Post on 01-Feb-2023
THE FEASIBILITY OF HORSE (equus ferus caballus) MANURE AS
AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF PAPER
An Investigatory Project Presented to the Science Department
of Cebu City Don Carlos A. Gothong Memorial National High
School
C. PadillaSt. Cebu City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Course Requirements
In Research II
S.Y.2013-2014
By:
ROBINSON G. CABARDO JR.
MICHELLE L. DAÑO
FARRAH I. EQUIPELAG
MARA K. GABILAN
SUWANEE GONZALES
MARA K. GABILAN
RICHIE B. SOLOMON
September 2013
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
The investigatory project entitled “THE FEASIBILITY OF
HORSE (equus ferus caballus) MANURE AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE
OF PAPER” is prepared and submitted by Group 3 in partial
fulfillment of the course requirements in Research II and
has been examined and recommended for acceptance and
approval for oral examination.
THE SCIENTIFIC REVIEW COMMITTEE:
______________________
CHAIRMAN
______________________
Member
______________________
Member
Accepted an approved in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the course RESEARCH II
ROMMEL C. VILLAHERMOSA
Science Department Head Teacher
ii
PANEL OF ORAL EXAMINERS
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with grade of
_______
______________________
CHAIRMAN
______________________
Member
______________________
Member
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the course Research II
ROMMEL C.VILLAHERMOSA
Science Department Head Teacher
Date of Oral Defense:September 19, 2013
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers want to express their gratitude to the
following persons who contributed a part of this piece of
work:
Mr. Calessa Driver, for providing the needed amount of
horse manure which was the raw material of the study.
Mr. John Paul Lesondato, for letting the researchers
borrow the book “Papermaking Techniques”, for being a good
research adviser, the understanding and patience in helping
the researchers with their write-ups.
Ms. Fe Valderama, for letting the researchers use her
classroom where the researchers conducted their experiment.
Mr. Albert Encorporado, for letting the researchers
borrow his laptop to encode their research paper and make
their PowerPoint presentation.
Ms. Doraine Nicole Sarino, for the procurement of
camias which were used in the whitening process of the
experiment.
Mrs. Delia Gonzales, for her generosity in providing
the mold and deckle which are necessary for papermaking.
Mr. Jimmy Villamor, for the time he willingly gave to
the researchers in encoding their research paper.
iv
Mrs. Dinna Carangue, for unselfishly helping the
researchers as their English adviser, in providing the
needed materials, moral support and for checking the
researchers` write-ups.
Mrs. Rosario Fuego, for letting the researchers make
their display board and finishing touches during her time.
IV- Science classmates of the researchers, for the
everlasting support and company.
Researcher’s parents, for the understanding and time
they have given for the accomplishment of this work.
GOD, for the wisdom and hope He has given to the
researchers to achieve the success they are aiming for in
their investigatory project.
THE RESEARCHERS
ABSTRACT
In areas where horses abound in livelihood use, horse
manure is one of the abundant solid wastes, while trees are
critically threatened due to their uses in industry
especially in paper companies. In response, this study
intends to help solve these problems by utilizing horse
manure as an alternative source of paper instead of trees.
The study was conducted at the Cebu City Don Carlos A.
Gothong Memorial National High School during the months of
July to August 2013.
Experiments were conducted by preparing set-ups of
horse manure. These were soaked in a liter of alkaline
solution of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). With this, each was
added with different amount of chlorine with 50, 100, and
150 grams for the three set-ups respectively. The sheets
were pressed using different materials, one pressed with
hand, the second with iron and the other with rolling pin.
The sheets were then tested for durability by using 5 peso
coins as weight on the paper.
It was concluded that horse manure is a suitable
alternative source of paper aside from trees. Adding a large
amount of chlorine will produce whiter results. Using hand,
rolling pin or iron as primary equipments for flatting does
not improve the texture of the paper. Mass production is
recommended to determine the feasibility of the developed
products in large scale production. Commercialization of
these products may solve the trees-threatening problems and
even create job.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION PAGE
TITLE PAGE
i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
PANEL OF ORAL EXAMINATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv
ABSTRACT vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES x
CHAPTER I:
INTRODUCTION
Rationale 1
Objectives of the Study
2
Significance of the Study
3
vii
Scope and Delimitation
3
Definition of Terms
3
Review of Related Literature
4
Conceptual Framework
17
CHAPTER II:
METHODOLOGY
Materials 19
Procedures
20
CHAPTERIII:
Results and Discussions
24
CHAPTER IV:
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
28
Recommendations
30
Bibliography
31
viii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
1 The effect of chlorine to the color of the Horse
Manure Paper 23
2 The effect of camias extract to the color of the Horse
Manure Paper 24
3 Effect of camias and chlorine solution to the color of
the
Horse Manure Paper
24
4 The effect of different number of 5 peso coins to
the durability
of the Horse Manure Paper
25
5 The effect of different materials in pressing to the
texture of the Horse Manure Paper
26
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
PAGE
1 Papermaking Process- Alkaline Solution
10
2 Papermaking Process- Sheet forming
13
3 Schematic Diagram of the Theoretical-
16
Conceptual Framework of the Study
4.1 Color Quality of the Horse Manure Paper-
effect of chlorine to the horse manure paper
20
4.2 Color Quality of the Horse Manure Paper-
effect of camias extract and chlorine-camias
solution to the Horse Manure Paper
20
5 Texture Quality of the Horse Manure Paper
22
6 Durability Test of the Horse Manure Paper
22
x
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Paper is an important thing not only to people because
of its contribution to History, Science, Literature and
other branches of knowledge .It is commonly used by people
in data gathering as well as data preservation, in making
researchers and expressing people`s thoughts. It became an
important medium in our communication and serves as a
connection between past and present events. Not only
students are the ones using papers but also the educators,
businessmen, doctors and even normal citizens. It becomes a
great demand for everyone.
In recent times, the economic state of each country is
already developing. But this development requires many
changes in the environment. One of these changes observed is
the rapid decreasing numbers of trees due to their uses for
business specifically its use as a main source of paper.
Even some are illegally cutting trees for money.
The illegal way of using trees such as kaingin,
deforestation and illegal logging may lead to certain
calamities which will surely affect people’s daily living.
Even with tree planting, it is hard to restore lost
resources and has to wait for centuries for these trees to
grow.
2
One of the uses of trees is paper production. To help
conserve nature, alternative source of paper instead of
trees should be used. The research study was conducted to
examine the potential of horse manure as an alternative
source of paper and control ecological threat of trees.
Horse manure is a good source of fiber, which is the main
ingredient for papermaking.
The researches chose horse manure because it is
ecologically friendly and isfinancially affordable. Aside
from these, horse manure is freely available in the
environment and is easy to get due to the improper
defecation of horses in the community.
Objectives of the Study
This study aimed to determine the feasibility of horse
manure as an alternative source of paper.
Specifically, this research aimed to determine the
following properties of the horse manure paper.
A. Color
B. Texture
C. Durability
3
Significance of the Study
It is needed and important to search for alternative
source of paper, which is not only affordable but is also
ecological friendly and not harmful to our nature nor
threatening to its rich biodiversity. The biological method
of using horse manure as an alternative source of paper can
be a promising strategy to control the unlawful destruction
of our environment and the ecological harming of trees. This
study will help businessmen in engaging a new product in
their business. This study also will help the residents of
Barangay San Nicolas in lessening waste brought about by the
improper defecation of horse in their community.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study was conducted at the Cebu City Don Carlos A.
Gothong Memorial National High School during the months of
August to September, 2013 to determine the efficacy of horse
manure as paper.
Definition of Terms
Manure- waste secreted by an animal
Alkaline Solution- a basic solution which is necessary
for papermaking, used to make fibers soften and
disperse
4
Chlorine- an element commonly used as a bleaching
agent; a chemical used to kill germs
Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)- a basic compound used as an
alkaline solution for papermaking
Camias- a fruit distinguished for its sour and acidic
and bleaching properties
Bleaching Agent- a chemical that removes or whitens
color
Defecation- the process of secreting waste of animals
Texture- the feel and appearance of a surface,
especially how rough or smooth it is ; the structure of
a substance or material when touched
Durability- the property of a material to resist
pressure and last for a long time
Commercialization- the process by which a product was
sold in the local market or used as a business
Herbivore- an animal that feeds only or mainly on grass
and other plants
Procurement- supplement or addition
Review of Related Literature
Cattle, sheep, horse, deer and other herbivores house a
special community of the bacteria. These have large
digestive organ, the rumen, in which tough cellulose fibers
and other plant materials are digested. The rumen is an
anaerobic setting, where temperatures are at a constant
39( C. It supports cellulose decomposers of the genus
Clostridium, starch decomposers auch as Streptococcus and
Selenomonas, and methane producers (methanobacteria). Food
entering the rumen becomes mixed with its microbial
residents, some of which have enzymes that can hydrolyze
cellulose into disaccharides
5
and monosaccharides. The organic acids resulting from
microbial fermentation of these and other sugars are the
main source of energy for the animal host. Also, the
enormous numbers of bacterial cells moving with partially
digested plant material through the gastro-intestinal tract
undergo digestion, too. When they do, the fibers in the
manure were much more finer and are thread-like structures
compared to its original state. (Starr, C., et al., 1987)
The word “paper” comes from the word “papyrus”. Papyrus
was into really paper. It was Egyptians, from the fibers of
the papyrus plant. The paper is made of millions of tiny
fibers. The fibers are cellulose, a substance from the cell
walls of the plants. The average length of the cellulose
fiber is about 1/20 inch (1.3 mm). The fibers have been
mixed in water and treated with chemicals, matted into sheet
and dried to form paper. (The New Book of Knowledge, 2007)
A sheet of paper, whether made by the hands or in large
mill is a mass of interlocking fibers held together by
cellulose which is naturally occurring substance found in
plant fibers. A sheet of paper is formed by suspending these
fibers in water and immersing a mold with deckle on top into
the water. As it is lifted out, a layer of interlocking
fibers is left on the surface of the mold. The water enables
the cellulose in the fibers to expand, so aiding their
bonding together. When using plant fiber, first task is to
cook it in an alkaline solution; this facilitates the
breaking down of the fibers, enabling them to absorb water
and remove impurities. (Plowman, 2001)
6
Pulp is the fiber source which makes a sheet of paper.
Fibrous plants make a good paper as well as fiber readily
available. It can be already mixed up or digested. You can
also dry beaten plant fiber for long-term storage. When
adding the fibers, stir first and leave for a while for
these fibers to separate and disperse equally, avoiding
lumps of pulp embedded on the surface. (The New Book of
Knowledge, 2007)
Horses are non-ruminant herbivores of a type known as a
"hindgut fermenter." This means that horses have only one
stomach, as do humans. However, unlike humans, they also
have to digest plant fiber (largely cellulose) that comes
from grass and hay. Therefore, unlike ruminants, which
digest fiber in plant matter by use of a multi-chambered
stomach, horses use microbial fermentation in a part of the
digestive system known as the cecum (or caecum) to break
down the cellulose.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_food)
Alkaline solution is a great factor in papermaking when
using about plant fiber as your source. This will help in
separating clustered fibers as well as in fabricating these
fibers. In using this, high basicity should be implied.
Alkaline solution can be made by dissolving sodium carbonate
in water with a specific ratio or by simply the soaking pulp
in sodium hydroxide. (Plowman, 2007)
Herbivores are animals with herbaceous and fibrous
plants as their only food. These plants pass through their
digestive system but secreting the undigested fiber. (The
New Book of Knowledge, 2007)
7
In practical terms, horses prefer to eat small amounts
of food steadily throughout the day, as they do in nature
when grazing on pasture. [2] Although this is not always
possible with modern stabling practices and human schedules
that favor feeding horses twice a day, it is important to
remember the underlying biology of the animal when
determining what to feed, how often, and in what quantities.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_food)
Different types of fibers can be used for producing
paper. The most well-known is the wood fiber. In the
beginning of papermaking mostly fibers from cotton and silk
were used. A notorious fiber that at one time was used for
producing a specific paper grade was asbestos. Pulp from
wood is the most important raw material for paper. Another,
less correct name, which is used for pulp is cellulose.
(/en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Papermaking/Fibres_for_paper)
Paper can only be made with this fiber if it’s soft
enough to be beaten into pulp. To get the fiber ready for
the next stage of pulping, it is cooked in water for over 4-
5 hours with salt and then washed with hydrogen peroxide to
complete the first stage of making the paper bacteria
free.Once it’s dry, it is sorted and any non-usable fiber is
removed. The fiber goes through the process of being beaten
into very fine pulp and also being washed again.
(Elephantpoopaper.com/making.htmL)
Foods derived from plants, including fruits, vegetables
and grains; contain fiber, the portion of the plant the
human body cannot digest. The stomach produces enzymes and
acid that continue the chemical digestion, and enzymes in
the small intestine
8
complete the process. Foods that contain fiber go through
this digestive process, but the actual fiber molecules
remain intact. Insoluble fiber, such as lignin, cellulose
and hemicelluloses, found in the cell walls of plants,
cannot dissolve in water. Because insoluble fiber remains
undigested, it adds bulk to your stool. Insoluble fiber
attracts water, making stool softer so it can move through
the colon with ease. (http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/can-
fiber-digested-body-4829.htmL)
Chlorine-based bleaches are found in many household
cleaners. The concentration of chlorine-based bleaches is
often expressed as percent active chlorine where one gram of
100% active chlorine bleach has the same bleaching power as
one gram of chlorine. These bleaches can react with other
common household chemicals like vinegar and ammonia to
produce toxic gases. Labels on sodium hypochlorite bleach
warn about these interactions.
Chlorine is used to prepare sodium and calcium
hypochlorite. It is used as a disinfectant in water
treatment, especially to make drinking water and in large
public swimming pools. Chlorine was used extensively to
bleach wood pulp, but this use has decreased significantly
due to environmental concerns.
The bleaching process has been known for thousands of
years,[1] but the chemicals currently used for bleaching
resulted from the work of several 18th century scientists.
Chlorine is the basic for the most commonly used bleaches,
for example, the solution of sodium hypochlorite, which is
so ubiquitous that many people just call it "bleach", and
calcium hypochlorite, the major compound in "bleaching
powder".
9
Sunlight acts as a bleach through a process leading to
similar results: high energy photons of light, often in the
violet or ultraviolet range, can disrupt the bonds in the
chromospheres, rendering the resulting substance colorless.
Extended exposure often leads to massive discoloration
usually reducing the colors to white and typically very
faded blue spectrums.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach#Chlorine-
based_bleaches)
Formed from wood pulp or plant fiber, paper is chiefly
used for written communication. The earliest paper was
papyrus, made from reeds by the ancient Egyptians. Paper was
made by the Chinese in the second century, probably by a
Chinese court official named Cai Lun. His paper was made
from such things as tree bark and old fish netting.
Recognized almost immediately as a valuable secret, it was
500 years before the Japanese acquired knowledge of the
method. Papermaking was known in the Islamic world from the
end of the eighth century A.D.
Paper, whether produced in the modern factory or by the
most careful, delicate hand methods, is made up of connected
fibers. The fibers can come from a number of sources
including cloth rags, cellulose fibers from plants, and,
most notably, trees. The use of cloth in the process has
always produced high-quality paper. Today, a large
proportion of cotton and linen fibers in the mix create many
excellent papers for special uses, from wedding invitation
paper stock to special paper for pen and ink drawings.
The method of making paper is essentially a simple one—
mix up vegetable fibers, and cooks them in hot water until
the fibers are soft but not dissolved. The hot water also
contains a base chemical such as lye, which softens the
fibers as they are cooking. Then,
10
pass a screen-like material through the mixture, let the
water drip off and/or evaporate, and then squeeze or blot
out additional water. A layer of paper is left behind.
Essential to the process are the fibers, which are never
totally destroyed, and, when mixed and softened, form an
interlaced pattern within the paper itself. Modern
papermaking methods, although significantly more complicated
than the older ways, are developmental improvements rather
than entirely new methods of making paper.
Raw Materials
Figure 1: Papermaking Process- Alkaline Solution
11
Probably half of the fiber used for paper today comes
from wood that has been purposely harvested. The remaining
material comes from wood fiber from sawmills, recycled
newspaper, some vegetable matter, and recycled cloth.
Coniferous trees, such as spruce and fir, used to be
preferred for papermaking because the cellulose fibers in
the pulp of these species are longer, therefore making for
stronger paper. These trees are called "softwood" by the
paper industry. Deciduous trees (leafy trees such as poplar
and elm) are called "hardwood." Because of increasing demand
for paper, and improvements in pulp processing technology,
almost any species of tree can now be harvested for paper.
Some plants other than trees are suitable for paper-
making. In areas without significant forests, bamboo has
been used for paper pulp, as has straw and sugarcane. Flax,
Most paper is made by a mechanical or chemical process.
hemp, and jute fibers are commonly used for textiles and
rope making, but they can also be used for paper. Some high-
grade cigarette paper is made from flax.
Cotton and linen rags are used in fine-grade papers such as
letterhead and resume paper, and for bank notes and security
certificates. The rags are usually cuttings and waste from
textile and garment mills. The rags must be cut and cleaned,
boiled, and beaten before they can be used by the paper
mill.
Other materials used in paper manufacture include
bleaches and dyes, fillers such as chalk, clay, or titanium
oxide, and sizings such as rosin, gum, and starch.
12
The Manufacturing Process
Making pulp
Several processes are commonly used to convert logs to
wood pulp. In the mechanical process, logs are first tumbled
in drums to remove the bark. The logs are then sent to
grinders, which break the wood down into pulp by pressing it
between huge revolving slabs. The pulp is filtered to remove
foreign objects. In the chemical process, wood chips from
de-barked logs are cooked in a chemical solution. This is
done in huge vats called digesters. The chips are fed into
the digester, and then boiled at high pressure in a solution
of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide. The chips dissolve
into pulp in the solution. Next the pulp is sent through
Figure 2: Papermaking Process- Sheet forming
Beating
The pulp is next put through a pounding and squeezing
process called, appropriately enough, beating. Inside a
large tub, the pulp is subjected to the effect of machine
beaters. At this point, various filler materials can be
added such as chalks, clays, or chemicals such as titanium
oxide. These additives will influence the opacity and other
qualities of the final product. Sizings are also added at
this point. Sizing affects the way the paper will react with
various inks. Without any sizing at all, a paper will be too
absorbent for most uses except as a desk blotter. A sizing
such as starch makes the paper
14
resistant to water-based ink (inks actually sit on top of a
sheet of paper, rather than sinking in). A variety of
sizings, generally rosins and gums, is available depending
on the eventual use of the paper. Paper that will receive a
printed design, such as gift wrapping, requires a particular
formula of sizing that will make the paper accept the
printing properly.
Pulp to paper
In order to finally turn the pulp into paper, the pulp
is fed or pumped into giant, automated machines. One common
type is called the Fourdrinier machine, which was invented
in England in 1807. Pulp is fed into the Fourdrinier machine
on a moving belt of fine mesh screening. The pulp is
squeezed through a series of rollers, while suction devices
below the belt drain off water. If the paper is to receive a
water-mark, a device called a dandy moves across the sheet
of pulp and presses a design into it.
The paper then moves onto the press section of the
machine, where it is pressed between rollers of wool felt.
The paper then passes over a series of steam-heated
cylinders to remove the remaining water. A large machine may
have from 40 to 70 drying cylinders.
Finishing
Finally, the dried paper is wound onto large reels,
where it will be further processed depending on its ultimate
use. Paper is smoothed and compacted further by
15
passing through metal rollers called calendars. A particular
finish, whether soft and dull or hard and shiny, can be
imparted by the calendars.
The paper may be further finished by passing through a
vat of sizing material. It may also receive a coating, which
is either brushed on or rolled on. Coating adds chemicals or
pigments to the paper's surface, supplementing the sizings
and fillers from earlier in the process. Fine clay is often
used as a coating. The paper may next be super calendered,
that is, run through extremely smooth calendar rollers, for
a final time. Then the paper is cut to the desired size.
(http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Paper.html)
In the Philippines, where it is commonly found in
backyards, the fruits are eaten either raw or dipped on rock
salt. It can be either curried or added as a souring agent
for the common Filipino dish sinigang. The uncooked bilimbi
is prepared as relish and served with rice and beans in
Costa Rica. In the Far East, where the tree originated, it
is sometimes added to curry. Bilimbi juice (with a pH of
about 4.47) is made into a cooling beverage. In Indonesia,
it is added to some dishes, substituting for tamarind or
tomato.
Additionally, the fruit can be preserved by pickling,
[1] which reduces its acidity. The flowers are also
sometimes preserved in sugar.
In another part of Indonesia, Aceh, it is preserved by
sun-drying, the sun-dried bilimbi is called asam sunti.
Bilimbi and asam sunti are popular inAcehnese culinary. It
can replace mango in making chutney. In Malaysia, it also is
made into a rather sweet jam.
16
In Kerala, India, it is used for making pickles, while
around Karnataka, Maharashtra and Goa the fruit is commonly
eaten raw with salt and spice.
In Seychelles, it is often used as an ingredient to
give a tangy flavor to many Seychellois creole dishes,
especially fish dishes. It is often used in grilled fish and
also (almost always) in a shark-meat dish, called satini
reken.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averrhoa_bilimbi)
17
Conceptual Framework
Figure 3: Schematic Diagram of the Theoretical-
Conceptual Framework of the Study
CommunityProblems
Improper defecation ofhorses
Deforestation
Conservationof trees
Utilization ofHorse manure asalternative
source of paper
Lessening ofwaste brought
about byimproper
defecation of
Production ofa new productin business
18
This aimed to help solve the environmental problems
specifically with deforestation and waste brought by the
improper defecation of horses. Through utilizing horse
manure as an alternative source of paper, conservation of
trees, lessening of wastes and production of products which
will be engaged will be the benefits assured.
19
CHAPTER II
METHODOLOGY
Materials
The horse manure which was one of the study’s
experimentalunit was obtained from a calessa driver near
Colon. The horse manure was still fresh and moist. Before it
was used, it was dried first. The manure was fine in texture
and has threads of undigested grass. Through analysis, the
horse manure was composed mainly of fiber, making it a good
source of paper. Waste product, organic impurities and
cellulose-decomposing bacteria were also present in its
composition. Thus, it was dark in color in the raw form.
One kilogram of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) was used in
making alkaline solution and was commercially available and
obtained from Far Eastern Drugstore. Chlorine and bleach for
the whitening process were obtained from a sari-sari store
near their school.
Camias which was extracted and used in the whitening
process was obtained from a student living near the school.
The mold and deckle used in sheet forming are procured
through improvising two silk screens, one with silk and the
other with silkless frame. These were later used in the
sheet forming and drying of the product.
20
Procedure
Two hundred fifty grams of horse manure was dried first
to lessen bacteria and to avoid moisture. After drying, the
manure was filtered by using an unused cloth to remove
organic impurities and waste products, leaving the fiber
alone.
The researchers then made an alkaline solution by
dissolving 250 grams of sodium carbonate (NaCo3) in one
liter of water. The manure was then soaked in the solution
for one day to soften the fibers and to hasten its
separation process. This was an important part of
papermaking for the fibers to be equally dispersed for it to
be interlocked when formed into sheets.
Whitening Process
The researchers prepared five set-ups of horse manure.
Three of which are soaked in chlorine solutions with 50g:
200 mL, 100g: 200 mL and 150g: 200 mL chlorine to water
ratio on the first, second and third set-ups, each having
250 grams of horse manure. One set-up was composed of camias
extract of 200 mL, while the remaining set-up was composed
of two solutions: 100 mL of camias extract and 100 mL of
chlorine solution, made by mixing 100 grams of chlorine in
100 mL of water. Each the solution was then added with 250
grams of horse manure to determine their effects at
different variations.
21
Figure 4.1: Color Quality of the Horse Manure Paper- effect
of chlorine to the horse manure paper
a 50gchlorine:
200 mLwater+ 250
b100g
chlorine:
200 mLwater+ 250
c150 gchlorine:
200 mLwater+ 250
Figure 4.2: Color Quality of the Horse Manure Paper- effect
of camias extract and chlorine-camias solution to the horse
manure paper
22
Sheet Forming
The pulp was then transferred to the basin filled with
water and was left for a few minutes for the fibers to
disperse equally. Sheet forming was done by placing the
deckle with the mold at the top at the bottom of the basin
with the pulp dispersed. The mold and deckle were gradually
a200 mLcamiasextract+ 250 gmanure
b100 mLcamias+ 100 gchlorine: 100mL
risen up, scraping the pulp. The mold and the deckle where
then moved back and forth for the fibers to spread equally
on the screen. The mold was then removed, leaving the sheet
on the deckle.
Drying
The sheet was transferred to a felt cloth and was dried
under the sun’s heat for one day. The sun serves as a
natural bleaching agent which can add to the paper’s white
color.
Rolling and Pressuring
Pressing and rolling are the last steps in papermaking.
The researchers used three set-ups of horse manure paper and
pressing devices: iron, rolling pin and hand. Each was used
manually to test their efficacy in improving the sheets’
texture and quality as a writing paper. Pressure is needed
in doing these steps for the fibers to be compact and
durable enough for it not to be torn easily.
23
Figure 5: Texture Quality of the Horse Manure Paper
Durability Testing:
The researchers prepared four sheets of the horse
manure paper to test its durability and quality. Using the
dimensions 10x20x.3 cm, each f the two ends was flattened
using two books to make it elevated 5 cm above the ground. 5
peso coins were placed on the sheet at the ratio 4:6:8:10
coins for the four set-ups respectively. Results were then
recorded.
aby hand
cby iron
bby rolling
pin
Figure 6: Durability Test of the Horse Manure Paper
24
Chapter III
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A.Color of the paper
Table 1: The effect of chlorine to the color of the horse
manure paper
Amount of
ChlorineAmount of Water
Amount of
ManureColor
50 grams 200 mL 250 grams Brown
a10x20x.3cm paper+4 5-peso
b 10x20x.3cm paper+6 5-peso
d10x20x.3cm paper+10 5-peso
c10x20x.3cm paper+8 5-peso
100 grams 200 mL 250 grams Light Brown
150 grams 200 mL 250 grams White
The researchers found out that when more chlorine was
used, the more the color of the manure whitened. The
researchers used 50g: 200 mL, 100g: 200 mL and 150g: 200 mL
chlorine to water ratio on the first, second and third
samples of 250 grams horse manure respectively. The effect
of the 50g: 200 mL chlorine to water solution to the 250
grams of horse manure made its color brown while light white
to the set-up containing 100 g: 200 mL chlorine to water
solution while the 150 g: 200 mL chlorine to water solution
made its color white.
25
Table 2: The effect of camias extract to the color of the
horse manure paper
Amount of camias Amount of manure Color
200 mL 250 grams Dark Brown
Using the extract of the camias which was of the same
volume compared to the chlorine solution does not greatly
affect the color of the paper.
Table 3: Effect of camias and chlorine solution to the color
of the horse manure paper
Amount of
camias
extract
Amount of
Chlorine
Amount of
Water
Amount of
Manure
Color
100 mL 100 grams 100 mL 250 grams White
Results show that the 100 mL of the camias extract
combined with 100 mL of chlorine solution containing 100
grams chlorine made the color of the paper white which was
similar to the effect of the 150g: 200mL ratio of chlorine
and water to the same amount of horse manure.
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B.Durability of the paper
Table 4: The effect of different number of 5 peso coins to
the durability of the paper
No. of books Dimension of
the paper
No. of five
peso
Effect
2:2 10” x 20”
x .3” cm
4 Nothing
happened
2:2 10” x 20” 6 Nothing
x .3” mm happened
2:2 10” x 20”
x .3” mm
8 Nothing
happened
2:2 10” x 20”
x .3” mm
10 Torn apart
With the results indicated, the paper can only resist
the pressure exerted by the ten pieces of 5-peso coins. The
number of 5-peso coins less than this will not affect the
paper.
27
C.Texture of the Paper
Table 5: The effect of different materials in
pressing
Materials used in
pressing
Effect
Iron Rough
Rolling pin Rough
By hand Rough
With the process, alkaline solution and chlorine are
good factors in papermaking. Alkaline solution is used to
separate clusters of undigested fibers from the manure,
making it fine and applicable for paper making.
Adding 150 grams of chlorine for obtaining white and
good quality of paper from horse manure is a good
implication. Adding less than this amount of chlorine will
produce product of darker color.
At the same volume, camias extract does a less effect
on the whiteness of the paper. However, when added with
chlorine, the effect is much more transparent and is
comparable to the chlorine solution’s effect to the horse
manure.
The use of camias extract and the chlorine solutions
are of good insinuation in whitening the color of the horse
manure and thus improving its quality as a writing material
usable for the students.
Using hand, rolling pin nor iron as pressing devices
does not affect the texture of the paper. The pressure
exerted by the said materials was not enough to enhance the
paper’s texture and writing potential. Using materials of
vast pressure is highly recommended.
29
With the data indicated, it could therefore be
concluded that horse manure was a suitable alternative
source of paper aside from trees. The horse manure paper was
also applicable in terms of color, durability, texture as
well as in writing ability.
If realized, this product may engage locally and will
help the students in having an educational which is
financially available and ecologically friendly.
30
Recommendations
The researchers recommend the future researchers who
will use this investigatory project as their basis to use a
binding agent to make the paper more durable and compact.
The researchers also recommend using a calendaring
machine to enhance its texture hence, improving its
potential as a writing paper.
Using another source of herbivore manure which is of a
common problem to the society is also recommended.
The future researchers can also add some designs or
colors while in the stage of sheet-forming to be able to
produce a product which can be used as designing papers
which can be commercially available.
Mass production is highly recommended to determine the
feasibility of the developed products in large scale
production
Commercialization of these products is also a good
implication to help solve trees-threatening problems and
even create job
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Plowman J. (2001).Papermaking Techniques Book. Blundell,
London: Quatro Publishing Plc.
Starr C., et al. (1984). Biology The Unity and Diversity of Life. 3rd
ed. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Online sources
http://Suite101.com/article/make-handmade-paper-textured-
with-horsemanure-a268537 Retrieved on August 29,
2013
http://Elephantpoopaper.com/making.htmL Retrieved on August
29, 2013
http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/can-fiber-digested-body-
4829.htmL Retrieved on September 2, 2013
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_food Retrieved on
September 2, 2013
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Papermaking/Fibres_for_paper
Retrieved on September 2, 2013
32
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach#Chlorine-based_bleaches
Retrieved on September 3, 2013
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Paper.html Retrieved on
September 15, 2013
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averrhoa_bilimbi Retrieved on
September 15, 2013