.

Pessimism A state of mind whereone feels dejected, hopeless andgloomy.

Pest Destructive insect.Pesticide Chemicals used to kill

pests.Pestilence Epidemic of a disease.Petechiae Hemorrhagic spots on the

skin.Pethidine Meperidine hydrochloride.

Personality, compulsive Pethidine

Pes Cavus

483

Petit mal Little illness. A form ofepilepsy.

Petit’s ligament Utero sacral liga-ment.

Petit’s triangle An area on lateralabdominal wall bounded by iliaccrest, posterior margin of externaloblique and lateral margin oflatissimus dorsi.

Petridisk A shallow dish with a coverto hold solid media for culture.

Petrifaction Process of hardening.Petrositis Inflammation of petrous

part of temporal bone.Peutz-Jegher’s syndrome Small in-

testinal polyposis with hyper-melanosis of skin and mucousmembrane.

Peyer’s patch Lymphoid tissue insmall intestine as circular/ovalpatches in the mucosa-submucosain the antimesenteric border.

Peyronie’s disease Hardening ofcorpora cavernosa which leads topainful erection and a curved penis.

pH Expresses acidity or alkalinity.pH of 7 is neutral, that above isalkaline and below acidic.Maximum acidity is pH-0 and

maximum alkalinity is 14. pH islogarithm of hydrogen ionconcentration divided into one

Phacomatosis A group of hereditarydiseases manifesting with cuta-neous and neurological symptoms.Included in this group are von-Recklinghausen’s disease, Hippel-Lindau disease, Sturge-Webersyndrome, tuberous sclerosis andincontinentia pigmenti.

Phage Viruses that can lyse bacteria.Phage typing A method of identify-

ing particular strains of bacteriathat are lysed by only strain speci-fic bacteriophages.

Phagocyte A cell capable of ingest-ing and digesting cell debris,protozoa, bacteria etc.

Phagocytic index Average numberof bacteria ingested by each leuko-cyte.

Phagocytosis The process of inges-tion and digestion of bacteria byphagocytes.

Phagolysosome The body formedwhen membrane bound phago-some inside a macrophage fuseswith lysosome.

Phagomania Abnormal craving forfood.

Phagosome A membrane boundvacuole inside a phagocytecontaining matters to be digested.

Phakoma Microscopic gray whitetumor of retina in tuberoussclerosis.

Phalanx Bones on finger and toes;proximal, middle and distal.

Phalen’s test A test for diagnosis ofcarpal tunnel syndrome when

Petit mal Phalen’s test

Petechiae

484

flexon at wrist of fully extendedarm causes pain

Phallic Pertaining to penis.Phalliform Shaped like a penis.Phalloidin Poisonous peptide from

mushroom Amanita phalloides.Phallus Penis.Phaneromania Abnormal tendency

to bite nails, pull or play with hair,beard or moustache.

Phantasy A daydream or disregardfor reality.

Phantom An appearance or illusionof body part.

p. limb Following amputation,patient feels as if the limb exists.

p. tumor Muscular contraction orabdominal fat mistaken as tumor.

Pharmaceutics Science of dispens-ing medicines.

Pharmacodynamics Study of drugsand their action on living or-ganisms.

Pharmacognosy The science of natu-ral drugs and their properties.

Pharmacology The science of drugs,their property and effect.

Pharmacy The practice of com-pounding and dispensing medi-cines; a drug store.

Pharyngeal bursa A small blind sacoccasionally present in lower por-tion of pharyngeal tonsils.

Pharyngeal reflex Contraction ofpharyngeal musculature follow-ing its stimulation by contact.

Pharyngismus Spasm of pharyngealmuscles.

Pharyngitis Inflammation ofpharyngeal mucosa.

Pharyngocele Hernia throughpharyngeal wall.

Pharyngo conjunctival fever Anadenovirus infection.

Pharynx The common gateway inthroat for food and air extendingfrom base of skull to 6th cervicalvertebra. Nasopharynx is the por-tion above palate: oropharynx liesbetween palate and hyoid boneand laryngo-pharynx below thehyoid bone.

Phase A stage of development.Phenacemide Anticonvulsant agent,

rarely used because of serious sideeffects.

Phenacetin An analgesic and an-tipyretic agent.

Phenanthrene A coal tar derivativewith high carcinogenic potential.

Phenazopyridine Urinary analgesiccausing red urine.

Phencyclidine A hallucinogen, alsoused as anesthetic in veterinarymedicine (angel dust).

Phenelzine An antidepressant.Phenergan Promethazine hydro-

chloride.Phenformin An oral hypoglycemic

agent, having propensity to causelactic acidosis.

Phenindione An anticoagulant.Pheniramine maleate An anti-

histaminic agent.Phenmetrazine A sympatho-

mimetic often used to treat obesity.Phenobarital Phenyl ethyl barbituric

acid used as a hypnotic and anti-convulsant.

Phallic Phenobarital

485

Phenol A coal tar derivative effec-tive as a bacteriostatic agent (SYN—carbolic acid).

Phenology Study of effects of climateon living things.

Phenolphthalein A laxative.Phenolsulphonphthalein A dye used

for renal function test.Phenomenon A change perceivable

by senses.p. Bell’s Rolling of eyeball upward

and outward on attempting to closethe affected eye in lower motorneurone facial palsy.

Phenothiazine The basic compoundused for manufacture of tranqui-lizers, anthelmintics, dyes andsome insecticides.

Phenotype The physical appearanceor the sum total of visible traitswhich characterize the members ofa group.

Phenoxyacetic acid A fungicide.Phenoxy benzamine An alfa-adrene-

rgic blocking agent that causesperipheral vasodilatation.

Phenozygous A developmentalanomaly where the skull is muchnarrower than the face.

Phenprocoumon An anticoagulant.Phensuximide Anticonvulsant use-

ful for petit mal.Phentermine Sympathomimetic

drug used as anorexic agent.Phentolamine An alpha adrenergic

blocking agent used in diagnosisof pheochromocytoma.

Phenylalanine An essential aminoacid.

Phenyl butazone An analgesic anti-inflammatory agent sparingly

used for adverse effects onmarrow.

Phenylephrine Adrenergic agentused as nasal decongestant.

Phenylethyl alcohol An antibac-terial agent used as a preservative.

Phenylhydrazine Used as a testreagent for detecting sugar in urine.

Phenyl ketonuria An autosomalrecessive disease where due todefective enzyme system phenyl-alanine is not converted to tyrosineand there is likelihood of braindamage.

Phenyl mercuric acetate A bacterio-static agent, also fungicide andherbicide.

Phenyl mercuric nitrate A bacterio-static agent employed for wounddressing and preservation of IVsolutions.

Phenylpyruvic acid A metabolicderivative of phenyl-alanine.

Phenytoin Anticonvulsant drug, alsoantiarrhythmic.

Pheochromocyte The chromaffincells of adrenal medulla giving yel-lowish reaction with chrome salts.

Pheochromocytoma A benign chro-maffin cell tumor of adrenal me-dulla producing adrenaline andnoradrenaline.

Pheromone A chemical substancewhich acts as a means of com-munication between species of in-sects through its smell.

Philadelphia chromosome Disloca-tion of long arm of chromosome21 to chromosome 9, seen in 90%patients of chronic myelocyticleukemia.

Phenol Philadelphia chromosome

486

Philtrum The median groove onupper lip.

Phimosis Narrowing of prepucialorifice so that it cannot be retractedover glans penis.

Phlebectomy Surgical resection ofvein.

Phlebitis Inflammation of a vein.Phlebogram A venous pulse tracing.Phlebography X-ray imaging of the

veins by contrast injection.Phlebolith A concretion in a vein.Phlebotom Lancent used in incising

vein.Phlebotomus A genus of sandflies,

the blood sucking insects transmit-ting leishmaniasis, oroya fever.

Phlegmasia Inflammation.p. alba dolens Edema of leg due to

thrombophlebitis.p. malabarica Inflammation with

hypertrophy and induration of skinSYN — elephantiasis.

Phlegmon Acute inflammation withsuppuration of subcutaneoustissue.

Phlyctenula A tiny vesicle or pus-tule.

Phobia Irrational fear resulting indesire to avoid the feared object/situation.

Phocomelia Congenital malforma-tion where proximal part of a limbis ill developed.

Pholcodine Morphine analog, highaddictive potential.

Phonation Production of vocalsounds.

Phonetics Science of pronunciationand speech.

Phono cardiogram Graphic record-ing of heart sounds.

Phosgene A poisonous gas used inproduction of pharmaceutical andchemical products.

Phosphatase Enzymes that catalyzehydrolysis of phosphoric acidesters.

p. acid Present in semen, prostaticsecretion, osteoclasts and odonto-clasts.

p. alkaline Present in developingbone, plasma, and teeth; excretedby liver, increase in obstructivejaundice, bone metastasis andosteomalacia.

Phosphate Salt of phosphoric acid(PO4). Monosodium and disodiumphosphates help to maintain acid-base balance of blood.

p. acid Phosphate in which one ortwo atoms of hydrogen in phos-phoric acid are replaced by a metal.

p. triple Calcium - ammonium andmagnesium phosphate.

Phosphaturia Increased excretion ofphosphate in urine.

Phosphocreatine An importantcompound in muscle metabolism.

Phosphofructokinase A glycolyticenzyme.

Phosphorescence The emission oflight without heat.

Phosphoric acid Principally used toetch enamel of teeth during resto-ration work.

Phosphorylase Enzyme catalyzingformation of g!ucose-l phosphatefrom glycogen.

Phosphorylation The reaction ofphosphate with an organic com-pound.

Philtrum Phosphorylation

487

Photic epilepsy Convulsion follow-ing light stimulation.

Photo dermatitis Skin allergy due toultraviolet light.

Photocoagulation Light energy usedto coagulate tissue proteins as inretinal detachment or diabeticproliferating retinopathy.

Photometer Device for measuringthe intensity of light.

Photomicrograph Photograph of anobject under microscope.

Photon Unit of energy of light ray.Photophobia Intolerance to light, a

feature of keratitis, uveitis etc.Photophone Instrument for produc-

tion of sound by action of light.Photopsia Subjective feeling of seeing

flashes of light as in disease of hindbrain (occipital cortex).

Photoptometry Measurement oflight perception.

Photoptometer Instrument deter-mining the smallest amount of lightrequired to make an object visible.

Photoreceptor Sensory nerve endingsor cells capable of being stimulatedby light, e.g. rods and cones.

Photoretinitis Macular burn on ex-posure to intense light.

Photosensitizer Substance that com-pounds abnormal reaction of skinto light

Photosynthesis The process bywhich plants combine water andtrapped carbon dioxide to producecarbohydrates.

Phototherapy Therapeutic use ofsunlight or artificial blue light toreduce serum bilirubin in newborn.

Phototropism Tendency of plantsand some microorganisms to growtowards light.

Phrenic Concerning diaphragm.Phrenicotomy Severing the phrenic

nerve to produce paralysis ofdiaphragm in order to provide restto that lung.

Phthirus A genus of blood sucking lice.Phthisic Concerning pulmonary

tuberculosis.Phycomycosis A fungal disease

caused by inhalation of spores.Phyletic Concerning a race.Phylogeny Growth and development

of a race.Phylum One of the primary divisions

of animal or plant kingdom.Physiatrist Physician specializing in

physical medicine.Physical Concerning body or mate-

rial things.Physical therapy Rehabilitation for

restoration of functions and preven-tion of disability by using exercise,heat, massage, ultraviolet etc.

Physician A doctor practisingmedicine.

Physicist A specialist in physics.Physics The science of laws of mat-

ter, their properties and variousforms of energy.

Physiological Concerning normalbody function.

Physiology The branch of sciencedealing with functions of livingorganisms.

Physiotherapy Treatment withphysical means.

Physostigmine Cholinergic agent,acts by destruction of cholines-

Photic epilepsy Physostigmine

488

terage in nerve ending; used inmyasthenia gravis.

Phyton Calcium or magnesium saltof inositol and hexaphosphoricacid; present in cereals.

Phytobezoar An accumulated massof vegetable matter found in thestomach.

Phytogenesis The origin anddevelopment of plants.

Phytohemagglutinin A plant lectinagglutinating red blood cells.

Phytonadione Synthetic vitamin K.Phytophotodermatitis Dermatitis

produced from exposure to certainplants and then to sunlight.

Phytosis Disease caused by vegetableparasite.

Phytotoxin Plant toxin.Pica Perverted appetite with eating

of uneatables like plastic, clay,plaster etc.

Pickwickian syndrome Obesity withhypoventilation.

Pico = 10-12

Picornavirus RNA virus group thatincludes coxsackie, ECHO andrhinoviruses.

Picrotoxin A CNS stimulant, a shrubderivative not in use now.

Piedra Niodular masses around hairof beard/mustache (white orblack) due to a fungus

Pierre-Robin syndrome Small jaw,cleft palate and absent gag reflex.

Piezoelectricity Production ofelectricity by application of pres-sure to certain crystals like mica,quartz, etc.

Pigeon breast Sternum projectingforward due to rickets or childhoodrespiratory obstruction.

Pigeon-breeder’s lung A form ofhypersensitive pneumonitis due toexposure to excreta of pigeons andparakeets.

Pigeon toed SYN — Pes varus;walking with feet turned inward.

Pigment Any organic coloring mate-rial in the body.

p. bile Bilirubin and biliverdin, thehemoglobin degradation productsin blood secreted in bile, urobilinand bilifuscin excreted in stool andurine.

p. blood Hematin, hemin, methemo-globin and hemosiderin, allderivatives of hemoglobin.

Pigmentophore A cell that carriespigment.

Pile Hemorrhoid.p. sentinel Thickened anal mucous

membrane at the lower end of ananal fissure.

Pili Hairs.p. annulata Monilethrix or ringed

appearance of hairs.p. incarnati Ingrowing hair.p. torti Broken and twisted hair.Pillation Formation and develop-

ment of hair.Piliform Hair like.Pill A medicine presented as a solid

mass for swallowing; oral con-traceptive.

Pillar An upright support/column.p’s of fornix Downward extension

of cerebral hemispheres.p’s of diaphragm Two bundles of

muscle fibers extending fromlumbar vertebra to the central ten-don of diaphragm.

Phyton Pillar's, of diaphragm

489

p’s of fauces Folds of mucousmembrane between which aresituated the tonsils.

Pilobezoar Trichobezoar; hairballconcretion in GI tract.

Pilocarpine A cholinergic causingpupillary contraction, used inglaucoma.

Piloerection Standing out of bodyhairs due to contraction of arrectorpili muscles.

Pilojection Introduction of hair intoaneurysm (usually intracranial) topromote blood coagulation.

Pilomotor reflex Goose flesh forma-tion when cold is applied to skin orduring emotion.

Pilonidal cyst Sacrococcygeal cystfrom the entrapped epithelialtissue beneath the skin, a develop-mental defect.

Pimple A papule or pustule of the skinfrom blockage of sebaceous glands.

Pillar's, of fauces Pimple

Piles

490

Pindolol A betablocker antihyper-tensive agent.

Pineal body A gland like structurenear splenium of corpus callosumsecreting melatonin.

Pinealoma Encapsulated tumor ofpineal body usually causing preco-cious puberty.

Pinguecula Yellowish triangularthickening of bulbar conjunctivaadjacent to cornea.

Pinhole pupil Extremely contractedpupil as in opium poisoning andpontine hemorrhage.

Pink disease A disease of infancycharacterized by pink and swollenextremities often with arthrosis, ahypersensitive reaction tomercury.

Pinna The auricle or external ear.Pinocytosis A process by which cells

absorb and ingest nutrients.Pinosome The fluid filled vacuole

formed during pinocytosis.Pinta A nonvenereal skin disease

caused by (Treponema carateum)and spreading by body contact.

Pinworm Enterobius vermicularis.

Piperazine Drug used for entero-biosis and ascariasis.

Pirenzepine Belladona alkaloidderivative, used in peptic ulcer.

Piriformes syndrome Pain in the hipand bullock down to leg due tosciatic nerve entrapment inpiriformis muscle

Piroxicam Nonsteroidal antiinflam-matory agent.

Pisiform The smaller pea shapedcarpal bone in proximal row ofwrist.

Pitch The quality of sound dependentupon frequency.

Pithiatry Treatment of disease bysuggestion or persuasion.

Pitressin Vasopressin secreted fromposterior pituitary (contains ADH+ pressor agent).

Pitting Removal of senesent RBC byspleen.

Pituitary Endocrine gland.of size 1.3cm. × 1 cm × 0.5 cm at base of brainsecreting various hormones likeTSH, GH, ACTH, LH, oxytocin andvasopressin.

Pituitrin Posterior pituitary extract.Pityriasis Skin disease with brany

scales.p. alba Patches of macular scaly

lesions, commonly in children.p. rosea Acute inflammatory skin

disease with macular eruption,rose red in color, symmetrical dis-tribution and a clearing center.

p. rubia pilaris Persistent generalexfoliative dermatitis.

p. versicolor Superficial fungalinfection caused by Malasseziafurfur.

Pindolol Pityriasis, versicolor

Pinguecula

491

Placebo An inactive substance, usedin controlled studies of drugs.

Placenta The oval structure in preg-nant uterus through which fetusderives its nutrition.

p. accreta Placenta whose cotyledonshave invaded the uterinemusculature so that placentalseparation after delivery is difficult.

p. battle dore Umbilical cord isinserted into margin of placenta.

p. circinate Cup shaped placenta.p. circumvallate Cup shaped

placenta with raised edges.p. percreta Placental cotyledons

invade uterus right up to serosallining threatening rupture ofuterus.

p. previa Placenta implanted to loweruterine segment, often causingpainless profuse third trimesterbleeding.

p. retained Placenta not expelled even2 hours after fetal delivery.

p. succenturiate An accessoryplacenta having vascular connec-tion with main placenta.

p. velamentous Placenta where theumbilical cord is attached tomembranes, so that the umbilicalvessels enter placenta at its margins.

Placebo Placenta, velamentous

Placenta

Placenta Cercumvallate

Placenta Succenturiata

Placenta Battle Dore

492

Placental souffle Auscultatorysound of placental blood flow.

Placido’s disk A disk with black andwhite lines used to measure cornealastigmatism.

Pladaroma Warty growth on eyelid.Plagiocephaly Irregular closure of

cranial sutures resulting indeformed skull.

Plague Disease caused by Pasteurellapestis.

p. bubonic Common form of plaguewith suppurative lymphadenitis.

p. hemorrhagic Rare form of plaguewith prominent hemorrhagicmanifestations particularly intoskin.

p. pneumonic Virulent form of plaguewith extensive involvement oflungs.

Plane A smooth surface; imaginarycut through a body part.

p. Baer’s Plane through upper borderof zygomatic arches.

p. bite Plane formed by biting surfaceof teeth.

p. coronal Vertical plane at rightangles to sagittal plane so that

body is divided into anterior andposterior halves.

p. Hodge’s Plane parallel to pelvicinlet passing through second sacralvertebra.

p. median Antero-posterior planedividing body or organ into twoequal parts.

p. sagittal Plane dividing body intoequal right and left halves.

Planned parenthood The concept ofchoosing the time to have children.

Planoconcave An optical lens con-cave on one side but plane on theother side.

Planoconvex An optical lens convexon one side but plane on the other side.

Planorbis The genus of fresh watersnails that serve as intermediatehosts for schistosoma.

Plantar arch The arch of the foot.Plantaris A slim muscle in the calf.Plantigrade The type of foot where

the entire sole of foot touches theground while walking.

Plaque A patch on skin or mucousmembrane.

p. dental A gummy mesh harboringmicroorganism growing on thecrowns of teeth, a forerunner ofdental caries.

Plasma The liquid portion of blood,the medium for transportingnutrients and suspending thecorpuscles.

Plasmacyte A plasma cell as foundin connective tissue with eccentricnucleus.

Plasmacytoma Myeloma arisingfrom marrow.

Placental souffle Plasmacytoma

Placenta Velamentous

493

Plasma exchange Removal ofpatient’s, plasma with replacementby colloid solution. This removesthe immune complexes, excess an-tibodies or drugs and poisons.

Plasmapheresis Similar to plasmaexchange.

Plasmid Extranuclear cell inclusionhaving genetic function; comm-only seen in bacteria and used inDNA cloning and recombinantDNA technology.

Plasmin Fibrinolytic enzyme deri-ved from plasminogen.

Plasmodium A genus of protozoathat includes causative agents ofvarious types of malaria.

Plaster 1. Plaster of Paris used toimmobilize a part or make an im-pression. 2. Medicinal agentsformed into a tenaceous mass, e.g.belladona plaster.

Plastic bronchitis Bronchitis withfibrin casts of bronchi.

Plastic surgery Surgery for recons-truction, repair or restoration ofbody parts.

Plate 1. A flattened part or portion 2.Disk holding culture medium.

p. bite In dentistry used for gettingdental impression of bites.

p. epiphyseal The cartilage betweendiaphysis and epiphysis on whichdepends the longitudinal growth ofbone.

Plateau Elevated and flat area orsteady and consistent phase ofdisease or fever.

Platelet Round or oval disk like cellsin blood which help in blood coagu-lation and hemostasis.

Platelet concentrate Platelets pre-pared from few units of blood andsuspended in plasma.

Platinum A hard heavy silver whitemetal.

Platybasia A developmental defectwhere the floor of posterior fossaof skull protrudes upwards oftencausing hydrocephalus and highcervical cord compression.

Platycephaly Flattening of the skull.Platysma A thin aponeurotic muscle

of neck which on contraction causeswrinkling of skin of neck anddepression of jaw.

Platysmal reflex Dilatation of pupilon pinching platysma muscle ofneck.

Plegia Suffix meaning paralysis.Pleocytosis Increased number of

lymphocytes in CSF.Pleomorphism Having many shapes

or forms.Pleoptics A method of eye exercises to

train and stimulate amblyopic eye.Plethora Congestion with fluid.Plethysmography The method of

measuring volume, of blood flowthrough a part from change involume.

Pleura A bilayered membrane thatencloses the lungs.

Pleural cavity Space between thefibrous parietal pleura and serousvisceral pleura.

Pleural effusion Fluid collection inpleural cavity, may be serous,serofibrinous or hemorrhagic.

Pleural fibrosis Thickening ofpleura from inflammation, irrita-tion.

Plasma exchange Pleural fibrosis

494

Pleurisy Inflammation of pleura;may be primary or secondary,acute or chronic, serous or serosanguinous.

p. diaphragmatic Inflammation ofdiaphragmatic pleura causing in-tense pain under margin of the ribs,hiccough, and often dyspnea.

p. dry Pleurisy where a fibrinousexudate covers the pleural surfacecausing pain during respiration.

p. encysted Pleurisy with effusionencysted by adhesion.

Pleurodesis Production of adhesionbetween visceral and parital pleura.

Pleurodynia Sharp pain in intercos-tal muscles due to fascitis of chestwall.

Pleurolysis Loosening of pleuraladhesions.

Plexiform Resembling a network.Pleximeter The one that receives the

percussion.Plexus A network of nerves, lym-

phatics or blood vessels.p. brachial Network of nerves along

the neck, axilla and arm.p. enteric One of the two plexues of

nerve fibers and ganglion cells lyingin the wall of alimentary canalnamely Auerbach’s plexus andsubmucosal Meissner’s plexus.

p. pampiniform A network of veinsdraining the testis in male or ovaryin the female.

p. lumbar Network of nerves in thelumbar region.

Plica A fold.p. circular Transverse folds in small

intestine.

p. epiglottic Three folds of mucousmembrane lying between thetongue and epiglottis.

p. palmate Mucosal folds in cervicalcanal.

p. semilunar of colon Transversemucosal folds in the colon betweenthe sacculations.

Plicate Folded.Plication The stitching of folds or

tucks to reduce the size of an organ.Ploidy The number of chromosome

sets in a cell.Plombage A method of collapsing

the apex of the lung.Plototoxin A toxic substance present

in cat fish.Plug A mass closing or intending to

close a hole.p. Dittrich’s A putrid mass of

bacteria and fatty acids crystals inbronchiectasis.

Plumbism Lead poisoning.Plummer-Vinson syndrome Iron

deficiency anemia with dysphagia,achlorohydria, koilonychia andesophageal web, occurring com-monly in women.

Pluripotent An embryonic cellhaving power to differentiate intodifferent kinds of cells.

Plutomania Delusion of richness.Plutonium A fissile material derived

from uranium.Pneodynamics The dynamics of

breathing.Pneogram Spirogram.Pneumarthrogram X-ray of joint

after air injection.

Pleurisy Pneumarthrogram

495

Brachial Plexus

Lumbar Plexus

Brachial plexus Lumbar plexus

496

Pneumatics Branch of physics deal-ing with properties of gases.

Pneumatization Formation of air-filled cavities especially of mas-toid.

Pneumatocele A swelling contain-ing gas or air.

Pneumatosis Presence of air or gasin abnormal location of body.

Pneumaturia Presence of gas in urinedue to vesico vaginal fistula.

Pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent Avaccine containing 23 of the known83 pneumococcal capsular poly-saccharides; providing immunityfor 3-5 years. The vaccine is parti-cularly useful in patients withsickle cell disease, immuno-deficiency and post splenectomy.

Pneumococcus Encapsulated non-spore forming gram positive or-ganism causing pneumonia,meningitis, otitis, mastoiditis,keratitis etc.

Pneumoconiosis Occupational dif-fuse lung disease due to inhalationof mineral dusts.

Pneumocystis carinii A protozoanparasite causing pneumonia inAIDS patients.

Pneumocystography Cystogramafter injection of air into bladder.

Pneumoencephalogram X-ray forsubarachnoid cisterns and ventri-cles of brain after injectin of air intosubarachnoid space via lumbarpuncture.

Pneumo hemo pericardium Presenceof air and blood in the peritonealcavity.

Pneumohydrothorax Presence of airand fluid in the thoracic cavity.

Pneumo mediastinum Presence ofgas in the mediastinum.

Pneumomelanosis Pigmentation oflung as seen in pneumoconiosis.

Pneumonectomy Excision of lung.Pneumonia Inflammation of lung

tissue.p. alba Pneumonia of newborn due

to congenital syphilis.p. aspiration Pneumonia following

aspiration of purulent matter fromthroat/mouth or gastric content.

p. caseous Pneumonia associatedwith tuberculosis.

p. interstitial Pneumonia withinfiltration of pulmonary inter-stitium.

p. eosinophilic Pneumonia witheosinophilia as during migrationof round worm larva, micro filariaor due to drugs like nitrofurantoin,penicillin.

p. Friedlander’s Lobar pneumoniacaused by Klebsiella pneumonae.

p. giant cell An interstitial pneu-monia of childhood with infiltra-tion of lung by multinucleated giantcells, e.g. post measles.

p. hypostatic Pneumonia of aged anddebilitated patients due to congestionof one part of lung at all times.

p. atypical Mild pneumonia but withradiological evidence of extensivelung infiltration as caused byMycoplasma pneumonae.

p. woolsorter’s Pulmonary anthrax.Pneumonitis hypersensitive Diffuse

granulomatous disease due to in-halation of organic dusts.

Pneumatics Pneumonitis hypersensitive

497

Pneumonosis Any noninfective lungdisease.

Pneumo peritoneum Presence of airin the peritoneal cavity.

Pneumoradiography Injection of airinto a part for X-ray examination.

Pneumorrhachis Presence of gas inthe spinal canal.

Pneumothorax Presence of air inpleural cavity.

p. artificial Intentionally inducedpneumothorax to cause pulmonarycollapse as a treatment option inpulmonary tuberculosis.

p. tension A type of pneumothoraxwhere air enters pleural space witheach act of respiration but withoutan exit leading to high pleuralpressure and collapse of lung.

Podagra Gout involving great toe orfoot.

Podalic version Rotating the fetus tobring feet to the lower pole.

Podiatrist A specialist in diagnosis,treatment and care of diseases of foot.

Podocyte A special type of epithelialcell lining the glomeruli.

Podology The study of anatomy andphysiology of foot.

Podophyllum Preparation fromroots of Podophyllum peltatum totreat warts.

Poikilocyte Red blood cells of ab-normal shape.

Poikiloderma A skin disorder char-acterized by pigmentation, telan-giectasia, purpura, pruritus andatrophy.

Poikilothermy The condition ofhaving same temperature as thatof the environment.

Point A minute spot, sharp end of anyobject.

p. Boa’s A tender spot on left of 12ththoracicfs vertebra in patients ofgastric ulcer.

p. far Point (20 feet or more) at whichnormal eye does not use accommo-dation. The far point is less than20' in myopia and there is no farpoint for hypermetropic eye.

p. Lian’s A point at junction of outerand middle thirds of a line drawnfrom umbilicus to anterior supe-rior iliac spine, suitable for para-centesis.

p. McBurney’s Point 4-5 cm abovethe right anterior superior iliacspine on the line joining it toumbilicus, the point of tendernessin appendicitis.

p. Monro Point halfway between leftanterior superior iliac spine and theumbilicus.

Poison Any substance which wheninhaled, ingested or injected dis-turbs normal body function.

Poison IVY A climbing vine whichon contact produces severe der-matitis.

Poison Oak A climbing vine pro-ducing dermatitis similar to ivy.

Poliomyelitis Acute viral disease thatcauses destruction of anterior horncells in spinal cord and often cranialnerve nuclei with ensuing palsy.

p. ascending The paralysis begins inlower extremity and then ascendsup trunk often to involve respi-ratory muscles.

p. bulbar Paralysis of cranial nervesand the respiratory center.

Pneumonosis Poliomyelitis, bulbar

498

p. non paralytic Pain and stiffness inmuscles but no paralysis.

Poliosis Whiteness of hair.Polio vaccine Available as oral live

attenuated vaccine or injectablekilled vaccine prepared from typesI, II, III polioviruses, given in 3 dosesstarting at 1½ months of age andthen repeated for 2 more doses at 4-6 weeks interval.

Politzer bag Rubber bag used forinflating middle ear.

Pollen The microspores of a seedplant constituting the male game-tocyte. Many airborn pollens areallergens.

Pollinosis Nasal congestion due tocontact with pollens.

Poltophagy Thorough chewing offood.

Polyandry Having more than onehusband.

Polyarteritis nodosa Inflammationof medium and small vesselssegmentally with necrosis, anautoimmune disorder.

Polyarthritis Inflammation of morethan one joint.

Polyarticular Involving many joints.Polychondritis Inflammation of

several cartilages.Polychromasia Having many

colours.Polychromatophilia The quality of

a cell being stainable with morethan one stain.

Polyclinic A clinic catering for manyvariety of ailments.

Polycystic Having many cysts.Polycystic ovary An endocrine dis-

order with anovulation and multi-ple cysts in the ovaries.

Polycythemia An excess of red bloodcells.

Poliomyelitis, non paralytic Polycythemia

Poliomyelitis

499

p. rubra vera A malignant disorderof marrow with increase in RBCmass, WBC and platelets.

Polydactylism Having super-numerary fingers or toes.

Polydipsia Excess thirst.Polydystrophy Condition of having

multiple congenital anomaly ofconnective tissue.

Polyendocrine deficiency syndromeHypofunction of many endocrine

glands; may be type I or type II;Type I-hypoparathyroidism, adre-nal insufficiency, mucocutaneouscandidiasis, Type II: IDDM,thyroid deficiency and adrenalinsufficiency.

Polyesthesia Abnormal sensation oftouch in which single stimulus isfelt at two or more places.

Polyethylene A polymer used inproduction of IV tubing.

Polycythemia, rubra vera Polyethylene

Polycystic

Polycystic Ovary

500

Polyethylene glycol Used as oint-ment base.

Polygamy Practice of having severalwives or husbands.

Polygraph Machine that recordsarterial and venous pulse.

Polyhydramnios Excess of amnioticfluid.

Polymelia Having supernumerarylimbs

Polymenorrhea Menses occurringat rapid frequency.

Polymer A synthetic substance madeof two or more molecules.

Polymerase An enzyme catalyzingpolymerization of nucleosides toform DNA.

Polymerase chain reaction Aninvestigation technique fordiagnosis of microbial diseases,genetic diseases by invitroproduction of numerous copies ofDNA from the sample

p choanal a nasal polyp that extendsto pharynx

p juvenile benign hamartoma oflarge bowel.

p laryngeal polyp of vocal cordcausing hoarseness of voice

Polymerization The process ofchanging a simple chemical sub-stance into another of highermolecular weight.

Polymorph A polymorpho nuclearleukocyte.

Polymorphism Appearing in manyforms.

Polymyalgia rheumatica A connec-tive tissue disorder of autoimmunenature affecting women with high

ESR, weakness of proximal mus-cles and prompt response to lowdose corticosteroids.

Polymyoclonus Muscular contrac-tion proceeding in waveform to in-volve many muscle groups.

Polymyositis A connective tissuedisorder characterized by inflam-mation and degeneration of mus-cles and dermatitis.

Polymyxin Aminoglycoside an-tibiotic designated polymyxin A,B, C, D, E, highly nephrotoxic.

Polyneuropathy Involvement ofmany peripheral nerves.

p. amyloid Polyneuropathy withthickening of nerves due to amyloiddeposits.

p. erythroderma Polyneuropathy ofchildren with skin disorder.

p. porphyric Polyneuropathy ofporphyria with pain, paresthesiaand often paralysis.

Polyneuro radiculitis Inflammationof nerve roots, peripheral nervesand spinal ganglia.

Polynuclear Having more than onenucleus.

Polynucleotide Nucleic acid com-posed of one or more nucleotides.

Polyomavirus A papovavirusfamily causing malignancy inlower animals.

Polyopsia Multiple images seen ofthe same object.

Polyorchidism Condition of havingmore than two testicles.

Polyostotic Concerning many bones.Polyp A tumor with a pedicle.p. adenomatous Benign polyp from

glands.

Polyethylene glycol Polyp, adenomatous

501

Polypeptide Union of two or moreamino acids.

Polyphagia Frequent and excesseating.

Polypharmacy Concurrent use ofmultiple drugs

Polyphrasia Talkativeness.Polyploidy Condition characterized

by twice or more number of normalhaploid chromosome numbers ofgametes.

Polyposis Presence of many polyps.p. familial Multiple polyps in colon

with rectal bleeding and chancesof malignant changes.

p. ventriculi Multiple polyps ofstomach associated with chronicatrophic gastritis.

Polypotrite Instrument for crushingpolyps.

Polyradiculitis Inflammation ofseveral nerve roots.

Polysaccharide Complex sugarswhich on hydrolysis yield morethan 2 molecules of simple sugar.

Polyserositis Inflammation of manyserous cavities, e.g. pleural ef-fusion, ascites, pericardial effusion.

Polysinusitis Simultaneous inflam-mation of many sinuses.

Polystyrene A synthetic resin.Polythiazide A mercurial thiazide

diuretic.Polyunsaturated Pertains to fatty

acids having many carbon atomsjoined by double or triple bonds.

Polyuria Excessive passage of urineof low specific gravity.

Polyvalent Substance with combin-ing power of more than two atomsof hydrogen.

Polyvinyl alcohol A water solublesynthetic resin used for preparationof ophthalmic solutions.

Polyvinyl pyrrolidine Povidone.Pomade A perfumed ointment.Pompe’s disease Glycogen storage

disease type II.Pompholyx Deep seated vesicles of

palm and sole associated with con-tact allergy or fungal infection.

Ponderal index Height in inches/cube root of weight in pounds.

Pontic An artificial tooth set in abridge.

Pontocaine hydrochloride Topicalor spinal anesthetic.

Paples Posterior region of knee.Popliteal Concerning back of knee.Popliteus Muscle that flex the knee.Poppy Any plant of genus papaver;

opium is obtained from juice of un-ripe pods.

Porcine Piglike, obtained from porks.Pore A small opening.Pore of Kohn Pores for passage of

gas from one alveolus to another, away to prevent atelectasis

Porencephaly A congenital brainanomaly where ventricles extendup to subarachnoid space.

Porion The midpoint of upper marginof auditory meatus

Pornography Sex stimulating photo-graphs or literature.

Porphobilinogen An intermediateproduct in heme biosynthesis, oftenpresent in urine in patients ofporphyria, when exposed to air forlong time changes to porphobilinimparting red colour to urine.

Polypeptide Porphobilinogen

502

Porphyria A group of disorders ofporphyrin metabolism.

p. acute intermittent Autosomaldominant trait characterized byabdominal pain, photosensitivityand neurological disturbances.

p. congenital erythropoitic Auto-somal recessive trait with hemo-lysis, splenomegaly and skin reac-tion.

p. variegate Hepatic porphyria withfragile skin, recurrent episodes ofabdominal pain and neuropathy.

Porphyrin Nitrogen containing or-ganic compounds obtained fromhemoglobin and chlorophyll.

Porphyrinuria Excess excretion ofporphyrin in urine.

Porta Point of entry for nerves andvessels.

Portal circulation The circulation ofblood in liver via portal vein andhepatic vein.

Portal hypertension Increased pres-sure in portal vein due to obstruc-tion to portal blood flow in liver.

Porphyria Portal hypertension

Portal Hypertension

503

Portal system The portal vein andits branches which drain the ab-dominal viscera and carry the bloodto liver to be drained to inferiorvena cava via hepatic vein.

Portal vein The vein formed fromunion of superior and inferiormesenteric, splenic, gastric andcystic veins.

Portography X-ray of portal veinafter injection of contrast.

Portwine mark Superficial purplered birthmark.

Position Manner in which the bodyof patient is put.

p. Fowler’s The position where headend of bed is elevated by l½ feet andknees are elevated.

p. genucubital Position with patienton knees and elbows.

p. left lateral recumbent Patient lieson left side; right knee and thighdrawn up.

p. lithotomy Patient lies on back withthighs drawn on abdomen andabducted.

p. Trendelenburg Dorsal positionwith patient supine on a bed tiltedto about 45° with head low.

Positive end expiratory pressure Amethod to prevent collapse of al-veoli at end expiration.

Positron Positively charged particle.Positron emission tomography A

method of demonstrating brainimage by use of positron emittingradionuclides.

Posology Branch of medicine deal-ing with dose of medicine.

Possum Device that permits a dis-abled individual to perform some

job by forcefully breathing intomaster control apparatus.

Post myocardial infarction syndromePericardial pain aggravated onbreathing, swallowing and changein body position with pericardialfriction rubs.

Post polio syndrome Wasting ofmuscle years after recovery frompolio.

Post traumatic stress disorder Reexperiencing traumatic event,avoiding stimuli associated withtrauma, recurrent arousal, hypervigilant

Postcibal After meals.Postclimacteric After menopause.Postcoital After sexual intercourse.Post connubial After marriage.Posterior Situated at back or behind;

dorsal.Posterior drawer sign A test for

posterior cruciate ligament tear ofknee.

Postterm pregnancy Pregnancycontinuing beyond 42 weeks ofgestation

Posteroanterior Movement fromback to front.

Posteromedial On the back towardsmidline.

Postfebrile After fever.Post ganglionic fiber The autonomic

nerve fiber passing from gangliato visceral effector.

Posthaemorrhagic Occurring aftera bleeding episode.

Posthumous Occurring after deathPosthetomy Circumcision, removal

of foreskin of penis.

Portal system Posthetomy

504

Posthitis Inflammation of prepuce.Postictal Following an attack of

epileptic fit.Postmature Infant born after 42

weeks of gestation.Postmortem After death.Postmortem examination Dissec-

tion of dead body to determine thecause of death and pathologicalchanges.

Postnatal Occurring after birth.Postnasal Located behind the nose.Post palatine Behind the palate.Postpaludal After an attack of

malaria.Postpartum After child birth.Postpartum depression Depression

occurring in puerperium.Postpartum hemorrhage Bleeding

after childbirth in excess of 500 mlusually due to uterine atony, or cer-vical laceration.

Postpartum psychosis Psychosisoccurring within the six monthsfollowing childbirth. The symp-toms and signs are hallucination,delusion, preoccupation with deathetc.

Postprandial After a meal.Postpubescent Following puberty.Poststenotic Distal to a stenosed site.Posttransfusion syndrome Fever,

splenomegaly, atypical lympho-cytosis that follow blood trans-fusion.

Postulate Supposition.Postural Related to posture or body

position.Postural drainage Drainage of

secretion from bronchi or pus from

a cavity by positioning the patientso that gravity allows free drain-age; usually done in bronchiectasis,lung abscess and following anyprolonged surgery.

Postural hypotension Severe drop inblood pressure on assuming erectposture.

Posture Attitude or position of body.Postviral fatigue syndrome Muscle

fatigue unrelieved by rest after at-tack of viral fever.

Potable Water free from impuritiesand hence fit for drinking.

Potash Potassium carbonate.p. caustic Potassium hydroxide.Potassium Mineral element found in

combination with other elementsin the body. SYN— halium.

p. bicarbonate Used to neutralizeacid in stomach.

p. chloride Used in IV solutions andas oral preparation to supplementduring digoxin and diuretictherapy.

p. citrate Used as alkalizer.p. iodide Used in expectorant pre-

parations.p. permanganate Topical astringent

and antiseptic, antidote for phos-phorus poisoning.

p. tartarate A cathartic.Potency Strength, power, ability to

perform sexual intercourse in caseof male.

Potent Powerful, highly effective.Potentiate To augment or increase

the potency.Potion Liquid medicine.

Posthitis Potion

505

Pott’s disease Tuberculosis of ver-tebra.

Pott’s fracture Fracture of medialmalleolus of tibia with lower endof fibula and outward and back-ward dislocation of foot.

Pouch Any pocket or sac.p. Broca’s A sac in tissues of labia

majora.p. laryngeal Blind mucosal pouch in

the ventral larynx.p. pharyngeal paired lateral pouches

in embryonic pharynx.p. Rathke’s An embryonic out-

pocketing that forms anterior lobeof pituitary.

p. rectouterine Pocket betweenanterior rectal wall and posterioruterine wall.

Poultice Counter irritant prepa-ration in the form of plaster.

Poupart’s ligament The rolled uplower end of external obliqueaponeurosis stretching betweenanterior superior iliac spine andpubic tubercle. SYN — Inguinalligament.

Pott’s disease Poupart’s ligament

Pott's Spine

Pharyngeal Pouches

506

Povidone A synthetic polymer.Povidone iodine A complex of povi-

done and iodine used for skin pre-paration prior to surgery, as vagi-nal tablets, as lotions and ointmentsfor antiseptic purposes.

Pox Pustular lesion.Praecox Early.Praevia Going before in time or

place.Pragmatagnosia Inability to recog-

nize even familiar object.Pragmatic Pertains to practical

aspect of anything.Pralidoxime A cholinesterase reacti-

vator used in organophosphoruspoisoning.

Pramoxime A topical anesthetic.Prandial Related to meal.Prausnitz Kustner reaction Intra-

cutaneous transfer of antibody to ahealthy person followed by ap-plication of suspected allergen toproduce wheal and flare. Notrecommended now-a-days becauseof fear of AIDS and viral hepatitis.

Praxiology Study of behavior.Praxis Planning and execution of co-

ordinated movements.Prazepam Anti-anxiety medicine.Praziquantel Broad-spectrum anti-

helminth and antischistosomaldrug.

Prazosin Alpha-adrenergic receptorblocker; antihypertensive agent.

Precancerous Any growth or lesionthat will probably become can-cerous.

Precentral convolution The frontalconvolution or motor area.

Precipitate The process of deposi-tion of substances from solutions.

Precipitin An antibody in animal,due to soluble protein antigen.

Precipitin test The formation ofprecipitate in a solution containingsoluble antigen on addition of an-tibody.

Precocious Development, physicalor mental earlier than expected.

Precordium The area of chest over-lying the heart.

Precornu Anterior horn of lateralventricle of brain.

Precursor A substance that precedesanother substance, e.g. angio-tensinogen is a precursor substanceof angiotensin.

Prediabetes The stage or conditionprior to development of clinicaldiabetes.

Predisposing A susceptibility to dis-ease.

Predisposition The potential todevelop a certain disease.

Prednisolone A glucocorticoid.Predormition The state immediately

preceding actual sleep.Preeclampsia Toxemia of pregnan-

cy with albuminuria, hypertensionand edema.

Preeruptive Before eruption in ex-anthema.

Preexcitation Premature excitationof the ventricle by an impulse by-passing A-V node.

Preganglionic fibers Fibers trans-miting autonomic impulse fromCNS to peripheral autonomicganglia.

Povidone Preganglionic fibers

507

Pregnancy The condition of develop-ment of embryo in the uterus.

p. abdominal Development of em-bryo in the abdominal cavitydrawing its blood supply fromomentum.

p. ampullar Implantation of ovum inthe ampulla of fallopian tube.

p. cornual Pregnancy in one of thehorns in a bicornuate uterus.

p. ectopic Condition where ovumdevelops outside the uterus.

p. molar Pregnancy where ovumdegenerates into moles.

Pregnancy test Tests employed toconfirm pregnancy by usingpatient’s urine or blood which as-sess the chorionic gonadotropins.The test is positive beginning 40thday from the last menstrual period.Radioimmunoassay is better andmore accurate.

Pregnanediol Progesterone metabo-lite (end product) in urine.

Pregnanetriol An intermediate me-tabolite of progesterone.

Pregnenolone A synthetic cortico-steroid.

Prehension The primary functionsof hand that includes pinching,grasping etc.

Preleukemia Some blood changesthat may be forewarners of leuke-mic process, i.e. unexplainedanemia, purpura, mucositis.

Preload In cardiac physiology it isventricular wall stretch at enddiastole.

Premarin Conjugated estrogen.Premature Before full development.

Premature ejaculation Ejaculationshortly after the onset of sexual ex-citement.

Premature infant Infant with birthweight below 5 lb or born prior to37 weeks of gestation.

Premenstrual tension syndromeThe syndrome of irritability,anxiety, depression, rage, edemaand breast tenderness prior to theonset of menstruation.

Premolar One of the permanent teethoccurring between canine andmolar.

Premonition A feeling of an im-pending event.

Premorbid Prior to onset of disease.Prenatal diagnosis Diagnosis of

developmental defects and diseaseswhile the baby is in utero by use ofchemical tests, ultrasound,amnioscopy and amniocentesis.

Preoperative care Care precedingan operation like preparation ofoperation site, sedation, bowelwash, breathing exercise etc.

Preoptic area The anterior portionof hypothalamus.

Prepatellar bursitis Inflammationof bursa in front of patella SYN —housemaid’s knee.

Preprandial Before a meal.Prepubescent Just prior to puberty.Prepuce The foreskin or skinfold over

glans penis.Prepucial glands Sebaceous glands

at corona of penis secretingsmegma. SYN — Tyson’s glands.

Prepyloric Preceding the pylorus ofstomach.

Pregnancy Prepyloric

508

Prerenal 1. In front of kidney 2.uremia or any condition occurringprior to defects or changes affectingthe kidney.

Presbycusis Sensory neural deafnessof old age.

Presbyopia Recession of near pointof eye with advancing age due toloss of elasticity of crystalline lens.

Prescribe To advise or indicatemedicines/treatment to be taken.

Prescription A written order ordirection for using a drug. Aprescription consists of four mainparts, i.e. superscription, inscrip-tion, subcription and signature.

Presenile Premature old age.Presenium Prior to onset of senility.Presentation In obstetrics the fetal

part presenting at the pelvic inlet;can be breech, vertex, face, brow.

Preservative A chemical additive todrug preparations and foodstuffsthat prevents growth of molds andfungi.

Pressure Compression, force exertedon any body tissue, e.g. bloodvessel.

p. blood Pressure exerted by movingcolumn of blood against arterialwall.

p. central venous Pressure in the rightatrium.

p. end diastolic Pressure in theventricles at the end of diastole.

p. intracranial Pressure to which CSFis subjected in sub-arachnoid space.

p. intraocular Pressure within theeyeball, maintained by vitreousand aqueous humor, usually 10-20mm Hg.

p. negative Pressure less than at-mospheric pressure.

p. oncotic Osmotic pressure exertedby colloids in a solution.

p. osmotic The force at which solventlike water passes through a semi–permeable membrane separatingsolutions of different concentra-tions.

p. wedge Pressure obtained by wed-ging a fluid filled catheter in adistal branch of pulmonary arterywhich is equivalent to left atrialpressure.

Pressure palsy Temporary palsy dueto pressure on a nerve, e.g. saturdaynight palsy.

Pressure point Areas where pressureis applied to control bleeding. Thesepoints are where the bleeding arterypasses over a bone little above thesite of bleed, e.g. common carotidartery —2" above clavicle, temporalartery — in front of ear, subclavianartery — behind clavicle, brachialartery — mid arm or just aboveelbow; radial artery at wristagainst radius and ulnar artery atwrist against ulna; femoral artery— compression of artery againstfemoral head in abduction and ex-ternal rotation of limb; poplitealartery in popliteal space; anteriortibial artery at ankle in front; andposterior tibial artery behind.

Pressure sore A sore caused bypressure of splint or other applianceor pressure of body on bed at con-tact points particularly when theskin is insensitive or person is incoma or lies immobile for long time.

Prerenal Pressure sore

509

Preterm In obstetrics labor occur-ring before 37th week of gestation.

Pretibial fever A fever ofleptospirosis with rash on leg,fever, splenomegaly

Prevalence The number of cases of adisease present in a specifiedpopulation at a given time.

Preventive medicine The branch ofmedicine concerned with preven-tion of mental and physical illnessand disease.

Prevertebral In front of vertebra.Prevesical In front of bladder.Prezonular Pertains to posterior

chamber of eye.Priapism Painful sustained penile

erection without any sexual desire.Priapitis Inflammation of the penisPrickle cell A cell with rod shaped

processes.Prickly heat The blockage of sweat

pores with escape of sweat toepidermis and formation of itchytiny vesicles.

Primates An order of vertebrateshighly developed in respect to nerv-ous system and brain, e.g. monkey,apes and man.

Primaquine Antimalarial, for radi-cal treatment of P. vivax.

Prime Period of greatest health andstrength.

Primidone An anticonvulsant.Primigravida Woman conceiving

for first time.Primipara Woman who has deli-

vered a viable baby.Primitive Early in point of time.

p. groove The longitudinal depres-sion in the dorsum of the embryonicarea.

Prinzmetal’s angina Angina ofcoronary spasm with ST elevation.

Prion A small proteinaceousinfectious particle

Prion disease They include kuru, C.J.disease, GSS syndrome, fetalfamilial insomnia and madcowdisease

Prism A transparent solid, three sidesof which are parallelograms. Lightrays passing through a prism aresplit into primary colors.

p. maddox Two base together prismsused in testing cyclophoria ortorsion of eyeball.

Privacy Right of the patient torevelation of data concerning illness.

Private practice Medical practice notunder external policy control otherthan professional ethics.

Privileged communication Con-fidential information given bypatient to treating doctor which isnot to be divulged by the latter.

Proactivator A substance that con-tains a portion which can be splitoff and then it is able to activateanother substance.

Proantithrombin The substance ofplasma which is converted tothrombin by action of heparin.

Probability The ratio that expressesthe likelihood of occurrence ofspecific event important in healthstatistics.

Proband The initial person with dis-ease who serves as nucleus to study

Preterm Proband

510

the same disease in his family andsubsequent generations.

Probang A device to apply medicinesin larynx.

Probanthine Propantheline bromide,an anticholinergic agent.

Probe An instrument for knowingdepth and direction of sinus andwound.

Probenecid A benzoic acid deriva-tive, urico suric and delays excre-tion of penicillin and its derivatives.

Probucol An anti-hyperlipidemicdrug.

Procainamide Drug used for ventri-cular arrhythmia.

Procaine A local anesthetic used ininfiltration anesthesia, nerveblock, and spinal anesthesia.

Procarbazine A cytotoxic agent usedin treatment of lymphomas.

Procedure A way of accomplishinga task to obtain desired result.

Proceious Concave anteriorly.Procerus muscle A muscle that arises

in the skin over the nose and isconnected to forehead.

Process A projection or outgrowthof tissue; the steps or method ofaction.

p. alar Process of cribiform plate ofethmoid articulating with frontalbone.

p. alveolar Inferior border of maxillaor superior border of mandiblecontaining tooth sockets.

p. ciliary About 70 meridional ridgesprojecting from the corona ciliaristo which suspensory ligament offens is attached.

p. clinoid The anterior, middle andposterior clinoid processes ofsphenoid bone.

p. condyloid The process from man-dible articulating with temporalbone.

p. coracoid A beak shaped processextending from neck of scapula.

p. coronoid Sharp projection fromsemilunar notch of ulna.

p. odontoid Tooth like extensionfrom axis.

Prochlorperazine A phenothiazinederivative for treating nausea andvomiting.

Procidentia Complete prolapse ofuterus where it completely pro-trudes outside the introitus.

Procollagen Precursor of collagen.Proconvertin Coagulation factor

VIII.Procreate To give birth.Proctagra Rectal pain.Proctalgia Pain in and around anus

and rectum.Proctectasia Dilatation of anus and

rectum.Proctenclisis Stricture of anus or

rectum.Proctitis Inflammation of anus and

rectum.Proctoclysis Infusion into rectum

and anus.Proctocolitis Inflammation of rec-

tum and colon.Proctology Branch of medicine

dealing with diseases of rectum,colon and anus.

Proctoptosis Prolapse of anus andrectum.

Probang Proctoptosis

511

Proctoscopy Instrument for ex-amination of rectum.

Proctosigmoidoscopy Visual ex-amination of rectum and sigmoidcolon by sigmoidoscope.

Procumbent Lying face down.Procyclidine Antiparkinsonian drug.Prodromal Initial stage of disease

before appearance of distinguishedfeatures.

Prodrome A symptom heralding anapproaching ailment.

Prodrug Chemicals which exhibittheir pharmacologic property afterbiotransformation in the body.

Proencephalus Brain protrudingthrough a fissure of skull in the in-fant.

Proenzyme Inactive form of an en-zyme.

Proerythroblast The earliest bonemarrow precursor of erythrocyte.

Proestrus The period before menstru-ation.

Profunda Deep seated esp., bloodvessel.

Progenitor An ancestor.Progeny Offspring.Progeria Premature senility occur-

ring in childhood.Progestational Concerned with

luteal phase of menstrual cycle; ac-tion of hormone progesterone.

Progesterone Hormone secreted byplacenta, corpus luteum and adre-nal cortex; essential for secretoryphase of endometrium, mammarygrowth and development andgrowth of placenta.

Progestin Group of synthetic drugshaving progesterone like effect onuterus.

Proglotid A segment of tapewormcontaining both male and femalereproductive organs.

Prognathism Prominent jaws projec-ting beyond line of face.

Proctoscopy Prognathism

Progeria

Prognathism

512

Prognosis Prediction of course andoutcome of a disease.

Prognosticate To state about out-come of a disease.

Progranulocyte Promyelocyte.Progressive Advancing as bad to

worse.Progressive muscular atrophy

Gradually advancing muscleatrophy due to disease of spinal cord.

Progress notes Notes endorsed bydoctors and nurses during courseof treatment.

Prohormone Precursor of hormone.Proinsulin Insulin precursor pro-

duced in pancreas.Projectile vomiting Vomiting where

the stomach content is ejected withgreat force.

Projection A part extending beyondthe level of its surrounding; referralof peripheral sensory stimuli tohigher centers in CNS for inter-pretation.

Prokaryote Organism with a singlecircular chromosome withoutmitochondria and lysosomes, e.g.bacteria and algae.

Prolabium Central portion of upperlip.

Prolactin Hormone of anteriorpituitary that helps in milk produc-tion.

Prolapse Falling down of a body partor organ.

p. cord Umbilical cord coming outbefore fetus.

p. of iris Protrusion of iris throughcorneal wound.

p. of rectum Protrusion of rectalmucosa through anal orifice.

p. of uterus Downward displacementof uterus.

Proliferate To increase by reproduc-tion of similar forms as to theparent source.

Proliferous cyst Cyst with epitheliallining which proliferates andprotrudes from its inner surface.

Prolific Fruitful, reproductive.Proline An amino acid.Promazine An antipsychotic agent,

often used in obstetrics for sedationand tranquility during labor.

Promegakaryocytes Precursor cellof platelets.

Prognosis Promegakaryocytes

Prolapse Uterus

513

Prometaphase A stage in mitosiswhen the nuclear membrane disin-tegrates and the chromosomesmove towards the equatorial plate.

Promethazine An antihistaminicagent.

Promine A tissue extract that promotesgrowth of certain tumors in mice.

Prominence A projection or eminence.Promonocyte Precursor of monocyte.Promontory A projecting surface or

part.p. of sacrum The anterior projecting

surface of sacrum.Promyelocyte A large mononuclear

myeloid cellp. penile A device implanted into

penis to assist in erection; consistsof inflatable plastic cylindersimplanted into corpora cavernosa,a pump embedded in socrotal pouchand the fluid sac in rectus muscle.

Pronation The position of facedownwards or palm facing down-wards.

Pronator syndrome Syndrome ofmedian nerve entrapment at elbowwith paresthesia, thumb weak-ness, and tenderness in thenarmuscles.

Pronephric duct Duct that connectsposteriorly to cloaca and to whichpronephric tubules are connected.

Pronephric tubules Tubules thatopen into cranial portion of pro-nephric duct and communicatewith coelom.

Pronephros The earliest and simplesttype of excretory organ in verte-brates.

Pronestyl Procainamide hydro-chloride.

Pronormoblast An early precursorof redblood cells.

Pronucleus Nucleus of ovum orspermatozoa after fertilization.

Propantheline Anticholinergic agent.Proparacaine Topical anesthetic.Properdin A serum protein with

some bactericidal property.Prophase First stage of mitotic cell

division.Prophylaxis Prevention of disease.Propriolactone A disinfectant used

in preparing certain viral and bac-terial vaccines.

Propiomazine A sedative agent.Propionic acid A constituent of sweat.Propositus Index case or prohand in

investigation of hereditary disease.Propoxycaine hydrochloride Local

anesthetic agent.Propoxyphene hydrochloride Anal-

gesic agent.Propranolol Betaadrenergic block-

ing agent used for hypertension, ar-rhythmias, angina pectoris, portalhypertension etc.

Proprietary medicine Any prepara-tion used in treatment of diseasesand has patent and copyright.

Proprioception Knowledge of bodyposition, movement.

Proprioceptor Receptors responsiblefor body position and equilibriume.g., muscle spindles, paciniancorpuscles and labyrinthinereceptors.

Proptometer Instrument for measu-ring degree of exophthalmos.

Proptosis Protrusion of eyeball as inexophthalmic goiter, retroorbitalmass or cavernous sinus throm-bosis.

Prometaphase Proptosis

514

Propyleneglycol A demulcent agentused as solvent.

Propylhexedrine A sympatho-mimetic used as inhalation fornasal congestion.

Propyliodone Radiopaque dye usedin bronchography.

Propylparaben An antifungal agentused as preservative.

Propylthiouracil Antithyroid drugfor hyperthyroidism.

Prosection Dissection for demons-trating anatomic structures.

Prosector One who dissects body fordemonstration.

Prosencephalon Embryonic fore-brain giving rise to telencephalonand diencephalon.

Prosody The normal rhythm, melo-dy and articulation of speech.

Prosopagnosia Inability to recognisea person from face.

Prosopectasia Abnormal enlarge-ment of face.

Prosoplasia Progressive develop-ment of cells to produce cells withhigher degree of function.

Prospective study A clinical orepidemiological investigation overa period of time.

Prostacyclin The precursor inter-mediate of prostaglandins; vaso-dilator.

Prostaglandin A group of 20 carbonunsaturated fatty acids, meta-bolites of arachidonic acid, e.g.PGD2, PGE2, PGF2, PGI2.

Prostatalgia Pain in prostate.Prostate The musculoglandular

organ of the size of 2 × 4 × 3 cm thatsurrounds neck of urinary bladderand urethra in male.

Prostatic plexus Plexus of nerves andveins that lie in the capsule ofprostate.

Prostatic urethra That portion ofurethra surrounded by prostate.

Prostatism Symptoms of nocturia,increased frequency and dribblingof any cause.

Prostatitis Inflammation of prostate,whether acute or chronic withaching pain in perineum, urethraldischarge often with fever, dysuria,chills and constipation.

Prostatolith A calculus in the prostate.Prostatosis Any non-inflammatory

and non-malignant condition ofprostate.

Prosthesis An artificial part or organ.

Prosthetics Branch of surgery deal-ing with prosthesis.

Propyleneglycol Prosthetics

Prosthesis

515

Prosthodontics Branch of dentistrydealing with construction ofartificial appliance for the mouth.

Prostitute Woman who sells herselffor sexual exploitation, the majorcause of spread of AIDS and othervenereal diseases.

Prostration Extreme exhaustion.Protal Existing before birth, i.e. con-

genital.Protamine A simple strongly basic

protein used to neutralize excessheparin or to slow down absorp-tion of insulin.

Protanopia Red color blindness.Protean Variable.Protease Protein splitting enzyme.Protein Complex nitrogenous com-

pounds which are essential forgrowth and development. Basicbuilding block of proteins areamino acids.

p. Bence Jones A light chain proteinfound in urine in patients ofmyeloma, lymphoma etc.

Protein C A blood protein which onconversion to protein Ca inhibitsblood coagulation. Its deficiencyleads to thrombotic tendency.

Protein calori malnutrition Symp-toms complex due to deficiency ofprotein and calori in small childrenSYN— kwashiorkor.

Protein hydrolysate A solution ofamino acids and short chain peptides.

Protein losing enteropathy Exces-sive protein loss into G.I. tract as inextensive G.I. ulceration orconstrictive pericarditis.

Proteinosis Accumulation of excessproteins in tissues.

Proteinuria Loss of protein usuallyalbumin in urine.

p. orthostatic Proteinuria occurringon assuming erect posture but notduring recumbency. Hencemorning urine is protein free buturine of daytime contains albumin.

Proteolysis Hydrolysis of proteins.Proteopexy Fixation of proteins

within body.Proteose An intermediate product

of proteolysis.Proteus A genus of enteric bacillus,

P. vulgaris causes urinary infectionwhile P. morgagni in additioncauses enteritis: P. mirabilis isusually saprophytic.

Prothrombin A blood coagulationfactor synthesized in liver whichis converted to thrombin.

Prothrombinase An enzyme thatcatalyzes conversion of pro-thrombin into thrombin in presenceof calcium and platelets.

Amino Acids

Prosthodontics Prothrombinase

516

Prothrombin time The time taken fordecalcified plasma to clot on ad-dition of thromboplastin and cal-cium. Usually employed to evaluateeffects of anticoagulants.

Prostiology The science of microor-ganisms.

Protocol Description of steps to betaken in an experiment.

Protodiastole The first phase ofdiastole occurring immediatelyafter closure of aortic and pul-monary valves.

Protoduodenum The upper half ofduodenum.

Proton A positively charged particlein the atom.

Protoplasm A thick viscous colloid,the physical basis of all livingorganisms.

Protoporphyrin A tetrapyrole,derivative of hemoglobin.

Protoporphyrinuria Protoporphyrinin urine.

Protozoa Unicellular organism mul-tiplying by binary fission.

Protractor Instrument for removingforeign bodies from wounds.

Protriptyline An anti-depressant.Protrude To project.Protuberance A prominent part.Provitamin Any substance which is

converted to vitamin within body,e.g. carotene as precursor ofvitamin A.

Prurigo A chronic skin disease withrecurrent discrete deep-seated itchypapules usually on extensor sur-faces, of unknown etiology.

Pruritus Itching.p. senilis Pruritus in aged due to

degeneration of skin.p. vulvae Itching around vulva, a

feature of diabetes.

Protozoa

Prothrombin time Pruritus, vulvae

517

Prussak’s space Tiny space in mid-dle ear between sharpnell’s memb-rane laterally and neck of malleusmedially.

Prussic acid Hydrocyanic acid, apotent poison.

Psammoma A small tumor ofchoriod plexus and other areas ofbrain containing sandlike cal-careous particles.

Psammoma bodies Laminated con-cretions in pineal body.

Psammoma sarcoma Sarcoma withpsammoma bodies.

Psammotherapy Use of sandbathsas therapy.

Psammous Sandy-gritty.Pseudacusis Hearing of false sounds.Pseudoarthrosis Development of

false joint consequent to nonunionof a fracture.

Pseudoacanthosis nigricans Velvetypigmented thickening of flexuresurfaces as occurring in obesepersons.

Pseudoaneurysm Dilatation of ves-sel giving impression of aneurysm.

Pseudocele The cavity of septumpellucidum, so called 5th ventricle.

Pseudocoxalgia Osteochondrosis ofhead of femur.

Pseudocyesis Symptoms of preg-nancy like amenorrhea, abdominalenlargement, morning sickness etc.,in absence of uterine enlargementas occurring in women who are tookeen to have pregnancy.

Pseudocyst A dilatation resemblingcyst.

Pseudodementia Social withdrawalbut without mental deterioration.

Pseudoedema Puffy skin resemblingedema.

Pseudoesthesia A false or imaginarysensation.

Pseudofracture A line of decalcifi-cation as seen in osteomalacia.

Pseudogeusia A subjective sensationof taste in absence of any stimulusto taste buds.

Pseudoganglion Local thickening ofnerve resembling ganglion.

Pseudogout Joint pain resemblinggout but caused by calcium pyro-phosphate dihydrate crystals.

Pseudohermaphrodite Individualwith sex chromatin and sex organsof one sex but with some of thephysical appearance of opposite sex.

p. male Genetically male with asmall rudimentary penis and ascrotum without testes resemblinglabia; usually occurs due to diseaseof adrenals or feminizing tumorsof undescended testis.

p. female A genetically female withlarge clitoris resembling penis andhypertrophied labia mimickingscrotum.

Pseudohypertrophy Increase in sizeof tissue but with diminished func-tion.

Pseudohypoparathyroidism Fea-tures of hypoparathyroidism dueto tissue resistance to parathor-mone. Features are short stature,cataract, tetany etc.

Pseudojaundice Yellow colorationof skin due to carotinemia.

Pseudomania Pathological lying ora form of psychosis where patient

Prussak’s space Pseudoedema

518

falsely accuses himself for crimeswhich he has not committed.

Pseudomembrane A false memb-rane as in diphtheria.

Pseudomenstruation Bleeding fromuterus without menstrual changesof endometrium.

Pseudomonas A genus of motilegram negative bacilli some ofwhich produce yellow and bluepigments.

p. aeruginosa Causes urinary tractinfection and wound infection.

p. pseudomallei Causes melioidosis.Pseudomyxoma A peritoneal tumor

containing a thick viscid fluidresembling myxoma.

Pseudoneuroma A tumor formingat the end of amputation stump.

Pseudopapilledema Optic neuritiscausing swelling of optic nervehead.

Pseudoparesis Hysterical palsy.Pseudopodium Any temporary

outpouching of cell membrane inprotozoa for locomotion.

Pseudopolyp Hypertrophied area ofmucous membrane resemblingpolyp.

Pseudo pseudohypoparathyroidismPseudo hypoparathyroidismwithout any biochemical changes.

Pseudopsia False perception, visualhallucination.

Pseudosmia Perversion of smell.Pseudotuberculosis A group of dis-

eases resembling clinically tuber-culosis but caused by gram nega-tive organism, Yersiniapseudotuberculosis.

Pseudotumor cerebri Benign intra-cranial hypertension of unknowncause, most patients recover spon-taneously.

Pseudoxanthoma elastium Chronicdegenerative skin disease withangioid streaks in retina, degene-ration of vessel walls.

Psilocybin A hallucinogen obtainedfrom mushrooms.

Psi phenomena Events without ex-planation, e.g. telepathy.

Psittacosis Fever with pulmonarysymptoms caused by Chlamydiapsittaci.

Psoas A muscle in the loin, insertedto lesser throchanter of femur. Itflexes the thigh, adducts and rotatesit medially.

Psoas abscess A cold abscess in thesheath of psoas major muscle oftennoticed above inguinal ligament ornear attachment of psoas muscleto femur.

Psoralen Plant derivatives causingphototoxic dermatitis; used inpsoriasis and vitiligo.

Psoriasis A chronic itchy disorder ofskin marked by lesions on exten-sor surfaces with silvery yellowwhite scales. A psoriatic skinproduces nearly 2700 cells/cm2 incomparison to 1250/cm2 per dayin normal person and cell cycle isreduced to 36 hours in comparisonto the normal of 311 hours.

p. annularis Ringlike or circularlesion.

p. guttate Small distinct body lesionsfollowing streptococcal infection.

Pseudomembrane Psoriasis, guttate

519

p. numular Disc and plaque lesionson trunk.

p. pustular Small sterile pustules thatdry up to form a scab.

Psyche Mind.Psychedelic Drugs producing visual

hallucinations like LSD.Psychiatry The branch of medicine

dealing with diagnosis, treatmentand prevention of mental illness.

Psychoanalysis A method of obtain-ing detailed account of past andpresent experiences and repressions.

Psychodynamics The scientific studyof mental force.

Psychogenesis The origin anddevelopment of mind.

Psychogenic Of mental origin.Psychograph A chart that lists per-

sonality traits.Psychokinesis Impulsive maniacal

behavior caused by defective in-hibition.

Psoriasis

Pustular Psoriasis

Psoriasis, numular Psychokinesis

Annular Erythematous Psoriasis

Guttate Psoriasis

520

Psycholepsy Sudden alteration ofmood.

Psychologist Person trained inmethods of psychological analysis,therapy and research.

Psychology Branch of science deal-ing with mental processes and theirinfluence on behavior.

Psychometry The measurement ofpsychological variables like intel-ligence, aptitude, behavior andemotion.

Psychomotor epilepsy Temporallobe epilepsy.

Psychomotor retardation General-ized slowing of physical and men-tal reactions.

Psychoneurosis Emotional mal-adaptation due to unresolved emo-tional conflicts.

Psychopathy Any mental disease.Psychopharmacology The science of

drugs effecting behavior andemotions.

Psychoplegic Drug reducing ex-citability.

Psychosexual Pertains to mental andemotional aspects of sexuality.

Psychosexual disorders Disorder ofsexual function not due to organiccauses e.g., paraphilias, transves-tism, pedophilia, etc.

Psychosis An impairment of mentalfunction to the extent of interferingwith individual’s adaptation tofamily, society, self care and ordi-nary demands of life. There is per-sonality disintegration and loss ofcontact with reality; hallucinationsand delusions.

p. alcoholic Psychosis in chronicalcoholism.

p. depressive Psychosis charac-terized by excessive depression,melancholia.

p. manic depressive Alternatingperiods of mania and depression.

p. organic Psychosis resulting fromany CNS pathology.

p. situational Psychosis due toexcessive stress.

Psychosomatic Pertains to body andmind, i.e. a disease producingphysical symptoms due to somedisturbance in emotional state.

Psychotherapy A method of treatingdisease by mental means like sug-gestion, hypnotism rather thanphysical means.

Psychrophobia Abnormal aversionor sensitiveness to cold.

Psyllium seeds Used as mild laxative.Pterion Point of suture of frontal

temporal, parietal and sphenoidbones

Pterygium Triangular thickening ofbulbar conjunctiva with apextowards pupil.

Pterygium

Psycholepsy Pterygium

521

Pterygoid Wing shaped.Pterygoid process Downward

projection from sphenoid bone atjunction of body and greater wings.

Ptomaine A nitrogenous putrefac-tive product from bacteria! actionon proteins.

Ptosis Drooping of an organ oreyelid.

Ptylagogue Agent that stimulatessecretion of saliva.

Ptyalin A salivary enzyme thathydrolyzes starch and glycogen tomaltose and glucose.

Ptyalism Excessive secretion ofsaliva.

Ptyalography X-ray of salivaryglands and ducts.

Puberty The period of sexual matu-rity between 13-15 years in boysand 9-16 years in girl, probably

related to decrease in secretion ofpineal gland.

p. precocious Onset of puberty earlierthan normal.

Pubescence Puberty.Pubic hair Hair in pubic region, ap-

pearing on sexual maturity.Pudenda External genitalia especial-

ly of female.Puerile Concerning puerperium.Puerperal sepsis Infection of genital

tract in the puerperium.Puerperium Period of six weeks fol-

lowing childbirth.Pulmometer Spirometer; device to

measure lung capacity.Pulmometry Determination of lung

capacity.Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

Eosinophilic material deposition inalveoli causing dyspnea.

Ptosis

Pterygoid Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

522

Pulmonary arterial webs Web likedeformities in pulmonary an-giogram at the site of previousthromboembolism.

Pulmonary artery wedge pressurePressure at the capillary end of pul-monary arterial system usuallybelow 16 mm Hg, is equal to meanleft atrial pressure and left ventri-cular end diastolic pressure.

Pulmonary function tests Tests doneto measure functional ability oflungs, e.g. total lung capacity, vitalcapacity, peak flow rate, gasexchange.

Pulmonary insufficiency Failure ofpulmonary valve to close complete-ly during diastole.

Pulmonary mucociliary clearanceRemoval of inhaled particles andsputum from bronchial tree byciliary action of bronchial mucosa.

Pulmonary stenosis Narrowing ofpulmonary valves.

Pulmonary valve The valve betweenright ventricle and pulmonaryartery, has three cusps 2 posteriorand one anterior.

Pulmonary veins 4 set of veinsdraining the lungs into left atrium.

Pulp Soft vascular portion of thecenter of tooth; the soft part of fruit.

Pulp amputation Removal of exposedpulp.

Pulp capping Covering and protect-ing the exposed or infected pulp bymetal cap thus allowing it to healand be protected by formation ofsecondary dentin.

Pulpectomy Extirpation of dentalpulp.

Pulpitis Inflammation of pulp.Pulsate To throb, or beat.Pulsation The rhythmic beatPulse The waveform of blood pass-

ing through an artery as a conse-quence to cardiac contraction.

p. alternating Pulse with weak andstrong beats.

p. anacrotic Pulse with a secondarywave on ascending limb.

p. bigeminal Pulse where every thirdbeat is irregular.

p. collapsing Pulse striking the fingerwith force but then abruptly sub-siding.

p. corrigans Bounding and forcefulpulse of aortic regurgitation.

p. deficit Pulse rate counted fromwrist and cardiac rate auscultatedover chest differ as in atrial fibril-lation.

p. paradoxical Pulse disappearingat the end of inspiration as inpericardia! tamponade.

p. thready Barely perceptible pulse.p. waterhammer Sudden jerky pulse

with immediate collapse.Pulse generator The component of

cardiac pacemakers that provideselectrical discharge.

Pulseless disease Aortoarteritiscausing absence of brachial andradial pulse.

Pulse pressure Difference betweensystolic and diastolic pressure.Pulse pressure above 50 and below30 are considered abnormal.

Pulverization To crush any hardsubstance into powder form.

Punchdrunk Boxers with repeatedhead trauma leading to multiple

Pulmonary arterial webs Punchdrunk

523

scars and intellectual deteriorationand Parkinsonian features.

Punched out Small clearly definedhole like appearance.

Punctate Pinpoint punctures ordepressions.

Punctate rash Minute rash.Puncture To make a hole, or wound

by a sharp pointed instrument.p. cisternal Puncture of cerebro-

medullary cisterns through sub-occipital space to obtain CSF.

p. lumbar Puncture of subarachnoidspace between L 3-L4 vertebrae toobtain CSF for analysis, or to domyelogram.

p. sternal Aspiration of bone-marrow from sternum.

Pupil The opening at the center of iris.p. Argyl Robertson Pupil that reacts

to accommodation but with loss oflight reflex.

p. Hutchinson’s One side dilatationof pupil with contraction on otherside due to intracranial spaceoccupying lesion.

p. pinpoint Excessively constrictedpupil in opium poisoning, myopiasand in pontine hemorrhage.

Pupillary reflex Constriction ofpupil upon stimulation of retina bylight

Pupilometer Instrument for measur-ing diameter of pupil.

Purgative Drug stimulating bowelmovement.

Purge To evacuate the bowel.Purine End products of nucleoprotein

digestion consisting of adenine,guanine and uric acid.

Purine free diet Diet devoid of meat,liver, kidney, poultry, fish, condi-ments, alcohol, sweets, pastries,fried foods.

Purine low diet Diet that excludesfoods like meat, fish, fowl, spinach,lentils, mushrooms, peas, aspargus.

Purkinje Anatomist and physio-logist.

p. cells Large neurons that havedendrites extending from cortex todeep white matter.

p. fibers A type of muscle fiberswhich conduct electrical impulseto ventricular muscle.

p. network Fibrous network of largemuscle cells beneath the endocar-dium.

p. phenomenon The maximum pupil-lary movement while dark adap-tation occurs in green rather thanyellow light.

Purpura Hemorrhages into skin,mucous membrane first appearing

Purpura

Punched out Purpura

524

as red, then purple and finallybrownish yellow before disappear-ing; can be allergic to food, drugs,micro organisms, and idiopathicas well as due to other causes likethrombocytopenia and vasculitis.

Purpurin An acid dye used to stainnuclei, a red pigment often presentin urine.

Purulent Containing pus, suppura-tive.

Puruloid Like pus.Pus Liquid product of inflammation

containing albuminous sub-stances, leukocytes and organisms.Blue or green pus is due to infectionby pseudomonas group and fetidpus is due to growth of anaerobes.

Puscells Dead and degeneratedleukocytes.

Pustule Small elevated skin lesioncontaining pus, may be flat, roundor umbilicated.

Putrefaction Decomposition ofprotein with production ofmalodorous and toxic productslike ptomaines, mercaptans,hydrogen sulphide, caused bybacteria and fungi. Decompositionoccurring spontaneously in steriletissue is called autolysis.

Putrefy To undergo putrefaction.Putrescence Decay, rottenness.Putrescine A poisonous polyamine

formed by bacterial action on ar-ginine.

Pyarthrosis Pus in a joint.Pycnemia Thickening of blood.Pycno Dense or thick (Pykno).Pyelectasia Dilatation of renal pel-

vis.

Pyelocystitis Inflammation of renalpelvis and bladder.

Pyelogram X-ray of ureter and renalpelvis.

Pyelolithotomy Operation to removestone from renal pelvis.

Pyelonephritis Inflammation of kid-ney substance and pelvis, in 85%caused by E. coli.

Pyemia Presence of pus forming or-ganisms in blood, a form of sep-ticemia, causing metastatic abscess.

Pygmy A very small person or dwarf.Pygodidymus Conjoined twins with

fusion of chest and head but freeabdomen and limbs.

Pyknocyte A form of spiculated redcell.

Pyknodysostosis A form of osteo-petrosis, but without hematologicand neurologic abnormalities.

Pyknosis Shrinking of cell throughdegeneration and becoming thick.

Pylephlebitis Inflamed portal veins.Pylethrombosis Occlusion of portal

vein.Pylon A temporary artificial leg.Pyloric antrum First part of pylorus

leading into pyloric canal.Piloric canal The short narrow

lowermost portion of stomachentering into duodenum.

Pyloric stenosis Narrowing ofpyloric orifice due to peptic ulceror post pyloric duodenal ulcer orcongenital hyperplasia of pyloriccircular muscles.

Pylorodiosis Dilatation of pylorus.Pyloroplasty Surgical enlargement

of the opening of pylorus.

Purpurin Pyloroplasty

525

Pylorospasm Contraction of pytoricorifice secondary to ulcer in pyloricantrum or duodenum.

Pylorotomy Incision into pyloricsubmucosa to relieve hypertrophicstenosis.

Pylorus The lower orifice of stomachwhich opens intermittently toallow partly digested food to enterinto duodenum.

Pyocele Any cavity distended withpus.

Pyoderma Purulent lesions in skin.p. gangrenosum Pyoderma of skin

associated with ulcerative colitisor any chronic wasting disease.

Pyogenic Pus producing.Pyometra Pus in the uterus.Pyovarium Pus in the ovary.Pyopneumopericardium Pus and air

in pericardial cavity.Pyopneumothorax Pus and gas

present in pleural cavity.Pyorrhea A discharge of purulent

matter.p. alveolaris A periodontal inflam-

matory disease with resorption ofalveolar bone, and loosening ofteeth.

Pyoureter Pus in the ureter.Pyramid An object whose three tri-

angular sides meet at an apex.p. of medulla A pair of elongated

prominences on the anterior sur-face of medulla oblongata re-presenting descending cortico-spinal tract.

p. of tympanum The space in middleear cavity through which passesstapedius muscle.

p. renal Cone shaped structuresmaking the medulla of the kidney,the apex that projects as renal papil-la into the renal sinus.

Pyramidal tract One of the threedescending tracts (lateral, ventri-cular, andventrolateral) of thespinal cord whose fibers are axonsof giant Betz cells of motor cortex.

Pyrantel pamoate Drug used in hel-minthiasis especially ascariasisand enterobiasis.

Pyrazinamide Bactericidal an-titubercular drug, very effective inkilling intracellular slowlygrowing bacilli.

Pyrethrum Compounds having an-tipeduculosis property and insec-ticidal.

Pyrexia Fever.Pyrexin A substance isolated from

inflammatory exudate that pro-duces fever.

Pyridium Urinary antiseptic andsoothing agent.

Pyridostigmine An anti-cholin-esterase drug used in myasthenia.

Pyridoxal -5 phosphate A derivativeof pyridoxine acting as a coen-zyme.

Pyridoxamine One of the vitamin B6group.

Pyridoxine Vitamin B6 that includespyridoxal and pyridoxamine.

Pyriform Shaped like a pear.

Pylorospasm Pyriform

526

Pyrilamine maleate Antihistaminicagent.

Pyrimethamine Antimalarial agent(Daraprim).

Pyrimidine Nitrogenous compoundcontaining uracil, cytosine andthymine.

Pyrogen Agent that produces fever.Pyrophosphatase An enzyme that

catalyzes splitting of phosphoricgroups.

Pyrophosphate Any salt of phos-phoric acid.

Pyrosis Burning in epigastrium andlower chest SYN – heart burn.

Pyrrobutamine phosphate An anti-histaminic agent.

Pyrrole A heterocyclic substance ac-ting as a building block for hemo-globin and others.

Pyrrolidine Substance obtainedfrom pyrole or tobacco.

Pyruvate Ester of pyruvic acid.Pyruvic acid An intermediate pro-

duct in metabolism of carbohydra-tes and fats. Its blood level increasesin thiamine deficiency.

Pyrvinium pamoate A drug for pin-worms.

Pyuria Pus in the urine.

Pyrilamine maleate Pyuria

QQ Symbol for long arm of a chromosomeQ angle Aangle formed by a line from

anterior superior iliac spinethrough center of patella and a linefrom tibial tubercle through thepatella normal is 15o.

Q fever Acute infectious diseasecaused by Coxiella burnetti, a rick-ettsial organism, characterized byfever, sweating, myalgia.

QT segment In ECG the period frombeginning of Q wave to the end of Twave.

Quack Person who pretends to haveknowledge and skill of medicine.

Quadrangular Having 4 angles.Quadrangular lobe A region on su-

perior surface of each cerebellarhemisphere.

Quadrangular membrane Upperportion of elastic membrane oflarynx extending from aryepig-lottic folds above to the level ofventricular folds below.

Quadrantanopia Diminished visionor blindness in one quadrant ofvisual field.

Quadrate Square like.Quadrate lobe A small lobe of liver

on the visceral surface lying in con-tact with pylorus and duodenum.

Quadriceps Four headed muscle ofthigh consisting of rectus femoris,vastus lateralis, vastus medialis,and vastus intermedius.

Quadriceps reflex Extension of legfollowing contraction of quad-riceps muscle.

Quadrigeminal Having four equalparts.

Quadriplegia Paralysis of all fourextremities and the trunk usuallydue to injury to spinal cord aboveCs segment. Lesion above Cs causesdeath due to diaphragmatic palsy.

Quadruped Four footed animal.Quadruplet Giving birth to 4

children at a time.

Quadruplet

528Quantum Quotient, wave

Quantum A definite amount.Quarantine The period of isolation

when one is exposed to infectiousdisease which is the longest incuba-tion period of disease.

Quartan Occurring every fourth day.Quartz Silicon dioxide.Queckenstedt’s test Rise in cerebro-

spinal fluid pressure oncompression of jugular veins ofneck. A failure in rise of pressuremeans spinal subarachnoid block.

Quervain’s disease Chronic teno-synovitis of abductor pollicislongus and extensor pollicis brevis.

Quickening Feeling of first move-ments of fetus in utero usually be-tween 18-20 weeks of pregnancy.

Quick lime Calcium oxide.Quick’s test A liver function test for

measuring hippuric acid after adose of sodium benzoate.

Quinacrine hydrochloride An agentsparsely used for treatment ofmalaria and often Giardialamblia.

Quincke’s disease Giant urticaria.Quincke’s pulse Capillary pulsation

in finger nails, a sign of aortic in-competence.

Quinethazone A diuretic.Quingestanol A progestational

agent.Quinghasu A plant product for resis-

tant malaria.

Quinidine sulfate Anti-arrhythmicagent from cinchona bark.

Quinine An antimalarial alkaloidfrom cinchona bark used orally assulfate, bisulfate and hydrochlorideand parenterally as dihydrochloride.Quinine tannate is tasteless, best forgiving to young children, used forfalciparum malaria.

Quinoline An amine from coaltarwhose salts are used as analgesic,antipyretic and in amebiasis.

Qinolone A class of compoundswhose well known derivatives arenorfloxacin, ciprofloxacin,pfloxacin and ofloaxacin.

Quinsy Peritonsillar abscess.Quintan Occurring every fifth day.Quintuplet Birth of 5 children at same

time to a mother.Quotidian Occurring daily.Quotient Number of times a number

is contained in another.q. intelligence. Division of one’s

mental age by actual age,q. respiratory Division of amount of

CO2 in expired air by the oxygen.Normal value is 0.9.

q. wave The downward defectionbefore R wave in ECG. ProminentQ waves indicate myocardialnecrosis.

RRabid One having rabies.Rabies An acute infectious CNS dis-

ease with fatal outcome; trans-mitted to humans by bite of rabidanimals like dogs, foxes and cats.Bats, foxes and raccoons serve asreservoir of infection.

Rabies immune globulin Antibodiesagainst rabies isolated fromplasma of those immunized withrabies vaccine. It is used forimparting passive immunity.

Raccon sign Periorbital ecchymosisin patients of basilar skull fracture

Race A distinct ethnic group whooriginated from a common ances-tor, or a taxonomic classificationof individuals within the samespecies who exhibit distinct geneticcharacteristics.

Racemase An enzyme that helps inproduction of an optically activecompound.

Rachial Concerning spine.Rachialgia Pain in the spine.Rachi graph Device for outlining the

spinal curvature.Rochilysis Mechanical treatment of

scoliosis by traction and pressure.Rachiometer Device for measuring

curvature of spine.Rachischisis Spina bifida.Rachitis Rickets.Rachitism Propensity for rickets.Rachitome Instrument for opening

spinal canal.Radial reflex Flexon of forearm on

percussion on lower end of radius.Radiant Transmitted by radiation;

coming out from a common center.

Radiation The process by whichenergy is propagated throughspace or matter. Ionizing radiationis used for therapeutic anddiagnostic purposes.

r. auditory Fibers fanning out frommedial geniculate body of thalamusto auditory cortex.

r. electromagnetic Rays travellingat speed of light (186000 miles/sec)exhibiting both electrical andmagnetic properties.

r. optic The fibers extending fromlateral geniculate body of thalamusto visual cortex.

r. ultraviolet Radiant energy from2900-3900 AU.

r. visible Visible spectrum of light:Violet (3900-4550 AU); blue (4550-4920 AU); green (4920-5770 AU);yellow (5770-5970 AU); orange(5970-6220 AU) and red (6220-7700 AU).

Radiation absorbed dose Thequantity of ionizing radiationabsorbed by any material per unitmass measured as ergs per gram.

Radiation injury Injury to cells byionizing radiation which can leadto cell death or malignancy.

Radiation carcinoma Squamous cellcarcinoma of skin attributed toradiation injury.

Radiation protection Preventivemeasures against radiation likeshielding of source, keeping ap-propriate distance, use of protectiveclothing, dosimeter, lead appronand limiting the dose and durationof exposure.

530Radiation sickness Radiologist

Radiation sickness Acute nausea andvomiting following therapeuticradiation. Prolonged exposuremay lead to sterility,carcinogenesis, leukemia and bonemarrow aplasia.

Radical A group of atoms acting assingle unit.

r. free A molecule containing an oddnumber of electrons and an openbond, hence highly reactive to causemyocardial injury.

Radical treatment Treatment, medi-cal or surgical aimed at providingabsolute cure.

Radicle Rootlet.Radiculitis Inflammation of spinal

nerve roots.Radiculomyelopathy Any disease

involving spinal cord and nerveroots.

Radiculopathy Disease of nerveroots.

Radioactive Capable of emittingradiant energy.

Radioactive decay The decrease innumber of radioactive atoms in asubstance with passage of time.

Radioactive patient A patient whowas treated with radioactive sub-stance or was accidentally con-taminated with radioactive mate-rial and hence remains radioactiveto be a source of radiation injury tofamily and friends.

Radioactivity The ability of a sub-stance to emit rays or particles(alpha, beta or gamma) from itsnucleus.

Radio allergo sorbent test A test tomeasure the quantities of IgE.

Radio autograph Photograph of tis-sue section to show distribution ofradioactive substances.

Radiobiology Branch of biologydealing with effects of ionizingradiation on living organisms.

Radiochroism The ability of sub-stances to absorb radioactive rays.

Radiocinematography Simul-taneous recording of imagesduring fluoroscopy.

Radiocystitis Inflammation of blad-der following X-ray exposure.

Radiode The metal container forradium.

Radiodermatitis Inflammation ofskin on exposure to X-ray orradioactive elements.

Radioimmunoassay A method fordetermining concentration of sub-stances particularly protein boundhormones to the range ofpicograms.

Radioimmunodiffusion Study of an-tigen-antibody interaction by use ofradioisotope labelled antigens orantibodies diffused through a gel.

RadioimmunoelectrophoresisElectrophoresis involving use ofradioisotope labelled antigens orantibody.

Radioiodine Radioactive isotope ofiodine131 used in diagnosis ofthyroid disorders.

Radioisotope A radioactive form ofan element.

Radiologist A doctor practising theart of diagnosis and treatment byuse of radiant energy.

531

Radiolucency The property of beingpartly or fully permeable to radiantenergy.

Radiolucent Permitting the X-raysto pass through.

Radiometer Equipment for measur-ing the intensity of radiation.

Radiomimetic Imitating the biologi-cal effects of radiation, e.g.alkylating agents.

Radionecrosis Tissue destruction onexposure to radiant energy.

Radionuclide Atom that disin-tegrates by emission of electro-magnetic radiation.

Radiopaque Impermeable to X-rayor other form of radiation.

Radiopelvimetry Measurement ofpelvis by use of X-rays.

Radiopharmaceuticals Radioactivechemicals or their combinationwith carriers. Used for determiningsize and function of body organs.

Radioprotective drugs Drugsprotecting against lethal effects ofionizing radiation.

Radio resistant Tumors that cannotbe destroyed by radiation, andhence are radio resistant.

Radiotelemetry Transmission ofdata via radio from a patient to aremote monitor for analysis.

Radiotherapist Doctor trained intherapeutic use of radiant energy.

Radiotherapy The treatment of dis-ease by application of X-rays,radium, ultraviolet or other formsof radiations.

Radium A radioactive and fluores-cent metallic element with half lifeof 1622 years.

Radium needles Metallic needleshaped containers which containradium and are inserted to tissueto destroy malignant growths.

Radon A radioactive gaseous elementresulting from disintegration ofradium. It occurs in nature and isestimated to cause 5-10% of lungcancers occurring in generalpopulation.

Raffinose A trisaccharide which onhydrolysis yields fructose andmelibiose.

Ragsorter’s disease Pulmonaryanthrax in rag sorters.

Raillietina A genus of tapewormwhose species demerariensisinfests humans in S. America.

Raimiste’s phenomenon In hemi-plegia resistance to hip abductionor adduction in the noninvolvedextremity evokes same response ininvolved limb.

Rale Abnormal sound heard duringauscultation of chest produced bypassage of air through diseasedbronchi, (means both rhonchi andcrepitation); can be dry or moist,coarse, crackling, bubbling, clicking,amphoric, sibilant and sonorous.

Ramus A branch or division of aforked structure.

Rancid Disagreeable smell or tastefrom decomposition of fatty sub-stances.

Random controlled trial An ex-perimental study for testing the ef-fectiveness of a drug or treatmentregime in which subjects aredivided at random into two groups:experimental and control.

Radiolucency Random controlled trial

532

Randomization SYN—double blindtechnique; a method used to assignsubjects into treatment or non-treatment group by procedures liketossing a coin or use of numbers.

Random sample The selection ofsamples from population whereeach individual in the group hassame opportunity of being selected.

Ranitidine H2 receptor blocker, usedin peptic ulcer.

Ranula A blue cystic swelling inmouth under the tongue due toobstruction of sublingual or sub-mandibular ducts.

Ranviers' nodes Constriction inmyelin sheath of nerve fibers atregular intervals.

Rape Intercourse, homosexual orheterosexual, against consent orwith consent which is obtained byforce. The age of victim for consentvaries from countries to countries.In India it is 16 years.

Raphania A spasmodic diseasecaused by ingestion of seeds ofwhite radish.

Raphe A ridge, crease or point ofjoining of two halves of a part.

r. abdominal Linea alba.r. penis A median ridge on the dorsum

of penis continuous with raphe onscrotum.

r. tongue A median groove on thedorsum of tongue.

r. perineal A ridge or raphe in themidline of perineum.

Rapport A relationship of mutualtrust.

Rarefaction Decreased density, e.g.of bone due to mineral loss.

Rash Any eruption of skin usuallyassociated with communicable dis-ease.

r. butterfly Skin rash on cheeks andover the bridge of nose as seen insystemic lupus erythematosus.

r. diaper Skin inflammation in diaperareas in infants.

r. drug Rash due to drugs likeampicillin, sulphas, iodides andbromides.

r. macular Flat rash not protrudingabove the skin surface.

r. mulbery Dusky rash in typhusfever.

r. nettle Smooth, elevated itchy rashSYN—urticaria.

Randomization Rash, nettle

Ramus

533

Rasion Grating of drugs by use of afile.

Rasura The process of scraping,filing or shaving.

Rat A rodent of genus rattus that serveas reservoirs of many infectionsand infestations, e.g. ratbite fever.

Ratbite fever Fever, bodyache andjoint pain caused by Streptobacillusmoniliformis and Spirillum minustransmitted by bite of rat.

Rate The frequency of occurrence ofan event expressed with respect totime or some other standard.

r. birth The number of live births per1000 in a given population per year.

r. case fatality The ratio of thenumber of deaths caused by a dis-ease to the total number of peoplewho contracted the disease.

r. death The number of deaths in ayear per a specified population.

r. glomerular filtration Rate offiltrate formation in glomeruli ofthe kidneys; normal 120 ml/min.

r. heart The number of heart beatsper minute.

Rathke’s pouch A depression in theembryo giving origin to anteriorlobe of pituitary.

Ratio Relationship between two sub-stances.

r. albumin globulin Ratio of albuminto globulin in blood; usually 1.3:1or 1.4:1.

r. arm In chromosome the ratio oflong arm to short arm.

r. lecithin-sphingomyelin The ratioof lecithin to sphingomyelin inamniotic fluid, an indicator of fetalmaturity, usually at term.

r. Odd’s In epidemiological and casecontrol studies a relative measureof disease occurrence.

r. therapeutic A ratio of effectivetherapeutic dose to minimumlethal dose.

Ration Fixed food and drink per day/month.

Rational Logical.Rationale The reasoning for course

of action.Rationalization In psychology, a jus-

tification for an unreasonable orillogical act or idea to make itappear reasonable.

Rattle A gurgling sound.r. death The crepitant rale heard due

to fluid accumulation in trachea ina dying person.

Rattle snake A poisonous snake thatproduces a characteristic rattle.

Raucous Hoarse or harsh.Rauwolfia The dried roots of

Rauwolfia serpentina from whichare extracted the potent hypo-tensive agents like reserpine.

Rave Irrational talk, as in delirium.Ray Any narrow beam of light, the

line of propagation of any radiantenergy.

r. alpha The less penetrative rayscomposed of positively chargedparticles of helium having power-ful fluorescent, photographic andionizing properties.

r. beta Negatively charged electronsof disintegrating radio activeelements.

r. cosmic Electromagnetic radiationof short wavelength and high

Rasion Ray, cosmic

534

penetrance coming from sources inouterspace.

r. delta Highly penetrating waves ofradioactive substances.

r. gamma High velocity and pene-trating rays coming from nucleusof radioactive elements withwavelength of 1.4 to 0.00 1AU.

r.s. heat Visible rays from 3900 to7700 AU and infrared rays from7700 to 1400 AU.

r. medullary In the kidney, slenderprocesses composed of straighttubules projecting into renalpyramids.

Raynaud’s disease Intermittentpallor and cyanosis of digits onexposure to cold in females due toabnormal vascular response.

React To respond to stimulus; to par-ticipate in chemical reaction.

Reaction Response of an organismto a stimulus.

r. anaphylactic A hypersensitivereaction with vasomotor collapse,laryngo-tracheobronchial spasm toallergens usually mediated by IgE.

r. conversion Hysterical neurosis.r. dissociative A sudden temporary

alteration in the normal functionsof consciousness even forgettingself identity.

r. leukemoid Appearance of fewblasts with high leukocytes countin some nonleukemic conditions.

r. Quellong Swelling of capsules ofbacteria when mixed with theirspecific antisera, e.g. pneumo-coccus.

r. transfusion Agglutination andhemolysis of donor’s or recipient’s

blood following mismatched trans-fusion.

Reaction time The time interval be-tween application of stimulus andresponse to it.

Reactive depression Depression fol-lowing situations like bereave-ment, financial loss, slander etc.

Reading lip Interpretation of onesspeech from movement of his lips.

Read only memory The part ofcomputer’s memory that containspermanent instructions in contrastto random access memory whichholds only a temporary memory(program).

Reagent A substance that reacts in achemical reaction to detect presenceof another substance.

Reagin IgE antibody.Reamer Instrument of dentists for

enlargement of root canal.Reanimate To revive, resuscitate.Rebound phenomenon When a limb

or part is moved against resistanceand the resistance is suddenlywithdrawn, the limb movesabruptly in the direction of effort, afeature of cerebellar disease.

Recall Recapitulation.Recepjaculum chyli Inferior pear

shaped expanded portion of lowerend of thoracic duct in abdomen.

Receptor In pharmacology, a cellcomponent that combines with adrug or hormone to alter the func-tion of the cell.

r. adrenergic Consists of alpha andbeta adrenergic receptors: Alphareceptors cause vasoconstrictionwhere as betareceptor stimulation

Ray, delta Receptor, adrenergic

535

causes tachycardia, vasodilatationand bronchodilatation. Betareceptors can be beta1 and beta2 theformer being in smooth muscles ofbronchi and the latter in heart.

r. cholinergic Sites in nerve synapsesor effector cells that respond toacetylcholine.

r. of proprioception Muscle or tendonspindles which serve forkinesthetic or position sense.

r. sensory Sensory nerve endingswhich once stimulated give rise toafferent sensory impulse, e.g. 1.Stretch receptors—muscle spindlesand Golgi tendon apparatus 2.temperature—Krause’s end bulbsfor cold and Ruffini’s corpuscles forwarmth 3. touch—Merkle’s disc,Meissner’s corpuscles.

Recess A small depression or inden-tation.

r. cochlear A small hollow betweenthe two limbs of vestibular crest ofthe ear that accommodates thebeginning of cochlear duct.

r. epitympanic SYN—attic. Themiddle ear cavity that lies abovethe level of tympanic membraneand contains head of malleus andshort limb of incus.

r. infundibular A small projection ofthird ventricle extending intoinfundibular stalk of hypophysis.

r. omental These are three pocket likeextensions of omental bursaextending towards caudate lobe ofliver, hilum of spleen and intogreater omentum.

r. pharyngeal SYN—fossa ofRosenmuller. The recess in the

lateral wall of nasopharynx lyingabove and behind the opening ofauditory tube.

r. piriform A deep fossa in the lowerpharynx bounded laterally bythyroid cartilage and medially bycricoid and arytenoid cartilages. Itis the common site for lodgementof foreign bodies.

Recession In dentistry, the atrophyof gingival tissue leading toexposure of the roots.

Recessive gene Gene that does notexpress itself in presence of itsdominant allele.

Recidivism Habitual criminality;repetition of criminal act.

Recidivity Tendency to relapse or toreturn to a former position/condi-tion.

Recipe A medicine formula.Recipient One who receives, e.g.

blood kidney, heart-lungs, etc.Reciprocal Mutual, complementary.Recklinghausen German patho-

logist.R’s canal Rootlets of lymphatics.R’s disease Multiple neurofibromata

of nerve sheath, arising fromcranial and spinal nerve roots andperipheral nerves.

R’s tumor Adenoleio myofibromaon the wall of fallopian tube orposterior uterine wall.

Recline To lie down; to be in recum-bent position.

Reclus’ disease Multiple benign cys-tic growth in the breast.

Recombinant DNA Insertion of DNAsegment from one organism intoDNA of another organism.

Receptor, cholinergic Recombinant DNA

536

Recombination In genetics, the join-ing together of gene combinationsin the offspring that were notpresent in the parents.

Recon In genetics, the smallest unitthat can enter into recombination.

Recover To regain lost health afterthe illness.

Recovery The process of becomingwell after illhealth.

Recovery room The room wherepatients are kept to recover fromeffects of anesthesia after the surgery.

Recrudescence Relapse or return ofsymptoms after a remission.

Recruitment 1. In audiology, an in-crease in the perceived intensity ofsound out of proportion to the ac-tual increase in the sound level,failure of recruitment indicateslesion. 2. Increase in the intensityof a reflex by activation of greaternumber of motor neurones by areflex action even though strengthof stimulus remains unchanged, e.g.patellar reflex augmented by clasp-ing/pulling the hands apart.

Rectal crisis Rectal pain and tenes-mus in CNS disorders.

Rectal reflex Desire to defecatewhen rectum is filled with stool.

Rectified Made pure or set right.Rectifier In electricity, a device for

transforming alternating currentinto direct current.

Rectocele Prolapse of posteriorvaginal wall along with anteriorwall of rectum.

Rectoclysis Slow introduction offluid into rectum.

Rectopexy Surgical fixation of rectum.Rectosigmoid Upper portion of rec-

tum and adjoining sigmoid colon.Rectourethral Concerning rectum

and urethra.Rectouterine Concerning rectum

and uterus.Rectovaginal Concerning rectum

and vagina.Rectovesical Concerning rectum and

bladder.Rectum The lower 5" of large intes-

tine, responsible for initiation ofdefecation reflex through S1-S2-S3sacral segments of spinal cord.

Recombination Rectum

Rectosigmoid

537

Rectus muscle 1. The short musclesof eye. 2. Two long midline musclesof abdominal wall stretching frompubic bone to ensiform cartilageand 5th, 6th and seventh ribs.

Recumbent Lying down.Recuperation To recover, res-

toration to normal health.Recurrence Return of symptoms

after a period of quiescence orrelapse.

Recurrent Returning at intervals.Red A primary colour.r. congo Amyloid material treated

with congo red produces greenfluorescence in polarized light.

r. cresol A pH indicator; yellow inpH 7.4 and red in pH exceeding 9.

r. methyl A pH indicator; red whenpH 4.4 and yellow at pH 6.2.

r. scarlet An azo dye used for stain-ing tissues for microscopic ex-amination.

Red cross Internationally recognizedsign of medical installation or amedical personnel bearing im-punity against attack in war.

Redia A stage in life-cycle oftrematode following sporocystwhich develop into infectingcercaria.

Red nucleus Gray matter in thetegmentum of midbrain.

Redox Combined form to indicateoxidation reduction reaction.

Reduce 1. To restore to normal ap-position as in fracture 2. Inchemistry a type of reaction inwhich a substance gains electrons.

Reducing agent A substance thatloses electrons easily, e.g. hydro-gen sulfide, sulphur dioxide.

Reductase An enzyme acceleratingthe process of reduction in a chemi-cal reaction.

Reduction division Cell division oc-curring in gametogenesis so thatthe chromosome number isreduced to half.

Redundant Superfluous, more thannecessary.

Reed-Sternberg cells Giant connec-tive tissue cells with large nuclei(owl-eye), characteristic ofHodgkin’s disease.

Reentry In electrophysiology ofheart, a mechanism to explaintachyarrhythmias where a sti-mulus passing down the con-duction system is blocked in onepathway but travels down in analternative pathway and againascends up in previously blockedpathway to give rise to a circusmovement.

Reference man A concept employedin nutritional investigation andsurveys where a man weighing70 kg, of 22 years of age engaged in

Rectus muscle Reference man

Reed-Sternberg Cells

538

light physical activity consumes2800 kca l/day.

Reference woman Woman of around22 years of age weighing 58 kg andconsuming 2000 kcal/day.

Referred pain Pain felt at a pointremote from point of origin due tosimilar segmental inervation.

Reflection 1. The condition of beingturned back on itself, e.g.peritoneum 2. In psychology men-tal consideration of something al-ready considered.

Reflex Involuntary instantaneousresponse to a stimulus; usually pur-poseful and adaptive. In a simplereflex the reflex circuit consists ofa sensory receptor, afferent neuron,reflex center in brain or spinal cord,efferent neurone supplying theorgan (muscle or gland).

r. Babinski Flexion of great toe andfanning out of other toes onstroking the lateral aspect of soleof foot in healthy persons.

r. Bainbridge Acceleration of heartrate with ventricular distention.

r. cat eye The yellow pupillary reflexof children due to retinoblastoma.

r. crossed extension Extension ofopposite extremity on painfulstimulation of skin over other ex-tremity.

r. grasp Grasping reaction of fingeron stimulation of hollow of palm,its presence in adults is evidence ofdiffuse cerebral disease, e.g. G.P.I,dementia etc.

r. Hoffman’s Flickering of tip of nailof index finger; produces flexion of

phallanges in thumb and otherfingers, an evidence of pyramidaltract lesion (upper motor palsy).

r. hung up Abnormal slowness ofrelaxation phase of deep tendonreflex, e.g. hung up ankle jerk inhypothyroidism.

r. light Contraction of pupil onfocussing a bright light on it.

r. mass A condition followingcomplete trans-section of cordwhere a weak stimulus bringsabout widespread responses(muscle contraction, defecation,urination, etc.), due to release frominhibition of higher corticalcenters.

r. Mayer’s Downward pressure onindex finger causes apposition andadduction of thumb, flexion atmetacarpo phallangeal joint andextension at interphallangeal joint.

r. Mendel-Bekhtena Plantar flexionof toes on percussion of the dorsumof foot.

r. monosynaptic Reflex involvingonly two neurones, i.e. afferent andefferent.

r. neck righting Turning of the bodyin the direction of head rotation insupine infants elicited between 4months to 2 years of age.

r. nociceptive Reflex obtained bypainful stimulus.

r. palm-chin Scratching of thenareminence producing contraction oflower lip on same side.

r. parachute Extension of arms,hands and fingers when the infantis suspended in prone position and

Reference woman Reflex, parachute

539

dropped a short distance to a softsurface. Asymmetrical responseindicates motor abnormality inchildren above 9 months of age.

r. rooting Stroking the cheek of theinfant causes turning of mouthtowards the stimulus. It is presentupto 7th month of age.

r. startle Reflex reaction in a newbornchild in step once to a suddenunexpected stimulus such as loudnoise or sudden change in position.

r. stepping Leg movements simu-lating walking when the infant is

held erect, inclined forward withsole of feet touching a flat surface.The reflex is present at birth and isgone by 6 weeks of age.

r. tonic neck In the infant forciblyturning the head causes extensionof extremities on the side to whichhead is turned with flexion of ex-tremities on the other side.

Reflex arc The neural pathway orcircuit between the point of stimula-tion and the responding organ.

Reflex center An area in the brainor spinal cord where afferent inputinitiates impulses in the efferentpathway.

Reflux Regurgitation or backwardflow.

Refraction The change in the direc-tion of light rays while passingfrom one medium to anothermedium of a different density.

r. errors of pathological conditionwhere parallel rays of light are not

Reflex, rooting Refraction, errors

Startle Reflex

Reflex Arc

540

brought to focus on retina becauseof defect in refractive media, i.e.cornea and lens.

Refractive power The degree towhich a transparent object deflectsa ray of light from its straight path.

Refractometer Instrument formeasuring refractive power.

Refractometry Measurement ofrefractive power of lenses.

Refractory period Period of relaxa-tion of a muscle during which ex-citation is not possible.

Refrigerant Agent producing cool-ing.

Refrigeration Cooling.Refsum disease A hereditary disor-

der of phytanic acid metabolismmanifesting with ataxia, neuro-pathy, visual disturbances (nightblindness) and heart disease.

Regel Menstruation.Regeneration Regrowth, repair.Regimen A systematic plan of

therapy.Region A body part or area.Regression Return to a former state.Regulation The state of being con-

trolled.Regurgitation Backward flow.r. aortic Backflow of blood from

aorta to left ventricle duringdiastole due to incompetent aorticvalve.

r. duodenal Reflux of duodenalsecretions and bile into stomach.

r. mitral Backflow of blood from leftventricle into left atrium duringventricular systole due to incom-petent mitral valve.

r. pulmonary Backflow of blood frompulmonary artery into rightventricle.

r. tricuspid Regurgitation of bloodfrom right ventricle into rightatrium.

Rehabilitation The processes oftreatment and education for a dis-abled patient to achieve maximumfunction and independent living.

r. cardiac A combination of psycho-logical support, progressiveexercise and patient education toachieve maximum functionalability after one has had myo-cardial infarction.

Rehydration Restoration of bodyhydration or water balance.

Reichert’s cartilage The secondbranchial arch in embryo givingrise to stapes, styloid process,stylohyoid ligament, etc.

Reid’s baseline Line drawn fromlower margin of orbit to center ofexternal auditory canal to centerof occipital bone.

Reimplantation Replacement of apart from where it was taken out,e.g. tooth, finger, ear.

Reinfection A second infection bythe same organism.

Reinforcement Augmentation orstrengthening

Reissner’s membrane The thinmembrane separating the cochlearcanal from the scale vestibule.

Reiter’s syndrome A symptom com-plex consisting of urethritis,arthritis and conjunctivitis com-

Refractive power Reiter’s syndrome

541

monly occurring in young menwith a preceding history of gastro-intestinal upset.

Rejection Destruction of trans-planted tissue/organ due to hostimmune response. Rejection can behyperacute, acute or chronic.

Relapse Reappearance of symptomsafter apparent cure.

Relapsing fever Infectious diseasecaused byB. recurrentis.

Relative risk In epidemiologicalstudies it is the ratio of incidencerate of a disease in the exposedgroup to that in the unexposedgroup.

Relax To diminish anxiety, tension,nervousness.

Relaxant An agent decreasing ten-sion, tone of a muscle.

Relaxin A polypeptide hormonesecreted by corpus luteum of ovaryduring pregnancy that inhibitsuterine contraction.

Relieve To provide relief.Remak’s ganglion A group of nerve

cells in the coronary sinus near itsentry into right atrium.

Remedy Cure.Remission Abatement in severity of

symptoms.Remittent fever Fever alternately

increasing and decreasing but nottouching the normalcy.

Remodelling The reshaping orreconstructing of a part or area.

Renal failure Failure of kidneys toperform excretory and metabolicfunctions resulting in anuria/metabolic changes.

Renal transplant Surgical implan-tation of donor kidney to replace adiseased host kidney.

Renal tubular acidosis A group of 4disorders in which bicarbonateloss in urine is increased withreabsorption of more chloride andresulting acidosis

Reniform Shaped like a kidney.Renin An enzyme secreted by jux-

taglomerular apparatus of kidneysthat converts angiotensinogen toangiotensin.

Renin substrate Alpha-2 globulin.Rennin An enzyme present in gastric

juice of animals that coagulatesmilk.

Renography X-ray of kidneys.Renshaw cells Small cells with short

axons connecting motor nerveaxons with each other and therebyinhibit motor neurons.

Reovirus A class of viruses found inthe intestinal and respiratory tractof healthy humans.

Repellent An agent that repels in-sects, ticks and mites, e.g. dimethy-pthalate.

Reperfusion injury Reinstitution ofblood flow to previously ischaemiczone may cause washout of toxiccellular products with arrhythmia

Repletion Complete fullness or satis-fied.

Replication The process of doublingof tissue, cell, genetic material.

Repolarization Restoration of basalelectrical status in muscle or nervefiber after excitation.

Reposition Restoration of an organor tissue to its original position.

Rejection Reposition

542

Repositor Instrument for reposition.Reproduction The process by which

plants and animals give rise to off-springs.

r. asexual Reproduction by fissionor budding without involvement ofsex cells.

Repulsion Act of driving back or useof force to cause separation.

Res ispa liquitor The thing speaksfor itself e.g. inadvertent removalof a healthy part/organ or leavinga sponge or forceps in patient'sbody.

Research Scientific and diligentstudy, investigation and experi-mentation to establish facts andintelligently analyze them to deriveconclusion.

Resect To cut out, e.g. a part of intes-tine in gangrene of bowel.

Resection Partial excision.r. wedge Resection of a piece of tissue

in form of a wedge as in polycysticovary.

Resectoscope Instrument for resec-tion of prostate through urethra.

Reserpine Derivative from plantRauwolfia acting as a hypotensiveagent.

Reserve That which is held back forfuture use.

r. alkali Alkali content of bodyavailable for neutralization ofacid.

r. cardiac The ability of heart toincrease cardiac output duringstrenuous physical work.

Reserve air Additional amount ofair that can be expelled from lungsover the normal quantity.

Reservoir Any human being, animalor insect in which an infecting agentlives, multiplies and reproduces fortransmission to susceptible host.

Resident A doctor under trainingafter internship.

Residual Relates to that left as aresidue.

Residual urine Urine left in bladderafter urination; commonly it is lessthan 50 ml.

Residue-free diet Diet free of cel-lulose or roughage.

Resilience The property of comingback to original shape after stretchis released.

Resin 1. Some natural substances ob-tained as exudation from plants. 2.A class of solids or soft organiccompounds that includes mostpolymers like polyethylene, polys-tyrene and polyvinyl.

r. ionexchange Ionizable syntheticsubstances either anionic orcationic, used to remove acid orbasic ions from solutions.

Resistance 1. Power of resisting 2. Inpsychology, the force whichprevents repressed thoughts fromentering conscious mind from theunconscious 3. The power of bodyto withstand infection.

Resistance transfer factor A geneticfactor in bacteria that controlresistance to drugs.

Resolution 1. The subsidence of infla-mmation and return to normalcy,2. The ability of a ultrasonictransducer system to show finedetails of organ scanned.

Resolve To return to normal afterpathological process subsides.

Repositor Resolve

543

Resonance The musical qualityelicited on percussing an air con-taining cavity.

r. vocal The vibrations of voicetransmitted to ears during auscul-tation. It is increased in consolida-tion, and over cavities in com-munication with bronchus.

Resorb To absorb again or to under-go resorption.

Resorbent An agent that promotesabsorption of blood and exudates.

Resorcinol A mild antiseptic,keratolytic and fungicidal agent.

Resorption Act of removal by ab-sorption, e.g. callus following bonefracture, root of deciduous tooth,blood from hematoma.

Respiration The act of breathing forinterchange of gases, i.e. O2 and CO2.

r. abdominal Use of diaphragm andabdominal muscles for respirationas in rib fracture, pleurisy.

r. paradoxical A condition seen inparalysis of diaphragm wherebythe affected side diaphragm movesup during, inspiration and movesdown during expiration.

r. Cheyne-Stokes Abnormal bizarrebreathing with periods of apneafollowed by gradually increasingdepth of respiration followed by aslow decline to end in apnea; seenin diencephalic dysfunction.

r. kussmaul’s Deep gasping respi-ration of diabetic ketoacidosis.

r. thoracic Respiration performedentirely by expansion of chest as inperitonitis, diaphragmaticinflammation.

Respiratory center The centers inmedulla oblongata controlling theact of respiration. Consists of aninspiratory center in rostral halfof reticular formation overlyingolivary nuclei, an expiratory centerdorsal to it and a pneumotaxic cen-ter in the pons.

Respirator An apparatus whichrhythmically inflates and deflatesthe lungs; either pressure cycled orvolume cycled.

Respiratory distress syndromeDyspnea in newborn due to defi-cient pulmonary surfactant, cau-sing atelectasis, commonly seen inprematures SYN—hyalinemembrane disease.

Respiratory failure Inability oflungs to perform ventilatory func-tion with PaO2 of < 60 mm Hg andPCO2 > 50 mm Hg.

Respiratory quotient The relation-ship between CO2 produced andoxygen consumed.

Respiratory syncytial virus A virusthat induces formation of syncytialmasses in infected cell cultures;causes acute respiratory disease inchildren.

Response The reaction like that ofmuscle or gland following astimulus.

r. anamnestic The rapid productionof an antibody response afterinjection of an antigen.

r. inflammatory Dilatation of bloodvessels with exudation of plasmaproteins and accumulation ofleukocytes following injury.

Resonance Response, inflammatory

544

r. triple Three phases of vasomotorresponse following skin injury, i.e.red reaction, flare or spreading offlush and wheal.

Restiform Rope like.Restiform body Inferior cerebellar

peduncle on lateral border of 4thventricle.

Resting potential The potential dif-ference existing between inside andoutside of a cell membrane whilethe cell is at rest.

Restitution Return to a former status.Restless leg Irrepressible ache in the

legs of unknown etiology compel-ling the patient to move the legs tobring some relief.

Restoration Return of anything toits previous state; in dentistrymaterial or device that restores orreplaces a tooth.

Restraint Preventing or restrictingfrom any action.

Resuscitation Revival after apparentdeath.

Retardation Slowing down, delayedmental or physical response.

Retch To make an involuntary at-tempt to vomit.

Rete A network of vessels and ner-ves.

r. testes A network of tubules inmediastinum testis that receivessperms from seminiferous tubules.From rete testis efferent ducts con-vey sperm to epididymis.

Retention 1. Keeping within body ofsubstances like urine, stool. 2. hold-ing back.

Retention cyst Cyst caused by retention of secretion in a glanddue to closure of the duct.

Retention enema Enema retained incolon to provide medication ornutrition.

Reticular In the form of a network.Reticular activating system The

system essential in maintainingwakefulness. It consists of reticularformation, hypothalamus andmedial thalamus.

Reticular cells Phagocytic cellspresent in bone marrow and lymphnodes, constitute the reticulartissue.

Reticular formation The group ofcells and fibers forming a diffusenetwork in brainstem and connec-ting to the ascending anddescending tracts around. Res-ponsible for wakefulness and sleep.

Reticular layer Connective tissuelayer in deeper portion of dermisbeneath the papillary layer.

Reticulation Formation of a network.Reticulin A proteinacious substance

in the connective tissue.Reticulocyte Immediate precursor

of mature RBC, contains a networkof granules or filaments, constitute1% of circulating RBC.

Reticulocytosis Raised number ofreticulocytes in peripheral blood in-dicating active erythropoisis; occursafter hematinics in treatment ofanemia, following bleeding episode.

Reticuloendothelial cell A phago-cytic cell of reticuloendothelialsystem.

Response, triple Reticuloendothelial cell

545

Reticuloendothelial system Thephagocytic cell system of bodycapable of ingesting paniculatematter like bacteria, colloid par-ticles. It includes macrophages,(both fixed and wandering),reticular cells, Kuffer cells of liverand spleen, microglia of CNS, ad-ventitial cells of blood vessels anddust cells of lungs.

Reticuloendotheliosis Hyperplasiaof reticuloendothelium.

Reticuloid Resembling reticulosis.Reticuloma Tumor composed of

reticuloendothelial cells.Reticulosarcoma A malignant tumor

composed of large monocytic cellsoriginating from reticulo-endothelial system.

Reticulosis Reticulocytosis, a fatallymphoma, often familial, withhepatosplenomegaly, lym-phadenopathy, anemia and granu-locytopenia.

Retina The innermost light sensitivelayer of eye extending from opticdisk to margin of pupil. Thevarious layers of retina fromwithout inward are: pigmentepithelium, rods and cones,external limiting membrane,external nuclear layer, externalplexiform layer, internal nuclearlayer, internal plexiform layer,layer of ganglion cells, layer ofnerve fibers, internal limitingmembrane.

r. detachment Complete or partialseparation of retina from choroidfollowing trauma, choroidalhemorrhage or tumors.

Retinaculum A band or membraneholding any organ or part in its place.

r. extensor, of ankle Both superiorand inferior on dorsum of foot.

r. flexor of ankle Extends from medialmalleolus to the medial tubercle ofcalcaneus:

Reticuloendothelial system Retinaculum, flexor of ankle

Retina

546

r. extensor of wrist An oblique bandon dorsal aspect that contains sixseparate compartments for ex-tensor tendons.

r. flexor of wrist Extends fromtrapezium to pisiform bones.

r. of hip joint Three bands along neckof femur continuous with capsuleof hip joint.

Retinene Orange—yellow caro-tenoid pigment formed by actionof light on rhodopsin.

Retinitis Inflammation of retina.r. actinic Retinitis following ex-

posure to intense light.r. circinate Retinitis where there is a

circle of white spots around macula.r. diabetic Retinitis of long standing

diabetes characterized by micro-aneurysm, waxy exudates andhemorrhages.

r. pigmentosa A degenerative condi-tion, usually hereditary, beginningin childhood with pigmentarychanges. Manifests with defectivenight vision due to degeneration ofrods followed by constricted fieldof vision.

r. proliferans End result of recurrentretinal hemorrhage withvascularized masses of connectivetissue projecting from retina intovitreous.

Retinoblastoma Malignant gliomaof retina giving yellow reflex (cat’seye reflex).

Retinochoroiditis Inflammation ofretina and choroid.

Rctinodialysis Peripheral retinaldetachment.

Retinoic acid Vitamin A breakdownproduct.

Retinoid Resembling a resin.Retinol A form of vitamin A.Retinopathy Any disorder of retina;

may be arteriosclerotic, diabetic,hypertensive, syphilitic etc.

Retinopexy Refixation of detachedretina

Retinoschisis A splitting of retinainto two layers with cyst formationin between

Retinoscopy A method of determin-ing refractive power of the eyes.

Retinosis Non-inflammatory dege-neration of retina.

Retort Long necked glass vessel usedin distillation.

Retractile Capable of being drawnback.

Retraction Shortening, state of beingdrawn back.

Retraction ring A ridge of uterusseparating upper contractile seg-ment from lower dilating segment.

Retractor Instrument for holdingback a tissue.

Retreat Act of withdrawal.Retrieval The process of recalling

past memory.Retro Situated behind or backward

in position, e.g. retro-ocular,retrobulbar, retrocecal, etc.

Retroflexed Bent backwards, aretroflexed uterus is the state whereuterine body is bent backwards oncervix.

Retrograde Moving backward.Retrograde amnesia Memory loss

for events just preceding the time ofpatient’s illness.

Retrograde pyelography Pyelo-graphy by injection of dye throughureters.

Retinaculum, extensor of wrist Retrograde pyelography

547

Retrograde ejaculation Semen dis-charge into bladder rather thanthrough urethral meatus as indiabetic neuropathy.

Retrolental fibroplasia Bilateralretinal vessel occlusion followedby fibrous proliferation ofteninvolving the vitreous in prematurenewborns exposed to highconcentration of oxygen.

Retroperitoneal fibrosis Fibrotic tis-sue growth in retroperitoneal spaceoften compressing ureters, vena cavaand aorta, a sequel to mathysergidetreatment of migraine, SYN—Ormond’s syndrome.

Retroposition Backward displace-ment of an organ.

Retropulsion Moving backward in-voluntarily as in Parkinson’s dis-ease.

Retrospective study A study wherepatient’s records are analyzed afterthey have experienced the disease.

Retroversion of uterus Backwardtilting of entire uterus includingcervix so that the latter pointstowards symphysis pubis.

Retroviruses A group of viruses con-taining reverse transcriptase, e.g.RNA containing tumor virusescausing leukemia, lymphoma, inlower animals and AIDS infectionin human.

Rett’s syndrome A multiple deficitdevelopmental disorder with declinein motor and cognitive function.

Retzius Swedish anatomist,R. lines Concentric lines in transverse

section of tooth enamel.

R. space Space between bladder andsymphysis pubis containing fat anda plexus of veins.

R. veins Veins communicatingmesenteric veins and inferior venacava.

Revascularization Restoration ofblood flow to a part.

Reverberation 1. Repeated echoingof a sound. 2. In neurology theprocess by which a single appliedimpulse causes continuous dis-charge of impulses from collate-rals of the neurones.

Reye syndrome A syndrome charac-terized by encephalopathy, andhepatic failure in children inconsequence to viral infection,aspirin use.

Rhabdomyolysis A disease wilhdestruction of muscle cells, com-mon sequence to snake venom.

Rhabdomyoma Benign tumor ofstriated muscle.

Rhabdomyosarcoma Malignanttumor of striated muscle.

Rhabdovirus Rod shaped RNA virus,e.g. Rabies virus.

Rhachischisis Congenital cleft inspinal canal.

Rhaphe A ridge.Rh. blood group A blood group an-

tigen on human RBCs, in commonwith rhesus monkeys. A Rh -vemother if bears a Rh +ve fetus, Rhantibodies produced in mothermay cross the placenta to destroythe fetal RBCs.

Rheology Study of deformation andflow of materials.

Retrograde ejaculation Rheology

548

Rheostosis A form of osteitis occur-ring in streaks in long bones.

Rheumatic fever A systemic illnessthat follows streptococcal sorethroat manifesting with carditis.fleeting polyarthritis, chorea,erythema marginatum, subcuta-neous nodules, etc. believed to bean autoimmune phenomenon.

Rheumatism A generic term to denoteinflammation of muscle, joint pain.

r, palindromic A disease of unknownetiology manifesting with jointpain, joint swelling lasting from

few hours to days with periods ofcomplete normalcy.

r. soft tissue Pain around a joint notrelated to any joint pathology, e.g.bursitis, tendinitis, perichondritis,Tietz syndrome etc.

Rheumatoid Resembling rheumatism.Rheumatoid arthritis Bilaterally

symmetrical polyarthritis invol-ving the fingers and toes with bonyerosion, joint deformity and invol-vement of great vessels, vertebra etc.

Rheumatoid factor An IgM auto-antibody present in upto 75% of

Rheostosis Rheumatoid factor

Rheumatoid Arthritis

549

patients suffering from rheu-matoid arthritis.

Rheumatology Branch of medicinedealing with rheumatic diseases.

Rh immune globulin Anti Rhgammaglobulin, usually given toRh -ve mothers within 72 hours ofgiving birth to a Rh +ve baby orfollowing abortion.

Rhinecephalon The part of brainconcerned with reception and in-tegration of olfactory impulses.

Rhinitis Inflammation of nasalmucosa, can be allergic, atrophic(rusting and bad odor), hyper-plastic, etc.

Rhinocleisis Nasal obstruction.Rhinolalia Nasal quality of voice.Rhinologist A specialist dealing with

diseases of nose.Rhinomiosis Reduction in size of

nose by surgery.Rhinophyma Hypertrophy of tissue

over the nose with congestion andretention of sebum.

Rhinoplasty Plastic surgery of nose.Rhinorrhea Thin watery nasal dis-

charge.Rhinoscleroma An infective disease

of nose caused by Klebsiellarhinoscleromatis manifesting withhard nodular growth often sprea-ding to lower respiratory tract.

Rhinosalpingitis Inflammation ofnasal mucosa and eustachian tube.

Rhinoscopy Examination of nasalpassage.

Rhinosporidiosis A fungal diseasecaused by Rhinosporidium sebericharacterized by growth of pedun-

culated polyps in nose, larynx andgenital tracts.

Rhinovirus A subgroup of picornavirus causing common cold.

Rhitidectomy Removal of wrinklesby plastic surgery.

Rhitodosis Wrinkling of cornea, afeature of approaching death.

Rhizo Root.Rhizoid Root like.Rhizometic Concerning hip and

shoulder joints.Rhizotomy Section of nerve roots.Rhodopsin The purple pigment of

rods responsible for vision in dim-light.

Rhombencephalon A primarydivision of embryonic brain givingrise to brainstem and cerebellum.

Rhomboid An oblique paral-lelogram.

Rhoncus Rattling sound resemblingsnoring; pleural = rhonchi.

Rhubarb Extract from root and stemof plant used as cathartic andastringent.

Rhythm Regularity of occurrence ofan action or movement or impulse.

r. alpha In EEG a rhythm of 8-12 persecond.

r. beta Rhythm frequency of 15-30per second in EEG, predominantlyin frontomotor leads.

r. cicardian The recurrence ofbiological activities every 24 hoursnot being influenced by environ-ment.

r. delta A slow EEG rhythm of 4 orless per second with relatively high

Rheumatology Rhythm, delta

550

voltage, usually recorded overtumor or hematoma.

r. ectopic Impulse originatingoutside SA node.

r. escape An impulse originatingfrom a site other than SA node whenthe latter fails to initiate theimpulse.

r. gallop Three heart sounds heard(S1 S2 S3) in sequence in eachcardiac contraction resemblinggallop of horse.

r. gamma In EEG 50/second rhythm.r. idioventricular Impulse origi-

nating from bundle of His ormyocardium in consequence tocomplete A-V block.

r. theta An EEG rhythm of 4-7 cycles/sec.

r. tic-tac A rhythm where S1, and S2are of same quality usually incardiac distress or in fetus.

Rhytidectomy Plastic surgery forwrinkles.

Rhytidosis Wrinkling of cornea.Rib One of the 12 pairs of narrow

curved bones of chest wall connec-ting sternum to vertebra.

r. cervical A super numerary ribarising from 7th cervical vertebraand often causing thoracic inletsyndrome by compression of lowercord of brachial plexus.

Riboflavin Yellow-orange crystal-line powder of B complex groupfunctioning as coenzyme in cellu-lar oxidation; Richly found in milkand milk products, green leafyvegetables, fish and meat; deficien-

cy causes glossitis, seborrhea,cheilosis and corneal vasculari-zation.

Ribonuclease An enzyme that breaksdown RNA.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA). RNA differsfrom DNA in that its sugar is riboseand the pyrimidine compound itcontains is uracil rather thanthymine. RNA is principalconstituent of cytoplasm and ofcertain viruses. Messenger RNAcarries the transcription code forspecific amino acid sequences fromDNA to cytoplasmic reticulum forprotein synthesis. Transfer RNAcarries the amino acid groups tothe ribosomes for incorporationinto proteins.

Ribose A pentose sugar present inRNA and riboflavin.

Ribosome A constituent of cellcytoplasm that receives genetic in-formation and translates them intosynthesis of proteins.

Ricin A white highly toxic protein ofcastor beans.

Ricinoleic acid An unsaturated, fattyacid with a strong laxative action,principally found in castor oil.

Rickets A vitamin D deficiency dis-ease in children where mineraliza-tion of newly formed osteoid tissueis defective. The child is restlesswith aches and pains,hepatosplenomegaly, delayed den-tition, soft skull bones withproneness to skeletal deformilieslike kyphoscoliosis, bow leg,pigeon chest.

Rhythm, ectopic Rickets

551

r. renal Rickets in chronic renalfailure primarily due to inadequateformation of active vitamin D3 andaccompanying acidosis causingbone dissolution.

r. vitamin D resistant Defects ofrenal tubular function causing ex-cessive renal calcium and phos-phorus loss so that the accom-panying ricket responds poorly tovitamin D.

Rickettsia Microscopic organism inbetween viruses and bacteria caus-ing typhus fever, Q fever, rocky-mountain spotted fever;transmitted by arthropods.

Rickettsial pox A self limited acute,febrile disease caused by Rickettsiaakari.

Rider’s bone Bone formation in ad-ductor longus muscle of thigh inhorse riders.

Ridge Long projecting surface or crestr. alveolar The bony process on

maxilla or mandible containingtooth sockets.

r. dental Elevation on crown of tooth.r. epicondylar Two ridges on

humerus for muscular attachment.r. genital Ridge in developing

embryo giving rise to gonads.r. gluteal Ridge on upper femur for

attachment of gluteus maximusmuscle.

r. pronator Ridge on front surface ofulna for attachment of pronatorquadratus.

r. pterygoid Ridge on greater wingof sphenoid bone.

Rickets, renal Ridge, pterygoid

Rickets

552

r. supracondylar Ridges on lowerend of humerus.

Riedel’s lobe A tongue shapedprocess of liver.

Rifampin An antibiotic from strep-tomyces, used in treatment ofmycobacterial diseases (leprosy,tuberculosis) and meningitisprophylaxis.

Right handedness Proneness of aperson to dominantly use the righthand.

Rigidity Stiffness; one who resistsall changes.

r. cerebellar Stiffness of body partsfrom disease of middle lobe ofcerebellum.

r. clasp knife Rigidity seen inpyramidal disease where flexion ofa limb causes increased resistanceof extensors but if flexion is con-tinued, there is a sudden giving way.

r. cogwheel Jerky resistance felt whilestretching a hypertonic muscle.

r. decerebrate Sustained contractionof extensor muscles from lesion ofbrainstem.

Rigor Paroxysmal chill.Rima A fissure or crack.r. glottidis An elongated slit between

the vocal folds.r. vestibuli Space between the vocal

folds.Rimiterol A beta2 agonist for use in

bronchial asthma.Rimantadine An analog of aman-

tadine, the antiviral agent.Ring Band around circular opening,

circular form.r. abdominal Apertures in abdominal

wall, often producing herniations,e.g. inguinal, femoral, etc.

Ridge, supracondylar Risk factor

r. Bandl’s Retraction ring of uterus.r. lymphoid Lymphoid tissue in a ring

fashion in pharynx consisting ofpalatine, pharyngeal and lingualtonsils SYN—Waldeyer’s ring.

Ringworm Dermatomycosis causedby trichophyton and microsporumgroup of fungi.

Rhine test Tuning fork test for testingbone and air conduction. The baseof vibrating tuning fork is held incontact with the mastoid processtill vibrations are no longer heardby the patient, then it is held closeto external ear. If patient still hearsthe vibration it is called positiveRinne test. When the patient doesnot hear the vibrations once shifted1 from mastoid process to externalear, air conduction is tested first byplacing the vibrating fork in frontof external ear until the sound is nolonger heard, then the stem of thefork is placed on mastoid. If vibra-tion is still heard it is called nega-tive Rinne test. All normal personsare Rinne positive and those withdefective air conduction are Rinnenegative.

Ripening 1. Softening and dilatationof cervix during labor 2. matu-ration of cataract.

Risk-benefit analysis In medicarethe analysis of risk and benefit froma procedure discussed betweenpatient, doctor and relations.

Risk factor Factors that predisposea person to development of adisease, e.g. hypertension, diabetes,hyperlipidemia, cigarette smoking,etc. are high risk factors for

553Risorius Rossolimo’s reflex

developing coronary arterydisease.

Risorius The muscle arising overmassetor and inserted to corners ofthe mouth.

Ristocetin An antibiotic obtainedfrom cultures of Nocardia lurida.

Risus Laughter.r. sardonicus A peculiar grin as in

tetanus due to spasm of facialmuscles.

Ritodrine-Beta2 agonist for use inbronchial asthma.

Ritualistic surgery Surgery withoutscientific justification performedin primitive societies.

Robert’s pelvis Transversecontraction of pelvis due toosteoarthritis of sacroiliac joints

Rocking A technique to increasemuscle tone in hypotonic musclesthrough vestibular stimulation.

Rocky-mountain spotted fever Atick born typhus with fever, rashand myalgia caused by Rickettsiaricketssi.

Rodent Mammals like mice, rats andsquirrel.

Rodenticide Chemicals that kill ro-dents.

Rodent ulcer Basal cell carcinomacommonly occurring on upper facewith destruction of underlying tis-sue and bone.

Roentgen German physicist whodiscovered roentgen rays, (X-rays)and won noble prize in 1901.

Rokitansky’s disease Acute yellowatrophy of liver.

Rolando’s fissure Fissure betweenparietal and frontal lobes.

Romberg’s sign Inability to standstill with the eyes closed and feetdrawn together in patients of sen-sory ataxia.

Root canal The pulp cavity in root ofa tooth.

Rorschah test Psychological testconsisting of 10 inkblot designs.Interpretation hints at personalitydisorder.

Rosacea A disease of unknown etiol-ogy manifesting with papules, pus-tules and hyperplasia of sebaceousglands principally affecting face.

Rosary Resembling a string of beads.r. rachitic Swollen costochondral

junctions in rickets.Rose Bengal Iodine 131 along with

131I rose Bengal used for liver scan-ning.

Rosenmuller’s body A rudimentarystructure in mesosalpinx homo-logous to head of epididymis inmale.

Rosenmuller’s sign Fine tremor ofclosed eyelids in hyperparathy-roidism

Roseola Rose colored rash.r. infantum Non-infectious rose

colored’rash appearing in infantswith splenomegaly, high fever.

Rosette Something resembling arose.

Ross bodies Copper color roundbodies with dark granules seen inblood and tissue fluids of syphilis.

Rossolimo’s reflex Plantar flexionof second to fifth toes in responseto percussion on plantar surface oftoes.

554

Rostellum A fleshy protrusion onanterior end of scolex of tapewormbearing spines or hooks.

Rostral Towards cephalic end ofbody.

Rostrum Any hooked or beakedstructure.

Rotavirus Virus causing epidemicand sporadic enteritis.

Roth spots Small white spot on retinaclose to optic disk in acute infectiveendocarditis.

Rotoxamine tartarate An anti-histaminic drug.

Rotor syndrome A form ofconjugated hyperbilirubinemiainherited as autosomal recessive.

Roughage Fibers in cereals, fruitsand vegetable, essential for pa-tients of diabetes and those withconstipation but inadvisable forpatients of colitis.

Round ligament Round cord likestructures passing from uterus inthe broad ligament and thenthrough the inguinal canal to endin soft tissues of labia majora.

Rub The sound of friction of oneroughened surface moving onanother, e.g. pleural rub, peri-cardial rub.

Rubefacient Agents causing rednessof skin by vasodilatation, e.g. lini-ments of turpentine.

Rubella Acute infectious disease ofviral origin causing rash, cervicaland post auricular lympha-denopathy, in first trimester can

cause fetal anomalies and inpubertal girls can cause oophoritis.

Rubeola SYN—measles.Rubeosis iridis Vascularization of

anterior surface of iris with retinalvein thrombophlebitis oftenresponsible for hemorrhagicglaucoma in diabetics.

Rubidium A soft silvery metal thatbursts into flames spontaneouslyin air.

Rubin’s test Carbon dioxide/airuterine insulflation to test tubalpatency.

Rubor Redness caused by inflamma-tion. The other three classical signsof inflammation are calor.(heat)dolor (pain) and tumor (swelling).

Rubrospinal The descending tractfrom rednucleus of midbrain togray matter of spinal cord.

Rudiment 1. Remnant of a part whichwas functional in earlier stage ofdevelopment or in ancestors, 2.undeveloped.

Ruffini’s corpuscles Encapsulatedsensory nerve endings of skin tomediate sensation of warmth.

Ruga A fold of mucous membrane,e.g. of stomach or vagina.

Ruggeri’s reflex Rise in pulse rateon convergence of eyes on a nearobject.

Rugose, rugous Having manywrinkles or creases.

Rugosity Condition of havingwrinkles or being folded.

Rostellum Rugosity

555

Rule of nine Formula for estimatingpercentage of body surface area,where head represents 9%, front andback of trunk 18% each, each lowerextremity 18%, each upperextremity 9% and perineum 1%.

Rum fits Convulsion occurringwithin 48 hours following absti-nence in habitual drinkers.

Rumination 1. Regurgitation ofpreviously swallowed food. 2.Obsessional preoccupation withthoughts.

Rump Gluteal region or buttocks.Rumpl’s symptom In neurasthenia,

rise in pulse rate on pressure over apainful spot.

Rupia A thick cutaneous syphiliticerruption often with extensiveul-ceration.

Rupture Breaking apart of any organor tissue, e.g. of amnioticmembrane, uterus, intestines fall-opian tubes.

Rush The first spell of pleasureproduced by a narcotic drug.

Russel bodies Small sphericalhyaline bodies in cancerous andsimple inflammatory growths.

Russian bath Steam bath followedby friction and plunge in cold water.

Rutin A crystalline glucoside derivedfrom buckwheat closely related tohesperidin, used in hemostaticpreparations.

Rye A cereal used for food andbeverages.

Rytidosis Wrinkling of corneapreceding death.

Rule of Nine

Rule of nine Rytidosis

SSaber sin Convex prominent anterior

border of tibia in congenitalsyphilis.

Sabin vaccine Oral polio vaccinecontaining inactivated polio virus.

Sabulous Sandy, gritty.Sac A cavity or pouch often contain-

ing fluid.s. alveolar The terminal part of air

passage consisting of alveoliconnected to respiratory bron-chiole by alveolar duct.

s. hernial Peritoneal protrusioncontaining herniated organ.

s. lacrimal Upper dilated portion ofnasolacrimal duct.

s. yolk A rudimentary vesicle lyingwithin the chorion sac.

Saccades Fast involuntary move-ments of eyes while changing gazefrom one point to another.

Saccate Enclosed in a sac.Saccharide A group of carbo-

hydrates including mono, di, tri,and polysaccharides.

Saccharase An enzyme catalyzingbreakdown of disaccharides tomonosaccharides.

Saccharic acid A dibasic acidproduced by action of nitric acidon dextrose.

Saccharin A coal tar product, 300-500 times sweeter than sugar, usedas artificial sweetner.

Saccharolytic Capable of splittingup sugar.

Saccharomycosis A disease due toyeasts.

Saccharose Sucrose, or cane sugar.Saccular Resembling a sac.

Sacculation Group of sacs or formedinto group of sacs.

Saccule A small sac.s. laryngeal A small diverticulum of

larynx.s. vestibular The smaller sac in

vestibule that contains the sensoryarea—macula sacculi.

Sacculus Singular of saccule.Sacralization Fusion of the sacrum

and the 5th lumbar vertebra.Sacral nerves The 5 pairs of mixed

nerves emerging through sacralforamina.

Sacral plexus Plexus of sacral nervesgiving rise to sciatic nerve.

Sacrococcygeus One of the twomuscles, anterior and posterior ex-tending from sacrum to coccyx.

Sacroilitis Inflammation of sacro-iliac joint.

Sacrospinalis A large muscle lyingon either side of vertebral columnconsists of iliocostalis and longis-simus.

Sacrovertebral angle Angle formedbetween base of sacrum and fifthlumbar vertebra.

Sacrum The triangular bone ofbuttock lying in between the twoiliac bones forming sacroiliacjoints. Male sacrum is narrowerand more curved.

Saddle A seat for horse riders.Saddle area The areas of buttocks

coming in contact with the saddleduring horse riding.

Saddle joint A joint where thearticulating surfaces are convexand concave.

557Saddle nose Salmefamol

Saddle nose A depressed nasalbridge, due to congenital absenceof bony or cartilaginous supportor destructive disease like leprosyand syphilis.

Sadism Sexual pleasure from inflict-ing physical or mental torture onothers.

Sadist One who practises sadism.Sadness Feeling of dejection or

melancholy.Safelight Dark room lights whose

wavelength does not hamper un-developed X-ray film.

Safflower oil It has high content oflinoleic acid but low saturated fattyacids

S. botryoids A sarcoma of uterus ofinfant and children

Sagittal Anteroposterior direction.Sagittal plane The plane that divides

body into left and right halves.Sagittal sinus The superior lon-

gitudinal sinus.Sagittal suture Suture between two

parietal bones.Sago A starch preparation; when

taken as food, leaves little residue.Saint Vitus, dance Sydenham’s

chorea.Salam spasm Infantile epilepsy with

nodding of head due to spasm ofsternocleidomastoids.

Salbutamol Beta2 agonist broncho-dilator.

Salacious Lustful.Salicylate Salt of salicylic acid,

Methyl salicylate is a counter ir-ritant whereas sodium salicylateis analgesic and antipyretic.

Salicylic acid A phenol derivativeused for making aspirin and usedas keratolytic and antifungal agent.

Saline Solution of salt or salty; canbe hypertonic > 0.9% or hypotonic< 0.85% concentration.

Saline enema 1 teaspoon of salt dis-solved in a pint of water to whichis added magnesium sulfate(epsum salt) to induce catharsis.

Saliva Colourless, odorless, weaklyalkaline secretion of salivaryglands. Contains ptyalin, maltaseand lysozymes. Daily secretion isupto 1500 ml.

Salivant Agents that stimulate flowof saliva.

Salivary glands The parotid,sublingual and submandibularpaired glands and the unpairedpalatal, buccal, lingual glandssecreting saliva.

Salk vaccine Formalin inactivatedpoliomyelitis vaccine for intramus-cular use.

Salmefamol Beta2 adrenergicstimulant

Salivary Glands

558Salmonellosis Sandflies

Salmonellosis Infection withsalmonella group of organismproducing typhoid fever, gastro-enteritis and septicemia.

Salmonpatch Salmon colored areasof cornea in syphilitic keratitis.

Salpingectomy Surgical removal offallopian tubes.

Salpingitis Inflammation of fallo-pian tubes usually due to gonococci,tuberculosis, strepto and staphy-lococci.

Salpingography Imaging of fal-lopian tubes by injection of radio-opaque dye in investigation of in-fertility.

Salpingolysis Surgical procedure tofree the fallopian tubes of adhesions.

Salpingo-oophorectomy Excision ofovary and fallopian tube.

Salpingo-oophoritis Inflammationof fallopian tube and ovary.

Salpingopexy Surgical fixation offallopian tube.

Salpingoplasty SYN—tuboplasty;plastic surgery of fallopian tube topromote fertility.

Salpingorrhaphy Ligation of fal-lopian tube.

Salpingostomy Surgical opening upof a fallopian tube.

Salpingotomy Incision on a fal-lopian tube.

Salpinx The fallopian or eustachiantube.

Salsalal Salicyl-salicylic acid.Salt 1. Sodium chloride 2. A chemi-

cal compound formed from actionof an acid with a base.

s. bile Salt of glycocolic andtaurocolic acids present in bile,help in absorption of fat.

s. iodized Salt containing 1 part ofsodium or potassium iodide per 10,000 parts of sodium chloride foriodine deficiency.

s. smelling Aromatized ammoniumcarbonate.

Saltatory Dancing or leaping move-ment.

Saltatory conduction Nerve conduc-tion where impulse skips fromnode to node.

Salt free diet Diet containing < 500mg salt/day.

Salubrious Good for health, whole-some.

Saluresis Excretion of salt in urine.Salutary Promoting health.Salvarsan Arsenic salt previously

used for syphilis.Sample A portion of population or

any substance that is represen-tative of entire population or thatsubstance.

s. biased In epidemiology, a sampleof a group of which each memberdid not have an equal opportunityof being selected in the sample.

Sampling The process of selectingportion or part to represent the whole.

Sanatorium A place or establish-ment for promotion of good-healthor treatment of chronic ailments,e.g. tuberculosis.

Sand Fine particles from disintegra-tion of rock.

s. auditory Calcareous concretionsin inner ear.

s. pineal Calcium deposit near baseof pineal gland.

Sandflies Flies belonging to genusphlebotomus transmitting sandfly

559Sandfly fever Sarcomere

fever, oroya fever and variousforms of leishmaniasis.

Sandfly fever An arbovirus diseasemimicking influenza but withoutrespiratory symptoms,transmitted by sandflies.

Sandhoff’s disease A ganglio-sidosis where enzymes hexo-saminidase A and B are absent.

Sane Mentally sound.Sanfilippo’s disease A form of

mucopolysaccharidosis with men-tal retardation, dwarfism,hepatosplenomegaly and skeletaldefects.

Sanguine Pertains to blood, cheer-ful.

Sanguinous Bloody.Sanies Wound discharge which is

thin, fetid and green.Sanitary Clean; conditions conducive

to good health.Sanitary napkin Perineal pad used

during menstruation.Sanitation Establishment of condi-

tions favorable to health.Sap Any fluid essential for life.Saphenous nerve A deep branch of

femoral nerve supplying innersideof foot and leg.

Saphenous veins The long saphenousvein extends from foot tosaphenous opening in upper thighwhereas short saphenous vein runsup behind lateral malleolus to joinpopliteal vein.

Saponification 1. Conversion intosoap, i.e. hydrolysis of fat by analkali yielding glycerol and saltsof fatty acid 2. In chemistry

hydrolysis of an ester into corres-ponding alcohol and acid.

Saponin Some plant glycosides thatproduce gastroenteritis.

Saporific Imparting taste or flavor.Saprogen Any microorganism caus-

ing or produced by putrefaction.Saprophyte Organisms living on

decaying or dead organic matter.Saralasin Converting enzyme in-

hibitor for hypertension.Sarcoblast Embryonic cell that

develops into a muscle cell.Sarcocele A fleshy tumor of testicle.Sarcoid 1. Resembling flesh 2. Small

tuber like lesion characteristic ofsarcoidosis.

Sarcoidosis A granulomatousdisease of unknown etiologyaffecting lungs, lymph nodes, skin,eyes, small bones of hand and feet.

Sarcolemma A thin membrane sur-rounding each striated musclefiber.

Sarcoma Cancer of connective tissuelike muscle and bone.

s. chondro Sarcoma composed ofcartilages.

s. Ewing’s A fusiform swelling of longbones containing round endothelialcells.

s. kaposi’s A skin sarcoma in AIDSvictims.

s. osteogenic Sarcoma in metaphysisof long bones containing variouslyshaped cells.

s. reticulum cells A form of malig-nant lymphoma.

Sarcomere That portion of a stria-ted muscle fibril lying between twoadjacent dark lines.

560Sarcoplasm Scalenotomy

Sarcoplasm The cytoplasm insidemuscle cells.

Sarcoptes A genus of Acarina thatincludes mites: e.g. Sarcoptes scabieicausing scabies.

Sarcosporidia A protozoa which isparasitic in muscles of highervertebrates

Sarcous Concerning flesh or muscleSartorius The thin longest muscle of

body in the thigh acting as weakknee flexor.

Satellite A small structure attachedto a larger one.

Satiety Feeling satisfied with food.Saturated compound Any compound

with all its carbon bonds saturated.Saturation A state in which all of a

substance, that can be dissolved ina solution. Adding more of the sub-stance will not increase its con-centration.

Saturday Night palsy Paralysis ofradial nerve in alcoholics from itscompression against the chair.

Saturnine gout Gout like symptomsproduced by lead poisoning.

Satyriasis Uncontrollable or exces-sive sexual urge in males.

Saucerization Surgical creation of ashallow area in tissue.

Sauna An enclosure where a personis exposed to high temperature andhumidity for brief period and thenhe is given cold bath; a process torelieve aches and pains, loosen stiffjoints and loose weight.

Savory Appetizing taste or odor.Saxifragant Dissolving or breaking

of bladder stones.

Saxitoxin A toxin of marine life likemussels, clams and plankton;lethal if inhaled or consumed byCNS depression

S. botryoids A sarcoma of uterus ofinfant and children

Scab Crust formed on a wound, pus-tule or ulcer.

Scabicide Agents effective againstscabies organism, i.e. Sarcoptesscabiei.

Scabies A mite borne contagiousskin disease characterized bypapule, vesicle, pustule, withintense itching.

Scala One of the three spiral passagesof cochlea: the scala media, scalatympani and scala vestibuli.

Scald Burn caused by moist heat orhot vapors.

Scalded skin syndrome Staphylo-coccal necrotizing skin infection.

Scale Thin dry exfoliation fromupper layers of skin, maximum inpsoriasis, eczema, seborrhea siccaetc.

Scalenotomy Division of scalenusmuscle to contain apical tuber-culosis of lungs.

Scabies

561Scalenus Scapula, winged

Scalenus Scalenus anterior, mediusand posterior muscles originatingfrom transverse processes of C3-C6vertebra and inserted to Ist and 2ndribs.

Scalenus syndrome Thoracic inletsyndrome due to compression ofbrachial plexus and subclavianartery manifesting with pain,paresthesia in upper limb withatrophy of small muscles of hand.

Scaler An instrument used forremoving dental calculus.

Scaling Removal of calculus fromteeth.

Scalp The hairy portion of head, con-sisting from out to inwards: skin,dense subcutaneous tissue,occipitofrontalis muscle with thegalea aponeurotica, and perios-teum.

Scalpel A straight surgical knifewith a convex edge.

Scalp tourniquet Tourniquet appliedto scalp during IV administrationof anti-neoplastic drugs to preventalopecia.

Scanning electron microscope Anelectron microscope that provides

three dimensional views of anobject.

Scanning speech A symptom ofcerebellar disease where wordsare pronounced by syllables,slowly and hesitantly.

Scaphoid Boat shaped.

Scapula The flat triangular bone atthe back of shoulder articulatingwith clavicle and humerus.

s winged Paralysis of serratusanterior or trapezius causing

Scalded Skin Syndrome

Scapula

562Scapular reflex Schistosoma, haematobium

prominence of medial border ofscapula.

Scapular reflex Muscular contrac-tion on percussion betweenscapulae.

Scapulohumeral reflex Reflex inwhich the upper arm is abductedand rotated outward when medialborder of scapula is percussed.

Scar Healing of wound or injuryleaving a mark on skin or internalorgans.

Scarlatina Scarlet fever.Scarlatiniform Resembling scarlet

fever or its rash.Scarlet fever A streptococcal infec-

tion characterized by sore throat,strawberry tongue, rose coloredrash and fever.

Scarpa’s fascia Deeplayer of super-ficial abdominal fascia.

Scarpa’s triangle Triangular spacebounded laterally by inner edge ofsartorius, above by inguinal liga-ment and medially by adductorlongus.

Scatology Scientific study andanalysis of fecal material orinterest in obscene literature.

Scatoma Mass of dry hard stool incolon resembling a tumor.

Scatter Diffusion of X-rays afterstriking an object.

Scatter radiation X-rays changingdirection because of collision withmatter.

Scattergram Display of data on apaper where each value is indicatedby a symbol and the individualsymbols are not connected by a line.

Scavenger cell A phagocytic cell likemacrophage that removes tissuedebris.

Schaffer’s reflex Dorsiflexion oftoes and flexion of foot on pinchingtendo-Achilles.

Schatzki ring A mucosal web likering at the squamocolumnar junc-tion of lower esophagus often caus-ing dysphagia.

Shicks test Skin test in diphtheria todetermine immunity status. 1 ml.of diphtheria toxin is injectedintradermally and result is readafter 72 hours. Presence of immu-nity is indicated by absence of anyerythema and inflammation atpoint of injection.

Schilder’s disease SYN — adreno-leukodystrophy, manifesting withdiffuse cerebral demyelination andadrenal atrophy.

Schiller’s test A test to demonstratesuperficial cancer cervix. Iodine isapplied on the cervix. As the cancercells do not contain glycogen, theyfail to stain with iodine.

Schilling test A test using radioactiveB12 for assessment of vitamin B12absorption and diagnosis of intrin-sic factor deficiency as in perni-cious anemia.

Schistocyte Fragmented redbloodcells of various shapes andirregular surfaces.

Schistosoma A genus of blood flukesliving in blood vessels of internalorgans and discharging eggsthrough urine and feces.

s. haematobium The schistosomainhabit in vesical plexus and

563Schistosoma, japonicum Scintillascope

discharge egg in urine; producehematuria, cystitis and bladderwall calcification.

s. japonicum Adults live in branchesof superior mesenteric vein andproduce dysentery.

s. mansoni Adults live in branches ofinferior mesenteric veins.

Schistosomiasis Infestation with theblood flukes, the schistosoma.

Schizencephaly Deformed fetus witha longitudinal cleft in the skull.

Schizogony Asexual reproductionby binary fission as in case ofmalarial parasite.

Schizoid Resembling schizophrenia.Schizoid personality disorder A

personality cult with difficultinterpersonal relationship, and alimited range of emotional expe-rience and expression; the cold,lonely, aloof personality.

Schizont A stage in life-cycle ofsporozoa when it reproducesasexually to 12-24 merozoites in-side RBC.

Schizophrenia A form of psychosiswith disorder of thinking, affectand behavior. Patients have delu-sions and hallucinations with lossof self-identity.

s. catatonic Patients have catatonicstupor or mutism, catatonicrigidity, catatonic posturing etc.

s. paranoid Patient has delusions ofpersecution, jealousy.

Schlemm’s Canal Canaliculi orspaces at sclerocorneal junction ofeye in anterior chamber for drain-age of aqueous.

Schmorl’s nodes Herniation ofnucleus pulposus into vertebralbody producing X-ray density.

Schonlein’s disease Allergic oranaphylactoid purpura in responseto serum sickness, sensitiveness todrugs or most often idiopathic.

Schuffner’s dots Minute granulespresent within RBC infected byPlasmodium vivax.

Schultze’s bundle Fasciculuscuneatus of spinal cord.

Schwabach’s test A test of hearingusing 5 tuning forks, each of dif-ferent tone.

Schwann cell Cells of ectodermalorigin, form neurilemma.

Schwannoma Benign tumor ofSchwann cells.

Sciatic Pertains to hip or ischium.Sciatica Pain along the course of

sciatic nerve from back of thighalong lateral border of leg to littletoe usually due to disk prolapse atL5-S1.

Sciatic nerve The largest nerve inbody (L4-5 S1,2,3) passing from pel-vis through greater sciatic foramendown the back of the thigh where itdivides into tibial and peronealnerves. Its lesion cause paralysisof hamstrings, peroneal and calfmuscles and toe extensors.

Science Branch of knowledge utiliz-ing systematic study and intelligentanalysis to understand, explain,quantitate and predict thephenomena of life and natural laws.

Scintillascope Device for viewing theeffect of ionizing radiation, alfaparticles on a fluorescent screen.

564Scintillation Sclerothrix

Scintillation The emissions comingfrom radioactive substances.

Scintiphotography Photography ofscintillations emitted by radio-active substances injected intobody.

Scintiscan The scintiphotographyrecord to indicate the differentialaccumulation of a substance invarious parts of body.

Scintiscanner The machine perform-ing scintiscan.

Schirrhus Hard cancerous over-growth of fibrous tissue.

Scission To divide, split or cut.Scissor gait Crossing of the legs

while walking as in cerebraldiplegia.

Scissor leg Contraction of thigh ad-ductor causing the legs to have ab-normal tendency to cross to theotherside.

Scissors A cutting instrument withtwo opposing blades with handlesheld together by a pin.

Sclera The outer tough white fibroustissue of eyeball extending fromoptic nerve to corneal margin.

s. blue Abnormally thin sclera withvisible choroid as in osteogenesisimperfecta.

Scleredema A benign self-limitedskin disease characterized byedema and induration of skin.

Sclerema Hardening of the skin.Scleriasis Hardening of the eyelid.Scleritis Inflammation of sclera, can

be anterior (adjacent to cornea),posterior or annular (in ringfashion around cornea).

Sclerodactyly Hardening of skin offingers and toes.

Scleroderma A chronic disease ofunknown etiology causing scle-rosis of skin, esophageal dys-motility, pulmonary fibrosis, etc.The skin is tough, taut, hard andleather bound.

Scleroma Circumscribed induratedarea of granulation tissue in skinor mucous membrane.

Scleromalacia Softening of sclera asin late rheumatoid arthritis.

Sclerophthalmia A congenital con-dition where opacity of sclera ad-vances over the cornea.

Scleroproteins A group of insolubleproteins found in cartilage, hair,nails and skeletal tissue.

Sclerosent Any substance thatproduces sclerosis.

Sclerosis Hardening or indurationof a tissue due to excessive growthof fibrous tissue, a feature ofdegeneration.

s. amyotrophic lateral A form ofmotor neurone disease whichresults in atrophy of anterior horncells and the pyramidal tracts.

s. multiple A slowly progressivedisease of central nervous systemmarked by widespread demye-lination producing visual distur-bances, sensory motor deficit, andcerebellar symptoms.

Sclerotherapy Use of sclerosingagents for hemorrhoids and bleed-ing varices.

Sclerosing agents Urea, alcohol,polydachonol tetradecyl sulphate.

Sclerothrix Brittleness of hair.

565

Scissors

Scissors Scissors Scissors

566Sclerotome Scotoma, scintillating

Sclerotome Knife used for incisionof sclera.

Scolex The head of tapeworm pos-sessing hooks, suckers or groovesfor attachment.

Scoliosis Lateral curvature of spine;the abnormal curve and the com-pensatory curve in opposite direc-tion; can be congenital, myopathic,ocular, paralytic, etc.

Scoliosometry Determination of de-gree of spinal curvature.

Scombroid poisoning Poisoning byhistamine like toxin present in the

undercooked fish of suborderscombroidea.

Scoop Spoon shaped surgical instru-ment.

Scopalamine A plant alkaloidproducing smooth muscle relaxa-tion and twilight sleep.

Scopophilia Sexual pleasure ob-tained from seeing nude andobscene picture.

Scorbutic Concerning scurvy.Score A rating or grade as compared

to standard.s. Apgar A scoring system for

evaluation of neurological matu-rity of newborn from pulse,respiration, reflexes, skin color,grimace etc.

Scorpion sting Symptoms from scor-pion bite resembling spider bite orof strychnine poisoning. Thevenom contains neurotoxin,hemolysins and agglutinins.Stings are fatal to children below 3years. As the venom is heat labileemersion of part bitten in hot waterfor 30-90 minutes neutralizes thetoxin.

Scoto Pertains to darkness.Scotochromogen Microorganisms

that produce color when grown indarkness.

Scotoma Dark or blind areas in visualfield, can be annular, arcuate,central (around point of fixation),centrocecal (covering point of fixa-tion to blindspot), peripheral.

s. scintillating An irregular outlinearound a luminous patch in thevisual field as seen in migraine.

Scoliosis

Scoliosis

567Scotometer Scurvy, infantile SYN

Scotometer Device for detecting andmeasuring scotoma in visual field.

Scotopic vision Dark adaptation.Scotopsin The protein portion of rods

of retina that combines with retinolto form visual purple, i.e.rhodopsin.

Scratch test An allergy test wherethe allergen is placed over a skinscratch. In sensitive persons whealdevelops within 15 minutes.

Screen 1. A flat surface for projectingslides or movies or visualizing X-ray films. 2. To make fluoroscopicexamination 3. To thoroughly ex-amine and investigate a person fora disease 4. Materials used toprotect the body parts fromionizing radiation/X-rays.

s. Bjerrum One meter square surfacewhich is viewed from one meter tochart blind spot, scotoma and extentof visual field.

Scribner shunt Arteriovenous shuntmade of polypropylene forfacilitating hemodialysis.

Scrofula Tubercular cervical lym-phadenopathy.

Scrofuloderma Tubercular skinulcer or sinus.

Scrotal reflex Contraction of scrotalmuscle (dartos) on stroking theperineum.

Scrotum The double cavity malepouch containing testicles andepididymis, composed of layers ofskin, non-striated dartos muscle,cremasteric, infundibular and sper-matic fascia, cremasteric muscleand tunica vaginalis.

Scrubbing Thorough washing ofhands and finger nails before per-forming any surgical procedure.

Scrub typhus Typhus fever causedby Rickettsia tsutsugamushi trans-mitted by mites.

Scum The floating impurities in sur-face of a culture.

Scurvy Vitamin C or ascorbic aciddeficiency manifest with bleedingspongy gums, subperiosteal hemo-rrhage, muscle pain and indu-ration, loosening of teeth and poorwound healing.

s. infantile SYN — Barlow’s disease,results from prolonged use of milk(milk is deficient in vitamin C)without vitamin C supple-mentation, manifest with anemia,

Scurvy

568Scybala Section, frozen

pseudoparalysis, bony tendernessand often epiphyseal fracture.

Scybala Hard rounded masses offecal matter.

Sea-sickness Akin to motion sick-ness with giddiness, nausea, vomit-ing and headache while travellingin ship.

Seasonal affective disorder Mentaldepression especially in winter.

Seatle foot Artificial foot developedin Seatle (USA) that has a springback quality making it feel like areal foot.

Seat worm SYN — pinworm,Enterobius vermicularis causingperianal itching.

Sebaceous cyst Sebum filled cyst ofsebaceous gland with a black head,may need complete extirpationrather than drainage.

Sebaceous gland Holocrine glands(secretion arising from completedisintegration of cells) in the skinthat open into hair follicle andsecrete oily substance, the sebum.

Sebolith Concretion in a sebaceousgland.

Seborrhea A functional disease ofsebaceous glands marked by in-creased secretion of altered qualitysebum. Commonly affects scalp(dandruf), face and trunk.

s. sicca Seborrhea with gray brownor yellow scale and crust.

Sebum A fatty secretion fromsebaceous gland, that from the earis called cerumen and from pepuceis called smegma.

Secobarbitol Short acting barbi-turate used for its hypnotic effect.

Secondary areola Pigmentationaround nipple during pregnancy.

Secondary hemorrhage Hemorr-hage occurring after 48 hours ofinjury or operation commonly dueto sepsis.

Secondary intention Healing by for-mation of granulation tissue thatfills the gap between torn or incisededges.

Secretin A hormone secreted fromduodenum that stimulates secre-tion of pepsinogen and inhibitssecretion of acid by stomach.

Secretion Substances produced or theprocess of glandular secretion.

s. apocrine A process by which thesecreting cell breaks off to extrudethe secretion, e.g. milk production.

s. holocrine The process where theentire cell and its contents areextruded, e.g. sebum.

s. merocrine The process where thecell remains intact and dischargesits secretion through cell mem-brane.

Secretogogue Agent that stimulatessecretion.

Secretomotor Nerve fibers thatpromote glandular secretion.

Sectarian Medical practice based onunscientific practice.

Section Process of cutting or dividing.s. cesarean Delivery of fetus by

incision of uterus.s. frozen Freezing of a cut section of

tissue followed by microscopicexamination.

569Section, sagittal Semicoma

s. sagittal Section cut parallel to themedian plane of body.

Sector The area within a circle be-tween two radii and the arc.

Sectorial Having cutting edges liketeeth.

Sedative Agent that soothes, quietensor brings tranquility.

Sedentary Work with minimalphysical exertion.

Sediment The substance settling atthe bottom of a liquid.

Sedimentation rate A test to deter-mine the speed at which RBCs set-tle down when suspended in a testtube. The speed depends upon thesize of RBC aggregate which is fur-ther dependent upon fibrinogencontent of blood. Fibrinogen is anacute phase reactant and is in-creased in infection, inflammationof any etiology. ESR is reduced inpolycythemia, congenital cyanoticheart disease and microcytichypochromic anemia. Normal ESRis 10-15 mm/hr. in male and slight-ly higher in female.

Segment A portion.Segmentation Division into similar

parts; division of fertilized egg intomany smaller cells.

Segregation Separation.Seiditz powder Effervescent cathar-

tic composed of tartaric acid,sodium — potassium tartarate andsodium bicarbonate.

Seizure A sudden attack of pain, dis-ease or certain symptoms like con-vulsion, epilepsy.

Seldinger technique A method ofintroducing a catheter into a veinor artery. The vessel is puncturedwith a needle that contains a wire.The needle is removed and thecatheter is then advanced over thewire, the latter being finallywithdrawn.

Selenium sulfide Drug used in treat-ment of tinea versicolor anddandruff.

Self-limited A disease which withouttreatment pursues a definite coursewithin a limited time.

Sella turcica The concavity on supe-rior surface of body of sphenoidthat holds the pituitary gland.

Selzer water Naturally occurringwater with high CO2 and mineralcontent.

Semantics The field of languageconcerning meaning.

Semeigraphy Description of signsand symptoms of disease.

Semen Thick viscid fishy odor dis-charge per male urethra duringsexual climax. It contains thesperms 60-150 million/ml. 80%are motile and normal in morpho-logy. Semen is alkaline withoutany leukocytes, volume per ejacu-lation is 2-5 ml.

Seminuria Passage of semen in urine.Semi Prefix meaning half.Semicircular Half of a circle.s. canals The superior, inferior and

posterior structures of inner ear formaintenance of body posture.

Semicoma Mild degree of impairedconsciousness.

570Semilunar Sensible

Semilunar Shaped like a crescent.s. cartilage The medial lateral, fibro

cartilages of knee between tibia andfemur.

Semilunar valves The pulmonaryand aortic valves.

Semimembranosus A large muscleat inner and back portion of thigh,a knee flexor.

Seminal vesicle Two sac like struc-tures close to prostate in the malegiving rise to ductus deference. Actto store semen and secrete a thickviscus fluid that forms part ofsemen.

Seminiferous tubule Tubules intestes forming and conductingsemen.

Semitendinosus Fusiform muscle ofposterior and inner part of thigh.

Senescence The process of growingold or period of oldage.

Sengstaken — Blackmore tube Athree lumened tube used to stopbleeding from esophageal varices.

Senility Pertains to old age and itschanges, physical and mental.

Senna Leaves of a plant, used ascathartic.

Sennosides Anthraquinone gluco-sides present in senna, used ascathartic.

Sensation Feeling or awarness.Sense 1. The general faculty respon-

sible for perceiving the outsideworld 2. To perceive 3. Normalpower of understanding.

s. proprioception Appreciation ofbody position from sensory inputfrom skin and joints.

s. stereognosis Judgement of size,shape and weight of an objectthrough fingers.

Sensible 1. Reasonable 2. Can beperceived by senses.

Semicircular Canal

571Sensitive Septum, primum

Sensitive 1. Able to feel a sensation2. Abnormal response to sub-stances like drugs and foreignproteins.

Sensitivity 1. The term is employedin relation to accuracy of diagnostictests/observations. It is the propor-tion of people who truely have aspecific disease as identified by thetest 2. Susceptibility of bacteria toantimicrobials.

Sensitization Making a person sus-ceptible to a substance by itsrepeated injection.

Sensitizer A substance that makesthe susceptible individual react tosame or another irritant.

Sensorium The sensory apparatusof body or consciousness.

Sensory area The post central gyrusof cerebral cortex responsible foranalysis of somatosensory input.

Sensory integration Skill and perfor-mance required in the developmentand coordination of sensory inputand motor output.

Sensory nerve A nerve conveyingafferent impulses to brain.

Sensualism State of emotionsdominating one’s actions.

Sensuous Affecting senses or suscep-tible to influence through the senses.

Sentiment Mental feeling or opinion,an emotional attitude towards anobject.

Sentinel node Cancer metastasisinto supraclavicular nodes.

Separator Any device or instrumentused for separating twosubstances, e.g. cell separators.

Sepsis A pathological state due tobacterial multiplication and toxinproduction.

s. puerperal Infection of genitalpassage resulting from childbirth.Common infecting agents arestrepto, staphylo and Escherichiacoli.

Septa Partition.Septate Having a partition or wall.Septic InfectedSepticemia Multiplication of

pathogenic bacteria in peripheralblood producing toximia, dissemi-nated cellulitis, lymphangitis etc.

Septic fever Fever due to presence ofpathogenic organisms or theirproducts in blood, producing shak-ing chills with abrupt rise intemperature and sweating.

Septometer Instrument used formeasuring bacterial contami-nation of air.

Septoplasty Plastic surgery on nasalseptum for deviated nasal septum.

Septostomy balloon atrial (Raskindprocedure) where interatrialopening is widened by balloon toreduce RV load in some congenitalheart diseases.

Septum A partition wall dividingtwo cavities, e.g. interatrial, interventricular, atrioventricular, nasalseptum, rectovaginal.

s. pellucidum A thin triangular sheetof nervous tissue forming the medialwall of the lateral ventricles.

s. primum The embryonic septumdividing the two atria in a develop-ing heart.

572Septulet Serotype

Septulet Seven children in one preg-nancy.

Sequela The final outcome of a dis-ease with or without treatment.

Sequestration Formation of seques-trum.

s. pulmonary A nonfunctioning areaof the lung receiving blood fromsystemic circulation.

Sequestrum The necrotic boneseparated from adjacent healthybone in osteomyelitis.

Serendipity Finding some thing bychance

Series In row or chain, form of arran-gement.

s. aliphatic Chemical compoundswith open chain carbon atoms.

s. aromatic Organic compoundspossessing benzene ring.

s. erythrocytic Immature precursorcell series in bone marrow thatdevelop to mature erythrocyte.

s. granulocytic Immature cell seriesof bone marrow developing intomature granular white blood cells.

Serine protease inhibitor Compoundsthat inhibit platelet aggregationand blood coagulation.

Serodiagnosis Diagnosis from testsinvolving patient’s serum.

Seroepidemiology Epidemiologicalstudy of a disease by investigatingfor presence of diagnostic charac-teristic in the serum.

Serology The scientific study ofserum.

Seroma A localized collection ofserum resembling a tumor, com-monly after stitching of opera-tional wounds.

Seronegative Negative serologicaltests.

Seropositive Positive serologicaltests.

Serosa A serous membrane likepleura, pericardium and peri-toneum.

Serosanguinous Discharge contain-ing serum and blood.

Serositis Inflammation of serousmembrane.

Serotherapy Treatment of diseaseby injection of serum containing an-tibodies thereby conferring passiveimmunity.

Serotonin 5 hydroxy tryptaminepresent in platelets, mastcells,argentaffin cells of carcinoidtumors. A potent vasoconstrictorincriminated in migraine.

Serotonin reuptake inhibitorcompounds that inhibit serotoninreuptake at nerve endingincreasing its availability; used totreat depression.

Serotype A classification of micro-organisms based on antigenic struc-ture of cell.

Septum Primum Secundum

573Serous cavity Sexually transmitted diseases

Serous cavity Cavity lined by serousmembrane like pleural, pericardialand peritoneal cavities.

Serpiginous Creeper like course.Serrate Tooth like, notched.Serratia Gram negative rod of

enterobacteriaceae family.S. marcescens causes septicemia and

pulmonary diseaseSerratus A muscle arising or inserted

by a series of tooth like processes.Sertoli’s cells Supporting cells in the

seminiferous tubules that nourishthe spermatids.

Serum The straw coloured fluid afterblood coagulates.

Serum glutamo oxaloacetic trans-aminase (SGOT) SYN — aspartatetransaminase (AST). An intra-cellular enzyme present in muscle,liver and brain. Its serum level isincreased in necrosis of abovetissues.

Serum glutamopyruvic trans-aminase (SGPT) SYN — Alanineamino transferase (ALT) LikeSGOT, this enzyme is also presentin muscle, liver and brain tissue andits level increases in necrosis ofabove tissues.

Serum sickness A type IIIhypersensitivity immune responsefollowing injection of animal sera(antitoxins) with arthritis,lymphadenopathy and spleno-megaly.

Sesamoid Resembling a grain sesame.s. cartilage Cartilage plates present

between lateral nasal and greateralar cartilages of nose.

Severe combined immunedeficiency (SCID) Deficient cellmediated and humoral immunitywith infection by bacteria andfungi

Sever’s disease Apophysitis ofcalcaneus in adolescents

Sewer gas Methane and hydrogensulphide produced in sewage, maybe used as fuel.

Sex The distinctive characteristicsthat separate living beings andplants into males and females.

s. chromosomal Sex differentiationbased on xx (female) or xy (male)chromosome pattern.

s. morphological Sex determinedfrom external genitalia.

s. nuclear Sex determination frompresence or absence of sex chro-matin in body cells.

Sex chromatin SYN — Barr body. Itrepresents the inactivated ‘x’chromosome in female somaticcells (Lyon hypothesis).

Sex chromosome The x and ychromosomes which determine thesex of an individual.

Sex-linked A character controlledby genes on sex chromosome.

Sextuplet Six children in one preg-nancy.

Sexual dysfunction Sexual dissatis-faction due to defective arousal, or-gasm, pain or penetration.

Sexual maturity rating The orderand extent of development of sexualchacteristics.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STD)Diseases acquired during sexual

574Sexual reflex Shingles

intercourse with partner. Theyinclude syphilis, gonorrhea,lymphogranuloma venereum,granuloma inguinale, chancroid,acquired immunodeficiencysyndrome, genital herpes andwarts, viral hepatitis B, chlamydiaurethritis etc.

Sexual reflex Erection and ejacula-tion from sexual stimulation(whether direct or indirect) ir-respective one is asleep or awake.

Sezary cells An atypical mono-nuclear cell containing mucopolysaccharide filled cytoplasmicvacuoles.

Sezary syndrome Exfoliative skindisease characterized by infil-tration of skin by sezary cells; avariant of mycosis fungoides.

Shakes Shivering or tremulousness.Shaking palsy Parkinson’s disease.Shaman A traditional healer who

while in a trance, uses spirits to curediseases.

Shagreen patch Thick granulargrayish green skin of tuberoussclerosis.

Shear A force applied parallel to theplanes of an object but opposite indirection to existing force.

Sheath A connective tissue covering. s.axon Myelin sheath or neurilemma.

s. carotid Enclosure of carotid artery,vagus nerve and internal jugularvein by cervical fascia.

s. dural Covering of optic nerve.s. lamellar Connective tissue

covering a bundle of nerve fibers.s. myelin Layers of lipid and protein

forming a semifluid covering of

nerves, an extension of plasmamembrane of Schwann cells.

s. synovial Double walled tube likebursa enclosing the tendon of handsand feet.

Shedding Casting off surface layerof epidermis.

Sheehan’s syndrome Hypopitui-tarism secondary to pituitaryinfarction following post-partumhemorrhage and shock.

Sheep cell agglutination test (SCAT)A test for rheumatoid factor whensheep erythrocytes sensitized withrabbit anti sheep RBC immuno-globulin are agglutinated bypatient’s serum containingrheumatoid factor.

Sheet Linen.s. draw Folded linen placed under a

patient which can be withdrawnwithout lifting the patient.

Shellen chart A chart for testingvisual acuity using letters thatsubtend an angle of 5°.

Shenton’s line A radiographic lineused to determine the relationshipof head of femur to acetabulum.

Shield A protective device.Shigella Non motile gram negative

bacilli causing bacillary dysenteryand alimentary disturbances, e.g. S.boydii, S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S.sonnei.

Shigellosis Disease produced byshigella.

Shin Anterior edge of tibia.Shingles SYN — Herpes zoster

producing painful vesicles alongcourse of a nerve.

575Shirodhkar operation Shunt, right to left

Shirodhkar operation Placement ofpurse-string suture around cervixto prevent premature delivery in in-competent cervix.

Shiver Involuntary muscle contrac-tion during cold, fear or at onset ofsome fevers.

Shock A state of poor tissue perfusiondue to deficient circulating bloodvolume, pump failure or suddenfear, anaphylaxis, overwhelminginfection, drugs, toxins.

s. anaphylactic Shock followinginjection of foreign substances to asensitized patient.

s. cardiogenic Shock due to pumpfailure following myocardialinfarction or electrical distur-bances.

s. endotoxic Shock from endotoxinsof gram negative bacteria.

s. Insulin Shock due to insulininduced hypoglycemia.

s. spinal Acute flaccid paralysis withloss of all sensations and reflexesfollowing complete transection ofspinal cord.

Shohl’s solution Solution of citricacid and sodium citrate used foracidosis.

Short bowel syndrome Poor absorp-tion of nutrients following resec-tion of sizeable length of smallintestine.

Shortsightedness SYN — myopia. Acondition where parallel rays arebrought to focus in front of retina.

Shot A subcutaneous injection.Shoulder The junction of upper arm

with collar bone and scapula.

s. dislocation Slipping of humeralhead from glenoid cavity ofscapula.

Show Blood mixed thick mucoid dis-charge from vagina during firststage of labor.

Sharpnell’s membrane The trian-gular portion of tympanic mem-brane lying above the malleolarfold. SYN- pars flaccida.

Shred Thin strand of mucus.Shrink To reduce in size.Shudder Convulsive tremor from

fear, aversion.Shunt Diversion of flow.s. arteriovenous Congenital abnormal

arteriovenous communication or theone done for hemodialysis.

s. left to right Passage of blood fromleft side of heart to right sidechambers as in VSD, ASD, PDA.

s. right to left Reverse of aboveoccurring in Fallot tetralogy,transposition of great vessels,single ventricle, DORV and Eisen-menger syndrome.

Bone of Arms and Shoulder Girdle

576Shy-Drager syndrome Siderosis

Shy-Drager syndrome Chronicorthothostatic hypotension due toprimary autonomic failure.

Sialism Excessive salivary secretion.Sialoadenitis Inflammation of

salivary gland.Sialocele Cyst or tumor of salivary

gland.Sialogogue An agent that promotes

salivary secretion.Sialography X-ray examination of

salivary ducts and the gland by dieinjection through the duct opening.

Sialoporia Deficient secretion ofsaliva.

Siamese twins (Named after Changand Eng joined Chinese twins bornin Siam), cogenitally joined twins.

Sib A blood relative, brother or sister.Sibilant Hissing or whistling sound.Sibilismus A hissing sound.Sibling Children of same parent.Siccus Dry.Sick Not well, ill.Sickle cell Crescent shaped RBC

Sickle cell anemia A form of con-genital hemolytic anemia wherethere is abnormal hemoglobin(Hbs) resulting in sideling duringsplenic hypoxic conditioning.

Sickle cell crisis Capillary pluggingby sickle cells causing joint pain,abdominal pain, renal pain, etc. dueto infarction.

Sickling Tendency of RBC to assumesickle shape.

Sickness Illness.s. motion Nausea and vomiting

experienced during motion by road,air or water.

s. morning Nausea and vomiting ofearly pregnancy.

s. mountain Nausea, anorexia,insomnia and dyspnea of high al-titude due to oxygen lack.

s. sleeping 1. Trypanosomiasisinvolving CNS (Chaga’s disease),transmitted by tsetsefly. 2. En-cephalitis lethargica.

s. serum Joint pain, fever, lymph-adenopathy following injection ofserum.

Sick-sinus syndrome SA node dys-function manifesting as excessivebradycardia, brief periods of sinusarrest or tachy-brady syndrome.

Side effect Undesirable effects of adrug.

Sideroblast Ferritin containingnormoblast in bone marrow thatconstitute 20-90% of bone marrownormoblasts. The ferritin givesprussian blue reaction indicatingpresence of ionized iron.

Siderocyte RBC containing iron inany form other than hemoglobin.

Siderophil A cell having affinity foriron.

Siderosis A form of pneumoconiosisdue to inhalation of iron dusts/fumes.

Sickle Cell Anemia

577Siderosome Simethicone

Siderosome A reticulocyte with ironcontaining granules.

Sieve A mesh with uniform sizedpores.

Sigh A deep inspiration followed bya slow but loud expiration.

Sight Vision.Sigmoid Shaped like capital greek

letter sigma.Sigmoid flexure Lower part of

sigmoid colon shaped like S.Sigmoido proctostomy Artificial

communication of sigmoid flexurewith colon.

Sigmoidoscope Tubular instrumentfor examination of rectum and sig-moid colon.

Sigmoidoscopy Examination ofrectosigmoid by sigmoidoscope.

Sigmoido sigmoidostomy Artificialcreation of communicationbetween two segments of colon.

Sign Any objective evidence ormanifestation of disease.

Silastic Silicone material which areusually inert and hence compatiblewith body and used in reconstruc-tive surgery.

Silent Mute.Silent period Period in a tendon reflex

immediately following musclecontraction when another neuralimpulse entering the reflex centercannot excite efferent motorneurone.

Silent angina Angina pectoriswithout subjective symptoms likeprecordial pain.

Silica Silicon dioxide.Silicate A salt of silicic acid.

Silicon A non-metallic elementconstituting 25% of earth’s crust.

Silicone A group of polymericorganic compounds used in ad-hesives, lubricants and prosthesis.

Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosisresulting from inhalation of silica(quartz) dusts producing nodules,fibrosis and often emphysema.

Silo-filler’s disease Hypersensitivepneumonitis in workers workingin silos caused by nitric acid andnitrogen dioxide that are producedby fermenting organic matter.

Silver White malleable metal usedfor astringent and antiseptic effect.

s. amalgam Alloy of silver within orcopper used as a dental restorativematerial.

s. halide The coating on radiographicfilms which when exposed toradiant energy forms the image.

s. sulfadiazine Used for topicalapplication on burn.

Silver-fork deformity MalunitedColle’s fracture resembling back ofthe fork.

Silver nitrate A germicide and localastringent used for throat cauteri-zation; causes grayish discolo-ration of mucous membranes.

Silvester’s method A method of ar-tificial respiration where patientlies on back with arms raised tothe sides of head, then broughtdown and pressed against thechest.

Simethicone Dimethyl polysilo-xanes, an antifoaming agent usedto treat intestinal gas.

578Simian crease Sinus, inferior petrosal

Simian crease A single tranversecrease on palm as in monkeys. Itspresence may signify Down’ssyndrome, rubella syndrome,Turner’s syndrome, Klinefelter’ssyndrome.

Similimum A therapeutic concept inhomeopathy where a medicineproduces symptoms similar to thatof the disease for which it isprescribed.

Simmond’s disease Hypopitui-tarism due to pituitary atrophy.

Simmon’s position An exaggeratedlithotomy position with elevationof buttock and abduction of thighs,employed for operation of vagina.

Simulation Imitation, pretention.Simulator Any device that creates a

situation similar to one that mightbe encountered, a technique usefulin teaching in flying practice, en-gine testing.

Simulium A genus of insects that in-cludes black flies, S. damnosum,serves as intermediate host ofOnchocerca volvulus.

Sinciput Front and upper part of head.Sinemet Combination of levodopa

and carbidopa.

Sineguan Doxepin hydrochloride, anantidepressant.

Singer’s node A swelling betweenarytenoid cartilages in singers.

Sinister Evil, wickedness; inanatomy left or present on left sideof body.

Sinistral Showing preference for leftsided organs like left hand, eye orfoot in certain actions.

Sinistrality Left handedness.Sinistrous Awkward, clumsy, un-

skilled; opposite to dextrous.Sinoatrial node Node at entry of su-

perior vena cava into right atrium,the pacemaker of heart.

Sinogram X-ray of sinus afterradiopaque dye injection.

Sinuous Winding, wavy, tortuous.Sinus A cavity within bone, dilated

venous channel, a cavity with smallopening.

s. cavernous The intracranial sinusextending from sphenoidal fissureto the apex of the petrous portion oftemporal bone.

s. circular A venous sinus aroundpituitary body communicating oneach side with the cavernous sinus.

s. coronary The vein in the atrio-ventricular groove of heart drain-ing into right atrium.

s. dermal A congenital sinus tractconnecting spinal canal withexterior.

s. frontal An irregular asymmetricalcavity in frontal bone.

s. inferior petrosal A large venoussinus along lower margin ofpetrous part of temporal bonedraining into cavernous sinus.

Simian Crease

579Sinus, lateral Sjögren-Larson syndrome

s. lateral One of the two venoussinuses inside brain draining intojugular vein.

s. marginal A large venous sinusaround the margin of placenta;around white pulp of spleen.

s. maxillary Cavity in the maxillacommunicating with middlemeatus of nose. Both maxillarysinuses are usually symmetrical.

s. of valsalva Dilatation of aortaopposite the semilunar valve.

s. renal The area of the kidneycomprised of renal pelvis, renalcalices, vessels and nerves.

s. sigmoid Continuation of transversesinus along posterior border ofpetrous part of temporal bone tothe jugular foramen to continue asjugular vein.

s. superior sagittal A straight sinusalong upper border of falx cerebrifrom the crista galli to the internaloccipital protruberance where itjoins transverse sinus, the left orright.

s. transverse The sinus uniting bothinferior petrosal sinuses.

s. urogenital The common receptacleof the genital and urinary ducts.

Sinus arrhythmia Rise and fall in heartrate in inspiration and expirationrespectively; usually innocuous.

Sinusitis Inflammation of paranasalsinuses, the maxillary, frontal,ethmoidal and sphenoidal withheadache, fever and chills. Aconsequence to chronic allergicrhinitis, deviated nasal septum, ornasal polyp.

Sinusoid A large blood channel withreticuloendothelial lining found inliver, spleen, adrenal and bonemarrow.

Sinus rhythm The normal cardiacrhythm originating from SA node.

Siphon A tube bent at an angle withtwo unequal parts for transfering li-quids from one container to another.

Sipple syndrome Multiple endocrineneoplasia type III.

Siriasis Sunstroke.Site Position or location.Sitophobia Abnormal psychic aver-

sion for particular food.Sitosterols A mixture of saturated

sterols that increase fecal elimina-tion of cholesterol and thereforeused as lipid lowering agent.

Sitting height In anthropometry avertical height taken from the tableon which patient is sitting to thevertex.

Situs A position.s. inversus An anomaly where

visceral positions are reversed.Situational crisis In psychiatry any

brief transient period of psychologi-cal stress.

Sitz bath Emersion of patient’s but-tocks and perineal region in hotwater.

Sixth cranial nerve Abducent nervethat supplies the external rectus.

Sjögren’s syndrome A combinationof rheumatoid arthritis with xeros-tomia, keratoconjunctivitis siccaand parotid enlargement.

Sjögren-Larson syndrome Mentalratardation, ichthyosis, spastic

580Skater’s gait Sling, clove-hitch

diplegia, inherited as an autosomalrecessive trait.

Skater’s gait Flexion and extensionof trunk while walking in patientswith advanced Huntington’schorea akin to that of skaters.

Skatole A nitrogenous decomposedproduct of protein formed fromtryptophan with bad odor.

Skeletal muscle A muscle attachedto bone and involved in body move-ments.

Skeletal survey X-ray of entire skeletonto detect any metastasis or disease.

Skeletal traction Traction applieddirectly to bone through insertedpins and needles.

Skeletization Wasting of soft partsleaving only the skeleton.

Skeleton The bony framework sup-porting and protecting the viscera.It consists of 206 bones, 80 axialand 126 appendicular.

Skene’s glands Paraurethral glandsopening to the floor of terminalurethra. Constantly involved ingonococcal infection.

Skew Asymmetrical, to slant.Skew deviation A condition where

one eyeball is deviated upward andoutward, the other being inwardand downward.

Skin The integument covering thebody. It is the largest organ systemconsisting of epidermis anddermis. The layers of epidermisare stratum corneum, statumluciderm, stratum granulosum,stratum basale.

Skin clip An alternative to sutures toclose the skin wound.

Skin fold thickness Measuringthickness of subcutaneous fat overtriceps, in upper abdomen and insubscapular region to assess thenutritional status.

Skoda's resonance Tympanicresonance above the line of fluid inpleural effusion or aboveconsolidation in pneumonia

Sleep The periodic state of rest inwhich there is diminution of con-sciousness and relative inactivity.

Sleep apnoea Cessation of breathingfor atleast 10 sec occurring 30 ormore times during 7 hours sleeprecording.

Sleep paralysis Transient paralysiswith spontaneous recovery occur-ring while falling asleep or onawakening.

Sleeping sickness African trypano-somiasis, encephalitis lethargica.

Sleep spindle In electro encephalo-graphy, the bursts of about 14 persecond waves occurring duringsleep.

Slide A piece of glass on whichspecimens are examined undermicroscope.

Sliding flap A simple flap that isrotated on a broad base to fill anadjacent defect.

Sliding hernia A variety of indirectirreducible inguinal hernia inwhich a section of viscus forms onewall of the sac.

Sling A bandage usually slung fromneck to support the arm.

s. clove-hitch Sling made as follows:A close hitch is placed at the centerof a roller bandage. Its ends are

581Sling, counterbalanced Slow reacting substance

carried over shoulder and tiedbeside neck with a square knot.

s. counterbalanced A rehabilitationdevice that suspends arm by wayof an overhead frame and pulleywith weight system.

s. open Sling made by placing thepoint of a triangular cloth at the tipof elbow and bringing the two endsaround back of neck and tied.

Slipped disk Herniated inter-vertebral disk.

Slipped epiphysis Displacement ofupper femoral epiphysis, commonto children.

Slit A narrow opening.Slit lamp An instrument consisting of

a light source providing a narrowbeam of high intensity light and amicroscope for better visualizationof anterior segment of eye.

Slough A mass of necrotic tissue, tocast off a mass of necrotic tissue.

Slow reacting substance of anaphy-laxis A chemical substance(leukotriene) produced by mastcell degranulation in allergicconditions. It causes smoothmuscle contraction, e.g. broncho-spasm.

Skin

582

Slow virus infection Virus infectionmanifesting after long latencyperiod, e.g. kuru.

Sludge Any solid, semisolid orliquid waste arising from muni-cipal, commercial or industrialwaste water treatment; gall bla-dder sludge.

Slurry A thin watery mixture.Small pox Synonym variola, a viral

exanthema with papulo-vesicularlesions on skin and constitutionalsymptoms.

Smegma The thick odorous secre-tion from Tyson’s glands underprepuce and under labia minora.

Smellies forceps Obstetric forcep fordelivery of aftercoming head inbreech presentation.

Smellies scissors Special scissorswith external cutting edges for fetalcraniotomy.

Smelling salt A preparation con–taining ammonium carbonate andstronger ammonia water scentedwith aromatic substances.

Smelter’s chills Zinc poisoning.Smith-Hodge pessary A retro-

version pessary.Smith-Hemil-Optiz syndrome

Small stature, mental retardation,crypto-orchidism, and failure tothrive.

Smith fracture Fracture of lower endof radius with forward displace-ment of lower segment.

Smith-Piterson nail A special nailthat on crosssection has three flan-ges, used for stabilization of frac-ture neck of femur.

Smog Dense fog combined withsmoke.

Smokeless tobacco Tobacco used forchewing or as snuff. They irritateoral mucosa and increase the riskof oral cancer.

Smoker’s cancer Cancer of lip, throator lungs caused by tobacco smoke.

Smoking passive Exposure totobacco smoke of smokers around(involuntary smoking)

Snudging A speech defect where dif-ficult consonants are omitted.

Snake A reptile possessing scales butno limbs, external ears and eyelids.

Snake venom A secretion of pos-terior superior labial glands of poi-sonous snake containing neuro-toxin, hemolysins, cytolysins andhemocoagulins.

Snap A sharp cracking sound.s. opening A high pitched sound heard

during opening of diseased valves,e.g. mitral stenosis.

Snapping hip Presence of an abnor-mal tendinous band on gluteusmaximus muscle which slips toproduce a snap during certain hipmovements.

Snapping jaw An audible and pal-pable snap on closing and openingof mouth due to displaced meniscusof temperomandibular joint.

Snapping knee An audible snappingsound on sudden extension of kneecaused by slipping of biceps femoristendon or displaced menisci.

Snare An instrument with a wire loopto remove polyps, tonsils and smallgrowths with a pedicle.

Slow virus infection Snare

583

Sneeze A sudden spasmodic expira-tion through nose.

Snell chart A chart for testing visualacuity using letters that subtend anangle of 5o.

Snore The noise produced whilebreathing through mouth duringsleep.

Snout reflex A variant of suckingreflex in which sharp tapping ofmid upper lip results in exagge-

rated contraction of the lips,positive in infants and in diffusebrain disease.

Snuff Powdered form of tobacco in-haled through nose.

Snuff box anatomical Triangulararea at the base of thumb. Tender-ness in this area indicates scaphoidfracture.

Soap A salt of one or more higherfatty acids with an alkali or metal.

Sneeze Soap

Snellen Chart

584

Soluble soaps are detergents andare prepared from alkali metalssodium and potassium.

Soap liniment A solution of soapand camphor in alcohol and water.Used as a stimulant andrubefacient.

Sociology Study of human social be-haviour and the origin, institutionsand functions of human groups andsocieties.

Sociopathy The condition of beingantisocial.

Socket A hollow in a joint or bone.s. alveolar The bony space occupied

by tooth and periodontal ligament.Soda Salts of sodium.s. baking Sodium bicarbonate.s. caustic Sodium hydroxide.s. lime Mixture of calcium hydroxide

and sodium hydroxide used toabsorb carbon dioxide.

Soda water A solution of carbondioxide under pressure.

Soda ash Commercial sodium car-bonate.

Sodium Light, silvery white alkalimetal which violently decomposeswater forming sodium hydroxideand hydrogen.

s. acetate Systemic and urinaryalkalizer.

s. alginate A food additive.s. benzoate A food preservative.s. bicarbonate Used IV to treat

acidosis.s. carbonate Washing soda.s. chloride Table salt; 0.9% solution

is osmotically compatible withblood.

s. lactate In one sixth or on fourthmolar solution used IV to correctacidosis.

s. monofluoro phosphate For topicalapplication on teeth to preventcaries.

s. morrhuate A sclerosing agent usedto obliterate varices.

s. nitrite Antidote for cyanidepoisoning.

s. nitroprusside A powerful vaso-dilator.

s. polystyrene sulphonate Cationexchange resin used to lower bodypotassium.

s. propionate Possesses antifungalaction.

s. salicylate Analgesic and antipyretic.

s. thiosulphate Antidote for cyanidepoisoning.

Soft palate The posterior portion ofroof of mouth.

Soft sore Venereal ulcer caused byDucrey’s bacillus.

Soleus The flat broad muscle at backof calf of leg.

Solitary Single or lonely.Solubility Capable of being dis-

solved.Solute The substance that is dis-

solved in a solution.Solution A homogeneous mixture of

solid, liquid or gaseous substancein a liquid from which thedissolved substance can be reco-vered by crystallization or otherphysical process.

Solution aqueous Solution con-taining water as the solvent.

Soap liniment Solution aqueous

585

s. buffer Solution of weak acid andits salt solvent for maintainingconstant pH.

s. hypertonic Solution with greaterosmotic pressure than that of bodyfluids.

s. hypotonic Solution with osmoticpressure less than that of body-fluids.

s. isotonic Solution with similarosmotic pressure as that of bodyfluids.

s. Ringer’s Solution containingchlorides of sodium, calcium andpotassium.

Solvent A liquid that dissolvesanother substance.

Soma The body as distinct frommind.

Somatesthesia The consciousness ofthe body.

Somatic Pertains to body, the non-reproductive cells, skeletal mus-cles.

Somatist One who believes that men-tal disorders have an organic basis.

Somatization Expression of emo-tional conflicts as bodily ailment.

Somatoform disorders A group ofdisorders in which there aresymptoms of a disease but no ob-jective evidence to explain thesymptoms.

Somatomedin Insulin like growthfactors derived from liver (Soma-tomedin C and A) that stimulategrowth under influence of growthhormone.

Somatopagus Twins with mergedbody.

Somatostatin A hypothalamic hor-mone that inhibits release ofsomatotropin, insulin, and gastrin.

Somatotropin Growth hormone.Somnambulism Sleep walking, the

performance of any fairly complexact while in a sleep like state ortrance.

Somniferous Promoting sleep.Somniloquism Talking during sleep.Somnolence Sleepiness.Somogyi phenomenon In diabetes

mellitus, rebound hyperglycemiafollowing an attack of hypo-glycemia that triggers release ofcounter regulatory hormones.Reduction in dose of insulin helpsto control the hyperglycemia byabolishing hypoglycemia.

Sonogram Ultrasonography record.Sonolucent Condition of not reflect-

ing the ultrasound wave back to thesource.

Sonorous rale Low pitched ralecaused by mucous secretion inbronchus.

Sophistication In medicine, the adul-teration.

Soporific A drug producing sleep,narcotic.

Sorbefacient Agent promoting ab-sorption.

Sorbitol A crystalline alcohol usedas sweetening agent.

Sordes Foul brown crusts about thelips in some fever.

Sore Painful lesion of skin or mucousmembrane.

s. bed Gangrene of skin due topressure.

Solution aqueous, butter Sore, bed

586

s. canker A sore on the mucousmembrane of mouth.

s . cold Herpes simplex on the lips.s. Delhi Cutaneous leishmaniasis.s. soft SYN — Chanchroid.Sororiation Growth of breasts

during puberty.Sotalol Betaadrenergic blocking

agent used as antihypertensiveagent, antiarrhythmic too.

Souffle A bruit, soft blowing sound.s. uterine Blood flow within uterine

arteries producing the sound.Sound Auditory sensation produced

by vibrations, noise, measured indecibels.

s. bronchial Pattern of breath soundover consolidation.

s. bronchovesicular A mixture ofbronchial and vesicular sound.

s. ejection High pitched clickingsound heard during systole.

s. Korotkoff’s Sounds heard over anartery during blood pressuremeasurement.

s. succussion Splashing sound heardover a cavity filled with fluid.

s. tubular Breath sound heard overtrachea and large bronchi.

Southern blot An analytical methodin DNA analysis

Space dead In respiratory physiology,the area from nose to bronchioleswhich do not take part in exchangeof oxygen and carbon dioxide.

s. epidural Space between the duramater and vertebral periosteum.

s. subarachnoid Space between thepia mater and the arachnoidcontaining CSF.

s. of Fontana Spaces at the angle ofiris allowing passage of aqueoushumor from anterior chamber tothe canal of Schlemm.

s. Tenon’s Lymph spaces betweensclera and Tenon’s capsule.

Space medicine Branch of medicinedealing with pathological andphysiological problems en-countered by humans in the space.

Sparge To introduce gas or air intoliquid.

Spargosis 1. Swelling of skin as inelephantiasis. 2. Distention oflactating breast with milk.

Spasm Sudden involuntary musclecontraction, can be clonic (alternatecontraction and relaxation) or tonic(sustained contraction).

Spasmophilia A tendency towardsspasm and convulsion as in rickets.

Spastic colon A motility disorder ofcolon with lower abdominal painand alternating constipation anddiarrhea.

Spasticity Increased muscle tonewith muscular stiffness as in uppermotor neurone lesions.

Spatial Pertaining to space.Spatula Flat instrument for mixing

or spreading semisolids.Specific-gravity Weight of a sub-

stance compared with equalvolume of water. Specific gravityof water is taken as 1000.

Spectinomycin Injectable antibioticused for gonorrhea.

Spectrometer An instrument tomeasure wavelength based on theprinciple of prism or diffractiongrating.

Sore, canker Spectrometer

587

Spectrophotometry Estimation ofdepth of colour by using spectro-photometer.

Spectroscope An instrument forseparating radiant energy into itscomponent frequencies or wave-lengths.

Spectrum The series of componentsor images obtained when a beamof electromagnetic wave isdispersed and the constituentwaves are arranged according totheir frequencies or wavelengths.

s. invisible Spectral portion belowthe red (infra red) or above violet(ultraviolet) which is invisible tothe eyes lying below 3900 angs-trom units and above 7700 angs-trom units.

s. visible Colors from red to violet withwavelengths of 3900-7700 AU.

Speculum Instrument for examina-tion of canals, e.g. ear speculum,vaginal speculum.

Speech Expression of thoughts byspoken words or sound symbols.

s. atoxic Defective speech due tomuscular incoordination as incerebellar ataxia.

s. esophageal Speech produced bymodulation of air expelled fromesophagus in laryngectomised patients.

s. scanning Speech with pauses inbetween syllables.

s. staccato Slow and labored speechwilh each syllable being pronouncedseparately.

Spermatic cord The cord suspendingthe testis and is composed of vasdeferens, spermatic arteries, veinsand lymphatics.

Spermatic vein The vein drainingthe testis. The left vein drains intoleft renal vein while the right veinempties into inferior vena cava.

Spermatid A precursor cell of sper-matozoon derived from secondaryspermatocyte.

Spermatin A mucilaginous sub-stance present in semen.

Spermatocele A cystic tumor ofepididymis.

Spermatocyte The cell arising fromspermatogonium that forms thespermatids.

Spermatogenesis The process offormation of mature spermatozoa,i.e. spermatogonium-primaryspermatocyte-secondary sperma-tocyte-spermatid-motile func-tional spermatozoa.

Spermatorrhea Involuntary loss ofsemen without orgasm.

Spectrophotometry Spermatorrhea

Spermatozoon

588

Speculum

Speculum Speculum

589

Spermatozoon The mature malegerm cell formed within the semi-niferous tubules of testis, freelymobile resembling a tadpole.

Spermaturia Semen passed withurine.

Spermicide Agent that kills sper-matozoa.

Sphenoid Wedge shaped.Sphenoid bone Large bone placed at

base of skull between the parietaland temporal bones laterally, oc-cipital bone behind and ethmoid infront.

Sphenoiditis Inflammation ofsphenoidal sinus cells.

Sphenoid spine Downward projec-tion from the posterior extremityof greater wing of sphenoid, givingattachment to sphenomandibularligament.

Sphenosis Condition in which fetusbecomes wedged in the pelvis.

Sphere Globe like structure.Spherocyte Erythrocyte assuming

globular shape.

Spherocytosis A form of congenitalhemolytic anemia characterizedby hemolysis, anemia, spleno-megaly and jaundice with incre-ased red cell fragility.

Spherule A very small sphere; thestructure present in tissues infec-ted with Coccidiodes imitis, eachspherule containing hundreds ofendospores.

Sphincter Circular muscle fibers thatclose an orifice when contracted,e.g. anal sphincter, loweresophageal sphincter, pyloricsphincter and sphincter of Oddi.

Sphingolipid Lipid containingsphingosine bases.

Sphingolipidosis Hereditary diseasewith defective metabolism ofsphingolipids. Included in thisgroup are Tay-Sachs disease,Fabry’s disease, Kuf’s disease,Krabbe’s disease and Nieman- Pickdisease.

Sphingomyelins Phosphorus con-taining sphingolipids principally

Spermatozoon Sphingomyelins

Spherocytosis

590

found in nervous tissue. They arederived from choline phosphateand a ceramide.

Sphygmo Pulse.Sphygmobolometer Device that

measures force of pulse.Sphygmograph Instrument for

recording shape and force of pulsewave.

Sphygmoid Resembling the pulse.Sphygmomanometer Instrument for

indirect measurement of arterialblood pressure, can be aneroid ormercurial.

Spica A reverse spiral bandage, theturn of which crosses like letter V.

Spicule Small needle shaped.Spider black widow Black female

spider with four pairs of legs andpoison fangs. Its bite causes ex-cruciating abdominal pain and as-cending motor palsy.

Spider finger Abnormally longphallanges of hand.

Spider cells Branching cells inneuroglia.

Spider nevus Branched capillarygrowth in the skin resembling aspider as in cirrhosis of liver.

Spigelian line Line on abdomenmarking the edge of rectus abdo-minis.

Spigelian lobe A small lobe behindthe right lobe of liver.

Spike The main peak, or a rapid sharpwave appearing suddenly in thebackground slow wave rhythm.

Spill Overflow.

s. cellular Dissemination of cellsthrough lymphatic or hemato-genous route as in metastasis.

s. radioactive Leaking of radioactivematerial.

Spillway The contour of teeth allow-ing food to escape from the cuspsduring mastication.

Spina The spine.s. bifida Congenital nonunion

between the laminae of vertebra.

Spinal anesthesia Anesthesiaproduced by injection of anestheticagents into spinal canal.

Spinal canal The canal bounded byvertebral body and vertebral archesthat contains the spinal cord.

Spinal column The vertebral columnconsisting of 33 vertebra: 7 cervi-cal, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacraland 4 in the coccyx.

Spinal cord The nervous tissue con-tained in spinal canal extendingfrom medulla to lower border offirst lumbar vertebra. The graymatter within spinal cord is in theform of H.

Sphygmo Spinal cord

Spina Bifida

591Spinal curvature Spinal fluid

Spinal Cord

Spinal curvature Curvature of spinewhich is often physiological likecervical and lumbar lordosis andthoracic kyphosis.

Spinal fluid Cerebrospinal fluidlying in the central canal andaround the spinal cord within thesubarachnoid space.

592

Spinal nerves 31 pairs of nerves aris-ing from spinal cord; 8 cervical, 12thoracic, 5 lumbar 5 sacral andcoccygeal. Each nerve has a ventralefferent motor root and an afferentdorsal sensory root. Each nerve haswhite and gray rami communicantwhich pass to the ganglia of sym-pathetic trunk.

Spinal shock Complete arcflexicflaccid palsy following completetransection of spinal cord.

Spindle A fusiform shaped body.s. muscle Specialized nerve tissue in

voluntary muscles involved instretch and myotatic reflex.

s. neuromuscular A complex sensorynerve ending enclosed within acapsule and supplied by an afferentnerve fiber to mediate proprioceptivesensations and reflex.

s. neurotendinous SYN—organ ofGolgi, the proprioceptive nerveending in the tendon.

Spine A sharp process from a bone.Spinnbarkeit Evaluation of elasticity

of cervical mucus for determiningtime of ovulation.

s.cell RBC with spikes due tomembrane deformity as seen inalcoholic cirrhosis

Spinobulbar Concerning the spinalcord and medulla oblongata.

Spiral Coiling around a center likethe thread of screw.

s. lamina A thin bony plane of innerear dividing the cochlear canal intoupper scala vestibuli and lowerscala tympani.

s. organ of Corti The sensoryendorgan containing hair cells thatact as receptors for sound.

Spirillium minus A flagellatedaerobic bacteria in blood of ratscausing rat bite fever.

Spirochaeta A genus of slender spiralmotile microorganism causingdiseases like syphilis, pinta, yaws.

Spirogram A record made by aspirograph depicting respiratorymovements.

Spirograph Graphic record ofrespiratory movements.

Spiroma Multiple, benign, cysticepithelioma of the sweat glands.

Spirometer An apparatus formeasuring the air capacity of thelungs.

Spironolactone Aldosterone an-tagonist that excretes sodium butconserves potassium, useful incirrhotics.

Spissated Thickened.Spit To expectorate.Spittle Sputum, which is expec-

torated.Spitz-Holter valve Used to drain

hydrocephalus.Splanchnic Pertains to viscera.s. nerves Three nerves from thoracic

sympathetic ganglia distributed toviscera.

Splanchnology The study of struc-ture and function of viscera.

Spleen A lymphoid vascular organ inleft hypochondrium at the tail ofpancreas, consisting of red and whitepulp, functions as erythropoieticorgan in embryo, and filtratesbacteria, senescent red blood cells,inclusion bodies from the blood.

Spinal nerves Spleen

593

Splenectomy Surgical removal ofspleen.

Splenadenoma Enlargement ofspleen caused by hyperplasia of itsred pulp.

Splenic flexure Junction of trans-verse colon with descending colon.

Spleniform Resembling the spleen.Splenitis Inflammation of the spleen,

acute or chronic, hypertrophic orsuppurative.

Splenium of corpus callosum Thethickened posterior end of corpuscallosum.

Splenius A flat muscle in upper backon either side.

Splenoportal Pertaining to spleenand portal vein.

Splenoportogram Radiographic pic-ture of spleen and portal vein afterinjection of radiopaque materialinto spleen.

Splenorenal shunt Anastomosis ofsplenic vein to renal vein as in por-tal hypertension.

Splenorrhagia Bleeding from rup-tured spleen.

Splenorrhaphy Suturing of anysplenic wound.

Splint An appliance used for protec-tion, fixation or union of injuredpart, can be movable orimmovable.

s. Agnew’s Splint used for fracture ofpatella and metacarpus.

s. anchor Splint for fractured jaw.s. Balkan Splint for continuous

extension in fracture of femur.s. Bond’s Splint used for fracture of

lower end of radius.

s. Cabot’s Metal splint for im-mobilization of lower limb.

s. Denis Browne Splint used forcorrection of talipes equinovarus.

s. Dupuytren’s Splint used to preventeversion in Pott’s fracture.

s. dynamic Splint that assists inmovements initiated by patient.

s. Fox’s Splint used in fracture ofclavicle.

s. Gordon’s Splint for Colle’s fracture.s. Thomas A long wire splint with a

proximal ring that fits into upperthigh, used for fracture femur.

Splinter A sharp piece of materialpiercing the body.

Splinter hemorrhage Small linearbleeding under the nail as in sub-acute bacterial endocarditis.

Splinting Fixation of injured partwith a splint.

Split Division or fissure.Split tongue Bifid tongue.Spondylos Vertebra.Spondylitis Inflammation of ver-

tebra.Spondylolisthesis Forward sublu-

xation of lower lumbar vertebraon sacral vertebra.

Spondylosis Degenerative disease ofvertebra and the inter vertebraldisk with new bone formation atvertebral margins and facet jointarthropathy.

Spondylotherapy Spinal manipula-tion in treatment of disease.

Sponge An absorbent pad made upof cotton and gauze to absorb fluidsand blood, used in wound dressing.

Splenectomy Sponge

594

s. gelatin Spongy substance of gelatinused to stop internal bleeding.

Spongiform Having appearance orquality of a sponge.

Spongioblast The precursor cell ofastrocytes and ependymal cellsthat develop from neural tube.

Spongioblastoma A glioma arisingfrom spongioblasts.

Spongiocyte A neuroglial cell.Spontaneous fracture Fracture of a

osteoporotic bone.Spoon nail Concave nail of iron

deficiency anemia.Sporadic Occurring occasionally.Spore An asexual reproductive unit

of plants, some protozoa andbacteria.

Sporoblast Structure within theoocyst of certain protozoa.

Sporocyst A reproductive cell con-taining spores.

Sporogony Reproduction bydevelopment of spores.

Sporothrix A genus of fungi.Sportrichosis A chronic granu-

lomatous fungal infection invol-ving skin and lymph nodes withabscess formation, nodularity andulceration.

Sporozoa A subdivision of protozoathat includes plasmodia,toxoplasma and isospora.

Sports medicine Application ofmedical knowledge for treatmentand prevention of sports injuriesand improvement of trainingmethods.

Sporulalion Production of spores.Spot A small area distinguishable

from surrounding area.

s. blind The optic disk containingopaque optic nerve fibers.

s. cherry-red Red spot in retina inTay-Sach’s disease.

s. Koplik Bluish white spots on oralmucous membrane before ap-pearance of rash of measles.

s. Mongolian Blue or mulberycoloured spots in sacral regionpresent at birth that disappearlater.

Spotted fever Name for eruptivefevers like typhus, and otherrickettsial fevers.

Spotting Appearance of blood tingeddischarge from vagina in betweenperiods or at onset of labor.

Sprain Trauma to the ligamentouscapsular support of a joint withtearing of fibers and haemor-rhage.

Sprain fracture Separation of a ten-don or ligament from its bony inser-tion site taking along with it a pieceof bone.

Spray A jet of fine medicated vapor.Spring conjunctivitis Conjunctivitis

occurring in each spring.Spring ligament Calcaneoscaphoid

ligament in the sole of foot.Sprue Intestinal malabsorption disor-

der often due to dietary factors, folicacid deficiency producing bulky,frothy, offensive stool.

Spur A sharp bony outgrowth.s. calcaneal An exostosis from

calcaneus.Spurious False, adulterated.Sputum Material expelled by cough-

ing containing bronchialsecretions, alveolar collections.

Sponge, gelatin Sputum

595

s. numular Round coin shaped flatforms of sputum sinking in wateras seen in bronchiectasis.

Squalene An unsaturated car-bohydrate present in vegetable oils,precursor of cholesterol.

Squamous Scale like.Squamous bone Upper anterior por-

tion of temporal bone.Squamous cell Flat scaly epithelial

cell.Square knot Double knot in which

ends and standing parts aretogether and parallel to each other.

Squatting Sitting on ones haunchesand heels.

Squill Obsolete expectorant anddiuretic.

Squint An abnormality where visualaxes do not converge on a singlepoint.

Stab Piercing with a sharp pointedinstrument.

Staccato speech Jerky pronunciationwith separation of each syllableand word by pauses.

Stachyose A nonabsorbable car-bohydrate present in beans; hencecausing flatulence.

Staging The process of classifyingtumors with respect to their degreeof differentiation, response totherapy and prognosis.

Stain A dye used to colour objects formicroscopic examination.

s. acid Stain where the colour bearingion is anion, i.e. eosin.

s. acid-fast Staining for myco-bacteria which retain carbol-fuschin even when washed withacid-alcohol.

s. basic Stain where colour bearingion is cation, e.g. methylene blue.

s. dental Staining of enamel ordenture due to tea, coffee or tobaccoor inhalation of metals like copper(green) manganese (black), iron(brown).

s. Giemsa Stain containing azur II-eosin.

Stalk An elongated structure that at-taches or supports an organ.

s. infundibular Stalk connectingdiencephalon with pituitary.

Stamina Strength, endurance.Stammering Speech disorder with

hesitation, mispronunciation,made worse by anxiety and fear.

Sputum, numular Stammering

Squint

596

Standard deviation In statistics, it isthe square root of variance.

Standard error A measure ofvariability; the difference betweenmeans of two samples.

Standstill Cessation of activity.Stannosis Exposure to an inorganic

dust (finoxide) but withoutpulmonary symptoms

Stannous fluoride A fluoride com-pound in toothpaste that preventsdental caries.

Stanolone Anabolic steroid.Stanazolol Anabolic steroid, used for

muscle building.Stapedectomy Excision of stapes as

in otosclerosis.Stapedius A small muscle in the

middle ear attached to stapes.

Stapes Ossicle in middle ear whosefoot plate fits into oval window.

Staphyle Uvula, the fleshy masshanging from soft palate.

Staphylococcus Gram positive cocciappearing as bunch of grapes.Cause boils, carbuncles, internal

abscess, food poisoning, toxicshock syndrome and scalded skinsyndrome.

Staphyloderma Cutaneous infectionwith staphylococci.

Staphyloma Protrusion of sclera orcornea.

Staphylopharyngeus Muscle of softpalate whose contraction narrowsthe fauces and occludes thenasopharynx.

Staphyloplasty Plastic surgery ofuvula or soft palate.

Staphylorrhaphy Suture of cleft pal-ate.

Staphylotoxin Toxins produced bystaphylococci, e.g. the enterotoxin,hemotoxin, dermo necrotic toxin, etc.

Staple food Any principal food itemof a community supplying morethan 25% of calori and eatenregularly.

Stapling Fastening of incised woundsby metal staples.

Starch A plant polysaccharide ofhigh molecular weight which onabsorption is reduced to simplesugars to provide energy. Starch isconverted to sugar when somefruits ripen while peas and cornchange sugar into starch as theirseeds develop.

Stare Fixed gaze at any object.Starling’s law Starling law of heart

depicts that the force of contractionof heart muscle is directly relatedto length of muscle fiber atbeginning of contraction.

Starvation Food deprivation.Stasis Stagnation in the flow.

Standard deviation Stasis

Stapes

597

State A condition.Static electricity Electricity pro-

duced by friction.Stationary Fixed.Statistics The systematic collection,

organization and analysis of dataand their interpretation.

Statoconia Minute beats of calciumadhering to the hair cells of maculeand utricle responsible formaintenance of posture. SYN—statolith.

Stature Height of body in standingposition.

Status A state or condition.s. asthmaticus Persistent and in-

tractable asthma. SYN — acutesevere asthma.

s. epilepticus Recurrent convulsiveepisodes without regain of con-sciousness in between.

s. sternuens Continuous sneezing.s. vermcosus Warty appearance of

surface of brain due to defectivedevelopment of cerebral gyri.

Steapsin SYN — Lipase, the pan-creatic lipolytic enzyme.

Stearate Salt of stearic acid.Stearic acid A fatty acid mainly

found in animal fats.Stearin Ester of stearic acid and

glycerine.Stearrhea Excessive secretion of

sebum.Steatadenoma Tumor of sebaceous

glands.Steatitis Inflammation of adipose

tissueSteatocele Fatty tumor within the

scrotum.

Steatorrhea Fatty diarrhea ofpancreatic enzyme deficiency; in-creased secretion of sebaceousglands.

Stein-Leventhal syndrome Poly-cystic ovary syndrome with ame-norrhea and infertility.

Stein man’s pin A metal pin insertedinto bone for application oftraction.

Stelazin Trifluoperazine hydro-chloride.

Stellate Star shaped.s. fracture Fracture with radiating

fracture lines from center oftrauma.

s. ganglion A sympathetic ganglionformed by fusion of inferior cervicaland first thoracic ganglions.

s. veins Venous plexus beneathcapsule of kidney.

Stellwag’s sign Widening of pal-pebral fissure with infrequentblinking, a feature of Graves’disease.

Stem Stalk like structure.Stem cell The cell which is initial

precursor of specific differentiatedred blood cells.

Stenosis Constriction or narrowing.Stensen’s duct Parotid duct.Stensen’s foramina Foramina in

hard palate transmitting anteriorbranches of descending palatinevessels.

Stent Any material used to hold tis-sue in place, provide support forgraft, to keep a passage open, e.g.prostatic stent, esophageal stentand coronary stents.

State Stent

598

Stephanion Point of intersection ofsuperior temporal ridge andcoronal suture.

Steppage gait High stepping gait offoot drop as in anterior tibial nervepalsy.

Stercobilin A brown pigmentderived from bile that imparts thecolor to feces.

Stercolith A fecal concretion.Stercus Feces.Stereoanesthesia Inability to recog-

nize objects by feeling their form.Stereochemistry Chemistry dealing

with atoms in their space relation-ship.

Stereognosis Ability to recognizeobjects by touch.

Stereoisomerism Compoundshaving same number of atoms butin differing arrangement, e.g.dextrose and levulose.

Stereo-orthopter A mirror reflectingdevice for treatment of squint.

Stereophotography Photographythat gives depth, i.e. three dimen-sional picture.

Stereoscope Instrument that givesthree dimensional view of objectsseen by combining images of twopictures.

Stereotaxis A method of preciselylocating areas of brain concernedwith a particular function bymoving a probe or electrode alongcoordinates for measured distancesfrom certain external landmarks.

Stereotypy Persistent repetition ofwords, posture or activity.

Sterile Free from living micro-

organism; unable to procreate.Sterility The state of being free from

living microorganisms; state ofbeing sterile.

Sterilization The process of destro-ying all microorganisms either byheat, chemical or ionizing radia-tion.

Sterilizer Appliance used for achiev-ing sterilization.

Sternal puncture Removal of bonemarrow for examination by pres-sing wide bore needle into sternum.

Sternocleidomastoid Muscle aris-ing from sternum and clavicle,attached to the mastoid, helps inrotation of the head.

Sternohyoid Muscle attached tomedial end of clavicle and sternumand the hyoid bone.

Sternum The narrow fat bone in themidline of thorax in front.

Steroid Any organic compoundcontaining cyclopentano per-hydrinophenanthrine ring.

Steroidogenesis Production ofsteroid hormones.

Sterols Group of substances relatedto fats. They are alcohols withCPPP nucleus.

Stertorous Snoring sound.Stethograph Device to measure chest

movements in respiration.Stethoscope Instrument used to ap-

preciate internal body sounds, i.e.respiratory, cardiovascular andintestinal.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome Ery-thema multiforme.

Stibium Antimony.

Stephanion Stibium

599

Stibophen Trivalent antimony com-pound used in treatment ofschistosomiasis.

Stiffman syndrome A disease of un-known etiology manifesting withmuscle stiffness that limits volun-tary movements.

Stigma Any mark, spot on the skin,the spot on ovarian surface wheregraffian follicle ruptures.

Still birth Birth of dead fetus.Still’s disease Juvenile rheumatoid

arthritis with prominent visceralinvolvement.

Stimulant Agent that increases func-tional activity.

Stimulus Any agent or factor thatbrings changes in living tissue, e.g.muscular contraction, secretionfrom gland, initiating an impulse.

Sting Punctured wound made by aninsect.

Stippling Spotted appearance.

Stitch To unite skin or flesh; suturematerial; sharp spasmodic pain.

Stock culture Permanent culture of amicroorganism reinforced fromtime to time by fresh media.

Stockinet Tubular woven elasticmaterial to place uniform pressurearound a body part.

Stock The original individual ortribe from which others havedescended.

Stoke A unit of viscosity.Stokes-Adam’s syndrome Feeling

of light headedness and becomingunconscious due to poor bloodsupply to brain as in completeheart block.

Stokes’ law Paralysis of a musclelying adjacent to inflamed serousor mucous membrane.

Stoma A mouth or opening.Stomach The most dilated saclike

portion of alimentary tract in

Stibophen Stomach

Stomach

600

between esophagus and duodenum,secretes hydrochloric acid andpepsinogen, destroys the microor-ganisms and subserves as a reser-voir.

Stomachic Medicine that stimulatesactions of stomach.

Stomatitis Inflammation of mouth.s. aphthous Development of minute

tiny painful ulcers on mucosa ofmouth and tongue due toavitaminosis.

Stomatocyte A swollen RBC with aslit like central pallor

Stone Hardened mineral matter likegallstone, kidney stone.

Strabismus An abnormality of theeyes in which optic axes do notmeet at the desired point due to in-coordinate action of extraocularmuscles.

s. concomitant Strabismus in whichboth eyes move freely but retainunnatural relationship to eachother.

s. paralytic Extraocular musclepalsy where secondary deviationis greater than primary.

Strabometer Instrument for measur-ing degree of strabismus.

Strachan syndrome The neurologicalsyndrome of amblyopia, painfulneuropathy and dermatitis inunder nourished and alcoholics

Strain Excessive use of a muscle orjoint; to pass through a filter, tomake great effort as in affectingbowel movement; a stock of bac-teria.

Strait A narrow passage.

Strangle To choke or suffocate.Strangury Painful and interrupted

urination.Strap A band to hold parts together.Strapping Substance used to bind

things together or hold dressingsplace.

Stratification The process ofarraning in layers.

Stratum A layer.s. basale Innermost layer of epi-

dermis and other stratified squa-mous epithelium, deepest layer ofendometrium.

s. corneum Outermost horny layer ofepidermis.

s. granulosum Layer of cells con-taining deeply staining granules ofkeratohyalin in the epidermis nextto stratum basale.

s. spinosum Prickle cell layer socalled because of prominent inter-cellular attachment.

s. spinosum Middle layer of decidua.Strawberry tongue Red papillated

tongue.Streak A line or stripe.Streptobacillus Bacilli found in chains.Streptococcus Gram positive cocci

occurring in chains differentiatedinto alpha, beta and gamma typesbased on their reaction on agarplates. Those of alpha type (St.viridans) produce a greenishcoloration about colonies and par-tially nemolyze the blood; those ofbeta type (St. pyogenes) form aclear zone about colonies andcompletely hemolyze the blood,gamma type (St. faecalis) are non-

Stomachic Streptococcus

601

hemolytic and produce grayishdiscoloration about the colonies.

St. pneumoniae Gram positivespherical capsulated cocci causinglobar pneumonia, otitis media.

St. pyogenes Hemolytic streptococciproducing rheumatic fever, scarletfever, puerperal sepsis.

St. viridans Organism producingendocarditis.

Streptokinase Catalytic enzymeproduced by hemolytic streptococci.It activates blood fibrinolyticsystem, used for dissolution ofcoronary thrombus.

Streptodornase Enzyme secreted byhemolytic streptococci whichalong with streptokinase is used forenzymatic debridement of infectedtissue.

Streptolysin Hemolysin (O and S)produced by Streptococcus pyogens.

Streptomyces A genus of aerobicnonacid fast nonfragmenting or-ganisms with branching filamentsoccupying a position between bac-teria and fungi. They serve as sourceof antibiotics.

Streptomycin Aminoglycoside an-tibiotic from Streptomyces griseusused for pulmonary tuberculosisand gram positive cocci.

Streptozocin Antineoplastic drug,used in pancreatic cancer.

Stress Any stimulus that tends to dis-rupt body homeostasis to causedisease/disability.

Stress fracture Hairline fractureoften only visible 3-4 weeks after

undue muscle stress as in runners.Stress test Method of evaluating

cardiovascular fitness by exerciseon treadmill or bicycle ergometeror after drugs (dipyridamole,dobutamine).

Stress ulcer Peptic ulcer caused byexcessive stress as in burn, headtrauma.

Stretch To lengthen.Stretcher A litter or carriage for

patients.Stretch receptor Proprioceptors in

muscle or tendon that are stimu-lated by stretch or pull.

Stretch reflex Contraction of amuscle as a result of pull exertedon its tendon.

Stria A line or band differing in colorand texture from surrounding tissue.

s. of Retzius Benign incremental linesseen periodically in calcifiedenamel of teeth.

Striatal epilepsy A form of epilepsycharacterized by tonic seizure ofarm and leg due to disease of corpusstriatum.

Striated Stripped as striated muscles.Striated arteries Branches of middle

cerebral arteries supplying basalnuclei of brain.

Striated muscles Skeletal musclesconsisting of fibers marked bycross striations.

Striatum The caudate and lentiformnuclei of brain taken together.

Stricture Narrowing or constriction.Stridor High pitched respiratory

sound resembling blowing winddue to obstruction in air passage.

St. pneumoniae Stridor

602

Stridulous Characterized by stridor.Stringent Rigorous, strict.Strio nigral Tract arising from

putamen and caudate nucleus andending in substantia nigra.

Strobila Adult form of tapeworm.Stroboscope A device by which

moving object may appear to be atrest; a rapid motion may appear tobe slowed.

Stroke 1. A sharp blow 2. Suddenneurological deficit with or with-out unconsciousness due to cerebralthrombosis, hemorrhage or em-bolism.

Stroke volume Amount of bloodejected from ventricle during systole.

Stroma Supporting framework of anorgan including its connective tis-sue, vessels and nerves.

Stromatosis Presence of mesen-chyma like tissue throughout theendometrium of uterus.

Strongyloides stercoralis A roundworm that inhabits human intes-tine and its motile larvae arepassed in stool.

Strontium Radioactive isotope fallout from atomic explosions, prin-cipally stored in bone.

Struma Enlarged thyroid gland.s. ovarii Form of ovarian teratoma

composed of thyroid follicles filledwith colloid.

Strumpell’s sign Dorsiflexion of footwhen thigh is flexed on abdomen.

Struvite Crystals of magnesiumammonium phosphate.

Strychnine A poisonous alkaloidfrom plant nux vomica, a potentCNS stimulant.

Stuart-Prower factor Factor x ofblood coagulation SYN — throm-bokinase.

Stupe Counter irritant for topical use.Stupor A state of lessened respon-

siveness.Sturge-Weber syndrome A form of

neurocutaneous dysplasia withfacial naevus, intracranial rail-road calcification, angiomas ofleptomeniges and choroid, epi-leptic seizures, and mental retar-dation.

Stuttering Speech defect with stum-bling and spasmodic repetition ofsame syllable.

Stye Inflammation of glands of Zeisand Moll at the edge of the lid. In-ternal stye involve meiobomian ortarsal glands.

Stylet A thin probe.Styloglossus Muscle connecting

tongue and styloid process thathelps to retract and raise the tongue.

Styloid process Pointed process oftemporal bone, distal end of radius.

Stylopharyngeus Muscle thatelevates and opens up the pharynx.

Stylus A probe or slender wire forstiffening or clearing a canal orcatheter.

Styptic Anything that stops bleedingby contracting blood vessels or byastringent action.

Sub Under, beneath, less in quantity.Subacromial Under the acromial

process.Subacute A course of disease in be-

tween acute and chronic.Subacute myelo-optic neuropathy

Neurological disease charac-

Stridulous Subacute myelo-optic neuropathy

603

terized by sensory motor distur-bances, impaired vision, abdo-minal pain and ataxia occurringas a toxicity of chinoquinol (iodo-chlorhydroxyquin).

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitisA cerebral degenerative diseasewith decreasing mental function,and myoclonic jerks and rigidity.Probably related to chronic measlevirus infection of CNS.

Subatomic Less than the size of anatom.

Subclavian Under the clavicle or col-lar bone.

Subclavian artery Left subclavian isa direct branch of aortic arch whileright subclavian is a branch of in-nominate artery; gives rise to ver-tebral arteries and terminates asbrachial vessels supplying the arm.

Subclavian steal syndrome Shunt-ing of blood away from cerebralcirculation via vertebral artery tosubclavian when subclavian is oc-cluded at its origin. Exercise ofinvolved arm then produces dizzi-ness due to cerebral anoxia.

Subclavian triangle Triangle sha-ped part of neck formed by clavicleand the omohyoid andsternomastoid muscles.

Subclavius A tiny muscle from firstrib to under surface of clavicle.

Subclinical Pertains to period beforethe appearance of typicalsymptoms.

Subcortical Area beneath the cerebralcortex.

Subcutaneous Beneath the skin.

Subdural space Space between duraand arachnoid.

Suberosis Hypersensitive pneu-monitis in workers exposed to cork.

Subfamily In taxonomy betweenfamily and a tribe.

Subjective Concerned with the in-dividual or perceived by individualhimself but not by examiner.

Sublimate A solid or condensed sub-stance obtained by heating a solidmaterial which passes to vaporphase and then back to solid phase.

Sublimis Near the surface.Sublingual Beneath the tongue.Sublingual gland Salivary gland

situated at the floor of mouth.Subluxation A partial or incomplete

dislocation.Submandibular gland Salivary

gland about the size of wallnut thatlies in digastric triangle beneaththe mandible. Its main duct(Wharton’s duct) opens by side offrenulum linguae.

Submerge To dip in water.Submucosa Connective tissue layer

below the mucosa con–taining ves-sels and nerves.

Submucous resection Resection ofcartilaginous tissue below themucosa for correction of deviatednasal septum.

Subphrenic Below the diaphragm.Subscription That part of prescrip-

tion containing directions for com-pounding ingradients.

Subsidence Gradual disappearanceof symptoms of disease.

Subsistence Minimum or barelyneeded essentials for life.

Subacute sclerosing Subsistence

604

Substance PA 11 amino acid peptideacting as neurotransmitter in painfiber system.

Substantia Matter.s. nigra Black substance (pigmented

cells) in crux cerebri.Substituent One part of a molecule

substituted with another atom.Substitute Something used in place

of another.Substitutive therapy Treatment of a

particular inflammation by excitinga nonspecific inflammation.

Subthalamic nucleus An ellipticalmass of gray matter lying inventral thalamus above the cere-bral peduncle and rostral tosubstantia nigra.

Subtle Very fine or delicate; causinginjury without attracting attention.

Subtilin Antibiotic biosynthesizedby Bacillus subtilis.

Subtraction A method of removingoverlying shadows in radio-graphy.

Succedaneum Something which canbe used as a substitute.

Succenturiate Acting as a substitute.Succinylcholine A neuromuscular

blocking agent used as musclerelaxant during anesthesia.

Succus A juice or fluid secretion.Succussion Shaking up a person to

detect fluid in body cavity frompresence of splashing sound.

Suck To draw fluid into mouth.Suckle Breast feed.Sucralfate Drug used in peptic ulcer.Sucrase Enzyme present in intestinal

juice which splits cane sugar intoglucose and fructose.

Sucrose A disaccharose which isbroken down into glucose and fruc-tose.

Suction The act of sucking, e.g. suc-tion abortion, suction biopsy.

Sudafed Pseudoephedrine hydro-chloride.

Sudamen Noninflammatory lesionof sweat gland due to retention ofsweat forming whitish vesicles.

Sudan Biological stain for fat.Sudanophilic Staining easily with

sudan stain.Sudation Excessive perspiration or

sweating.Sudek’s atrophy Acute atrophy of

bone at the site of injury.Sudor Secretion from sweat glands.Sudoresis Profuse sweating.Sufentanil An opioid analgesic.Suffocation Feeling choked.Suffusion Spreading or extra-

vassation of body fluid or blood;pouring of water on body as atreatment method.

Sugar Sweet tasting carbohydrateeither monosaccharose ordisaccharose.

s. beet Sucrose.s. brain Galactose.s. cane Sucrose.s. grape Glucose.s. liver Glycogen.s. milk Lactose.s. muscle Inositol, but not a true sugar.s. wood Xylose.Suggestion Imparting an idea in-

directly or the psychologicalprocess of having an individual ac-cept an idea without hesitation.

Substance PA Suggestion

605

Suicide Voluntarily bringing an endto one’s own life.

Suit An outer garment.Sulcal artery A small branch of

anterior spinal artery.Sulcus A furrow, groove, depression.s. calcarine A horizontal fissure on

the medial surface of occipital lobeof brain.

s. central Fissure dividing frontal andparietal lobes.

Sulfacetamide A sulfonamide forophthalmic use particularly intrachoma.

Sulfadiazine An absorbable sulfawhich penetrates well into brain,hence was previously used inmeningococcal meningitis, nowchiefly used in rheumatic feverprophylaxis.

Sulfadoxine Sulfa used in malaria.Sulfamerazine A derivative of

sulfadiazine.Sulfamethizole Sulfa for urinary

tract infection.Sulfamethoxazole Sulfa usually

combined with trimethoprim forbroad spectrum action and compli-mentary bactericidal effect.

Sulfanilamide A formerly usedcoaltar product for infections.

Sulfapyridine Sulfonamide used inthe treatment of dermatitis herpe-tiformis.

Sulfasalazine Poorly absorbablesulfa used in treatment of ulcerativecolitis.

Sulfatase An enzyme that hydro-lyzes sulfuric acid esters.

Sulfathiazole A rapidly absorbablesulfa.

Sulfatide Any cerebroside with asulfate radical esterified to galactose.

Sulf hemoglobin A form of greenishhemoglobin formed by action ofhydrogen sulfide on blood, causescyanosis if in excess.

Sulfinpyrazone Antigout agent.Sulfonamide Amides of sulfanilic

acid, derived from their parentcompound sulfanilamide. They arebacteriostatic.

Sulfisoxazole Sulfa used in urinarytract infection.

Sulfoxone sodium A drug for treat-ment of leprosy and dermatitisherpetiformis.

Sulfur Yellow inflammable element.s. dioxide A bactericide and dis-

infectants. precipitated A keratolytic agent.s. sublimated A scabicide and

keratolytic agent.Sulfuric acid 10% solution used as

an astringent and for gastrichypoacidity.

Sulindac Non-steroidal antiinfla-mmatory drug.

Sulpiride Agent used in peptic ulcer.Summation Cummulative action or

stimuli.Sunburn Solar keratitis due to

ultraviolet (290-320 nm).Sunscreen Agents like PABA used for

protection against solar dermatitis.Sunscreen protective factor index

The ratio of the amount of expo-sure needed to produce minimalerythema response with thesunscreen in place divided byamount of exposure required to

Suicide Sunscreen protective factor index

606

produce the same reaction withoutthe sunscreen.

Sunstroke Hyperpyrexia with cessa-tion of sweating, headache andstupor due to failure of heatregulating mechanism.

Super antigen An antigen thatsimultaneously activates largenumber of T cell e.g. exotoxin ofstreptococci

Super ego The portion of personalityassociated with ethics, self-criticism,and moral standards of community,usually developed in childhood.

Superfecundation The fertilizationof two or more ova ovulated moreor less simultaneously by two ormore coital acts, not necessarily in-volving the same male.

Superfetation Fertilization of twoova in the same uterus at differentmenstrual periods within a shortinterval.

Superinfection A new infectioncaused by a different organismfrom that which caused initialinfection.

Superior Situated above or higher.Superjacent Immediately above.Supernatant The clear liquid

remaining at top as the heavy par-ticles settle down below.

Supernumerary In excess of regularnumber, e.g. supernumerary teethand supernumerary breast.

Superoxide A highly reactive formof oxygen (oxygen with singleelectron) produced during phago-cytosis and bacterial digestion byneutrophils, lipid metabolism.

Sunstroke Suprapubic cystostomy

Superoxide dismutage Enzyme thatdestroys superoxide, being tried inmyocardial infarction.

Superscription The beginning ofprescription marked by letter Rxmeaning “you take”.

Superstructure Any visible part ex-ternal to the main structure.

Supination Turning the palm or footupward, lying on the back.

Supinator Muscle causing supinationof forearm.

Suppository A substance in the formof semisolid introduced into thevagina or rectum serving as vehiclefor medicine.

Suppurate To form or generate pus.Suppuration The process of pus

formation.Supra Meaning above, beyond.Suprachoroid lamina Superficial

layer of choroid consisting oftransparent layers.

Supraclavicular fossa Depression oneither side of neck above the clavicle.

Supraglottic Situated above theglottis.

Suprahyoid muscles The digastric,geniohyoid, myohyoid and stylo-hyoid muscles.

Suprameatal triangle Triangularspace bordered by posterior wallof external auditory meatus and theposterior root of zygomaticprocess of temporal bone.

Supraorbital notch A notch in thesuperior margin of orbit for trans-mitting supraorbital vessels andnerves.

Suprapubic cystostomy Surgicalopening of urinary bladder from

607Suprapubic reflex Suture, sagittal

an approach above the symphysispubis.

Suprapubic reflex Deviation of lineaalba towards the stroked side ofabdomen above inguinal ligament.

Suprarenal Gland lying superior andmedial to kidney secretingadrenaline and noradrenaline.

Suprasellar Above the sella turcica.Supratentorial Located above the

tentorium.Supratrochlear Above the trochlea

of humerus.Sura Calf or calf muscles.Suramin A urea derivative used in

treatment of trypanosomiasis.Surfactant An agent that lowers sur-

face tension.s. pulmonary A phospholipid in

nature that controls the surface ten-sion of air-liquid emulsion in thealveoli. Its absence causes hyalinemembrane disease and respiratorydistress in infants.

Surgery Branch of medical sciencedealing with operative proceduresfor diagnosis or treatment of dis-eases, and deformities.

s. maxilofacial A branch of dentalsurgery.

s. plastic Deals with repair andrestoration of defective/missingparts for functional improvementor cosmetic appearance.

Surgical dressing Sterile gauze orother material for wound dressing.

Surgical neck Constricted part ofshaft of humerus below the tubero-sities, the common site for fracture.

Surrogate Someone or somethingreplacing another.

Surrogate mother Mother who bearsa child for another couple. She isimpregnated with the fertilizedovum from that couple.

Surveillance The monitoring ofsome programme.

Susceptible More prone to disease,suggestion; easily influenced or im-pressed.

Suscitate To stimulate or reactivate.Suspensory bandage A sling/bag for

support of testicles.Sustentaculum Supporting struc-

ture.Suture 1. The line of bony union as in

skull bones 2. to unite by stitching3. the thread, wire or other materialused to stitch body parts together.

s. absorbable Sterile strand frommammalian collagen.

s. basilar Suture between the occipitalbone and the sphenoid bone.

s. catgut Suture made from sheep’ssmall intestine.

s. cobbler’s Suture having needles ateach end.

s. continuous Wound closure bymeans of one continuous thread.

s. coronal Suture between the frontaland parietal bones.

s. lamboid Suture between parietalbones and superior border of oc-cipital bones.

s. non-absorbable Suture materialslike silk, silkworm gut, horse hair,synthetic material and wire.

s. purse string Suture around theperiphery of a circular openingwhich when drawn taught closesthe opening.

s. sagittal Suture between theparietal bones.

608

s. silkworm gut Type of suture thatcauses little irritation, friction andis less pliable and does not twist orcurl.

s. mattress An interrupted suturewhere the needle pierces both flapsof wound and then reenters to emergeat the same side of insertion and then

tied. Particularly useful in holdingtogether thick fragile tissues.

Suxamethonium A muscle relaxantused during anesthesia SYN –Succinyl choline.

Swab Cotton or gauze on end of aslender stick used for cleaningwounds, applying medicines or

Suture, silkworm gut Swab

Suture

609Swallowing Symptom

obtaining secretion for bacterio-logical culture.

Swallowing The act that enables pas-sage of food or drink from mouthalong esophagus into the stomach.

Swan-Ganz catheter A soft flexiblecatheter with a balloon at its tip.The balloon helps to guide thecatheter into pulmonary artery.The balloon is inflated in distalpulmonary artery and the pressureis recorded which is pulmonarywedge pressure equivalent to leftatrial pressure.

Swan-neck deformity Deformity ofhand in rheumatoid arthritis withhyperextension of proximal inter-phallangeal joints due to tightinterossei. Swan-neck deformity ofrenal tubules is a feature of adultFanconi syndrome.

Sweat A salty aqueous slightly turbidfluid secreted by sweat glands.

Sweat gland Simple coiled tubularglands present all over bodysurface except in glans penis andinner surface of prepuce. The glandslie in dermis and the duct passesthrough epidermis to open outside.Most sweat glands are merocrinebut those of axilla, labia majoraand perianal region are apocrine.

Sweet’s syndrome Dense dermalinvasion with mature neutrophilscausing raised painful plaques; ofunknown cause

Swelling Enlargement mostly local-ized.

s. calabar Swelling in filaria loa loa.s. cloudy Tissue degeneration

marked by cloudy appearance and

appearance of tiny albuminoidgranules within the cells.

Swimmer’s itch Itchy eruptions onskin due to swim in water contain-ing cercariae of schistosomes.

Sycophant Flatterer, praiser ofpersons in command of wealth orinfluence.

Sycosis Chronic inflammation ofhair follicle.

s. barbae Sycosis of beard withpapulopustular eruptions.

Sydenham’s chorea Involuntarypurposeless repetitive movementsof distal parts as a remote manifes-tation of rheumatic fever.

Sylvian fissure The fissure separat-ing temporal lobe from frontal andparietal lobes.

Symbiosis Living in perfect harmonyin case of two organisms, a statebeneficial to both.

Symblepharon Adhesion of lids toeyeball.

Syme’s amputation Amputation justabove ankle joint with removal ofmalleoli.

Sympathectomy Surgical excisionof part of sympathetic system;either nerve, ganglia or plexus.

Sympathomimetic Producing effectsimilar to stimulation of sym-pathetic nerves.

Symphysiotomy Section of symphy-sis pubis to increase capacity ofcontracted pelvis to facilitate childbirth.

Symphysis Fibrocartilaginous unionof bones.

Symptom Subjective description ormanifestation of disease.

610

Synapse The point of junction be-tween two adjacent neurones.

Synarthrosis A type of joint whereskeletal elements are joined by acontinuous intervening cartilage,fibrous tissue or bone. Hence move-ment is limited or absent and jointcavity is lacking, e.g. SYN —chondrosis, suture joints.

Synchysis Degenerative condition ofvitreous.

Syncope Transient loss of conscious-ness due to inadequate bloodsupply to brain.

s. cardiac Syncope of cardiac originas in Stokes-Adam’s attack, tachy-cardia, tight aortic stenosis, HOCM.

s. carotid sinus Hypersensitive carotidsinus being stimulated by neckmovement or tight collar producingbradycardia and syncope.

s. vasovagal Syncope occurring dueto abrupt fall in blood pressure dueto fall in peripheral resistance andhence reduced venous return.

Syncytiotrophoblast Outer layer ofchorionic villi.

Syncytium A mass of cytoplasm withnumerous nuclei but no divisioninto separate cells.

Synchondrosis A joint in which thesurfaces are connected by plate ofcartilage.

Syndactylism Fusion of two or morefingers or toes.

Syndectomy Excision of a circularstrip of conjunctiva around the cor-nea to relieve pannus.

Syndesis The state of being boundtogether, surgical fixation orankylosis of joint.

Syndesmectomy Excision of a sec-tion of ligament.

Syndesmitis Inflammation of a liga-ment; inflammation of conjunctiva.

Syndesmology Study of ligaments,joints, their movements anddisorders.

Syndesmopexy Joining of two liga-ments or fixation of a ligament at anew place for correction of disloca-tion.

Syndesmophyte A bony bridge bet-ween adjacent vertebrae or bonyoutgrowth from a ligament.

Syndesmosis A form of articulationwhere bones are united by car-tilages.

Syndrome A group of signs andsymptoms that provide a frame-work of reference to investigate asthey characterize a definite lesionor pathology.

s. adrenogenital Syndrome char-acterized by early puberty, overmasculization, hirsutism, etc. dueto excess production of adreno-cortical hormones.

s. dumping Palpitation, diarrheasweating and syncope occurring,after food intake in patients ofpartial gastrectomy due to rapidemptying of food into jejunum.

s. Frohlich’s Obesity, genital atro-phy, due to hypothalamic pituitarylesions.

s. Gradenigo’s Infection of petroustemporal bone causing 6th nerveparalysis as in otitis media.

s. Horner’s Ptosis, myosis, enoph-thalmos, and lack of sweating onaffected side of face due to paralysisof cervical sympathetic.

Synapse Syndrome, Horner’s

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s. Korsakoff’s A form of psychosis inchronic alcoholism with dis-orientation, loss of recent memory,confabulation, insomnia andhallucinations.

s. Marfan’s A connective tissuedisorder with long arm span,spider finger, lax ligaments,dislocation of lens, high archedpalate, aortic root dilation and,mitral valve prolapse.

s. Weber’s A form of crossedparalysis caused by a lesion in theupper border of pons involvingcerebral peduncle and oculomotornucleus. Hence there is third nervepalsy on one side with spastichemiplegia on the opposite side.

Synechia Adhesion of iris to lens andcornea.

s. annular Iris is adherent to lensthroughout entire pupillary mar-gin.

s. anterior Adhesion of iris to cornea.s. posterior Adhesion of iris to lens

capsule.Synergetic Working together in

cooperation, e.g. muscle groups.Synergism Harmonious action of

two agents to produce an effectgreater than that produced by eitheragents singly.

Synergist A muscle acting incooperation with another.

Synergy Coordinated action of twoor more agents.

Synesthesia 1. A subjective sensationof a sense other than the one beingstimulated, e.g. hearing of a sound

to producing a sensation of smell2. A sensation experienced in onepart of body following stimulationof another part.

Synagmus laryngeus A nematode ainhabiting respiratory tract ofbirds and mammals often acci-dentally infecting man.

Syngamy Union of gametes infertilization.

Syngeneic Individuals or cellswithout tissue incompatibility.

Synkaryon A nucleus resulting fromfusion of two pronuclei.

Synkinesis An involuntary move-ment of one part occurring simul-taneously with reflex or voluntarymovement of another part.

Synonym Having the same or similarmeaning.

Synopsia Congenital fusion of theeyes.

Synopsis A summary; generalreview.

Synorchidism Partial or completefusion of two testicles withinscrotum or abdomen.

Synoptophore Apparatus for diag-nosis and treatment of squint.

Synosteotomy Dissection of joints.Synostosis Union of separate bones

by osseous tissue.Synovectomy Excision of synovial

membrane.Synovia A colourless viscid lubri-

cating fluid in the joint cavity,bursae and tendon sheaths.

Synovial cyst Accumulation ofsynovia in a bursa.

Syndrome, Korsakoff's Synovial cyst

612

Synovial folds Smooth folds ofsynovial membrane inside jointcavity.

Synovial villi Slender avascularprocesses on the surface of syno-vial membrane.

Synovioma A tumor of synovialmembrane.

s. dendritic Synovitis with villousgrowths.

s. dry Synovitis without effusion.s. serous Synovitis with copious non-

purulent effusion.Syntasis Stretching.Syntaxis Articulation between two

bones.Synthesis Union of elements to

produce new compounds.Synthetase An enzyme that acts as a

catalyst to unite two molecules.Syntonic A personality with cool

temperament, normal emotionalresponsiveness.

Syntropy Turning or pointing insame direction.

Syphilis Chronic venereal disease in-volving all tissues in body caused

by Treponema pallidum, thespirochaete.

s. cardiovascular Syphilis withaortic aneurysm, root dilatationand aortic incompetence.

s. congenital Syphilis transmittedfrom mother to fetus in the wombwith stigmatas at birth or infancylike choroidoretinitis, sabre tibia,Hutchinson’s teeth, craniotabes etc.

s. latent Syphilis where symptomsare absent but disease is trans-missible and serum tests arepositive.

s. meningovascular A form of neuro-syphilis due to involvement ofmeninges and the cerebral bloodvessels.

Syphilitic macules Small red non-itchy eruptions all over the body insecondary syphilis.

Syringe Instrument for injectingfluids or wash out purpose.

Syringomyelia A chronic progres-sive disorder with formation ofcavities with surrounding gliosisin the spinal cord.

Syringomyelocele A form of spinabifida in which the projectingsyrinx communicates with centralcanal of spinal cord.

Syrinx Eustachian tube; pathologicalcavity within spinal cord, a fistula.

Syrup Concentrated sugar in water.System A group of cells/organs that

perform a particular function.s. haversian Architectural unit of

bone consisting of haversian canalwith alternate layers of matrix andcell, the haversian lamellae.

Synovial Joint

Synovial folds System, haversian

613

s. reticuloendothelial The phago-cytic system of body excludingleukocytes, e.g. macrophageshistiocytes, Kuffer’s cells of liver,microglia of brain, and reticularcells of lymphatic system.

Systemic circulation Blood flowfrom left ventricle to aorta and to

arteries and return to heart via thesuperior and inferior vena cava.

Systole The period of myocardialcontraction, usually of 0.3 secondsin a heart beat.

Systolic pressure Maximumblood pressure during cardiaccontraction.

System, reticuloendothelial Systolic pressure

TTabacosis Chronic tobacco poison-

ing or pneumoconiosis from in-halation of tobacco dust.

Tabes Chronic progressive wastingdisease.

t. dorsalis Degeneration of posteriorcolumn of spinal cord in syphilis.

t. mesenterica Tuberculosis ab-domen leading to malabsorptionof nutrients.

Tabetic crises Paroxysms of pain oc-curring during course of tabesdorsalis.

Tablespoon A rough measure equi-valent to 15 ml.

Taboo Setting apart of thing assacred, thus forbidden for generaluse.

Taboparaesis Tabes dorsalis as-sociated with general paralysis.

Tabular bone A flat bone composedof an outer and an inner table ofcompact bone with cancellous ordiploe between them.

Tache A coloured spot or macule onskin.

Tachogram A graphic tracing of rateof blood flow.

Tachyarrhythmia Abnormally rapidheart rate with or without ir-regularity.

t. atrio ventricular reentrant occursdue to presence of two conductingpathways – av node the normal oneand an abnormal slowlyconducting one.

t. nodal results from increasedrhythmicity of av node over SAnode

t paroxysmal atrial results fromatrial hyper excitation

t paroxysmal supraventriculartachycardia focus in proximal tohis bundle bifurcation

Tachycardia bradycardia syndrome– sick sinus syndrome, a defect insinus node impulse generation orconduction

Tachycardia Rapid heart rate; canbe atrial, nodal, ectopic, ventricularor sinus depending upon the site oforigin of the impulse.

Tachymeter Instrument for estimat-ing the speed of anything in motion.

Tachyphrasia Rapidity of speech.Tachysterol One of the isomers of

ergosterol.Tactile Perceptible to touch.Tactile discrimination The ability

to localize two points of touch onskin surface as two discrete sen-sations.

Tactile disk Tiny expanded end of asensory nerve fiber found in theepidermis or root sheath of hair.

Tactile localization Ability toaccurately identify the site of tactilestimulation (touch, pain or pressure).

Tactometer Instrument for deter-mining acuity of tactile sensi-tiveness.

Taenia A genus of parasitic, elon-gated ribbon like worms, the bodybeing segmented.

t. saginata Tapeworm whose lar-vae live in flesh of cattle and adultworms (15 to 20 feet long) in humanintestine. Men acquire the infes-tation by eating undercooked beef.

t. solium Tapeworm whose larvalstage is in pigs and adult worms inhuman intestine. The disease is

615

acquired by eating undercookedpork containing cysticercus cellu-losae.

Taenia coli Three bands in large in-testine into which muscular fibersare collected.

Tag A small polyp or growth; alabel.

Tag skin Small outgrowth of skin.Tagging Incorporating radioactive

isotope into chemical compoundsto trace the metabolism.

Takayasu arteritis Aortic branch oc-clusion of unknown origin, ofteninvolving ophthalmic artery.

Talc Hydrous magnesium silicate,used as dusting powder.

Talipes Congenital non-traumaticabnormal deviation of foot.

t. calcaneus The heel alone touchesthe ground.

t. equinus The person walks on thetoes; can be varus or valgus depen-ding on whether the heel is turnedinward or outward.

Talus The ankle bone articulatingwith tibia fibula above and cal-caneus and navicular bone below.

Talwin Pentazocine, an opioid anal-gesic.

Tam Horsfall protein A muco-protein secreted from renal tubules.

Tamoxifen Antiestrogen drug usedin adjuvant therapy of breast can-cer.

Tampon A roll of pack made ofvarious absorbent substances usedto absorb body secretions or arresthemorrhage, e.g. menstrualtampon.

Tamponade Pathologic compres-sion of an organ or part.

t. balloon Used to arrest varicealbleed.

t. cardiac Increased pericardialpressure due to pericardial bleedor excess fluid causing compres-sion of heart to the extent ofcompromising its function.

Tangier disease A syndrome of HDLdeficiency first discovered in Tan-gier island. Symptoms and signsinclude polyneuropathy, lymph-adenopathy, coffee, orange tonsils,hepatosplenomegaly.

Tannin An acid substance found in teaand an astringent, topical hemostaticand antidote for various poisons.

Tantrum Bad temper or anger.Tapeinocephaly A flattened skull

with vertical index less than 72.Tapetum Fibers from corpus callo-

sum forming roof and lateral wallsof inferior and posterior horns oflateral ventricle.

Tapeworm Parasitic worms belong-ing to class cestoda having a scolexwith hooks and suckers and aseries of proglottids.

t. beef Taenia saginata.t. broad Diphylobothrium latum.t. dog Dipylidium caninum.t. dwarf Hymenolepis nana.t. pork Taenia solium.Tapia syndrome Paralysis of

pharynx, larynx and atrophy oftongue due to paralysis of tenth andtwelfth cranial nerves.

Tapping Removal of fluid fromcavity, percussion in massage.

Taenia coli Tapping

616

Tar Thick brown to black liquid ob-tained from distillation of car-bonaceous matter.

Taractan Chlorprothixene, an anti-depressant.

Tarantula a venomous spiderTardieu’s spot Subpleural spots of

ecchymosis following death bystrangulation.

Tardive Tending to be late.Target cell An abnormal erythro-

cyte which when stained shows acentral and peripheral rim ofhemoglobin with intermediateunstained area resembling a target.

Tarnier’s sign A sign of impendingabortion; the disappearance ofangle between upper and loweruterine segments of uterus.

Tarnish Discoloration.Tarsal glands Branched sebaceous

alveolar glands in the eyelids. SYN— meiobomian glands.

Tarsal tunnel In the ankle, the bonyfibrous passage for the posterior

tibial vessels, nerves and flexor ten-dons.

Tarsal tunnel syndrome Weaknessof plantar flexion of toes and numb-ness of sole of foot due to compres-sion of tibial nerve in the tarsaltunnel.

Tarsitis Inflammation of margin ofeyelid; inflammation of tarsalbones (the seven bones of ankle).

Tarso Flat of the foot, or edge of theeyelid.

Tarsomalacia Softening of tarsalcartilages of eyes.

Tarsorrhaphy The procedure ofsuturing the edges of upper andlower eyelids for purpose of reduc-ing width of palpebral fissure.

Tarsus The ankle with its seven con-stituent bones, i.e. talus, calcaneus,cuboid, navicular and the threecuneiform bones.

Tartrazin A pyrazole aniline dyeused to colour foods, cloth anddrugs.

Tar Tartrazin

Tapeworm

617

Taste A sensation produced bystimulation of taste buds by sweet,sour, bitter and salty substances.

Taste buds Sensory end organs lo-cated on surface of tongue, on softpalate that mediate the sensationof taste.

Tattooing Production of permanentcolors on the skin by introducingvegetable and mineral pigments.

Taurocholic acid Bile acid that yieldstaurine and cholic acid on hydro-lysis.

Taussing Bing syndrome Acongenital deformity of heart inwhich aorta arisen from RV andpulmonary artery from bothventricles with presence of VSD

Taxis The response of an organismto its environment.

Taxonomy Laws and principles ofclassification of animals and plants.

Tay-Sachs disease Autosomalrecessive form of gangliosidosis(lipid storage disease) manifestingwith mental retardation, blind-ness, cherry red spot in macula, etc.,due to deficiency of hexosamini-dase. A leading to accumulation ofsphingolipid in CNS.

T cells Thymus derived lymphocytesconsisting of helper inducer cells(T4), killer T cells and suppressorT cells.

Tea black Tea made from the leavesthat have been fermented beforethey are dried.

Tea green Tea made by heating theleaves in open trays.

Tear A watery saline solutionsecreted by lacrimal glands thatlubricates the eyeball and eyelids.

Teaspoon Measure equivalent to5 ml.

Teat The nipple of mammary gland.Teatulation The development of nip-

ple like elevation.Technetium 99M An isomer of

technetium that emits gamma rayswith a half-life of 6 hours, used forvascular imaging.

Technology The scientific know-ledge and its practical application.

Tectocephaly Boat shaped head.Tectospinal tract A descending tract

from tectum of midbrain to spinalcord.

Tectum Structure resembling a roof;dorsal midbrain consisting of supe-rior and inferior colliculi.

Teenage Age bracket of 13-19 years.Teeth Hard bony projections from

jaw helping in mastication.t. deciduous Milk teeth which are shed

and replaced by permanent teeth.t. Hutchinson’s Notched upper

central incisors and peg-shapedlateral incisors.

t. wisdom The third molar of per-manent dentition, last to erupt.

Tegmen A structure that covers apart.

Tegmentum The dorsal portion ofmidbrain containing red nucleus,and oculomotor nuclei.

Tegument The skin covering of body.Teichoic acid A polymer focused on

some bacterial cell wall.Teichopsia Zigzag lines bounding a

luminous object in visual field asin migraine.

Tela Any web like structure.Telalgia SYN — referred pain, i.e.

pain felt at a distance from itsstimulus.

Taste Telalgia

618

Telangiectasia Dilatation of groupof capillaries to form elevated darkred wart like spots.

Telangioma Tumor made of dilatedcapillaries and arterioles.

Telangion Terminal arteriole.Tele canthus Increased distance be-

tween inner canthi.Teleceptor A sense organ respon-

ding to stimuli arising from somedistance from body like eyes andears.

Telediagnosis Diagnosis based ondata transmitted electronically tothe doctor.

Telemetry Transmission of data toa distant place by electronic means.

Telencephalon The embryonicforebrain that develops into olfac-tory lobes, cerebral cortex and cor-pora striate.

Teleneurite The branching end ofan axon.

Teleology The belief that everythingin nature is directed towards somefinal purpose.

Teleopsia A visual perceptive disor-der where objects appear to haveexcess depth or close objects appearto be away.

Telepaque Iopanoic acid.Telepathy Communication of one’s

thought and mental process toanother at a distance.

Teleradiography Radiography withradiation source at about 2 metersaway from body.

Telogen Resting stage of hairgrowth.

Telophase The final stage of mitosis.

Temazepam A benzodiazepine,anxiolytic.

Temper State of one’s mood, dis-position and mind.

Temperament The combination ofintellectual, emotional and physi-cal characteristic of an individual.

Temperate Moderate.Temperature The degree of inten-

sity of heat.t. ambient Temperature of sur-

rounding.t. inverse A state where morning

body temperature is higher thanevening body temperature.

t. normal Oral temperature of98.6°F(37°C).

t. rectal More accurate than oral oraxillary temperature. It is about1°F higher than oral temperature,whereas axillary temperature is1°F lower than oral temperature.

Temper tantrums Spells of uncon-trollable anger especially in chil-dren.

Template A pattern, form or moldused as a guide in duplicating, e.g.in preparation of denture.

Temple Forehead, the portion lyingin front of ear and above thezygomatic arch.

Temporal Related to or limited intime.

Temporalis The muscle in temporalfossa inserted into coronoid pro-cess of mandible, a muscle ofmastication.

Temporal fossa The fossa above earthat contains temporalis muscle.

Temporal lobe Lobe of cerebrumconcerned with olfaction.

Telangiectasia Temporal lobe

619

Tenacious Adhesive, sticky.Tenacity Condition of being tough,

stubborn.Tenaculum Sharp hook like

instrument.Tenalgia Pain in the tendon.Tenderness Sensitive to pain on

pressure.t. rebound Intensification of pain

during release of pressure, a featureof peritonitis.

Tenderizer Preparations containingproteolytic enzymes like papain tomake the meat more tender.

Tendinitis Inflammation of a tendon.Tendinitis rotator cuff Especially

supra spinatus tendon is involvedfollowing injury or over use.

Tendinous synovitis Inflammationof tendon’s synovial sheath.

Tendon Fibrous connective tissue at-taching a muscle to bone.

t. Achilles The thickest and strongesttendon of gastrocnemius muscleattached to calcaneus.

t. central Central portion of dia-phragm consisting of a flat apone-urosis into which the muscle fiberof diaphragm are inserted.

t. superior of Lockwood Portion offibrous ring from which superioroblique muscle of eye originates.

Tendon spindle Fusiform nerve en-ding in a tendon.

Tendovaginitis Inflammation of ten-don and its sheath.

Tenesmus Ineffectual painful effortin bladder and bowel evacuation.

Teniposide Antineoplastic agents ofpodophylotoxin group.

Tennis elbow Pain over lateralepicondyle of humerus at the site ofattachment of extensor tendons.

Tenon’s capsule Connective tissuecovering of eyeball.

Tenon’s space Space between theposterior surface of eyeball andTenon’s capsule.

Tenosynovectomy Excision of ten-don sheath.

Tenosynovitis Inflammation of ten-don sheath.

Tenotome Instrument for cutting ten-don.

Tenotomy Surgical section of a ten-don.

Tensilon Edrophonium chloride.Tension Expansive force that stret-

ches; a state of mental strain.t. premenstrual Nervous instability,

irritability, headache and depres-sion occurring few days beforemenstruation.

Tension headache Headache causedby sustained contraction of mus-cles of head and neck.

Tension suture Suture used to reducepull of the edges of wound.

Tensor Any muscle that makes apart tense.

Tensor vali palatini A muscle of softpalate arising from cartilaginousmedial end of auditory tube and in-serted into palatal aponeurosis.

Tentacle A slender projection of in-vertebrates used for tactile pur-poses or feeding.

Tentative Provisional.Tenth cranial nerve Vagus nerve

supplying heart, lungs, abdominalviscera, esophagus etc.

Tenacious Tenth cranial nerve

620

Tentorial notch An arched cavityformed by anterior and innerborder of tentorium cerebelli.

Tentorial pressure cone The herni-ation of uncus of temporal lobe andmidbrain through tentorial notchdue to raised intracranial pressure.

Tentorium cerebelli The process ofdura mater between cerebrum andcerebellum supporting the occipitallobes.

Tepanil Diethylpropion hydro-chloride.

Tepid Lukewarm.Teratoblastoma A tumor containing

embryonic tissue.Teratocarcinoma Carcinoma deve-

loping from epithelial element of ateratoma.

Teratogen Any substance capableof disrupting fetal growth andproducing fetal malformation.

Teratology Scientific study ofteratogens and their mode of action.

Teras A severely malformed fetus.Teratoma Congenital tumor contai-

ning one or more of three em-bryonic germ layers.

Teratosis Deformed fetus.Terbutaline Synthetic sympatho-

mimetic amine used as bron-chodilator.

Terconazole A ketoconazole deriva-tive, antifungal agent.

Teres Round and smooth.Terfenadine H1 receptor blocker,

antiallergic agent.Terminal Pertains to end or placed

at the end.

Terminal arteriole Arteriole with-out any branches which ends incapillaries.

Terminal illness Illness from whichrecovery is impossible, hence deathis imminent.

Terminology Nomenclature, a sys-tem of technical terms used in arts,science and trade.

Terpene A hydrocarbon used as anexpectorant.

Terracing Suturing in several rowsthrough thick tissues in woundclosure.

Terramycin Oxytetracycline, syn-thesized by Streptomyces rimosus,effective against bacteria, ricket-tsia and chlamydia.

Terror Great fear.Tertian Occurring every third day

as in malaria.Tertiary Third in order.Tertiary care A level of medicare.Tertiary syphilis Third and most ad-

vanced stage of syphilis with gene-ral dissemination.

Tesla A measure of magneticstrength, one tesla equalis 1 weberper square meter

Testis The male reproductive glandlocated in scrotum about 4 cm longand 2 cm wide.

Testmeal A meal of definite qualityand quantity given for analysis ofstomach function.

Testosterone An androgenic hor-mone secreted by Leydig cells oftestes.

Test Examination, chemical reactiont. acetic acid test to detect albumin

in urine

Tentorial notch Test, acetic acid

621

t. acetone to urine is addednitroprusside and strongammonia; appearance of magentaring indicates presence of acetone

t. coin – for detection ofpneumothorax

t. creatine clearance best indicatorof renal function, normal is 95-135ml/min.

t. finger nose a test of cerebellarfunction.

t. guaic acid a test for occult blood infeces

t. limulus amebocyte lysate a test todetect bacterial endotoxin andpyrogens in samples

t. liver function tests for liver cellfunction like AST, ALT, bilirubin,gamma GTT

t. Mc Murray a test for torn meniscusin knee

t. ninhydrin a test to detectsympathetic response after healingof nerve injury as indicated bysweat.

t nonstress an external electronicmonitoring procedure foraccessing fetal well being

t. Schiller a test for cervical cancer.Painting with iodine causesglycogen containing normal cellsto take iodine colour and those cellswithout glycogen paint white/yellow

t. shake test of fetal lung maturity.Amniotic fluid is diluted with NS,mixed with 95% ethyl alcohol andshaked for 30 sec. appearance offoamy bubbles indicates spresenceof surfactant

t. sickling red cells placed in oxygenfree condition will sickle if containHbS.

t. thematic appreciation a projectivetest for insight into subjectspersonality

t. tourniquet a test for capillaryfragility.

Test tube baby A baby born to amother whose ovum was removed,fertilized outside her body and im-planted in her uterus.

Tetanolysin A hemolytic componentof the toxin produced by Clos-tridium tetani.

Tetanospasmin The toxin of Clos-tridium tetani responsible forspasm.

Tetanus An acute infectious diseasecaused by anaerobe Clostridiumtetani manifesting with painfultonic-clonic spasm of voluntarymuscles.

t. anticus Form of tetanus withforward bowing of body.

t. ascending Tetanus in which musclespasm occurs first in the lower partof body to spread upward to in-volve muscles of head and neck.

t. neonatorum Tetanus in neonatesfollowing umbilical sepsis.

Tetanus antitoxin Serum containingantibody against tetanus obtainedfrom immunized horses orhumans.

Tetanus toxoid Modified tetanustoxin capable of promoting activeimmunity.

Tetany A state of increased neuro-muscular excitability caused by

Test, acetone Tetany

622

decreased serum ionized calciumor phosphorus and in alkalosis.

Tetracaine Local anesthetic usedtopically.

Tetrachlorelhylene A clear color-less bitter liquid used as anthel-mintic, potentially hepatotoxic.

Tetracycline A broad spectrum anti-biotic.

Tetrad A group of four things.Tetradactyly Having four digits on

a hand or foot.Tetrahydrocanabinol Principal ac-

tive component of Canabis indica.Tetrahydrozoline A vasoconstrictor

used in ophthalmic and nasal drops.Tetraiodothyronine One of the

principal hormones secreted bythyroid SYN— thyroxine (T4).

Tetralogy A combination of foursymptoms or elements.

t. of Fallot Congenital heart diseasewith infundibular pulmonarystenosis, right ventricular hyper-trophy, over-riding aorta, and highventricular septal defect.

Tetramisole Anthelmintic.Tetraparesis Paresis of all four

limbs.

Tetraplegia SYN — quadriplegia.Thalamic nuclei The anterior, late-

ral, medial and posterior thalamicnuclei.

Thalamic syndrome Severe sharpboring and burning pain caused byvascular lesions of thalamus.

Thalamotomy Destruction of thala-mus by several means to treatpsychosis or intractable pain.

Thalamus Large ovoid masses ofgray matter on either side of thirdventricle, serving as gateway forall sensory projections to brain.

Thalassemia A group of congenitalhemolytic anemia due to impairedsynthesis of hemoglobin poly-peptide chains, alpha or beta.

t. major The homozygous form ofdeficient beta chain synthesis mani-festing with severe microcyticanemia, splenomegaly, jaundice, gallstones, leg ulcers and thickenedcranial bones.

t. minor Heterozygous state for alphaor beta chain production with mildmicrocytic hypochromic anemiaand raised Hb A2.

Thalidomide Alfa glutarimide pre-viously used as sedative but now

Tetracaine Thalidomide

Thalassemia

623

only used in lepra reaction; causessevere birth defects if given to preg-nant mothers.

Thallium A metallic element used asrodenticide.

Thanatology The science of death.Thanatophobia Morbid fear of

death.Tharatophoric dwarfism dwarfism

caused by generalized failure ofendochondral bone formation.

Thayer-marten medium mediumused for growth of N. gonorrhoea.

Theaism Chronic poisoning from ex-cessive intake of tea.

Thebaine An alkaloid present inopium.

Thebesian valve An endocardial foldat entrance of coronary sinus intoright atrium.

Thebesian vein Small veins drainingblood from myocardium directlyinto heart chambers.

Theca A sheath.Thecitis Inflammation of sheath of

tendon.Thecoma A benign tumor of ovary.Thecomatosis Increased connective

tissue in the ovary.Thelalgia Pain in the nipples of

breast.Thelarche The beginning of breast

development during puberty.Thelothism Nipple erection by con-

traction of its smooth muscles.Thenar Palm of hand or sole of foot;

fleshy eminence at base of thumb.Thenar muscles Abductor and flexor

muscles of thumb.Theobromine A smooth muscle

dilator, used as a mild stimulantand diuretic.

Theomania Religious insanity.Theophylline A plant product and

bronchodilator.t. ethylenediamine Aminophylline.Theorem A proposition proved by

logic or argument.Theory An assumption based on cer-

tain evidence or certain observa-tions but lacking scientific proof.

Therapeutic A curative.t. abortion Termination of preg-

nancy that disrupts mother’s physi-cal or mental health (as a sequenceof rape) or is likely to produce aphysically or mentally handi-capped child.

t. index The ratio of toxic dose of asubstance to its therapeutic dose;an index of safety of the drug.

Therapeutics The branch of medicalscience dealing with treatment ofdisease.

Therapist Practitioner of some kindof therapy.

Therapy The means employed to ef-fect a cure or manage a disease.

t. collapse Production of pneumo-thorax to effect pulmonary collapseas a method of treatment of nonhealing cavitary pulmonary tuber-culosis.

t. electroconvulsive Passing of electriccurrent in the convulsive dose to treatpsychosis or suicidal depression.

t. photodynamic Method of treatingcancer by using light absorbingchemicals that are selectivelyretained by malignant cells.

t. physical Use of physical agentssuch as massage, heat, hydration,electricity, exercise in the treatmentof disease.

Thallium Therapy, physical

624

t. replacement Therapeutic use ofmedicine as substitute for naturalbody substances, e.g. thyroid hor-mone, insulin.

Thermalgesia Pain caused by heat.Thermanalgesia Insensitiveness to

heat.Thermesthesia Capability to per-

ceive heat and cold.Thermic Pertains to heat.Thermistor An apparatus for deter-

mining small changes in tempera-ture.

Thermobiosis Ability to with standhigh temperature.

Thermocoagulation Coagulation ordestruction of tissue by passage ofhigh frequency current.

Thermocouple Device for measu-ring slight temperature changes.

Thermodilution A technique fordetermination of cardiac outputfrom injection of cold saline intoblood stream and measuring thetemperature change downstream.

Thermogenesis Production of bodyheat.

Thermography A technique to studyblood flow into limbs and to detectbreast cancer.

Thermoluminescent dosimeter Amonitoring device that stores ener-

gy of ionizing radiation. Whenheated it emits light proportionalto the amount of radiation to whichit has been exposed, used by radio-graphers and those working nearradiation source.

Thermometer Instrument for recor-ding temperature.

Thermometry Measurement oftemperature.

Thermophilic Thriving best in en-vironment of raised temperature.

Thermophylic Resistance todestruction by heat.

Thermoregulation Heat regulation.Thermoregulatory center Hypo-

thalamic center that regulates heatproduction and heat loss.

Thermostasis Maintenance of bodytemperature.

Thermostat A device that automat-ically regulates temperature.

Thiabendazole Anthelmintic usedfor strongyloidiasis and cutaneouslarva migrans.

Thiamine Vitamin B1 present inwheat germ, rice water, animal andplant foods. Acts as a coenzyme incarboxylation of pyruvic acid.Deficiency produces beriberi.

Thiersch’s graft Partial thicknessskin graft.

Therapy, replacement Thiersch’s graft

Thiamine

625

Thimerosal An organic mercurialantiseptic used topically and as apreservative.

Thio Prefix meaning sulfur.Thioguanine An antimetabolite and

immunosuppressant.Thiopental sodium An ultrashort ac-

ting barbiturate used for inducingsurgical anesthesia.

Thioridazine Antipsychotic agent.Thiotepa An alkylating agent,

antineoplastic drug.Thiothixene An antipsychotic drug.Thiouracil Antithyroid agent.Thiourea Antithyroid drug.Third degree burn Burn involving

entire thickness of skin and deeperstructures.

Third degree heart block Completeheart block.

Third heart sound Heart sound oc-curring at the end of rapid ventri-cular filling.

Thirst Desire for water or the sensa-tion arising out of lack of bodyfluids.

Thoma’s splint A splint with aproximal ring with two long steelrods used to place traction on theleg in long axis.

Thomsen’s disease Myotonia con-genita.

Thompson test In Achiles rupturesqueezing of calf does not causeplantar flaxion of foot.

Thoracentesis Puncture of chestwallto drain out pleural fluids.

Thoracic cage The bony structuresurrounding the chest.

Thoracic duct The main lymphaticduct of body arising at cisterna

chyli, ascending up to join leftsubclavian vein near its junctionwith left internal jugular vein.

Thoracic outlet syndrome Brachialneuritis and vascular/vasomotordisturbance in upper limb due tocompression by cervical rib/scalenus anterior.

Thoracocentesis Drainage of tho-racic cavity through needle punc-ture.

Thoracometer Instrument for measu-ring chest expansion.

Thoracoplasty Partial resection ofribs to induce collapse of underly-ing lung as in lung abscess, orempyema.

Thoracoscopy Endoscopic examina-tion of pleural cavity.

Thoracostomy Surgical resection ofchest wall for drainage.

Thorax The part of the body betweendiaphragm below and base of theneck above.

t. barrel shaped Rounded chest as inemphysema.

t. Peyrot’s Obliquely oval chest asin large pleural effusion.

Thorel’s bundle A muscle bundlejoining SA node and AV node.

Thorium Radioactive metallic sub-stance.

Thoron A radioactive isotope ofradon.

Threadworm Enterobius vermicularis.Threonine Alpha amino beta

hydroxybutyric acid an essentialamino acid.

Threshold 1. Point at which physio-logical response is produced

Thimerosal Threshold

626

2. A measure of sensitivity of anorgan or function.

Threshold dose Minimum dose thatwill be effective.

Thrill A palpable murmur.Thrix Hair.Throat The pharynx and the fauces.Throbbing Pulsatile.Throe A severe spasm or pain.Thrombasthenia A platelet disorder

with prolonged bleeding time, andabnormal clot retraction.

Thrombectomy Excision of a throm-bus.

Thrombin An enzyme derived fromprothrombin by action of throm-boplastin.

Thromboangitis Inflammation ofblood vessel with thrombus forma-tion.

t. obliterans Chronic occlusivevascular disease common to ciga-rette smokers commonly affectingthe feet with propensity for gang-rene formation. SYN — Buerger’sdisease.

Thromboclasis Lysis of thrombus.Thrombocythemia Absolute in-

crease in platelet count.Thrombocytopenia Decrease below

normal in number of platelets. (≤50,000 cmm)

Thrombocytosis Increase in numberof platelets. (≥ 400,000 cmm)

Thromboembolism A detachedthrombus causing occlusion of avessel.

Thrombogenesis The process of for-mation of blood clot.

Thrombokinase Factor ‘x’ or Stuartfactor.

Thrombolysis Dissolution of bloodclot.

Thrombophlebitis Inflammation ofvein with thrombus formation.

Thromboplastin The coagulationfactor III present in most tissueswhich accelerates clot formationby converting prothrombin tothrombin.

Thrombosis The formation or exist-ence of thrombus or clot within thevessel.

Thrombus A blood clot.t. hyaline Thrombus with a glassy

appearance.t. parietal or mural Thrombus

attached to wall of a vessel or heart.Thrush Infection caused by Candida

albicans in mouth and throat withformation of white patches and ul-cers.

Thrust The sudden move forward.Thumb The short thick first finger

on radial side of hand having twophallanges in place of three.

Thymectomy Surgical removal ofthymus.

Thymine A base present in DNA.Thymocyte A lymphocyte that

migrates from bone marrow tothymus where it matures and isreleased to blood as T lymphocyte.

Thymoma Tumor from epithelialtissue of thymus.

Thymopoietin A substance producedby thymus gland that helps in dif-ferentiation of thymocytes.

Thymus The capsulated bilobedorgan in anterior mediastinumwhich is essential for immune func-tion of body.

Threshold dose Thymus

627

Thyroepiglottic muscle Muscle aris-ing from inner surface of thyroidcartilage and inserted into epiglot-tis. Acts to depress the epiglottis.

Thyroglobulin Iodine containingprotein secreted by thyroid glandand stored within the colloid.

Thyroglossal duct A duct which inthe embryo connects the thyroiddiverticulum with the tongue.

Thyroid cartilage The V shapedprincipal cartilage of larynx,known as Adam’s apple.

Thyroidectomy Excision of thyroidgland, usually done in hyper-thyroidism.

Thyroid function tests A group oftests done to assess the level offunctioning of thyroid gland. Theyinclude thyroid radio-iodine uptakestudies, estimation of T3, T4 andTSH.

Thyroid gland The bilobed glandjoined by isthmus located at thebase of the neck, secreting T3 andT4.

Thyroiditis Inflammation of thyroidgland.

t. giant cell Thyroiditis charac-terized by presence of giant cells,round cell infiltration, fibrosis anddestruction of the follicles.

t. Hashimoto’s A form of auto-immune thyroiditis common towomen. There is thyromegaly andhypothyroidism.

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)Hormone secreted by anteriorpituitary which stimulates thyroidto secrete T3 and T4.

Thyroid storm A complication ofthyrotoxicosis precipitated by in-fection, surgery; manifests withhigh fever, restlessness and conges-tive failure.

Thyromegaly Enlarged thyroid gland.Thyroprivia Hypothyroid state.Thyroptosis Downward displace-

ment of thyroid.Thyrotoxic Pertains to hyperactivity

of thyroid gland.Thyrotoxicosis Hyperfunctioning of

thyroid gland with tachycardia,fine tremor, anxiety, nervousness,diarrhea etc.

Thyrotropic Agent that stimulatesthyroid gland.

Thyrotropin Thyroid stimulatinghormone.

Thyroxine Tetra-iodo-thyronine, theprincipal hormone of thyroidgland.

Tibia The inner larger bone in theleg.

t. saber Gummatous periosteitis oftibia with increased outward cur-vature.

Tic A sudden involuntary musclecontraction.

t. douloureux Lightening pain alongthe branches of trigeminal nervedue to degeneration or pressure onthe nerve.

Ticarcillin A semi synthetic penicil-lin effective against pseudomonas.

Tick A group of blood suckingacarids; can be hard tick or soft tick;transmit typhus group of fevers, Qfever, Lyme’s disease, babesiosis,bereliosis, tularemia etc.

Thyroepiglottic muscle Tick

628

Tickling Gentle stimulation ofsensitive surface and the reflexthereof.

Tidal Periodically rising and falling.Tietze syndrome Sternal costo-

chondritis of unknown etiology,often requiring injection procaineand steroids locally.

Tincture An alcoholic extraction ofanimal or vegetable substance.

Tinea Fungus infection.t. capitis Fungal infection of head.t. corporis Fungal infections of body

with scaly eruptions and clearingcenter.

t. cruris Fungal infection of genitalarea.

t. nigra Superficial fungal infectionof palm with pigmented non-itchynonscaly macules.

t. nodosa Sheath like nodular massesin hair of heard, moustache mak-ing hairs brittle.

t. pedis Fungal infection of foot(SYN— athlete’s foot).

t. profunda Fungal skin nodules andplaques which may ulcerate.

t. versicolor Yellow or fawn coloredskin patches due to Malasseziafurfur.

Tinel’s sign Tingling sensation onpressing or tapping a damaged ordegenerating nerve.

Tingle Pricking or stinging sensa-tion.

Tickling Tingle

Tick

Tinea Versicolor

Tinea Corporis Tinea Capitis

629

Tinidazole An imidazole used inamebiasis.

Tinnitus Ringing sensation in the ear.Tissue A group or collection of

similar cells performing a parti-cular function.

t. adipose Tissue containing denselypacked fat cells.

t. areolar Loose connective tissueforming interstitial tissue of mostorgans.

t. epithelial The cells are arrangedin continuous sheets in severallayers, e.g. epidermis of skin,glandular tissue lining of tubes,canals and ducts.

t. granulation Newly formed vas-cular and cellular tissue producedin the early stages of wound healing.

t. lymphoid A collection of deve-loping and mature lymphocyteswithin supporting network ofconnective tissue, e.g. adenoids,tonsils, Peyer’s patches.

t. osseous Connective tissue withintercellular matrix impregnatedwith calcium and phosphorus.

t. reticular A form of connectivetissue with delicate fibers.

Tissue macrophage A large wan-dering branched cell with singlenucleus capable of ingesting par-ticulate matter.

Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)A thrombolytic agent that is clotspecific, acting on plasminogencausing breakdown of fibrin.

Tetanium dioxide Used in solutionsfor protection against sunburn.

Titilation Sensation produced bytickling.

Titration 1. Determination of quan-tity of antibody in the serum, 2. Es-timation of the concentration ofchemical solution by addingknown amount of standard reagent.

Titubation Unsteadiness of posture,swaying of trunk and head whilesitting, staggering gait.

TNM classification Method ofcalssifying malignant tumorsbased on local characteristics ofthe tumor, involvement of lymphnodes and distant metastasis.

Toad skin Excessive dryness, wrin-kling and scaling of skin as invitamin A deficiency (phryno-derma).

Tobacco Dried leaves of the plantNicotiana tobacum containing nico-tine, picoline, pyridine, collidin, etc.Tobacco chewing is related tooropharyngeal cancer and tobaccosmoking to lung cancer, hyperten-sion, heart attack, vasoocclusivedisease, etc.

Tobramycin Aminoglycoside an-tibiotic.

Tocainide A lidocaine analog, anti-arrhythmic drug used for VT.

Tocodynamometer Device for es-timating force of uterine contrac-tion SYN — tocometer.

Tocograph Device for recordingforce of uterine contraction.

Tocology Science of parturition.Tocolysis Suppression of uterine con-

traction.Tocopherol Compounds with vita-

min E activity.

Tinidazole Tocopherol

630

Toilet Wound cleaning.Toilet training Teachings for a child

to achieve control over urinationand defecation.

Tolazamide An oral hypoglycemicagent.

Tolazoline An alfa adrenergicblocking agent used for causingperipheral vasodilatation as inchilblain.

Tolbutamide An oral hypoglycemicagent.

Tolerance Progressive decrease inthe effectiveness of a drug.

Tolfenamic acid A fenamate anti-inflammatory drug.

Tolnaftate Synthetic antifungalagent used topically.

Tomography A method of X-ray thatshows details of image of structuresat a particular plane of tissue byblurring images of structures in allother planes.

Tone 1. A state of partial contrac-tion of muscle. 2. normal tension inarterial wall.

Tongue A fleshy leafy organ lying infloor of mouth. Helps in mastica-tion, deglutition, speech productionand taste.

t. black hairy Tongue with brownfur like area on its surface com-posed of pigmented filiform pa-pillae resulting from antibiotictherapy.

t. fissured Tongue with deep furrowson its epithelium often due tosyphilis.

t. furred Tongue coated with a layerof white fur as seen in most fevers.

t. geographic Tongue with whiteraised areas of heaped up epithe-lium with surrounding atrophy.

t. magenta Magenta colored tonguein riboflavin deficiency.

t. parrot A dry shrivelled tongue asseen in typhus.

t. scrotal Furrowed and fissuredtongue.

t. smooth A tongue with atrophy ofpapillae as in anemia and mal-nutrition.

t. strawberry A bright red tonguewith prominent papillae as inscarlet fever.

Tongue tie Congenital shortness offrenum linguae with poor protru-sion, difficulty in articulation andsucking.

Tonicity Property of possessing tone.Tonography The recording of chan-

ges in intraocular pressure.Tonometer Instrument for measu-

ring intraocular pressure.Tonometry Measurement of in-

traocular tension.Tonsil 1. A mass of lymphatic tissue

located in the fauces, 2. Tworounded masses projecting from in-ferior surface of cerebellum. 3.Lymphatic tissue near the openingof eustachian tube into pharynx.

Tonsillar fossa Depression betweenthe glossopalatine and pharyngo-palatine arches accommodatingthe tonsils.

Tonsillar ring Ring of lymphoid tis-sue encircling the pharynx, e.g.palatine and lingual tonsils and theadenoids.

Toilet Tonsillar ring

631

Tongue

Tongue Tongue

632

Tonsillar sinus Space between theplica triangularis and anterior sur-face of tonsils.

Tonsillectomy Surgical removal ofthe tonsils.

Tonsillitis Inflammation of tonsils.t. follicular Tonsillitis principally

affecting the crypts.Tooth The hard structure in the jaw

for mastication.Topagnosis Loss of ability to localize

site of tactile sensation.Tophaceous Related to tophus.Tophus Deposits of sodium biurate

in tissue adjacent to a joint.Topical Local.Torpent Medicine that modifies ir-

ritation.Torpidity Sluggishness, inactivity.Torque A force producing rotary mo-

tion.Torr The pressure of 1/760 of stand-

ard atmospheric pressure or sim-ply 1mm of Hg.

Torsade-de-pointes Polymorphicrapid ventricular tachycardia withchanging QRS configuration.

Torsion Rotation of the verticalmeridians of eye; rotation of toothalong its long axis.

Tort A wrong or unlawful action.

Torticollis Spasmodic contractionof neck muscles causing head to tiltto one side and chin pointing toother side.

Tonsillar sinus Torticollis

-

Torticollis

Torticollis

633

t. ocular Inequality of vision orsquint causing torticollis.

Tortuous Having many bends ortwists and turns.

Torture Infliction of mental or physi-cal pain.

Torula Former name for crypto-coccus, a form of yeast.

Toruloma The nodular lesions ofcryptococcosis.

Torulopsis glabrata A yeast closelyrelated to candida, causing seriousillness in immunocompromisedpatients.

Torus A swelling or elevation.Total hip replacement Replacement

of acetabulum and head of femurby metallic or silicone prosthesisin the treatment of advanced dis-abling hip disease.

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)Provision of total electrolyte,protein, calorie, vitamin andmineral need via intravenous route.

Totipotent A cell capable of dividinginto a large variety of cells.

Touch Tactile sense or perceive frompalpation.

Tourette’s syndrome A disease withinvoluntary purposelessmovement, ticks, grunts and barks.

Tournay’s sign Dilatation of pupilon strong lateral fixation.

Tourniquet Any item used to exertpressure over an artery to stopbleeding.

t. rotating A technique of applyingtourniquets to three extremities inrotation to reduce venous return toheart as in pulmonary edema.

Tourniquet test Test for determining

capillary fragility from theirability to withstand pressure.

Touton cells Giant multinucleatedcells found in lesions of xan-thomatosis.

Toxemia Circulation of toxinsthroughout the body producingsymptoms like fever, diarrhea,vomiting, hypotension, flushingtachycardia etc.

t. of pregnancy A series of changesoccurring in pregnancy leading tohypertension, proteinuria, con-vulsion and intrauterine growthretardation.

Toxic allergic syndrome A diseasecaused by ingestion of adulteratedrapeseed oil with aniline producingrespiratory distress, eosinophilia,hepatosplenomegaly, etc.

Toxicology Branch of science deal-ing with toxic substances, theirdetection, pharmacological action,selection of suitable antidotes,treatment and prevention of theirsymptoms.

Toxicosis A diseased conditionresulting from poisoning.

Toxic shock syndrome Fever, diffusemacular erythematous rash, syn-cope due to toxins produced byStaphylococcus aureus.

Toxiferous Containing a poison.Toxigenic Producing toxins or

poisons.Toxigenicity The virulence of a toxin

producing pathogenic organism.Toxin A poisonous substance of

animal or plant origin.Toxocariasis Infection with

nematode T. canis or T. cati.

Torticollis, ocular Toxocariasis

634

Toxoid A toxin without toxicity butwith intact antigenicity so thatwhen injected can produce an-tibodies.

Toxolysin Substance capable ofdestroying toxin.

Toxoplasma A form of protozoa, e.g.T. gondii causing toxoplasmosis.

Toxoplasmosis A disease due to in-fection with Toxoplasma gondiimanifest with pneumonitis, hepa-titis, encephalitis (in the severeform) or mild fever and malaise inmild form. In congenital form thenewborn may have encephalo-pathy, jaundice, anemia, hepato-splenomegaly and generalizedlymphadenopathy.

Trabecula Fibrous cord of connec-tive tissue extending into an organfrom its capsule or wall.

Trabecula carnae The interlacingmuscular columns projecting frominner surface of ventricles of theheart.

Trabeculae lienis Fibromuscularbands which pass into the spleenfrom the capsule.

Trabeculoplasty A drainage surgeryof trabecular meshwork inglaucoma

t. ascending white fibers in spinalcord carrying nerve impulsestowards brain

t. descending fibers in spinal cordthat carry impulse from brain tospinal centers

t. dorsolateral in spinal cord, tractsuperficial to the tip of dorsal horn,the fibers of pain and temperature

t. ilitibial a thickned part of fascialata extending from lateralcondyle of tibia to iliac crest

t. olfactory extends from olfactorybulb to anterior perforatedsubstance

t. optic fibers of optic nerve beyondoptic chiasma, most of whichterminate in lateral geniculatebody of thalamus

t. pyramidal one of the threedescending tracts (lateral,ventrolateral and ventral) arisingfrom Betz cells the motor area ofbrain

t. rubrospinal tracts from red nucleusof midbrain to spinal cord

t. uveal includes iris, choroid andciliary body.

Trace 1. Very small quantity. 2. Avisible mark or sign.

Trace elements Organic elementsnormally present in minute quan-tity but very essential for plant oranimal life.

Tracer An isotope which due to itsunique physical properties, can bedetected in extremely minute quan-tity, and hence is used to trace thechemical behavior of natural ele-ment; used in absorption and excre-tion studies for identifying inter-mediary products of metabolismand determination of distributionof various substances in the body.Commonly used tracers are 14C and131I.

Trachea The round cartilaginous airtube extending from larynx tobronchi (6th cervical to 5th dorsalvertebra).

Trachealis Smooth muscle fibers ex-tending between the ends of

Toxoid Trachealis

635

tracheal rings whose contractionnarrows the lumen.

Tracheal ring C-shaped fibrousrings of trachea.

Tracheal tug The downward tug-ging movement of larynx in thora-cic aortic aneurysm.

Tracheitis Inflammation of trachea.Trachelectomy Amputation of

uterine cervix.Trachelitis Inflammation of cervix.Trachelology Scientific study of

neck, its diseases and injuries.Trachelorraphy Repair of torn cervix.Tracheobronchomegaly Congenital

enlargement of trachea and bronchi.Tracheocele Protrusion of tracheal

mucous membrane through itswall.

Tracheomalacia Softening of car-tilaginous framework of trachea.

Tracheostomy Surgical opening upof trachea to put an airway tofacilitate respiration in laryngealobstruction or a condition requi-ring prolonged respiratory assis-tance.

Trachitis Inflammation of trachea.Trachoma A form of chronic folli-

cular conjunctivitis caused byChlamydia trachomatis.

Trachyphonia Roughness of voice.Tracing A graphic record of some

events like respiration, electricalactivity of heart and brain.

Tract 1. A pathway 2. Bundle of nervefibers within spinal cord or brainacting as an anatomical andfunctional unit.

Traction The act of drawing or pull-ing.

t. axis Traction in line with the longaxis of the part.

t. aneurysm An aneurysm due totraction on artery, e.g. traction onaorta by an incompletely atrophiedductus.

t. diverticulum A circumscribedsacculation usually of the eso-phagus due to pull of adhesions.

t. headache Pain arising from trac-tion on intracranial structures bytumors, hematoma, abscess, etc.

Tract of Schuz Periventricular tract.Tractotomy Surgical section of a

tract in CNS, e.g. for pain relief.Tragion An anthropometric point on

tragus of ear.Tragus Cartilaginous projection in

front of external auditory meatus.Training 1. An organized system of

instruction 2. Systematic exercisefor physical development or somespecialized aim.

Trait A characteristic or property ofan individual.

Tramazoline An adrenergic agent.

Tracheal ring Tramazoline

Trachea

636

Trance The state of hypnosis resem-bling sleep or a state of being men-tally out of touch with the environ-ment.

Tranexamic acid An antifibrinolyticdrug 10 times potent thanaminocaproic acid; used todecrease bleeding.

Tranquilizer A drug reducingmental tension and anxiety with-out interfering with normal men-tal activity.

Transaminase An enzyme thatcatalyzes transamination, i.e.transfer of amino group of anamino acid to a ketoacid.

t. glutamic-oxaloacetic (SGOT)Highest concentration in heartmuscle and liver; hence raised inmyocardial infarction and hepatitis.

t. glutamic-pyruvic Highest con-centration in liver. Injury to hepaticcells liberates the enzyme to bloodstream.

Transanimation Resuscitation bymouth to mouth respiration.

Transatrial Procedure done throughor across the atrium.

Transcortin A corticosteroid bind-ing globulin.

Transcriptase A polymerase thattranscripts by converting a DNAbase sequence into its complemen-tary RNA base sequence.

Transcription The DNA directedsynthesis of messenger RNA.

Transcutaneous nerve stimulation(TNS) Application of mild electri-cal stimulation to skin electrodesplaced over a painful area to blocktransmission of pain sensation intoCNS.

Transducer Device that converts oneform of energy into another, e.g.ultrasonic transducers that convertsound energy to electrical energy.

Transection Cutting across the longaxis.

Transfer factor A factor present inantigen sensitized lymphocytes.

Transferrin Iron transportingglobulin in plasma.

Transfixion The act of piercingthrough and through.

Transfixion sutures A method ofclosing a wound by the use of su-ture which is placed through bothwound edges in a figure of eightfashion.

Transformation Change of shape orform, in oncology the change of onetissue into another; a type of muta-tion occurring in bacteria.

Transfusion Injection of blood, bloodproducts or IV solutions into vein.

t. exchange Transfusion of blood andwithdrawal of blood at same timeuntil blood volume is entirelyreplaced as in hemolytic disease ofnewborn.

Transfusion reaction A variety ofreactions including fever, chill,hemolysis, jaundice, shock andanaphylaxis occurring duringtransfusion.

Transgrow A special medium forculture of N. gonorrhea.

Transient ischaemic attack (TIA)Symptoms of neurological deficitlasting for few hours withoutresidual damage due to transientinterference with blood supply tobrain.

Trance Transient ischaemic attack

637

Transillumination Inspection of acavity or organ by passing a lightthrough its wall, e.g. examinationof paranasal sinus by means of alight placed across mouth; exami-nation of hydrocele contents inscrotum and examination of brainin hydrocephalus in infants.

Transition Passing from one state orposition to another.

Translation Protein synthesis underdirection of RNA.

Translocation The displacement ofpart or whole of chromosome toanother.

Translucent Permitting a partialtransmission of light; somewhattransparent

Transmethylation Transfer of amethyl group from a donor to areceptor compound. Methionineand choline serve as donors ofmethyl group.

Transmigration A wandering acrossor through as that of ovum orleukocytes across the capillary wall.

Transmissible Capable of beingtransmitted from one person toanother; communicable, infectious.

Transmission Transfer of anything;like disease or hereditary charac-teristics.

t. mechanical Passive transfer ofcausative agent of disease, especial-ly by arthropods, e.g., fly borne dis-eases.

t. placental Transmission of diseasefrom mother to fetus via the pla-centa.

t. synaptic The mechanism by whichan impulse in one neurone gives riseto impulse in another neurone.

t. transovarian Transmission of adiseased agent to offspring frommother from infection of ovary oflatter as in ticks and mites.

Transmural Across a wall, e.g.myocardial infarction involvingfull thickness of wall in a givenarea.

Transparent Permitting passage oflight rays without obstruction.

Transpeptidase An enzyme thatcatalyzes the transfer of a peptidefrom one compound to another.

Transplant To transfer tissue ororgan from one part to another.

Transplantation The operation oftransplanting an organ or tissuefrom one person to another, e.g.heart, lung, kidney, liver and bonemarrow.

t. heteroplastic Transplantation ofa part from one individual toanother of the same or closely re-lated species.

t. heterotopic Transplantation inwhich transplant is placed in a dif-ferent location in host than it hadin donor.

Transport Movement or transfer ofsubstances in biological system;transport may be active, passive orcarrier mediated.

Transposition A change in positionof an organ or viscera usually toopposite side.

Transposition of great vessels Acongenital cardiac anomaly whereaorta arises from right ventricleand pulmonary artery from leftventricle.

Trans-sexual An individual whohas overwhelming desire or feels

Transillumination Trans-sexual

638

psychically to be of opposite sex orhas got his external sex changed bysurgery.

Transthyretin A serum prealbuminthat transports thyroxin.

t. multidrug resistant MDR TB is onrise and bacilli are resistant tomany first line drugs.

Transudate A fluid that passesthrough the capillary wall.

Transudation Oozing of fluidthrough the membrane.

Transurethral An operation per-formed through urethra, e.g.transurethral prostatectomy.

Transversalis A structure occurringat right angles to the long axis ofbody.

Transversalis fascia The thinmembrane lying between the trans-versus abdominis muscle and theperitoneum.

Transverse arrest In obstetrics, ar-rest of transverse axis of descend-ing fetal head in maternal pelvis.

Transverse mesocolon The trans-verse portion of mesentery co-nnecting transverse colon withposterior abdominal wall.

Transverse myelitis Inflammationof spinal cord involving entire cordsubstance at a particular level,usually of unknown etiology.

Transverse sinus A sinus of duramater running from internal occipi-tal protruberance along attachedmargin of tentorium cerebelli toreach jugular foramen.

Transvestism Dressing or masque-rading in the clothing of opposite

sex to be accepted as a member ofopposite sex.

Tranta’s dots Chalky concretions ofthe conjunctiva around the limbusassociated with vernal conjunc-tivitis.

Tranylcypromine An antidepressantof MAO inhibitor group.

Trapezium The first bone of thesecond row of carpal bones.

Trapezius The muscle arising fromoccipital bone, nuchal ligament andthe spines of thoracic vertebra andinserted into clavicle, acromionand spine of scapula.

Trapezoid ligament The lateral por-tion of coraco clavicular ligament.

Trauma A physical injury or woundcaused by external force or violence.

t. psychic A painful emotionalexperience.

Traumatology The branch of sur-gery dealing with wounds andtheir care.

Tray A flat surface with raised edges.t. impression In dentistry U shaped

receptacle to carry impressionmaterial and support it in contactwith teeth.

Tranyl cypromine Monoamineoxidase inhibitor antidepressant.

Treacher Collin’s syndrome Man-dibulofacial dysostosis.

Treatment Any specific procedureemployed for amelioration of a dis-ease or pathological condition.

t. empiric Treatment based on obser-vation and experience rather thanhaving a scientific basis.

Transthyretin Treatment, empiric

639

t. expectant Relief of symptoms thatarise during an illness but treatmentnot directed at specific cause ofillness.

t. palliative Symptomatic treatmentrather than a cure.

Trechoic acid A polymer found onsome bacterial cell wall

Trematoda A class of flatwormscommonly known as flukes.

Tremble Involuntary shaking orquivering.

Tremograph A device for recordingtremors.

Tremor Involuntary movementresulting from alternate contrac-tion of opposing muscle groups.

t. action Tremor when voluntarymotion is attempted.

t. alcoholic Visible tremor in al-coholics.

t. cerebellar Intention tremor of 3-5Hz frequency seen in cerebellardisease.

t. essential Benign tremor usually ofhead, chin, outstretched hands, 8-10 cycles per second, made worseby anxiety and action, usuallyfamilial.

t. flapping Coarse tremor withmomentary loss of tone in musclegroups followed by return of toneSYN — asterixis, seen in hepaticencephalopathy.

t. parkinsonian A rest tremor whichis suppressed briefly during volun-tary activity, usually pill rollingtype.

t. physiologic Tremor occurring innormal persons during anger,anxiety, fatigue and hypoglycemia.

Tremulous Trembling or shaking.Trench fever The disease caused by

Rickettsia quintana, transmitted bybody louse.

Trench foot A condition skin to frostbite due to keeping of feet in wetsocks and shoes for prolongedperiod.

Trench mouth Painful pseudo-membranous ulceration of mucousmembrane of mouth.

Trend The tendency to proceed in acertain direction.

Trendelenburg position Position inwhich patient’s head is low and thelegs are on an elevated and inclineposition.

Trephine A cylindrical saw forcutting circular piece of bone out ofskull.

Trepidant Marked by tremor.Trepidation Fear, anxiety, trembling

motion.Treponema A genus of spirochetes

causing infections in man, e.g.syphilis (T. pallidium) pinta (T.carateum), frambesia (T. pertenue).

Treponea Condition of being able tobreathe easily when in a certainposition.

Tretinoin Transretinoic acid usedtopically for acne.

Triacetin Antifungal agent usedtopically.

Triad Any three things having ordenoting something in common.

Triage The screening and classifica-tion of sick, wounded or injuredduring war or disaster to assignpriority for medical and nursingattention.

Treatment, expectant Triage

640

Triamcinolone Synthetic gluco-corticoid used for skin conditions.

Triamterene A potassium sparingdiuretic.

Triangle An area formed by threeangles and three sides.

t. anal Triangle formed by ischialtuberosities and tip of coccyx.

t. anterior of neck Space bounded bymidline of neck, anterior border ofsternocleidomastoid and lowerborder of mandible.

t. digastric Space bounded by man-dible, stylohyoid muscle andanterior belly of digastric muscle.

t. femoral Triangle on inner part ofthigh bounded by inguinal ligamentabove and satorius and adductorlongus muscles below.

t. Hesselbach’s The area in the loweranterior abdominal wall boundedby inguinal ligament below, theedge of the rectus muscle mediallyand the deep epigastric arterylaterally.

t. of Petit The space above the hipbone between the exterior obliquemuscle, the latissimus dorsi and theinterior oblique muscle.

t. posterior cervical The triangulararea bounded by upper border ofclavicle, the posterior border ofsternocleidomastoid and theanterior border of trapezius muscle.

t. urogenital Triangle with the baseformed by a line between the twoischial tuberosities and the apex atsymphysis pubis.

Triangular bandage A bandagefolded diagonally.

Triangular ligament The ligamentsleft and right connecting right andleft lobes of liver with correspond-ing portions of diaphragm.

Triatoma A genus of blood suckingbugs, one variety of it transmitsTrypanosoma cruzi, causative agentof Chaga’s disease.

Triazolam Benzodiazepine anxio-lytic.

Tribadism A condition where wo-men attempt to imitate hetero-sexual intercourse with each other.

Tribasic Composed of three replace-able hydrogen atoms.

Tribasilar synostosis Conditionresulting from fusion of occipital,sphenoid and temporal bones lead-ing to arrested cerebral develop-ment and mental deficiency.

Tribe A taxonomic division betweengenus and family.

Tribromoethanol An anesthetic agent.Tricarboxylic acid cycle The meta-

bolic cycle of pyruvic acid break-down for production of energy; theterminal pathway whereby fats,carbohydrates and proteins areutilized.

Triceps A muscle arising by threeheads.

Triceps reflex Extension of forearmon tapping the triceps tendon whilethe elbow is flexed.

Trichiasis Inwardly directed eyelashes that rub against cornea.

Trichinella A genus of nematode.Trichinella spiralis of this genuscauses trichinosis from ingestionof undercooked pork containingthe cyst.

Triamcinolone Trichinella

641

Trichinellosis Disease caused byTrichinella spiralis SYN — trichi-nosis. Symptoms are swelling offace, firm, tender swollen muscles,fever and eosinophilia.

Trichion The anthropometric pointwhere midsagittal plane of head in-tersects the hairline.

Trichitis Inflammation of hair bulbs.Trichlor acetic acid The caustic agent

used for cauterization of warts,condylomata and hyperplastictissue.

Trichlor ethylene Inhalational anes-thetic that supplements nitrousoxide.

Tricho bezoar A hair ball in thestomach.

Trichogen An agent stimulating hairgrowth.

Trichokryptomania Abnormaldesire to break off hair by fingernail.

Trichoma Matted and encrusted stateof hair.

Trichology Study of hair, its growthand care.

Trichomatosis Entangled mattedhair due to fungal disease.

Trichome A hair or other appendageof skin.

Trichomonal Resembling Tri-chomonas.

Trichomonas Genus of flagellatedprotozoa.

T. hominis Intestinal flagellate caus-ing diarrhea and bacillary dysen-tery like disease.

T. vaginalis Flagellate inhabitingvagina causing profuse white

watery often blood stained dis-charge and intense itching.

Trichomycosis Any fungal diseaseof hair.

Trichophagia The habit of haireating.

Trichophytobezoar A hair ballfound in the stomach along withvegetable fiber and other debris.

Trichophyton Parasitic fungusliving on skin or its appendages.

Trichorrhexis Splitting of hair.Trichosis Any disease of hair or its

abnormal growth.Trichosporon A genus of fungi

growing on hair.Trichotilomania Unnatural impulse

to pull out one’s own hair.Trichotomy Division into three

parts.Trichotoxin A toxin that destroys

ciliated epithelial cells.Trichromatic Able to differentiate

three primary colors, which meansnormal color vision.

Trichuriasis Infestation withTrichuris trichura.

Trichuris trichura A nematode thatinhabits large intestine andcauses diarrhea and abdominalpain.

Tricitrates oral solution Solution ofsodium citrate, potassium citrateand citric acid.

Triclophos sodium A sedative-hyp-notic preparation.

Tricuspid Having three cusps, e.g.tricuspid valve, tricuspid tooth.

Tricuspid atresia Congenital atresiaof tricuspid valve with cyanosisand clubbing.

Trichinellosis Tricuspid atresia

642

Tricuspid valve Right atrioventri-cular valve.

Trident Having three prongs.Tridihexethyl chloride An anti-

cholinergic agent.Triencephalus A deformed fetus

lacking organs for sight, smell andhearing.

Triethylenemelamine One memberof nitrogen mustard group ofantineoplastic agent.

Triethylenethiophosphoramide Analkylating agent used in cancerchemotherapy. SYN— thiotepa.

Trifluoperazine An antipsychoticagent (Espazine).

Triflu promazine Anti-psychoticagent used mainly for nausea andvomiting (Siquil).

Trifluridine Antiviral agent.Trifurcation Division into three

branches.Trigeminal nerve The fifth cranial

nerve, the sensory-motor nervedividing into 1. ophthalmic (sup-plies upper part of face, nasalmucosa, cornea and conjunctiva).2. maxillary (supplies gums andteeth of upper jaw, upper lip andorbit) and 3. mandibular supply-ing muscles of mastication, gumand teeth of lower jaw.

Trigeminal neuralgia Neuralgicpain (burning and tingling) in dis-tribution of trigeminal nerve dueto any lesion of Gasserian ganglionor compression of its large sensoryroot by an aberrant artery andoften idiopathic.

Trigeminal pulse Pulse where everythird beat is an extrasystole.

Trigger To initiate with suddenness.An event or impulse that initiatesother events or actions.

Trigger finger A state when fingerflexion or extension is accomp-lished with a jerk due to teno-synovitis.

Trigger zone Any area of hyper ex-citability in the body which whenstimulated precipitates a specificresponse, e.g. epileptic fit or an at-tack of neuralgia.

Triglyceride Combination of gly-cerol with three different fattyacids.

Trigone A triangular area at the baseof bladder i.e., between the twoopenings of ureter and internal uri-nary meatus.

Trigone olfactory A small tri-angular eminence at the root ofolfactory peduncle.

Tigonitis Inflammation of mucousmembrane of the trigone of bladder.

Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride Ananticholinergic drug used in parkin-sonism.

Triidothyronine T3, the active formof thyroid hormone.

Trikates A mixture of potassiumacetate, potassium bicarbonateand potassium citrate.

Trilabe A three pronged forcep forremoving foreign body frombladder.

Trilaminar Three layered.Trilobate Having three lobes.Trilocular Having three compart-

ments.Triology A series of three events.Trimeprazine tartarate Antipyretic

agent.

Tricuspid valve Trimeprazine tartarate

643

Trimester A block of 3 months.Trimethadione An anticonvulsant.Trimethaphan Ganglion blocking

agent used for treatment of hyper-tension.

Trimethobenzamide An antiemeticdrug.

Trimethoprim Antibacterial agentused for urinary tract infection;when combined with sulfametho-xazole causes sequential block inenzyme synthesis within a widerange of bacteria.

Triethylene Cyclopropane, thegeneral anesthetic agent.

Trimipramine Tricyclic antidep-ressant.

Trimmer Instrument used to cut andshape things like gingiva, dentalplaster.

Trimorphous Having three differentforms like larva, pupa and adultsas in insects.

Trinitroglycerol Nitroglycerin, thevasodilator.

Trinitrophenol SYN — Picric acid,reagent.

Trinitrotoluene SYN — TNT, an ex-plosive.

Triorchidism Having 3 testes.Triose A monosaccharide with 3

carbon atoms.Trioxsalen Agent that induces

repigmentation, hence used invitiligo.

Trip Hallucinatory experience pro-duced by various drugs.

Tripelenamine citrate An anti-histaminic agent.

Tripier’s amputation Amputationof foot with part of calcaneus.

Tripotassium dicitrato bismuthateBismuth compound used in pepticulcer.

Triple response The three basicresponse of skin to injury like red-ness, flare and wheal.

Triplet Three children in one preg-nancy.

Triploidy Having three supports orlegs.

Tripod Having three sets of chromo-somes.

Tripolidine hydrochloride Anantihistaminic drug.

Triquetrum Three cornered or trian-gular, e.g. cuneiform bone.

Triradiate Radiating in three direc-tions.

Trismus Tonic spasm of jaw mus-cles as in tetanus.

Trisomy Having three homologouschromosomes instead of two.

T13 Trisomy of chromosome 13manifest with hypertelorism, lowset ears, mental retardation anddeath during infancy.

T18 Same as above.T21 Down syndrome with simian

crease, sloping forehead, epicanthicfolds, Brush field’s spots, flat noseand mental retardation.

Trisulfapyrimidines A combinationof sulfamerazine, sulfa methazineand sulfadiazine.

Tritanopia Blue blindness.Tritium Heavier form of hydrogen.Trituration The act of making a sub-

stance into powdered form.Trivalent Combining with or replac-

ing three hydrogen atoms.Trocar The instrument which is

contained within the cannula forremoval of fluid from body cavity.

Trimester Trocar

644

Trochanter Bony processes.t. greater Outward projection at

upper end of femur below its neck.t. fesser Conical tuberosity at the

inner and posterior surface of upperend of femur at the junction of shaftand neck.

Troche Solid cylindrical form con-taining medicine. SYN — Lozenge.

Trochlea 1. The smooth articularsurface of bone upon which glidesanother bone 2. A structure havingthe function of pulley.

Trochlear fovea A depression in theorbital plate of frontal bone for at-tachment of the cartilaginouspulley of superior oblique muscle.

Trochlear nerve The fourth cranialnerve emerging from dorsal sur-face of midbrain and supplyingsuperior oblique muscle.

Trombicula A genus of mite that mayserve as vectors for various diseases.

Tromethamine SYN — THAM. Asystemic alkalizer used in lacticacidosis.

Trophic Relating to nutrition of a partparticularly when denervated.

Trophoblast The outermost layer ofdeveloping embryo consisting ofinner cytotrophoblast and outersyntrophoblast that comes in con-tact with uterine endometrium.

Trophocyte The supporting cells ofSertoli which nourish the develop-ing spermatozoa.

Trophology The science of nutrition.Trophozoite The active mobile feed-

ing state of protozoa.Tropia Deviation of eyes away from

visual axis: esotropia means in-

ward; exotropia outward; hyper-tropia upward and hypotropiadownward.

Tropicamide An anticholinergicdrug used for producing mydria-sis as 2% lotion.

Tropin When suffixed indicatesstimulating effect especially of ahormone on target tissue.

Tropism Involuntary response of anorganism like turning towards oraway from a stimulus.

Tropomyosin A muscle protein in-volved in the formation of crossbridges during muscle contraction.

Troponin A muscle protein that at-taches to actin and myosin. It bindsto calcium and inhibits actin-myosin cross bridge formation.

Trousseau’s sign Muscle spasm ortetany induced by pressure on thenerve, indicative of latent tetany.

True conjugate The distance fromposterior surface of symphysispubis to sacral promontory (11 cm.)

Trunk The main stem of lymphatic,nerve or blood vessel. The middleportion of body without head andlimbs.

Truss Device to occlude hernialorifica.

Trypanosoma A genus of flagellateprotozoa found in blood, e.g. Tcruzi causing Chaga’s disease andT. rodesiense causing Africansleeping sickness.

Tryparsamide An arsenic com-pound used in sleeping sickness.

Trypsin Proteolytic enzyme formedby action of enterokinase on pan-creatic trypsinogen.

Trochanter Trypsin

645

Trypsinogen Inactive form of tryp-sin found in pancreatic juice.

Tryptophan An essential amino acid,the precursor of serotonin.

Tsetse fly Blood sucking fly of genusglossina, transmitter of trypano-somiasis.

Tsutsugamushi fever Scrub typhus.t. tube A tube placed in common bile

duct after cholecystectomy for biledrainage and cholangiography.

Tuaminoheptane A sympathomime-tic used topically in nasal drops.

Tube A long hollow cylindricalstructure.

t. endotracheal A tube usually withan inflatable cuff put into tracheafor airway during anesthesia.

t. nasogastric Rubber tube passedinto stomach for aspiration/decompression of stomach.

t. Segstaken-Blackmore Threepassaged nasogastric tube for treat-ing bleeding esophageal varices.

t. stomach A wide bore tube forstomach wash in poisoning.

Tubectomy Surgical removal of apart or whole of fallopian tube.

Tuber A swelling or enlargement.Tuber cinereum A part of base of

hypothalamus connected to poste-rior lobe of pituitary by an infundi-bulum.

Tubercle 1. A small rounded eleva-tion on bone or skin 2. tuberculargranuloma.

t. adductor The bony tubercle onfemur serving for attachment oftendon of adductor magnus.

t. dental A small elevation on crownof tooth representing thickenedenamel or accessory cusp.

t. deltoid Tubercle on clavicle forattachment of deltoid muscle.

t. genital The embryonic structurewhich becomes penis or clitoris.

t. miliary Tubercle resembling milletseed, as in tuberculosis.

Tuberculin A preparation fromhuman tubercle bacilli, used fordiagnostic test of previous exposureto tubercular infection.

Tuberculin test A test to know if apatient has been exposed to tuber-cle bacilli in the past 5 or 10 TU isinjected intradermally and indura-tion is measured after 72 hours.When induration exceeds 10 × 10mm the test is termed positive.

Tuberculoma A tuberculous abscess.

Tuberculosis An infectious diseasecaused by Mycobacterium tuber-culosis having propensity to infectlungs, bone, GU tract, meninges andthe GI tract.

Tuberosity An elevated bony pro-cess, e.g. ischial tuberosity.

Tuberous sclerosis A neurocuta-neous disorder with adenoma

Trypsinogen Tuberous sclerosis

Tuberculosis

646Tubocurarine Tumor viruses

sebaceum, seizure, mental retar-dation, periventricular nodules.

Tubocurarine A skeletal musclerelaxant used during anesthesiaand in convulsive states and to treatblack-widow spider bite.

Tubo-ovarian Relates to fallopiantube and the ovary.

Tuboplasty Plastic surgery or repairof fallopian tubes in order to restorefertility.

Tubotympanal Relates to tympanicmembrane and the eustachian tube.

Tubule A small tube.t. collecting Tubules having trans-

port function in renal medulla.t. convoluted The constituent parts

of a nephron of kidney.t. dentinal Very small canals in the

dentine.t. seminiferous Very small tubules in

testis in which the spermatozoadevelop and leave the testis to enterthe epididymis.

Tubulin A protein present in themicrotubules of cell.

Tubulodermoid A dermoid tumorin the persistent remnant tubularstructure.

Tuft A small coiled mass or cluster.Tugging Drag or pull, e.g. tracheal

tug, the sign of aortic aneurysm.Tularemia A plague like illness

caused by Francisella tularensis,transmitted to man by bite of in-fected tick or direct contact with in-fected animal. (Tulare : a place inCalifornia).

Tumefacient Producing a swelling.Tumescence Swelling.

Tumor A swelling or enlargement.t. carotid body Benign tumor arising

from carotid body.t. connective tissue e.g., lipoma,

fibroma and sarcomas.t. desmoid Tumor of fibrous con-

nective tissue.t. Ewing’s Malignant round cell

tumor of bone.t. giant cell Locally malignant tumor

of bone consisting of multi-nucleated cells surrounded by cel-lular spindle cell stroma.

t. granulosa cell Tumor arising fromgranulosa cells of ovary secretingestrogen.

t. islet cells Insulin secreting tumorsfrom islet cells of Langerhans inpancreas.

t. Krukenberg’s Tumor of ovary fromtransperitoneal metastasis of GItract malignancy.

Tumor angiogenesis factor A proteinfactor present in all canceroustissue which stimulates capillarygrowth.

Tumoricidal Having killing effect ontumor cells.

Tumor markers Certain substancespresent in blood that indicate pos-sible presence of malignancy, e.g.carcinoembryonic antigen intumors of colon, lungs and breast;alfa fetoprotein in hepatoma, acid,phosphatase in prostatic malig-nancy.

Tumor necrosis factor A lympho-kine produced by macrophages.

Tumor viruses Viruses causingmalignant neoplasms, e.g. EB virus

647

linked to Burkitt’s lymphoma;HSV2 in cancer cervix, AIDS virusin Kaposi sarcoma.

Tunga A genus of fleas.Tungsten A metallic element used in

X-ray tube.Tunica A covering.t. adventia The outer fibrous coat of

blood vessels.t. intima The innermost layer of

endothelial cells and the basementmembrane including the internalelastic lamina of blood vessels.

t. media The middle layer in the wallof a blood vessel containing cir-cular smooth muscle and elasticfibers.

t. serosa The mesothelial lining ofthe pleura, peritoneum and peri-cardium.

t. vaginalis The serous membranesurrounding the testes.

Tuning fork A vibrating metallic in-strument for testing hearing andsensation of vibration.

Tunnel A narrow channel.t. carpal The fibro-osseous canal in

the wrist through which pass theflexor tendons and the mediannerve.

t. tarsal The osteofibrous canalbounded by flexor retinaculum andtarsal bones giving way toposterior tibial vessels, tibial nerveand flexor tendons.

Tunnel vision 1. Severe constrictionof visual field as in chronic glau-coma 2. A condition in hystericswhere the field of vision remainsthe same irrespective of the dis-tance from the visual screen.

Turbid Cloudy.Turbidity The quality of not having

transparency of liquid due to

Turner's Syndrome

Tunga Turbidity

648

contamination or suspended parti-cles.

Turbinate Shaped like inverted cone.Turgescence Swelling of a part.Turgor Normal tension in a tissue,

swelling.Turner’s syndrome 45 (XO) chromo-

somal pattern in girls manifestedwith amenorrhea, infertility, shortstature and poor sexual maturation.

Turpentine A pine plant derivativecontaining mixture of terpenes andother hydrocarbon used in lini-ments and counter irritants.

Turricephaly Oxycephaly.Tussis Cough.Tutamen Tissue with protective

action, e.g. tutamen oculi, i.e. eye-brows, eyelashes, etc.

t. wave The positive or negative waverepresenting repolarisation ofheart muscle in electrocardiogram.

Twig A final branch of a nerve orvessel.

Twilight sleep A state of partialanesthesia where perception ofpain is greatly reduced.

Twin Two fetuses developing withinuterus, in one pregnancy.

t. dizygotic Twins developed fromtwo separate ova.

t. monozygotic Twins developingfrom a single fertilized ovum; hencehave identical genetic makeup, areof same sex, have common placentaand one chorion sac.

t. Siamese Symmetrically unitedtwins.

Twinge A sudden pain.Twitch Sudden spasmodic muscle

contraction.

Tylosis Formation of a callus.Tyloxapol A detergent used to reduce

viscosity of bronchopulmonarysecretions.

Tympanic membrane Membrane atthe junction middle ear andexternal ear.

Tympanites Intestinal distentionwith gas.

Tympanitis Inflammation of mid-dle ear.

Tympanography Radiographic ex-amination of eustachian tubes andmiddle ear after introducing con-trast material.

Tympanometry Procedure for objec-tive evaluation of mobility of tym-panic membrane and diagnosis ofmiddle ear diseases.

Tympanoplasty Surgical procedurefor middle ear disease or recons-truction.

Tympanum The middle ear or tym-panic cavity.

Tympany 1. Abdominal distensionwith gas 2. Tympanic resonance onpercussion.

Typhlectomy Excision of cecum.Typhlitis Inflammation of cecum.Typhlodicliditis Inflammation of

ileocecal valve.Typhlology Study of blindness and

its causes.Typhlomegaly Abnormally large

cecum.Typhlopexy Suturing of movable

cecum to anterior abdominal wall.Typhloureterostomy Implantation

of ureters into cecum.Typhoid Resembling typhus.Typhoid fever Acute infectious fever

with inflamed Peyer’s patches and

Turbinate Typhoid fever

649

mesenteric glands, enlarged spleenand continuous fever; caused bySalmonella typhi.

Typhoid vaccine Vaccine containingkilled Salmonella typhi.

Typhus A group of acute infectiousfevers with severe headache, pros-tration, maculopapular rash, andsome neurologic involvementcaused by Rickettsia organisms.

t. epidemic Caused by R. prowazekii,transmitted by body louse.

t. endemic Caused by R. mooseri,transmitted by rat flea.

t. scrub Caused by R. tsutsugamushi,transmitted by mites.

Typing Identification of types, e.g. 1.Bacteriophage typing, i.e. deter-mination of bacterial species bybacteriophages. 2. Tissue typing, i.e.testing for histocompatibility oftissues to be used in transplant orgraft.

Tyramine An intermediate productduring conversion of tyrosine to

Typhoid vaccine Tzank cell

epinephrine, found in cheese, beer,yeast, beans, wine and chicken liver.

Tyroid Cheesy or caseous.Tyrosinage An enzyme that converts

tyrosine into melanin.Tyrosine An amino acid serving as

precursor for epinephrine, thyro-xine and melanin.

Tyrosinemia Increased tyrosine con-centration in blood due to deficiencyof enzyme tyrosine amino-transferase manifested with mentalretardation, keratitis, dermatitis, etc.

Tyrothricin Antibacterial agent.Tyrrell’s fascia Ill defined fascia be-

hind prostate.Tyson’s glands Modified sebaceous

glands in prepuce secretingsmegma.

Tzanck test Examination of tissuefrom base of an intact bulla todemonstrate degenerative changesas in pemphigus.

Tzank cell A degenerated cell fromkeratin layer of skin, seen inpemphigus.

UUbiquinone Coenzyme Q, important

for intracellular respiration.Ulalgia Gum pain.

Ulcer Discontinuity in the skin ormucous membrane with sloughing.

u. Curling Stress induced peptic ulceras in post burn or cerebrovascularaccident patient.

u. decubitus Ischemic necrosis andtissue ulceration over bony promi-nence in bedridden patients.

u. Huner’s Painful slowly healingulcer in urinary bladder.

u. rodent Deeply infiltrating ulcerwith undermined edges as in basalcell carcinoma.

u. serpiginous A creeping ulcer thatheals in one part but extends toanother.

Ulitis Inflammation of gums.Ulna The inner and larger bone of

forearm.Ulotomy Incision of gums; resection

of scar tissue to relieve tension.Ultrafiltration A filtration process

that separates colloidal particlesfrom the suspending liquid.

Ultrasonic Sound frequency above20,000 cycles per second, notaudible to human ear.

Ultrasonography Use of ultrasoundto image body organs.

Ultrasound Sound frequency in therange of 20,000 to 109 cycles persecond, employed to image bodyorgans and for therapeutic pur-poses, (ultrasonic ablation/stonedissolution).

Ultrastructure Structure of tissue asvisible only under electron micro-scope but not to normal eye.

Ultraviolet rays Light rays in thespectrum of 3900-1800 angstroms.

Umbilical cord The cord consistingtwo arteries and one vein embeddedin Wharton’s jelly attaching fetusto placenta.

Umbilication Formation at the apexof a vesicle or pustule a depression(e.g. in smallpox), any depressionresembling the navel.

Umbilicus The navel or depressionin the center of abdomen.

Ulcer

Ultrasound

651

Umbo Projecting center of a roundsurface.

Umbrella filter A filter placed in avein to prevent passage of embolias in prevention of pulmonaryinfarction in deep vein thrombosis.

Uncal herniation Transtentorialherniation of uncus.

Unciform Shaped like a hook.Unciform fasciculus The bundle of

fibers connecting frontal lobes withtemporal lobes (uncinate fasci-culus).

Unciform process Anterior end ofhippocampal gyrus.

Uncinate Hook shaped.Uncinate bundle of Russel Fibers

from cerebellum passing intovestibular nuclei via superiorcerebellar peduncle.

Uncinate fits Periodic episodes of ol-factory and gustatory halluci-nations usually disagreeable orloss of taste and smell.

Uncinate gyrus Rostral portion ofhippocampal gyrus.

Unconditioned reflex Natural reflexwhich is independent of previousexperience or training.

Unconscious Lacking awareness ofsurrounding.

Uncus Hooked anterior end of hippo-campal gyrus.

Underweight Weight more than 10%less than the ideal weight for heightand age.

Undine A small glass or metal flaskfor irrigation of eyes.

Undecylenic acid A fungistatic 11-carbon acid.

Undine curse Sleep apnea.

Undulation Continuous wave likemotion or pulsation.

Ungual Resembling nails.Unguentum Ointment.Unguis A finger or toe nail.u. incarnatus Ingrowing nail.Uniceps Having a single head.Unicorn Having a single horn or

cornu as in uterus.Unicuspid Having a single cusp, e.g.

tooth or valve.Unilateral Affecting or occurring at

one side.Uninucleated Having a single

nucleus.Uniocular Pertains to one eye.Union Meeting of two or more things

at one point.Uniparous Giving birth to one off-

spring at a time.Unipolar Having a single process,

e.g. unipolar neurone.Unit A standard of measurement.

u. angstrom Wave length of1/10,000,000 of a millimeter.

u. motor A neurone and the musclecells innervated by it.

u. mouse Least amount of estrogenthat brings characteristic changein mouse vaginal epithelium.

u. todd The reciprocal of the highestdilution that inhibits hemolysis asin measurement of antistreptolysinO titre in rheumatic fever.

Univalent Capable of combiningwith or replacing one atom ofhydrogen.

Universal antidote Two parts of ac-tivated charcoal, one part mag-nesium oxide and one part tannicacid used in poisoning by unknownagents by oral route.

Umbo Universal antidote

652

Universal donor A person of bloodgroup ‘O’ Rh -ve.

Universal recipient A person ofblood group AB, Rh positive.Unmedullated A nerve withoutmyelin sheath. SYN – unmyeli-nated.

Unna’s paste 15% Zinc oxide inglycogelatin base.

Unsaturated Not combined to the fullextent or capable of dissolving orabsorbing more.

Uptake Absorption of nutrient orradioactive material.

Urachus A fibrous cord extendingfrom apex of bladder to umbilicus.Often urachus remains patentresulting in an umbilical urinaryfistula.

Uracil A pyrimidine base ofribonucleic acids.

Uranium A radioactive elementUranorrhaphy Operation for closure

of cleft palate.Urate A salt of uric acid.Urea The diamide of carbonic acid

derived from ammonia bydeamination representing 80-90%of total urinary nitrogen.

Urea cycle The metabolic process ofurea formation from metabolismof nitrogen containing foods.

Urea frost Deposits of urea particleon skin in patients of advanceduremia.

Urea plasma A microorganism issexually transmitted and causesurogenital infection in both partners.

Urease An enzyme that breaks downurea into ammonia and carbondioxide.

Uremia A complex biochemical ab-normality in kidney failure, charac-terized by azotemia, acidosis,anemia and many systemicsymptoms.

u. prerenal Uremia occurring notprimarily due to kidney disease butdue to fluid loss.

Ureter 28-34 cm fibromusculartubes conveying urine from kidneyto urinary bladder.

Ureterocele Dilatation of ureternear its opening into bladder.

Urodialysis Rupture of ureter.Ureteroenterostomy Establishment

of communication between ureterand intestine.

Ureteroileostomy Anastomosis ofureter into a segment of smallintestine.

Ureterolith A stone in ureter.Ureteropyeloplasty Plastic surgery

of pelvis of kidney and ureter.Ureterovesicostomy Reimplan-

tation of ureters into bladder.Urethane Compound with diuretic,

hypnotic and cytostatic properties,often used in leukemia.

Urethra The canal extending frombladder neck to exterior for dis-charge of urine.

Urethrismus Irritation or spasm ofurethra.

Urethritis Inflammation of urethra.u. anterior Inflammation of anterior

portion of urethra (portion anteriorto triangular ligament).

u. gonococcal Gonococcal infectionof urethra.

u. nonspecific Chlamydial urethritis.u. posterior Urethritis involving

prostatic and membranous urethra.

Universal donor Urethritis, posterior

653

Urethroplasty Repair of urethra asin stricture.

Urethroscope An instrument forvisualization of interior of urethra.

Urethrostenosis Stricture urethra.Urethrotomy Incision into urethra

as a part of operation for stricture.Uric acid An end product of purine

metabolism responsible for clini-cal manifestations of gout.

Uricase An enzyme present in mostmammals excluding man thatbreaks uric acid into allantoin andcarbon dioxide.

Uricemia Excess uric acid in blood.Uricocholia Uric acid in bile.Uricosuria Excessive excretion of

uric acid in urine.Uricosuric Agents that potentiate ex-

cretion of uric acid in urine.Uridrosis Excess of urea in sweat.Uridine A nucleoside of ribonucleic

acids, consisting of uracil and Dribose.

Uriesthesis Normal desire to voidurine.

Urinary pigments Urochrome, uro-silin, uroerythrin and hemato-porphyrin.

Urinary sediment Deposits in urinelike bacteria, phosphates, uric acid,calcium oxalate/phosphate/carbonate etc.

Urination The act of voiding urine.Urine The fluid excreted by kidneys

with a specific gravity of 1005-1030, acidic in reaction and ambercolored; 24 hour urine containsnearly 75 grams of solids, i.e. 25%as urea, 25% as chloride, 25% assulfates.

Uriniferous Carrying urine.Uriniparous Producing urine.Urinoma A cyst containing urine.Urinometer Device for measuring

specific gravity of urine.Urobilin A brown pigment formed

by oxidation of urobilinogen, abreakdown product of bilirubin.

Urobilinogen A colourless degrada-tion product of bilirubin formed byaction of intestinal bacteria.

Urobilinuria Excess of urobilin inthe urine.

Urocele Swelling of scrotum withurine.

Urochrome A yellow pigment inurine derived from urobilin.

Uroclepsia Involuntary passage ofurine without knowledge.

Urocyanin A blue pigment in urinein certain diseases like scarletfever.

Urodynamics Study of bladder func-tion both neural and muscular.

Urodynia Painful urination.Uroerythrin A red pigment found in

urine.Uroflavin A fluorescent compound

present in persons taking ribo-flavin.

Urofuscin A red-brown pigment inurine of patients of porphyria.

Urogastrone A polypeptide presentin urine that inhibits gastric acidsecretion.

Urogenital diaphragm The sheet oftissue stretching across the pubicarch, formed by deep transverseperineal and sphincter urethraemuscles. SYN — triangular liga-ment.

Urethroplasty Urogenital diaphragm

654

Urography X-ray study of urinarytract after introduction of radio-paque dye. Can be ascending type:dye is injected into bladder or des-cending type: the dye is given IV.and is excreted by the kidneys.

Urokinase An enzyme obtainedfrom human urine used for coro-nary, pulmonary and peripheralthrombolysis.

Urolithiasis Formation of calculi inurinary tract and the associatedsymptoms thereof.

Urology The branch of medicine con-cerned with diseases of urinary tract.

Uroporphyrin A red pigment presentin urine and feces in porphyria.

Urorosein A red colored pigment inurine.

Uroxanthin A yellow pigment inurine.

Urticaria Eruption of itchy whealson skin.

u. bullosa Eruption of fluid filledvesicles under the epidermis.

u. cold induced urticaria.

u. hemorrhagica Urticarial lesionsfilled with blood.

u . pigmentosa Brown itchy eruptionsof mastocytosis.

u. solaris Urticaria on exposure tosunlight.

Usher’s syndrome Congenital deaf-ness and retinitis pigmentosa pro-gressing to complete blindness.

Uta Infection with Leishmania brazi-liensis causing nasopharyngealand mucocutaneous lesions.

Uterine souffle The sound of bloodflow in uterine vessels in graviduterus.

Uterine subinvolution Failure ofuterus to return to its normal sizeafter child birth.

Uterus The womb, the seat of em-bryo’s embedment and growth; ahollow muscular pelvic organ.

Utricle 1. One of two sacs of themembranous labyrinth in the bonyvestibule of inner ear, communicat-ing with semicircular ducts, saccu-lus and “endolymphatic duct 2.Any small sac.

Urography Utricle

Utricle

655

u. of prostate A small blind pouch ofurethra extending into substance ofprostate, a remnant of embryonicmullerian duct.

Uvea The vascular pigmented coatof the eye lying beneath the scleraand consisting of iris, ciliary body,choroid.

Uveitis Inflammation of uvea or anypart of it.

u. anterior Inflammation of iris andciliary body.

u. posterior Choroiditis.Uveoparotitis Inflammation of uvea

and parotid glands as in sarcoi-dosis.

Uviometer An instrument for measu-ring the intensity of ultraviolet light.

Uvula A small fleshy structure hang-ing from soft palate.

u. of vermis A small triangularelevation on the vermis of cerebel-lum.

Uvulitis Inflammation of uvula.Uvulopalatopharyagoplasty Plastic

surgery of orpharynx to removeredundant tissue to ease breathingin snoring and sleep apnoea

Uvuloptosis A lax pendulous softpalate.

Uvulotome Instrument for perform-ing uvulotomy.

U-wave A low amplitude positivewave that follows T wave in ECG.U-wave inversion indicates coro-nary artery disease.

Utricle, of prostate U-wave

VVaccination Inoculation with a vac-

cine to achieve resistance againstinfectious disease.

Vaccine A suspension of live at-tenuated/killed infectious agent orits products/parts for achievingimmunity against that infectiousagent.

v. BCG Bacillus Calmettee-Guerin, apreparation of dried live-culture ofmycobacterium tuberculosiswhose virulence has been reducedby repeated cultures on glyceri-nated ox bile.

v. DPT A preparation of diphtheriaand tetanus toxoid and killedpertussis organisms given in-tramuscularly.

v. hepatitis B Vaccine containingrecombinant viral capsular anti-gen of hepatitis B virus.

v. human diploid cell An inactivatedrabies virus vaccine prepared inhuman diploid cell tissue culture.

v. Influenza A polyvalent vaccinecontaining inactivated antigenicvariants of the virus for renderingimmunity in chronically ill and aged.

v. measles A live attenuated virusvaccine.

v. mumps A live attenuated virusvaccine.

v. pneumococcal A polyvalentvaccine effective against 23 strainsof pneumococci, given to childrenunder 2 years of age and to thosewho have undergone splenectomy.

v. polio Oral poliovaccine containing3 types of live attenuated (v. Sabin)or inactivated viruses (v. Salk).

v. typhoid usually given during needand to troops

v. varicella given against chickenpoxat 12-18 month

v. yellow fever given to travelersentering endemic areas

Vaccinia Cowpox, the vesicopustu-lar disease of cattles.

Vacuole A clear space in the proto-plasm.

Vacuum Empty space.Vacuum extractor A device with a

suction cup which is placed on fetalhead for applying traction duringdelivery.

Vacuum Extractor

657

Vacuum aspiration A method of ter-mination of pregnancy by apply-ing suction to a catheter placed inuterine cavity.

Vagabond’s disease Body louse in-fection causing itching and skin dis-coloration.

Vagal tone Cardiac inhibitory effectby vagus.

Vagina The musculo membranouspassage between the cervix andvulva.

Vaginal bulb Small erectile tissueon each side of vestibule.

Vaginal hysterectomy Surgicalremoval of uterus through vagina.

Vaginal vibrator A vibrator placedin vagina for erotic stimulation.

Vaginismus Painful spasm of vaginaoften preventing coitus; may beidiopathic, following trauma,vaginitis or psychological aversionto coitus.

Vaginitis Inflammation vaginacausing purulent malodorousdischarge, itching, pain in peri-neum, and during coitus and painfulmicturition.

v. atrophic Atrophy of vagina inpostmenopausal women with re-duced introitus and dryness.

v. Trichomonial Vaginitis due toTrichomonas causing red frothydischarge with fishy odor.

Vaginosis bacterial Caused byGardenerella vaginalis withcharacterstic clue cells.

Vacuum aspiration Vaginosis bacterial

Vagus Nerve

658

Valgus Bent outward e.g. talipesvalgus, caxa valgus.

Valine An amino acid essential forgrowth of infants.

Vallate papilla Present on posteriordorsal surface of tongue.

Vallecula Depression or creviceValproic acid Anticonvulsant.Valsalva maneuver Forcible expira-

tion against closed glottis, nose,and mouth; used to increase pres-sure within middle ear to correctretracted ear drum.

Valsalva sinuses The dilatations inthe root of aorta behind the semilunar cusps where the coronaryarteries originate.

Valve Membranous structures thatallow flow of fluid in one direction.

Valves of Houston Mucosal folds ofrectum.

v. ileocecal Valve between ileum andlarge intestine (cecum) composedof two membranous folds.

v. thebesian Valves at the entrance ofcoronary sinus into right atrium.

Valvoplasty Dilatation of valve.Valvotomy Incision into a valve to

dilate it.Valvulae conniventes Circular

membranous folds in the lumen ofsmall intestine that retard the pas-sage of food thereby promoting ab-sorption of nutrients. SYN—plicacircularis.

Van Buren’s disease Thick in-durated corpora cavernosa SYN —Peyronie’s disease.

Vancomycin hydrochloride An-tibiotic given IV 1-2 gm daily,

specific for resistant staphylo-coccal infection.

Van den Berg’s test Blood test fordetection of bilirubin.

Vander Wall's forces The weak forcesof attraction between the nuclei ofatoms. These forces do not exist onthe basis of ionic attraction, hydrogenbonding or sharing of electrons

Vanilla Obtained from tropicalorchid, an aromatic substance usedfor flavoring.

Vanilyl mandelic acid (VMA) Meta-bolite of epinephrine and norepinephrine in urine, amount in-creased in pheochromocytoma.

Van’t Hoff’s rule Doubling of speedof chemical reaction for each 10°Crise in temperature.

Vapor Gaseous state of a substance.Vaguiz’s disease Polycythemia

vera.Variance In statistics, the square of

standard derviation.Variant Having some different char-

acteristic from the original.Varicella Chickenpox, the viral dis-

ease with polymorphic maculo-vesico-pustular eruptions.

v. gangrenosa Varicella wherenecrosis occurs around the vesiclesresulting in ulcerations.

Varicella-Zoster immune globulinAn immunoglobulin isolated fromhuman volunteers with high an-tibody titer against varicella-zoster virus.

Varicocele Dilated pampiniformplexus in the spermatic cord, com-monly on left side, feeling like a bagof worms.

Valgus Varicocele

659

Different types of Valves

Different types of valves Different types of valves

660

Varicose Means distended, tortuousand knotted.

Varicose veins Dilated tortuousveins as developing in legs due tovenous incompetence or thedevelopment of esophageal varicesin portal hypertension.

Varicosity The condition ofvaricose.

Variola SYN—smallpox, the vesico-pustular generalized eruptive viraldisease that has disappeared fromthe globe for past two decades.

Varioloid Resembling smallpox.Varix Dilatation of a vein, artery or

lymphatic channel.Varus Turned inward.Vas A duct.v. deferens The 18" long excretory

duct of testis transporting spermto urethra.

Varicose Vas, deferens

Varicocele

Varicose Veins

661

Vasa Pleural of vas.v. afferentia Lymphatic vessels

entering a lymph node.v. brevia Branches of splenic artery

running to greater curvature ofstomach.

v. efferentia Lymphatic vesselsleaving a lymph node.

v. recta 1. Straight collecting tubulesof kidney 2. Tubules that becomestraight prior to entering themediastinum testis.

v. vasorum The tiny blood vesselssupplying the fibromuscular coatsof arteries and larger veins.

Vascularization Growth of newblood vessels in a structure.

Vascular ring A form of congenitalanomaly where an arterial ringsurrounds trachea and esophagusoften causing compression.

Vasculature The arrangement andinterrelationship of blood vessels.

Vasculitis Inflammation of blood orlymph vessels.

Vasculopathy Any disease of bloodvessels.

Vasectomy Removal of a segment ofvas deferens bilaterally to inducemale sterility.

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide(VIP) A peptide of GI tract thatinhibits gastric acid secretion butpromotes intestinal secretion, ex-cess secretion causing diarrhea.

Vasoconstriction Spasm or tem-porary narrowing of blood vessels.

Vasodepressor An agent that de-presses circulation, i.e. lowersblood pressure by dilating bloodvessels.

Vasodilator Agent causing relaxa-tion of blood vessels.

Vasomotor Pertains to or regulatingthe contraction and relaxation ofblood vessels.

v. epilepsy Epilepsy manifesting withvasomotor phenomena like pallor,urticaria, pruritus, skin discoloura-tion.

v. headache Histamine cephalgia.v. paralysis Paralysis of vasomotor

mechanism with resultant atonyand dilatation of blood vessels.

Vasopressin A posterior pituitaryhormone having antidiuretic, andvasopressor effect (causes coro-nary spasm, hence not used to raiseblood pressure).

Vasopressor Agent bringing aboutcontraction of blood vessels.

Vasospasm Spasm of blood vessels.Vasotripsy Stopping bleeding crush-

ing an artery by forceps.Vasovagal syncope Sudden fainting

due to hypotension caused by emo-tional stress, pain or trauma.

Vasa Vasovagal syncope

Vasculature

662

Vasovasostomy Rejoining of tornvas deferens of testis.

Vasovesiculitis Inflammation of vasdeferens and seminal vesicle.

Vastus Large or great; one of the threemuscles of thigh.

V. Bjork Shiely An artificial syntheticvalve previously placed at mitralposition

Vector 1. A carrier or disease trans-mitting living organism like arth-ropod or insect 2. A force having amagnitude and direction.

v. biological An animal vector inwhich the infective organism multi-plies or develops prior to becominginfective to humans.

v. mechanical A vector in whichgrowth and development of or-ganism does not occur.

Vectorcardiography Analysis ofdirection and magnitude of electri-cal forces of cardiac contraction bya continuous series of loops (Vec-tors), especially useful in diagnos-ing infarction in the presence of leftbundle branch block.

Vecuronium Neuromuscular block-ing agent.

Vegan A strict vegetarian who evenabstains from milk and milk pro-ducts.

Vegetate 1. To lead a passive exist-ence either mentally or physically2. Luxuriant growth.

Vegetation Wart like luxuriantgrowth from heart valves; consist-ing of fibrin mesh with enmeshedblood cells.

Vegetative Quiscent, passive.

Vehicle A therapeutically inactivesubstance that carries the active in-gredient.

Vein Vessel carrying unsaturatedblood towards the heart except forpulmonary veins that carry satu-rated oxygenated blood to leftatrium.

Velamentous Expanding like a veilor sheet.

Velamentum Membranous cover-ing.

Vellus The fine hair left on the bodyafter the lanugo hairs disappear inthe newborn.

Velpean’s bandage A special formof roller bandage incorporatingshoulder, arm and forearm.

Venal comitantes Two or more veinsaccompanying an artery.

Veneer In dentistry, materials likeacrylic resin which is bonded tosurface of tooth.

Venereal Resulting from sexual in-tercourse.

Venereal collar Mottled conditionof skin of neck often seen in syphilis.

Venereal disease Disease acquiredby sexual intercourse. It includesgonorrhea, syphilis, AIDS, viralhepatitis B, trichomoniasis, chla-mydia infection, granuloma ingui-nale and lymphogranulomavenereum (LGV).

Venereal wart Moist reddish eleva-tions on genitals and anus.

Venereology The branch of medicalscience dealing with diagnosis andtreatment of venereal disease.

Vasovasostomy Venereology

663

Venesection Surgical incision intoa vein for draining out blood orintroducing blood/colloids.

Venipuncture Puncture of a vein fordrawing out blood or introducingany substance.

Venogram X-ray of the vein by in-troduction of contrast material.

Venom Poisonous secretion expelledby some animals, reptiles.

v. snake The poisonous secretion oflabial glands of snake containingneurocytolysins, hemolysins,hemocoagulants.

Venomous Poisonous.Venoocclusive Pertains to obstruc-

tion of veins, e.g. venoocclusivedisease of liver.

Venoperitoneostomy Surgically in-serting the cut end of long saphe-nous vein into peritoneal cavity todrain ascitic fluid.

Venostasis Stasis or stagnation ofblood within vein, often artificiallyachieved by putting ligature toreduce pulmonary edema in con-gestive failure.

Venous artery An artery carryingvenous blood, e.g. pulmonaryartery.

Venous hum A continuous murmurheard on veins of neck.

Venous return Amount of bloodreturning to atria.

Venous sinus A channel that carriesvenous blood, e.g. dural venoussinus.

Vent An opening in any cavity.Ventilation Circulation of fresh air

in lung alveoli.

v. continuous positive pressureMechanical method of artificialventilation where the respiratordelivers air to the lungs under acontinuous positive pressure.

v. intermittent positive pressure Therespirator delivers air under posi-tive pressure to initiate inspirationbut expiration is passive.

Ventilation coefficient The amountof air that must be respired for eachliter of oxygen to be absorbed.

Ventouse Cup shaped.Ventral Anterior or front side or

lower or underneath.Ventral hernia Hernia through

anterior abdominal wall.Ventricle A small cavity or pouch,

e.g. in the heart and in the brain.v. third The median cavity of brain

bounded by thalamus and hypo-thalamus on either side, anteriorlyby optic chiasm; communicatingwith lateral ventricles and fourthventricle.

v. fourth The CSF containing cavityat base of brain extending betweenupper end of spinal canal andcerebral aqueduct. Its roof is for-med by cerebellum and floor byrhomboid fossa.

v. lateral The ventricle in eachcerebral hemisphere with tri-angular shaped body, inferior andposterior horns; communicatingwith their ventricle by interventri-cular, foramen.

v. of larynx The space between trueand false vocal cords.

Venesection Ventricle, of larynx

664

v. of Morgagni The recess in lateralwall of larynx between vestibularand vocal folds.

Ventricular escape Temporary as-sumption of pacemaker function bythe ventricles either due to completeAV block or sinus standstill.

Ventricular folds The false vocalcords or folds of mucous memb-rane parallel or above true vocalcords.

Ventricular septal defect A con-genital defect in the interventri-cular septum of heart leading topassage of blood from left ventricleinto right ventricle.

Ventriculitis Inflammation of epen-dymal lining of cerebral ventricles.

Ventriculoatriostomy Establish-ment of communication betweencerebral ventricle and right atriumby placement of a shunt to treathydrocephalus.

Ventriculocisternostomy Esta-blishing communication betweencerebral ventricle and cisternamagna.

Ventriculography Visualization ofsize and shape of cerebral ventri-cles by air injection or visuali-zation of size shape and contrac-tion of ventricles of heart aftercontrast injection.

Ventriculostomy Establishingcommunication between thirdventricle and cisterna interpedu-ncularis to treat hydrocephalus.

Ventricle, of Morgagni Ventriculostomy

Ventricles of Brain

665

Ventrosuspension Fixation of dis-placed uterus to anterior abdo-minal wall.

Venturi mask A mask for controlledadministration of O2.

Venule A tiny vein continuous withcapillary.

Verapamil Calcium channel blocker;antiarrhythmic agent.

Verbigeration Repetition of mean-ingless words.

Verge An edge or margin, e.g. analverge, i.e. the transitional area be-tween smooth perianal area and thehairy skin.

Vermicidal Capable of destroyingintestinal worms or parasites.

Vermicular Resembling a worm, e.g.vermicular movement.

Vermiform Shaped like a worm

Vermiform appendix The long nar-row worm shaped tube arisingfrom cecum closed at the distal end.

Vermifuge Agents that expel intes-tinal worms.

Vermilion border The junction be-tween the skin and oral mucousmembrane at the lips.

Vermin Small insects and animals.Vermis A worm, median lobe of

cerebellum between the lateral lobes.Vernet’s syndrome Paralysis of 9th,

10th and llth cranial nerves due toinjury to jugular foramen.

Vernix caseosa A sebaceous depositcovering the fetus, abundant oncreases and flexor surfaces, consist-ing of sebaceous secretion, lanugoand exfoliated skin.

Verruca SYN — wart.v. acuminate Reddish moist wart

around genitalia and anus.v. filiformis A small thread like

growth on the neck and eyelids.v. vulgaris Warts on back of hand

and fingers.Verucous Wart like.Versicolor Having many colours or

change in colors.Version Change in position of fetus

within uterus.v. bipolar A combination of both

external and internal manipu-lation to bring a change in fetalposition.

v. cephalic Turning of the fetus sothat head becomes the presentingpart.

v. external Version of fetus with bothhands placed on abdomen.

v. internal Version of fetus with onehand placed inside vagina.

v. podalic Version by holding feet ofthe fetus to make the presenting partbreech.

Ventrosuspension Version, podalic

Appendix

666

Vertebra One of the 33 bony seg-ments making up the spinal column,consisting of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic(dorsal), 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 4coccygeal.

Vertebral canal The cavity withinspinal column containing the spi-nal cord.

Vertebral pedicle The portion ofbone projecting backward fromeach side of body of vertebra andconnecting the lamina with body.

Vertebrate Those having a vertebralcolumn.

Vertex The top portion of head.Vertical Perpendicular to the hori-

zontal plane, upright.Vertiginous Afflicted with vertigo.Vertigo The sensation of moving

around in space (subjective vertigo)or experiencing the surroundingobjects moving around oneself(objective vertigo).

V. benign positional paroxysmalpostioned vertigo with nystagmuson particular head positions

V. epidemic likely to be due to vesti-bular neuronitis

V. peripheral occurring due to a causeoutside brainstem

V. vestibular caused by malfunctionof vestibular apparatus.

Verumontanum An elevation on thefloor or the prostatic urethra whereseminal ducts open.

Vesalius A small opening in base ofskull transmitting an emissaryvein.

Vertebra Vesalius

Vertebra

Normal Vertebral Column

667

Vesica A bladder.Vesical Shaped like a bladder.Vesical reflex Desire to urinate once

bladder is distended.Vesicant Agent that produces blis-

ters.Vesicle Elevated skin lesions

containing serous fluid.v. optic Hollow outgrowths from

lateral aspects of embryonic braingiving rise to retina and optic ner-ves.

v. seminal Membranous sacculatedtubes at the base of bladder actingas reservoir of semen.

Vesicopustule A vesicle in which pushas formed.

Vesicostomy Surgical opening intobladder.

Vesico uterine pouch Extension ofperitoneal cavity downwards be-tween bladder and uterus.

Vesicovaginal Concerning urinarybladder and vagina.

Vesiculation Formation of vesicles.Vesiculectomy Partial or complete

excision of seminal vesicle.Vesiculitis Inflammation of seminal

vesicle.Vesiculogram X-ray of seminal

vesicles.Vesiculo tympanic Having both

vesicular and tympanic qualities.Vespidal Family of wasps.Vessel A duct or canal to carry fluids.Vestibular apparatus The anatomi-

cal parts including saccule, utricle,semicircular canals, vestibularnerve and nuclei, concerned withbody equilibrium.

Vestibular area A triangular arealateral to sulcus limitans, beneathwhich lie the terminal nuclei of ves-tibular nerve.

Vestibular bulbs Two sacculatedcollection of veins lying on eitherside of vagina homologous to malecorpus spongiosum.

Vestibular nerve The main divisionof eighth cranial nerve, arisingfrom vestibular ganglion andconcerned with body equilibrium.

Vestibule Small cavity or space atthe beginning of a canal.

v. of ear The middle part of inner earcontaining utricle and saccule.

v. of vagina An almond shaped spacebetween the lines of attachment ofthe labia minora surrounded ante-riorly by clitoris, posteriorly byfourchette. The structures openinginto this space are urethra, vaginaand the ducts of Bartholin’s glands.

Vestibuloplasty Plastic surgery ofvestibule of mouth.

Vestige A small incompletely deve-loped structure.

Veterinary Pertains to animal dis-eases and their treatment.

Viability Ability to live or capableof living, e.g. a fetus reaching 24weeks gestation or 500 gms ofweight can live outside uterus.

Vial A small glass bottle for medi-cines and chemicals.

Vibrator Device that produces vibra-tion or shaking.

Vibratory sense The ability to per-ceive vibrations or that transmittedthrough skin and bone from avibrating tuning fork.

Vesica Vibratory sense

668

Vibrio A genus of comma shapedmotile gram-negative, bacilli e.g.V. cholerae, the organism causingcholera.

Vibrometer 1. A device that producesrapid vibrations of tympanicmembrane, a form of massage totreat deafness. 2. Device used tomeasure vibratory sensationthreshold, useful in judging clinicalstatus of peripheral neuropathy.

Vicarious Acting as alternative orsubstitute.

Vicarious menstruation Blood lossduring menstruation at sites otherthan vagina like nose, breast.

Vidarabine Antiviral agent effectiveagainst herpes simplex and zoster.

Vidian artery Artery passingthrough pterygoid canal.

Vidian canal A canal in the medialpterygoid plate of sphenoid bonefor passage of vidian vessels andnerve.

Vidian nerve A branch fromsphenopalatine ganglion.

Vigil Wakefulness.Vigilant Being attentive, watchful

and alert.Vigor Force or strength of body and

mind.Villaret’s syndrome A lesion of

posterior retroparotid spacecausing ipsilateral palsy of 9th,10th, llth and 12th cranial nerves.

Villiferous Having villi or tuft ofhair.

Villus Short slender filamentousprocesses found on some memb-ranous surfaces.

v. arachnoid Protrusion of arachnoidinto dural venous sinus.

v. chorionic Tiny branching pro-cesses on surface of chorion thatbecome vascular and form pla-centa.

v. intestinal The projecting struc-tures into lumen of small intestinethat help to absorb fluid andnutrients.

Vinblastine An extract from plantvinca rosea having cytotoxic pro-perties.

Vincent’s angina Acute necrotisinggingivitis.

Vincristine sulfate A cytotoxic agentextracted from plant vinca rosea.

Vindesine Vinca alkaloid, anti-neoplastic agent.

Vinegar A weak solution of aceticacid.

Vinyl chloride A chemical oftencausing lung malignancy.

Violaceous Violet, said of a dis-coloration of skin.

Violent Great force, fierceness.Viomycin Antibiotic produced by

Streptomyces griseus, used in tuber-culosis.

Viper A venomons snake of thefamily viperidae.

Vipoma An islet cell tumor ofpancreas that causes waterydiarrhea, hypokalemia andachlorhydria.

Viraginity A woman who thinksherself to be male even throughshe is not .

Virchow cell Lepra cell.Virchow’s node Supraclavicular

lymph node.Virchow-Robin space Perivascular

spaces.

Vibrio Virchow-Robin space

669

Virchow’s angle The angle formedby joining the nasofrontal sutureand the most prominent point onsuperior alveolar process with theline joining the same point and su-perior border of external auditorymeatus.

Viremia Presence of viruses in bloodstream.

Virgin Woman who has had nosexual intercourse; uncontami-nated, fresh.

Virginity The state of being virgin.Viricide Destructive to viruses.Virile reflex Contraction of bulbo-

cavernosus muscle on percussingdorsum of penis or compressing theglans penis.

Virilism Appearance of male secon-dary sexual characteristics infemale.

Virility Sexual potency in male; stateof possessing masculine qualities.

Virilization Masculine changes infemale like appearance of mous-tache and beard, atrophy of breast,enlarged clitoris, male voice andmale type baldness.

Virion A complete virus particle.Viroids Small naked virus genome

without a dormant phase.Virulence Degree of pathogenicity.Virulent Highly infectious.Virus Minute submicroscopic or-

ganisms with a central core ofDNA or RNA and a capsid but nocell wall. They utilize the cellmetabolic processes for theirnutrition and replication.

v. cytomegalic (CMV) A member of theherpes virus group transmittedtransplacentally from mother to

Virchow’s angle Virus, cytomegalic (CMV)

Viruses

670

fetus with mental retardation andhepatosplenomegaly in the newborn.

v. entero cytopathogenic humanorphan (ECHO) Virus responsiblefor epidemic pleurodynia, menin-goencephalitis, myocarditis etc.

v. immunodeficiency The RNA viruscontaining reverse trancryptasethat confers it capacity to changethe antigenicity indefinitely andhence the difficulty in producing asuccessful vaccine. It causes thedreaded disease AIDS for whichthere is no cure.

v. respiratory syncytial The viruscausing lower respiratory infectionin infancy and childhood and thatproduces large syncytial masses incell cultures.

Viscera Internal body organs.Visceral skeleton The pelvis, ribs,

and sternum enclosing pelvic andthoracic viscera.

Visceromotor Conveying motor im-pulses to viscera.

Visceroptosis Downward displace-ment of a viscus.

Viscid Sticky, adhering, gummy.Viscosimeter Device for estimating

viscosity of fluid.Viscosity 1. The state of being sticky

or gummy. 2, Resistance of a fluidmedium to changeability due to ex-isting intermolecular force.

Vision Act of seeing external objects;sense by which light and color areperceived,

v. binocular Vision produced byfusion of the images in brain per-ceived by each eye.

v. central Vision resulting from raysfalling on fovea centralis.

v. dichromatic A form of defectivecolour vision in which only twoprimary colours are perceived.

v. multiple Seeing of one object asmany.

v. peripheral Vision resulting fromrays falling on peripheral parts ofretina.

Visual acuity A measure of theresolving power of eye. A normalperson is able to read letters at adistance of 20 feet that subtendangle of 5°.

Visual evoked response A test toknow about integrity of visualpathway. While the patientwatches a pattern projected onscreen, the wave form is recordedand from its latency and amplitudesite of delay can be pinpointed.

Visuognosis The recognition and ap-preciation of what is seen.

Vital capacity The quantity of airthat can be expelled following deepinspiration.

Vitality The state of being alive,vigor.

Vital signs The traditional signs oflife: like pulse, blood pressure,respiration, urination.

Vital statistics Statistics relating tobirth, death, marriage, sickness etc.

Vitamin Micronutrients essential formetabolism, growth and develop-ment.

Vitamin A Fat soluble vitaminderived from carotenes (alpha, beta

Virus, entero cytopathogenic Vitamin A

671

and gamma) in food, responsiblefor growth, development and in-tegrity of epithelial tissues, andfunctioning of Rhods, the visualsensory cells that contain visualpurple for dim vision.

Vitamin B1 Thiamine, an essentialcoenzyme for decarboxylation ofpyruvate to acetyl coenzyme.

Vitamin B2 Riboflavin; constituentof flavoproteins responsible for tis-sue oxidation.

Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine, a coenzymefor over 60 different enzyme sys-tems, required for heme synthesisand neuro excitability.

Vitamin B12 Cyanocobalamin,essential for cytoplasmicmaturation of red cells andintactness of neurones.

Vitamin C Ascorbic acid, a factoressential for integrity of intercel-lular cement in many tissues, espe-cially capillaries.

Vitamin D One of several vitamins(D2, D3, D4, D5) that have anti-rachitic property. Vitamin D2 (cal-ciferol) D3 (irradiated 7 dihydrocholesterol), D4 irradiated 22dihydro ergosterol, D5 (irradiateddehydro sitosterol), all are essen-tial for calcium and phosphorusmetabolism.

Vitamin E Tachysterol, (alphatocopherol), which prevents oxida-tion of polyunsaturated fatty acidsin cell membranes.

Vitamin K Naphtha quinone deriva-tive that helps in synthesis ofprothrombin in liver.

Vitellin An egg yolk protein contain-ing lecithin.

Vitelline duct The duct connectingyolk sac with the embryonic gut.

Vitelline veins Two veins carryingblood from yolk sac.

Vitellus The yolk of an ovum.

Vitiligo A skin depigmentory disor-der of unknown etiology.

v. capitis Depigmentation scalp skinand the hairs.

Vitrectomy Removal of vitreous.Vitreous Transparent jelly like mass

that fills the posterior chamber,enclosed by hyaloid membrane.

Viviparous Giving birth to youngalive offspring rather than larvaeor embryo.

Vocal cord Two thin mucous foldsin larynx enclosing vocal ligamentsresponsible for production ofsound.

Vocal fremitus Palpable vibrationon chest wall while patient speaks.

Vocal ligament A strong band ofelastic tissue lying within vocalcord.

Vocal muscle The inner portion ofthyroarytenoid muscle which liesin contact with vocal ligament.

Vocal process The part of arytenoidcartilage to which are attached thevocal cords.

Vitiligo

Vitamin B1 Vocal process

672

Voice Sound produced in humanbeings by vibration of vocal cords.

Void To evacuate bladder and bowel.Volar Relates to palm of hand and

sole of foot.Volatile Easily evaporable.Vole A mouse like rodent.Volition The act or power of willing

or choosing.Volkmann’s canals Vascular chan-

nels in compact bone, not sur-rounded by concentric lamellae asare haversian canals.

Volkman’s contractors Fibrosis,shortening and atrophy of musclesfollowing ischemia.

Volley The discharge of a number ofnerve stimuli in quick succession.

Volsella Forceps with one or morehooks at the end of each blade.

Volt The unit of electromotive forcewhich when applied to a conductorwith resistance of one ohm pro-duces a current of one ampere.

Voltage Difference in potential ex-pressed in volts.

Voltameter An instrument formeasuring both volts and am-perage.

Volume The space occupied by asubstance.

v. expiratory reserve The, maximalamount of air that can be expelledafter normal expiration

v. inspiratory reserve The maximalamount of air that can be inspiredafter end of normal inspiration.

v. mean corpuscular The meanvolume of an average erythrocyte,80-90 fentoliter.

v. minute Amount of air inspired inone minute.

v. packed cell The volume of packedRBCs in a centrifuged sample ofblood. SYN — hematocrit, normalrange—42 to 47%.

v. residual Volume of air remainingin the lungs after maximal ex-piration.

v. stroke Amount of blood ejectedfrom ventricle per one beat.

v. tidal Volume of air inspired andexpired in one normal respiratorycycle.

Voluntary muscle Any muscle whosecontraction and relaxation iscontrolled by will. SYN–Stripped,Skeletal muscles.

Voluptuous Pleasures of senses.Volvulus Twisting of bowel upon

itself causing obstruction to lumenand even blood supply of the seg-ment leading to necrosis.

Vomer A thin plate of vertical boneforming posterior part of nasal sep-tum, articulating with ethmoidand sphenoid bones.

Vomitus Ejected material fromstomach, the act of ejecting suchmaterial.

v. bilious Bile ejected in vomits.v. coffee ground Blood mixed gastric

content vomited as in bleedingpeptic ulcer and erosive gastritis.

Vomiting The act of ejection ofgastric contents through mouth.

Vomitus Material ejected by vomit-ing.

Von Gierke’s disease Glycogenstorage disease due to absence of

Voice Von Gierke’s disease

673

glucose-6-phosphates resulting inhypoglycemia and acidosis.

Von Graefe’s sign Failure of lid toroll downward on looking downas in thyrotoxicosis.

Von Jaksch’s disease Symptomcomplex of severe anemia, hepa-tosplenomegaly, lymphocytosis,and lymphadenopathy.

Von Recklinghausen’s disease 1.Neurofibromatosis. 2. Hemochro-matosis 3. Generalized osteitisfibrosa cystica.

von-Willebrand’s disease A con-genital bleeding disorder due to fac-tor VIII deficiency.

Voorhee’s bag An inflatable rubberbag to dilate the cervix for inducinglabour.

Voracious Having insatiable appetite.Vortex A structure having whorled

or spiral appearance.v. of heart Apical portion of heart

where the ventricular muscle takesa spiral turn.

Vorticose veins Four veins receivingall blood from choroid and empty-

ing into posterior ciliary and supe-rior ophthalmic veins.

Voyeurism Satisfaction obtainedfrom observing nude persons orsexual activity of others.

V. synchronised intermittentmandatory (SIMV) Periodicassisted ventilation with positivepressure initiated by patient

Vuerometer Apparatus for measur-ing interpupillary distance.

Vulgaris Common or ordinary.Vulnerate To wound.Vulsellum A forcep with hook on

each blade.Vulnerable Susceptible to injury of

any kind.Vulva The external genital organ in

female consisting of labia majora,labia minora, clitoris, vestibule andvaginal opening.

v. connivens A form of vulva wherelabia majora are in close opposition.

Vulvectomy Excision of vulva.Vulvitis Inflammation of vulva.Vulvovaginitis Inflammation of

vulva and vagina; most commonlyin diabetes.

Von Graefe’s sign Vulvovaginitis

WWaardenburg syndrome A con-

genital pigmentary disorder withvitiligo, heterochromic irides, andoften congenital deafness.

Wafer A flat vaginal pessary.Waist The part of human body be-

tween trunk and hips.Wakefulness Sleeplessness.Wald cycle Metabolic cycle of break-

down and synthesis of rhodopsin.Waldenstrom’s disease Osteo-

chondritis deformans juveniles.Waldeyer’s ring The lymphatic tis-

sue encircling nasopharynx andoropharynx, consisting of twopalatine tonsils, lingual andpharyngeal tonsils.

Walk Locomotion in upright posture.Walking typhoid Typhoid fever with

mild symptoms.Wall The limiting material/sub-

stance of a cell, artery, vein, bladder.Wallenberg’s syndrome Occlusion

of posterior inferior cerebellarartery syndrome manifest withdysphagia, cerebellar dysfunction,sensory-motor disturbances.

Wallerian degeneration Degenera-tion of nerve fiber along withmyelin sheath. The neurilemmadoes not degenerate but forms atube to guide growth of severedaxons.

Wandering Not fixed, moving about.Warburg apparatus A capillary

manometer employed for O2 con-sumption and CO2 productionstudies.

Ward A large hospital room accom-modating more than 4 patients.

Warfarin Anticoagulant drug(Cumadin).

Wart Hypertrophied epidermis dueto papilloma virus infection.

Wasp A form of insects.Wasp sting Injection of wasp venom

into skin.Wassermann reaction A comple-

ment fixation test for diagnosis ofsyphilis.

Waste Loss of strength; refuse nolonger useful to the body; wasteproduct.

Water bed A rubber bed filled par-tially with water to prevent bed-sore formation.

Water hammer pulse Pulse markedby a forceful beat but sudden col-lapse.

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syn-drome Acute adrenal insufficiencydue to hemorrhage into its sub-stance occurring in meningococcalinfection.

Watson-Schwartz test A test used inacute porphyria to differentiateporphobilinogen from urobilino-gen.

Watt Unit of electrical power, i.e.power produced by one ampere of

Multiple Warts Over Sole

675

current flowing with electromotiveforce of one volt.

Wave An undulating or vibratingmotion; an oscillation seen in ECG,EEG or other graphic recordings.

w. ‘a’ A wave in Jugular venous pulseproduced by atrial contraction andabsent in atrial fibrillation.

w. ‘c’ A wave in jugular venous pulsethat reflects closure of tricuspidvalve.

w. excitation The excitatory impulseoriginating from SA node of heartand spreading to ventricles via A-V node.

w. pulse The ejection of blood intoroot of aorta that causes the impactto be transmitted along the arterialwall.

Wavelength The distance of a singlewave cycle measured from top ofone wave to top of next wave.

Wax Any substance of animal, plant ormineral origin consisting a mixtureof high molecular weight fatty acids,high molecular weight monohydricalcohol, esters of fatty acids andalcohols and solid hydro carbons.Waxes are usually hard, brittle solidthat become pliable on warming andmelt on further heating.

Waxy cast Dense highly refractileurinary cast composed of amyloidmaterial as in chronic renaldisease.

Waxy degeneration 1. Amyloiddegeneration 2. Zenker’sdegeneration.

Waxy flexibility In psychiatry, aform of stereotypy in which thepatient maintains a posture in

which he is placed with wax likerigidity for a much longer periodthan normally tolerable as incatatonic schizophrenia.

Wean To cease to suckle or breastmilk substitution by other formsof nourishment.

Web A membrane extending acrossa space, e.g. esophageal web cau-sing dysphagia.

Webbed Having a membrane or tis-sue connecting adjacent structures,e.g. toes of duck’s feet.

Webbed neck A condition in whicha thick triangular fold of loose skinextends from each lateral side ofneck across the upper aspect ofshoulder as in gonadal dysgenesis.

Weber-Christian disease Febrile,relapsing nodular non suppurativepanniculitis.

Weber’s glands Mucus glands at thelateral border of tongue.

Weber’s palsy One side oculomotorpalsy and contralateral spastichemiplegia.

Weber’s test A tuning fork test forunilateral deafness. A vibratingtuning fork is placed on middle offorehead. In conductive deafnessthe diseased ear perceives thevibrations better.

Wegener’s syndrome Glomerulitis,vasculitis, granulomatous lesionsof respiratory tract which respondto corticosteroids and cyclophos-phamide.

Weil-Felix test Agglutination test fordiagnosis of rickettsial diseases.

Weil’s disease Leptospira icterohemorrhagica.

Wave Weil’s disease

676

Weitbrecht’s ligament An obliquecord connecting ulna and radius.

Welt Skin elevation by allergy, lashor blow.

Wen A cyst resulting from sebaceousretention.

Wenckebach’s phenomenon A formof incomplete heart block where thereis progressive lengthening of P-Rinterval ending in a dropped beat.

Werdnig-Hoffmann disease Here-ditary progressive infantile frommuscular dystrophy resultingfrom degeneration of anterior horncells. Wermer’s syndrome multipleendocrine neoplasia.

Wernicke’s encephalopathy Ence-phalopathy with memory deficit,ocular palsy, delirium associatedwith thiamine deficiency of chro-nic alcoholism.

Wernicke’s syndrome Disorien-tation, memory loss and confabula-tion often due to old age.

Western blotting A technique foranalyzing protein antigens anddetecting small amount of an-tibodies as in test of AIDS.

Westphal-Edinger nucleus A para-sympathetic nucleus rostral tomotor nucleus of third nerve inmidbrain whose efferent fibersinnervate the ciliary muscles of eye.

Wet dream Nocturnal emission ofsemen.

Wharton’s duct Duct of submandi-bular salivary gland opening byside of frenum linguae.

Wharton’s jelly A gelatinous connec-tive tissue constituent of umbilicalcord.

Wheal An elevation of skin withwhite center and pale red peripheryaccompanied by itching as seen inurticaria, anaphylaxis, insect bite.

Wheel chair A chair with four wheelstwo small and two big for mobilityof partially paralyzed patient ortransporting sick.

Wheeze A whistling or sighingsound resulting from narrowing ofairway.

Whinolalia Distorted nasal voice.Whiplash injury Injury to cervical

vertebra and adjacent soft tissuesdue to sudden jerking.

Whipple’s disease Intestinal lipo-dystrophy characterized by abnor-mal pigmentation, fatty stool,arthritis, etc.

Whipworm Trichuris trichura.Whirl To feel giddy, to revolve

rapidly.Whisky An alcoholic drink with

ethyl alcohol content of 45-50%.Whisper To speak in a low, soft voice.Whistle A sound produced by blow-

ing through pursed lips.Whitfield ointment Benzoic acid +

to salicylic acid, keratolytic, anti-fungal.

White line The midline (linea alba),of abdomen representing the whitetendinous attachments of externaloblique and transversus muscles.

White lotion Preparation of zinc sul-phate and sulfurated potash.

White matter Part of central nervoussystem composed of myelinatednerve fibers.

Whitlow Suppurative inflammationinvolving pulp of finger or toe oftenextending to bone.

Weitbrecht’s ligament Whitlow

677

Whitmore’s disease Melioidosis.Whoop The inspiratory crowing

sound following the cough paro-xysm in whooping cough.

Whooping cough Acute infectiousdisease caused by Bordetellapertussis.

Whorl 1. A type of fingerprint 2. Spiralarrangement.

Widal test Agglutination test fordiagnosis of typhoid and para-typhoid.

Will The mental faculty for controlof one’s actions, emotions, thoughtsand deciding the actions.

Willi’s circle An arterial arrange-ment at base of brain encircling theoptic chiasma and hypophysisformed by internal carotids, ante-rior cerebrals, posterior cerebralsand basilar arteries.

Wilms’ tumor Embryonic tumor ofkidney occurring in children.

Wilson’s disease Autosomal reces-sive hereditary disease due to disor-der of copper metabolism with ac-cumulation of copper in liver, kid-ney, brain and cornea producingcirrhosis of liver, brain degenera-tion and Kayser-Fleischer ring incornea.

Wilson-Mikity syndrome Pul-monary dysmaturity syndromeseen in premature infants withdyspnea, cyanosis and multiplecystic changes in lungs.

Winckel’s disease A disease of new-born with splenomegaly, hema-turia, jaundice and convulsions.

Wind chill factor Heat loss from skinproportional to the speed of wind.

Window An aperture for admissionof light and air.

w. oval The fenestra vestibuli.w. round The fenestra cochlae.Windpipe SYN—trachea.Wine Fermented juice of any fruit

with alcohol content of 1-5%.Wing Any structure resembling

wings of bird, e.g. greater and lesserwings of sphenoid.

Winking Jaw Involuntary simul-taneous closure of the eyelids as thejaw is moved.

Winslow ligament The obliquepopliteal ligament at back of knee.

Wintergreen oil Methyl salicylateused as counter irritant.

Wire Kirschner Steel wire placedthrough long bone for traction.

Wiring Gilmer Wire placed aroundopposing teeth for intermaxillaryfusion.

Wirsung duct Pancreatic duct.Wisdom tooth Third molar.Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome Sex

linked recessive disorder of im-mune function with impaired Tand B cell activity, thrombocyto-penia, eczema and propensity toinfection.

Witche’s milk Milk secreted frombreast of newborn infant fromstimulation by maternal LH.

Withdrawal syndrome Tachy-cardia, insomnia, hypotension etc.,due to abrupt abstinence fromalcohol and opiates in addicts.

Wolffian body An embryonic organon each side of vertebral column,the mesonephros.

Whitmore’s disease Wolffian body

678

Wolffian duct Duct from meso-nephros to cloaca in fetus.

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndromeA cardiac rhythm disorder withshort P-R interval, delta wave andpropensity to supraventriculartachycardia.

Wolman’s disease An inherited me-tabolic disease in infants withhepatosplenomegaly, adrenal cal-cification and foam cells in bonemarrow.

Womb Uterus, the female reproduc-tive organ for nourishing the fetus.

Wood alcohol Methyl alcohol dis-tilled from wood is highly pois-onous causing blindness.

Wood’s light Ultraviolet light.Wool fat Anhydrous lanolin

obtained from sheep wool, used asbase for ointment.

Woolsorter’s disease Pulmonaryanthrax.

Word blindness A form of aphasiawhere patient is unable to com-prehend written words.

Word salad Use of words with noapparent meaning or relationshipto each other as in schizophrenia.

Wormian bone Small irregularbones along cranial sutures.

Wound Break in continuity of skin orany tissue caused by trauma, infec-tion.

w. incised Any sharp clean cut wound.w. lacerated Wound with ragged

unhealthy margins.w. perforating The object causing the

wound penetrates the skin, subcuta-neous tissue.

w. puncture Wound made by sharppointed instrument.

w. tunnel Wound with equal sizeentrance and exit points.

w. plasty Technique in plastic sur-gery to prevent contractures instraight line scars.

Wright’s stain Combination of eosinand methylene blue to stain bloodslides.

Wright’s syndrome A neuromus-cular syndrome caused by pro-longed hyperabduction of armleading to occlusion of subclavianartery and stretching of trunks ofbrachial plexus.

Wrinkles A furrow or ridge on skin.Wrisberg’s ganglion Ganglion of

superficial cardiac plexus lying be-tween aortic arch and pulmonaryartery.

Wrisberg’s cartilage The cuneiformcartilage of larynx.

Wrisberg’s nerve A branch of facialnerve.

Wrist drop Inability to extend thewrist due to paralysis of radialnerve.

Writer’s cramp Cramp affectingmuscles of thumb and two adjacentfingers.

Wryneck SYN - Torticollis, due tospastic contraction of one or moreneck muscles.

Wuchereria A genus of filarial worms.w. bancrofti The causative agent of

elephantiasis, spread by bite ofculex mosquito.

w. malayi The causative agent offilariasis in south India.

Wylie’s operation Shortening ofround ligament of uterus for retro-flexion in combating prolapseuterus.

Wolffian duct Wylie’s operation

X

Xanthelasma Yellowish raisedplaques occurring around eyelidsresulting from lipid filled cells inthe dermis.

Xanthine An intermediary productin transformation of adenine andguanine into uric acid.

Xanthine calculi Brown to red, hardand laminated calculi in urinarytract.

Xanthine oxidase A flavoprotein en-zyme catalyzing oxidation of cer-tain purines.

Xanthochromia Yellow discolora-tion of CSF due to hemolysis of RBCwithin it.

Xanthochroia Yellow discolorationof skin.

Xanthocyte A cell containing yellowpigment.

Xanthodont One with yellow teeth.Xanthogranuloma A tumor having

characteristics of both xanthomaand granuloma.

x. juvenile A skin disease present atbirth or developing in early lifewith yellow, pink or orange

papules comprising lipid filledhistiocytes, inflammatory cells,and multinucleated vacuolatedcells.

Xanthoma Flat, slightly elevatedrounded plaque or nodule on theeyelids due to cholesterol accumu-lation.

Xanthomatosis Appearance of mul-tiple xanthomas in skin due tocholesterol deposit within histio-cytes and reticuloendothelial cells.

Xanthophyll The yellow pigment ofegg yolk.

Xanthosis Yellow discoloration ofskin in hypercarotinemia.

Xanthuria Excretion of excess ofxanthine in urine.

X-chromosome The chromosomeresponsible for female sexual char-acteristic.

X-disease Poisoning caused byingestion of nuts contaminatedwith aspergillus aflatoxin.

Xenobiotic An antibiotic not producedby body, hence foreign to body.

Xenograft Graft from one species toanother SYN— heterograft.

Xenology Study of parasites, theirrelationship to each other.

Xenomenia Menstruation from apart other than vagina.

Xenon An inert gas whose radio-isotope (Xe133) is used for photo-scintiscanning of lungs.

Xenophobia Abnormal fear forstrangers.

Xenophthalmia Inflammation of eyecaused by a foreign body.

Xenopsylla A genus of fleas whose

Xanthelasma

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member X. cheopis is a vector forsylvatic plague, endemic typhusand Hymenolepsis nana.

Xerantic Causing dryness.Xerasia Abnormal dryness and

brittleness of hair.Xerocyte An erythrocyte dehydrated

thus appears to have pudled withhalf black and half white; seen inhereditary xerocytosis, anautosomal dominant trait

Xeroderma Roughness and drynessof skin.

x. pigmentosum Pigment discolo-ration, cutaneous atrophy and ulcersoften causing death in infancy.

Xeroma Dry conjunctiva.Xeromania Symptoms of menstrua-

tion in absence of menstrual flow.Xerophagia Eating only of dry food.Xerophthalmia Dry conjunctiva

with keratinization as in vitaminA deficiency.

Xeroradiography A X-ray techniqueinvolving a dry process whereselenium covered plates are alteredby the X-ray producing the image.

Xerosis Abnormal dryness of skinand mucous membrane. Xeros-tomia Dryness of mouth due to poorsalivary secretion.

X- linked Disease caused by geneslocated on X- chromosome e.g.hemophilia

Xilitol A five carbon sugar alcoholwith sweetness similar to sucrose,hence used as artificial sweatner

Xerantic XYY male

Xiphisternum The pointed lower endof sternum.

Xiphoid Sword shaped.Xiphoid process The lowest portion

of sternum with a sword shapedcartilaginous process supported bybone.

X-ray An electromagnetic radiationin wavelength of 1-100 angstrom,produced by bombarding a tungs-ten target within vacuum tube byfast moving electrons.

Xylene Dimethyl benzene, used as asolvent and cleansing agent inmicroscopy.

Xylenol Dimethyl phenol, used inpreparation of coaltar disinfec-tants.

Xylocaine Lidocaine, a local anaes-thetic.

Xylometazoline A vasoconstrictorused in nasal decongestant drops.

Xylose A pentose sugar, non ferment-able.

Xylulose A pentose sugar occurringin nature.

Xyrospasm Spasm of wrist andforearm muscles in professionalslike barbers.

Xysma The flocculent pseudomemb-rane seen in diarrhea stool.

XYY male A super male with tallstature and tendency for criminalbehavior.

YYawning Deep inspiration with

widely opened mouth induced bydrowsiness, boredom.

Yaws Non-venereal spirochaetal dis-ease caused by Treponema per-tenue.

y. cartilage The cartilage connectingpubis, ileum and ischium and exten-ding into acetabulum.

y. chromosome The sex chromosomeresponsible for male sex.

Yeast Unicellular fungi of genus Sac-charo myces. S. cerevisiae is asource of proteins and vitamin Bcomplex.

Yellow body Corpus luteum.Yellow fever An acute mosquito

borne viral disease with fever,jaundice and hemorrhagic ten-dency.

Yellow spot 1. anterior end of vocalcord. 2. central point of retina, thesight of clearest vision.

Yersinia A genus of gram-negativebacteria.

y. entero colitica Producing mesen-teric lymphadenitis and dysentery.

y. pestis Causative agent of plague.y. pseudotuberculosis Produces

pseudotuberculosis.

y. ligament The y shaped ligamenton anterior capsule of hip joint

Yoga A system of beliefs and prac-tices for union of self with supremereality.

Yogurt A form of curdled milk bylactobacilli useful in patients withlactase deficiency.

Yohimbine A poisonous alkaloidhaving alpha-adrenergic blockingproperties, often used as aphro-disiac and anti anginal agent.

Yolk The content of ovum.y. sac Membranous sac surrounding

food yolk in the embryo.Young Helmoholtz theory Theory

stating that retinal colour percep-tion depends upon 3 different setsof fibers responsible for red, greenand violet.

Young’s rule The formula for cal-culating dose of a medicine for childfrom known adult dose, i.e. Age/Age + 12 X adult dose.

Ytterbium Metallic element used inscreens in radiography

Yttrium Metallic element used forradiotherapy of cancer

ZZahn's Line Transverse whitelines

on thrombus.Z axis Anteroposterior axis.Z-disk A thin dark disk that

transversely bisects I band ofstriated muscle fiber; actinfilaments are attached to Z disk.

Z line A thin dark line that transver-sely bisects the clear zone of amuscle fiber; the distance betweentwo z lines constitutes a sarcomere.

Zein A maize protein deficient intryptophan and lysine.

Zenker degeneration A waxy hya-line degeneration of skeletal mus-cles in acute infectious diseases liketyphoid fever.

Zenker’s diverticula Herniation ofmucous membrane of esophagusthrough a defect in its wall oftenswelling with food to cause eso-phageal obstruction.

Ziehl-Neelsen method A method forstaining acid fast organisms liketubercle bacillus with boiled carbolfuschin followed by rinsing withalcohol.

Zieve’s syndrome Transient hyper-lipidemia, hemolytic anemia andjaundice following consumption oflarge amounts of alcohol.

Zinc A bluish white metal found ascarbonate and silicate, astringentand antiseptic used in eye dropsand as mineral supplement.Deficiency causes delayed ulcerhealing, impaired epithelialgrowth, diminished fertility andacrodermatitis enteropathica.Commonly used salts are

carbonate, chloride, oxide,stearate, sulfate and undecylenate.

Zinc-eugenol cement Used in den-tistry for impression material,cavity liner, temporary restoration.

Zinc ointment 20% zinc oxide oint-ment for external application.

Zinn’s ligament Connective tissuein eye to which recti are attached.

Zirconium A metallic element usedas a white pigment in dental proce-lain.

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome Gastrinsecreting tumors causing resistantpeptic ulceration at unusual site;60% of gastrinomas are malignant.

Zona 1. A bond or girdle 2. SYN -herpes zoster.

z. fasciculata The inner layer ofadrenal cortex.

z. glomerulosa The outer layer ofadrenal cortex.

z. pellucida Inner thick membranouscovering of ovum.

z. reticularis The inner most layer ofadrenal cortex.

Zonary placenta Placenta arrangedlike a broad ring around the chorion.

Zone An area or belt.z- ciliary The peripheral part of the

anterior surface of iris.z. transitional That area of lens

where the capsular epitheliumchanges into lens fibers.

Zonesthesia Constricting cord likesensation.

Zonule A small zone.Zonular cataract Cataract where

opacity is limited to certain layersof lens.

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Zonules of zin Suspensory ligamentof the lens.

Zoogeny The development andevolution of animals.

Zoogony Animal breeding.Zoology The science dealing with

animal life.Zoonoses Diseases communicable

to man from animals.Zoonotic Concerning zoonoses.Zoophilism Abnormal love for

animals.Zoophobia Abnormal fear for

animals.Zoophyte Invertebrate animals

resembling plants in growth andappearance.

Zoster SYN— Herpes zoster,z. plasty A technique where z shaped

incision is put to relieve tension inscar tissue; commonly employed inrepair of cleft lip.

z. track A method of giving in-tramuscular injection to preventreflux of injected material along theneedle track.

Zygoma 1. The malar bone 2. Thelong arch joining zygomatic pro-cesses of temporal and malarbones.

Zygomaticoauricularis Muscle thatdraws pinna of ear forwards.

Zygomatic process 1. A thin projec-tion from temporal bone at its

Zonules of zin Zygomatic process

Zona Pellucida

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squamous portion, articulatingwith zygomatic bone. 2. A strongprominent lateral projection fromthe supraorbital margin of thefrontal bone articulating withmaxillary process of zygomaticbone.

Zygomatic reflex When zygoma ispercussed the lower jaw movestowards percussed side.

Zygomycosis A form of mycoses thatpredominantly affects the face, thelungs and paranasal sinuses withthrombosis of blood vessels and in-farction, common to diabetics. SYN— mucormycosis.

Zygospore The spore resulting fromunion of two similar gametes, asin certain algae and fungi.

Zygote The fertilized ovum beforecleavage.

Zymase An enzyme found in yeast,bacteria and plants that canconvert carbohydrate into H2O andCO2 aerobically or ferment it toalcohol anaerobically.

Zyme An enzyme or ferment.Zymogen The inactive precursor of

an enzyme.Zymology The science of fermenta-

tion.Zymase An enzyme that changes a

disaccharide into a monosac-charide.

Zymosis 1. Fermentation 2. Processby which infectious disease is sup-posed to develop.

Zymosterol A sterol from yeast.

Zygomatic reflex Zymosterol

Concise Pocket Medical Dictionary

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